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MICIOCOPY KSOIUTION TKT CHART
lANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No 21
^ /1PPLIED JN/MGE Inc
^^ 165J East Mam Street
^^S Rcchesler. Mew fork '4609 USA
"■^aS (716) *32 - 0300 - Phone
^SS (716) 268 - 5989 - Fax
CANADA
DEPARTMENT OF MINES
mnBS BRAlfCH
Hon. Robert Rooem, Minwtmk ; A. F. Low, LL.D , Dbpctt Minibtur ;
EuoBNB Haanw,, Ph.D., Director.
i
PYRITES IN CANADA
ITS OCCURRENCE, EXPLOITATION. DRESSING, AND USES
BY
Alfred W. G. WUson, Ph.D.
CHWP OF THB mTAL HINKI DITUION
OTTAWA
GOVERNMENT PRINTING BUREAU
1912
iio.ieT
.'J
CANADA
DKPAHTMKNT OF MINKS
milES BRANCH
I|l.\. UoHKHT HiKiKH". MiMilKltiA I' l."«, I.I. I>, KfllTV MlM-TtK;
i;i I.KNf: IIaAXKI. I'll I) , DllUcTllK
PYRITES IN CANADA
ITS OCCURRENCE. EXPLOITATION. DRESSING. AND ISES
BY
Alfred W. G. Wilson, Ph.D.
tlllKK lir THK MKTAl. MINKS DIVIS'ON
OTT.VW
(ioVKHNMKNT I'lUNTING HUKKAU
ior_>
No. 167
lii
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
T'l I)n. 1m <.K,\K IIawki..
Dirrctiir of the Mine- Hniiu'li,
l)«'|i!iitMif'iit cif Mim-T..
Oltiiwii.
Siii,— I ln'ij to tiiiiisiuit , licrcwilli. ii ic|)iirt mi ('!iiiaili;iii Pyrites: U<
( »cciini'iicc, M\|iliiitalioii. I)i('->iii^, and IVcs.
I liavc the liiiiiniir to lu',
Sii',
^'cllll■ i>l)(>(|ii'iit servant.
^Sijriio.l) Alfred W. G. Wilson.
Ottawa.
May 10, 1!»1-.'.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
KriiiiDri niHY.
CHAITKH 1— sri.l'HlH AND ITS ('( ).\I1'( UNDS.
Sulphur
('iHiuical ami physical pr()|xTtics of sulphur.
t Jccurrcncc of sulphur
I'ort'iuu
( 'aiia<lian
S\ilphur for tlic Cauailiaii uiarkct
( 'iiMipouiiils of sulphur
I'vriti's.
Marcasiti'
Pvrrhotitc
('halcopyrit<>
Horuiti'
Artihcial proiluction of sulplnir
Thr Thiogrn process for the recovery of sulphur from sulphur dioxide
CHAITKH II.— MIXIXC AM) MAHKKTIX(i Ol' I'VIUTKS.
I'pOSltS
He(iuireiuents of pyrites
I'rosiX'ctiiift for pyrites
Developing a pros|M'ct
Developing a mine
Market re(|uirenients
(Jeneral
.\vailal>le sulphur
Contracts for ore
I'repar.ition of pyrites for market
The availahle market for Cai ailiaii ore^
I
B
6
<>
8
<)
10
10
12
l:{
14
Iti
17
IS
22
22
23
23
27
29
29
:to
:«
33
38
( IIAITKH III -ST.VnsTICS or sri.I'HrU and PYRITKS PHODIITKiS. 39
('lIAni.U IV. -OCCIUHI'.NCK or PYRITKS. 53
< •(■( urrenci of pyriti'S in Canada 53
( ieneral statemei\t 53
Pyrites in the .Maritime Provinces 53
Pyrites in (i\iel)ec 51
Pyrites in ( )ntario 'iO
Hrockville district (M)
Hastings di.strict 62
Other Kastern Ontario p-o^pvct - 70
Xortliern ( Hitario occurrences 71
Western Ontario oecvn .ences 72
Pvrites north of the Hudson Bav watershed 82
Pvrilcs uiidcr li<'iiiatiti>
( leological rclatii)nslii|)-*. ...
Pyriti's in liritish Coluinliiu
Pyrrliotitc ill < )iitario
Xotcs on sonic foreign ocourrcn<os of pyvitc
Thr pyritic deposits of Iluelva. Spain..
Pyrites in Norway
Pyrites in Japan
CILMTKU v. THi; Ho.XSTINd (IK PVKITKS
TyiH's of pyrites roasting fiiriiaee.-
Imnip liurners
lines l)urni'rs
The Maletra 1y|)e of roasting fun
Page
8:«
84
85
86
87
87
01
02
94
95
95
97
99
I'urnaces of the MueDoiigall ly|)e 100
MaeDougull roasting furnaee 101
Kanffniann's roasting furnace 102
Herkulcs roasting furnace. . 104
Herreshoff roasting furnace 104
Wedge ineehanieul roaster 108
Hcinw-Freehind roa-stiiig furnace 113
ICvans-Kleix'tko furnace llfl
Mcrton roasting furnace 1 10
O'Hrien roasting furnace 122
SjOstedt roasting furnace 122
Jones cylindrical rousting furnace 125
.\pplications of sulphur dioxide 131
Utilization of cinder 132
cii.'LrrKH VI. TiiK .\i.\xnv(Tii{i: or silpiuhic .uid.
C'haniJH'r process lor the inaiuifact ore <if -ulpliuric acid.
General
Acid chandler
(ilovcr tower
(iay-l.ussac tower
Contact processe- for the nianufa<-ture of sulphuric acid
(iencral
Hadische-.Vnilin und Smla I'alirik pnxcss
.S'hnx'dcr ( irillo process
Mannheim process
■Applications of s\ilphurii- Mild
133
134
134
135
136
137
137
137
140
146
147
148
CIl.M'TKH VII. I'YIUTICS .WD TIIK I'.M'KU M.WKK.MTfHl.Vd INDlSTIiV. loO
(ieneral
Manufacture of wood pulp
(iencral
Sulphite process
Preparation of sulphur di<ixide gas
Preparation of the sulphite liiiums
Tower system
Tank s- teni
Sul)sei|uent o|)<'rations
150
151
151
152
152
153
153
154
155
Pyrites lis 11 >iili-titut(' for siilpliur ill the siilpliitr pulp inilu-trv l.")(i
I'stimutcil cost of proiluciiiu Milpliur ilioxiili- ga- lor ii KHI ton sulpliiii- pulp iiiill Ki'J
Pyrites liumiiiE ci|uip'iiciit for a sulpliilr pulp mill Kiti
(icueriil !•)•)
West \'ir)rinia Pulp ami Pa|Kr Coiiipaiiy lli'.l
Hinckley I'ilire Coiiipaiiy 171
Lake Su|M'rior PajM'r Co'iipaiiy 171!
APPENDICES
Ai'i'KNOix I. 1 inns iiitercMcii in (aiiailian pyrite-.
II. Type- o"' furiiaci's iiv il for l)urniiiK sulphur
III. Pyrrliotite as a source of sulphur
1\'. The contact process for the inanufactuie ol sulphuric
tract f-oin the Twelfth ('eii~u- of the I'niieil State-
ci,i. (i:\-
17.".
17n
1N7
LIST OF TABLES
9.
11.
12.
Vi.
14.
ir>.
u>.
17.
IS.
19.
•-'0.
L'l.
2f).
Sulphur ciiii'' iit^ of pyriti's ores
F.xport> (il ( aiimliun pyriti's to llif rnitcil States. l.SSl-lss.")
.\imual prmluc'tion i>f pyritis, ls.S(>-191 1
Kxports of pyrites, 1S91-191 1 ...
Ini|«)rts of brimstone unci crude sulphur. 1S.S((-I91 1
.Vpproxinuite Cantuliau cou^uniptioii of (loMc>>lic pyriti's. 1S94-19)1
Keeoveralile sulphur in Canadian pyrites. ( .Vssuuiiii)! averap' rei'overy of
4k;).
Sulphuric acid entered for home con>uiuption. 1.SS.V1912
Production of pyiito in the I'nited Stati>>, 1.S,S2-1911
I'rmluction of sulplmr in the Tnited States, l,ss()-191 1
Sulphur imported and enter<'d for consumption in thi' I'liited States for the
ealemlar years 19<M)-1911, l>y kinds, in long tons
Statement, liy countries and l>y customs districts, showing the imports into thi-
I'nited States of crude sulphur or brimstone each ealemlar year 190K-191I,
in long tons
Consumption of sulphur in the Inited States
United States' imports of Spanish pyrites, 19O.-)-1910
Worlds pnMluetion of pyrites. 1S9()-19H)
Worlds production of sulphur, ISO.VMtlO
IlerreshotT furnaces. Size mid capacity
Wedge furnaces. Size and capacity
Com of sulphite pulp in a Canadian mill
.\verage cost of siulphite pulp in I'nited States mills
Change in estimated cost of sulphur |M'r ton of sulphite pulp for each dollar
iiwrease in the price of sulphur
I'irms in Canada mining and shipping p,vrites in 1912
Firms in Canada niaiuifacturing sulphuric acid
Firms in the states of the Fnited States adj: cent to Canada, who operate pyrites
burners
Composition of ore used in eX|K'riments at Sault Ste. Marie
'{oa.sting results obtained at Sault Ste. Marie
I'age
H2
:«)
40
40
41
42
42
43
44
44
4.-.
4I>
47
48
49
50
105
111
U)5
105
106
175
175
17t>
189
1S9
ix
ILLUSTRATIONS
Phiiiijiiriiplis
I'i.ath: I. Minc> at ('ii|«>lt()ii, lJuel»!C. Old ~liiilt> uiul (lump- Fi;hiIi
11. i:ii>tis mine. ShowiiiK dump ami tram linr to mill
III. i:u>tis mill, loadinp liiiis, and >t(Kk pile <il fitio iirr
1\'. Kustis mine. Ka-t side of larp' empty >to|M'
\. V.M*\\> mine. MiiiiliK ori'. main >to|H' near '.'l-t level
\1. C'aix.'l mine. Shaft house, (lump<. and tailing-
\'ll. \iew> at Sulphide. < Intario
.\. lleail frames at tlie Sulphiile mine. Nichol-Chemieal (' pany
H. Head frame and shaft house. No. -.'-haft. Sulphide mine ..
(', (ieneral view of the aeid works. Sulphide. Ontario
Vlll. Maletra shell roa-ter. longitudinal seetion I l.imirei
IX. Mal6tra shelf roaster, cross section (.I.unuel .
X. Nieilenruhr design. Maletra shelf ina.-ter. cross section showing
two furnaces ami front of a third I l.ungei
XI. Xiedenfiihr design. Maletra shelf roaster, longitudinal seition showing
two furnaces, hack to hack (l.imgel
Xll. KauH'mami roasting furnace, outside
XI II. Kaufmianu roasting furnace, cross section
XIV. Kauffmann roasting furnac. showing rahhle arm and shaft attachment
.\V. Herkules roasting furnace, cross section
.\VI. HerresholT mechanical roasting furnace
XVll. Wedge mechanical roasting furnace
XVIII. Wedge mechanical roaster. Thu e hearth- muffle hred. air pre-heated
X I. \. Wedge n!..chanical roaster. Top used a- a dryer
XX. wedge mechanical roaster
1. Hal il lie arm
■1. .\rm dressed with raliMe lilaile holders and Mades. .
;{. .\rm partly dressed with holders and hicech Mock
XXI. Wedge mechanical roast
Page
s'/i/cCC
56
36
.i«
M\
5K
titi
IINI
MNI
KM)
102
102
102
\M
1(M>
lOS
ION
IO>S
108
108
1.
Iniiir end of arm with steel threails and keys in position
2. Rahlile holders and rahhies
.\. Dryer plow holder ami ralihle
H. Interlocking ralihle blade holder
('. Cutting hiade
1). Cutting blade holder
i:. Rabble blade
V. Rabbli' blade
O'Brien roasting furnace.
OHrien roasting furnace. Rabbles, rabble arm, and method of attai'h-
ment
XXIV. Jones rotary kiln, llinrklry Kihn' Company's works. Hinckley. New
York. ..'.
Trond)lee and I'aull rotary sulphur burner
Stebbins rotary sulphur Ijuriier
Wise rotary sulphur burner
XXII
XXIll
XXV
XXVI
XXVll
122
122
126
182
184
186
lirinriiKjs
I'liKc
1. Ciystal l<>rin> ol |iyriti'> 10
2. Cryrifiil fi)riiis of miirc'a«iti'. 12
;{. Ski'tcli of VoiiiiK sulphur nduclion a|>|ianitu- at Caiiipo S lo. California 2(1
4. I'low sheet, mill of Cole mine lU
o, Flow sheet. Sulphur Mines ami Kailruud Company, Sulpliiii- .Mines, Ncr^rinia H.">
(>. riow sheet, mill of Kustis Mining ('om|>iiny 36
7. riow iliaBfam, mill of ."it. Ijiwrenee Pyrites Company 37
N. S'etioii showiuK methiMl of allaehiii)! tlie ralil)le arms employed in the
Kauffinann roasting furnaee 103
9. Movalile ralible an., for small Herreshoff furnaee. 106
10. Ifiinze-l'reeland roasting furnaee. Vertical eross section 112
11. Ifeinze-rreelaiid rou.stinK furnace. Sectional elevation showinu circula-
tion of air 113
12. Heinze-l n'elanii roasting furnace. Horizontal section diagram 114
13. Ileinze-rreelaiid roasting furnace, showinjs air ports and hearths 115
14. Merton roasting furnaee. Vertical cro.s.s section 120
15. Merton roasting furnace. Vertical longhudinal section 121
16. .Sjftstcdt roasting furnace. Vertical section 123
17. Sjftstedt roasting furnace. Horizontal section 124
18. Jone.s rotary kiln for roasting pyrite.s. Elevation an<l longitudinal
section 126
lit. Cross sections of .Jones rotary kiln showing lining ami partitions 127
20. Stack showing on' hop|HT anil feed 128
21. Jones dust trap. L')ngitudinal section, on line 1> — 1), figure 22 12ft
22. Jones dust trap. Ci ss sec t ion on line a — a, figure 21 130
23. Plan of the pyrites roasting plant of the West Virginia Pulp and l'a|x'r
Company 170
24. Pyrites roasting plant, l!inckley Fibre Company, Hinckley, .New ^ nrk.
Plan " " " 172
2.">. Pyrites roasting plant. Hinckley Fibre Company. Hinckley. .\e\v Voik
Transverse section 173
2t). Plan of Kellner pan .sulphur burner (flol'mann) 179
27. Transverse section of Kellner pan sulphur Imrner (Hofmann) 180
2^. S'ction through a Stebl)ins burner, longitudinal 184
29. Section through a Stebbins burner, cross 184
Mdps
ItiS. (iciicral limp >lio\viiiK tlic Pyritcri iiiiiics iiml pros|XM't> in I^a-li'iii Caiiaila,
anil thfir ri'lution to tin- I'niti'cl Stutrs market fncr piiyi S»>
List of Abbreviations.
<i, S. C. — Report (if till- (icoloRioal Survey of Caiiaila.
(). U. M. — Report of the Ontario Bureau of Mines.
Eng. . il Min. Jour. — KnjriniM'ring and Mining Journal of Ne" York.
Trans. A. I. M. E. — Transactions of the Anieriean Institute of .Miniiii; Kiiiriniers, New
York.
Can. Min. Jour. — Canailian Muling Journal.
Jour. Can. Min. Inst. — Journal of the Canadian Mining Institute.
C. P. R. — (,'anailian Pacific Railway.
O. T. P.— (irand Trunk Pacific Railway,
PYRITES IN CANADA:
ITS (K'Cl RKKXCKS. KXPLOITATIOX, I)HKSSIX(J.
AM) rSKS.
BV
Alfred W. G. Wilson, Ph. D.
I.\TH(H)l"(T()KV.
Suli>liiir is a cliotnical olciiiciit wliicli phiys u most iiiipdi'taiit part in
mil' arts an<l inaiiiifacturiii^ iiuliistrics. Diroftly or indirectly, citiicr as
tlip plpiiieiit sulphur, or as a conipouiKl with othor eleuients. it is assiciatcd
with the inanufai'turo of most clKMiiicals, synthetic dyes, kerosene, explosives,
sujiar. starch, breakfast foods, textiles and fal)rii's of many kinds, ])aiH'r,
rul)l>er jjooils, and so on through a lonji list of comniodities, many of which
are articles of everyday use. It also finds a plai'e in medicine, and in afiricul-
ture it is used as a fungiciile atid in the numufacture of fertilizers. .Vnioiif;
the compounds which sulphur forms with ;he otlu'r elements, the one whii-h
stands ])re-emiiient is that with oxygen, sulphur dioxide, SOj. From this
compound is made sulphuric acid, individuall.v one of the most im-
])ortant chemical compounds niade hy ci\'ilized num. The ai|ueous solution
of the <jas also forms the li(|Uor wliicii is used in the process of manufaclurinj;
suli>hite pulp for paper making. Hy far the greater |)oi'tion of the world's
annual i'onsu!n])titui ot sul|)hur is utilized in the pre|)aration of either of
these two sulistances. they and their products lioiiig sul)se((Ueiitly utilized
in other nuinufacturing processes.
Sulphur dioxide gas is niade in two ways, liy huruiiig sidj)hur in air,
and l)y the Imriiing or roasting of pyrites — a compound of iron and sulphur
— in air. \early one half the sulphur colisuiued annually is ohtaiued liy
roasting pyrites.
.V-tivp suli)hur is not known to o<'cur in Canada in commercial (|Uaiiti.ies:
l)yrites has heeii found in many localities, hut it is mined only at a few ;);,ints.
The |)resent rapid expansion of our manufacturing industries, mid the pro-
jection of a number of large suljihide pul|) mills, have started many in(|uiries
regarding our sujiiilies of th's ore. Moreover, some of the industries in the
ailjaceiit reiiuhlic, esiwciaily those located in the region of the ( ireat Lakes,
are also in need of additional supplies of ore. If i)yrites ore of a suitable
grade can be produced in Canada, with tlie assurance of a reasonalily steady
output, the'.e is a large and immediate market for this product now available.
TI.O |.rP^.nt LullHia In,. Ihm... ,.,e,.a.,.,l i„ ,.e.,,H.n>.. t ..nemu- in
'lUWH-s n..s,K.H.nK the pyrites r...,.,.,-.-,.. ..f CahM.!-, T|.,. „•:.
Mv..-f,.i.. ..,.j..t l„ view-.. ..„,,>■ p..a..n..ai inr,.';;ia,i' , V .'i: '^j J'
' ""' ^■"'"<' '''tl«er t., the pr.,.lu.er or to the rooMimer . , I V
..f these ores that will In- of interest an.l p„ssil,|v ot Jl '
;;■•■"'"'•"' '■""• ^^" ">• ''-i- '" 'K .• iL.,.s;e;;. . ; i ;, . " '"z
" property o„-„er an.l pros,...,ive pro.h.eer. it atten.pts to ..in.. «
"7;"' '""f '•• -l""—"-^ "-1 "• in.l.Vate w e that market n "ist
u.th ,es,K.,t to our .own -lepos.ts of pyrites. I, , , ,„„ „ ,„, ,,, ,
an exhansuve t.eat.se on the Keolo«y an,l n.inin« of pv.ite o .. , he
nH'tho.ls o, ,.e,-ove,in« the snlpi.ur n.ntent fron, ,1 of i. i,.;. , , '
-" >--t.a.ne.l n.enan,lothe..s inte.este.l in this in,„,.,,H, . Inin.. ' ^
"n \..i.on.- |)iiases of th.s siil.ject.
T1.0 .Ic^smptions of the py.ites pn.pe.ties in (•a,.a,la whi.-h ..-,. ,„,.,,„,,,,
. <l"s !,„llet,n have e.ther l.een ol.taine:! l.v ...,,.,«. n,lin« ,li,e t v
he owners , these proj^.-ties. or l.y i.., the inforn^lt-;: n
'Mopt „ a lew .nstanees. for l.in. to make „ pe.sonal visi, ,„ o., h of tl^e
|.n.,K-rt.es n. ,u..tion. An atten.pt has Jn n.a.le ,o L^,:i ' .^^
^ ™:;:..;; ;";t ^■'::""":- ="! '"^^ ''-• ^^"''•" -"- •- "'.tain.-.;"!:"
;. , t" P>utes ,.,.ope,„es „. the various p.ovinees of the Don.inion of
e l.tf, ult of a. .'ess. Ihe wnter has atte.npte.l t Heet an.l sift this
;:;i:::r;;:r:ir -■''•"'- '^ Haiith..tappea.^.
The l.nlleti,. also atto„.pts \,,,, ,,,,„,,. „,, ,„,,„.,, .,,. .„ .
."l.ers .n,e,.ste.l ... n.iui.,. as .elial.le inf..rn,ati..n as possil.l wi e:," '
U, present n.arket ,...n.liti.,ns. Taroful an.l ,11.... in.,uiries of p . i.!^ ^
all tlu> .•onsun.ers of pynt,>s within two In.n.lre.l ,„il..s of the internet U
n ntes o.e, heie ,> a la.-«e an.l i.n.ne.liate market whi,.], re,|ui,-es .,„„,. thnn
..u- tnnes he,- present annual p.-o.lu,.tion. The e.xisten...' of tl „• ket
us .fies extens.ve expl...,.tion of p.vpe.ties whi.-h n.av possil.lv . .., ..r^
- hos ..1 va.ue. (,wne,.s of sn.-h prope.-ties ...n he a;sj..e.l of'a ke Z
he p,...lu..t. ,,.„.,/./ ,., ,l,r,l.,, t,„. ,,„,„,, ,„ „ ,„„„. „,,,,,.,, J ; , '
n-arket wlneh exists is for the n.os, pa-t i„ . ,.,,,„, ^Z^^^^JZr
«.shes to pon.t out that he re^anls ,1... .,,.,,1 ,o,; of a la.'ser ex„. ,
'lustry .., py,,tes o.e .ne.-ly as a p.vlin.inarv step to ^ .!^,!,," ; , f
'n.n k. t> eta„!> the .levelopnu.nt of natu.al .-es,,,,,,,. a.,,1 ren,lo.-s ,he estahlish-
iitciit i>{ iiiiiiiiiliirliirinu iii(lii^lii<'' iiii|Hiiiiifiil.lc, f\|».iiiiiioii ><i niw iiiiitcriul^*
limy ii^iiiilly Ix- ju^titicl a^ a tfiii|.niiiiy •■\|«-.lifiil Ira.liim !■. tlic U'II.t
i|rvfl.i|iiii('iit of (iiir i.wii rt'siimci's. At tin- pn-^-iii liriK- tlic maiki'l in
Caliatla fc i' -ill|iliiiii.' aci<l is a < parativfly iiiiiilcil ■ A iftVifiirc to
tin- iiiiuual repuit- uf tlic IV|mrtiiHMil nf Ciir^toiiir ^li.'W- tliai .mly an in-
-iuiiitiraiil i|iianiily n|' arid is iiii|M.rtc.l. From this it may U- intVrn'il lliat
pia.'iically ail tli<- siilplimir acii; iiM|uiiv.l. at prot'iil , («y Canadian n.n-
sumptioii is mamifacliiird in Canada. On tin- nilicr liaml. a >liidy <>i tla-c
sniiH- irtmns indiralrs llial Canada impnit> Ir f(iriMv;n r.miiiiifs many
.•lii-micals fur wIicm- mainifactiiri- sulpimiir arid is iv.|ir d. S.nn' <■( tlic-c
miulil well U- mailc in this rdiiniiy. !"id rcilaiiity wiil Ix . .1 tlif maikri -huw-
flirt li.'icNpaii-inii. 'I'lic dwell ipmcnt of r-riciilific farmiiiu; and I lie inc'icasiii«
u.-c of artilii'ial fcrtiii/crs will a! o Icinl to ciiiarnr the iiiarlii't f .r many pro-
duct- for wlioM' mamifa<'luic ^ulplluri^ arid is an important con-liliiiMit .
Tlic I'liiarni-mcnl of tin- niarisfl for the prodiict-* of -iilplmric arid.
loKctiicr uilii an incri'iiM-d prodiirt^oli of tlir arid, will fiii oiirasif lli'' pyriK-s
mining indii-tiy in tliix roiintry. .\t picM-iit . the very iiicli cost of tin- arid
on tlic f.pt'ii market tends to curl, the devc-lopmeiit of allied in.lu-tnes.
In connection with the po^^il.ility of enlar«inji the home market for
pyrites, coiisideraliip >P' •' has heeii devoted to a disc"s>ion of the po-siliilily
of iisiii^..: pyrites as a source of siilpliiir for the manufacture of ^.iiliihite pulp.
.\t present it is a matter of lejivt that much of oiir annual pioiluci'.i n of
pulp wood i- exported in an inmamifactiired condition. 'I'hi- also i> Into
of the Mirplus pvrite^ oie, • ver and ahove t hat reniiired for home consumption.
The waKcs. ma.nifacturer's profits, and other increments in v.iliie. wliiidi
accrue thioiijih siil.jectinj; raw materials to manufacturing processes, are
lost to this couiiliy. Moieover the industrial population whidi is supiioited
l.y such industries as tiiese is, of iiec<'ssily. located where the manufacturmsj
takes plai-e. 'I'heir location in the country of |iroduction would mean also
an increaM'd marki't for food ami textile piixlucts.
The pulp manufacturing industry in Canada has U-eii expaiidiiiK rapidly
in recent years. Where suli>hite jmlp is made imported -ulphur is Used
exclusively.' Ihiropeaii mills, on the other hand, almost without exception,
find it |)ivfitah'e to u^e pyrites as a roiirce of sulphur. That this is so is not
,\VA- solely to the fact thai Kuiopeaii lal'or is cheaper, l.ut hecause iiyiiles
is cheaper than sulphur. Several experimental i.laiits have U'en erected
for this purpose in America: hut the jirocess is not yet well estahhshed.
That pyrites can he Used for this jiiirpose. and that the i.rocess is more
economical than when sulphur is used inl lh< pirsnil rfhiliir imiyhil /<nV,.v)
is an estahlished fact. The development of a -iilphite pulp iudustry in
Canada, in which pyrites will i.. used, depends ujion the leidinic-al skill of
oiir sulphite pulp makers on the one hand, and on our pyrites miners on the
other. If a re<;ular supply of suitaMe ore could he assured for a term i>f years,
soiiipof our pulp mills, which are favoraMy located with respect to the mines.
' I
iiic larKc niill i> mm pTojcM-tcd in wliicli p.vritcs will lie u-cd in plan- of -.alpliur.
woiiM ]«' wamiiiU'.l ill iiiMalliiiK -iiitiil.li- loa^tiiiK |.liiiitH. I'luhr <'\iritiiiK
.•..ii.liii..ii-, when no KUaiiiiii an !•<• kIvimi tlial nU'iify of ^<uital>ll• orr U
availiililc at a miw^iiaMf piii'c, our mill owihmx iiaiiiraily I.C'^itati' to a7.F.uiii<'
the licavv rapital cxiNMiclitiiir nfffssaiy to in>tall tin- rour*tiii).' plants.
It limy U- poii;t«'.l out that mill- ioiati'-l in thi" valli-y of tin- St. laiwriMicf
liver are paiii^'ularly favoie.l in ie>rar.l to a nuainiitee of ^uitahle ore. Tlieri'
are two o|.eiiitin« pyrite- mine- in the provinee of (iueU-c pi.Hlucinn >uit-
alile ore- ami with i:oo<l shipping farilitii'r*. There is every rea-on to U-Iirve
that thi-f pro|H'rtie- liave laiR"' "i<' reserves, anil, in aililition. there are some
exi'elleni prospects in the neinhlHirhooil of the workiinJ mines. .\i\y nianii-
fiieturer so located tlial lie eoulcl ol.tain ore from these mines at a reasoMal>le
rate shoiihl have lii'le hesitation in e perimentiiiK with a view to installniK
the iKcessary jiyrites roaslii.« plant. Sueh a manufaelmer. U-cause of his
location, is ahva.vs in a i.osition t.i procure foieinn ows. es|K'cially Simnish
ores, at current sealMni trices ami the supply of these ores is very larjie.
Ho theipfore 1ms the as e that if, for i\ny reason, his Canadian ores fail.
ho will n.)t have to |><-rmit >xpensive plant to lie idle. On the other
hand, if the mine owners and others interested in the devrlopment of the
district were sure of a Kood and steady nearhy market for their ore, tliey
would, for their own protection and ndvantuRe. juit themselves in a position
to accept loiiK-time contracts and to maintain a constant and rejtular output
of ore. The possihiMty of t lie com|)et ition of foreijiu ores will have a steadying
effect on the contract prices for the suli)hur content of the native ore.
Sulphite I'ulp mills in the vicinity of the (Jreat Lakes would not find
conditions <hp(p so favorahlc as those on the St. Lawrence. There will
prol.aMy l>e en almndant supply of ore avaital)le in the future, since the
e.xistenec of u nundier of large ore Ixidies north of the CJreat I^ike.s is known.
The grade of tlie ore is not, on the average, so high as that of the tiuelwc
ores, hut it usually roasts cleumi The competition of United States buyers,
who even now are not able to ol.tai" all the ore they require, will tend to
increase the cost. Even here, however, the market is influenced by the cost
of Spanish ..res, and i>rices as a rule will not tend to fluctuate seriously,
and the sa\inf. in contrast with sulphur cor^ts will lie very large. Where
the .-ulphite jv.ilp mill owners take the i)i.caution to mine their own ore
as well as to cut i heir owi. pulp wood, their sulphur costs will Ik- independent
of the maik.'t : nd will repiwent only the co-ts of mining, dressing and
delivering the ore from their own ]iroperties.
Chapters on the matuifacture of sul; huric mhl and on the burning of
suljihur have l)een included in response to refiuests for general information
of this character. There are available many technical works dealing with
the maiuifacture of sulphuric acid. The technical e.xi)ert or ])rosi)ective
manufacturer will naturally consult these w.nks when in search of detailed
technical information. The descrij)tions of the pl•oces^es which are given
in this report are intended, rather for the non-technieal man who may be
intere. t(d in the pyrites iu.histry and in learning of the industrial processor
fur which jiyritps is a raw material
JV^
rill- vuriour' tyiH's i.f iim-tiiiB I'lirimri" ili-ciiU-.l in iho ti'\t iirr tl .-••
now in iiH> ill tlu-niiriil workx in Anu-ricii <>r i;iif..|>»'. i><r tin- |mii|m.m> ..f prc-
l>iirin)i Mil|.liur .li-.\i.l»' nn". Tlio Mit.ji'ct .if l■..!l^tillK ..n- f..r tin- -uU- paiiM.^.-
..f ilrlviiinulTu \" tintiuftlu- ^ulpliiir ruiitciit , .I.kw not ii- >vitliii< tlii'^coiM'
of \\m iiiiiifliii. Tlu'icfoii' ii will Ik- foinul that no .Ic-i ri|.iionr« mi- uivt-n
of nuiny ty|N'^ of rousting furnace^ wliirli iirc usually ii^i'^l -oli-ly for tlii^
|.iii|MiH-. uiiil iii>l iiriinuiily iiilfiidcl to ifcovcr tin- Milpliiir roritt-nt of tin-
oif. 'I'lio wiitiT is inclc'itccl citliiT i. Ihr i|f-i|inc.> or to tin- nianiitiirliiri'is
of till' various tyiH-s of fiiinacos ,lf-( riU-.l, for dniwini:- aii.l plioioura|.lis
from whicli tin- plates, whirli ai'ronipnny this Imllclii liavt- U-i-n prcpati'il.
In many instances the orinimil patent s|)f'cifieatioiis ha\< also U-en consiilted.
The author has) leen privileged to ln-|KTt eithei Ihe wl, .le plant or those
portions of the plant in which he wa« inlen-sted, at al»iMt twenty-five dilTereiit
clipniicai w<irk> and sulphite |)ulp mills in Canada, the I'nited Slates and
Newfoundland, where sulphur or pyrites are ulili/.ed in manufacturing
processes, in practically every inslanci-. valualiie inforiiiatiiin i.iid suntres-
tioiis have U>en plai'ed at liis dis|M.sal l.y othcers of these corporations. It
has not U'en possilile to individually ai-knowled>ie these courtesies in the
ac.'oiiipaiiying l.ulletin— indeed in many instances, the author was rei|Ue.-ted
not to do >o. It has U'en tlioujiht liest to refrain from makiiiK any sjM'cific
reference to any individual plant. The writer wishes, however, to express
his sincere tlmi.ks to the many (lentlemen who received him so courteously,
and ..cknowledjje his indehtedness to them for much valuahle information.
It is a matter of regret that the author has not had the opportunity of
.studyiiiK the ojierution of pyrites hurninjj jilaiits and the gas porifymg sys-
tems of some of the sulphite ]>ulp mills in Srandinaviu anil in Ciermany,
where jiyrites is used as the source of sulphur. It is considered that suidi
fii-«t haiid information niighc have furnished valuahle data to those who aie
interested in the installation rf similar eiiuipmeiit in this country.
CHAPTER I.
Sn. rillH AND ITS COMPOINDS.
Sulphur
Sulpluiv wl.icli ..(•••ins Uiitiv.- ,.i- in tlic free Mat.-, lias bi-cMi known to n.an-
kin<l sinco vcn- cavlv times. Tlu- ancients en.ploye.l it for fumiRatnig i.uv-
,,oses and also in en-tain leligious rites. It api-ears. also, to have l.een used
for .lestrovinj; fungus growths in vineyards and ..rchanls, tor treating skni
,li<e-i-e< for lighting fires an.l preparing torches, for eeiiienting ghiss. tor
l.leaehing, for "niello" work in n.etals, an.l for many other purposes ma
manner similar to the uses to which it is ai.plied at the i.resent day. It
was formerly termed l.rimst.uie and was coiisidere.l l.y the alchemists to l.e
the principle of coml>ustil)ility. . .
The compounds of this element occur in nature in much larger (luantltle^•
and are miu^li more wi.lolv .listril.uted than free suli.hur itself. The com-
luunds .if Mili.luir with tiie metals, terme.l S„li,hi<l,s. and those with the
metals and ..xvgen, termed SnlphnUs, are f..un.l in large <,uantities m s..me
l.K-alities. The m..re imi.ortant comi.oun.ls of suli.hur wlii.'h ...•••ur as natural
i.ro.lucts are: — .
(1) S„l pin,!, y.-hnn I'vrites FeS.,: I>yrrti..tite, Fe,^; ( ..i.per Pyrit.-s
.,r ('lial<^..pvrite, CuFeS..: M..rnite, Ca.FeS,; (lalena. I'l.S; Sphalerite or
Zinc Blemk . ZnS; Cinnabar, HgS: Stil.nite ..r drey .\ntini..ny, Sh-A; HPii'S'"'.
As.,S,- ' )i])imeiit , .\s,S.|.
' "(•') .s•^,//./;•^^•.-<;v,'^'"l'■ <'=^^<'. ^- - 'i^**' ^'ii'y-'"'""' <'='^***' "•'="■'■
Spar HaSO,; Kie>erite. MgSO, ^ II.O; Kpsom Sah or Kpsomite. MgS(), +
7 II,^(); (llauher Sah or Miral.ilite. Na.,S(), • II.,<); < l.een \ itriol or
Melanterite, \>:^(\ -r 7 Il.O.
I'lnislral ami rhrminil pwprrtlrs of snlplu,,: Sulphur ...•••urs m natiire
in the form ..f crvstals an.l als,. ma.-sive. in splieri.^al or renif..rm shapes m-
crustin-' stalactitic an.l stalagmiti.' f..rms. an.l in i,..w.ler. In c..l..ur it is
,..un,Vvell..w, straw an.l Imnev velL.w. yellowish l.n.wn. greruish, re.hlish
t.. vell..wi^h grev. The streak is white, the lu,-t,v. resin..us a.lan.antme. It
i< lran>i.arent ti, translu.^.M.t : as usually ...•.•urring. it is semi-transi.arent at
the .>,l"es an.l ..f the well-kn..wn bright ,.aiKiiy-yell..w.'..l..ur, which .larkens
with al'i increase in fnipcature; at -.".(F C. it is nearly .•..l..url."ss; it is practi-
c-dlv tastele.-s ami witlmut ...Lmr. .l..es ii..t .•.m.lu.'t .'Wtricity but bec..m.>s
negatively electrifie.l bv fricti.,n. It is brittl.>. an.l has a har.ln.>ss between
l-o an.l I'-.-). The spe.-ifi.- gravity is ■J-07 an.l the at..nii.^ weight :VJ-()(..
(Oxygen Kb.
' S,... b.iiiK.', Sulplu.ric A.-i.l a.ul .\lk;.li, :inl VAn.. Vol. I. I'a.t 1. !>• 14 cl s,.,,.
Suli)liur melts at 11(»-.V C. and l'(iiiii> a tliiii, lifjlit yellow li.|iii(l. wliicli
(III heiiifi iiinie stn.iiKly lieated hecutiies daiker and tliiekor; hetweeii 2.')()°-'_'(i()°
C. it is iieailv l)lai-k and sd viscid that it will not flow or ponv: as tlio teiii-
Deiature is raised tuillier ii liecoines thinner, and is ot a lirownish colour:
at M()° ('. it lioils. foiiniiis !i •'I'ownisli-red vapour. It hesjiiis to volatilize
hefore the hoilinj; temperature is reaciie<l.
Sulphur exists in a niimlier of allotiopic modifications; it can lie oli-
tained in a niimher of dilferent crystalline forms an<l in at least two amor-
phous varieties, one of which is soluble and the other insoliMe in cail)oii
liisuliihide. .V f<>ini is also known which is soluble in water.'
t'dri'lipi. —Occiirniicf nf xuljiluir
Native sulphur occurs in many parts of the world either in beds ot
gypsum and associated rocks or in the regions of active and extinct vol-
canoes. It occurs in Sicily in the valley of -Xoto and .Mazzaro; on the
Italian mainland, it occurs in Hoinasna and .Marche in ("entral Italy. ■ It
also occurs in the .\peiinines between ImuH an<l Macerata. In the south of
Italv it occurs in the [iiovince of .\vellino, in the Sabbato valley, and in
Calabria, in the region of ("ottona. .\ small i|uantity has lieen found in the
soU'atara near Naples. It is dejiosited from hot springs in Iceland, Savoy.
Switzeiland. Hanover, and in other countries. Deposits occur in I'pper
Kgyi)t and large (le|)osits are re|)i)i-ted from Russia in Kyrk-Tschulvii in the
Transcasi)ian district of .\schaba(l near Schjich.
Suli)liur associated wit h.-olfatara has been found near many of the world's
volcanoes Volcanic gases almost always ciuitain suli)luir dioxide, S(X„
and sul])huretled hydrogen, U.S. and when these two gases come into con-
tact in the juesence of water vajxir, they mutually dei ipose with the liber-
ation of suli)liur, whicdi is deposited on nearby surfaces when sufficiently cool.
2 SO., + 4 HjS = 3 S, + I 1I,()
Sulphur of this type is abundant in the Chilian .\ndes in South .Vmerica,
and it has been obtained from China. India, the Philippine Islands and Sand-
wich Islands.
In Mexico, it is found in several localities, in the crater of I'opocatapetl,
at Los Cerritos, San l.uis Potosi, at Los Conejos, Duiango, near Torreon, in
Tamanlipas, in Lower California, at i:i Promentorio and Las Virgines.
In the United States, it is found:— in Wyoming, in the I'liita Mountains,
;{0 miles southeast of i;vanston, near Thermoi)olis, Tremont county, in the
upper jiart of Sunlight Basin. Park county: in the Yellowstone i>ark in ile-
posits and about fuiiuiroles: in Idaho, near Soda Sju-ings: in Ciilorado, in
Mineral county: in .Nevada, near Humboldt House, and at Habbit Hole
Springs, Humboldt county. Steamboat Springs, Washoe county. Columbus.
Ksmerala I'ountv; in southern ftah in large deposits (once miiu'd at Cove
'Sim- DiUiM, Mincnilocy: Uo-coc ami SrliorlcimuiT. Treatise on < iieiiii^try ; l.iiiiKi',
S\il|>lmric \eiil ami Alkali.
-.S'c ■ Tlic Siil|)lmr lii.lii^try of Italy,' Mineral lii.luMry. Vol. VIll, KS'.W, |)|.. .V.r.MlKJ.
ami Mineral Uesourers ol tlie fiiited State-, I'.HO, I'art 11. pap' 7Vi.
creek Millard (■..untv. lu.w niine.l in Hhu'k Uock district)- in Ctdifovnui at
the geysers of Xapa vallev. Sonoma county, in Santa Barl.ara. nea; Clear Lake.
Lake "countv; also on the west sloi)e of Mount Lassen, o.") nules from
Red Bluff Tehama countv; in Texas, at several points. Bryan Heishts,
Brazonia countv, Matag..rda, Liberty, and the west side of Bra/.os river;
in Ixjuisiana, in Calcasieu parish and other localities where the so-,-alled
"dome" formations occur.
Occurrence of Camulian sulphur.— hx Canada native sulphur hus l)een
noted in the reports of the (k^ological Survey, as occurring in many different
localities. : everv instance, however, the finds were only of interest as
mineralopical occumnces and «o«e of economic imporUwcc ore known. In
several of the occurrences, tne sulphur foun.l was formed l.y the decomposi-
tion of p\Tites; the other occurrences are associated with springs of mineral
water charged with sulphuretted hydrogen, or with gypsum aep..sits.
Native suljihur has been found in scattered crystals in a gypsum ([uarry
in Colchester countv. Nova Scoti;,.' In Ontario, at Clinton, Huron county
there is a deposit affording nias.c- of pure yellow compact or fine grained
sul])hur, together with small transparent crystals of the same.'
The deposits associated with mineral springs are all small and are too
numerous for all to be mentioned in detail.
Numerous springs, the water of which is impregnated with sulphur-
etted hvdrogen, occur in Ontario, in Manitoba and in western Canada-
especialiy in the Rockv mountain region. McConnell reix.rts mineral
s,,rings ;,f large volume at Sulphur point, on the southeast shore ot (ireat
Slave lake and at the tar springs north of Point Brule on the north shore
of the same lake. In both cases, small .|uantities of suii-luir are <leposited
in the basins of the springs and along the channels of the streamlets
which drain them.' .
\n interesting occurrence, which is worthy of further investigation,
was reported bv Selwyn from the Smoky river, Alberta.*. The river is named
from the fact that at a number of places, white, suli)hurous fumes, having
the appearance of smoke, are emitted from the ground. These " bocaimes, "
■IS they are called, are found along the valley of the river. "The banks ot
the river are high and steep, and the strata are well exix.sed in the great
slides which have taken place in the soft, dark grey or black shales of which
thev are compo.-ed. Where the fives 1 e burnt out. the cliUs present
a variety of shades of red. vellow and wimc. ami whore tlie smoke or vapour
is still issuing from the groun.l. there are large patches, which at a distam'e
look like snow and sulphur-dea.l white and brilliant yellow." Some ot
this material, brought ba.-k by Selwyn. was analyzed l>y lloflman and he
gives the following comjiosition:' —
•C. Ci. S., Vol. IV, Part T, p. tU.
'C. a. S., Vol. IV, Part T, p. 61.
nj. S. C. Vol. IV, Part I», p. 31.
* (1. S. C, 1S7.5, "<), pp. 5-S, 73.
* C. (i. S., lS75-7t), p. 420.
9
Sulphuv !•'•■'''"
Ainnioniuin chloride .>0"4__
Aninioniuiu sulphate 1 ■.S()7
Potassium sulphate ()-(W.)
Sodium sulphate (»-2( t
Calcium sulphate '••'"'
Sulphuric acid (SO,), probahly |)ertaininK to
the traces of iron and nuignesium <••<>' 1
lOxtraneous matter " —
l(M).i:{7
The phenomena observed iiere were formerly attril.uted to the comlais-
tion of l)C(ls of lisnite. Sehvyn notes that neither coal nor lijrnite hedsare
to he seen in the locality ami states that the l)eds (seen hy liiiu) do not contai.i
nuich pyrites. D.nvson, who visited the Smoky river in ls7'.». records tlic
finding," l)v Hoffmann, of a larse (luar.tity of very finely divided pyrites
with carljonaceou- 'natter in these shales. He considers t!i it ■' tlie.sc tosiether
are ([uite sutticie. to account for the slow cond)Ustion ol)scrved, ami tliat
the i)yrites may, under certain circumstances, spontaneoiisly initiate the
I nnena l)y the lieat evolved durin<i its decomi>osition. "'
Sulphur for the Ciuuulitni Market
Suli)hur sold on the Canadian market comes alm>ist wholly from three
sources: in the ea.st and in the region of the (oeat Lakes Ix.tii Sicilian ami
Limisiana sulphur aie u.sed: in British Cohimhia, the sulphur used nearly
all comes from Japan. A small (luantiiy of KiikHsIi recovered sidphur is
also occasionally imported into eastern Canada.
Uescrii)tions of tiie metiiods employed in Sicily to mine sulphur ores
and to recover the suli)hur will he found in various articles in tlie •Mineral
Industry." and in Lunfje, "Suli)huric Acid and .Mkali." -V more complete
description of the jire.sent status of the industry, together witli some r ,i_.vs-
tions as to a new method of utilizing crude sulphm-. was jaihlished in the
HoUettino I'tficiale del Ministero <!' .^<;ri<'oltura. Industria. Home liios. .Vnno.
VII, Vol. 1, I'asc.. :5. |)p. ;{(il — KM), and llHMt, .Vnno. VIII, \ol. II. Seiie C,
l''asc. '.», liy I'rof. (;uisej>pe Oddo of the Fniversity of I'avia. .Mi^tvads of
these articles were puliiished in Ilnjiiisii in the Mininii .lomiial. London. Vol.
S9, PI), oil. •')1"). and I>1). •>-' :>s:i. I'.llO.
The Louisiana sulphur dei)osits are described in ,-everal articles in the
Mineral Industry. .\ theory of tlio origin of the deposits was disc\is<ed liy
I^'e Ilager in the I'.ngineerinfj and .Miniuf; .loiinial. "'I'lie Mounds of the
Siutiiern Oil Fields," Vol. 7.s. pp. \M VMf and pp. ISO ls:{, 1!(()L The
deposits are described and their oriKiii discussed by IVof. (i. I). Harris,
in Hidletin .\o. 7. (^-ological Survey of Louisiaiui. on " Hock Salt, its Onsm,
(k-ologicalOccuriencesand Kconomic Importance in the State of Louisiana"
' ('. <i. S.. I.s7!)-sn. Part H, p. .")7 and p. l'i:i.
10
l«)<)S-lli.- sulphur i.iul siiit (lci"isits hcitiK associat.-.l. Pnif. Man is als..
,li-,.uss.-s tl.P s.,l.j<-t in Kn.i.o.uir (;.'..lo«y. Vol, IV. |.|.. 12 :51. l!H»lt, undov
tlu> titlo "The (rf>..lo};iciil OnMHiciirc n( Hock Salt iu Louisiana an.l li"\as.
\ .loscrii.ti(Ui of \hv I'lascl, piocoss for vvr,,vvv\uii sulphur, as applied ui tho
Louisiana liehl. will lu- found in the Mineral In.lustry, Vol. V. IMMi. j.. ..11.
In Japan, with one (•\cei)tion. all the sulphur mines ,,f Hokkaido and
Ihe n..rthern inainian.l are vuleanie deposits. The principal mine is l,,cated
.,t Oshino in the prefecture of Hokkaido. There are also important mines
at Kuvutakei Vuwaot,., Shikahe and Fuvano in llokkai.lo. Sul|.hur is also
i.Mained at a number of other l<,calities, notal.ly at Numajiii in JMikushim.a.
The larger portion of tiie .la|.anese sulphur is simply concealed tnuu sulphur
-prints '"whieh occur in th- volcani.' re-ions. Th<' suli-huv '.rom ilokkaulo.
wluMrol.tained in the solid state, is simply melted in larpe l.oilers and sorted
into several firades.
Compounds of Sulphur
The eomp..unds of >ulphur which form the princi,.al sources of supply
of this material are Pyrites. Chalcopyrite. an.l to a less .lejiree. Horn.te.
(ialcna ami SphalcMlte. The first three of these, only, are important m tlie
present discussion. In the foll.nvin- paragraphs, brief notes on the nuneral-
„.,v „f each of these substances are .siiven; (lescrii)tions of two minerals,
chi-elv velate.l to I'vrites, Mareasite and Pyrrhotite are also included.'
Composition-
I'urili's
-Iron bisui|.hide. KeS., Sulphur .-.:i-:M' , . IV IC.-f.(i%.
r>o. 1. CryMal fo;m~ of pyrit,.-. . .Mtcr Daim. . l-.l- Si"M'l-' f'"'"'- "• '^ IrcnchTrcck
■S,... Dana, System of Mim-raloKy; Micrs, MiM,.n,l..i:,v; lliat/.c Itamllmcli -Icr Min-r-
[lUi^ic; or oIlitT >laihliinl wmk^ on ::;incr:t!<)j;y.
11
Synuiiyins l»ynt<-s. liun Pyrites. Muii.lir. Im.uIV j;o1,1. (IJiiilisli).
SchwHclkics. Kisciikis. I'yrit ((Jcriimn), I'yritcl'Vr siilfiiii'. (l-iciicli). Syafvcl-
ki< (Swcilisli), I'iiitf (ItiiliaiO. I'iiita. I'iiita aiiiaiilla. Hn>ii<-i> (Spaiiisli).
/••,./v((.s. Pyrites wlicn in rrystal furin, crystallizes in the i<..iiielri.' or
(•ill)ic system. The coiimiiuiest forms arc the eiilie ( I'is;. l-">). tl»' |>entai:oiial
,lo,lecahe,lroii (or pyrito-hedroii) (F'i-:. 1-1). aii.l tiie .p.-lahe,lroi, (Fiji, l-7i;
often the fares of erystiil.s are striaK-l in one .lirectioii. Pyrite-^ al-o ,..Turs
in mas^ive. jirannlar. radial reniforiu or iiloluilar I'orms.
Clriinni^. .\n indistinct <deavaf:e occurs parallel to the face-^ .f liie
c\die, and another i)arallel to the octahedron.
t'riirliin. ("onciioidal ami irremidar.
//,/rv/»,.«.— Mrittle. H C. li-."«.
SiKcijic (iriiritii. -(•".I.') .')• 10.
L,(.x/rc. -Metallic, splendent to ^ilisteninsi.
Colo'ir. — .\ pale hrass-yellow. nearly uniform.
Stmik. /'(mv.'cr— (Greenish lilack or hrownish lilack.
.A.</)fd.— Opa<iue.
Yo^c,,._Thermo-eleotriciilly both ])ositive and ne<;ative varieties occur.
.\ part of the iron is sometimes replaced liy nickel, col.alt. thalium or copper
., very small .|Uantities: copper in the form of the suli>hide (chalcpyrite.
hornite, etc.,) also o(cuis as a mixtvive with jiyrite. (Sold is sometimes
pre.scnt . distributed invisibly throupli it. auriferous j.yrite beinji an important
source of sold. Small quantities of arsenic, silica or selenium. ami occasionally
zinc blende or galena may also occur.
Ddermimtion.— In a dosed tube a sublimate of .sulphur is formed and
the residue is nmsnetic. Ilefore the blowpipe it gives <,ff sul])liur which burns
with a blue ilame and exhibits the characteristic odor of sulphur dioxide.
It is insoluble in hvdrochloric acid, but is decomposed by nitric acid. It
can usually be readily reeoRiiized l)y its color and other physical |)roperties.
The miiwral derives its name from the (Ireek word t'V'— fne— m
ailusion to the sparks whidi are thrown otT when the ore is struck with
•I hammer, (u- other hard, blunt instrument. The sparks can l)e readily
pnuluced by rubbing over a c ■•irse file, and the o.lor oi burning sulphur
can l)e detected.
OccHnT/icc— I'vrites occurs abundantly in rocks of all ages. In the
crystal form h ustuillv occurs in small cubes, pyrito-heilra. octohedra or
less con>m..n forms. It also occurs in irregular or spheroidal nodules, and
in veins. It is frequently found in clay slates, argillaceous sandstones and
in other rocks of the coal formations.
Ores of commercial value usually occur in huge, lenticular nuisses,
less fre(iuentlv in veins; they most frequently ai^.ear to be associated with
basic intrusive rocks-though the deposits themselves may occur m rocks
of aiiv kind.. Enormous de,.osits of massive j.yrites. the most inrMirtant
at present known, occur in Spain ami P..r,ugal ( Hio-Tiut,.. T...vrs;,.. ^Santo
Domingo). Others aie known in Italy. France, (rtMtnaiiy. Norway. Hussia
,1 a pa u."S(. nth .\meric" Mexico. I'nited States and Canada.
12
Tlio nodular iimssps of i)ynt('s which occur in c.ml sejuiis, "roalhrasses''
of ttie luii'-crs, are in sonic localities an iinixirtant source <if connnercial
jivrites.
.4//m///o»iN.— I'yrites readily ciumses to an iron sulpliate l.y oxidation,
some sulphur lieiiiR set free. On its surface, it may often Ik- altered to
linionite and subseciueiitly from limonite to red oxide of iron. ( Ireen vitriol,
limonite. fiMniv. hematite, (luart:^ graphite, aud ochreous clay all oci'ur
as pseudoniorphs after pyrite.
The alteration of the uiiper portion of pyrites and kindred .lejiosits
to limonite and hematite gives ri.se to the "gossan" caps which are character-
istic of the surface exposures of all large pvrites dei>osits.
Miimtnite
ComposHiou— Iron hisulpliide. FeS, Sulphur y,i-'SV'c, I'"o l()-t'>t>',;,.
N/ynoiif/m.s.— Cockscomb, Si)ear, Cellular. White Pyrites (I'Jiglish) ;
Wasserkies, Kammkies, Speerkies. Strahlkies. Zellkies (Cleriiian); Fer sulfiire
hlanc, Pyri^c ''•""'^l- Miii'''"^-'>tP (t^w''); I'iv'te hiaiica (Italian); Marcasita,
Pirita blanca (.Spanish).
1-Ui. J. Cry:-!:!! fornix of m;irca>iti>. i .\ltcr Dunn ' 1. Coiiiiiioii lorin. -i. Soliciiinitz.
3. I'rt'iljcrK. 4. <;uli'iia. 111. •'>. rolkestom-. li. IkmIxtk.
/,'„,.„( _It crystallizes in the orthrhoml)!c sy.stem. The crystals are
cominoidy tabular and also pyramidal. fre(iuently striated. It is not found
in simi)lc ciy.stals, Imt owing to its niultii)le twinning, ple^ents a great variety
of shapes with jagged outlines and re-entrant angles— hence the coll.xiuial
names "Cockscomb pyrites," "Spear Pyrites." etc, Marcasite occurs in
13
stnlactitos with radiating internal structtiro and tl.o i-xtcriur c.vorpd witl.
projecting crystals. It also occurs in rciiiforni. globular and .liscoidal shaiH's.
C/((/!'((.yp".— Distinct i)arallpl to tlie prism faces.
Frticlurc. — I'neven.
Hordmxx. -\^n^t\o. H (Mi'').
Sinrijir ijni ritii.-- \ • N-V- 1 • iK).
/,i<.x/)T.— Metallic.
Colour.— Vi\\i' l>ron/.e-yello\v, deepeninu on exj.osure.
Strrak. Pomlcr. — (iravi^li or brownish hlack.
,l.s/)(r/. — Opacjue.
IMfrwiuittio,i.-\^ like , yrite, l.ut is more liable to decomposition. It
is distinsiuished from pyrite by its crystalline stru. lui'^. and uMially by its
lighter colotir.
Orr»nr/irc -It occurs under mucli the same c.mditioiis as pyiile but
is not so common a mineral in crystalline rocks or in metalliferous veins;
it is more common than jtyrites in the form of no.lules and .'oncretions .,f
organic origin in ^edimentaly rocks The spear variety occurs very abund-
antly in the plastic clay of the brown coal fornuition at Liltmitz and .Mtsat-
t ell. Hear Carlsbad in IJohemia, and is extensively mined for its >uliihur or
for use in the manufacture of ferrous sulphate. Crystals and ci-ystallized
material have been reported from many |.la<es !>otii in Kuiope an<l in .\merica.
It does not occur ma.ssive, and is not an important ore of sulphur.
Altn-alions --Marcasite is very liable to decomposition; it is often altered
to brown limonite on the surface; many si)ecim.'ns fall t.. pieces, especially
when e.\i)osed to a moist atmosphere i.imoiiite ami i>yrite <iccur as pseudo
morphs after marcasite, also bournonite, chalcopyrite. magiK'tite. and sphale-
rite.
Pjirrhotllc
Composition —TWi!^ mineral is of somewhat .loubttul composition, the
analyses indicating c.msiderable variation DilTeient formulae vanging
inmi re^S, to Fe.iS,, have been given; they ail conf.irm to tlie general for-
mula Fe S + 1.' Some of the jiurest specimens aiiliroach very i-loscly to
the moiiosulphide FeS in composition and the ore is often ivterved to iv.
mono-suli)hide.
The percentage comi)osition varies willi the formula:
FejS, — Sulpinir ;i!)-t)';o Iron (iO- 1' c
Fej,S„ - ^ Sulphur 3!»-2';; Iron UO-S' i,
Fe„s,,=^ " ;is-4% " (ii-<i'-;
Pyirhotite often contains cobalt, nickel, or copjier (as rhalcopyiite ..r
bornite). occasionally arsenic, ami sometimes silver, gold, pl.tiunm and s,.me
of the rarer metals.
,S,„„„,,y,„,v.— Magnetic pyrites (Kiiglish); Mangetkies. Leberkies, (tier-
man); I'yvite magneti(iue, Fer sulfiire magiu'ticiue (French); Magnetkis
(Swedish), Pirrotina (Italian), Pirita magnetica (Spanish).
14
/.•,„■„, — l%iially ela^M'd a?" lu'\aK<iiial; pyirlnitito ncncrally iicrurs iiias-
A\i' witli a granular stiiH'turc.
('Iiiini<ii'.~ A ili.*liiii't ha^'al clcavadf is sunictiincs cxliiliitcil l>y crystals,
wliit'li swv usually licxaiintial platt-s.
(■'riirhiir. I'lU'Vcii In suln'i'iirliniiial.
llmiliKss, lliiltlf, II :{•■"> \-'t
SiKci/ic iiriiril;/. \-'>s \-{'t\
l.iisln. Mctailii'.
Coliiiir.'- H«'t\v('<'ii iiiiiii/.i'-ycUiiw ami cipppci' ri'il. ami sulijcrt td speedy
larnisli.
Str<'>L\ /)«»•(/('/■. -Da ik grayish Mack.
Asiuct. — ()|)a<iu«'.
A'd^N. - Pvrrliutite is maciielic. the luaKi'ili- in vaiyiufi luucli in in-
tensity. SiinetiiMCs it jMisscsses polaiity.
IhliriiiiiKitlon.- \\^ peculiar hnm/.e coluur ami niasm'tic inuperties
serve to distiiifiuisli |)yrrh(>tite fnun inni ami cupper pyrites. It renuiiiis
uiicliaii^jed when heated in the closed tulie. In the open tulie it t;ives olT
suli)hur()Us fumes, and heconies more -.tronijiy luafinetii'. It is decoMiposed hy
hydrochloric acid with the evolution of hyilrojren sulphide.
(hrunvin-c. — Pyrrhotites occur in .Xorway, Sweden, (lermany (llarz.
Bavaria, Saxony). Austria (Hohemia) aiul elsewhere in Muiope. The>- are
reported from Brazil and from nuiny states of the I'liitj-d States — notaMy
Maine. X'ermont. Massachusetts, .\ow York, New Jersey. Pennsylvania.
\'irj:inia and Tennessee. Pyrrhotite ores containing co|)|)er are an important
source of co])|)er and sidphur in the vicinity of Copperhill and Isaliella. 'IVn-
nossoe. In Canada, several (h'posits arc known in tlie Maritime provinces,
in (^uel)(>c, in Ontario and in British Columhia. The most important of
these at the iire>ent timi- are those of the Sudlmry district, Ontario— the
ores heinj; mined and treated for their coiii)er and nickel content. Many
of these pyrrhotites do n<it contain nickel in economic (|uantities.
Pvirhotites. when of economic imi>ortance. usually occur in lenticular
masses oi' pipes of massive oic assoc'iated witii a hasic iftnoous rock. The
nickeiiferous pyrrhotites of the Sudlmry distri<'t are nearly all associated
with A characteri^tic rock called norite- -soda-calcic feldspar, with enstatite
or hvpersthene.
i'lKilciipijrite
('i)iiipiisltl(iii. - \ sulphide of coppei' ami iron. CuFeS^ or Cu^SFe^Sj -
Sulphur :5o-(). cojiiier :{♦•■") iron :5()-.").
.Analyses often show variations from the forni'.da. (lu(- in most cases to
the luechanical admixture of p\iite. ("halcoi)yrite so.netimes contains small
amounts of silver or fjold: thallium is also present at times.
>'//""",'/""■■ — ("oi>l>«'r jiyrites, Peaco(d\ ore in part (when tarnished),
n'jmlish): Kupiierkies. Chalkopyrit ((^rman); Chalcopyrite, ("uivre py-
15
riteiix (FiTiH-li). Kul'l""'^'^ (Swnlisli), Calrnjiyritc, Uaiiu- L'ialli-. I'iriti- <li
niiiiP (Ituliiin). ('<>l'i«'iiim'>'ll". Hri>n/.«'aiimiil!<.. Hr..iiz<> .Ic niivn' (Spaiii^'li).
/■'(.,m -Ciystallizr^ in tlic tctvani'iii"! syMcm. ('i> 'als ate .ummi.iity
tctrulicdnil in aspect . tin- tiicos laiRC, <lull in lustr • oxLIi/inI. an<i diauniially
stiiaH'il. It i.ftfMi occuis massive ami rompact.
Cliiifiifii: Distinct paiailfl t.> certain laces.
h' mil II II rneveii.
Uniiliii ■■<■■<■ Hiittle. II :{•■") I.
.S'/)« (•('/((■ (iriirilij. !• I !•:{■
Luslrv. — Metallic.
('(»/«(//•.- Hia>s->cll.i\v. often t.iiiiislieil i<v iiideM-eiit .
Strnik I'liirilii-. (ireiiiish lilack.
Anprct. — Opaqiie.
Ihhrwiiintioii.- \n tl lose.! tiiU- cl<-cfepitates ami «ives a -uMlinate
.,f siilplmr. In tlie ..|)eii tiil)e jiives nil" Miipliur ilici\iile. Ipoii c'lanyal
fuses t.i a maKiietic jjlcKule: with >.»la -rives a plciLiiledf copper con,aiiiin)i
iron. The masteij mineral gives reac'tiotis for cop|X'r ami iron. Dissolves
in nitric aci.l with the liLeration of the sulphur forminR a jireen solution;
the ad.lition of annuonia to neutralize the solution will i-recipitate the iron
as l.rnwn ferric hyilroxide ami the resultius; solution will l.e ol a .leep hlue
cnloui .
It can l>e ili>tiiiguisheil from pyrites hy its colour and har.lne-:-. 'I'lie
iridescent inirplish tarnish is very characteri.-ti<', liut must l.e distiiiiiuished
frtiin the colour of hornite (which .see).
0(r»n( //(•('.— Chalcopyrite constitutes one of the principal sources of
cot.per; pos>iMy three-fourths of the world's annual production is deriveil
from ores of this mineral. It <.ccurs in masses, in veins, and disseminated
throufih canfTiK' materials of various kinds, often quartz. The country
rockslnay t)e jint'isses. crystalline schists, or i<rneous rocks of various kinds.
Other suiphides are usually fotllid associated with the chalcopyrite. The
, lmone^t of the.-e are pyrite, ^iiAvm and spak'rite, iM.rnite, i.ynhoiite,
chalcocite, tetrahedrile. aiul even cassiterite are also found in us>. iatioii
with it. Silver and jjold sometimes occur, and more rarely nickel ..ml ohult.
I)ep<isitscont;iinin}; chalcopyrite occur in maiiyof the count rie>of llurope,
ill South Africa, .\iistralia. South and North .\merica. In Canada, small
quantitii's have lieen mined in the Maritime provinces. .\ consideraMe
outlet has lieen obtained from (^uehec mines; it i> widespread in Ontario in
th( \intrv north of lake Huron, thouj!li no important mines are now in
operation fi.r the chalcopyrite alone. The copper content of the iii(d<eliferous
pyrrliotites of the Sudl.ury district jirohalily occurs in chalco|>yrile. .Vumer-
oiis localities in British Cohimhia and in Northern Canada are known to e\-
hiliit this mineral.
Chali'op.vrite it not normally .n ore of sulphur. Incidiiitally it i ..■
hai)pen thai its sulphur content can he recovered. Many Iiyrite ores, how-
ever, contain chalcopyrite in small amount, and after roastin«i the pyrites
I)'.
til reciiviT the Miliiliiir. it if* ul'tcii iloinililo to tif-iit llii- riiulcr- to icciivfr
tlipir nipjHT ruiitciit. 'I'lic iMoscncf nf (•.■j)|K'r (h-cii'ii^'r^ tin ainoiiiit of
Mill|iliiir rcciivi'ialilf fioin the oic.
Altinilliiii. Cliiih'ojiMitc iK-coiiH-f oxiilizod iiiuUt iitinos|)li(>i'ii- inlliU'iico;
flic coiiiicr lifcoiiic-' coiivci-tcil into the soluliic- .siil|tlmt(' ami may l>t' iciiiovud
liy iiatiiial Icai'iiiiiK Iciviiij: a rcsiiltic of liydntNiili' of iron or liiiioiiiic.
Sccoiiilarv |iro<liicti foiincij liy the clcconi|MiMitioii of ••liait'opyritc arc
iiialacliili'. (dvcllitc. rhryscoIlM, iiiclacotiitc, clialcocitr. and oi'ca^ionaily
ti't railed lite.
J{i>niltr
Cowi>o.iitiiiii. \ siiljiliidc of cojiiior anil inni. but varying in the pro-
portions of these metals. Tlie crystallized mineral atiiees with the forimila
Cu.KeS;, Sulphur -Js-r,. copiwr, .V)..V;. iron Hi- 1' , :{ ('u.S.Fe.S,
((irotli) or ("u.S.CuS.KeS. The massive varieties ji'^'*' •'""" •"'••'- '" "'*' ii
cop|)er and 1")', to (I-.")', of iron, this variation lu-iiin ilue in part at least
to tlip mec'ian.cal adniixliu'e of other siil|)hides.
Si) linn 11 HIS. Ijiihcscitc. Purple Copiwr Ore. \arie<;atcd Copper Ore.
Peacock Ore, (Hnglish), Huntkui>iKMer/., Kup|M'rkies ( in part), Kuppcrla/.ul
((iermaii): IVunite, ciiivre panache (French); Brokij; Kopparnialiii (Swedish).
Form. — Crystallizes in the -.cfnilar system. Common form is ciiU-s,
faces often rough or curved. It also occurs massive, with a granular or
comiiact strvicture.
('Iciiniijr. — (m])ei-fect, in traces only,
Fnirturc. — Conchoidal, unevj'ii,
//<n-'//ir.>!.s.— Brittle, H - 3.
Sjiirifir ijruvitii. — t • !(-.") • 4.
Lustre. — Metallic.
Ciilour. — Between cop))er red and pinchl)eck-brown on fresii fracture,
sj)eedily iridescent from tarnish.
Strriik, Powilcr. — Pale grayish hlack.
Aspect. — Oi)aque.
Determination. — It is very similar to chalcopyrite. In the clo.sed IuIk-
it gives a faint sublimate of sulphur. In the u\)en tutie yields sulphur dioxide,
but no sublimate. On charcoal it fuses to a brittle magnetic liead. The
roasted ore gives reactions for coi)|)er and iron. It is soluble in nitric acid
forming a green soliition with the separation of sulphur: the addition of
aniinonia will jirecipitate the iron as the reddish l)rown hydroxide, and will
change the colour of tlie solution to a characteristic blue. The mineral is
distinguished from chaleopyrite by its jiurple colour.
Occurrenre. — This luiiieral f les second to chalcopyrite as an iniixirtaiit
source of the metal copper. It occurs usually associated with the other
coj)iH'r minerals in veins and ilisseminated through crystalline schists.
Occurrences are rejxirted from Germany, Hungary, Xorway, Sweden, Sjiain,
England, and other countries in Eurojie: from Ciiili, Peiu, ami other places
1^
17
in Aiutli Ami'riiii: finni .Mc\i<i. ami Imm Miiiny statfr* .if tlii' I'liiti-il St.itrs,
III Ciiiiiulu, it wii^ xixvr an iiiiiM.iiaiii hit in the oiistoni t.iurisliips uf tiucU'r.
It iiifoiMTiii!* in Out aril 1 ami iti Hiili^li ('■•lumliia.
Tin- ore i" vaiiialili' fur it^ copiK'. (•(.iitciit. It iicca.siuiiailv uci-iirM
assiiciatod with pyiit*-, l>iit in it^iclf is not an mf ul -iil|»iiur. An me wliirh
funtains niiirii c.piK'r, say alH.vc C' ; .ir 7'',. <ln«' t.. the piorMMwc i.l cifiicr
iM.niilc III- rlialcnpyrilc. will not ii-ilally U' consiilfii-d a- a Milpliiv (.re. ami
will nut Ik' trcatcil as sticli.
Artificial Production of Sulphur
The i(ri)t)lrni of prinliiciiij; sulphur artificially troni suliihiilcs n( thr
niotals is one <if cnnsi.lcralilc prarlical as well as tlicc.rctiral interest.'
It has lung Ix'en klinuii that pyrite or chaleupyrite when healeil in the
iilisence of (twjjen mr ain will yiclil sulphur. The resiihie from heating
pyrites in this wa> is niaunetic and is a vaiieiy of jiyrrhotite,
Vv S., I'e S -f- S
Sid|>hur dioxide <'an U- deioiu|)osed in a variety of ways. If pas.sed
over heated earl.011, sulphur is lilierated ami the o.xyneii unites with earlM.ii
to form either the dioxitle or the monoxide or both, depeii.lent ui>oii ilie con-
ditions of the experiment.
SO, -r -2 V -2 CO + S
S( ), -r 2 ( ■< > •-' ( "< )j + S
Sulphur is also freed from the dioxide in the ))resence of hydrocen.
SO. + 2l\, 2 H.,0 + S
If sulphur dioxide is passed over sidphides of the alkalies healed to 11
red heat, sulphur is liU-rated. Where calcium sulphide is used the sulphi.le
at first ultsorhs the gas; afterwards ulpluir distils over and the sulph.de
becomes converted into the sidph. e. The latter can again I'e reduced to
the sulphide hy heating it red hot and passing coal gas over it.
Sulphuretted hydrogen also can Ik- decomposed l.y oxidation with the
liljeration of sulphur.
At some time or other each of these reaetionw luis lieen utilized in un at-
tempt to develo|) a commercial |>rocess for the manufacture of sulphur. In
the majority of cases these processes do not ap()eai- to have l)een successful
on a commercial scale.' An important exception is the Chance-Clans pro-
cess for preparing sul])hur from soda waste from the Ix-l)laiic process. In
England about 3(),(K)() tons of sulphur i)er annum are recovered in this way.'
The discovery or invention of a process whereby the sulphur content of
the suli)hur dioxide gases, that are discharged from snu-'ters. can Ik" recovered
eeonomicuUy would be of great value in «omv localities. Some smelters are
located so far from any possible market for any sulphur they might re<'over
>.<ii-c l-imisc Sulphuric \v\i\ iiiid .Mkali. Mr.i ICil.. Vol. I, I'art I. pp. -'.■>-:«).
.\lso S<Iuui1k'1, IlanillxMik <it MctalluiE.v, :;iul VA.. Vol. II, pp. Itlt-llHl.
n',)iiiparp Liinuo, .Sulphuric .\ci.l aiui .Mk.ili, :ir,l I'-.l.. Vol. II, I'art II, p. 1H14.
' Lun(jc, op. cit., pp. <t4:<-!t.">it.
IS
to lllflll. Otiu't!*.
,..-.• an. wi.l.in n.url. of « ......k.- U<v m.1,.I.u,- .f .. ruul-l It .•.-„.. .... ..I >
-:r:;:,?i:;.r;;.:;;L,"::::r-:::::"""--..'-
--■'- •'- :i:;:;iii;;:;r:;:;::,;;:.^^
C.ili.piil.v lit t ■i|.|>'il. III. I''""" --'• ••»""• > f ,1,.. .. ,in..ltri-.i.iv
::;:x^.:;:,l;:;';::;:;::::H;;:Ji:::;:t;':: ---,;;:;-•■-■
„, ^„„,; , „„„,;„,,.. ™n^-;;-'- ;;;:;;r::,:^;;r:;:,:;::t , „...,
111!... ^^lll> . . 1
,-,, ,,„. ,„.i.l, I, ■■ V.-.V .luul.tful .1 ai.y-t tl..-
IlK'lll'.-S ill ("i. nil 111 f.'iil'l i'"-
lll
Z^ Z i\\.- M.ll.l...r in '!..■ wast., ^a... .-n.il.l U- nr,.,rr.<l .. ../,<-
:;::;;S:;:;;;:;..'iiX-..
;ir:::;r::;i;"^^^ -=--
l-ni....l Slat..s. ll.is .■la.a,.....i.i^ ii.i«l.< '"" '- 'l<-.i.i.....al t„ 1.. '" '
. t tlu .,.■...•.- 'I'll.- wli-'l<- -I'K'^ti"". l'""''V...-. IS a .[...-I'ly '•'^"'^'•'1
;;:;;:.:.:::;.. „.a' wn, .......li;.- ...>• .-a-...., -i....ia,i...i ..^^-v
|„.,„...ss thai i> a ...-l.ni-al .-h-ss ..an l«^ ,.-.. m'- •'l-ni'""" -• '' ~'" '•''
""''v,,r.,..es..lo.i,.»..lfo,.,l.is,....■,H.sH.asl«.c.u.■m...lly.l■io.l..^|HM■i.n.....ally
;S.wi,..,.:.lesa,-....oi,ipilMin.n,,w..a,,i.l..s.U.s...n-v.^
... .■ . ....:i:....i ii. ill., 'rliiiiircii iiiiiccss is t
1
ial
Tlic |iiiiii'iiiit. iiiMiivccl 11.
tt„.r..a..|i..i.sutili/...l i.m... Tl.i.>f:..|i !'■"<•<'
tlic
,:,„|u;.,i„„ :,f tl... ...s l,v ,u..ans ..f a hyanu.ar -. .V-u.,m.. 7- si.,„.li-i.y^
t'liiiiiws:-
so.. r ni, s + CO r 11,0
Si,u.o th. i.v...sion of sulphur .lioNi.U- iiUo ^i- sulphu.- a...l Uv. o^y,..
i. . .^ i ,i.a. invohes an al.s.uplio.i of ...u.v.y. su-U .■...•Uo,. -au.a.t 1
:,.:;.;:;;ii^u.a .nhou, supplyi..« s...... ..n..v.y T1.,s .u..v.y n.u.t .l»..e.o,.
1:. 1 : ,- .,..,...i.« uliic'li is sucf(.s>tul.
Ik- supi>li(..l ill ai.y in-rn'oss which is ^uc.'Cr
• Th;. Thio^,.,, IT..,.,.-. .,..• l!.-lu,-i .1 so, ... SM,..U,.,- r........ l.y S,..wa,-, W .
Mi... * S..i. I'r..ss. V..1 .HI pp. :Wj-:^s7. -..-^ ;:^ ;,'",,.,.„„, ,,„, ^ „.,. P.
lAp....i.......t- witl. ih,. T1.."K..» l'r,K...», l'.\ li-.ii.K ...
rumc. \<\ St..\va.-1 W. Y,>.i.iK.
(■l\. pp. I..i7-4iw. Apol r,. t'.llJ
In prartirr mmv !<«'iii>u^ tliflitiiltipr> ^'tuiul in tin- uuy i>f ii solution of thin
prohlPlii; tln'?M' iirr |>aitly rhi-iiiinil im.l partly iiinliariirnl. Yi>unj{ j'tiilcj'
thi> nioiv iiiiix'rtaiil of tli<'r«> ilitliculfM'i' a» fnlliiw: —
(1) Tlie pn'M'iiro of frw- oxyum in llu' niir^'^ In I* trcati-cl. hiiiiKitiK ulMiiit
a sirioiir* wii;<tc nf liydiiii .iiIhiii.
(2) Tin- >l<>wri('-'s ami iucninplcliMif^M of the reuiiio i-vt-ii wlini oxyttcii
is lint pn-MMlf.
(H) Tin- tiK't that all the availaMf ciieruy of tin- iiydiiM'urlH.ii is not
utili/i'il, since carlKdi Imnis to iiionoxi.lo instoad of ilioxiiU-.
TlifM- ilifliciiltics have U'cri nn>t and snlvod in tlif lalniratory; I lie cx-
IH'riincntsat Cainpo S-co, dfs.iiU-d U-low, wen- coiuluctcd while alteiiiptjii);
to dovcloji ;i coniinei'-iiil process. Vouiifj Koes on to say:-
"Tho TliioKcn process has lK>en imt info practical form l«y carryinii out
the ahove reaction in an indirect way. Tho siil]ihiir dioxi.le i- tirst nl>sorU'd
l>y means of a hiisic sulphide, either in the wet or ilry state. I he oni'chosen lor
nio>t Work iH'ins lali-inni sulithiile. The reaction which tak.'s place here
rnsiilt.-i in the rormatioii of calcium sulphite and free suli>hur. The pies«'npe
of oxyKon '• 'he k"''*''^ 'lot's not interfere in this reaction to any api>reclal>le
extent. I is, the reaction with sulphur dioxide is very rapid, while that
with oxyjjen is very slow."
"The second step in the process consists in renioviiiK the free sulphur
from the calcium sulphite, which may l>e accomplished l>y distillation or
other suitable mean- I'he third stej) consists in the reduction of the calcium
oulphite by means of hydi()carlM)ns. This reaction results in the leReneratmn
of calciuni sulphide which anain ente.s into the reaction in its first stace,
that is. it is used for the further uhsorplioi, of suljihur dioxide. Under ordi-
nary conditionsthcifductionof the calciuni sulphite to sulphide is a matter of
considerable difficulty, the reaction luMng rather slow, even at liinh tem|)era-
tiives, and resulting in the < oiner-ioii of the carbon Into monoxide instead of
dioxide as is desirable. A method has, however, Ix'en devised whereby the
reaction takew place readily even at relatively low temi>eratures and whereby
the complete combustion of the hydrocarbon is assured. An adaptation
of the process has also U-en devised wlieiel>y gases which are free, or nearly
free, from oxygen may Ix' handled with a much increased mechanical effi-
ciency. In fact, the fundamental princii)les upon which the process depends
offer verN considerable ])ossibilities of adai)tation to suit siM-cial conditions.
Incidentally, considerable yirogress has Ik'cii made towards adapting the
process to the recovery of flue dust."
"The reactions involved in the imlin-ct methoil. expressed in chemical
.•symbols, are as follow:
(1) 2 CaS + ;i SO.^ = 2 Ca.SO, + :} S
(2) 2 t'aSO, + 2 C'Hj -- 2 t'aS + 2 CO., + 2 H.O
Another reaction which is made use of to some extent dep'nds upon the
fact that when sul])lmr dioxide is passed over a heated sulphide ore, the sul-
phide ore is roasted, and that almost as completely as if air were used. Ex-
pressed chemically, this reaction is as follows:
20
(3) FeSj : - .-' • .,0, + S S
In IhImii i!iji oNixi: iMits the nnirtioiis (IoschIkmI uIikvc arc nii)itl.
especially so w; s are |iicsciit in the catalyzer. No CO is fi.nned
and all "f the caiiimi conihines with the oxyfren to form VO., directly. The
mixture of CH._. and SO, may Ik- passed over almost any calcium comiiound.
as TaCO, or raS04. and the resultant compouitd is CaS. In case the Ki'^'f'*
contain free oxyjien, this nnist he removed hefore the ('11.^ will displace the
oxygen in the SO,, and this difficulty is the most serii>us drawhack to the pro-
cess from an ensineerin-; standpoint. The catalytic ajjcnt must also l)e
maintained at a suitable temperature while the jjases are |)assin<; over.
The Rases should he cleaned as thoroughly as ])ossil)le l)efore i)assinf:
into the nuulmstion chaml)er. .Vt Caniix) Seen this was acc()m|>lished hy
passinj; the f;as from one master throufrh a large settliiij; drum, and thence
throufih a .second furnace. The resultant gas contained aln.ut S' ; SO.,.
This gas fnuu tiie second furnace was passed directly to the ap|>aratus.
The Kt''»'':i' arraiifrcnient of the ap|)aratus is shown in the drawing
(,fifiure '.i).
The vaporization of the oil is accomplished hy the use of steam injected
hurners (figure :i. a). This spray of oil is directed into the condjust ion cluunher.
which consists of a checkcrwork of Inick. A temperature of al)i>ut S0()° ('.
is obtained. Meyond the combustion chamber is a reaction cluunbe.- similarly
filled w'h brick checker work. This secoi\d .-hamber is siiuare in cross
section, 4-.">' to a siile, and 30' in length. Its capacity is more than enough
to handle the gases from the two roasters u.-<ed.
The spaces in the checker work of this chand)er are nearly filled with
a mixture of etjual volumes of i)laster of I'aris and sawdust wetted with
water, to which a small amount of iron salts has l)een adde.l. Such a mixture
is advantageous l)ecause it gives a i)orous mass and decreases the amount of
])laster of Paris used. The sawdust burns out on heating the chandier. ami
the CaS(\ is (piickly reduced to CaS. the mass shriidving so as to fill about
half the s|>ace between the Ijricks.
IJUJLILILiU'jLXJLl-
»V'
Chmmkmr
'f'^y /^\
n-ir-
r^atmck
I'iG. ;i. Sketch i)f VcHiiiK sulplmr r,<hictioii appiinilii- at Ciiiiipn Scco, Califorma.
Beyond the contact chamber a condensing chandier is placed to collect
the liberated sul])hur. In the experiments at Cam])o Sei'o cast-iron con-
densors were found to be too leaky, and at present an inverted \'->haped
%.
21
pipe is used (tis'ii'f -i- ''^' ''="''' <•'">' l«"'"*f'' IwviiiR a Aa\nng. nouv with a trap-
door III tlic exporimoiits difficultios worr oxporiciicod in tliis chaiiilx-r.
The soloiiiuni, arsonic. or antimony content of the ores passes into the furnace
gases and these substances were condensed with the sidi)liur. A separation
c'ui inol.al.lv he ol.taine.l l.v using a low. hroad, slightly iiidine.l .ondensnig
chand.er in which the gas is cooled hy water sprays to a temi-eratme U-low
tlie iM.iling iM.intof selenhiin and ar>enic(rhout -M° ('). or ahout .■)(tO=' ('.:
the sdeniuni, arsenic, an.l antinomy v.M ,;.-. Ve .leposited on pn.jectnig
tiles i.hi.'e.l in the walls of the chan.. • f..r thai \.'iV]- > e an<l finally drawn
olT thr.mgh traj.s in the lower corncn Tl-.e suli.hur. i aMng a lower lM,iliug
point will i.ass.,n and iK'caught inti,' .( -,il:ir -ondei -n.g chand-er.
Tight construction is re.|uired ti.o.u^..- - an.= dilficuUies have heen
e\|)eri<'ncc,l >.ith the ex])erinier.tal plant because of the porous character
of the hrick walls, and because of tiieir expansion when heated.
On the se<'ond trial at Cauipo Seco there was a consi.leral.lc leakage of
air and conse(iuentlv consi.leral.lc ..xygen came in contact with the tree sul-
,,huv ami combine,! whh it. Heat was generate.l by this condnislion ami
the temi.crature at the condenser was raised t., slightly <,ver !).->()" ('. .\nalysis
of the gas showed :.•(■.'; S().,at the inlet amlO-'i',' at the con.lensmg chamber.
a decrease of :.• 1' , or alnive 117' , of the suljlmr dioxide present.
CHAPTER II.
MINING AND MAHKKTIN(; OK PVlflTIOS.
M
Requirements of Pyrites Deposits.
The conditions which any dcjiosit of pyrites must fulfil tliat it niity he
utilized for luannfacturing ])iitiioses are of two kinds, coimnercial and
technical.
The commercial conditions are: —
1. The deixisit must he large enough to warrant the eN])ense of develop-
ment to a condition where a constant outjuit can he maintained.
2. It nuist he huge enough to jjroduce a tonnage of ore that shall
return to the oiterators within a reasonahle time the ftdl cost of the work
of prospecting and develo])ment , together with a jnotit on their investment.
.•?. It must he favorahly situated with reference to transportation
facilities, either hy water or rail. Owing to the nattire of the niaterial it
must he situated as near to its market as ])ossihle.
4. It nuist he so situated that the ore can he mined and marketed at
a cost reasoiiahly helow the market value.
The technical conditions are: —
1. The ore should l)e practically free from gangue material since the
presence of foreign suhstances lowers the ])ercentage of sul|.iuir in the ore
and necessitates the handling of worthless material. For the same reason
the presence of any other sulphides than the hi<uli)hide of iron, which forms
the ore proper, is disadvantageous l)ecause no other comi>ound of sulphur
contains either so high a percentage of suli)hur or parts with it so freely.
Even copper pyrites, which in some of our ores forms the principal vahiahle
constituent of the ore, is <letrimental to the manufacture of sulphuric acid,
both hecause it contains less sulphur than jiyrite and hecause its greater
degree of fusihility makes it more difficult to regulate the temperature of
roasting. Pyrites carrying more than eight jier cent copper cannot he profit-
ably employed in the manufacture of suli)huric acid.
2. It must he free from such elements as lead, zinc, arsenic, antimony,
or selenium. The ])resencc of arsenic or antimony has a deleterious cITect on
the quality of the resulting acid. Ix'ad increases the fusihility of the charge
and wastes suli)hui' hy forming lead sulphate. Iini)ure ores, hecause of the
sulphur losses which the imimrities cause, are heavily penalizeil: they can
however t)e utilized for certain pur|)oses, and some of the iin])urities can
1)6 removed,
3. I Me sulphur content of the ore should he as high as possible, (lood
lump ore will contain as much as 50' ; of sulphur. Ore containing 40';;, sul-
23
phur, not otherwise uiidesinible, would be consideii'd n jjood ore. Owing
to the scareity of pyrites at tlie ])resent time, ore coiituiiiiiii; lictweeii :{.') and
40 per cent sulphur, if of j;ooi' roastinj; quality, would lie niark('tai)le. The
value on the market would 1) less in the case of richer ores hccause of the
increased amount of useli^ss material that must he handled.
4. The ore must he of good roasting quality. Cinder from a good
burning pyrites will not contain more than one ])er cent of sulpluir. If
the gangiie is easily fusible or if it contains elements which unite with the
sulphur to form suljjhates, there will be difliculty in roasting and sulphur
losses will ensue. Where lump ore is to lie prepared for market, the pyrites
should be strong enough to stand crushing without ]>roducing a large amoi'nt
of fines. A granular ore, or one soft and easily disintegrated, will increase
the proportion of fines and makes the roasting more difficult.
Certain varieties of fine te.\tured pyrite have good crushing qualities but
are extremely undesirable for use in luni]) liuiners becaii.se they decrepitate
in the kilns — often with ex])losive effect. Sunetimes the decrepitation is so
extensive as to entirely choke the draft, leading to numerous furnace diffi-
culties. Such decrepitating ores have to be reduced to fines ami roasted in
shelf l)Urners.
Prospecting for Pyrites
All the known ])yrites deiwisits in Canada have lieeii found by pros-
pectors when in search of other minerals than sulphur, usually gold, copper,
or iron. In nearly every case it was onlj' on develo])ment that the true nature
of the deposit was di.'^covered. In some few instances development was con-
tinued to a shipping stage; in the ■■> .jority of cases as soon as it was known
that the prospect did not contai ''■nt values in gold or copper, or (when
an iron jirospect) that it containi ich sulphur, work was stopjied. As
a consequence there are nuiny pvi , ^^is which contain pyrites; liut in most
instances, it is not known whether there is enougii ore in the dejMisit to make
it commercially valuable.
Pyrites deposits may occur as replacements in association witli either
acid or basic igneous rocks— (|uartz, ])orphjTy, diahase, gal)bio and .-imilar
rocks. These rocks may have undergone metamorphism^a])i)earing now
as chloritic or talc schists or even as amphibolites — or they may Ik- jiartly
deeoni])osed, forming (if basic) the tyjies of rock known collectively as green
stones. The deposits are often associat 'th zones of fractvire and shearing
presvimably l)ecause the soluti.ms from whicli the ore was de|iosited found
less resistance to their passage along these zones of weakness.
In shape the ore I)odies arc usutilly lenticular, that is, the\ are tliin on
the margins and bulge near the middle of the deposit. Rarely will tiie di-
mensions in three directions, or even in two, be the same. If the horizijiital
dimension along the strike is elongated so that the o])iiosite sides are ])arallel,
the ore body will sinudate a vein. If the vertical dimension |)arallel to the
pitch is greatly elongated, the ore body will assume tlie shape of a ])ipe.
n
21
In ,>v..s,.ertins . .U.,.om, it is wHl to a..„Mn,in.- its ,.n.l..l.le sl.apo .s suon
,. possible It is also aosirul.lr to know ^vh.t portion ot the original or. l.o,h
; a i:.-.M. left in plaee l.y evo.ion. It tnns, l.e ,.n.en>lHMe,l tl.at the ovc was
p,,,„al.lv .;rposite.l in its pre-nt position at a tnno when the present su f a. e
i;;; L -^aI- the suvfa,. oV ,ha, tnue. Kn.sinn has renu.ve.l the ove.ly.n.
eover aiul exposed the ore.
The pres..nt snrfaee tnay ha,.pen to se..tion the ore l,o,ly at any point
,,..,ve, or'l-elow or a, its n.i.hlh .• If the surfa-e interse-.s th- ';-•;;■;;;;;_
u„„ov e.|.'e of tlu- lens, the or.- hody -.viU w.len as we .0 .lown It he n>t.
:! o,; I^Ues pla.... at or near the n,i.i.lle. the si,|es will a, l,,;st he nearly
i„ .U.pth it will narrow -lownwanls. and a. las, w.ll pm... nnU If
Ih^ ttn-seetioi takes plaee near the l.otton. of a lens, the ore hodv w.U 1.
shallow and will i)ineh ovit almost niiniediately.
lon^esarefound in all positions with respeet ,0 the present surfaee.
U-n^es oeeur whirl, have no surfaee outerop at all: others oeenr with only a
n :il portion ren.ove.l. while in some eases only the lower portion, have heen
If i, ,,1,.... ,,v erosion. Uenmant- of lenses of this last type are a to he
.^ tile The snrfaec soetions may show , 1 ore over a eonsidenihle are..
at Is soon as deep exploration is attempted the ore will he loun.l ,.. pnieh
.,,t It is therefore desirahle ,.. prove the ore at .lepth as soon as possihle
W "without a ,ood hody of ore extensive work is unwarranted. Deepe.
work mav also diselose other 'enses whieh have no surtaee outerop-
rviites oxidizes easilv with the formation of sulphurie a.'i.l and li.uonite.
The sulphurie aeid is removed hy soil waters the limonite usual y reiuams
formin.' the dep..sit known as gossan. It. api>earane.. sos>an is a dark h.ovyi
; "dish malerial often somewhat porous in texture, am. eoniparat.ve y
Mit in weight when lifted. I'yrrhotites also form .ossan ea,.s; their ,ossn
is somewhat <lenser than that formed hy pyrites, though it is usuall> ui-
:,:Z. to .listin,uish he, ween thorn. Pyrite itself -an easily he distm,u.sh,^d
,o,n pvrrhotite hy the ahsenee of ma.netie properties, -"'""; I^^'^;
suallv is slij;htlv vellower in tone than pvrrhotite. .Vn analysis will read.h
iSnish Cetween them, espeeially if pure -naterial is ohtamed, smee
pvrrhotite .'oiitains less sulphur than uyrite.
Pvrites usuallv weathers more easily than the survoundinjr roeks, so that
the deposits usualh- He helow depirssions in the surfaee. Nul will wash 11 ..
c epressions fnm, the adjaeen, higher land, often m sulheien ..uun ity to
n tely eover the deposit. The soil heeomes stained reddish with iron
:u^'f;,m the gossan. The presenee of sulphi.les will sometimes he md.eated
by rust-stained roeks along tl>P ''''le^ "^ ^'"^ dei.ression.
In pvospeeting, then, careful attention should he given to hells of dark
basie g to is ro. ks, espeeially those whieh show evi.lenee of fra.-turing.
!^J nnugins of the roek outeiops should he elosely watehed tor iron rust
:^.„rp..s,.s of .lis,.ussion it is assun.e.l tluU ih- ore ...nly is n typical lens, .hi., at
the margins and tliick in llie niiilillo.
stains. l)epre- m.hs sli.mlil Ih> cMiiiiiifMl U>y icldisli snil aii.l lumps of jrossan.
niitli soil and fiossan will som«-liin.'> Ik- found ilownhill Lclow tlu- ai'tual
do])osit itself.
AVIkmc the soil indications arc fav.uahU', test j.its r-hould l>c sunk.
Occasionullv. in attcini)tinK to tiaco «ossan to its source, tivncliinj; will l.c
noccssaiy. "in tost ])ittin<!; over a typical deposit, tlio dijiKev will usually
pass tliioMKli tlie followini; .listinctive layeis of material: -
Loam (includinj: Mack muck and soil).
More or less sandy soil (firadinf; into)
Ued coloured soil.
(lossan, (loose aliove, cemented lielow).
Impure Suli)liate of lr(m(wliitisli colour. Mtter astrir.'icnt t,. taMe).
Pyritic sand (i)artially decomposed)
Pvrite (undecomposed.)
Tlie tliickness of the soil cover overlying the Rossaii ami 'he thi<'kne.-^s of
the Kossan will varv fireatly according to local <'onditions. Cos.-an caps
varv in thickness from a few feet to more than fifty feet. Just Ik'Iuw the
Siossan there are often found a few inches of whitish mat.'rial which consists
of iminire sul|>hate of iron mixed with Rossan, and occasionally partly ile-
eompose.l pvrite. Innue.liately alxive the massive pyritc there is often a
layer of in.ire or less Rranular pyrites, varying in thickness from a few inches
to' several feet. This granular pyrites grades into solid undecomposed ore.
The Rc.ssiin caps overlyin-; i>yrites deposits an- nsunlly limonite. In
many lociditios these deposits have heer. c.mverte.l into hematite. How far
this difTerence in the character of the gossan is .lu.' to a mere ac ideut ot
location resnltinfi in better drainage in one locality than the other is larjjely
u matter of conjecture at present. It is p..-..il,le that .<ome of the hematiu-
caps are due to the metamorphic .dteratioii of limonite. In any event, m
(Vntral Ontario at least, hematit.' uposits often overlie pyrites ores and are
therefore indicators of possible pyrites deposits.
Developing a Prospect
A i>yrites deposit, once discovered, must ho systematically studied to
determine whether there is suliicient ore present to ho commercially availal.le.
So much deiiends ujioti the location of the deposit and its relation t(. its
surroundings that no general course of procedure can l>o laid down. The
purpose of the work, at this stage of the procee.lings, is to determine as
exi.editiouslv and as cheai)ly as possible if ore is present in ((uantity. It is
also desiral.io to determine the sh:'.p<' <'*' the ore body and the position it
occupies with respect to the ad,iaceiii rocks.
The nature of the topography of the immediate surroundings will often
give some indication of the jiositi.^n of the ore body, and of its length and
breadth at the surface. Where the soil cover and gossan ca]) are not too
thick to make the expense iiiohibitive, the boundaries of the ore body ••an
be determined by diggiiig prospecting trenches ai'n.ss the ore body at regular
2(>
intrrvvl- The Ic.niti.-n ..f tl.o troiu-l.c. will U' .lotniniiiccl liy local tupng-
,..n,l,v tl>.. -lista...-.' apart of tl»- tivncl.cs will also \>i' kovovii.mI l.y local
,;;,„lit'io,.s in ea.'l. caso. An interval of oO foet .or oven W) foot m son.o casos
will U- foun.l sutliciont. It will not he necessary t.. sink tl.o trenches thvoUfth
t„ the vmaltero.l pyrito in every ••ase. If the iH.un.luvios of the R.-ssau .•a],
•no .letern.ined systematically l.y tronchinR, the oxtens.o.i of the unaltered
pyrite can he conV.rn.o.l l.y a series of test pits in the trenches at the l.oun.l-
Where the cover above the deposit is s., heaw that trenchins Wconies
too expensive the ,)rospectinB will have to he carried on either l.y dnlhng
or l.v shaft sinking. In the majority of .'ases it will he fouml more ecnonuca
in ti.e U.nc run to explore the h.cality thon.unhly by drilhns, l>efore a shaft
;s put down Information obtained by .IriUing will enable an en-nneer to
properly locate the shaft with respect to the ore bo.ly. so that the ore
Lay i« n.ine<l in the cheapest way. Shafts lo.-ated before the s,/,e and
-.osition of the ore bo.ly are kn..wn. are almost always ,.ut in wrong places,
an(' aie idways a source of troubles and delays.
Where the boundaries ..f the ..re b. .ly can \^ lai.l .h.wn ai.i>r..ximately
bv tren.-hiug, it will usually be found a.lvisable to locate a few .Inll holes t..
pn.ve the ore at .le-.th. From these lu.les the position ..f the ...e bo.ly can
L detern.ined, an.l an approxin.ate ostin.ate .,f its si.e can l,e reache.l.
With these .lata it will usualh be p..ssible t.. choose the best locatu.n t..r the
sh.ft an.l also to .leternune the pitM. at which the shaft sh.,ul.l be sunk
If "the .lip and pitch of the ore bo.ly are not h.catc.l puor to shaft smkmg it
very fre.,uently ha,.pens that the first si aft has t.. be abandoned ..r it be-
c.mes necessa,-y t., turn the lower part ..f the shaft at an angle t.> keep it in
or near the ore. Shafts ..f this characte:' are c.nstantly a source of a.l-
.litional and unnecessary expense, b..th wl en sinking an.l in upkeep when
in operation.
Where the boun.laries of the ..re b...ly have t.. be lo.-iito.l by .trilling,
the n.eth..<ls empL.ved will differ according to the locality an.l c.nven.on.'e
of the prospectors." In s..me cases churn drilling by hand, with the use
of a spring p..le will be found b..th cheap and satisfacU.ry. \M.ere the
deposits are .leeplv c.vere.l it may be f..un.l necessary to empl..y an ordinary
,,ower driven churn drill, such as is use.l for sinking gas and oil wells.
Where the .bill lu.lcs have to pass through hard njcks, s..me form ..f
votary .•..re .bill must be empl-.yed. In some cases a calyx (.r a sh..t .Inll
will .-'erve; but the machine im.st wi.lely use.l is the .liauu.ml c<.re .IriU.
The drill holes sh.-ul.l be L.cate.l systematically. The methods t.. be
cmpl..v..d will do,,cnd up..n l.)cal con.liti.,ns. The holes shoul.l be ...-ated
as Iiearlv as p..ssible so as t.) cut the ..re lK..ly at right angles t., its dip. A
single li^.e ..f h..les, especially where it has been p<.ssible to appr.,ximately
locate the b..undaries on the surface, will often bo f..un.l sufhcent. In some
cases tw.. or m..re rows ..f lu.les will be re-iuirod.
Where preliminary e\i)li.ruti.)n by trencliiiiK <>r clmrn-ilrinins is not
por-sihle, it may l-e ailvisalilp to sink a series of .Irill holes systematieally
from the corners of s((unres.
Tlie distance apart of the holes will lw> determ'ned by local conditions,
taking into consideration also the depth to which it is necessary to sink the
holes. In practice this distance varies from 2.J to about 1(K) feet, Ixit may
extend to .KX) feet or more.
Normally the machine will b.> set up on the hanfiing wall side of the de-
i)osit. To avoid moving the machine a set of three holes, two inclined and
one vertiral, can often be put <lown from a single station. Only «ne of these
will be normal ti> the ore body.
Where an e.xploratory shaft is re<iuire<i a hand windlass is often used
for the preliminary work. It will usually be found to be more expeditious
to erect a snutll tripod from which a sheave can be hung. The hoisting roj*
passes through this sheave; one eml of the rope is attached to the bucket,
the other losses under an anchored ])ulley and is attached to a whiffle tree,
.\ horse is used for power. A whip of this character will be found sulficieiit
to sink a small prospecting shaft 100 feet in depth.
For shafts of more than one compartment and for dee])er shafts a small
head frame will usually be required, and a power hoist ibiven by steam or
electricity will probably be most economical for sinking.
During the sinking of the i)reliminary shaft, care should i)e taken to
keep ore aiul waste rock separate from each other. In this way it is possil)le
to form some idea of the relative ju-oportions of each in the section made by
the shaft. It is also i>ossit)le to determine the character of the ore.
Developing ^ Mine
When the existence of a goo<l <.re liody \ni< been shown, aiul its i)osition
has l)een determined, the next step is to develoj) the ore body in such a way
that a regular 'ind constant output can be maintained. Owing to the great
va'riati.mVhich will maintain in different localities it is i)ossiblc oidy to dis-
cuss this question in a general way. The methods here discussed are ai)iilic-
able chiefly to luirrovN- <.re bodies. Huge lenses of ore, such as sometimes
occur, would require somewhat different methods, though the i)relimmary
work'wotild be similar to that outlined here. The development work xhould
nhauj>i be performed under the dlreetion of an a-perieneed and competent engineer,
who should be held respowible for the method emploipd.
The size and i)osition of the .ue body and the character of the .ire. if
known at least ai)proximatelv, will make it ]>ossible to determine the method
,,f mining which is to be employed. In many cases, especially where there are
a series of deposits of different si/.es and shajn's. .lilTerent methods may have
to be emploved in different j-arts of the same mine. The methods employed
^.ho dd be such that as nu.ch of the ore as jxissible can be removed before
abandoning the mine.
2S
In l.,..atin« tl..- shaft .an- sh.ml.l !.<• tak.-n t., plan, it wIhmv tlu-n- will U-
,„ ,,. ,.,.„„ ,., au.nr wa-..- v,...k. an.l wIum- th- on- -an 1. l.an.U.a ,-...>
"x,I..,liti..uslv. Shouia .!,.• natural ^n,un.l nut pnunt ut tins r n nn. t
U. „l,tain.Ml i.y ..akin^ tla- lu-a-l fran... l.i(;l. .•nuw«l. to k.v.. n..m, l-r an an.i.U-
.luin|> an.l to handle ov.MVthinj: I'V finivity.
■l-hP size of the shaft will U- .U't.Mn.i.UMl I.y lo.'al .M.n.lit ions. I.y tlu> siv.o
of the iHulv of on. to 1... n.in..a. an,l I.y th- daily ou.pt.t wh,.-h .t has UH-n
.U...i.,e,l to.naintain. At h-ast tw.. ..on.i.avtnu.nts shou .1 h. uso.l. ..n- to,
,,,i.,i„., ,ho oth..,- for a huiaor and pipe way. The use ... two n.,npa.tn,e t,
so aids in ventilating .he shaft a..d n.ine. The shaft nu.y Le sunk ,n the
ve ..r it n.av l.e loeated in the foot wall just l.elow the o,e l.ody. As lav as
pos'sihle it should l.e kept parallel to the ore l.o.ly. Where tins .s not done
and the shaft runs out into the n.ek, it will he necessary to perlorn. a lot of
(lead work to reach the ore.
lovels .hould iH. run from Loth sides ..f the shaft suiruMently h.n;; to
,l,>„.,,uine the length of the ..re l,...ly. Where the ore lK..ly .s wwle en.ss
;!;.ts slamhl he run ..n the levels at regular intervals (.V) ..r ,.H. ie.-t) apart
,„a „„. full wi.lth of t:,e .,re. When n.-.re than ..ne set of levels ,s run. the>
„,, usuallv .•..nne.'te.l by win/.es.thus l.l....kinf. .,ut nu.sses..! ..re ..n h.nr sules.
The standar.l .listan.-e Letween levels is 100 feet. Fra.t,..e var.es .veat >
in diiTerent h.ealities, a.ul the .listan.^e hetweeu levels n.ay vary Iron. H) to
"iV.nt 2r,0 feet, a.-.-.,nlinR t.. i.,.'al e...uliti..ns an.l the n.eth...ls ..t nnnnr. em-
'" ■ At regular intervals ai..nf: the levels raises are put up. •■hutes a.y set
in the f....t wall, an.l stopes are .level.-pe.l al...ve the levels. Ihe .l.statu-e
,H>tween the ..hutes will vary fr.,n> 2:. t., ah..ut oO feet. One ..r na.re ..f ,he
raises are usually put through t.. the level al...ve as s....n as p..ss,l.le, t., asMst
in the ventilation of the stope.
In s..„.e ..ases, ..n narn.w ..re l....lies, instea.l ..f devel..,.i.ig a series .,f
st..pes the pra..ti..e is to take a see....! out ..r sli..; ah.ut G fee h.gh. the f
len^h ..f the level. Then a row .,f heavy stulls .s put m an. ...vere.l
lagSnfJ, and the ..re is 1, .ken .l..wn to the stulls I.y shnng. Clu.tes are l.u.lt
inn, the f....t wall at regular intervals an.l pn.v.su.n is n.adc for a u.anwa>
,,v whi..h entran..e .-an he ha.l t,. the st..pe. As the ..re .s broken -1-- ;■•';
,i,ove. en..ugh l....se ..re is .Irawn ..IT fn.n. l.eU.w, tr..,n tnne t.. tnne t., lea .
w..rking ro..n> between the t..p .,f the l.n.ken ..ve an.l the top ..f the st..p.^
When the s,..pe has l.een raised thn.ugh t.. the ll....r al.,.ve. the .a anc^ ..f
the lo..se .,re i! .lraw,> ..IT as re.,uire.l. When all has been rena.ve.l the st.,pe
is aban.l..nea.
In -^..me .'ases it has been f..un<l a.lvantaReous t.. use a a.vuble r..w ..f
.tuUs with a space ab,.ut o feet high between. The chutes arc p ace.l in the
!.;.t wall bel.,w the L.west set ..f lagge.l stulls. Openings are left u, the upper
«et ..f stulls, alternate with the chutes ,.f the lower set, and the h.ose ..re < r..ps
;,,,„„„,, these ..i-enings t.. the lagging on the lower stnlls. It is said that the
29
chutes .■l.nko los. rn-.,.UM.tly wl.on this n....!..,.! is ..,n,.l..y..,l. Als., it is ulw.>^^
J^siLle to ,ot in iH-hin-l .lu- .-hutos wlu-n i. is .u....-.v.y .,. ln.,s..,. tlu- l.n.kn.
,,ir or to clciir tlu'cliulc. •, ,, . ., „ i i..v..U l.avo
,„ ,,,,i,e i, is nut .■nstu.Mu.y t,. u.u. unt.l tl,. >I.Mt. a >.l l-^ l^•'" ««
U.on . , l-...a l.ef..n. the s„,h-s a,- lai.l .u, , In s.,n,.. -as.-s tl. .....hm.na y
. k if . >.ri...l on in u.v. will pro.lure .-non,!, on- .,. n,a>n,a.n a st.-H.ly ■ ,-
Z In >!..-s.. .•as..s, tlu sto,..-< a,v lai-l out a.wl Ma,....l Imt an- onlv us...l U,
MM.nh'nuM.t the on- sui-i.ly fi. ,,. ,i.'Vcloi.ni<-iit work.
"s ;.!:,« also ..an i! on in on. ,art of a nun- whil.. ,l.-v. o.un.nt ,s U.n.
,,,,,U,, fonvanl .-Isowhov... In short, aft.T ,„vlunu,ary ,l,«v..lo,.nu.,>, . all
kinas of woik ca.. I..- .•ani.Ml fo.wanl -unultan.■ou^ly.
lX.v..lo,.nuM,. shouia always 1.. U.'pt fa-' .'"ou.h in a,lyan..- ol ,„uun.
thnt tlu- fu uvo of ,h.. nun.- .au o. ,l..t..,n.im.a to,- -onu- tuu.- ah-aa I h.
e own..,- who -an n,ain.ain a s, -auy ana un.tonu ou.,.ut o, I'- <• ^
„,,i,v will hav no .lini.-ul.y in s.-nvin^ nuU.ar.s .or Ins ore. II a.-lu.nos
i • ..nlar an,l if th- sulphur .-onton, is not k.-,-. u,, .o s.anaar. . onai.-s.
ou ^ i n.u.. ana it will l- ai.li-ul. to n-n.-w ..ontra-ts. .ho owun-
^ tuall Muan.iti..s of ore -o n.ark.., a, irr.-«ular u.tervals w.ll aU.>ys hau-
Sil-ulty u> Ullin, his proau..,. ana will usually hav to a-...,., a ,.r... .o.uo-
what Ill-low tin- market.
Market Requirements
Pvntes suitable for aria n.akin« shouh! rot-tai.. as uu.ch sulphur as
„„.<i ;ie Pure pyrites eontains .'.IM' ; sul,H,ur. The greater nuna.er ot
. lilakers .lenL.l a pn-auet eon.ainin« not less than V, , -H''- "-
.UT however, a few larj^e eousun.-rs who putvhase on- as low a> . < , m 1-
; u, Manv purehasers aen.ana that the ore U- free fnuu arseuu;, hou.h nv
i" !un f iiiir works, ore otherwise aesival.le. will he aeeep.ea ,1 the arseme
o t - ' aoes not e.x..eea one per -ent. The P-esettee ot ..opper .u,e ana
In n,onv. ealeiun. una ,ua,ne>iun,, ih...rine, ehloruu- a.wl se lenut.u
n" u;^n a.U- Ore e.-ntainin. pvrrhotite as well as pyrUe .s aU. un-
;;:;i;i: though it wm l. pur.„..ea ..y son. eonsuu.ers. .f the sulphur
eontent is not too low. , v v ..i- „,..,Ui.t for
Market Q,w,nlln„s.-^TU<^ present pr.ee on the .\eNv ^o,k n.i>k. lu
.,on,esti.- non-arsenieal pvrites is al..,ut .-' eents per unU ot .ulplu.r, t.o.h.
X>^ t^ r furnaee sixi. Do.uesti.. non-arsenieal fines are quo, e,l,et ween
U , li ents per unit. .Vrsenieal ore hrin.s u slightly lower rate, wh.le
'! --luUaeal Spatush ana Portuguese ore usually e.u.unana a lu.her pr.ee.
Tiu- following review of the u.arket eonaiti.ms in l!.ll)-the latest ava.l-
•ihle— i; taken from Mineral liulustry.'
- Market I'riees ana Conaitions ".-There was a gra.lual u,.war.l tenaency
..fprie'es in the pvrites n.arket in li)10. (iuotatiousfor aomest.e non-arsemeal
fturoe L openea the year at lU eents jK-r unit of sulphur ,H-r long t.u..
1 Voliiim- XIX, p. t>J4.
30
closiiiK ill iKvi'Milior at llj uinl 12 cfiits, and tli.mfr'tic fiiios uiIviiiii'imI fruin
10 and lOj <'<'iits tu 10^ ami II cent;*. Iiiipurtj-d iKHi-ar^onical fiiniaco also
advaiu't'd from I'.'J to lU (•cnls diiriiiK I hi' yfar. Iiii|M.rt«'d arr*»'iiical furnai'e
«'xiril>it«'d a riso t'oiiii llj and 12 cents to \2\ (cnts, and arsenical fines ad-
vanced from lOJ and 11 cents, to 11 and llj cents )mt unit. As a result
<if tlie decline in tiie domestic j)roduction, importers of Spanish jiyrites were
alile to raise on their ores to keep pace with the rising price of the domestic
])roiluet."
Ariiihhie Sulphur
A pyrites ore is vahialile only for the availaliU; sulphur whidi it contains,
and the vah:e of any piven ore will lie determined solely hy the ease with
which that sulphur may he recovered. The |iresence of deleterious elements
necessitate,; the use of special api)aratus for their elimination and increases
niaimfacturiii); costs. The amount of sulphur that can Ik- recovered from
an ore deiH'iids first upon the chemical composition of the ore and secondly
u))on the care an'' ' 'M of the burner o|)erator. It is (lossihle to produce a
cinder from pure ores that will contain less than one half per cent of sulphur.
In practice, the siiliduir loss in this way is not often less than one |)er cent.
The followinfj extract from Mineral Industry discusses this question from
the standjioint of the purchaser.'
"When ores contain, amonj!; others of v '"or importance, the foi iwinj;
minerals, these will, at the ordinary tenr>cr ■ s of hurners used hy sul-
])hurie acid manufacturers, retain in chemii al comhiiiatiou the following
proportiims of sulphur, which will therefore not 'le availal)le for making acid:
Kiireii(lir»Tci.i>f Zii /.Ml). Cu. CuO. IM). I'liO.
found. . l)-.'>(l' , s ■i:lll' ; S. o-.^iO' »■ "-la'iS. lj',.>. 0- 14' , .>
l-'.-j(>i.
. ll-tKI' , .S.
This on the assumption that all the sulphides are converted to sulphates,
whii-li is hy no means the case.
An ore. tlierefore, which assays 13';^ sulphur, hut als< contains, say,
'iC,i zinc. 2';o copper, ami 1% lime, would really contain 43-i'07 = :{s.<»3%
available sulphur, and as even ores which jiractically contain nothing but
iron and suliihur are rarely Imrnt down on an average much umler \%, an
acUlitional \% would have to be deducted for ordinary loss in burning, making
the available suliihur in this ore: 43 — 5'07 ^^ 37-!»3' t.
Moreover, since the only suljihur which an acid manufacturer recovers
is the "available sulphur," and since pyrites is usually sold at a juice per unit
of suljihur by as.say, it is necessary to remember that the unit j)rice is greatei
than it seems. Take, for instance, the above ore at a unit j)rice of lOc.:
' Kaliliiit;, 1'. •'•, "The Manufacture of Sulphuric .\cul, .Mineral Imlustry, Vc
1M»S, pp. li.');?-4.
VII,
31
4-1% milpl.ur 111 lO.. »». U» |H'r tun «i •.',2Hl II..; l-ui us lli.> i. afarliiirr
can (inlv ri>n.vor M •'.»'/, S. ho is irully imyirii; mere tlmii 11 -'x'. I**'"' "»'<
for 111! tiie sul|.luii he ciiii iH.ssil.ly v\]H'it t.. ivf..v.T. i )r, if !»• lui- the riMicc
betwwn an "Tt c.ntiiininK only 42'/c S. I>ut no inipiiritirs. ami an mv of 4 V ; S.
with V , iinavailal'lc on iwiount of impiiritios, «li'.luctinK at Ums* T; mon>
for loss in l.urninc then the on-s .•onipaic n. t as »•_': 11. Iitil a- II : -i't
It is als.1 lU'ccssaiy to i-onsi.icr the |ifo|i.iitii.iial \n\w of the In', ami
3Kr; (Trades of siilpliiiics, an.l. for the saki" of nuivniichif. iIh-m- orj's will
also lie .•otiii>ar«'il with l.riinstoiic containiiiii say Its', S. Oiio loii (.',_'H)
lb.) of l.rini>toii.' containinu its' ; S is cmal to '.'.(IIJ ton- of sulphide ore
containing is',' availal.le sulphur, or to -J-."!! tons of Miiphide ore .■oiitannng
3S'„ availal.le .sulphur. ( If the >uipiiide ores .oiitain 111 and 10' ,' availal.le
milphur, then the prop.irtion is I :2:2-l.". respe.tively 1 Therefore. 1
ton (■.'.•.'III 11..) of l.rinistone (!»V ;S) has availal.le UM".*.-. 11.. of -ulphur; 2-(tl'-'
t<.ns ( 1..-.7I II..) ..f sulphide ore ( l.s';; S) have -.'.lit:. 11.. "f sul|.luir, an.l •-'•.-.T'.t
tons (:.,77!i 11..) of sulphide ore Cl.s' , W) have -l.l'X, II,. of sulphur. Or ..tie
ton (•-'.•-MO II..) of avidlal.le sidphur will Im- produeed l.y l-dJ t..n- ..f '.ts' ;,
l.riinstoni". c',.stin-; at seaLoaiM !«'-'(). per t..n *-J(l. ID; J-HM ton- of |s' «
sulphide ore, c.stiutj at seahoard. i<r,.M \x-v t..n Sll.Hi; or '-Ml tons
of 3S% sulphide ore. co.stinK at mines $;{ per ton $7,".H). (These prices
are ai.pf.xitiiate only and i>ri> J'unnO).
From these fiijures it is evident that the cheai.est souire ..f supply
(le|H'nds direetly on the location of the works or, in other wor.ls. on the
freights. For instance, a freight rate of $1.2'> \)vr ton on a 3S' ;, ore from
the mines t(. the .seahoard w..uld make such ore cost ^l.'J.') X 2.<>32 + «7.!»0
= $11.19, or almost a- much as the high grade Is' o ore wculd .-ost at works
located <.n the seal«.ard.
The pn.portional weight ..f one t<.n of actual availul.le sidphur having
iK-en estal.lishe.l. therefore, as a ratio of l.()2 for '.(s'c l>rimst..n<-. 2-OS4 for
4S% ore aiul 2-C.:{2 for :iH',, ore. the same ratio hohls good for each ..f tliese
raw ma' as regards lal.<.r at the wt.rks, including loading. st..ring,
breaking burning and in the case <.f cinder which has no value, of rena.ving
the same.
As l.unge points out (Vol. I., p. ■■)1,) also "under conditic.ns (.tlierwise
equal the unburnt suli.hur in the cinders is the same by weight. If. for
instance, .y,' of sulphur is left in the ciiulers. this amounts with a :5.V , ore
to .-) 4- 3.-) - 17; with a 4.J':; ore to only ') -i- 45- 1,'J; f.e ].r(.iH.rtiou
to lie kept in view is accordingly not 3.') : 4.') = 7:0. but 30 : 40 3 : 4.
s(( * * :1c * :;t * * ;|: * * :;: * * * * :;=
So far as the chemical c<.nditi<.n of the sulphide ..re is concerned, there-
fore, the intending piircha.ser in any given locality, in order to decide ..n the
cheapest source of supply, must consider, at the (.rices qiu.ted t.. him, (1)
the amount of sulphur in any ore which will 1>«> actually available f(.r his use;
(2) what the freight ..n that actually available sulphur will 1k>. ami what the
cost of handling the material necessary to obtain such available sulphur at
his w..rks, and (3) whether the ore contains arsenic, selenium or other im-
,,„riti... whirl. »... is n..t |.r.-|'a..Ml t., ,.|i.ninut.". I.ut wh' , nuiV i.nlit U,.- ari.l
iiniiluccd fur lii* i>ui|mi><-'. _
Su|.|H,... w.. Imv.. !«.. u„.s. unr with U' , S; li IV; |... /n: 0-.. M.;
1.' C.r (l.(ll V- iin.l 7-:{ iiis-.hilil.- r.-i.hi.-; aii.l tl thcr :.1-.V, S; Itl-O
iv' o.|.-. IM, ().l Cu; (I- 1 CiiO; tt-i:. Mu;<>; d-l-' A., aii.l l-»:. insuh.l.U-;
fioln •itmlvsi, 1. w.- inu>t ,lr.|il.t I h.- Milfhur whirh will U- U.uiul l.v th.- /..nc,
1,.,.,1 ami rui.iwM-, or J-'.CJ',. aiul ad.l I', f.-r less in l.mi.ii.n. or :{.!CJ' , S.
in.ikii.K the uvaihil.lc .ulphur llt-OV , ; Iron. analvM- II. ^^v hav.- In .Inlurt
th.. -ulphnr hoiliul l.v thr U'n<\. n-ppcr. liin.. i.n.l urMiUv-M. c-r ()• I' , . aii.l a.l.l
PS !•» Miukil.ji the availal.l.' sulphur :^\-V , : .s<>.|ii.-i.tly the two
oros will U-ar th<- ratio of K)to :.(». jorrarh ton of ariiial avail.il,!.' -i.lphur
pinrhascl hv sa.uplo 1.. •_'•.■. tons of \U>- nvr must !«• I.ouuht, rn.l of .ample
II ■> tons. I'r<-iuhls will rost. therefor.-. •.'.'.' , mor.- ,.m or.' 1., than on ore
II ami works' .•\|M>ns.'s in th.' same proporti.Ui. Ore II.. how.'v.'r. has the
.lisa.lvantade to >ome purehasers of a rath.-r larfj< "K'Ht of arsi'tne. lor
eaeh loeulity, ami for eaeh manufa<'tur.-r, tlie .M|uation has to !..• s,,lv.'(l Ik^-
tween prime eost ami e..st of actual availal-le sulphur."
lAHI.K I.
Sulphur Contents of Pyrites Ores
l'crri>iitii»;r -ulplmr cdiilriit
Sulpliiir ill piiiinil-
|»Ttoii<>f J.IHMI lli-
.-lil • ;t 1'
.V.'
.-.1
'itl'
4«-
4.H-
47
4ti
4.'>
44
4«-
42-
41-
40-
;«t ■
m-
:«•
:«■
:«•
m
:«)■
.IMiti Sll
.0111
.11.'"
..MX).
!H>-
tHM)'
<)4«»
•Citt-
(MM)'
S?<t»-
MM)-
S4t>-
.s-2t»-
StMI-
7S()-
im-
74(»-
7a»-
7()(>-
UNO'
(MM)-
ft4(>-
620 ■
■-\ilpliiir ill |Biiliiils
|Mr IiPii III '-'.210 llw.
l.KUM
1 .It'll SO
1.1»2 40
I .I'JO'INI
1 .(«t7rm
l.lC.'i JO
1.0.V2 -SO
I.OSO 10
1 ,00.S (HI
"Is.")-!'!.)
<.Ki:<'20
"IIOMI
•US 40
VNi-tKt
>7:mhi
s.'il'JO
SjN Ml
Mi»'..40
Ts».O0
Till (iO
7;«i -JO
7Hi Sll
(ilH 40
ti72tHl
Cdiilniils fur Ore
rmilrarl:- with r()ii«iiiii«T' iiif ii^iliklly iiim<U" tor |«Miuil- vaiyii ■- fr.iiii
two lu livi' y<'in>; ii miiiiiuiiiii Mllpliur ruiilciit iiiid a iiiiirmmin Iniiiiiiiir
.l."liv.'iy|HTiiH>ntl.:iiTU-ii;.lly^lx'.'ilinl. ClaiiH- r.-lal'mn i.> liitn.r dimnillii-.
mil... ui-.'i.U'iil:-. ;iimI -iinilar i loiiM.- iiir uMially iu^'vU-A tu piot.Tt llir tniiif
nwi;-r ill case iii!itlci> n\ tlii-> kiml -lioiild iiitcrfiMi" with lii- .Iriivciic^.
liiTHnliir ai'liv«Tif> uii.l Ih.' .li'hv.MV uf nic that i- 1.<I..« iIm- .•..titra.'t
iniiiiMiiiiii ill -ui|iliiir an- tc. \<c av,.i.l<'.l il an i.|.<TaIoi hn|M's t.. ivlaiii -i 'iifw
ciiiil lai'ts.
All aici'iitalK'c of a roiitiaiM t.T (lrii\.iy ot oil" U-foif thcic w ifasoiiMhlc
aSMllalK'" thai the mill.- .•onlaili- Milli.-j.-iil oi,.. aii.l llial il lai. 1«- iniin',!
out and dciivfii-d ..II coiiliart Iciiii^ i- icpichcn-iMf and will ultinialciy
lead to dilliculti''- and lor^M's.
The wry .-iiial! mai^iii, which icmaiii:- tor I hr |.|-odii.-cr iKMwffii iiiiniiiK
costs ami n-cci|its toi a low made oif Mich as pyrites, often makes it di;!iciilt
for some own.'i> to cany developnK'nt work tar eiioiiiih in a<lvance of miiiiii!!
to insure a iciiular output . •j'he iiiininu of pyrites will Ke piotitahle in itself,
only whi-io laine toniiajie> are i.roduced aixl marketed. The -mall prodiicpr.
whi) places his product on the market instead of utili/iim it in a plant "f his
own, not only has to 1h' I'oiitent with a smaller luarsjiti of |iiolit. hut he will
have aieater diHiciilty in keepiiiii his ore ip to ^lade; under mi. I, c.uiditions
it al>.. will usually I'c liitiicult t.. mainlam a unitorm ..utput. (•..ii-e.|Ueiitly
the small producer muM e\|M.ct to have .lilli.ulty in market iiiji his lu-oihict,
and he should also exercise ureal caution in enieriiif: int.> ciuitrac'- f'U' dehver-
Preparation of Pyrites Ore for Market
I'yiites ore, as it .-..iiies fnuii the mine is n..l neiieially in a conditi.m in
whi.di it can at .uice Ik> used in the furiiac. - It will UMially c.mtain a ciMain
am.uint ..f waste rock from the mine and in a.lditioii, much ..f the. Me will 1.0
in lumps too lar^e tu \n' ecoiiomi.'allv utilized in this coiiditi..n. It must
the 'fore U> sul.ject to treatment which will rem..ve the tiseles- material
as th..roiij:hly as iM.ssihle. therel.y iii.i.-asinu the pel cent ap' Milphur cntcnt
of the ore. ami at the same time it must lie iv.luced t.. a size suital.le f.ir the
market. The amount of diesMiiK and sizing t.. which an ..re is siil.je.'te.l will
vary preatly according t.. the nature ami purity of the dep..sit and . a<cord-
aiicp with n.ntract re<iiiiiements, ('..arse waste r.ick can Usually !«' lelt m
the initio. At the surface .lurinj; the pr..ce-s ..f .Ire.sMnf;. much uaste can
als.. 1.0 rem..vod either l.y haii.l pickiu:^ ..r l.y mechanical tieatmont. There
does iK.t appear t.. l.e any rec..fini/.od statidanl -cheme ..f siziny; (.yrites ores.
•■ Kiln " ..r •• lump •" ore may vary fr..m lum|.s that will im.I pass a I" lin-; d<.wii
to material that is ali..ut ()•."> inches in diameter, while •fines" ..r •smalls
ineludos all Itolow the miniiiuim size sivou ahove. Many Imyeis purchase
oro as ni„ of »,hir and do their ..wn sizinR. Plants wh..se eiiuii.ment is not
V.JW.^Iir
If
■■i\
a.hiptea to handle all siiies of ...o imd it necessary to pun-hase ore suitahle
for their furnaces. A miner producins ore for the pyrites market will usiially
be governed l.v his contracts in the matter of the prei>aration of his ore.
Where contracts call for "luin))" ore, a certain percentage of fines is i>er-
n.issil.le, and naturally, unless other contracts call for "smalls", he will
dispose of as much of his fine ore as possible in this way.
The process of separating i)yrites from the gangue material such as
quartz calcite, and fragments of country Dck is a relatively simi)le one,
owin- to the difference of siKjcific gravity between the ore and waste. W here
pyi-ites is associated with coi)i>er, zinc and lead ores, the problem lK>cnmes
much more comiilicated. In tiiese cases the pyrites saved is usually the
least valuable of the constituents, ami a discussion of the methods of con-
centration belongs rather to the metallurgy of these ores. Ores from .hffevent
mines differ greatlv in character, and, where mure than simple crushing and
sizing is required, a scheme of treatment should in each case !« designed to
suit the i)arti"ular ore which is to be treated. In general the scheme of
treatment will be somewhat as follows:—
1. Preliminary sizing over a grizzly, hand s])alling and removal of some
coarse waste.
2. Hand sorting on a t able or belt .
3. Crushing to smaller sizes.
4. Screening.
5. Crushing, sizing, water concentration
As illustrations of the methods which are employed in practice, the
flow sheets of four mills arc given herewith. The mine where the first of these
was installed is not now in operation. The How sheet of the mill of the
FIi;. 4. FLOW .SIIKKT. MILL OF COLK MINI:, ST. L.VWHKNCF. CO.. X.Y.
Ore from skip to crusher floor
Blake crusher (IBx 14 )
Cornish rolfs (24x12)
►Trommel (%" round holes)
Oversize
(6' long, 36"diam.)
(slope v. 20 )
Undersize
Cornish rolls (w'x 19)
Back to Trommel
.^ »
Hartzjigs(N'? 16 wire screens)
Concentrates
Storage bins.
Tailinqs
Dump
M.
3.')
FIG. ."). 1 I.CIW SMK.l.T. SCl-l'IHH MINKS AMI KAII.IIn\l> Ci>MP\\V,
sri.PlllH MINKS. VIKGIMA.
Oversize
Run of Mine Ore
Grizzly 2 5 spaces
Undersize
PicKinq flo or
Shipping Residue
bins fo.cars
Shoveling floor (Fork used 1.25 spaces)
Undersiz e 1 Over size
Cars
Hand picking ^oble
Residue
fo ears
Oversize
Dodge breakers 14x8
(Two used crushing to 0.5 |
N« I Rolls 36'x 14"
(Sel- Va'aparr)
i .... (4)
N91 Shationarj' Screen 30x120
(Se^ of 45! slots Vex l")
J, Unde rsize
Shipping
bins
"Spall ore
Eleval'or
N8ZRolls36"xl4"
{Set 375"apart)
Eleval'or
Hutch
MZ StaHonarv Screen 30x120
(Set at 49° slots !/Vx»/»)
■A1
Oversize
Four N9 I jigs
Tails
*
Waste
Undersize
1
dump
Hutch
N?3 Stationary Screen 30x120
(^Setat45° slotsVaxVa,
Oversire J_ _ Undersize
SixNSZjigs'*'
^ 1
Nohes
1. Number I jigs are one-sieve
Hartz jigs, with sieve I5"x30"i
toil board 4"highi III throws per
minute of I.Z5"each; bottom bed
of one complete layer of iron
shot l"dlom.,covered byonother
complete Icjyer of O.S'diam.
2. Number 2 jigs art two- sieve
Hartz jigs.with sieves I5"x 28"
and throw of Va'.otherwise like
number I.
3. The Bolthoff drier l» 6'x42'
in size, with cost iron plates
travelling about 2'per second
4 Screens are run dry. Acid
water would eat them out In
about 48 hours.
Toils Two NSIHydraulie classifiers
Waste (3conieol poekets.ZS 34 40 dion
dump Spigots
T
Overflow
J
Was^e
Settling Tanks
r
Bucket elevator
^ rs)
Bolthoff drier'
ConcentrotesJ Overflow
( ♦
Robins bell-conveyor Waste
(moving 4'to6'per second) dump
dump
I
Shipping
Bins
<
cu
a
y.
r.
a
*
H
S
\\
to
^joA»AUO0 ^|ag
37
cm/oi omt ein
\'\Q. 7. Flow diajjni'ii, mill ol" St. l.awrtMuc Pyrites CoinpuMy.
AS
Sulphur Mim-s un.l Uiiiln-ii.l ('..mi);;uy wns compilcl fn.T.i Kiclwnl.- ilata.'
\t this .nine tho ..r.< runs 'Is-Xi' o sul|.l.u.- and i:?' ; siii.-u: the hnnp sluppnin
ore runs 40% sulphur ..r .nor,-. an,l .V.V i' o ^ili'=': th. (in.- ••on.vnt rates run
42''o sulphur and .-.••-)-<•.•; silica; the tailinjjs run 11% sulphur. One huncjre.l
tons of mine ore vield al.out II t,ms of lump ship|.inR ore, U tons of hue
eonoontrates. andVi t.ms of tailings. The ra|.a.4ty of the mill is VM) tons per
,lav of 10 hours. Both the other plants whose flow sh.-ets are given an' n.
operation, an.l tl..- Il..w sheets are p-'l-Hshed throuirh the eourtesy ot the
managers of the properties in (luestion.
The Available Market for Canadian Ores
On another page is gi\eii a list of twenty linns whose acid and fertilizer
plants are locate.l within reach of some Canadian pyrit.-s mines or j.rospects.
The eoml.ined annual re-iuirements .,f lhe.se works is in exee.ss of :{.,(),000
tons .,f ore. The ore now used in these j.lants is in part domestic: a large
portion is imp..rted from Sj.ain or Portugal: only a very small part is ii'ined
in Canada.
The C(msumers' requirements in the vicinity of the (Ireat Lakes alone,
including also some points that can he reached from lake i>..rts, is in excess
of •_>0(),0(H) tons of ore suital.le for acid making. Krom the rejx.rts ot the
Canadian Department . Customs we find that moiv than half th.' Canadian
pvrites which is expo,-,d liiuls its way to the eastern market: hence the
tonnage which veacho liie (heat Lakes market is very small. On the other
haml, we fin.l that Spanish ore is tiaiisported to lake points hy rail trom
the Atlantic sealioard.
Inasmueh as freight rates to ports on the s..uth shores of the (hvat Lakes
are comparativelv low from many Ontari.. points at which pyrites dei...sits
occur, it would appear as if this section of the United States mark»-t offers
great jiossihilities to owners of pyrites deposits in that province.
In the lake market Cana.liaii pyrites of suitable .luahty should command
a price slightlv higher than in the Xew York market. This difference in i.rice
at any given point ill apim.ximately represent the difference in freight
rates between certain .\tlantic imrts an.l the Ontario Jioint of origin. Accord-
ing to the last rep<irt of the Ontario Bureau of Mines, the average price,
at the >uln,. for Ontario pyrites, during the year U»10, was $-J.it() i-er ton.
The average sulphur content of this ore is not given and hence the average
value, jier unit of sulphur, cannot he ascertained.
^or additional i..f..nnati..a consult Kichards. Or.' Dri'ssinn. Volun... \l, p. 803, and
pp, 5)04-6.
%1
30
CHAPTER III.
sr.vrisTics ok I'HODrcTiox of pvhitks
Mining of ]>yiitcs in ("aiiada hcjiaii. as far as tlio author has iK'en able
to learn, a'oout the year isso. No statistics of production prior to tliat date
are avaihilile. Statistics were collected aiiiuially liy the .Mines Division of
the (k'ological Survey Dejuirtinent from ISSti until 1!M)7. Since l(H)7 this
work has been performed by the Division of .Mineral Hesources and Statistics
of the .Mines Kranch, De]>artmenl of .Mines.
The Dejtartment of Customs records the e\|>ortatioii to the I iiited States
in the .") fiscal years isM Ins.") of 120, r2() tons of pyrites on which a duty of
about S24.').()2;{ was i)aid. This probal>ly represents the production of those
vears. These ore were obtained from the Sheibrooke district. (Quebec, anti
ap]>ear to have been the iirst pyrites ores used in the I'nited States for the
maiuifacture of suip'.jric acid.
T.XIM.i; II.
Exports of Canadian Pyrites to the United States from 1881 to 1885'
I i'ical Year.
ISSl.
INS-J.
!S,S.i.
1S.S4.
l.s.S.i.
I'c.li- 1-.>,(HMI II)-.
10. Si'.'
I'l^.'.lSd
•_'.■).-> 11
•Jt>,(H)0
;u.ij:i
iL" 1.1 •-'<•>
Duty.
I 29.7.S(i
47,7.')4
:{9,S7<»
atiiHit .">:{. sTtl
l.i-M
aliiMit $24.-1.(12:1
The foHowing tables have been comiiiled by Mr. John Mcl.^ish. Chief of
tiie Division of Mineral Resources and Sta'isiics. The values given are the
values at the mine or jxiint of production. In the talile of exports, the
values given are those entered at the Customs. .V com])arison of the two
valuations will freciuently show a considerable discrepancy l)etween the
value at the mine an<l that entereil for ex|)ort. This ditTerence is in part due
to the fact that the export valuritioii sometimes includes the value of the
i-opper content of certain of the ores. There are. however, other differences
that cannot lie accounted for in this wa\ .
' (moI. .■<iuv. (an.. Hcport lor ls,S(i. Pait S, p. lit.
40
TAHl.K 111.
Annual Production of Pyrites from 1886 to 1911.
CaU'iiJur Yi'iir.
'loii^.
■J,(kHl lbs
Viilui'.
Cali'iuliir Viiir.
Tons.
•J.IMHI II >■
V:il\i('.
ISMi. . .
1,H«7...
l^NS. . .
l,s.s<>. . ,
ISiHt...
1S91 . . .
1H92. .
1S93. .
1S94..
1S95. .
1K9(>. .
1S97..
1S9S. .
42,lMMi
Silts. 077
1H99.
HS.043
171.194
KHMl.
ti:<.»7<t
•iS.'l. •).)•)
1901
72.'."2.'i
;«t7,292
1<M)2 .
49,227
123.0<i7
1903.
«7.7:<l
203.193
1904.
59.77(1
179.310
190.->
.>S..j42
17.-..ti2ti
iwm
4()..">27
121..'>S1
190".
34.1 OS
102.. '>94
1!H».S
:W,7l.'>
lOl.l.'w
1909
:{,s,9i(i
lit). 730
1910
32.21S
12S,s72
1911
27.<>X7
40.031
3.>.2til
3.T.»>10
33.9.S2
37,1.S0
33.339
42.743
4H.243
47.33«
(i4.t>44
.-)3.S70
.S2,<>tW>
I10,74.s
l.V).lti4
i:«t..Vl4
13.S.939
127.713
131.033
12.').4st>
lt)9.9iH»
212.491
224. S24
222. H 12
ls7.tM)4
3ti.i.S20
The following table shows the tonnuse of l-vrites entered for export
between the years 1S!)4 and liUl-
T.XHl.K IV.
Exports of Pyrites 1894-1911.
(.'alenilar Year.
Tons. Valur. ' CaU-.i.lar Y.'ar. T.)ns.
Viiluc.
• sai S.-WJ «33.20.->
ims '■'■"«'-' ='•'•"•'
1S97 i •^■""« ■«''^':
IS::::::: 1^.599 34.os4
19<X> t'''^" ^'•'^;
1901 ••^*"'' •"•;!:•'
1<K,2 ^>^''^^ •'"•'"^
1<M)3
1904
190."i
llMMi
1<M)7
11KI.S
1909
1910
1911
21.067
i«;.--9.(i04
IS. 279
49.911
19.7.'>.">
.")."> . 7*>7
2<).OnO
(1.).349
2.).0.Vi
,S(|.139
I7.2.S3
9t>.ti(H)
3.-).79s
l.-)(i.t>44
30.434
110.071
32.102
120. .^S.-.
t1
TliPie arc ii<> words of the nmouiil of i)yiilf.-< iiniMiitcd into ("iinadn
ill ipccnt years. I'lip following table. (•omi)il<Ml from the returns of the
Department of Customs shows the iiuantity of Inimstcme and crude sulphur
imjMirted into CaiuuUi l)etween the years l,s.so and UtU.
T.MU.K V.
Imports of Brimstone and Crude Sulphur, 1880-1911.
Kiscal Year.
l.SNU. . . .
ISSl...
1,H,S2
1SK3. . , .
1K84....
1,SS.5. . . .
ISSO. . . .
ISST....
1.S.SK
IHK!). . . .
ISWt. . . .
1.S91....
1S92. . . .
1893. . . .
1894. . . .
IS9.5. . . .
I.I.S.
Value.
1.77.'>.
2. lis,
•.'.:<".">.
2.:«t>
2.19.-1
2 , 24S
2.922
:?,103
2.()4S
2.427
4.440
:<.ti()l
4,7()9
ti.:iS1
.-).s4:)
4.9()()
I.S9
7-2()
.S21
.(IS.-,
.7;r)
,9.Sti
,(14:!
.ti44
.812
..il(>
99
,748
7.59
2o:<
W.i
,22.5
$27,401
:W.9.5()
40,:i29
.■«i.7;{7
M7.4t);{
:c>,04{
4.<.f).il
:<.s.7.-)0
2.5,H18
H4.tKM>
44,27(1
4(>.:{.51
(>7. (>().■)
77.216
«1,.V).S
.•)(>.!»>.■)
I'isciil Yi'ar.
18<Hi
1897
1898
18<MI
19(K»
UHll
l!Hr2
imw
1904
190.1
1906
1907 (9 months)
190.8
1909'
1910
1911'
1.I)S,
6.934.
8.(i72.
a8.(r26.
24.rA7
21 , 128
23,8.i6
24,640
24,412
19.364
23,43.')
43,047
2.').8.i4
.il,.8(Hi
44.049
42.943
.■>().. ■>()2
190
7.-. I
79N
.(r.'ti
.(m6
.(>.■> 1
.73.->
.737
,7:«)
,14(1
,672
,61.i
.739
.172
.340
..547
Vahir.
$(i3.973
87,719
373.7.S6
26.5,799
21.5.433
270, (SON
32.'>,:«)7
2.59,123
204.663
242.2.51
436,1.56
277.439
517.249
42()..5()9
4:« 1.632
.524.473
The consumption of pyrites in Canada is not easily determined. The
records of the Department of Customs .lo not keeji separate account of any
importations of pyrites ores, and no indejiendent stati.-tics are available.
The amount imiiorted annually is. however, very small, and in some years
there are no imjiortations whatever. The following table, which represents
the (lifTereiice between the production, as compiled from returns furnished
by individual mines, and the total quantities » ported gives only an ai>-
])roxiniation of the home consumiition of .lomestic ores. The difTerencc
between production and exjiorts in any one year must necessarily include
both the (luantity used in Canada and the quantity remaining in stock at
the mines. This latter is usually very small.
' Brimstone, eruile or in roll or flour, or sulphur in roll or (lour.
»l^
»J
h ; !
Approximate
TAIU.K VI.
Canadian Consumption of Domestic Pyrites, 1894-1911
Ciilciiiliir Yiar.
lSfl4..
ismi.
isi)7..
iswt
ISKKt.
liH»2.
'runs
r.'.tHH) ll)s).
M ,993
•.>ti.41W
is,7i:»
•2:?, Ml
22, 4U
12.tlSt>
22,411
10,2!X1
I7,n:v2
Ciili'tKlii- Vi'iir.
i V
Tdms
• 12,915
""" ,S,H.l
'""1 ' ,;5,5S4
'*•*'■: ,..«.:»
"-^ ^1 is:
'■•*" m.im
'^"'^ 2ss4r.
1<H)<I
TAUI.K VII.
Recoverable Sulphur in Canadian Pyrites
AssnniiiK.l (iir/vi,/. nrovirii <»/ 41 /o
I'ROM ALL OUK I'llODll Kl).
From m"- *'«►■ I"-x''""<' "
CalfiuUir 'Icmnmsf
Yfiir. (2,(H)0 IK-.)
is<t4 Itl.r.lC)
isim I'.'»^>
IS...', ... i:'-^"-i:<
1X97 l-^'»'^''
1H9S i:« ••-''«*
IS'H. >1'<-^-
KHKI l"-*!^
mn i^'-*''^"
loon i:'.«:«
191)4 I'T'--*^
190.^ l^^.'W'^
190(i 17.520
191)7 l'^-9««>
.cH)s 19,40S
l<)(t9 2f.,5!)4
1910 22.0S7
1911 :«.«»:*
Value.
.Vvcriip'
Valiif IMT 'r<niiiii({e
Tim. l2,tHH» 11.S.)
$121. ^sl
102,. Wl
10l,l.').'>
IK), 730
12S,.S72
110,74S
1,1.1, lt>4
i:«),.i44
i:is.9;w
127,713
i;m.o:«
12.1. 4St>
lt)9,99l»
212,491
224, H24
222, S12
1S7,064
3H5,S20
7-31
7-32
7 32
7-32
9 ■ 7(1
9-7t>
9 ■4.")
9 03
9 ■ 4.i
9. 17
S.79
9 1.><
9-70
11-21
II -ss
.><-41
S 47
10-79
3,49S
3,l-'>9
t>.l.->l
t),lS9
4,020
.1,390
7,224
10.23S
7,719
S.037
7,494
S,UH)
lO.tVM
10,273
7, OS.)
14,077
12,47.s
13,102
Vtiluc.
* 33.20-i
3S,29S
33,S37
30,S12
2(),3S7
34.0S4 1
41,1S2
,i7,2t)3
.-.0,I7.s I
.-)9,()<)4 !
49,911
,1,1,71)7
.).-), 349
so, 139
90, WH)
l,i0,044
110,071
120,"vS.5
.\vera(jo
Value
|KT Toil.
S 9-49
12 12
.5-.'J0
4-9S
.)-.).)
,1-33
,-)-70
5-.i9
.)-,-)0
! (MH)
Otit)
i »).SS
i 012
, 7 -SO
1 10-si
10-72
1 S-9()
9-10
n
43
Tlu. following tal.U« shnwin« tt,.- m.,»..ts ui .,.l,.lmn.. u.i.l int., Cana.lu
si,,,... INS.-,, has U-oi, .•o„.pil.-,ltr..,„ the ret,..|,s ,mt.hsl..Ml l,y tl... l),-,mrt:„ei.t
of Custums.
T.\m,i; VIII.
Sulphuric Acid entered for Home Consumption, 1885-1912.
I'isral Yra
I'.mls Miircl
:il.
(Jimntity 1,1
poillltls
V:il,ir
I'ImmI Vi-;ir
(Quantity ill
|iiillllils.
ll«5..
1886.
1887..
1888..
188».
189().
ISitl.
1892. .
WXi.
ISiU
1895.
189»).
18!»7,
ISitS.
77l,7f.l
.T07,lf.'7
r>7H.mi
, l!t4,t'>4K
Isl.li.VJ
■.M1,S71
177,I>JT
JJ'_',t«j:t
t7J.»J2
107, -V-t)
17 4, IK).-)
114,i:f7
".(77 , t »f>
iiii.'.,:U4
|(»,71tl IWf.l
7,>.t:«» I'.HM)
s,4tiH 1!M)1
:t.-i,ll.') I'.KJ.'
•j,6i»i \'My.i
■J,>.f.'7 11H»4
■J.JCf. IIH).")
■j,h;<7 IfMMi ""
•.•.;«17 i'.t<)7 il'i
l,t>4H l!K)H le)
■J.IKI llKHt
1,4:«J 1!M0
s,o:« I'.tli -
.-),.•>:«■> I'.tlJ 1
lti."i,(>.»7
740,S.'>H
4tH,(;()K
|-.'»).7:il
10-.',:tl4
1 in, 407
<.tJ0,H04
7:«.1'>I
ti."i(),0'.t.'>
241,:{.vt
•»14,0.5«
,4St>,!W2
,til.-),l.S(»
Valuf
•J, 427
7,0<Hi
.'..272
l.i>2il
2,:{:i2
2 , ."itj:!
>*,227
S,.'H8
li.'.HIl
7 . .'>S2
H,4ti(>
21 .S.Vi
l.">,027
{a.) For 42 ,mmths culinK June Mnh.
(h) Tor 9 " " .March :Mst.
„o for 12 '• " March :Us,.
The chief f.neis., ..larket f...- (-a.ui.Uu.i l.y.ite.- is the n.ite.l States.
The f..n..wi.4, table: show the r.uted States ,,.o.lu.-,...,. and ..u„su,.,pt.o„
,,f Ix.th pyi'ites ami sulphur.'
' . Mi„...al K..M,u.e,.. of the U,nt...l S,:.,.s. 101,., Par, U ,.,' T95-,
<.l,a,.,.T ..,, Salphur a>..l I'yrif. from Mineral H..<mir,-..s, l.Ul
rq.VTOs. \U<> advance
if
44
T.VBLK IX.
Production ol Pyrites in the United Sute., 1882-1911.
Yp«r.
Qiiiititiiy
Toil* of •.'.•J^<>
Valllr
Y.iir
Quuiitity
Tonf. of ■-'.•-•»•>
IIm.
IH8'J...
IHWt..
IN84..
1HH.V.
ISMI. .
1HH7. ,
18SX. .
iswt.
IWK).
istn.
18«J.
IStlM. .
I8!)4.
IWt.'v
IHiHi. .
rj,(HHt
•J.-i.lHKt
I!), (NX)
■>.'i.(XH)
.VJ.tHK)
.>t.;t:u
«.t:t.70.")
Itlt.S'M
l(Mi,.'):«i
KHt.THS
7.), 777
10.>,'.tU»
•m,.'>4«
u.'>.4s;j
7-.',i)(X) is;)7
i;{7,.'iii" i«>H
i7:.,ixxi 1H<.«»
■.•■j(),:hhi ukk)
•iJO.tXXI l'.K)l
•J10,(XX) IIHtJ
l(i7,ti.V< n»t>:*
•J()'.',U!I, IIXH
■.'7:<,74.'> 1!K).-)
H:tH,S80 liHHi
:«(.-), Htl 11H(7
2.Vi,.'>-VJ \'M)H
:«•,:». i;u I'.m
:i-.>J.H4'> l!»l(l
:v.'«),ir.:< litll
(11)
la)
I4:<,
Wi,
17»,
•->(>».
•.'41
207
2:«,
207,
2">.f
2<>l
247
•222
247
241
•29H
201
:«iJ
U
til.-.
ti<)l
H74
127
OSl
,IMIO
,422
,:«S7
..yts
,070
,(il2
<HI4
Vain.'
.«U,.>H
.■.(t:«,sol
.V»:«,24!>
74".t,lt".»l
,2.">7,H7'.>
•t»7,0W>
l,10<.t,SlH
Ml.SOH
IC. ..»1»2
<.t:n, ;«).'>
7!t4,04«
H.w,li:»
1,02S,1.'>7
1I77.07S
l,lti2,-2«ll
Includes priKluction of natural sulphur
T.XHI.K X.
Production of Sulphur in the United States, 1880-1911.
Year.
IHHO. . .
IHXl...
1S.S2. . .
1SS3. , .
1SK4. . .
1SK,5. .
ISKfi. . ,
1SH7. . .
Quantity.
Tons of 2.240
ll>s.
5.-W5
h:m
.V '<
44t)
t):i,s
!,2:V2
!,079
Value.
Yi'ar.
1S,S,S.
issn.
l.SIH).
1.S91.
1S<»2.
is<):v
1S94.
1S95.
402
.(t71
,4(N)
,071
44('.
.WIT
2i,ixxi ism .
21 ,0(Mt i>*n7
21 .(HH) : 1S9S.
27. (HH) IS'.W
12, (HH) llHHl .
17,s7r. l'.H»l
7.'-.. (MX) liX»2..
1(X».(XX» HXW.
1!X»4.
7.S.T0 1!">-"'
UXM)
IW.IXX) l'.Xt7
S().(v40 1(X)S.
42.(XX» UXW.
20,(XKt 1910.
42, (XXI Iflll
Q'
lantity.
\ aluc.
Tons of 2.240
It.-.
4,69«
S7.2(X)
2 ,0.31
♦.•>.. 5iX)
i,071
32,!MiO
4,313
107,. 'XXI
3,147
1 SS.KX)
(a)
241.()!M
1 1,2.')7.S79
OO
207. s7 4
947.(VS9
(a)
233.127
1,109. SIS
1-7.292
2.ti('>3.7(X)
ISl ,(177
' 3,7(Mi..')(iO
294.1.53
.■>.()9ti.(>7S
293, K Mi
.-..142.S.-rf'
3(i9.444
»l.C.(i.S.21.'>
239.312
4.432.(Hi<i
2.5.5..534
2(i.").(>(i4
i.w:,.\v2
; •,7S7.049
Includes the production of pyrifc
M
i* JT. {- •• 115 15
U ^ 3( ;Z ,4 ,4
?i 2 » J? - i
f- ~f '.- r .5 m
5 4 4^! ^ 2 5
'i Z '-: ri '4 ?i
-IS
Ed
.J
ca
■<
—
1
^
i^si!i
i
?; ? ?! ?i 5 5
1
a
li|S{!5f
.. — — r:
^
3
_ . — --^
%
^iiiiO^
i' ;2 i v' •:» 5
#1 « ic =r 5- -r
2
be
2 X- ?, 5 ;-x ;
;? S i' 7 -i ?•
m' =■ o: £ jfi r,
I, ?1 — 71 Tl *l
S '5 S £ = r
S S 5 5 S-. 0-.
s 7 i 5 {i .t ?i if fi
r, !r ~. ■*. fr. tl I- / , '-
/' ' • ^ ' J — ^ "" «
fi -I - / - i ;f
— ~ — — I .|
« 1- T 9 - :.-
^ II
o o
■a «
a
«
I
O
I-
3"
"^ "' S S $ -
fi » ? 1- -;
i 1
U £ - . i !
-!^:j^* i*
,:^?^^^
s :?; : ^ 5 z 2
i /! '2 - ■■ -+
•^ = £ ?i I^ . '4 r
ft 2 2 -. -. r
5 ^= 2 '■
= 5 ?
a ; >• «
= ■ 2 <• 2 " £
1 ^ ^ ^ i I ^
' I § ^ < £ I II
:£ i X, — /^ ^ —
17
£ §3 'ir. H"ii
f, f,
I- = li s «
P.^ ?i ?; II S 7
s :
» u ?1 fl -I
; = L' t!
•• I >^ '^ . r"
■/• ; r> r< ■'<
i. S. — / 1-
« li •» '•
I . ( - I -
if
il
£
fi
>.
CO
y.
"8
^
S
■a
^
d
■~
4>
^
A
^
»'l
X
a
^
i
=-
"
A
o"
o.
r-
3
(A
2
"S
e-
Q
*B
o
•^
7 = E 'i' £ '-i j '/ 4.
o ■;
_ — -r -r -r
3 3 £
?i I »i
5 S r"> ' ^' r: I '' IT .-
f = ?1 ,,
2 S '..-
i=ir 5
.^ '"■ 1 v.
"C -=
M '/ I '/
i ?i ri
: i .5-
: i c
= / c —
-A = i. '
^ -2 I -; 3
' Ir
£• 1
" -T I- C
L ^ £ ti.
f. !
II
ir
ill
lii
States since li105.
TAHLE XIV.
United states Imports of Spanish Pyrites.
YiMir.
IJimiitity
Viilui'.
Avorap- Viihu'
|XT Ton.
I 477,171 i l'«>»-^^ : ?^
»»'"• I 7i:i.7SS 2.<iH7..i2.i ;'^
'«'^- 1 («ii,2.«. ; ^.■'•"•^'=' '■;J
Htld. . I
I Page 0)27.
' Pane »i2(J and 621.
u
4'J
I
•c
1-^
I _
rj § £ § i i| '- '4 i s i g f2 s
4 i 'i i rl i i i -^ 'i ?! i «" ?
g 3 'i I 2 5 ? S - 7 3 S i'
i ? S S ^ g B S !^ S ^ S g
z Ti c; ^^ I- « '* I- *> ^ — ?. 'S -i i
>. -5 = ^ ri T « ri -c z -B >; 5 "2 X F
= — « z -c -r -r •i z I- « 5: « -r c i-
'■?- =: K -r' -r si I-' o' = -T if 'i ■£ 3-. Z -C
? i! ^ 5 n: ■£ - '£ ',: '- i - - ?i £ ?i
I 1 ^ ?' 2! r U: '-S i 5: - = "^ - ^s
i i * 4 •= 5 = ? ?i = ^ = ?i 5 r" ?i
2 1 ic" = = i i 'i i fi .-' If' S 5 7 f3
• I ^1 55 -t M ?! S r: fc CI ?i M M "> ?'
a
a
j: ?y 2.' ?, 7 '^ 'i2 3 iv? 7 2- !5 ?: i S
^ iC =? ir -T -r « I- -T « ^: « "5 'S «
■z. c M *' ^' — -• ~ 2 ij ^ H ~ ' H
7 a-- ?i — 5 X ^ '^' ^ ~ "' -• 3 1 r'
i* ?; fi — S S S z e-. i» c: -r a -£ 1-
-^ tr a: ift * — "^ ^ c c; s*. "^ >^ *i z C
55 ri ?i ci « M :-: M M M r: -t "i S
3
!| ," !l E .^ :;! 2 i; !c 5 s
s ^ -T y 5 w — ?i !■* '"- ^ *■- '^ "" ■"
K z - ?i ^ '^ •- I- = 3: 5- « « ?« s-i
■£ Ur i 5 £ = 2-' 2 3 !S S '- i £ 5
S X z z 5 S 5. 5. 5. 5 5 5. 5 JR »
e
3
I
c
H
.")()
- ]£ 1' i: s >' s s S 5 * S = « 4
=; r- '■■ ^ ?■' r> cr. 5-- = -I 2 =v -: t -.
i .5 ii a ii 7 3 ri = ':i 5 '-? = ?i -
» "4 *-' ?? R .^ 2 .^ -c 1* X. /: 7. r. f.
= r=-- = = =3
ir 7 h !: ^ § 'i; S 2 S 5 .- i^. .- 5 5 i 5
I; -;■ _■ ri - -r •-' >-' 'i i i i 3j z; 2 s I ^
■• — ri fi ?: ?: S ?: I £
s
e.
3-/
• to i
, o ^
u; o ■.-
- « ■=
^ 1 =
0. ~-
;: g I i i i E 5 2 S = 5 ? ^1 i! - i I
8
'i ^1 ^1 = £ i ■£ i ?i ri ?; ri h' ?5 « ^ "I
I - ^^ § 5 1 ^ i ^ J^ ^ '^ '^' ■'^ ^ ^ ^ "^ ^ t ="■
I H B 5 i § i g ?i 5 1 1 1 1
•3 ■= ■= -^ — i
5 5 =
■M ri n —
— — M —
c S —
' r; = ^ z -r •- £ — ' I- 1; "2 X >■ » J. C'l s
r i — ?i M — -T '5 ^t 2.' Li ^ S I ^ i * - - =
£ ~ 1 M 1-- '- "'- '- "^ ^ =. ". ^. -. . ~ . '■ - e. r H
a ~ ! ^' — I c » — — — z I- ": -'• "I "' *' ^' -^ ? 5
r = 5
c ♦- i
J _ I ., _ »i - — '* z s = = 2! .i £■ fi ». •£ £ = 4.
■= i I S ,'- 3 .^ 1: ^- 5 i:' S ?. ^. H -. T '■• 5 = 4 J: I.
■7 -- I ' If* rc -r ;; /:* •* ;;^ '' *' i Si. 3 ^'
nil .t
u. ;? L. y, -^ —
.•.1
A C"! rc ri t\
I-. !•- r r —
I* "T re I'- I*:
M
7 5 7 '- ;:; -2
c '. ri ?i I* f^ X *'r 5; '-t c * I- Vc 7i
— — — — fi ?i r'l *i — *! fi ri *i 7^ 5i
— n ?i 71 n —
fi .-: -i r. — 1^ > c ri X — 5
i
■s
e
•<
t: -
V.
^ ^: z rt i~ c^ — I- 7 r; ^ S S
— I- -i ri y ?: I- — !•; -» 1. i i-
- r - '-^ - 2 ^' ~ ^ v' i 'i '^
»r
'.■: XJ i.' S >• '- ir *' — — ' Z
ri ?T re Ti ''• ri -i- ■- •- ~, «i
_ -I -I I- 2 y 7 :t ? 5 jS 2 'c i§
_2 — I- re — 1-^ f^ — X ». c ^ 7 5
~ I* y: r — t- y: ^
U: £ £• 5 ~ 1! tS 3 12 X I; i
r yf y 5 3: J; 2: ?. ? 5 I ^
H - - r
.s '■'■~ St
3 " ^ -
'^ i x; -
II
SI
it
Xi
CHAPTER IV.
OCCUllUKXCK OK PVKITKS
The Occurrence of Pyrites in Canada.
CKNKHAl, STATEMKNT
t
'I'lic tollowiiig notes du tlic icconlfil • '■currpiicos of pyrites m-es in
('unuda liiive l>een cimipilfd fniiii various sources, rhiefly, iiowever, fidtii
puhlislied reports of the I'Vilerai anil Provincial l^partiiients of Mines.
Personally the author has been alile to visit all but two of the localities
mentioned as occurring in the .Maritime Provinces and in (^uelioc. In
Ontario four of the i)roducinir mines have been \isiled and als(p several
prospects; where |Hissible, application has lieen made to the owners nr opera-
tors for the most recent information. In British Columbia thr- two propertie.~
mentioned have In-en visited.
The git'atest amount of work in prospcctinj; foi- Pyrites has been done
in Ontario. In the year llHHl, Mr. 10. I.. Fraleck was commissioned by the
Department of .Mines of Ontario to pre|)are a special report on Iron I'yrites
in Ontario. This report, the only one of its kind in relation to Canadian
pyrite deposits, is now loiij; out of print and copies are difficult lo obtain.
The niai • utained in -Mr. Fraleck's report, is however, the liest available
information with respect to many ])ros|)ects in Ontario, and these, with an
increased denuind for pyrites, may \>e of future value. The author has
conse(]uently made co|(i<ius extracts from Mr. Frale<'k's report. Occasiondly
"'* has been deemed advisable to para]ihra.'^e certtiin of the extracts; in view
of this acknowledj^ment it was not considerecl nece.ssary always to emijloy
quotation marks, where portions of the report have lieen printed unchanjied.
Where ]iossible, additional notes have been added to brin<; the information
U]) to date. The sections of the jiresent report which I'elate to Ontario have
also l)een submitted to the Depaitment of Mines of Oijt .rio for levision and
correction.
Data relating: to Hritish Columbia have been obtained from t he Provincial
Department of Mines and from other sources.
PYlilrKS IX THE M-VIUTIMK PKOVINCES
Pioviiiciai reports and the rei)orts of the (teoloj;ical Survey of Canada
contain many leferences to occurrences of the mineral pyrites in various
localities in the provinces of .\ova Sc<itia and .\'ew Brunswick. The writer
has not l)een abh- to find any record of the mining of pyi'ites on a connnercial
II
55
:,;;;,;;:„;■; I,!;. ..■;■ !■■. > -- "- '- '■ '■ - «■ '
.. . v.,ln<Ml for its copiKM' (•-•ntoiit ciiily.
on- w:i> NaliK.l loi M p,,,vinc.. of \<>va Sotui, s<> far as tlif
'""'"?''';, ,,,,vi..-o ..f Now Hr..nswi..k. in tl,e parish-s of St. Stepl.".. an.l
^ • X .t>l.-.l a.-s.Mipti.M, uf tlu-s.- .loposits ap,..>av to l- uva. al.K
..oim.ic.r.al lU.poitaiK.- m tlu ,. i,|,U vi.'w l\i.l..vatorv wu.k
" ■'■^■»r'"•'^f;,,?:!;;::: :,":.i-™'»i^ -
;;;-™: ,;;■",.;,.:»:;;!' .-.n- ..».-,. ..«.. i..- i > ""■"
«';■;:,;■„"■;::,?, :";r. ;,;:.:. :-' i,,. ,.„■.. ..«■. .-. m,.,i m...-i,
-""r^in-^;;^:;:';.-^i="v:i::n::i;t-:i'n;:
waste, aiul so little is Kiiovxu m .^^^i^,
r';,;;::Si,t i:::;;^..^:::,'::; ^f ;; ;;Vm.i..>.- « -..
pyrites ..re ran l.e ul.taii.e.l on a .M.inineinal scale.
I'YKiiKs i:> m Kl'W
The ..vrites deposits of the p.ovinee of Quel.e.. have l.eeu^.ntil reeeirtly
"" !'>"" ', , .,.„,. ;,, (•.,„M(la Manv of the ore bodies
.1.- ' "7""»»i ''rr™,;:; ::.J , i "™i auvin^tucic..* ,si«.-
; ; „ ,. ii,:1 » '■"<«■' • »;. :;;;■£";;;:"
■ N.. lUT.iraK stati^tif^ :tro aviiihihU-.
i
Kiistis iiiiiic. the ('ii|K'ltiiii miiu's ..f the Xiclii.ls Clu-iiiiiMl ("oiiipuiiy. wha
olKTiitod U'tWfcli the yciirs l,SC.;j-|!KIS. In a.hlitioii, ,i coiisi.hMalilc iiiiicimt
iif pyrites was miiicil at the Howanl Tiiinc, t'c.iiiicily i1h> Cillis. ami at Mipiiltini
Mill iKirtlioast uf Slicilironkc. ImiMHtaiit ilc|M»its nf jnTiics arc known t.i
occur at tlic Kinjt mine, adjacent to the Howard, and on a |>ro|M'rty near lake
('oiiioml>re nortli of (mrtldiy station on tiie (^iieixM- Central HaiKvay. Mrief
descri|)tions of these properties are jiiven in sul)se<nient paragraphs.
Tiie occiirience of copper sulphides and of pyrite ha- lieen reported from
a nund«'r of other iocalitie-i in the province of (^ueU'c. Where exploratory
work has Ix-en umlertaken it has almost invarialily I ri for the purpose of
discoverinjj copper or jjold ores. Occurrences <if this type are particularly
numerous in the Iwlt of altered igneous rocks which runs in a southwesterly
direction past the city of Sherhrooke. The district for aliout ten miles
northeast of Sherhrooke and for ahout the same distance towards the .-outh-
west is worthy of very careful exploration. esjK'cially in the iiei}rhl.orl I
of some of the old prosiwct openings. As the availahle iutormation with
resjject to these prospects relates rather to their possibilities as .-ources . f
copper ore, detailed descriptions are re.-erved for the report on the Copper
Hesi urces of Canada.
Copper hearing pyrites minerals occur on almost every lot i>f the eighth
ami ninth langes of the township of Ascot, south of Sherhrooke. .\ number
of ])ri)spects also occur on the eleventh range and there are scattered pn s-
jiects on other ranges.
A'*<.v7/.s- (/(//((. — This pro|)erty is located on lots 2 and :{, Concession l.\,
township of .\scot, about seven miles south of the city of Sherbrooke. It is
owned and operated by the luistis .Mining Cd.'
The di.-^covery, which wa> made about InCm. was located on lot I of the
ninth r.-inge. The ore body was followed down from the outcrop, and the
main mass of ore was found to i ccur on the lot to the south. The ore body
cotisisted (,f a series of suli)hide lenses, dipping approxinuitely at an angle of
.i')° towards the southeast. The bottom of the pre.-^ent shaft is about ;{,2(M»
feet Ih'Iow- the old sills. The large.st of the len.-es was nearly S(H) in length
along the dip; the horizontal width, parallel to the stiike of the rock struc-
tures, varies to about ■_'•')(> feet, while the thickness vaiies from a few inches
to o\-er 70 feet at the widest points. The other lenses were of the siime
general sliai)e, though somewhat smaller.
The total output of the mine, since it was opened, has jirobably l>een in
excess of half a millon tons of ore. .\t present, development work is well in
advance of mining and there is sai<l to be moie than two years' su|>ply ready
for stoping. The ore is a particularly pure ])yrites with which is associated
chalcopyrite. The shi|)ping ore contains 40 I.")' , sulphur. s(une of the lump
ore occasionally running as high as .")()'^ suli)hur. It usually contains less
than "J' ( of co|>i)ei-, and very small values in gold and in silver. The ore
' Hcjul Dflicc, Hoston. Mass.. P.O. Uox \A>2.
,„„„ .1,0 „,„« ,..«»■.. ■■! .1- .»■'.■« i- --■' -■■• '■■""""■'"' " '■■""'■'■' '""
"''z:!.:sz ..... .r^ - '-— !r;i,f;:,:;t:":;r;.,:;
:^;i;::'r::i'"uer;rrr ^s ;:. - >.-. - -■
Milphito pulp tnaiiufucturo. , . , „.^,. ,„,,„ratc(l on the C<)utic<u.k
hundi-ed tons of ore iier <hv\ . I l>e ^"^^ =*"«
™ "U':;,:.;;":. .»., .„«, ,...ve -^'-^-ii^zx^::^
r.tt::;t,r.:;: .v;;.i;.ae;r.,..it...; i. N...f..>k. v^-- -'■-•
inn t„ .he ,,ri.,<i|..l »»■"<■" •■' "«■ '^''»"'; '"',"';"''!;■,,„ .,.. „„„ I. .„w.„1.i|.
„I WeeJon, al,.,.. 7 ...^ »...'l' ""'1 '»"' "' ^^«"'"" """
Central railway. . , ,,w,,, i . , *i,p ninkinK of
Exploration work was I.ruu m the ^"'""^ ;^.';,'^. i/"^,, ..-..ten.-e of
snuUl pros,>ectin, shafts. The ^-^'--"^^'^- ^:'l^'^Z^^^^ in-
a promising Ih.Iv of ore. and nu.re extens ve ..peratu n, ^^ere K
..Idling the sinkin. of what is ^-'■^^r^:::^^i,J^^^.^y,
two vears, .levelopment and exploration ha^ been «J^"^ ^ : j,,,, ,„
and a considerable tonnage of ore ramnnp aU.ut o,„ .op,M>,
the sulphur has lK.en shipi)ed. ,„„„iu,,. „„e luivinR a .lepth
There are now two shafts on the l'-l-'-\> ;. .;" ^ j ' 'i, '' . of 2.H) feet.
., no', and nu„,l.r two. whu-h ,n •^'---^, '•;;;;; J 'i, „ .,,... In
The total amount of .Ir.ftn.p. '" •'''"""^^,\'^;-,;jw';;aone to l.lo.-k out
.adition a considerable amount of "»••''''•'"« J;;;'"'VreKanlod as having
ore in preparation for stoping. The .levelopment "^^^^^^ ^,,^ ^,J,
prove.! the ore b.uly to a depth of :«K)', an.l ^'^ ^^T^/:^'^,^ ,,, t,,e
:, 530'. 13evel..p.nent w.n-k ^^l^^:;;^ nth.
rate of ab..ut 3.V (^er .-nth, ami . i ftniR a tne .
The n.ine is n..w o„uippe.l w.th a b.uler plant "^ '^ ; f;,.,,,/,,,,-,
of 20.. H.P. The air ..ompress..r ,,lant .s ..pa^^ « '^^
feet of free air ,>er u.inute. In a.l.l.t.on. each .la .- M.pphe.l
Company at (a,K-lt,.n. Snudler shipnien.s have been ...a.U- t., I .t.
jxiints.
H
i
a.
1
I'nTi: III
ir - -i
-«**- - >^
"IB^^
I'.iHtis mill. Loatlinic bins and storV; pile iil fines ore.
I
-s
m
c
E
}
f~
* >-.
jV
I
57
The |)r(i|)orty i^^ oiKT.ited hy the Kust Caiiaila Siiieltiiif; ri)iiii)iiiiy.
I.iniitcd.'
(')ipelton Minrx. — Tlie group of iiiinos wliicli i.iay cDllectively ho iiaiiicd
the Capplton mines are loeated on lots 3 anil 4, raiiRp VIII. townsiiip of Ascot,
The original mines were Albert mine on lot 3, range VIII and the CajH-l mine
on the S. E. J of lot 4, range VIII. With this group should also l)e included
the old Crown mine on lot 4, range IX. .\s indicated in the reference to
the Eustis mine, the ore Ijodies, first discovereil on the Crown i)roperty,
extenil across the houndaiy towards the southeast, and it is on tliese ore
bodies that the Eustis com])any is operating.
The first discoveries were made on the f'apelton pro])erties alvut !s(i3.
They were first ex()loited as gokl prosjiects, but development work soon
demonstrated that there was a considerable ((Uantity of cupifeious ]>yrite
availalile. In the early days of their o])eration unsuccessful attempts were
made to extract the co|)])er by the Henderson i)rocess, and tlie mines were
closet' Subse(iuently the properties passed into the control of ('•. U. .Nichols
& Co. This firm at first shipped most of the ore to sulj)huric acid works
near Xew York. Subse((uently large acid works were establisji'-d at (^i|)elton,
and later a small smelting ])lant, to treat the richer copper ores and cinder.
The mines were ojK'rated, ])ractically continuously for about thirty years,
.nd were finally closed in 1!)0S, the deepest shaft having rt>:ii-h a depth of
about l.SOO feet.
Several ore bodies occured on the property on a strike approximately
northeast, all having an inclination towards the southeast. The ore bodies
varied in dimensions; in geneial the form appears to iiave !)een lenticulai'.
The width of the several ore bodies varied considerably froTii narrow vein-
like bodies to masses t)ver oO feet across. A considerable portion of the ore
carried over 5% Pop|)er, ami on one occasion an ore body of consideralile
size containing over !■")% copper was encounterL'd.
The deposits on the Cajtelton jjrojjerties are doubtless as.-iociatei! with
big deposit of cupiferi>us pyrites on the Eustis property. They ap])ear,
however, to have carried more coi)per anil to have lieeii more irregular in
their distribution.
The knowii ore bodies appear to have been e diausted and the mines
were closed down in l'J()S. The clusiiig of the mines is said to have l)eeii
due chiefly to the difficulty of handling the water. .Much of the i)lant has
since been removed.
Howard wine. — This mine is located on lot .">, range XI. township of
.\scot. The property, fiuinerly known as the Cillis, was reopened by tiie
same company' as that whicii operated the Motdton Hill mine, and at the
same time. The ore body was developed through a single sliaft from which
levels were driven along the strike. It is known that the operations t'ollowed
the ore to a dei)th of over "JOOfeet. \o data are availalile as to the niaximum
' Prrsidi-iit, Clms. K. I'orcc, 4!1 Wall St., .\i-w York.
' (lra.ssc'lli ('hcinical Coinpaiiy of (Icvcliiiiil.
;t; 1 ;.,..,s.o,l ,1..- l..,un.lavy ,o .1... a,liar.n. ,,:o,...,-,.v, known as .1... Ku.k
""""tIu- on. a,.,u-a.s to hav.- Ik.m, . n-any pur.. ,.y,it.. rauyin;. a low p.-v-
,,„„,„. ..f n.,','.-. Nn v...nrns a.v availal.U- sl.own.« tla- ,onna«.- w.,,.!,
^^" tS'':'m .-ie.... ..l.tain.... in n.inin. a, Ca,.!. ...I :^ Hns.is woul.l
M„p.M ,1... posMl.ility of ,1a. ,......v.-.-n... of otluM- h-ns-s of s.nnlav on a.
.Wtl. 1..-10W tlu. on. l.o.ly wln..h has Ik.mi .hsrovrnMl an.l nnn.- ,
" ,/„.,„. //,//. Tl.is pn,p.-.-,y is lo..atM on lo.s 2:i an.l :2. ran. \
,„wn-.hip . , As.-,,,. T1.0 sum.un.ling ••ountry is well .-ov.M-e.l w. I> soil . ul
.'■ i,„ in „. n.i.l.lK.rhoo.l would have to U- -lono l.y jlvuln.,. 1 1...
:,,, .ii'.ov,-vv is sai.l to have been n.a.le 1.- the upn.ot.n, oi a tree .
' ' : , n- n...k is a s^.n.-iti.. s.-his, ..a.ryin^ -.uu-t. ven.s an, .nn.ers
Z a .ood'aeal of pvrite. The ore body, whirl, lay appn.snnately pandle
w the n,..k s.nw.un.s dipped in a southeas.erly dn.etum a. an a...l.- of
ut -.0= The n.,«.,ted thi^knes^ is -aid to have U-en In-tween 1 and ,,
; , V e J, a.-e. A: a depth of 7.. feet it is said to have had a wul.h o
H ■ ^ U-.U rh. .nn.in. ope.a, .ons appea. to have ....n eavned ou
In .ush a 'I'--.- .-onM-a-fnen. shaft. ..' X l.V n, -erfon. n.ehned pat.dlel to
2.. 1 e ,„e I.0.1I. Then, is also a sn.alle,- ve.-tieal shaft on tia ..n.-tv^
ll",h lludts an. . aved; 1 he n.ine i. full of water, and no data eould 1. ,.l.ta.ned
....to the extent . f the undevfjn.und workuifi-.
Tlu^ on. was appan.ntiy a n.ixtu.e of pynte and .hal-opynte. -he to,n,er
•'"■' The'iniX. o,.,.ations we, anied on hy the Inited States . •...-
„.U.y that opevatell the Howard n,ine. and the on. wa. slnp,>ed to the I u.ted
Stiitps for use in aeid works .
It has lH.en stated that durin, -he last year of >ts o,«.rat.on the pn-
auetion reaehed ahot-t 1,<««. -on- per n,onth. No further -lata are now
""S/,/,v pros,,,'-,. - Tlu. road whi..h ru,. northwe.t fn.n, (.artl.hy st^at^K.n
..n „.e (iuebee cintral railway -n.sses direetly over a lens .^ pvri es on lot>
.:" !,f the firs, ranges north and south, of the .ownslup o, Garth .y. 'n.s-
:;..tin, ..its oeeur ..,. both sides of the n.ad. al.o..t live n.des tn-n. the ,■«. Iwa .
'Td wftl i,. a f. w hun.hed vards of lake Coulon.l.n.. M pres,.,,. the old ,..ts
:;^ water and little ean 1. learned al.ou, the natun- ol the dep...^
; ;„,, ,,„,u „,pears to have been -hielly i,. on., and there .s a sn.all anu.un
of nearlv pure pyrites piled besi.le the n.ad. ;|-his o.e appears to 1. of .ood
• lualitv A sample save the followiUM; analysis:
, -'.il',
^'^"' .2..
'■^''>- .:»,.
Cm
' 11. .\. U'venii. Analyst.
if
WTvr^WH
&
c
1
1
91
s.
s
3
.a
r
ii
i
1
.'lO
8 1--!^' .
!•.. K'-l-
InsoliiLlo ll-<"'
Tin- r^iliriiliiililiK couiiliy is cuvcrcil wilti M>il mihI Imsli. The fxlciil
of tho i>rr limly co ild iinl Ix- ;i>rcrtMincil I'miii llic -uit.irf (>\|Mi>iir('s. NO
roccivils of the old inmiiif; ..|M'i:;tic.ii.< ;iic hvmUmIiIi'.
Kiiui m/nr.— Tliis |ir<i|M'ity is IiumIciI on lot I. i:iii!;<' Xl. towii-lii|i ot
Ascot. The pioiicity U-lon^- to Mr. .\. < >. Xditun. CoMiii'ook. (iucU-r.
\vl\o riiniiMl oil (IcvcioiniMMit work for a iiuiiilicr of year-. .\i live clcvflo|
inciit cpascd in l!tl(i. and the uorkinjis have l«-cn allowed lo l«'c-onii' lillrd
willi water.
Tiie ore hodv. wiiicli a;i~ iiiined on llie liowaid |iroiierty. e\tend- into
this |iro|.erIv. It lias U-en developed Ky an imlineil shall . and lateral drifts
alongtlie ore. Imt only soii,< -nial' trial slii|>nients have I ii made. Portions
of theorearerieh in •■o|.|W'r, assays runnins; as hi<;h as 1_" , . and the |)ro|H'rty
has U'cii e\|iiored as a copper pros|)ect. rather than as a source of pyrite-.
.\ small amoiinl of pyrites contaiiiiii« coiisidoralile copper has alre;idy Keen
(levelo]M'd really for .-topin>;.
As ill the case of the llowaiil property, the >ize ami nature of the ore Iimis
alrPtiily discovered WDiiid siiji^est that it niiiiht l.e prohtaMe to search for
other ore bodies below the jireseiit one. On which property they would
occur is larselv a matter of conjecture. Similar ore Ix.dies have been found
to a depth of over :5.(HMI feet on the Iluslis property, and to over l.s(M) feet
at the ('al)elton mines; these mines are only a few miles awa\'.
Virliiriii /)i().v/»(7. It has been known for sometime that pyrites occurs
on the N. i:. 1 of lot I, ranj-c VlII .\scot. This is the pn.perty immediately
adjacent to the Capelton mines towards the east. Only a very small amount
of sin-face prosp<>ctiii<r has been done and the occurrence of ore bodies ot
value is pr(il)lematical.
Tiie strike of the ore-beariii); zone in which the llu-lis and ('ai>eltoii ore
bodies were found lies across this pmperty. from which one would niter, that
careful prns|)ectiii<: wurk woiihl be warranted.
Olhir iirosprrls.^ I'yrites ore carrying' copper values is repoiteil to liave
been mined on the followinji properties in the townshij) of Ascot : —
Clark mine, lot 1 1. raiifie \ II.
Sherbro.d<e mine, lot IJ. raiiil'' ^'H-
Hepburn mine, lot 7, rans<' IX-
Sullield mine, lot ;{. laiisc XI.
('oii])ev ores have also tieeii inilieii in small qiiantilies from a number ot
otjier properties in the towiisliip of .\scot , No data as to the >ulphur content
of the ores are available. The intorinalion lliat is on record with iespe<-t to
there properties is very meagre. I'ractically n.'thin<; can be learned as to
the value of the |)rospects by inspe<'tins the surfaie. and their value as pyrites
prospects is purely problematical. I'or this reason such data as have been
collected are reserved tor the re|i(Mt on the Copper Ueso'irces of Canada.
PYKlTErt IN «»NTAKIO
lirockville Dixtrirt
1„ istvs .I..hn Cowuii tturt J. B. I. Uolx-y'-
son.K.,unnunmKfor,.ynteo.Untl9 .. e^.^^^^
,^a..-..unty. ThcM.yv^;;'''---"'^;;' ;,;;,, .V series nf irroRV.lar
,.,^,. .„. ,,,, i,,,„ pyrites ,n purallel >«'"'':";"';. •^,„„., .,,„,i.U.r.ai.m. N..
„.„ „, ,,,er shoot, of or... "•'-'7' \;; • ' ^,..:;,, ..„.,rfe. work nt that
„i,„ ^vas uhuiulo.uMl. Hu' " '"" 1'"''*' .j- ,„ „„. southeast. Mtninit
!„-;ke of the .le,H,si,s was northeast, and the .h,.
•-'S;°:x;:;i;J":,-.:rri:r^:;^.:^r;::;:;ii;'-K:^;
^,.:i;:xr,;;;;;;x't;;-^;.....-.--.>"^ -'-••''■""■'»•■
the aei.l works are thus .lesenlK-.l- ,.„vnshii. of Eii^alK-th-
-The ^^^^^^^^^^^'^:C!^:^'^Z::.. ^--er. still iu
,.,„.n has l«>eu .lose.l smee IS.'.t ' \ '7" , ,,,,,,, ,,v is U-infj l-rou.ht from
...K-ration. The pyri.e at present «-" > '^^ ! ' .;„. ,, uilns in operation
New Ha.n,.shire at the rate of a ea.loa. . - a- I ^.,^_^,.^„.,j ,.^.,.,.,
,,,.„ havin. a eupueity for :«X. l-";'-^2-ie ^ -l"V. In the .listiUery
hour an.l pnulu-e aU-ut ^^'V/''' ^^to ^^ '." • i -,. for reaistiUin, the eru. le
there are 2. .la^ -torts '^^ ";^' ^^ ^^^^..^ „„,.. a.ul hy.lroehlori.. a.nls
„,,,. l..siaes the ahove. " - . ^ . .,;,^ ,.,,.,,,, „,, earthe.> re-e.vers are
,.im1>«'P''"hi<'e(lper.la>. IntniMa..
use.!. '1-he .-on.pany .-n.ploy lu n>en. ^.^ .^^ ,^^._,,.^.
A ,,....,ion of the sulphuri. an. -^ ,; „ ; ':;: i^ in ,!>a, nei«h..or-
vUle. Mixc-a a..i.l was also -l'.;'-';";^' . ! „,, inventor of the Volnev
hoo.l. «h.e of these was starte.l -> ( _ ^ • N' • ^^,^.i „,, ..t„er l-y
,,,,.,;„« pow.lers. who atterwanl. ; -\ ;^;, ^^,,, ,i,,,-,.„. Operations
Sn.i.han.lNelson,whoweresur..e...ea A bo ^_^ ^^^^_^^_ .^^^,^^^„.,,.^
..f ,11 ku.ls .•ease.l in ISM), an.l to-.la> not a n. .
"•"'"'"^- ,• 1 i.i;t..r,li..n ..f these, at .me time, llounsh-
-r,,, ..ause of the .le.'hne and ohhu .at.on 1 .^, ^ ^^^^^ ^.^^^, „,
i..„ i,.an>t,ies was the proh.l.Une I'-J ; \ ; ; ,.. „.e railn-a-l an,l
,„-.in,near l.eKalh .IuK..,.on ''"-' '' ''™i.^ in". '-•«-• -""'•
,,,,i,„. f,.oi,ht to ''»^'''--'-"V'"; lo li.^... wa,..ns an,l haulin.
three n^ih^s t.. the a.M.l ^^'l; ' ^ ";',^;,i.K.„.e ..f -nen wl... worke.l n, .he
:::-:^:.:::s:^'^^'^-- ••->>-' ^'"-
,(■ c s . iss:i. Part I.. 1'. li»-
.s7<«i« I'riinpirl. lot IS nin<'<'r<r<iiiii II, i;iiziilx''!;ti>\\ii towiisliip,
iitljiiinini! the nlil Hilliii)£> niim- <>ii llic \-.\M . \ liiiiiil i>f gossan sliikfs in ii
nortliciist ilimliciii ;ili>iin llii> I'll^i- "f a •^waiiip. On tliix (l»'iHi7*it a "liaft lia^*
iK'ciisiinktoa lU'plliof l".l-."»'. Tlic Kor-^aiK-ap is fntm li'tuS' in ilfptli. Tin-
slialt in on I lie 111! it wall ami <li|i> <|uiit' ^tl■<>nu'l.v in tin- smitlicast. Tin cmss-
sertinn "f the shaft is 10' X 10' and it is all in vein luatlcr. 'I'lHTf i- a wiiltls
nf :{' iif siilici pyrites alnnn tin- fontwall ami tin- i«-inainilt'r is (•(•nip.is«Ml .if
altcniali' liands of pyritc and rrvstalliwd ••alfiti-. lorally «• illod spar al>>>iit
line lialf pyritc t'l nnc half spar, 'riii' pyritc i> hiuh uradc, 1 1 nly impurity
iH'inji the calcitc that «ct» intcrniivd in the cinirsc ..f mining. Thr iiicthcid
nf niiniim <Minsi>tcil in .Iriilinc. shiMitinix. and niiu-kinj; the psrite and lalritf
separately. They Kreak fmni each other ipiite fn'<l> . Two larload-. sO
Inns, were shipped In HiilTaln and Capelt.m The returns weie 10' , -ulphur.
The prns|(ecl lies half a mile fnuii the Urnrks ilie ainl WV^tpnit lailway
and twn miles from the St. I.awri'iici' river.
Shijiiiinii I'lDsjiiil. .\l)out (■> miles to the we^l i> aiinlhel- ncci;; rence
nf pyrite in ;:iieiss. The deposit lii's nn thi- northern Hank of a roek\ hill
ahnut 110' in lieisiht. Tyrite has Irt-en mined frnin an irreiiular pit to' lonu
and :{()' wide. Snuill >lriiji:i'is leadinj; out fnun this pit lia\e heen followed,
makinji irregular suifaee workinns lo ihe e\lenl of 100 s.niare feet. The
pyrite is hijjh (rvade. liut very mui-h interini.\ed with pyrrliolile and eountry
rock. The pros|H'i't is one half mill- from the 'Iraiid Trunk railway and
one mile from the St. Lawrence river.
Milhrritilli mini. \a>\ ">. (■on(•es^ion l\. Darlini; township. Lanark
county. The vein >tiikes slinhtly nnith of ea>t aloiiii a <-ontact U'tween
diorite on the south and crystalline limestiua' on the ihuiIi. It was hr:-t
o|K'ned up nuiny years ajjo hy W. 11. Wylie of .\lmonte, and Wui. Hall of
Darling, when ptds|ie( ting for snld. They sank a shaft to a depth of .i'l'.
The Nichols Chemical ('nmi>any in>tituted niiniiif; o|K'ratinns under an
nptinii in S«'ptendM'r IS'.MI. The nld shaft was deejH'ned In 7">' and frnm
the hnltom a drift run s' in the east. A tunnel l')0' Ions;, with an outside
approach of .V)' was ilrivin alnnj; the strike of the veil). This discloses a
length of over !KI' nf wnrkaMe nre. clean hitlh fjrade pyrite eiKlnsiu}? lenses
i>f iiuartz. .\ crnss cut nf 12' to the snutli faili'd to jiierce the wiilth of ll,.-
deposit. The lens dips to the south at an aiifih- of 110 . and pilches I.i the
east away from the shaft which passed lhrou<ih it. It i> i-laimed that it
was causiit afiain \t\ the drift at a lower level. Work cea>ed at Ihe expira-
tion of t lie option. I he end of .\|iril. 1!K)0. Three ••arloads of ore were >hipped.
The mininj; was all done hy hand. The gossan cap is 1 I' deep.
In a line nf weakness cau>ed liy the cnntact nf the dinriie with the
crystalline limestnne. pyrite-hearinn snlutiiuis have eaten nut cavilie- and
lenses in the limestone, depnsiiinj; in them. |)yri'.' and i|uart/.. The>e hreak
(juite freely frnm each other, and the oidy impurity in the pyrite is small
intermixeil particles of iiuaitz. .Mlowins for reasoiuiMe cullinj:, an averafie
sample from the tunnel, as.sayed hy .\. (i. Hurmws. yielded IJ-I><;;, -ulphur.
=%
i
(Vi
;;i;;,c';:t l;:::\:;.ri:!:;!::':;: - - '• ^ ■ -' '
;is.s(i IMT (•••lit Milpliiir.
lli-iiniix I) I rift
oU- l..rk''i'iitl«- Kini;>l"i>
^1,-,,,. Ilastiiitir. .■..\ii.ty. !i>Hi
li\ l"^''*^. "|K'ii""tI''
■, Conr-ssioll VI. Mu.lnr tnNV..-
";'"., mlo...uth.'ust ..,1.0 villas- ..MW...k-
,,a.- Inv ir..u ..'V. aipl >t.-pt'<-n
.,f ir..n l'y''"-^'':'l""' . ,,„ , , I„ ,|„. su.nlu.'V ..t IIKM). tl..-v
C.ic of CU'vrlaii.l. 1" '•'<
»"'"^""- •"" "" ' : „.<• \.u..n.an Ma.l.- Mining (•...n,.a.,y. wl..
tv f--l "»■"• >''='^' ;,;,..,,,, in favour of Uu- nu,-.- ^-....11,1.
'"•'""'; . ' -■- •'T; . ; 'n In aian........ I 'M^ .i-p -- -'•< '"" ="
fvoiu S to li . A 1>" •"""" ■ , ..; «■ l..,v ,,.,,.»' ore.
floin S' t" !■• ■ * 1'" •
tliis >taf:<' lia<l t.. 1h' ul.aiia.Mic"
n.n.uKli tl"' o\i.lati"ii -f 1"^ K'a«l«' "''■■
'>- ^'='"- »=" "• "■,""; ff,,...!.!.. of -h.' pit. n.-.-it..i"« oitluM a.;
-!-'-•'■ ''>-''''"v 7 ' : :n;. ai.ou, ..K.' sou,i> of ,1 ,.•.. ,.it.
"""""""■ " ""\ ; V. 1 -MV- V 10' ov...l.an.l stoi.ins mlopt.-l. a.ul
A slmf, was M.nk Uvvv 1. uL >>'"«"> • , ^, ,i,.,.,i,ill.
, skipwav with p.anl va.l pr-.v..! . '^ '•':,;„,.., ,,,„ .,nll.. M.an,
111 later year?
U'liin U.-.1..1 !••■ ' I r • ), ^. ,,, ,„' „ del'"'
'■"■';::.;::: ;;*u;::.::;;';r:;,,,w,;:;:::i;;'. ^ '""'-'r;'
:;';,;:w:' '■ •^■■:"-^ • r'-^"-"";;^;i:,«:;;r:::;;,' :::'::;;":.:
o,KMati«'ti "f tlic -kip l.a.l l.f«"
rock li'Xi-'" ^^•'" I'"'""''
oiizolital. As the
loaded l.ui'kei was
,;,u hou.- wen .M.ii,„.a .o ,,,.- -"-,.;:' „;•„,,.,„„„,„.
r::;:t;;:,;:;^':;;i:i;::rr;,;:!r:;';::;::iir:^^
to olie-lialf ilieli. 'I'll''
;o,,i- and tiie eulled
pla.e.l li" apart aLove a series ol jiruzlu- spa..-,,
;:;;;,;^;rt:,.;:::;-::t:';:;::t':;:ri::;:'«»...-"-«^ -
"■"•';;:!;:^;;:;;;:r^;::i;::::;:::n;:::p:; ...;,,--,:--
,„l .on,e fro n tl.e .outh len- did no, nu, In.I.e- ti.an • . , . Y'"' . \; ;.
Ill, III' .,f-ul'!nM- Tlie ore IS hard ami inake> \ei>
of the property would I"' 1(1 , oi -ui, nui
little fines.
an
TliP ronntrv mrk u clilDriU' wliist. ^Imwiiij! tiilfoHe or iiiiriicooiin
ultcriitiiiiiinthe vicinityof tlir<in' lHMli«>r<. Tlii'-'Hitli lfiiMinil<'ii(l.ir<iiiK^<'lii!.i
rttrikp !»li){litly wpst of nortii until west of the o|i«'ii pit. wln-ii a foM of u '.W
iuikIo tiiiiis the cirike to a little north of oaMt. Tin' «iiitli li'iir* (li|i- willi
tlip country rock to tlif cift . anil tlic o|kmi pit in a --iniilar inaniu-r iliiir* to
ttip south, rnfortuniildy liic surface of the schist at the ajMA of tin- I'olij
wan 'uvcrpil l>y a tlp|H>sit of linipstonc. wliii-h was sulis«M|Upnlly nictainor-
pli(>s<-.l to a calc scliist, Imt tlii-ro is no pviilpncp whalsiK'vcr of faulting.
I'oldinR. whothiM- of a siniplf nature or a pitchcil anticlinal sul>MM|iu'ntly
eroiU'd, pro(l'-co(l tliP tines of weakness throURli which the pyrite-U-arinj;
solutions sj-piieil. ihe deposits lieinK fornu'd liv replacement. The on-
separates readilv fnnii the fairly «ood foot wall, l>ut towanh the lian«inK,
the ^rade lowers, and it shades i;rii<lually into the «chist. It is inipossilde
to ohtuin fresh spei'iinens of the -(hist. < )ri!;inally it was prol.alily horn-
hlendic; at present it is chlorilic, Aw proliahly to surface weathering
and the influence of tiie mineral ln'arins solutions from the adjacent vein.
The south lens is l(i(t' in leiinth, and v.irics fi ni s' to I.")' in widlli. The
mine employed from '•*'> to to men and shipped iluiin); itr. (> years of oi^-ralion
ulM)Ut ')S() tons iKM- month. .\ll the ore went i.i th<' w.irks of the ( leia-ral
Chemical ('< iipany at HulTal"
.VlthoUfjli the ore fell oP neither in ^rade i -i i|m'i''''y "'"*'' depth, yet
on account of the ..[kmi pit nn'hod of mining nc south I. ns \tc'\ufs, sto|K<d
out to a depth of 27")'). and th«' tendency of liie walls to scale, iniuiug l)ecaiTie
s<> hii/.ard.Mir. that the o|)«'ration- wcie aliandoned in .VuijusI, llHMi.
Thr H nmjirjiH'l Fiihlhiiiiil.- \'Uv llunsjerf.ud fahiliand lies aliout .") miles
east of the village of Tweed iiortli of the (':inadian I'acific railway. It strikes
north fi.'i'' east, and i^ easia- tract d)le for two piiilc-. Uvel farm land to the
south is underlaiii hy !;:uiictiferou- crystalline schi-t cut l.y massive diorite.
.\l)out ,'i<MI yard- noiMi ..i the deposits, the -chists have Ik-cu invaded hy a
l>iiik hornlilendc jiianite that now rises alio\,' the surroundiuK country,
formiiif; a serie> ■■! rufisieil hills (locally called the Hald mountains); this
granite has protects I the ore iK.dies from erosion The de|M>-its are strunj;
along the contact ihe diorite and the schi-t. tlic strike ol the lenstv, the
contaC 'lie fahl and. and the s.lusts l)oing identical.
lliniiidliinl )/,(»i(.- Lot -'3, Ctuices-ioii Xll, Hunficilord township.
Hastings county. Thi- ndne was opened M) years ago. \<y the Kinerii-an
Madoc Mining Company, as a gold (>roperty, and a smeltcf wa- erecte.l to
extract gold I'loiii the harren i.yrite. The present o|)eratois. the N'ichol-
Chemical Company, 'c-openci the iiiinc in .lum-. n»(l3. Owing to some
diffiiulty al)out tiie title, the mine was closed down in .\ut: -I. i'M)\. hut
operations were resumed in .\ugust, 1!H),'>. and have since l.tH-n continuous.
The first shaft, with cross section ,s' X 14'. was sunk in the diorite loot-
wall to a depth of ;i(M)'. and levels were run ever\- 1(M»'. Two other ore
hodies were discove'cij, one from -urface oulcriip^. tin other thning 'he
MKROCOTY RESMUTION TEST CHART
(ANSI ood ISO TEST CHART No 2)
^ /APPLIED Itv/MGE Inc
S^ '65i3 Eost Main Street
5VS Rochestef, Ne« Vorfc 1*609 jSA
'^S '"-lb) *e2 - 0300 - Phone
:^ (716) 288 - 5989 - ra»
w
64
|)iogiPss ..f uniU'Vdn.und work. On rach level cross cuts wore niatle to catcli
those ore bodies, known res|H'ctively as the midille and north lodes. There
are ni>w 2 shafts on the iHoperty, and al>out ;i..')(M)' of drifting iias l)een done
on the ore hodies on •') levels, exclusive of cross cuts, and the sixth level is
now U'inj; o|)cne(l u|>.
In exi)loitation work winzes are usually carried down in advance of shatt
sinking. .\t present the main shaft is heiiifr sunk from the .'.lli to tiie (ith
level.
The middle hide lias no visil>le outcroj) on the surface. It lies s.')' to tlie
north of the soutii lode, and was found when driftinj; towards the north loile
on the first level. Cross cuts have also Keen run through tliis lode on the 2nd
and :ird levels, and consideral.le exiiloratory work has heen done upon it.
It carries ore on tlie 1st and :in\ levels, hut not on the 2iid. This lode, on
the first level, has a width of about fi' of high grade ore. liut on the 2iid level
it contains a very large i|uantity of calcite.
The north lode lies (.■)' farther north. When first cut, it was 22' wide.
17' being through massive pyrite. The length of this lode, as indicated
on the surface, is over .■)()()'. On the 8i(l level, drifts have lieen run along
the lode MW east and 2.")()' west of the cross cut that runs to the soutli lode.
The width varies between »>' and 22'.
The mine is fairly dry. very little water being encountered, and that
chiefly on the north lode.
Much of the ore that has been hoisted lias been secured during deveh.p-
ment work. Some stojiing has also been done on tiie three u])])er levels.
At |)resent the bulk of the ore hoisted is obtained during the develoiunent
work.
The ore is coarsely granular and makes a large iierceiitage of fines.
The main ini|)urity is calcite, though there is also some (luartz present. .\
small <iuantity of pyrrliotite occasionally o-ciirs. mainly in the north lode
next the foot wall.
.V new head frame, built entirely of 12" X 12" yellow and red i)ine, has
l)een erected at the No. 2 shaft, the only one in use. This frame is ()2'-l(t" in
height, measured on a .")!l° slope to the sheave axle. In the upper part of the
frame two grizzlies are located, one above the other, and the skij) dumps
directlv ujion the upper grizzly. The liars on this grizzly are spaced 2-.')''
apart, and the oversize falls on the sorting flo<u'. The un.lersize falls on
the second grizzly— bars s})aced 1" apart— and is divided into two i)roducts,
"s|)alls" and "fines."
In the lower jiart of the head frame, four bins have been built to hold
the three grades of lu-e— lumi), sjialls, and fines— and the rock. The bins
are raised above the grounil level, and are iirovided with chutes aiul pates,
so arranged that carts may drive beneath to be loaded. \\\ ore is carted
from the bins to the works. The rock is run into a mine car. which is pushed
by hand over .ails to the edge of the dump. (Plate VII, B.)
(i.*l
At the jn-eseiit time only fines liurners are useil at the works. Hence
no Ivinip ore is retiuired. In preparing tiie ore for Ilie Ilerreshoff Imrners.
the hiiiip and spalls are passed through a \o. '.i Mcfully cnisher (.capacity
iilMiut !.")() tons [>er (hiy) and a set of Buclianan rolls, 21" X 1 1". The iiinip
and spalls are dry enough to \te used at once. The fines from the mine
are dried in a wood fired rotary dryer l)efore lK>ing fed to the furnaces.
In shaft sinking, two machines are used, m drifting only one-hoth
IngersoU and Holman drills are in use. For sloping lioih Haiul and llartzog
iianuner drills are emi>loyed.
Overhand St., ping is employed throughout the mine. The main drifts are
run the length of the ore Ixidy. Chutes are |)laced al>out 20' apait. and an
S' ore pillar is left above the drift. The stopes are raised to within s' of the
level ahove, just enough ore lieing drawn off durmg stoping to give working
room altove the broken ore in the stope.
The drifts are .">' wide ai ! ii'-(i" high. Moth the <u'e and rock break hard,
and usually 10 or 20 holes are ie(|uired to s(|uare a cut. .Most of the drifting
is done on contract.
Power is obtaiiu-d from the S<'ymour Power and Illectiic Ci.mpany. the
generating station iM'ing at C"ami)l)ellford, 40 miles away. The current is
received at a voltage of 41.(MH), and is stepped down to 210 volts for use in
the ])lant and mine.
The air c()m])res.sor is a motor-driven Uand. ty|)e l)l)-2il, cross com-
pound compressor, direct connected to a l.")0 H.P. W'estinghouse .-ynchronous
motor. The stroke is Iti", the low pressure <'vlitider is 1(>" in diameter, ami
the high, 0" in diameter. The capacity of the nuichine is s'Mi c.f. per minute;
free air at a s[)eed of 22.") r.v.m. The operating pressure is 100 pounds. This
pompressor is located in the nuiin |)ower house at the plant, and the air is
run to ihe mine ity a 1" line.
For the protection of the works and mine a iJ-stage, centrifugal .Mberger
motor driven fire i)um]), of a capacity of 7.")0 gals, per mimite at 12") ])ounds
])ressure, has been installed.
The hoist is an Allis-Chalmers single drum electric hoist, 12" X 2s",
ca])acity l.")0() ])ounds at 4.")()' per minute. It is connected with a 7") II. P.
Allis-C'halmers n\otor; a one-inch plow steel hoisting <'able is used. The
ski]) is of one ton capacity.
In the shaft, 30 pound rails are used, and in the mine, 20 pound rails.
For pumping water out of the mine a :{-stage motor driven centrifugal
pumj) has Wen located at the third level. This ])ump has a i'a])acity of 2">0
gallons ])er minute, and elevates the water to the surface. .\ similar pump
will be installed on the (ith level. .\t present water from the lower levels
is raised to the nuiin pumping level by snudl air pumps.
Sheet steel, side-dumping, rotary mine cars of one ton or 18 cubic feet
capacity are used in the mine. The.se run to the shaft ami are dumi)e(l
directly in^( the skip.
All tlip I ii<> milled in (iseddiicctly in tiipacid works wliicii liiis Ix-ciu'vocted
(111 the ]iru|>orty iit Swli.liide station liy tlic Xiclmls riieniical Coiniwny. The
avpruRP ])eicentap(> of run of niinc oio will l>e •■ l)oiit ilo' ; , tiio fines heiiig iiiiieh
liiflliev.
The Canadian I'acific railway iiiain line hct"-— n Montreal and Toronto
crosses the sotithern end of the ])ro|)erty. a litt • more than a quarter of a
mile from the mine.
Cdniidii iiiiiie} — Lot 2(). concession XII. Iluii<;eiford towiishiji.
This pros])ect is located on the same falillmnd as the Hunfierford mine.
A lead of gossan can he traced across this lot along the side of a de|)ression.
In 1!M)7, a trial shaft was put down on this property to a dejitli of 110'.
The shaft foUowed the lode on an incline of aixuit .")()°. Some drifting has
lieen done on the S.")' level. The lode strikes east and west; the pro|K'rty
adjoins the mine ojierated hy the Xiciiols Chemical Company.
The width of the lode varied from 4' to 7'. The ore on the duni)) is
pyrite with a little cali'ite and pyrrhotite. and will grade ujiwards of l(t' ,', in
sul|)hur according to Fraleck.
The i)ros]H>ct lies about 12." yards north of the Canadian Pacifi<' Railway.
It was pros])ected liy New York cai)ital. and \V. A. Ilungerford of Madoc,
was in charge of the work.
Hunijcrjord W'vMern Extension. — Lots 21, 22, concession XII. Hunger-
ford townshij). This ])ropeity, in llMHi. had lieen fairly well iirosjiecteil by
means of surface trenches at regular intervals along the strike of the fahlband.
The western lens had been exploited by surface trencher to a length of
.')00' and exhibits in the trenches, near the line between the lots, a width
varying from W to is' of ore, which will grade from 42' ; to 44*;;, suljiliur.
The only impurity consi.-^ts of small iiiclu<led lenses of calcite.
The eastern lenses had not been pros]H>cted in 1!H)(>, but they are pre-
sumably continuations of the Hiingerford mine ore bodies.
I yrite has also been located to the south of the railway. The gossan
is about 40' wide, but not enough work had been done to determine the ey.tent
of the ore.
Tlie Canadian Pacific' railway crosses the southern end of the pro]X>rty,
about ;{()() yards distant.
Ontiiriii Siiliihur Mines. Liniitiilr — The property of this company com-
prises the northwest ([uarter and the east half of lot 21, concession XI, town-
shij) of Ilungerford, Hastings county, having a superficial area of !.")() acres.
Work "11 the proj)erty commenced in March 1!M)S. and has been carried on
•ontiiiuously, save for a shut-down of two months in the summer of 1!»10.
Tiie jiyrites deposit on wliich work has been done is located about half a
' I'ormcrly tlic Oliver pros|x>ct.
' MiuiafjiiiK Director, H. .\. ('. (YiUK, National Cliil), Toronto; Mine Office, Tweed, Ont.
f i
I'l.ATI \ II
A llcail (rallies at tlic Sulphide mine. Nieliols CheMiieal Coiiipiiiiv
H. Head frame and shaft house, \o. '2 shaft, Sulphide mine.
('. (leneral view o' the acid works, S\ilphide. Cntario
\'iews at Sulphide. Ontario.
)i7
mile west of the lluiigcifdnl mine. It a|(|K'iiis tu he a Ions ])itcliin); tuwartls
tlip siiiitheiist.
The tnain slmft (IT X 7') lias Umi sunk t.i the l(K) f.M.t level. Ifcl.iw
this it was narroweil to 10' X 7' anil :is carried dnwn to 2M)' U'low the
cdllar. On tlie KKI' level drifts have Ih'i :i carried si' west and !»S' east aliinn
the Idde. On the 2()0' level t!ie we>( drift runs 17' and the ea.st drift has
l)een carried 17(1' from the shaft.' .\ cross I'ut has Iteen run for M)' frum
the east drift on the l(K)' level: for 12' from the west drift on the JIKI' level:
and for 27' from the east drift on the 2(M(' level.
The work which is lieinj; carrieil on at pre.sent is largely for e.\|iloratiiui
and development.
The ))resent ])lant consists of two U]>ri(iht hoilers with a capai'ity of
ahout (')."> H.P. The mine is provided with one ij-drill Clayton air coin])ressor
o|K»ratinfi 2 Corkill and '.i hammer drills. The hoist is capahle of hoisting
1,2(M) pounds ;}(M) feet. The pumping ei|uipment .-onsists of a duplex steam
pump for the hoilers and one Cameron sinkinn pump.
It is projxised to install electric power l)y extendiiiK the power line of
the Seymour I'ower Company from the |)lant of tin- Nichols Chemical Com-
pany less than three ([uarters of a mile to the east. The shaft is to he straight-
ened and a ski)) track installed. The new eijuipment will include ii 2 ton
electric hoist, and a 12 drill air c<uiipressor. .V shaft house will Ix- ere<'ted
with ore sorting iloor and liins. .\ii aerial tramway will l)e run to the Cana-
• lian Pacific Railway where it cros.ses the Company's lot aliout IMM) feet from
the mine, and loading hins will \h' provided at the siding.
The company are also considering the erection of a conci'iitrating plant.
l)Ut this will not he erected this year.-'
The total shipments from the pro|)eity n\> to the first of .May. I'.M 1. have
Ix'en 1.S21 long tons of ore averaging 3(P,' , sulphur.
Thf Qiiifnylxini h'lthllxtiid. — This fahlhaiid, whi<di is near the eastern
houndary of Madoc township, strikes in a general nort h-of-east direction,
and can he readily followed for a distance of two miles, stained, rusty and
decom]>osed schists iieing discernilile throughout that distance.
QiHinsliiiro mini.- Lot 11, concession XI, Madoc township. Hastings
county. This property is located ahout one mile southwest of the village of
(iueenshoi'o. and one half mile west of the Hay of (iuinte railway.
The dep<isit lies in a depression at the contact of a garnetiferous crystal-
line schist to the .south, resemliling that at Hiingerford. and an iiitni-ioii of
light grey iiiaiiite to the north.
.\ small spring creek ran tiirough t!ie depi'ession over a part of the
dejiosit. This it was necessary to divert, and a siiaft was sunk at the edge
of the old cnek hed, to a de|)th of S.")'. .\t .">()' in depth water c ,; " m to
such an extent that a drift was driven to the (>ast for ;{()' and a ( erii was
' In .Inly. lim.
■ I'.M I Tlic mine was closcil near the i nil o!' this vcar.
08
r<mstru(tc<l into whifh the water was tnippe.l i.y nieiiris of wall plali'> iiikI
trouKlis. At the liottoiii of the shaft, a ilrift has I.ecii iiiii to the west for
2.")'. an<l a eross cut iiiaile 20' to the north, A drift was als<p ilriven to the
west on the .")()' level.
One liiindreil and (ilt> teet to the west another >haft lias Iwen -link to a
depth of :$()'.
AlM.ut 1(K»' southwest of the main >haft. a /.one of iii-ihly pyritoiis rork
was worked. Through this ran several lenses, up to I'-.V in thiekne-s,
of ineiliuni grade pyrite. shadinj; oil' into leaner ore. One lens contains
(li^-cndnated copper pyrite , which was worked Ky an open pit.
The mine was o|H'rated l)y the British .\,iieri.'an Development Company
of Toronto.
The i)lant consisted of 2 boilers, one ti.') H.l'., an<l one .'.() 11.1',, l"'lli
locomotive ty|)e and asl)Cstos covered; al.-o one .Mci;wan Drill Co,, of .\ew
York l-di-ill, straijiht-line air compressor with cylinder I-'" \ IS", and one
steam hoist 10" \ 12". There are likewise a hlacksmith shop, storehouse and
an office huildinj;.
The i)umi>s comprise one Knowles with (i" suction and .V discharKe. and
two vertical plun-;er Cameron pumps 2-.V' x 2" and .i" \ 2-.V' resiH'ctively.
The pyrite was hauled l>y teams to (iueensl.oro .stiitioii an<l there shipiH-il
to the ("ontact Pro<-ess Comi>any at Hufl'alo. The (ir,-t 21 cars ship|H'd
averaged 47';^ sulphur, and shipments up to the fall of llMMi amounted to (m
{■arloads.
The hifjliest grade ore comes from a series of lenses close to the granite
contact. That on which the nuiiu shaft is sunk has, at the shaft, a width
of l.j' and a length of ahout ." ■', thinning out towards the ends. To the
west is a similar lens, whic-h shows a width, in a surface tren(di, of 2U' of very
high grade pyrite. The iron ])yrites in these lenses is a hard, heavy, dense
ore resenihling a massive nuignetite, the only impurity lieing thin yeiidets
ol ,aartz. To the south is an extensive area of more or le.ss imjK-rfect imineg-
nation, showing places from which a 3.")'^ sulphur ore can he quarried.
A noteworthy feature of this deposit is a small vein to the west of the
workings which has a northwest strike and is about 2' wide. It has heen
opened hv a trench Ki' long and 4' deep. It cuts the formation at an angle
of 4.->°, and appears to jxpssess well defined walls. The vein is <-omposed of
(piartz, pyrite, coi)i)er pyrite and argentiferous jamesonite. This vein is
of later age than the pvnite dei)osit. The jamesonite fills the interstices
and is formed around crystals of pyrite. This vein jmssesses an interest
on account of the rare occurrence of jamesonite in this country, and the
present liigh price of antimony.
Camidlan Sulphur Ore Cnmimmfs Property}— 'S. i Lot 9, Concession
X. Ma.loc. When tliis proiierty was investigated hy Mr. Fraleck in l!M)tJ.
a series of i)its and trenehe.s had disclosed a belt of gossan over .^OO' in length,
about 200' in width, and about 12' in depth. The gossan was mainly con-
Fonnerly Wellinffton prospect.
60
nlomoiatp witli in.n u\i,le as a (•cnifntiiiK iiiali'rial; n tain i"iitiuiis were a
fairly k<|"iI liiri"iiilc. Mere and tliorc tliiuiijrli.nit tlir Kos.-an. were fcilinl
pyi p liduldcrs up to 12' in ilianu'tt-r, Kiit ilic cic l„„|;, hail ii.ii Urn l.icattMl.
Sulii'P(|UPnt piii>|i(TtinK and dcvclnpnicnt lias di>cl,.s(>d pyiiic uip in a
wrips of Ipiisps in a falilliand. occnrmi;: in mcks i,f prc-caniliiian :i«c, Tlw
Ipuspsvaryiinvidtli up In •_»(!'. TIipiUp i- hi;;!i niadc, vci y little n. hi lin^. if any,
liavinjj to he ildiip, and (■ar> liavc U'cn >lnp|K'd niriniii!; 10', -|s', sulplnir.
Tlip (IIP is fipp I'lnni iiispiiic. /.inc. lead. CMp|i(.|- and cnlcimii. It lniiiis v» vy
satisfartmily. and is in cr'""! demand liv -iilplniiie and makers. The mil-
piit j^iies mainly to Sulphide. Ontario, and to HulTalo. \.^■.
TliP main shaft is now dovvii i:;.".'. and a second ,-haft KM)' wot is down
')ll.'. The property is e(|iiipped with an Ml H.l'. -team l.oiler. :i-drill
air eoniprPs>or, stpaiii lioj.-l . air drill>. pumps, and otlii'r necessary machinery.
There is a comfortahle lioardins lioii>e lor the men. and an ollice Imildin!:.
The proi)Prty is still in the early >tai:es of development . hut the company,
expect to ship, shortly, at the rale of ,{(1 tons a d;i\-.
The o|)eratin<i; company is the Canadian Sulphur Oic Company, Limited,
of which .Mr. .\. l,on«well is proiijenl. ami A. IV Willmoll, M'crelary ami
treasurer. The head ollice i-^ Kit I.umsden Huildin<r. Toronto, and the mine
address is (^ueenshoro, Ontario. Mr. S. .\. (iraham i< the -uperinlendeiit in
char(i(i of the miiu'.
Dnrls /);■««/),, 7. -South half of Lot 10. Concession IX. Mailoc. This
prosjiect corners on the pro|K'rly of the Canadian Sulphur lire I'onipany.
To the northwest a test jiit ahoiit 1(1' deep has hppn sunk on pyrite somewhat
intprmixed with crystalline liniestoiie. .\t another point on the same lot a
heavy hand of <ji>ssan was hein<; iirosjiected in l!KI(i. The results of this
jirosiipctiiifi work are not known to the author.
Fiimll i>ri>.nirl. — \AA <». Concession \TI. .Madoc township. This
jirospect is situated on the Karrpll farm ahout •_' miles northeast of Madoc
vilhiRP, Mast',..
The cou 1 the deposit is a calc s-hist with a northwest strike
to which tht ■■< Mfdrms, Te.st pits for a distance of 200' show either
gossan or p\ .-naft has lippn sunk to a depth of :il"nit 2.")'. Ahoiit
40 tons of ore iie on tlip dump. .\ sample represent iiif; an aveiiijie of ~W ,
of this material yieldpd lO-til'^; of -ulphui. The de|>osit maintains a uni-
form width of o'. The oidy impurity in the ore is crystalline limestone.
McKcnti) /)Wv/)rW.— Lot (i. Concession VTl, Madoc township. This
jnospect lies on the McKenty farm at :>Iullet"s Corners, 2 miies east of the
village of Madoc. }feniatite was shipped from this pmiierty :i:> yeais ago,
and iron mining has heen carried on in a desultory manner ever since.
A pit, at one time lid' deeii. has caved. An examination of the cull
dump reveals the fa<'t that all large lumjis of apparent hematite have, when
hroken, a core of pyrite. In Mr. Fraleck's opinion, this is one of many
instances throughout Ka.stern Ontario where hematite constitutes the iiossan
capping of a sulphide ore hody.
70
X„ i,.,..n.stiMR foa.uro is a talus Lrrrna to tl..- souti. ..Mho .ln..sit^
,..„n,,..s,..l -f Shan, "".uhn- fn.RnuM.ts ..f he.natit. .T.n.nt.Ml v.th a san.lst.-no
'"""'/./,/. Sal h.h ,.,•,..,.../,- i..t 2:j, n,n.-..ssi..„vn. ';'^;";' '"^'f ''■;
„.., iuRs ...untv. This ,.n.s,..t is l.,..ato.l -n tho s...... -f •'«"''';'"';;;'
Half wav up .iu- hill, a tn-iuh .0' !....« has ,.x,h,so.1 a .Ur.s.t .,f pyntes. In
ho no th oLl of th.. .n.„.h. ,h.. pyrit.. un.-..v..re,l .s ..V w.,!.. . n av...a«.
!J^; 'of pvritous ...au, ial viehU-l :iS.s:V . of M.lphur. 1 h. -ountry n..-k of
„„. .U-posit'is a rhlorit.. s..hist au.l tho strik.- is oaM un.l w.'st,
Th,. (Vntval Ontario vaiKvay is !. n.ilcs .listant l.v wi,.t..r voa.l t.. ( i.l.u-.uv,
„„,l ,i ,„ilos l.v winter roa.l a.To.s Hi^ Sahuon lake to tho pavol p.t.
(!„„„.,■ ,:,.s,„rl. I..t 23. oonression IV. Cashol. On this pros,K..-t.
a shaft has I'oon sunk on the loa.l to u .lopth of 23' ..n 1. an. Is of .l,...nat o
;.a.t. un.l pviito. The w...k was ,>erf..nn..,l wh.lo p.-os,K...t,n« t..r Ro h
Iho s..il on the suHaoe is .,uite unaltere.l. an.l no p.ssun. ah La i.l o, o, e
i,,,.,„i..-,s of a pyrito .loposit are visil.le. The pyntos ... the ^»>;' ■'■•-■- ;
unifo.n.h- inereuse-l with .lepth. .\ sa...ple represent .n« two th,.,ls of th.
.lu., p viehle.l :i!...-M>' , "f sulphur. The total with of th- ve.i. .s .,
The (V,.t.al Ontario .'ailway is 7 . .lies .listant l.y s,n.,..,er .-oa.l a...l
mile- by winter haul.
Olliir l-J<isl<rii Ontiiriii l'nisi»rt^
Sn.Us ,,ro.,,.r,.-^\.^ 7. ......essio.. XIV. h-U^hho.-o-^h t.^nship
K,.onte..ae -L.ty. On this p.-,HM,y a fahlhan.l str.kes .....theas U. ou,
a eoa.se, i...,.u.e e.vMalli.ie li...es,.,..e. .Vt the only o,KMunK. n.assne py.it.
l.ws to u wi.lth of 7'. an.l ...ixeU with .■.ystalli.ie ......;sto,.e. to a w..l I. o
•.V Thi< is on the .oa.l allowa..re a.ul was u„.-..ve.e,l ... ..I.tainmc n.ate ual
for the .-oa.l. The fahU.an.l ra.. U- easily ..a..-. 1 a.-...>- lot .1, .•o..e..ss.,... \1\ .
to the sho.e of I)..se.t lake. It is <• n.il.'s ,lista..t l.y .ou^h wa^on ,oa.l to
Hu.tinKto.. o.. the Khigston iV: IV...l..oke .ailway.
l,„lnn ,ros,,.rl.- (•o...p.is.>s a po.-tio>. of the K. \ 1 .t l'.. .-on-.-ss.o.. \ W.
I),,„o,.sie t'.wnship. La.iark ........y. A h.-avy fal.lha.i.l st.-.k.-s ..o.th o
ea^t alon- the .-ontm-t of a coa.-..' aniphil-lite a..cl a fi.ie «.aine.l. s>ay «>;." K
\>a.lv .-verv t.e..rh i.i the .nu.sh.-s a.ul .lep.v>sio..s .■x,.os..s cossan ... the
torn, of a fj.io.l ..a.le of l.-s ho.. ...'e. Two pits ]..(. yanls ai^a.-t hav.- I,.>e,,
su..k to a .iepth of 20' a..a 22' ,vsp.M.,ively h.^.ssan a..,l ' -•""'J'''^-^.;;;:;^
„,a„M- The south pit is ,.oti...-al.le f<.r .,ua..t.ti..s ot .leli.-ate .•ellula. mI. ...
S,.a,..s up to a foot i.. thiek.i.-ss have hvvn fou...! Imt ,.ynte ... qua..t.ty l.a-^
not vet liee.i locateil.
The san.e ful.ll.a..,l .•o...i..u.'s aen.ss lot 1!.. .-onc^ssio.. VI . alo..K a couta-'t
of e.-vstalli..e lin.estone an.l frrani.e. lle.e a.v a series ..f i..te.esn,., eaven.
i„ the li...estone. wl.i.-l. have l..-e.. eause.l by solvent aet.on ..t a...l soh t.o..>.
followe,l l.v .leposition of py.ite in the .•avities an.l sul.se.,uent oxi.lat.on.
71
The |ii(i|K'rt\ I- 7 iiiil<" l)\ winrcr inad li'iiii Willuii -idinu ..ii the Kiiiii-inii
tV I'cnilinikc liiilwiiv. Mini u;i« pru- |i<'tlfi| li\- W clliiiyhiii ,V I l.iii|<T-i>ii "I
Ma.l.M'.
Sliilkir iii<isi„(l. |,(i| !_'. coiicf-hiii \ I. ('i:ii'i'li<l"ii liiuii-lii|i. I imiliiiMr
r.piiiily. alMPiil •.' iiiili> (■a>l ol' llic \ illaui' "I I'Irviia A wril ,|,li I ImIiIIi.iikI
siriki's a<'ri»H tlii:* |iiii|«'ily in an ca.-l ami woi cjircriinn A -inali ii-i pit
lias Ihi'ii >iinkc.ii a lcii» >i|' p;, litc. wliicli «h(i\vs at tlial |Miiiii a widili ..1 li'
A ijilallz vein r ill width lirs aldlij; a lial'uiiii; wall <<< I'lay >lalf. the lu.ilwall
I'dli-i-tiiii; iif riy>tallilic liliii'-tDiir At >'. ii, Iciilii the i;i)-.»all »liadi'« into
liciiiatitc a- the falilliaiid cio'^c^ mi lut IL', (•.•in c^-iuii \
h'lih 1/ iinisiiitl, 'I'his |iii>|p<Tty i^i ^iliiatid "i-'i iiiilc- li\- a laiiiv i; I
uiiiroii luad. iioitli tnilii l^nlcrpiiM- >lati<iii nii tlic Ua\ uf (iuiiitc raii\\a\
Till' work ciui.^istsdfa pit Ml' Lmi;. Id' uidc. and id' l."i' drrp. -mik in pvi itc
and pyirlidlitc. the I wn -iiipliidc- ncniriiri); in alioiit ciiuai pinp.ui ion-, inici-
liiixcd with pyiiixciM'. cali'llf. iijica.alKl nmlylpdciiitiv A -ample tifatnl at
the laliiiatoiy nl' the Kinn-tnii Schniil nt .Mine- \\a> >nrc'<'»l'ull\ -cpaiatfd
l)y ciiiiiliincd wasliiii); and niaunclic loiM'i'iitiati.iii 'I'lic p\ril( ii^i^^lr- cil'
small ma>scs occuiriiij; in tiic iDrk and in p\ i ihntitf. and the dcpo-it i-
irn-uular. 'I'lic ciccinrciicc is in an oiillici- nf ciystMllini' limoldiic. siirii.iiiidcci
at a -liuit distance \>\ j^ranitc.
Xlllilli III (llllillin (tcilllll lift s
Xiiiihiiiiiil I'l/rilis .l//*i(.'' 'I'lii- piii|(«'ily i> JDcatcd on the shoic (if .lamc.s
lake, about thrc<'-c|Uaitcis of a milf wt-st of tiie Tiiiiiskaiiiinu and Xoithcrn
Ontario railway at the Mnl mile po.-t. Tho discovery was made in l!H):{, l>iit
active ilcvclopmcnf was not coin..i('nc(Ml until Dcccmlx-r Ift.'HJ.
The main shaft has a depth of ;{(K»', with levels at IltO'. 17')'. and 27.">'.
A winze was sunk from the second level. 7.">' north o' the >li:ift, a depth of KKI'.
H drift running to the shaft, and then a raise was piii up to connect with the
shaft at the second I vel. Some of the ore north of the shaft has heen re-
moved l>y open cut workinj^s. and a considerahle amount of ore ha- al-o
heen stoped out on the .second ' third levels.
The main shaft on the dep dips with the schi.st at an anjtle of aliout
70°to tlie we.st. The lens-sha|)e(iore Ixidy lies in a soft green schist about 10(»'
east of the coutaet with a grey hornhlonde granite. The only impurity in the
ore consists of sniall veinlets of (juartz and massive pyrrliolite on each wall of
the lenses. Occasionally, jiyrrhotite is also finely disseminated through the
pyrito. The ere breaks nicely, making very little fines in the course of mining .
The ore is usaully mined l)y underliaiid sloping. It is imisieil to the >hafl
house, where it is broken and cobbeil It is then dum|M'd <|in'ctly from the
storage bin to the cars, a siding from ..le Ti.iii>kamiiig and .Vorthern Ontario
railway liaving l)eeii built to ])ass under the ore bin. The greater p.nt of the
ore was shipped to Huflalo. .\.Y.
' I'oriiicrly Kit) lake niij'o, .laiiic- lake iiiiiic. Ilarri- iiiiiic.
i
3
i
M
•n„, ,„i,„.i M,|H..Uviilit«. WKdl IM-il.'i-.M r.>-,hillair.-..iii|,ir.s.,r,
mill a li'ii-l
•rin- Iili.|« riv i- at |iri-ctil ilu-cl ilowii.
|„ wnt'.t Mr. I., llaiiiia wa • inaiiaic.T. Tlir U>' .[ utiiir nt il,.. o,«.,at..iK
,..,nii.any i- at l..i..|nn. < Mitaii... ami Mi .l-lnt Small.nar, i- Thm-uiv, .
\\',>li III Oiihiri" Iti'iiini mis
llil.ii linn mn„ i„,iH. s .1. i.osih. l-oratnl in tl„. Miilii|.ir.itrli Milling
DivM.m aliimt L". mil.- iH..tl...a-t ..f Mirlii|.ir..t.'ri haiKnu, . I.akr Suprni-r.
Th.' IMn. lion ininr lia- K.rn fully .l.>r,il.<.| in va.loi.- i.'|M.it. ,,t tli.-
(Mitaiiu Mtiifau ..I Mill.-.' l-nikiniuunil wuvkini: lia- ..■v.-aL.I tii.- ..M-t..nr.'
nf |,viit..s in lai^.' -inantili.- Tli.- liviif ami h.nialif .l.^'-i'- 'i'' >" i'
.■..UKhlv ..Ilipti.-al n..'k-liinu.nl an,|.l.it li.'ali.' l-uuml..! un tli.> ...-t l.y a -(.■.•p
l.ill ,,f i,,,n .■aflH.imf. -it. tl... nmtl, l,y i-h.ity larUmat.. ami i|imrt/. |>,.r|.l.yiy
...hi.t- 1.1. tl... s.,utl. l.v .,..ait/.-|.-i|.l.yiy M.|,i,l, anilnn .I,., w.-t l.y |.ynt,.,..
,„„1 ,l„.,tv in.n .•a.lHL.at.-. Tl..- .n.'k M.u.M,uv> a..' al.....^ vita-al.
Til.' I'l.-l.M. ii..i. i.iiiK' .•.■.■ii)'i<''^ '!"• '"'^"'1" ''"'l "f •' «'•'•■•' l"'-''"^'' '''■l";*"^-
.i.,n Tl..' nv,- hu.lv. as sl.nxvn l.y tl..- plan^ ,.f tl,.- >.-v..al l.-v.-i- i- .-ll.pt,.-al
in ,„„li,i,. with an .-a>t ami ^^.•st axis al-nt M)' in i.mtl.. ami a w.iltl. ..t
l^-n-.-s .,f pviit •in- t',n,i.j.l.o.it 11..- li.-niat.t.- .[.-posit, ami tl..- ^.il-
,,l,i,l,. also o...-u,> to tl,.- .-ast, noitl,, ami w.-st ..t tl,.- l,..,..ai if- ore l"..ly.
Tl,.- pv,-it.. .'onsi-ts almost .-ntii-.-ly of K.ai.i.lar on-, i-mnp- ol Imnl "i'' a..-
...•.-asi.mallv fo.iml. l.t.t tli.- «,.-at.-,- tion of tl..- s,.|pl,i,l,- i- m a l,m- «,-an,.la.-
,,„„li,i.,n n-s.->„l.lin« v.-iy .-l.-an < -.-nt.at,-. ( ».-.-asionally. ....all vo.l.s
of u .-lour, white -luart/. sam! o.Tiif. Sampl.-s ot o,-,- wi.l as,ay ..v.-.' ..tl ,
sulph...-. Mii.<- sl.ipm.-nts will «.a.l.- al.....t »■-",, or hvu,-v. ,l.-p.-ml.-i.t ni-on
U.oan.oiint of h<-matit.- that may lK-<-oni<-i..ix<-<l with th.-o,-.-.
Th.- pvrit,- in tilt- l<-n<.-s..r p...-k.-ts. 1,,-in!; .-los.-ly .•o„(i„.-.l l.y tl..- h.-matito
„„.l of a sa.-.-l.an.i,lal stni.-t ...<-, Il-ws .railily. Hk.- hot ,l,y saml. wli.-. -.-r
tho piossnn- is n-H.-v.-il. Th(-refon>. if an op.-nin« liapp.-n- to 1..- ii.ail.- m
,„„- of th.- 1.-..S.-S. it is i,.-.-.-.ssaiy to tak.- l.iompt i„.-as,ir.-> to pr.-v.-nt tl..- (l..w
ami to n-sulat.- it. if n.-.-.-ssaiy. Sp.-.ial timL.-iinK is n.-'.-ssaiy. ami .-v.-n
th.-ii th.- pr.-s.sun- is so KH-at that ..iK-niniis into tlu- pynt.- .-an only 1..- mam-
tain.-.l with diHi.-iiltv ami foi- a short tii.n-.
\,i-,n.'.-m.-i,ts an- l..-inK ma.U- to maintain a -t.-a.ly annual output of
pyrit'.-s fnmi this mi,..-, whi.-l. will pn.l.aMy \' f Ha- laiK-l l-yntc
iiioilui-.-is in Ontario.
n.iini.r Imnishl,.. Thuml.-r Hay .listri.t. I.o. !i. ( 'om-.-sMon \. Nun-
work has l..-.-n .Ion.- on a .l.-p..sit whi.h li.-s on this lot al.out a MUait.-r ol a
mill' w.-st of Bri.lK.- ;51.\, .m tlu- Cana.liai, Norlh.-rn railway. s..ine ,hstaii.-e
lit'low Mokon.aii statioii.
>(). H. M. HilH.ns for isttv, I'.K.l. I'.HV.', l!H):i. i!«,l. I'M..-..
rlic i|c|ri.-il -triki- Imrl lif,-i-l Ml. II llir riihlMil ..| r, iii'^l. iinri ;i ■• :iMi| tin-
Mattiiwiii Iron imiiuiv \ (li-c|i cummim!: "|' Imiilili-i y ^imvcI ,.li-riiic- ilu-
-iirfnri". .'iliil I lie c|r|iii-il cmii ii|i1\ Ik' cN-illiilifil wInTr ;i -iiimII pil |i:i- Ihtm
-link nil till' l.:ilik lit H<':i\i'f cTi'fk 'riiC liullnin of tlir Ic-I |iil i- .">' U'low
tlic level 111' llif rifi-k. iiihI iil" uI Ml ton- o| r.ii' Imm- Uth ilnown ..n ihr
iluiM|i. Tin- |i\ I itc-licMliliU /.one Mfl"';!!- to he mIioiU .lit' \Mill-
Till' iirniilTlirr i- oiif nl' n'|ilai'i'tNrMt . in p ■ of u holh . I In . oiiuli.niri -
;ite l)«'ili(» i<'|iliiri'il li\ |i> rili'. v\liiili fMli wlnii ni;i--i\r. iii;iin- the loik
-tlUilUI'f. Tlir niiilT -ollllijc |irlili|r- liM\r lii'i'li roni[ili'li'|\ ri'|il,iii'i I l>\ |illli'
pM'itir riiiiliili'- uith :i iiiiichiy -[ilii rir:il oiulinr. In tlif oil, jiortion- ol
tlic ciiliuJiiiniiMti'. till' -illi-tiliitiiiti i- nioic' or Ic-- inrorn|)li'ti\ tlir |ii>l)lil('-
(if |iiir(' -iiiiii lii'in^ «'ntili'l\ iiiii'linli'.'i'ii \li :i\ii:ii;r -Minpli' ot' mr mi llie
iliini|i \ ii'Mfii J'.i'Jil', -iilplmr
■/'//)- V'li/) ro/i/K /■ inhii. Thi- |i|-o)icity i- -il ii;ilf.| ' ilc- \,\ trail -oiilli-
\V(-t III' till" ('MiiMiJiiiri N'oitliiTii iailu:i> at Ka-lial'oiui' -tation 'I'lii' niaiii
-liiitt i- JtMl' (|t'r|i, (li|i|iinK "(» to till' iioilli, lui'l loiir Ifvcl-. .'lU' a|>ait. Iia\f
liccii i|ii\cii. Tlic toliowiiii; i- ii -Miop-i- of tjic work ilonc in the various
level-: •
Ml' in leni;ili.
Ill' ■•
7(1
10
tM)
l(»
Cm
• id' in lenntli.
1 Kl
i;{u
l-t \.
rvel.
Drift
In lia-t.
• We-t.
L'n.l
:!r.|
■•
•• Ma-i.
• West.
■• i:a.-t.
• \Ve>t.
Ith
'• i:a-t.
(•rii>s i-iit-
M II
[■vel
to the
.South.
.Xi.rth.
m
Stopf
• i;;i>t.
Id' ioli
i; ■-'•'»'
hitlh
s'
■ We-t.
:i(i' ■■
I.-.'
Id'
■ i:a-t.
KT ■•
1(1'
III
■ We-t.
Mt' ■■
Id'
>
Shaft No. L', alioiit Cidd' noitli of ea-l I'loni .\o. 1, i- .'id' ,lee|i.
Shaft .\o :i. alioiit .'idd' ea>t from .\o. 'J. i- In' ileep.
The plant eon.<isI- of '_' lioiler.-. one "(» II. I*, return tulmlar, aii'l one :J0
Jl.l*. marine: one Imi-t. r\liniler- li" / s". one liii;eiS(i|l-.S|.ri;e;int l-i|rili
air ompressor.
'I'lie u.isiifialeil loek.-i. aieorilinj; to Miilei,' are a series of tali' and i;reen
Hchists. Uialiasc occurs as a ilxke rock ami also felsite. The oie consists
' Ontario liurcaii iif .Mines l<Hi:?. y. Urj.
of .•o,,pcr i.ynt,.s, pynl.utit.- an.l iron pyifs. It rur.i.-s va'uos in «ol.l
ill ;icl(litii)Il to tllf copiJOV.
The Tii.-Topis..sM.ntiailv a .-.-piKT prospoct. Massive py.itic lenses m
,1„. „,iue xvouM n.n ui.wanl of 40' , sulphur, l.ut tl..-re an- extensive as.-o<-i-
ateil bodies of leaner an.l very hislily siliceous ore."
SI,, I, n.„k iMk, ,>,p„sils. The aep"^its in the vieinity of thi^ lake were
very thoroughly prospe,t.M[ f,.r iron ore. They lie north fron> At.kokan
station on the Caiuuiian .Northern railway.
Three-.,uarters of a n.ile west fron. the shore of the lake, tlu- .Maek.-nzie
and Mann locations .\I. tC.l and Hi-' have been prospect.-d by four diamond
,l,ill holes. These rre said to have .lisdosed a deposit .,f pyrites, but detal.s
are not available. The .•ountry nwk on the surface is interbatuled silica and
liiflhlv altered <ireen sciiist.
V verv lar.'e .leposit of iron pvrites has been uncovered at the s.,uthern
extren.itv'of Straw Hat lake. This is reached by a trail to the westward
from the southern part of the eastern arm of Steep IWk ak«'. i'"' ^vork
done eo.n,.ri^es trenehinK. test pitting, ami I diamond dnl holes on loca-
tions S.-,7 X and s:.S X. The south trench shows a width of pynte o over
110' the eastern (it)' of which w..uld be .,uite hish f-ntde at shallow depth
as the onlv inipuritv was ».«»'• Ti.e ore showe.l une.,ual banding and
nodular weatheriiiR. The eastern i-ortion of the ore shown m the trench
is .omewhat siliceous, and w-.tihl "ot run more tiian :5S',-K)',, suli.hur.
A test pit 100 yards to th.- m.rth near the cami.s. simws very fair pyrites
under a heavv Vapi.i.u,' of limonite and hematite. The Inl , on which the
<outh trench is lo.'ated. is MV hish. and tlie whole Rully t.. the west api-ears
to I* un.lerlain with pyrite. Diamond drillimj disclosed the pynte in the
form of a vast crescent, bet ween the horns of whi.di lies a .lepos.t ot lu-matite.
an occurrence resemblinj: very much that of tlie Helen iron mine.
The eouutrv rock to tiie west is an eruptive fireenstone. and to the
east it is a Rreen shist. Th.-se. aloiif; the trail to Steep Hock lake. sh.,w at
times u curious ellii)soidal weatherinft.
The deposit is 4 miles level draw from the Canadian Xorthern Railway
to the south-west.
()th,r Riiitin liif<r Pnispict':
The sulphides of Nickel lak... or Turtle river, and of tiu- Pipestone lake
raiLH- have be.-n verv little prospected, an.l whether sev.Mal of these j;n-at
gossan ranges are un.lerlain with pyrite or pyrrhotite is as yet unkn..wn.
Work has been .h.ne at .■ertain p.,ints ..n pyrrhotite. m the belief that it was
nickcliferous, but ex.^ept for .lianu.n.l -Irillin.' .m one l..cat...n, the pynte
has been ignored.
^i„... «.,inu t.. pn.ss K. S. .\I.,on. has ,,.>l.lisl,..,l • K.l>..rl ,m t!,.. Ti,.-T.,,. < opi-' M""'. "
Ontari.) B.m-a.i of Mines, U.'port \ol. .\.\, part I, liHl, v\> -'"l'--!'-
Vh
■• Iioii pyrites is foiiinl in (luaiititics tli;it iruiy pnivc iiii|>i)i-t:mt in tlio
futuri' on tlic sliorc of Xickcl lake hotwccn (Irassy I'ortam' and Hicc liavs.
( )n .■)77 P and '>>^) V. undci- a thick "lossan of Kiown iron ore. one finds masses
of solid |>yrites several s(iiiare yard- in extent, and mere than a foot in thick-
ness. .\s little or no stri|)|)in<; has lieen done, one can hardly form an idea
of tiie extent of these d<'|)(»sits. The mineral exists as a rather ''oarse c;ranular
nias> in whicii the usual culies may lie seen. .\s it is common iron pvrites
and not jiyrrhotite. the mime Nickel lake is misleadim:. and it is proKahle that
the locations were taken up there under a misappi-ehension. "'
This raiiRe extends for a consideraMe distance aloiif; the vall(\- on the
Little Turtle river, hut as no work had l>eeii done, and us the reports of tiinlier
rangers and othei's were exc<'edin';ly vague, a personal examination was not
made.- Xo piospectors of that district wei-e met who knew the distinction
between ])yrite and iiyrrhotite.
"On the south side of .\ickel lake iti Wat ten township, a few miles farther
west, the railway cuts through a consideraUh' stretch of the Iron raiifte.
here of a somewhat unusual character, consistinj; lar tely of granular silii-a.
oecasionally handed with niagnetite, hut more often heavily charged with
sulphides, especially pyrrhotite. In jilaces, the sulphides hecome massive,
hardly anythin.g else heing present. One hand of pyrites 1.")' thick just at
the shore of Xickel lake may in future heof iin|K)rtance as a source of sulplnn-. " '
The Pipestone inm range was not examined, hut from its similaritv to
the other western ranges, associated deposits of iron pyrites may reasonaiily
he expected.
Xoitli (</7i'»W(/<//.S'(V///((/.— Locations .\ 271, .\ 2.')7, and .V27.i are situated
ahout 1 •.') miles north of Hiddell siding on the Canadian Pacifi<' railwav. Here
:i heavy falilhan<l strikes in a northeast direction along a range of hare hills.
In all the valleys and depressions along the range, high grade limonite is
found. Some of this may have resulted from the decomposition of jiyrites
in i)lace, hut for the most jiart it has heen ilerived from oxidation of dis-
seminateil iron-contaii.ing minerals along the iidg(>s. and suhsei|uent
deposition of the hydroxi<le in the depressions. It was imiwssihle to iletermine
the depth of the limonite. hut the surface area was (luite extensive. Xo high
grade gossan was ohser\ed in place on the ridges, and the fahlhand was in the
main low grade. .\ sn dl test |)it, however, near the shore of a lake, disclosed
promising go.s.san and very fair pyrite. The count iv rock is a felsitic schist
cut hy numerous pegmatite dykes. It is said that a 20' shaft has since heen
sunk with good results, and that later operations have ilisdosed a considerahle
body of mixed jiyrite and pyrrhotite running ahout to' j, suljihur.
Vermilion I'l/rilcs wioc. — This property formerly the \'ermilion Pyrites
mine, and .still earlier the Michie Pyrite mine, is now o))eratcd hy the .Vorthern
Pyrites Company, 2') Hroad St.. Xcw York. The .Mining locations. H. W.
'C'olciiiun, \. 1'., (). H. .\I. IS'U, p. 74.
- »>• .Mr. l>alcck.
M'r.li.riiun. <>. I«. M. HMrj. I). i;u.
1
I
I
7<')
71.-, an.l n. W. 71(i. are situatcl .... th.- sh.,n- -f Hif? Vev...ilion lake about 3.".
„.il..s ....vthc-ast of l)in..rvvu- o.. tlu- ("a-uulia.. Pa-dfi- ....hvay. a,..l ul.out 4
miles fro... (ual.a... .... the (Ira...! Ti'u.ik Pacific railway.
Tl.e .leposit lies i.. a .leprcssion lu-tsvcci. a .-ocky viM- wlm-h strikes
so.,u.wl.at north of east, and the shore of Hi« X ern.ilio.i ake It ru.is mto
the lake towar.ls the wes, eu.l. The surfa.^e is covere.l by a heavy blanket
,f boulder dav varying f...... S' to 2..' in thickness. The only place where
the .ossan cap was exposed was on the shore of the lake whe.-e wave action
lu.d m..ove.l the dav l-over. The lake derives its name from the discoloring
of the water by iron "xide f.-..m this gossan cap. an.l the .l.scovery was made
by a prospector when searching f..r gol.l .)res.
Two shafts have been sunk ..n the ..re b...ly. Number 1 shaft is verti.;al,
S' X 10' i.i secti..n an.l is use.l ..nly as a manway ami f..r pipe lines a"<l ventila-
tion It is -M) feet in .lepth. This shaft is e<,..ippe.l with a «tan.hu-( 41
I idgerwoo.! single .Irum hoisting engine. Nun.ber 2. the workmg shaf . is
tSLpartme.' shaft sunk in the foot wall at an a,.glo ..f .".so. The ho. mg
,.,mpartments are each 4' x iV. an.l the shaft is 2m feet m depth. Is
equippe.1 with a 80 H.I'. Fh.ry .louble cylin.ler sta.i.la.'.l f.'i.-tu.n hoist,
and Stephens- A.lanison aut.miatic mine skips.
The ,.<.wer plant at Xumbe. 1 shaft .■..nsists of three 10.) H.l'. (iO" X Ui'
Jenckes horizontal tubular boile.s. dass H. \W is supplicl by one Canadian
ull cros.s-con.pouml Corliss compressor (HU3) of l.KK) cubi.' feet capa^.ty.
•unl ..ne half a D.iplex Allis-Chalmers-HuUo.-k Class ( iC air c.mpressor. The. .
t -dso a high pres,iu,e. Tvpe A. 43" X H" American Blower vertica engme am
i G K W Tvpe B 1 lf.-i20 volt BulL.ck gene.-at..r. The mine is also supplie.l
with such a'cesso'ry appliances as fee.l water heater, supply an.l h.-c pumps,
'"^'' Over numb..r 2 shaft a hea.lframe .".0' high has been erecte.l. This
eontains a .VM.-n ,.re p....ket int.. whi..h the skips will .lump an.l fr.„n wluc-h
the ore will be ddiveie.l t.. tl.e crushers in the a.ljoinmg ro.k house. 1 h.
rock house is e<,uipped with one number :i. a.i.l ..ne numbe.- .-, Aust.n gyratory
.-rushes, an.l the ne.-essary grizzlies for s.reeni.ig th.- ore to f.jn.ace sue.
The ,rushe,l ..re is raise.l by bu.'ket elevat.,r an.l .lehven-l th.-ough he
.sereens to the ore bins over the aerial tra...way. Power is suppli.-l by a K.
X IS" Heoal autoimiti.' engine.
The aerial tramway, whi.'h was constru.-t.Ml tw,. yea.s ago t.. coiivey
the crushe.l o.'e fr..... the n.ck house t.. the spur fn.... the C. F. I'. Hy.. abou
3 miles .listant. has bee.i furnishe.l with new e.iuipn.ent a... a new terminal
erecte.l at the spur where the ...'e may be either .ielivere.l .h.ect to railway
cars or stocke.l in piles for subse.iuent h.a.li.ig by ...cans of a lO-ton l..con.otive
crane alongside.
The mine has been e<iuippe,l with new n.ck .bills of both the p.st..n
and ha.n.ner stvles as well as with n.>w n.i.ie ..us, air piping, tracks, etc.
Overnea.l stope^ have been opene.l p,'epa,-at..ry t.. the resu.npt.on ..t ship-
ments during the coming season.
77
A lu'w offico anil warclKiu^c. dry house for tlic tiiulcrKrmiiiil moii, powclcr
inagazine. niachiiu' sliop. water linos, moss and l)iiiik liuuso. as well as sovoral
cottages have Itecu providiil.
Ahout a year and a lialf ago, some (''(MM* tons of ore were sliipped. hut
sinee tlien there have heeii no shipments. 'I'lie ore mined (hiring develop-
ment work was stoek-piled. (t is hoped that ahout 2."),()(H) tons will he sent
out this .season (Utll), if transportation facilities will permit: this will in-
clude ore mined in development work.
The ore hody has l)een developed for NOD feet on the 211(1. level. In
addition, there is considerahle drifting on the 1st. and 3rd. levels: the total
amount of drifting in Decemher 1911, exclusive of cross cuts, was l.VMI feet.
The width of the ore hody varies from '40 to (W feet.
.\ccording t<' Fraleck the interhanded jiyrite and rock near the hanging
wall side, as disclosed hy the shaft and crosscut is suggestive of vein tilling,
especially as some tourmaline was oh.served along the northern edge of the
deposit. The laminated structure of the ore. however, renders it more
prohahle that the deposit is of the replacement type, and that the handed
j)vrite and rock along the northern edge represent incomplete replacement
of the schist. The country rock along the hanging wall sidi is composed of
a greenish highly calciferous schist. The gaiigue matter of the ore is ((uartz.
The ore hody strikes northeast and .southwest, and dips to the northwest
at an angle of ahout <>1°.
The ore consists of pyrites (with some pyrrhotite) which apparently
runs ahout -iO'l sulphur: this also heing the proportion of sulp'hur in the hit
of ore already shipped. The ore is a hard and fine grained pyrite and will he
mostly lump ore, with some fines. It has proved to he an excellent ore for
acid making, the residual sulphur lost in the cinder heing often less than one
per cent, although this will he increased liy any admixture of pyrrhotite.
The mine is operated for the N'orthern Pyrites C'om|)any'. hy Uoliert K.
Painter of Hen.son Mines. New Vol k. as Consulting l^ngineer and II. \'. Siiiythe,
local Sujierintcndent at the mine.^
Thf Fnnninq proxprrt. — This prospect is situated on the shore of Big
X'ermilion lake, s miles west of the Wrmilioii mine. Some trenching through
a hlanket of houlder clay ahout V in thickness has heen done at the extreme
end of a point. High grade pyrite in seams from 2' to <i' in thickness is inter-
handed with graphitic shale. The dejiosit strikes east and west, and dips
toward the shore to the north. It is said that horings in the lake out
from the shore disclosed high grade pyrite to a width of 20.' The deposit
dips towards the shore and could lie very readily prospected with a diamond
drill.
The Mo/ici/ pruupcft. — This prospect is situated ahout :i miles southeast
of Schreiher on the Canadian Pacific railwav. and alxiut 2 miles from the
' 2.5 Hroad St., New York.
' Since goiiift to pn'ss E. .s. .Moore has ptibliNlied " Veriuiliim Lake Pyrite Deposits."
Ontario Hun'ail of .Mines, Hopoit Vol. X.X, Part I, 191 1 . pp. I!»'.»-L>0\».
.3
7S
,„„,1, sh...T of l.uk.- Su,H.ri..r. Tlu- vv.,vk in I'KXi .•.msist.-.l -f a ^v'""';' ;''>
l,.,.oMt wl.irh lii-s l.ctw,.on t.ap t.. tlu- -ast and .,uavt/.,to t., tho ue^t. I lie
' te .: pnu.ti..a..y pure on the east si..e, hu, tovvav.l- . he west heeon.es nnx^
S , pv,' hotite, an.. a.Toss a wi.lth ..f ./ is cluin^e. alnu.st ent.rc^ . t h.^
,.,„„,',„i„,,,l. Twentv-five feet t.. the east an., farther .l..wn the Inll a luft
;,;.;:;; sunk ..n a para..e. .ens. Tlu- shaft was .i..... f -"T'lir^' h a^lf
f,..n, ,.>e ..uantitv ..f materia. ..n the .lun.p. w.-ul-l he ah.mt trf) m <lep I.
. : ,,,,,,,' n.ns a.n,.,st the the..reti.-a. percentage, hut the n.a,.r p..rt of
,1 ' ' • is eon.pose.. ..f pvvr.iotite and inter.nixe.. pyrrhot.te .•o.k One
;;;i;j. f;et U. U,Jr,. t.. ....tton. .. ,he .u..y, a --1^^; ;n ;";^>
has heen ..riven into the hi.l to the east, w.th a eross-eut .«) " " J '
,.,osins a verv lean n.ixture ..f pyrrhotite an., roek. «)ne .,ua te, of nUe
to th. north test pits have l.een sunk on s..n,e stringers .,f pynte the e.xt nt
of .1,.. it was nl,t possihle to ascertain, ..wing to the thoroughness of the
""1i"L.e pro«,cc/.-This location, 77.i X. lies al.out 1-5 .ni.es n..nh ..f
SCnc' r at the no.-th en., of Cook lake. A heavy fahlhan.l stnkes east an.
ve ov about a n.ile. The gos.an capping ha., heen renjoye.. .n seve a.
Ices an.l test pits sunk. The .argest of these was about 12 < -1' - ' ^ ^/
Lnu .cross t..e strike of the deposit, which is here seen t.. .'..nsist ..f a ^e.^
l;;:^gnine.. „.ixture .,f pyrite. pyn^hotit^ an., si.ica. -Vn average sample
ofthe..un.pyiel.le..:J'2-2ti';su.pl>ur. i:,. -ihout IS
(;.n.,lrL Lake ,l.ro.it..^The.e extensive pynte ranges. 1" />;'»" J^
,„iles in a straight .ine to tl>e southwest <.f Missanalne on the tana., an Pae.h.
w- an .about :5 .niles bv trail west of the western end of Gou.lreau lake.
'" T,; ntrv between Dog lake an.. Ciou.lreau .ake is compose. .>f gvee,,
schists cut bv fe.siti.. am. greenst.,ne intrusions. .Vt t.ie ou let "the more
.1 ,.K- (..Up of tlu- Two Sisters, the f.)rination c.msists of a hne giame.l
;:;:^i.r ^^ h h'u: the si.e .. a sn.al. pea in a soft green cen...t.ng
Itell Three miles to the n.,rth. this sha.les int., a very caar.se congl.m-
enue with light coloure.1 bou....>rs upwan.s .,f .2" in ...an.eter. Pro.-eed ng
f m tts pohU up the ..reek flowing ., .t of <:..u.lreau lake. <-..-de able
; Irincl has gi!en the congU.n.erate a f..liate.l ^tvucj^r. ano t e o. d s
„re verv fl'vtlv compvesse.l. with the U.nger axes parallel t.. tluy< histoMt> .
Zn . tilireau Le, however, the congL.n.erate has shade.l mt., a green
~""'Kor ....nvenience. the ranges will be roughly .lescri..e.l ^^^^J^;;^^
1 ;f . " \" "('■• 'in.l the "Hear c ami . and the south range
'"X;:;:cS^ deposits fron. the east, the trail pass. t.;^.e s..u.h^
tl,e H ar .■lain, an.l al.mg the northe.-n edge of two s...al. '^- :^\^^'^f
western end of the sec.m.l lake. True'- trail procee..s m a weste,l> .U ec t.on^
Anot'ler t..ul runs ,^orth t.. .lep..sit 1 a...l another to depos.t B .n a southwest
direction.
7'.t
1 3
■0
1;
3
Tlic prevailing roi'k at tlic lakes is a mceii schist. Tlii- lia^, liowever,
i)een iiietaiiiorplioseil in places to a vitreous lionisione schist l>y the iiitviisioii
of a greenst(tii'' to the north. .V well defined contact occurs a short distance
to the north of the western end of the lake.
iJijioiiit " ('."- I'm- iiliout KMt paces north of Tnie's trail, the |>ath to
ileposit "(*" jjusses over low ridges of rusty schist . and I lien through a clepres-
sioii underlain \>y liinonite. Parallel with this, and striking east and west,
runs a low ri<lge of pyrite, with green schist to the iioitli. .\ surfai'e cross-cut
here discloses a width of .")()' of fairly high grade pyrite except for some hands
of green schist, which coidd easily he cidled out, and fini" interini.xed silica.
The pyrite on the side of the ridge is covered with a thin scale of gossan which
(leei>ens towards the depressions. The total length of deposit "('" as dis-
closed hy Ki pits is ahout (KM)'.
Deposit "A ". — .V short distaiico to the north and sligiitly east of "C"
is deposit "A." In the vicinity of the hill on which the camps are situated,
all of the depressions are underlain with limonite. Ivscept for a, few trenches,
the exploratory work here was done with a diamond drill. Coleman descrihes
the locality ': — "A seetion aoross the low hill near its west end shows green
schist, to tlie south, then limestone with some pyritous schist, :{()' of pyrite, \2'
of green schist, i>' of pyrite, and green schist to the north. There seems to 1h>
little continuity in the structure, however, and sections at different jioints
varv greatly among themselves. Pyrites or gossan extends ahout KMt' from
east to wost, with a width of ahout 1.50'; hut it is greatly mi.xed witli other
materials, especially schist and limestone. It is stated that a diamond <lrill
hole on "A" claim sliowed j)yrite to a depth of 1(1!)' averaging ahout :{.">' ^
sulphur.
Deposit " li." — This deposit is readied hy a trail ahout one (|Uarter of a
mile long in a southwest direction from the outlet of the second lake. The
central pmtion of this trail passes along a light colored siliceous schist . studded
with small hroken crystals of hornhlende, suggesting a sheared granite.
Dei)osit " H" lies on the northern flank of a rocky ridge striking ea.-^t and west
and forming the southern shore of a small lake. .Vlong the side hill, trenches
reveal a length of («)()' of either pyrite or gossan, and tlic lake hottoni on that
side ai)pears to consist of limonite. The ])yrite here, although somewhat
interhanded with green schist, is of fair gra<le. On tiie side hill where drain-
age is good, the capping is very thin, and laminated, hut hecomes a consider-
ahle l)ody of limonite in the lake and the tlei)ression at the eastern extremity.
Deposit " D."— Along the south end of a hill, a short distance west of the
lake is deposit "D." The ex])o.sed jjyrite has here weathered in a very
peculiar manner, fresli fractures show! ig an ore of much lower grade
than the surface would indicate. This deposit is the smallest and lowest in
grade of the series.
' O. B. M., 15th Report, 1906 p. ist>.
so
I), posit -A'." A ^iKiTt ilistuiic*' to the west, ncioss it siiiull iiiuskoK, lie;
deposit "K." C'olPiiiiin's (lescii|)ti<it\ is us follows':—
"Tlie first oiitcroi> towur.l the west. iniiiuMl " K" l)y tlie jirosiwct
explored it. run- eiist and west for iitx.ut KM)', and in er
south to north;
I'yrite with some Krt>en sehist ^ Spares.
limestone (mostly hidden hy dehris^ •>
Pvrite
(In'en schist (strike HK)°. dip 00° S.)
I'yrite with some cellular silica
Very rusty banded silica (dip 25° S.).. ■•
,vho
ection shows fioni
1
29
1!)
Width of section "^
"Just to the west of the hill top on which the section was measured, the
limestonn and n.uch of the pyrites luive iK-en .lissolved out as a narrow ravine,
■uid here a shaft 2.-)' deep has Wen sunk. The nuiterials on the dump are
mainly limestone, hut with some l)ands and knots of green schist and many
nris-es of jjvrite— sometimes interhanded with the limestone."
"The limestone is exactly like tiiat of the (IrenviUe series, hut the silica
at the m)rth eml of the section N unmistakably iron formation, though with
little interlmn.led magnetite. The i.yrites often has a in.rphyntic look, large
crystals l«ing eniliedded in a finer gnund mass."
"A short distance to the north of this lake, along the path from outcroi)
"E " a nearly straigla IwikI "^ crystalline limestone was followed for 410
paces. In some .lacts it is 3.V wide, though generally less than that, ami
parallel to it on the north runs a long .lepression sometimes showing gossan
on its north side and i)erhaps representing a haiul of pyrites. The limestone
is white or grey, and dips about S0° to the south with a strike nearly east and
west After the 410 paces diorite seems to cut off the limestone, but 100
p-ices to the east there are 2 sink holes running east and west as nan-ow
trenches. The largest is l.V long, and S' or 10' deep with 0' of partly decom-
posed pyrite at the Ixtttom.
Bear r/»nm — This claim was not visited l)y Mr. Fraleck; Coleman's
de<cription is as follows: = The most east rly deposit, called the Hear claim,
displays many interesting features, and has tlu- largest extent of all the outcroi,
crops seen, with a length from east to west of 12(K)' and a wi.lth of nearly 300'.
To the west there is l(,w i)Catv ground with small pools contaming a foot or
more of ochre or bog ore probably leached fv..m the deix.sit, and much of
the deposit itself is gossan covered or hidden beneath drift."
"A stripping near the middle shows gossan or pyrite at several point
across the strike over a width of loO'. but no strii)pi,ng crosses the full wi.lth.
Towards the east, walls of green schi.^t or schistose hornblende ].orphyrite.
' O. B. M.. 1!H)6, pp. 1S4-:).
M). H. M., HH)t>. pp. ISO.
81
rise (111 Ixitli fiilcs. anil at the ciist end of tlic (lc|Hisit, tin- apiD'anilirc i^ that
of an aiM|iliitli<'ali(' with wall- •">()' m- 7">' hifsh. Hi'ic pxiitcs sccnis to dip
in all dirt'ctiiin-* und<'r the liornlilpndr puipliyrilc. as if it wa> ;i dunu' with the
t(ip removed. The pyrites was weathen-d out near the top of the wall of
the nniphitheatre, leavinij the sciiist projecting over it like an eave. Whether
the valley was formed hy the destruction of pyrites is uncertain. Iiut the ar-
raiiRement su(iK<'sts this The pyrites of the Ik-ar clearinsj seems more mixed
with rock matter than in most of t!ie deposits, liut it covers a far larger area
than any of the others "
The aliove descriptions show that there is a very consideialili' jiyrite-
Jieariiif; area near (roudreaii lake, aiul indicate that only a meagre amount
of exploratory work has been done, in pro])ortion to that necessary lor
..irivinj; at any ade(|uate estimate of (luantity and grade of the availaMe
ore. A large e.xtent of jjossan and Iwig-ore covered dei>ressions has not as
yet l)een prosfx-cted. It is not unreasonahle to exiK-ct that in some of these,
deposits of pyrite, higher in grade tlian those of the hilly outcrops, may l)e
found. I)<>posits ■"H" and "('" are higher in grade than the others, and,
with very little culling, their product should run apjiroximatcly ■W/, sulphur.
In the other ore hodies workalile lenses of 4()'7 "re douhtless occur. The
remaining material r\inning Ix'tween 2")' , and '.i'>' ', in sulphur could readily
l)e concentrated to a 4S'^,' or a .")<)',' product. The plant is ([uite simple,
and the openiting cost in a country leplete with water-jtiiwer, should not
exceed (d cents per ton. The ov«'r burden of limonite is by no niean.s in-
significant economically, and will rejiay removal, esjiecially if taken away
before is becomes contaminated during the mining of the pyrite.
S)ine of the d<'i>osits a^e associated with outliers of the Iron formation,
but the proximity of the eru|)tive green^tone to the north is suggestive of
some of the lOastern Ontario occurrences.
Furtlier ex])loration work has Iieen carried out on the pros|K'cts by the
Lake Su]M>rior Corporation, liMt the results of this ex|)loratioii an^ not yet
available to the iiublic
I'l/rifex aoutli of Chrlinsford — Clark pntspccl. — I«)t 1(, Coiu-ession VI,
Creightoii township, .\lgoma district. On this property a trench .')0' long
and ;}' to 12' dee[), across the strike, wdiicli is easterly, shows gossan all the
way. The gossan towards the north has dearly been formed by seepage
from the dep'-'t. which api)ears to lie along the side of a rocky ridge. Owing
to the small amount of work done, and to the rapidity of oxidation, no
pyrite could lie .ibserved in place, but some jiieces in the dumji were very
high in grade.
The cciutitry rock t<i the south is a mottled crystalline schist, quite mas-
sive in structuie.
Craig inul Hiiinillon jirDspfct. — The adjoining lot to the west has been
prospected for rop})er. The work consists of .several trenches, test jiits, and
f CO' shaft which has iieen sunk through iiiterbaiided iron jiyrites, chal-
copyrite, bornite, schist and graphitic shale, the last lieinu pre-eni in i|Uantity.
82
Tlu' iipiK'isrunci' I'f tlic ilutnp imlii'atrs tliiit if pr<i|M>i'ly culled, the urc wciulil
gratU' liiiili cnniijth in sulpliur coiitont tn U' availaMo for acid-iiiakiiiK pur-
JMISCS.
Tlicsc pins|H'<'ts art' 7 111!!"^ I>y hikmI uapni inail fintn ('hclii-fni'd
slatiiiii (III till- Caiiailiaii I'ai'ific lailuiv, and \ miles anuss level mimtry
fniin the track.
hijiDsils ils(irliiir.— h\ the vicinity (if Hos.sjMut and .lackfisli on the
('ana<lian I'acifii' lailutiy. ninth nf lake Su|M'iii)i-. jocatinns have lieen taken
up for S"l'l. tl'i't seem t«i carry pyrite in suiTicicnt (|uuntity to'warrant tlte
expectation tliat they may develop into pyrite mines. Mr. Fraleck was not
al)ie to otitaiii authentic data us to the exact localities and was umihle to
visit all the jn'osjK-cts.
In other districts. esj)ecially in the Sudhury repioii, pros()ectors ni)|)eur
to have at times o|)ene(l uj) (le|M)sits of pyrite which were aliundonod when
nickel was not found to lie jiresent.
S. F. .Miller in his report ' on the Iron Ores of Xipissing District, dis-
covered extensive lielts of pyritous rocks purulleliiif; with iron ranges. He
suggests that they form with the jaspilite ranges alternate legs of an eroded
anticline. It is possible that these nuiy form u source of pyrite, soon m
the districts in wliich they are found are provided with traiisixirtation facili-
ties.
Pi/ritix \(irth of the HikIkou Bin/ Wnlcrshril
Isliinil poiiitf/r on Mattaqnmi river. — On an island portage on the Mat-
taguini river, i)e*"'.een its junction with the Kakozhish and Kapuskasing
rivers, is an iron pyrite deposit that was noted hoth l)y A. CJ. Harrows and
K. L. Fraleck in 1<HM).=
Tlie former '.riter mentions the occurrence of a vein of (piartz impreg-
nated with pyrite and garnets. This vein is about 80' wide, and showed
for 40' along its length. A sam]>le of the vein material, nearly all pyrites,
showed a gold assay of $1.40 per ton. No trenching has been done and the
(luantity and quality- of the ore is not known.
Big River depodt. — In the Report of the Bureau of Mines, for IS!),"),^ Mr.
K. H. Borron quotes John Driver's description of a large pyrite deposit on
Big river, a tributary of the Opa.satiki. river. John Driver, wlio started
out from Brunswick Post, states: "We followed the Missinal)i down to
the Opasatika portage, which is a straight line, northeast 40 miles, and
thence crossed over to ()p:isatika lake, which is 3'") miles south of Missinabi
river. From the west end of Opasatika lake to the junction of the south-
west end of Missiiuibi lake is 01 miles, including ')■") miles up the Big river
to the pyrites bed or vein. Having looked over the vein, which I had no
trouble to find, the next work was to cut out a path or road im the .south
'(). R. M., l(«h .\niuial R<-port, 1901, p. 17.'}.
' Report of the Survey and Exploration of Northern Ontario. I9(((), pp. fiO and 77.
^ Page 255.
Imiik duwii In tin- ramp, a distaiKC of l-."> milc:^ W <•
iiiu'DVcri'd the nx-k aloiiK tlic siuitli hank tin- lull uiilili I't' llic Im-cI ni \>yr\\vs.
which in 'A')' fruiii wall to wall. I put in ^hut.-, wliich lucikf up the \i'iii
iiifk 2' (IcM'p. t'liim which I jjut >|M'ciiiu'ii.*. I then iincovcrcl the ruck KMI'
hack frcilii the lialik. ami fouinl the \i'iii cuviMcd ovcc with a lent ut' <aiid\
liiaiii. My iiiPii imci)Vi'i<'d tin' vein fnini wall ti> wall, and I Imiiid it \i> 1m'
.'J.j' wide. The ('(HIi-sc i:< nmthwj":-! 2^ wi-t, atnl (Ihc nii-k clip!*l at an aiisilf
iif (».")' cast. In trai'iliK tln' vein .-imth. I fmiiid it tu Ik- deeply ciivei-ed with
soil. The lock gradually iise.< in goinji hack I'loni the livci- and at M)0 yards
is ahoiit 20' ahove water level of the river."
"When Mr. Horron e\plore<l Hii; river in l^^ti. he thoiij;hl thai the rock
in the river was a ooiildi'r froin which he j;ot hi- spfcinien. Imi I found it to
lie part of the vein, h"»' wide and 2' uhove the water. It cro-x- one third
of the river on the south side ahout 20(1 yards up stream. Thi' river here
takes a heiid to the south, and comes liack on itself, so that in followins; thi'
course of thi' vein on the north side, it cuts across tliis point of land, which
is a drift soil However, in thi' followinj; u|)
the course, 1 found the vein to crop out at the foot of the rapid on the south
side 'if the west hranch of the forks of the river, half a mile tiorthwest from
the place where I had heen working. Here the rock is deeply covei"d with
stilT fhiv. I not the men to clean olT the part of the vein, and took what
specimens I could hreak otT with my pick hamm>'r. From the surface, the
pyrites at this place does not look as no(«l as at the lower place, although I
am ((uite sure it is the same vein. The rock is so deeply covereil with a clay
soil that I could not follow it any farther, hut no douht it continues on for
a much farther distance northward. !n following up sonte :{()(! to KKl yards,
I found that the country rock took a channe, heinj; on the west siile of the
vein Lum-entian, while on the east side and all the way down the river to tht!
first rapid, it is a .slate, what I take to he u Huroiiian. "
Loirrr Ixlniitl iiortiuji-, Mnttitijnmi river. -\\. \,. IValeck states that at this
portafje there is every indication of a consid<'rahle lioily of iron pyrites ore.'
I'liriti limit r Urmnlili-
The iron ores of eastern Ontario are characterized hy a hijih sulphur
content. In several localities, they are known to he underlain hy pyrite.
In some ca.ses, proi)erties were operated until the sulphur content, due to the
presence of pyrite, hecame too hinh for shipment, anil the mine w is ahandoned
The workahle depth, as an iron ore deposit, varied from 2.')' to ahout .st)',
Pieces of ore containins pyrite cores can he found on the old dumps. Theri'
.seems to he no douht t)Ut that these hematite deposits were the {tos^aii cappins
of sulphide ore holies, suhseijuently altered from limonite to hematite.
In only one instance, that of the Kldorado Copper mine, has develop-
ment work hecn continued after the lienuitite suitalile for the iron ore market
Kxpl'>rati>>n in Norfhirr, Oiitjiri!: 1<HM), ji, si.
liiiil lirfii irtiKixcil. riii« |>ni|H'i'tv \v;i- i)|n'i:ili'ii for a >liiirt liiiir ii* n coppiT
mini', a >iiiall matting I'liriiai'c having! Ixrii crrrti'ii tn -nit-lt tl ii uliiaitiol.
Tlic |ir<>|«'rt\' \va: eluded in |!MI7 after llic oli' IkmIv lia<l liccn fnlliiuril In u
ilcptli iif aliiiiil :{ll()'. It i|()('« not a|i|»'ar tn liaVf liccn •iiirccs^fiilly ii|ifratiM|
a" a ciiiipcr in'mluii r. Imt a> a »iil|iliiir |iii>|M'itv it may «tili pnAc m In nf
Villuc,
ill the I'olluwinc li-t arc (livcii the lot ami lanirf iimiilx'f- of lrn-alitii'j<
in I'la^tcrn l)iitaiic( from whicji hematite lia* Keen lepoited. Many of llie.ie
loialitie-. are iiin \|)loi-ei| |ii-os|(eet-. otliei* are aliamloiieii iinii mines: -
I la»liii!i- (omitw Marmora to« ii^liiii
llastinj;- iiiiintv, Mailoc to\Mi<lii|i
llastiiius count) . Iliintiiiiiilon . .
lla-tiiijis county. I'aiaiiay
I r.piiteiiac county. I'oitland township
Leeds county. (Vosliy towiisliip.
Mastai'd to\vnshi|i
Lanark coiintv. Untluirst tov -hii
North Shcrin-ooke
Dalhousie
Darlini:
Ifaime
Lot
l.\
ti. IJ. i;{. II
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i:{. 1 1. If.
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1
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II
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II, !■-». \.i. \r,
17. IS
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l.i
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X
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X
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XII
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XI
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IV
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11
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IV
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27
XII
L'(i, -.'7
(iioliH/irdl It'ildlionxliiiix
In (liscussiiif! tlic ^eoioKical relatioiisiiips of the pyri .iccunciices in
Oiit.ivi;), Kvaleck states that pyrite deposits have lioen found tliniu^liout an
I .
J i
!
ai'cii i)f ii|>|irii\iiiiiitcl\ 17i'.(KMl «(|iiiii'f iiiilr-. iiiclinliin: cii-tiTti. riortlifiii ami
\M'»lfrii ' >?itiiiio
On tilt' l>ii*i« of tlifii- rock u—iH-iiiti-. Ill' i|i\ic|i- ilic ilcpu-it- iiiti tliice
i'|a><i>4 !!■> tolliiws:
I. Till' < ili<'i><iiiil. nillipl'i-ilii: till' Hrcirk\ illr Mini Matt:il!Mliii ilr|iii>iN.
Ill ImiIIi cav'^ liasii- (1\ k - ail' hi clc-r |pnp\iiiiit\
J. Tiio'i' (if llic Irnli loiinatiiili. ciniiiiii-ilin tlii' llrlcii, Straw Hal lake,
ami iiriil'alih llii' (lionlrcau lakr i|c'|Mi>it-; tlio-r in itic crv >lalliiir iiiiH-tdiii-
c.f i;a>t('rii ( Milai'i'i all' -itiiilar in uriKiii, if ni«t in at"'.
:{. Till' iTliiaincIrr an' as>iirialril with llir . , -tallini' -i-lii-l- with, in
aiinii-^t i'\i'ry iii'laiii'i'. an riii|)livi' ^ii'i'ii-toni' do-i' liy.
l'VHII» l\ lllllll-ll I cil.l MHIA
I
'I'lii' luiniTal pyriir- i- ii'|Miitril from iiian> Imalitii'- in llii- |priivinii',
I or till' iiici-t |iart ttirsi' (ir(iiiii'ni'r> art' a-^nrialril with itdM of rii|i|(i'i' mr-.
anil till' ili'posit'^ an- not valiialilc Krrail f tlii' snl|ihui- I'Diitriil "f tlir mr
At till' pri'si'iit tiiiir no pyiili'- i- iiiinnl in Urili>li Cciluniliia for il^ ^iil|ilnii,
nor. so far a> till' wiiti'i- wa« alilr to li'aiii. i- any irii|ioiti'i|. 'I'lir siilphidi'-K
wliii'li an- minril arr snirltcci to rt'i'ovrr I'oppn- alul tlii' pii'i'ioii- nirtals. aiiil
th<' siilpliur i> liiiriu-'l olt'. It is po>sil)li' that in tlii' fiitiiri', with tlii! ili-vrlop-
iiiciit of niaiuifai turiisi imiustrii's. then may In' a marki'l for tlii- siilplim
I'oiiti'iit of siiitalili' 'i,i'~. I'rrsi'iit ni'i-ils arr satislii'il l>y tin- importalioii of
Japiincsc >a\v siilpliiir, wliirli rosts ln'twi-i'ii SIT sfs. |M'r ton. in rai;;o lot- at,
sea lioanl points.
Tlu'i'i' i'ri' twd loialilii's. at whirh pyritr> deposits ocnir that an' uoitliv
of spci'ial nicniion. vi/.. thi' lliddcii Crrck property of the iliaiil>\ Con-
solidated Miniiii; and Snii'ltini; Coiiipany. and an oei'iirri'iice on the {".entail
liver alniiit tliirt\-live mile~ al>ove I'ort l!~<iii«ton. owiiecl Ky the Uriti-h
("ohiiiiliia I'yrites Company.
Ulilthn ('n(h. 'Tlii^ pr.iperty is located about thi-ee ((iiailers ,)f a mile
fnpin tide water, on ( ioose Ha>- at the head of ( HiM'rvatory Inlet. It is now
coiitnilled liy the (iranhy Consolidated .Mining and Smelliiif; Company, which
owns 1 \ claims and has minin<; rifihls in -everal others. Thi^ Company has
lieon cxploriiif; unil ilevclopiiiK this pnispect as a copper property for about
two years, and it is jn'olialile that a smelter will be erected in the near fiitun'.
A lar^e body of snlphide ore has been develnpeil by a sy-teiii of tunnels
and supi)li'meiitary diamond drilliiif;. .V tonnage estimated at about ti.OOII.-
(KK) tons of 2' , (cojiperi ore. or about PJ.IKIO.tMH) tons of I ■((.')', ore has been
shown to be present. In addition. di'Vi'lo|)nient work has shown a very con-
si(lcral)le tonnaRe of ore of a hij;lier f;rade above .">' , —ami a lariie toniiaae
of low grade. .\ lar-;e force is now employed in lueparins; the pnipertv for
ofieratioii on a laijtc scale as a copper mine.
' (;ran'tiv CiiiiMiliilalftl Miaiii); ;tiul Sni.ltiug C'mij.iir.y, Cnuiil I'l-rk-. H*'
m
Mlicli nf llir iiic wliiill (Hrlir- <ill llii- |il..|MTt\ i- allliu-l purr -lll|illi"ir.
with lii(tli -iilplnir nmliiil. iiml a liiiur luiiiiimc u.ciii- llml i« ncaii\ |>uri-
|1\ lit!'
liidii |pii-i'ni ruihliiioii- ilifii' i- 111) iiiarkfl l'>r tlir -ul|'liur cimiiiit ui'
lli«' iiii\ ami a- a iiui-iiiim-imi'. tin- -ill|iliur will l>r hiinicil olV an<l ili-rliaiKfl
into the air ill llir pHMo: iif .-liii'ltiii);. SliiMiM it \>r wai ralitcl liv iiiaikft
(■i.iiilitiuii- at ali.v ti Iicforc the iU'p..-it i- i\liau>lr.|, a larsic I >iiiia!I<' «.t
p\iit4- with a low cnpiMT coiitnil will lir availaMi' finiii llii- liiiiiiv \- tin-
luiiif i- piartiiallv at tiilf watci', it wmiM !"■ >ciMiparalivclv ca-y to dcliviT
till' orr vriv ihrapix at any point on llii' roa-t . Mtcr trratniriit in a roa-tinji
fiirnai'f to icovit tlic «illpliiir loiilcnt. tlic rilnlcr coiiM ca-ily In' -ilKjrcti'.l
to tnatinini to icrovcr tlic ropprr an<l otiirr value- wliirji it would i-ontaiii
l;,«l,ill i-ii',-.' Till- property i- -itilatnl on I{im1 liulrii irrrk, a lril>iitar\
of the l>-tal! river, at the head ot tiile wati-r. and aKout ;i.'. mile- aliove l';.rt
I'.—in^to The portal of a pro>peitiin! tunnel, wliiih i- dri\en into the ore.
j. :,|„„ii "I feet froin the river. There i- -aid to I.e an iron -tallied
Land on il. ue-t -ide of the creek, pre-utnahly pyrite-. Iraiealije for -everal
thou-aiid feet, and \ar> inn in width from IJ' to .'(Ci'.
The writer vi-ite(| the pro-peit tunnel on l!ed (luhh neek l>ul wa-not
alile to vi-it the outcrop on account of the weather conditions. The -ill of
the tunnel portal -tainU only a few feel ahove the I'leek and the tunnel i>
driven into the -ide of the jriilch. .\t aliout ."ill' from tiie entry it ent-
ail ore ImmIv of alino,-t pure pyrite ahout 1-V in width. Ore \ui-< Keen ^tope.l
..ut on each -ide of the tunnel forahoiit .'O' and tiiefiill wi.lth of the ore chute.
t )ut cropping- -how ins pyi ite are *aid t cur in ii nuniher of other place-
further uji the i reek, and on the side of the valley. These were not visited.
I'Aploratorv wcpi k has heeii coiitiiied to the openiiu; of this tunnel.
.\ Nimple -hi| 'ti' "f "lie from the tunnel, said to he ahout Ktit ton-,
i- reported to li,: • heeii inadi' to the Chemical Work- at \ icioriu. The lest
of the trial -hipni. i.i of ore -howeil that it is a very saiisfactory ore for acid
making.
Samples wliiih were assaye<l show small yalues in (jold. silver and copper.
'I he snlpliur content vari< from W) to is',','.
I'urther cNploiHtory work is required to definiti-ly detenninc if the
pyrites ore lodies on this propcity arc larjie enoujih to he operated economi-
callv. .\t present there is no market on the coast for ore of this character
and no work is jpeiiif; done on the ore liodies.
I'vnniiiii n I. is cimahiu
I'vrrhotites arc not usually coiisidei.d to he >ulphur ores, siiiie a pure
pyrrhotite coiita.ns only :',l»-'_"; sulphur, which can only !.>• never' d with
difficulty, while puri' pyrite a-says .'»:{• I' , sidpiiur, I'yrrhotites have, how-
ever Keen successfullv roasted in several types of fines hurner- without sup-
' lirili>li fiiiuMiliia I'Mili^ ( .... ral.- ol Swinrrtuii am
! Ml
rt.-rUi, \M
(iKXRHAI. MAP
Showing fhe Pyrifes mines and prospecfs irT"^,^
"< Easfern Canada >• —
and ttieir relahon fo ttie Unired Sfates markeh
Scale of ifatut* M-U^
-«•■""■■" ""•
/;
L
EXPLANATION OF SIONS \ v
Pvntes Mines iu uperation. y
Fh Pyrites t'r .ipects ^^'~-'
® Sulphuii \ci<l Works. V 1
® Sulphite I'ulp Mills.
A I'ereira, /)mu»*t»t>i! ,
To aeeompanv Rttpon No. 107. on
"Pynu$ tt/Conada: /(« ocetoTomeo,
•zafaitMilm, rfnuiiu and nirt," Hr
Or Alfrod if. O WiUon. Itl2.
tl
ir
c<
l>.
II
tl
fi
t<
ol
K
is
i>t
tl
ill
th
(h
at
Ol
fu
!•:
is
of
in
Tl
1>>
ca
an
i>y
(lif
87
plying u.Ulitioiial li.-at fn.n, an .-xt.-rnai s„un-e; il,,. «as ,.n,.lu....,l .....itaiiis
a lower percfntaKC of siilplmr dioxid,, than tlmt made from pyrit.- Cm.
•linons n.igl.t easily aris,. wluMel.y it would ho (.ronornical t i,,,|ov ,„,.. of
this kind for acid making.
Oivs of this class hav.. hirn f.,mid at a f.nv localities in Kastern ( h.tario
hut the nu)st important kn.,wii deposits are the niekel-eop|„.r-lM.arin.. r.vrr-
hotites of the Sudhury distri.t. I-xpioration work has shown that there'nre
prohahly nearly .-,().(M)0.(H)0 tons of thi< ore availahle in thi- .jistri.t WvrU
of It will contain ahove L'.V ^ sulphur, s,.me of it will run ahove ;{(!' , I>n...".„t
pra.tic.' is to roast the ore in open heaps, driving ofr slightlv m.,re than one
halt the sulphur. It does n,t appear to ho coiumerciallv practi-^ahle to s.,ve
this .sulphur at the present tin,,., i.e.. the co.st of ivovering and niarketin.' the
sulphur would he grealer than the value <,f the sulphur recovered The ex-
pansion ot the market for sulphur dioxide and th<. introduction of irunrove I
processes may. m the future, so modify condition, that it mav he pracfichle
to recover and market .^.m.. of the Mdphur which is now valueless and is
thrown away under presen' • lactice.
Notes on some Foreign Occurrences of Pyrites
Pyrite.. .or the United States market, apart from the domestic -upplv
comes chiefly from Spain and Portugal. Small ,,uantities are also imp'.'t.-d
from Norway. Xewfoundlaml, .\rexico, Cuna.la, and other countries' The
value of pyrites on the Cnite.l States market is practicallv determined hv the
value of the Spanish ores.
The ore ho.lies which occur in Spain are the largest in the worhl and
their annual outi)Ut is also the largest. .\s the nature of tlie.se occurrences
IS interesting for comparative purposes, a des,.ription of these deposits has
heeii included in this report. Some notes on occurrences in Xorwav and
Japan have also heen included, the latter hecause Japanese pvrites wolild he
readilx- availahle did a market exist on the west coast of .\merica.
The I'lirilir Ihimsits of Huvlvit. Spuin^
The pyrites deposits of the province of Huelva, Spain, are prohahlv
tlie most imiHutant known deposit* of this mineral. Thev have heen known
ami exploited sm e very ancient times. The following general description
of the region is an ahstract of an article hy .Mr. A. Moncrieff Finlavsoi, V
much more .letailed di.scu.ssion, including a description of .^ome of the imlivi-
dua deposit will he found in the original paper; numerous references to
the literature <,f the .listrict will also he found in Mr. Finlavson's article.
The pyritic dejxisits occupy a helt e.xtending fr.)ni .\znalcollar in Scvilia
Umnigh Huelva. to Aljustrel in .\lemtejo (Portugal). Their a,.parem dis-
' .-H'e Cliiiirtcr HI, Table l.j.
JAhstract, arti.-l,. „f .-anic title l,y .\. .MoncricfT I'iMlays,,,,, IV.-mommc (;,..,1okv Vol V
pp. •i-.,-.i,2 a.ul 40:i-|:tr, i<)i„; ,.,„„,,an. alx, 1'. Tnul,.,t, ■ I.- Pyril,,,- pp. :i:.Mi|. |l)07."
88
tril.utioii ill long lK»lts is purely fortuitous, and is due to the tectonics of the
district. t)ut. on u smidlcr scale, well-nuirked lines of mineralization are
evident extending over two or thi-ee miles and including several detached
lodes.
In foini the lodes are lenticular, hoth in plan and in section. Imt tlieir
dimensions are variahle, and there are all Riadations from very elonjjated
lenses to shi vt wide masses. A tyix' sometimes met with is wedge-shaped
in plan, witli one hroad and one tai)erinK end. As a rule, however, both
ends of a lode feather <iut along the strike. "Rolls" nuiy occur along the
walls, and tiie rolls fre(iiu'ntly divide uj) into stringers. i)oth at their ter-
miiwtions in strike and vertically. Their lower ends generally ta])er to a
point in 1 ross-.section. accompanied often hy a decrease in Ien<;th at succes-
sive levels, hut occasionallv they have a liroad base. esi)ecially when, like the
north lodes of Rio Tinto, they are enclosed in pori)lnTy. .V pitch along
the strike of the lodes is occaNionally seen.
TFie deposits show gieat variations in size, hut there is a general ten-
dency towards i)roi.ortional dimensions in individual lodes. The longest
masses include the San Dionisio and South Lodes of l{io Tinto, which have
a combined length of over 4-.") miles. La Zarza is l,.30O yards in length, atid
the lodes of Sotiel cover a length of over 1,100 yards. The great majority
of the lodes, howovfc/, vary l«twecn 300 and 7.')0 yards, and v few are shorter
than 200 yards. The widtii, i.e., maximum width, of loiles is generally
proi)ortional to tiieir length, but there is considerable irregularity. San
Dionisio. ])robably the largest single lotle in the field, reache:> a width of 270
yards, but the majority of the large lodes range l)etv.een oO and 100 yards
in width, and the smaller ones I)etween Iti and 32 yarn.-!.
The depth or vertical e.xtent of lodes is, in the first jjlace, roughly pro-
portional to their other dimensions. Thus San Dionisio is o])ened up to a
depth of l(i}()', and is known to extend still deeper. This is, however, an
e.xceptioiud figure. The veitical range of ore deposition iuis undoubtedly
l)een very restricteil, and has juobably in no cases exceeded 3370'. Few of
the lodes ai)i<ear to have exceeded an original depth of ItiOO', and as a result
of denundation. veiy few now attain to 1000'. The smaller lodes invariably
taper out at a much le.ss depth than this. The factor of denudation has,
however, been the all-inip(trtant cau.«e in determining the present vertical
extent of lodes in the field. This is strikingly seen where two or more
parallel lodes occui- en echelon. In such cases, one lode nuiy feather out a
short distance below its oiitcroj), while its neighbor has no outcrop, but dies
out before reaching the surface. The extreme effect of denundation opca-
sionallj seen has been the erosion of a lode to such an extent that the resi-
dual i)ortion has U'en conij)letely converted into go.ssan, with no suli>hide
(•re lieneath. On the other hand, many lodes taper near the surface, and
have an insignificant outcrop, thus indicating that Imt little has l)een re-
irioved by erosion.
The lode walls are generally well-defined and smooth, and marked by
•'ay selvages (.r gouge. Slickensides are conmion and the walls are in all
89
lopocts siniiliir f., tl.ose .,f veins of tho n.-rrnal tvp... Thov clcuriy murk
l-lnnos .,f f„n.ior inuvnn.M.f. Tlio adjoininR slates aiv tVo,,uontlv much
<-nislic(l and contorted. es|K-eially alonj; the .•ontin,iati,,n of tli.. lode ("•hannel
and l.m-cmtion of tlio rocks, witl. u cement of ,|„artz and massive pyrito'
1- sometimes seen, esi)ecially where the lodes adjoin pori.hvrv, as at' Rio
rinto or (liahase, as at Santo Domingo.
It is characteristic of tlie lodes that they are invarial.lv foun.l aLm-
l-lanes or xones of weakness, s.ich as the contact of i.orphvrv and slate or
<|uartzite and slate. The lo.le z.me of CalK^zas del I'asto. for example, is in
a helt .,f soft crusiied slates, some 105' wide, with (Hiartzites to the sotnh .,f
It. and ureywacke to the north. The position of the lodes tiin.UKho.it tiie
area has clearly Wen determinetl in each case l,v structural features / ,■
l.y natural lines of weakness which pive way under strain, and perm'itte.l
sliearnif; or overt hrustiiift.
The Coiuiln, flock: -Of the :« chief lodes or groups of lodes in the dis-
trict. 1 are jMactically enclosed in jx-rpliry. 2 are at the junction hetween
slate and dial.ase. 11 are at the junction of slate ami porphrv, and Iti are
endo.sed wholly in slates or associated sedimentarics. .V coi"isideration of
their uctural relations, indeed, at once .sucgests that the lodes cannot
!.<■ regi.r.led as genetically related to any one sroiip of igneous rocks per se.
Beyond the walls, the country rock is in preKiiated with i)Vrites to a
distance of from 3()' to -l.V, accrdiiiR to the size of the ore l.odv and the
effect IS commonly greater on the hanging wall side. The adjoinin-' rocks
further show the effects of hydrothermal acti..n t.. a marked degree, forming
tlie zone ot "sallmnda." .\t San Dionisio. ]{io Tinto, the i>,.rphvrv has
iH^'en altered, <.ver a .listan.'e of ;}((' to 00' from the wall t.. an earthv porous
rock full of unaltered (|iiartz i>henocrvsts.
Lnilc Stntctiirc.—Thc typical lodes are composeil of massive, honio-
geiHous i.yrite. The ore is remarkahly free from admixed count'rv r.vk.
Eiirjo.sed "horses" of country rock occur. Imt tliev are unimiHntant in
comparison with the width of the lodes. At other times, the lodes are
fre.iuently si)lit uj) into legs ,,r .-trings h, intercalated .seams of counlrv rock.
Later faults are not common, except in the case of .some small lodes" where
consideral.le displacement and even severance of the lode has occurred.
That movement lias occurred since lode formation is. however, clearly shown
by the al)undant and often characteristic joints whicli t-.-,.p,.^p ^1,^ ,„.^^s
of the ore. Thus a set of vertical joints is comuKuilv .seen running parallel
with the strike of the lode, and freciuently a sec(,nd vertical .set, running
from wall to wall and i)a.ssing into the country rock mav occur. Finall}"
horiz.mtal joints or "floors" and irregular diagonal jointing are .-ometi.nes
l-re.sent. The joint planes are nearly always well slickensided. a. ■! often
hne.l with quartz. The comparative absence .,f fault in the lodes is prohah" ■•
due to their nia.ssive and resistant nature."
"The typical ore is seldom conspicuously tiaiuled in structure, hut highly
handed ores occur as local sp ■ n p,,,.ts of the lod"s. alternati-g with "and
<H)
noinetiiiu's pu.ssinK insi'iisiWly into tho nuissivc (»n'. A faint liuitdinK I'lin.
howL'Vfr, geiU'nilly l)e discerned, pariillel with the lode walls.
The Ores. The (los.snii. — The essential ore of the o\idixe(| zone is a
massive homutite. eontaining over oO' ^^ of iron, and fcoin 10',' to l'>' '„ of
siliceous and arj^illaceous matter. Its depth varies from SO' to KiO'. the
avcraj^e heinj; ahoiit KKl'. The depth of oxidation has clearly l>een deter-
mined, in all cases, hy the topo>i;raphic level of ground water, though it is
dependent also, in a minor degree, on the relative porosity of tin- enclosing
rocks. Tlie apj.'earance of the outcrop is often somewhat deceptive; thus,
in the case of lodes whose upper termination does not reach the present
surface the line of outcrop may lie nuirkcd only hy ferruginous slate-, or
there may even he no surface indication wiiatever of ore heneath.
The lower limit of the gossan is sharj) and well defined ami the line of
contact hetween gossan and sulphide ore is sometimes markeil liy an earthy
zone carrying consideralile values in gold ami silver.
Zone of Kiin'chf'd Siilj)lnilcs.~T\n' top portion of the sulphide zone for a
thickness of '.i' or more is generally composed of leached or impoverished
pyrite. containing! only traces of copper. Heneath this commences the zone
of enriched sul()hides. in which the ore assays from 3' ,' to 12',' of cop|)er,
the average heing from 4' , to 7' , . The enriched pyrite which is softer and
more porous than the lean ore heneath. carries chalcopyrite and chulcocite
a.s the chief jjroducts of enrichment. Hoth chalcopyrite and chalcocite are
abundant in the ujiper part of the zone, as veins filling cra<'ks in the ore and in
the adjoining country rock. Bornite is not very characteristic. i>ut stringer.s
of argentiferous galena, with occasional • tiahedrite and other silver-hearing
ores, have been abundant as secondare products in .some lodes, (iypsum
and harytes occur with the secondary ores, tilling fissures and joints. Xative
coppe- o''curs in small (piantities, in arborescent form and also deposited on
old mme timbers.
Owing to the imjierceptilile transition from enriched to lean ore. the depth
of the zone of enriciiment cannot be very exactly stated, and, where faults
or fissures occur in or adjacent to the lodes, there may result local enrichmant
at much more than the usual dejjth. The average depth of enrichment may.
however, be placed at HX)' to 2(K)' below the gossan or 'ifiO' to .il')' below the
outcrop. To this depth the ore will in most cases, be found to assay :}' ,' or
more in copper.
Zuin <ij' Pn'nitiri/ diid Linn Siiljtliidcu. — With increasing depth the copper
content, first of the enriched ore and later of the primary ore. progressively
decreases. The bulk of the jjriniary ores vary between O-S', ami 2' t of
copper, while some, such as those of VA Perruval and La Zarza. assay O-o'o
or less. The rate of decrease in (le])th varies greatly. In the low-grade
masses, there may be comparatively little change to considerable depth;:.
While the general law of decrease in depth holds good, there are local excep-
tions. In several mines there have been found patches of rich primary ore
(chalcopyrite) at or near the lower terminations of the lodes.
1
I
»l
I'lif inclination of all tin- Iluclva hxlcs is ncnciuily pretty steep unci
varies but little in ilifTerent parts of the field. Differences in the rate of de-
crease due to this cause, if they exist, are consequently not easily detected,
and in any case are not likely to lie of economic si);nifi<'ance.
The ])riinary ore may l)e considered under four classes, namely massive
ore, lianded and complex ore, pyritous slates and inaR.ietic ore. The massive
ore, in which, it .should lie noted, a faint trace of handing is verv fre(|uentlv
ili.scernilih'. constitutes the "greater portion of ; he lodes. It Ic s a specific
gravity of t-.')to t • S and carries from is' , to ."»()', of sulphur. As the copper
content decreases, the ore Keconies hanler and white''. The total lunount of
silica alumina and earths seldom e\c(>eds :{' , or 1' ; , except in local siiir'cous
ores. Lead and zinc occur in sni:dl (|mintities. .\r.senic varies from 0-J.")' J,
to r ; , and traces of iii>inutii, selenium, tellurium and other metals are pre-
.sent. Silver occurs in (luantities up to 1 or I-.') ozs. per ton and the gold
amounts to I' ; or l" ; of the silver present.
I'ljritis ill Xonriii/
The great cupriferous pyrite deposits of .\orway are found alonj,' the de-
graded mountain range which forms the liacklxine of .Scandinavia, iietween
5»° and 70° north latitude. Ores are mined in the Sulitjelma region in Xord-
land. north of the Arctic Circle in the Trondhjem district, and at several
points along the central and west coasts, Tli(> deposits at Sulitjelma are the
largest producers in the kingdom.
The .Vorwegian deposits arc tyjiically lenticular in form, and are con-
formahly intercalated between the layers of a crystalline schist belonging to
the lower Silurian, They are usually clo.sely a.ssociated with Intrusive ma.sseg
of gabbro or an associated soda granite. The ore bodies consist of ircjn
pyrites and disseminated chalcopyrite in a siliceous gangue -mostly (juartz.
The thickness of the lins(>s viries from a few feet to more than ()()': their
horizontal length on the surface is not much greater than their width, but
they extend downward to very considerable deptiis, forming ore bodies
of siiudl cros.s section, l)Ut of great length.
The gangue which accomjjanies the ores is usually quartz. With the
quartz are associated less amounts of hornblende mica, diopside and garnet;
feldspar, epidote, titanite, chlorite,, ilc, and fluorspar are also present as
accessory mincraLs; zinc blende, pyrrhotito, galena and arseiiopyrite some-
times occur in small amounts,
■Vt Siilitjelnia, the i)resence of these gangue minerals makes it necessary
to concentrate the ores. Two products are made — one containing 4-S%
copper for smelting, and the other ctmtaining l-4'7, co])i)er, 45% sulphur,
34-30% iron, 2-2'")% silica and alumina, for export.
There are a number of pyrites ore bodies known to occur in Xorway
which are not exjiloited at the jiresent time because of the difficulties of trans-
portation.
92
I'l/iilis III JiifHin^
■Inpan ronfairis .Is (,ut „f tl.c TM Krc-utcst c.ppor mi.M.s „f the w..il,l
acc.nlinjr t., \Vml.» The (-.ppcr ..ioh ...tu.- in vein... iM,pi,.u'iu.ti,>ns ,„•
(*tockwnrks III ncid volciuiic rocks and in lenses of iiipiifcrons pvrite in .tv-
stjillinc schists.
Tlmse deix)sits are o|KTiited chiefly for the cop|*r content of the ores
the sulphur l)ein|? lost; ore from deposits of the last tv'in. mentioned could'
however, he utiliiied for its sulphur content. .\ccordin>r to the .MiiH-rai In-
dustry, shKhtly over 27,0(X) tons of pyrites xveie mined in Japan in l!K)!l -a
small output when the nuiul-er a:id size of the lenticular <le[>osits of cupriferous
pyrites is ciisideied. Data are not at present avalial.le indicating tn.m what
nuiie in mines this outi.ut .,f i.yrites was ..htaii.ed, .\s. howev.T. then, aic
un.loul.tedly almn.lant suppli..s of cupriferous pyrites avaiial.lc, aii.l as
Japanese pyrites nuKlit readily U'cme an important fact.u- in the market
situation al.uiK the Pacific Coast in connK>tition with native ores, the sub-
joined sketch of two of the more im|)orlaiit .leposits in Japan is given.'
The larfjest and most important of the dei)osits of cupriferous j.yrites is
the Resshl mine. The mine is situated on the watershed ranste of .shikoku,
near Kyoto in southern Japan, and lies iM^tween :j(MM)' ami KKH)' above sea
level. It is connected l)y railway with Xiihama on the cast, which is a port
of call for stcamei's.
The rocks of the di.strict are chloritic and Rrapliitic .schists, which, near
the mines, contain Immls „f piedmontite schist. (Quartz schist runs aloiifr
both sides of the deposit, and in places grades into sericite or piedmontite
schi.st. Amphibolite schists, eWoRite and .several dvkes of seri)entine contain-
ing chronute outcrop <ui the hanging wall side at s.uue .listance fr.mi the
deposit.
The deposit itself is described as a l^-d of cupriferous iron pvrite striking
at 120° and dii)i)ing northward in the upper level at 4.-)== and at 00° in the
lower levels. The bed is over rKMtO' long, 2'-;50' wide, and the present (1909)
deejH-st part is 21.-.()' deep along the dip. In the lH>d two swells seem to
course fnun the upjK-r west part to the l.iwer east corner, sl.jping at about
4o°. There are several step faults in the eastein pait.
The ore may be classified into three kiiuls:
(a) Massive |)jTite containing about .3';^ Cu. and 2' ; SiO,.
{b) Banded ore with the country-rock containing 4' ,. Cu iind 30' ; .SiO,.
(c) lOnrichcd ore.
The average tenor of the ore during a three in.mth period in 1!HJ!» was
3.S%Cu, ;5:i.;jo;,s;, a„a:r,.:i',; i-v.
'.S-c ■'.MiniiiK in .Japan, I'a.t and Pre^-nt,' published l.v thr Uur.aa of .Mint- The
Uepartnient ol Agriculture and Cominerec of .Japan. KKK).
•"Copper Mines ol the World." \V. H. Weed. liHKS, p. Hi).
' Abstract, '■ .Milling in Japan," p. l>20.
At present ull the ore is smelted, alHUit t\v..-tliinls nf ii U-ing first n.asle.l
ill stalls to reduce the siili.liur cniileiit; it is then treated in llast fiirnaees;
the lialance of the ..re is subjected tu [lyritic snieltinir.
Othen.re iH.dies ..f u similar tyiH' nerur at the Kune mine whirji is-itiia-
ted in a forested ni.MintaimMis reRinn. i>n the left side of the up|M'r cuurse ..f
flie Teiiiyil river, AV, miles north of HuinairiatsM .-tatioii on the I'okaidA
railway. The most impi.rtant de|)osit forms an irremilar massive ..i.' U.dy
extendiiiK about KKK)' with an average width of I.",', Ikmui: KHC wide at its
greatest l.readth. Several other iK-ds occur in lenticular masses oi small
size varyinj; in width fnun 3' to 2.')'.
The ore assays |..V;;, Cu, {2% IV. J.")' , S. and l-.V , Si. The l^-st .ue
contains more than 20':c ("u. At present the ore is use.l (uily for its cop|H>r
content.
A numl^^r of other deposits of this tyiw occur in Japan, some of them of
considerahle im|M.rtance. Such are the Hil.ira. H>niKa and Itsuki pyr'
ore Ixidies. which occur in carboniferous slates near intrusive bodies of (|uart/.
I)ori)hyry.
!H
CHAPTER V.
TIIK l{()ASTI.\(; OF I'VIUTKS
III piiicticc, -iiilpliiilr's ni tlip iiH'tiils iiro siilijoclrd tn ii nmsting proopss,
••itlwr for tlip pmpK.so of lOiiioviriK ii pint or nil nf the su!)>liiir witli tlio ohjpct
of ivcovoriiiK the iiictallic iM.rtioii only— u-'iinlly copjter or ziiH — or for the
purixiso of rPcoveriiiR the suli)liur coiitonts of the ore. In tlie hitter ciise it is
u^<^llllly (leninihle to retnove the sulplnir as completely a> jiossilile, tlioiigli in
the caHC of ores rontnininn <'opiM'r, it may l)e necessary to so reg'ihite the roast-
ing process t hat a sufficient (|iiant ity of sulphur may Ix- left in the ore to |>ermit
of ns jierfect a reectvery of the cop|)er contents as possilile.
Pyrites oi-es, us they come from the mine, are not usually suital)le for
churning into furruices itr.mediately. It is almost always necessary to break
up the larger lamps in order to l)urn the pyrites completely. This is some-
times done at the mine, hut more frequently at the works. At the mines the
ore is usually passed directly over a grizzly from the skip or hoisting bucket.
The oversize pas.ses through some form of crusher, the large lumps being
spalled. Canguc and rock matter are picked out by hand on the crusher floor.
The crushed ore and the undersize pass through tronwnels or screens, to
separate the lump ore from the fines. In .some mills, where finer crushing is
required, a second set of jaw crushers may be employed, or rolls, or i)oth.
The finely crushed on will then be treated on tables. At nuiny chemical
works, run of mine ore is purcha..i;d. \t these works the ore is often broken
by hand and then screened to separate the fines from the lump.
Where the lumps of ore ar,- too large, they do not burn completely if
cinder from such lumps is broken, cores of green ore will be found. Large
lumps tend to become too hot when l)urniug, and may form slag. On the
other hand, ore that is too tine tends to pack, and prevents access of the
proper amount of air. In l)urning pyrites, it thus becomes indispensai)le
to .separate the lump ore from the fines and to treat each separately. Pyrites
burners can b.> worked to full advantage only if the pieces of ore arc of uni-
form size, and where practicable, it is advisable to make a iiuiiil)er of sizes.
In practice the -iiajority of plants seem to treat but two sizes "lump" (ore
that will pass a 'ij", sometimes a :}" riiigi and ' fines " (ore that will pass a 3''.
sometimes a }* .screen). In some plants an intermediate grade ("i)ca") is
made; it constitutes that portion of the ore which will pass a 1* screen,
but wiiich is retained on the l".
bump ores, in .Vmerica at least, are used almost exclusively in acid
works, .\tteinpts to use them in the manufacture of sulphite liquors for
puiMT nmkifiK wort' imt very *iicrc'Msfiil and lis.vi l.,...n :il.:iii,li)m'.l.' !n
Kuropr. lump luinicrr- have fniin.l ii plarc in paper tiiilU f,,r iniiiiy y.-ars.
hut an- iinw Ix'ing gnulually icplaci'cl t,y other furiiis of humeri.
Fines ore i.« liurned in furnaee.s of a sperial ty|H' UMially airanije.l so
that the l.uniing ore may l>e stirred internn'ttently, either l.y hand ..r hv
meehanical means, to promote <'oml.ustion and to prevei,; umhie li-atinj?
und slaKKinu. The gas ohtained from these hurners. es|K.eia!ly >ome ,.f tlie
more iinproveci forms, is riclier in sulphur than the iras from lump \,w:-
and can l>e made pranically free fro'n sulphur trio\ide. lines liurner- are
largely used in acid works in conjunetion with lump l.urners, and. in liurupe.
they have lieen installed in a great many paper iin'lls.
.
Types of Pyiites Roasting Furnaces.
I.l XII' niHNKKS
Lumi) l.urners are usually erected in the form of batteries of n, i,, .12
furnaces, each rectangular in horizontal section, arranged with the units in
two rotvs, hark to hack, with a conunon central wall. This arrangement
insures the .lelivory of a fairly uniform supply of sulphur diosiije, economizes
in space and material, conserves heat, and gn-atly reduces (irst <'osts. In
construction details, the types of lump l.urners in use among the ditTerent
acid makers vary greatly. The following may he consi.lered as a generalized
description of a typical set of l.urners of modern construction.^
FJatteries of furnaces are usually l.uilt of l.rick, re.l l.rick being used
for the lower portions and for the outer walls and arches, laldini; intro-
duces a layer of hollow clay l.rick l.eliin<l the f-ont plates; these teml to keep
the furnace room cooler and to conserve "le heat.^ The inside walls above
the grates, the arches, and the gas flues are made of fire brick. I'ire clay
niorta- is used. or. esjiecially for the cooler i)arts of the furnace, boiled down
lar and sand, it being necessary that all joints shall be gas j.roi.f.
The front walls are usually one brick thick, and vertical inside, while
the back or centre wall between each two furnaces of a battery is usually
two bricks wide. The side walls between adjacent burners are 1.."i or 2
bricks thick to a little above the level of the feed door, and one brick hick
in the upper j.art. The arch beL.w the gas due is I-.") inches thick, and the
upper arch is of the same thickness. The top (.f the furnace is usually covered
with finely crushed cinder to several inches in (lei)th. Helow the gi-ate bars.
' I.xcopt in one case where cxpcriiiiciital work, now in pmcrcss i- riportoil tc liavc
Ijccn siuTc'ssfiil.
' For detailed (lcs(Ti|)tion> and (lra«in(ts scc:^
I.ujiKe, ClporKo, Sulphuric .\eiJ ami .\lkali, :!r<l Kd., Vol. I, Part II, pp. 2'Jl it -.m|.
Kaldinp, F. ,1., "The Manufacf iirr of ChaniUT .-^ulplmric .\ci,l," Mineral bnhi-trv
1S90. pp. f.fi.V.4ftS.
Hoffmann, Carl, Handbueh iler Paper Fiibrikatinn, Hand II. pp. 14f>2 et *ei|.
' Faldini;, op. eit., p. 66.5.
9«
tin- riiiiliT pit.H rimy Iw iiutilc iiiirr.>u»T iluiii the fi,rutv urt'ii li\ \vi«|i'iiiii|{ thf
ImM' 1)1 tin- iciitic wall ami -lii|iiii){ it forwani on Im>iIi -.iilcw, aiitl liy >l>i|iiiiK
till' »i.|c walls iiiwaril. Tlir cml walU of the llllttl•r^• an- ii«uallv alioiit l^'
ihii'k.
'I'Im- lirii'k work i- I'acfd with ca^l iimi |.lat("<, oiii* for each unit in the
liallrry, caili platr hcinK I'roviijfii willi tlic iH'cc^safy o|ii-iiiii>{j' for o|M'riitiii)i
tin* fiiriiaci'. 'I'lic ciiil plalc" art- »olii|. Tlii' whole i* liouiul lojtflhiM- liv
vertical liii(k-.taveH -"tecl rail-. "I" l(eaiii-> or s|MTial ca^liiiUM he|i| „ith
hori/.oiilal ti«-riH|s (I J" roiiiid iron roij.i ahove atul lielow. I'he iie-io<l«i
are attarheil to the slays liy stirrups. an<l ari' |(roviile.| either with turn
urkles or with threails ami nuts, so arrarmerj that the ten-ion may he ad-
justed to suit tiie condition of the furtiace.
The interior of each uii is divi.led into two portions l)\ the jjrate liars,
that portion I.elow the (jrale hars con>tilutini; the cinder pit, while the -pai'O
aliove the Kars coii-titutes the furnace proper,
'I'he top of the furnace is anhed over with lire lirick, leaving a -mall
(.">'-s" s<|Uare) central opening, which leails to the -pace ahove. These
spaces ahove the furnaces are coimecteil together forniiliK » Kiii Hui', ono
on each >ide. leadiliK '" n 'I'ist cliamlier at one end of the lial ly of furiiiices.
On some furtiaces ji coniinoti central jtas Hue is u-ed in-tead oi two Hues. In
a continental tyi>e of hurner. the Hue is entirely omitted: the -iile walls
Ipefweeii adjacent furnuc(>s act as hriil^cs, and the space aliove the I. ridges
lieinj; uninternipted, acts as a flue. In t:iis type of hurner, the expense of a
lire brick arch, twice the length of the liattery. is saved at apparently no
loss in ediciency.
The grate area varies from alxiut is to :{:{ sipiare feet, the usual width
being about .">'. and the depth from front to back "i-.V. The ciiuler pit varies
from IS' to LM" in height. The sill of the charKiiiK iloor is placed about ;«)'
above the RrnW bars the lieiRht varies between 2()" ami .{()". The height
of the abutment of the arch above the grate bars is about 12". and the sjiring
of the arch is between s" and 10". On some furnares, the arch is .sprung
from side to side over eiieh furnace; on others an arch is sprung from each
.side wall to the meilian wall, thus running lengthwise of the furnaces. The
upper part of the gas flue is ma<le by a second arch vising from S" to 12"
above the fm-nace arch, and rumiing the length of the battery. On .some
burners, this areli reaches across the whole battery and is carried by the
side walls, which are made high enough.
The grate bars are sometimes made of bar iron, oblong in cross section,
but more fre(|uently bars with a square cross .section are used. Two inch
s((U;iie iron is a standard size.' The grate bars rest on cast iron Ijearings, of
which there are 2; wiiere the ! irnace is deep, .1 liearing bars are used. Hear-
ings are turiu'd on the grate liars, the diameter of the cylinder at the liearing
l>eing that of the bar. The emls of the bars, which project beyond the first
liearing. are left sipiare, and a key is provided to facilitate turning and
' Some furtince lipsiRncrs use 1 5" -.|ii:irc iron.
07
HlmkiliK. TIm. KHit.. l„u> all- |.la.-..,l al. ml I" apart. In. ,.„ln. I., rri.tiv
With ^.nmro l.,ir« it tlm. Ihm ...^ ,^..-.11,1.. t., |,„v.. )|.„h. >tan.lar.| wi.lth- ,.|
..|H-riinK. lM-lvv....ti tho l,ar.. If il„. l,.,,- ar.- all -i with a tiat m,|,. h..,i/..nlal
t h.- wi.lt h -.1 t hi, ..|H.„i„j: will U. :;•. U allniiaf l-ar, aiv -l wit h liau..„al
.it till- -luarf ..•.•Hull hnn/..iilal ll... ..|M'niiip4 will U- I..,': [( \\ i !„• I,,,, ar.^
«•! with .,1..' .liaKuiial ..f ih.. ,.,imf,. „.,ii.,n h..ii/...nial. tl... ,,|K.|,i,m, will U.
I- 17* wi.l.-, r.iially th.- I.Hr>- >t;.i„l uiih th,. .liaiinrmU lH,ri/ni,i:,i i ,. ^ith
tl..« M.mll«-.-t |H..,il,|,. ,,|K.,,iMKs lK.tw.^.^11 th.-ni. Whoii it Ik-. „•. n.'.-.-aiy
t.| rcii.i.v a |«..ti.,n ..f Hi.. .•ii„|,.i-, th.. fiiiua.-,. nmii a.ljii,l- hi. k.'v t.. i|,.. .'nil
.'I th|. Kiatn l.ai>, ..a.h i„ tmii, aii.l i k. ih.-m a tVw lim... IV.„„ ,i,l,. t„ ,],(,,
This in..vrii...nl m..iii..utaiily ..iilaiij.-s the u|K.nin„ U.iw.N^ei th.. hai-s ali.l at
th.' s,i„„. ti,i„. ..x.n.is,., a rm.Uhiti i>,r n ih.- .-iiHl.T m.-m t|„. „i..vinK l.a'r
I h.. t..|i,|,.,„ y IS t„ turn. ,1„. ,.i,„|,,,. U.tw.H.r, th.. I>ai> .Ic.wiiwan! Tl .,v..-
liK'nt „i tl... I.ar als., tcruls t.. I,,..^.,, th.. pyiit.'s f.,r >,„„,. ,i;,taii.-.. aL.v.. ti,,.
Krat... Hy i„,,viiiK tlin l.aiw in ,i„.....,m„„. ,„. l.v shakily alt..inat.. har-
nn.l<.r may U' .Irawn nir fn.m th.- wh.,1.. lH,tt,„ii .,f th.. i-rat.. as r.'.|uiii.,l.
Th.. cast iiMii luiiia.... fn.iit- aiv iiMially ficiii 1" t,. l.:," \,i tlii.-kii....s
lh(.y at.. pf..vi,l. ' with M.ituhl,. .,,M..,i„Ks 1., giv.. a.....>s t., th,. u^s l!,,.. tlm
liiilia.... ali..v. arat... th.. ,.,i,ls .,f th.. Kiat,. I.ars aii.l th.. .•iml..,. pit. J^.^s
f'"'l"''ii»l.v a |».k.. Ii.,|.- is pi.,vi.l...l U.tu....i. th.. f....,l ,1 ■ :„„1 th.. Kiat." I>ar
.lo..r, l).».i-.f,Hiii.. flanges aic .'ast ..ti the fmi.t ..f tl... phit.-. s,> airaii«..,l tlrit
tho l..w..r part .,f tl,,. .l.,.,r hV. a littlo tai'tli..r IV.mi. tl... v..rli..al liiriia.... front
than th.. t.,p. Th.. fr.,„t~ „t thes.. (Iaiii:..s ar.. plan.-.l an.l th.. fac...s .,f tho
■l.M.is wh...l. ,..>t „n 1 1,.. ,laiiK..s are als., plan..,l, (., make a gas tight j„ii.t ami
■ .•M.I..M,i« th.. „..e ,.f lu.ing uiiii.....ssary. The elT...-t .,f the wi,l..r l„,tt.Mii
iaiige IS t.. ..ause the .l.M.rs t.. sI„,h. inwanl at the r..p. ami thus t., I«. pr,.,.,..!
l.y their. .wi. w.-ight against th.- planii..,! U.arii.K„n wlii..h th..v-r..st. In most
f';nv...,.s. th.. ,|oois mil ill gn,.,v..s, l.iit in sot,,.. .•as..s. th..v are liing..,l to lugs
.•u.st .m the plat..s. (Vrasiomilly they are lasten...! shnf l,v the „«. of a .wim;
i."lt un.i wren..!, nut. Usually two .loors are pruvi.|e.rov..r the grat,. Inr
eiuls, hingetl to turn up, while a single .loor, sii.ling in a groove, is foun.l
suitahle for .'acli of the other o|M.nings.
FINKS ULRNKU.S
Huriiei
■IS toi pyrit..s fii„.s „|| .■,,„sist of on.. ,,r mo... h..arths ,.f ti.-e l.ri.k
eaeh .'overed l,y an arch a sho.t .listance al.ove it. an,l so a.rang..,l that the
heat is .•onfii,,.,! to the space U.tw..en tl... I.,.artl.s .•,,,,1 the aicl,..s. Tw,,
general typ<.s of I h..sefiiriia..es may U-re..of:iiiz..,l: (1 1 Single hearth |iiri..,<.(.s
ami (2) .Multiple h.-arth fiiriiaies.
(1) Siii;/!,- hanlh funmas. -Th.- commonest form (.f sing!., hearth
turria..e (•onsistsc, fan.. I.i<.iig heart h..f Ml... U'tate wi.lt h an.l .•(,i.si,|,.ral>l,.|cii«i h,
Ihe on. IS fe,l at <.ne eml ,,f th.. hearth, ami is n.ov..,l forwa.-.l c..ntinuo,^,iy
iin.l IS (liscliarge.l at th.. other en.l. when l.urnt .,ut. Wh..n th.. forwan'l
in.'vem..|it is p„„lu..e.l by ,ak<.s ,,,K>raIe.l l.v han.l. suitabl.- .I.,..rs aiv provi,l..,l
nhmg both si,|,.s of the hearth, which i, us.ially lK.tw..eii s' ai.,1 ID' in wi.lth
98
<c (HP is mechaniciilly stinod and moved
I'ss chain, or f arricd on a tiavclliuf; arm.
In a more cflificiil sty' ' :i'i:ii(>
forward l)y rak(>s opoi iiil by an >■;
That the cinder may 1)t • > i • • " lee from sulphur, it is necessary to make
these single hearth furnaces oi coiisiderahle length (r20'-l.">0') or even more.
The gas jmiducod in such a furnai'e is relatively free from dust. The furnaces
are simjjle in construction and easily re])aired.
Certain types of mechanically ojieratcd furnace are also built with a
single circular hearth of considerable hreadth (up to .3(1'). Such furnaces are
usually muffle fired oi' direct fired, and the ore is stirred t>y rakes carried on
rotating arms, moved automatically by power. Such furnaces are u.sed only
for special purjxjses, and are not usually employed exj^essly for the manu-
facturing of sulphur dioxide.
(2) Multiple hriirth furiuircs. — These furnaces are constructed with two
or more hearths, one above the other. The hearths may be either oblong or
circular in j)laii. In both types of multiple hearth furnace, the ore is fed at
the top of the furnace and travels slowly back and forth over the hearths,
droi)])ing from hearth to hearth at alternate ends, until it is discharged at
the bottom. The air for combustion enters the furnace at the bottom and
travels in iin oi)])osito direction. Furnaces of this type are more complicated
in construction, more difficult to keep in repair, and more ex|)ensive. while
the dust causes greater trouljle. On the other hand, the furnaces are more
compact , conserve t he heat , and are more efficient.
Falding' da.-^.'ifies fines roasting fuiiiaces for acid making as follows:
1. Single hearth straight line, mechanical furnace. (Holthoff-Wetliey).'
2. Single hearth, circular, mechanical furnace (Pcarce turrett.)\
3. Double hearth modifications of both the preceding furnaces are built.
They aie intended to u.-e with self-burning suli)hides, and arranged as nniffles
for burning base sidphides such as zinc blende, etc., besides i)eing built for
burning ores with auxiliary fuel where the gas is wasted or not used for
sulphuric acid.
I t 4. Multiple hearth, straight line, hand-worked furnaces (Falding's
modification of the Mak'tra-SiiafTner type).
."). Multiple hearth, straight line, hand worked mufl^c furnaces for zinc
blende and base sulpiiides (Hhenania furnace).
(i. Multi])le heartli, straight line mechanical furnaces (Spence luirners).
7. Multiple hearth, straight line, muchunical furnaces, muffled for base
sulphides (Hegclci's modification of the Kichliorn-bielMg furnace).
8. .Multiple iiearth. circular, mechanical furua<'es,air coobd (Ilerre.shofT's
inodifiiation of the Ma(d)ougall type).*
0. .Multi])le hearth, circular, mechanical furnaces, water cooled (Fraseh's
modification c)f the .MacDougall tyjie).
' Mineral Industry, 1,S!)<), p, ti7().
'Mineral Industry, Vol. \'I, pp. 449-4.">().
'Ibid., Vol. Ill, pp. 2(),">-211. and Vol. V, pp. 2(i7-L'(iS.
<Il.i>) , Vol VI, p. '2:i7.
10. Multiph; hcaitli, circular, incchiiiiical. muffled furmicc-i for liase
sulphides (Ilaii.s-MucDougull type).
Thm" are many (lilT(>rent types of multiple lieartli furiiaiv- in operation.
As a general rule, it may he stated that the furnaces with ol.lom; hearths are
usually of large size and very consideral.le capacity. They are emploveil onlv
in tlie largest works and. where the preparation ■, m,V''':i- 'li"^i'l<' i> theohject
in view, only for the manufacture of sulph ■ aciii.
In the majority of acid works, multi] .• h- ,-.rili inv.uu . of the circular
type are installed to l)urn fines, and, wh i ■ ;,ir!;e •■u:iaci y is reipiire.!. ,i
numlier of units may i>e arranged to form a . .u;,:, . fu-naces.
In the follow;, g pages, descriptions are given of several tvpes of
furnac.'s, which are more commoidy installed in acid works and which
are beginning to he installed in sulphite !)ulp mills.
The Miitelni Ifijtr iij ririxUn^i hini'ir"
In the nuijority of acid plants in .\merica, pv.ites fines are roasted in
some form of mechanical roaster. In some Europ. m plants. ii,clu<ling also
a few paper mills, .some type of hand operated shelf hurner is still employed.
In lOuropean acid woiks, something more than fifty years ago. pyrites fines
were hurned hy utilizing a portion of the heat "from lump hm-ners. .M.
Maletra. owner of the works near Petit l^novilly, near Uouen. conceive.l the
i(lea of burning the dust by its own heat of coinl)Ustion. without any aid from
a lump burner. This idea was worked out. with the aid of .M. Tinel. about
lS<i7, and proved entirely succ(>.ssful. .\ number of modifications of the
original .MaliHra burner, have, from time to time, been erected. Foi' the most
part, the.se burners are now obsolete, but the following description of the
original Maletra liurners may be of .some interest.'
The general arrangement of the hearths can be seen bv reference to the
accompanying drawings (Plates VIII and IX.}. The furnace i< built with
brick walls and Hre-clay shelves. The furnaces shown in the diagram liiivi^
flat shelves. In the newer types, the shelves are arched for greater stabilitv,
especially in the ca.sc of wide shelves. On the original burni'rs. the shehvs
are N' long and :>' wid(>. They consist of S plates in 2 rows ,,f t each: th(>y
rest, at the sides, in the walls of the liurner, in the middle on Hre-clay bearers,
s,s. On some burners, the shelves are nowhere enclosed within the iirick-
work of the walls; they are then more easily replaced when broken. On an
improved form of burner, the middle bearers have been omitted and the width
of shelves reduced to IV-r ~:V-~". The shelves are not eiiuidistant. the upper
shelves, where more gas is evolved, being wider apart than the lower ones,
where the radiant heat of the shelves is all the more u.seftd. The best dis-
tance for the upi)er shelves is l-.V.
' .\bstract, I.unjrc, .S,|||.!iiirjc .Veil! :i!i
.Sec aNo Triichot, Uvs I'yritcs. p. 124-1_'7,
.Mk.-i!i. Mn! K,l , V..! I !'
I. I'l-
11)0
I >ually ;i set of limiici> is Imilt in n siiifilf vow. In imlcv to >liirt I lie l)Ui-
ncr !i coal Ki'atc. a, and tirc-iloor, li, arc |iroviilcil which aic wailcil up wlicii
the l)uriicr has Ix'cn hrou^ht uj> to a wliitc licat. During this time, tho top
woikinj;-(hior rciiiains open. Tlicn the live phitcs. c. d. c. f. <;. arc char^cil
witii sniali ore tlinmirli (hior> h. i. k, wlicrcupon the p\ i-itc~ takes lire at oU'-c.
'I'lie air enters throiiuh I ami i- re^ulatccl at will. The j;as tra\('ls o\-er all the
plates in a serpentine nialilier, in<licate(l hy the arrows, escapes throuj;li in
into thediist-clianilier, n.aiid through, o, into the acid-cliaiiilicr or into another
dust-chainlier. \\ here used in an aciil works, the chamlier. n. is covere<l liy
a metal plate, |i. upon which lead pans, r,r, are placed, in which all chanilier-
acid c;iii be concentrated from 112' to I II" Tw.
Ill order to luirn larji"' quantities of pyrites, the ore must lie moved. This
is accomjilished in the followins; way; livery fotn- hours, the contents of the
lowest plate. };, are drawn through the door, k, on the arch, t. (which is level
at the to]) l)Ut slopes liehind), after the ore l.\inj; on the arch has ti-st lieeu
pushed throuf^h the door. k. to the o])ening into the i)it u. Then through the
door. i. the contents of f are pushed down to the (ilate. k. and there levelled.
Thus the lii;;her plates are successively trea1(Ml, till the hi<;hest plate, c. is
emptied and can lie charjied with fresh ore. If four fin-naces ;;o together,
one of them is on turn every hour. The contents of the pit. ii av removed
once a day Ky the door v. The movement of the ore liy the r(>moval !v(nu
one shelf to another causes its thorough comliustioii. and thus also raises the
heat. Four furnaces of the aliove (linien>ioiis burn daily '.i tons of |)yrites.
From Vf't to 7 His. of ore are calculated for (>ach superficial foot of shelving.
An improved form of the Mah'tra Imrner was desiirned li\- Dr. Max
Schaffner. of .\ssig. Descriptions anil drawings of these furii cs will lie
found in the second edition of I.unge's work on Sulphuric Acid and Alkali,
lip. 2.")."i, 2.')(i. Drawings and a lirief ilescription of a similar Hand Shelf
Hurner are given liy I'alding in the Mineral Indtislrw \ol. \'II, lSi)<», p. (iC").
Practice has >howii that Inirners worked fnini lioth sides allow too much
false air to enter, and most liuilders prefer to arrange two rows hack to hack.
In the third edition of his work on Sul])huric .\cid. l.unge gives full drawings
of the most modern dust-liurners from the designs of Mr. II. H. .Viedenfuhr.'
The accom])anying plate sliow> a cross section of this furnace, showing the
arrangement of the shelves and doors and the location of tl-.e cinder jiit and
gas flues. Plates X and \1 are sections of two furnaces showing the arrange-
ment of the hearths. The original drawing given liy l.unge shows a hatterv
of Ki furnaces arranged in two rows of .S each.
[•'iiniiiris iif III)' MitcDDiiijiill Tiipr
The furnaces desci ihed lielow. with one except ion, are all veiiical cylindri-
cal in form, and consist of a series of superposed annular hearths, centrally
pierced liy a hollow, vertical shaft. Pro,ieeting radially at right angles from
' r.uiiKc. >ulpliiinc A<i.l and Alkali, Mi.l i:.l.. \<il. 1. Part I, pp. :t:!s.
I'l.vri: VIII
Malrtra shelf roaster, longitudinal section (Lunge).
I'l.vii; I\
Maletru shelf ro!i.--tor. cross s('<'ti<)ri ( rjuni.'o).
Plate X
Xie;lful'ilhr design, Maletra sUelf roaster, cro^!i section showiu;; two liimuco'' and
front o' a (liir.l (I.uiii;"').
I
I'IMI M
— K
H
Niclcniilir ilcsijin Malrtni shivl roa-lcr, lciiis:itu<l'ii il -ci't'on showing two liirtiiii-es. hack
t(i Uick (f.iiii.
^
101
i
till- ^liiilt. (ivcr cai'li lu'urtli. aii- Iwci ailii> |>ro\ii|t'.l with ti\i.l ,if mnviililf
twMi (nil)lilf>s (ir rukes) attiidinl ti. I lie under -i.lf ami |>lar<-i| ai an uiikIc l<>
ftw iinii. Tlio (•••niral r^hnit is caiiscd t<> revolve l.y powfi- a|i|(lic.l tlinmuli
KCtii- wIictI.', anil the laliMo anus ami lake- ate thus inadf Ic. mtalc -.lnwlv in
li liiiri/.oiital |)laiic aloivi- the hcarh. The pairs .i' infM- pnividfd fm- each
shelf, lieiujt attached <iti c>|ipnsile sides of the inta'iliK. veitical shaft, are laced
i:i 'ippiisife dir«'etin!is.
'I'l le is fed iiitii thesf. fuitiai'es fnuu the tup. and is dist liliuted "ver
the healths 1,\- the laliMes. The laMiles on the anus ale >,, dispused lliat the
material cm the dilTereiu shelves is plowed ulteniately nut ward fi i the shaft
uiul inward towards it. s|H>cial o|i»'niims U-ini; provided cui the peripheiy of
one set of liearfhs. and at tlie centre <if the other set. wliereliy the ore may
pass from shelf to shelf. The cinder is dischurjred at the Imt torn of the furnace.
Tin- air sujiply for the coinliustion of the sidphur of the oie enters the
furnaces at the iMitloni hearth and travels upward over the hearths. .\ir
can also 1h" admitted on other hearths, if necessary. The products of cotu-
liustioii pass through the same o|K>nings as theore. Iiut in theop|>osite <lirection
these o|K'niii){s U'ln^ made sufficiently larjje to accommodate them. The space
aliove the upix-r hearth acts as a jias chamlier from which the KHsesare drawn
otr to the portion of the plant where they are rei|Mired.
All furnaces of this t\j)e are Imill of hrick; sometimes the funiace is also
enclosed in steel plate. T'siially. fire liricks are used for the inferior portions
of the funiace, which are esposj-d to a Iiitii heat, and hard-l)urned. reil l>rick
are used elsewhere. S.me makers employ s|K'cially shaiH'cl fire hrick for
the hearths.
These »)urners dilTer Rreutly anions tlieniselves in many details of con-
struction, such as numl)er and construction of hearths, character of central
shaft, metliod of attachinj; ial)l)le anus and ralililes. cooling devices, method
of applying power to the central shaft.
Mdclhmt, ■■ "xislimf Fiirnun.' These furnaces were patented i>y the
MncDougall H. is early in the seventies. The original plant was used for
burning [u-rites to furnish sulphur dio.xide for the manufacture of suli>huric
acid. The Imrner consisted of a cast iron cylinder (>' in iliameter and 12' high,
formed of 7 rings holted together and provided with a solid liottom. I)iit ojK'n
at the top. The rings were cast so that the lower inner edge of each served
as an atmtment for a flat, hriok arch, wliich divided the inner space of the
cylinder into 7 chaml)ers, the upiKMiiiost of which was o|)en at the top. .\
central ca.st iron .shaft, ti" thick, which pa.ssed through central oj)enings in
each of the hearths, was used. M the top and bottom, lutes and cups were
employed to make a hydraulic joint to pivvent the escape of gas. To the cast
iron shaft, cast iron arms, provided with teeth along their lower margin, were
attached. Tlie teeth were placed alternately in opposite directions on each
hearth, so that the ore was moved from the centre to the [teriphery, and from
the jieriphery to the centre on alternate hearths. Corresponding to this,
1
' S'c l.uiiKo, Sulpliuric .\riil ami Alkali, Vol. I, Part I, pp. :U:i, ct s<(|.
IH'ifiPiiii illll^ wen- |niivii|('i| in I lif mii'Ih- i\\ ^uilalilf |M>iiil li.il I lie ■■ii- irii|;lit
(lrii(i fniiii .«liclf 1(1 elicit". Tin- |Miwcr i<M|tiin'(l was iilM.iit 'J || I',
The (ire litirncd in thi- t'uiimrc wmilil all |>a-^ lliiuiiuli a >'IH' ili''li -riH-ii.
It wm:- tVd til llic lir-t rlip«i'tl ilialiilKT tiiiiH lln' ii|H'ii tii|M'liainU'r. liv a liiilimct',
\v lin-i' late 111 il«'li\cr\ roiild Im> rcirulatfil
'I'lic fiiriiarc ^.l»^t^•ll :U tnni cifuii' in _' I Iiciim>. \\ illi s ilianiU'i' in~tcail
111 ti. it ran liiiiii .'» t(in^. The i-iiiilri' cnntuin> alniut '." , -iilpliur. ami the
fapacity alrinnnl- tn almnt ((•(IJ liin> ikt ^i|iiaii' timt nl hfaitii aica.
'I'lio ciiiniiiai MarlKiuirall tuiiiaic-' had tn U' civrn up Ikmhii-)' the (|Maiiiily
lit' lliir-dii-l was -^11 uii'at that it -crinusly inlfifcn'd with the wmkini; uf tin-
acid rhandKMv-; many nipchaiiii'al diHicuitic'' were mI-h cnniiintcrfd. A
milnlH'f uf niiidilicatiiuis were suliMMHicntty intinduci'd to ii\crciimc thc^c
difficult ics. The iu'wit form <pf Mai-Dmijfall furnace i- mnv cni|iliiycil at
many inotallntKical wiirks for rnastiiifs cunccnt rates |)re|ianitiii\ tn sna'lting.
KiiiijI'iiiiiiiii'x liiMiKliiiff Fiiniiin.' This is a cylindrical furnace with tiv(t
suiiorpiised lirick hearths. (Plates XII XIII). The raw me is intrnduced
into a charsinK ImpiK-r uIhivl' the fiirmue liy manual lalxir or liy a me<'hanical
elevator. A regulated i|uantity of ore i^ fed contintiously to the upper hearth
of the furnace' . either hy a worm conveyor or hy a rei-ipmcatinc piston. The
cliai'K*' ii^ spread l>y the revolving stirrer arm. and ijraduaily travels towards
the outer edgo of the hearth, where it feeds throU({h channels to the hearth
lielow. On this hearth it is moved towards the centre, tjie laliliies heini;
sloped in a direction opposite to tliii>e on the hi'arth almve. \i the centre,
next the shaft, the ore drops to the h 'arth Im'Iow. Similarly it passes from
tlip third to the second hearth and from the second to the fir^t or lowest
heartli. Kroin tlip lowest lipiirth. the cinder is discliai'KJ'd through a sloping
cast -iron chute. This chute is provideil. at the outer end. with .'in autonnitic
Valve which prevents the entrance of air. while at the same time, it permits
the cinder to esca|)e.
The air necessary for the roa>tin}; process enters the furnai-e at the
lowest la-arth. through four inlets that are distrihuted around the furnace,
and aro fitted witli adjustal))*' valves, that the ipiantity of air admitteil nuiv
l)C uiiiler control.
As the air travels through the furnace in a direction opposed to tiiat in
which the oro travels, there is a tendency for the gas to Ix-come loaded with
dust at the o|)enings U'tweeii the hearths. One of the features of the KautT-
man i)ateiit was the introduction of a series of asl)estos .screens, whicii arrest
the ascending stream of gas at points where the ore falls down. Those scrwns
were said to preclude any excessive loailing of the gases with dust. On the
later furnaces, these sci'"ens have lieen omitted, a.s lieing unnecessary.
The chief chara<'teristic of the KaulTmann furnace is the construction
of the stii-rer arm and the niethod employed to attach it to the vertical shaft .
As shown in the accom])aiiying drawings (Plate XIV atid Hgure 8), the
arm socket in the vertical shaft is rectangular in section, and pas.ses directly
Maavifiictun-il by the ErzrOst-Cii'M'llsiluil't, Cologne, (lennauy.
I'nii. Ml
l\ii itYii];iiiiJ ina.-tiiii; liiniU' i, uul^iiic
POTVViiBn
Pl-ATK XIII
Air inUt
Kauffinann roasting liirnacc, cross section.
^i'
^
Pl-ATK .\l\
KaiilTiiiann roii^titiK iuniacc. slioiviim nilili'c ar n ami sluilt attacliiiieiit.
103
throusli it. The Hrni-s for each hearth are cast in a single i)ir(e, shoulders
iK-iiiR j)rovi(le(l with Iurs which lock into corres|M.n(|inj; pockets in the -'-aft
w.cket. and prevent the accidental shifting or removal of the arm. once it
has l)een put in place. The.se arms can \>c easily and (|uickly removed and
replaced when worn or broken, without cooling down the furnace, and no
Imlts or wedges are employed to hold them in i)lace.
--23::z3!S'Z^
Kio. s. Section .^liowinR methoil of attacliinR the rabble arms cinployetl in the Kaiiffmaiin
roasting furnace.
The hollow shaft i.s cooled by air which is forced by a fan into the sliaft
through the hollow bottom I)earing. This air under i)iessure keeps the shaft
and the junctions l)etween the shaft and tlie arms from l)ecoming un<lulv
heated.
On the newer tyi)e of Kauffmann furnace, the arms are rotated by a
driving mechanism i)laced at the upjjer end of the central shaft. Power is
transmitted by jnnions and a worm wheel, mounted in a cast iron casing
filled with oil. The worm engaging with the worm wiieel is activate<l by a
iH^lt jiulley, which in turn is moved by any c.nvenient intermediate gear.
Eacii furnace can l)e driven inde|)endently of the others in a battery. "^ On
furnaces provided with the top drive, the cu.stom is to replace the four pillars,
on which the earlier types of this furnace were carried, by a ring of brick-
work. The closing i., of the Ixittom of the furnace makes it easier to prevent
the cooling of the bottom hearth, and is .said to increase the efficiencv of the
furnace. The shaft takes l)etween S-o and 4 minites to make one ci.mplete
rotation.
The capacity of the furnace is from -.'.NOO to 3,000 kilos (approximately
3 ton.s) of pyrites, containing oO' ; sulphur, i)er 24 hours. The jwwer con-
sumed lies betweenO-3 ami O-.i H. P. fx'r furnace. Little attemlance is required
apart from the labour needed to bring pyrites to the furnace and to remove
the cinder. The metal portions of the furnace weigh about o.M) kilos
(l(i..");r> ll).s), and the refractory materials about 2.},000 kilos ((i.-),10() lbs.).
Thr cost of the furnace at the works is .-)..J00 marks (.«1,3(M)) ; the erec-
tion cost in Germany amounts to about 400 marks (Sl(M).).
104
riidor tlio J<iiiiffmiinti ]uitPiit there is also niunuftn-tiircd a tlireo lioarth
fui-.acf osjH'cially intpiided fin- use in sulphite nulp mills, and designed to
huvii either jjvrites or the residuj-s from purifying gas. This furnace differs
from the ordinary ty|>e of furnaee in the rapidity of rotation of the arms,
and in the fad that the roasting pyrites is displaced in opposite directions
hy the two arms. The ratihles and arms are cast in one piece as in the other
furnace. The amount of dust produced in this furnace is somewhat greater
tiian in the .Vhearth furnace, hut this usually causes no difficulty in the
manufacture of sulphite pul]). I)ecau<(' the gas is washed Wfore it enters
the towers.
The metal portions of this furnace weigh (>,(M)() kilos (i;},'22,S Ihs,). and
the refractory iTuiterials 1.'>,(KM) kilos (;«,()()() Ihs.). The cost is the same
as the 5-hearth furnace.
Fuvnaces huilt under the Kauflnuinn patents are in operation at many
fertilizer an<l chemical works, and at several ])aper mills on the continent of
]']uro]
Herkule.-i Rmstiiu/ Furnitcc} .Vnitther calcining furnace that has lieen
installed in several chemical works and pa|)er mills in Eurojie is named the
"Herkules" mechanical roaster. The general construction of this furnace
can lie seen trom the accon>;-\nying diagram (Plate XV). There are 6
hearths, each built of fire hrick, and slightly arched. The rabble arms are
bolted to the central shaft at a slight angle, so that the rabbles will lie close
to the hearth at all ])oints. The central shaft and the arms are water cooled
to prevent over-heating and breaking. The air for combustion is under
control and enters on the lower hearth. Rosette damj)ers are also jirovided
on the two working doors on each hearth through which an additicmal air
sup])ly can l)e admitted, if required.
The total liearth area is 110 s(iuare metres (1,1N4 square feet), and a
capacity of 12-1.") tons of jiyrites. l2%-.")0% sulphur, jier 24 hours, is claimed
for this furnace. When in charge of skillful ojjcrators and forced, 20 tons
jier 24 hours can be roasted. The ])ower re(iuired is about O-o H.P. A
concentration of 10-11% sulphur dioxide is claimed for the gas without any
si)ecial difficulties.
The iron parts of this furnace weigh between IS.tMM) and lU.OOO kilos
(41,(K)0 lbs.), not including the mechanical elevator, and its attachments.
The complete cost of the installation is 21,0(M)-2;5,(KM) marks ($."),000-$.').47")),
with about 2.(M)0 marks ($47.").(M)) additional for an elevator.
Hernshnjif Riutxtimj Furnncc} This well known furnace is widely used
in acid works throughout liotli .\merica and Euroi)e for the numufacture
of sulphur dio.xide; furnaces of this type have also been installed in a number
' Inloriiiatioii with rcs|M'(t to this iiiachinc can U' olitaincil I'roin Dr. J. butjciis,
Chciiiist ami Kii)»inccr, Hanover, ( icrniany.
•(icncral Chemical Company, .Mechanical I'urnacc Department, 2r> Broad St., -N'ew
York The furnace is also Imilt in Canada and can U- purchased through the .N'ichols
Chemical Co., Montreal.
kI
I'i.atf; \V
llcrkiilrs roa.-tiiin li.riuiii', cniss M'ctiii
10
I
^
lo:.
of Mur<.jK.|in sulphii,. mill.-. They aiv ..in|.lnyp.l in sni.ic tiiHallurRicnl u-..rk.H
for |)r«>liiniiiaiy icuNliiiK of suipliido i.rcs, uiiii liave U-pii u^-.l with r<urc(w
in the loastinK of o.- containinK i.Mitps and .sphalciito, in |.ici.aiation for
niasnctic .soparation. IViihotite has also lK'.'n .succcssfullv roa.sted in
furnaces of this ty|w\ iScc Plate WI.)
The fiiriiai'c is made in several sizes, tlio tnaiti features of which are
piven in the followinn talih': -
TAHI.K .WII.
-iiiuiircfl, lliiulit
.N'uiiiUt Ari'u lit l'l(H,r space to |i,H,r Wciglil
•'"*'i"'"' "f lliartli- rv.|iiir(..l for rliord Metiil
Diameter II.ar1li.«. .-iiiuarc iti-tallatioii l>iiil.|iiiK I'arl-,
IVct. of I roasters. truss.
V.rinlil l,l,s.
Tin' ."siil|>lnir
Bricks. J I
Hours.
II' TV
ll'TJ"
l.->''.lf
at'
—
.
3S1
!t7't
is' \\'
Ki.lKKI
Iti.lKKI
:<.IMNIto
.VJS
'.tV!l
2'J'
J.'i.lHH)
:{J.(KHI
t..'ilKI to
It.lMKI
!ll-.'
■.M!t2
J.-)' !•"
4M,(NI«I
7!t.n«i(i
H.(HK)t()
Iti.INN)
1 .:«i.s
<i.S,0!HI
1 :<-.>, n:Ki
12.IMNI to
:<l).tNN)
l.sio
N'.'.OIKI
KiS.tHK)
Iti.lKM) ti>
I2.IMNI
( onKlniclioii. -The following description of the l.")'-!) i" diameter standard
furnace gives the luuiii features involved. This furnace consists of a double
riveted steel shell lined with hard burned red brick. The hearths, six in
number, are built of special fire brick and are arched. The central shtift is
composed of two hollow cast irr)n pipes, the smaller within the larger, which
allows of a 2" annular space through which a constant circulation of air is
maintained. The arms are hollow, with a jiartition running nearly thoir full
length inside, and dividing them into two parts, the arm l)eing .so" connect.-d
to the hollow shaft that cooling air circulates through it at all times. The arms
are fitted to slots in the central shaft to which they are also bolted, these
bolts being sur.ounded by tiir-cooled metal and covered with insulating
material. A b. yonet-lock type of arm is .sometimes employed in |)lace of the
bolted arm. The ral)bles, which are movable, are made in five sections with
from one to five teeth to a section, and any one of these sections can be slipped
off or on an arm in a few minutes. The teeth are set at ditTeretit angles accord-
ing to their location on the arm. to equalize the quantity of ore move.l
forward by each blade per revolution. .\ny tooth can be taken <uit of the
section and replaced without disturbing the remaining rabbles.
4i
KMi
Tilt" entire fiiniiiee i> nmuiiteil mi -ix cast iron c iinin^'. eiidi five feet
in height. The r'cnlriil >li!ift rt"^!- in oil tlinisl-l>earin(;-^ at the lia-e. where
jMiwer is iipplieil l>y nieiin-i of jjears A shear pin is proviMeil in the (hi\iii);
niechanism whieli acts a- a satVty (h'viee in ciise of iiiuhie strain.
S'Veral ilitTerent types of feed are ailo])lei| in ililTereiit iiistalhitions.
(lepeniient on tlie nature of the operation. One inethoil of feeding is liy
fpreaililij; tlie ore on top of the roaster with raldih'^ siiniiai to those in the
furnace, the ore lieinj; ihieil in this wa> ainl at tlie same time feil jiraijuallv
to the hearth liehiw. Screw feeds and reciprocal inn phinser feeds are also
employed.
I'lii. 9. Movable ralililc arm lor .-mail llcrrcsholT lurniice.
The older •Vheurth furnace consists of a steel casing \" thick, lined with
hard hurned red l)rick S" thick. The hearths are made of s|K'cial fire lirick
and arc 1-.")" thick. 12"-i:r apart, and the pitch of the arch is l-.V. The
central shaft is IV in cjiameter, is hollow, and is connected with a light sheet
iron stack al)out 10' in height that extends ahove the top lA the furnace.
At each hearth, there are cross channels passing directly through the sliaft
normal to its axis. These transverse channels are ahout i" wide and o"
high, and allow am])le space around them for the passage of the ascending
cooling air. They also form the sockets into which the rahhle arms are
inserted (Figure !t). On each arm, on the inner edge, is cast a sntall rih: in
each socket in the top. and at the centre of the vertical shaft is a pocket
running across the channel. When an arm is forced into its proper position.
the ril) on the arm locks into the pocket in the shaft socket I'm! the weight
of the arm always k 'eps it properly lockeil in the channel. By raising the
outer end of the iirm ;.' out 3". the to]) edge of the ril) is hrought helow the
pocket, and the arm can easily he pulled out. Practice has shown that
these arms, weighing 10() pounds, can he unlocked, removed from the furnace,
and new ones in.serte<l and locke<l into place in ahout one minute.
The hollow arms for this furiuice are each cast in on( piece, and are
provide<l with 7 and S teeth respectively. .V sjiecial grade of iron is used
that has heen found Itest to withstand the he The ])ortion of the arm
which enters the socket in the shaft, is kept helow a red heat by the air
current in the central shaft and does not become overheated.
The entire furnace is mounted upon eight colunnis. each about 4' '. igh.
and power is applied to the central shaft by driving gear below the furnace.
A shear pin is provided in the driving mechanism for safety.
11
I'. rv \V(
!!errt;sht?G. Iise^iui;;!!:.! ri::i;it:n;- !lir!::t!-:
TUM IIKUl'*SH<)l'l MEt'HAMCAF, U \.V! ' - ' nMN\rF
Ih'neriptin- Ijri/rtnl* for Pi ii- . (
1.
2.
A.
I
3.
tl.
t .
K
0.
in.
II.
Vi.
v.\
14.
Vy
in 21.
•a.
23.
24.
23.
2fl.
27.
2S
•>n
:«i.
31
32.
:«
34.
Mniti ilriviiiK ."li.ilt
:«.
ritaniiiK rlutrli.
:«.
MtitrtiiiK U'ver.
.•«7.
Main itrivini gi-itr.
:w.
TniiisiiiiHxioti gi-nr,
:iti 4«i
Pillow block.
»l.
Pillion wheel.
42.
Floor HtMid.
43.
P^Hlmtal.
44
Pillow block or pp<k>Ktiil
45
Main nhitft floor xtanil
4<1.
StuffuiK box ami Klaixt.
47
Hall hearins collar.
DrivinK rw-k or spur "li. ;•!.
is
4tt
Main ifvoUing AaA\.
a).
Feci] drive.
51.
Klanite ■.■ouplii.|(.
-.2
Wonik gear Ix-aring.
.•i3
Worm apar huwinic.
Worm Jnn\
.V4.
Rabble ami or rak<' itnii.
36.
Ami flauKF nhaft.
5«.
Shaft flanin- for ami.
57.
KlanRe boTtN
3«.
Hoiler plat« caxinft.
Baw flanKP or liaw pliilr riiiK
.W.
Red brick
fit).
Fine brick.
HI.
Outer drop hole or fre<i spout.
I"
p..k
Inner rop lOI i I ., .-4 niiil <>.
ri.idt, 'ed.
Rem .hie 1 '..
Heal ■ ,l<-;
Cool air i.itakr
Cen'riii hollow shuii
Cooi itir tiiU-out.
Wanii air ttilie-n'turn.
Annular air chaiiilier.
Outer xhell of central "liafl
Hot air Hta<'k
Feed hofiper.
Cinder outlet with daniper.
SulfihiU'-dioxide chamber
Inxfiectioa door, brick-lincil.
I)oor latch.
Corabuation air ink't with ailjiixtnlik'
'tlide.
Top bearinc.
Stack seal OuU').
Shelf Npal (lute) (3i and i3>.
Bottom Heal (lute) H).
Flange connecting outer and inner
iihaft.
Ball bearini; (IteariiiK plat*').
Coluninii.
Peep hole in impection door.
I
I'HTK XVt
I lerrusholT, i ic<tliiuiiial rMusting fumacc
107
III .•(.l.lcr districts, it has l,ooii f„uii.l an a.lvantas.- to siil.stituto .in
extra coins,. „f UU-k. l.oun.l witli iron Lands, for tlu> stc-l slu-atliin-' uliici,
surrounds tlic fin'nacc. thus ftirthor n^iucins the h<-at loss(>s.
()i>, ration. -When in operation, the floors of ..a.'li hearth, whi.^h follow
the curve of the arch, arr- levellwl l.y iutro-lucinsr a sufficient .,uantitv of
•iMder or other similar material. Where the t.,|. of th.- furnace is not used .,s
a dryer, tl... arch al.ove the hi«h..st hearth is also covenM to a ,|e|,th of
several inches witji cinder or sand to retain the heat.
Ore is l.rouKht to tli.> fei^.! hopper at the lop of tl... furnace eitluM' in
l.arn.ws or l.y elevators or conveyors. lVo,„ the hopper it is fed autoinati.allv
into the furnace and is then stirred an.l .listril.uted l,v ihe ral.l.les „„ the
revolving; ral.Me anus -the feed hein^ driven l.v sears atta.'he-l to the
central shaft.
The ansles at whi.-h the ral.l.le teeth are s.-t are so cal.'ulated that the
..re is propelle,! m the direction of the radius as ^^,.U as in a circle, one ral.l.le
actln^' m the al.ove manner while the next followinj; ral.l.le takes the saine
<.re an.l simply turns it over. This .■au.s,.s each individual piece of ore to
travel on a path whi.h might l.e termed a zifr.af; spiral, an.l is a most perfect
nu-thod to insure the exjiosure of a lar-e <,uantitv of ore surface to the
oxid'zing action of the air.
In the I.V-!»r furnace the ore drops fr„m the top shelf of the furnace
to the outer edge of the hearth I.elow: it is then ral.l.le.i inward and drop,s
to the inner clge (certre of furnace) of the second 1km !,; from there it is
rahl.led onward an.l .In.ps on the outer e.lge of the thir.. hearth, and so on
alternately to the two .•in.lei-discharjfe ports on the peripherv of the l.otto-i
hearth.
The air for ..xidizimr is a.lmitte.l thn.UKh j.orts around the si.les of the
furna.'e over the l.ottom hearth. It circulates thn.ugh the furnace l,v the
openings on the inner an.l .mter e.lges respectivelv of each hearth these
..ix'iiings hemg made large enough t.. give a free passage to the upward
.urrent of gases as well as to the .lownwanl m..ving stream .)f ore. The space
al)..ve the topm.ist shelf acts as a gas chanii.er.
When this furnace is in .iperati.m. an.l when the top ..f the furnace is
iK.t iise.1 as a dryer, the .Irying is .lone on the first hearth. H..asting starts
on the secon.l hearth, continues fiwly ..n the thir.l an.l f..urth, while on the
fifth It IS nearly complete. On tiie sixth tl... .,re app.'ars .lark, an.l the
roasting is complete.
Kor dea.l roasting, un.ler ordinary cir.-umstan.rs. the shaft makes ..ne
rov..lution in J.V) .secomls; for metallurgi.al work. on,> r..v.,luti.m in 70
seconds.
A.Tor.ling to Hofman' a llerresh.,IT furna.^.- (..1,1 style, .-, h,-arths) with
Us shaft making .V) revoluti..ns per hour n.asts in 21 liours, .".-(i t..ns of wt
wncentrates with alx.ut Ay, sulphur, ..rO-OI.", f..ns p.-r s.,uare f.,<.t ..f hearth
'""''"''". II. ()..■• \,>t,.s<.ntl.,..\l.tallurKy. If ('..pi^T ..I .\l„mai,:i,- Trail- \ I .M K
Allaii.v in,,tii,K, HHl-i. \..l. -XXXIV, p. 277. ' ' "
I OS
iirca. ii'cluciiif! tlic sul|)liiir to </,. Seventy fnrimces make I to .') tons. (,r
<■(• I' , of flue-dust. This roastin<; was for nietallui);iial purposes, not for the
nianufacttire of sulpliur dioxide.
In a( id phinls. the same furnace tr(>ats .i t tons<if pyrites. U' , surpliur.
or O.OOOS tons jier s(|iiar<' foot of liearth area, redueinj: the sulphur to 2..")
:j..V; ; the shaft makes :{(» revolutions |«"r hour. The larger do' <» i") furnace
will roast aliout IS.IMtO jiounds per 24 hours. The ca]iacity of the furnaces
will vary with the cluMiiical composition and jihysical character of the ore
used, toireiher with the kind of roast re(|uired (dead, niasnetic, or metal-
lurgical) and would have to ho doterinined for each particular <-ase hefore
definite capacities can Ik- e.stimate<l. In general it can l)e a.s.sumed that
cai)acities are lowest for dead roasting and greatest in metallurgical work.
Till' operation of the fuiiiace can Ik" regulated liy any of tiie following
methods, so as to produce the result desired.
1. ("hanging speed of rotation of central sliaft and ralil>ies.
2. Changing rate of feed.
',i. Changing draft.
4. Changing amount of cooling air liy which the temperature inside
the furnace i^ controlled.
In i)ractice it is found that the principal cost for repairs to the small t vpe
of furnace is due to the burning out of the ral)lile arms. .Vccordmg to the
makers, al)out li arms |)er year have to he renewed at a cost of JK'tween *2(l
and $:{(). With the furnace of new design, which has a more etficient system
of cooling the movalile anus, and in which individual ralililes or ralilile teeth
can he readily re))laced, the life of the arms will he nnicli greater. On the
smaller and medium size<l furnaces, the arms, which fit into sockets, can he
easily renewed in a few minutes with very little disturhance of the f'. nace
o])eratioiis. The breaking down of a bolted arm in the newer large furnaces,
although it may not occur freciueiitly. will put the furna<-e out of commission
for about one week, as the furnace will have first to be cooled sufficiently to
enable the workmen to rei)lace the arm. and will then have to be heated up
again.
The most distinctive feature <if the new type of this furnace is the etTect-
tive conti-ol of temp(>raturi' within the furnace, that is. by the nu'cliaiiical
circulation of more or less of the cooling air through the hollow shaft ami
arms a correspondingly greater <ir less amount of heat is withijiawn. This
control of the temperatures within the furmice will tend to |)revent scarring
by enabling the operator to nuiintain the temperature of the oic below the
sintering point in the zoiu' of maxinmm heat geiuMation.
A study of the accomiianying drawing (Plate .\\T) -vill give the ri-ader a
very good idea of the general construction of t he latest di-siirn of tiie ller-
resholf furnaces.
llC/i/r Michiiiiinil Ji'oiisid-.' This furnace is built with one, three, live.
\\.-.IS'- M'-tli:illif:t! I'tiriiui-r ('miiii;ii..\. 1 1.') < '!ii-stmit .-^t., l'ilil,i.i,!|.i,iii.
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WKDGK. MEX^HAXK .U, UOVSTIN*; FUHNACR
Des(riptii<e Legend* for Plate XVll.
1. Driving pulk-y 33.
2. Top hmiiontal shaft 34.
3. Pillow Work :».
4. Pillow hlork -<'nii thniHt 3»(.
5. Itevel gear 37.
(i. Bevel gear as.
7. Collar 39.
K. Top flange bearing 40.
9. OilroUar 41.
10. Upper vertical shaft 42.
1 1 Lower vertical shaft and womi 4:1.
12. Bearing— with adjustable box 44.
13. Flange coupling 45.
14. Worm gear houning 46.
15. Worm wheel 47.
in. Intermediate vertical shaft 48.
17. Flange coupling 49.
IK. Lower horiiontal shaft SO
20. Pillow block 51.
21. Floor stand Ki
22. Collar 53.
23. Bevel pinion 54.
24. Safety pin collar 55
25. Safety pin 5«.
26. Maater gear ho.
27. Gear segment 61 .
28. Race way segment 62.
.W. Center pin 63.
:iO. Center pin collar
31. CenttT pin guide hearing 64.
32. Supporting roller
Supporting roller shaft
Supporting roller iidjiistulilo sliinil
Cinder outk-t sup|iort plate
Cinder outk-t ellmw
Door
Poke hole an-i stoppi<r
Upper feed puv !■
Lower feed phttc
Feed box
Water pan
Water pan support
Upper tile support
Bbde hoMerK— K. H. :uid L. If.
Lower tile support
Furnace arm holder
Furnace arm
Removable blades
Dryer arm
lirjer plows, plow Ijars and hokiers
l>r)er arm saddle
Central shaft.
Water inlet pipe to arm
Water discharge pipe from ami
Overflow pipe from water pan
(hiter drop bole
Inner drop hole
Central shaft brick
'-inch space between central shaft
and central shaft brick
Tile.
..,^5,
51
41
AZ
60
54
46
61
lo-
ss
13
.1 ;
43
Mil**
i3
II
14-
15
18
inrniTTr "
as-T"^
1
^' 23
1
52 40 50
I'J.ATI Wll
64-
^llllllllllllll.
, -'ftillll.Tfli
""iiii;
'•"•Ml||||,7-. ^
■ 63
-56
i»" •■»iiiiii,n«-
"•'•'••iiiiiT;;
^B
■~ ." ,^P
f
, I
l28
...*
►-32
~-
— J4
Kt
.
^38
45
49
-47
-48
37
-35
Wi'ilitc ini'i haiiical i(Ki>tliii; uiin:irc.
Platk.WIII
Wedge nieclmnical roaster. Thrt'e lioartlis mutik fired, air prelicated.
S
HH
>;
i
a
3 —
^1
Hi
> "I "
4
S
ii i
I'i >n WI
Wcilitf' mcrhaiiiral roaster.
I. Inner end of iinn with ><teel threuiis and keys in pwition.
'.'. HabMf liolilers and raliblea.
A. Dryer plow holder and ralih'c. I). Cuttintt blaile holder
H. Interloeking rahble blade holder. I'.. Rabble blade.
('. CiittinK blade 1°. Habble blaile.
M
100
or spvpii hoaitlis, tlic .liffpipiit styles of fiirniices l)pinji a.luptc.l to .liffeivi.t
prohleiiis. (Plates XVII XX I).
ro«.s7ri(W/o/).— Tliis funiiicp consists of a cyliiuliifal riveted steel shell
cm-usiiiK walls of liar.l Imriie.l. re.l l.riek, The liearths are cou.-truete.l .,f
x\m-\ti\ slmiH'd fire l.riek. and are made horizontal, each hearth, however,
forming an ureh al>ove the one Ik'Iow.
The most elmructeristie feature of the Wedge furnace is the -•ential shaft.
This shaft i~ i.ade of riveted steel plate. In the smaller si/,e> (<)'-<(" and 12'
diameter,, ii is 2' ti" in diameter; in the larjjer sizes tiie diameter is 4'. The
outside of the shaft is protected l>y fire l.riek. made in s|K'cial shaiH's. which
are attached to and revolve with it. This holluw shaft is o|.en at l.oth top
and Lottom and the natural draft <if air throujih it koe])s it sutliciently ( 1
for a w<.rkman t(. enter at any time. The larjie shaft is empl,.yed to give
aci-ess to the arms fr(.m the inside.
Each ral.hle arm is east, in (.ne piece, and made hollow, witli a weh down
the ceiitre. (Plates XX-XXI). The rear end is machined and fitted with
a plate iM.redfortwo waterpiiH: — (.ne leading to --ach sid, ..l the median weh.
these two spaces lK>ing jointed at the tip of the arm. When in oiK-iatioti.
the water piiK-s are connected with a water stij.ply. ami the shaft md arms
are kept cool l.y the circulatins wjiter.
The l.utts (.f the rahl.le arms pass throuRli the sides of the shaft, two for
each hearth, and each is held in place l.y the use (.f interchanjieable steel
thivads. keys, and a l.reech block. (Plate XX. 1). When it iK-comes nece.^^-
sary t(. change an .•inn. the (wwer is shut off. a workman enters the shaft and
removes the l.reech block, keys and threads. The arm. from which the rah-
l)le.s have previously lK>en removed, is then withdrawn l.y other workmen,
oijerating from the outside, and the new arm is inserted. The workman in
the shaft then replaces the threail bh.cks, keys and l.reech block, and the arm
is in place, ready to receive the rabbles. An arm can lie changed in about 10
minutes, provided everything is made ready l.ef(.re stopping the furnace.
The accompanying plates (Plates XX and XXI) show a single rabble arm,
and ais(. illustrate the method emph.yed to attach it to the shaft,
S«'veral varieties (.f rabble blade holders and rabble blades are use.) in
the Wedge furnaces, according to the puriw.se f(.r wiu'ch they are re(|ui!ed.
One style is shown in u.se in the j.late illustrating the top of the furnace used
as an ore dryer (Plate XIX). .Vm.ther illustration sh.iws the We.lge iiiter-
lockin"? rabble l.hule holder. The rabble blade holders are not bound to the
arm at the heel, and if they stick or bind (.n the arm and will not slide off
easily, they can Ik> tipi)e.| off as shown on the plate (Plate X.\I. 2),
On Plate XXI, .\ shows the dryer-pK.w. iK.lder. and rabble used on the
top of the furnace. On the t(.p of the furnace, the wear is on the b<,ttom of
the rabble blade, hence this is made with a series <.f .-staggered bolt holes that
it may U' lowered, when worn — t,. secure economy in castings. Figure H
shows an interlocking rabble blade holder; it is cast to hook on (,ne side of
the arm. and is free at the heel; rabble blades K or F slide into the holder and
are held in position by i.ressure again.st the material Inking i sted. Figure ('
110
is a cutting l)la(lc>. uiul I) is a cuttiriK I'l"'!*' lioMor. Tlii- holder is niaile to
slide on the ami so that it may Iw hehl lijtid. Tlie cutting l.hide can \x- slid
into position in the same manner as the rai)hle blade K or F, and the holders
can l)f i)ushed from the outer end of th*' arm towards the centre. As the arm
revolves, the hearth will l>e mechanically plowed up or milled. Thase blades
will l.e eni|)loye(| only where there is a tendency for the n.asting on; to hake
or cake on the hearth.
Uahhles and rablile Made holders are simple castings, are not machined
and can he cast in a local foundry.
Thcfurnace is mounted on a.structural steelfranie carried on steel columns.
Power is applied by gears to the central shaft from a main shaft below. .V
shear pin is emiiloyetl in the tlriving mechanism for safetv.
(>lienitfor -Ore is brought to the feeding hop|H'r above the furnace
either in barrows or automatically i)y conveyors, the latter lieing preferable
on account of the eapacity of the furnaces. Ore falls from the hopper upon
the top of the furnace, where it is spread out and stirred by special rabbles.
The heat receive<l by the arch above the upper hearth is utilize<l in drying
the ore before it is f(>d to the hearths. Ore containing ((' ;, -S^i- moi.sture can
be efficiently dried in this way.
The dried ore fall.s upon the first hearth near it.s centre; here the rabbles
work it gradually outward in a spiral path to the periphery, where it falls
upon the second hearth. On the first, thir.l, fifth, and seventh hearths, the
ore travels radially out-..ar(l. and on the second, fourth, anil si.xth it travels
in the opposite direction. The cinder is discharged through ports on the
poripherv- of the lowest hearth, either into barrows, or to some form of con-
veyor.
The air for oxidizing is mlmitted through ports on the sides, usually on
the low^'st hearth.
The accompanying table is gives some data with respect to the styles of
furnaces manufacture*! under the \Vedg«> patents. It also gives the hearth
area, and rated cajjacity of the different roasters.
\
in
TAIU.i; XVIII.
Wedge Furnaces. Size and Capacity.'
Ili'iirtli
No. KiiiiiicliT Diaiiii'tiT NiiMiU'r Ana. Wciulit (p|
(liit-iil.-. (if Shalt. of S,|iiarr liTl Metal I'art-
Urallliv
.MaxiiiLiiiii
(apaiity in
•.'I Ilolll-
I'liii- of -.'.(Ki;)
I'dllldv-
» 1
!(' !l"
■J' fi"
:\
i:ui
17.1.">llll>..
1 .-.
1
!•' <t"
2' r»"
.'»
217
2(1. ".MMI •■
2 ■ .-.
•i
if <>
2' *»"
1
mil
24.;!.-.o ••
:< .1
3
IJ' (1-
■*' ti"
5
:!T:i
2:i.2(i" •■
4:{
4 1
12' (1"
•J' rr
1
.">22
27.;io,i ••
(id
.5
Hi' (»"■
5
72.')
7:{.i(H) ■■
s:f
"lii
HI' 0"
5
725
SiHcial
s a
ti
If)' 0"
7
1 .01.-.
S7.70I1 \\<-.
II (>
r>a
UV 0"
7
1,01.-.
S|HM'ial
11 o
7
1
2(1' il"
5
1 .24.i
S(i,S(M) 11)-.
11 :{
s :
2(1' d"
1
l.7«
iio.;«H> ■
211 ■(»
j> '
21' (i"
5
1.470
!•.•>. 5IH I ■
KiO
10
2I'(>''
7
2,05,S
II(i,(MNI "
2M (i
Khi'
21'<)"
7
'i.OUK
' IIK.(XNI "
2:<
II
22' ti'
3
97H
,SO,(HH» ••
112
12'
:«' (»•
I
7S7
l.>»,4(Ht •
70 (1
i:)
24' 0'
:t
I.II7
S2.<>(MI ■
12 s
In addition to tlie standard Wcdgc! furnaces, primarily designed for use
in acid works, the same firm manufactures a series of muffle filed furnaces
for special purposes. Plate .\.V1I1 shows a furnace with three iiearths. muffle
fired, and constructed for coal firinj;. A preheater is also constructed between
the second and third hearths. The furnace is arranged that air may lie ad-
mitted at this ])oint, preheated and admitted to the muffles l)elow.
Many variations can he introduced into the construction of these furnaces:
muffles can he applied to all the hearth.-, prelieated air can lie supplied either
to the muffles or the hearths, or iioth; other fuels than coal can l>e employed,
according to the purjio.se for which the furnace is reriuired.
' Infumiatiuii siippliod by the iimkcrs.
'In tlio eapiicily column tlws<.' fijfuics arc t)a.<<'il on roa-tine pyrili^.- <'oiitaininK •■)0'^,
sulphur, uml ri'duciiig the .sulphur to 2'"c in the rindcr.
' l'"or Sulphite I'ulp manufacture.
* No. 12 furnace is desipieil more e^ix-oially for ehloriiliziiiR puriMw.-, ami Ihi- capacity
shown alM)ve has Ix'en <lemon.'<t rated in this service.
112
u,
xz,-^^^jm'%-:f- -
I IG. (11 lli'iiizr-l ri'oliiml roiistiiitr liiriiaci', Xcrticiil cross section
,Ff
Hiinzr-Fniiitiiil UiMisliiiii Fiiniiiii } A fuinncr. wliiih li:i> l.cfli fiiclcci
at the works of T lit" Ducktown Sulpliiir. ('oppcr ami lion ('ii?np:iii\ at Naliclla.
Tcnii., presents a nuinlier of featiin'- wliiili aic of >peiial inteie-i I lie
following clescriptioii and the ai eoiiipanyiiii; plates are piilili-lie.| llirou^li
the courtesy of Mr. X. I,. Ileiii/,. ami the Diiikloun Sulphur. ( upper, and Iron
Coinpaiiv .
In j{<'iiei-al form and eonstruclioii. it is similar t.p the other turiiaies .iiiiady
(leserilied. It is a cylindrical six hearth furnace, with red hrick >iile^ and
I'm. 11. llciiijic IriTlaiKl roastiiii: fiiriiucc. .Sectional i Icvutioii sliowiiic ciriMiliition of nir.
' Tlii^ tiinian- i- iMintnillcl liv tin- l'al,-iilc(- Inloniiathiii i :iy !«■ (ilitaiiii-tl Iniiii tlii-
Wcdirc .Micliaiiical I'liihari- ('iiiii|iau\, 1 l.'i ( lii^l luil .S|.. I'lnlaili Ipliia, cir troiii N. I,, llciiiz,
I.M Sail,. III.
in
fire hrick lioarllis. A ci'iitial sliuft cun'ii'ji riil)l>li' unii.-!. two for wich heurtli.
lioth slmft ami arms arc cooIimI hy circuluting water. Tlu- uovt^l feutiirc i.s
till" introductioii of a scries of five muffles, oue aliovc each of the o lower
hearths, and the tliickeiiiiig of the outer walls of the furnace for the pur|Mise
of introiluciiig a scrii's (»f air ducts. Hy means of doors in the outer wall,
and suitalily arranged plufjs, which can he siiifted at will, the air supply for
the condjustion of the sulphur in the ore on the hearths can !« caused to first
|)a.ss through any numlier ol muffles. It liecomes heated in the muffles and
it can Ik' adndttcd to any desired hearth. The ncneral construction of the
furnace, and the location of the air ducts with res|M'ct to the hearths are shown
in the accompanying fisures (Figures 10 to lU). It will he noted that the
muffles are heated l)y tlie comhustion of the ore on the hearth of the furnace.
.\c) auxiliary source of heat is necessary when or»linai".' pyrites is used in this
fiirr.ace. The furnace seems specially adapted to the liurning of ores which
are low in sulphur.
In the installation at Isahella. an auxiliary dryer has heen erecteil close
to the furnace. The hot gases from the furnace are utilized as a source of
heat for this dryer, and, when necessary, the ore to he roasted is first passed
thnmgh the dryer.
ct^iJilli^
Viu
"to AM FUJI i
c
r_' Ik'inzt'-I r»M'liiiiil roust iii)5 fiiriiariv Horizontal section diaeruai.
11.')
The furniicf lists only Iccii iit i)|icnilinii iiiicniiittcnily, t'oi- a littlo iiiorc
than line yi-ar. and ciuiipN'tc data as to its capacity ami ctliciciicy are nut
nvail«l>le for piililicMtion. Mr. I,. \. Ilcin/c lia<. however, kindly .Mipplioil
I'lo. l:i. Ilciiizi-I riiliiii.l rii;i«tiiii; lurnacc. slicmim; iiir port- mul luiirtli^
rffi
no
tho stilijdiiuil iiK-inoraiiiluin witli n'-<|(('rt to two (>\|M-t'iiiu-ntal nm^ wliicli
were made witli this furiiari'.
" I'or '.i\ (lays the fiiriiacf was i-iiii in'th tin hoi air aixl the folliiwiiiK
fapacity was olitaiiiol ; cniiU' iirc cliatucil t.").l)()() tbs. pi-rclay. with a lntal
siil|iliiir of ■_'• 10' , I'fiiiaiiiiii)! in the ciiiih'r. "
" I'or ;{() ihiys the furiiaci was run withunt tin- hut iiir ami the followiiin
rapacity was olitaincil: criiih' ore charKi'tl ■_'".(, .'{(K) Mis. per May with a total
siilpliur of l-'.tr, I'ciiiaiiiiiiK i" 'hf ciiuh-r. "
'The fiiriiacf is so anaiiK<'<l tliat it caiilx-ruu witli or without prchfatiiii;
the air. Duriiii; the 'M (hiy pc'riod, wlicii the air was prchcatcil to avrrajir
;{.")() (IcKrccs (', no troulilc witli sintering was cxiu'ricnciil. "
•Tilt' ore chaiKiMJ avcraKoil. S •_>»■.','. ('a(» 2 ••_'.'»' ,,, Mj{( ) :{-l.')';. MiiO
((••Jtl', . /nO-l.-)', . Cii (I-77',. '■
Eriiii^-KiijMiki) h'uniiiiu} The icaiiinj; <ii(V' ,ciici's lictwccn tiiis fiirnaii-
anil the llfrrcsholT furnace arc in the si/.c of ihc fiirnai'c and in the introduc-
tion of a water cooling sy-teni to protect llw shaft and the stirrinj!-ariiis.
The first furnace liuilt was l(>' in diaiiieler, was provided with s hearths,
an air cooled shaft and s solid cast iron arms. The heat fjelieraled was suili-
cielit to cause the arms to liend under their own weiftht. These dilTicullies
were overcome liy suhstituting water cooliiej; fur the air coolinj;. and l^y
reducing; the nunilier of the hearths to (i. While primarily used oiih foi-
roasting copper ores as a |ir(>liniiiiary to snieltinf;. the furnace can also he
employed in acid niakiiiK.
The furnace descril led liy ilofmaii is l.S'-:}-.")" \\\^\\. l.'i'-IO" in dianieter;
it is sheathed with i" hoiler iron and lined with a full course of led luick;
it has li arched hearths with a If sprint; i'l'd :{' apart; each hearth has '_'
stirrinj; amis making («) revolutions per hour. The fui'iiace stands on columns
12' liiuli. to allow the roasted ore to lie collected in hoppers ami discliarjred
into cars. Si.\ furnaces form a Imttery ; they are placed from <-eiitre to centre
is' apart in one direction and 21' :{" in the other. Ilacli furnace has 2 gas-
tlues. 2' in diameter ami 12' apart passinir out of the roof: the Hues from
:{ furnaces leail into 1 main, li' in diameter, having ojieniiiss aloiii; the lop
and liottom for renioviu}; the llue-dust: the hottom openings have vertical
pipes which are connected directly with the calcine hoppers. The central
shaft of a furnace is driven from lielow. Three furnaces receive their motive
power from one main shaft, witli which they are connected liy friction clutches.
\ clutch can lie thrown in or out from each of the (i platforms surrounding
a furnace. The coolin« water is forced down to near the liottom of the
revolvinj; hollow shaft t!t" inner diameter) through a '.\" pipe and out to the
ends of the liori/onlal stirriii); arms throujih 1" horizontal pipes. In its
upward passagi' lietween shaft ami jiipe it takes up the return water from
the stirrinsi arm and dischar;;es at the top tliroujili 2 spouts iiit<i a stationary
launder. Shaft and arms are made up of llaiijjed sections to permit easy
' .Mistratl liiiiii lliifinaii. II, (I.. " .NoU's mi the .\lct:illurjt.v iif ('(i|i|«T of Montuna."
Trail.-. .\ I M. i; . Mliaiiy iiirliiiK. l<Ki:i, \(.l. \.\\IV. pp. J.'i.s-HHi.
I
117
evclmiiKo. KiiiiniiiK thi- (.vcidiiw wiiti r nt sr ('.. •_•() Kallciir* of .•..olimr wntor
|»T niiimtf iiic if<|uiml \,y n furimcc. Tc«i- have ^liowii that 10 II. P. is
miuiiiMJ for furnaces. When ore. too low in sMl|iliur to l>e seif-lmrninR,
i.e., al>oiit JS' ; . i.-* to lie roasted, one auxiliary llMplaee for 2 fiiriiHees,
phieeil on the level of the liottoiii lloor ami ileliveriiiK the llaine onto tho
fourth lloor. furnisheil the a<l<litioiial heat ie(|uire(l.
The moist coneemrates arriving from the ore-dres-iim plani uti an over-
lu'iid traek are iluin|)ei. into the J feed-ho|i|iers of a furnai-e. The-e ,ire |l)
feet apart and are t'-ti" in diameter lor ".t'-H" and tl'"ii ii.nir.ii for 7'-li". .\t
the liottoin they are made .{'-f." !iy I'-J". to lit into the openill^- in the -oofs
of the fmiiaees. The top of the hopper has a jiratini: to hreak up any lumps
iind to ki'cp out larjie pieces that may have accidentally gotten into the ore.
The hojiper holds J cars of concentrates, or :{;{ tons. This weijiht. pressing
downward, prevents any han«inj; of the chari^e and thus x.lves the dillicidty
of feeding moist line coni-eiitrate-. The contents of the hopper is con-
tinuously di>char>;ed into the furnace Ky mean- of .i feeding device of the
form of an I. which passe, to and fio under the m<iutli with a throw of al)ou!
10". The rods of the 2 feeders aic joined liy a rros- pice.' which is |)ivoted
ill the centre and connected liy a rod to one ctKl of a link, wliile the other
end is attached to the pitman of a crank and -pin- wheel; the spur wheel is
geared to the central shaft of the furnace. The ore is spreail on the top
hearth to the thickness of ;{" liy the stirriiuj arms. The fops of the-e arms
are protect<Ml liy east iron caps against rapid wear at the places w liere they
strike the ore coluimi coming down through the feed openings. The outer
half of a hearth is '.I" thick, the imier ti". The reasons for the dilTereiice are.
saving of l>rick. reducing of weight at centre, preventing contact w ith stirring-
teeth when the hearth rises upon heating, and furnishing an offset to hold
the loose working liottrtni (crusheil limestone, sometimes Hue du- 1 and even
eokedu.st). which is aliout I" thick at the centre and U" at the peripherv.
The •_> arms of a hearth have 7 ami s cast iron teeth: these are S' long hy ti"
wide liy y thick; the lower :>" of tiie teeth, which colni- in contact with the
Die. are chilled. There is no advantage in making the teeth thicker than
; '. as they wear olT oliliqucly to the working surface and. conse(|uently.
■,M)ulil simply offer a larger wearing surfa<'e. luit not lengthen the life. .\t
the same rate that the teeth are worn olT, the ore liuilds on the loose working-
hearth. When they are to l)e renewed, they are removed and a plow is
slippe<l over the stirrer afin and move<l a little toward the ci'iitre after every
circuit of the arm. Thus a crust is easily and .surely liroken up. The <'rust.s
on the second health are harder to hreak than those <if the other hearths.
The teeth on the top hearth last 2."> to ;U days; those on the -jxtli li to S
months. The shorter life of the former is attrihuted *,. mechanical wear
caused liy deciei)itationof theore. It cannot lie due to chemical action, as ;he
top hearth serves iiniinly for <lryiiig. unless the inoi.sture should cause some
sulphuric acid to form, hut the temperature of the escaping gases is ;U.")^ ('.,
and the draught is .sidficiently strong to show a depre-sion ()•:{" of water.
lis
|{<m.xlinj{ l>«'xiii.« (III tin' -cioihI hi ihinl hciiitlt. varying with the -lifiiKlli
i>f the (IraUKi ' and the iiuiif'K-r of ciiTuit-t ilml llu- wtiiiinn aim- make.
With a striiiijj <lia<i!;ht the heat cict ps up; with I circuit in V") •iccimls thf
iua-t lic){iiis nil thi' second hearth, with I in "'i <econiU on the thinl. As
till- oi-e passes fioMi llie first hearth fhioUKh the annuhii nieniiiK at the ci-ntre
of the roof of the second laviith protected 1)\ i cast iron ringi, it strikes a
distrilmtor which prevents any of it from pa--uis down the shaft During
norniid work ;{ diMirs on tiie Utttoin henrtli arc left open for the adinissiotl
of air. If the furnace Iteeoines too iiot. the doors' on tiie thiid IliMtr jire
openeii n.orc or less and tlui.s the dratlKht checkol. W'liile the ore (lr"|)s
froni hearth to hearth, the tlpWiiril gas iiirreiit caiiic.s dust with it. and ttiis
strikiiie the ro«(f adheres to it in par' :iiid l.uilds. In order to protect the
arms from lieing worn out at thcsr places, they are protecteci li\ cast iron
(•a|)s. When the dust has kiowii to a thickness of T. it is remove.! with
chisel pointed hars. l',.\|K'rinient.-. to pit.tect the roof at weak spot- witii
cast iron i^lates have proveil successful, as the dust is easily pried olT The
chunks ot fritteil ijtist go to the i)last furti^ce as welcome lump ore; th(\
contain oniy li [mt cent of silica with of of :i() per cent silici, tiuis showing
that light particles of ferric i>\ide ar»' inoie ea-il\ carried aw-iv liy the ga.s-
currents than heavy Riingue. The dust ollected in the settlinj; chuinlier itirs
higher in sulphur than the roafited ore.
In startinK a furna<'e, crushed limestone is fed to form the iMnkim;-
iMitlom. Then a small fiiT" of (jiv, soft, i.e., lonjr llame. woikJ is started from
the three side doors of the third and .fth heaftlis. .\ new furnace is hroiidht to
a dark red in .'5 to l days, an old furtiace ie(|uirps only two <la\' .Vow,
eoneentrafes afe feil. After chai'Kinj: fi>f •"> '" *> hours, it sometimes lapiKMis
that the furnace cools dowt\ too miK'li, itnd thi.- makes it neeessarv " > start
on the third and fifth (Inm i new lire for \\ to 2 hours; i"iasioiiaii\', leedinR
><i the ore i.s stopjied and ! alf a toti id coal is charged. When this ]\n- come
to the tliird hearth, tlie Muchiiu'ry is -topiied .,nd the coal is allowed t , |,urn
out. The kindling of t!..> coal may ha\e to lie assisted liy placiiiK dr-, wood
on the hearth. I'nder normal conditions a furiiai-e does its Im'sI work when
the flue shows a dejiressioii in water of {»•;)'; if it is less, the furnace gels cool.
The normal oit iiiixtuie jiasse,- tjiroiigh the furnace in alKHii 1} hour-. If
the furnace g»>ts too hot more slimes are fed; if too cold. i'i)ars«T concentrates
aie chargj'cl and the rate of feeding is reduced. .\s indicated ahove, the
temperalure is further regulated l>y the ;iilmissioii of air: closing the Uittinn
door di'ves iip tlie iieaf. ojK'iiing them draws it down; ojiening doors higher
up check- the draught. The rale of feed when oni", settled u|>on is usually
not altered, and the niimlMM' of circuits the arms make |iei' houi i-eiiiaiiis. of
'oursi', constant.
The I lust . wlii(di collects in the Hue conr\ertin'; three (resp. 4) furnaces and
fori IS \ to .") ))er cent on the ore, is raked out every ilay, sometime^- ])art of
it is Mown into the main flue of a hatieiy, witii a ho.se under a pressure of
alioul 90 Ihs. [HT square inch. The lo.-s of weight in ore including flue dust
is aliorit 20 |K'r cent.
A fiirnaro trrats. niirlcT unriiiMl i-oiiditinii* in 21 I is, M) icm- ^iilphiilo
<ii»«, with ;{.■> |H'i- cent siilpliiir mihI I(» |K'r i-ciit rii|i|HT. ur ((•111'.' tun- |n'i
-Hiiiirc flint iif liiMitli iiifii, icilui-inK the ?»iil|)hiii' tn 7 n'r i-oiit ; roastcil mi',
with 14 |n'r cent i'lhimm' Ircitlcil in ih"' Niiiif rimiiiMT, n-tainn iilMnit 10 |kt
riMit iif sii'|)hur The pnnhict ciui. "I' rniirs*-. Ih- vuriftl with thi- >|i<'('il uf
I ravel (if the -■iiiiiiK artns. 'l"liu>, with 1 riiriiit in ".') H-cund* it i- icihirfij in
'.Ut Inns, witli I ill ."i<) scTDiiils i! i- iiicicascl In ."i(l tn .*»."> tnn-,
'. M'l-tioii nl' six (n-p, M luina<'fs is ,ittcii(i<'i| tn in an >» hmir -hifi hv J
I'niiiiian, 1 furnai-j' man. I hcljicr. ,', oili-r, >, ic|iiiir man aii<l I trimiiKM-.
The fnlinwiiiK [laliial aM'iiiRC :iiial,\-i- n|' masli'il niT rc|.it'sciil> twn
ilf'lcrmiiialinns from thi- ;i \ naitc ilMy-ainl-iiijiht sample-, taken iluiiii!; an
«'\|(eriin»'ntal run nf 1.')(hi,Vs:
SiO,. 2t>'!l [XT cent.
Cii, Is-:! |K'r cent nf which !••!• was present as CiiO
I'e, :{((•(» |i«>r cent, nf which l7-!» was present a- I'V.
S, '.>■■> |X'r cent, nf which (I >l wa- present as S< ),.
Merlon RiiiiMimi t' innirr} Tlii- furnace, which is nnw cnmint: ilitn
u-e in ai-id wnrks in (ireat Britain, lifTers frnni the (.i.iinary meihanieul
masters in a minilier ni iin|Mii'talit |)ar!iculars. The acri.iiipanyinn (iiEure>
1 \ and 15 shnw a cmss and Iniii^ituditial seciinii n's|K'clively (.f the furnace
fni ina.stiiig i>yiite- nie. The furnace i^ cnnsiiucted nf hrick with cnncrete
''hx'ks for the shaft jiedestals. Tliey are pmvided with thice (several)
earths, rcc1;iii)£ulHr in [ilnii .\s shown in the cro-s >ectinn. tliese hearths
arc arched !• span the narrnwj'r dimeii-inii nf the fuiiiaciv j'wn vertical
slial's, carryiuK ralilile anus are pii.ided. t'le distance imm centre tn centre
nf I le shafts ln'inj: sli^jhtly less t han t he tiaii-vers<' iliiiiensinii of the hearth.
The shaft- are rnlated hy meitiis .i niachiiie cut wm in jtearinn ruiiiiini: in
nil. and. wherever practicahle, bail U'arinsis ;ire used in minimise fridinii.
linth shafts and arms are water cnnled I hrnUKlioul . The ral)l)les are iimveai'le
nil the rahlile arms, and can e -ily lie renewed. Iieiiig simply slip|i«-d nii and
off. They are arralised in t w ws. mi each arm. one Ix-iim slijihtly in advance
of, the nther ju:-i !>( hind, i ne raMile arm. -n i hat the w-hnle nf the la artli i>
etficiently -tiirec!
The nie is fed liirnufih a hnp|K'r tn the tnp llnnr nf the furnace It i-
wn i[ ainii;; this llnnr Ky the ;al)l)les, and nii icachini; the eml, il drops
tlirniifrji the pnrts to the llnnr lieiieath. Here il i- wnrked aloiiK in a similar
^vay, liii! in the nppn-ite di reel inn. until \\ reache i ho ports at the other end
nf this -einiid hearth, when it falls tn the third iiearth. It thus travids • uii
hearth '■> Iiearth, and finally the desulphurised and oxiclized cinder i> unli-
drawii linin the liottnm ilnnr. The air fnr cmnlmstion is admitted in the
ievers(> directinii tn the prnjricss nf ilie nre. and the products <if comlpu-linii
E.C.
' Miiatil'act tired "I -old hy llir liitim I- iirnacc ('(iiii|ian.v, tlj I.oiuloii Wall, I.diuIoii,
MHCROCOrV tiSOWTWN TEST CHART
(ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 2)
_J /APPLIED IIVMGE Inc
^F 1653 Eosl Moin Street
=:= RocHeslet. Ne. Wk 1«609 USA
^^ (7;6) *82 - 0300 - Ptione
^5 ("6) 288- 5989 - Fo>
120
j>Mss out l)y tlio fmiiiK'c flue from the top floov close to tlio foeil liop|K>r.
\\'orkiii}{ doors are in'ovidcd to oacli floor, hut tlioy aro only used for iiispcc-
tioii |)iirposps, or when the fiiriiacp is in iiocd of repairs.
All auxiliary firo box is supplied to these furnaces, where an outside source
of heat is rei(uired for oxidizing; certain ores.
I'iG. 14. .Mert on roasting t'urna<'e. \'ertical cross section,
.V standard furnace of this type will treat .">..")-() tons of ])yrites per dav
witii a power consiiniptiou of l-.") H.P.
It is clainieil that a furnai'e of this tyjie pi'odiices a luiniiuuin of dust,
because the ore travels over tiie iieartli area covered l)y tiie two rabble arms
between eacdi dro]). .Vny dust |)roduced lias an opportunity of settliii<>; Ix'fore
passing from the furnace.
The repair bill is extremely small, renewals beiiijj ])ractically confined
to the rabbles.
The cost of this furnace is £ 1S() or !?;-.'.:W."),()().
This firm also construct a muffle furnace on the same weneral plan, but
larsPr, s])ecially desijrned for roasting lead and zinc ores, and for the recovery
of the sulphur dioxide.
121
122
O'liiii II h'liiisliiiii l-'iiriiiirr. Tliis fuiiiaco is Imilt witli a cyliiidiical lirick
( iisini; (Mii'In-cil ill a Im.jIci- plate slid!, t'lc wlidlc sii|)|M.itC(l dii cliaiiiicl or
aiijrlo iidii ciihinins. The fiiniaco diffcvs finin ulhors i.f the same tvpc in the
|«iss('-si(m iif a iiiinilior <>i iiiiprovciiioiits in the details of constniction. In
the patent ^jieeifieations, 2li sepaiate <'lainis re made for these improve-
inents. The more notal)le modifications arc as follow: —
The hearths are reinforced at the ])eriplieries ' -- annular Wands which
inevent their spreading when heated ami exorcisinj; -.: ])ressnre on the furnace
casing. The ial)l>le arms are detachahle and fit into tai)erin>; sockets in the
shaft, lieinji' held in ])lace hy lu;,'s which interlock with corresixindinji pro-
jections on the shaft, when the arm after insertion in the socket is rotateil
upon its own axis throuRli a shoit arc.
The >haft is made conical or tapering in form and is moutited with the
smaller end down. Vertical chord-walls extend upward throUfih the shaft
forming three comimrtments. The raljhli' arms are made hollow. havin<i two
compartments, one for leading the air from one compartment of the shaft into
the arm. the other for leading .he air out of the arm into the other shaft
compartment. The hollow rahhle arms fit into a tapering socket, extending
into the shaft tlnough the chordwiills; the inner end of each arm is provided
witli o])enings which communicate with the respective compartments in the
shaft. The shaft and arms are cooled l)y air forced into the hollow shaft
from helow.
The general construction of the fuiiiace and its jjrincipal features are
shown in Plate XXII. A single ralihle arm with a cross section of the shaft,
showing the chord-walls and air jiassages is shown in Plate XXIIIA. An
arm with rabliles attached is shown In Plate XXIIIB. The connexions
Iwtween the air channels in the arm and the shaft comi)artments are also
shown in this figure.
Sjosliill lioiislinij Fiivniicc} The si)ecial features embodied in this
foaster are the following: —
1. The combination of four single furnaces in one battery, dispo.sed
e(|ui-distant from a conimon centre.
2. A mininuim di.stance between the fl<iorand roof arches of the roasting
chaniliei- . made possible by the constniction of the arm, and the manner in
which it is seemed to the centre shaft ( it being secured in jxisition by a liorizoi.-
tal motion and a (juarter turn).
'.i. A round rabble arm, with a perfectly seciiie lo(dving device, having
both ends clo.sed so as to ])revent any inflow of air finuii the centre shaft to
roasting chamber, the air of combustion being admitted through special jupes,
pro\ided with valves for a perfect control of the same.
1. Se))arate muffle ehamlwrs for the application of an auxiliary heat,
ami having no connection with the roasting chambers, the one under the
bottom hciiith being a combustion chamber, ami those under the second and
' .■<j6>l((lt. i:nist .\., 'Acid Miikinp Irnm l»yirli<itifc," .Idiir. Can. Miii. Inst.. Vol. VII,
liXU. |)|i. |sO-l<H, abstract.
I'l.MI \\II
')*liri('n roa-tiiii; liiniai
Pi. All: XXIII
t)'Brien roa^tinf; furniKo Kabbles, ral>lile ann, and method of attachment.
1'.'3
to]) licurlli.-* ln'iiiK licatiin; cluiinljeis, tlinmirli whii-li tin- cciinlmstihlt .1 tim
extraneiius furl pass fii>iii tlip comljustioii chaiulxM-, and :■ c tliiis iilili/cil to
ailvaiifap' in lieatinK tlir cnrrosiMinclinK rnastinR (liMirs.
.'). A screw dovicc for ffodinji the cue fnim the lii'ip.r ici the inastcr,
the fianie iH'ing proiH'lled hv tncans nf an cndloss chain ftmn the main dii\in}'
shaft.
Sections of tlii.s roaster arc shown in (inures Hi and 17.
Fij^nve 17 presents a l)attery of fmn- furnaces in horizontal cross section,
ontiio hroiien hne I 1 and I' Ton fifinre Itl, showing the comliustioii cliandK'r
a*, the lower and upjier heating diarnliers :i* and a', am! the tower, or ilis-
eharginj:. heaitii A*, titiurc Iti shows a sectional elevation of the l)atter>- on
line 3 '.i. figure 17. Ikmiik throunh the <enlial coliiiniis of the furnaces, one side
shown with the rahhic-' and one without. .V .V are five straight arched
hearths; a', a* and a' the coinhustion and heating chandiers. The tlowiif th(>
fuel gas and coinl)Ustil)les is indicated hy arrows. The gas (or oil) entering
from main F^ through P and a siiitahle burner into the combustion chaml)er
at F and F', .strikes the hot baffle walls and is readily ignited, pas.ses through
the cliundter and reaches the ehinniey flue D, which leads to the heating
chainl)er a', ovei- the lower roasting hearth. This chamber is also i)rovided
FiQ. It). Sjostcdt roasting funiaee. Vertical section.
12
121
with a liaftif Willi, 10, which cvtcinls tn ami siirruiiiicls the coiiffp r<haff I,
H'pal'aliliK the ^a^ itiN't In tin it!< <iiitl<-t, alul thus ('i>tii|M-liiiit! the ci mil iiistil tics
tu iiiikc a full tilili hfic hct'oic |pa>siliK nut and up thioutjli iIk" u|>imt .-n'ctidii
(if cliinuii'V Hue 1) to the ht'atiiijj chainU'r ii'. uiulcr the upper rua.'^tini; hearth.
IlfMc it iJiakes a *iiuilar eifcuit Ix'fciie filially pasi^iHij uuf Ihfnutth the last
sectimi iif I) aiiil Hue ])' In >tai k K, which is cchiiimhii tn tlie wiicile liattery nf
fouf iiia-ters. I'* ami I* are peep Imles for iiis|K'ctiii!j the iiea' iti tin ni-
l)u-iiiiii and iieatiuu ehaiulxTs. (i is an air receiver ("hut lilast") in the
centre uf the liattery. into which the air nf cdfuhustinn is inirniluced under
pressure from a Himi l.l.iw«'r an<l heated from tlii' Inick walls with which it
is siirroumled, and thence carried thr(iuj{h hiast )>i|)es (1' tn the hut tiers at I"
and F'. The ure, finely crusheil, is intrnduced tiu'ii\i>{h an (i|)eiiinii in the tup
(if fddf .\ df the up|K'r rciastinjt :-haiulier tn hearth .\', from lidp|H'r .\, hy feed
lulie n. prcivided with an autdiuatic screw chai'siini; device, n'. Owiiij; tn the
lidttdMi heal furnished by heatiny; chainl«'r a', the dn> is smm dried while
lieinn nMi\«'d toward the circumference liy the teeth of arms I,, fastened tn the
revdlvinj; centre shaft I, and drups finally down 'n hearth .\-, thni-inh rim
di-iharjjes a"'. The arms of this hearth, havinj; their teeth placed in the
I'lG. 17. Sjcistcilt roasting riirimcc. Horizontal .section.
f.
i
IfVlTwi'il ilirccliiill. liiiw ciiu-f tin- "lie to !«• inuvi'il t<iu:inl llic rciitii" alicl
iliscliiifKi" it tliri'M^li the ci-iitri' ip|HMiiiis.-' a"-' niitu hearth A'. Hy thi^ liiiii'
the -iilphiii' hii> Ik'imi Imurly icmnvccl. atnl the licat );''"«'i'ii'<'il '•>' ' '"' ii\iilaliiili
III' tlic sul|ih>ir ha:' iliiiiiliishcil. Iiilt oti r(>ai'hir>i: licarth A*. h<-atnl within, a
tcmjHMaliiit' r-iifTiriciit fur a fiii'lu'f nxiilatinii i- iiiaiiitaitu'il; -in hImi mi thi'
lat^t hi-artii. A', whii-h i> hcatcil limiL within direct hy the (•iiiiiliii>tii>ii chaiiilK-i'
a*. 'I'iic laiiMc- hiuiliy i-miim' tiic imw liia>ltil ufc tn U' ili«rhMli;('il thloilltli
(i|M>iiiiiK:* ii" anil ^'ituiit a"*. icailiiiK In tlic ore coiiveyur. O aic |ii|K'> ailmittiiiij
aiiil riiiitiiiilins: tlic air supply fnf ii.a>liiiK nf the oro, ami M a ea^t ifmi \>\\h'
Icailiiiu li'iiiii the tii|) 111' ai'i'ii A nf each ruj.-tt ..U'l tliiuiliih whii'h the sul-
]iiimiiil> cases pass out fimii tiie inaster tu the iiiai;. ^ias thie.
Joins ('ifliniln'riil li'mi.tlinii Fnninri} This hiniier i> de-iirneil tu |iiiMi\li'e
.ul|iluif tliiixiili- ){as hy loastiiij; pyrites in a riitai\ kiln in an atmosphere
ciintainiiij; air ami sulphur ilin\ii|e );as iiiaiji' liy huriiiii^ cinimieirial sulph.ir
in an auxiliary sulphur huri\er. The earlier type of .hiiie- hu'iier irniteil
States Patent No. S7'J,S2'2) eon^i'teil of a rotary cyliinhii'a! kihi liiieil with
lire hrick' ihree rows of hriek at e(|Ual ilistaliees apart, projertin^ heyotnl
tiie others and foniiiii); three riil;;es ruiminj; the length of the eyliinler. acted
as aiiitators as the kiln rei'olveil. Tlu? more recent type of kiln i(';iiiadian
I'ateiit No. |H,'Jt;{) is divided into ii niimher of compiirtments hy a tire-
hrick lining as deserilted helow. In this typo of kiln a central cylindrii^iil
passajjeway or tuhe is pro'-ided for the purpose of conducting vaporized
sulphur or :;ny other heat producing material lo the comhuslioii zone of the
kiln. In practice the sulphur contained in the ore is ignited hy the comhus-
tion of this vapor: afterward the heat developed may he siiilicient to maintain
the comliiistioii of the ore without supplying additional fiH'l. .\notlicr
feature of the process is the pi'eheating of the ore to such a degree that the
moment it enters the hurning zone t!,e sulphur of the ore will ignite and hurii.
.V dust separator of special des.gn is also employed with the .lone* e(|uipment .
The kiln is a rotary kiln mounted upon anti-fric' ioii rollers at a slight
inclination (Figure is and I'late \.\IVi. .\ siilphui hurning furnace or
.i()orizer is placed uiljacent to the e\it end of the kiln: this furnace is
usually a concrete oven in which sulphur can he vaporized hy liurning, to he
used for heating up the kiln and 'tig the comhu-tioii of ihe suli)hur in
the ore. Sulphur is fed into this ov iroiigh a suitahle feed hopjier. .V ()ipe
to conduct Ihe vaporized sulphur to tiie kiln communicates hetween the oven
and the discharge iiood of the kiln, into which latter the cinder from the
hlU'lit ore falls in making exit from the furnace.
'Description bascil on Canadian I'ulcm Niiniliir 1 tlJ4:i. Maiiulai'tiireii l)y ''le
I'yrilc KiiKincciiiiK <'o.. CurlhaK''. N''" Vnik.
ll'ti
0-i
■-8
t»—
'^-
J
§
o 5
«
II
e
i
i
c
I
127
Till' kiln is lined with firchripk and is provided internally with a pinrality
of partitions, nidiaily ari'anged between a eentral tuhidai- duet and the inner
cireumferenre. (See Figures is and 1<». These partitions and the tubular
duct run from the exit end of the kiln to a small ehamher near the anterior
end where they terminate: this ehamher forms part of the liurning zone of
the kiln. A second series of partitions is provided, without tlie central duct,
intermediate between this chand)er and the iidet end. Adjacent to the inlet
5ccA/on A- A
SmeHon B-B
Smchon C-C
Stchon showing six parhHons
Via. 19. Cross sect uiis of Jones rotary kiln sliowiiiR linir.K and partitions.
end of tlic kiln, and upon the inner surface of the latter, a worm screw is
formed on the shell for the purpose of feeding the ore forwani into the kiln
as the latter enters the inlet end through the feed pipe. The numlier of
partitions varies; four or six may be used. A di.scharge hood is i)rovidcd at
the exit end; this hood consists of an annular chamber having a closed end
in which peep holes are jjlaced. At points diametrically op|)osite each other
two hoppers are attaehed to this hood; each ho|)per is fittetl with a bracket
arm to which a door is liii.;;od opening outward. This door oi)erates auto-
matically as the cylinder revolves and allows the cinders to be dumped.
12S
A.ljareut to tho inlet on.l „f the oylin.ler is h «taek int., which the sulphur
• hoxule Ras passes ,....n. the kiln through „ suitable pipe connexion. Xe
loun end f this hopper connects with an inclined ,,ipe secured to the inner
rlt t ;ti H ■ "; '"' '"•"• ^"'^•""■'' '" ^^'" °"""- ■^"'•^"<-« o' the «tack
in .0K..trafon w.th this opening lea.ls to the feeding cvlinder in which a
sp ral feed screw ,s n.ounte.l. An inclined chute which passes through the
mlet end of th.- kiln conducts the ore („ the kiln.
:
:
i 1
1 M
! H
1
1 '-. 1
■
t ■
1
! 1 'il
1 1
1
1 1 ' ■
{ 1 \M
r--*/ eimraHen
Stdt E/»if9Hon
I'lfi. It). .>^tack showing ore hopper and feed.
The hoppe. has an opening in its inclined wail to which a gas exit pipe
hence h T ""r IT" r""",'^'' "''' '"f' "^ '*'•' ^*«'"^' *" ^^^ «»'0- aid
thence through a shghtly u.chned pipe, about which an ore drying cvlinrler
capable of rotating is nu.unted. Projecting fron, the inner .surface of this
cylmder arc lo,..,tudn.ally disposed angle wings. These wings are provide
for the purpose ..t l.ftmg the ore an.l allowing it vo drop a,s the drver cvlinde
revolves ai>out the hot central cylinder fonned by the ga.s conduit, f he ore
m introduced into the drying cylin.ler through a chute, which pas.ses through
the gas conduit an.l .lelnvrs t., the lower si.le of the rotating ..vlin.ler The
mitoinltlc" ' '^ '■'"'"'' '" "•' ""*''"•' '"■•'"•"'•• ""^' *'- ^-''"'^» '- -ade
.\ dust chamber or trap i.s place.l adjacent to the kiln an.l is connected
«.th the gas conduit that passes through the dryer, the conn.-xi.m to the
chamber being ma.le through its top. (See Figures 21 ami 22) The hott....,
129
ur
ar
he
er
of
;k
a
le
of the (•haml)er is formed !)>• tun \' shii|H'(l troughs running the lengtli of
the rhiiniber; worm screws operate in the l)ottoms of these troughs to remove
the (lust as it accumuhitcs. A series of transverse i)artitions, extending only
partially to the height of the trap (al)out jf) are provideil within the (■liaml)er.
Susp nded vertically from the roof of the dust trap over eaeh of the partitions
\ii9i^i^'ifiamtf't^i^^ififlff'ffjff'Mi'^Siff!Siff''Sffff'^i^^ffffff'S'^ffS'^ff'S'^^ma^
Fig. 21. Jones dust trap, l-ongitiidinal section, on line b— b, fiKure 21.
are screens formed hy hunches of piano wires. A central partition nearly
divides the interior of the chamber into two compartments, there being an
open space above the top of the partition provided for the purpose of allowing
the gas to pass from one side of the partition to the other. Suitable sight
openings are provided in the walls of the dust trap, and there are also doors
through which access may be had to the chamber.
From the top of the ilust <'haml)er a conduit leads the gas which has been
freed from dust to the cooling pipes which are placed within a tank designed
to hold the cooling water. The cooling pipes course back and forth through
the tank; they are provided with a quick flushing valve to clean them out
when necessary. From the cooler the gas passes upward through a conduit
to an expansion chamlier where a further small quantity of dust may be
detained. Thence it passes to the point of consumption.
In operating a i)lant of this type, combustion is started by burning a
sufficient quantity of commercial sulphur or other heat producing agent
within the sulphur furnace. The vaporized sulphur is conveyed through the
180
central duct in the kiln to the combustion chamber, where it ignites and heats
the partitions within the kiln to incandescence. When the partitions are
heated to the proper temperature, the kiln is readv to receive ore from the
hopper. Pyrite.s ore. crushed preferably to al)out J" size, is fed through a
chute into the drying cylin.ler. Un.ier the influence of heat from the gas
comluit which forms the .-ore of this cylimler an.l because of the agitation
pro.lurr,| by the wiiig.s of the .slowly revolving <Irver, the moisture in the ore
Cross Seehon
I'lG. 22. .lonos .lust trap. Cross secti..i on line ;i a, figure 21.
is driven off. This moisture may be conducted from the cviinder bv anv
suitable stack. The ore pa.s.ses forward in the dryer to the discharge openin-
and falls into the fce<I hopper in the .stack. Dryin- has i,een found essential
to prevent the forma. ion of sulphuric acid when the sulphur dioxide gas is
re(iinred for the manufacture of sulphide pulp. Aft.'r the ore has been dis-
charged mto the hopper it again receives the heat of the gases from the kiln
as these gases surround the ore hopper in the stack. The highly heated ore
i.s fed into the kiln by a worm fee.!, and is pushed forward bv the worm
threads bu.lt on the inner walls of the kiln at the inlet end.
As the partitions have been heated to incandescence before the ore is
admitted, it will begin to burn immedii.telv, and sulphur <iioxide will be
131
foriiipd. If the ore l)o of siifficiont ridmoss it will Imni of itself and tlie
teinperutuic tTiaiiitaiiied will he sutficicnt to Imni out all the sulphur it
contains ; under these eircuinstanecs the vaporizing of the roniniercial sulphur
ill the furnace may he discontinued. The ore travels throufth the several
coiiipartnients of the kiln, the cinder l)eing discharged into the hood and
hoppers connected thereto.
T(>sts have shown that the diviiling of the interior of the kiln into coiii-
partineiits enables a large liody of ore to he treated, and that this subdivision
is es.seiitial to the successful working of the apparatus, affording a much larger
capacity than would otherwise he the case.
The gas formed l>y the oxidation of the pyrite ores in the kiln is con-
ducted by means of suction draught, into the dust trap, after passing about
the hopper in the stack. The gas, containing a certain amount of dust,
passes through the piano wire screens which are suspended from the roof of
the dust trap. The.se cause the ilust to settle. Tests have shown that the
current of ilust-ladeii gases causes the fine wires to vibrate and intercept the
dust particles. From the dust chamber the ga.se.s are conducted into the
cooler pipe where they circulate through jiipes submerged in a cooling mediu'ii,
usually water. From the cooler the gases pass into the e.vpaiisioii chamlier,
where any further |)articles of (hist are precipitated. The cool and purified
sul()liur dioxide gas is now readv for use in making sulphurous or sulphuric
aci.l.'
Applications of Sulphur Dioxide
-Vcording to Luiige^ the |)iincipal uses to which sulphur dioxide is
applied are as follow: "The greatest ((uaiitity of SO, is produced for the
manufacture of sul])hiiiic acid. Next to thi.s in imi)ortance comes its u.se for
the manufacture of wood-|)ulp, mostly in the state of calcium bisulphite
(or a solution of CaSO., in an excess of sulphurous acid). One of the oldest
uses of sulphur dioxide, in the sliajje of burning sulphur, is as a disinfecting
and antiseptic agent. For the former ])iiri)ose it is not so much valued now
as formerly, since it has been shown that many of the disease germs resist
the action of S(V, for a long time. The antiseptic function of 8(), comes into
play in the fumigation of wine casks, in the arresting of the fermentation of
wort, in the manufacture of glue (where it acts also .is a bleaching agent),
and in many other cases.
In the textile industries sulphurous acid is largely used as a bleaching
agent, esjiecially for wool, silk, straw, etc. It is not (juite certain in which
way it acts in this ca.se, possibly iiy forming a compound with the colouring
matters containetl in the fibres. Formerly it was generally assumed that
the SO, in bleaching acted as a reducing agent, which indeed must be true
' Sec (Icscriptum of the installation at the Sulphite .Mill of tho Hinckley Fibre Company,
Hinckley, X. Y., this report, p. 171.
» I-ungf, Sulphuric .\eicl and .Vlkali, :{i(l Ed., Vol. I, Part I, pp. l(il-162.
132
in some cases, although probably not in all. The re<lu(ing functions of So
are utilized in chemical and metallurgical operations in to., iiianv case^ t„ |,p
enumerate<l here."
At some works sulphur dioxide is prepareil in liquid form l.v c.M.ling and
pressure. In this state it may be store<l in portable iron cylinders ; the
cylmders used for the purpo.se have a capacity of one or two hundredweight
Tank cars of 10 tons capacity are employed where larger quantities of lirpiid
are to be transported. The cylinders used on the tank cars are ma.le of
V Tought iron with welded seams. They are about 23' in length. 2'-:r in
diameter, and are tested to stand a pressure of 30 atmosphere^. VL'h car
carries three cylinders.
"The i.rincipal uses for li.juid sulphur .lioxide are for refrigerating-
machines (Fleet's and (,thers), for wood pulp manufacture (to brin.' the
calcium bisulphite liquors up to .strength), for the purification of beet" root
juice, for (iLsinfecting, for bleaching, for the manufacture of glue and gelatine.
Recently liquid sulphur dioxide has been applied bv Hehrend and Zim-
mermann as a means for increasing the efficiency of steam engines bv utilizing
the heat of the exhaust steam for evaporating SO,. The high pressure va-
pours thus produced are utilized in an auxiliary cylinder for generating motive
power and are afterwards again condensed to liquid SO,. Hitherto this
system does not seem to have fulfilled its expectations.
The formerly rather extenave use for bringing calcium bisulphite li.iuor
(for the manufacture of wood pulp) up to strength has ver\- much decrea-^cd
since the factories have improved their plants for the .lirect preparation of
strong sulphite liquor.'
Utilization of Cinder
The cinder residues after roasting con.si.st of ferric oxide and the impuiities
of the original ore, together with a small portion of un;ilteie.l sulphides
The sulphur content will vary from less than one to more than five i)er cent
Where the cinder contains copper and the precious metals, the.se cpn be
recovered by a leaching process. In one jilant, where a large supply „r
cinder is availaole, the cinder is subjecte.l to a chloridizing roast in a large
gas-fired, mechanically operated, single hearth furnace. The coi)i.e.- content
is then recovered by leaching with water, the liquors being j.as.se.l over iron
.scrap. The residues after leaching forn. a nearly i)ure iron ore, which i
sintered in a coal-dust fired rotary cement kiln, and is sub.sequentlv utilized
in a blast furnace. Where the cinders only contain iron oxide as a' valuable
constituent, they can occasionally be u.sed in iron furnaces, provided there
IS a large supply and a convenient market. They are also suitable for the
manufacture of ferro-silicon. In the majority of cases it will probably be
found that the amount of cinder produced in any ordinary plant is too small
to be marketed. In this event it can often be utilized locally for filling, or
as ballast or road dressing material.
' Lunge, op. cit., p. 38S-388.
i:a
CHAPTER VT.
THE MANUFACrUHE OF SULPHUHIC ACID.'
Sulphuric iiciil is one of tlio most irnportiint of chomiciil.s, not only on
account of the larj^e quantities inunufiictured, hut also on account of the
many applications which it fiiuls in tlio arts and in industrial works.
Pure sulphuric acid is a coloiu-less, odourless liquid of an oily consistency
having a specific gravity of 1 •n:JSI at 1.")° C. It l)oils at .\.\S° C, and at almut
400°('. he vapour dis.sociates into sulphur trioxido an<l water. .Vt a higher
temperature, al)out a red heat, there is still further dissociation with pro-
duction of the sulphur dioxide and free o.xygen. It freezes to a colourle.s.s
cry.stalline solid at I0'o°t'. The acid is extremely hygroscopic; when strong
acid is mixed with water there is a considerable amount of heat liberated,
anil there is a decrease in volume.
The acid may be preparinl by di.s.solving sulphur trioxide in water; by
gradual oxidation of sulphur dioxide in the presence of water; by Imrning
a mixture of sulphur and saltpetre under a bell jar, absorbuig the products
of combustion in water and concentrating the resultant solution. All three
methods have l)een used coi.imsrcially at different times. At ])re,sent com-
mercial acid is made almost wholly from sulphur dioxiile; sulphur dioxide
on a commercial scale is made by the combustion of >ulphur in air. Formerly
sulphur, in the form of brimstone, was exclusively employed for this purpose,
but at the present time, the greater portion of commercial .sulphuric acid is
made from sulphur dioxide obtained by the oxidation of metallic sulphides,
especlHlly those of iron and zinc.
The gas produced 1)V the calcining of metallic sulphides usually holds a
I onsiderable quantity of dust in mechanical suspension when issuing from
the burner. This flue dust must !)e removed l)eforc the gas is subject to further
treatment.
Burner gas, if made from pyrites, contains between 7' f, "id S% of SO,
if made from sul])hur it will usually contain between 10' o si'xl H' oSOj. In
addition, it contains the nitrogen and other inert constituents of the air which
entered the furnace .-id there is also a surplus of unconsumed oxygen. Where
Inirner gas is used for making sulphuric acid, this oxygen usually forms ab(jut
' Tile reader wlio wLslics to rifer to u technical description of the procesHes of iiutiiu-
facturiiiK Sulphuric Acid, and of the e<jiiipnicnt required, is advised to coii.sult some of the
numerous articles in the technical journals and in sjx'cial texts, such as: —
1. 'The Manufacttin? of Chamlx-r Sulphuric .\cid," by F. J. Falding, Mineral lir
dustrj-. Vol, VII, 1898, pp. 051-702.
2. " Sulphuric .Vcid and \lkali, " by George Lunge, 3rd edition, 190U.
3 " The Contact Proce.ss for the Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid, " Twelfth Census of
the United States, 1!»IK), Vol. X, Part IV. pp. 533-5;j7, included in thb report as Appendix IV
V.i\
''^ '"^r "^ P"- "> l"'<'V...U ,1,0 fon.uiti.,,. of , „. riuxi,!.. H '; 1 "
;::!:;.: ;:.;;.:'rr'''r.''''^''''^ ""• «"^- ^"■•"•'«" •"- "•-"'■ --- '
Aft..r purification. l.um.T ^as n... l,,- „s,.,| ,|i,,,.,lv („r the .ulpl.ur ,li-
\vj,.n ,,mi...>. ,lu- oxidation of tho ,lioxi,|,. ,„ th,. trioxi.l,. wul tho
sul.so,u..nt fonnation of tl.o a-i.l uoul.l tako pla..,- o„lv t . i^l.t xt.
Ill the iiiaiiufactuic of the acid it 1^ ,„.,.,. ^..,.- , i , Mcnt.
an<l for till. ,.n,>. 1^ n("(c.>>an to accelerate the oxidation
<• tins p„,p,se an ••oxy«en carrier" rnnst l,e en.plove.l. Two Kener.!
t .,1s are now n. nse for this purpose. In one. oxi.lLtion is pronnj h
1' <.nu,t.d l,> the ad of certani other oxy^.^n carriers, which upparentlv react
-- .•.-.vered and used over a«ain. with only slight niechanicLI tscJ
as e '.(',:. ';: "■" T'''"T'' "' "'''''"'■■■'• "'■'•'• '-"-" '-.•ecti^•elv
.1 nu iiuM.h,' (Voces, and the "Contact IVocess."
Chan^ber Process for the Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid
In the n.ethod of pre,,arinK sulphuric acid l.y the chan.her process
.t.o. ox.des, winch act as "...xy^en carriers " nn.st he supplied to tie .Z,:
1 t tto .'•^••"•-'P'-o-l l.v the sulphuric acid in the presence of the
Hot gases, and oxides of n tro.ren -ire lihe.-.to I -n ■ .
f,, ,.,... „.,l i„. ,, , '"">,,<" .lie nheiated. I hesc oxides are caned
onMHl lA he current of hot sases into tho chan.lK>rs where the furthe
T^Z^r) """' ;■' "-.^"•-'^-" "^the sulphuric a..id t ko X^
I'Hsen.e of ^^ater,• n, practice i„uch more water is neo.lo.l than that
' Se,' Chapter VII, of this report.
133
thpni-ptinilly i<'<|uiml fur tlio pinducti.ni of IUS{\; the stilphmic :i.i,l furincd
in the chiiiiilii'is is thercfnro iiiways diiut*' ami for ciiimiicirial imip. )?«'.•«
chaiiilx'i' arid must tx' cuiiccnt rated.
U'liiU- tin- prest'lice of nitrous oxidt-s is necessary that tiie ciieniieal
reacticiiis involved in tlie formation of tiie >ulpiiuric acid may 'io on rapidly,
yet they thenispjves do not enter into the eoniposition of the final produets.
In jmu'tiee, iiowever, a eonsi<|pralile loss takes place, partly niechanically
throUKh their l>einK furrie<l forward hy the I'urrent of uaste iiitroKen and
oxVKcn from which the sulphur dioxide has l)Pen extracted, and partly l)y
reduction to the inactive forms of nitrous oxide ir to eleitientary nitrogen.
This mechanical loss is now ](revented hy hriiifiinij the waste jjases into
contact with strong sulfhuric acid in a form of apparatus known as the
(Itifi-I.itssiic toii'cr. The operation of tiiis piece of ap])aratus dei)ends on the
fact, discovered hy (Jay-1-ussac almu' 1S27. that moderately stroUfj sul-
phuric acid forms with nitrous fumes a com|«pund known as iiitroso-suipliurir
acid, and this substance remains in solution in the sulphuric acid as "nitrous
vitriol." The nitrous oxides from the (Jay-Lu.-sac tower are agnin intro-
duced into the current of gases l>y exposing tiie nitrous vitriol, previously
diluted with weaker chanil)or aiid, to the action of hot jiiises fresh from the
huriiers. tlie apparatus employed being known as the dlorer tower. .\s will
lie exjilaiiied in a sul)se((uent paragra|)h. the (ilover tower aUo ])eifori.is
certain other important functions.
The principal reactions in connection with tiie production of sulphuric
acid hy the oxidation of sulphur dioxide in the presence of oxides of nitrogen
are carried on in large rectangular chaniliers. known as "acid ci:.indH'rs" or
''vitriol cliainliers."
.\ jilant for the manufacture of sulphuric aciil hy the Chamlier Process,
iK-sides the hurners. will thus comprise liiree |)rincipal strui'tures, the (Hover
tower, the Acid Chambers and the Gaij-Luxmc towers. In aihlition, there will
h( the necessi.iy fans, jnimps, pipe lines and tanks for haiidli'ig, storing and
ilistrihuting the diftVrent jndducts; certain pieces of auxiliary ai>paratus,
designed to effect material savings or to accelerate the reactions, may also Ih-
introduced into the system. The course of the gases, after leaving the
hurners will he through the (ilover towers tiieiice to ilie .Vcid Cliamher>.
Waste gases from the acid chamhers. from which all tlie Miljiliur dioxide lias
lieen extracted if the o|K'ratiotis are conducted under proper working coiu''-
tions, will then pass through the (Jay-Lus.^ac towers and thence Into the
atmosphere.
Acid Chamber. — The aciil chamheis are large, rectangular chaniliers
from 1.5 to 25 feet in height, between 20 and :}0 feet in width, ami usually
about ,j or (5 times as long as they are wide. The bottom of the <'liaml)er is
formed hy an immense pan from 12 to Is inches in dejith, made of heavy
sheet lead. The walls an., top are also made of sheet lead, somewhat lighter
in weight. All seams and joints are made by "burning" or fusing the lead
at the lines of junction of the sheets. The walls and roof of the chamlier
ai'O .-U|)i)olted at all points by suitable wooiten or steel frame work. Usually
I3(i
at leuft three chainberx uir Piii|)li)yetl in even tho ^inallo^t work.-'. In the
htr(£(>i' wiuks the total chrtiiilwr i-apacity will !«• >ovprai lii;nilrpi| thoii^nnil
ciiltie feet.
When the rhnintiei^ are in <>j)eiiiti>n, Imnwr eh*, tn which oxiii'^r* nf
nitronoii have alrea<ly Ijeen supplied, ii introdiired at one end of the rhaiilier
>ystem. Tlic movement of tlie gases tlirougli the cliaiiilier is proi'.iieed
partly l>y their own cheinical ui'tion, and partly liy the draiicht inoduced
eitlier l)y a rhiinney or l>y iiieclianical means, siicli as a fati. At the same
time water in the form of steam, or as a fine spray, is introduced at a nunilier
of suitaiile |Miints, to furnish the moistun- necessary to promote the rea<'tion
represented l>y the fornu-' SO, + O -r MjO = H,S(),.
Gluvtr toH'fr. — The (rlover tower forms an essential part of every well
desii'ned acid plant usinjt the cluimlier process. A typical towTr consists
of nn outer shell of lead, constructed as in the case of the cliainl)ers, and
provided with an ai'iil-proof stone or l)rick lininn. no mortar ix'in); used
ill its construction, however. The Ix'st lining is "\'olvic lava." Where tiiis
cannot l>e obtained economically s]K'cial '" chemical" hrick or .stone are
employed, such as will resist the a^'ids and the heat up to the required e.\teiit.
The packing of the tower consists of silica, usually in the form of (|uartz.
The {(uartz should Ik* as pure as possil)le an<l massive. Quartz from schists
is aj>t to contain hydro-micas, or other minerals which may l)e acted on l)y the
acids, and, owing to the development of the schistose structures, it tends to
disintegrate under the action of the heat. In some cases, the (Hover towers
are packed with acid i)riH)f hricks.
As indicated in a previous ])aragraph, acid containing nitrous vitriol is
distributed over tiie top of the ])acking in tiie (Hover tower. In its course
to the Itase, it is Imjken into innumerable fine streams or s|)ray, thus l)eing
exj)osed to the action of the a- 'uding hot ga.ses. The hot ga.ses cause the
nitrous oxides to Iw lil)erated from the a<'id; a portion of the sul])hur dioxide
is oxidized to the trioxide ni'd this in turn forms sidi>huric acid. In aildition,
the high temjH'rature of the ga.ses eva|>orates a considerable portion of the
water in the acid as it trickles down over the j)acking. The moisture driven
off by tliis jieat |)asses into tiie chamlKMS tiiere to aiil in the formation of
more acid, and at tiie same time the acid in the tower is concentrated to the
retiuired strengtii.
The most important and characteristic function (jf the (dover tower i.s
thus exactly the o])|)osite to tiiat of the (iay-I.ussac lower, luiinely to deprive
the nitrous vitriol, running off at the liottom of the (iay-Lussac tower of its
nitrous compounds, .'vt the same time, it restores it to a proper state of
concentra„ion for applying it again at the toji of that tower.
The surplus heat of the burner ga.ses is also thus utilized in the (Hover
tower to l)ring the whole of the ("hamlier acid up to a sjiecihc gravity of 1 -T'JO
(about m° H. or lS-\)2% H.SO,). or even sis higli as 1-7 ibout ()'-'° H. or
,S2-(X)' ; HjS(\), without any additional expense, other . that neces-sary
to pump the acid to the top of the tower.
i
I. {7
Till" ....vci- tower i-i ii-cil in m»iiic plniits wlictf tin- |».rtiiijj r\>rciii of
intriMliicinK nitrous oxi.lcs U not fMiployiMJ for tlii' intr...luction of tin- rc.|iii*it..
aiiioiint of nitroiH o\ii|(M into the clmnilK-rs. This ii ijonr l.y riinninir nitric
aciil down alons with the nitrous vitriol. Hf'forc it arrives at the Kotton ,,f
the to.ver it. as well as the nitrous vitriol itself, is fully denitiated.
(i<t!l-Lii.HH,ic Toirii: -The (?as is mixture escaping from the last c'hanii.er
of a series eontuins nitro|{en .iiiil other inert eonstituents derive.l from the
air admitte.1 to tiie pyrites Imrners. [t al.-o rontaiiis u eertaiii amount of
fu'e owjreii, nitrous oxides, and water vapor. The nitrous oxide- are n
valual.Ie ronstituent and their reeovery is desiralil- This is arcoiiiplished
by alisorliiiiK them from the waste piM-^ hy means oi the Cay-Lussac tower.
The suceessful operation of this tox\er is (h'pendent <.n the fart that -troi.g
roneeiitrated suipliurir acid -vill al.sorl' oxides of nitrogen with the formation
of nitrous vitriol.
The <iuy-Lus.<ae tower consists essentially of a iliatnlier. whose walls are
made of sheet Iea<l. packed lo <sely with an acid-resistinj? material. The
p,.ckinj; usually consists of dense hard-hurned oven-coke. In sonu- of the
more modern works, perforated plates or cylinders of acid proof stoneware are
emi)hiyed. either as a substitute for some of the coke or for all of it. Thi.s
packing is so arrange-' that a stream of sulphuric Mcid entering from al.ove
is liroken into small drop.s or spray as it descends over the packing. .\t the
.same time the current oi wt .ste gases rising in the tower is divided inio mimer-
ous snuiU jets, in its pas^^age through the interstices of the packing, s.i that
the surface of contact !■ .tween acid and gas i.s made as huge as po.ssihle. In
thi.s way the nitrous oxides in the waste gases are brought into contact with
the strong ac-d and alisorlied liy it : the valiu'less portion of the waste gases is
discharged fro.u th" top of the tower either into the air, or into a conduit
leading to a stack. As already indicated, the nitrous vitriol thus obtained is
diluted with chaml>er acid, and then conducted to the (Mover tower where the
nitpius oxides are again lii)ei!ited and passeil into the chamber svstem. M
the same time the dilute acid undergoes concentration: a portion of this con-
centrated acid is sent to the Cay-I.ussac tower again, and the balance is
discharged into the storage tanks for shipment.
Contact Processes for the Manufacture of Sulphuric Arid'
The |)r()ce.ss by which chemical actions are brought ai>out i)v a substance
which is itself recovered unchanged after the reaction is termed nil-ih/sis.
Two groups of such reactions may be recognized: in (»ne, the catal.\ tic agent
first combines with one of the components to the reaction to form an unstable
chemical compoimd which iinmediately reacts with the other components to
form the final com|)ound, the catalytic agent l)eing simultaneously liberated
and rendered free to again react with the first co.nponent : in the other group.
' For a liistory of these nielhtxls hihI .i iliscu-iicin of the pr-x-e^-^.v'^. con-iilt I.iinp-. fi,
•' ■^alphiirie .Vci.l tiiul Alkali," Vol. I, Part II, :{r(l Kil., HKW, p. <>7:{ ,i x,q.
13
l.ls
llif ciitiilyti" liKciit iipiH'iH' til ri'iict liv uh-vv roiitait withimt iiinU'r>{i>iiiK iiiiy
cliiKiltr within it-cif ' Tin' ii\i.lati<>i) <if •«ul|iliiii iiiii\iili' in tin- pri-wiicf uf
iiiiiiiii- (isiilc- is an i'\ani|ili' of the tiint f;riiii|i uf cat'ilytir i-caclioiis: tin-
iiiniliiiiatiiin of .iilpliiii iiiii\iilc ami usyKcn in the prcwciicf uf tini'iy ilividinl
platitiiiiii i,« all I'xainpli' of ilic sci'iinil sniup of catalytic n-action*
Contact procei'Mi'x for tlic inaniifacturc of Mulplmr tri-o\iil(> ami iiijpliuri)'
aciil. on a commercial scaU', lU jM-niJ iipoti the catalytic action of tim-ly dividt'il
platinum or ferric osiilc on sulphur ilio\iilc ami oxygen, when luMURlit uliout
uinler suitahle comlitions. The ilevelopnient of these processes to commercial
successes have involved long, tedious, and costly invest i){at ions and for the
most part tin- methods employed have lieen closelv guarded secrets.
With re({i:rd to the commercial use of these processes. Dr. ( i(>or){e l.uiiKe
writes as follows: •
"The first sucessful introduction of th<' -atalxtic system for nuikiiiK
sulphuric acid took place in thi- I'nited Stati's in the year |s!»s, when the
Mailische Aiii und .SmIu Falirik erected, in the State of .Vew Jersey, an
experimental to follow out the discoveries of Kniclsch. and liy it demon-
strated the exiraurdiiiary importance and value of the ideas of this investi(jutor.
unhappily so early taken away from science ami industry. As a re-ull of
this plant as the initial point of the ac(|uisition of the Knietsch patents by the
• ieiu'ral Chemical Company, the contact methiHl has reai'hed its present
extensive dex'elopment in the I'nited States.
.\ year later, that is in liKts, the Mineral Point /,in<' Co. in tin ir works in
the -t:tlc of Wisconsin, elected an ajiparatus aci'or'lillK to the patents of
Scluiicdei' and (iiillo, l.y which the sulphiU' dioxide ){ases from the workiiiK
of ar-eiiic free /.inc ores, which until then had lieen lost, were to lie utili/.ed,
Siiu'cal liiat lime the (let ails of a complete worKiiisiof the contact method were
not at command, it i- not io he wondered at that this plant was several tinu's
reliuilt and filiall\ di-cunliniied.
I lie (leneral Ciienn il Compaiiv lie^raii the erection of its lirst jilant after
the UerresholV system in thr \car llKKland in I! MVJ carried out tlie preparation
of sidp'nnic acid accordins tu this method in their chief works in .\ew York.
This plant has since I hen been i luiing uninterruptedly wiMi the same contact
mater!id: the caiai>lic sulistame h.-is never been touched anew. Tiiis was
the first factory plant in the I'nited .-States in whicii pyrites }r;ises were to be
treated, which \\< ic arsenic containing' and otherwise contamiiuitecl.
In :iie year l!M)t. one of the Herreshoff patents came into conllict with
one cf tlie patents U'lonjiiuf; to the Hadi-clip Anilin und Soda Falirik. The
final le.sult of the steps resultinj; Troni th, was that the Hadischc and the
(rf'iieral Chemical Company came to an apeoinent. in that the f k>neralac(|uire(l
•That this is so ha.'< Miit U'cii definitely cstulilislicd. In fact, some chciiist- Ix-lii'vc
tliut the mctlKKis of reaction of liotli (trou|)s of catalytic agents are identii'a;. The coii.li-
tiotis under which these reactions take platv, however, are so well understood, that the
reactions are utilized for imhistrial |)r<Ki'ss<'s.
■ Zeit.vchrin fui .\np. Wamlte Chcinie, Vol. Will, 1910, p. 721 rl niy.
:ill llic .\tiii*rii'un putciil^ li<>liiti((inK In llic ltaili)<clit>; lati>r iilmi tliof^' nf tlir
Kiirliwi-rki- vnriii Mi'i«lri- l.iiriii" iiml Miiictiiiiij. of tln' Ti'iilflcwx-lii- C i«'nii«-
•■lii'ii I'lilirik, mill nf WaU',
It i- rc|Mii'fi| that till' <;<-iicral Clicinii'iil ('i>iii|)uli\ ha' .i<'lilally 'iiici- UNKl
(lirM- ■iitiiiilt'il ail thfir IcMil rliamU-r |>laiil> in the I'liiti'd Slalf. in that thoy
n>|»hn'«'<l tlu' olil i-haiiilxT aii<l riiiicctitialiiiu phiiits almost i-iitiii'l\- hy run-
tact [ihiiits. The nthcr facliiries whii'h ii|H'ratc in the I'liitPfl Stati-s liy the
f'Diilai't pi'in'C'^* alT. with IVw cvcciitinii-*. licciiM-<"' of the (hmii'imI
The ap|iii<'atiiiii nf thf iiivi-rilioiis uf Hi'i'irshntT to tho^cof Knictsrh Inl
to siilii^taiitial chatiK'"^ whii'h havf iiuulf thr |iro«'«'-s i iic MiitaMo to Arin'iicati
coiiilitioiiH, liiit fituw of wliich will (XMhaps huvi- Kn-at vahii- in other phi'-t';*
uikUt (Ttiain I'in'Uin^taiicr^. Aiiio'i'» fh«'>c ••liaiii!;i'- ah' to Ik' iiiciitioni'il:
thtMinii:'^ioii of hiijii" roiiipifj'forf'. tlii' avoiihiiircof pa^finjj the na^M's tliroiiKh
liciuidfi aii<l il'c aili'icii (li'virc> loi thi" licat rcnuhition. liy whirh the hrat of
I'i'ai'tioii IS ictiiovcil ill r|HTiai ht-at tiaii>fciii'i'K and not in the contact cliain-
l)f>r it^(•lf. ThcfC >y>t<'ni> arc hi efficient that an if in f(>|M>rtcd, transfonncfM
which have now already U'cii in coiitiinial or almost <'ontiniiul o|K'ration for
nine years, have never lie«'n o|p<'ned and work just as well as ever U'forc In
the field of aWsorption also. iin]>i'oveinents have lieen introduced liy the coni-
liined inventive activity of Knietsch and lierreslioff. hy which the sireimth
of the acid is kejit coii-talit liy means of a continuous circulation of larjie
amounts of u id. and hy which also the over pi'cssure previously neci'ssary at
tl.' lace has Ikhmi luoujjht down almost to zero.
The .New Jersey Zinc Conipany is the owner for ihc I'nileil States of the
S'liriieder-tirillo method. IV'sides their own use of it for zini- c es, they have
jiiven some licenses to other firnis in the I'liited States. ( )lijection was rais«'d
liy the owners of the Knietsidi patents, that the just mentioned, as well as all
other usa I lie contact met hods, use certain fundamental invention' of K;iietsch's
method. Suit was coinmericed. liut an agreement was rcaihed which j:i' cs
the HeireslmlT-Kiiiet'ch patents the precedence in 'he future of tne chemicnl
field.
Some licenses in the I'liiled s^tates use the so-callfc| Maniilicim sy>tem.
.Kcccu'linjc to my M'lthniiiies. tl-.is sy>teiu stamis decidedly lieliind t'.ose
mentioiu'd aliove: furtheiiiioic the owners of the Knietsch patents maintain
that it infriii'res their fniidanielital invention, and they liave instituted several
suits in the I'nited States lor the enforcemesit of this claim.""
In his text on Sulphuric .Vcid and Alkali. L'liiKc' cites six dilTerent pro-
ces.sosses which are iK'ttci- known pailiy from the pateitt specifications and
partly from communications received liy him from tl-.e owners. Three <if the
methods are in sui'cessful o|)eration ii\ .\merican plants and the following
't>|). cit., Vol. I. I'arl II. p. 1012.
140
suimiiaiy ilrsciiptions aiP liufod piutly on Lunge's (lescrijitimis, partly mi
articles wliicli liavc a]>i)eaiO(I in tccliiiical publications, and |)aitly upm the
patent s])ocificalic)n--. '
TIk I'rocrsx of the lindisclii-Anilin uiiil Smlii Fahrik
("anailian Patent nunil)er !t'2S():j, Ajiiil •Jotli., KM)."); I'uitcd States patents
laiiiiWr (ilX), ()(i2. Dec. .31.st., 1!K)1; No. (i<J2, OlS, Jan. 2sth. 1002.'
The process was develoi)od hy Dr. Rudolf Kiietscli, wiiose name as in-
ventor appears on the ])atents. The following descriijtiou is taken from the
Canadian Patent; the detailed descrii)tion of the ajjparatus emi)loyed aiiil
the diagrams have been omitted.
"A process of prei)arinji sulphuiic aniiydride by the (•ond)inatioM of
sulphur (lioxi<le and o.wjjen from the air, or other so'irce, by passing sucii a
' I'ndcr the Canadian Patent Uiw th<).«c piocoscs, winch arc protected by patent,
can Ik' us<'d under license in Canada. S'c Hevi.sed Statutes of Canada. llMHi, I'hap. t>!t,
Cluu.-^e 44, which reads as lollcms: —
"44. On tlie application of the applicant for a patent, previous to the issue thereol.
or on the application within six months alter tlie issue of a patent of the patentee or his
lepal representatives, the Connuissioner, haWnp rejiard to the naturi> of the invention, may
order that such patent, instead of iH'ing sul.jeet to the condition with res|K'ct to the con-
struction and manufacture of the patented invention hereinlH'fori' provided, shall l)0
subject to the following conditions, that is to say: -
(o) .\ny [lerson, at any time while the patent continui's in force, may apply to the
Conunissioner l>y [X'tition for a license to make, construct, use and sell the patented
invention, and the Conunissioncr shall, subject to general rules which may be
made for carrying out this section, hear the [lerson applying and the owner of the
patent, and, if he is satisfied tliat the reasonal)le reiiuirements of the public in
reference to the invention liave not lx>en satisfied by reason of the neglect or refusal
of the patentee or his legal representatives to make, construct, use or sell the
invention, or to grant licenses to others on reasonable terms to make, construct,
use or sell the same, may nuike an order under his hand and the seal of the Patent
<>"ice reipiiring the owner of the patent to grant a license to tlie ]x'rson applying
therefor, in such forni. and upon such tcnns as to the duration of the license, the
amount of the royalties, security for payment, and otherwise, as the Commissioner,
having regard to the nature of tlw invi'Ution and the circumstanies of the case,
di'cms just:
('') The Commissioner may, if he thinks fit. and shall on the rei|uest of either of the
parties to the proceedings, call in the aid of an assessor. ^|>ecially (|ualified, and
hear the case wholly or partially with his assistance:
('■) The existence of one or more licenses shall not Ih> a bar lo ..n onler l)y the Coru-
Miissioner for, or to the granting of a license on any application, imder this section;
and.
('/) The patent and all rights and privileges thiTcby graiited shall ceas|. and determine,
and the patent shall lie null and void, if tin' CouMnissioner makes an order re.|uiring
the owner of the patent to grant any license, and the owner of the patent refuse-
or neglel-t- to comply with such order within XUnv calendar months next after ,i
copy of it is adilressed to him or to his duly authorized agent. 3 K. \I1. c. 4(). s.
-The Canadian and United States rights are controlled by the (ieneral ClicMiiiial
Comp.iny, '.'.i Brnad St.. New York.
141
iiiixtuiP of pusps over platinizod asl)ostos, or other contiict-suhstance, at a
liigli teinperaturo, 1ms long l>een known and practiseil.
I have made certain imin-ovenients in this j)rocess which are the result of
prolonged research and e\i)erinient. and their < ihined effect involves an
entire revohition in the manufacture of suli)huric acid and sul|ihuric anhyd-
ride, and is snch as to i-ender the conversion of sulphur dioxide into sulpimric
anhydride ]) 'uctically complete, the produi-tion of sulphuric anhydride l)eing
effected so economically that, hy the aid of this invention it is possil.le
not merely to produce suljjhuric anhydride itself, and all the gr. les of fuming
sulphuiic acid advantageously, hut even ordinary concentrated sulphuric acid
orchanilier acid can, according to t lis invention, te asclieai)ly |)roduced as hy
the well known chamber |>rocess. Acid weaker than, and up to ."i()° He, (tiiat
is. containing ahout Ki per cent. H,80<) can. according to this invention. I)e
prejiared at least as cheaply as hy means of the chanilx'r imjcess. and all
stronger acids are i>roduced in accoidance with this invention more ciieaply.
tlie advantages heing greater, the stronger the acid.
The effects, according to this invention, liave not hoen achieved hy a
single im])rovement, hut result fi'om a series of investigations into every part
of the ))rocess, and in order to treat sulphur dioxide, from whatever source
obtained, successfully and with the l)est effect by the contact-piocess, for the
jiroduction of .sulphuric anhydride, my imi)rovements should be adopted in
every jiarl of the process.
The manufacture may be divided into tinee parts, viz:—
F(>«<:— The preliminary treatment of the mixed gases to be ojwrated on.
.S'(TO»f/:— The regulation of the conditions, ])articularly as to temi)erature,
during the combination.
Third: — The disposition, or arrangement, of the contact -substance to
avoid undue ri.se of pressure.
I.—Tlie usual suli)hide ores contain various im|)urities. and many of
tliese, on roasting the ores, are liable to pass, either free, or in combination,
and either as dust, mist or gas. info the mixed gases containing the sulphur
dioxide. Kven if practically pure sulphur be used as the source of SOj, some
sulphuric aidiydride is formed and. since the air useil in roasting contains
moisture, the result is that the SO, jiroduced contains sulphuric acid which
l)asses forward as a suspended mist.
The etTcct of such impurities on tiie mixed ga.ses is of various kinds.
sul|)lunMc acid, for instance, from an>- source is liable, in some cases, to injure
the lead and iron parts of the ap[)aratus and to cause difficulties in the mov-
ing parts of machinery, lurtlier and especially. I have found that the
sulphuric acid mist is objectionable as carrying forward other impurities
into the contact ajiparatus. .\ny admixture of sulphui' vapours which
have escaped combustion act similarly, and nuist therefore be excluded.
Other iTuimrities may alTect the contact substance mechanically, or chemic-
ally, either as such, or after chemically combining with the sulphur trioxide,
or even, in some cases, they may combine chemicallv with the contact
suiistancc. and in every case its efficiency is itupaircil.
112
The followiiin; hodic- coiiii" principally into (..iisiili'iatioii us p()ssil)le
impurities in the sulphurous sascs: viz.— iron, nyansiincsc, copper, nickel,
arsenic, antimony, phosphorus, mercury, leail, /.inc, l)ismuth, thallium and
selenium, or compounils thereof.
I have .systematically examincil tlie effect of these hodies, in the contact-
proce.ss. an<l have found that arsenic, ])hosphorus and mercmy ami their
compounds are esix-cially injurious and small ((uantities of any one of these
impurities may render eomj^aratively large quantities of the contact sul)-
stance almost entirely inert and impair the efficiency of the process. I
h;.- ascertained that all the said imimrities. such as sulphuric acid, sulphur,
dus. of any kind, and arsenic phosi)horus and mercury, and their com-
l)ounds, nuist lie removed from the Rases in order to allow of the conthiual
use of the contact mass, and a continual, and nearly (luantitative, conversion
thereby of sulphurous acid into sulphuric anhydride.
Tlie perfect pinihcation of the roaster gases is very difficult, and is (me
of the principal reasons that the direct i)roduction of sulphuric anhydride
from the said gases has imt hitherto replaced the (■'••amlier process.
1 have devised a new process which allows >,■ the certain and perfect
removal of the said imiiurities from the roaster gases.
This process discards the idea of immediately passing into the contact
mass the relatively dry and hot roaster gases, from the hearths or burners,
where the suli)hide ore is roasted or burnt, a.'ter having freed them from
dust as far as could be done l)y <lei)osit in a Hue. and provides a new and
particular jiurification, which. i)referably. consists in a special treatment
whilst hot with a jet of steam, or air, or other gas. for the purpose of thoroughly
mixing the ga.ses (if steam be not used to effect the mixing, a sufficient amount
of .steam must be intro<luced to dilute the conden.sed sul|)huric acid) a sub-
se(iuent gradual cooling, and then repeate<l washing with water, or suljihiu'lc
acid, while using special tests, as hereinafter set forth, and, finally, drying
the gases by sulphuric acid, all as hereinafter more fully described. The
gases, before entering the contact a])))aratus, nmst satisfy two tests, viz: —
An optical test to sl-,)w free<lom from dust and mist, and a chemical aimlytical
test to show freeilom from arsenic, i.hosphorus. and mercury, or their com-
pounds.
To achieve this purity a jet of steam is blown into the dust Hue which
the hot roaster gases enter from I'n' pyrites burners, .\mongst other effects
the .steam mixes the gases tlK^ ighly. and lirings abo\it a more perfect
coiuiiination of any sul|)hur. or other combustii)le matter. This mixing and
])romoted combustion can also be effected by means of a jei of air, or other
comiiustii)le gas (for example, by means of a i)ortion of t he gases to be treated! .
but then it is recommended that the steam be blown in later. The intro-
duction of steam has several further most important effects.
I have found that it is advantageous, for the i)ur|)ose of effecting the
easy and comiilete washing of the roaster gases, especially gases from pyrites
burners, containing much arsenic, to gradually c..,.! the ga.ses in suitable
cooling ai)paratus. .VII such gases contain concentrated sulphuric acid
iM
vapours wliicli arc coiiilonscd wlieii cooling apparatus (usually (•(msistiui;
of iron, or U-ad) is lialile to 1)C strongly attacked and ra])idly deteriorated, oi'
destroyeil. If, however, sufficient steam he hlowu into the jjases to hrinj;
down the concentration of the condensed sulphuric acid to a strength of
10 to K) degrees Heannie. tliis dilliculty is overcome. Of course where
the cooling api)urat\is conies into contact with condensed dilute sulphuric
acid it nuist l)e made ')f lead and not of iron.
.V further important elTect of Mowing in steam is that the coolers do not
Uecome incrusted with solid impurities in coml)ination with the sulphuric
acid, which form when the gases are cooled and steam is not used, which
impurities stop u|) liie pipes and are difficult to remove.
liy Mowing steam into the hot gases this incrustation is prevented
because the said impurities form a niu<l which is easily removed. The addi-
tion of steam also renders it possible to more easily wasii the gases subse-
quently, and eiuibles the desired purity to lie attained.
The action ot tiie steam serves also tj prevent the fo.u'ation of volatile
hydrogen conipouiuls of the ini])urities. e>]}ecially of aise-iic. ;uid i)hos])horus.
or their ccinii>oii iS. There would otherwise be formed by the action of the
concentrated sul[>huric acid on the metal of the coolers and the impurities,
!'• ' couhl be removed only with great difficulty, and therefore would pass
the conta't mass and eventually render it inactive. The ga.-es jiass
tiirougli a flue, which may be of iron, or brickwork, in wliich they ( 1 .■some-
what, and thence into a sy.stem of lead i)i])es arranged to act as a c ler.
Here they are cooled down to about J00° centigrade, or lower. They are
then i)assed into washing towers, or other washing apparatus, ami washed
with water, or dilute, or coiicentrated sul])huric aci<l. To the wash water
there may be added sodium l)isulj)hite. or similar chemicals, to inciease its
cleansing action. This washing is l)est effected in a system of washing bottles,
or other washing apparatus, set up in series and jnimping machinery is used to
move the gases relatively to the washing liriuid. If water be the washing
licjuid employed it soon becomes converted into dilute sulpiiuric aciii: *'ie
use of concentrated sulphuric acid is not recommended in or(linar> -ises
because it recpiires considerable ex])enditure of power to move it in tiie wash-
ing apparatus and because the said api)aratus is liable to liecome incrusted.
The washing apparatus can be constructed on tiie princi[)le of the ordinary
washing Ixittles, so that the gases have to overcome the |)ressure of the liiiuids
in them and conseciuently the liquid which is in constant movement l)ecomes
intiiTi:.,j'ly mixed with the gases. Or the gases may be scrubbed I)y the
energetic movement of the washing liciuids through the gases. Xo material
should be used in the washing apparatus which, in the presence of the acid
li(iuiil, might give rise to the ])roduction of noxious gases, f(ir in.stance,
ar.-^eniuretted hydrogen. The .-sulphuric aci<l. and any sulilimates and flue
<lust. are all i>recipitated in the cooler, or in the washing ajjparatus and the
li(|uid running from these is collected in lead lH)xes and allowed to settle.
The sul|)lniric acid obtained in this way can be ))inn-ed otT from the sediment
and be used as diluted sulphuric acid, or it can be converted into concentrateil
144
Milphuric aritl hy tlic siil])liuiic anliyilvide olitaiiied l)y the (•(intact-piocess.
If luit already waslicd with poiuentmted sulphuric acid, tlif ■zases aro finally
tlioiDujjlily dried hy iiieaiis of such concentrated acid, or other (hyinjj agent.
The extent to wliich the washing must he carried will dejK'nd on the nature
and amount of the iiniMirities to he eliminated and can he determined hy tests
as aforesaid.
Tlie test.s are effected as follow:
!n the first place, the a])paratus is so arranged that a layer of the gas,
some yards in length, is illuminated l)y means of a lamp at the one end, whilst,
from the other end. the operator can look through the entire layer of gas
towards the light. It is neces.sary tliat no dusty, or misty, admixture shall
l)e ohservahle. If this optical test he jjermanently successful, it is only
necessary to examine the gases for such inii)urities as \,ould not !« shewn hy
the optical test, .vmongst these impurities there are, in particular, arseniuiet-
ted hydrogen and ]>ossibly also pliosphoretted hydrogen and mercury vajxiurs.
In order to detect these, a portiim of the .sti-eam of the purified gas is passed,
for a long jjeriod. say 24 hours, through a wash-hottle containing distilled
water, and the water so treated is tl.en examined according to any chemical
nnah-tical metluxl. In this way any considerable traces of the dangerous
impurities can he discovered.
The above description of the proce.ss applies most closely to the purifica-
tion of the gases derived fiom the furnaces in which ])yrites are burnt, or
roasted, but gases containing sulphur dioxide from other sources can be puri-
fied in a siniilar way.
II. — It is well known that, when sulphur dioxide is combined with oxygen
to foini suli)huric anhydride, a con^jideral)le amount of heat is evolved. This
is stated in literature to be in acconlance with the equation .SOj + () =- S(\-
-I- 32-2 Cal. (See Hess Poggendorff's Annalen, Vol. 5G, p. 471, IS42; Thon'i-
sen, Ann. ch. i)h. (4) Vol. 30, p. 442, 1.S73; Ostwald, Allgemeine Cliemie.
Vol. II, p|). 12:5 and 124). The reaction between 80, and O only takes phu'c
at an elevated tem])erature. so that it is necessaiy to submit the gases, either
sejiaiately. or in admixture, to a preliminary heating. During the reaction
the heat of chemical union becomes aihled to that applied, and thus the
temp<'ral are mny rise to an enormous degree, even to bright red heat . accord-
ing to the richness of the gas mi.xture in suljihur il'oxide. or tiie strength of
the current of the gases.
I have found that this accuniulation of heat and rise of temperature is
very injurious when ))ractically manufacturing sulphuric anhydride. The
injurious effects are of various kinds. For in.stance. the iron ])arts of the
ai)i)aratus are (|uickly destroyed by oxidation, the action of the ontaet-sul>-
stance em|)loyed for promoting, or inducing, the reaction is weakened, the
efficiency of the api)aratus is diminished, and the course of the reaction,
which should be a))i)roximat('iy iiuantitative. becomes essentially less jierfect.
The overheating is esi>ecialh- injurious if the arrangement of the a|)i)ara-
tus Ik- such that the mixtine of gases containing the SO, leaves the i-oniact-
niass at the point where it lias the liigliest tem])erature.
145
1 liavf (liscuvoiod that this ilotonoiaticni in tlip course of the ipactioii is
due to the fact that the lecoiiviMsioii of SO^ into 80, 4- O takes phice at
tonipeiatiires which arc Imt little higher than those at which the formation
of SO3 proceeds most favourably, whilst, at the same time, the union of S(\
and O takes place very much more rapidly in tiie first ])ortinns of the contact
mass than in those foUowinfi, so that the wiiole apjmratus, from the lH>ginnin>:.
attains too high a temiierature.
The reversal of the reaction im leases in amount tlie more the contact
a])paratus Incomes overheated hy (lie aforementioned excess of heat, that is.
accordingly as more gases, or more concentrate<l gas mixtures, jjass through
the contact ai)i)aratus. Consequently it is impossihle to effect any satis-
factory union of sulphur <lioxi(le and oxygen, or some of the suli>huric anhy-
dride formed is decomi)osed in the reverse direction. The gases leaving the
apparatus therefore contain unchanged sulphur dioxide which can only be
used in other ways, if at all. sucii as for the manufacture of suli)huric acid
according to the chamber jn-ocess, or the manufacture of bisulphite or the
like.
I have devised a i)rocess. and apparatus in which the said process can
be carried out, by which the afore^aid disadvantiges are avoided. In tliis
l)rocess platinised asbestos is the contact substance recommended for use.
It can. for instance, be prepared as described in the specification of Winck'er's
(lerman Patent No. 4o(i(i. See also I.unge's Suljjhuric .\cid and .Mkali,
•Jnd F.d., Vol. I, p. S03, and Dammer. Chemische Technologic. Vol. I. |). IMI.
The process, acconling to this invention, consists in cooling the contact mass
by suitably regulated external coolmg, whereby the injurious excess of heat
is withdrawn. In this way a condition of temjjerature in the contact
apparatus is attaineil which is. within wide limits, independent of the quantity
and concentration of the gas treated, and which includes the most favourable
temi)erature for the formation of SO,. By the ])rocess according to this
invention it is ])ossible to obtain a piactically quantitative yield of sulphuric
anhydride, to a degree comparable with the action in the sulphuric acid
chambers; further, the contact nuiss and the ai)i)aratus generally, are more
durable, owing to the lower temi)erattire to which they are sub,iected, and
their efficiency is largely incre:: "d.
The numner of practising this i)arl of the process according to this
invention can be varied in many respects, in particular, regard nuist be had
to the concennation of the gases to be treated. The cooling of the contact
chanibe'- so as to produce tlie most favourable range of temperature t'lerein
is generally elTected l)y means of a current of gas. Both the rate of flow and
the tenii)erature of this current are kept under control. I use, for uistance,
air in this way. or the actual gases wliich arc to l>e treated. Hut the cooling
can be effected in other ways, for instance, in liciuid baths, especially molten
metal baths, whose temi)eratures are under control.
When the ga-e- to be treated are them -.elves u.sed for cooling the ( jntact-
apparatus, a ])art. or the whole, of the current of gases so to .0 tit-ated is
caused to jiass tln-ough the sjiace exiciior lo the chamber containing the
146
K;.s..s ....niii.K from the roolini; chainlKT .,.-.. il,..,, i .7 , ""'
'"- -i,,.., f..,. the n...st favou;...;;::::;::;: r, ; 1; ; ^".^ :•,;;;■•'--•-
111 s.,m,. rases, a further he'itinir , r "'""'"■ '<"• this purpose.
"•1-' .Hv ,,'::::.::m:;::;*: ;■!,::;'!"■" ' »■■- "■'-
7Vic Scliroalrr-dnl/o I'rocss ^
111 theilevelr.pineiit of thccoiitact r)r()cess,.s If I,., . 1 e , ,
•■^vhere, .nvh.K t.. the easv revers" .f .' V ' ''"'f ?'''''"" "''"''''■ ^"''■<.
'^ubstaliees. tlu. re«e„e at ..".,.'': T^'"'' "'"' """ •""•'"^"^- "^ ^'"'-
..f piatitLe.: as.ei..s. pu.,.i;:ii";;:;ii:.^ ;>r;;r:s:" :.r r
;rz ;;';;xz::;;::;;r..;f "■" -'""-^^ -•' --"p-S.:"
the .alts with a ..iiuteU:" .r^ I)- ;;:.::,:tt! V '"T"^ •"■■ rr^""'^
The platinum is then reduee.! with.n t ^3 ^^ th." ; \ ' I' "'''""'"
tl- iH.t gases eontainin. 8(), over the n".:! -"-dances, hy passing
The f!^l:;;;i::"rar,.;;pt'i':; ;;;!':' ' '""" ^^^'^t "■""■='^'"« ^"-" ---ts.
Zin- ^^•orks L Xew .,;.;.!';; r "' "" '"•"■'■'^■^ "^ ""I-'"--"' -^ t'»^ Mineral Point
to . ■; Jii :£':;;:!;;;;;'': 'l^xi " • '-' t\" '"^ ^"'-'- -• '='^-
chaniLer is fitte.l .i'h^af^. . lis' 'Z"^;U ?r '""f" ''"'^ '""'^
t"P to ..otton. of the ehaniLer sever,, llm s^tf ^ ^ ^ "e^^^' ^'"
'r-ioves a good part of the flue dust, hut there .-..nni is v-.r o ' ■'
. " "" ■ •'"•' ' "•' t " "lore intimate eontaet of the acid
.•JS<»-;{!)0
; Con«,l, I,„„g,, Sulphuric AHd and Alk,.Ii, .•V,| K.i Vol I P,.rt II , , n--
■^;n..,..nn. and Minin, Journal, X.. Vo.., Vol. ..Xxia"-";.:.-!; ";
l,n")7. (/ .vf//.
PI- I<)(l!i. p[,
jtm
147
anil the giis. The mist is icinovod by pussiiiK the niis tlirouuli filtors filled
with coke. The lust step in the purifiration is filtnitiou of the rhs through
layers of asl.estos fit.er. The pas after passing through this purifying pro-
cess shows no traces of dust or mist when examined in a (lask l.y means of
sunlight and a magnifying glass.
The gas which up to this time has l.een under a suction ai'tiou is now
force<l l.v ronneisville jiositivc pressure l.lowers through the conversion
and al,s<.rptioii apparatus. Hefore the conversion into suli)hur trioxide can
be effectwl the sulphur dioxide must be heate.l to 100° ''. The .■..aversion
is effected bv the catalvtic action of finely divi.led |)latinum .listribute.l on
particles of magnesium" suli)hate. This platinum brings about a c<)ml)ina-
tion ..f sulid.ur dioxi.le with the excess of oxyg.t. (taken in at the roastmg
furnac.) an.l sulphur tri..\ide is formed, .\fter leaving the cataly/.ers the
sulj.hur tri.ixide is cooled by passing it througii iron pipes before the absorp-
tion begins. Finally, the aci.l is pumpe.l int.. iron tank .'ars for shipment."
Till' Mdiniluuii I'ntirss^
The conversion ..f dry suli.hur di..xide int.. the trioxide is acc.mplishe.l
bv the Mannheim i.rocess in two stages. The first convcrsi.,n is ac.'..mplishe.l
by passing the gases through a contact s])ace charge.l with ferric oxi.le. The
secon.l c..nversi..n takes place, after further purificati..n, in the presence ..f a
platinum contact.
In roasting j.vrites for the i>reparati..n .>f sulpliur-.li..xi.le for use in tins
pn.cess. special air-tight furnaces are emi)loye.l and i.iecautions are taken
that all air entering the furnaces siiall l.e first th..roughly .Irie.l. This is
acc.mplishe.l bv j.assing it first through towers fe.l with c..ncentrate.l sul-
pb.uric acid. The dric.l air is passe.l underneath tiie grates ..1 the turuaces
to the roasting ore.
Tlie unc.ile.l burner ga.ses ])ass .lirectly t.. the first contact mass. This
eonsists of a l)..dv ..f ferric oxide, between 7 ami 10 feet in thickness, resting
ui...n a grate, within an ir..n cased chamber. The chamlKMs are so c..nst.u.-t-
ed that fresh ..xi.le ..f iron dn'rites cinder) can be intr.-.luce.l at the t..|. while
the si>ent ..xi.le is remove.l bel..w, through the grate, lietweeii (10 and 6.)',^,
of the suli.hur .li..xide in the burner gases is c.nverte.l int.. the tri..xi.le by
the first c.mtai't mass.
Fn.ni this c..ntact chamWr the gases are c.n.lucte.l into ......ling ap-
paratus an.l thence t.) absorl.ers, where the tri..xide is rem-.ve.l. M..st ..i
the iminirities in the gas have Wen remove.l during its pa.ssage thn.ugh the
first .'...ita.'t mass. The gas. h..vvever, still c..ntains traces ..f impurities
an.l ills.. s.,n,e unc.n.lense.l anhy.lri.le. The la.st trace ..f these im|.urities
is remove.l bv s..me form ..f filter apparatus. The gases ar.> then >ubje.'t t..
the a.'ti..n ..f a platinum c.ntact mass where the balan.'e ..t the .la. xi.le is
' I.iiiip-, Dp. eit., p. 1,W7.
C1..I1. an.l Hasonl..ich, Unit.'.! States patent Xo. 60(),i:?3, Doc. HI. 1901.
US
(•-.nvrrted int., the trioxide. the ru^s l«i„g first hoate.l t„ the torniHMut,
requisite f..r rnnver.i„n. After passinR the platinum contaet, they an m
fooled and passed tlnuuKl. an al.surl.er l.v which the anhvdii.le is",Tt. m.. <
Applications of Sulphuric Acid
A<-e„rdi.iR t.. l.iinKC> the principal applicati,.ns „f sulphuri,- acid are
the followinp: —
•■ I.-In a mure ur less ,lilute state (say fv.m. 1 » 1° Tw. .luu-nwards) Fur
makmg sulphate uf sudu (salt-cake) an.l hy.lrochluric aci.l. and therefore
i.lt.maely f..r s,.da-ash, l.leachinR-puwder, soap, glass, an.l innumeral.le other
products. Purther. for .suiK>rphosphates and other artificial manures These
tw(. apphcatK.ns probal.ly consumo nine-tenths of all the s„lplu,ri,. acid
produced. Further applications are:-for preparing sulphurous, nitric
phosph..nc. hydrofluoric, l„,ric. .•arU.nic, chromic, oxalic, tartaric citric'
acetic, ami stearic acids; i„ preparing plu.sphorus, i..dine. I.r..mide the sul-
phates ,.f |,otassium. amm..nium, l.arium (blancfixe). calcium (pearl-har.len-
>ng) ; esjK>cially also for precipitating l)ar>ta or lime as suli)hates for chemical
pr..cesses; sulphates of magnesium, aluminum, iron, zinc, copjK'r mercury
(as intermediate stage for calomel and corr-.siye sublimate); in the met'd"-
lurgy of co,,,^r, cobalt, nickel, platim.m, silyer; for cleaning (pi-'kling)
sheet-iron to he tinned or gah-anized; for cleaning cpjier silyer etc • fur
manufacturing potassium bichromate; for working gah-anic cells such as
are used in telegi-aphy, in electro-plating, etc.; f..r manufa.'turing'onlinary
ether and the composite ethers; for making or purifying many organic c.loui"-
ing-matters, es,K>cially in the ..xidizing mixture of ,«,tassium" bichromate and
sulijhuric acid; for parchment pajHir: for purifying many mineral ..ils and
s..metimes coal-gas; for manufacturing starch, syrup, and sugar- for the
saccharification of c.rn; f<.r neutralizing the alkaline reaction of fermenting
liquors, such as uK.las.ses; fur efferyescent drinks; fur prei,aring tallow pre-
yiously to melting it; for reci.yering the fatty acids from soap-su.is f,.r des-
tr..y.ng yegetable fibres in mixed fabrics; generally, in dyeing, calico print-
ing, tanning, as a chemical reagent in innumeral.le cases; in medi.-ine a<rain>.
lead poisoning, and in many other cases. "
11. In a concentrated st„te.-Fur manufacturing the fatty aci.js by ,lis.
tillation; ,.urify.ng colza . il; for purifying benzene, petroleum. ,.araffin .,il
and ..ther mineral oils; f.,r .Ir^-ing air. es,K.cially fur iaboratury purposes'
but also fur drying gases for manufacturing proces.ses (for this, weaker a.'id"
also, of 140° Tw., can be u.sed) ; f..r the pio.luction of ice by the rai.id ey.pura-
tion of water in a yacuum; for refining gol.l and silyer," desilyering copper
etc.; fur making organ..-sulplu.nic acids; manufacturing in.ligo- nreparing
many nitro-compoun.ls an.l nitric ethers. es,«.,.ially in manufa.'turin- nitro-
glycerine, pyroxylme. nitru-lK-nzene. jjicric acid, and su furth
' Lunec .<ii!pli.irir Acid .in<! Alkali. .-Jrd Hd., Vol. 1, I'ait 11,
pp. ll(iy-ll7U.
149
III. As Xorilhdusni fiiniiin/ nil of vilriul (unhiiitriih). Fur iniinufiK'tiii'-
iriK ci'ilaiii (>r)jiiiiu-:<iil|ili(iiiic m-ids (in tli<> iiiaiiiifacttire of ulizarinr, enT^iiic
iiulin". <■'<••); '"'■ purifying "zokpritp; fm- making sli(ic-lil»ckin(j; for l)rinKiii)!
onliimry cimcont rated acid uji tn tlic lii);lu>st stHMigtli iis reqiiirrd in tlic
niaiiufaciiiro "f pymxylinp and (itiuM- |Mirinises.
IM
CHAPTKR VII.
I'VIUTKS AM) Tin; I'Al'KH MAN UFACTU RING IXDUSTHV.
General.
Caiiiiilii is [MissoM'il ot (jiciit ])iil|i\V(«n| i('S(niif<'s. mill the proiluctiun of
pulpwiiiiil iiiiil tlic iimi'iifiictiiri' i(f woimI pulp i?i ime uf the Isirgpst and most
rapidly cNpaiuim,'; uf mir iiidiistiics. At present a very large propurtioii uf
our pulp-wood is exported in the raw stite. As pointed out l)y Mr. H. U.
Macniillan.' " If the pulpwood e\|Mirted in lillO had iieen reduced to jmlp
in Canada, it wouM have supplied NO mills of the average size of those now-
operating in Canaila. Thus |:n mills, instead of ol. would have \mn operat-
ing in Canada, woulil have l>een employing lal)our, and advancing Cunarjian
industry "
The giouud wood and chemical pulp productive capacity of the mills
in till I i.ited Slates (I'.Hdl, as shown hy the records of the American Paper
iV: I'ulp AssDciatioii. was 1!)2 ground wood pulp mills having 1 ls."> grinders,
producing J.tKJS.dM) tons of air-<lry ground wood pulp; !K) sulphite plants
producing 1.2()l.s<M tons of air-dry sulphiti fibre; and ;{1 soda pul]) plants,
producing 11 /.SS? air-dry tons of that commodity.^ In lltlO the produc-
tion was slightly less than !».">' , of the capacity of the mills at that time.
In Canada in l!t|() there were .')! mills in operation and several others
projected: data as to the tonnage capacity are not availalile. In HMO tlie
total tonnage of air-dry i)ulp produced was »7t.<iOI tons. Of this aliout
TS'.'i was iiiamifacturcd '-y the mechanical process, al)out •_'()' ,' hy the sulphite
process, and aoout l" , Wy a soda process. The greater portion of the sulphite
pulp i)r()duced was manufactured in Ontario, with (^uehec a clo.se second.'
The producti(m of sulphite fibre in Canada, in 1!»I0. was !).'),!IS7 tons.
In the same year there were 0.V.»,!I71 tons of sul|)hite fibre i)roduced in suljjhite
mills in those states of the I'nion which border Canada on the south, or which
lie adjacent to the Creat Lakes. The amount of sulphur required for the
manufacture of the aimve ([uantities of sulphite pulp would be approximately
lO.(KH) tons in Canada.* and lOO.tHX) tons in that portion of the Inited
States wiiich is adjacent to the Canadian boi-der.
' Bulletin 2t), Foipstry Rmiich. I)c|)iiitniciit ol the Interior, Kore^^t Products of Canad.i.
1910. Pulpwood. p. 14.
-■ These d.it:i, and otliers used elsewhere in thia report relating to the Wood I'ulp
Industries of th_ Uiiite<l .States, are taken from Senate Document ;i\, fi'ind Congress, 1st
session, " Report by the Tariff Board relative to Pulp and New Print Paper Industry."
' .S<'e Bulletin Xo. 20, Forestry Brancli, Departtnent of the Interior, I'ore.st Products
of Canada, 1910, Pulpwo<xl.
•The present annual re<iuirenients, as shown hy returns from the Sulphite Pulp Mills
in Canada are slightly over i;j,(KH( tons.
Sulphur {•> lliu> all iin|»irt!Uit r:iw material for u^i' in ili<- tnanufm-lurc
fif sulphite pulp, ainl any cNpaiisidU of the jiapor niakin)! iii<lustry in Canaila
or in the ailjai'i'iit States of the I'nion imiieates an itu'reaMMJ market for this
sulistanee, I'.uropean paper mills usinjt the sulphite proci-sses, almost with-
out exi'eption. employ pyrites as a souree of sulphur for thi- purpose In
the Tniti'd States there are two plants in sueeessful o|M'ralion where this
material i- used, ami one plant is now lieini; conslructeil in Caliaila. Several
other larjje corporations have also heen invest ijjal inn this methoil i^i' iirepariliK
sulphite pul|) anil it is possible that, in the future, if a regular -upply of suit-
tilile ore can !)«• assureil. other mills will lie ereileil ei|ui|ipei| with vrile^
liurners instead of >ulphur liurni is.
.Vs this industry promises to i reate a new and important market for s mie
of our pyrites mine*, the followiii); M'ciion of this r»-port. dealiim respertively
with Sulphite pulp .Mamifarture. I'yrites as a Sulistitute for Sulphur in the
Sulphite I'iliie industry, and some I'laiit- u>ina I'yrites in the .Maiiufarlure
of Sulphite I'ulp have lieen intriMlueed.
Manufacture of Wood Pulp
The basis of all manufactured paper is cellulo.-e. ('ellulo>e i- ol.tained
from veRetalite lilire l)\' removin;; all matter of a resinous or jiummy nature
which encrusts these fihres or cements them toi^ether Commerciallv vejjet-
alile fihre or <-ellulo.se for u.«e in the manufacture of paper i> olitaiiied from
a great variety of the memliers of the vegelahle kiiiRilom. The mo-t im-
portant are Cotton (rags. wool, waste) Hemp (linen, rajjs. wa>tei Manilla,
.lute. Straw, I'.sparto grass and Woods of various kinds. In .Vmerica >pruce
wood is probably the most important material used for this purpose, e-pecially
for newsi)rint papers. .Next in importance to thi- comes such wooiU a» lii .
lialsam. hemlock. ))oplar ami willow.
In the preparation of pulp from \vood hbre. the object of the tieatmeiil
is to separate the cellulose from the intercellular materials in which the
fibres arc enveloped. Ideally, this must be accomplished without inj\iry to
the cellulo.se itself. .Xumerous inventions and processes have been deviscMl
for this ])urpose, and many of them are in successful operation, though
noiu- has attained the ideal separation. The processes in ii-e m:iy be dividi'd
into two general groujis; Mechanical processes and Chemical processes.
Where pulp is to be prepared by the mechanical process, 'he wood,
previously (Ut into suitable lengths and freed from bark, is pressed against
the surface of revolving buhr stones by hydraulic pistons. The ground
fibre thus ])ro(luccd is washed, screened, and sorted to p-9pare it foi' shipment
or for use in the manufacture of pa|ier.
\Miere pulp is to be projiared by chemical processes, the wood, previously
cut into lengths and barked, is cut into small blocks or chips. In .\meri(an
mills a special chipper is usually used which cuts the wood into thin slices
across the grain, .\fter picking and screening, the chips ])ass to a storage bin
and thence to large boilers or digesters. In the digesters they arc i)oile>l in
I.VJ
an ..IkaliiM- or aci.l ,.,h,li..ii until tl.. r,.||ul..M. ..r v..«<-tal.|.. (il.ri- U fr.t.,| fr,,,,,
tl..- tmni, Riiiuniv ami r.'^in..u. .ualt.T. of the w.hhI. TU„ h„Ui\u>us „so.I for
LoiliiiK the w.HHJ .litT.T in .lilT.-r.-nt pror,.,.,.s. {'m^tU- ,m«Iu, .austir pota.l,
snl|.halc of M.Mla. .•arl.onato of ^o.la, si,||,|,it,. „f „„|„^ l.iMilpliii,. of lim.- an.l
nia^n.-Ma. or Milphuroii. a.i.l Mrr .on... of tl..- Mil. Im.h.w ,.|nplov<-.l for thi,
purpose.
Aftrr trrat.u.-nt iu tl... .liK.-s|,.r. tl... pulp js waxlu'-l an-l ^nvvniHl aii.l
wlH'r.- n...T.,«ry, l.l,.a.'l..-.l. Ix-lorc l...i„K n.a.l.. .■.•u.ly for s|.ip„„.„i or for
furth.'r tr<'atm.'nt in the n.anufaitur.- of pajicr.
M.'-lmni.'ally pr..par.-l pulps, an.l a larR.- pr rtiou of that pn-par.-.! I.v
tho Milplut.. pr.M'..sM.s a... us,.,| for tl„. numtifa.'tur.. of n.-usprint paiH-r
.\(>\vspnnt paper rontainsapp.-..xi.„at.-ly i»,V ; of sulphif flK.van.l al.out 7.V
of iniThan.cal fil.r.-. Fi.u-r grades of p«pcr arc nui.le larR.-ly f, ,in .l.i-tni.allv
l'i''!>aml l.l.re. ...l, of the fil.r,. for tl.i.. purpos,. Loing nuwle frotn inafrials
otiu'r than wood.
Siiljihitc I'l-iiirKM
In th." inanufa.-turc of .•h.-mically pn-pariMl woo.l pulp I.v thi.s pioccss
u s.,lv,.nt iKjuor .•ont»ii,in« an aci.l sulphit." ..f s..',, potash, li.n',., or lua^m'sia
IS .-mploy.'.l. W oo,l chips are l..,il,.,l in this solu, ,oi, f.,r a suitaMc l.-nRth ..f
tiin... the t.-mp,.ratur.. Lcing kept hiKh C.XiOO-UtKPK.) „„,| tl,.- Ii.|ui.l 1,,-iue
aKitat.Ml to insure thorouRh .'..ntact hetwwn th.- .hips an.l th.- solvent The
yuri..us pr..<-esse8 of inanufi-NuriiiK sulphit.- pulj. .lilT.-r a.M..nK tl.ei..selv,-s
in the natur.. .,f the solvent us.mI. in th.- ineth.,,1 of preparing the li.,uor in
the stiviiKth ..f l„,uor us,-,l. in the type ..f .li^.-ster us.-.l. an.l in manv ot'h.-r
imnor .U-tails. They all h.,w.-ver .iep.-n.l for their su.-.-.-ss up..n the faVt tl.-.t
the int.-rc.-llular portions of th<- vegctal.K- fil.r,-> aie .lis.solve.! more .,r less
c.n.pletely by the sulphite soluti.m. an.l the fihr.-s a.e l.-ft in a .-..n.lition s,,;,-
al)l(- for the manufacture of paper.
In Cana.lian an.l .\merican mills the sulphite pr.„-,-ss m.,.st c.,mm.,nlv
m use IS that m which the sulphite li.iu.,r Is a w.-ak solution of bisulphite .if
lime Ca II, (S(),)„ or bisulphite .,f lime an.l ma^n.-sia. .•ontaininp f.-e.- sul-
I>hur..us aci.1. The f<.ll.,winK steps in this pr.,..,.ss can be iiot.-.|:-
I. IVeparati.)!. of sulphur <lio\i.i.- oas.
-'. Prt-paratiim of the li.)u.)r.
3. Subs(-.|U(-i.t operati.ms- b.)ilin>;. washing, scri-ening. .-tc.
1 I'rcpmvlio,, of sul,>l„n- ,li„xi,h .jax. Th.- sulphite soluti..n um-.I as
a boilins iKliK'i- 111 th.-se pro.-ess.-s is prepan-.l by bnuKini^ sulplu.r .lioxi.le
Kas int.. .-..nta.-t with water in the presen.-e .,f lim,-, .lojomit.- „r lim.-stone
llK- gas for this purp,.se is usually p.rpar<-,l by burning sulphur in air in
some f,,rm ..f sulphur bu.n.-r.' As the pn-s.-n.-e of sulphuric aci.l is injuri..us
t.) th.- hbre (makmg it brittle an.l t.-mling t.. .lis.-ol„ur it).an.lasthe a.-i.l ajs.,
rorrodos the pipes an.l otherwise affe.-ts them injuri.,usly. precautions must
■ 1 o. dt-MriiMioii <,t i.umcrs, s,.,. Apix-ndix II of this r.ix.rt.
ildfi
153
1
I
Ik- taken tit prcvt'iit tli<' fiirinulioii of -iilphiir trii>\ii|f in the luirnir K"^ '■>'
tiilinittJiK iiiily the ri'iiuixiti- iiiniMint of uir. To avoid luuliic Iom»c-< of ■.iil|)|iiir
l>y volatiliication, flii' tcniiM-niturc;* of the luirncr!" must In- ki'|»i ii> low a-*
|Mi'<Milil)<. at tlif ^aiMf time roMiplctc coiiiliu.otion Immiik a.^Mircl
'riic quantity of >iil|>luir ijioxiilc Ki^" t'x't ^i'l ''*' <li.■•^<olvl'<| liy water i"
mainly <if|M'nil<'iit upon the teiniM'raturi' at »vhi( ii so' tion takex plac*-, the
<|Uantity of >{as al>.-oil>e<l ilerreasiiiK rapiiily a^* the ti'r.i(M'ratuie rises. There-
fore, ill ortier to olitain the l«'«i results in niakiiiK the liiiuors, it is nere^-ary
that cold water l)e used and that the teni|K'rat\ire of the gaws Im- as low a«
possible. In praetiee this tenipejulure is usually kept around .'i(»°-(i(r I',
lahout l(»°-|.'r-' C). Hurlier )ja»i'- ari' liroUKlit to a suitaMe temperature fur
alisorption l>y tirsi rondurtitiK them through a system of air-<ooled or waiei--
eoohnl pipes, aiiil thi'liee to the ahsorliiiiK towers or tanks.
-. I'll jtiiriiliiin of Ihi siiliihllf //(/(«»r.«. The methods employed f(ir
preparing the sulphite liipiors may l>e divided into two K'oups; i-t. Those
in whirl) the )i.{> is liroUKht into coiitait with the liase in sulid form as a
earlioiiate or o\ide the tower systems of Kellni'r. I'raneke. Mitseherlicli.
lUtier-Kellner, and others; Jrnl. Those in which the gas is hroutcht into eon-
tact witi' 'le liase ill solution or in suspension in water the tank systems
uf I'lo -t. Turner. McDoujtall, I'artinKton and others. Thi'ie ari' al-o
certain systems in which Koth methods are I'rimliined.
Toil I r Si/slitn. Ill this system raw limestone or dolomite is place<l in a
tower or towers ~<'iii ular or sipiare in section. li'-l'J' diamter. .'i( )'- 1 .V I' hijjh.
with special internal construction. Cold water is pumped to the top of the
tower anil distriliuted over the stone in such a way that it descends
through the towt r in line streams oi us spray, at the same time coating the
lock with a lilm cif water. The cooled hui'i'M' (jases are admitted at the liase
of the tower, and in their a.s<'ent. they meet the descending »pi'ay and come
into contact with the water films coating the stone. The sulphur dioxide jias
is rapidly dissolveil hy the water '.o form sulplnirou> acid, accordiiif; to the
formula IIjO >-- SO; ^ HjSO. The acid thus formed reacts u|ioii the lime-
stone forming sulphite of lime. ("aCO;, <- ll,S(), - ("aSO., • ll._,(> • (tV,.
Sulphite of lime is almost iiisolulile in water, hut in the presence of an excess
of sulphur dioxide and water it is rapidly converteil into tlw solulile liisulphite
CaSO, • SO; » II.O - ("alljjSO.,);. The hisulphie thus formed is carried
liy the li'iuor to the hottoin of the tower. If the towers are made of a suitalile
height, and if the supplies of gas. water, ami limestone are properly pro-
portioned and iTKulated. nearly the whole of the sulphur dioxide will lie
alisorhed. The waste ga.ses. which esca|)c into the air at the top of the tower
consist chiefly of nitroKcn and carbon dioxide. Tiioy also usually contain a
small amount of sulphur dioxide, which has not been absorbed.
' Dt'scriptidiis of these various prwcsscs ami the apptinitus ein|il(i.vi(l will lie liiiai(t
in: —
lIolTiiiaiin, T'apier-Ittbrikation, 2n(l IM . Vol. II, p. 1472. <l «y.
Criffit! anil Little, ('h.--!i-.i-itry iif I'jipr MiikiiiK, p 2((:i <7 .-!«;.
Watt, The .\rt of I'u[M'r-MakiM|{. p. tW it mil-
14
154
Tlu' li((Uor '-' •ollcctcil iit tlic l)ottinn of tlie tower ami puinpi'il to storajrc
tanks. '' '<■ '-'uw III' were usod the lifjuor would contain liisulpliitc of
calciuni i' il -^ii!j)in;ii • acid in solution. When tlie stone used is dolomite
the li(iuoi ■ I'l i'Ti', bisulphites of calcium and magnesium. Tiie ratio of
inasnesiuni to calcium in the finished li(iuor is always higher than theii- ratio
in the original stone because a portion of the lime is usually renderecl in-
soluble and removed as sulphate of lime. The fornuition of the sulphate is
due to the j>resence of sidphur trioxide in the liurner gases. The trioxide. if
present, forms sulphuric acid in the towers, and the acitl thus formed reacts
on the lime>toiu' or on the suljjhite of lime to form the sulphate, thus: —
CaCO, + H,S(), = ('aS()4 + ('<)j + HjO
CaSO, ^ H.SO, = (\iS(\ 4- H,S(),.
.V snudl jjortion of insoluble sulphite of lime is also found in the li(|Uor.
The insoluble materials can be removed by allowing the li<iuors to stand until
the solids -settle to the bottom. The clear li(iuor is then drawn off. The
presence of the insoluble materials is objectionable liecause such materials
involve sulphur losse> and they also tend to clog the pipes and screens.
Tdtik Ni/s/t/w.— Where this system is employed the cooled burner gas is
brought into contact with lime held in suspension in water in a series of tanks.
The lime water is prepared by slacking burned lime — preferably nuide from
dolomite- -in water. This operation is usually carried out in special machines
which insure thorough mixing. The lime water thus formed contains hydrates
of calcium and magnesium, partially in solution, partially in suspension.
The prejiared lime water is [)a.s.sed through a series of tanks — usually
three in a set so arranged that it can l!ow by gravity from one to the next
lowest. -Ml tanks, except the highest, are nuide gas tight. Burner gas can
be admitted to tiie bottom of the lowest tanl: through an appropriate system
of pipes and jets. When the gas is admitted it pa.sses u|)ward through the
liciuor in tliis tank to the top. Thence it is carried to the base of the next
higher in the series, and so on until it reaches the highest tank. Here the
undissolved portion of the gas escapes into the air, or through a special vent
into a chinuiey and thence into the air. It is usually necessary to place a
pressure fan in the pipe system, below the lowest tank, to force the gas
through the li(iuor in the tanks.
The chemical reactions whi<'h take ])lace in the tanks are similar to
those in the tower, though they |>rogress more rapidly and the solutions
pi-epared are stronger. The hydroxide in suspension and .solution is first
converted into the sulphite. Afterward, as excess <if sul])hur dioxide is
sii])plied, the nearly insoluble sul|)hite is converted into the soluble bi-
suli)hile.
In o])erating by this system, it is ])ossible to make the ojieration a
continuous one. .\ny unconverted sulphite which escai^s from the lowest
tank, ami the insolid)le sulphate, which also forms if sulphur trioxide be
j)resent, can be removed from the liijuor by .settling. A more satisfactory
lifiuor can be prei)ared by niaking the ojieration intermittent. Then the
liquor in the lowe-t tank can l)e treated with gas until all the sulphite lias
iioii
l.V)
Ik>oii ciiiivcitcd into soluhlc foiiii. Wlicii the actimi is ('(uiiplt'tf the sulut ioii
is witlulrawii and the taniv ic-filled fmiii the next aliuve, tiie stream <if <r:i'*
Ijeinf; teni]Mii'ai'iiy st()])i)ed l)y sto])])injr tiie hlnwer.
It will !« noted that in the preijaration of sulphite liijuors in this way.
the liquoi' gnidually increases in strength as it ])asses downward throu}:!!
the tanks, while the amount of sulphur dioxide in the gases will he gradually
diminishing as they ascend through the system.
The following analysis is given hv ( iirin suid Little as representative
of a well mad(> li<(Uor prepared fro luloi.iili .'
S])ecific ( iravity at 1.1° (". 1 • tK.'
Sulphurous acid (SO,) -i-^l' t
Sulnhuric acid (SO,) 0-13
Lime (CaO) 0-95
Magnesia (MgO) ()-72
Silica (SiO,) 0-04
This mav lie comliined as: —
Sulphate of lime (CaSO,) 0-22
Bisulphite of lime (CaSjO,) ... 2-S4
Bisulphite of magnesia (MgSjOj) 3-()4
Free sulphurous acid (SO,) ()• 11
8. Subsequent operations. 'I'iie subseiiueut operations in the manu-
facture of the pulp need only to he briefly descril)ed here.
The j)re])aretl chips are boiled in the sulphite li(iuor in a specially con-
structeil steam tight vessel designated a digester. The Mitscherlich digester,
a type that is very commonly used in Canada, is cylindrical in form, with
vonical top and bottom. It is built of boiler i)late, line with lead and acitl
l)roof brick, and is constructed to withstand heavy internal pressures. The
diameter of the.se cylinders lies between 12' and 14', the height between
36' and 40', and the capacity between 4,000 and 0,000 cubic feet. Two
manholes, for charging, are provided at the top, and two or three, for clean-
ing and re|)airs, are pri>vided at the base. Sjjecial valves and attached
I)ipes are connected with the bottom of the conical base for the ]iur])ose of
<lischarging the contents when the cooks are compk'ted.
Heat is su])]>lied to the tligester and its contents by steam, circulated
through lead i)ipes, which cover the lower third of the inside walls of the
digester.
To charge the digester it is filled from the top as completely as possible
with chips; li(juor. containing about '.W ', of sul])hurous acid (free and
<'ombined), is now run in until the digester is full. The manholes are then
closed and steam is turned on to heat the contents and the pressure is rai.sed
'("hcmi-try of I'appr Making, p. t?'_'>»
I.")t>
sldwly. The maxiiiiuni pressure is iciiched in tmii- or five Ikhhs, and tlie
wlmle conii is completed in H-I(i iioiirs. In some mills the opeiiition is
hastened, eight hotns Ikmiir the maximum time consumed. The |)iessures
vary iK'tween ti.VS.') pounds, and the highest tem|)erature Ix't ween ."JtKWrj" 1".
After tlip cook is ( oiiij;U"ted the ])ressure is lowered to aliout 'M) pounds,
the outlet valve at the l>ase is open«'d. and the ]>ulp is blown out into a drainer,
wheic the liijuoi' is drained ofT and the |)ulp is washed. The sul)se<iueiit
operations through wliich it passes de|HMid upon the pur[)ose for which
it is re(|uired. Mleaching and screening usually precede the mixing processes
preliminary to the mamifacture of news|)riiit papei-.
Pyrites as a Substitute for Sulphur in the Sulphite Pulp Industry
The mamifactiM'e of sulphite jiulp is a <'omparativel>- new chemical
industry, and the atteiiti(.n of opeiators has hitherto hecMi chiefly given
to the perfecting of the |)rocess. In recent years tl;c costs of raw materials
and of labour have been ailvancing and economies in operation are now
receiving moie attention. Wood <'osts from .')() to (iO ])er cent of the total
cost of the i)idp; the prices have Ik'cu steadily advancing and tiiere is no
probability of their decreasing: labour costs are also increasing with the
advance in the cost of living. .Vny reduction in c(>vts which may be effected
will |)rol)ably come through improved mechanical devices which vvill still
further reduce labour costs per ton. or through ecoiKunies in the utilization
of other raw materials. Sulphur is probably the most important of these
materials, and it is essential to the sulphite pulp process. During the earlv
years of the dexclopment of the process th(> sulphur dioxide gas re(|uired
was |)repared in the easiest possible wa\- by 1 ruing raw sulphur in air
in the old |)an type of sulphur burner. Sulphur costs for the nuinufacture of
|)ulp in this way only amount to al)out 10', of the total cost of the i)ulp.
and as a coii.-e(|uence ecomunies at tliis point have not received th(> attention
that has been devoted to otlier parts of the operation.
On the other hand, the manufacture of sulphuric acid, the other chemical
industr>' depei\(lent upon a sujiply of sulphur as one of its essential raw ma-
terials, has l)een cartied (Ui for nnu'e than a century. The sul|)huric acid
maker has been continually striving to improve his process and to reduce his
costs. To him the production of sulphur dioxide is of prime importance;
he has. accordingly, given much attention to the methods of its production
and has invented many forms of ap|)aratus designed to this end. Mxcept
under verysiK>cial circumstaia'es. we find that the acid mamifactui«'r prepares
his sulphur dioxide by burning pyrites in specially constructed furiuices. He
does this, not becu.-e it is easier to ])roduce the gas in this wav. or because
pyrites is more easily obtained than sulphur, or more conveniently utilized
but he uses it Ixniiisc Ik has foioi'l Ihut he run pn pdir a i/ds, nninciilli/ suited
for lii.1 piirpdsr, chdiprr this inn/ thiin in mil/ other will/, the relative market
prices of sulphur and pyrites being what thev are,
l.")7
The iU'itl iiiaiitifiictiirt'is have tli(iriiiij;lily itivcstitjiitfcl tlic niiitter nf
using pyrites in j>lac<' of sulphur, liuvp iIpvcIoikmI very satisfai'tory procosscs
ami have «'\liil)itpil sufficient cimfideuce in tlie results ohtained \>y investinjj
many millions of cajjital in i lustrial estahlishmc .its whicli are depemlent
on j)yi-ites as a souire of sulphur. In view of the results which they have
ol)taiii(>(l anil of the success JMith technically and c<Mumercially. whi(di has
attended their ofTorts, the possibility of niamifacturinji a suilahle gas econo-
mically frcun pyrites, and of alisorliinj; it satisfactorily, caruiot now lie ques-
tioned.
The sulphide |)ulp manufactuier in search of methods wherehy he may
reduce his oj)eratinji co>ts sluiuld not fail to investigate the proces.xes of the
sulphuric ai'id maker. I'mler the old conditions when the sulphite pmciss
was in its infancy, l)eforc the development of the modern "fines" hurner.
the dilute gas |)roduced in lump hurners, with its high percentages of sulphur
trioxide and oxygen and load of dust, made it very diificult to prodvice
a satisfactory sulphite pulp when using pyrites. The invention of the mul-
tiple hearth, mechanically operated furnaces, and the iwrfection of the ap-
|)aratus for removing the dust and othei' impurities' have overcome these
diffii'ulties. Many JMiropean ])aiH'r mills are now o|)erating on pyrites in
place of sulphur and in many instances they are using .Vnierican designed
and built, mechanically o])erated furnaces.
The pa|)er numufacturer, proposing to use |)yrites hurners, will find the
l)lant many times more ex|K>nsive to install: a somewhat greater ilegree of
technical knowledge nuiy 1k' ifiiuiiTil of iiis aciil maker, since more car(> and a
greater degree of skill will he demamled in the making of the suliihite li()Uor.
A modern votary sul|)luii- hurner is said to need but little attention. It is
sim|)le in construction, does not get out of order easily, and is not difficult to
ol)erate. The gas i)roduced b' a burner is high in sulphur dioxide.
Unless the burner is carefully . • however, there are (juite extensive
sul])hur losses. The gas losses al ■ ,:ips of the toweis (or tanks) are also
often excessive, sometimes l)eing as nuich as 1.")', of the gas |)roduced. .V
strong gas will make a stiong li(|Uor (|uickly, but the losse^ will be high.
A weaker gas will make an e<|ually satisfactory li(|Uor. with much lower
losses, provided ])roper precautions are taken to >..ol the gases before they
enter the absorption towers though more time will be needed to bring it to
the required strength.
The principal objections to using jiyrites as a substitute for sulphur,
apart from the question of the weaker produi'ed. arise from cau.<es other
than the nature of the product. Oniy a few sulphite mills are favorably
located with res])ect to a supply of suitable ore. .Vs a consei(uence, freight
would increase the cost |)er ton of sulphur received according to the sulphur
conteut of the ore. \n ore containing 4.")',; recoveralile sulphur contains
559r of (for the purpo.-^es of the sulphite mill) useless material. In other
'The I'ont.-ii't pron-ss for iiinnnfiirtiiriiiu sulphuric Hciil rciniin-s » fur clcnncr ea"
than is (Icmaiuh'il ia the sulphite pulp industry.
l.-)S
words fiviglit is lioiiiji; puitl mi 1100 ])oiiii(is of iiiutciial not iierdod. Tiiis
useless nmteriul must also l>e liiiiidlod, stored, ami finally discarded. As-
sumiuR that the siilj)hur losses in Ixirninp |.yrites are 2' , . a charge of *1.(H)
per ton against ](yrites, for freight, loading and other similar charges, is
equivalent to a eliarpe of $2.01)3 per ton, against the recoverable sulphur
content of the saino ore. For 40% ore this cliarge would lie S'i.fWl, and for
;5.")'^; ore it would amount to $:'.();} per ton of recoverable sul|)hur contained
in the ore.
.\gain, if pyrites luiniers ar*" not operated pr<)|Krly tiien- is a tendency
to form a considerali!;' ])roportion of the trioxid. in |)la<'e of the dioxide,
owing to the catalytic action of tiie oxide of iron. .Vlso if the c<nnl)Ustion
is not carefully regulated there may l)e (|uite large sulphur losses in the cinder.
These, however, are nuitters which only ie([uire care and ex])eri('nce to over-
come.
The relative values of the gas as preparetl from sulphur or from i)yrites
maj' be inferreil from the following com])ari.-ion. In making this comparison
it nuiy be assumed that air contains 20-')% "f oxygen, by volume. On
combustion the following reactions take ))lace: —
S., + 2 Oj = 2 SO,
» I'etSj + 11 O, = 2 IVj O, + S SO,
Hence when sulphur is liurned in air the tlieoretical maxinuim volume
of sul])hur dioxide jn-esent in the gas resulting from the coml)Ustion will l)e
the same as that of the original oxygen, namely 20-0 per cent. When jiyrites
is burned, a portion of the oxygen of the air unites with the iron to form ferric
oxide; if the cond)ustion is romplete eight elevenths of the oxygen will unite
with the sulphur of the pyrites to '■• n sulphur dioxide, and the volume of
the dioxide produced will be S/11 of 20'.")- 14-!) per cent of t!ie volume
of the air consumed.
In ])ractice it will l>e found that the sulphur burners jiroduce a gas rang-
ing between 12 and 10 ]^er cent sul])hur dioxide, while a modern multiple
hearth mechanical roaster will readily produce, from pjTites, a gas ranging
from S to 12 ])er cent sulphur dioxide.
If a sul])hur burner is forced a gas richer than tiiat given above can be
made, but, at the same time, the sulpluir lo.s.ses due to sui)limation will l)e
increased.
If we consider the relative values of the ga.ses made !>y each of the two
methods, we will find on the one hand that the gas made l)y burning sulphur
contains from two to three times as much free oxygen as that made from
pyrites. The ])resence of free oxygen is objectionable becau.se it may lead
to the oxidation of the sulphurous acid in the towers and to the formatiop ?
insolu!)le sulphates in the liciuors. On the other hand an objection arises
from the supposed difficulty of making a satisfactory li(iU()r from the weaker
gas produced by ])yrite i)urning. In answer to this it may l)e stau>d that
•sulphuric acid makers exj-erience no difficulty in making a much stronger
licpior (of a (lifTerent composition, it is true) for the manufacture of sultihurie
aci<l. To offset the use of a weaker gas for a paper mill plai.i it will bi necessary
l.".!»
to iiicicaso the diiiu'iisioiis of tlic atiMiiptiitn system ami tn take |)i-('caiitiiiiis
li( iiisuro a iiin!. thoiimfjli coolin?; i)t tlic fjascs to scciin' Kcttcr al)S()r|)tioii.
In this coniH'xioii it may \h' ti'Mcd that in (•\|)('iim('nts at Sault Stc.
Marie. Ontario, it was found that with a tower system, ami with cold water
from Lake Superior, a I'J 1 I jier eent gas was more economieal for the pro-
duction of the li(|U<M- than a richer j;as. .\ gas of this strength, made in the
roasting and gas ('leaning plants gave better anil more economical results
than that made from sulphur in the sulphur hurners.'
The question of the utilization of pyrites as a substitute for sulphur in
a suli>liite mill is no longer de])en(lent on technical diffi<'ulties of maiuifact re.
A gas free from dust an<l of suital>le strength can lie jiroduced and this gas
can he used to pre])are a suitable liquor. The cruN of the matter is the
nliiliri cast. Where mills are so situated that sulphur can ho olit.'.ined easily
and cheaply, while pyrites is not so cheaply availalile. they -liould use the
cheaixM- material. On the other hand tiiere are many mills <o located that
they could siihstitute jiyrites for sul|)hur. and (at the ))re.sent relative market
prices) make a notalile saving in their annual costs.
In the article to which refereiu'e was maile aliove, Mr. Sjosledt <li-i(Usses
the (lUestion <if costs as follows:
■■ Pure pyiite contains t()'(i7 per cent iron, and 'hi-'.i'.i pei- cent sulphur;
and lirimstone. aiiout 1(K) ])er cent suli)hur. ConsiMiuently one ton of pyrite
corresiHinds in sulphin' content to U-^i.V.i ton hriinstone. However, i)iire i)yrite
deposits are not found in iiatv.re, the commercial product generally containing
from t.') to 'A) per cent sulphur; whereas cominercial hrimstone. usually,
is OS or UU per cent j)ure. A ton of lirimstone, therefore, e(|uals in >ulphur
value from 2 to 2-2 tons pyrite. At present quotations, pyrite fines with 15
per cent sul])hur at lOc. per unit, would cost ;?i..")() per long ton : consequently
the suli)hiu- cimtents in such nuiterial wouhl cost at the rate of SlO.Ot) per
long ton; while the Louisiana brimstone is (pioted at S2'J.2."). This is a
ditt'erence of 812,2.') per ton in favor of the pyrite. True, against this we must
place a luimber of sundry expenses, such as the difference in losses, in cost,
of labor, in power, in water, in cost of plants, in freight charges, etc; but not-
withstanding, this under-rated article can generally tiear it all. These items,
however, will differ in each particular ])lace, and will thus |)roduco a different
lialance sheet in each case: and as no general argument, tlieiefore, would
here be sufficient or of any real value, a definite instance has to be pre~ente(l.
Our own case may, therefore, be accept<'d as an illustration:
The lirim.stone used at Sault Ste. Marie came from a I.ouisiatui mine,
from which point the freight rate amounti'd to *7 >7 per gross ton; and at the
time referred to brimstone cost .<?27.2.") per ton f.o.b. here. The pyrite came
from the Helen Mine i)roperty. Michipicoten (where large pockets of granular
ore are found, containing about 47 per cent sid|)hur); and the low freight
'Siostcilt. 10. .K.. Hriinstone versus Pyrite for WoimI I'ulp Miiiiufacture, Kiig, and
Mill. .Kmrii.. Vol, L.WXI. IWlfi, p. SOX
nitc li-oiii llii-i |ilac('. tonctlicr with the cliciii) iiiiniiii;, would makt' it :i pnititalilo
]>i-i)|«)siti()ii to ilciivci- it to till- roiistii'.K plant at s."). per ton lor about lie.
per unit I.
Dtitiii); the trials rcfciicd to, aliout :{(ll)l) tons of pyiitc ami :57'> tons of
hriinstonc wcic used, thus alTordinj; iis an opportunity for ohtaiiiiiig accurate
<lata for coiuparisoii. Tlic roasters used for treating the pyrite are of our
own modification of the .Macl)ou);all ty|ie.' I'or burninj: hriinstoiie we used
ordinary cast iron sulphur furnaces.
Oniittinfi all (U-tails, it suffices to state that, in our practice, we found
that on an averane '2'2'> tons of our 17 per cent pyrite eiiual. in efficiencv
!ind in amount of licitior and pulp produce(l, to 1 ton of liriinstoiie. In roastinji
■J'_'-"> tons of pyrite and liurninj; its e(|uivalent of 10 tons of hrimstone |)er day.
our daily expenses were as jriven herewith:
W licii liiiniiiiK. I'vi'iti'.
Laliiir, aliout. *2II(K)
Steam for ilr.iiiK p.x rile KltMl
Power, water ami li(>lit .')(KI
Hi'|>air> and siuulrio (I (Ml
Dcprciia.ioM of plant. 10' ; l.'i(K)
.Material. J'i-.') ton- p.vriti' at $.">
Materii.l. 10 tons hrimstone at .'«'.'7 ■ 2.')
Kalanee in favor of pyrite
Urim-tone.
*s
(Ml
2
IKI
1
1
IK)
'.'il)
.* .')'.» (Kl
•< !■-'
■ .■)ii
*l !■.'.->()
•JTJ
M)
UU-.VI
$2S."i(Nl
$-2sr,
IM)
This means a saving of pyrite at the rate of S] !.:{.-) per gross ton sulpluu-
useil. which in a •")() ton sulphite mill woulil alone amount to aliotit .'<:5().(KK1 per
annum. "
The same matt<'r has been discus.sed by I'. .]. lalding befiire the Xew
England Section of the Society of Chemical Industry- While Mr. Faldiiig's
(lata are intended to apply to Xew England localities, they arc als(i e(iually
api)lica!)le to many places in Quebec, and in the vicinity of the (.Ireat Lakes.
In the case of some Ontario i)oints favomably situated with reference to a
supply of pyrites, the difTerence in cost between the two methods woulil
be even more striking. Falding writes as follows: "Whilst it isditHcult to
submit cost figures which will aj)ply to every case, I think that the following
figures are reasonably conservative when applied to many Xew iMigland
lor'alities. and. at any rate, may form a basis u|)on whi<'h more accurate
calculations may be made for any given locality. It is assumed that the best
of each cla.s.s is u.sed. and in the case of brimstone, that such a ((Uality is
sujiplied, that SKt per cent of its weight will be recoverable as sulphur dioxide.
'Canadian I'atent, No. .Sl,49r), ,lune, liKW; deserilK-d in .lournal of the Canadian
Mining Institute, Vol. VII. Sec Chapter \'. p. 122. this re!K)rt.
•'Journal ot the Society of Chemieal Industry, Mav 10(H>. Vol. X.W.
t
Itil
;iliil tliat pyrites will lit' used wliicli will yield 111 per rent l)y weight of sulphur
iis sulpnui' (li()xi<le. Kiiies or jjranuliir pyrites are assumed, us it is nnlv liy
the coiuliustioii of fines" pyrites in MacDoutjall type furnaces, that stronjr
gas can l>o soeuri>d.
Tlie cost of sueii a quality of liriinstone and of the very liest ijuality of
■'fines'' ])y rites, delivered crship at Atlantic port, would to-day lie respe<'tively
aliout S22.()() and Sti.tK) per long ton To this price must Ite aililed O.J.") ilols.
jier ton for the cost of iiiiloadinsr it factory, sampling and assaving. The
cost (,'f handling and roasting will vary with tiie i|uantities hamlled. and the
character of the ('(luipinent at any factory. When the (|uantities handled
are aliout e()uivalent to 7-.') tipns of actual sulphur in "J I hours, it may lie said
that lirinistone should not cost over 4(1 cents per ton and pyrites not over
.")() cents per t(,n, including repairs and incidentals. Should the factory he
locateil away froni tide water, railway freight would have to he added. The
equivalent of a freight of S2.(K) per ton on ])yrites, would ho .S2.7.") per ton of
lirimstone. We have, therefore, the following costs of delivering and haiidlin;;
our raw materials: Brimstone: .Uiantic port, .S'i'J.Ci.") per long ton: inland.
S2.").4(); pviites .Vtlantic port S(i.7,"); inland, Ss.7.') per long ton.
Therefore 1 ton (2,()(K) Ihs.) of sulphur will ho oquivalcnt to l-Kl tin
of !HJ |M'r cent hrimstono, and 2- 143 tons of 4!» jter cent pyrites; hence the
cost of one short ton of sulphur at .\tlantic port as hrimstono will lie $20'4.'{,
and as pyrites, !?12-it2. At inland factory as hrimstono, S22-!»l; and as
jiyritos, $l()-74.
Take the case of a factory at the seahoard and inland respectively as
above, using 7-.") tons of sulphur daily, or 2,700 tons yearly. If this sulphur
is sujiplied as iiiimstono it would cost $.").")• 101 seaboard, and $01 •S,")7 inland.
If it were supplied as pyrites it would cost S.'i4'.S,S4 seahoard. and .*!!t.")' l!is
inluiul. leaving a difToronco of cost in favour of |)yritos of ?!2()-277 seaboard,
and S10-0.")!l inland.
.\s the ])lant for roasting pyrites and jiurifying the gas would cost at a
liberal estimate about .S^JO.OOO for a jjlant of this capacity; '.2 per cent may
bo written otT for interest and anioitisation, which would leave the net
difference some .?:5.f)()0 less, or !ii;iO,077 seaboard, and $1.'5,0.')0 inland, which
would represent the not saving or cheaijoning of the manufa-turing co.st of
the nul]). This should amount to from 7') cents to .SI per ton of i)ulp:
and with care and the purcha.se of a cheaper pyrites niiiy Ih' ciuisidorably
more,
I l)olieve those figures are conservative. They will undoubtedly vary
according to the locality, conditions at any given plant, and tlie skill used
in making the change; in oi)orating, in purchasing supplies, and, in short,
with the excellence of the individual nianagonient.
In the sulphuric acid industry, it is a very common statement, that,
before a change from jiyrites to brimstone could 1)0 considered, brimstone
would have to be .sold at from $12.00 to $14. (K) [ler ton. according to the
location of the factorv."
1<!L'
III iisinjt pyrites, acid iiiak<>i> iiaturnlly pinrlmM' the Ix-st aviiiluliU' ore.
At prcsoiit the supply of liijjli grade pyrites availatile is not e(|Ual to tlie
deiiuind. As a eoiisetiueiice low grade ores are mined, some acid works piir-
(liasinjj ore wliidi contains less than ;{") |K'r cent suli)hur. Pyrites contaiiiinf;
only ;Ut ])or rent of sulphur is Ix-inn successfully turned without any extermil
firing, and produces u gas containing alMiut 7 |hm- cent sulphur dioxide.'
For the o|M'ration of a stdphite mill e(|uip|)ed witli mecha"ical roasters
it woidd. of course, lie desiraMe to ohtain as high graile pyrites as possilile.
On the other hai;d. there are niaii.v pros|)ects, es|K'cially in Ontario, where an
immense tonnage of lower grade ore could l>e ohtained. Much of this (U'e
will contain not far from ;{•') ])cr cent sulphur. The following coiii|)arative
estimali's for the o|K'rating of a pyrites hurning |)lant have Ix'en prepared
with this fact in mind.
Estimated Cost of Producing Sulphur Dioxide Gas for a 100 ton Sulphite
Pulp Plant
.4. [/«/(((/ Siitphiir:
Stilphur re(|uired 'i.Vl Ihs. |M>r ton of pu!]) produced.
•_':>.(MM) ll)s. r_>-.". Ions.
.Vssuming !»•••."> per cent pure. 12'(i:{ tons of <-ommercial sulphur will he
re(iuired.
\2-{y.i tons at *■_'•_'••")() i)er ton .'"S'JM- IS
Hotary liurners « .").()(K)
Piping, etc MM
JUiilding o.tHHl
$1()..')(M»
Allowiiif.; 10 per cent depreciation *l,().'/() |mm- iiimim.
(Assuming .'}()() working days to year).
Daily cost .i-M)
Repa'rs and maintenance 2>(M)
I.al)ou, .-,.(H)
Total daily cost *2!»MiS
Sulphur costs iH'r day per ton of su!j)hite pul]) - . , . S •2-!(.")
B. Uxim/ 4")' ,' Pi/riUs:
Assuming a sulphur loss of 2 \>er cent in roasting, each ton of ore will
eoritaiu 800 pounds of recoverahle sulphur. The pyrites e(|uivalent to 2"),()()0
jxiunds of sulphur will be 29-07 tons of this ore.
'Till- iii.ikcrs of so!!i(' nicchanii-al rnasti-rs clnim thiit thcv ran Imrn orp containing
onl.v 21)"/, of sulphur, without the use of external heat.
1«W
4.'>' , lire at 11 '•\>. \h'v unit cost .
Firiglit. etc.. say
Sl-!i.") |KT ton
!•(».■>
Cost ix>r tun *f..(K»
2!l'(l7 ti>ii!< at $•') |H>i- toll iluily r()>i nf $17 !• 12
Ktjiii jiitiiiil:
Mcrliaiiii'al nia^'tiTs
Dust rlianilKT, fliu-s. etc
Mlpvator. cniivoyors, etc
ScnililM'fs
I'iiiii])s, fans, valves, etc
Piping and shafting
Hnilding.
Alldw an antnial (ic]>n>ciati()n ciiargc "f W , :
Depreciation will !« S(>,().')0 ]K'r annum.
" for a ;{(H) (lay year, [ht day
Aniniiil rtpiiir rhiirf/rs ?1.(K)(I. nr per day
Liihixir 1111(1 sitjuriiitiuili'iiii-:
y. nuiehinist at $!•(«»
:5 men at $2''J.")
:{ men at %\ -T.")
«:{r..()(){)
7. MM)
2.7(M)
:i.(HKl
s(M)
1.2(H)
«.")1..">(K)
l."i.(KM)
:«(>ii..')(M)
i| 22-17
:{-:i.{
S2-()()
(i-7.")
.-.•2.")
Laliuur eliaige |M'r day
Sundry supplies, oil. waste, etc
Ponir. 10 horse power at !?2()-()() i>er 11. P. year. *2(M)-(M)
Daily ])ower charge
ll-(H)
■25
• (■)(•)
Total daily ccsts for 10 toi. if suli>iiite ?214-s;i
Cost per ton of sulphite pulp ]>er day '-• 1">
C. I'xtmi '.io'', Pi/ rites:
Assuming a sulphur loss of :{ per cent in roasting, each ton of ore will
contain (140 ]K)unds or recoverable sul|)hur.
The p\Tite.s efjuivalent to 2o,()0(J pounds of sul])luir will l)e 39-07 tons
of this ore.
3.")';;, pyrites at 11 cents per unit, costs Sl^-S,') [km- ton.
Freight, etc., say 1 •<).")
Cost \)ev ton 4-90
3'J'07 tons at Sl-OO [lor ton - daily cost of .
«I91 44
MW
l^i/iii jinii nl:
Mrcliitiiical n meters
Dil.-^t rhallllKM', flues, etc
l'!l('vnt(ir. i'iiiiv('Vin>. etc
ScniltlKTs
I'ump.x, fans, valves, etc
I'ipiiijj and sliaftiiic
•.'.7(K»
MMHI
S(K»
l.-'IMI
HiiililitiK
.";{.7(H)
l.'i.(MN)
Allow all annual ile|ii'eciatiiii', cliaijje of 1(1' , .
|)«'|irecialion will l)e !?>(i,s7(l |ier aiiniiiii.
for a MH) dav year, |k>i- day
Annual lejiair cliarjies SI, KM), oi- per day. . . .
l.iilMiiir mil! siijici-iiili mil nil :
' iiiacliiiiist at
.i men at . , .
.") men at
(>S,7«H»
* 11 ^M)
!!il-(K) I? 2.(H)
•-'••-'.") (i.7:.
1-7.") s 7.">
«17,.")(l
F.alMiur cliaiKe |km' da.v . j; 17 .V)
Siiiiilri) xiiiiplir.s, oil. in I si I . tr ;{()
/'.'('•(;■, It horse power at $■>{)■(){) jmt 11,1', .veai-.$2.S()-()(l
iJail.N' power cliaijie ij,\
Total daily co.sts for KHI tons of sul|)liite !!i2;{7 • 7")
Cost p<'r toll of sulphite pulp per day $ l-'.iS
1. Ill allowin-; only 2.")(l pounds of sulphur |ior ton of sulphite pulp pio-
(luced, the estimate given here may Ik' considered coii,sorvative. In .Vmeiicaii
practice the siiljihur consumption jK'r ton of pulp ])roduced iaii<jes from
■V2() to aliout loO pounds. The followinK tables show respect ivelv the sulphur
costs per ton of suljihite in one Canadian mill over a [leriod of three years,
and tiie average suli)hur cost at 2") sulphite mills in the I'nited States over a
period of nine years, '
' Kcport liy the Tariff Hour.l Relative to I'tilp and Ncw.-^priiit l'u|Hr Imluslry, Senate
DiKMiinciit ,{1, WiisliiiiKtoii KM I, p, .S4, anil p, S2.
msm
ItWV
TAHII. \l\
Cott of Sulphite Pulp in a Canadian Mill
Y.»r.
ri»t. WihhI
Cii-t 111 tiitlll ''Mill.
VMts
mm
1111(1
1 1 :.:
."1 t'.l
!l J.')
Ill 11
i:! i:i
■.'ti i:
Ill ii;>
I'l till
11 'HI
■-•t iij
II :f.'
4!<'.C'
TAItl.K \N.
Average Cost of Sulphite Pulp in United Sutes Mills
Yfiir.
KNII
IINI-J.
im«.
l<M).'i
I<HI7
I'M IS
HMHI
Sulphur
('i»t III
I'll ill
»iil|iliiir ',
W ,Y^\ ' ,
rt»>t .
W'MMJ.
I'l^i.
III llltlll
III tiiliil.
:t ■ J 1
IJ 74
L'.'.-72
1 :• .VI
Ill .Vf
:i • J 1
i:t-.-i<i
L>ll (IS
1 -'■».•.
.•.l-7li
A :t-'
no.)
L'7 OS
r.' ;«■•
.■il 77
ill.-)
lo •.1
■Js lid
mils
.•|| III
1.' (17
m Is !
■.'!l 1 1
IIMtl
."i.l-.V.'
-'■sT
17 ii:i
■-'!! 1*7
(l-.ls
.Vi ■ s:{
J SI
17 7.1 \
:il :f.'
s (17
.VI 117
•J 7 t
ji IJ
■.i-2 :>■>
s \J
li.-) Sll
:i(ii
•>'>. ■>-
;i.-. o-.'
s . .V.I
lili-.Vi
Tlic avciagc cost of .-ulpluir I'dv all mills in thi' rniicil Stiitcs rc|Mi'Tiiifi
was S3 21 per ton of sulphite pulj) itniduccil.
2. Afiiiin, sulpiiur is a.ssunu'd to ccist $'22 M) per ton. .\t Westcni
Ontario jHiiiits, t!ie present cost is ali')Ut SJ7 (M) jmm- ton. Tiif followiii!;
tal)le shows tiie effect i>f the increased cost of sulphur, the other ilata used
in making the estimate lieing constant.
TAHI.i: \.\l
Change in Estimated Cost of Sulphur per Ion of Sulphite Pulp for each
Dollar increase in the price of Sulphur
Siil()li\ir |M'r ton.
*|s INI
P.I mi
Itl (Kl
'.M INI
•J-JINI
•iHINI
'.M INI
'.'.■> INI
■JtilKI
•27 W
•JSINI
L1MNI
:ill INI
(icI (KT mil III >ii||i|iitr
•i-M
3'63
2-7«
3-HK
3-01
3- 14
3-36
3-3n
3-S2
3IU
3-77
3s«
Fniiii this tiililc it may Ih' itit'eircil tluit mills lncatcil at pniiits sn fur
from the spalMiurd that ficiiilit latos miitcriall.N' ill(•l•»•a^'(' tlio siil|»hiir I'list
would find it particularly advaiitagi-otis to install a pyrites lniriiiiiK plant,
provided an ade<niate supply of suilalile ore I'oiild l>e olilained near at liatid.
Pyrites Burning Equipment for a Sulphite Pulp Mill
The e(|uipiiient rei|uiied lor making sulphur dioxide gas from iiyrites
for use in a sulphite mill roiisists of the t'ollowinj: primipal pieces of appar-
atus:
1. Hoastiiif; furnaces.
■J. Dust ciiamlK'rs.
;i. Scruhliers or washers.
1. Fans. puiii|)s, etc,
1. Ilod.itimj Fiinmris. In a few Kuro|K'an mills lump liurners are
still employed; .some other few mills are still usiiifj the old form of shelf
roaster. Modern mills are usually e(|uip|)eil with ^ome form of meiiianically
operated slielf roaster. In the preceding section of this rejHirt several of
these furnaces of Eurojiean origin are deserilied. While jirimarily desifined
for acid works sotue of these furnai'cs have already lieen introduced into
[)ulp mills, .\mong the furnaces of .\mericau invention uid niauufarture,
which are said to have found most favour with FumiK'an mills are the Her-
reshofT and the Wedge.
.\ well eipiipiied plant should he designed with due regard to hoth the
quality and the ijuantitv of ore which i.-^ to lie handled. In all hut the
smallest plants a certain amount of cai)acity should l)e held in reserve, in case
ItoiiHto
Itl7
ii i- iici't'-':<nry til -iliiit ilnwii iiiiy uiii' I'liriuK'c tor ii'|>iiii« Mmlcni tiicrlmiiiral
iii;i"tci>' lire ^11 (•(iii^triiricil, huwi'ViT. tlmi li-iiiitliv -lint lluwIl^' an- rmc;
iiiiitiir rc|iuii>< siirli jis rcpliu'ltiK riilililc^ or itrrii> rnti ii^iiiilly Ix' iiiini' >ii. itt
must . a few liinirs.
All clliciciil |ili»lit will !«• dt'sigiK-l til n-iliH'i- lalMiur i'liarn<"< I" a iiiiiiiiniini
liy t'li* iiitrii<lii<'tiiiii uf iiicrhaiiical liaiulliiiK ni nrc ami limlcr. In il<-tt>rniiii-
iiiK the loi'ntiiiii iif the plant ami in iiiakiiiu tin- ili'siKii. as full iKlvimtuRP
iif the liicatioii as imssililc slioiilil U- taki-n tn imividc Im rMiivciiiont ami
<lu'a|i ni«'tliii(|s lit' iiinvinjf the uic ami cinder. Nearly all f\irim(i are
|il'iivided with hii|i|N>rs that hnld alxiut ii ton nf nre. In a few ninderii
lilants rylimlrical h<ip|H'rs with rmiieal iHittmns are employed. Iieing made
larjre enousih to hold ore for a sinjile shift. Where Itie eonditioiis will allow
it, ore sliiiiild Ix' delivered to stoniKe liins aliove the level of the tops of the
feed hoppers of t!;c furnaces. Where n nuniU-r of furnaces are o|H'riited lie
a liHttery, f he ore can Im' dii*tril>uted to the feed hopiK-is of the f^'V•erHl (ur-
naees liv U-it or liucket conveyors. In smaller plants it is still custohiiiry
to use harrows and hand lahoiir to fill the liop|iers. I'nl<'ss lalHiur is very
<'hpap this i-aiiiiot Ik- considered an economical method of movinjj either ore
or cinder.
Maiiv pliints |>rovided with elevators, conveyors, and ineeliailical fei'di-rs.
still employ iron barrows and hand lal«iur for lemoving the cinder. In sm.ill
plants iisinj; high grade pyrites, this ma; be iToiiondral umler local luljour
conditions. .\ ]ilant o]K«ratiiig on low grade ores, where the cinder forms
from .')(( to (i.'i |K-r cent or more of the original ore, sluuild he provided with
belt or bucket convenors to remove the cinders to a special bin. The cnii-
teiits of the cinder bin can then In- riiimved iiitc-rmittently through chutes
to carts or to cars for final disposal.
2. DnsI Chiititliir. Ordinary du-t chambers are formed simply iiy cii-
largi'iuent of the (lues. Their opciatioii depends upon the fact that an in-
crease in cross section of the Hue reduces the velocity of thecurient of gas and
a decrease in the velocity of the gas current reduces the iiuaiilily of sulid
matter uliiili can be swept along with it, and therefore facilitates the
separation. Where the (luaiitity of dust is apt to be large this is usually not
sufTic.MU. unless the Hue is very large, iiiul special fonus of Hue have to l)e
employed.
I'lue dust can be ma<lc to dejxisit by cooling, by retarding the velocity
of the current of gas. and by the introdui'tion of surfaces against which the
gas will impinge and to which the iltist i)articles will ding.
One of the simplest modifications of the ordiimry flue is the introduction
of baffle walls whereby the gas current is made to take a zigzag cour.se. The
Imffles may U- in the form or partitions reaching nearly across the Hue, from
each side alternately, so that the gas flows in a zigzag cotirse in a horizontal
plane. Again, the baffles may take the form of partitions which reiu-h c(mi-
pletely across the flue. o!>enings lieine left at top and bottom alternately;
the ])ath of t!ie gas will l)e a zigzag course in a vertical ()lane.
KiS
The iiit.-.)(lucti..i. uf Imffl.' walls lyii.R iicros.s the puth nf the cunent tends
t.. interfere seriouslv with the aruft. This interference is partially ..l.viate.l
in another tv]).' nf .lust chan.UM- where the l.affle walls are place.l parallel to
t l>e .lireetioii in which the curn>nt travels. ( )ne ..f the most recently putente.l
of this tv|X' of .lust chamber is the H.)war.l. in which the partiti.-n plates are
pla.'e.l in a h..ri/...ntal plane an.l only about tw.. inches apart. The ..i>erati..u
.if this .lust chanilKM- is sai.l t.i he very efl'ective.
\n efficient .lust chamber must be jm.vi.le.l with a suitable means of
rena.vinfj the acunn.late.l .lust, from time t.. time. with..ut .listurbins the
current ..f gas, aiul without even temiM.rarily increasing; the amount .)f .lust
curried forward iiil.i the scrublHMS,
:{ SrnMn-s or Washrrs. The jtas wl.i.'h has passe.l the flues will still
contain a verv .•..nsidenible am..unt .,f sus,)en.le.l impurities inclu.ling all the
sulphur tri..xide. In i.urifyins the jras f..r use in the .-..nta.-t im.cess these
.leleterious c.nstituents are remove.l by the use of sprays an.l specially .-on-
.structe.l c.)ke .,r .|uart/. fiUers . f which several typ's are m use.'
r.n- sulphite mill practice s,. comi>lete a purificati.m .l.^es n..t api>eav t.) be
necessarv, an.l the apparatus empl.)ye.l need n.)t lie s.i elalnirate. In a num-
ber ..f plants where this pr.icess is emi'l"y<'.l spray washers a.e installed. The
writer has been infnrme.i that many Kur.-pean mills are u>mfi tlu- Pe.lersen
r.,tarv washer f..r this imrpose.^' The stream of Stises is passe.l thniUfih a
horiziintal cylimler. A r.itary arm lying in the axis of the .•ylin.ler .list ributes
spray against the .•urreiit .if gases.
\n..ther tv|ie vi washer that has Ihhmi use.l with success .•.insists .if a
vertical cvlin.liical t.iwer with r.ise sprays at thet..].. The stream of gas is
a.lmitte.lat the base an.l iiasses upwar.l against the des.'en.Uiig spray.
In installing the scrublK-rs for a sulphite plant it will |)r.ibably be f.uin.l
a.lvantage..us n..t t.. thr.iw the wh.ile bur.len ..f cleaning the gases .in a single
.<crublK>r. Where scrublKM-s .if the spray type are use.l. any unusual dis-
turbance .if the .lust .•hanilH-rs may su.l.leiily precipitate a large am.uint .,t
.lust int. I the scrublier. choke it .semi unclean gas int.i the c.i.ilers. ami ne.-es-
sitate a shut .l.iwn. Danger .if this kin.l can K- guar.le.l against by iiitr.i-
ilucing scrubliers in series. F..r example a set .•.insisting ..t a heavy water
spray scrubber f.ill.iwe.l by a brick (.luartz ..r .•..ke) s.^rubber woul.l be t.iun.l
li.ith effective an.l easy to .iperate.
The water use.l f.ir the sprav t.iwer can 1h< circulate.l by a .•entrifugal
pump ami use.l ..ver again. It will practically lH>c.,nie a mixture .1 sul-
phurous an.l suli.huri.' aci.ls. Where aci.l is re.iuire.l amun.l the w.irks it .•an
fr.,m time t.i time be .Irawn otT an.', fresh water a.hle.l. Otherwise when it
Incomes t.Mi stn.ng an.l .iverl.ia.le.l with .lust it may be .lischaige.l an.l tresh
water adde.l.
' Sec Lump-, Svilphiiric Aci.l, Vol. I, Part II, i«iK<> 1012. <( sry.
'T\«- i.iv..nt..r is Nils lV.l..r..-n, Sarpslwrg, Norway. Octail^ of this invnlion un>
::o" availnl'l." wlvti iroiiie to press.
l)«'lails of cniistnictiim of tin- x-vcnil ty|«'s of sciiiIiIhts will \tt' finmd in
tlif tfcliiiiciil works on tlie iiiaiiufactmc of sulpliiiiic acid. Some very ef-
ficient forms t'f sci'ul>l)ers are protected liy |)uteiits Imt tiiese can usually Ik>
supplied complete l)y the manufacturers of the me<-lianical rotary furnaces.
It is therefore not necessary to discuss details of design here.
4. Funs iiikI I'uinpx. In a sulphite )>ulp mill e<iuipnient it is necessary
to introduce fans somewhere in the cinMilatory };as system to regulate the
How. The natural draft of tiie towers is not sufficient to produce the l)est
results, and it will vary from day to day according to the weather conditions.
The gas current suffers retardation in the dust cliainlK'r.s, in the scruhlK-rs
and in the coolers, and it is necessary to have some means of controlling the
circulation. Some foi'ni of centrifugal fan is generally uM-d for this purpose'.
The location of the fans differ in different a<'id plants. .\ most convenient
place, however, is k'tween the ihist chamtx'rs and the scruhUM-s. It then
acts as suction fan on the furnaces and on the dust chandH>rs, and sends the
current of gases through the scruhlKM's. coolers, and into the towers under
forced draft. The .scrul)l)«>rs will also reciuire an auxiliary |>umi>ing e<|ui|)-
ment to keep the spray water in circulation.
The WvkI Viriiinia I'lilp niiil I'lijifr Compuny
The West Virginia I'ulp and PajM-r ('om|)any installed a pyrites Imrning
jilant in their suli)hite mill in (^)vington, \'a. in HH)!).
The following brief description of the i)lant is published through the
courtesy of the ]>riiici|)al officers of the con'pany.
The original plant consisted of two Wedge furnaces, each '2\'-it" in dia-
meter. The furnai'es were connected tlirectly to a small sheet steel due,
scjuare in cross section. The gas from the fmiiaces was carried through a
fan to the scrubbing tower, and from there it ])assed through a Id" lead Hue
to the cooler ami then to the strong acid nii.xing tower. The excess of gas
was carried through coke towers ((>' diameter, .'lO' high) in which the sulphur
dioxide was al>sorl)ed by water. This sul|.hur dioxide was sul)se<(uently
recovere<l and returned to the general circulation liy a system of jire-heaters
and a hot pan, the waste water iKMiig then discharged into the drain. The
hot |>an was located above the Hue and derived its heat from the furnace
ga.ses,
111 the operation of this e(iuipnu'Ut, though .satisfactory results were
obtained, nuich difficulty was experienced with Hue dust, especially when
cleaning the Hues The excess of dust woulil clog the scrulibers at times.
The ])lant was rec(mslructed in lltlO II and the acconii)anyuig sketch.
I'igure 23, will serve to give a general idea of the layout at the time of my last
visit in .laiiuary 1011. The plant was not then in o])eration.
\n additiomil Wedge furnace has been installed to incicase the <'apacity.
.V large Hue was liuilt behind the funuices, rectangular in cross .section,
7' y ri'-J", and running the whole length of the battery of furnaces. The
upper hearth of eai'h of the furnaces was connected with this Hue by a pipe.
17(1
,,.,,.m«ular in moss so-.i-.n. T'-T wi.l.'. an.l .l- full luM^l.t V2'--p "f tl.. «.s
, , ; 2- f tl.o funu...... Tlu- nuiu l!u.. is ,.n.vi.lo.l with .lust hoppers n. ••
;;;;.,.;, ,lt ......... l...in« a, .h.. phm... h.-i«ht al...vo tl... H...... to .hsc-harg.-
into burrows, Imt tlu-ro are no haffle phites in tiie tlue.
Mwn r'ut and du*t ChambT ^
Floor Plan
i-1
|/7u«
\F/ut
"V"
I*
TT
■V
^«/ //././... .-I ^__eu.A «./.;..' I|^^a«/''.^^.'
LJ
'Hi
Z7uaA nr.-^ ' "'■"' ^"^* ^'•^'^^">"
l-.c. ■l-.S. Plan ol tl.c pyrites roasting plant ol th. Wc.t Virginia I'ulpand Pai^-r Co.npan
Two gas flues lea.l fn„n tlie main tlue an.l .lust dum.lH-r through rt-ut
fugal fans t.. a |)air ..f s.rul.l.ing t..wers. Thes,< towers are al.out 7' ni .1
tneter an.l IS' ' . height . In eaeh U.wer the gas enters at the base an.l |,as
upwar.1 against a .l.-sccu.ling s,,,.. of wate,v fron, siv rose sprays, loeate.l
171
the top i)f the tower. !-"roiii the scrul)li('i's the atis passes directly into tlie
main Hue aixl thence to the coolers located in anotlu-r luiildin};. The water
for the scrul>l>ers is circulated Ky a <'entril'ii(ial pump, and after use is dis-
charged.
T(» facilitate the haiidlini; of the ore. a storage liin is provided just out-
side the huilding into which the ore can l)e dumped from the cars. .V licit
conveyor l()ciite<l Iteiioiitii the l>in carries tin- ore into theliuriier huihling and
dumps it into the hoot of an elevator. The ore is then raised, and another
licit conveyor, located on top of the main flue, carries the ore to the feed
hoi)pers innnediately ahove the furnaces. The cinilers are reinove(| in cars
on an industrial railroad liy hand laliour.
The ore used, from the .\rniinius
sul|)hur: the cinder contains al)out !•
1 1' ; s)ili)hur dio.xide.
N'irginia, contains about 11%
The gas produced contains
Hinilthi/ Flhif Cii., Hiiichlii/, Xiir Yorh
This firm have lieen experinientinfc for some time on the use of the
.lones Hotary Sulphur liurner and auxiliary appliances for the preparation
of sulphur dioxide for sulphite pulpli(|Uors.' The kiln installed at Hinckley
is S' in diameter, and 70' in length (Plate .\.\1\', and Figures J4 ami 2'i).
This has heen found sufficient to roast
enougii pyrites, running as av h<
sulphur, for the manufacture of .Vi-ilO tons of sulphite fihre per '2\
hour ilav, with, it
stated.
■ most exc(
'llent
United Stat":
Canadian, and Spanish fine have heeii tried in this plant with equal success.
In ()])erating this plant the ore is crushed to pass a one iiu'h ring, Init it
is not sci'eeiied, fines and coarse being cliargeil together. Wtjrking on ore
carrying 35-40' o sulphur it is stated tiiat the furnace will roast to 2' '„ sul-
phur in the cinder: cinder as low as ()-7' , has been obtaine(l. The jilant at
llincklev has lieen able to obtain a gas containing (>•.")' ,' -?•■
dioxide wlu'ii using ore carrying 22
the sulpluM' content of the ore increase*; it is claimed that a I'.
' c sulphur
The stiength of the gas incicases as
gas, or near
this point can be maintaineil with a I')' , oii'. .\o data are available as to the
(luantity of sulphur which it is necessary to vaporize in the auxiliary oven in
order to keep the gas ol)tained from the low giade pyrites ores up to 7' 7 of
sulphur dioxide, nor is the amount of sulphur in the cinder detinitely stated
in this case.
When burning rich ores it is claimed, according to the Canadian Patent
specifications, that it is not luvessary to use the auxiliary oven to vaporize
sulphur to suppleiiKMit that obtained from the
In the statements alrea<lv
recei\ed it has not been shown whether it was possible to cease; vaporizing
sulphur in he auxiliarv oven when maintaining a steady output "f gas con-
taining 12', sulphur dioxiile.
' I'lir ;i (los<'ri|itii>ii :iii(l ilniwiriK i>f this a|i|KinitiLs, .sec tliis n'|Mirt, pM^c 12.1. This
ilcsrriptioii ami the ;((Ti)mp;inyiiijt I'latc .\XIV arc pulilislicil llinmuli tin iniirti'sy of the
llincklev I'iliri' Ciimpany, and llic I'yritc Ijisriiiccriiii.' Cunipany nl I irtliairc, \.Y.
172
IJiUiMH&
n
h
Ljl C
i.-f
■- 1
I-
'
Xo (liitii us to the relative (lUiintilies uf suli)luir and pv lites neejcil to
produre a stamiard rsis, usin"- ores of ditTeiciit grades, arc a\ ailal)le, and no
cost data have lieeii supplied.
The power fe(|iiii-ed to operate a lniiniT of this size, (■a|)alile of roastilij!
alxiilt M) tons of ore per 21 hoiiis. is appvoxiniately 12 111*, not indu-ive of
that neecled to eiush th(? oic.
Shut Off
Valva
:3E
•■■
— .-
lO
1
Trap
A'.VO SKCTIOS'AL \ ItJW
Tin. J.'i. Pyrites roastiiiK pliiiit, Hiiicklcy I'ihri' Coinpaiiy. Ilimklcy. New York.
rniiisvi'rse section.
The aeconipauyinft i)lan and seetiou (Fisures L' I and 2.")) supplied throu};li
the rourte.sy of the I'yrite Knfjineering ("onipi.ny, Carthage, New York, shows
the Jones Plant installed at Hinckley. .V complete description of the kiln,
driers, dust chaniher, and inethoil of cooling the ^ascs is given in the .-section
descrihins the Jones Uurner (|). l-'.'.l and it is not neces.sary to repeat
that description hci-e.
I.iikc Siiiiiriitr Paper Cumpniin. S<inll Str. Muric, Ontario
On a previous pa«eof this report t he Sjostedt modificationof theMacd)ougall
tvpe of furnace is descrilicd in some iletai
1. Tour lialterio of llie Sjostedt
174
fcrniuTs U\ units in all weir installed at Sault Stc. Miiiic, Ontario, sonio
oars ■.xno.'- Sulpliur ili(.\i<l<' was prrparcd in tlirsc fin'nuccs for various pur-
poses, anil. ainon« other uses, it was a|)plie<l to the preparation of the sulphite
liquors in the suli)hite pulp niill. Mr. Sjoste.lt foun<i it quite prurtical.le to
prepare liquors of suital.le streiifith. He writes: "Our experience here has
lauuhl us that for e(oi\oinieally ohtninint? such a li<iuor a luininuiin of :>' ;, S( ),
in the roasting jias is required We succeeded in pnxlucins an S per
cent SO., gas from pyrrliotite with less than ■.'.•) per cent sul|)hur (as previously
shown),' and found suhse.iuently no diHiculty in making a gas of .S-IO per cent
SO., contents from a rich (:«» pc cent S) pyrrliotite. and in obtaining a
recoverv elficieiicv of 70-S() jier cent."
The writer was informed hy the late Mr. Sjoste.lt that it was intende.1 to
use this installation .>f i>yrites hurners in the sulphite mill .)f the newly .)rKan-
ize.l Lake Superior Paper Company. It is also proposed to use ..nc of the
large towers, f.)rmerly use.l f.)r preparing the sulphite liciuors. us a special
si)r V t,.wer for jmrifying an.l c.).)ling the gases hefore pas.sjng into them the
al.s.>rl.ing towers. Further .letails with respect to the new installation are
not available.
' l-„r lull .i.^sciipti.).. s,... ".X.-ia Making' In.i.i l'yrrl...titc, • l.y I'.mst .\. Sj..sf.lt, .l.uir.
Cm.. Mil.. Iii.-t., Vol. VII.
it:.
APPENDIX I.
KIHMS rVTKKKSIKl) IN < \\A1>IA\ PYHIIKS
TAHl.K XNII.
Firms in Canada Mining and Shipping Pyrites in 1912.
(jlllllIC
1. Mustis Miiiiiijj Co.. Mine at iMistU, (iucl.cc. Head OHicc. Box I »•_'•_'.
Boston, Ma.ss.
•_'. Kast Ciinatla Miiiiiif; aii<l Sincltinj: Co., Mines at Wccdoii. (iiiclicc
I'rcsuUMit, Cliailcs K. Immtc. I'.l Wall St., .\cw York.
Out It rill
:5. Nichols ClH-mical Co., Mines at Sulphide, Ontario, Canadian Office,
222 St. James St., .Montreal. (2tie.
», Ontario Sulphur Mines, Limited, .Mines near Sulphiile. Ontario.
Manager H. .\. C. Craig, .National Cluh, Toronto.'
.'). Canadian Sulphur Co., Limited, Mnie near Queenslioro, Ontario.
Maiuiger. \. H. Willinott, tOt Lums.len Building, Toronto, Ontario.
(■). Northern Pyrites Co., Mines near (iraham, Ontario. Head Otfic<',
2.') Broad St., New Yorl<.
7. Lake Su]>erii>r Corporatictn. Helen Mine, 1.") miles from Michipicoten
Harbour, Lake Superior, Mines Manager, \\. W. Seelyc. Sault Sie. Marie,
Ontario.
T.VHl.K .Win.
Firms in Canada Manufacturing Sulphu c Acid.
\. Dominion Iron and Steel Company, Limited. Sydney, Cape Breton.
2. Nichols Chemical Co.. OHice 222 St. .lames St.. Montreal, Works at:
Capelton, tiuehec. Sulphide, Ontario. Barnet Bay, British Columbia.
:{. (!ra.sselli Chemical Co.. Head OIHce. Cleveland . Ohio. Works al:
Hamilton, Ontario, under construction.
L Lake Supeiinr C ui)oration, Sault Stc Marie. Ontari().=
."). Victoria Chemical Co., Limited, Nictoria. British Columiiia.
' Mine closed near ciul of yciir. I'.tll ,
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17S
APPENDIX II.
IYPK> i)F Kl ItSAlKS rsKI) KoH HI HMNd »l
UK
One (if till' fiirlu'st iiictliDils in viiki"' '<> |>n«lucc sulphur ilioxidc for llit-
iiijimifiiiluic of siilpluiric miil was to pliirc nulpliur in iin iron vi-swi iind ignite
it. Till' pot of l.mniiiK sulphur wiis tlicii plucc<l in un iiir tinht .rad chiiinlMT
lillfd with moist aif. The conihustiou of the sulpliur would contiiiuo until
till" oxygen of this air was i-xlmustcd. After waitiiiR for a suital)ie period
of time until the vapors protluced imd l>een alisoriied \>y the water in the
chamlier, the doors were opeiu'tl. fresii air was admitted, a new supply of
liurninj; sulphur was introdueed, and the proeess was repeated. .V. turally
sueh an intermittent method of promoting the oxidation of the sulphur was
Ixith slow and expensive, and tlie (piantity of a( id tl-it could he made in this
way was small and costly.
Then followed the invention of the process of hurnini? the sulphur in air
in a vessel outside the acid chamlier. and the possiMlity of manufacturinR
the acid Ity a continuous process.
The kinils of hurners that have heeii employed for this purj)ose are very
numerous. I'litil recent years tlu- Hat or pan type of i)urncr in its various
forms has Ikh-u most widely used. Many of the.se burners are still used in
acid works and in some sulphite pulp mills, and in other industrial pliuits.
The iu'ce.>sitv of ohtaining a very rich gas for the manufacture of sulphite
pulp, an<l the ilesire to overcome the iiumy defects of the flat burners has leil
to the develoi)nu-nt of several types of mechanical burners of much higher
etiiciency than the old style of burner. These mechanical burners are widely
used in sul])hite pulp ntills and other industrial plants, and appear to l>e dis-
placing the older kimls even in chemical works where sulphur is used.
There are a large number of different kinds of flat 'nirners in use. The
reader who is interested in the details of their constructiim and operation had
liest consult some of the technical works on this subject.'
It has not l)een considered desirable to republish detailed descriptions
of the various kinds of flat burners and the descriptiim offered in this re|M(rt
applies rather to the type than to any individual burner.
T!ie descriptions of the mechanically operated burners u.sed in .\merican
mills have been made more complete becai'se this type of burner is coming into
more general use and because dertcription f these burners are not so readily
available as those of the older ty|)e.
r.unge— Sulpliiiric .\cid ami .\lkali, Hni Kil., Vol. I, I'art I, p|). 'ifW-'.-tti.
llolTinami— I'apicr I'aliiikaUoii, 'ml VA.. liumt li. |)|>. t4.")4-t tii.;.
I'apier- Zcitiaig, 1K9-1, l.s'.».'), and otlicr is><uc>.
Fliil or il'iiin It.
I7'.>
I'lic iinplol I'liifii ol |iaii Imiiicr cdiisi-.t- nl ;i
lilt ImttcillU'il CM-I 11(111 |illli iiAflcc
I witli
-t iicm or liiick iiirli to Idriii
cliaiiilirr riif |iiiii- van in A/r. ilcplli .1" 7", wiillli -i' I'. IfiiKlh ti' s'.
'I'Ih- iMitliiiii 111' I lie |i:iii ic«tM nil ra>t iiim 'lamliinl* .u ii|>iiii liiirk ciilutniiw m-
Willis, 'riic liiillnlii of the pall i> ll-llally >lij;lltl.v ilislicii nv imli I in llial
the liiiilti'li -iilpliiir will riillcct ill a pmil iicaicr tlic I'uiwaiil I'lid. 'I'd I'arilitatt'
tin- iciiHival 111' ash ami In simplify tlif cliarniii^ nf llif I'liiiiari'. llic finlit >iilc
of the |iiili is often icdiircd to a iiifif rim. '-'" in tifinlil. or Ir— . \ i|c
usually proviilfil at niic i
III! of till' cliaiiilirr. ami the otlii'r rml roiini'it* will
h'lo. '.'(>. Plan III Krllnrr pan >iil|)tiur iiuriiiT (Ho'tiuinn)
tlicfliio leading to tlie plaee where the produi'tsof coiuhustion are to l>e utilized.
The door, which reaches across the whole end of the furnace, is hinged at the
top. In charging, it is raised, sulphur is s|)iead evenly over the forward end
of the |)an. ami the door is lowered .Vir is admitted to the furnace through
the lorward end liv keepin.iir the edge of the door s'ightly raised liy means of
hand screws provided for this purpose.
|S()
Tlio ii|ii'r!ilii>n iif ii\iili/.itig siili>liiir iii ii 1 u' . -r ">f lhi^< tv |ic i-< -MrttMl liy
liiiililinK 11 Miiiill tire "f wimnI < liip^ in tin- froiii i.' tin- lurimcf to wunii tin" |>!»ri
anil lirirk woik Wlini ilu' fiiriiarc h. ..tnc I miiUKli »<• fu^i' -ulpluir.
the liiT is witlnlniwii itn<l -iilpliur is-lii>v(.lli.(| ii .ii n{iiiicil, 'I'lu' lii'ut jifiicr-
atcil l(\ till' (•((inliusliiiii cailx's it to HUM alul tl m
the forvvanl l\vo-f hinls of the pan As tlif -i^ :
siipplifs arc iiitrfMliiccil from time I., lime a^ ''
It cat' easily lie sccp that tlic nii'lln ' oi i ■!•
Iiv opi'iiing tJK'iliMir across tin- wIioIimmhI ot " i
of cool air to I"' siiildiMily atlmitttil tu tli n ^
cool the fnriia<'(' an<l );asc^ temporarily Imi vn' i<l->
comliiistioli. ami thus rcmlcrs the operation i'.'
Where a mimher of furnaces are empln > •
the (listurlialice produce.l liy opeiiilin the 1.
reiluccil hy feeding; the furnaces in regular
•n sulphur spreads over
ur liurns away, fri-sh
idphur intermittently
'UsesalurKe ([uuntity
his air will not only
ilute the prmlucts of
ce irrojfi lar.
into • ■•• •• on ihio,
(ireatly
vals.
I'lfi J". Section i>l Kclliicr pan s.ilpliiir hiirncr (.1'"''""""'
According to Lunjie the capacity of furnaces of tl is type is al>out one
(lotmd of sulphur per sciuare foot per hour.
The iiKKlifications of thi- type of finiiace are very luimerous. Many of
tlic pan liurners are made wider in front than at the rear On some, special
devices are em])loyeil to retain or iitili/e the heat, especially in those Hat
liiuiiers which are designeil for use in chemical works. On others a nu'thod
of water coolinj; is introduced in an attempt to iciluci' the volatilization of
the sulphur to a ndiiimum, and inciileiitally 'o assist in the cooling of the
gases for u.se in the tnamifacture of the liijiiors for the sulphite i)ulp industry.
One of the most important inodifications of this type of hm-ner is the
utilization of a |)ortion of the heat of coinhustion for the jxirpose of fusing
the feed sulphur— which then can !)«• introduced in li(juid form without open-
ing the doors and without disturliing the drafts.
T»
!<1
u' m r..ni|nuiyiiiu ili, nitiKs (liKiiii'?* -'<• iiiul 'J"i ."hiiw in plan and MTiinn
foiiii of pan Milplmr l.uincr. In this i\ pr tin- pim is inrlinol fniwiml iin<l
II Wfll ii» piLviilcl to hold tlic nioltcn siilpliiir 'I'll.' ii'ar end of ilic fmiiarr
nets iir- a cc.inl.iii^tion flmmlHT. riii>' ImriiiT i> fitted witli a -pcriiil rii*l iron
f»>«il liopiKT pliicfd near i In- forward end ..f tin' furnarr. Siilpliiir i> -liovrllfd
into the lioppt-r llirouuli an opening in llic top Ileal radiated or <■ Iiieted
Iniiii
till
«l Iron top of the liiirner i» >utlicieiit to I'lise
>ulpliin' III
Lottoiii of the eed hopper. Tlie melted Milpliur can then Iw «lis<hari?ed into
the luiiner l.el<-w thioUKli llie spout provided for tlial purpo-e. The How
of iiiolteii -ulphur is reniilat.d liv means of a valve seated in tlie liase of the
-pout. The door of the furnai'e can
he raised for removing a>h. It is als
th the lip of lhi> hiwer
proviileil with hiilid screw- wiiose stems en;;aKe with the hp o
. i^p of the pan, H> adjustinR tlw-se screws the diMir can l>e made to servi-
as a damper for ad;iiittiliK the ie<|iiisite amount of air to promote coinlmstioii.
The rear end of llr furnace is piovided with a >pecial cast iron valve chamlier
for re){ulutinK tlie How of the liuriirr ^ases.
Tin.ihUr ami I'litill ItoUinj Sulphur liunni:' Tlie TroiiiMee and I'aiH
Uotury Sulphur HuriuM- consists, essentially, of a cylindrical steel slieol
which can Ix- rot led around a hori/.cuital axis. This cylinder is provided
with cast iron heads, in the form of truncated coi.es One of tlicM^ heads is
fitted with a feed door, draft slots, and a damper: the other leads to a coni-
liustion chaiiiU'r (Piute XXV).
The shell > ' ihelmriipr is made of flaiifie steel, (rivetted and corked seam),
and is :{(>" in diamter and s' in length. The coiie-shaix-d heads are made of
cast iron. The ilantjes of tlie heads serve as annular rails upon which the
Imrner moves when rotated. The Wmfsfr- rest on two jmir- of cast iron rolls
mounted on c'ust iron foumlation iilales. The rolls are rotated hy cliiiiti-
driveii gears.
The door on the five end "f the hurner is >iotted and is provi.ieil witli
a rotary <lam|MM hy which the air supply admitted to the furnace can l)e
repiilaled.
The comlmstion ( haiiil>ei r-upplied l)y the makers coiisi>t> of a ca-t iron
Im).\ 30" wide. 1 1" hinh. and i<' loiif;. The neck of the rear head of tiie burner
passes into the >ide of tiiis chaiiiher. .\n auxiliary damper f<u- admitiiiig air
to the combustion chaiiiU'r is placed on one >idc. .V door is provided on the
rear of the chaml)er for cleaiiinj;.
The pi|ic connection for t he p.scape id the sases is placed on the top of i lie
chamlxM- at the rear. When in o|KMatioii. sulphur is fed to the Inirner throuRli
the do(U- at the fnuit end of the machine. A> the burner revolves the sulphur
is oarried over, makinfi a complete coating .rf sulphur on the inside 't the
burner. The whole inside surface of the burner thu- l^ecome^ coated with
burniii}; sulphur. Hy a |iiu[)er adjii.stment of dainjH'is a nearly iiertect com-
bustion can be obtained. .\ic<irdiiij;t<itiie makers, tlie actual tii.ie (•( nsunied
• MaiuiI.irtunHi hy the V,[ru Kiii!- M:=-!r:- W^.rW-, !:Ui> !'n!!- Vv-v Veik.
(.'aimdian Patent 7.')..s2<'., liiit.d States Patents t>So77!t an. I 7»!t.:Ul.
P^
rm
I-
ill Iccdiii); a siii<;l<' Imiin'r per "J I limiis is iilioiit l."> iiiiliiltcs. 'I'lic s|m'ci1 of
iiitaliiiii sliiiuld Ih- iihmit 12 tiiiDs per iiiiiiiitc: the |)u\\ci- iciiuiml is al">iit
J liursc |Mi\v('r, Tho (liHir S| jit'P I'ciiiiirod is 7' X Hi'.
Tin- caiiacilyuf the lniiiior is )i.(MMI-7.(MM) im.uiuIs of siilpliiir (k-i-'JI limirs.
The api>n)\imato i-ost of tlic Imiiicr is S7(M) cadi' at (iloii Kails,
New York.
Tlie more iccoiit form of liufiicr is now sujiplicd with a self fcod so
anaiiKcd that it is not necessary to open the door of the furnace when cliar<i-
iii*;. This at'achment consists of a iiop|K'r which is |)laced directly in front
of the furnace. A spout leads from the hottoni of the liopper throUKli 'he
centre of the furuuce door. The raw sulphur fed into tlie liop(ier liy a shovel
is forced into tiie spout and thence into the furnace liy a worm fjear.
M one plant visited hy tiie writer he found the Troiiililee-Pai'.ll furnaces
fitted with an automatic feed of local design. .V siieet steel feed hop|H'r had
iK'en constructed just alnive the furnace in such u position that the hej't of
the furnace melted the sulphur in the liottom of the hojiiier. The lus. .
>uli)liur was then conducted throush a •_'" \>\\tc to the centre of the feeding
door, and thence into the furnace. .V valve on the ])i|K', close to the hopiH'r
enal)led the o|x>rators to control the rate of (low.
The advantajte arising from an automatic feed lies not alone in the
-iving of labour, hut also in the fact that the fiirnate is kept in ()|H'ration
continuou.sly under uniform conditions. The intermittent opening of the
furnace doors, to charge the furnace, temporarily admits an excess of air to
the furnace anil alters the composition of the gases produced.
M another i)lant, in which two of these luirners are iristiilled. s|H'cial
conilmstion chaml)ers. having a much greater capacity than the standard
chamU'r had Iwen in.stalled. The chamliers were set end to end hack of the
liiirners. Kacli chamlier consists of a cylindrical shell Iniilt of lioiler plate
and lined with fire lirick. The cylinder is is" in .liaineter and the total length
is 21', each chainlK'r heing I'i' in length The fire lirick lining is (>" thick, so
that the central free space is :}ti" in diameter. Two sets of fire lirick checker
work are introduc. d in each chamlier to insure ]ierfect mixing of the gases.
Air is admitted to tli" chamlier with the gases from the furnace, hy means of
a large opening, controlled liy a (hini|io.-, in tlie iiipe connecting the furnace
and the comliustion cliamlier. Tiie tMiiiKM'ature within the conilmstion
chamlier is said to he lietweeii 1. -JIM)" and l,(i()(»° V. The gas comes off at aliout
!M)()° I'.
Stchhiiix ItoUinj ShIiiIiki- ISiinicr.^ -TUv Steliliins Rotary Sulphur Burner
consists of a cylindrical steel shell, the ends of which are closed by oiitwardly
dished steel heads, the wiiole mounted on rollers in such a way that the Inirner
can lie rotateil aliout a horizontal axis. M the free end of the cylinder
' Siihjfi-t lo onliiiury imirkct llutlujitioii.-.
' ManufactiinHl liy tl:c Stchhins Kngiiiocriiid and MaiuifacHiriiig ("ompaiiy, Unoiiis
71-71), Smith liiiililiii)!, WaliTtowN, N.V.
<';iii:i<lian I'atciil iimimIkt lit.CiJ!!: Initcd Sl:ilcs Patents ihiim1>ci-s iM)l),.">74 ami
<i:',l,7i>ii
h
1
f -
■
l\
IS,}
provision is niinU' for feodin^; ii(|ui(l sulplnir to the furiiiicc iiiul for iidmittiiiK
a controlled supply of air. The distal end of the furnace is provided with
orifices and danii)ers to ailniit auxiliary air supplies and with l>affle plates to
insure a thorough mixing of the air, gases and vai>ors, tliu> |)ronioting
conihustion.
The general construction ami oi)eration of the furnace will 1k« under-
stood l.y a refereme to Plate XXVI and Figures JS aiul 2!». ( )n Plate XXVI,
"A" shows a stationary casting to which is attached a swinging door (1).
This door is provided with draught slots arranged in a circle and controlled by
an annular rotary dam|K'r. The feed hopiH'r (2) is ])laced ahove the casting
A. This hopper is constructed with two sulphur receiving conii)artments,
the sides of which are curved inwards at the lower ends. The mouth of the
hopiHM- is closed hy sliding doors that run in guides. The Inittom of the
hopiter is provided with a trough or chute that projects into the head of the
furnace (Figure 28).
The rear head of the furnace includes an annular section of the same
iliameter as the lM)dy cylimler. This section is provided with an oiK-ning
at its centre, the walls of which curve inward as shoW!i in the drawing
(Figure 28). A removable baffle plate is secured to the rear side of this
partition. The walls of this baffle plate are flared outward to f(n-m a mouth
concentric with but of less diameter than the mouth of the section.
lleyond this ])artition is arranged an ainiular plate, (Plate XXVI, 3)
I)rovided near its iM-riphery with a nund)er of oi)eiiing9 (six or niore, iiot
shown). The section of the shell Iwtween these two i)artitions is provided
with a numl)er of inwardly projecting noz/.les. the inlet ends of which are
controlled by danijjers. A regulated quantity of air can l)e admitted through
these ojxjnings to the ch..mt)er formed l)y the jiartition and the plate. The
next chaml)er, formed between the plate and the head section, is also provided
in its end with an annular plate communicating with the outside. The
passage of air through these orifices into this chaml)er is controlled by
dam|)ers (Figure 28). (las from this chaml>er is discharged into the fixed tee
fitting (C, Plate XXVI), the vertical extension of which connects with the
flue leading to the i)lace where the gases are to W utilized. The rear end of
this casting is also i)rovi<le(l with a i)late having ventilating orifices that are
controlled by a dain]H'r,
The lM)dy of the burner, Plate XXVI. B, cmsi.'^ts of a cylindrical steel
shell. This b<id\ is provided with two annular tracks formed by the flanges
on the heads, and these tracks rest on rollers. The body is provided internally
with longitudinal flights or buckets (shown in section, Figure 29) which serve
to carry the (luid sulphur fr..m the l)ottom of the burner ami discharge it m
the tract of air as this passes through the burner to the outlet.
The heads of the cylinder engage with the fi.xed castings A and C, Plate
XXVI. by a suitable arrangement of flanges and rings so adjusted that the
cylinder is free to rotate about its horizontal !ixis, while the joints are sufR-
i-iently close to prevent the escaix; of ga.ses,
10
The .otatinn ..i tlu- l.un.rr is Mr.M„n|.listuMl tlnuu!:!, tlu- n.tuti.m .-f tlm
rollers ..,. whirl, tl.e llan.r,.s „f ti... .-ylin-U-r rest. I'ower is ai-l-he-l t.. the
rollers fron> any .uuveni.u.. source thro.ij;h a suitable arraufien.eut ot «cars
uud fluiftinji.
I'lo. 2s. Section tliroiiiili ii Sicbliiiis burner, lonKituiliiial.
The furnace is jmt in operation l.y y\:.<:u» sulphur in tiie h.ppi)er ami
i.'nitins it. As soon as it l«-ins to melt, the molten sulphur runs down the
tn.ush and diseharses into the cylinder. When the furnace iK-eomes heated
hy the eondiustion of the sulphur, the heat radiat.-d to the hoi)per is sulficient
to kee]. the .sui.plv in a li<[uid comlition so that a < linuous fee<l is ohtame.l.
\s soon as the sulphur is ipiited, ].ower is applied and the l.urner lK>s;nis to
I'lO. 2!>. rr;ili<v<'rs< section tliroiiyh a Slelil)ili> liiiriicr.
n.tate As the cylinder revolves the huuritudinal huckets pick up the n.oUen
nnss an.l drop it' through the current ..f air supplied through the .haft open-
ings in the door. The -ases pro,lu.-ed j.mss through the circular o,.enmK m
the imffle plate into tlic first chaml...r. Here, if further oxidation is re.|Uired.
n.hlitional air mav he secured l.y oi-eratiufi the damiK>rs on the nozzles dis-
cleirgin-r into this chamber. The w-^'os then pass through the o,«<ninps m
the perr.,herv of the partition plate into the rear hea.l chamber, where if
necessary a further supply of air can I* intro.iuecd by means ol ihe annular
Hl
185
(luiniK'r ill tlio iPiir. TluMicr the Riisos )msH inti) tlic fixi'.l tee clmtulier, where
iiKiiiii nil- fun lie iuhiiitted if neeiled. Fiimlly the Rasen jmss nut thrdUgh tlie
flue to the phire of use.
Ill tliis funiiice it will l>e iinted tlmt the cliiiiutH'i's formed at tlie rear end
of the cyliiKhM' s«'ive iif coiiilnistion ^hllllllK•l•^<, iiuxirmry coinlnistion chtiiiilKMs
not heiiis leiiuired. It is chiiiiied liy tlie makers that ]K<rfect comlHistion
eun lie olitained without the use of the uir inlets and daiiijiers on the tee
ohamlier at tli(> tejir of the furnace. These o|K'iiinj:s are, however, jirovided
as a iirecaiition in case they may ha|)|MMi to lie required.
Wise Aijitutinij Sulphur Hiinirr}~-'i'\M' essentia! features of the Wise
Agitating Burner are as follows: —
1. .\ cylindrical cast iron pot to hold the liquid sulphur during
comliustioii.
2. .V rotating arm with rakes which agitate the li(iuid sulphur, increa.ses
the oxidizing surface, and otherwise promotes the rapidity of comlmstion or
volatilization.
:i. \ comlmstion chaml)er placed above the iiot and so constructed
that thorough cimilmstion of the sulphur ean I* obtained.
The general construction of the furnace can lie seen by reference to the
accompanying Plate XXVII.
In starting the furnace, a sufficient quantity of su'phur is thrown in the
front door and igniteil in the ordinary way. As soon as this sulphur is melted
th? agitator is started and all subsequent charges of suljihur are fed through
the feed hopjKjr.s. Once the burner is started the front door remains dosed
continuously, thus preventing the inrush of cold air.
The feed hopjiers arc attached to the sides of the burner \i»t. The heat
radiated from the combustion of the sulphur in the \^>t melts the sulphur in
the hoppers. The Tuiuid sulphur is then ])eriiiitted to flow into the jxit
through valve controlled openings provided for that purpose. The rate < if
feed is so adjusted that the quantity of licjuid sulphur in the |X)t remains
constant .
The liquid sulphur in the pot is kept in motion l)y stirrer blades attached
to a rotating arm. Power is applied to the arm through a shaft and Itevelled
gears located l)clow the pot. The agitator arm makes only four or fi%'e revo-
lutions per minute, and the jiower reiiuired is alwut J horse jiower.
Draught slots controlled by daini)ers are arranged to admit air around
the iieriphery of the pot. This method of admitting the air, whereby equal
volumes of air advance towanls the centre of the pot simultaneously from all
sides, temls to iironiote uniformity of the con<litions throughout the pot and
at the same time promotes uniform combustion of the sulphur.
I Manufactured by the Raiiuotto Foundo" and Supply Co., Mnsscna, X.Y.
t'aimdiun Pat^-iit No. 1037.SO.
Unit.-.l States Patent No, .SX->,<W(!, He-issue So. 12.()-J1.
ISf.
Tl,e ,..t i v,MV.l wi.l. a -u.t m..,. ,lo,n.- .l.r.m^h ,1... t..p ..f which u short
;;i::;;±:;::::;:i:ti::;;t^
t:;-";r-;»;:;;i;:;;;n:::--^^
:l;;:,;,;,„ ,,., It...;.;..., „. ; i... ...i,.i.... »«■■• >• '-■ '- •'"-■ "« - ™i""
'' ' "": I";' ',"■'■'"■ , ,,. ,,.„. „,„„■,„.. :]S1 „|,„.r fot .,f ll....r »l.».-e, i.
s:.:r;:^;''.;'™ '"«' ;— "".^^^ --'-' '-, "- t"
with !i i.i|).ii ii\ < 1 .« . ■ _ ,„K. «i iiM> „t. tlip works.
The iimr
;Sr;'.vh." for th.. lu;,or si.c is upproxinrntoly «1 .UK) at the works.
• .<„l,:...l to ..riiiiuiry i.mrk.t fluctuations.
rt
Bo
he
101-
irs.
f^
^:^
II
IS7
APPENDIX III.
I'VIIHIIKI MK A* \ ■•(IfKlK. IIK sl|,|'|HI|(.
MuKiirtic pNiitrs or pviilmtiii'. when |iui'c. ruiitMiiw :{'.l'ti',' uf >iil|iliiii'.'
Pyrrhotilc ores, a-; iiiiiiril. wouM ''(iniiiiii |i*s tliiiii tliis; tlic siil|)liiir ciiiiti'iil
of tlic nirkclifiTDiis Sudlmiy (ires varies to a« low as I'f',;. Ores of thi-;
{•hanictfi- iifi' iiiil iisuall> icnanlnl as source^ of >iil|)liiir. Tlii! |irfvailiii:;
opiniiiii liflil liy many profr-sioiinl nicii until the li^t few years is suimiicd
up ill the following i|Uotatioii:
••One of the most -crious errors ever perpetrated in tlie iiiatiufai'ture
of acid from pyriti's i« the attemptdl employment of pyrrliotite, or the mono-
sulphide of iron lor i)yrite liisulphide of iron. Aside frotn the n'<'ii'ly
losseiitil proportion of sulphur. ;{li' , . as auinnst .VJ',, . the monoriiphide
will not eveit yield freely wtmt sidphiir it contains, l)ut crusts with o\ide
of iron, turns hiack, and is soon estinntiished when treate<l in an ordinary
pyrites kiln. It seems scarcely possilile that extensive works for the inumt-
facture of sulphuric acid land copper) should have heen erected, their ore
sujiply Ix'ili}; entirely derived from a deposit of the valueless monosulphide;
hut such has l)eeii the ca.se in more than one instance, ami will continue to
he so in enterpri.ses conducted without the aid of skilleil direction. "-'
The further perfection of the modifications of the .McDougall lines
roasters, have, however, reached such a stage that it is iH-giimiiiK to lie
recognized that in the ahseme of other suitalile ores, it tnay he commercially
practicalile to utilize pyrrliotite ores as a source of sulphur. <las containing
about i' ',, sulphur dioxide has lieen obtained by rosisting pyrrhotit<' in a
Wedge burner without any external source of heat. The best results at tainei I.
so fur as these have been imnle public, appear to be tlio.sc obtainetl by .Mr.
I'".rnest .\. Sjostedt, at Sault Ste. Marie. Ontario. The foMowiiiK extract,
taken almost verbatim from Mr. Sjiistedt's published ac<'ount of his e\p(>ri-
mcnts. is of more than jiassing interest.'
The problem |)resented to Mr. Sjostedt was to recover .suljihur and
iron values from low grade Sudbury pyrrhotiti-s-ores which averaged I.V'.'d' ,'
sulphur. \-'-i' ', nickel. (I-.V2' , copiier, the balance being made up of iron
ami gangue. because of the ease with which pyrrhotite (pale yellow in
colour) can be distinguished from chalcopyrite (deej) yellow), it was pos>il)le
to obtain a partial sejiaration in the rock-house, at the crusher, and on the
sorting table at the mine. Two workable grades of ore were obtained, one
' .Vssuniing the roniuila Fi^S,. S>c pane \-i-
• Pi-tors, Modern CopiKT SmeltiiiR. 1!H)1. pp. ItiS-i).
•Sjostedt. Krnst .\., " .\cid Makliic friHii Pyrrliotite," .lour. Can. Min. bi>l. Vol. VII,
ISHH, pp. 4»i, Cin. Mill. Jour., Vol. XXill, pp. Hl-fii), 1!K)1.
IHK
(■ ii?*uiiliy
,,. i„ il,,- ..iv NM.- t" !-<• iT.'ov.T.a ill till- furni of Milphur .lloM.le
, l„- iitili/.r.l f.ii- the fi)ll.>\viii(? |Mii-p(.si-s;
.;,„ufM<tun of a -Ipisnlphif li.i<i->" lo hr um 4 in tlir Mili.hlU'
hi«l, in .-o, ...i «»"«- -l •- "' -Vl'-T, M.^.«n... fo, .».- o n r
„'„.■ MM. V :. ,.io.-,-, ...a 'I..- "tl..-,-, 1 . ... -o,.,..-,- :....! K.,.,....-. Im, I, «h
;;; ;;.i,,,l i .!ia.i. in..-..i..,i fo.- ,i... . .1 ,>i-... •n.i- la..- «.. ■ "«•
aviM'iip'^ iil'O'
Till' -nil"
liv loii-'ii.j! I
till' «ii> wa-
I. I'll.' i
'"''''.:""ti„. ,„a.mfa.tu.v of liqui.l M.l,.l..nou.. a..l,>a.i.l-, int-n-l.-l .is a
, .Vo. ...« ,.la.... o.- wt..n ,1... pnlp ...ill wo,.M .all f.;-- . ..v -r n stron^.r
;l 1... .hat ......ish.-.l l.y the .oaMcs in .n-a..on: .. . :. also ....en.l. I
"'a J',.a.a..- .■on,n....-i..l !..o.lu.. f. Ik- sol.l for tl.o ,...■,-- "f -■.•f.-R^Tut......
Iri-ni'.kinii .suK.ii- >•<'•'"''"?•'■''""•'''"< '''^'"f"""""- ''"■■
^"" ''r S;:; riuL... .■M..'.i - -... ,....,1 i.. ....t a.. ,;.v.;....or>-
f..,,..u-.>s. an.l l..t.-.- i.. .yli.ul.in.l ......ha,.i.al ,oa-UM-s Kvcntually tlu- yp.
„f f„,nHrc. s,vl.-.l .1.0 Sj.Ht.Mlt furna.0 in ,1..- Imll-....' was .-voIvmI AfU-
. se i. ,f «.; ..ssfnl ..p.Mi...H.ts, a plant .on.istin. of fou.- l..mo.-..-s ol k.lns-
.n L wa. l..nl. having n total .apa.-ity of t.<-..tinK .0 tons of o.r ,.or .l.i>
i ; I a,.^ilia.^ ,la..t> wm- also i>.-,all...l. On- ..f tl.oso was a .l.vsMnK
p . m . s in, of,,... ;2r X ^y jaw rrnAn.. two ;i.r n.lls an.l two n-voUu.«
.'nc'... ..f No. If. n..-sh. with a ..apa.i.> .f ,...lv...i.i..« a. t s.. t.ms of o...
,„,. 10 l.o.n- <l.ifi. Two lVllwik-lU>is.'l.. r- No. I wato.- «a> K.-n.M-atof. w.-.-..
., , al -.1. ..a.l. l.avi... a capa-ity of pro.l...-in« 20..HH, ...^l...- f.vt of
«;.t.. ..as p.-,- I.o,.,-. ..■• witl. a total -apa, i,y of al.onl ,S.K...«K. ...1... f.H. ,hm
.lav. Tl..- oU-.-l,i.- i..stallation fu,- s,.pplyi..K th.- .•.■.,....•.•■ I P"wn- c..ns...o.l
of'tlnH'c '.»■"' H.P. (Ifiicral Elc.t.ic inoti>i>.
\t fi,st wat.M-,as was ns..,l a> ... anxiliafy f.U'l, hut l.v ,-a.l..ally nnprov-
in.. t'iu- .U'tails of .!..■ ^ oasle.-s a. . «..i..ing i» ex,..Mi.n.'.-. tlu-y t..u.lly .s...--
:;,..,, in .loi..« without it. Si,.... tho.. th. ,>>-..l.oUte has ....a roa> .
,,i„.on, a„v .-xt.a.u.o..s fuel (evon at tln.es ^ylu■., th. -'i; !' " ' ;•/ .
..v.rau.-l l...t -.'(PJ.-.' ; ). pro.lu.inR a }?as of s,.thc,.-nt >t.vnf:th .^10 « ^0,l ..
S; '.i-l|-l'ite liMnoI atul li.,ui.l sulphuf .li..xi.l.; al.- a Ian y we I ro.is^
„,.. .•nnni..Kas low as U.-.XM).:^' , >..l,.l.u.- when a.l....U...S a hl.c.-a an.ount
a an.l ltai..i..« a w.-ak «as, l.u, «.-.e.ally fn>n. .' o to ^% ^^^^^^^^
p,.,.ln..i„g a RUO.I S..S. T-he significance of C-IO' . >ulph...- .l.oxi. e «a> f.o-n
.vnh. .titt will he ap,..viatea when it is note.l that the thnnelfal .....x.ntu.n
is l•'.7^% a.ssun.ing air to contain 21% "f "VS^-", '">• ^■"'"'"''•
The annexed tables a.-c fr....t the irconls of a two wveks' r.m in Fel.r.tary,
I'JOI.
' Sec Clittpt.r V, i>. 122.
TAIU.i: \\V
Composition of Ore used (Average Samples taken from eacli 40 ton lot.)
lif>oliil>!i'. ..
Siil|ihiir. .
■-MM
2t 'X)
•.'I 117
J7 tut
Hi |i'
\vrni)p-
■.'4- It.
I \iti.i; Nwi.
Roasting Results (Average of Tests made each Hour.;
I'l'liruiirv.
II l'.> li! II
StrciiKtli of (la-. ' ; SO^ s 1..1
KoH>ic(l liiWH, ' ; S I titi
1 >t»
I'. Hi r i>
lit J I :^| J;'
•iHI
ill
: '.HI
I .
• t.(i
■.':! -M
I ill
I .-,1,
In iimkiiin :i fiiittier (•( iiipiirisun nf the rfl:-.tivc n,- n'- i:. -'il: '
!iU(l sulpliur rccovci'cii fiiiiii pyrrliotitc .Mr Sjo^umU givt-,- \\v ii<i\'>\\ .nfi
iiililitional diita;
"If to this amitunt m.'' iuhl ilcpicfiiilii 11 <>( pluii! (say 1 I . riitt p.i tmii,
the ctLst of the luw ore i-'ay s.'i.(H) pi-r loii). ami tlic i-osi of l>ri<iuottm>_' thi-
lines (say 7.") t-ents per ton), and th«-n sultstnu'l the value of ihe I i.iui ttt-^l
ferro-liickel ore. (which we will a-.'^uiiie to '>(• iciilal to tliat of the uiiina-ted
ore, or So.OO per ton), we olitaiii a total of S2.7'i as the ci^t "of '.»! I iiomiils
of sulphur dioxide, etpial to sti.lMl per ton of .-ulpluir dioxiile pi:- reeoveretl.
corresponding to 812 per net ton, or s|:5. H per gross ton of sulphur."
At first n<i other raw material than pyrrhotitt; was usetl for aiid makii ■;;
sulisequeiitly, pyrites being availaltie. some of it was us*-.! at times when
treating a low graile pyrrholile. or wiien an eMra supply of gas was rc'iiiired
.Mtogether. at the time of writing. Kl.tKH) tons of pyrrliolite and :'.(HK) tons
of jtyrile hail lieen roasted in Mr. Sjo-ledt'- kilns at Saiilt Ste. Marie.'
' Mr. Sjii-tidt's ili-cii«^i()ii iil (hi- |iri|p;ir:itiiin cil l<i-iil|ilii(lc l.ii|iii)rs iniiii k:i- |iii|imii ■!
by ImriiiiiK pyrrliotite i.- given on |Migc l.'ill.
¥>--;
190
APPENDIX IV.
,,,K .■..MACT PUOCKSS F..U 1 UK MAM KA. TlUK OF Si l.F.HUl. VClI,.'
Kxtrart fn.n. tlu- "Tw.-lftl. (Vusus .,f the r..it.-.l States." l(KX). V„lunu'
.\. Part 1\'. |>1>. •"):W-">:{7.
1 Ilist.Mical Tho i.n..lucti..i> ..f sulpluirir iiri.l is a mutt.T of the
.,vat.-st inM.o.tan.r. as it is not only tl... foun.lati.,:. of tl.o ino.-Kan.r hj-avy-
.l..-n.iral in.lustrv an.l is us.-.l for many otluM- ,.ur,.os..s, l.nt also has lato y
,,,,.„„.. a n.ost in.,.ortant n.atcMiai in tlu- ..rganir ,lyo-stun m.lustry .-siH-cal..
in th.- ,.n..ln.tion of ali/.arin.- colonrs an.l of syntlu-t... m.l.go. I ho .•onta.'t
,„„,..J is .-ausinfi a .•onipU'te revolution in the methods of n.anufarture of
sulnhutie a..i.l; henee an aeeount of its histoiieal .levelopn.ent an.l ,.resent
status sh..ul.l he .,f great interest. The histori.'al .1, veloi.n.ent of tins proeess
inav l)e ilivi.le.l int.) four peri.).ls.
■ First perio.l: n.illil.s. in is:n. .liseov.-re.l the .atalytie action of plati-
num in hastening the union of SO, an.l O t.. form SO,.
Sen.n.l i.erio.l. Wohler an.l Mahla in IS.VJ. showe.l that many other
suhstanees i.esi.les platinum p..ssess .•atalytie ,,roperties. an.l explame.i tne
character an.l eoursef the reacti.)n.
Thir.1 peri.xl: Winkler use.l .lefinite Ras mixtures for the pr...luctu.n
„f .sulphuric anhy.lri.le. as it was then ...,nsi.-.ere.l '.hat .mly in this way cul.l
mxKl <iuantitativeyiel.lsl)e.)l)taine.l.
rl.urth perio.1. the present on.-, is note.l l.y the su.M.essful use of the
furnace <iases directly. .
The invest igati..ns ,f tlu" thir.l i.eri.ul were .lirecte.1 towar.l the pr.i.luct ion
of fuming sul,.huri.- ayl. whi.^h was then very .■x,.ensive while the mvest.ga-
ti.ms of the first an.l secon.l peri...ls ha.l the same en.l as ti.e w..rk ..f the
,„.e.s.-nt tim... that is.She repla..-inent the cha.nl.er pro.'ess l.y impr..ve.l
"""Th.'.atalvtic a<ti..n ..f i.latinum was .li.s.M.veird l.y Humphry Davy in
Iiimirv IMS wl... show.-.l that platinum wire, wh.-n warm.Ml an.l then
i;,,,.,.,,;;,M int.MU,dxture..f..xygen(.Hair)witlJl.('0. ethylene ..r..yam.«en
1„.,;>„„. i,wan.les....nt. an.l th;t th- gas mixtur.' ..xi.li/.e.l. usually gra.lually.
Init .)ften rai)i.lly. ,- • i . • •, . i
1,-.1,„„,„1 Daw. in 1S20, .lis.M.vere.l that l.nely .livi.l.-.l prc'ipitatc-.l
,,li„i„un.. wh.M, moistene.1 with al.M.h..l an.l expo.M-.l to the a.r. I.e.-..mes
incan.lescent an.l the al.-.ih.d burns.
D..evereiner in lV-"_', f.iun.l that linely .livi.l.'.l platinum, ol.taine.l l.y
l„,„ing amm.mi..-platinic .•hL.ri.le, a.Me.l in th.' sam.- mann.-r, an.l, m 1SL>1.
' K. Kni.iHli. Ifi'i-. "I- <!• 'ic~cl.. llMll, p. ItMl'.i.
ll
191
tliat sucli platiiiuiii cciiilil ij;iiilc a stiriiiii of liyilni>;('ii. wlicii this iiii|>iii};i'il
upon It III con
iiiK inacliinc
tact with air, and iilili/.iMl this discovery in his cclclualcd
■liKht-
Tl
u> honour o
f haviiiK first utiii/cd this catalytic action, for llic iMoihictioii
of sulphur trio\i(h', is ('uc to Peregrine I'liillips of Bristol, Knjiland, who, in
1n:{|, took out an I^iKJish patent for his discovery, and, in ls:{J. Doevereiner
ind MaRiius each continued tin
crvalions of I'liillips. .Mthou(;h this
iliscovery altracteil much attention, nothiiif; practical followed until IMS.
when Schneider e\hil>ited a working model of an apparatus, which produced
sulphuric acid through the contact action of a specially prepareil pumice.
This alle
rith
eat chi
liut never was alilc
us allejjeU discovery was presentiMi
to show a success. alth(»ugh wonderful f'sults were coiihih'Utly preilicted.
The same may he said of the methoil of Uichar<l I.ainiii);, who also used a
contact mass of pumice, prepared l>y hoiiiiif; it in concentrated sulphuric
acid, washing it in aminoniacal water, drying, and then impregnatin« it with
aliout 1 per cent of manganese dioxide, finishiii}; l.y heating the mass in a
retort to IKKF and allowing it to cool out of conta<'t with th<' air. Here we
note for the f'rst time, the use of another contact sulistaiice, which, like plati-
num, can exist in various grades of oxiilation, namely, manganese.
Especially noteworthy in this connection is the Kiiglish patent of .luliioii.
IMC), hecause here, for the first time, the use of platinized asliestos ,is a contact
mass is claimed. In \s\\), Hlondeau passed a current of a mixture of sulphur
dioxide, steam, and air through a highly heated tutie containing ferruginous,
argillaceous sand and ohtained sulpliuric acid, while, in ls,V_'. Wohler and
Mahla found that oxides of iron, copper, and chrome aI<o work catalyticall.\-
upon a mixture <if SO, aii<l <>, a mixture of cupric and chromic oxi(h's lieing
especially efficacious. These investigators gave, moreover a c rrect explana-
tion of this catalytic a<'tion: they found, namely, that cupric ami ferric oxide,
when heated in a current of sulphur dioxide free from oxygen, hecanie redui-ed
to cuprous and ferroso-ferric oxides with simultaneous formation of sulphuric
acid which, however, ceased as soon as the reduction of the oxides was com-
pleted. ( )ii the other haiul, ciiromic oxide, under -imilar conditions, remained
entirely unaltered and no sul|)liuric acid was produ<('d, while metallic copper,
in sjiongy form, exerts no action upon a mixture of 2 vol. SO, + I vol. O at
ordinary tein]ieratures. hut. when heated, cupric oxide is (irst formed, and
then sulphuric acid.
They also call atten'icm to the fact that this union of SO., and <) can take
place in the com])lete ahseiice of ll;<).
Upon these imiiortaiit discoveries are i)aseil tii<- later researches of Lunge
and otliers upon the catalytic action of |>yrites cinder in causing liie formation
of SO,. (Quartz has also been recoiiimended for this i)urpose. as have al.so
platini/.ed asheslos. platinized pumice, and even iilatinized clay.
lliindt. 1N.")1, passed the hot roaster gas through a flue, tilleil with quartz
fragments and heated by the gas. expecting to convert the greater part .if the
SO, into suliihuric acid witli further treatment of the residue. The work of
I',i2
Sd.in.M-.ahl M.ul B.mk. ISS:,. full..w..l the sa.nr litH-s. as .li.l als'. llu; nu.th.Ml
.,f Henry Dca.on. vvl.icl. was patrnt.-l in ls71. an-l n.ay I- cmsuU-ml as
clu^ir.}' Ihc scniiul pc"i«"l. . ., ,
S, f .r nut .mlv l.a.l all attempts t„ su,KMs,.,le i lie .•l.ainlKT process fa.UMl.
1,„, ,|so no ,,ra.'li.-al n,etl>..<l for .i,e p,o,lurtion of fun.ins snip n.r.e ami
l,a.l iK-n .levse.l. In \s-:>. <'l...n.-n> \Mnkier pnMisl.e.l Ins ce el. rate, n--
.e.„rl>..s , n llu- fornnl.on of snlpln.rie anhy.lri.lo, for wlneh .n.lustr.a
elie.nistrv >nns, ahvay. K- greatly inaehte.l to l,i,n, as oripnatn.K sueeossfnl
„„,,l,o.ls'for tl,e ...•ono.Mi.'al pnuluetion of ll.efnin.ni; sulpln.r.e a.M.l f,.r wlneh.
:,s i, l,.,s l.e.-o,ne rlu'ai.or. many n- sv nses Imve U-en .liscovere.l
>.Vink!.-r ronrhnle.l, as a r..uh of his ex|H.ri.nents. that the hO, an.l (
shonid alwavs he present i.i ti,e n,olernlar prop..rt>on ot 2:1. any ex.rss ot
eiti,er uas h'avin^^ a delefvions influen.-e upon the eo.ni.letenoss of the to-
.,,,,„„ ,,,,ii,,.,,l,,,iMe.ltir.sd.-siredp,-oportionl.ysi,nplyl..'oak.nK..p".-.ma,T
hv.lrate.l snlphnrie a.i-l in'o ll,(). SO,. an,l O. rnnovit.s the HO, an.l then
,,;,,„„l,i,.i„« the S(.= ana O l.v nM.ans of appnipriate rontart m, .slanees he
,„,,,;„„ .,f -.vhieh he greatly hnproved l.y nt.h.msthe reat>e.n« a.-, on
;,f ,',,,„i,. a.-ia. All s,a.se.inen' work in this l.raneh ••ontn.uoa to follow th
lines laia -lown hv Wi.iki.-r: hnwe. while littU- progress was ma. le towaras
sti|K>r.seainf: the lea.l eha.nher. the n.anufa.ture of fununfi snlplmr.e aeul
IxM'ame hisihly develoiKMl. .
11 Kni.UhS Work-l'.injlrollon of Ih. (.ns Ih.s work «as un.n-
taken l,v the Haais.-he Anilin-«na-S.Mla-ral>rik to aetennit.e it a eon.plrto
,...nversion o, the SO, in roa>ter ,as was as praetieally foas.hle as .t ,s theoret.-
'""■ hTm'il known ti,at the ont^oinfi fjases of the ehainl km- proress still
,..,.„i,. ,i vohnne ,K-r e.M.t of oxy^e... a.al that the roaster gas cnpl-v.-a ...
„,e ..o.,ta.-t work eo..tainea a si.nilar e.vrss. Henee. ,t was .l.fhenl to un.lo.-
..a..awl.v M,e latter proeess, the yieiaswe,e..,.t ..ea.vr that ot the for...iM-.
].\u: ,ts s|,ow.-a that when p.n-e SO, was nsed the yiehl vyas close
,„ ,|,;,!u.ore,,.al. even when a very la.^e evess of O was p.esent . wh.eh was
.■ontra.'V to the aceepted views of Winkler. , w. ,
»:» When roaster jras was ..s.-,l in lal.o.ato.y exper.nuM.ts. .t was fonm th.U
vvhe.. this was earefnllv lea. wash.-a with sul,.hnrir a.Ma, a.., eon.pletely
pn,.ifiea l.efo,e it was allowed to et.ter the ••atalytic tuhe. the restilts we.r ve.'y
satisfaeto,-y. nor eould anv .liminutio., of the elh.Meney of the eo..ta.s mass
l,e ..oted eve,, after several days' ,.se. It was therefo.e ...pposed that the
pvohle.n had l-ee,. solved, and ar.a..-e.,.e>.ts were n.ade to ear.y o,. the pro.-e.ss
on full woikin,.: scale. ,, .
It was however, soo., fou..d that i.. l.ractic- the .•o..Ia.'t .nass Kraduall>
1,.. all of its ellicien.'V, ..o matt.M- lu.w carefully the jra.ses we.e cooled and
,,„,i,ied. Kxte..d.-.[ lal.o.-atory i..v..stiKations w.mc n...lertak..n to aeten...ne
Ihe ca...s.' of this i,.eiiicie„cy. a..a if was ultin.afly .lis-'over.-l that there a.;e
sul,sta..ces whi.a,. who pre.ent i.. the j:as, even in excss.vely s.nall quat.t.-
,ies injn.v the catalvtic properties .,f platinnm to a.. cxt.-ao.-d...a.y des.-ee.
Of .ill of the sul.stancu.swhi<-hmay U- tound it. .uaster gas, ar.se.uc .s l.y tat
H«
i
I lie iiKist (loloti'i'iniis, iic\t incicmy. wliilc Sli, Ki, I'li. l"c, /,u. etc.. aii- in-
jurious (inly SI) far as llu'> may I'nat the cdntart mass.
It was also found that as tlic wliilc cloud of sul|iliiiic arid wiiidi was
)>rps('iit in Ilio gas contained arsenic, the com|ilele removal of this was nei'es-
sary, altliouj^li sucli removal iiad always lieeu con-idered an im|)ossil)ility.
Tliis was, however, linally acc<iiu|)lish»'d after .tn enormous exiHMiditure of
time, lal)oui' and mone> . so that in the end, l)y extended wasjiin<; ami liltia-
tion, the gases were ohiained 'n a condition al»olulely free from all imiiurilie^.
(I).H.P. li:5!W;{, .luly -'2, 1S!»S).
Sloir riMiliiifi of the giis was founil to l>e al)solulely necessary as a pre-
liminary to its |>\irificatioii. !t is ji fact , the cause of which is not yet cleu-'y
known, that the removal of the white; cloud is rendered far more dillicull if
the gas is rapidly cooled.
To insure slow cooling, a system of iron IuIh's wa- used l«'cause it was
suppo.sed that , as the sul]iliuric acid in the gas was in a -o highly concentrated
condition a v action u])on the metal would yiehl SO., only. It was now fouiid
that although the contai't mass remained active foi- a much longer peiiod. it
still gradually lost its |)ower, no matter how carefull\ the gas was ])Uiilieil.
The cause of this was ultinuitely found to Ih' a gas containing arsenic. |irolial>ly
liy<lr en arsenide, ])roduced hy the ai-tion of the acid upon the iron liv wliicli
hvdn icn was evolved, all hough the formation of tiiis gas under >uch con-
ditions had always been considered inipos>ilile. As soon as the ceiling a]'-
])aratus was so arrangeil that no comlensed acid could attaidv the iron, the
tnmlile from this >onri'e entirely ceased.
.\ final dilliculty occurred in the occa>ional formation of a faint cloud of
nnliurnt sulphur which contained ar>enic. The cure for Ihi^ was fmind to !«•
a projK-r mixing of the hot gases, thus insuring complete condnistion, and
this mixing was elfecled hy means of steam, which is also lieiielicial, hy dilut-
ing the strong sulpliuiic a( id present in the gas. so that it did not condense
in the iron |)ipe-of the lir-;t poitiin of the cooling ap]iaratus, and attack them;
when condensing in the lead pipes of the remainder of tlip apiiaratus. the aciil
was too weak to injure the lead. The use of steam also jii-evented the forma-
tion of hard dust crusts, which teiul to stop up the pipes.
111. Ciutliiuj I if the diisis. — The next important eleirent in the >uccess-
ful carrving out of the contact process is the c ITective and economical utili/a-
tiiui of the iieat developed hy tiie reaction which is exothermic.
SO,, + O SO, T- ■J'iC.ltOcal.
! The utilization of this heat had I >een suggested hy Lunge. l>ut only in the
case of the use of a mixture of ])ure SOj and air. containing aliout 2't jier cent
of the former. On the other hand, it was univei>ally considered that it was
necessary to employ extra heat when the much weaker roaster gase^ are to he
trei'.ted. Hence the apjiaratus used in this woik was furnisheil with sjiecial
heating arrangements so that the tidn-s could 1k' ki'pt at red iieat, the tulies
iK'ing arranged vertically like those <if an upright lioiler. Small, vertical
tuhes are nuich superi(U' to the larger, horizontal ones, originall.x emploved.
as economizing the expensive platinized asU'stos and insuring a more certain
I&t
„.,., „f tlu. j;.s..s witl, th.. .na>.. Tli.. ,..v,H.r fll.n^ of t ... tul^-s w.,1, tlu
,.U-Mu. is a nu.ttor nf i„,,H.rtan.-.-; it >n.wt In- s,. .Ion- tl.al no l-ortu..'. of
',1„. ...^ .-an i-ass tl.rou;il. a tul.<' witl.oi.l -on.ir.^ in .onta-t w.tl. tl.c n.ass.
M ,1... ...ass n.us, n... offn- ...u.l, n.>i..an.-.; ... .Ik- l-sa^.- -f . W ^.^
,,^^.„., ,„ ,„.. na.u,r ..f asln.st..^. .Lis la...T .l.lh.-ul.v ,s ik.-ly ... o.-.-.n. I.u.
,,„. iK. av.,i,l.Ml l.y .1..- sin,,.lo -U-vi.- of pa.'kin^ .l.o asln-s.-.s .n ^'"•'■-^'v.'
l,v..r^ .,M.a.a...l l-v ,KMf..ra..Ml .lia|.l..a«n.s -li.ln.s: upon a .■.•n..-al .o.l L it
k.:,.. a,.a.' a. n-Kular in..Tvals. In ,l.is way all ..f .1..- .-Ik-s <..„ Ik- snn.la.ly
•m.l cvonlv na<"k(>.l. . i i
S< s,;,... as .l.is ap,.ara.us wa^ star..,! in 'l.o ...■■Unary way at l..w n;.
U..,:,|,. s,,,p,isin, .li>.-..v..y was ,.,a.l.. .i.a. ..... ..nly was tluM.utpu o^^^^^^
„„,,.as.Ml l...t tha. .!..' s.n.nfr.1. of li..- «as nmvnX .-..r.M Ik- tna.le K .-a.. .
,vlu.n tla.',nl-s, ins.oa.l ..f U-\ni, i..-at.-.l av.ir..-a!ly. wnv, ..n .1..- .;ou..avy
lo,l l,v .1.. a.ln.i.sion of r,M ai>-. TW. .lis-.v.-.-y. a <-•;;-;"" -'"f
what t.a.l 1«-.-.. .•..nsi.M..v.l .•ovn-.., pra-.i.'.-. .'avo a va......al n.H ....I -.f «o.k.
.,„• „„. ,,,,,,„„s „.u>, U .yst.-n.a...al!:- l-.l -o -.l.ta.n t ho ...axn,.un.
cITcct an. I pvo.lUfTion. -i^ ..•■« -i" ■> • ,
,,„,iti,.,l .MS..S. whi.-l. tl.u. U-.on..- :..-a..-.l ... .iK- P.-P«'.- ..'."IH.fa.uv.- t... .lu
,,,,,,i..n,^ I., .his .1..- followinj: a.lvan.a^.- a.v flamed:--
,.-i,., (.v..vhoa.in« of .1... appata..,^ is av..ule.l. an.l thus a yu-hl ..f '.«.
,KM'....nt ..»s,K.v.-n. ..f.h.-th.-..n-.ical-.s..l.ta.ne.l.
S...,.n.l TI.O i.-..n ,.aHs of .1,.- apparatus aro pr,...Mto.l l.y .h.s .-..ol..
workini'. an.! arc .hprofoi-e more (lural.U-.
•n.inl. The- .-.n.a-. mass .Iocs n..t UM-on.e overh.-a....!. an.l ..s Hl,.u.M..y
remains unimi.ain'd. ,...,;,.„
l-,mr.h Th.- aLsoluf .>flu-i.-n.'y of th.; .-on.a.'. mass, an.l -.1 th.- .-n.n.
„,,,,,,,„s. is «,va.lv in.-r.-aM..l N.-aus.. th.. rapi.li.y of Hu- Pas stn-am .-a..
;J';nn.a;o,l.'n.l iu. -onta.-. ma.< l- ...aiu-ain.-.l a, ,ho n...st Ch.-..-...
Iciiipciat.irt'. . , .,,,„,^
An...lu.r important ais.ov.-.y is that tlu- r.-a.-t..... p....r.-.ls at a... s-
,,l,..,i,. ,„,.ssu,-o, sin,-.- i. wa- f..ru..-,ly >uppo.,-,l tlut .-..mpr,^..... ot .h.-
L.M-^ wa< n...-.-ssarv ... ..v.-r.on.e . h.- hin.han.-.- ..f .1- m.Uff.-n-nt saM >
m-,..,.nt It. fa.-t. if .h- ...h.-r .......11.1....^ an- rif^h. 'l-- '*-;.'•.'-' 1 "•"'•.•■•'' '^
;.l,„.,st ;,..anti.a.iv..lv a. atn,.i^pheri.- ,.r..s<urc. This i~ v.M-y nn,.or.a,.t snu-.-.
if this n...th...l is ... ••...np.-t.- with th.- .•ha..>l..-r pro."- -v-rv unu.-.-.-ssa.>
cNiH-ns.- must U- av..i.l»-.l. . , , -,
IV V,s„n,tion of th, I'rodmrd .[.h„,ln.lr.-TW atiu.i.y ■ sulphu...
anhv.lri.l.- for wa.or is j;r,-at.-r than f..r .•..n..-ntrat..,l sulphur,.- a.-ul. as sh..wM
l,v ih.- r,-la.iv.- an.ount ,.f h.-a. .l.-v.-lo,H-.l .luring .he al.s..rp....n; lu-n.-e |t
ini.l.t U- ex,K-.-t.-.l t ha. t h.- easi.-st ami n...st .-...nplete al-oipt >on ol anhy.lrt.U-
,,,„„ ,,,, ,„„„.,, ,„,,.,.ss W..U1.1 U- .■IT.-.-t.Hl l.y the use o, wa..-r. It is t-.un.l.
|„„vev,.r .ht.t ..il ..f vi.,i..l ......ainin, 'J7-W ,H-r .-.-nt of 1I,S(). ts n.u.-h n.o>-
,,1..,,lve than .-i.her wa..-r or -ulphuri.- a.-i.l -.f at.y ,..her st.ensth h.-
al,s,„-l.in« pow..r ..f the a.-i.l a. .hi> ,le,r f .■....<•.-.. raUon is s.. jrn-a. ha
.. .i„.le al.so.,..ion v.-ssel i> sutli.a ... f..r .h.- n-iu.-val o| the MK, ♦.on. a ^. >
,..p;,r.-urr.M,t of j-as, provi.k-.l . hat the st.en.th of the a.-,.l U- kept un....n..h
i i
lO.-j
reSKS?^: ii'7JFmM'J'WrM^.S:-'^Mi'riJ^
'■""■;-;■ •:-;;!;;;:;;;:;:;;r:::;;\w';;i:™';X^t"-;:::";
:;:,;:';::r;:.:;;;^.« :-;;.;- '" •" ""■- ■ "" • ' ;
cent lit" S(V,: . .. <,^.,.:(;,. I,,..,! I. llt'iit <'f
;:„:;:;::: ::rCs„,'i„ :;;:»;« >".,. '•■»■■'•' >^ ' "
lal-vik a.v shown by tiu- followins fiKiif's;
S(il|«liiiv trioxitlo iinxlucoil iii-
isss . ■ ■
ls!U
ls((<l
ls,.'((K) Tun-*
:5'.i.(KH) ■•
S<.I,(KMI ■•
nf.,(KK»
■■■ '«•"'■ •"- "'"■•■■1:;: "i;;::;:,r, :;:",.;.■.; > ' ■■
„., „u. s,nun un.1 ui,.-- plan.. N--!^ ';':; ui.' n ' nik.- -■an l-
s,n.n,..il of vitriol. nM.uinn. no .■onnM.m.,...-^^^^^
""■'•*'':•, '" '" "In V , "io.^ l-ili.-a.ion of thi- a.-i.l. Im, is always
.....ns..lna..... .. lo, .^ ^ . .^^^ .li.Tn-..u.... in ,1 l.ua-u.,- of th.. n-
1,-ail. or n-on salt>. llu ,.,.ntart nu-tho.l m.licatc:-
„,ions in th.- .•han.lii.i- (...-•.■ss an.l of tl.oM n. t u ^^^^^.
„... ,...sihility of sul.>.a....al ■"M'-'-'-'-pt^ n . . - ^ ,..,;,,,„. for
l.-if,l al.l.ou,htlu.:.()°a.'ia.a<.l n.mi-sfron. tlu- l.an.l. . .
sun,.. anU.on,i..s ,l.a, it -an Ki; -"•-•;'•' ,J^ ,! i.^^au-in, this
-•i'l -"' ""■ "'■'"''"' '"■.'""TT ' " Tli l.-i.v.M^isa.Ma<.n.v
:;;;:;:;;:;';;■ ;^':::;::r,i;::rii;;::,J;---«»^ ^-
fi;;;;::;;:; ';:;:;:';;;;- :™ ";-;n-;7,;;;.:r;::;!'s:ii
,„,,.,„My „»„«.-l «■.,.... ,., ,.„;.f,v,m,.,, I.,. _tl»._H.,. " '^_-;.,^^^,^.^^^ ^^.,1
::,:;:rr.:;:;.;....r»i ;'«'- '•■'•■"■ "■"^'""■■■-
fi
Ill"
llmii Ims iisuiklly l)o<'ii (IcciihmI necessary for tlie ii|ier!ttiiiii of an aciil plant.
This, hdwever, should lianll>' lie considenHl an ohstaeU- in this couiilrv. where
all other hrunehes of enj^inwrinR iniinufaeture have reachcil siieli a heinht.
niainlv liecause the works have deinaniletl and made lilieral use of the hiKh<-'t
irder of trained al>ililv and have not hesfialed to "seraji" e\|wiisive
plant
rh<
suits. In this coiineclioii the Hadisehe
wliere it failed to Rive satisfactory results, in this coiit
.\niliii-unil-So(la-l'':ilirik is an instructive example. Its chemical force
nuinlii'is over lIMt nien. many of whom are engaged .solely upon researches,
the results of whii-h, when promising, are at once put int(» operation on a
siillicieiitly large scale to deleriMine their practical value. That such a course
pays in a strict business sense is shown liv the enormous tlividends pai<l I'V
this company, ami hy tlu- pra tical monopoly which it has long maintained
ill certain lines, simjily liecause it has lieen a little aheail of its competitors
in knowing just how a given Ihi' ;? sho ild lie ilone, and then at once protecting
the discovery by patents.
\<Mi
INDEX
Aliliott uikI ilurri'ioii, ilvimiiiitr
ttorkfiil MriM-kvillr
AlUrt mini'
Aiml.vi^, pyrites IroMi (liirllil>y
tM)
|iri>!-|i<'il.
iiiiitrrmi MiHi
kv li
AiiH'rii'iin Miuloc MiiiiiiK '". "f
iratioiis tit liuiiiiiM'khtirii mini'
lliinKi'i'tiiril
I l.y
minr. ii|>i'ni'i
A|>|ii'iulix I. I'iniis intrn'stcil
Caniiiliiin iiviit
II. T'
1)1
iisi-il for liiirninic
Miilphiir
III. I'y rrliot iti' tti< a
suurri' of Milpliiir 1^7
IV. Coiiturt |iriM'i's,« for
iniiniifacliin' of siilpliiirii' ai-iil UN)
Ansay, pyriti'K, Mrllwruith mini' 111
H
Itailirii'lii' .Vniliii iiml ShIh I-'alirik.
^^iilpluirir iiriil iiianufarliin'i;ls. |:tt). I III
HaiiniK'klmrn pyritrs minr
Iti'i
I'laiiii
Itiic Hivi'r ili'|)ONit.
Hill n)(x minr.
Hornilf
Horron, I'^ H , pyiili's ili'|Ki~il on
liifC riviT
Kritii'li .Xnirricaii I>i'Vi'lopii!i'iit
Co., liuii'MslHiro mini- o|ii'ratril
l.y
Hritisli Columliia I'vrili'> Co., py-
Pti's projuTty a
t ki-st ill
pyritrs in
MriM'kvilli' Clirmii'al Co.
Hiirnsidi', 'I'liomas. pro-jn'Ctinic at
llaniiiH'kliiirn mini'.. '
Hiirrows, .V. (i..
Ir
pyi
ili'|M>sit
Mat til
rivrr noti'i
il.v
C
Cam|
California, ti
of sulphur from sulphur ilioxiilr
Canaila mini'.
Canailian ."^ulpliur ( >ii' Co
S(l
til
<i.s
IM)
til
S2
is
'1 I
Ca|>i'ltoii pyriti's mini'^
Catalv
Cluilropyriti'
at Kustis mini',
at Moulton Hill.
Cillis pyriti' mini'. :
minr.
Ciiiilrr. utiliaition of
11.;
(is, (lit
137
14
i:i-2
pros|H c t
( lark
Cou, \V
niM'klii
Coll' minr. St. Uiurt'iiii' Ci' . N.V.
pros|h'i'tlii)( at llan-
llow sIm rt of
Conini T III.,
Ci'iilarl I riN
l>l
III siilpliurii'
pynti'- ili'|Mi«ii in
. C(
lor maimfii.' tiirr
'i.l
|V(
-siK'iatril hIi Ii pviili's ii
Ci
It;
III iiiini's
I'j'stall rivir iivriti'«
Kustis mini
KiiiK minr
mini's of .Ii
prii|ii'rty at lliilili'ii ir.'i'k
jirosiK'i'tiiu: tor
" I ill- lop minr
Coiiliimlin' lakr, pyrites mini' mar
Cowan. ,loliii. iiiiniiii; for pyrite
CraiK anil llitiullton prosjii it
Crottii pyrites mini'. S'e l''.iistis.
Da
I )a«s
vis pros|x'rt
<i. .M.. piieiio.ni'iia at
Smoky river
Driver. John. ileiMisit nn \V\g rlvei.
Duektou'ii Sulpliur. C ip|>er ami
Iron Co.. waste sulphur ilioxiile
iitilizi'il at
i:
Kast Canaila Smiltine Co.. oiiera-
tors of .Mi'Donalil mine
I'j'stall river, pyrites ili'jHisit at
Klilontiloeiip|N'r mine
I'!ustis .MiniiiK Co.. mil! How sheet,
owners nt l-^Us-
'ilt
(IJ
l:(7. I'.Ki
pyrites mine
ori' from first
iisi'ii for iiiakine sulphiirie aeiil
in .Vinerii'a.
l')vaiis-l\le|iitko tunia.','
I a III
inir,
l''..l...l
ing liiriia
i'seriplioii of roast-
ri'lativ
list of pyriti
anil sulphur in sulphite pulp
manulai'ture
I'anning pros|H'i't.
larliwerke vorni Meisti r l.iliiu-
iinil Hruenin^, jiatents fur -iil-
pliiirie
leiil maniifaetun'.
.Srt
.V»
M
SI
lit)
NJ
I.S
S.{
II I'l
IINI
IIMI
i:«t
'^l^.^*^^
T
_1K>
Kiirri'll iiri»*|MMt , i. '
Kcrliliwr wurk^- ill HriH'kvillr
1 iiiliiy»i)i>. A. M.. «l<-<ri|>i"M. of
SimniHli I vrilir (li-|»»>il>
lliiw rImiI 'nil' iiiiiM'. SI l.i>«-
rcIKi' Co.. N.V
KusI it" .Milling Co
St. Ijiwn'iuf I'.v-
riir» t'ci..
Siilpliur Mini'- iii"'
ItuilriMil Co.. Siilpliiir Mim-. \ »
I'olrV iirtiflKTl
l-mltVk. K. l,.,|>vnir«.li|M^ii-oii
.MtittitKiinii rivtT ihiIimI liv.
ri'|Mirl on pvrilo in
(mtitii'i
riirim<i'». roiflinic. Iv)"'^ ol
•H)
m
;«T
71
(liirlliliv iiroi^|»'il ■'""
diiv-l.iisHiH' lowir in nminiliii-luri-
III siil|)liuri(' ucid. '■'•'■ '•*'
(ii-iifnil Chiiiiiiiil Co., llttiiniMk-
liuni on- i»liii>|)i'il lo •'■•
contuil l>ro-
iv>- for siilnliiiric ui'i<l niaiivi-
fuctur,. i:'^ > '"
(Mover tower in iniuiiifiielure ol _
siil|>liiirie ueiil. . '■'■'• '"'
(iolil, a.'T.<x'iuteil with |)yriu> in
Hritisli Coliiniiiiii ■ ^J
■ CiiiJfllim niine> •"_
• IJvtull Hiver pyrili'^. ^
• KiiHtis mine. "T^
" M»ttuK»ini river *.
Tiii-'lop mine ' '
i;oss»n vuxtf overlMiiK |>.vriles
24. ■;•'>. Ill, li'i.lMi. lis. I.I
(iouilreitu l-iike ile|M)sit- ' '^
(Inihiim. S. \'.. Mi|>i. < uniKlmn
Sul|ili\ir Ore Co. mini'
(Ininby Con- Miiiinj: ;i ^"" ,'
ing ('()., i)yrite> iiiii|»i - at IInl-
.len ereek.
(iiiffin. C.. ilyimmite work" ill
Uri/ekvillc
(iunter prosiM'et
II
llam-r. I.ei'. l-i»li>i:ina -ulplnir .li-
|Mwils »ie>(Tiln'ti
Iliill. Will., o|i<-riilii>ii- ill Mi-
Ilwraitli mine
iramilloii lii'ii aii'l Steel In
iiuiina, I.., iiiaiianer Norllilaiid
pyriti - mine
Harris mine. .St .Norllilaml pv-
rite> mine.
■ I'rof.i;. I).,.-ill|)lmr(lepoMl>
of U)iii.*iunu, (leserilied l>y
HiistiiiK.- (li.-^triet, Ont., pyrile>
pro>i>e(ls in.
Heinze-l-'reelanil roastiii); furnaee.
IFelcii iron mine pyrile> ileposils
Hemaliie axMX-iiited with pyriter-
al Helen iron mine
laps on pyrites ores
till
till
70
111
liU
lij
IIS
si!
"■>
■J.'), lill
lleniutite. MeKi'niy proHpcel
pro|«'rli<'» eiislern tin-
lario. list of.
SliH'p KiH'k lake
llemleri-oii priMi" lor eo|il»'r e\-
t met ion
Ilepl'iirii iiiiiif.
Ilerkiili's roHKtiiiK liirimii'.
Uerre-lioff !>atent» lor -iilpliiirii
iieiil manuluetiin'
r»ii»liliK liiniai'e
Ili.l.lell enek pyriles prii|ii'rl.\
llmeklev I il.r. Co., plant for pi. -
pariilioii of -iil|iliiir dioxide
KofTiiiun, ail i'y»i» nmterial from
."^iiioky ri\. r
llimiird pyriie- mine
Hiin^eiior'il lalilUmd
mine
\\ . \,. iirosiicctiiiK 111
Canada mine
Westirii lAteii.-ioii
no
71
\:is, in'.i
ini
.!■■, .11
Ki
I Ml
I'lli
IntriHluelorv.
I
,1
.liiiiies l,iiki' mine S'e N'orlhland
pvriles mine.
Jaiiiesonite. found at tiiweiisluiro
mine.
Ja|iun, pyrites in
.loiies eyiiiidrieal roastiii)j lurnaii'
l»'.'
rj.-i
17'.»
.Vi, .'ill
KautTiiiann roast inn furn i.e..
Kellner (iiiii sulphur liurii. r
KinR pyrites iiiini-
Knii'Iseli |iiileiils for uipliurie
aeid iiiaiiulaenire. l:(s, i:t<t, 1 111
I.
Ijidon' prospeet ■"
Ijike Su|«rior Cor|H)ralion. ex-
ploration of (ioiKlnau Lake de-
posits '^'
I'apr Co., iiiaiiii-
fiietiireof sulphiirdioxide 1' 1
l.imonile '■!'>■ ''' ■''• '^"
shipind from HamiiMk-
liurii mine
Steep HiH'k lake
Little Salmon Lake piosi»it
I,o:iirwell. A., president Canadian
>,ilphur Oil' Co.
LuiiKe. Dr. (ieo., upplieatioii- of
siilpliurie aeid.
eatalylie process for siil-
pliurie aeid maiuifaelure.
deseriptioii- of roastiiiK
furnaces. "
sulphur miiiiii); descriU'il
uses (if sulphur dioxiile . i:(l
liJ
71
7ll
I'i'l
1 IS
l:is. i:«»
I
•-•(11
MlClHlDlll. II <i.. -Illplllir I.I.MIli:
iniiHTuI -jiiiiiu- ri'(>iirli'il
Mi'Dtllllllil |i>lllr- lllllir
MrllMrititli iiiiiii'
MiiclHotiKiill ly|«- III liiiniiii-
Miili'lrii ly|»' "f tuniaiT
MuiiiilM'iiii |)roiT>- liT -iil|iliiirii
iiciil iiiaiiitlai'tiH
Miirni-ili'.
MiiltiiKuiiii rivi I. |>vrili' i|i|Ht-il-
iiii
Mntr . V. I»r. ri|ii>rl (ivnti- mi
111:, iiiiiif |>ri>vinc< ••
Ml It III! ri>it!-tiiii; tiiriutri
^lirliif pyrilr^ miiir. S<t \i riiii-
lion.
MilliT, S. I'., pyriloiis iiK'k". \i|ii-
Auit ili-triii.
Miiii'riil I'oiiil Ziiir <'ii
S<-liii«ili I
(irillo (iriNi'^s 111
Morlrv prii»|»'rl
MiMiliuii Hill. Ciuc. pyriti- iiiimil
111.
X
Nicliols Chiniicitl <<>., : iil work-
III Snlphiili' >tiitii>ii..
lllllKtlTllllil
iniiir o|i«'riiti>l liy.
ii|iiTiiti<>ii-
:it Mcllwriil'li iiiiiir
•IKTiitiir- III
( 'it|>i'ltiiii Iniiir-
\ii-ki'l lake, irim pynli - limml at
Niiril.', iiicki litiTiHi.- |iyrrliiiiiii-
iiwMH lalril with..
NortlitTii pvriii-« Cii. i.|. ratiir-
III ViTiiiiliiiii iiiiiM'
N ;thhiml pyiili'H iiiinr
N.rtdii. A. 1 1 , iiHiiiriir Kinginiiir
.'il -ii'i
III
li'.l
imi
'Ml
i:i<.t. I III
I.'
Niirway. pv rilc^ in
Nitt .lii-i ', Ziiir Cii
t t'Hiii'ii iiia-tiiii; iiinian
Ontario Siilpliiir Mini-, I iniiti'f
( )li>M' pro^iK'il
M
III
|:n
I Hi
til,
liit
III
. ")T
7-'»
I t
, I
Vi
'U
i.;'i
i-.'j
I Hi
\'\ rill-, loiilrail- lor orr
i|i'|io-it- norlli "I I aki
Sii|»rior
lirni- III < aiiaila iiitirt-li il
III.
hr-i riaiiii- In «iiMl«r i«-
ralnl a- itiilil pro-|»it-
wor-
kril .1- iiip|«r pri>|»rli<-
lon iltn iHiiirniirr- m
In IK ii-iiall> a—iHlalril
with Kolil anil i'Oi|i|i)'r
in t 'aiiaila.
in .la|Kin
III nuiritlinr prii\iiiri -
in Norway
ill t intario
in I2iiil« r
inarkri iii|iiirriMint- .iiiil
prill'"
niiiiini! anil inarkilini: nl
i»i iiriini I ill < aiiaila
pti-paratiiin III lui" inarkit
Mni-l inu lit
S|«ini.ti ilipo-il- lai)ji-t in
wimI.I
-lati-lii- ' ' pii"lii<tiiiii
-iili-iiliilr lor -iilpliiir ill
^iilpliiti- pulp inilii-trv
I'nili ■! Mati- niarkil Im"
"ilpplii'il
valilr i|. |«iiilriil on -nl-
pliiir iiintiiil
ISrrliolili I'l.
a- a -■>>>' > ' III -nt|iliui
ill I inlariii
Miirliy pri>-|»rl
on I'o'l.v pro-iHii
<Mi^-<' il"
Kainv KiMr pL.-pri-
( nill'll-lHllo lallliMllil
tllillr
i;
l!aU . patrnt- !■>, -iilpliurii- a.i.i
niaiiiilartiirini;
Mill l.aki- mini-. -• i Vnrtlil.in.l
pMito mini-
liol.'rt^on, .1 !'■ 1 . " ii.iiiL'ior p\
ir:.
•ii
I
.Vi
"Il
kl. lUI
.M
.".:t
:iti
I. 'Hi
til.
1S7
Mi
7n
71
7s
71
l.tli
'1
.5
I
J)
S
-I
TaintiT, Uoln'rt l\ . ron-iill iiu;
iiilini'ir Viiniilion mini'
r ;|. riiiaiiularliiriiiis in nlalioii to
pyriti-
I'vriti- ilipo-ii-, tintaiio. lii'oli'iri-
ral I' ialiiin.«liip>
I'yriti- anil pajH'r iiiainilarliiriiii;
liiirnrr>, tirin- ill t'.S. v.lio
op I ill'
Caiiailiaii. availalili' niai-
ki'l lor
■ pii.i'.-
roliipo-il ion. 1 il-
1.-.II
M
I.Vl
I7li
10
St, l.avMii I'vritr- Co.. Ho"
-lii'it '■•
^-I'liaOi.. r. I>r. Ma\. iiiipro\"i
lonn ■■! Mali'ira tiiriiarr 1'*
-ii'liriK'.l. t ami i irillo. pairiil- !■'
-nlpi lirarul nianiilai'tiiniiL' i:i>. 1 H
.S'ltt.Mi. \. H. <'.. -iilplmr oi'.'ui
riniT ."*inokv riviT ^
S'ynioiir I'owiT ami I'.lii'tnr In. i..,. In
,<lii'rliriii)ki' iiiinr..
ShipMiaii pii»|ii It
Silv. i. r:.-lall lli^i-r pyrilr-
! .U-li- IIHIH'
til
Mi
MKROCOrV RiSOUITION TBT CHART
(ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 2)
^ /APPLIED IIVMGE Inc
»*. 1653 Taat Ma.n 5(feet
— ,— Roche.-er. New York U609 USA
'..^S (716) *82 - 0300 - Phone
^B (716) 288- 5989 - Fa»
2(»_'
Sjo>t(Mlt, I'.. A., ri'liitivc cost of
pyrites and Milplmr in Milpliitr
piilp iiiHn\if:ictiiri'.. I">'t
roust iuK fiirnair 1-2
sulphur rccovcrcil Ironi
pyrrliotitc !>»"
rsJiKin prosiK'cl "I
Sniiilliuan, .lolui, tnasurcr Norlli-
laiiil pyriti's luiiic ~-
Siiiitlianil Nelson, (Ivnauiite works
at JiriM-liville.. . ■ W
Sinoks' river, AlU'rla, plieiiouieua
at . ■- >>
Sniytlie, II. \ ., sU|k linleiiileiit
Veriuilion mine •_'
Snooks prosixct ■ ■ "'J
Spain, pyrites in "^T
Stalker pr(>s|)eet. ~!
Steliliins rotary suipliur bnruiT ls2
Steep lioek Ijike lieposits 7t
Straw Hat lake, deposit at 74
Snffield mine '"
.Sulpliite proeess tor maimtaeture
ol wcioil pulp. l'>-
Sulplmr and its compounds ti, HI
artificial production of '.7
( 'anadian oeeurrpnces, . N
content. Kestall Kiverpy-
rites >^<>
dioxid", applications of. litl
liipiiil form of i:V2
Cas. estimali'd
cost of proiluciliK !'>'-'
for Canadian market !(
forcif!!! occurrences 7
important raw material
in paper making 1">1
.Mines and Hail road Co.,
flow shei't :«
statistics :{.S
native 1
nature anil use> . 1. (i
olitaincd from pyrites. I
IU'rccntage of in Sudl)ury
pyrrhotite ^7
useil in Hritisli Colundiia
all imported N.")
.Sulphur hurners — Kellner 179
.stehhins. l.S'J
Sulphur liurners Tnrnlilec and
I'a.ill ISI
Wise Ky
.■Sulphuric aciil. applications of H8
cha'ulMT process
for maimlactiire of i'M
contact p"ocess for
maiuifacture of \'M)
finiis in Canada
luanufacturinK 17.")
iniinul'ucture of . , . \Xi
at Hrock-
ville tMt
'I'eunes.'-ee ('op|)er Co., waste sul-
phur illoxide conviTtcd into
sulphuric acid at l*>
Tenli'leWsclH' Cliemi.schcn I'alirik.
patents for sulphuric acid mami-
laetuii' i:«l
'IhioKen prm'i-ss fcir recovery of
-iilphur hS
I ii>-Top copix'r mine. '.i
Troinhlee anil I'aul rotary sulphur
liurner IM
N'erinilion pyrites mine . 7.5
N'ictoria prosjx'ct .">!>
Volnev \V..o|)erationsat Urock-
vill^ (HI
W
Wedp' mechanical roaster 1(I.S
Wellington and Henderson, La-
dore pri)s|)e<'t prosjiected liy 71
Stephen, o|)erations
at Hamioeklmrn mine <>'J
West X'irRinia I'ulpand l*a|K'rCo..
pyrites liurniiiK plant IIMI
Willm<ilt. .\. H.. secy, anil treas.
Canadian Sulphur (Ire Co ti!l
Wise aKitatiuK sulphur liuriier l.s.'i
Wylie, W. II., o|)i>rations at Mc-
Ilwraith mine til
CANADA
DKl'AUTMKN T OF MINKS
MINES BRANCh
IIdn Hi>iii;i(I HcKiKiis. Mimsikh; A. 1'. I.nw, I.I. I> . Dkitiv Mimsiiii:
1:i(;knk Maanki,, I'iiD., Dikki tdii
REPORTS AND MAPS OF ECONOMIC INTEREST
!M HI ISIIKll HV llli:
MINES BRANCH
UKl'oIiTS.
1. Mining ('i)ii<liti(>ii> ol till' Kiomi. • . Yukim. Hi|Mirl mi liv IIiikii"' Ilajiinl. I'liD.. 1!MIJ.
■2. Orciit l.anilsli<l(" at I'lank. A'.ta. Kcport on li.v M.C. McCdnnill ami It. \V. Hioik. MA.
19(»:{. (Ont of print).
;{. Invc.'itifjation of the ililTuri'iit clcitro-tlicnnii' pro<isM'> for the :-nii'llinK I'l ii'i" "'i". -""i !'"■
nuiking of sto'l, in o|M'ration in lMiro|M'. Urporl of .>iKiial ('oniinis>ion liv Dr.
HaamI, 1!MM. lOut of print I.
). Rapport lie la Coniniis.^ion noninuV' pour i''tnilirr Ics divers proci'drs ricctro-tlirrniiiincs pour
la rodiiction des niincrais dc fcr ct la fabrication di' lacier employes en I!nro|ie liy llr.
Haancl. (IVoncli Kdition), 1011.5. (Out of print).
.■). On tlip location and examination of ma)jiietie ore deposits liv magnet ometric measiiniiieiils
— I>y Dr. Haanel, liMH.
7. Limestones, and the Lime ln<lnstry of Manitoba. Preliminary Keporl on li\ .1. W. Well-,
1<)(I.'). (Out of print).
s. ('lavs and Shales of .Manitolia: Their Industrial N'alue. Preliminary Heport on liy .1. \\ .
'Wells. 1!H)5. (Out of print).
It. H\(lraulic Cements (Raw Materials) in .Manitolia: .Mamifaiture and I'ses of. I'reliminarv
Report on— l>y ,1. W. Wells, l(K».->. (Out of print).
10. -Mica: Its Occurrence, Kxploitation, and I'ses -liy I'ritz Cirkel, .M.i:.. I'.MI.'). (( »ut of print:
see N'o. \\>).
11. .\slx-. .os: Its Oc<urrence, Kxploitation, and Uses -liy I'ritz Cirkel. Itll).'). (Out of print:
see Xo. tiO).
12. Zinc Resources of British Columliia and the Condil ions atTeeting their Kxploitation. Report
of the Conunission appointed to investigate liy \\ . R. Ingalls. l!H).-i. (Out of print).
Iti. *Kxix'rinients made at Sanit Ste. Marie, under (Jovernmcnl auspiics. in the smelting of
Canadian ir<in ores liy the electro-thermic process. Kinal Report on liy Dr. Ila.iiiel,
llKtT. (Out of print i.
17. Mines of the Silver-Colialt Ores of the Colialt district: Their Present and Pr<i-|iective Out-
put. Report on— liy Dr. Ilaanel, liK)7. (Out of print).
IS. (Iraphite: Its Pr(i|)ert ics, Occurrence. Refining, and Ises -liy Fritz Cirkel, liH)7. (Out of
print).
1!). Peat and Lignite: Their .Manufactuic and Ises in lOuroiic liy IJik .Vystroin, .M.i;., \'M)s.
(Out of print).
20. Iron Ore Deposits of .N'ova Scotia. Report on (Part I) liy Dr. ,1. K. Woinlman.
21. Smnman, Report of .Mines Hrancli, l!H)7-N. (Out of print).
*.\ fi'W (Mipips iif till' l'ri>liininar,\ Kcimrt, llHlti, ;irc sti)) ;n:iil;iiilc.
.. l„,n..,vl).r,Ml-.lTI.Mn.lr,H.yMM,lK,.i..yKiv,nli-tn.t-. K..,....l .m hy r. Hill,.. M.I..
■.:i' Iron <.>v |),.,H,-it. .Inni: tl„. (Mtaw:, iC^uU.,- -i,l, an.Ml.tin.au rnv.-. K..|.ort ,.,. h>
liitzriiLl. lOMt (.1 print 1.
-I ,„„,.n.l K.|"..t MM tl,.. Mmi„« ;.ih', MrlallMr^i.;.! In.ln-tnr^ ,.l ( ......Im, I.H.,-s.
J.V Th.TMn^-t..n(.n-...Cana.h.. K.,,.mI y l.r T. I., Walkrr. ,,,.,,,.
...l. Tl>,. MMH.ral l-r.Klu..i.m ..I Cana.la, VMW,. Ann,, 1 K,,.ort .m l.y .l..l>n M .L.^ . 1 .A.
.Y,arn.n,-h ,ran,lation: Tlw MiM,.ral l'r.„l„r.i Cana.la. l^T, Annual H,.,."^ >
27 ■ria'MimnlnWn.ti.u, ..1 (ana.la. V.m: . I'nlin.ina •,«.rt on In .lo!„. M.l.^h
JTa.Tl,.. Mi.u.ral I'r.Hlu.tion ..I (ana.la. l-.XW. I'nli.ni,. .ry lirport on Ky John Mrh-I.
(Out of print ).
•'S Sunnnai^ K.'P<.rt o|- Miu.'^ Hranli. I'.IIV <• )ut ol print i.
ov. rr, n-htVan-la-ion: Su-ntnarv H.por, of M.n.> Ura,„l,. 1^ s K',.' " l-""')^
- •■''•■'^up;;:;:;::^^-'^:;^;^ .il^-" i::^^z..:^7^^n'i-^zX' tx.
:«, Invil^a'iim or,l,.. I'.at lio^s an,l I'-a; lu..l In.lu.try o, (ana.la. HKts. Mull.tn, \o. I -
l,v Krik Nv^trom. an.l A. Anr.'p. I'lat lAin^rt. „ , . , ,, . , ,„ ,
:„. I'r.»i;„..i..n ..I (V.u..nt in (ana.la. I'H.s. H,.ll..i.. .>„ hv .lohn M.- .•.>.. ( Ou, ... p..-,-,
:!•. lnv,.<tieation of K'.'.fu- Shaft lurna.v. >«.'.l-u. H'l'-' -'">'> •"•_ »";"';■; ,, „ ,.
;:.; i:ro.lu..Hon ..f I.-..., :....l ,St....l in (ana.la ..urin« - 1- -aL-alar y..ar. UK., an.l I'Kfs. HulMu,
4.. I.r,Hlu..ti!m .i?hr.Mm-'!t'.a,.a,la .lurin. .1 M.-Mar yars UH.T a,..l VM^s. Hull..tin on -
44. l^-.KlLlon'!.l'AslK'>'us in (ana.la .l,uin« tl... ,al..,..lar yars MK.T an.l UKts. HullHit. on
l>v .lolui Miljisli.
lo lV...lmtion of Coal, C.W.'. a.ul l>.a. in (ana.la ..luring tl,.. .alrn-lar y-a.s llKf, an.l I.H.S.
Hull.-tin on liv .I.>l,i, M.U'isli. (( »ut oi P'H'O
„i. l.,„.lu..ti.,n ..f Natural («,> an.l IVtrolrutn in (ana.la ,lu,inK th,. .al.n.lar yars VMU an.l
I'Kls Hull.iin on -liv .lolm Mcl/'i^u.
47 Iron ( .,v IVpoMt. of Van.M,uv..r a>„lT,.Na.ia islan.l.. K-'P-rt on l,y Kit.ar Li-uUMnan. M.K.
r,X K.,.ort ..„ tl,.. Mit.nninou. or . .il->lK.l..^ of X..«^ Hrun.wi,.k an.l X..va S.-otia; al.o on tl...
()il-l,al,. Ii,.lu>trv .>f Scitlan.l l.y Dr. K. " • l-H^-
.-.s Tl... \lin..ral I'r..,lu.ti.n, .,f (ana.la. 1(M.7 an.l llM.s. .\nnual K..port on -l.v Job.. M.U-^Au
.... , h..n,i..al Analys..s of S,H...ial l.:...non,i.. 1"M-'"''-- "'-'';;•' 'J\'''^";?l!""^^;l;.'''vp!:;!m
ni.-nt of Ml,..-. ilM«i-7-.s. K.poit on I'y I ■ (■• ^^ait, M.A.. I .( >■ (»>'l' M I" '""/'
;;;;';l,.",.on„n,.nial M..tl,.Kls an.l Apparatus for th.. Analysts ot (..l-shalo -In H. A.
Ix.vi.riii. CI,.!'"..! , . , 1 .
S(.1m..Iu1.. of Charnts f..r Clu.niK.al .\nalys.s and Assays.
.!•.'. Mi.K.ral l'ro.hi.tio., of Cana.la, VMM. Pnlitninary Hrport on -l.y .I-hn Mrl^'i^L.
m .-^uininarv H. port of Mini's Hiamh. 1!M.!).
.i7 Iro., Or..' IVposits .,f tl... Bristol Mi...-. I'.mtia.. ...muty. (Ju-'lv... HuUftit. Xu. -' ^I'.v I-"""-
l.in<l..i,iaM. M.l... ami (iro. C Maikiiizic. H.N'.
tis H,.,.,.nt A,lvan....s in th.. (■....stru.tion of I-;i..,tri.. lun,a...s lo, tlu..lVo.lu,.tion of I'ijt I-on.
■ s!'...l an.l /.in... liull.tin Vo. :? l-y l>r. Haan..l. (Out ot print).
,i... nirvs„til..-.\slK.st.,s: Its (..... unvn...., l.:xploitati,.n. MilliuK. an.l Ts-. K..p,.rt .,n-l,y
Iritz ('irk..|. (S<.|..,nil I'Miti.),,. ..nlarp.il).
:.,„,,^i„j»,,,,»,..,.™;>>;.-.,™.5.,....;;.~^^
tl„. r.k,.lun.l l'ro..,.ssf.,rth.. Ma.iufa.tur.. o I'.at I'.m.lor. by ''"•, '' /;, '.'^, ""• ' ''■ '-
Uullctin N... l-ln A. .\nivp. (.S.....n.l l-,.l,t,on, ..nlarg...!). (Out ol print).
7'... Pr.Hlu..ti<.n of Iron an.l Sf.rl in ( ana.la ,lurin« th.. ..al.n.lar yoar H)()9. UuH-.ti.. ".' I'.v
.John M(.Ix.ish. (Out ot print i.
,s.. I'ro,lu,.tion of C-al an.l C-k.. in (ana.la .luring th,. ..al,.n.lar yvar liK.-... lUill...i In'
.lohn M.'lx.ish. (.Out of pnnt)
•IT-
M. I'Vi'licli tr.-iii-hiliiiii: i lin-otilc :i-l" -In-: It- < >rciiriviii r. I',\|ilnii iliciii, Milliiiu', Mini 1'
Uc'iicirt (III li.v I lit/, (irk. I
vj. M;n;Mrlic ( 'diici'IiI i:it loll lOxiKiiiiu lit-. Hiilliliii \c
M{. All invc-tiiriiliiiii
111' thr ( cKll- III I ■.■Ill;lil:l witll nlr
l.> (,
totlM'il' \'j
C, Mink,
•(^IIMlil
lllclfcl lit Mcliill riliv.l-it\ I null It 111' lint III irit\ nl tllr Dnlllillinll ( iciVlinilnlll. ll.i|Mill
oil i,v J. It, r,>itii. i;.M..' I). Si., li. .1. Diiiiiy. Mii.i;., lui.i oHii.i-
\iil. I I mil Wa-liiiiK and ('i)kiiii: Ti-I-.
Vol. II Hdili r mill (111- I'lciilnrirTi-t-.
Vol. Ill
.\|i|i<'iiili\ I
Ci'iij \\ M-liiiit; IV-t- iiiiil I >i:ii;iaiii-.
s|. (iy|i>iiiii l)r|)o-it- of till' Matitinir I'ldviiin- ol Caliaila iiirlinliiii: tin- Mat'laliii i-laiiil-.
l{c|ioil on In W . I'. .Iriini-oii. .M.i;. Mint .' print i.
.N.'i. rrodnrtiiin ol (Vniriit. l.iiiir. i'\n\ rrodiui -. Stoiir. and otiiif .■^tnirt iiial Material- diiiiiii;
Ihr laliiidar year liid'.t. Itnilitin on li\ .loliii .McLri-li.
.S.N. 'I'lii- .Miiiiial I'rodiictioii iilCaiiaila I'.KIO. .\iiiiiial Ui|init on liy .lolm \lcl.ii-li.
.yt. Hcprinl of I'ri ^idcnlial addii— dili\rivil U'foic tlic .\iiicricaii Teat Soiirty at < Utaua. .Inly
■J.'), I'.IKI. Hy Dr. llaaiul.
!M(. l'rocrcdiiii:< of Conliriiicc on I Aplo-ivi-.
il'i. InvotlKation of tlii- i;x|ilo>iv('- Induct ly in llir Doininion of Canada, I '.MO. l{i|H>rt on li\
('apt, .\rtliiir Dr-lioroiiuli, iS-rond IMitioni,
'.),{. .Molylidciiinii (Iris of Canada. Hiport on liy i>r. 1. I.. Walker,
KMI. The Hiiildins and (Irnainental .Stone- of Canada, Report on In I'rofe— or \\ . .\. i'ark-.
Urj. Mineral I'rodtiilion of Canada, I'.HII. rreliiniiiary lieport on \>\ .loliii Mi l,ii-li.
KCi, Miin> Jirancli Siiniinaiy Report I'tlll, ( Mit of print i
1(1-1, CataloKile of Piililieation- of Mine- lirineli, from KKIJ to l',l|l: inntainiii!: 'laMi- ul Con-
tents and Li-t- of ,Maps, eie,
11(1, We.stern rortion of 'rorlirook Iron (Me |lepo-it-, .\niiapoli- eoiinly, N'.S, Hiilletin .\'o. 7
by llowells Kreeliette, ,\I..Se.
111. Diamond Drillinj: at I'oint .\laiiiaiii-e, i int. liiilletiii .No, il l.y .\. C. I.aiie. I'li.D 'itli
liitrmlintory liy .\, \V, (i, Wilson. I'li.D.
114, I'rodiietion of Cenieiil, l.iiiie. Clay I'roiliiets, Slone, and oilier Sinietiiral Material- in
Canada, l!M(l. Hulletii liy .lolm ''el.ei-li. ((Into print ,
ll."!. I'nxluction of Iron and Steel in Canada diiiiin: the e.ileiidar year ItMII. liiilletiii on by
.(ohii MeU'ish, It lilt ol print i,
IKi, I'riMluetion of Coal and Coke in Canada diirini; the calendar year Itllll, Bulletin on In
.lolm ,\lel.eisli, II lilt of print I
117, (icneral Smiiniaiy of the Mineral I'rodiietion in Canada iliirini; the ealeiidar year I'.IKI,
Hiilli'tin on liy .lolm .Melxi-h,
lis, ,Mica: Its ( Icctirrenee, l-Aploitation, and C-e-, lieport on liy lliitfli S, de Sehtiiid. M.I..
(.S'eond edition),
1 4J. .Suininary lieport of Mine- Uraiieh, IIHI.
H:{, The Mineral I'riMlnition of Canada I'.tltl. .Vnniial Report on liy .lolm MeLeish.
14."). .Magnetic Iron Sands of N'ata-hkwan. .Satiuenay coiinly. (^iie Uepoit on by lien. ( .
Mackenzie.
l.")(l. The .Mineral I'riidni.ion of Canada, lUll. I'lvliniinary Report on by .lolm Mcl,ri-h.
'( lilt of print ).
l.")l. Iiivestisation of the I'lat liog- and I'eat Indii-try of C.iiiada. nilll-U. Hull tin No. s -
by .V. Anrep.
l.')4. The I'tilization of I'eat I'liel for the I'riMlnction of I'ower; Uini; a record of e\|K'rinient-
condiicted ,■ InerrestinK Station. ( Ittawa. I'.llll-ll. Report on bv 1!. 1'. Il.ianel.
B.Sc.
1(17. Pyrites in Canada: Itstlccnrrei
■ A. W. C. Wil-on.
Kxjiloitati
ion. l>re--ini:
itid r-
Re
I'rodilcts. Stoiii
d othi
1711. The .Nickel Indii-trv: with -|iecial reference to the Siidbiirv region. < hit .
Prof. A, P, Coleinan, I'li.D.
ISl, Production of Cement, l.iine, C
Canada during the calendar \
Is'J, Piodiiction of Iron and .steel in Canada dii
.lohii MeLeish.
bv Dr
bv
cinral Mati
lilll. Hiil'etin on bv .lohii Mcl-eish.
iiriiiK the calendar year
mil. Hii
ls:t (Miiiial Suiiiiii.iiv III Ihr Mini nil I'liMliirtiim in ('ahjiil;i iliiiini; tlir rjilrnilar \iiir I'.tll.
Killlrtili on li.v .liilin .\Irl,i i-li.
I!l!l. I'liMlurtioii III ('i>|i|M'r, tiiilil, Ixiiil, Nickil. Silvir, Ziiii. iiiiil < 'tlicr M(t.il> in (iiiiailii. ilurinj!
tlir 1 iilcnilar viiir 1!M1. Unllrli i i>n liv .lolni MiLUli.
■JIN). Till' I'riMliirlion 111 CiKil aniM'iikc in Ciinaila limine till' lalrniliir viiir I'.tll. Hiiliitii
Ii\ .liilin Mihi^li.
.Vii/( . I.i"!--' "( iiiiniiil'iiilKri !■.-■ Ill' ilttif nrniliii ^<, ■■<tiiii< i/mirn/ njii rnliirs. mul "/« iiiIhik n/liiiii l.ilii.i,
,iri jiii iiiiiiil II II II mill II III) III' l>ii-i«iiiii "/ Slim nil Iti 'imin " mul Sinlislii-y, iiml nijiiin limi/ In liinl mi
iipiilii-iilimi.
IN ii{i; i'rih>s.
s;!. .\n invc^'ticatii'ii "I tin' Ciial^ of Canaila with nli'iciiic to tlirir I'.rnnnniir (iilalitir>; a>
niiidiirti'il at Mc<iill I'liivi'ivilv iiiiilir t In' ant limit v iil tlir Diiniiniiin < iiivi-rnnii'iil .
Ki|i(irt on liv ,1. H. I'mirr, K. .1. I)iiilr.\. ami utlicis -
Vol. IV
.VpiHiiilix II
Hoilcr Ti-t- anil Diacrains. I.x I!. .1. Dnilrv.
Vol. V -
.\|i|M'iiili\ II I
I'loiliiicr 'I'l-t^ anil Dianrain^, In K. .1. Diirlrv.
\ol. \l .
.\|i|H'nilix l\
CiikinK 'I'lsts, liv Kilcar Staii>li(lil ami ,1. .!. I'ortir.
.V|i|Hiuli\ \
llii'inii-al Tr.«l>, liV I'.ilKar .'^t.. lirlil.
l.'iti. rri'iich rran>lation: Tlic 'riin);>tcii ( lii^ ol t'aniila. Kiport on liv Dr. T. I.. WalkiT.
I'Mi I'li-ncli translation: InvistiKatioii of tin- I'lat Hon- anil I'cat Inilu.-try ol Canaila. l!HHt-l((;
to ttliii'h i.s apiH'iiiIrd Mr. .Ml. Larson > pa|Kr on Dr. l".kriilicr(j's Wit-Carlioiiizint! IVih
iiss; jroiM Tckiiisk Tiilskrill, .No. Vl. DiMi-nilKT -.'(i. l!M)s translation liy Mr. .V, .Vn-
rr.' also a translation ol l.iiiit. Ilkrliimrs I'amplilrt cntitlnl " .V .Siliitioii of tlir I'cat
IVoliliin,' IIMHI. ili'siriliiiiK tlir llkiliiml I'roiiss lor tlir Mantilaituiv of I'cat I'oHilir.
I>y llarol.l .\. Lcvcriii. Cli. V.. bulletin No. A liy .V. .\nrcp. (S'coml cilition. cn-
largcil).
I!»7. rrcMcli translation; .Molylnlcnuni ( hcs of Canaila. Itcport on liy Dr. T. I.. Walker.
HIS. I'rcnili translation; I'cat anil Lignite: Tlicir .MaiiiilaitMrc anil Tscs in I!iiio|>c liy llrik
Xystroin. llMfs.
•.'01. The Mineral I'rodiietion of Canaila iliirints the ealemlar year Mill, .\iinual report on —
liy .liilin Melxish.
•JIIJ I'rciich translation: (iraphite; Its rro|icrtics, < leeiirreiii'c, Kcfinin);, ami Uses -liy I'ritz
Cirkel, liHlT.
.;ii:{, Miiililinp Stones of Canaila— Vol. II: JiuililiiiK ami ( Iriiainciital .■stones of liie Maritime
Provinces. Ucport on hy \V. .\. I'arks.
M.V'.'.s.
+(>. Magnet oniet lie Survey, Wrtieal Intensity: Calahocie mine. Hagot township. Kcnfrew
county, Ontario liy I'.. Xystium, M.i:., I!H)4.
tH Magnet oniet lie Survev of the Williur mine. Uivaiit township. Lanark country, Ontario -
liy 15. r. llaaiicl.l'.Ml.').
t:W. Magnelometric Survev, Vertical lulensity: Lot I, Concession \'l. Mayo township, Hastings
county, Ontario by Ilowclls I'rcchette, M.Sc., HIOll.
t:{4. Magnetometric Survey. Vertical Intensity: Lots J ami :i. Concession \'l. layo township,
Hastings county, Ontario -liy lloweils I'rcchette, l',K)".t.
t:{5. .Magnetometric Survey, \ertical Intensity: Lots III, 11, anil I.', Cimcessinn I.\,aiiil Lots II
ami 1-', Conces^illn \III, Mavo township, Hastings county, Ontario —by Howells
lYcchcltc, I'.tdlt.
*;{(). Survey of .Mer Uleue I'cat Hog, ( ilouccsler towiisliip, ( arlctoii county, ami CuinlHMlamI town-
ship, Hus.sell county. Ontario liy I'rik Xystriim, ami .\. .Vnrep.
*,\~. Survey of .\Ifre<l I'cat Hog, .\lfreil anil Caleilonia townships, I'lescott county, Ontario— In
Krik Xystiiini, ami .V. .Vnrep.
*:is. Survey of VVellanii I'cat Hog. VVainlleet ami HumUr-lonc townships, VV'ellami county,
oiitario liy Krik Xvstrom, ami .V. .Vnrep.
Nni,., 1. Maps iiiurkril llius ♦ are out of print.
1. -NIaps inaik|.d lliii-.* t Imve li»"?ii printc*! inilfpi'iHlpiill.v nf rcpi-.t-'. Iiciirc can In- prociircil <i'iiaralcly liy
applii-anl^.
*:«•. Survey of Niw iniJtdii l'i:it Hm'. d-iiiiliiiHik. 1{ii\1miioiii;Ii. uimI < '.niiwal' lii\Mi-lii|i-. Slor-
MiDiit loiiiily, lliilarii) liy I'.rik Ny-liMin, :in(l A. .\nii|i
♦III. Survi'V cil Perth I'eat Hiiir, Driiniiiiiniil ti>wii-lii|>. I aimrk ciiiiiily, iiiil.irid l.v I'.rik \v«-
iroiii, ami .\. Aiiie|i.
♦II. .<iirvey cil \ieli>ii,i Uoail I'eat Hoi;. H<\li\ a:i.i ' aniiii tnw ii-lii|i-. Meliiria .niintv. < Mitarlii
liv luik .Vy-triiiii, am! .\. .\iiie|i.
1^. .Mannetoirietrie Map i>( Iriiii Crcmii elaiiii at i .lalieli river \aiieiiMMr i-laiul. U ( '. Iiv
I'lviar l.iiKleiiiaii.
I!l. ManiieliiMietrie Map (it We-leru .->lei I Inm c'laitn. at Serliarl. NalieiiijMi i-laii.|. U.( '. Iiv
I'liiiar l.iiicli iiiaii.
"itl. \ atieiiiiver i>laii(l. IVC. Iiy Miliar l.iiiileMiaii.
.11. Iron Mine-. Texacia i-laiul. IVC. I.y 1). II. .■<liepheril. C.I;.
'yj. Sketch .Map <if Hiid Iron I Iri' I)i pd-ii-, We-t Arm. (iiial-iiio -imiihI, \ aiiiiMivir i-laml. M.C
♦•">:(. Inili ( Ire Oeeiirreiiee-, Ottawa and I'liiil iai iciiiiitie-, (Jiieln e, liHIS liv .1. While, and I'ritz
Cirk.l. M.K.
t'>l. Iron Ore I >eeiirrciiee-, .\r>;enteiiil eiMinty. (^iieUc. I'.HIs liv I'ritz ( 'irkel.
+•")". Tiie I'liMhietive Chiciine Iron Ore District of (^ueU'e liy I'ritz Cirkcl.
ttitl. MaKiietonietrie Survi'V ol the hri>to| innie, I'lmliae eoiiiity, lineliee liy Miliar Mnileinan.
•il. Toponraphieai Map of Mri-tol mine. I'onliae eoiinly. (ineliee liy Miliar l.iniliiiiaii.
tlU. IikU'X Map of .Viiva Scotia: < lyp>iini liy W . I'. .leiiniMin, .1.1!.
tli.'i. Index Map of N'ew Mriin-wick; I lypMim hy \\ . [■'. .leiiiii-iii.
+tlfi. Map of Mapialen i>land.<: (lypsiini Ly W . I', .leiini-on.
711. -Matllietometric Survey of -Vorthwe-t .\riii Iron HaniJe. I.aki Timanami. .\ipi>-in(i ili>t ricl.
Ontario by Miliar l.indeinaii.
t72. Hruimer I'eat Hok, Ontario liy .V. .\iirep.
t7:{. Komoka I'eat lioit. Ontario liy .\. .Vnrcp.
t74. Urockville I'eat Hoj;, Ontario liy .\. .\iirep.
t7."). Uondeaii I'i'at Hon, Ontario liy A. .\nrep.
t7l>. .\lfr<'il I'eat Hull, Ontario hy \. .\nrep.
t77, Alfred i'eat Hi)g, Ontario: .Main Ditch profile liy .\. .\nrep.
t7N. Map of .VsUstos KcKion. Province of (^iieUc. P.IIO liy I'ritz (irkel.
!M. Map >howin(j Colialt. (loH'tjanda. Sliiniti>ttree. and Porcupine districts \i\ I.. II. Cole, It.Se.
(••"i. tieneral Map of Canada showinu Coal I'ields. (.\eeonipaliviii(r report N'o. ^M liy l>r. .1. It«
Porter),
!Mi. (lenerut .Map of Coal Fields of Nova Scotia and \e\v Hnin-wiek. f.Veeoinpanviiii! Report
\o. .s:i-liy Dr. J. M. Porter).
!t7. (ieiieral -Map showing Coal Fields in .\llierla, .Saskatchewan, and Maiiitoiia. ( .\cconipany-
iiijt Heport N'o. s:{, liy Di, .1. H. Porteri.
Its. C.eneral Map of Coal Fields in lirilish Coliiniliia. l .VecompanviiiK Keport No. N:i liy Dr.
.1. H. Porter).
!l!l. (leneral .Maii of Coal Field in Yukon Territory. ( .VceompanyiiiK Keport No. N:t liy Dr.
.1. B. Porteri.
fl'Mi. (leological .Map of .\iiMin Hrook Iron Hearinc district, liatliiiist township. Gloucester
count.v, \.H. — hy K. I.iiidenian.
tUI7. Magnet otnelric Survey, V<rtical Intensity: .Austin Brook Iron Pnariiig district iiv M.
Mindcman.
tlds. Index -Map showing Iron B<aring .\rea at .\u>tiii Brook liy V.. I.iiidenian.
1 12. Sketch plan showing (leology of Point .Mamainse, ( »nt. liy Profe-Mir .\. C. I.aiie.
tli:i. Holland Peat Bog, Ontario liy .\. .\nrep.
Il!l-i;i7. .Mica: Townships maps. Ontaiioaiid (^ueliec liy Hugh S. de Seliniid.
iViS. Mica: .'showing location of Pi
Hugh
Sclimid.
riiiciiial .Mmes ani
1 t)ecurreni
in the (iucliec Mica .\rea -liy
ti:«l. .Mica:
iiig Location of Princi|ijil Mine^ and < )ccurreiii'es i
II the t hitario .Mica .Viv
Hugh S. de .Schniid
tl40. Mica: Showing Distrilmtion of the Principal .Mica ( Vcurreiice- in the Doininioi.
by Hiigl- S. de Schmid.
.N'litc. -I. Miips inarkid thus ♦ are nut of print.
2. Mups markpil thus t have liceu printed iinlf|>«MniciitI,v (if rclMir's
iipplicantr..
inada
an 111' piiiiiiri'il -I'paraicly liy
\.s lli.w, II- 1 iVchcll.
i , „■, |.i-,nl,„.i..n ol Iron Urr Smnl- ..1 ,1,.. Ir.,„ . .rr m,,.. ,t- o„ ih, North Mi.mv oI .I„. Rin.t
,11,1 (iiill Ml St. Ijiwnii.T. faimilii !>> ".cc ( Mii.kni/ic.
,11- MieiHtir Inm San.l l).|...-il- i" U.btmt, t.. \at,.-l,k«Mn l,nrlw,„r aii.M ;.r,.l NalM-i>k«;.ii
river tjuiv ilM.lcx Mm|.I I.v •;.-..(•. Mackenzie
I , ,s N-,|..-I,k«ai, Maiin.lie In.i, San.l l).|H,-,t-. SaiiM.nav e,.,„,l.v, (Jiie. I.v (.e„. ( Maeken/.u-
IIV M..|,-liow,hi:il.el..eali 1 |«Mt l«,K<inNe-tiuale,l in Ontario l.y A AiMvp
+ l.-,'l'. Ma|.-l.o«iin:tl,e;.M.ati I|«al Im^- inve-I iirate,l in Manitoha I.v A. Anre|.
tl.'iT Uie .111 Uoimet r.al Hon. Ontario I.v A. Anr,|..
tlW. Tnin-nii-ioii I'.al M..11. Maniiol.a I.v \ Ai.r,.|.
il.Vt Conliirov I'eat Hotf. Manil..l.a I.v A. Ann |.
mm Kowv <i.-.^ I''-'' "'"t^- M»"i'"'''' '■> ^ ^"" I'-
tlCl, l!i,e l.ak,. I'eal l«o>:. Manil..! ' !•> \ \i.r. |.
+ )»■.•.' Mu.l l-"l«' '■'■•'' ""»=■ ^'■'"''"'■' '■> ^ ^'"'1'
tic,-!, I.itt.r I'.at Uog. ManitoLa I.v \. Amv|..
+ lti| .luUii- I'eat l.itli'r liou, MaiiiloLa l..\ A. \nr.|..
+ l(i.-, iM.rl I'raiiei- I'.al H..K. Oniari.. l.> A A.ir.|.. , ,■ i- ,
„i,., \Iam,e....M.tri. Map: part ol MeKim t..«i,-l,ip. Si>.ll.Mi> Niek.l .iMri.-t. Ont, l.y I.. Lnal,-
iirin I Vi-eompaiivinc Siitnniaiy It. port. V.IW'.
l.ls Map -liowint! I'vrit.- mine- an.l pro-peel- in l-.a-t..n, Cana.la.atM llieir ivlali..n I.. II,.
lV.it,.,l siat.- m.nk.l I'.v 1>|-- V. W. C. \\il-..n
1171. (ieolocMal Map of SM.II.ury N'iek..| Ketioii. Onl. l.y l'r..l. A. 1'. Cok.nmn. I'li.lV
tl7> ( leoloni.-al Map: Vietoria Mine l.y IVot, A I'. Coleiiian.
+ 17.7 (i-oloKieal Map: Civaii Hill Mine l.y I'n.f. A. I'. C man.
tl7t C.eoloui.al Map: Civicliton Mine l.y l'r..t. A. I'. C.l.nian.
117,-) (■.....locieal Map: .«l,o«inK eontael ol n. .rite an.l l.Miir.ntiaii in vi.-inily ol tre-.nliton mine
|,v I'idl. .V. I'. Coleman.
tl7r. (l..,.l.iKi.al Map; CopiHr ClilT OllVet l.y I'rol. A. I'. Cokman.
1177 ('..•olojlieal Map: No. :i Min.' l.y I'r..t. A. 1'. Colotnan.
tl7,S. (ieolotfi.'al Map: -liovviiiK vi.inity ..f Stol.ie an.l Vo. :! Mil,.- l.y l"r.,l. A. 1'. ( ..k'nian.
IS nil: ri(i;.<s
\\s-, Maiiii.'tom.tri.- .Survey. Veiiiea! lnt,.M>ity: Mlairlon in.ii min., lilmont tovvnsliip. I'.ler-
horounh county. Ontario l.y l!. l.inilcinaM. I'.Ml.
tl.s,-)A. (;eolo«ical Map. IMairton in.ii mini'. H<lm(.nl towii-liip, I'el.rl.oroiiuli iM.unty. Ontario
l.y K. I.indeinai.. I'tl I.
tlsC. "aBn'-'i'l"''"'- •-'"'■vcy. H.'lmont iron iniiii-. IV li il lo«n-hip, I'eterl.oriMicli e..uiity.
Ontario l.y 1'.. I.inileman. UHl.
tl.MiA. (-..■olotiical Map, H.'lmoiit in.n miii.-. li.lni..nt t..«ii-lii|.. I'l'terhoroiiKli .-.Minty. Ontario -
l.y !■:. I.in.Uinan. 1!M1.
tl\T Madiietonutric .Survey. Wrtieal liit.n-ity: St. Cliarl,- mine. Tuilor townsl.ip. Hastings
county. Ontario l.y I"., l.indeman. lilll.
tls7A. (;eoloni.-al Map. SI. ('liarl,-. mine. Tu.L.r to«n-lii|.. Ila>tinns county, Onlario l.y K.
I.iiuleman. I'H 1.
tl.sS. Magn.'toinetric Survey, Vertical lr.t<'n>ity : liak.r mine. •ru,l..r t..«-n-hip. Ila-tins- county,
Ontario I.v 1'.. I.indi'iiian.
t|vs\. ecological Map. I'akcr inin... Tudor l.nvn.-liip. lla>tinj:> county. Ontario l.y K. I.imle-
man. l!ll!.
tlMI Magn.'tomctric .Survev. Vertical Inlen-ity: Ki<lt:e ir..n oiv ,lcp..>it-, \\..llast..n t(.«n>lii|..
HastinB> county. Ontario hy K. l.indeman, 1!»11.
tliMI MaKn.'toni.'tric Survey. Ver •••al Int.'ii-ity: C.x'liill and .Icnkin- min.-. \Volla>lon lown-
>liip. IIa>tincs county, Ontario l.y I'.. I.inileman. Idll.
tHtOA. Ceolonical Map. C.Hliiil ami .leiikin- mini-. Wolla-lon town-liip. Hasting- county, On-
tario -I.v II. i.in.linian. I'.lll.
appliraiits.
\i
>ii
• I. M:ii:M(liiiiiilric Siii'MV. \iilii-.il liili'ii'-il \ : lt<--i imr imn mi- ilc|ui-ii-. M:\\ ■,\\t\'\i\fi,
lla-tiiiK> •'<>Miil\ . < Mitiirio liv I'. I.iiiiii'iiijii. I'.lll.
l| \ (MMi'oitiriil M:i|i, lt<--i imr iriiii iiir .li|iii-il-, M.uci tci«ii-lii|i. 11^. urn:- (diiiilx . ( iiit;ii|ii
h.v l;. I,iiiili'iiiiiti. I'll I.
•J Miiiiiiiliiinclrii' Siiiviv. \iilirtil liil(ii>il\; llalikiii, Chili I-. :iiii| >• v ii- iiiiiii-. Mmmi Ihh ii-
-liip. Ila-tiiit- riiiMil V. < 'iitiiriii In 1). l.inilrMiaii, IMII.
>J\. (iculoxical Map. Haiikiii. (Iiilil-, ami Sti\i ii- iiiiiir». Mavii lii« r.-liip, Ha-liiii;- ii>iiiil>
OntarJK l>v i:. l.iiiiliiiiaiL. IHI I.
>■>. MaKlii'trmiitrii' Siiiviv, Wrtiial liitiii>it\ : K. niinlv |iici|«ily, ( allow lii\\n-lii|i. Ila-liiii:-
riiiilitv. Oiitaili) liv I!. I.iiiilrliian. I'.lll.
l:!.\. <H'ii!i>tEii'al Ma|>. K' tiiuily |irii|»iiy. (ailciH tuvMi^Mp. IIa~liiii:- ruiinlv. liniaiiu \i\
!■:. l.iiiiliMMali. I'M I.
II. Matfiii toiiH'trii' Siirvi'V, X'liliial Inlrli-ily: Huh l.akf irmi hit m<i iiirinir-. I araiLn Iciwn-
>lil|i. Ila>tlii|!> niiiiily. I Ifitarid liy I. Liiidiiiiaii. I!l|l.
ijlll. Iiiilcx Map. .MaK'atitr iMiiirrtiiii - ainiii: llii' Ciiitial < llilaiio iail\va\ li\ I' I lii.lciirin
nni.
ijtl."i. .MaKIirtiiini'tric Map iil .Mii(i>c Muiiiilaili irciii-Uaiiiin ili-tiicl liy 1) l.iiiiliiiiaii.
-\iHt.. 1. \Ia|»^ tniirki'il Ihii" * ;tri' mil nf prim.
•.'. Mill" llliirki'il Iha- t liiivc lii'i-ii |>iiiil<"l iMi|i'|,..|i.|i.|iil> d' M-|i.iri-, lu'iiri' nm l.i- iimcuiimI .i-|iui;iIiI> I.\
iipplicanU.