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P j^-v^' V Entered, accordiri ooru,,edforau,htelsesavfasaresti.^lte'^ the weary ,nn. of the wild-fowl whose ho ne t on the face of the 2ni^dity deep. It IS only nece.ssarv for us thon f^ n -e«„,a.. eroseent, enelosin, the Japan Sea ,:,-„: jit tho.r extre,n,t,es. approach the continental m^' land ^n T ."'"'■'^^ ~^'"'""' '°-''g «iKl't of tend i he most northerly of these four main islanjs called by tlie Japanese then.selves, both oifieially and Co ;:r"'r '":• ■""," "°'^^""'"'' «■• «- -^"* touc ?the r '"^'""'•'^■■■'y -"'—ity of tin., island tonchcs the sa.ne parallel of latitude as that of H i^^aid th:::r"1 °' r '", "°'""™" °' ^^anada ani otl" ll! ""'' '='""■' " «'™"K «se."blanee ot tie Kne, St Lawrence. For long enouffh tlie Hokkanio was a va.st wilderness, the hon,e of the abor,Kn,al An,o and his fabled relative the bear but of late years the agricdtural po.ssib:lities andTs; th mineral wealtli of this north l.,n,l l.„ i , known ,,„! n T ' ""^ become better Known, ,ind the Japanese Government is turnin.r its attention very nractieiilv tn il , • . " "^ develomnent of ,p'";"''''"y '" '■'"' colonization and aev elopment of this important part of the Empire. <'G. lis area, at ' liabitable niL'i- ; and ire. THE LAND. 18 To the southward of the Hokkaido, and just across the narrow Straits of Tsugaru, lies Hondo, the main island of the Em})ire. In fact, this island, extendin4 of <;;)>,•, ern extremiKr of f],^ » • • , '"'''^'^'' at tlie south- and l.ere CI.risL„l fi " '™'" ""«■■' «'o seas, her victorie a , o™„ " , ""'■"""' " '°°">°'''- -» i-da,,f™;:,,::tx.^A.^^ feudal despoti r o r ; r , '■°"; *'" «'°""""« °f to the b,.i,!;,t„e.; ZL w z 7::°'' .t'-™^' sunrir'u;: ■ t:: zz 'r^ "'"-"^ °* «>'^ the Britons t},e L . '""P'" "'^ «n™nt as reached t^n^^Z:! cV;' b "''™ """■^'^ '«'-' to reach the far elt a„T H T ? ""'"' "•''^*™'-d P»ora.na inten J^f^l :. T i^ 1,1 "°"'-' ness, and all the more .,o because „fh "T"" veiled in obscurity from the erof t ^"^ '° '"'« world. ' "•> " °' the great western THE LAND. 15 Those islands are all of volcanic origin, and in their bosoms the internal fires are by no means extinct, nor can scarcely be said to bo slumbering. Hai-dly a day passes but that in some part of the Empire the earth(|uake shocks terrify the inhabitants not .so nmch by what actually occui's as with the thought of what may possibly befall them the very next instant. In hundreds of localities hot springs gush forth inces.santly, and here and there the" active volcano sends up its black cloud of incense to the sky. Death-dealing eartlxjuakes and volcanic erup- tions are still frequent enough to make a deep sense of security in the stability of the earth beneath our feet an utter impossibility. But even in this, Japan teaches us lessons of earth- making which we could never learn on this broad continent as it now i,s. To illustrate : In our youth when the fires of life are strong within us, our countenances are smooth and fair, not even the first sign of a wrinkle can be seen upon them ; but as age creeps on and the vital flame within us burns low, then the wrinkles begin to appear : first, the crow's- feet at the corners of the eyes, and then one by one the long furrows come, first on brow and then on cheek. Just place the face of the bright little cherub of two summers beside that of its grandfather of threescore years and ten, and you at once reali;5e the mighty contrast. Well, so it was in the days when Earth was young and the fires were strong within her bosom. Then not a wrinkle appeared on her countenance; but as the internal fires gradually 16 JAPAN; THE LAND OP THE MORNInq. ii to":;!; ','":, ''T 1 °" '"""- f'-"-'" l-nme,loeply tain., iirted thcnselve. '::^X"ZJ2^1 "T" -a basin, .ere f„..,„e,l. Now tl,;: , L , ' III; E^UHnTTT'"-- '•"''- •'-■«'=• Wan a it t he m„,lor,„g of that ^reut battle of uJZTI a. the- an, tarthe. to the ce„tre of the dobo i .fvon now auihble to the Imman ea,- An,l ,„ f l V y «..t Hfted the loftiest n.on„t, ■: „ n :i;'™: pr.meva .sland above the l,i,.host wave rest .uti then .ent then, towenng aloft until they en e ',, ,1 palace of the storm kin,' above are still,. i yo,u.er gradually lifti,;;, the ''nrn:; ■ L' ^t ri h.gher toward the sky. and wresting n.ore a d sUn "'Z Brntory from the do.ninion of l,>e se s "" t."t^;::xiit,:tb:.?s.t:tri =:r:::i:r.tt^!:r''™ waa formerly very «Uve t f '"""*-' *'*''=• "'™'> ot the entrance, until now only craft nf „. , ?? tonnage can find an entrance there The T 1? that the channel may have sanded nn?"'""'"" because .either is tire 17^^^:;^^: THE LAND. 17 harbor, nor are there waves alon^r tlie coast of such a character as to produce auythin^r of thi.s nature. The .simple fact of the matter is, that every earth- quake tremor is Init another little pu.sh which is sendin^r the islund hinher and hi^dier out of the water, and thus imi)erceptih!y, althou its vast in^^ wood- Jt'ption of iipan. In ho foot to in si^^lit. ■-^h't isles intuin is; lesson is are vvlio, ve to sit moaning ere is a long the , some of J) craters e waters Still, the to enter faeterize 1 peaks, i lonelv rid and m their iturally blfssed i j)iled ounded THK LAND. 19 ...n.wdholh.r kindly forcvs, wInVh, fur np towanl tl«e„ su,.,„„ts,,.iotlM. th.M. with a v.'sturo of livin-^ ^^.v.M lH.,spanu.|,>d n,..- will. ,he varied hues of nndti" tildes ol wild-llowers. Had Japan us little rainfall as the Province of Ma.Htoha, il, woul.l he little more than a barren wilderness; but the .combine.1 inlhience of the Kurosh.wo, the (h.ir Stn-am of the I'aeifie. and the Monsoon results in so drenehing those hills and valkys with the d.ws of heaven, as to make even the ut it. The streets are so narrow that they soon l.ecome filled ri^-ht up, even lex'el with tlu> very roofs thems,.|ves. The \erandah then l)eeonu>s the only thorouo-jifare throu^-h which the people pass irom house to house an.l from street to street. And when they come to the intersections of streets they simj.ly tunn,.l through until they strike the veranda), on the other side. ()f course, at such times, almost everv occupation ceases except that of shovellino. snow, a.ld the jM-opI,. crouch around the little Hre-boxes in their cheerless i-"')n.s waitino- for the brio-hter days of the conn-...^ spnno..time. This wouhl not aj.pear at all strann,. in the far north, lait certainly is a peculiar freak of /'•une Nature when it occurs in a latitude eN.-n tarther south than that of the citv of New \ovk ■ and when, at the same time, not a hundred n.iles awav on the eastern slopes of that sa,ne island, sea reel v "a Hake of snow is seen durin^^ the whole sea.son The mountan.s have stoppe.I the clou the temperature never falls very far below the freezin.; I 22 JAPAN; THE LAND OK THE MORmna pomt, and «.l,lo,n roaches it, yet ™, account of tl,o excessive ,k,„,,„„„,H the c is x,.n- bitter a ,1 -archin,,, alti.o,,,,, its .l,„,,ti„„ is l„,t LT But half of the truth has .v i.een tohl. an,l that t.e «-lo„my hal . Let oue hut visit Japan in the autun.„, a„a ,t see.ns an enchaute,i ian.l. Th: h - ej-on clays of bahuy air „,„| .,f „„e|„„,|„, ^{^ Matures nc. profusion of h,,r au.l How,.- an,l trui^ n at ,ts e una., the h.,r ' ty full, n.ore than tu -pressed down shak... together and runnin. spot And yet, blessed is the wsterner who after a -.loun, of a fewu,ouths an.id scenes so strand!; boaut,f„l. i,ts away honu.ward without ren,ai,7iu^ long enouKh to have th.. illusi speilcl l^y eve y! •lay contact with the everyday weather of tlfe whole J-n aroun.l, winch ,s anything. Ia,t ideallv l,.,autiful Incon.pansouwith tie. elin.de of the san.e latitude m North Anienca, tlie.v is one radical ditference ;.nmely, that ,t is n.ore oppressiv , „„„,,„ti,:;' 1 does not ar.se so nu.eh fron, (,l,e higher temperr. tuu. as r„n> a great lack of o.,,,,e in the atmosphere There thunder-storms are e„ uativeiv r,are. True . .tdlencs ot tlie clouds can I'.v.pu.ntly b. heard tlmu- denngaway: la.t down auaa,. the habitations of men the heavy au- ,s always .so devoid of eh.etricity as to make , ,n,p„.ssil,h. ,„,., „ „, „„t,,i„ the robust type of manhood of which we boast on this contiiifiit. THE LAND, 23 unt of the 'itter and t. , and til at m in tlie urinfr the The lull- ed skies, and fruit lore than running )d's earth st be the o, after a strangely imaining >y every- le whole '•'autifnl. latitude lierence, rvatinir. enipera- osphere. True, ins the d tliun- :ions of ctricity un the on this « A chapter on " The Land of the Morning " would be wholly incomplete were it not to contain something more definite concerning the natural beauty of these wonderful islands. Dull, indeed, would be the eye, and very matter-of-fact the soul who, gazing from' time to time upon such scenery, would utterly'f'ail to catch the inspiration an«, and so our ship i^onder on THE LAND. 25 ids, the ing all own at ^'e the of the setting sun appeared the peerless summit of Fuji f^an. 80 completely was it clad in rol.es of snowy whiteness, and bathed in dazzling radiance, as to conceal every sign of its earth-born origin, and make It seem a thing celestial. The rich sunlight (the painter oi all painters) rested like a benediction upon the upper strata of clouds, and glorified them all with those exquisite tints of crimson, purple and gold so i-ici, so delicate as to cause one to wonder if heaven ha, not really opened its gates and was sheddiiur forth Its own ineffable glory upon them. Such a rare c. .bmation of cloud and mountain and sunligiit as this very seldom, I think, greets the eyo of mortals. Vet the views of this peerless mountain are so truly kaleidoscopic that no one can say lie has ever seen tliem all or even the best of them. Fain wouM we give rein to our own .lesire and take the reader for a ramble in and out amoiK- those ^•erlasting hills, and even for a stiffclimb ove? them ^otlllng IS n.ore thrilling to one whose soul is thoroughly responsive to Natures touch, than to stand upon the summit of the active volcano, Asama \ama Above, below, and all around the eyv has something to fV-ast upon. Over us is the royal Canopy of blue, and so much nearer now because we are above the clouds. Looking out o.er ,he vast cyclorama which here greets our visio,,, we see .vhole battalions ot clouds moving slowly hither and thither over the aerial plain. Still below, the serried ranks of hills now shrunken to the seeming of furrovs in a ploughed hold, relieve the monotony of the plain beneath, while 26 japan; the land of the morning. here and there a little thread of silver marks the course o a ,n,.hty river speeding away to the bosom o It old lover the ocean, lyin.. out yonder black and Mlent na the distance. 80 wonderful is the scene that the eye Itself becomes weary of the strain and ■seeks so,nethni<. more finite and near at hand. And here ri^.ht at our feet is a scene as unique as it is dreadful. 1 u u-, A vast cluism with walls of .ja^^ed rock, gloomy and pitdess, and away below the livid pavement of the crater, lending a weird light to the awful gloon, iJ^on he-o and tliere, through this red-hot miss of c.nder, we catch a glimp e of the great vent-holes fiom winch luss forth the blue, lambent llame. Ever and ano. a treme.Klous rund3ling is heard, and in the twmkhng of an eye the whole scene within the crater is changed. Now nothing can be seen save a dense cloud of steam swayed hither and thither by the swift air currents, chasing each ot!.er to and fro over the face of the awful aby.ss. It is the age-long %h between the fire and the water Reinfoiced for another onslaught, into the den of this old tire-fiend rushes^his tireless enemy. The battle is joined. The roar of the awful cannonading is heard, and up rises he storm cloud from the face of the pit. Now it has hidden completely the fire beneath, and again, whirled asule by the wind, it allows the light infernal to burst forth, not only illuminating the walls of that awful prison house, but casting a lurid radiance upon the fringe of the mighty cloud wreaths ascending/up- wards. In the presence of such a scene as this"^ the THE LAND. 27 arks the le bosom lack and »e scene 'ain and d. And as it is ^doomy ment of I ^dooni. mass of tit-holes Ever and in liin tlie ni save ther by and fro ?e-long ced for e-fiend . The p rises ■ it has diirled nal to f that ; upon igup- s, the physical miglit and prowess of man vanishes away, and he feels his kinship witli the insect at his feet. But let us down tlie mountain-side and away over the country. See the pilgrims meet us as we descend, everyone dressed in a coarse garment of dirty wliite' with a great umbrella hat on his head and straw sandals on his feet. In his right hand he grasps a strong staff, and at his waist is a little tinkling bell. Now tlie procession has reached the smnmit, and around the edge of the crater it circles, while borne to us on the breeze comes their strange chant, an invocation to the god of that awful solitude. It is very liard to understand and analyze the religious conceptions of men of another race ; and yet we may rest assured that all tliese forms of what we call heathen worship are sure tokens of the human soul universal crying out for and groping after C}od. But let us turn our eyes again to the scene before us. Yonder, down the mountain-side, and away over the plain, runs a great black band, rough and barren. It was here that, during the last great eruption many years ago, the old volcano spilled itself over the plain. And here is that mighty stream still, not running away and vanishing like the unstable waters, but congealed into great masses of black basaltic rock, many of them rolled up like great snow-balls to the height of a man. We are at the foot of the mountain now, and having crossed this great lava bed, we strike an immense tract of land covered with long coarse grass, and here and there clumps of stalwart oak trees with the mistletoe clinging to their brandies. Nor 28 japan; THE LAND OF THE MORNING. i P' scene. Aero,, t ,i w '" '«""'■»■" '""' '"■"»ty to the *'-!'- ■ri:!:;;;3'o:^„;r:^;:"j'''r'' ""■'-• '""Uthcl, to Ka.e at the p, aj , ' ""• ' "'' "''""- qiiet-r costmno. loiviffnor an.l his In .« leu- moments «•„ „,-,■ out of lU -n crossing;, by a frail woo,I.n b -il . ?'"""■ '""' tl- Wll we wind to tin ,aU f;-;; """^- '"™'--- "P wlxTe the ston. f^cesoft? ! , '■'"""" *«'"!'''-'• -lin pinet.: a i:h'::-;''v- ";^^ ;:^:':t;;:^;;/""'-f---'""''':;;i;: «"■■• the thieiciy wooldT ' :::;;:;::;r-"'" -■ benoati, „„. and a | I, L ti ',"""' ^'^ ""'"■^- '''''' -«e„t he.,, and the ,./,,:':, """"■■'"' f°'-««. at the foot of s„„,„ • .'"'"''"'- fonm. churned fVonwunidst a ' ■ "" "'""""*' ^''»"-» «" "o%iVi;ndiss;iin;;:;;a?;:,,f''™^''''>^'"™.o'..- Soon „.e reach an opening on the hill-side, and. THE LAND. 29 »y-co]oied ity to tlie icli under trees, ajid a cluuii, •en, with y, open- ' ■'iiid liis '•i^''e, and jok. Up temple, it on, us ere the 1' plaint tlie up- ' au-aiii ■'U.shinnf ■< home )f this iitil we us, and 8'lade. '3' feet oliao-e, urned i.s out .silent I, our and, turnmcj around for the fi).,st time, we ga.e on the scene throu<,di which we have just passed. Yonder we see the old mountain upon whose sunn.iit we have already stood, well-nio-h filling, the whole back- Srouml. Ihero he rises very wide at the base, with fea-eat sweei).n^. lines, irre-ular indeed, vet gradually converf,nn^. toward the sunnnit. And >ron) out the nH<.hty cavern rises a ^a-eat black cloud circlincr up^^'ar,l towards hearen, and as it reaches the u,)per strata ot a,r, sluo-.i.hi^. ,p,,,,,,, ^^self out into a rough ebony plain which, stretchir,<. away on every hand, gradually loses itself in the surrounding ether This peture, of which Asama is the backgn und is cxceedn,gly beautiful. Very rough an.l uneven' is the land, _,t ,s true, yet everywhere it is covered wi h uxuriant vegetation, and, wherever possible, the industnous peasants have turned these rugged tracts ni o veritable gardens. Indeed, there is not plain or valley withm the i-ange of our vision that has not Its quaint thatch-roofed villages, nestling peacefully around the high and steep-roofed temples of Buddha with their placid-faced images within and moanino: pme trees without. "' Would that we had time at our disposal to continue our journey on to the great sanitarium, Kusatsu, where the mineral water, impregnated with sulphur- ous fumes, gushes out of the earth, and runs away in a stream as large as a mill-race. Oh, what a sight here meets our ga.e ! The best description one can give of It IS by likening it to the ancient Pool of Bethesda with Its hvc porches. Instead of porches, Kusatsu 30 JAPAN ; TOE LAV,, or THE MOIt.VI.NO. II for a ,v.„ ,„.,„; L";,::':i:;,7::;v''™ j:* Wondorfully interestino- is this Kn«,f One p aee ti.ere is, ,uito near the villa. ^.,i't especially remarkable. We t-iko . lif i V ntif ..f +1 -n ^^ '^ ^'"^tle toot-path out ot the villa^re and Mend our way to tlie 1 1. above, and then alon,- the hi,.hhuHl,s It the as " tlie mountains, until we hi.-n ., i i • ovev the brokon ..ocky „™ t l"""" '°. "1^""' ^C J.1 -.^ "^ H^^*^"!'! to tlie summit of nnn of I,o,„. Not very ,Iiffi<..„,t to the stunl oM, ,bcr « tl,e ascent an.l one i. well repaid for l,„ "t.. .cone. Vast masses of rock lie scattered around n utter abandon, j„st „s if some omnipotent b nd >ad plnckea np one of tbese everlasti, ,/ , ,' , j' l.en bnrled u down again at the base o? one of 3 ock-,.,bbed fellows. And yet tbe tall pine tLs M Ib't'Ii^"""" /""'■• ■■'""^ ">'• entwinin7t; .bout the rocks, and then lowering their tiny^wa " 1! I THE LAND. 31 buckets into the wells far ben.ntl.. But even tlieso mr, y forest ^nants have pai.l the penalty of their har.hhoo,| . I., now all alon.. the side of the n.ountain they are wlnte in death. Lon.. ago the fiery breath o old Mnrane San. ui one of hin terrible outbursts of passum, choked the life out of then, and then wind and sun .Gradually wove for each one a shroud ot Aveather-worn whitene.ss. Still up we go, and soon reach the first crater of the fanious old volcano. This one is now so shallow and dry that we enter and cro.ss it, and then another little chmb bnngs us to the e.lo-e of the nc^.xt. This second crater we cannot cro.ss, because it is filled with hot water, fmni which a cloud of steam is constantly rising. However, we skirt around it to the opposite SHle and begin our climb again, which this time is of linuid .sulphur, and that boding like a great caldron No wonder the Japanese, with such .scenes as these dotted up and down their country, are at no loss to throw upon canvas an Inferno which would correspond to tlie most exacting plans and specifications But we have lingere.l too long amid this wilderness ot mountains, and must now hasten away to the .«ea- coast, to the marts of commerce, and to the throncnno- highways witli their succession of cities, and towns and villages, wh.re we can catch a glimpse of the i1 32 JAPAN; THE LAND "!■ TIIK MOBNINCi. iliiil.y lilV„r (I, is hiti'ivsti,,.- i„.„„i„ nr ,. ,,,,,„, ..;„;,. I. I ,. , " I" "I"" "I course, we ■mi»t iMt l„k.v„, l,„. |„. „!,„ |,„, T„kvocan ■-arc. y „,.,■ timt h,. Ik. vi.sitcl .,,.,„„, H,n ,U|™" Tokyo, compared with ,,1,1 J,„|„.,i,l K ,.,., . , !, ^"ch as Osaka a„.l Kunun„„ 1 '*:.,," '"•■■^' a.o the site of the city proper „.„ tt e trVh i ,: '■■"v„,t"j '.'^ "'• ;:'^'" f '""' «'™' "™ " '^''" ■st.i Vc.Uo J,ay, rioht wl,ere the Suniida RivPr back ,y, h „.e, »t,ll jjreet the eye of the visitor ™J iiie 01,1 cast e has ]„„f,„,„ce vanislied, hut instead the Wenal palace sits there „p„„ its hi,,, .JCi a.>etrpi„ftrer:,,r": ™"; ^"'" "^ -°™ °f „:i -fi 1^ . ' " '"O"' '^O'lie forty vards «-de w,th forfHed gates and bridges. Beyond ll again ,s a strip of land about a .marter of ! -de,an,l then another wall and an h r .ol W over the ancient Iri.lges. and through the g^lt p^.^^^ H H O !' ... B M t 34 japan; the land of the MOUNING. wliose gates have not been closed for forty yeans tlie eonuuon life of the great city throngs^ M-here' once only the foot of the warrior ^ya. wont to tread Uutside tins again is another strip of land, another wall an(l another moat. Very picturesque are these old fortihcations, with the gnarled pine trees all around the walls, the branches of some of which have grown downward until they kiss the murky waters u6n.ticitii. Within tliis immense fortress, in the ancient days dwelt that old cliieftain, the first of the feudal lords' and hither he sunnnone.l all the clans of the Empire' to camp with him six months in the year; so that lokyo was then nothing more than a military camp with Its attendant menials. But all this has passed away. u^e outer moat is now thronged with hun.lreds of freight-laden boats, and out from it ^o a network of waterways, teeming with busy hfe. Withm the walls the scene is becoming very modern on account of the presence of tlie electric light and the erection of many great red brick government buildnigs entirely after the foreign fashion. The city has now grown miles and miles out beyond these fortihcations in every direction, and is a perfect net- work of little narrow streets, running at all angles and in all directions. The houses are generally low and squatty, and compared with those of our American oties, are unsightly and mean in the extreme. Here in Tokyo the extremes of ancient and modern meet continually. Tlie modern street car and the coach and pair pass hundreds of jinr kishas and M THE LAND. 3o iit-e.l nan invproucluil.Je suit of fo.vi-n H„tl„ ' ostlos lus brother Japanese with curious v lK.aa, wooden cloo-s an, Ion.- ulnol^^ 7'"' ehnr.j stands ovephe w^Vo:r^^^ and tlie forei«-n house and stor«. lift thoiv 1 ' P-ud,,a).ove their humble JapaJ'L^^^ -^Hh^ul c,ty is this, with its crowds ,^- st^den^ and ofhc.als, jn-iests an' ^'"» «wd the .„,,. of «,, :: ;:;;2^^ 3oa eoa.,t and ah,,,, tl... count,,- into tw T .;", b.ancho,..ke the tributaries of a, -ivcw",,;:"'; li ii 36 II ii ii I JAPAN; THE LAND OF 'lUE MOHNIXG. ll but these n..verg-o very far or U,u\ (c, phuvs of any great iiapoi-tauce. Another great roa.l there is on the mam island, windino- i„an(l ..u( nnionn- the nioun- tiuns, no.ht up tlirougl, the ecntr.. of th.> eonntrv Consistent Avith the ^r,M„.ral eharacf.T of thr eountr'v these roads are ve.y narrow an.l vrvy erook,,l The narrowness we ean undcrstan. aecount of the scarcity of huid-that is. arable land -in a densely populate.l country. But tl... erookrdn.ss of the road oyer a long stretch of con.paratlNvlv Irvrl country' can only be accounted lV)r on th.- th.-oiT that centuries ago, when the road was being eonstrueted, it was at first merely a rougli trail, following thr line of easiest resistance oyer a rou^'h and d.^solat." moor, and that liaymcr ^-otten into that shap,. it uvyry could be straightened. Another sugovstion iluMv is namely that the owners of the lan.j eont.Midrd with each' other as to whoshould not hav.- thr road on his land: and thus it was pushed hither and thither as an imposition upon him who was worste.l in the sti-ugo-h. Be that as it may, some hands, now Jono- retunu'rto the dust, .lid a kindly act when, in places witlumt number, along these great tli,...n.n.hrar,.s th..y planted pine trees, which have lon^. since o^own up' straight and tall and now overarch th.,' road, so that if we yiew it from a hill-top near by it looks likr a great black serpent winding its endless l.-noth up and .lown the country. Now, it is on any .,n." of th.'s,. roads that we see Japanese life ami mann.'rs in all their native sim- plicity. Very different is the scne fr.)m that which THE'lAxVD. 37 'fj Mu.i^t.s aio n-0(|ueiit V iii s (rl.f if ,„^ ^ i . over the e.,u„t,'y, ^ i„ t ^ sp,- , , „t H I f : /'"""'' '»•-"-- tiM. the water i»™ one a„ove th. oti.e... a. ,„,„ ,., the <:ii i„ X, ^ a p<«,l„hty. and beyond, the n,„ibe,.ry'',^.oves o the tea pkntations a.lorn the l,;„u i distance If we look ,HM f , '"«'''""''» »■ H'e It is very interestiiur to w;.tfli f)>» <• wo,.k-, in the.se little w:ter.eo; d fe h r'"T;; "' ''" strikiixr thinr. v,\;ki • ^"'^^eci helds. 1 he most " ""« '"'^^'^' "^ connection with him is his ^1 iii 38 JAPAN; THE LAND OF THE MORNING. grept flat muljrella hat. Under the hat there is a little, thick-set fellow, or just as often it is a Avoman, round-faced and ruddy. Here he is with bare leers' and arms pud(llin"a,ds, shook the ,Irop f -om , , a,„l through tl„ ..ie iuHueuceof the spei those ch-op, concealed as they fell. „„,, settliujc them tcl:;.,:; V;" '"" '"""'"'■ *'"""''■ ocean J,ecau,e o 1 1, H '"'", "f "=""-"" tl'o other countries on the earth wre al.so forn.ed under the auspiees of te heavenly g„ds by the spo„t„n..o„s eon.soiVlatio, the foam and ot the sea; but ti.ey were formed tc . and I.auag, an.l hi.s partner l.a.l n„tld„« to do ;,"" '"=»'■ P'-fseutly. born i„ then, : ami so, of course hey are declclly inferior to thi., h^.^t-c cated ".d supremely sacreil laud. the nudst ot the waste of waters, they descen.led It ^;- but a su,al| island, this Island of Aw^i which y cho.,e as their first hon,e. From the deck o tho vessel approaching Kobe from Yokohan.a, its low diore an,l sloping hills are seen ou the left hand Tie first tlnng they did was to make a circuit of the island she going one way and he the other On ■neeting however, the woman committed a very senous breach of oriental etiquette in speaking Hrsf Wh n she met her .spouse, she e..elaimed, " Oh, hovv lovely to meet such a, beautiful man : " This so dis- i 44 JAPAN; THE LAND OF THE MOUNIN(;. In 1 ! m Mi : '( p cased l/.ina-i,tluit he ordered aunth.v circuit oi the island : an.l, on meeting, the s.^cond tin.e, he vva.s very careful that the woman should not uvt the start oV him, an.l exclainied.justas she appeared, " How joyful to meet such a lovely won.an ! " Thus the proper onler of thino-s was established and they went to houseKoe]>ino-. The ti.-st-l,o.'n to this youn^r couple was an <'xceed- in- d.sapponitn.ent, such as can only be appreciated by a]i Asiatic, by beinc. a o-irl instead of a boy. But there was so much of ra.b'ance in her countenance and such a halo of o-lory al,out her head, that she tilled the whole world with lio-ht, and was conse- r^; " '"" T'""''''' "'""'■''■ 'I" "-- f""t-tic taol< ,n those ,.„..„• ,h,y.,„„,l „„,,e, ,,„• ea.,ter„ sk io:' ny.t ,„u| ot s,H.,hK..ss, over striving to hl(.ss „,en • wlule on the oth,.r hand wo have"thi„ evil s ■ ' .S.m„o„, the ruler of the ki„..l„,„ of ni.ht Xt the b.tter eonHict between these tw-o great power, of goo,J an.1 ev,l. If wo follow the sW fuAh"; thh becomes abundantly evident. ^1: : Jii m I 4(j ./APAX; TIIK LAND OF THE MOIIMNO. IMI! Alter l.,.in- nia.l.. nil..,- .,f the netlirr iv^rion.s So,saii,)(3 c(,ntinur,| his uneaniiy n.iHluct, un.r.s,,,,,,' came mt.) (.pni cuiidict with l.Ls sister, (lir Su.i-th"r on the heavenly river plain of Vasu to devise a means of appeasing the wrath of their (lueen. A committee of the wisest of the gods was appointed to draft a scheme, with the following result. They advis-d them to make first of all a brilliant nn'rror. Old Vulcan, therefore, was set to nork, and a very hard time of it he had in making one to please his patrons Three times he tried {^nd twice he failed before ]n^ i m\\A mmvUSS wiru SAMISBX AXD KOTO, f MYTH AND TRADITION. 49 obtained one of the requisite size and beauty. Then the heavenly artisans were set to work to prepare the hnest clothing and jewelry, and also to build a gorgeous palace. When these preparations were at last conipl ed the gods prepared for a great festival to be held at the door of the cave. A large number of constantly crowing cocks were obtained from the region of per- petual day, to make the god inhabit nf. T I crlnr^m CI , " ""'.IDltantS ot SUch then sincrinc.. and her curiosU 1 '' '''^' Already t!.e beautiful u,irr„r J„ul been p„,hecl in front of tbe opening, and the «<,.l „f Invincible Stron" Hands was crouching inco„ceain.,.nt behincl tl,e ."c , The 8un-g„ddess, seeing tl,e boautiM n.ai.lrirtt ontaudhelditopel'T/^dllu^i^r!:.^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ first opportun,ty. he grasped th,r two hands of t t goddess and drew her forth 'I'l, . "f *''* elde.. then took a ™, e o ■ tw 1 ^^ °' "" i? i , . i^pt^ or twisted rico str-ivir o,,^ fastened ,t behind her, so that she co„ d not I, f agani into her cave Wlien thi. l *' Gf. ' cave and out to the le festival gladness, she won- and the could be of such ! listened ime was 3ng that i and to ■ replied was an ^I'asu in shed in Stronnr le rock. in the pen the id hold of the of the of the w and I'etreat iccom- cc and y just They MYTH AND TRADITION. 51 then put a guard of straw rope around the palace, so that the devils might not enter there. Her wicked brotlier Sosanoci was punished by having each par- ticular hair of his head pulled out and his finger and toe nails extracted. From that time to this there has been no cessation in the reign of the Sun-goddess nor ot her benign influence over both the heavens and the earth. Izanami's fifth child was a son. cdled the god of \^'ild Fire. At his birth tb. , , kless experienced extreme agony, and from . , .aatter which she vomited at the time sprang the god and goddess of Metal. I hey afterwards created the gods of Fresh Water and of Clay, who were to pacify the god of Fire wlien he was inclined to be too turbulent. Another of these legends must suffice. Already we have seen hoM, out of the very calamity which befell the earth, came all the arts of civilization; and now we shall see how all the diff-erent varieties of food p ants came to exist. The Sun-goddess spoke to the Moon-goddess,* who reigned jointly with her in the heavens, and said: "I have heard that there is a food- possessing g-oddess in the central country of luxuriant reedy moor. (Japan). Go and see." At the com- mand of her sister, the Moon-gocfiess descended from heaven and eventually arrived at the glorious palace ot the goddess of Food, where she sought for rest an^eshineiit. Qdckly created various * Here there seems to be a good deal of "^"^^l^ii^^T^iiT^ IIT I h''^"*'"^ 'r -"^^^^ -"--"ed it i„ a mannl. ^^ seems to be the most plausible. 11; i IIP m II 52 japan; the land (.' THE MORNING. kirKls of food, such as boiled rice from the land fish from ,e sea. and the flesh of various kinds of b;a^s fion. the hills, and spread the feast before her fastidi- hlli^rf l''^' ''" ^"^'"" ^""''^^^ ^" -paid the hasp ta ty by beconnng enracred at the ninner in ^^hlch the feast was prepared, and kiHed the Food- goddess. heaven, and the Sun-go was found to be ofly too Ze Now however, a very .strange phenomenon appeared to the astomshed on-looker. The Food-god,le.4 had become m,ght,er in her death than in her lite; her forehead once so smooth and fair, had broken out into a httle cropof millet, while along the eyebrows a fr.nge of ,„„lberry trees, with sTlk-worms ™ growmg. Her ey»s had turned to little meadows o grass and on her boson,, all laid out. was a lar^e plantation of nee and barley and bean.,. At last !,«■ head changed mto a eow and a hor.se, .and the n.es- them to h,s nnstress. At this there was great reioic- .ng m heaven, and the beautiful Qneen of Day bemg.- The nee wa.s appointed to the watery fields the n,ulberry trees were planted on the fragrant hills and tlie rearing of silk-worms began. Tlfe goddess 1 1' \% land, fish of beasts r fastidi- paid the anner in lie Food- )s way to 1 cruelty oint rule it, while a mes- ss were 30 true, ppeared 3SS had f e ; her :en out ebrows IS, Avas lows of I large Lst her e mes- sented rejoic- Day luman fields, i hills, ddess, MYTH AND TRADITION. 53 S t 1 taking two cocoons in her mouth, chewed them and began the spinning of tln-ead, and from this the arts ot agriculture and of the production of silk had their beginning. Our story now must needs follow the fate of that queer fellow Sosanoo. Strange, indeed, was his career ; lie IS sai.l to have been an amorous fellow who wrote poetry and married a great many wives. The most Illustrious of his of?;spring was the ^amous old J)aikoku bama, the god of Fortune. No more tamiliar image is there in Japan than that of the fat jolly little imp sitting on two great bags of rice, with' a luige money-bag on his back and a mallet in his hand. No god more popular and none worshipped more devotedly than he in all lands. While he was in banishment, probably for his treatment of liis sister, the Sun-goddess, a huge dragon had come forth and devastated the land, and had ea en up all the fair virgins. As soon as released from banishment, Sosanoo assumes the role of avenger. He entices the monster to partake of intoxicating li.juors, which he sets before him in eight jar,s, and, when the dragon is thoroughly stupehed he slays him. Then he finds in his tail a wonderful sword called " cloud-cluster." which proved to be one of unusually fine temper. This sword afterwards became one of the three sacred insignia of Japanese royalty. Up to this period in the mythologies of Japan, he heavens and the earth have been very iea; together and but one kingdom. But now a change !!. a m I'!) > J I. 'II £4 japan; the land of the mornino. Ill • Z, !"": '^''■'•"''y *''" «'l>ol<= ■■calm, above and below ,s throngci by the fa.,t ,a„ltipl •!„„ ,!;,;";' and, wl„ e nothing is said concerning tie ctnd™ of ho.e who perpetually dwelt in the^a^aven, abo.e roohr'w::a:!rrr'':''''^'"'-^'^ reaches he oar. of the .Sun-godde.s. and ,sl , c ; so that order may be established and the land subdued and developed. The Sun-goddess, therefore, resolved to n,ake one I wonTl V'T"'' "■'"'■ °™'- "- '--Walworld It V ould be .rcsonu. to tell how a .son had been created iron, her necklace, and how he n.arrie, Id" eous,n another grandchild of the fan.ous pri .« pan-, I.„nag, and I.anann, and how this yo .^^ couple gave birth to a son called Ninigi-no.Mi|.2 rb,s gran son of the sun was appoi„ted°flrst rui; o^- th U„d„fJ,p,„ by his grandn.other, and W..S s.nt down hom heaven to dwell in an 1 subdue his kin., don,. When the Sun-goddess sent her gra.'l o^ down to the earth she gave bin, various t'easu e »e of winch was the mirror, the end.len, of her own' soul, the famous swor.1, " cloud-cluster," taken from he dragons tail by ,So.sano«, and a crystal spLre In g.vn,g lum her charge concerning these ins !n a she spoke on this wise: " For Venturis C centunes shall thy followers rule this kingdom Herewith receive from n,e the succession anS the three crown talismans. .Should 3.0U at any future ^f A MYTH AND TRADITION. 65 bove and ? spirits; induct of ns above, ot going fions and 3ort that 3 decides be made, he land ake one I world, id l)een ried his rinieval young Mikoto. 'uler of as sent 3 kiniT- cindson asures, iv own I from iphere. ^ignia, upon gdom. d the "utiire time desire to see mo, look into this mirror. Govern this country with the pure ra.liance wliich radiates from Its surface. Deal with thy subjects with tlie gentleness which th. smooth rounding of the stone typifies. CWibat the enemies of thy kingdom with the sword, and slay them with the edge of it." or the four great main islands, to Kiushiu, the most southerly, was given the unparalleled honor of being the lan.l first visited by this heavenly emperor, Ninigi-no-Mikoto ; and, among the moun- tanis of Kiu.shiu, Kirishiyama was set apart for the histmg fame of being the grand portal through which he entered. The Sun-goddess, ere she sent her grandson forth, surrounded him with a kingly retinue of gods of inferior raidv, so that with all the dignity and glory of an emperor from above, he inight assume his authority on the earth. Thus equipped, Ninigi-no-Mikoto crossed the float- ing bridge of heaven, upon which long ago his grand- parents, Izanagi and Izanami, had stood at the separation of the land from the water, and in royal procession reached the place already designated. After this descent of the first emperor from heaven to the earth, the sun and the earth, which had gradually drawn away from each other, became entirely separated, and all intercourse across the floating bridge of heaven ceased. The two kingdoms became distinct, and from henceforth the mundane kino-dom of Japan must, like the growing child, learn to walk alone and rely upon its own resources. It would not be at all strange if, long before this m ilifJ 56 j I' Pi^ m JAPAN; THE LAND OF THE MORNING. Natura;, i„,ee,l, u™U V «^ h ;">o.... thorn to-day. easy tlw answ, ,■ v 'I'lestion, and very witli the 2u f o7 r '°"";;' '"™"^' '" -"'»«' name of t ,e F ™ytl,olo.ne». The very •"lie or tlie tiiipire is s irnifieTr.t Ti. t often say to the foreigner W,T' , '^'""""' country Japan > U f „'„. ^^''^ ''°,>'°'' ""» ™'- This " iVilK, , .. i, , : "°' J"l'""' 't « Nihon." ■• Niho„°» mean ;„ L "■ '"'""""« ■^°'"™ ^ ^ "'"t fore is theT ■ i;'" "'' "'"™''- Jopan. there- thatsomewle 'irtr hT i"^' '""''""' ^™ «"'' the sunrise 'IT T ^"""" ''" "'« '>o.ne of »yfho,o;:s: .-Ltra tl ;r:;:s""-""f , "^ °"' it3 origin. If one u„ ",,'"' *'"""*''°''''«*'^. for Japan^there IZ iru;^^^^ .'^^■"."""-i «". of proof of the same strange iZ V "" ?' ■'"^'"" flag, and yet very elonueni . i ^f ^ '^""P'" i'' «« white field uS on -n ;r ""'"'■"' ^'"' "P™ " people, an e..eeer. y\l l":^'-^-''^^, «« »' ">e Should the tmvellcrr arisHrith 7'"T r*'" "''"'^■ set out on hi., ionrnev ii fn V, *'^'''™* ^"'^ out the easternZZnt V rr " """'"^ '™'" along the road, the oo":;': e UafLTL^'""' "" pleted their simnlo f^;i , ^''^"P^^' ^ttei having com- hands and bow3 fo,°f L"™r""^ °'*^P"« '"-■ owing toi a moment m inaudible prayer MYTH AND TRADITION. 67 before tlieir great progenitor, Ainaterasu. the Sun- goddess. Very cliildish an. a v.ry bountiful atlhir; but when we n.u-h it. in ni.ie cases ,>„t of ten, it will H'H connnon ,>i,| weather-lnsaten huildin.. not worth ': f '^« ""u . as the stone walk whieh leads to it, s. /"'.T' ■"' '■' '' '•'"""' ^^'•""'"» ■'Structure, Muu,un.|e.ll.y a curiously slopinc. tile rooF with very \'r'f "ve.-han^in^r <"aves. The building, is lift,;i n^irlMm posts, and a l.r<,ad flio-ht of stairs runs up to tlH> iron , wh.le encirclin,- it is a narrow passa.^e- vay overshadowed by th,. c.ues alxn-e. .h.st before the lai'l ol the o-o,ls tlH. people pay first an 4 ;! :I'lt; CO JAPAN; THE LAND OF THE MORNtNO. I" c f.ty, an,l we,-„ H,„t „„„|,. ,„„| ,,„ „ bmncl,c..s u ,. ,S.,kaki tn. before the 0,^:1,1. the ,Sun-fr,«l,les.s l,i,l |,e„L.|f ''' We^hlie'V^rl'' " t"'"'"' '■'"'" •"'""" "''■■'•- -I">1' « .0.0 ,ve can «n,l the Kre,.te.,t n,.ti, „„l „hrin ! ■ISO, ftiKi fit Ise, a non ii'^ul-w^,, u ^ +1 . . , I'Liiuisu/.i oil the ea.stern const nf ^e n..m, ,.l,„.,l if anywhere, we can learn of Z to > "■ Very aneu.nt an,l far-fan.ed ar,. these J^t nationa s u' ne.s no (l,,.t t„ ii ^i nient M,.t«„f.i """^"'.■^"""'"otlierii thousaniK from all puts of the En,p„.e tl„ek i„ i,il,,ri,„aj,e. In,lee,I fro b t en the ol,l .Mythologies an.I Shinloisn, J„s Wo 1 'h':; '"»*"• '"'"'"*' '■•"•"■"™'» -'--ho J^nipeior Si])in reiLni n, l,t le n,ore than a pohtieal cult which thows around ahout the Empero,- a halo o 2^ authonty and mal«s him the son of Heaven, aceordi I ^h :, To "7 " ''^ ^""™' "■>-*'-°«- ^^ alluded to. Moreover, growing out of this it ha, Weon,e a system of ancestral worship. EveryemLt -l.e.. he d,es, becon,cs a god, not any dfffert ; .' character or disposition f™„ ,,i,at he was «d n he yet dwelt upon the earth, and is still very ne" to ake cogn,.ance of what is going on among t,: euldren ol „,en, and to bless or blame accordL s tl»,ract,o„s are either pleasing or displeasing i„\:: The present Emperor has one hundred and twenty two such ancestors, a veritable "cloud of wit "e! ef" tot;:: °ou V" rr-^'r' '"^ ■'"" "^"^^ *--->■ y to the old hhmto fa.th, we have but to quote the wor,ls ot Ins oath in the promulgation, some fou years ago, of tho new constitution giving civil a," MYTH AND TRADITION. 63 relicrious liberty to his people. After first Avorshi,)- pnio- at the sacred shrines of tlie palace the spirits of his Imperial ancestors, he said : " We,tiie successors of the prosperous throne of our predecessors, do humbly and sokMunly swear to tho Imperial Founder of our House, and to our other Imperial ancestors, that, in pursuance of a great T.oh'cy coextensive M-ith the Jieavens and with the earth we shall maintain and secure from decline the ancient form of government. " We now reverently make our prayer to them and to our Illustrious Father, and implore the help of their sacred spirits, and make to them solemn oath never at this time or in the future to fail to be an example to our subjects in the observance of the law herebv established. "^ "May the heavenly spirits witness this our solemn oath ! " We have now seen from the foregoing how Shintoism thoroughly permeates the political life of the nation • and tJiesame is true of the social. Under its teaehin.; the family also seems to be of divine origin. Ev.tv father of every family, when he dies, becomes a deit'v an.l IS devoutly worshipped by his children, as, in.le.d are all the ancestors of that particular househoM' Consequently, great care is taken in the preservation ot the family records, and especially of the geneahx-ical' table,_ tracing the ancestry as far as possible back into the «t .">.. Zi :i ';:;:;;;« f"'-- »"" ™" '»y' object of natur , gm or s d 7 ".''"'" ' ^°"' "-"'^ -1.0 broo,l» for a% oVr s ,T ""j"' '"■■''r ''-t^ face.! «::ri.;oti "::;';::: ;:""'■ ::-- "■« '"- »tumbli„„ a„,l the rill ■^,"'' "'" ''o«-= from the rush?„r i"r tro I,"" ""T '•^- "'" -''' °f clmntsia,;eirdp;nv. tof ""■"""' '" ''■■'■''"'«> l.i.n fro,„ wreck Indf ??"""■'■'"'" ''""' '° «"™ broa., ocean ;:t,::'', ';/;;;::::« ^ captain, at which supplication i. ' Japanese in tin,o. of .storn, a,'! of a::,;':,""' ^''^ '-'-""y Do you ask the character of tl Ii„; t.ons of thee votaries of 81,, i„ '*-?;' """"" answer is tl,at they are e„e. ,1 vt „e iT tion of the'irtt t : i:,':;:! ,ff. -''■;«- t. Nothiuo- of mx. 1 ,"'"^"'"^nite about lyounng ot joy or liopel'u ikssh (.nti-rs Jnfr +1, • thouglits of the ]iero.,f'f.>,. t x, • '^^ *^^^^ ve./.itt,e, if In';,:;;;-, ;:/':;^■:r\r -'^ ha. «ooairi.f2";: ;i:rn:;:i:'" «"''-»-<> What beneflt, then, has thi., oldlcgcclary faith m MYTH AND TRADITION. 65 been to the Japanese ? Tl,e answer to a question like « s makes a fltting eonclnsion to tl.o preint el.ap er soeh W? f™™-=™« '» t''« »l.oIe politicll and >=oc a tabnc of the nation. One who l<„ow.s Japan well Ijas put .t ve,,, aptly in sayin, that the Ja,3 aiethvmg example of the elfeetuality ot the p -oniise ontame, ,„ the fifth co,„„,andme„t, " Hono, 1. v the land wlneh tl>e Lor f IN 1 HE ANCIENT DAYS. As we have already seen, tin /vlamor of myth and fable is tlirown around the be^n!uuii,(H of thiiigs in Japan; and wlien we go baclc u> .1,,- birthd;iy of history, we still find that ovej- an.l around her cradle the same illumined clouds bend low. The history of J.'ipan begins with the Emperor Jinnnu Teiuio, the fifth in .uccession froni Ninigi-no-Mikoto, whoi'n, it will be remembered, Amaterasu, the Sun-goddess, sent down from },.^aven. Because of the supernatural circumstances which are recorded to have attended the career of Jiinnm Tenno, it is not at all certain whether he was human enough to really claim kinship with the children of men. History however must have a beginning somewhere, and it is not a bad idea to start as near heaven as possible. We have, there- fore, Jimmu Tenno's name as the first on the' official list of the Empire, and referred to by the Emperor as his great Progenitor and the Founder of the Dynasty. Japanese history says that Jinnnu Tenno had his dwelling-place just at the foot of the mountain Kiri- shiyama, upon which Ninigi-no-Mikoto alighted when he came down from heaven ; but the place was evi- dently too straight for him. Or, if wo could push aside the superstitious glanwr which . grounds the spot we would most likely discover thai by this time a^mm lyth and idngs in bliday of er cradle istory of inno, the tvliom, it less, sent rnatural ittended certain kinship er must 3ad idea ', there- ! official peror as >ynasty. had his in Kiri- hI when vas evi- d 2)ush :ids the lis time I iN THE ANCIENT DAYS. gg .1- el,K.Ha,„, set out „,«„ an exp„,liti,„! „f JZ- ^"iM.u ,,n.l 8h,koku,,„to the fa,„ou« I„la„,l 8oa \Vo,« ertul ,„„„t I,ave been the «ce„e a., theT Hi-led .n ana out an,o„« th.« lovely islet.,, as nunXol verclan and a., truly picture^jue a, those of ourfo famed Thousand Islands. Wonderful, too, were the fabulous n.onsters which ".rouged the.se new environn.ents. It is said I |.-eat n,„ny ereature.s, like colossal spiders on t' Junnu, ennos way, and even wicked gods wa-e wlr ot this Inland Sea, or Seto-no-uchi -is tliP T,, ;;;'i'ce''';:,'^":;' ■■'■';'''' «-i..«c:':,;r:nS::: Ml..ce. Stdl, at lensth, the old restless spirit seized hnu and away to the eastward he led his band ," 0^.ka wa,s reached. Now the conflicts witl 'e bt «ea as «on. fhe supcrnatnral, however, seems still to ha^.e been Ins ahl, and at one tin.e when Ipi 1 l™ way along an unknown road, over n.ountai.fZ" ? '..., no-M,koto, sent Inm an inni.cnse crow havino- ' - - e,gh feet long, which went before and 1 d 1 im - o ohe nch land of Yamato. This province b cam . , pennanent abiding place of him and his pcop k ^; or was the struggle with the natives of the land ' 1 their adonti on Tf io „„,vw, , , . * "-"e una i • li':!] adopt ion. It is said that, during one of the 70 11^ fi i JAPAN; THE LAND OF THE MORNING. conflicts, thick (IfU-kncsH brooded over the batth'-field, so that neitlier ui-iny could catch a o-Hn.pse of the other. The din of batth.' ceased, and all was stiUed. Suddenly a ^r^eat hawk, surrounded by a halo of glory, shot thrcnigh the ^houx and restJd upon the bow of Jinnnu Tenno. ^I^he terrible liL IN THE ANCIENT IMYS. 73 fl iluy were st.ll like tl... .nrly colonists who sottl.d on the eastern const of No.-th An.erica. Very circnn- .cnbed were the h-n.its of their hahitation an.l .11 -onnd ahout then, were as wild and as sava^^e bards o^ .•il)or,o.,„e,s ,,s o,ir fathers ever had to encounter ere ^u,v won th,s fai. continent for ,),eir posterity. Conse,uen ly, wlule we have the nan.e of the Emperor Snj.n as the pioneer in reIi.-ion and a- culture, yet the whole period is tilled with little dsc than wars and runums of wars Mith the hardy har- '>'tnans wh<, encompassed then, so ch.selv These consta..t conflicts developed a correspondingly warlike -^ee of n.en, until .Mast, in tlK. second century vvo ■see eiuer^nno. i„to th;. bloody a.vna the first -nvat national hero of Japa. This was Yan.ato Dak^-no- Mikoto. sun of the twelfth .upe.-or of Japan Very marvellous are nc deeds recorded of this yahant warrior. While he wr, .t only a striplin,. .great rebelhon occurred in K, shin, and, ^-ainin^- he consent o lus father, he led an arn.y a^aitt the .els and defeated then.. In tin's his f^rst expedition le d.stinpnshed hnnself no less by his strategy thar. by his bravery. While the two arnnes were yet oppoMug each other, Yanuxto Dake n.ade up his ndnd rebel chiettazn. Being a youth of ren.arkably fair countenance, he disguised himself as a dancing girl and eoimn,.- to the sentinel, requested that he be' allowed t.) perform b.-fore the leader of the host The sentinel, hnnself fascmnted by the beautv of face and iorm oi the supposed maiden, and thinking to reeeiVe w 74 japan; Tin-: land ok rur-; mounint.'. I a ncl, ivvvnnl Inun l,is (.|,i-r, -.uluutU.l hrv tu the '';""1' '^"•' '"'■' '"■•• P>v,sn.t..,l to tl... nv.H.n.l Ih,,v HlHctl... e<„M,,u.st of tl... M.ai.l,.,. uasc.o,n,,|..t.,.; k-r «n.y-,n^r a„,l .Inndnn- won unstint.-.l appluus,. IVn,,, tlu- HS,s,.mbKM co,n,Kiny..f revrlLrs who constitute. I the curt., th.. w.m,I.I-1h. rnh.r. Th... at th. d„s,. of the carousal Jh., the chiertain. to.,k tl... fair .l.-ceiver l.v tl.e han.l a,.,| l,..l h..,- away ...xultino-lv ,„ his owii "Partn.ents. Th,. .lisillusion.....nt, houw..,-, was as .s-...leu as the joy was short, an.l 1..- fo.n-l hin.Heif 1" the^rasp Ufa ivsolut,. y.an.n- warrior, who p|„,..-ed a (hi^r^oT into his h..ai.t. Kven n..>re .vn.arkahle still w.Te the n.ats of ann.s n'O.H..l,.,| of W,.mto Dake, in his suhse.,u,.nt l.attles uith the harharians of the ,.ast. As vet all the temtoiy, oven fop a e.,uple of a hun.hv rM,il..s w..st- wnr.l o Tokyo, was a wil,le,.n..ss, inlVst..,! with s :iva«-e ban.Is of Ainos. These trib,.s ha.l r..v..lt...l and were now on the warpath, when Van.ato Dake sallie.l urfcli a..unst them. Alon^. with him went his heroic wite, Tach.bana Hnne. Fii-st, he n.a.le In's wav to the great national shrines on the peninsula of Ise, an.l while th.r... l,.aNinu. his ow.i un.ler a i,ine tre- he preva,le.l upon the viro-in pri..stess t.> ^-ive hnn that saer..d sn,.-.! on,, of tl... tl.re.. insignia of Japanese loyalty of which wo iiave alrea.ly spoken. This, no .loubt, accounts for the many miraculous maniiesta- tions which now atten.le.l the expe.lition. Noon he WHS r.|,.l.t ,11 the heart of the enemy's country, at tlie toot of Mount Fuji, and near to where the city of bhid.uoka now stands. Tlie country was, of course 1 iij < 1 ■ ) ( [ j '; \i i \f- f A i 11 1 it 1 p IN THE ANCIENT DAYS. 77 nothinnr but a vast wilderness, and Yan.ato Duke lui.l to force Ins way throu<,di tlie thick underbrush and over tlie rugged fell so very common the,-e Here the enemy, perfectly at ho.ne, ans on the western side, he then led his band through the <\rru defiles, and around and up the steep acclivities of the Hakone rr::ge, which early became the great boun.l- ary Ime between the west and the east in Japan Perchance, in passing, he looke.',"■"'■' '"'■" "I'™ "'■''™"' '- plaintively «.uled "Ad.ur„a ha yal" (01, ,ny wife!) From that tnne to this the poetic nau.e of Yeddo Phdn i Never again .lid Ya.nato Dake reach his home. F.ible weaves around his career too many legends for «.s to repeat. .Suffice it to say that, so irduous w„ l.ind so bit er the conflicts and so terrible the evil ZT " " ' "'' *" "'^ "'-'-ntered. that when a l.>st he reached again the shrine at Ise. his streno-th wa-s .spent, and he bo«-ed himself down before S.e .tself. Ihey bnned bin, there at Ise; and it is tended his ^laiii, and and even 'H, on the •subdued territory d to Jiis ■ladly he 1 lands of I'aced his beautiful ■e of ]iis innnered u,i>-lit to ife ^ave scarcely intivel^' From Plain is > home, iuds for 'US was Juntain he evil hen at rength •re the I^eath it ia IN THE ANCIENT DAYS. 81 said that from his tomb a white dove was seen to escape, and when they opened the sepulchre nothing but the funeral garb could be found. To-day the nauie of this great hero is a liousehold OF LOW DEGREE. ^^^■. •^.;.^V-■^:,^J^^^-;^.:^^| word an.ong the Japanese. In the beautiful park of the ancient city of the Maedas, Kanazawa. there stands a magrnficent bronze statue of Yamato Dake with the fan,ou.. swc^d " cloud-elu.ier;' in his hand' nm iH!;l 1 1: 82 japan; the land Of THE MOIIXING. I :! beautiful shr.ufs arc erec «1 to his mcuory Japan is not without her illustrious women Begunuus wth that .levoted horoi,,.. Tachibana Hnue, who gave hei-self to the cruel waters as a zri T '""•'"■f ■»"• "- p%- of the a„ei:;tis- to.y ot . lapau ,s all he»pri„kle.gher p ace m the social scale than it has during later eentunes, yet it is very pleasing to note haf now as^un in these last days she is distrnguisl^„t self n, the person of the present En.press In the ancient days, it was in very masculine deeds o valor that the Japanese won! won e ..stor,ca renown, I„ later centuries, when the old co„tn.ental c,v,h.ation, with its voluptuousness had thoroughly polluted the strea.ns of' morality h ^.urtesan becan,e the type of brilliant womanhood Aow, as this mneteenth century draws to its close Chrislnr-f ,'T '^™ '^^'■"■■^ *'-" «- »o- CI nst-hk, ,doal of mercy and philanthropy. Not ony ,s Ch„,,t hin,self, in the person of His'devoted followers, puttu.g this crown upon the brow of Japan ese womanhood, but the En,prcss herself, catching sometlnng ot the spirit of the new day thl "f dawnmg upon the nations, is devoting much of her time to leading and encouraging the noble women of IPfr he Em pire s women. Tacliibana Liters as a icient Jiis- lames and i lived for empresses Kingdom, ation, ac- ery much t8 during lote that hing her- masculine won her I the old less, had ity, the lanhood. ts close, le more y. Not devoted Japan- atching that is of her •men of IN THE ANCIENT DAYS. 83 her nation in their enterprises of enhghtonment an.l benevolence. Already the Peeress' school for ^•o„„. ad,es. under the direct patronage of the E.npreis, ha^ v^on a well-deserved reputation for efHcient work. Foremos of all. however, among the good works of these noble women, is tin, Red Cross Society It «ee,ns a httle peculiar that in the land of thJ Sun- goddess, where the divine ancestors of the nation are alone (officially) worshipped, and where the heathen temple oversha.lows all else, that this beni-m symbol of the Christian's faith should have sucl^a prominent place. After all, the hospital and the ainbu ance corps, the world over, are the children of Christianity, and carry with them, no matter where tliey are, much of tiie spirit of Him who healed the sick a..d went about doing good. Thus, even in far. away Japan, many and many a poor sufferer has reason to bless the Clnist, whom lie knows not for Socie^ty"^' ^'''^'' '"'"''''^ °^" ^^"' ^'"'^'" ^""^ ^'"^'^ Our story brings us now to the career of the first Japanese queen, Jingu Kongo. Hitherto we have been watching the growth of an infant nation which has never gone to school. Without letters, without a ts, without a code of morals, and with but the most ; -ri '^ religious faith, this young con<,uering d,e has been gradually growing in numbers an! strength has been learning to wrest a livelifiood from he stubborn soil, and by deeds of valor has been sub- duing the whole country to itself. Palace, liouse and hut are all of the -.. .ry rudest. The authority of the m II ' a 84 japan; the land of the MOHNING, an.1 all l,e lore „t wl„cl, tin's rustic n«,,,l, i«„t ; ' »""ply tlu. stones t„l,l a,,,,,,,,, t,,„ ,,, ,„ '„,^^\^ Bnt „o«. a Chans,, is at l,an,I, n„t a s„,I,lcn one Just at tlm close of the fii^t century of the Cliristian -a a„ e,„peror called Chnai sat lpo„ t .f " We n,ay however, dismiss hin, with ittle more than the mention of his name for the „,-. i his wife w.,« tl '"■''" ■'"'"'on tliat rebeM ™ T , P™"""«"t ™« i" tl.at fan.ily, A rebel on broke out at Kumaso, on the Island of Kmshu, and the Emperor headed his army a set out overland to snlxlue it. His wife, theXpr J.ngu Kongo, followed hi,n by ship While o 1 expedition, the En,press was worsllippi ;^^' . ZJTi the islands of the Inland ,Sea, when a g^l eamrind .poke to her. Ho said : " Why are yonto anxio„.rto subdue Kumaso? It is but a scanty region ,ot worth the trouble of conquest. There is a m, C arger an.1 richer country, as sweet aLd a lovevt tb taee of a fair virgin. It i., ,,„,,,,-ug hri„l t wi gold, sdver and fine colors, and every kind o rich rTnri^rgiv:;^:r:^^4»)- «p cptrywithont^lLCd^irC^^^^^^^ husband the ;-:u:rar;!:/:^^^^^^^^ message from the gods, he was foolhardy enoujh to G. cliieftain, I' l)oa,st is reside, by !•« of tlie I'len one, mddenly. Sliristian ' throne, ore tlian son that iiily. A iland of and ,set Empress on this one of tme and i:iou,s to 3n, not t much vely as it with 3f rich '^orship ser the nd the htvvay to her was a ■gh to IN THE ANCIENT DAYS. 85 disbelieve it, and for tlie purpose doubtless of con- f^rmin^r Inniself in this view of the .luestion, he clnnbed to the sunnnit of a hinj, mountain and looked far and wide over the sea. Seein ^' ^^^H •! li £^^H| PflH i l^H I ' ii^^^l 1 lid m 86 ^apan; the lato op the Monmm. of tho wnter. Tin\ vl.n . i »'" 'M'l>n.>„! of t|,„ :;l ''"'', "" " ■•""••^ token of i"V|«.,,ti„„» |„, t|,„ ;,„„;''',"' ;''•""■•" !".»„, l,er i>''"'«'"' !«.■ Lair iZ w to ■ T'T ■■"" "'" <""'"■ «''" tW.^ token f„i, I,e. "^n" ;, '::";'' '" '«•"• ^o- ,li.i enterprise. ' "" '"'■"■'"■'' "'ith l.er l,o|a Nuch an expedition -is tl,; '"oment to J„,,„„. ^^^^ vl^ l"T.,""" °' "" »'""" -"-try wit,, 'an a,-,,,; ^-I ,";"'« l-P'" ol tl.at counsellor l,efo,.e tl,ee\-„edif'r '""'™ '""' '"^■r ««". at eve,y step, e' " "uT ''""'^ '° ^»' -i'- ''«'■ I'olp and soh- d f' , '"''• """ ""• ff"''»«a,-e ■-'tall was ..eaU; ,, t, ; """'^ '} ^^'^'■''"•y At B"t now „„„t,,er L, s ' , T'T "''""' '° -"'•'"*■ TJ'ey had no verv e " '"""""«' '*»'»- Co..a was to ,/fo.!nd "S'";" "'' ■'■"■^' ""- "»l'™«an to sail to the west vtd ^7^' '"'* » a».i„ without l,avin-™-'- ■""""tain peaks l„o„,i ,T , "'" ?"8'" ^'S''' of -"'I l.or a,.,„y then nl. ' '' >"°»'' "'<' "oas- Jingn ""'t the god ,ff ,:;:;" ^•«': :"" «!- soon fon.lj e token of ''t'^Hii lier A-(ain, ut ;-0(l.s. She ' fclie u'o,].^ ould coiiio Nor .lid "■ted, and iier bold no .small « of that ^n of the foreign !<-' lulior 111(1 her «et sail. '?>< gave ^ / "^1 c*:^ oS. ^\ W /I r^/yj. W n--i V IMC Scifflices Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 '^ ,V iV N> -^ W^ c.\ ^v- 88 JA?AN; the LANt) OF THE MORNING. I : would have been lo,t 2l,t or .1 Tf'™'"*'' '' incursion of Ji„„„ Ko,„„rr, „ C " "'■ "''" Jap>vn all the aecessorL of / .''''''' """ which luul ah-eidv J^H *'''""' "'^'^''^-^t'on BudJhis,,, i„ C Ir ;■ "''• "'"'"■ "'^' '"««--« of wa. a rapid LeTuo'k T", ''"' *''"' "'" '='""'«" the work. Tl e'inv °| ' '"; r"'' """'""=« '" ^'-'I'l-'to more than m" k the " "*-'" '^°'«° ''''' """'i^' "™ inaik the commencement of it with these historical ci~ ^ tl' eLeT/'r""" have never shown the h-Z f,„ i. '^ ' '^"''■™ anything like a InVhv'^t i ^ *°'' 0'-igi">'ti"ff »elve,. In tH inve r "^•'''^""•°» »-"'« then" further adil^e tX '^.l^r" r"T "^'^ '"^ Pacific coast. It "u f he ' ,''''""■" °'' ™'- that the neo»le of T ,'-«»^''"''«-«l, however, imitation a he potr^ft' '^:, r' ''""""^ "^ remarkable degree tiZu! ""'""" """^ *» ^'eh h make everythh, "tl v Vd ^ f "" '° "'"■^' 'I'"'='^ly ■natter how Wn it , i '' "=-^ "' "'«''' ""'"■ "<' ^'-reaii;:x;!o:;rij;:;::::;:--^^ cft:Sa:!rt'ih:::jrr::t"r""''^ *;anp as it m.y seen.^ead! o 1 ^ h:"r,rf:"' ad,«erentcontiue„t. The fi.t of thes^! thl Ir 3 I ^ I IN THE ANCIENT DA^'S. 89 inniiifr, it 31-. T}iis tlie opon- >clad into vilization lueiice of r, the stream becomes pretty distinct. Even at first the inunigration was (juite motley in its character : tailors, architects, doctors, diviners, astron- omers, n\athematicians and teachers came. Horses, too, were sent over, and nuilberry trees with silk-wo)'ms were also introduced. So close was tlie intercourse %A\ 'a, m 90 ■'apan; the land of the MOHNINC. 'it. : Hi of hrrky to it, ,,.li"f! ' "'"'''^""J ^'"■'I'ob -pt:;;';:; j™-™';« ">« •'■■fle.-ent occpa, io„s of tl.c tl.ino-s Ih , """«'■'"'*». an.I also note «omo -«T la-art of tl,o ,nHo , ,"',"""' P"""-"™"--' '" "'' '!>« ...eane,t peaLZ "'',^"'i*;-°'; ''"»„ to the hut of -nto,K,a^o:;:::.Heti::l^:;';r^^'^'■°'^- tins peaceful revolnfmn i I ''^ working of '-sth a„j b,:: r'°'Ch ; "™"^ ■" "" '^«■■'■ be fully served if 11, ' I ''''■'•''"■ """' '"''-po* will anJ re^gio, of j"" '"""" ? "'^ ?"'"-»■ "I'-atiou *o the .n^-nd of th"~;! """'^ ^'"'"- -' ""--tiug iand belonged to tl "' ,p 'T"'"""^" "* '«"»'• »" "« div.ded it 'all: : "^^';-'". or E,„,,e,.or, and he *n-ice rendered to the G ' p '''" '' '" "«» <>' Wbute wa., paid vv^, tS 1 , ""''" ""^ •■* ^'^'-'y &'•'" was divid«l to „ ""' °"""'"^''- Eai were for the lord To m", ff'?- "S''' "' -'"-h «erf, to do .,0. The nin 1 n " '?'' °'- ^■"P'-'^^d Crown, and everrver^" '1 "'"'""S"' '° ""= brought to the I , ^erkl ^T^"'" "'' ""« ™s -■-y. in ga;;;;:::;::r:ri r tra,,p„,g, and tinkling bells Th ' f *-'°''^'''™' «---vasdurin^heMidS:\ts:;:r: about the B occurred n.'l family l,y 1 • ,, »"lll,llly iv|,||,,, , ™""""'. i.«,p).. Of u "'"■""^' "'•• '"■'■"- deal wore as we lani.ll " "" '*'"'" «v ,. ..■,' I J NO. •''■ this old '""■'y. tl.roe t' Hie /,'i(r/i, ''•'•' to the '"";"y. tho fi<'it)i('n, or ■•' " A^Tcnt CHAPTER IV. THE SCHOLAR AND THK PRIEST. Another mUyhiy c\v.m^r wrouglit by this early wave of continental civilization was the uifrodiuHon of letters; and this, perhaps more than anything else, lifted the Japanese out of barbarism. Of course, the gloom of anticiuity and the dim light of tradition make it uncertain as to just when ttnd how the books with their teachers found their way across the waters. Tradition, however, gives the honor of introducing learning and literature to Atogi, a son of the King of Corea, who, it is said, came on an embassy to the Mikado's court during the reign of the great warrior Ojin. He remained only one^'year, but on his return to his native land, a teacher named Wani went over to Japan at the request of the court. The nobles and chief men of Japan then began to earnestly study Chinese books, and from that thne up to within forty years ago the Chinese language has been the medium of all enlightenment and educa- tion, as well as the channel through which all the treasures of Japanese history and teaching and song have been transmitted to posterity. In connection with the introduction of the Chinese language and literature in those early days, two distinct tasks lay before the Japanese. First,' they n n * : m japan; the land of thp .rnT>K "••Kl to ninstcr tlic . ;■."«'•' ">.....,■,:„ ',;:,;; ;:;;;;;' -" "„■ «...,„,, ,.f ''"f ■■■I «o„,,,,,. i,. J,,; ; : " - .'-V,,,.,, „,„, '7 '";''''''■■ '■'--<^- lit'-. :'•'''"''•"''' "'-I' ''■ to denote ti,..>vi,.,iHi,Vi :. '"'''■"'''''■ "■'')• •-''■ «t tlu, outset, ati." '■"'"■'■ ■'■'"■■*eo„d ;;''"'•■'•>•• '»"* ti»: CI, '":"' '■- i-.-,.i,.x,-,«, cliiimetws Hi,,-,.!, "' "."t"W- -'U Ki-xt t|„... ,.. " "' •"""'-1 to tl„.t of t „. ,H """■'>■ "« l"«il'lf v,t,,o,Ut,,e .,„,,,:,,,,,,.:.,;;;- to so,,,,,, ,.,,,^, '^■l>.v.sente,| ,,„,„„,„„^, ^^.^^^ "^1'. ..» to .o,„„|, ,i,„,,,^, F"'- liumll-e,!., of ven., fi T "■•0 the eiu,„.,y ohi, ,,; ■;,,'::: "p™'"'" -"''•"«.! ,, ';;■■ /-■ p-"-i..« of p,.e.,e, r rv: ""'''■ i"'<'-tie., "" '1"= fet th„u«i,t ,„„,t '!""■" «^'"»'""»« :■""-"'• After „,r,-t:'^,^:''-' '«".■.!« of the """.lo'juato typo of !ite„.t,„, " ""'^ "•'•''"■ ""d f.™.plH.,., I,ee,„„e „f the v ; ''^r ™y' ~"y I""''! to '"■: "'"Oh have 0>.e.tker, ,!:'■'-"■" "''•'■"■''"-••'- *""g the ,„,,,,, „,. ." *'"^*' .same ch,»,,eter.s ii"x prevailed to,- ,„„„,.,, "''r ™""l the Go-o,,. J J<- called the /fa„.„„,,.y^,_ vr\o. '' 't'^ ahiiost ^'"' \v<'ultli,,j' lit l.(. tli,.irs. ■^I<. /n luct, ''•^■/"'i-fc aiH/ '■, niul Well '>«>th,.|- way ' '"'.second l"'l'pl('.\ilKr " ''<'(|llcf)l(r *'"'y Cllosu '■'■"^ possiMe ivords, and "'il nican- ^^'■•ic'k'd a iiit'aiiino- 1 . ^' '. .Snil])Jy tinned to 'lioiiotics, lerations ■* of tlio I'le niid iiard to "ninciri- ''i"<'ictoj-,s lys the (jO-Oli. «t was whicJi Wfl THE SCIlor.All A\n TFIE PRIEST. 97 WHS introduced by son.e .Jaj.unese scholars, who went mvr to China to study Another styk., called the lo-o„, was also introduce.!, hut has made little head- way. We have. th..rei*ore, two, and ,.ven three pronunciations for the same Japanese character. The Kan-on is now in common use: but the priests especially m readin^r their reli^dous books, and in the chanting. ,>f their ritual, still employ, to a ^n-eat extent, the old Go-07i. Still, this unhandy way of doinc. thin^ns could not last lorevor, even in uninventive Japan; so a noble- man namenly with ' book of iuu-actiTs lie ^'rt'iit mo .sanio i iiiciin ? ■ ex])ros,s "<(.' ^n-nin- iuiiction, Chinese to the !ise ideo- I'OUohly is kind, iieaiiiii^ II. But ould be ;lithc'ult for liiin ^vritten ad and tare in i^-iitest •iiction -liinese as not ispires )f the which THE SCHOLAR AND THE FMUEST. 99 is called Kana mnjiri, or n.ix.Ml with Kana. This I hMV(> ahvady d.-HnilM..!. I„ this all th- Hftion. the P'Tiodicals, inch.dinM. the Mrwspn|...r.s, nw writtrn as >,s also th.. HihI... The third tv|... is that whirh is nitnvly devoid „r Chinese characters, and is written ■sni.ply in Kana, for the use of the connnon im.,,,,[,.. In these hooks the pure coll„(,uial Japanese wonls nlone are use.l, so us to l.rino- wlmt is written within the reach of the most une.hieate.j, who luive o,dy mastered the simple Kana. The spoken lan^ruaov is xny diH'erent from tlio written. In the eai-lier centuries it was pm-ely Japanese, and still in the coll.„,nial th." simpj,. native W()recon.e a Buddhist, and ro<,uested the Coreans to furnish hin. with scholars and artists, nistead of priests and prayer-books He also asked for physicians, apothecaries, soothsayers and alnianac-niakers. Nor were these first images of Buddha an,l the temples eventually erected for them allowed to ren.am undisturbed. The adherents of the old faith •soon ma.le the peo,>le believe that the prevailino- diseases and epidenucs. Iron, which they were then «ut{ern,o-, were punishments from the native ^ods because of the presence and worship of these foreio-n' images. They were consequently destroyed and the temples bu)-ned; but another supply was sent over from beyond the straits. Buddhism was actively pmpao-ated in the face of bitter opposition, until at the en.l ot the sixth century the new faith had grown so strong that the En.press 8uiko openly declared her.self ni favor of it. Indeed, during the reign of this empress a very ively mtercourse seems to have been maintained between Japan and the mainland. We are told of Koma, one of the then independent states on the Oorean pennisula, contributing 300 rios for an image ot Bu.ldha for Japan ; as well as sending over sevenil priests, one of whom, whose name was Duncho, proved an accession in.leed. It was he who taught the Japanese the preparation of paper and ink ; also, very ■ If* not at all over tlio one of his Uiist, and li scholars Joks. He )oth.sayers and the lowed to old faith )revailiiinf 'ore then ive g'od.s, e forei^-n and tlie lint over actively until at d grown declared a \-ery intained told of on the n imao-e several , proved -•ht the so, very THE SCHOLAR AND THE PRIEST. 103 curious as it may seem, the use of millstones. This nitercour.se, no douht, accounts for the fact that by the end of the reil, ee. L„t hnn seek t» „mke usu of the san.e b " . M,«s to «„c,,k i,, „„., „„ ,,„, „,„, „„^ ,,;;• « o ; 3; :''"'r' " n "'^ »"^-«'"'-"..» -m ai™ ^^low smaller and sma ei- niifH ;,. , 1 , •"• the world, and that to become cltl" tl.ey n,ust utterly renounce tl>e old faiths, throw THE SCHOLAR AND THE PRIEST. HI away their idols. ,l,.,sist from uncestrnl worship an.l give up concnhi,.a^., thv,, they turn away in dis.n.st saying. : " Ihe n.en who have turned the world m^i.le .own. have con.e hither also." All this is doubtless the result ot that ^n-eat con.pron.ise tau^dit by Kukai away back in tiie early days. Until nearly the fourteenth century, however Bu. i.t from Kamakura i.. THE SCHOLAR AND THK IMUKST. 113 tli(M«x,inisit,.|y iM'autit'ul ihIuimI (.,,||,m1 Kn(,sl.ii„a, an.l oppOHJU' this, on the iiminlaiid, is a iittl." vilianv. Hfiv it was that this dcvotcMl saint was to huv lM.,.n .'x.'eut.'d. \Vh..n I(-(l ont to the .sea-.shoro to ha v.. his li.'a.l stricken off. Xichiivu l.n.-lt .loNvn upon th.« san.l an.l .Ln-outly repeat.'.! his pra^vr, " Namn. mio ho rer, f/r Horns he boned his h.-a.| I'or the fatal stroke. Th.' .-xecutioner hTt -d hinh Ids swor.l an.l was hrin^r. hi-,' it .lown ui)on th.. n.-ok ol' his victim with t.'rriHc torce, wh.'n suly from a more or til at linds of in the tal, in a and not d saint n'saken costly le spot, of this lock to ful are ones of ared of weary srefore, an uncommon thinrr alon^:^ the highways of Koshiu, to meet them in all their loathsomeness. We shall never forget the first time our eyes were startled and our hearts filled with pity at one of these horrible spectacles. It was a specimeii of the red lep- rosy. He was a large, tall fellow, clad in tatters, and the moment our eyes rested on him, that description of the prophet Isaiah's flashed through our mind: " From the sole of the foot even unto the head there is no soundness in it: hut wounds and bruises and putrefying sores, neither bound up, neither mollified with ointment." He looked as though he had been beaten with a club from head to foot, until he was red and black and blue, and the great ulcerous sores were all laid bare through the scantiness of his filthy rags. Pitiful does it seem tiuit there is no better hope for these afflicted ones than in the dried-up bones of one who, though he was powerful while living, himself saw corruption in death. Often have we wished that the Saviour could again walk among the children of men for the sake of those pain-stricken and despair- ing ones, who thus grope in the outer dai-kness. This thirteenth century, in the dawn of which Nichiren first saw the light, gave birth also to the second of these great Buddhist reformers, Shinran. Although not a whit behind his predecessor in the extent and influence of his life and work, he was a man of very ditterent character. No celibate or fanatical recluse was he. Married himself, he taught that there was nothing in the pure doctrines of Buddha to enjoin upon its priests an ascetic life. Hi 'i ■' I I II ; f ■ I I 1 TJIK XNTERIOB OF A UCUDIIIST TliMl'lJ.;. J. gj fJflSaiiarffi THE SCHOLAR AND THE PRIEST. 117 The temples of the Sliin sect, founded by Shinran, are not in the h)Mely |)laces where nothinf^ is lieard l»ut tlie dismal moan of the pine tree, nor are there any monastei-ies or nunneries in connection with them. They are always found in the busy centres of popula- tion, as if to In-in^- a blessing to the people in the midst of their daily toil. The doctrines of Shinran were also very ditfei-ent from those of Nichiren. He taught a sort of justifica- tion ly faith in Buddha without the works of the law; and while he enjoined earnest prayer and purity of life upon his f(,iiowers, yet he attached but little importance to all isolation from society, i)enances, fastings and pilgrimages. His was an every-day religion for the family and the busy toilers in the ordinary walks of life. Consequently no other form of Buddhism has become so popular in Japan. Every- where the stately temples of this sect are to be seen with their great slo))ing tile roofs, towering high above the humble dwellings of the people, with th^ir immense portals often ornamented with beautiful carvnigs, and with their gorgeous shrines and magniti- cent images within. To many of these temples even now the connnon people thi-ong, day in and day out, in unceasing procession; so that no matter when one may enter there, many devout woi-shippers, bowed low upon the mats in front of the idols, can always be seen. Thus, Buddhism, with its devout, self-sacrificing enthusiasts, with its magnificent temples and attractive ritual, and above all, with its exhortations it ! ill p. 118 japan; the land of the mornino. to a .solf-sacriflcing;, religious life, won the ,ky over the eo, I .uulowy, lifeless for.,,., of Shintoi.a, and pervad«l the wliole life of the con.itry In the popular cle.sc,iption.s of heathen religions wlueh have o„nd their way into our home; a-Id ne,'^;r '"";,"■""'' °f ""^^''- "•"'' ■'■•gend., their base fupeist.t.ons, the.r ynoraut idoIat,-y and thei,' revolt- ing and cruel practices. All thi.s is doubtless true and ,t serves the purpose of co„t,-astin« heathenis„; « 1 the e.xalte, fa,th of the Cln-ist of Na.areth. &tdl there ,s another side to those ancient religions of the Onental world, and one which the earnest^tudent ot lunuau.ty cannot attbrd to overlook. God ha, .-.ways loved the Orieut. and ha, guided the religions ■e„,,n,e,;t of H,s children there, Just as .nuchas He ; , ' " ' r ''"^"""' '" '"= '■«'■» in the light of ,t™ ri . ,""■,"" '"'" "'■ R«W«'»'--s shone ..po., us h,-.,t, but that does not .„ean that we have a mo.,opoly of all Gods light. He .nade the n.oon and the stars also, and they are as "lights i., a dark place unt.l the day-dawn au.l the day-star appears." : 1 '^;'""' 'V""''' "■"' '"'' "''•°"«' "'^■'"■°'-«. - «" he c He, Bu, Iha "The Light of Asia "-not su.,ligl.t, but starliglit. ^ Would that we had space to tell the story of Buddha, and all that he did for that ..-eat Asitie Continent. It nuist suffice, however, to portray such sahent pon.ts of his life and doctrine as are necessary in ioming a correct estinuite of what his religion has done for Japan. * Of noble birth was Gautama Ruddha, and in early THE SCHOLAR AND THE PRIEST. 119 life a thorouo-li-goincr votary of pleasure. But after the threshold of manhood had been crossed, he came face to face with old av^e, disease and death, and the fact that no matter what are the circumstances in wiiich a man may find himself the end is the same, even pain and sorrow. Tlien, another type of Imman life came befoi-e his notice. He saw the ascetic denying himself of all the luxuries and pleasures of existence, and walkin(,^ calm and fearless amid the surrounding corruption and despair. This led Gautama to suddenly tear himself away from his beloved wife and new-born babe, too-ether with all the glories and honors of caste and public life, and to seek the society of the recluses in order to find the path oJ complete con(pi(>st over evil and sorrow. The search was a long and bitter one. At first, dis- appointments were his oidy reward. Temptations to return to home and friends pressed him vei'v sore. Even the companions drawn to him by his terrible fastings and penances forsook him dissatisfied, when he turned again to a more rational manner of life. At last, however, light broke in upon his soul. ^ Wandering one day out towards the banks of the Nairangara, he received his morning meal from the hand of the daughter of a neiglil)oring villager, and sat down in the shade of a large tree, to be known from that time as the sacred Bo Tree, or Tree of Wisdom. Here he remained in meditation through- out the long hours of the day, trying to decide *\m what course next to pursue in his cearch as yet so unsuccessful. Again his old temptations besJt him . ^ - M f: ' ii I I H •I In 1 » «, 'A'-AM; TIIK I.ANI. .),.' T„„: Mo,tNIN(J. Willi I rcini'iKJoiis fill II I I I , , '" "'• '""' iHCni,,,. I, ,or,H|u|,|, ;•;;:""•"•' "'"'-'" "'-.v. < <.i i c '"'■''•••"•••^.^ HiiW wn.s nul, uurll, (|,, ,.|| tl'.'iii. Ih.I .slill nnu, ul,,.,, IIh. nn.Ml uns . ",» ;.; ' n'nuiiiir.l I'M.dTIIr.SM 1111,1 u,,s i,.,|^ u,.i'l. Ih,. ,r . , . . H.MM. I,„ ,,(,1 „.,„.„ |,.„,l„.n,„„l„„.r„||„r,|,, ";''7;--- ' - .."i'l^ n,,.,v,ii„,:,, '■■■':;'«';;"■"■'•""" "|«m..' i. i „.„.,„,,,: i. ''■;"'■"';"■■"'"■; '-"^ ^^■"■y.n.i. ,■.■,.„,.. ,.. ;"'"'""^ "'■■;■''-■■ I— I " ivv,.,,i,.,i i,r ss .n„on.,.n. a,,..l i,|,.|a,,,.v, is .>„lv a :";'^^' '"• '^"l"v..H. n..in.-. nor .|i.| I.,. ,s..|, |.,.r.„,, ,„•, cIa..niolHMM.,l,nv...luifi. H,.y.livin..ul,(,nl>u(,,.,s Ho «>'..ply tuM.l.t that, in M.i.s n.oH.il 111'., u„,,„ ,,,,^ 'IIIK S<'II()I,AII AN If rilK I'UIKST. I i> I iHtlliiiio- I, III, r()iTii|il,iuii jiimI il. "i"l "nil iiM flinlJi caiiir, iKiUiiiM'' lo Ixt l(M.Lc.| furwaid lo lull, I'oivvcr Ihmum- |,o.s,'iri| a Ih.iiI, on I. lie liilldWM <»r ciKJIcs.s I iaiiMiii;4ial,i(iii,s. Tlicii (iaiilaiiia, laiinlil, tlial, il, i.s rvil drsiiv |,|ial, '•'ii'l'-i '•' iiiiiii (<> tlii.s mal,crial is isl.cncr. How rlini (■n,ii III' Hvl, till (,r 1,1, JM l.ciiililc chiiiii and ri.sr iniaiici- |'''il'''l ^ "'• '•aiiiiul, do il, \,y ,sii|i|»rc.sHiii;^f lii.M l.ody, '"■•■'••"i'^"' i< is I III' nioriil i'\il wliicli alliT all is l,lii; one ;^r,'i'al, li'niiMr. H' a, man hy hi.s di.S('i|.lini' add.s \'''l"(' 1,1. Iii;^ iiiiiai.' I.adni'.s.s, all Uir hi'iii'lil, lir will 'l"'i\'' •"'■i.ni il, will l.r llial, a,l, d.-aili Iw will oM.ain u lii/^lnr I'linii l.r malciial life ; sl.ill In- is cliniiiid lo Mu; awliil rai'k oT rinlli'ss liaiisiiiiHraiions. Only tlii^ (•.(»iii|)li'l,i' ii|iri.ol,iiiu- of all inl.oiii I'vil will srl, liini lr<'('. And )i,;^ji,in llic i|iii'sl,ion ariiics, I low n,r<'i.iii|)lisji iJiis!' To Uiis, (Jaiila,iiia,'s ri'|.ly is, " Im.IIow iJn- Tour- fiild wa,y 1,1) Mil' NIrixuKi,." Ill ordiT now l,o coiiiiiri'ss l.lii'si' l,l'a(•llillL^s iiil.o uh ' r~i |M)fl,a.lil<' a, roriii as |.ossili|(', li'l, iis I'ollow a,ii a,nci('nt ''•iniiiilii., i.K.l.al.ly iiivi'iil,i'i| l.y |,|,,. roiuidrr liiiiisi^ir, called llic four nrral, IriiUis : 1. Misi-ry a,lwa,ys accomi.anii'M i'\isl,cnc('. 2. All niodi's l.r i',\isl,rn('i' ri'siill, from pa.ssion iuid d(!sii'f. '{. 'riicri' is no i'Hca|»(' IVoiii cxIsIi'Ikm! ('Xci'pl, \,y Uk'. • Icslniction oj" di-sirc. 4. Tliis may In- a,('(;oiii|.lislii'd l.y rollowin.r IJk; iouj-- luld vvjiy to Nii-V!iiiu. li lilr II Pf •< j 122 japan; the land of the morning. 'riii.s fourfold way is as follows : I. Awakeninc. — Men in i]u> ]^U^^..,. te nal y lean. l,.nv utterly ,„..a,,,,,,„ , .„i,J,; to * lie.e.sy, unk„„ln«,, vexation, t,l,o clin.ax l„.i„„ „„i versal cliarity. " " 4. Nirvana, i.e., non-exixtence B.ulclhi,sn,, i„ its pure foi-n,, know.s nn i ,„„,i.,| e.,.sto„co whatevor. Nov,.- «..« tl.o.v a ,„n, , ofal,„,.,,nt„,.,nulat,.,l; an,l yot on ac,-., n(, „f ir« ;:■:•,'' """ '.'^ ■^'""■™'"»>- °- ""• "-.it n th. rol,g,„u., evolntion going on in tl„' I,,,,,- , n te elulclhood, n,„n bowed down before tl... n.ani. fe.s at,on., of foree, and worshipped tl,e gods „r ,, and erne ty; and so wo have Molocl, and tbe .1 g,,, ! nant w,tl, he,r awfnl expiations of tortnre and ,^1 Rehg,„ns I.ke Bnddl.isn, mark tl.e turni w ^ .■om these and the exaltation of un.selHsln^s I ^ \\hat te«,ples are now thronged with devote.! i.r- .h.pper.. The te.nple of Hachin,an, the god o C o t e oU,er shnnes erected to n.artial spirits 1 Not at all. Ihe temple.s tliat to-day call to their altars then™lt.tudesofpilgri,„s from all parts of tl'e '.l:;,^ THE SCHOLAR AND THE PRIEST. 123 are Kwanoii, tlie mxkless of ]\Iei ^(k1 of Helpfulness, and others of tl cy, and Zenkoji, tlie was this new 1; le same class. It iw of universal charity which (rave Buddhism its pecidiar charm, and which ^ave it th power to Imild up such a wonderful civilization there in the far East. The other factor, which had nearly everything to do with the rapid spread of the relieculiar is the extreme politeness and gentleness of the Japanese. Nor does tns kindly spirit merely extend to the treatment of I".l.s or iellowmen; the animals even partake of the benehts of ,t. To an American it seems pccu- liar to witness the familiarity of the crows whicli withou he_ sli,-htest fear of harm, alight right on the road l.eside one, or even take food from the verv coorstep where one is standing. In fact, these l>ean- titul traits are found evezywhere, and in the higiu'st types of Jai>anese life are developed to a remarkable clegiee. It is this that makes life among and associa- tion with the people of that land so pleasant to the miss:onaiy who himself is of a broad and kindly spiri ._ ISow, there is not the sligl^test doubt that all this IS due to the influence of Buddhism. No adherent of that faith, if faithful to his cree, a jrreat ]).•■, -t of her ^dcl.e lands were confiscated,'" and she had to fall hack upon the voluntary ^ifts of a careless people. Since then this ancient faith has fallen on very evil days. .Many of her altars are left to the moles and to the bats ; hei- temples, in a num- ber of places throu^diout the country, are fallino- into decay ; the revenues of the priesthood are bein^- fear- fully reduced, and a gene)-al sense of disheartt^ment and gloom hangs over the whole system. A friend of ours was wont to visit frequently some of the lovely .spots on the other side of Tokyo Bay. While there, his attentif)n was attracted to a very fine old temple M'hich evidently had once seen l)etter days. Often he went in through the open gateway and up to the great portal, and looked in at the magnificent shrine, but all Avas silent as the grave. Tho path was overgrown with moss, and scarcely a sign of a footstep could be found anywhere. At this he won- dered greatly, until one day meeting the priest in charge, he asked him, in the course of a conversation, if he had any parishioners in connection with the temple. To this the priest replied : " Certainly, sir. Don't you see all those villaf^es i ■■' 1 f I ' vM m 120 JAPAN; THE LAND OP THE MORNINO. ficattcn..! al...ut in yonder vnlloy ? They are all pai'iNiuoncrH my W <'ll, Imt do tluy ever visit the toniplo ? 'Yes, certain I y When do tl " H'V conio ? (I 'I' TI Tl of tl H'y com.- uhrn they die, and I l.iiry them. HH Ks hy no means true oF ail the tempi U' most popular h th pics. m, tod liousands of dc worslnppors. who keep up a c''^'^^' "tterly mcapa tated tor warlike exploits, there spran,. up wine, all down throu^di subsequent centuries pu -to tb. , ,a all the ,reat warn^ Bo of these fannhes had their ori.nn in th ■ Imperial eour, right under the shadow of the Fuiiwari^ cii-u 7 ''; ^ '""'"!"' ''''''' ^'^'^'^^ ^-its of c a act.r which mted them for duty in the field, many laira and Minanioto men M-ere made military chiefs and despatched to the front to subdue the barbarians and hold the provinces in subjection Our story must now follow the fortunes of the laira chm, as ,t emerged into notoriety first It is in connection with the name of a Taira that we f^rst meet with the word Shogun, so iinportant in J^ail::! gen al of the army, an office which we find bestowed on the leading member of the Taira family ^-hen field ihe laira fShoguns were sent away to the south west, and there won renou-n. Very differ would haye been the records of history \ad th 4 generals been content III remain in the field. But ^iili I (ill as If JAPAN; THE LAND OF THE MOHNING. victory after victory was fraine.l, and as the iiilli„Mu-o of the family increased at the capital, these uiou lusted for the spoils of office, and Taira won..-n aspirrd to he tho mothers of future emperors. The history of the rise and fall of any ^nvat family or dynasty all clusters around a few ^reat names It was so with the Tairas. In fact, only one name clain.s mention on these pages, namely, that of Kiyouiori. Itwasjustatthe time when the Taira were gravi- tatmg from the field to the court, that this uum was born, himself the fruit of unrestraine.l d.-sire. Of very striking appearance was this young Taira, chief- tain. Stout of frame and arrogant in spirit, i-ven in his teens he became a noted character at the eai)i(al. It IS said that he wore exceedingly high clogs, which added to his strange appearance, and in coirse(|uenee his companions gave him the name of Ko/w,/,,, the Japanese appelhition for that kind of foot-gi'ar. No effeminate courtier was young Kiyomori. '|'Ii(> martial blood of his fathers was in his 'veins and he thirsted for the camp and the clash of arms. N oi- d id he contentedly sit down and wait for a commission When he was eighteen years of age the s(>a swarnu'd with pirates, who ravaged the coast of l.oth .Inp,.,n and Corea, and became a terrible scourge to those countries. Against these Kiyomori asked to be sent and his request being granted, he was soon in tiio' thick of the fight. That beautiful Suwo Na■-.- theti.,. tlii'oiio. Tl.c. F„ii„-.,,,, ,., " ' """■"' "«■"■'<» the It only ncwlod a „val, of":, ? * t ™"'"I" tlwt «-ho,efaMc;r;,:.:,:;:^^^^^^^^^^^ families entered tl.o i;«f . • "^ *^^^'" M'^'^'at PH^ of a «„ir;t;i:;i:'-"- '•"-''« ■■"•^^^ dw^:.-i!ty.*i:';:L?'™ "-'">« «"»™oto „ad former were ^eno 1, 'ft"!; "-P"" ' '""'"■'"'« "'« west, the Iatt::Ta '■ l'';r;:! '" *'■« -"'" -" eastward. Now for tCITt " ""'"y *° ""= Japan, the ar,„.s o °C ^,,'':-te ""f '" f '''^'"■■^ »' other in battle as th, ' V "™, '■™'' "«■"'"«' ''"''h other on the tidd The T." ,"'"* '"""" -»" of Kiyon^ori, won and 1^, S tt ' "" ''"'^'•"''P P'''- and its I„peria^;;;U I~^^ became the virtual rul.T nf V «-iyomon military despotism. h or T; ' ""' """ ^™' Japan and its throne hem ith'/ I ""'""""-^ '"^^ and stron»_„o that f ""''' ™" "P ^o™? -u.-ped the thle"' r^vrt/:;-™',"^-' "^^ two ruler, a spiritual and Tte IT"' T '"h '"" nevertheless witli if« ^^"ipoiai. Tlie tlirone, ' '^' '^' °^^"P^"t has been nothing ; ., '; 138 JAPAN; THE LAND OF THE MOllNING. more than a friMed oliarm in the liiiiiva,tl,..;:, ii": Y "■'; ^'"''''■'■"- '""""-"ly tl.e history 00 J n" '"V "'"'" "'"d^-tein that eountV tn u rt"'';;:"'''' "''r'' "" ^'"•■"' of story. 0„i i o L '.*'"■'■■ ■"" '"■"""'■"' i» the sword. -NorclTd l" T-" ,"'' '""^'"^ '''^ '"tl'ors the c,a„,or do.,in« h„r Z::^^"^^^ ''7 per..shcd with cold and h,lf „t , , ' """''y not being able to trace the worn, n r. ^ T'' expedient of .seizincr her moth. "^'"" ^^^^ in Kyoto Tliis h. """'* nnpris(.ning her piet/o;ToS;:a'j:;^^,rt;^i-^^ot,.iiiiai reach When tl,„ ^ "Sam within hi,, »onster,agreaV tweXe'lr "T" """ "™' -- .hould .1. pJ^^ne'^^^o'relrrL ^t i If m KYOTO, THE ANCIENT CAPITAL. THE STRlJGOr-E FoR TIIK MASTERY. 141 ^ meant salvation to l,er niotlwr, l,ut d.-atli (o l.oi- chil.l.vn. At last sl... .i..ci.l...l to ivturn an.l tn.st to Iwr w..n.|..rl'ul hrauiy to save both hrv nioth.-i- nn.i her sons. Soon she appeared in the pivs,.ne.. of Itim sl„. most clrca.l.Ml, l,nt not with a count<'nance nianv.l with sorrow (,r .hvad. She was faii-Iy radiant in her beauty, an.l at onee so captured Kiyoniori that he wanted to take jier as his concubine, 'j'his at tirst she utte.-ly ivfused to do. but her n.othrr. with tloods of tears, entreated habe in arms, thunderbolts which were destined • \ entually to smash into frao-ments the power of the Taira clan. All three boys, when old enou