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Low, LL.D , Dbpctt Minibtur ; EuoBNB Haanw,, Ph.D., Director. i PYRITES IN CANADA ITS OCCURRENCE, EXPLOITATION. DRESSING, AND USES BY Alfred W. G. WUson, Ph.D. CHWP OF THB mTAL HINKI DITUION OTTAWA GOVERNMENT PRINTING BUREAU 1912 iio.ieT .'J CANADA DKPAHTMKNT OF MINKS milES BRANCH I|l.\. UoHKHT HiKiKH". MiMilKltiA I' l."«, I.I. I>, KfllTV MlM-TtK; i;i I.KNf: IIaAXKI. I'll I) , DllUcTllK PYRITES IN CANADA ITS OCCURRENCE. EXPLOITATION. DRESSING. AND ISES BY Alfred W. G. Wilson, Ph.D. tlllKK lir THK MKTAl. MINKS DIVIS'ON OTT.VW (ioVKHNMKNT I'lUNTING HUKKAU ior_> No. 167 lii LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. T'l I)n. 1m <.K,\K IIawki.. Dirrctiir of the Mine- Hniiu'li, l)«'|i!iitMif'iit cif Mim-T.. Oltiiwii. Siii,— I ln'ij to tiiiiisiuit , licrcwilli. ii ic|)iirt mi ('!iiiaili;iii Pyrites: U< ( »cciini'iicc, M\|iliiitalioii. I)i('->iii^, and IVcs. I liavc the liiiiiniir to lu', Sii', ^'cllll■ i>l)(>(|ii'iit servant. ^Sijriio.l) Alfred W. G. Wilson. Ottawa. May 10, 1!»1-.'. TABLE OF CONTENTS. KriiiiDri niHY. CHAITKH 1— sri.l'HlH AND ITS ('( ).\I1'( UNDS. Sulphur ('iHiuical ami physical pr()|xTtics of sulphur. t Jccurrcncc of sulphur I'ort'iuu ( 'aiia Horuiti' Artihcial proiluction of sulplnir Thr Thiogrn process for the recovery of sulphur from sulphur dioxide CHAITKH II.— MIXIXC AM) MAHKKTIX(i Ol' I'VIUTKS. I'pOSltS He(iuireiuents of pyrites I'rosiX'ctiiift for pyrites Developing a pros|M'ct Developing a mine Market re(|uirenients (Jeneral .\vailal>le sulphur Contracts for ore I'repar.ition of pyrites for market The availahle market for Cai ailiaii ore^ I B 6 <> 8 <) 10 10 12 l:{ 14 Iti 17 IS 22 22 23 23 27 29 29 :to :« 33 38 ( IIAITKH III -ST.VnsTICS or sri.I'HrU and PYRITKS PHODIITKiS. 39 ('lIAni.U IV. -OCCIUHI'.NCK or PYRITKS. 53 < •(■( urrenci of pyriti'S in Canada 53 ( ieneral statemei\t 53 Pyrites in the .Maritime Provinces 53 Pyrites in (i\iel)ec 51 Pyrites in ( )ntario 'iO Hrockville district (M) Hastings di.strict 62 Other Kastern Ontario p-o^pvct - 70 Xortliern ( Hitario occurrences 71 Western Ontario oecvn .ences 72 Pvrites north of the Hudson Bav watershed 82 Pvrilcs uiidcr li<'iiiatiti> ( leological rclatii)nslii|)-*. ... Pyriti's in liritish Coluinliiu Pyrrliotitc ill < )iitario Xotcs on sonic foreign ocourrcniili-titut(' for siilpliur ill the siilpliitr pulp inilu-trv l.")(i I'stimutcil cost of proiluciiiu Milpliur ilioxiili- ga- lor ii KHI ton sulpliiii- pulp iiiill Ki'J Pyrites liumiiiE ci|uip'iiciit for a sulpliilr pulp mill Kiti (icueriil !•)•) West \'ir)rinia Pulp ami Pa|Kr Coiiipaiiy lli'.l Hinckley I'ilire Coiiipaiiy 171 Lake Su|M'rior PajM'r Co'iipaiiy 171! APPENDICES Ai'i'KNOix I. 1 inns iiitercMcii in (aiiailian pyrite-. II. Type- o"' furiiaci's iiv il for l)urniiiK sulphur III. Pyrrliotite as a source of sulphur 1\'. The contact process for the inanufactuie ol sulphuric tract f-oin the Twelfth ('eii~u- of the I'niieil State- ci,i. (i:\- 17.". 17n 1N7 LIST OF TABLES 9. 11. 12. Vi. 14. ir>. u>. 17. IS. 19. •-'0. L'l. 2f). Sulphur ciiii'' iit^ of pyriti's ores F.xport> (il ( aiimliun pyriti's to llif rnitcil States. l.SSl-lss.") .\imual prmluc'tion i>f pyritis, ls.S(>-191 1 Kxports of pyrites, 1S91-191 1 ... Ini|«)rts of brimstone unci crude sulphur. 1S.S((-I91 1 .Vpproxinuite Cantuliau cou^uniptioii of (loMc>>lic pyriti's. 1S94-19)1 Keeoveralile sulphur in Canadian pyrites. ( .Vssuuiiii)! averap' rei'overy of 4k;). Sulphuric acid entered for home con>uiuption. 1.SS.V1912 Production of pyiito in the I'nited Stati>>, 1.S,S2-1911 I'rmluction of sulplmr in the Tnited States, l,ss()-191 1 Sulphur imported and enter<'d for consumption in thi' I'liited States for the ealemlar years 19y kinds, in long tons Statement, liy countries and l>y customs districts, showing the imports into thi- I'nited States of crude sulphur or brimstone each ealemlar year 190K-191I, in long tons Consumption of sulphur in the Inited States United States' imports of Spanish pyrites, 19O.-)-1910 Worlds pnMluetion of pyrites. 1S9()-19H) Worlds production of sulphur, ISO.VMtlO IlerreshotT furnaces. Size mid capacity Wedge furnaces. Size and capacity Com of sulphite pulp in a Canadian mill .\verage cost of siulphite pulp in I'nited States mills Change in estimated cost of sulphur |M'r ton of sulphite pulp for each dollar iiwrease in the price of sulphur I'irms in Canada mining and shipping p,vrites in 1912 Firms in Canada niaiuifacturing sulphuric acid Firms in the states of the Fnited States adj: cent to Canada, who operate pyrites burners Composition of ore used in eX|K'riments at Sault Ste. Marie '{oa.sting results obtained at Sault Ste. Marie I'age H2 :«) 40 40 41 42 42 43 44 44 4.-. 4I> 47 48 49 50 105 111 U)5 105 106 175 175 17t> 189 1S9 ix ILLUSTRATIONS Phiiiijiiriiplis I'i.ath: I. Minc> at ('ii|«>lt()ii, lJuel»!C. Old ~liiilt> uiul (lump- Fi;hiIi 11. i:ii>tis mine. ShowiiiK dump ami tram linr to mill III. i:u>tis mill, loadinp liiiis, and >t(Kk pile to|M' \. V.M*\\> mine. MiiiiliK ori'. main >to|H' near '.'l-t level \1. C'aix.'l mine. Shaft house, (lump<. and tailing- \'ll. \iew> at Sulphide. < Intario .\. lleail frames at tlie Sulphiile mine. Nichol-Chemieal (' pany H. Head frame and shaft house. No. -.'-haft. Sulphide mine .. (', (ieneral view of the aeid works. Sulphide. Ontario Vlll. Maletra shell roa-ter. longitudinal seetion I l.imirei IX. Mal6tra shelf roaster, cross section (.I.unuel . X. Nieilenruhr design. Maletra shelf ina.-ter. cross section showing two furnaces ami front of a third I l.ungei XI. Xiedenfiihr design. Maletra shelf roaster, longitudinal seition showing two furnaces, hack to hack (l.imgel Xll. KauH'mami roasting furnace, outside XI II. Kaufmianu roasting furnace, cross section XIV. Kauffmann roasting furnac. showing rahhle arm and shaft attachment .\V. Herkules roasting furnace, cross section .\VI. HerresholT mechanical roasting furnace XVll. Wedge mechanical roasting furnace XVIII. Wedge mechanical roaster. Thu e hearth- muffle hred. air pre-heated X I. \. Wedge n!..chanical roaster. Top used a- a dryer XX. wedge mechanical roaster 1. Hal il lie arm ■1. .\rm dressed with raliMe lilaile holders and Mades. . ;{. .\rm partly dressed with holders and hicech Mock XXI. Wedge mechanical roast Page s'/i/cCC 56 36 .i« M\ 5K titi IINI MNI KM) 102 102 102 \M 1(M> lOS ION IO>S 108 108 1. Iniiir end of arm with steel threails and keys in position 2. Rahlile holders and rahhies .\. Dryer plow holder ami ralihle H. Interlocking ralihle blade holder ('. Cutting hiade 1). Cutting blade holder i:. Rabble blade V. Rabbli' blade O'Brien roasting furnace. OHrien roasting furnace. Rabbles, rabble arm, and method of attai'h- ment XXIV. Jones rotary kiln, llinrklry Kihn' Company's works. Hinckley. New York. ..'. Trond)lee and I'aull rotary sulphur burner Stebbins rotary sulphur Ijuriier Wise rotary sulphur burner XXII XXIll XXV XXVI XXVll 122 122 126 182 184 186 lirinriiKjs I'liKc 1. Ciystal l<>rin> ol |iyriti'> 10 2. Cryrifiil fi)riiis of miirc'a«iti'. 12 ;{. Ski'tcli of VoiiiiK sulphur nduclion a|>|ianitu- at Caiiipo S lo. California 2(1 4. I'low sheet, mill of Cole mine lU o, Flow sheet. Sulphur Mines ami Kailruud Company, Sulpliiii- .Mines, Ncr^rinia H."> (>. riow sheet, mill of Kustis Mining ('om|>iiny 36 7. riow iliaBfam, mill of ."it. Ijiwrenee Pyrites Company 37 N. S'etioii showiuK methiMl of allaehiii)! tlie ralil)le arms employed in the Kauffinann roasting furnaee 103 9. Movalile ralible an., for small Herreshoff furnaee. 106 10. Ifiinze-l'reeland roasting furnaee. Vertical eross section 112 11. Ifeinze-rreelaiid rou.stinK furnace. Sectional elevation showinu circula- tion of air 113 12. Heinze-l n'elanii roasting furnace. Horizontal section diagram 114 13. Ileinze-rreelaiid roasting furnace, showinjs air ports and hearths 115 14. Merton roasting furnaee. Vertical cro.s.s section 120 15. Merton roasting furnace. Vertical longhudinal section 121 16. .Sjftstcdt roasting furnace. Vertical section 123 17. Sjftstedt roasting furnace. Horizontal section 124 18. Jone.s rotary kiln for roasting pyrite.s. Elevation an — 1), figure 22 12ft 22. Jones dust trap. Ci ss sec t ion on line a — a, figure 21 130 23. Plan of the pyrites roasting plant of the West Virginia Pulp and l'a|x'r Company 170 24. Pyrites roasting plant, l!inckley Fibre Company, Hinckley, .New ^ nrk. Plan " " " 172 2.">. Pyrites roasting plant. Hinckley Fibre Company. Hinckley. .\e\v Voik Transverse section 173 2t). Plan of Kellner pan .sulphur burner (flol'mann) 179 27. Transverse section of Kellner pan sulphur Imrner (Hofmann) 180 2^. S'ction through a Stebl)ins burner, longitudinal 184 29. Section through a Stebbins burner, cross 184 Mdps ItiS. (iciicral limp >lio\viiiK tlic Pyritcri iiiiiics iiml pros|XM't> in I^a-li'iii Caiiaila, anil thfir ri'lution to tin- I'niti'cl Stutrs market fncr piiyi S»> List of Abbreviations. liiir is a cliotnical olciiiciit wliicli phiys u most iiiipdi'taiit part in mil' arts aner jjooils, and so on through a lonji list of comniodities, many of which are articles of everyday use. It also finds a plai'e in medicine, and in afiricul- ture it is used as a fungiciile atid in the numufacture of fertilizers. .Vnioiif; the compounds which sulphur forms with ;he otlu'r elements, the one whii-h stands ])re-emiiient is that with oxygen, sulphur dioxide, SOj. From this compound is made sulphuric acid, individuall.v one of the most im- ])ortant chemical compounds niade hy ci\'ilized num. The ai|ueous solution of the hite pulp for paper making. Hy far the greater |)oi'tion of the world's annual i'onsu!n])titui ot sul|)hur is utilized in the pre|)aration of either of these two sulistances. they and their products lioiiig sul)se((Ueiitly utilized in other nuinufacturing processes. Sulphur dioxide gas is niade in two ways, liy huruiiig sidj)hur in air, and l)y the Imriiing or roasting of pyrites — a compound of iron and sulphur — in air. \early one half the sulphur colisuiued annually is ohtaiued liy roasting pyrites. .V-tivp suli)hur is not known to o<'cur in Canada in commercial (|Uaiiti.ies: l)yrites has heeii found in many localities, hut it is mined only at a few ;);,ints. The |)resent rapid expansion of our manufacturing industries, mid the pro- jection of a number of large suljihide pul|) mills, have started many in(|uiries regarding our sujiiilies of th's ore. Moreover, some of the industries in the ailjaceiit reiiuhlic, esiwciaily those located in the region of the ( ireat Lakes, are also in need of additional supplies of ore. If i)yrites ore of a suitable grade can be produced in Canada, with tlie assurance of a reasonalily steady output, the'.e is a large and immediate market for this product now available. TI.O |.rP^.nt LullHia In,. Ihm... ,.,e,.a.,.,l i„ ,.e.,,H.n>.. t ..nemu- in 'lUWH-s n..s,K.H.nK the pyrites r...,.,.,-.-,.. ..f CahM.!-, T|.,. „•:. Mv..-f,.i.. ..,.j..t l„ view-.. ..„,,>■ p..a..n..ai inr,.';;ia,i' , V .'i: '^j J' ' ""' ^■"'"<' '''tl«er t., the pr.,.lu.er or to the rooMimer . , I V ..f these ores that will In- of interest an.l p„ssil,|v ot Jl ' ;;■•■"'"'•"' '■""• ^^" ">• ''-i- '" 'K .• iL.,.s;e;;. . ; i ;, . " '"z " property o„-„er an.l pros,...,ive pro.h.eer. it atten.pts to ..in.. « "7;"' '""f '•• -l""—"-^ "-1 "• in.l.Vate w e that market n "ist u.th ,es,K.,t to our .own -lepos.ts of pyrites. I, , , ,„„ „ ,„, ,,, , an exhansuve t.eat.se on the Keolo«y an,l n.inin« of pv.ite o .. , he nH'tho.ls o, ,.e,-ove,in« the snlpi.ur n.ntent fron, ,1 of i. i,.;. , , ' -" >--t.a.ne.l n.enan,lothe..s inte.este.l in this in,„,.,,H, . Inin.. ' ^ "n \..i.on.- |)iiases of th.s siil.ject. T1.0 .Ic^smptions of the py.ites pn.pe.ties in (•a,.a,la whi.-h ..-,. ,„,.,,„,,,, . utes ,.,.ope,„es „. the various p.ovinees of the Don.inion of e l.tf, ult of a. .'ess. Ihe wnter has atte.npte.l t Heet an.l sift this ;:;i:::r;;:r:ir -■''•"'- '^ Haiith..tappea.^. The l.nlleti,. also atto„.pts \,,,, ,,,,„,,. „,, ,„,,„.,, .,,. .„ . ."l.ers .n,e,.ste.l ... n.iui.,. as .elial.le inf..rn,ati..n as possil.l wi e:," ' U, present n.arket ,...n.liti.,ns. Taroful an.l ,11.... in.,uiries of p . i.!^ ^ all tlu> .•onsun.ers of pynt,>s within two In.n.lre.l ,„il..s of the internet U n ntes o.e, heie ,> a la.-«e an.l i.n.ne.liate market whi,.], re,|ui,-es .,„„,. thnn ..u- tnnes he,- present annual p.-o.lu,.tion. The e.xisten...' of tl „• ket us .fies extens.ve expl...,.tion of p.vpe.ties whi.-h n.av possil.lv . .., ..r^ - hos ..1 va.ue. (,wne,.s of sn.-h prope.-ties ...n he a;sj..e.l of'a ke Z he p,...lu..t. ,,.„.,/./ ,., ,l,r,l.,, t,„. ,,„,„,, ,„ „ ,„„„. „,,,,,.,, J ; , ' n-arket wlneh exists is for the n.os, pa-t i„ . ,.,,,„, ^Z^^^^JZr «.shes to pon.t out that he re^anls ,1... .,,.,,1 ,o,; of a la.'ser ex„. , 'lustry .., py,,tes o.e .ne.-ly as a p.vlin.inarv step to ^ .!^,!,," ; , f 'n.n k. t> eta„!> the .levelopnu.nt of natu.al .-es,,,,,,,. a.,,1 ren,lo.-s ,he estahlish- iitciit i>{ iiiiiiiiiliirliirinu iii(lii^lii<'' iiii|Hiiiiifiil.lc, f\|».iiiiiioii >liidy <>i tla-c sniiH- irtmns indiralrs llial Canada impnit> Ir f(iriMv;n r.miiiiifs many .•lii-micals fur wIicm- mainifactiiri- sulpimiir arid is iv.|ir d. S.nn' <■( tlic-c miulil well U- mailc in this rdiiniiy. !"id rcilaiiity wiil Ix . .1 tlif maikri -huw- flirt li.'icNpaii-inii. 'I'lic dwell ipmcnt of r-riciilific farmiiiu; and I lie inc'icasiii« u.-c of artilii'ial fcrtiii/crs will a! o Icinl to ciiiarnr the iiiarlii't f .r many pro- duct- for wlioM' mamifa<'luic ^ulplluri^ arid is an important con-liliiiMit . Tlic I'liiarni-mcnl of tin- niarisfl for the prodiict-* of -iilplmric arid. loKctiicr uilii an incri'iiM-d prodiirt^oli of tlir arid, will fiii oiirasif lli'' pyriK-s mining indii-tiy in tliix roiintry. .\t picM-iit . the very iiicli cost of tin- arid on tlic f.pt'ii market tends to curl, the devc-lopmeiit of allied in.lu-tnes. In connection with the po^^il.ility of enlar«inji the home market for pyrites, coiisideraliip >P' •' has heeii devoted to a disc"s>ion of the po-siliilily of iisiii^..: pyrites as a source of siilpliiir for the manufacture of ^.iiliihite pulp. .\t present it is a matter of lejivt that much of oiir annual pioiluci'.i n of pulp wood i- exported in an inmamifactiired condition. 'I'hi- also i> Into of the Mirplus pvrite^ oie, • ver and ahove t hat reniiired for home consumption. The waKcs. ma.nifacturer's profits, and other increments in v.iliie. wliiidi accrue thioiijih siil.jectinj; raw materials to manufacturing processes, are lost to this couiiliy. Moieover the industrial population whidi is supiioited l.y such industries as tiiese is, of iiec<'ssily. located where the manufacturmsj takes plai-e. 'I'heir location in the country of |iroduction would mean also an increaM'd marki't for food ami textile piixlucts. The pulp manufacturing industry in Canada has U-eii expaiidiiiK rapidly in recent years. Where suli>hite jmlp is made imported -ulphur is Used exclusively.' Ihiropeaii mills, on the other hand, almost without exception, find it |)ivfitah'e to u^e pyrites as a roiirce of sulphur. That this is so is not ,\VA- solely to the fact thai Kuiopeaii lal'or is cheaper, l.ut hecause iiyiiles is cheaper than sulphur. Several experimental i.laiits have U'en erected for this purpose in America: hut the jirocess is not yet well estahhshed. That pyrites can he Used for this jiiirpose. and that the i.rocess is more economical than when sulphur is used inl lh< pirsnil rfhiliir imiyhil /f years, soiiipof our pulp mills, which are favoraMy located with respect to the mines. ' I iiic larKc niill i> mm pTojcM-tcd in wliicli p.vritcs will lie u-cd in plan- of -.alpliur. woiiM ]«' wamiiiU'.l ill iiiMalliiiK -iiitiil.li- loa^tiiiK |.liiiitH. I'luhr <'\iritiiiK .•..ii.liii..ii-, when no KUaiiiiii an !•<• kIvimi tlial nU'iify of ^ll• orr U availiililc at a miw^iiaMf piii'c, our mill owihmx iiaiiiraily I.C'^itati' to a7.F.uiii<' the licavv rapital cxiNMiclitiiir nfffssaiy to in>tall tin- rour*tiii).' plants. It limy U- poii;t«'.l out that mill- ioiati'-l in thi" valli-y of tin- St. laiwriMicf liver are paiii^'ularly favoie.l in ie>rar.l to a nuainiitee of ^uitahle ore. Tlieri' are two o|.eiiitin« pyrite- mine- in the provinee of (iueU-c pi.Hlucinn >uit- alile ore- ami with i:oole rate shoiihl have lii'le hesitation in e perimentiiiK with a view to installniK the iKcessary jiyrites roaslii.« plant. Sueh a manufaelmer. U-cause of his location, is ahva.vs in a i.osition t.i procure foieinn ows. es|K'cially Simnish ores, at current sealMni trices ami the supply of these ores is very larjie. Ho theipfore 1ms the as e that if, for i\ny reason, his Canadian ores fail. ho will n.)t have to |><-rmit >xpensive plant to lie idle. On the other hand, if the mine owners and others interested in the devrlopment of the district were sure of a Kood and steady nearhy market for their ore, tliey would, for their own protection and ndvantuRe. juit themselves in a position to accept loiiK-time contracts and to maintain a constant and rejtular output of ore. The possihiMty of t lie com|)et ition of foreijiu ores will have a steadying effect on the contract prices for the suli)hur content of the native ore. Sulphite I'ulp mills in the vicinity of the (Jreat Lakes would not find conditions e en almndant supply of ore avaital)le in the future, since the e.xistenec of u nundier of large ore Ixidies north of the CJreat I^ike.s is known. The grade of tlie ore is not, on the average, so high as that of the tiuelwc ores, hut it usually roasts cleumi The competition of United States buyers, who even now are not able to ol.tai" all the ore they require, will tend to increase the cost. Even here, however, the market is influenced by the cost of Spanish ..res, and i>rices as a rule will not tend to fluctuate seriously, and the sa\inf. in contrast with sulphur cor^ts will lie very large. Where the .-ulphite jv.ilp mill owners take the i)i.caution to mine their own ore as well as to cut i heir owi. pulp wood, their sulphur costs will Ik- independent of the maik.'t : nd will repiwent only the co-ts of mining, dressing and delivering the ore from their own ]iroperties. Chapters on the matuifacture of sul; huric mhl and on the burning of suljihur have l)een included in response to refiuests for general information of this character. There are available many technical works dealing with the maiuifacture of sulphuric acid. The technical e.xi)ert or ])rosi)ective manufacturer will naturally consult these w.nks when in search of detailed technical information. The descrij)tions of the pl•oces^es which are given in this report are intended, rather for the non-technieal man who may be intere. t(d in the pyrites iu.histry and in learning of the industrial processor fur which jiyritps is a raw material JV^ rill- vuriour' tyiH's i.f iim-tiiiB I'lirimri" ili-ciiU-.l in iho ti'\t iirr tl .-•• now in iiH> ill tlu-niiriil workx in Anu-ricii <>r i;iif..|>»'. i> ..f prc- l>iirin)i Mil|.liur .li-.\i.l»' nn". Tlio Mit.ji'ct .if l■..!l^tillK ..n- f..r tin- -uU- paiiM.^.- ..f ilrlviiinulTu \" tintiuftlu- ^ulpliiir ruiitciit , .I.kw not ii- >vitliii< tlii'^coiM' of \\m iiiiiifliii. Tlu'icfoii' ii will Ik- foinul that no .Ic-i ri|.iionr« mi- uivt-n of nuiny ty|N'^ of rousting furnace^ wliirli iirc usually ii^i'^l -oli-ly for tlii^ |.iii|MiH-. uiiil iii>l iiriinuiily iiilfiidcl to ifcovcr tin- Milpliiir roritt-nt of tin- oif. 'I'lio wiitiT is inclc'itccl citliiT i. Ihr i|f-i|inc.> or to tin- nianiitiirliiri'is of till' various tyiH-s of fiiinacos ,lf-( riU-.l, for dniwini:- aii.l plioioura|.lis from whicli tin- plates, whirli ai'ronipnny this Imllclii liavt- U-i-n prcpati'il. In many instances the orinimil patent s|)f'cifieatioiis ha\< also U-en consiilted. The author has) leen privileged to ln-|KTt eithei Ihe wl, .le plant or those portions of the plant in which he wa« inlen-sted, at al»iMt twenty-five dilTereiit clipniicai w and sulphite |)ulp mills in Canada, the I'nited Slates and Newfoundland, where sulphur or pyrites are ulili/.ed in manufacturing processes, in practically every inslanci-. valualiie inforiiiatiiin i.iid suntres- tioiis have U>en plai'ed at liis dis|M.sal l.y othcers of these corporations. It has not U'en possilile to individually ai-knowled>ie these courtesies in the ac.'oiiipaiiying l.ulletin— indeed in many instances, the author was rei|Ue.-ted not to do >o. It has U'en tlioujiht liest to refrain from makiiiK any sjM'cific reference to any individual plant. The writer wishes, however, to express his sincere tlmi.ks to the many (lentlemen who received him so courteously, and ..cknowledjje his indehtedness to them for much valuahle information. It is a matter of regret that the author has not had the opportunity of .studyiiiK the ojierution of pyrites hurninjj jilaiits and the gas porifymg sys- tems of some of the sulphite ]>ulp mills in Srandinaviu anil in Ciermany, where jiyrites is used as the source of sulphur. It is considered that suidi fii-«t haiid information niighc have furnished valuahle data to those who aie interested in the installation rf similar eiiuipmeiit in this country. CHAPTER I. Sn. rillH AND ITS COMPOINDS. Sulphur Sulpluiv wl.icli ..(•••ins Uiitiv.- ,.i- in tlic free Mat.-, lias bi-cMi known to n.an- kinustil)ility. . . The compounds of this element occur in nature in much larger (luantltle^• and are miu^li more wi.lolv .listril.uted than free suli.hur itself. The com- luunds .if Mili.luir with tiie metals, terme.l S„li,hiyrrti..tite, Fe,^; ( ..i.per Pyrit.-s .,r ('lial<^..pvrite, CuFeS..: M..rnite, Ca.FeS,; (lalena. I'l.S; Sphalerite or Zinc Blemk . ZnS; Cinnabar, HgS: Stil.nite ..r drey .\ntini..ny, Sh-A; HPii'S'"'. As.,S,- ' )i])imeiit , .\s,S.|. ' "(•') .s•^,//./;•^^•.-<;v,'^'"l'■ <'=^^<'. ^- - 'i^**' ^'ii'y-'"'""' <'='^***' "•'="■'■ Spar HaSO,; Kie>erite. MgSO, ^ II.O; Kpsom Sah or Kpsomite. MgS(), + 7 II,^(); (llauher Sah or Miral.ilite. Na.,S(), • II.,<); < l.een \ itriol or Melanterite, \>:^(\ -r 7 Il.O. I'lnislral ami rhrminil pwprrtlrs of snlplu,,: Sulphur ...•••urs m natiire in the form ..f crvstals an.l als,. ma.-sive. in splieri.^al or renif..rm shapes m- crustin-' stalactitic an.l stalagmiti.' f..rms. an.l in i,..w.ler. In c..l..ur it is ,..un,Vvell..w, straw an.l Imnev velL.w. yellowish l.n.wn. greruish, re.hlish t.. vell..wi^h grev. The streak is white, the lu,-t,v. resin..us a.lan.antme. It i< lran>i.arent ti, translu.^.M.t : as usually ...•.•urring. it is semi-transi.arent at the .>,l"es an.l ..f the well-kn..wn bright ,.aiKiiy-yell..w.'..l..ur, which .larkens with al'i increase in fnipcature; at -.".(F C. it is nearly .•..l..url."ss; it is practi- c-dlv tastele.-s ami witlmut ...Lmr. .l..es ii..t .•.m.lu.'t .'Wtricity but bec..m.>s negatively electrifie.l bv fricti.,n. It is brittl.>. an.l has a har.ln.>ss between l-o an.l I'-.-). The spe.-ifi.- gravity is ■J-07 an.l the at..nii.^ weight :VJ-()(.. (Oxygen Kb. ' S,... b.iiiK.', Sulplu.ric A.-i.l a.ul .\lk;.li, :inl VAn.. Vol. I. I'a.t 1. !>• 14 cl s,.,,. Suli)liur melts at 11(»-.V C. and l'(iiiii> a tliiii, lifjlit yellow li.|iii(l. wliicli (III heiiifi iiinie stn.iiKly lieated hecutiies daiker and tliiekor; hetweeii 2.')()°-'_'(i()° C. it is iieailv l)lai-k and sd viscid that it will not flow or ponv: as tlio teiii- Deiature is raised tuillier ii liecoines thinner, and is ot a lirownish colour: at M()° ('. it lioils. foiiniiis !i •'I'ownisli-red vapour. It hesjiiis to volatilize hefore the hoilinj; temperature is reaciieini is also known which is soluble in water.' t'dri'lipi. —Occiirniicf nf xuljiluir Native sulphur occurs in many parts of the world either in beds ot gypsum and associated rocks or in the regions of active and extinct vol- canoes. It occurs in Sicily in the valley of -Xoto and .Mazzaro; on the Italian mainland, it occurs in Hoinasna and .Marche in ("entral Italy. ■ It also occurs in the .\peiinines between ImuH anark in ile- posits and about fuiiuiroles: in Idaho, near Soda Sju-ings: in Ciilorado, in Mineral county: in .Nevada, near Humboldt House, and at Habbit Hole Springs, Humboldt county. Steamboat Springs, Washoe county. Columbus. Ksmerala I'ountv; in southern ftah in large deposits (once miiu'd at Cove 'Sim- DiUiM, Mincnilocy: Uo-coc ami SrliorlcimuiT. Treatise on < iieiiii^try ; l.iiiiKi', S\il|>lmric \eiil ami Alkali. -.S'c ■ Tlic Siil|)lmr lii.lii^try of Italy,' Mineral lii.luMry. Vol. VIll, KS'.W, |)|.. .V.r.MlKJ. ami Mineral Uesourers ol tlie fiiited State-, I'.HO, I'art 11. pap' 7Vi. creek Millard (■..untv. lu.w niine.l in Hhu'k Uock district)- in Ctdifovnui at the geysers of Xapa vallev. Sonoma county, in Santa Barl.ara. nea; Clear Lake. Lake "countv; also on the west sloi)e of Mount Lassen, o.") nules from Red Bluff Tehama countv; in Texas, at several points. Bryan Heishts, Brazonia countv, Matag..rda, Liberty, and the west side of Bra/.os river; in Ixjuisiana, in Calcasieu parish and other localities where the so-,-alled "dome" formations occur. Occurrence of Camulian sulphur.— hx Canada native sulphur hus l)een noted in the reports of the (k^ological Survey, as occurring in many different localities. : everv instance, however, the finds were only of interest as mineralopical occumnces and «o«e of economic imporUwcc ore known. In several of the occurrences, tne sulphur foun.l was formed l.y the decomposi- tion of p\Tites; the other occurrences are associated with springs of mineral water charged with sulphuretted hydrogen, or with gypsum aep..sits. Native suljihur has been found in scattered crystals in a gypsum ([uarry in Colchester countv. Nova Scoti;,.' In Ontario, at Clinton, Huron county there is a deposit affording nias.c- of pure yellow compact or fine grained sul])hur, together with small transparent crystals of the same.' The deposits associated with mineral springs are all small and are too numerous for all to be mentioned in detail. Numerous springs, the water of which is impregnated with sulphur- etted hvdrogen, occur in Ontario, in Manitoba and in western Canada- especialiy in the Rockv mountain region. McConnell reix.rts mineral s,,rings ;,f large volume at Sulphur point, on the southeast shore ot (ireat Slave lake and at the tar springs north of Point Brule on the north shore of the same lake. In both cases, small .|uantities of suii-luir are y lloflman and he gives the following comjiosition:' — •C. Ci. S., Vol. IV, Part T, p. tU. 'C. a. S., Vol. IV, Part T, p. 61. nj. S. C. Vol. IV, Part I», p. 31. * (1. S. C, 1S7.5, "<), pp. 5-S, 73. * C. (i. S., lS75-7t), p. 420. 9 Sulphuv !•'•■'''" Ainnioniuin chloride .>0"4__ Aninioniuiu sulphate 1 ■.S()7 Potassium sulphate ()-(W.) Sodium sulphate (»-2( t Calcium sulphate '••'"' Sulphuric acid (SO,), probahly |)ertaininK to the traces of iron and nuignesium <••<>' 1 lOxtraneous matter " — l(M).i:{7 The phenomena observed iiere were formerly attril.uted to the comlais- tion of l)C(ls of lisnite. Sehvyn notes that neither coal nor lijrnite hedsare to he seen in the locality ami states that the l)eds (seen hy liiiu) do not contai.i nuich pyrites. D.nvson, who visited the Smoky river in ls7'.». records tlic finding," l)v Hoffmann, of a larse (luar.tity of very finely divided pyrites with carljonaceou- 'natter in these shales. He considers t!i it ■' tlie.sc tosiether are ([uite sutticie. to account for the slow cond)Ustion ol)scrved, ami tliat the i)yrites may, under certain circumstances, spontaneoiisly initiate the I nnena l)y the lieat evolved durinosition. "' Sulphur for the Ciuuulitni Market Suli)hur sold on the Canadian market comes alm>ist wholly from three sources: in the ea.st and in the region of the (oeat Lakes Ix.tii Sicilian ami Limisiana sulphur aie u.sed: in British Cohimhia, the sulphur used nearly all comes from Japan. A small (luantiiy of KiikHsIi recovered sidphur is also occasionally imported into eastern Canada. Uescrii)tions of tiie metiiods employed in Sicily to mine sulphur ores and to recover the suli)hur will he found in various articles in tlie •Mineral Industry." and in Lunfje, "Suli)huric Acid and .Mkali." -V more complete description of the jire.sent status of the industry, together witli some r ,i_.vs- tions as to a new method of utilizing crude sulphm-. was jaihlished in the HoUettino I'tficiale del Ministero pe Oddo of the Fniversity of I'avia. .Mi^tvads of these articles were puliiished in Ilnjiiisii in the Mininii .lomiial. London. Vol. S9, PI), oil. •')1"). and I>1). •>-' :>s:i. I'.llO. The Louisiana sulphur dei)osits are described in ,-everal articles in the Mineral Industry. .\ theory of tlio origin of the deposits was disc\is titlo "The (rf>..lo};iciil OnMHiciirc n( Hock Salt iu Louisiana an.l li"\as. \ .loscrii.ti(Ui of \hv I'lascl, piocoss for vvr,,vvv\uii sulphur, as applied ui tho Louisiana liehl. will lu- found in the Mineral In.lustry, Vol. V. IMMi. j.. ..11. In Japan, with one (•\cei)tion. all the sulphur mines ,,f Hokkaido and Ihe n..rthern inainian.l are vuleanie deposits. The principal mine is l,,cated .,t Oshino in the prefecture of Hokkaido. There are also important mines at Kuvutakei Vuwaot,., Shikahe and Fuvano in llokkai.lo. Sul|.hur is also i.Mained at a number of other l<,calities, notal.ly at Numajiii in JMikushim.a. The larger portion of tiie .la|.anese sulphur is simply concealed tnuu sulphur -prints '"whieh occur in th- volcani.' re-ions. Th<' suli-huv '.rom ilokkaulo. wluMrol.tained in the solid state, is simply melted in larpe l.oilers and sorted into several firades. Compounds of Sulphur The eomp..unds of >ulphur which form the princi,.al sources of supply of this material are Pyrites. Chalcopyrite. an.l to a less .lejiree. Horn.te. (ialcna ami SphalcMlte. The first three of these, only, are important m tlie present discussion. In the foll.nvin- paragraphs, brief notes on the nuneral- „.,v „f each of these substances are .siiven; (lescrii)tions of two minerals, chi-elv velate.l to I'vrites, Mareasite and Pyrrhotite are also included.' Composition- I'urili's -Iron bisui|.hide. KeS., Sulphur .-.:i-:M' , . IV IC.-f.(i%. r>o. 1. CryMal fo;m~ of pyrit,.-. . .Mtcr Daim. . l-.l- Si"M'l-' f'"'"'- "• '^ IrcnchTrcck ■S,... Dana, System of Mim-raloKy; Micrs, MiM,.n,l..i:,v; lliat/.c Itamllmcli -Icr Min-r- [lUi^ic; or oIlitT >laihliinl wmk^ on ::;incr:t!<)j;y. 11 Synuiiyins l»ynt<-s. liun Pyrites. Muii.lir. Im.uIV j;o1,1. (IJiiilisli). SchwHclkics. Kisciikis. I'yrit ((Jcriimn), I'yritcl'Vr siilfiiii'. (l-iciicli). Syafvcl- ki< (Swcilisli), I'iiitf (ItiiliaiO. I'iiita. I'iiita aiiiaiilla. Hn>ii<-i> (Spaiiisli). /••,./v((.s. Pyrites wlicn in rrystal furin, crystallizes in the i<..iiielri.' or (•ill)ic system. The coiimiiuiest forms arc the eiilie ( I'is;. l-">). tl»' |>entai:oiial ,lo,lecahe,lroii (or pyrito-hedroii) (F'i-:. 1-1). aii.l tiie .p.-lahe,lroi, (Fiji, l-7i; often the fares of erystiil.s are striaK-l in one .lirectioii. Pyrite-^ al-o ,..Turs in mas^ive. jirannlar. radial reniforiu or iiloluilar I'orms. Clriinni^. .\n indistinct hide (chalcpyrite. hornite, etc.,) also o(cuis as a mixtvive with jiyrite. (Sold is sometimes pre.scnt . distributed invisibly throupli it. auriferous j.yrite beinji an important source of sold. Small quantities of arsenic, silica or selenium. ami occasionally zinc blende or galena may also occur. Ddermimtion.— In a dosed tube a sublimate of .sulphur is formed and the residue is nmsnetic. Ilefore the blowpipe it gives <,ff sul])liur which burns with a blue ilame and exhibits the characteristic odor of sulphur dioxide. It is insoluble in hvdrochloric acid, but is decomposed by nitric acid. It can usually be readily reeoRiiized l)y its color and other physical |)roperties. The miiwral derives its name from the (Ireek word t'V'— fne— m ailusion to the sparks whidi are thrown otT when the ore is struck with •I hammer, (u- other hard, blunt instrument. The sparks can l)e readily pnuluced by rubbing over a c ■•irse file, and the o.lor oi burning sulphur can l)e detected. OccHnT/icc— I'vrites occurs abundantly in rocks of all ages. In the crystal form h ustuillv occurs in small cubes, pyrito-heilra. octohedra or less con>m..n forms. It also occurs in irregular or spheroidal nodules, and in veins. It is frequently found in clay slates, argillaceous sandstones and in other rocks of the coal formations. Ores of commercial value usually occur in huge, lenticular nuisses, less fre(iuentlv in veins; they most frequently ai^.ear to be associated with basic intrusive rocks-though the deposits themselves may occur m rocks of aiiv kind.. Enormous de,.osits of massive j.yrites. the most inrMirtant at present known, occur in Spain ami P..r,ugal ( Hio-Tiut,.. T...vrs;,.. ^Santo Domingo). Others aie known in Italy. France, (rtMtnaiiy. Norway. Hussia ,1 a pa u."S(. nth .\meric" Mexico. I'nited States and Canada. 12 Tlio nodular iimssps of i)ynt('s which occur in c.ml sejuiis, "roalhrasses'' of ttie luii'-crs, are in sonic localities an iinixirtant source osits. Miimtnite ComposHiou— Iron hisulpliide. FeS, Sulphur y,i-'SV'c, I'"o l()-t'>t>',;,. N/ynoiif/m.s.— Cockscomb, Si)ear, Cellular. White Pyrites (I'Jiglish) ; Wasserkies, Kammkies, Speerkies. Strahlkies. Zellkies (Cleriiian); Fer sulfiire hlanc, Pyri^c ''•""'^l- Miii'''"^-'>tP (t^w''); I'iv'te hiaiica (Italian); Marcasita, Pirita blanca (.Spanish). 1-Ui. J. Cry:-!:!! fornix of m;irca>iti>. i .\ltcr Dunn ' 1. Coiiiiiioii lorin. -i. Soliciiinitz. 3. I'rt'iljcrK. 4. <;uli'iia. 111. •'>. rolkestom-. li. IkmIxtk. /,'„,.„( _It crystallizes in the orthrhoml)!c sy.stem. The crystals are cominoidy tabular and also pyramidal. fre(iuently striated. It is not found in simi)lc ciy.stals, Imt owing to its niultii)le twinning, ple^ents a great variety of shapes with jagged outlines and re-entrant angles— hence the coll.xiuial names "Cockscomb pyrites," "Spear Pyrites." etc, Marcasite occurs in 13 stnlactitos with radiating internal structtiro and tl.o i-xtcriur c.vorpd witl. projecting crystals. It also occurs in rciiiforni. globular and .liscoidal shaiH's. C/((/!'((.yp".— Distinct i)arallpl to tlie prism faces. Frticlurc. — I'neven. Hordmxx. -\^n^t\o. H (Mi''). Sinrijir ijni ritii.-- \ • N-V- 1 • iK). /,i<.x/)T.— Metallic. Colour.— Vi\\i' l>ron/.e-yello\v, deepeninu on exj.osure. Strrak. Pomlcr. — (iravi^li or brownish hlack. ,l.s/)(r/. — Opacjue. IMfrwiuittio,i.-\^ like , yrite, l.ut is more liable to decomposition. It is distinsiuished from pyrite by its crystalline stru. lui'^. and uMially by its lighter colotir. Orr»nr/irc -It occurs under mucli the same c.mditioiis as pyiile but is not so common a mineral in crystalline rocks or in metalliferous veins; it is more common than jtyrites in the form of no.lules and .'oncretions .,f organic origin in ^edimentaly rocks The spear variety occurs very abund- antly in the plastic clay of the brown coal fornuition at Liltmitz and .Mtsat- t ell. Hear Carlsbad in IJohemia, and is extensively mined for its >uliihur or for use in the manufacture of ferrous sulphate. Crystals and ci-ystallized material have been reported from many |.laotii in Kuiope anyrite y crystals, wliit'li swv usually licxaiintial platt-s. (■'riirhiir. I'lU'Vcii In suln'i'iirliniiial. llmiliKss, lliiltlf, II :{•■"> \-'t SiKci/ic iiriiril;/. \-'>s \-{'t\ l.iisln. Mctailii'. Coliiiir.'- H«'t\v('<'ii iiiiiii/.i'-ycUiiw ami cipppci' ri'il. ami sulijcrt td speedy larnisli. Str<'>L\ /)«»•(/('/■. -Da ik grayish Mack. Asiuct. — ()|)atite fnun inni ami cupper pyrites. It renuiiiis uiicliaii^jed when heated in the closed tulie. In the open tulie it t;ives olT suli)hur()Us fumes, and heconies more -.tronijiy luafinetii'. It is decoMiposed hy hydrochloric acid with the evolution of hyilrojren sulphide. (hrunvin-c. — Pyrrhotites occur in .Xorway, Sweden, (lermany (llarz. Bavaria, Saxony). Austria (Hohemia) aiul elsewhere in Muiope. The>- are reported from Brazil and from nuiny states of the I'liitj-d States — notaMy Maine. X'ermont. Massachusetts, .\ow York, New Jersey. Pennsylvania. \'irj:inia and Tennessee. Pyrrhotite ores containing co|)|)er are an important source of co])|)er and sidphur in the vicinity of Copperhill and Isaliella. 'IVn- nossoe. In Canada, several (h'posits arc known in tlie Maritime provinces, in (^uel)(>c, in Ontario and in British Columhia. The most important of these at the iire>ent timi- are those of the Sudlmry district, Ontario— the ores heinj; mined and treated for their coiii)er and nickel content. Many of these pyrrhotites do nortance. usually occur in lenticular masses oi' pipes of massive oic assoc'iated witii a hasic iftnoous rock. The nickeiiferous pyrrhotites of the Sudlmry distri<'t are nearly all associated with A characteri^tic rock called norite- -soda-calcic feldspar, with enstatite or hvpersthene. i'lKilciipijrite ('i)iiipiisltl(iii. - \ sulphide of coppei' ami iron. CuFeS^ or Cu^SFe^Sj - Sulphur :5o-(). cojiiier :{♦•■") iron :5()-."). .Analyses often show variations from the forni'.da. (lu(- in most cases to the luechanical admixture of p\iite. ("halcoi)yrite so.netimes contains small amounts of silver or fjold: thallium is also present at times. >'//""",'/""■■ — ("oi>l>«'r jiyrites, Peaco(d\ ore in part (when tarnished), n'jmlish): Kupiierkies. Chalkopyrit ((^rman); Chalcopyrite, ("uivre py- 15 riteiix (FiTiH-li). Kul'l""'^'^ (Swnlisli), Calrnjiyritc, Uaiiu- L'ialli-. I'iriti-
  • l'i«'iiim'>'ll". Hri>n/.«'aiimiil!<.. Hr..iiz<> .Ic niivn' (Spaiii^'li). /■'(.,m -Ciystallizr^ in tlic tctvani'iii"! syMcm. ('i> 'als ate .ummi.iity tctrulicdnil in aspect . tin- tiicos laiRC, certain laces. h' mil II II rneveii. Uniiliii ■■<■■<■ Hiittle. II :{•■") I. .S'/)« (•('/((■ (iriirilij. !• I !•:{■ Luslrv. — Metallic. ('(»/«(//•.- Hia>s->cll.i\v. often t.iiiiislieil i.»la -rives a plciLiiledf copper con,aiiiin)i iron. The masteij mineral gives reac'tiotis for cop|X'r ami iron. Dissolves in nitric aci.l with the liLeration of the sulphur forminR a jireen solution; the ad.lition of annuonia to neutralize the solution will i-recipitate the iron as l.rnwn ferric hyilroxide ami the resultius; solution will l.e ol a .leep hlue cnloui . It can l>e ili>tiiiguisheil from pyrites hy its colour and har.lne-:-. 'I'lie iridescent inirplish tarnish is very characteri.-ti<', liut must l.e distiiiiiuished frtiin the colour of hornite (which .see). 0(r»n( //(•('.— Chalcopyrite constitutes one of the principal sources of cot.per; pos>iMy three-fourths of the world's annual production is deriveil from ores of this mineral. It <.ccurs in masses, in veins, and disseminated throufih canfTiK' materials of various kinds, often quartz. The country rockslnay t)e jint'isses. crystalline schists, or i. iatioii with it. Silver and jjold sometimes occur, and more rarely nickel ..ml ohult. I)epof llurope, ill South Africa, .\iistralia. South and North .\merica. In Canada, small quantitii's have lieen mined in the Maritime provinces. .\ consideraMe outlet has lieen obtained from (^uehec mines; it i> widespread in Ontario in th( \intrv north of lake Huron, thouj!li no important mines are now in operation fi.r the chalcopyrite alone. The copper content of the iii(dyrile. .Vumer- oiis localities in British Cohimhia and in Northern Canada are known to e\- hiliit this mineral. Chali'op.vrite it not normally .n ore of sulphur. Incidiiitally it i ..■ hai)pen thai its sulphur content can he recovered. Many Iiyrite ores, how- ever, contain chalcopyrite in small amount, and after roastin«i the pyrites I)'. til reciiviT the Miliiliiir. it if* ul'tcii iloinililo to tif-iit llii- riiulcr- to icciivfr tlipir nipjHT ruiitciit. 'I'lic iMoscncf nf (•.■j)|K'r (h-cii'ii^'r^ tin ainoiiiit of Mill|iliiir rcciivi'ialilf fioin the oic. Altinilliiii. Cliiih'ojiMitc iK-coiiH-f oxiilizod iiiuUt iitinos|)li(>i'ii- inlliU'iico; flic coiiiicr lifcoiiic-' coiivci-tcil into the soluliic- .siil|tlmt(' ami may l>t' iciiiovud liy iiatiiial Icai'iiiiiK Iciviiij: a rcsiiltic of liydntNiili' of iron or liiiioiiiic. Sccoiiilarv |ironiltr Cowi>o.iitiiiii. \ siiljiliidc of cojiiior anil inni. but varying in the pro- portions of these metals. Tlie crystallized mineral atiiees with the forimila Cu.KeS;, Sulphur -Js-r,. copiwr, .V)..V;. iron Hi- 1' , :{ ('u.S.Fe.S, ((irotli) or ("u.S.CuS.KeS. The massive varieties ji'^'*' •'""" •"'••'- '" "'*' ii cop|)er and 1")', to (I-.")', of iron, this variation lu-iiin ilue in part at least to tlip mec'ian.cal adniixliu'e of other siil|)hides. Si) linn 11 HIS. Ijiihcscitc. Purple Copiwr Ore. \arie<;atcd Copper Ore. Peacock Ore, (Hnglish), Huntkui>iKMer/., Kup|M'rkies ( in part), Kuppcrla/.ul ((iermaii): IVunite, ciiivre panache (French); Brokij; Kopparnialiii (Swedish). Form. — Crystallizes in the -.cfnilar system. Common form is ciiU-s, faces often rough or curved. It also occurs massive, with a granular or comiiact strvicture. ('Iciiniijr. — (m])ei-fect, in traces only, Fnirturc. — Conchoidal, unevj'ii, //!.s.— Brittle, H - 3. Sjiirifir ijruvitii. — t • !(-.") • 4. Lustre. — Metallic. Ciilour. — Between cop))er red and pinchl)eck-brown on fresii fracture, sj)eedily iridescent from tarnish. Strriik, Powilcr. — Pale grayish hlack. Aspect. — Oi)aque. Determination. — It is very similar to chalcopyrite. In the clo.sed IuIk- it gives a faint sublimate of sulphur. In the u\)en tutie yields sulphur dioxide, but no sublimate. On charcoal it fuses to a brittle magnetic liead. The roasted ore gives reactions for coi)|)er and iron. It is soluble in nitric acid forming a green soliition with the separation of sulphur: the addition of aniinonia will jirecipitate the iron as the reddish l)rown hydroxide, and will change the colour of tlie solution to a characteristic blue. The mineral is distinguished from chaleopyrite by its jiurple colour. Occurrenre. — This luiiieral f les second to chalcopyrite as an iniixirtaiit source of the metal copper. It occurs usually associated with the other coj)iH'r minerals in veins and ilisseminated through crystalline schists. Occurrences are rejxirted from Germany, Hungary, Xorway, Sweden, Sjiain, England, and other countries in Eurojie: from Ciiili, Peiu, ami other places 1^ 17 in Aiutli Ami'riiii: finni .Mc\iiit in it^iclf is not an mf ul -iil|»iiur. An me wliirh funtains niiirii c.piK'r, say alH.vc C' ; .ir 7'',. is niaunetic and is a vaiieiy of jiyrrhotite, Vv S., I'e S -f- S Sid|>hur dioxide <'an U- deioiu|)osed in a variety of ways. If pas.sed over heated earl.011, sulphur is lilierated ami the o.xyneii unites with earlM.ii to form either the dioxitle or the monoxide or both, depeii.lent ui>oii ilie con- ditions of the experiment. SO, -r -2 V -2 CO + S S( ), -r 2 ( ■< > •-' ( "< )j + S Sulphur is also freed from the dioxide in the ))resence of hydrocen. SO. + 2l\, 2 H.,0 + S If sulphur dioxide is passed over sidphides of the alkalies healed to 11 red heat, sulphur is liU-rated. Where calcium sulphide is used the sulphi.le at first ultsorhs the gas; afterwards ulpluir distils over and the sulph.de becomes converted into the sidph. e. The latter can again I'e reduced to the sulphide hy heating it red hot and passing coal gas over it. Sulphuretted hydrogen also can Ik- decomposed l.y oxidation with the liljeration of sulphur. At some time or other each of these reaetionw luis lieen utilized in un at- tempt to develo|) a commercial |>rocess for the manufacture of sulphur. In the majority of cases these processes do not ap()eai- to have l)een successful on a commercial scale.' An important exception is the Chance-Clans pro- cess for preparing sul])hur from soda waste from the Ix-l)laiic process. In England about 3(),(K)() tons of sulphur i)er annum are recovered in this way.' The discovery or invention of a process whereby the sulphur content of the suli)hur dioxide gases, that are discharged from snu-'ters. can Ik" recovered eeonomicuUy would be of great value in «omv localities. Some smelters are located so far from any possible market for any sulphur they might re<'over >.-:«). .\lso Sit. IS to lllflll. Otiu't!*. ,..-.• an. wi.l.in n.url. of « ......k.- U -:r:;:,?i:;.r;;.:;;L,"::::r-:::::"""--..'- --■'- •'- :i:;:;iii;;:;r:;:;::,;;:.^^ C.ili.piil.v lit t ■i|.|>'il. III. I''""" --'• ••»""• > f ,1,.. .. ,in..ltri-.i.iv ::;:x^.:;:,l;:;';::;:;::::H;;:Ji:::;:t;':: ---,;;:;-•■-■ „, ^„„,; , „„„,;„,,.. ™n^-;;-'- ;;;:;;r::,:^;;r:;:,:;::t , „..., 111!... ^^lll> . . 1 ,-,, ,,„. ,„.i.l, I, ■■ V.-.V .luul.tful .1 ai.y-t tl..- IlK'lll'.-S ill ("i. nil 111 f.'iil'l i'"- lll Z^ Z i\\.- M.ll.l...r in '!..■ wast., ^a... .-n.il.l U- nr,.,rr.• .-a-...., -i....ia,i...i ..^^-v |„.,„...ss thai i> a ...-l.ni-al .-h-ss ..an l«^ ,.-.. m'- •'l-ni'""" -• '' ~'" '•'' ""''v,,r.,..es..lo.i,.»..lfo,.,l.is,....■,H.sH.asl«.c.u.■m...lly.l■io.l..^|HM■i.n.....ally ;S.wi,..,.:.lesa,-....oi,ipilMin.n,,w..a,,i.l..s.U.s...n-v.^ ... .■ . ....:i:....i ii. ill., 'rliiiiircii iiiiiccss is t 1 ial Tlic |iiiiii'iiiit. iiiMiivccl 11. tt„.r..a..|i..i.sutili/...l i.m... Tl.i.>f:..|i !'■"<•<' tlic ,:,„|u;.,i„„ :,f tl... ...s l,v ,u..ans ..f a hyanu.ar -. .V-u.,m.. 7- si.,„.li-i.y^ t'liiiiiws:- so.. r ni, s + CO r 11,0 Si,u.o th. i.v...sion of sulphur .lioNi.U- iiUo ^i- sulphu.- a...l Uv. o^y,.. i. . .^ i ,i.a. invohes an al.s.uplio.i of ...u.v.y. su-U .■...•Uo,. -au.a.t 1 :,.:;.;:;;ii^u.a .nhou, supplyi..« s...... ..n..v.y T1.,s .u..v.y n.u.t .l»..e.o,. 1:. 1 : ,- .,..,...i.« uliic'li is sucf(.s>tul. Ik- supi>li(..l ill ai.y in-rn'oss which is ^uc.'Cr • Th;. Thio^,.,, IT..,.,.-. .,..• l!.-lu,-i .1 so, ... SM,..U,.,- r........ l.y S,..wa,-, W . Mi... * S..i. I'r..ss. V..1 .HI pp. :Wj-:^s7. -..-^ ;:^ ;,'",,.,.„„, ,,„, ^ „.,. P. lAp....i.......t- witl. ih,. T1.."K..» l'r,K...», l'.\ li-.ii.K ... rumc. \<\ St..\va.-1 W. Y,>.i.iK. (■l\. pp. I..i7-4iw. Apol r,. t'.llJ In prartirr mmv !<«'iii>u^ tliflitiiltipr> ^'tuiul in tin- uuy i>f ii solution of thin prohlPlii; tln'?M' iirr |>aitly rhi-iiiinil im.l partly iiinliariirnl. Yi>unj{ j'tiilcj' thi> nioiv iiiiix'rtaiil of tli<'r«> ilitliculfM'i' a» fnlliiw: — (1) Tlie pn'M'iiro of frw- oxyum in llu' niir^'^ In I* trcati-cl. hiiiiKitiK ulMiiit a sirioiir* wii;l<>wri('-'s ami iucninplcliMif^M of the reuiiio i-vt-ii wlini oxyttcii is lint pn-MMlf. (H) Tin- tiK't that all the availaMf ciieruy of tin- iiydiiM'urlH.ii is not utili/i'il, since carlKdi Imnis to iiionoxi.lo instoad of ilioxiiU-. TlifM- ilifliciiltics have U'cri nn>t and snlvod in tlif lalniratory; I lie cx- IH'riincntsat Cainpo S-co, dfs.iiU-d U-low, wen- coiuluctcd while alteiiiptjii); to dovcloji ;i coniinei'-iiil process. Vouiifj Koes on to say:- "Tho TliioKcn process has lK>en imt info practical form l«y carryinii out the ahove reaction in an indirect way. Tho siil]ihiir dioxi.le i- tirst nl>sorU'd l>y means of a hiisic sulphide, either in the wet or ilry state. I he oni'chosen lor nio>t Work iH'ins lali-inni sulithiile. The reaction which tak.'s place here rnsiilt.-i in the rormatioii of calcium sulphite and free suli>hur. The pies«'npe of oxyKon '• 'he k"''*''^ 'lot's not interfere in this reaction to any api>reclal>le extent. I is, the reaction with sulphur dioxide is very rapid, while that with oxyjjen is very slow." "The second step in the process consists in renioviiiK the free sulphur from the calcium sulphite, which may l>e accomplished l>y distillation or other suitable mean- I'he third stej) consists in the reduction of the calcium oulphite by means of hydi()carlM)ns. This reaction results in the leReneratmn of calciuni sulphide which anain ente.s into the reaction in its first stace, that is. it is used for the further uhsorplioi, of suljihur dioxide. Under ordi- nary conditionsthcifductionof the calciuni sulphite to sulphide is a matter of considerable difficulty, the reaction luMng rather slow, even at liinh tem|)era- tiives, and resulting in the < oiner-ioii of the carbon Into monoxide instead of dioxide as is desirable. A method has, however, Ix'en devised whereby the reaction takew place readily even at relatively low temi>eratures and whereby the complete combustion of the hydrocarbon is assured. An adaptation of the process has also U-en devised wlieiel>y gases which are free, or nearly free, from oxygen may Ix' handled with a much increased mechanical effi- ciency. In fact, the fundamental princii)les upon which the process depends offer verN considerable ])ossibilities of adai)tation to suit siM-cial conditions. Incidentally, considerable yirogress has Ik'cii made towards adapting the process to the recovery of flue dust." "The reactions involved in the imlin-ct methoil. expressed in chemical .•symbols, are as follow: (1) 2 CaS + ;i SO.^ = 2 Ca.SO, + :} S (2) 2 t'aSO, + 2 C'Hj -- 2 t'aS + 2 CO., + 2 H.O Another reaction which is made use of to some extent dep'nds upon the fact that when sul])lmr dioxide is passed over a heated sulphide ore, the sul- phide ore is roasted, and that almost as completely as if air were used. Ex- pressed chemically, this reaction is as follows: 20 (3) FeSj : - .-' • .,0, + S S In IhImii i!iji oNixi: iMits the nnirtioiis (IoschIkmI uIikvc arc nii)itl. especially so w; s are |iicsciit in the catalyzer. No CO is fi.nned and all "f the caiiimi conihines with the oxyfren to form VO., directly. The mixture of CH._. and SO, may Ik- passed over almost any calcium comiiound. as TaCO, or raS04. and the resultant compouitd is CaS. In case the Ki'^'f'* contain free oxyjien, this nnist he removed hefore the ('11.^ will displace the oxygen in the SO,, and this difficulty is the most serii>us drawhack to the pro- cess from an ensineerin-; standpoint. The catalytic ajjcnt must also l)e maintained at a suitable temperature while the jjases are |)assin<; over. The Rases should he cleaned as thoroughly as ])ossil)le l)efore i)assinf: into the nuulmstion chaml)er. .Vt Caniix) Seen this was acc()m|>lished hy passinj; the f;as from one master throufrh a large settliiij; drum, and thence throufih a .second furnace. The resultant gas contained aln.ut S' ; SO.,. This gas fnuu tiie second furnace was passed directly to the ap|>aratus. The Kt''»'':i' arraiifrcnient of the ap|)aratus is shown in the drawing (,fifiure '.i). The vaporization of the oil is accomplished hy the use of steam injected hurners (figure :i. a). This spray of oil is directed into the condjust ion cluunher. which consists of a checkcrwork of Inick. A temperature of al)i>ut S0()° ('. is obtained. Meyond the combustion chamber is a reaction cluunbe.- similarly filled w'h brick checker work. This secoi\d .-hamber is siiuare in cross section, 4-.">' to a siile, and 30' in length. Its capacity is more than enough to handle the gases from the two roasters u.-ace between the Ijricks. IJUJLILILiU'jLXJLl- »V' Chmmkmr 'f'^y /^\ n-ir- r^atmck I'iG. ;i. Sketch i)f VcHiiiK sulplmr r,haped %. 21 pipe is used (tis'ii'f -i- ''^' ''="''' <•'">' l«"'"*f'' IwviiiR a Aa\nng. nouv with a trap- door III tlic exporimoiits difficultios worr oxporiciicod in tliis chaiiilx-r. The soloiiiuni, arsonic. or antimony content of the ores passes into the furnace gases and these substances were condensed with the sidi)liur. A separation c'ui inol.al.lv he ol.taine.l l.v using a low. hroad, slightly iiidine.l .ondensnig chand.er in which the gas is cooled hy water sprays to a temi-eratme U-low tlie iM.iling iM.intof selenhiin and ar>enic(rhout -M° ('). or ahout .■)(tO=' ('.: the sdeniuni, arsenic, an.l antinomy v.M ,;.-. Ve .leposited on pn.jectnig tiles i.hi.'e.l in the walls of the chan.. • f..r thai \.'iV]- > e an.ith the ex])erinier.tal plant because of the porous character of the hrick walls, and because of tiieir expansion when heated. On the se<'ond trial at Cauipo Seco there was a consi.leral.lc leakage of air and conse(iuentlv consi.leral.lc ..xygen came in contact with the tree sul- ,,huv ami combine,! whh it. Heat was generate.l by this condnislion ami the temi.crature at the condenser was raised t., slightly <,ver !).->()" ('. .\nalysis of the gas showed :.•(■.'; S().,at the inlet amlO-'i',' at the con.lensmg chamber. a decrease of :.• 1' , or alnive 117' , of the suljlmr dioxide present. CHAPTER II. MINING AND MAHKKTIN(; OK PVlflTIOS. M Requirements of Pyrites Deposits. The conditions which any dcjiosit of pyrites must fulfil tliat it niity he utilized for luannfacturing ])iitiioses are of two kinds, coimnercial and technical. The commercial conditions are: — 1. The deixisit must he large enough to warrant the eN])ense of develop- ment to a condition where a constant outjuit can he maintained. 2. It nuist he huge enough to jjroduce a tonnage of ore that shall return to the oiterators within a reasonahle time the ftdl cost of the work of prospecting and develo])ment , together with a jnotit on their investment. .•?. It must he favorahly situated with reference to transportation facilities, either hy water or rail. Owing to the nattire of the niaterial it must he situated as near to its market as ])ossihle. 4. It nuist he so situated that the ore can he mined and marketed at a cost reasoiiahly helow the market value. The technical conditions are: — 1. The ore should l)e practically free from gangue material since the presence of foreign suhstances lowers the ])ercentage of sul|.iuir in the ore and necessitates the handling of worthless material. For the same reason the presence of any other sulphides than the hiound of sulphur contains either so high a percentage of suli)hur or parts with it so freely. Even copper pyrites, which in some of our ores forms the principal vahiahle constituent of the ore, is roducing a large amoi'nt of fines. A granular ore, or one soft and easily disintegrated, will increase the proportion of fines and makes the roasting more difficult. Certain varieties of fine te.\tured pyrite have good crushing qualities but are extremely undesirable for use in luni]) liuiners becaii.se they decrepitate in the kilns — often with ex])losive effect. Sunetimes the decrepitation is so extensive as to entirely choke the draft, leading to numerous furnace diffi- culties. Such decrepitating ores have to be reduced to fines ami roasted in shelf l)Urners. Prospecting for Pyrites All the known ])yrites deiwisits in Canada have lieeii found by pros- pectors when in search of other minerals than sulphur, usually gold, copper, or iron. In nearly every case it was onlj' on develo])ment that the true nature of the deposit was di.'^covered. In some few instances development was con- tinued to a shipping stage; in the ■■> .jority of cases as soon as it was known that the prospect did not contai ''■nt values in gold or copper, or (when an iron jirospect) that it containi ich sulphur, work was stopjied. As a consequence there are nuiny pvi , ^^is which contain pyrites; liut in most instances, it is not known whether there is enougii ore in the dejMisit to make it commercially valuable. Pyrites deposits may occur as replacements in association witli either acid or basic igneous rocks— (|uartz, ])orphjTy, diahase, gal)bio and .-imilar rocks. These rocks may have undergone metamorphism^a])i)earing now as chloritic or talc schists or even as amphibolites — or they may Ik- jiartly deeoni])osed, forming (if basic) the tyjies of rock known collectively as green stones. The deposits are often associat 'th zones of fractvire and shearing presvimably l)ecause the soluti.ms from whicli the ore was de|iosited found less resistance to their passage along these zones of weakness. In shape the ore I)odies arc usutilly lenticular, that is, the\ are tliin on the margins and bulge near the middle of the deposit. Rarely will tiie di- mensions in three directions, or even in two, be the same. If the horizijiital dimension along the strike is elongated so that the o])iiosite sides are ])arallel, the ore body will sinudate a vein. If the vertical dimension |)arallel to the pitch is greatly elongated, the ore body will assume tlie shape of a ])ipe. n 21 In ,>v..s,.ertins . .U.,.om, it is wHl to a..„Mn,in.- its ,.n.l..l.le sl.apo .s suon ,. possible It is also aosirul.lr to know ^vh.t portion ot the original or. l.o,h ; a i:.-.M. left in plaee l.y evo.ion. It tnns, l.e ,.n.en>lHMe,l tl.at the ovc was p,,,„al.lv .;rposite.l in its pre-nt position at a tnno when the present su f a. e i;;; L -^aI- the suvfa,. oV ,ha, tnue. Kn.sinn has renu.ve.l the ove.ly.n. eover aiul exposed the ore. The pres..nt snrfaee tnay ha,.pen to se..tion the ore l,o,ly at any point ,,..,ve, or'l-elow or a, its n.i.hlh .• If the surfa-e interse-.s th- ';-•;;■;;;;;_ u„„ov e.|.'e of tlu- lens, the or.- hody -.viU w.len as we .0 .lown It he n>t. :! o,; I^Ues pla.... at or near the n,i.i.lle. the si,|es will a, l,,;st he nearly i„ .U.pth it will narrow -lownwanls. and a. las, w.ll pm... nnU If Ih^ ttn-seetioi takes plaee near the l.otton. of a lens, the ore hodv w.U 1. shallow and will i)ineh ovit almost niiniediately. lon^esarefound in all positions with respeet ,0 the present surfaee. U-n^es oeeur whirl, have no surfaee outerop at all: others oeenr with only a n :il portion ren.ove.l. while in some eases only the lower portion, have heen If i, ,,1,.... ,,v erosion. Uenmant- of lenses of this last type are a to he .^ tile The snrfaec soetions may show , 1 ore over a eonsidenihle are.. at Is soon as deep exploration is attempted the ore will he loun.l ,.. pnieh .,,t It is therefore desirahle ,.. prove the ore at .lepth as soon as possihle W "without a ,ood hody of ore extensive work is unwarranted. Deepe. work mav also diselose other 'enses whieh have no surtaee outerop- rviites oxidizes easilv with the formation of sulphurie a.'i.l and li.uonite. The sulphurie aeid is removed hy soil waters the limonite usual y reiuams formin.' the dep..sit known as gossan. It. api>earane.. sos>an is a dark h.ovyi ; "dish malerial often somewhat porous in texture, am. eoniparat.ve y Mit in weight when lifted. I'yrrhotites also form .ossan ea,.s; their ,ossn is somewhat ui- :,:Z. to .listin,uish he, ween thorn. Pyrite itself -an easily he distm,u.sh,^d ,o,n pvrrhotite hy the ahsenee of ma.netie properties, -"'""; I^^'^; suallv is slij;htlv vellower in tone than pvrrhotite. .Vn analysis will read.h iSnish Cetween them, espeeially if pure -naterial is ohtamed, smee pvrrhotite .'oiitains less sulphur than uyrite. Pvrites usuallv weathers more easily than the survoundinjr roeks, so that the deposits usualh- He helow depirssions in the surfaee. Nul will wash 11 .. c epressions fnm, the adjaeen, higher land, often m sulheien ..uun ity to n tely eover the deposit. The soil heeomes stained reddish with iron :u^'f;,m the gossan. The presenee of sulphi.les will sometimes he md.eated by rust-stained roeks along tl>P ''''le^ "^ ^'"^ dei.ression. In pvospeeting, then, careful attention should he given to hells of dark basie g to is ro. ks, espeeially those whieh show evi.lenee of fra.-turing. !^J nnugins of the roek outeiops should he elosely watehed tor iron rust :^.„rp..s,.s of .lis,.ussion it is assun.e.l tluU ih- ore ...nly is n typical lens, .hi., at the margins and tliick in llie niiilillo. stains. l)epre- m.hs sli.mlil Ih> cMiiiiiifMl U>y icldisli snil aii.l lumps of jrossan. niitli soil and fiossan will som«-liin.'> Ik- found ilownhill Lclow tlu- ai'tual do])osit itself. AVIkmc the soil indications arc fav.uahU', test j.its r-hould l>c sunk. Occasionullv. in attcini)tinK to tiaco «ossan to its source, tivncliinj; will l.c noccssaiy. "in tost ])ittinhate of iron mixed with Rossan, and occasionally partly ile- eompose.l pvrite. Innue.liately alxive the massive pyritc there is often a layer of in.ire or less Rranular pyrites, varying in thickness from a few inches to' several feet. This granular pyrites grades into solid undecomposed ore. The Rc.ssiin caps overlyin-; i>yrites deposits an- nsunlly limonite. In many lociditios these deposits have heer. c.mverte.l into hematite. How far this difTerence in the character of the gossan is .lu.' to a mere ac ideut ot location resnltinfi in better drainage in one locality than the other is larjjely u matter of conjecture at present. It is p..-..il,le that .yrites deposit, once discovered, must ho systematically studied to determine whether there is suliicient ore present to ho commercially availal.le. So much deiiends ujioti the location of the deposit and its relation t(. its surroundings that no general course of procedure can l>o laid down. The purpose of the work, at this stage of the procee.lings, is to determine as exi.editiouslv and as cheai)ly as possible if ore is present in ((uantity. It is also desiral.io to determine the sh:'.p<' <'*' the ore body and the position it occupies with respect to the ad,iaceiii rocks. The nature of the topography of the immediate surroundings will often give some indication of the jiositi.^n of the ore body, and of its length and breadth at the surface. Where the soil cover and gossan ca]) are not too thick to make the expense iiiohibitive, the boundaries of the ore body ••an be determined by diggiiig prospecting trenches ai'n.ss the ore body at regular 2(> intrrvvl- The Ic.niti.-n ..f tl.o troiu-l.c. will U' .lotniniiiccl liy local tupng- ,..n,l,v tl>.. -lista...-.' apart of tl»- tivncl.cs will also \>i' kovovii.mI l.y local ,;;,„lit'io,.s in ea.'l. caso. An interval of oO foet .or oven W) foot m son.o casos will U- foun.l sutliciont. It will not he necessary t.. sink tl.o trenches thvoUfth t„ the vmaltero.l pyrito in every ••ase. If the iH.un.luvios of the R.-ssau .•a], •no .letern.ined systematically l.y tronchinR, the oxtens.o.i of the unaltered pyrite can he conV.rn.o.l l.y a series of test pits in the trenches at the l.oun.l- Where the cover above the deposit is s., heaw that trenchins Wconies too expensive the ,)rospectinB will have to he carried on either l.y dnlhng or l.v shaft sinking. In the majority of .'ases it will he fouml more ecnonuca in ti.e U.nc run to explore the h.cality thon.unhly by drilhns, l>efore a shaft ;s put down Information obtained by .IriUing will enable an en-nneer to properly locate the shaft with respect to the ore bo.ly. so that the ore Lay i« n.iner..ximately bv tren.-hiug, it will usually be found a.lvisable to locate a few .Inll holes t.. pn.ve the ore at .le-.th. From these lu.les the position ..f the ...e bo.ly can L detern.ined, an.l an approxin.ate ostin.ate .,f its si.e can l,e reache.l. With these .lata it will usualh be p..ssible t.. choose the best locatu.n t..r the sh.ft an.l also to .leternune the pitM. at which the shaft sh.,ul.l be sunk If "the .lip and pitch of the ore bo.ly are not h.catc.l puor to shaft smkmg it very fre.,uently ha,.pens that the first si aft has t.. be abandoned ..r it be- c.mes necessa,-y t., turn the lower part ..f the shaft at an angle t.> keep it in or near the ore. Shafts ..f this characte:' are c.nstantly a source of a.l- .litional and unnecessary expense, b..th wl en sinking an.l in upkeep when in operation. Where the boun.laries of the ..re b...ly have t.. be lo.-iito.l by .trilling, the n.eth..r clmrn-ilrinins is not por-sihle, it may l-e ailvisalilp to sink a series of .Irill holes systematieally from the corners of s((unres. Tlie distance apart of the holes will lw> determ'ned by local conditions, taking into consideration also the depth to which it is necessary to sink the holes. In practice this distance varies from 2.J to about 1(K) feet, Ixit may extend to .KX) feet or more. Normally the machine will b.> set up on the hanfiing wall side of the de- i)osit. To avoid moving the machine a set of three holes, two inclined and one vertiral, can often be put the ore body. Where an e.xploratory shaft is reossit)le to determine the character of the ore. Developing ^ Mine When the existence of a gooi be performed under the dlreetion of an a-perieneed and competent engineer, who should be held respowible for the method emploipd. The size and i)osition of the .ue body and the character of the .ire. if known at least ai)proximatelv, will make it ]>ossible to determine the method ,,f mining which is to be employed. In many cases, especially where there are a series of deposits of different si/.es and shajn's. .lilTerent methods may have to be emploved in different j-arts of the same mine. The methods employed ^.ho dd be such that as nu.ch of the ore as jxissible can be removed before abandoning the mine. 2S In l.,..atin« tl..- shaft .an- sh.ml.l !.<• tak.-n t., plan, it wIhmv tlu-n- will U- ,„ ,,. ,.,.„„ ,., au.nr wa-..- v,...k. an.l wIum- th- on- -an 1. l.an.U.a ,-...> "x,I..,liti..uslv. Shouia .!,.• natural ^n,un.l nut pnunt ut tins r n nn. t U. „l,tain.Ml i.y ..akin^ tla- lu-a-l fran... l.i(;l. .•nuw«l. to k.v.. n..m, l-r an an.i.U- .luin|> an.l to handle ov.MVthinj: I'V finivity. ■l-hP size of the shaft will U- .U't.Mn.i.UMl I.y lo.'al .M.n.lit ions. I.y tlu> siv.o of the iHulv of on. to 1... n.in..a. an,l I.y th- daily ou.pt.t wh,.-h .t has UH-n .U...i.,e,l to.naintain. At h-ast tw.. ..on.i.avtnu.nts shou .1 h. uso.l. ..n- to, ,,,i.,i„., ,ho oth..,- for a huiaor and pipe way. The use ... two n.,npa.tn,e t, so aids in ventilating .he shaft a..d n.ine. The shaft nu.y Le sunk ,n the ve ..r it n.av l.e loeated in the foot wall just l.elow the o,e l.ody. As lav as pos'sihle it should l.e kept parallel to the ore l.o.ly. Where tins .s not done and the shaft runs out into the n.ek, it will he necessary to perlorn. a lot of (lead work to reach the ore. lovels .hould iH. run from Loth sides ..f the shaft suiruMently h.n;; to ,l,>„.,,uine the length of the ..re l,...ly. Where the ore lK..ly .s wwle en.ss ;!;.ts slamhl he run ..n the levels at regular intervals (.V) ..r ,.H. ie.-t) apart ,„a „„. full wi.lth of t:,e .,re. When n.-.re than ..ne set of levels ,s run. the> „,, usuallv .•..nne.'te.l by win/.es.thus l.l....kinf. .,ut nu.sses..! ..re ..n h.nr sules. The standar.l .listan.-e Letween levels is 100 feet. Fra.t,..e var.es .veat > in diiTerent h.ealities, a.ul the .listan.^e hetweeu levels n.ay vary Iron. H) to "iV.nt 2r,0 feet, a.-.-.,nlinR t.. i.,.'al e...uliti..ns an.l the n.eth...ls ..t nnnnr. em- '" ■ At regular intervals ai..nf: the levels raises are put up. •■hutes a.y set in the f....t wall, an.l stopes are .level.-pe.l al...ve the levels. Ihe .l.statu-e ,H>tween the ..hutes will vary fr.,n> 2:. t., ah..ut oO feet. One ..r na.re ..f ,he raises are usually put through t.. the level al...ve as s....n as p..ss,l.le, t., asMst in the ventilation of the stope. In s..„.e ..ases, ..n narn.w ..re l....lies, instea.l ..f devel..,.i.ig a series .,f st..pes the pra..ti..e is to take a see....! out ..r sli..; ah.ut G fee h.gh. the f len^h ..f the level. Then a row .,f heavy stulls .s put m an. ...vere.l lagSnfJ, and the ..re is 1, .ken .l..wn to the stulls I.y shnng. Clu.tes are l.u.lt inn, the f....t wall at regular intervals an.l pn.v.su.n is n.adc for a u.anwa> ,,v whi..h entran..e .-an he ha.l t,. the st..pe. As the ..re .s broken -1-- ;■•'; ,i,ove. en..ugh l....se ..re is .Irawn ..IT fn.n. l.eU.w, tr..,n tnne t.. tnne t., lea . w..rking ro..n> between the t..p .,f the l.n.ken ..ve an.l the top ..f the st..p.^ When the s,..pe has l.een raised thn.ugh t.. the ll....r al.,.ve. the .a anc^ ..f the lo..se .,re i! .lraw,> ..IT as re.,uire.l. When all has been rena.ve.l the st.,pe is aban.l..nea. In -^..me .'ases it has been f..un^^ J^siLle to ,ot in iH-hin-l .lu- .-hutos wlu-n i. is .u....-.v.y .,. ln.,s..,. tlu- l.n.kn. ,,ir or to clciir tlu'cliulc. •, ,, . ., „ i i..v..U l.avo ,„ ,,,,i,e i, is nut .■nstu.Mu.y t,. u.u. unt.l tl,. >I.Mt. a >.l l-^ l^•'" «« U.on . , l-...a l.ef..n. the s„,h-s a,- lai.l .u, , In s.,n,.. -as.-s tl. .....hm.na y . k if . >.ri...l on in u.v. will pro.lure .-non,!, on- .,. n,a>n,a.n a st.-H.ly ■ ,- Z In >!..-s.. .•as..s, tlu sto,..-< a,v lai-l out a.wl Ma,....l Imt an- onlv us...l U, MM.nh'nuM.t the on- sui-i.ly fi. ,,. ,i.'Vcloi.ni<-iit work. "s ;.!:,« also ..an i! on in on. ,art of a nun- whil.. ,l.-v. o.un.nt ,s U.n. ,,,,,U,, fonvanl .-Isowhov... In short, aft.T ,„vlunu,ary ,l,«v..lo,.nu.,>, . all kinas of woik ca.. I..- .•ani.Ml fo.wanl -unultan.■ou^ly. lX.v..lo,.nuM,. shouia always 1.. U.'pt fa-' .'"ou.h in a,lyan..- ol ,„uun. thnt tlu- fu uvo of ,h.. nun.- .au o. ,l..t..,n.im.a to,- -onu- tuu.- ah-aa I h. e own..,- who -an n,ain.ain a s, -auy ana un.tonu ou.,.ut o, I'- <• ^ „,,i,v will hav no .lini.-ul.y in s.-nvin^ nuU.ar.s .or Ins ore. II a.-lu.nos i • ..nlar an,l if th- sulphur .-onton, is not k.-,-. u,, .o s.anaar. . onai.-s. ou ^ i n.u.. ana it will l- ai.li-ul. to n-n.-w ..ontra-ts. .ho owun- ^ tuall Muan.iti..s of ore -o n.ark.., a, irr.-«ular u.tervals w.ll aU.>ys hau- Sil-ulty u> Ullin, his proau..,. ana will usually hav to a-...,., a ,.r... .o.uo- what Ill-low tin- market. Market Requirements Pvntes suitable for aria n.akin« shouh! rot-tai.. as uu.ch sulphur as „„. . < , m 1- ; u, Manv purehasers aen.ana that the ore U- free fnuu arseuu;, hou.h nv i" !un f iiiir works, ore otherwise aesival.le. will he aeeep.ea ,1 the arseme o t - ' aoes not e.x..eea one per -ent. The P-esettee ot ..opper .u,e ana In n,onv. ealeiun. una ,ua,ne>iun,, ih...rine, ehloruu- a.wl se lenut.u n" u;^n a.U- Ore e.-ntainin. pvrrhotite as well as pyrUe .s aU. un- ;;:;i;i: though it wm l. pur.„..ea ..y son. eonsuu.ers. .f the sulphur eontent is not too low. , v v ..i- „,..,Ui.t for Market Q,w,nlln„s.-^TU<^ present pr.ee on the .\eNv ^o,k n.i>k. lu .,on,esti.- non-arsenieal pvrites is al..,ut .-' eents per unU ot .ulplu.r, t.o.h. X>^ t^ r furnaee sixi. Do.uesti.. non-arsenieal fines are quo, e,l,et ween U , li ents per unit. .Vrsenieal ore hrin.s u slightly lower rate, wh.le '! --luUaeal Spatush ana Portuguese ore usually e.u.unana a lu.her pr.ee. Tiu- following review of the u.arket eonaiti.ms in l!.ll)-the latest ava.l- •ihle— i; taken from Mineral liulustry.' - Market I'riees ana Conaitions ".-There was a gra.lual u,.war.l tenaency ..fprie'es in the pvrites n.arket in li)10. (iuotatiousfor aomest.e non-arsemeal fturoe L openea the year at lU eents jK-r unit of sulphur ,H-r long t.u.. 1 Voliiim- XIX, p. t>J4. 30 closiiiK ill iKvi'Milior at llj uinl 12 cfiits, and tli.mfr'tic fiiios uiIviiiii'imI fruin 10 and lOj <'<'iits tu 10^ ami II cent;*. Iiiipurtj-d iKHi-ar^onical fiiniaco also advaiu't'd from I'.'J to lU (•cnls diiriiiK I hi' yfar. Iiii|M.rt«'d arr*»'iiical furnai'e «'xiril>it«'d a riso t'oiiii llj and 12 cents to \2\ (cnts, and arsenical fines ad- vanced from lOJ and 11 cents, to 11 and llj cents )mt unit. As a result cr ■ s of hurners used hy sul- ])hurie acid manufacturers, retain in chemii al comhiiiatiou the following proportiims of sulphur, which will therefore not 'le availal)le for making acid: Kiireii(lir»Tci.i>f Zii /.Ml). Cu. CuO. IM). I'liO. found. . l)-.'>(l' , s ■i:lll' ; S. o-.^iO' »■ "-la'iS. lj',.>. 0- 14' , .> l-'.-j(>i. . ll-tKI' , .S. This on the assumption that all the sulphides are converted to sulphates, whii-li is hy no means the case. An ore. tlierefore, which assays 13';^ sulphur, hut als< contains, say, 'iC,i zinc. 2';o copper, ami 1% lime, would really contain 43-i'07 = :{s.<»3% available sulphur, and as even ores which jiractically contain nothing but iron and suliihur are rarely Imrnt down on an average much umler \%, an acUlitional \% would have to be deducted for ordinary loss in burning, making the available suliihur in this ore: 43 — 5'07 ^^ 37-!»3' t. Moreover, since the only suljihur which an acid manufacturer recovers is the "available sulphur," and since pyrites is usually sold at a juice per unit of suljihur by as.say, it is necessary to remember that the unit j)rice is greatei than it seems. Take, for instance, the above ore at a unit j)rice of lOc.: ' Kaliliiit;, 1'. •'•, "The Manufacture of Sulphuric .\cul, .Mineral Imlustry, Vc 1M»S, pp. li.');?-4. VII, 31 4-1% milpl.ur 111 lO.. »». U» |H'r tun «i •.',2Hl II..; l-ui us lli.> i. afarliiirr can (inlv ri>n.vor M •'.»'/, S. ho is irully imyirii; mere tlmii 11 -'x'. I**'"' "»'< for 111! tiie sul|.luii he ciiii iH.ssil.ly v\]H'it t.. ivf..v.T. i )r, if !»• lui- the riMicc betwwn an "Tt c.ntiiininK only 42'/c S. I>ut no inipiiritirs. ami an mv of 4 V ; S. with V , iinavailal'lc on iwiount of impiiritios, «li'.luctinK at Ums* T; mon> for loss in l.urninc then the on-s .•onipaic n. t as »•_': 11. Iitil a- II : -i't It is als.1 lU'ccssaiy to i-onsi.icr the |ifo|i.iitii.iial \n\w of the In', ami 3Kr; (Trades of siilpliiiics, an.l. for the saki" of nuivniichif. iIh-m- orj's will also lie .•otiii>ar«'il with l.riinstoiic containiiiii say Its', S. Oiio loii (.',_'H) lb.) of l.rini>toii.' containinu its' ; S is cmal to '.'.(IIJ ton- of sulphide ore containing is',' availal.le sulphur, or to -J-."!! tons of Miiphide ore .■oiitannng 3S'„ availal.le .sulphur. ( If the >uipiiide ores .oiitain 111 and 10' ,' availal.le milphur, then the prop.irtion is I :2:2-l.". respe.tively 1 Therefore. 1 ton (■.'.•.'III 11..) of l.rinistone (!»V ;S) has availal.le UM".*.-. 11.. of -ulphur; 2-(tl'-' t<.ns ( 1..-.7I II..) ..f sulphide ore ( l.s';; S) have -.'.lit:. 11.. "f sul|.luir, an.l •-'•.-.T'.t tons (:.,77!i 11..) of sulphide ore Cl.s' , W) have -l.l'X, II,. of sulphur. Or ..tie ton (•-'.•-MO II..) of avidlal.le sidphur will Im- produeed l.y l-dJ t..n- ..f '.ts' ;, l.riinstoni". c',.stin-; at seaLoaiM !«'-'(). per t..n *-J(l. ID; J-HM ton- of |s' « sulphide ore, c.stiutj at seahoard. iri> J'unnO). From these fiijures it is evident that the cheai.est souire ..f supply (le|H'nds direetly on the location of the works or, in other wor.ls. on the freights. For instance, a freight rate of $1.2'> \)vr ton on a 3S' ;, ore from the mines t(. the .seahoard w..uld make such ore cost ^l.'J.') X 2.<>32 + «7.!»0 = $11.19, or almost a- much as the high grade Is' o ore wculd .-ost at works located <.n the seal«.ard. The pn.portional weight ..f one t<.n of actual availul.le sidphur having iK-en estal.lishe.l. therefore, as a ratio of l.()2 for '.(s'c l>rimst..n<-. 2-OS4 for 4S% ore aiul 2-C.:{2 for :iH',, ore. the same ratio hohls good for each ..f tliese raw ma' as regards lal.<.r at the wt.rks, including loading. st..ring, breaking burning and in the case <.f cinder which has no value, of rena.ving the same. As l.unge points out (Vol. I., p. ■■)1,) also "under conditic.ns (.tlierwise equal the unburnt suli.hur in the cinders is the same by weight. If. for instance, .y,' of sulphur is left in the ciiulers. this amounts with a :5.V , ore to .-) 4- 3.-) - 17; with a 4.J':; ore to only ') -i- 45- 1,'J; f.e ].r(.iH.rtiou to lie kept in view is accordingly not 3.') : 4.') = 7:0. but 30 : 40 3 : 4. s(( * * :1c * :;t * * ;|: * * :;: * * * * :;= So far as the chemical c<.nditi<.n of the sulphide ..re is concerned, there- fore, the intending piircha.ser in any given locality, in order to decide ..n the cheapest source of supply, must consider, at the (.rices qiu.ted t.. him, (1) the amount of sulphur in any ore which will 1>«> actually available f(.r his use; (2) what the freight ..n that actually available sulphur will 1k>. ami what the cost of handling the material necessary to obtain such available sulphur at his w..rks, and (3) whether the ore contains arsenic, selenium or other im- ,,„riti... whirl. »... is n..t |.r.-|'a..Ml t., ,.|i.ninut.". I.ut wh' , nuiV i.nlit U,.- ari.l iiniiluccd fur lii* i>ui|mi><-'. _ Su|.|H,... w.. Imv.. !«.. u„.s. unr with U' , S; li IV; |... /n: 0-.. M.; 1.' C.r (l.(ll V- iin.l 7-:{ iiis-.hilil.- r.-i.hi.-; aii.l tl thcr :.1-.V, S; Itl-O iv' o.|.-. IM, ().l Cu; (I- 1 CiiO; tt-i:. Mu;<>; d-l-' A., aii.l l-»:. insuh.l.U-; fioln •itmlvsi, 1. w.- inu>t ,lr.|il.t I h.- Milfhur whirh will U- U.uiul l.v th.- /..nc, 1,.,.,1 ami rui.iwM-, or J-'.CJ',. aiul ad.l I', f.-r less in l.mi.ii.n. or :{.!CJ' , S. in.ikii.K the uvaihil.lc .ulphur llt-OV , ; Iron. analvM- II. ^^v hav.- In .Inlurt th.. -ulphnr hoiliul l.v thr U'n<\. n-ppcr. liin.. i.n.l urMiUv-M. c-r ()• I' , . aii.l a.l.l PS !•» Miukil.ji the availal.l.' sulphur :^\-V , : .s<>.|ii.-i.tly the two oros will U-ar th<- ratio of K)to :.(». jorrarh ton of ariiial avail.il,!.' -i.lphur pinrhascl hv sa.uplo 1.. •_'•.■. tons of \U>- nvr must !«• I.ouuht, rn.l of .ample II ■> tons. I'r<-iuhls will rost. therefor.-. •.'.'.' , mor.- ,.m or.' 1., than on ore II ami works' .•\|M>ns.'s in th.' same proporti.Ui. Ore II.. how.'v.'r. has the .lisa.lvantade to >ome purehasers of a rath.-r larfj< "K'Ht of arsi'tne. lor eaeh loeulity, ami for eaeh manufa<'tur.-r, tlie .M|uation has to !..• s,,lv.'(l Ik^- tween prime eost ami e..st of actual availal-le sulphur." lAHI.K I. Sulphur Contents of Pyrites Ores l'crri>iitii»;r -ulplmr cdiilriit Sulpliiir ill piiiinil- |»Ttoii<>f J.IHMI lli- .-lil • ;t 1' .V.' .-.1 'itl' 4«- 4.H- 47 4ti 4.'> 44 4«- 42- 41- 40- ;«t ■ m- :«• :«■ :«• m :«)■ .IMiti Sll .0111 .11.'" ..MX). !H>- tHM)' <)4«» •Citt- (MM)' S?- .s-2t»- StMI- 7S()- im- 74(»- 7a»- 7()(>- UNO' (MM)- ft4(>- 620 ■ ■-\ilpliiir ill |Biiliiils |Mr IiPii III '-'.210 llw. l.KUM 1 .It'll SO 1.1»2 40 I .I'JO'INI 1 .(«t7rm l.lC.'i JO 1.0.V2 -SO I.OSO 10 1 ,00.S (HI "Is.")-!'!.) <.Ki:<'20 "IIOMI •US 40 VNi-tKt >7:mhi s.'il'JO SjN Ml Mi»'..40 Ts».O0 Till (iO 7;«i -JO 7Hi Sll (ilH 40 ti72tHl Cdiilniils fur Ore rmilrarl:- with r()ii«iiiii«T' iiif ii^iliklly iiim; ii miiiiiuiiiii Mllpliur ruiilciit iiiid a iiiiirmmin Iniiiiiiiir .l."liv.'iy|HTiiH>ntl.:iiTU-ii;.lly^lx'.'ilinl. ClaiiH- r.-lal'mn i.> liitn.r dimnillii-. mil... ui-.'i.U'iil:-. ;iimI -iinilar i loiiM.- iiir uMially iu^'vU-A tu piot.Tt llir tniiif nwi;-r ill case iii!itlci> n\ tlii-> kiml -lioiild iiitcrfiMi" with lii- .Iriivciic^. liiTHnliir ai'liv«Tif> uii.l Ih.' .li'hv.MV uf nic that i- 1. to cany developnK'nt work tar eiioiiiih in a are i.roduced aixl marketed. The -mall prodiicpr. whi) places his product on the market instead of utili/iim it in a plant "f his own, not only has to 1h' I'oiitent with a smaller luarsjiti of |iiolit. hut he will have aieater diHiciilty in keepiiiii his ore ip to ^lade; under mi. I, c.uiditions it al>.. will usually I'c liitiicult t.. mainlam a unitorm ..utput. (•..ii-e.|Ueiitly the small producer muM e\|M.ct to have .lilli.ulty in market iiiji his lu-oihict, and he should also exercise ureal caution in enieriiif: int.> ciuitrac'- f'U' dehver- Preparation of Pyrites Ore for Market I'yiites ore, as it .-..iiies fnuii the mine is n..l neiieially in a conditi.m in whi.di it can at .uice Ik> used in the furiiac. - It will UMially c.mtain a ciMain am.uint ..f waste rock from the mine and in a.lditioii, much ..f the. Me will 1.0 in lumps too lar^e tu \n' ecoiiomi.'allv utilized in this coiiditi..n. It must the 'fore U> sul.ject to treatment which will rem..ve the tiseles- material as th..roiij:hly as iM.ssihle. therel.y iii.i.-asinu the pel cent ap' Milphur cntcnt of the ore. ami at the same time it must lie iv.luced t.. a size suital.le f.ir the market. The amount of diesMiiK and sizing t.. which an ..re is siil.je.'te.l will vary preatly according t.. the nature ami purity of the dep..sit and . a inches in diameter, while •fines" ..r •smalls ineludos all Itolow the miniiiuim size sivou ahove. Many Imyeis purchase oro as ni„ of »,hir and do their ..wn sizinR. Plants wh..se eiiuii.ment is not V.JW.^Iir If ■■i\ a.hiptea to handle all siiies of ...o imd it necessary to pun-hase ore suitahle for their furnaces. A miner producins ore for the pyrites market will usiially be governed l.v his contracts in the matter of the prei>aration of his ore. Where contracts call for "luin))" ore, a certain percentage of fines is i>er- n.issil.le, and naturally, unless other contracts call for "smalls", he will dispose of as much of his fine ore as possible in this way. The process of separating i)yrites from the gangue material such as quartz calcite, and fragments of country Dck is a relatively simi)le one, owin- to the difference of siKjcific gravity between the ore and waste. W here pyi-ites is associated with coi)i>er, zinc and lead ores, the problem lK>cnmes much more comiilicated. In tiiese cases the pyrites saved is usually the least valuable of the constituents, ami a discussion of the methods of con- centration belongs rather to the metallurgy of these ores. Ores from .hffevent mines differ greatlv in character, and, where mure than simple crushing and sizing is required, a scheme of treatment should in each case !« designed to suit the i)arti"ular ore which is to be treated. In general the scheme of treatment will be somewhat as follows:— 1. Preliminary sizing over a grizzly, hand s])alling and removal of some coarse waste. 2. Hand sorting on a t able or belt . 3. Crushing to smaller sizes. 4. Screening. 5. Crushing, sizing, water concentration As illustrations of the methods which are employed in practice, the flow sheets of four mills arc given herewith. The mine where the first of these was installed is not now in operation. The How sheet of the mill of the FIi;. 4. FLOW .SIIKKT. MILL OF COLK MINI:, ST. L.VWHKNCF. CO.. X.Y. Ore from skip to crusher floor Blake crusher (IBx 14 ) Cornish rolfs (24x12) ►Trommel (%" round holes) Oversize (6' long, 36"diam.) (slope v. 20 ) Undersize Cornish rolls (w'x 19) Back to Trommel .^ » Hartzjigs(N'? 16 wire screens) Concentrates Storage bins. Tailinqs Dump M. 3.') FIG. ."). 1 I.CIW SMK.l.T. SCl-l'IHH MINKS AMI KAII.IIn\l> Ci>MP\\V, sri.PlllH MINKS. VIKGIMA. Oversize Run of Mine Ore Grizzly 2 5 spaces Undersize PicKinq flo or Shipping Residue bins fo.cars Shoveling floor (Fork used 1.25 spaces) Undersiz e 1 Over size Cars Hand picking ^oble Residue fo ears Oversize Dodge breakers 14x8 (Two used crushing to 0.5 | N« I Rolls 36'x 14" (Sel- Va'aparr) i .... (4) N91 Shationarj' Screen 30x120 (Se^ of 45! slots Vex l") J, Unde rsize Shipping bins "Spall ore Eleval'or N8ZRolls36"xl4" {Set 375"apart) Eleval'or Hutch MZ StaHonarv Screen 30x120 (Set at 49° slots !/Vx»/») ■A1 Oversize Four N9 I jigs Tails * Waste Undersize 1 dump Hutch N?3 Stationary Screen 30x120 (^Setat45° slotsVaxVa, Oversire J_ _ Undersize SixNSZjigs'*' ^ 1 Nohes 1. Number I jigs are one-sieve Hartz jigs, with sieve I5"x30"i toil board 4"highi III throws per minute of I.Z5"each; bottom bed of one complete layer of iron shot l"dlom.,covered byonother complete Icjyer of O.S'diam. 2. Number 2 jigs art two- sieve Hartz jigs.with sieves I5"x 28" and throw of Va'.otherwise like number I. 3. The Bolthoff drier l» 6'x42' in size, with cost iron plates travelling about 2'per second 4 Screens are run dry. Acid water would eat them out In about 48 hours. Toils Two NSIHydraulie classifiers Waste (3conieol poekets.ZS 34 40 dion dump Spigots T Overflow J Was^e Settling Tanks r Bucket elevator ^ rs) Bolthoff drier' ConcentrotesJ Overflow ( ♦ Robins bell-conveyor Waste (moving 4'to6'per second) dump dump I Shipping Bins < cu a y. r. a * H S \\ to ^joA»AUO0 ^|ag 37 cm/oi omt ein \'\Q. 7. Flow diajjni'ii, mill ol" St. l.awrtMuc Pyrites CoinpuMy. AS Sulphur Mim-s un.l Uiiiln-ii.l ('..mi);;uy wns compilcl fn.T.i Kiclwnl.- ilata.' \t this .nine tho ..r.< runs 'Is-Xi' o sul|.l.u.- and i:?' ; siii.-u: the hnnp sluppnin ore runs 40% sulphur ..r .nor,-. an,l .V.V i' o ^ili'=': th. (in.- ••on.vnt rates run 42''o sulphur and .-.••-)-<•.•; silica; the tailinjjs run 11% sulphur. One huncjre.l tons of mine ore vield al.out II t,ms of lump ship|.inR ore, U tons of hue eonoontrates. andVi t.ms of tailings. The ra|.a.4ty of the mill is VM) tons per ,lav of 10 hours. Both the other plants whose flow sh.-ets are given an' n. operation, an.l tl..- Il..w sheets are p-'l-Hshed throuirh the eourtesy ot the managers of the properties in (luestion. The Available Market for Canadian Ores On another page is gi\eii a list of twenty linns whose acid and fertilizer plants are locate.l within reach of some Canadian pyrit.-s mines or j.rospects. The eoml.ined annual re-iuirements .,f lhe.se works is in exee.ss of :{.,(),000 tons .,f ore. The ore now used in these j.lants is in part domestic: a large portion is imp..rted from Sj.ain or Portugal: only a very small part is ii'ined in Canada. The C(msumers' requirements in the vicinity of the (Ireat Lakes alone, including also some points that can he reached from lake i>..rts, is in excess of •_>0(),0(H) tons of ore suital.le for acid making. Krom the rejx.rts ot the Canadian Department . Customs we find that moiv than half th.' Canadian pvrites which is expo,-,d liiuls its way to the eastern market: hence the tonnage which veacho liie (heat Lakes market is very small. On the other haml, we fin.l that Spanish ore is tiaiisported to lake points hy rail trom the Atlantic sealioard. Inasmueh as freight rates to ports on the s..uth shores of the (hvat Lakes are comparativelv low from many Ontari.. points at which pyrites dei...sits occur, it would appear as if this section of the United States mark»-t offers great jiossihilities to owners of pyrites deposits in that province. In the lake market Cana.liaii pyrites of suitable .luahty should command a price slightlv higher than in the Xew York market. This difference in i.rice at any given point ill apim.ximately represent the difference in freight rates between certain .\tlantic imrts an.l the Ontario Jioint of origin. Accord- ing to the last repuln,. for Ontario pyrites, during the year U»10, was $-J.it() i-er ton. The average sulphur content of this ore is not given and hence the average value, jier unit of sulphur, cannot he ascertained. ^or additional i..f..nnati..a consult Kichards. Or.' Dri'ssinn. Volun... \l, p. 803, and pp, 5)04-6. %1 30 CHAPTER III. sr.vrisTics ok I'HODrcTiox of pvhitks Mining of ]>yiitcs in ("aiiada hcjiaii. as far as tlio author has iK'en able to learn, a'oout the year isso. No statistics of production prior to tliat date are avaihilile. Statistics were collected aiiiuially liy the .Mines Division of the (k'ological Survey Dejuirtinent from ISSti until 1!M)7. Since l(H)7 this work has been performed by the Division of .Mineral Hesources and Statistics of the .Mines Kranch, De]>artmenl of .Mines. The Dejtartment of Customs records the e\|>ortatioii to the I iiited States in the .") fiscal years isM Ins.") of 120, r2() tons of pyrites on which a duty of about S24.').()2;{ was i)aid. This probal>ly represents the production of those vears. These ore were obtained from the Sheibrooke district. (Quebec, anti ap]>ear to have been the iirst pyrites ores used in the I'nited States for the maiuifacture of suip'.jric acid. T.XIM.i; II. Exports of Canadian Pyrites to the United States from 1881 to 1885' I i'ical Year. ISSl. INS-J. !S,S.i. 1S.S4. l.s.S.i. I'c.li- 1-.>,(HMI II)-. 10. Si'.' I'l^.'.lSd •_'.■).-> 11 •Jt>,(H)0 ;u.ij:i iL" 1.1 •-'<•> Duty. I 29.7.S(i 47,7.')4 :{9,S7<» atiiHit .">:{. sTtl l.i-M aliiMit $24.-1.(12:1 The foHowing tables have been comiiiled by Mr. John Mcl.^ish. Chief of tiie Division of Mineral Resources and Sta'isiics. The values given are the values at the mine or jxiint of production. In the talile of exports, the values given are those entered at the Customs. .V com])arison of the two valuations will freciuently show a considerable discrepancy l)etween the value at the mine an■ V:il\i('. ISMi. . . 1,H«7... l^NS. . . l,s.s<>. . , ISiHt... 1S91 . . . 1H92. . 1S93. . 1S94.. 1S95. . 1K9(>. . 1S97.. 1S9S. . 42,lMMi Silts. 077 1H99. HS.043 171.194 KHMl. ti:<.»7 .>S..j42 17.-..ti2ti iwm 4()..">27 121..'>S1 190". 34.1 OS 102.. '>94 1!H».S :W,7l.'> lOl.l.'w 1909 :{,s,9i(i lit). 730 1910 32.21S 12S,s72 1911 27.<>X7 40.031 3.>.2til 3.T.»>10 33.9.S2 37,1.S0 33.339 42.743 4H.243 47.33« (i4.t>44 .-)3.S70 .S2,<>tW> I10,74.s l.V).lti4 i:«t..Vl4 13.S.939 127.713 131.033 12.').4st> lt)9.9iH» 212.491 224. S24 222. H 12 ls7.tM)4 3ti.i.S20 The following table shows the tonnuse of l-vrites entered for export between the years 1S!)4 and liUl- T.XHl.K IV. Exports of Pyrites 1894-1911. (.'alenilar Year. Tons. Valur. ' CaU-.i.lar Y.'ar. T.)ns. Viiluc. • sai S.-WJ «33.20.-> ims '■'■"«'-' ='•'•"•' 1S97 i •^■""« ■«''^': IS::::::: 1^.599 34.os4 19 t'''^" ^'•'^; 1901 ••^*"'' •"•;!:•' 1^''^^ •'"•'"^ 1."> .")."> . 7*>7 2<).OnO (1.).349 2.).0.Vi ,S(|.139 I7.2.S3 9t>.ti(H) 3.-).79s l.-)(i.t>44 30.434 110.071 32.102 120. .^S.-. t1 TliPie arc ii<> words of the nmouiil of i)yiilf.-< iiniMiitcd into ("iinadn ill ipccnt years. I'lip following table. (•omi)il. 2. lis, •.'.:<".">. 2.:«t> 2.19.-1 2 , 24S 2.922 :?,103 2.()4S 2.427 4.440 :<.ti()l 4,7()9 ti.:iS1 .-).s4:) 4.9()() I.S9 7-2() .S21 .(IS.-, .7;r) ,9.Sti ,(14:! .ti44 .812 ..il(> 99 ,748 7.59 2o:< W.i ,22.5 $27,401 :W.9.5() 40,:i29 .■«i.7;{7 M7.4t);{ :c>,04{ 4.<.f).il :<.s.7.-)0 2.5,H18 H4.tKM> 44,27(1 4(>.:{.51 (>7. (>().■) 77.216 «1,.V).S .•)(>.!»>.■) I'isciil Yi'ar. 18().. ■>()2 190 7.-. I 79N .(r.'ti .(m6 .(>.■> 1 .73.-> .737 ,7:«) ,14(1 ,672 ,61.i .739 .172 .340 ..547 Vahir. $(i3.973 87,719 373.7.S6 26.5,799 21.5.433 270, (SON 32.'>,:«)7 2.59,123 204.663 242.2.51 436,1.56 277.439 517.249 42()..5()9 4:« 1.632 .524.473 The consumption of pyrites in Canada is not easily determined. The records of the Department of Customs .lo not keeji separate account of any importations of pyrites ores, and no indejiendent stati.-tics are available. The amount imiiorted annually is. however, very small, and in some years there are no imjiortations whatever. The following table, which represents the (lifTereiice between the production, as compiled from returns furnished by individual mines, and the total quantities » ported gives only an ai>- ])roxiniation of the home consumiition of .lomestic ores. The difTerencc between production and exjiorts in any one year must necessarily include both the (luantity used in Canada and the quantity remaining in stock at the mines. This latter is usually very small. ' Brimstone, eruile or in roll or flour, or sulphur in roll or (lour. »l^ »J h ; ! Approximate TAIU.K VI. Canadian Consumption of Domestic Pyrites, 1894-1911 Ciilciiiliir Yiar. lSfl4.. ismi. isi)7.. iswt ISKKt. liH»2. 'runs r.'.tHH) ll)s). M ,993 •.>ti.41W is,7i:» •2:?, Ml 22, 4U 12.tlSt> 22,411 10,2!X1 I7,n:v2 Ciili'tKlii- Vi'iir. i V Tdms • 12,915 """ ,S,H.l '""1 ' ,;5,5S4 '*•*'■: ,..«.:» "-^ ^1 is: '■•*" m.im '^"'^ 2ss4r. 1 IS...', ... i:'-^"-i:< 1X97 l-^'»'^'' 1H9S i:« ••-''«* IS'H. >1'<-^- KHKI l"-*!^ mn i^'-*''^" loon i:'.«:« 191)4 I'T'--*^ 190.^ l^^.'W'^ 190(i 17.520 191)7 l'^-9««> .cH)s 19,40S l<)(t9 2f.,5!)4 1910 22.0S7 1911 :«.«»:* Value. .Vvcriip' Valiif IMT 'r IK), 730 12S,.S72 110,74S 1,1.1, lt>4 i:«),.i44 i:is.9;w 127,713 i;m.o:« 12.1. 4St> lt)9,99l» 212,491 224, H24 222, S12 1S7,064 3H5,S20 7-31 7-32 7 32 7-32 9 ■ 7(1 9-7t> 9 ■4.") 9 03 9 ■ 4.i 9. 17 S.79 9 1.>< 9-70 11-21 II -ss .><-41 S 47 10-79 3,49S 3,l-'>9 t>.l.->l t),lS9 4,020 .1,390 7,224 10.23S 7,719 S.037 7,494 S,UH) lO.tVM 10,273 7, OS.) 14,077 12,47.s 13,102 Vtiluc. * 33.20-i 3S,29S 33,S37 30,S12 2(),3S7 34.0S4 1 41,1S2 ,i7,2t)3 .-.0,I7.s I .-)9,()<)4 ! 49,911 ,1,1,71)7 .).-), 349 so, 139 90, WH) l,i0,044 110,071 120,"vS.5 .\vera(jo Value |KT Toil. S 9-49 12 12 .5-.'J0 4-9S .)-.).) ,1-33 ,-)-70 5-.i9 .)-,-)0 ! (MH) Otit) i »).SS i 012 , 7 -SO 1 10-si 10-72 1 S-9() 9-10 n 43 Tlu. following tal.U« shnwin« tt,.- m.,»..ts ui .,.l,.lmn.. u.i.l int., Cana.lu si,,,... INS.-,, has U-oi, .•o„.pil.-,ltr..,„ the ret,..|,s ,mt.hsl..Ml l,y tl... l),-,mrt:„ei.t of Custums. T.\m,i; VIII. Sulphuric Acid entered for Home Consumption, 1885-1912. I'isral Yra I'.mls Miircl :il. (Jimntity 1,1 poillltls V:il,ir I'ImmI Vi-;ir (Quantity ill |iiillllils. ll«5.. 1886. 1887.. 1888.. 188». 189(). ISitl. 1892. . WXi. ISiU 1895. 189»). 18!»7, ISitS. 77l,7f.l .T07,lf.'7 r>7H.mi , l!t4,t'>4K Isl.li.VJ ■.M1,S71 177,I>JT JJ'_',t«j:t t7J.»J2 107, -V-t) 17 4, IK).-) 114,i:f7 ".(77 , t »f> iiii.'.,:U4 |(»,71tl IWf.l 7,>.t:«» I'.HM) s,4tiH 1!M)1 :t.-i,ll.') I'.KJ.' •j,6i»i \'My.i ■J,>.f.'7 11H»4 ■J.JCf. IIH).") ■j,h;<7 IfMMi "" •.•.;«17 i'.t<)7 il'i l,t>4H l!K)H le) ■J.IKI llKHt 1,4:«J 1!M0 s,o:« I'.tli - .-),.•>:«■> I'.tlJ 1 lti."i,(>.»7 740,S.'>H 4tH,(;()K |-.'»).7:il 10-.',:tl4 1 in, 407 <.tJ0,H04 7:«.1'>I ti."i(),0'.t.'> 241,:{.vt •»14,0.5« ,4St>,!W2 ,til.-),l.S(» Valuf •J, 427 7,02il 2,:{:i2 2 , ."itj:! >*,227 S,.'H8 li.'.HIl 7 . .'>S2 H,4ti(> 21 .S.Vi l.">,027 {a.) For 42 ,mmths culinK June Mnh. (h) Tor 9 " " .March :Mst. „o for 12 '• " March :Us,. The chief f.neis., ..larket f...- (-a.ui.Uu.i l.y.ite.- is the n.ite.l States. The f..n..wi.4, table: show the r.uted States ,,.o.lu.-,...,. and ..u„su,.,pt.o„ ,,f Ix.th pyi'ites ami sulphur.' ' . Mi„...al K..M,u.e,.. of the U,nt...l S,:.,.s. 101,., Par, U ,.,' T95-, <.l,a,.,.T ..,, Salphur a>..l I'yrif. from Mineral H.. advance if 44 T.VBLK IX. Production ol Pyrites in the United Sute., 1882-1911. Yp«r. Qiiiititiiy Toil* of •.'.•J^<> Valllr Y.iir Quuiitity Tonf. of ■-'.•-•»•> IIm. IH8'J... IHWt.. IN84.. 1HH.V. ISMI. . 1HH7. , 18SX. . iswt. IWK). istn. 18«J. IStlM. . I8!)4. IWt.'v IHiHi. . rj,(HHt •J.-i.lHKt I!), (NX) ■>.'i.(XH) .VJ.tHK) .>t.;t:u «.t:t.70.") Itlt.S'M l(Mi,.'):«i KHt.THS 7.), 777 10.>,'.tU» •m,.'>4« u.'>.4s;j 7-.',i)(X) is;)7 i;{7,.'iii" i«>H i7:.,ixxi 1H<.«» ■.•■j(),:hhi ukk) •iJO.tXXI l'.K)l •J10,(XX) IIHtJ l(i7,ti.V< n»t>:* •J()'.',U!I, IIXH ■.'7:<,74.'> 1!K).-) H:tH,S80 liHHi :«(.-), Htl 11H(7 2.Vi,.'>-VJ \'M)H :«•,:». i;u I'.m :i-.>J.H4'> l!»l(l :v.'«),ir.:< litll (11) la) I4:<, Wi, 17», •->(>». •.'41 207 2:«, 207, 2">.f 2<>l 247 •222 247 241 •29H 201 :«iJ U til.-. ti<)l H74 127 OSl ,IMIO ,422 ,:«S7 ..yts ,070 ,(il2 H .■.(t:«,sol .V»:«,24!> 74".t,lt".»l ,2.">7,H7'.> •t»7,0W> l,10<.t,SlH Ml.SOH IC. ..»1»2 <.t:n, ;«).'> 7!t4,04« H.w,li:» 1,02S,1.'>7 1I77.07S l,lti2,-2«ll Includes priKluction of natural sulphur T.XHI.K X. Production of Sulphur in the United States, 1880-1911. Year. IHHO. . . IHXl... 1S.S2. . . 1SS3. , . 1SK4. . . 1SK,5. . ISKfi. . , 1SH7. . . Quantity. Tons of 2.240 ll>s. 5.-W5 h:m .V '< 44t) t):i,s !,2:V2 !,079 Value. Yi'ar. 1S,S,S. issn. l.SIH). 1.S91. 1S<»2. is<):v 1S94. 1S95. 402 .(t71 ,4(N) ,071 44('. .WIT 2i,ixxi ism . 21 ,0(Mt i>*n7 21 .(HH) : 1S9S. 27. (HH) IS'.W 12, (HH) llHHl . 17,s7r. l'.H»l 7.'-.. (MX) liX»2.. 1(X».(XX» HXW. 1!X»4. 7.S.T0 1!">-"' UXM) IW.IXX) l'.Xt7 S().(v40 1(X)S. 42.(XX» UXW. 20,(XKt 1910. 42, (XXI Iflll Q' lantity. \ aluc. Tons of 2.240 It.-. 4,69« S7.2(X) 2 ,0.31 ♦.•>.. 5iX) i,071 32,!MiO 4,313 107,. 'XXI 3,147 1 SS.KX) (a) 241.()!M 1 1,2.')7.S79 OO 207. s7 4 947.(VS9 (a) 233.127 1,109. SIS 1-7.292 2.ti('>3.7(X) ISl ,(177 ' 3,7(Mi..')(iO 294.1.53 .■>.()9ti.(>7S 293, K Mi .-..142.S.-rf' 3(i9.444 »l.C.(i.S.21.'> 239.312 4.432.(Hi(i4 i.w:,.\v2 ; •,7S7.049 Includes the production of pyrifc M i* JT. {- •• 115 15 U ^ 3( ;Z ,4 ,4 ?i 2 » J? - i f- ~f '.- r .5 m 5 4 4^! ^ 2 5 'i Z '-: ri '4 ?i -IS Ed .J ca ■< — 1 ^ i^si!i i ?; ? ?! ?i 5 5 1 a li|S{!5f .. — — r: ^ 3 _ . — --^ % ^iiiiO^ i' ;2 i v' •:» 5 #1 « ic =r 5- -r 2 be 2 X- ?, 5 ;-x ; ;? S i' 7 -i ?• m' =■ o: £ jfi r, I, ?1 — 71 Tl *l S '5 S £ = r S S 5 5 S-. 0-. s 7 i 5 {i .t ?i if fi r, !r ~. ■*. fr. tl I- / , '- /' ' • ^ ' J — ^ "" « fi -I - / - i ;f — ~ — — I .| « 1- T 9 - :.- ^ II o o ■a « a « I O I- 3" "^ "' S S $ - fi » ? 1- -; i 1 U £ - . i ! -!^:j^* i* ,:^?^^^ s :?; : ^ 5 z 2 i /! '2 - ■■ -+ •^ = £ ?i I^ . '4 r ft 2 2 -. -. r 5 ^= 2 '■ = 5 ? a ; >• « = ■ 2 <• 2 " £ 1 ^ ^ ^ i I ^ ' I § ^ < £ I II :£ i X, — /^ ^ — 17 £ §3 'ir. H"ii f, f, I- = li s « P.^ ?i ?; II S 7 s : » u ?1 fl -I ; = L' t! •• I >^ '^ . r" ■/• ; r> r< ■'< i. S. — / 1- « li •» '• I . ( - I - if il £ fi >. CO y. "8 ^ S ■a ^ d ■~ 4> ^ A ^ »'l X a ^ i =- " A o" o. r- 3 (A 2 "S e- Q *B o •^ 7 = E 'i' £ '-i j '/ 4. o ■; _ — -r -r -r 3 3 £ ?i I »i 5 S r"> ' ^' r: I '' IT .- f = ?1 ,, 2 S '..- i=ir 5 .^ '"■ 1 v. "C -= M '/ I '/ i ?i ri : i .5- : i c = / c — -A = i. ' ^ -2 I -; 3 ' Ir £• 1 " -T I- C L ^ £ ti. f. ! II ir ill lii States since li105. TAHLE XIV. United states Imports of Spanish Pyrites. YiMir. IJimiitity Viilui'. Avorap- Viihu' |XT Ton. I 477,171 i l'«>»-^^ : ?^ »»'"• I 7i:i.7SS 2. ^ — ?. 'S -i i >. -5 = ^ ri T « ri -c z -B >; 5 "2 X F = — « z -c -r -r •i z I- « 5: « -r c i- '■?- =: K -r' -r si I-' o' = -T if 'i ■£ 3-. Z -C ? i! ^ 5 n: ■£ - '£ ',: '- i - - ?i £ ?i I 1 ^ ?' 2! r U: '-S i 5: - = "^ - ^s i i * 4 •= 5 = ? ?i = ^ = ?i 5 r" ?i 2 1 ic" = = i i 'i i fi .-' If' S 5 7 f3 • I ^1 55 -t M ?! S r: fc CI ?i M M "> ?' a a j: ?y 2.' ?, 7 '^ 'i2 3 iv? 7 2- !5 ?: i S ^ iC =? ir -T -r « I- -T « ^: « "5 'S « ■z. c M *' ^' — -• ~ 2 ij ^ H ~ ' H 7 a-- ?i — 5 X ^ '^' ^ ~ "' -• 3 1 r' i* ?; fi — S S S z e-. i» c: -r a -£ 1- -^ tr a: ift * — "^ ^ c c; s*. "^ >^ *i z C 55 ri ?i ci « M :-: M M M r: -t "i S 3 !| ," !l E .^ :;! 2 i; !c 5 s s ^ -T y 5 w — ?i !■* '"- ^ *■- '^ "" ■" K z - ?i ^ '^ •- I- = 3: 5- « « ?« s-i ■£ Ur i 5 £ = 2-' 2 3 !S S '- i £ 5 S X z z 5 S 5. 5. 5. 5 5 5. 5 JR » e 3 I c H .")() - ]£ 1' i: s >' s s S 5 * S = « 4 =; r- '■■ ^ ?■' r> cr. 5-- = -I 2 =v -: t -. i .5 ii a ii 7 3 ri = ':i 5 '-? = ?i - » "4 *-' ?? R .^ 2 .^ -c 1* X. /: 7. r. f. = r=-- = = =3 ir 7 h !: ^ § 'i; S 2 S 5 .- i^. .- 5 5 i 5 I; -;■ _■ ri - -r •-' >-' 'i i i i 3j z; 2 s I ^ ■• — ri fi ?: ?: S ?: I £ s e. 3-/ • to i , o ^ u; o ■.- - « ■= ^ 1 = 0. ~- ;: g I i i i E 5 2 S = 5 ? ^1 i! - i I 8 'i ^1 ^1 = £ i ■£ i ?i ri ?; ri h' ?5 « ^ "I I - ^^ § 5 1 ^ i ^ J^ ^ '^ '^' ■'^ ^ ^ ^ "^ ^ t ="■ I H B 5 i § i g ?i 5 1 1 1 1 •3 ■= ■= -^ — i 5 5 = ■M ri n — — — M — c S — ' r; = ^ z -r •- £ — ' I- 1; "2 X >■ » J. C'l s r i — ?i M — -T '5 ^t 2.' Li ^ S I ^ i * - - = £ ~ 1 M 1-- '- "'- '- "^ ^ =. ". ^. -. . ~ . '■ - e. r H a ~ ! ^' — I c » — — — z I- ": -'• "I "' *' ^' -^ ? 5 r = 5 c ♦- i J _ I ., _ »i - — '* z s = = 2! .i £■ fi ». •£ £ = 4. ■= i I S ,'- 3 .^ 1: ^- 5 i:' S ?. ^. H -. T '■• 5 = 4 J: I. ■7 -- I ' If* rc -r ;; /:* •* ;;^ '' *' i Si. 3 ^' nil .t u. ;? L. y, -^ — .•.1 A C"! rc ri t\ I-. !•- r r — I* "T re I'- I*: M 7 5 7 '- ;:; -2 c '. ri ?i I* f^ X *'r 5; '-t c * I- Vc 7i — — — — fi ?i r'l *i — *! fi ri *i 7^ 5i — n ?i 71 n — fi .-: -i r. — 1^ > c ri X — 5 i ■s e •< t: - V. ^ ^: z rt i~ c^ — I- 7 r; ^ S S — I- -i ri y ?: I- — !•; -» 1. i i- - r - '-^ - 2 ^' ~ ^ v' i 'i '^ »r '.■: XJ i.' S >• '- ir *' — — ' Z ri ?T re Ti ''• ri -i- ■- •- ~, «i _ -I -I I- 2 y 7 :t ? 5 jS 2 'c i§ _2 — I- re — 1-^ f^ — X ». c ^ 7 5 ~ I* y: r — t- y: ^ U: £ £• 5 ~ 1! tS 3 12 X I; i r yf y 5 3: J; 2: ?. ? 5 I ^ H - - r .s '■'■~ St 3 " ^ - '^ i x; - II SI it Xi CHAPTER IV. OCCUllUKXCK OK PVKITKS The Occurrence of Pyrites in Canada. CKNKHAl, STATEMKNT t 'I'lic tollowiiig notes du tlic icconlfil • '■currpiicos of pyrites m-es in ('unuda liiive l>een cimipilfd fniiii various sources, rhiefly, iiowever, fidtii puhlislied reports of the I'Vilerai anil Provincial l^partiiients of Mines. Personally the author has been alile to visit all but two of the localities mentioned as occurring in the .Maritime Provinces and in (^uelioc. In Ontario four of the i)roducinir mines have been \isiled and als(p several prospects; where |Hissible, application has lieen made to the owners nr opera- tors for the most recent information. In British Columbia thr- two propertie.~ mentioned have In-en visited. The git'atest amount of work in prospcctinj; foi- Pyrites has been done in Ontario. In the year llHHl, Mr. 10. I.. Fraleck was commissioned by the Department of .Mines of Ontario to pre|)are a special report on Iron I'yrites in Ontario. This report, the only one of its kind in relation to Canadian pyrite deposits, is now loiij; out of print and copies are difficult lo obtain. The niai • utained in -Mr. Fraleck's report, is however, the liest available information with respect to many ])ros|)ects in Ontario, and these, with an increased denuind for pyrites, may \>e of future value. The author has conse(]uently made co|(i -- "- '- '■ '■ - «■ ' .. . v.,ln NaliK.l loi M p,,,vinc.. of \<>va Sotui, s<> far as tlif '""'"?''';, ,,,,vi..-o ..f Now Hr..nswi..k. in tl,e parish-s of St. Stepl.".. an.l ^ • X .t>l.-.l a.-s.Mipti.M, uf tlu-s.- .loposits ap,..>av to l- uva. al.K ..oim.ic.r.al lU.poitaiK.- m tlu ,. i,|,U vi.'w l\i.l..vatorv wu.k " ■'■^■»r'"•'^f;,,?:!;;::: :,":.i-™'»i^ - ;;;-™: ,;;■",.;,.:»:;;!' .-.n- ..».-,. ..«.. i..- i > ""■" «';■;:,;■„"■;::,?, :";r. ;,;:.:. :-' i,,. ,.„■.. ..«■. .-. m,.,i m...-i, -""r^in-^;;^:;:';.-^i="v:i::n::i;t-:i'n;: waste, aiul so little is Kiiovxu m .^^^i^, r';,;;::Si,t i:::;;^..^:::,'::; ^f ;; ;;Vm.i..>.- « -.. pyrites ..re ran l.e ul.taii.e.l on a .M.inineinal scale. I'YKiiKs i:> m Kl'W The ..vrites deposits of the p.ovinee of Quel.e.. have l.eeu^.ntil reeeirtly "" !'>"" ', , .,.„,. ;,, (•.,„M(la Manv of the ore bodies .1.- ' "7""»»i ''rr™,;:; ::.J , i "™i auvin^tucic..* ,si«.- ; ; „ ,. ii,:1 » '■"<«■' • »;. :;;;■£";;;:" ■ N.. lUT.iraK stati^tif^ :tro aviiihihU-. i Kiistis iiiiiic. the ('ii|K'ltiiii miiu's ..f the Xiclii.ls Clu-iiiiiMl ("oiiipuiiy. wha olKTiitod U'tWfcli the yciirs l,SC.;j-|!KIS. In a.hlitioii, ,i coiisi.hMalilc iiiiicimt iif pyrites was miiicil at the Howanl Tiiinc, t'c.iiiicily i1h> Cillis. ami at Mipiiltini Mill iKirtlioast uf Slicilironkc. ImiMHtaiit ilc|M»its nf jnTiics arc known t.i occur at tlic Kinjt mine, adjacent to the Howard, and on a |>ro|M'rty near lake ('oiiioml>re nortli of (mrtldiy station on tiie (^iieixM- Central HaiKvay. Mrief descri|)tions of these properties are jiiven in sul)sef the eighth ami ninth langes of the township of Ascot, south of Sherhrooke. .\ number of ])ri)spects also occur on the eleventh range and there are scattered pn s- jiects on other ranges. A'*<.v7/.s- (/(//((. — This pro|)erty is located on lots 2 and :{, Concession l.\, township of .\scot, about seven miles south of the city of Sherbrooke. It is owned and operated by the luistis .Mining Cd.' The di.-^covery, which wa> made about InCm. was located on lot I of the ninth r.-inge. The ore body was followed down from the outcrop, and the main mass of ore was found to i ccur on the lot to the south. The ore body cotisisted (,f a series of suli)hide lenses, dipping approxinuitely at an angle of .i')° towards the southeast. The bottom of the pre.-^ent shaft is about ;{,2(M» feet Ih'Iow- the old sills. The large.st of the len.-es was nearly S(H) in length along the dip; the horizontal width, parallel to the stiike of the rock struc- tures, varies to about ■_'•')(> feet, while the thickness vaiies from a few inches to o\-er 70 feet at the widest points. The other lenses were of the siime general sliai)e, though somewhat smaller. The total output of the mine, since it was opened, has jirobably l>een in excess of half a millon tons of ore. .\t present, development work is well in advance of mining and there is saiply ready for stoping. The ore is a particularly pure ])yrites with which is associated chalcopyrite. The shi|)ping ore contains 40 I.")' , sulphur. s(une of the lump ore occasionally running as high as .")()'^ suli)hur. It usually contains less than "J' ( of co|>i)ei-, and very small values in gold and in silver. The ore ' Hcjul Dflicc, Hoston. Mass.. P.O. Uox \A>2. ,„„„ .1,0 „,„« ,..«»■.. ■■! .1- .»■'.■« i- --■' -■■• '■■""""■'"' " '■■""'■'■' '"" "''z:!.:sz ..... .r^ - '-— !r;i,f;:,:;t:":;r;.,:; :^;i;::'r::i'"uer;rrr ^s ;:. - >.-. - -■ Milphito pulp tnaiiufucturo. , . , „.^,. ,„,,„ratc(l on the C<)utice ^"^^ =*"« ™ "U':;,:.;;":. .»., .„«, ,...ve -^'-^-ii^zx^::^ r.tt::;t,r.:;: .v;;.i;.ae;r.,..it...; i. N...f..>k. v^-- -'■-• inn t„ .he ,,ri.,ectin, shafts. The ^-^'--"^^'^- ^:'l^'^Z^^^^ in- a promising Ih.Iv of ore. and nu.re extens ve ..peratu n, ^^ere K ..Idling the sinkin. of what is ^-'■^^r^:::^^i,J^^^.^y, two vears, .levelopment and exploration ha^ been «J^"^ ^ : j,,,, ,„ and a considerable tonnage of ore ramnnp aU.ut o,„ .op,M>, the sulphur has lK.en shipi)ed. ,„„„iu,,. „„e luivinR a .lepth There are now two shafts on the l'-l-'-\> ;. .;" ^ j ' 'i, '' . of 2.H) feet. ., no', and nu„,l.r two. whu-h ,n •^'---^, '•;;;;; J 'i, „ .,,... In The total amount of .Ir.ftn.p. '" •'''"""^^,\'^;-,;jw';;aone to l.lo.-k out .adition a considerable amount of "»••''''•'"« J;;;'"'VreKanlod as having ore in preparation for stoping. The .levelopment "^^^^^^ ^,,^ ^,J, prove.! the ore b.uly to a depth of :«K)', an.l ^'^ ^^T^/:^'^,^ ,,, t,,e :, 530'. 13evel..p.nent w.n-k ^^l^^:;;^ nth. rate of ab..ut 3.V (^er .-nth, ami . i ftniR a tne . The n.ine is n..w o„uippe.l w.th a b.uler plant "^ '^ ; f;,.,,,/,,,,-, of 20.. H.P. The air ..ompress..r ,,lant .s ..pa^^ « '^^ feet of free air ,>er u.inute. In a.l.l.t.on. each .la .- M.pphe.l Company at (a,K-lt,.n. Snudler shipnien.s have been ...a.U- t., I .t. jxiints. H i a. 1 I'nTi: III ir - -i -«**- - >^ "IB^^ I'.iHtis mill. Loatlinic bins and storV; pile iil fines ore. I -s m c E } f~ * >-. jV I 57 The |)r(i|)orty i^^ oiKT.ited hy the Kust Caiiaila Siiieltiiif; ri)iiii)iiiiy. I.iniitcd.' (')ipelton Minrx. — Tlie group of iiiinos wliicli i.iay cDllectively ho iiaiiicd the Capplton mines are loeated on lots 3 anil 4, raiiRp VIII. townsiiip of Ascot, The original mines were Albert mine on lot 3, range VIII and the CajH-l mine on the S. E. J of lot 4, range VIII. With this group should also l)e included the old Crown mine on lot 4, range IX. .\s indicated in the reference to the Eustis mine, the ore Ijodies, first discovereil on the Crown i)roperty, extenil across the houndaiy towards the southeast, and it is on tliese ore bodies that the Eustis com])any is operating. The first discoveries were made on the f'apelton pro])erties alvut !s(i3. They were first ex()loited as gokl prosjiects, but development work soon demonstrated that there was a considerable ((Uantity of cupifeious ]>yrite availalile. In the early days of their o])eration unsuccessful attempts were made to extract the co|)])er by the Henderson i)rocess, and tlie mines were closet' Subse(iuently the properties passed into the control of ('•. U. .Nichols & Co. This firm at first shipped most of the ore to sulj)huric acid works near Xew York. Subse((uently large acid works were establisji'-d at (^i|)elton, and later a small smelting ])lant, to treat the richer copper ores and cinder. The mines were ojK'rated, ])ractically continuously for about thirty years, .nd were finally closed in 1!)0S, the deepest shaft having rt>:ii-h a depth of about l.SOO feet. Several ore bodies occured on the property on a strike approximately northeast, all having an inclination towards the southeast. The ore bodies varied in dimensions; in geneial the form appears to iiave !)een lenticulai'. The width of the several ore bodies varied considerably froTii narrow vein- like bodies to masses t)ver oO feet across. A considerable portion of the ore carried over 5% Pop|)er, ami on one occasion an ore body of consideralile size containing over !■")% copper was encounterL'd. The deposits on the Cajtelton jjrojjerties are doubtless as.-iociatei! with big deposit of cupiferi>us pyrites on the Eustis property. They ap])ear, however, to have carried more coi)per anil to have lieeii more irregular in their distribution. The knowii ore bodies appear to have been e diausted and the mines were closed down in l'J()S. The clusiiig of the mines is said to have l)eeii due chiefly to the difficulty of handling the water. .Much of the i)lant has since been removed. Howard wine. — This mine is located on lot .">, range XI. township of .\scot. The property, fiuinerly known as the Cillis, was reopened by tiie same company' as that whicii operated the Motdton Hill mine, and at the same time. The ore body was developed through a single sliaft from which levels were driven along the strike. It is known that the operations t'ollowed the ore to a dei)th of over "JOOfeet. \o data are availalile as to the niaximum ' Prrsidi-iit, Clms. K. I'orcc, 4!1 Wall St., .\i-w York. ' (lra.ssc'lli ('hcinical Coinpaiiy of (Icvcliiiiil. ;t; 1 ;.,..,s.o,l ,1..- l..,un.lavy ,o .1... a,liar.n. ,,:o,...,-,.v, known as .1... Ku.k """"tIu- on. a,.,u-a.s to hav.- Ik.m, . n-any pur.. ,.y,it.. rauyin;. a low p.-v- ,,„„,„. ..f n.,','.-. Nn v...nrns a.v availal.U- sl.own.« tla- ,onna«.- w.,,.!, ^^" tS'':'m .-ie.... ..l.tain.... in n.inin. a, Ca,.!. ...I :^ Hns.is woul.l M„p.M ,1... posMl.ility of ,1a. ,......v.-.-n... of otluM- h-ns-s of s.nnlav on a. .Wtl. 1..-10W tlu. on. l.o.ly wln..h has Ik.mi .hsrovrnMl an.l nnn.- , " ,/„.,„. //,//. Tl.is pn,p.-.-,y is lo..atM on lo.s 2:i an.l :2. ran. \ ,„wn-.hip . , As.-,,,. T1.0 sum.un.ling ••ountry is well .-ov.M-e.l w. I> soil . ul .'■ i,„ in „. n.i.l.lK.rhoo.l would have to U- -lono l.y jlvuln.,. 1 1... :,,, .ii'.ov,-vv is sai.l to have been n.a.le 1.- the upn.ot.n, oi a tree . ' ' : , n- n...k is a s^.n.-iti.. s.-his, ..a.ryin^ -.uu-t. ven.s an, .nn.ers Z a .ood'aeal of pvrite. The ore body, whirl, lay appn.snnately pandle w the n,..k s.nw.un.s dipped in a southeas.erly dn.etum a. an a...l.- of ut -.0= The n.,«.,ted thi^knes^ is -aid to have U-en In-tween 1 and ,, ; , V e J, a.-e. A: a depth of 7.. feet it is said to have had a wul.h o H ■ ^ U-.U rh. .nn.in. ope.a, .ons appea. to have ....n eavned ou In .ush a 'I'--.- .-onM-a-fnen. shaft. ..' X l.V n, -erfon. n.ehned pat.dlel to 2.. 1 e ,„e I.0.1I. Then, is also a sn.alle,- ve.-tieal shaft on tia ..n.-tv^ ll",h lludts an. . aved; 1 he n.ine i. full of water, and no data eould 1. ,.l.ta.ned ....to the extent . f the undevfjn.und workuifi-. Tlu^ on. was appan.ntiy a n.ixtu.e of pynte and .hal-opynte. -he to,n,er •'"■' The'iniX. o,.,.ations we, anied on hy the Inited States . •...- „.U.y that opevatell the Howard n,ine. and the on. wa. slnp,>ed to the I u.ted Stiitps for use in aeid works . It has lH.en stated that durin, -he last year of >ts o,«.rat.on the pn- auetion reaehed ahot-t 1,<««. -on- per n,onth. No further -lata are now ""S/,/,v pros,,,'-,. - Tlu. road whi..h ru,. northwe.t fn.n, (.artl.hy st^at^K.n ..n „.e (iuebee cintral railway -n.sses direetly over a lens .^ pvri es on lot> .:" !,f the firs, ranges north and south, of the .ownslup o, Garth .y. 'n.s- :;..tin, ..its oeeur ..,. both sides of the n.ad. al.o..t live n.des tn-n. the ,■«. Iwa . 'Td wftl i,. a f. w hun.hed vards of lake Coulon.l.n.. M pres,.,,. the old ,..ts :;^ water and little ean 1. learned al.ou, the natun- ol the dep...^ ; ;„,, ,,„,u „,pears to have been -hielly i,. on., and there .s a sn.all anu.un of nearlv pure pyrites piled besi.le the n.ad. ;|-his o.e appears to 1. of .ood • lualitv A sample save the followiUM; analysis: , -'.il', ^'^"' .2.. '■^''>- .:»,. Cm ' 11. .\. U'venii. Analyst. if WTvr^WH & c 1 1 91 s. s 3 .a r ii i 1 .'lO 8 1--!^' . !•.. K'-l- InsoliiLlo ll-<"' Tin- r^iliriiliiililiK couiiliy is cuvcrcil wilti M>il mihI Imsli. The fxlciil of tho i>rr limly co ild iinl Ix- ;i>rcrtMincil I'miii llic -uit.irf (>\|Mi>iir('s. NO roccivils of the old inmiiif; ..|M'i:;tic.ii.< ;iic hvmUmIiIi'. Kiiui m/nr.— Tliis |ir. Xditun. CoMiii'ook. (iucU-r. \vl\o riiniiMl oil (IcvcioiniMMit work for a iiuiiilicr of year-. .\i live clcvflo| inciit cpascd in l!tl(i. and the uorkinjis have l«-cn allowed lo l«'c-onii' lillrd willi water. Tiie ore hodv. wiiicli a;i~ iiiined on llie liowaid |iroiierty. e\tend- into this |iro|.erIv. It lias U-en developed Ky an imlineil shall . and lateral drifts alongtlie ore. Imt only soii,< -nial' trial slii|>nients have I ii made. Portions of theorearerieh in •■o|.|W'r, assays runnins; as hi<;h as 1_" , . and the |)ro|H'rty has U'cii e\|iiored as a copper pros|)ect. rather than as a source of pyrite-. .\ small amoiinl of pyrites contaiiiiii« coiisidoralile copper has alre;idy Keen (levelo]M'd really for .-topin>;. As ill the case of the llowaiil property, the >ize ami nature of the ore Iimis alrPtiily discovered WDiiid siiji^est that it niiiiht l.e prohtaMe to search for other ore bodies below the jireseiit one. On which property they would occur is larselv a matter of conjecture. Similar ore Ix.dies have been found to a depth of over :5.(HMI feet on the Iluslis property, and to over l.s(M) feet at the ('al)elton mines; these mines are only a few miles awa\'. Virliiriii /)i().v/»(7. It has been known for sometime that pyrites occurs on the N. i:. 1 of lot I, ranj-c VlII .\scot. This is the pn.perty immediately adjacent to the Capelton mines towards the east. Only a very small amount of sin-face prosp<>ctiiieltoii ore bodies were found lies across this pmperty. from which one would niter, that careful prns|)ectiii<: wurk woiihl be warranted. Olhir iirosprrls.^ I'yrites ore carrying' copper values is repoiteil to liave been mined on the followinji properties in the townshij) of Ascot : — Clark mine, lot 1 1. raiifie \ II. Sherbro.dulphur content of the ores are available. The intorinalion lliat is on record with iespe<-t to there properties is very meagre. I'ractically n.'thin<; can be learned as to the value of the |)rospects by inspe<'tins the surfaie. and their value as pyrites prospects is purely problematical. I'or this reason such data as have been collected are reserved tor the re|i(Mt on the Copper Ueso'irces of Canada. PYKlTErt IN «»NTAKIO lirockville Dixtrirt 1„ istvs .I..hn Cowuii tturt J. B. I. Uolx-y'- son.K.,unnunmKfor,.ynteo.Untl9 .. e^.^^^^ ,^a..-..unty. ThcM.yv^;;'''---"'^;;' ;,;;,, .V series nf irroRV.lar ,.,^,. .„. ,,,, i,,,„ pyrites ,n purallel >«'"'':";"';. •^,„„., .,,„,i.U.r.ai.m. N.. „.„ „, ,,,er shoot, of or... "•'-'7' \;; • ' ^,..:;,, ..„.,rfe. work nt that „i,„ ^vas uhuiulo.uMl. Hu' " '"" 1'"''*' .j- ,„ „„. southeast. Mtninit !„-;ke of the .le,H,si,s was northeast, and the .h,. •-'S;°:x;:;i;J":,-.:rri:r^:;^.:^r;::;:;ii;'-K:^; ^,.:i;:xr,;;;;;;x't;;-^;.....-.--.>"^ -'-••''■""■'»•■ the aei.l works are thus .lesenlK-.l- ,.„vnshii. of Eii^alK-th- -The ^^^^^^^^^^^'^:C!^:^'^Z::.. ^--er. still iu ,.,„.n has l«>eu .lose.l smee IS.'.t ' \ '7" , ,,,,,,, ,,v is U-infj l-rou.ht from ...K-ration. The pyri.e at present «-" > '^^ ! ' .;„. ,, uilns in operation New Ha.n,.shire at the rate of a ea.loa. . - a- I ^.,^_^,.^„.,j ,.^.,.,., ,,,.„ havin. a eupueity for :«X. l-";'-^2-ie ^ -l"V. In the .listiUery hour an.l pnulu-e aU-ut ^^'V/''' ^^to ^^ '." • i -,. for reaistiUin, the eru. le there are 2. .la^ -torts '^^ ";^' ^^ ^^^^..^ „„,.. a.ul hy.lroehlori.. a.nls „,,,. l..siaes the ahove. " - . ^ . .,;,^ ,.,,.,,,, „,, earthe.> re-e.vers are ,.im1>«'P''"hi<'e(lper.la>. IntniMa.. use.!. '1-he .-on.pany .-n.ploy lu n>en. ^.^ .^^ ,^^._,,.^. A ,,....,ion of the sulphuri. an. -^ ,; „ ; ':;: i^ in ,!>a, nei«h..or- vUle. Mixc-a a..i.l was also -l'.;'-';";^' . ! „,, inventor of the Volnev hoo.l. «h.e of these was starte.l -> ( _ ^ • N' • ^^,^.i „,, ..t„er l-y ,,,,.,;„« pow.lers. who atterwanl. ; -\ ;^;, ^^,,, ,i,,,-,.„. Operations Sn.i.han.lNelson,whoweresur..e...ea A bo ^_^ ^^^^_^^_ .^^^,^^^„.,,.^ ..f ,11 ku.ls .•ease.l in ISM), an.l to-.la> not a n. . "•"'"'"^- ,• 1 i.i;t..r,li..n ..f these, at .me time, llounsh- -r,,, ..ause of the .le.'hne and ohhu .at.on 1 .^, ^ ^^^^^ ^.^^^, „, i..„ i,.an>t,ies was the proh.l.Une I'-J ; \ ; ; ,.. „.e railn-a-l an,l ,„-.in,near l.eKalh .IuK..,.on ''"-' '' ''™i.^ in". '-•«-• -""'• ,,,,i,„. f,.oi,ht to ''»^'''--'-"V'"; lo li.^... wa,..ns an,l haulin. three n^ih^s t.. the a.M.l ^^'l; ' ^ ";',^;,i.K.„.e ..f -nen wl... worke.l n, .he :::-:^:.:::s:^'^^'^-- ••->>-' ^'"- ,(■ c s . iss:i. Part I.. 1'. li»- .s7<«i« I'riinpirl. lot IS nin<'<'r\\ii towiisliip, iitljiiinini! the nlil Hilliii)£> niim- <>ii llic \-.\M . \ liiiiiil i>f gossan sliikfs in ii nortliciist ilimliciii ;ili>iin llii> I'll^i- "f a •^waiiip. On tliix (l»'iHi7*it a "liaft lia^* iK'ciisiinktoa lU'plliof l".l-."»'. Tlic Kor-^aiK-ap is fntm li'tuS' in ilfptli. Tin- slialt in on I lie 111! it wall ami <|uiit' ^tl■<>nu'l.v in tin- smitlicast. Tin cmss- sertinn "f the shaft is 10' X 10' and it is all in vein luatlcr. 'I'lHTf i- a wiiltls nf :{' iif siilici pyrites alnnn tin- fontwall ami tin- i«-inainilt'r is (•(•nip.is«Ml .if altcniali' liands of pyritc and rrvstalliwd ••alfiti-. lorally «• illod spar al>>>iit line lialf pyritc t'l nnc half spar, 'riii' pyritc i> hiuh uradc, 1 1 nly impurity iH'inji the calcitc that «ct» intcrniivd in the cinirsc ..f mining. Thr iiicthcid nf niiniim tcil in .Iriilinc. shiMitinix. and niiu-kinj; the psrite and lalritf separately. They Kreak fmni each other ipiite fn' . Two larload-. sO Inns, were shipped In HiilTaln and Capelt.m The returns weie 10' , -ulphur. The prns|(ecl lies half a mile fnuii the Urnrks ilie ainl WV^tpnit lailway and twn miles from the St. I.awri'iici' river. Shijiiiinii I'lDsjiiil. .\l)out (■> miles to the we^l i> aiinlhel- ncci;; rence nf pyrite in ;:iieiss. The deposit lii's nn thi- northern Hank of a roek\ hill ahnut 110' in lieisiht. Tyrite has Irt-en mined frnin an irreiiular pit to' lonu and :{()' wide. Snuill >lriiji:i'is leadinj; out fnun this pit lia\e heen followed, makinji irregular suifaee workinns lo ihe e\lenl of 100 s.niare feet. The pyrite is hijjh (rvade. liut very mui-h interini.\ed with pyrrliolile and eountry rock. The pros|H'i't is one half mill- from the 'Iraiid Trunk railway and one mile from the St. Lawrence river. Milhrritilli mini. \a>\ ">. (■on(•es^ion l\. Darlini; township. Lanark county. The vein >tiikes slinhtly nnith of ea>t aloiiii a <-ontact U'tween diorite on the south and crystalline limestiua' on the ihuiIi. It was hr:-t o|K'ned up nuiny years ajjo hy W. 11. Wylie of .\lmonte, and Wui. Hall of Darling, when ptds|ie( ting for snld. They sank a shaft to a depth of .i'l'. The Nichols Chemical ('nmi>any in>tituted niiniiif; o|K'ratinns under an nptinii in S«'ptendM'r IS'.MI. The nld shaft was deejH'ned In 7">' and frnm the hnltom a drift run s' in the east. A tunnel l')0' Ions;, with an outside approach of .V)' was ilrivin alnnj; the strike of the veil). This discloses a length of over !KI' nf wnrkaMe nre. clean hitlh fjrade pyrite eiKlnsiu}? lenses i>f iiuartz. .\ crnss cut nf 12' to the snutli faili'd to jiierce the wiilth of ll,.- deposit. The lens dips to the south at an aiifih- of 110 . and pilches I.i the east away from the shaft which passed lhrou i-laimed that it was causiit afiain \t\ the drift at a lower level. Work cea>ed at Ihe expira- tion of t lie option. I he end of .\|iril. 1!K)0. Three ••arloads of ore were >hipped. The mininj; was all done hy hand. The gossan cap is 1 I' deep. In a line nf weakness cau>ed liy the cnntact nf the dinriie with the crystalline limestnne. pyrite-hearinn snlutiiuis have eaten nut cavilie- and lenses in the limestone, depnsiiinj; in them. |)yri'.' and i|uart/.. The>e hreak (juite freely frnm each other, and the oidy impurity in the pyrite is small intermixeil particles of iiuaitz. .Mlowins for reasoiuiMe cullinj:, an averafie sample from the tunnel, as.sayed hy .\. (i. Hurmws. yielded IJ-I><;;, -ulphur. =% i (Vi ;;i;;,c';:t l;:::\:;.ri:!:;!::':;: - - '• ^ ■ -' ' ;is.s(i IMT (•••lit Milpliiir. lli-iiniix I) I rift oU- l..rk''i'iitl«- Kini;>l"i> ^1,-,,,. Ilastiiitir. .■..\ii.ty. !i>Hi li\ l"^''*^. "|K'ii""tI'' ■, Conr-ssioll VI. Mu.lnr tnNV..- ";'"., mlo...uth.'ust ..,1.0 villas- ..MW...k- ,,a.- Inv ir..u ..'V. aipl >t.-pt'<-n .,f ir..n l'y''"-^'':'l""' . ,,„ , , I„ ,|„. su.nlu.'V ..t IIKM). tl..-v C.ic of CU'vrlaii.l. 1" '•'< »"'"^""- •"" "" ' : „.<• \.u..n.an Ma.l.- Mining (•...n,.a.,y. wl.. tv f--l "»■"• >''='^' ;,;,..,,,, in favour of Uu- nu,-.- ^-....11,1. '"•'""'; . ' -■- •'T; . ; 'n In aian........ I 'M^ .i-p -- -'•< '"" =" fvoiu S to li . A 1>" •"""" ■ , ..; «■ l..,v ,,.,,.»' ore. floin S' t" !■• ■ * 1'" • tliis >taf:<' lia- ^'='"- »=" "• "■,""; ff,,...!.!.. of -h.' pit. n.-.-it..i"« oitluM a.; -!-'-•'■ ''>-''''"v 7 ' : :n;. ai.ou, ..K.' sou,i> of ,1 ,.•.. ,.it. """""""■ " ""\ ; V. 1 -MV- V 10' ov...l.an.l stoi.ins mlopt.-l. a.ul A slmf, was M.nk Uvvv 1. uL >>'"«"> • , ^, ,i,.,.,i,ill. , skipwav with p.anl va.l pr-.v..! . '^ '•':,;„,.., ,,,„ .,nll.. M.an, 111 later year? U'liin U.-.1..1 !••■ ' I r • ), ^. ,,, ,„' „ del'"' '■"■';::.;::: ;;*u;::.::;;';r:;,,,w,;:;:::i;;'. ^ '""'-'r;' :;';,;:w:' '■ •^■■:"-^ • r'-^"-"";;^;i:,«:;;r:::;;,' :::'::;;":.: o,KMati«'ti "f tlic -kip l.a.l l.f«" rock li'Xi-'" ^^•'" I'"'""'' oiizolital. As the loaded l.ui'kei was ,;,u hou.- wen .M.ii,„.a .o ,,,.- -"-,.;:' „;•„,,.,„„„,„. r::;:t;;:,;:;^':;;i:i;::rr;,;:!r:;';::;::iir:^^ to olie-lialf ilieli. 'I'll'' ;o,,i- and tiie eulled pla.e.l li" apart aLove a series ol jiruzlu- spa..-,, ;:;;;,;^;rt:,.;:::;-::t:';:;::t':;:ri::;:'«»...-"-«^ - "■"•';;:!;:^;;:;;;:r^;::i;::::;:::n;:::p:; ...;,,--,:-- ,„l .on,e fro n tl.e .outh len- did no, nu, In.I.e- ti.an • . , . Y'"' . \; ;. Ill, III' .,f-ul'!nM- Tlie ore IS hard ami inake> \ei> of the property would I"' 1(1 , oi -ui, nui little fines. an TliP ronntrv mrk u clilDriU' wliist. ^Imwiiij! tiilfoHe or iiiiriicooiin ultcriitiiiiiinthe vicinityof tlirr<. Tlii'-'Hitli lfiiMinil<'ii(l.iry a tlp|H>sit of linipstonc. wliii-h was sulis«M|Upnlly nictainor- pli(>s<-.l to a calc scliist, Imt tlii-ro is no pviilpncp whalsiK'vcr of faulting. I'oldinR. whothiM- of a siniplf nature or a pitchcil anticlinal sul>MM|iu'ntly eroiU'd, pro(l'-co(l tliP tines of weakness throURli which the pyrite-U-arinj; solutions sj-piieil. ihe deposits lieinK fornu'd liv replacement. The on- separates readilv fnnii the fairly «ood foot wall, l>ut towanh the lian«inK, the ^rade lowers, and it shades i;rii to to men and shipped iluiin); itr. (> years of oi^-ralion ulM)Ut ')S() tons iKM- month. .\ll the ore went i.i th<' w.irks of the ( leia-ral Chemical ('< iipany at HulTal" .VlthoUfjli the ore fell oP neither in ^rade i -i i|m'i''''y "'"*'' depth, yet on account of the ..[kmi pit nn'hod of mining nc south I. ns \tc'\ufs, sto|K hii/.ard.Mir. that the o|)«'ration- wcie aliandoned in .VuijusI, llHMi. Thr H nmjirjiH'l Fiihlhiiiiil.- \'Uv llunsjerf.ud fahiliand lies aliout .") miles east of the village of Tweed iiortli of the (':inadian I'acific railway. It strikes north fi.'i'' east, and i^ easia- tract d)le for two piiilc-. Uvel farm land to the south is underlaiii hy !;:uiictiferou- crystalline schi-t cut l.y massive diorite. .\l)out ,'iiiik hornlilendc jiianite that now rises alio\,' the surroundiuK country, formiiif; a serie> ■■! rufisieil hills (locally called the Hald mountains); this granite has protects I the ore iK.dies from erosion The de|M>-its are strunj; along the contact ihe diorite and the schi-t. tlic strike ol the lenstv, the contaC 'lie fahl and. and the s.lusts l)oing identical. lliniiidliinl )/,(»i(.- Lot -'3, Ctuices-ioii Xll, Hunficilord township. Hastings county. Thi- ndne was opened M) years ago. \roperty, and a smeltcf wa- erecte.l to extract gold I'loiii the harren i.yrite. The present o|)eratois. the N'ichol- Chemical Company, 'c-openci the iiiinc in .lum-. n»(l3. Owing to some diffiiulty al)out tiie title, the mine was closed down in .\ut: -I. i'M)\. hut operations were resumed in .\ugust, 1!H),'>. and have since l.tH-n continuous. The first shaft, with cross section ,s' X 14'. was sunk in the diorite loot- wall to a depth of ;i(M)'. and levels were run ever\- 1(M»'. Two other ore hodies were discove'cij, one from -urface oulcriip^. tin other thning 'he MKROCOTY RESMUTION TEST CHART (ANSI ood ISO TEST CHART No 2) ^ /APPLIED Itv/MGE Inc S^ '65i3 Eost Main Street 5VS Rochestef, Ne« Vorfc 1*609 jSA '^S '"-lb) *e2 - 0300 - Phone :^ (716) 288 - 5989 - ra» w 64 |)iogiPss ..f uniU'Vdn.und work. On rach level cross cuts wore niatle to catcli those ore bodies, known res|H'ctively as the midille and north lodes. There are ni>w 2 shafts on the iHoperty, and al>out ;i..')(M)' of drifting iias l)een done on the ore hodies on •') levels, exclusive of cross cuts, and the sixth level is now U'inj; o|)cne(l u|>. In exi)loitation work winzes are usually carried down in advance of shatt sinking. .\t present the main shaft is heiiifr sunk from the .'.lli to tiie (ith level. The middle hide lias no visil>le outcroj) on the surface. It lies s.')' to tlie north of the soutii lode, and was found when driftinj; towards the north loile on the first level. Cross cuts have also Keen run through tliis lode on the 2nd and :ird levels, and consideral.le exiiloratory work has heen done upon it. It carries ore on tlie 1st and :in\ levels, hut not on the 2iid. This lode, on the first level, has a width of about fi' of high grade ore. liut on the 2iid level it contains a very large i|uantity of calcite. The north lode lies (.■)' farther north. When first cut, it was 22' wide. 17' being through massive pyrite. The length of this lode, as indicated on the surface, is over .■)()()'. On the 8i(l level, drifts have lieen run along the lode MW east and 2.")()' west of the cross cut that runs to the soutli lode. The width varies between »>' and 22'. The mine is fairly dry. very little water being encountered, and that chiefly on the north lode. Much of the ore that has been hoisted lias been secured during deveh.p- ment work. Some stojiing has also been done on tiie three u])])er levels. At |)resent the bulk of the ore hoisted is obtained during the develoiunent work. The ore is coarsely granular and makes a large iierceiitage of fines. The main ini|)urity is calcite, though there is also some (luartz present. .\ small er (hiy) and a set of Buclianan rolls, 21" X 1 1". The iiinip and spalls are dry enough to \te used at once. The fines from the mine are dried in a wood fired rotary dryer l)efore lK>ing fed to the furnaces. In shaft sinking, two machines are used, m drifting only one-hoth IngersoU and Holman drills are in use. For sloping lioih Haiul and llartzog iianuner drills are emi>loyed. Overhand St., ping is employed throughout the mine. The main drifts are run the length of the ore Ixidy. Chutes are |)laced al>out 20' apait. and an S' ore pillar is left above the drift. The stopes are raised to within s' of the level ahove, just enough ore lieing drawn off durmg stoping to give working room altove the broken ore in the stope. The drifts are .">' wide ai ! ii'-(i" high. Moth the " in diameter, ami the high, 0" in diameter. The capacity of the nuichine is s'Mi c.f. per minute; free air at a s[)eed of 22.") r.v.m. The operating pressure is 100 pounds. This pompressor is located in the nuiin |)ower house at the plant, and the air is run to ihe mine ity a 1" line. For the protection of the works and mine a iJ-stage, centrifugal .Mberger motor driven fire i)um]), of a capacity of 7.")0 gals, per mimite at 12") ])ounds ])ressure, has been installed. The hoist is an Allis-Chalmers single drum electric hoist, 12" X 2s", ca])acity l.")0() ])ounds at 4.")()' per minute. It is connected with a 7") II. P. Allis-C'halmers n\otor; a one-inch plow steel hoisting <'able is used. The ski]) is of one ton capacity. In the shaft, 30 pound rails are used, and in the mine, 20 pound rails. For pumping water out of the mine a :{-stage motor driven centrifugal pumj) has Wen located at the third level. This ])ump has a i'a])acity of 2">0 gallons ])er minute, and elevates the water to the surface. .\ similar pump will be installed on the (ith level. .\t present water from the lower levels is raised to the nuiin pumping level by snudl air pumps. Sheet steel, side-dumping, rotary mine cars of one ton or 18 cubic feet capacity are used in the mine. The.se run to the shaft ami are dumi)e(l directly in^( the skip. All tlip I ii<> milled in (iseddiicctly in tiipacid works wliicii liiis Ix-ciu'vocted (111 the ]iru|>orty iit Swli.liide station liy tlic Xiclmls riieniical Coiniwny. The avpruRP ])eicentap(> of run of niinc oio will l>e •■ l)oiit ilo' ; , tiio fines heiiig iiiiieh liiflliev. The Canadian I'acific railway iiiain line hct"-— n Montreal and Toronto crosses the sotithern end of the ])ro|)erty. a litt • more than a quarter of a mile from the mine. Cdniidii iiiiiie} — Lot 2(). concession XII. Iluii<;eiford towiishiji. This pros])ect is located on the same falillmnd as the Hunfierford mine. A lead of gossan can he traced across this lot along the side of a de|)ression. In 1!M)7, a trial shaft was put down on this property to a dejitli of 110'. The shaft foUowed the lode on an incline of aixuit .")()°. Some drifting has lieen done on the S.")' level. The lode strikes east and west; the pro|K'rty adjoins the mine ojierated hy the Xiciiols Chemical Company. The width of the lode varied from 4' to 7'. The ore on the duni)) is pyrite with a little cali'ite and pyrrhotite. and will grade ujiwards of l(t' ,', in sul|)hur according to Fraleck. The i)ros]H>ct lies about 12." yards north of the Canadian Pacifi<' Railway. It was pros])ected liy New York cai)ital. and \V. A. Ilungerford of Madoc, was in charge of the work. Hunijcrjord W'vMern Extension. — Lots 21, 22, concession XII. Hunger- ford townshij). This ])ropeity, in llMHi. had lieen fairly well iirosjiecteil by means of surface trenches at regular intervals along the strike of the fahlband. The western lens had been exploited by surface trencher to a length of .')00' and exhibits in the trenches, near the line between the lots, a width varying from W to is' of ore, which will grade from 42' ; to 44*;;, suljiliur. The only impurity consi.-^ts of small iiiclucted in 1!H)(>, but they are pre- sumably continuations of the Hiingerford mine ore bodies. I yrite has also been located to the south of the railway. The gossan is about 40' wide, but not enough work had been done to determine the ey.tent of the ore. Tlie Canadian Pacific' railway crosses the southern end of the pro]X>rty, about ;{()() yards distant. Ontiiriii Siiliihur Mines. Liniitiilr — The property of this company com- prises the northwest ([uarter and the east half of lot 21, concession XI, town- shij) of Ilungerford, Hastings county, having a superficial area of !.")() acres. Work "11 the proj)erty commenced in March 1!M)S. and has been carried on •ontiiiuously, save for a shut-down of two months in the summer of 1!»10. Tiie jiyrites deposit on wliich work has been done is located about half a ' I'ormcrly tlic Oliver pros|x>ct. ' MiuiafjiiiK Director, H. .\. ('. (YiUK, National Cliil), Toronto; Mine Office, Tweed, Ont. f i I'l.ATI \ II A llcail (rallies at tlic Sulphide mine. Nieliols CheMiieal Coiiipiiiiv H. Head frame and shaft house, \o. '2 shaft, Sulphide mine. ('. (leneral view o' the acid works, S\ilphide. Cntario \'iews at Sulphide. Ontario. )i7 mile west of the lluiigcifdnl mine. It a|(|K'iiis tu he a Ions ])itcliin); tuwartls tlip siiiitheiist. The tnain slmft (IT X 7') lias Umi sunk t.i the l(K) f.M.t level. Ifcl.iw this it was narroweil to 10' X 7' anil :is carried dnwn to 2M)' U'low the cdllar. On tlie KKI' level drifts have Ih'i :i carried si' west and !»S' east aliinn the Idde. On the 2()0' level t!ie we>( drift runs 17' and the ea.st drift has l)een carried 17(1' from the shaft.' .\ cross I'ut has Iteen run for M)' frum the east drift on the l(K)' level: for 12' from the west drift on the JIKI' level: and for 27' from the east drift on the 2(M(' level. The work which is lieinj; carrieil on at pre.sent is largely for e.\|iloratiiui and development. The ))resent ])lant consists of two U]>ri(iht hoilers with a capai'ity of ahout (')."> H.P. The mine is provided with one ij-drill Clayton air coin])ressor o|K»ratinfi 2 Corkill and '.i hammer drills. The hoist is capahle of hoisting 1,2(M) pounds ;}(M) feet. The pumping ei|uipment .-onsists of a duplex steam pump for the hoilers and one Cameron sinkinn pump. It is projxised to install electric power l)y extendiiiK the power line of the Seymour I'ower Company from the |)lant of tin- Nichols Chemical Com- pany less than three ([uarters of a mile to the east. The shaft is to he straight- ened and a ski)) track installed. The new eijuipment will include ii 2 ton electric hoist, and a 12 drill air c to the first of .May. I'.M 1. have Ix'en 1.S21 long tons of ore averaging 3(P,' , sulphur. Thf Qiiifnylxini h'lthllxtiid. — This fahlhaiid, whiosed schists iieing discernilile throughout that distance. QiHinsliiiro mini.- Lot 11, concession XI, Madoc township. Hastings county. This property is located ahout one mile southwest of the village of (iueenshoi'o. and one half mile west of the Hay of (iuinte railway. The dep()' in depth water c ,; " m to such an extent that a drift was driven to the (>ast for ;{()' and a ( erii was ' In .Inly. lim. ■ I'.M I Tlic mine was closcil near the i nil o!' this vcar. 08 r iiikI trouKlis. At the liottoiii of the shaft, a ilrift has I.ecii iiiii to the west for 2.")'. an teet to the west another >haft lias Iwen -link to a depth of :$()'. AlM.ut 1(K»' southwest of the main >haft. a /.one of iii-ihly pyritoiis rork was worked. Through this ran several lenses, up to I'-.V in thiekne-s, of ineiliuni grade pyrite. shadinj; oil' into leaner ore. One lens contains (li^-cndnated copper pyrite , which was worked Ky an open pit. The mine was o|H'rated l)y the British .\,iieri.'an Development Company of Toronto. The i)lant consisted of 2 boilers, one ti.') H.l'., ans comprise one Knowles with (i" suction and .V discharKe. and two vertical plun-;er Cameron pumps 2-.V' x 2" and .i" \ 2-.V' resiH'ctively. The pyrite was hauled l>y teams to (iueensl.oro .stiitioii anany at Hufl'alo. The (ir,-t 21 cars ship|H'd averaged 47';^ sulphur, and shipments up to the fall of llMMi amounted to (m {■arloads. The hifjliest grade ore comes from a series of lenses close to the granite contact. That on which the nuiiu shaft is sunk has, at the shaft, a width of l.j' and a length of ahout ." ■', thinning out towards the ends. To the west is a similar lens, whic-h shows a width, in a surface tren(di, of 2U' of very high grade pyrite. The iron ])yrites in these lenses is a hard, heavy, dense ore resenihling a massive nuignetite, the only impurity lieing thin yeiidets ol ,aartz. To the south is an extensive area of more or le.ss imjK-rfect imineg- nation, showing places from which a 3.")'^ sulphur ore can he quarried. A noteworthy feature of this deposit is a small vein to the west of the workings which has a northwest strike and is about 2' wide. It has heen opened hv a trench Ki' long and 4' deep. It cuts the formation at an angle of 4.->°, and appears to jxpssess well defined walls. The vein is <-omposed of (piartz, pyrite, coi)i)er pyrite and argentiferous jamesonite. This vein is of later age than the pvnite dei)osit. The jamesonite fills the interstices and is formed around crystals of pyrite. This vein jmssesses an interest on account of the rare occurrence of jamesonite in this country, and the present liigh price of antimony. Camidlan Sulphur Ore Cnmimmfs Property}— 'S. i Lot 9, Concession X. Ma.loc. When tliis proiierty was investigated hy Mr. Fraleck in l!M)tJ. a series of i)its and trenehe.s had disclosed a belt of gossan over .^OO' in length, about 200' in width, and about 12' in depth. The gossan was mainly con- Fonnerly Wellinffton prospect. 60 nlomoiatp witli in.n u\i,le as a (•cnifntiiiK iiiali'rial; n tain i"iitiuiis were a fairly k<|"iI liiri"iiilc. Mere and tliorc tliiuiijrli.nit tlir Kos.-an. were fcilinl pyi p liduldcrs up to 12' in ilianu'tt-r, Kiit ilic cic l„„|;, hail ii.ii Urn l.icattMl. Sulii'P(|UPnt piii>|i(TtinK and dcvclnpnicnt lias di>cl,.s(>d pyiiic uip in a wrips of Ipiisps in a falilliand. occnrmi;: in mcks i,f prc-caniliiian :i«c, Tlw Ipuspsvaryiinvidtli up In •_»(!'. TIipiUp i- hi;;!i niadc, vci y little n. hi lin^. if any, liavinjj to he ildiip, and (■ar> liavc U'cn >lnp|K'd niriniii!; 10', -|s', sulplnir. Tlip (IIP is fipp I'lnni iiispiiic. /.inc. lead. CMp|i(.|- and cnlcimii. It lniiiis v» vy satisfartmily. and is in cr'""! demand liv -iilplniiie and makers. The mil- piit j^iies mainly to Sulphide. Ontario, and to HulTalo. \.^■. TliP main shaft is now dovvii i:;.".'. and a second ,-haft KM)' wot is down ')ll.'. The property is e(|iiipped with an Ml H.l'. -team l.oiler. :i-drill air eoniprPs>or, stpaiii lioj.-l . air drill>. pumps, and otlii'r necessary machinery. There is a comfortahle lioardins lioii>e lor the men. and an ollice Imildin!:. The proi)Prty is still in the early >tai:es of development . hut the company, expect to ship, shortly, at the rale of ,{(1 tons a d;i\-. The o|)eratinssan was hein<; iirosjiected in l!KI(i. The results of this jirosiipctiiifi work are not known to the author. Fiimll i>ri>.nirl. — \AA <». Concession \TI. .Madoc township. This jirospect is situated on the Karrpll farm ahout •_' miles northeast of Madoc vilhiRP, Mast',.. The cou 1 the deposit is a calc s-hist with a northwest strike to which tht ■■< Mfdrms, Te.st pits for a distance of 200' show either gossan or p\ .-naft has lippn sunk to a depth of :il"nit 2.")'. Ahoiit 40 tons of ore iie on tlip dump. .\ sample represent iiif; an aveiiijie of ~W , of this material yieldpd lO-til'^; of -ulphui. The de|>osit maintains a uni- form width of o'. The oidy impurity in the ore is crystalline limestone. McKcnti) /)Wv/)rW.— Lot (i. Concession VTl, Madoc township. This jnospect lies on the McKenty farm at :>Iullet"s Corners, 2 miies east of the village of Madoc. }feniatite was shipped from this pmiierty :i:> yeais ago, and iron mining has heen carried on in a desultory manner ever since. A pit, at one time lid' deeii. has caved. An examination of the cull dump reveals the fa<'t that all large lumjis of apparent hematite have, when hroken, a core of pyrite. In Mr. Fraleck's opinion, this is one of many instances throughout Ka.stern Ontario where hematite constitutes the iiossan capping of a sulphide ore hody. 70 X„ i,.,..n.stiMR foa.uro is a talus Lrrrna to tl..- souti. ..Mho .ln..sit^ ,..„n,,..s,..l -f Shan, "".uhn- fn.RnuM.ts ..f he.natit. .T.n.nt.Ml v.th a san.lst.-no '"""'/./,/. Sal h.h ,.,•,..,.../,- i..t 2:j, n,n.-..ssi..„vn. ';'^;";' '"^'f ''■; „.., iuRs ...untv. This ,.n.s,..t is l.,..ato.l -n tho s...... -f •'«"''';'"';;;' Half wav up .iu- hill, a tn-iuh .0' !....« has ,.x,h,so.1 a .Ur.s.t .,f pyntes. In ho no th oLl of th.. .n.„.h. ,h.. pyrit.. un.-..v..re,l .s ..V w.,!.. . n av...a«. !J^; 'of pvritous ...au, ial viehU-l :iS.s:V . of M.lphur. 1 h. -ountry n..-k of „„. .U-posit'is a rhlorit.. s..hist au.l tho strik.- is oaM un.l w.'st, Th,. (Vntval Ontario vaiKvay is !. n.ilcs .listant l.v wi,.t..r voa.l t.. ( i.l.u-.uv, „„,l ,i ,„ilos l.v winter roa.l a.To.s Hi^ Sahuon lake to tho pavol p.t. (!„„„.,■ ,:,.s,„rl. I..t 23. oonression IV. Cashol. On this pros,K..-t. a shaft has I'oon sunk on the loa.l to u .lopth of 23' ..n 1. an. Is of .l,...nat o ;.a.t. un.l pviito. The w...k was ,>erf..nn..,l wh.lo p.-os,K...t,n« t..r Ro h Iho s..il on the suHaoe is .,uite unaltere.l. an.l no p.ssun. ah La i.l o, o, e i,,,.,„i..-,s of a pyrito .loposit are visil.le. The pyntos ... the ^»>;' ■'■•-■- ; unifo.n.h- inereuse-l with .lepth. .\ sa...ple represent .n« two th,.,ls of th. .lu., p viehle.l :i!...-M>' , "f sulphur. The total with of th- ve.i. .s ., The (V,.t.al Ontario .'ailway is 7 . .lies .listant l.y s,n.,..,er .-oa.l a...l mile- by winter haul. Olliir l-J- lot .1, .•o..e..ss.,... \1\ . to the sho.e of I)..se.t lake. It is <• n.il.'s ,lista..t l.y .ou^h wa^on ,oa.l to Hu.tinKto.. o.. the Khigston iV: IV...l..oke .ailway. l,„lnn ,ros,,.rl.- (•o...p.is.>s a po.-tio>. of the K. \ 1 .t l'.. .-on-.-ss.o.. \ W. I),,„o,.sie t'.wnship. La.iark ........y. A h.-avy fal.lha.i.l st.-.k.-s ..o.th o ea^t alon- the .-ontm-t of a coa.-..' aniphil-lite a..cl a fi.ie «.aine.l. s>ay «>;." K \>a.lv .-verv t.e..rh i.i the .nu.sh.-s a.ul .lep.v>sio..s .■x,.os..s cossan ... the torn, of a fj.io.l ..a.le of l.-s ho.. ...'e. Two pits ]..(. yanls ai^a.-t hav.- I,.>e,, su..k to a .iepth of 20' a..a 22' ,vsp.M.,ively h.^.ssan a..,l ' -•""'J'''^-^.;;;:;^ „,a„M- The south pit is ,.oti...-al.le f<.r .,ua..t.ti..s ot .leli.-ate .•ellula. mI. ... S,.a,..s up to a foot i.. thiek.i.-ss have hvvn fou...! Imt ,.ynte ... qua..t.ty l.a-^ not vet liee.i locateil. The san.e ful.ll.a..,l .•o...i..u.'s aen.ss lot 1!.. .-onc^ssio.. VI . alo..K a couta-'t of e.-vstalli..e lin.estone an.l frrani.e. lle.e a.v a series ..f i..te.esn,., eaven. i„ the li...estone. wl.i.-l. have l..-e.. eause.l by solvent aet.on ..t a...l soh t.o..>. followe,l l.v .leposition of py.ite in the .•avities an.l sul.se.,uent oxi.lat.on. 71 The |ii(i|K'rt\ I- 7 iiiil<" l)\ winrcr inad li'iiii Willuii -idinu ..ii the Kiiiii-inii tV I'cnilinikc liiilwiiv. Mini u;i« pru- |i<'tlfi| li\- W clliiiyhiii ,V I l.iii|ii "I Ma.l.M'. Sliilkir iii (■a>l ol' llic \ illaui' "I I'Irviia A wril ,|,li I ImIiIIi.iikI siriki's a<'ri»H tlii:* |iiii|«'ily in an ca.-l ami woi cjircriinn A -inali ii-i pit lias Ihi'ii >iinkc.ii a lcii» >i|' p;, litc. wliicli «h(i\vs at tlial |Miiiii a widili ..1 li' A ijilallz vein r ill width lirs aldlij; a lial'uiiii; wall <<< I'lay >lalf. the lu.ilwall I'dli-i-tiiii; iif riy>tallilic liliii'-tDiir At >'. ii, Iciilii the i;i)-.»all »liadi'« into liciiiatitc a- the falilliaiid cio'^c^ mi lut IL', (•.•in c^-iuii \ h'lih 1/ iinisiiitl, 'I'his |iii>|plati >nrc'<'»l'ull\ -cpaiatfd l)y ciiiiiliincd wasliiii); and niaunclic loiM'i'iitiati.iii 'I'lic p\ril( ii^i^^lr- cil' small ma>scs occuiriiij; in tiic iDrk and in p\ i ihntitf. and the dcpo-it i- irn-uular. 'I'lic ciccinrciicc is in an oiillici- nf ciystMllini' limoldiic. siirii.iiiidcci at a -liuit distance \>\ j^ranitc. Xlllilli III (llllillin (tcilllll lift s Xiiiihiiiiiil I'l/rilis .l//*i(.'' 'I'lii- piii|(«'ily i> JDcatcd on the shoic (if .lamc.s lake, about thrc<'-c|Uaitcis of a milf wt-st of tiie Tiiiiiskaiiiinu and Xoithcrn Ontario railway at the Mnl mile po.-t. Tho discovery was made in l!H):{, l>iit active ilcvclopmcnf was not coin..i('nc(Ml until Dcccmlx-r Ift.'HJ. The main shaft has a depth of ;{(K»', with levels at IltO'. 17')'. and 27.">'. A winze was sunk from the second level. 7.">' north o' the >li:ift, a depth of KKI'. H drift running to the shaft, and then a raise was piii up to connect with the shaft at the second I vel. Some of the ore north of the shaft has heen re- moved l>y open cut workinj^s. and a considerahle amount of ore ha- al-o heen stoped out on the .second ' third levels. The main shaft on the dep dips with the schi.st at an anjtle of aliout 70°to tlie we.st. The lens-sha|)e(iore Ixidy lies in a soft green schist about 10(»' east of the coutaet with a grey hornhlonde granite. The only impurity in the ore consists of sniall veinlets of (juartz and massive pyrrliolite on each wall of the lenses. Occasionally, jiyrrhotite is also finely disseminated through the pyrito. The ere breaks nicely, making very little fines in the course of mining . The ore is usaully mined l)y underliaiid sloping. It is imisieil to the >hafl house, where it is broken and cobbeil It is then dum|M'd <|in'ctly from the storage bin to the cars, a siding from ..le Ti.iii>kamiiig and .Vorthern Ontario railway liaving l)eeii built to ])ass under the ore bin. The greater p.nt of the ore was shipped to Huflalo. .\.Y. ' I'oriiicrly Kit) lake niij'o, .laiiic- lake iiiiiic. Ilarri- iiiiiic. i 3 i M •n„, ,„i,„.i M,|H..Uviilit«. WKdl IM-il.'i-.M r.>-,hillair.-..iii|,ir.s.,r, mill a li'ii-l •rin- Iili.|« riv i- at |iri-ctil ilu-cl ilowii. |„ wnt'.t Mr. I., llaiiiia wa • inaiiaic.T. Tlir U>' .[ utiiir nt il,.. o,«.,at..iK ,..,nii.any i- at l..i..|nn. < Mitaii... ami Mi .l-lnt Small.nar, i- Thm-uiv, . \\',>li III Oiihiri" Iti'iiini mis llil.ii linn mn„ i„,iH. s .1. i.osih. l-oratnl in tl„. Miilii|.ir.itrli Milling DivM.m aliimt L". mil.- iH..tl...a-t ..f Mirlii|.ir..t.'ri haiKnu, . I.akr Suprni-r. Th.' IMn. lion ininr lia- K.rn fully .l.>r,il.<.| in va.loi.- i.'|M.it. ,,t tli.- (Mitaiiu Mtiifau ..I Mill.-.' l-nikiniuunil wuvkini: lia- ..■v.-aL.I tii.- ..M-t..nr.' nf |,viit..s in lai^.' -inantili.- Tli.- liviif ami h.nialif .l.^'-i'- 'i'' >" i' .■..UKhlv ..Ilipti.-al n..'k-liinu.nl an,|.l.it li.'ali.' l-uuml..! un tli.> ...-t l.y a -(.■.•p l.ill ,,f i,,,n .■aflH.imf. -it. tl... nmtl, l,y i-h.ity larUmat.. ami i|imrt/. |>,.r|.l.yiy ...hi.t- 1.1. tl... s.,utl. l.v .,..ait/.-|.-i|.l.yiy M.|,i,l, anilnn .I,., w.-t l.y |.ynt,.,.. ,„„1 ,l„.,tv in.n .•a.lHL.at.-. Tl..- .n.'k M.u.M,uv> a..' al.....^ vita-al. Til.' I'l.-l.M. ii..i. i.iiiK' .•.■.■ii)'i<''^ '!"• '"'^"'1" ''"'l "f •' «'•'•■•' l"'-''"^'' '''■l";*"^- .i.,n Tl..' nv,- hu.lv. as sl.nxvn l.y tl..- plan^ ,.f tl,.- >.-v..al l.-v.-i- i- .-ll.pt,.-al in ,„„li,i,. with an .-a>t ami ^^.•st axis al-nt M)' in i.mtl.. ami a w.iltl. ..t l^-n-.-s .,f pviit •in- t',n,i.j.l.o.it 11..- li.-niat.t.- .[.-posit, ami tl..- ^.il- ,,l,i,l,. also o...-u,> to tl,.- .-ast, noitl,, ami w.-st ..t tl,.- l,..,..ai if- ore l"..ly. Tl,.- pv,-it.. .'onsi-ts almost .-ntii-.-ly of K.ai.i.lar on-, i-mnp- ol Imnl "i'' a..- ...•.-asi.mallv fo.iml. l.t.t tli.- «,.-at.-,- tion of tl..- s,.|pl,i,l,- i- m a l,m- «,-an,.la.- ,,„„li,i.,n n-s.->„l.lin« v.-iy .-l.-an < -.-nt.at,-. ( ».-.-asionally. ....all vo.l.s of u .-lour, white -luart/. sam! o.Tiif. Sampl.-s ot o,-,- wi.l as,ay ..v.-.' ..tl , sulph...-. Mii.<- sl.ipm.-nts will «.a.l.- al.....t »■-",, or hvu,-v. ,l.-p.-ml.-i.t ni-on U.oan.oiint of h<-matit.- that may lK-<-oni<-i..ix<-. if an op.-nin« liapp.-n- to 1..- ii.ail.- m ,„„- of th.- 1.-..S.-S. it is i,.-.-.-.ssaiy to tak.- l.iompt i„.-as,ir.-> to pr.-v.-nt tl..- (l..w ami to n-sulat.- it. if n.-.-.-ssaiy. Sp.-.ial timL.-iinK is n.-'.-ssaiy. ami .-v.-n th.-ii th.- pr.-s.sun- is so KH-at that ..iK-niniis into tlu- pynt.- .-an only 1..- mam- tain.-.l with diHi.-iiltv ami foi- a short tii.n-. \,i-,n.'.-m.-i,ts an- l..-inK ma.U- to maintain a -t.-a.ly annual output of pyrit'.-s fnmi this mi,..-, whi.-l. will pn.l.aMy \' f Ha- laiK-l l-yntc iiioilui-.-is in Ontario. n.iini.r Imnishl,.. Thuml.-r Hay .listri.t. I.o. !i. ( 'om-.-sMon \. Nun- work has l..-.-n .Ion.- on a .l.-p..sit whi.h li.-s on this lot al.out a MUait.-r ol a mill' w.-st of Bri.lK.- ;51.\, .m tlu- Cana.liai, Norlh.-rn railway. s..ine ,hstaii.-e lit'low Mokon.aii statioii. >(). H. M. HilH.ns for isttv, I'.K.l. I'.HV.', l!H):i. i!«,l. I'M..-.. rlic i|c|ri.-il -triki- Imrl lif,-i-l Ml. II llir riihlMil ..| r, iii'^l. iinri ;i ■• :iMi| tin- Mattiiwiii Iron imiiuiv \ (li-c|i cummim!: "|' Imiilili-i y ^imvcI ,.li-riiic- ilu- -iirfnri". .'iliil I lie c|r|iii-il cmii ii|i1\ Ik' cN-illiilifil wInTr ;i -iiimII pil |i:i- Ihtm -link nil till' l.:ilik lit H<':i\i'f cTi'fk 'riiC liullnin of tlir Ic-I |iil i- .">' U'low tlic level 111' llif rifi-k. iiihI iil" uI Ml ton- o| r.ii' Imm- Uth ilnown ..n ihr iluiM|i. Tin- |i\ I itc-licMliliU /.one Mfl"';!!- to he mIioiU .lit' \Mill- Till' iirniilTlirr i- oiif nl' n'|ilai'i'tNrMt . in p ■ of u holh . I In . oiiuli.niri - ;ite l)«'ili(» i<'|iliiri'il li\ |i> rili'. v\liiili fMli wlnii ni;i--i\r. iii;iin- the loik -tlUilUI'f. Tlir niiilT -ollllijc |irlili|r- liM\r lii'i'li roni[ili'li'|\ ri'|il,iii'i I l>\ |illli' pM'itir riiiiliili'- uith :i iiiiichiy -[ilii rir:il oiulinr. In tlif oil, jiortion- ol tlic ciiliuJiiiniiMti'. till' -illi-tiliitiiiti i- nioic' or Ic-- inrorn|)li'ti\ tlir |ii>l)lil('- (if |iiir(' -iiiiii lii'in^ «'ntili'l\ iiiii'linli'.'i'ii \li :i\ii:ii;r -Minpli' ot' mr mi llie iliini|i \ ii'Mfii J'.i'Jil', -iilplmr ■/'//)- V'li/) ro/i/K /■ inhii. Thi- |i|-o)icity i- -il ii;ilf.| ' ilc- \,\ trail -oiilli- \V(-t III' till" ('MiiMiJiiiri N'oitliiTii iailu:i> at Ka-lial'oiui' -tation 'I'lii' niaiii -liiitt i- JtMl' (|t'r|i, (li|i|iinK "(» to till' iioilli, lui'l loiir Ifvcl-. .'lU' a|>ait. Iia\f liccii i|ii\cii. Tlic toliowiiii; i- ii -Miop-i- of tjic work ilonc in the various level-: • Ml' in leni;ili. Ill' ■• 7(1 10 tM) l(» Cm • id' in lenntli. 1 Kl i;{u l-t \. rvel. Drift In lia-t. • We-t. L'n.l :!r.| ■• •• Ma-i. • West. ■• i:a.-t. • \Ve>t. Ith '• i:a-t. (•rii>s i-iit- M II [■vel to the .South. .Xi.rth. m Stopf • i;;i>t. Id' ioli i; ■-'•'»' hitlh s' ■ We-t. :i(i' ■■ I.-.' Id' ■ i:a-t. KT ■• 1(1' III ■ We-t. Mt' ■■ Id' > Shaft No. L', alioiit Cidd' noitli of ea-l I'loni .\o. 1, i- .'id' ,lee|i. Shaft .\o :i. alioiit .'idd' ea>t from .\o. 'J. i- In' ileep. The plant eon.,p„sils. The aep"^its in the vieinity of thi^ lake were very thoroughly prospe,t.M[ f,.r iron ore. They lie north fron> At.kokan station on the Caiuuiian .Northern railway. Three-.,uarters of a n.ile west fron. the shore of the lake, tlu- .Maek.-nzie and Mann locations .\I. tC.l and Hi-' have been prospect.-d by four diamond ,l,ill holes. These rre said to have .lisdosed a deposit .,f pyrites, but detal.s are not available. The .•ountry nwk on the surface is interbatuled silica and liiflhlv altered l.lisl,..,l • K.l>..rl ,m t!,.. Ti,.-T.,,. < opi-' M""'. " Ontari.) B.m-a.i of Mines, U.'port \ol. .\.\, part I, liHl, v\> -'"l'--!'- Vh ■• Iioii pyrites is foiiinl in (luaiititics tli;it iruiy pnivc iiii|>i)i-t:mt in tlio futuri' on tlic sliorc of Xickcl lake hotwccn (Irassy I'ortam' and Hicc liavs. ( )n .■)77 P and '>>^) V. undci- a thick "lossan of Kiown iron ore. one finds masses of solid |>yrites several s(iiiare yard- in extent, and mere than a foot in thick- ness. .\s little or no stri|)|)in<; has lieen done, one can hardly form an idea of tiie extent of these d<'|)(»sits. The mineral exists as a rather ''oarse c;ranular nias> in whicii the usual culies may lie seen. .\s it is common iron pvrites and not jiyrrhotite. the mime Nickel lake is misleadim:. and it is proKahle that the locations were taken up there under a misappi-ehension. "' This raiiRe extends for a consideraMe distance aloiif; the vall(\- on the Little Turtle river, hut as no work had l>eeii done, and us the reports of tiinlier rangers and othei's were exc<'edin';ly vague, a personal examination was not made.- Xo piospectors of that district wei-e met who knew the distinction between ])yrite and iiyrrhotite. "On the south side of .\ickel lake iti Wat ten township, a few miles farther west, the railway cuts through a consideraUh' stretch of the Iron raiifte. here of a somewhat unusual character, consistinj; lar tely of granular silii-a. oecasionally handed with niagnetite, hut more often heavily charged with sulphides, especially pyrrhotite. In jilaces, the sulphides hecome massive, hardly anythin.g else heing present. One hand of pyrites 1.")' thick just at the shore of Xickel lake may in future heof iin|K)rtance as a source of sulplnn-. " ' The Pipestone inm range was not examined, hut from its similaritv to the other western ranges, associated deposits of iron pyrites may reasonaiily he expected. Xoitli (s. and suhsei|uent deposition of the hydroxi• .Mr. l>alcck. M'r.li.riiun. <>. I«. M. HMrj. I). i;u. 1 I I 7<') 71.-, an.l n. W. 71(i. are situatcl .... th.- sh.,n- -f Hif? Vev...ilion lake about 3.". „.il..s ....vthc-ast of l)in..rvvu- o.. tlu- ("a-uulia.. Pa-dfi- ....hvay. a,..l ul.out 4 miles fro... (ual.a... .... the (Ira...! Ti'u.ik Pacific railway. Tl.e .leposit lies i.. a .leprcssion lu-tsvcci. a .-ocky viM- wlm-h strikes so.,u.wl.at north of east, and the shore of Hi« X ern.ilio.i ake It ru.is mto the lake towar.ls the wes, eu.l. The surfa.^e is covere.l by a heavy blanket ,f boulder dav varying f...... S' to 2..' in thickness. The only place where the .ossan cap was exposed was on the shore of the lake whe.-e wave action lu.d m..ove.l the dav l-over. The lake derives its name from the discoloring of the water by iron "xide f.-..m this gossan cap. an.l the .l.scovery was made by a prospector when searching f..r gol.l .)res. Two shafts have been sunk ..n the ..re b...ly. Number 1 shaft is verti.;al, S' X 10' i.i secti..n an.l is use.l ..nly as a manway ami f..r pipe lines a"w n.i.ie ..us, air piping, tracks, etc. Overnea.l stope^ have been opene.l p,'epa,-at..ry t.. the resu.npt.on ..t ship- ments during the coming season. 77 A lu'w offico anil warclKiu^c. dry house for tlic tiiulcrKrmiiiil moii, powclcr inagazine. niachiiu' sliop. water linos, moss and l)iiiik liuuso. as well as sovoral cottages have Itecu providiil. Ahout a year and a lialf ago, some (''(MM* tons of ore were sliipped. hut sinee tlien there have heeii no shipments. 'I'lie ore mined (hiring develop- ment work was stoek-piled. (t is hoped that ahout 2."),()(H) tons will he sent out this .season (Utll), if transportation facilities will permit: this will in- clude ore mined in development work. The ore hody has l)een developed for NOD feet on the 211(1. level. In addition, there is considerahle drifting on the 1st. and 3rd. levels: the total amount of drifting in Decemher 1911, exclusive of cross cuts, was l.VMI feet. The width of the ore hody varies from '40 to (W feet. .\ccording t<' Fraleck the interhanded jiyrite and rock near the hanging wall side, as disclosed hy the shaft and crosscut is suggestive of vein tilling, especially as some tourmaline was oh.served along the northern edge of the deposit. The laminated structure of the ore. however, renders it more prohahle that the deposit is of the replacement type, and that the handed j)vrite and rock along the northern edge represent incomplete replacement of the schist. The country rock along the hanging wall sidi is composed of a greenish highly calciferous schist. The gaiigue matter of the ore is ((uartz. The ore hody strikes northeast and .southwest, and dips to the northwest at an angle of ahout <>1°. The ore consists of pyrites (with some pyrrhotite) which apparently runs ahout -iO'l sulphur: this also heing the proportion of sulp'hur in the hit of ore already shipped. The ore is a hard and fine grained pyrite and will he mostly lump ore, with some fines. It has proved to he an excellent ore for acid making, the residual sulphur lost in the cinder heing often less than one per cent, although this will he increased liy any admixture of pyrrhotite. The mine is operated for the N'orthern Pyrites C'om|)any'. hy Uoliert K. Painter of Hen.son Mines. New Vol k. as Consulting l^ngineer and II. \'. Siiiythe, local Sujierintcndent at the mine.^ Thf Fnnninq proxprrt. — This prospect is situated on the shore of Big X'ermilion lake, s miles west of the Wrmilioii mine. Some trenching through a hlanket of houlder clay ahout V in thickness has heen done at the extreme end of a point. High grade pyrite in seams from 2' to 0\». .3 7S ,„„,1, sh...T of l.uk.- Su,H.ri..r. Tlu- vv.,vk in I'KXi .•.msist.-.l -f a ^v'""';' ;''> l,.,.oMt wl.irh lii-s l.ctw,.on t.ap t.. tlu- -ast and .,uavt/.,to t., tho ue^t. I lie ' te .: pnu.ti..a..y pure on the east si..e, hu, tovvav.l- . he west heeon.es nnx^ S , pv,' hotite, an.. a.Toss a wi.lth ..f ./ is cluin^e. alnu.st ent.rc^ . t h.^ ,.,„„,',„i„,,,l. Twentv-five feet t.. the east an., farther .l..wn the Inll a luft ;,;.;:;; sunk ..n a para..e. .ens. Tlu- shaft was .i..... f -"T'lir^' h a^lf f,..n, ,.>e ..uantitv ..f materia. ..n the .lun.p. w.-ul-l he ah.mt trf) m has heen ..riven into the hi.l to the east, w.th a eross-eut .«) " " J ' ,.,osins a verv lean n.ixture ..f pyrrhotite an., roek. «)ne .,ua te, of nUe to th. north test pits have l.een sunk on s..n,e stringers .,f pynte the e.xt nt of .1,.. it was nl,t possihle to ascertain, ..wing to the thoroughness of the ""1i"L.e pro«,cc/.-This location, 77.i X. lies al.out 1-5 .ni.es n..nh ..f SCnc' r at the no.-th en., of Cook lake. A heavy fahlhan.l stnkes east an. ve ov about a n.ile. The gos.an capping ha., heen renjoye.. .n seve a. Ices an.l test pits sunk. The .argest of these was about 12 < -1' - ' ^ ^/ Lnu .cross t..e strike of the deposit, which is here seen t.. .'..nsist ..f a ^e.^ l;;:^gnine.. „.ixture .,f pyrite. pyn^hotit^ an., si.ica. -Vn average sample ofthe..un.pyiel.le..:J'2-2ti';su.pl>ur. i:,. -ihout IS (;.n.,lrL Lake ,l.ro.it..^The.e extensive pynte ranges. 1" />;'»" J^ ,„iles in a straight .ine to tl>e southwest <.f Missanalne on the tana., an Pae.h. w- an .about :5 .niles bv trail west of the western end of Gou.lreau lake. '" T,; ntrv between Dog lake an.. Ciou.lreau .ake is compose. .>f gvee,, schists cut bv fe.siti.. am. greenst.,ne intrusions. .Vt t.ie ou let "the more .1 ,.K- (..Up of tlu- Two Sisters, the f.)rination c.msists of a hne giame.l ;:;:^i.r ^^ h h'u: the si.e .. a sn.al. pea in a soft green cen...t.ng Itell Three miles to the n.,rth. this sha.les int., a very caar.se congl.m- enue with light coloure.1 bou....>rs upwan.s .,f .2" in ...an.eter. Pro.-eed ng f m tts pohU up the ..reek flowing ., .t of <:..u.lreau lake. <-..-de able ; Irincl has gi!en the congU.n.erate a f..liate.l ^tvucj^r. ano t e o. d s „re verv fl'vtlv compvesse.l. with the U.nger axes parallel t.. tluy< histoMt> . Zn . tilireau Le, however, the congL.n.erate has shade.l mt., a green ~""'Kor ....nvenience. the ranges will be roughly .lescri..e.l ^^^^J^;;^^ 1 ;f . " \" "('■• 'in.l the "Hear c ami . and the south range '"X;:;:cS^ deposits fron. the east, the trail pass. t.;^.e s..u.h^ tl,e H ar .■lain, an.l al.mg the northe.-n edge of two s...al. '^- :^\^^'^f western end of the sec.m.l lake. True'- trail procee..s m a weste,l> .U ec t.on^ Anot'ler t..ul runs ,^orth t.. .lep..sit 1 a...l another to depos.t B .n a southwest direction. 7'.t 1 3 ■0 1; 3 Tlic prevailing roi'k at tlic lakes is a mceii schist. Tlii- lia^, liowever, i)een iiietaiiiorplioseil in places to a vitreous lionisione schist l>y the iiitviisioii of a greenst(tii'' to the north. .V well defined contact occurs a short distance to the north of the western end of the lake. iJijioiiit " ('."- I'm- iiliout KMt paces north of Tnie's trail, the |>ath to ileposit "(*" jjusses over low ridges of rusty schist . and I lien through a clepres- sioii underlain \>y liinonite. Parallel with this, and striking east and west, runs a low riens towards the depressions. The total length of deposit "('" as dis- closed hy Ki pits is ahout (KM)'. Deposit "A ". — .V short distaiico to the north and sligiitly east of "C" is deposit "A." In the vicinity of the hill on which the camps are situated, all of the depressions are underlain with limonite. Ivscept for a, few trenches, the exploratory work here was done with a diamond drill. Coleman descrihes the locality ': — "A seetion aoross the low hill near its west end shows green schist, to tlie south, then limestone with some pyritous schist, :{()' of pyrite, \2' of green schist, i>' of pyrite, and green schist to the north. There seems to 1h> little continuity in the structure, however, and sections at different jioints varv greatly among themselves. Pyrites or gossan extends ahout KMt' from east to wost, with a width of ahout 1.50'; hut it is greatly mi.xed witli other materials, especially schist and limestone. It is stated that a diamond ' ^ sulphur. Deposit " li." — This deposit is readied hy a trail ahout one (|Uarter of a mile long in a southwest direction from the outlet of the second lake. The central pmtion of this trail passes along a light colored siliceous schist . studded with small hroken crystals of hornhlende, suggesting a sheared granite. Dei)osit " H" lies on the northern flank of a rocky ridge striking ea.-^t and west and forming the southern shore of a small lake. .Vlong the side hill, trenches reveal a length of («)()' of either pyrite or gossan, and tlic lake hottoni on that side ai)pears to consist of limonite. The ])yrite here, although somewhat interhanded with green schist, is of fair gra. so I), posit -A'." A ^iKiTt ilistuiic*' to the west, ncioss it siiiull iiiuskoK, lie; deposit "K." C'olPiiiiin's (lescii|)ti towur.l the west. iniiiuMl " K" l)y tlie jirosiwct explored it. run- eiist and west for iitx.ut KM)', and in er south to north; I'yrite with some Krt>en sehist ^ Spares. limestone (mostly hidden hy dehris^ •> Pvrite (In'en schist (strike HK)°. dip 00° S.) I'yrite with some cellular silica Very rusty banded silica (dip 25° S.).. ■• ,vho ection shows fioni 1 29 1!) Width of section "^ "Just to the west of the hill top on which the section was measured, the limestonn and n.uch of the pyrites luive iK-en .lissolved out as a narrow ravine, ■uid here a shaft 2.-)' deep has Wen sunk. The nuiterials on the dump are mainly limestone, hut with some l)ands and knots of green schist and many nris-es of jjvrite— sometimes interhanded with the limestone." "The limestone is exactly like tiiat of the (IrenviUe series, hut the silica at the m)rth eml of the section N unmistakably iron formation, though with little interlmn.led magnetite. The i.yrites often has a in.rphyntic look, large crystals l«ing eniliedded in a finer gnund mass." "A short distance to the north of this lake, along the path from outcroi) "E " a nearly straigla IwikI "^ crystalline limestone was followed for 410 paces. In some .lacts it is 3.V wide, though generally less than that, ami parallel to it on the north runs a long .lepression sometimes showing gossan on its north side and i)erhaps representing a haiul of pyrites. The limestone is white or grey, and dips about S0° to the south with a strike nearly east and west After the 410 paces diorite seems to cut off the limestone, but 100 p-ices to the east there are 2 sink holes running east and west as nan-ow trenches. The largest is l.V long, and S' or 10' deep with 0' of partly decom- posed pyrite at the Ixtttom. Bear r/»nm — This claim was not visited l)y Mr. Fraleck; Coleman's de