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Tous las autras exemplairas originaux sont fiimte en commenpant par la pramiira paga qui comporta une empreinte d'impression ou d'iliustration at en terminant par la darniira paga qui comporta une telle empreinte. Un dee symboles suivants apparaltra sur la darniire image de cheque microfiche, selon le caa: le symbole -^» signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbols V signifie "FIN ". Les cartas, planchaa, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmAs 6 des taux da rMuction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre raproduit en un seul cliche, il est film« d partir da I'angia supArieur gauche, de gauche 6 droite, et da haut an baa. an pranant le nombre d'imagea nAcassaira. Les diagrammas suivants illustrant la mAthoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 ' 4 S 6 ■HHK m REPORT ON THE PROPOSED EXTENSION : or IHE mmlim Mat^r Marfe, KY THOS. C. KEEPER, Esq., C.M.G., M.I.C.E., AND JOHN KENNEDY, Esq., M.I.C.E. NOVEMBER, 1879. HAMILTON: A. l,awsOn &- Co., Printers, is d- 14 Main Street Bast. .' 1S79 ■'--- ;f.;- .^C... Rio) Class. ..62ft»l Book K..2D...h... Ace. No 3.ZL5L. '•. •0 w- "% -.? : Btblt0tl|cque PubUque ©ttauia • ; • Jpublic iCibrarg ;/ . * > i REFERENCE/CONSULTATION^ '^ ♦ ♦ * * • Not to b* taken from the' Library. * Cet ouvrage ne peut 6tre consults qu'| ia Biblioth^uc R E P O I^ T. MoNTRKxr, lOili Nov., 1S71». Thoiiiai Ih'its/i'w Esij., City Clerk, J/amilton ; Sir, — W'c have the honor to report that in comph'anco uiih jinstriictions we have examined the present conchticni of tlie Mam lilton Water Works with a view to insure increased pressure and [a greater supply of water. The disastrous fire of August last has. we ThkI, given rise id liscus.sion from which it would appear that much of the early history of these works has been forgotten. Doubts have been raised as to the propriety of liie jjlan adofited in l"'-'.')!! and carried )ut 20 years ago, and schemes which were then considered and Hsposed of have lately been revived. As it is of the first im])ortance that in a great municiijal work, which all the rate])ayers are stock holders, there should be ccju idence in the jjlan, we deem it advisable to recall the early his- tory of the works in order to show that the loss of pressure shown It the fire was forseen ; also that all other jjossible modes with supplying Hamilton with water were carefully considered before die present system was adoi)ted. In the preliminary surveys for ^hese works explorations were made of the creek at Albion Mills. less Springs, Ancaster, Dundas, Waterdown Creek and Lake Vledad, north-east of Waterdown. Except the mill streams the others were found worthless on iccount of their insufficient quantity. Ancaster offered the be^i )rospects, for the reasons given in the following quototion from ^Ir. Keefer's report of 28th January, 185ver open terraces instead of th.ough the confined gorges of the bposite side are not shut in, and admit of the easy introduction |f auxiliary streams from the west, as well as the facile abstraction \i the water from each, in order to conduct it toward the ast — a most important feature where as in the present case none |f the stieams flowing into the bay are capable of affording singly, |nd at sufficient elevation, the supply required." Ancaster therefore, was thoroughly surveyed, and was found B2^S& » 2 capable of affording the supply called for (50,(^00 inhabitants,) but ihat for it was not then practicable to determine clearly its pro- bable cost, on accoiirt of the necessity for purchasing out the water rights, the cost of which would probably have been fixed by arbitration. Without this item the cost was nearly as great as that for a pumping scheme, and with it would have been more, but other reasons determined the selection as shown from ths report above rcfered to which says : "In coming to a decision as to the relative mei its of the gravita- tion or of the pumping system, both of which are practicable, it is important to look forward to the time when the population of Ham- ilton may exceed 50,000 inhabitants. The examinations made have been based upon the niaximum as fixed by my instructions,but when this population is attained the probabilities of its being doubled will be as great as they now are of its being reached. Looking at the commanding position of Hamilton, at the head of the larger navigation of the river St. Lawrence, and at the junction of the main railway routes from the Canadian and American seaboards, and therefore the natural depot for the rich peninsula to the west of it, I see no good reason for limiting its population to 50,000 inhabitants. Before the population reaches 100,000 a larger sup- l)ly of water will be required than can be afforded by the Ancaster streams, or by any other gravitation sources nearer than the waters which flow into the Grand River. In this case it would be necessary to obtain the required increase of supply either by going to a greater distance or by pumping." In a further report of the 9th of June, 1856, Mr. Keefcr says : "There is another consideration which weakens any objection to the distance of the Lake from the city, and which gives the lake plan in this respect an advantage over the Ancaster one. As the city increases in population its growth must be eastwead to a greater extent than in any other direction, its extension west- ward being stopped by the marsh and by the fact that the export- ing and importing points by water and by rail will naturally draw the denser population toward the lake. If the city increases as from its position it may fairly be expected to do, it will not be long before the eastern limit reaches Slabtown, the population ap- ])roaching the reservoir and taking the supply from the descending main already laid. With respect to the Ancaster scheme the in- terference with private rights, the necessarily irregular condition of the water, the number of separate worl:s required and the risk of accident to each give it no advantages either on the score of economy or efficiency over a supply from the lake, while the strong probability that the ultimate requirements of the city will necessitate h resort to the lake at some future day give > to the latter a decided advantage." • As to more distant sources for a gravitation supply the same report says : "The distance from which water can be brought in competition with a pumping plan is evidently limited. I did not feel at lib- W /} ) t erty therefore, notwithstanding the liberal scope of my instriu • tions, to extend the examination to the Grand River or ijcNond those streams which discharge between Dundas and Turlington Bay canal, until the nearer sources had been tested and found insufficient. The dividing ridge which separates the waters that flow into the Grand River from those discharging into Lake On- tario is between five and six hundred feet above the latter, this sum mit on the line of the Great Western Railway is in Dumfries, and is 6f>4feet above Ontario. A supply from the Grand River must be- taken from a point on that river at least (JOO feet above Ontario, and this elevation cannot be obtained nearer than Gait, a distance of upwards of HO miles by any feasible route. The cost of any form of conduit for this length would range from ;;^5,000 to ;;^IO,000 per mile, and this consideration would render any expenditure for surveys unwarrantable, at least until nearer sources had been condemned." Assuming the Grand River to afford an ample supply for all future time, the water must have been purchased from those who now have the right to it and outside of this purchase it would have cost more than has been expended upon the present plan to bring it into Hamilton besides the cost of storing and distribut- ing it there. Lake Erie has been proposed as a source of supply unobjec- tionable in quaKty, unfailing in quantity, and as "cheaper than the cost of pumping." A few considerations only are necessary to demonstrate the absurdity of the latter supposition. To bring a supply for Hamilton from Lake Erie, a pipe or con duit at least 30 inches in diameter and laid upon a grade which would give at least 100 feet of a fall in the distance would be required ; if less fall is used the size of the conduit must be increased. The grade line of the pipe, therefore, would be lOO feet below the bottom of the Grand River at Caledonia or the equivalent to this upon any rrore eastern loute. The summit between Hamilton and Caledonia is 1:00 feet above Ontario, Lake Erie is 330 feet above Ontario. Add the lOO feet of fall required by the pipe and its level at this point would be 270 feet below the surface. ■ Tunneling, therefore, would be necessary for the greater part of the distance from Albion Mills to Lake Erie. The cost Would be counted by miUions and it would be neces- sary to assume an annual charge for interest of over $100,000 instead of one of $10,000 per annum in cost of coal. If Lake Erie water were ever brought to Hamilton by any other method than that of pumping it over the summit (which would require a greater lift than is now given to the water from Lake Ontario), it will be found cheaper to bring it by the route of the Welland Canal than by any other shorter one. Before the present plan was adopted by the commissioners Mr. Keefer'ji report was submitted to two eminent hydraulic engineers, John B. Jarvis, Esq., the engineer of the Croion ^Vatel "Wcrks, \e\v York, and the late Alfred Craven, Esq., C. E., of that city. They gave their judgment as follows : "J II \ lew of all the circumstances, which it is believed have been fully discussed, the plan of pumping a supply from Lake Ontario as recommended by Mr. Keefer is regarded as the most simple, the most I'lim from unfavorable contingencies, likely to be attended with the least ultimate cost and capable of expansion as the wants of the city may require ; it is therefore proposed by the undersigned for adoption." In the twenty years which have elapsed since these works were completed your population has increased from 1S,(K)0 to 35,000, the length of distributing pipe from 18 to 50 miles, the number of water takers from less than 800 to 7,000, and the annual rev- enue from less than $8,000 to $00,000. The amount expended upon construction or capital account in the last IS years has been $805,482,40, of which the filtering basin enlargement has taken $^0,141»,87, and the high level reser- voir $17,757,81), the remainder (over $250,000) upon the exten- sion of the distribution. Nothing has been done toward increas- ing the pumping power because the limit of that now provided has not yet been reached and because any expenditure in that direction would have been useless without an enlargement of the channel for conveying the inci eased quantity to the city. The J) resent pumps are capable of affording the weekly supply re- quired without pumping on Snndays, and if at any hour of the n'eek the consimiption, as in case of fire, exceeds the hourly delivery of both engines, the reservoir always stands ready to make up the deficiency, but in consequence of the small size of the pumping main the quantity now required cannot be sent for- ward fast enough or in sufficient volume to i)revent a great loss of pressure in the distribution, some portions of which are 3 miles distant liom the reservoir and miles from the pumps. The water is withdrawn in the distribution at 7,000 different points (exclusive of hydrants or leaks) and except the hydrants these may be all drawing at once", while it has only a single channel 18 inches in diameter and 8^3 miles in length from the reservoir to supply all these outlets ; if the tnds of the pipes nearest the bay were all opened there would be practically no pressure at the (iore, and the reservoir water would not flow out of an c)pened hydrant there, although it might be rushing past with great velocity to the outlets at the lower points. This state of things was forseen in 185G. Mr. Keefer's origi- nal plan, as shown by his report of January, 1856, proposed a pumping main of 24 inches in diameter to the reservoir, and a sup- ply main from thence of 20 inches in diameter. In May, 1850, the standing committee on fire and water of the City Council called for a reductio.i of the estimate, and in his report of June, t>th 1850, he replied that in the pumping schemes a considerable re- duction could, with great propriety, be made, as his instructions had required him to provide "an ample supply for 50,000 people," but he stated that the first outlay could be restricted "by reducing The the size of the m.iins, with the view of layiny duplicate ones here- after, when II greate supply would be called for. The consulting engineers in their report of Dec, l.'^o*!, say : They "have arrived at the conclusion to recommend that the plan j)e based on an avera'^e daily sui)ply of :{;") gallons and a maximum of 50 gallons per head; at the same time to keep in view such en- largement as your city may desire, when this cpiantilN shall bo deemed inadecpiate to its wants. The average supply for a pop- ulation of 30,000 on the basis above presented would be l,or)0,0(iO gallons per day, and I, .lOO.OOO gallons for the maximum supply. This is equal to an average of 117 cubic feet, and maximum of lUO cubic feet ])er minute. To pass this c[uantity through an l.S- inch pipe would require a velocity for the average supply of 1 ,0 feet per second, and for the maximum supply of I ,'; feet per second, and if the velocity be carried to 'I feel per .second it would be sufficient for the maximum supply of 40,000 people. This last velocity is rather more than is desirable for the pumping main, but not materially objectionable. It is there- fore proposed to ^wX down an 18-inch main pipe which is ample for the present population and will answer the purpose until the population approaches to 40,000, when a second main may be laid, either 18 or 20 inches, as may ajjpear desirable after the exper- ience of the works shall demonstrate what may be necessary. One 18-inch main together with one 20-inch main will discharge the: sa.Tie quantity under equal head as a 24-inch main. The cost of the latter will be about $1.80 per foot less than the the two former, the first cost of t^"i 18-inch pipe will be over $2 per foot less than the 24-inch main. The 18-inch main will be sufficient lor probably 12 years or more, and the saving of interest on this difference will more than compensate for the difference in first cost. When it shall become necessary to have the second main this plan will be useful in other respects. In case of repairs on one of ihe lines of pipes the other will secure the supply in the neantime and an important advantage will be thereby gained at no incrtase, as has been shown, in the ultimate cost." In his report of January, 1856, Mr. Keefer had provided an average supply of 50 gallons per head ; this has now been reached. The quantity pumped in August last being about 58, 000,000 gallons, nearly 14,000,000 gallons per week for a popula- tion of 35,000. Instead of 1,500,000 gallons now being forced daily through the 18-inch main, there are days and weeks in which over 2,000, 000 gallons per diem are sent forw9,rd. The average supply esti- mated by the consulting engineers has long since been exceeded, and this has been found to be the experience of almost every other city, in some of which, as shown by the table below, the rate has exceeded 100 gallons per head per diem, at least one half of which is no doubt wasted. The probabilities of future increase in your consumption can best be estimated from the following table : t i 6 PoJ>iifiition, wiles of distributing pipf^ number of services ami consumption of water in in/and cities, United States and Canada. ( The consumption in thii table is given in wine gallons, which are about one fifth less than imperial gahons.) ClTV. t YEar g M •3 Q 1" ^ t a. ^ 1 Montreal.. 1877 i:U) 000 129 - 24 (>58, 5 69 502 364 6!» Toronto...! 75 OOO'lOt .V H 814 19 53 737 1 515 77 ( incinnati 280 000 '20 000 U 797 1 330 5T St. Louis, i 400 000! 185 16 800 23 120 808 56 Cleveland.! 18H 000 108 7 760 17 71 546 996 56 Detroit ...1 110 200 194 18 754 6 59 500 615 105 Chicago... 1 440 000425 64 898 7 122 786 803 119 Buflalo ....' 1H5 000 1>:J.';, 6 H8021 125 040 1 833 87 Milwaukee' IHO 000 75 .^„ 4 054 32 92 098 1 713 53 Hamilton.. 1879 35 000 50 7 000 5 28 000 200 42 Ottawa . . . 24 000 40 « 1 5 422 4A 56 676 424 96 The rapid increase of consumption is shown from the fact that the quantity pumped in the 9 months of this year to 1st October, is greater than that in any whole year previous to 1877, being 417,000,000 gallons in 273 days, or over 1,500,000 gallons per day, average equal to the maximum of 50 gal- lons per head for 30,000 people, as estimated by the consulting engineers. The quantity pumped was : 1876 383,800,000 gallons. 1S77 421,729,000 " 1878 442,195,000 " 1879, (9 months) : 416,800,000 " The quantity pumped in the three summer months has progress- ed as follows : 1875 105,000,000 gallons. 1876 114,000,000 « 1877 133,000,000 " 1878 133,000,000 " 1S79 164,000,000 " The consulting engineers estimated 35 gallons per head, per diem, upon the assumption that a fresh water town would not re- quire as much as those on the salt water. While, however, Bos- ton takes 76 gallons, Brooklyn 63 and Philadelphia 58 per head, Detroit, Chicago, Buffalo, Toronto show that more water is ustd, or wasted at inland points than at the seaboard. Hamilton in the general use of water as shown by the number of services in pro- portioi-i to the i^opuLition as well as in the daily consumption per tlHiJ per )t re- Bos- lead, ised, I the pro- per head per annum, compares favorahly with the above ci'ies. This consumi)tion, however, is the average for the year, Iml there are days in the year and hours in the day for weeks and months together, when the average- is greatly exceeded — perhaps doubled. On the 1st Sci)tember, 1H71», it is probable that the ojnsump- tion for at least a couple of hours was at the rate of ;{, gallons per 24 hours, or over 100 gallons per head of the popuh:- lion. On that day no pumping was done, and at o'clock a. m., Sept. 1st, the reservoir level was 21,40; at «» o'clock p. m., the level was reduced to 18.40, exactly li feet in 12 hours. The quantity abstracted in that time v/as nearly one and a half millions of gallons, the delivery averaging about 120, 0(M) gallons |)er hour, and to maintain it at that rate, a head of about 4r> feet would be required upon the main ; in other words, the pressure in t!ie <.iiy would be reduced about 45 feet in forcing the water through the main at that uniform rate throughout the day. 'iut there is reason to believe that for two hours or more on that day this loss of head was very greatly exceeded. For two hours in the afternoon it was reported that no water could be obtained on the Dundurn ridge which is 115 feet above Lake level and 70 feet below the full level of the Barton reservoir. There must have, therefore been at this time a loss of head of at least 00 feet and a delivery of the main approaching a rate of 4,000, 0(M) of gallons per 24 hours. - This quantity of water can be obtained through the present main only by submitting to a corresponding loss of preiisure. There appears to be an impression that the pressure can be main- tained in the city by the i)umi)s. From what has been stated it will be seen that this cannot be done with the reservoir in use. Moreover, without the aid of the reservoir the maximum consump- tion during certain hours of summer days could net now be main- tiined as that consumption is greater per hour than the delivery of the pumps. To maintain the full pressure in the city and at the same time force the maximum consumption of the 1st September last through the present main with the reservoir shut off would require an ad- ditional head of 120 feet at the pumps or a total lift of over 1^00 feet at the engine house. The rapid increase of pressure required to force an increased quantity through the present main, 18 inches diameter and 28,000 feet in length, is'as follows ; 1,000,000 gallons per diem, head required ^% feet. 2,000,000 3,000,000 ' 4,000,000 5,000,000 6,000,000 This is the head required to overcome friction alone and is ex- clusive of the power required to lift the water. In a very short time the maximum demand for summer days, exclusive of fires, will require double the delivery of the present <( <; (( <( « (( (( <( <( « (( « (< (( « II 38 ■ 88 150 245 345 (( <( (( ]nim|)s, and doul)lc the (:aj)ac,ity of the single main, so that pro- vision for more water and larger mains has now become imperative. In adopting the IH-inch main, as was very properly done, it was fully understood at that time that a second or duplicate main would be required in a!)out twelve years (tliat is in 1^72) or when the population " approached " 40, 0(M>. Not onl}-, however, has the ])Oinilation reached the point fixed by them when another main would l)e re((uired, but the consumption ])er head having largel>' exceeded the estimate of the consulting engineers, larger capaci- ty m the main becomes imperative even though the population had not reached tlie figure named by them. The quantity now re- quired for o5,()(M» is that which they estimated would be sufficient for 50,000 people. THE FILTi;RING RA.SIN. 'f'he capacity of the pumps is not sufficient to test the yield of this basin since its enlargement. But after a week's pumping with both engines at the rate of two and a half million gallons per day, the surface of the luisin was drawn down 2 ^l, feet be- low the lake level of the second week of October last. This would give roughly one million gallons for each loot of filtering head, and as the filtering head is increased this propor- tion should be increased, but if only maintained, the basin, when drawn down to its full extent, should yield at least six million gallons daily. Whatever the result may be when by the enlargement of the pumps a test can be made, there is no reason to suppose any fur- ther enlargement will be required for years to come, and when such enlargement does become necessary it will be only an exten- sion of the trench along the beach. The cost of the enlargement added to the original cost of ex- cavation has been but a fraction of what would have been required in order to obtain the water from the lake by any other means : and no other method can approach it in efficiency. It would ^)e financially imj^racticable to carry a tunnel, or suc- tion i)ii)e, to a point where the water would be at all times undis- turbed by easterly gales and in either case an expensive terminat- ing crib of perishable materials must have been constructed and maintained. The basin is composed of sand and gravel, which require no repairs, and affords a supply at ail times uniform in quality, and of that qualit}', the highest which it is possible to obtain. PUMPIXd POWKR. No additional engine power will be required in order to increase the supply, that power being in excess of the requirements, but as the capacity of the pumps will soon be reached, larger ones should be substitutt;d at the same time that additional capacity is given t(> the main. The i)resent pumj)s working constantly can together deliver about 2i-^ million gallons per diem, or say, one half more than the average present consumption, and as much as the present main ought to carr}-. In order to force this quantity through the main, the pressure at tlie pumps is 17 lbs. ])er square indi in ex- cess of tliat due to the reservoir liead ; that is, if there were ;; .stand pipe at the engine house the water would be hfted 40 feet higher than the reservoir level, to obtain head enough to force this quantity through the b^-inch main into the reservoir within the time required. 'I'he main is now carrying more than wa> considered desirable by the consulting engineers, and a though the reservoir surface is only bS5 feet above Lake Ontario, it is necessary to exert a power equivalent to lifting the water 1:25 feet above the Lake, in order to obtain a head sufficient to force the delivery of both jjumps through the main at the present speed. This e.\tra lift can only be reduced by reducing the speed, and that cannot be done without reducing liie (iu;iiiiiiy. The present size of the pumps was intended for a greater lilt, in the event of a high level reservoir being supplied direct from the Beach. In IVir. Keefer'.s report of 21st of May, 1857, le states : , " It is propo.sed now to adopt instead of a2-Linch pumping main and a 20-inch supply pipe a uniform pipe of 18 inches as a jjumpjing main into the city with a view to hereafter having a city reservoir to be supplied directly l)y the pumps. The Barton res- ervoir having been moved nearer the city than at first proposed, to shorten the mains, the character of the ground and the position of the Dover Railway caused the adoption of a reservoir level 25 feet lower than was desired, but the pumps were not enlarged on account of the reduced size of the pumping main recommended by the consulting engineers." I'he engines are therefore capable of lifting their present d?li\- ery to a greater height or, which is the .same thing, a larger quantity to the present height, and it is because they have not been exerting their full power and have V^een worked with a low steam pressure that they have not shown that economy in coai which thev otherwise would have done. This surplus power now renders additional engines and engine house accommodation un- necessary, and by the enlargement of the pumps and the substi- tution of stronger boilers for the present ones in order to use highei steam, the ])resent engines and engine house should be capable of supplying die city's wants for many years to come. RESERVOIR.S. The Barton reservoir level if placed at the head of John or James streets is sufficiently high to give a fairly effective fire pres- sure from hydrants on the Gore, but notfor tlie Dundurn ridge. fts level, 185 feet above Ontario, or 11(5 feet above the Gore, is that of James street, a litOe above Mr. McLaren's house. Until the increased consumption produced the present loss of Iiead the Barton reservoir supplied for domestic purposes all bui n tew houses under the mountain. The downward tendency of the level in the city [)ipes which is unavoidable without a cily res- ervoir or mains of excessive size, has drawn the water away from .^o main- rL-s.'vIenccs tliat i': has fon>.'d the construction of a high 10 1 1< level reservoir for their (ln of tht.' city above Main street, have never !iad sutticient ])ro-;siire for tire pi'rjioses, and that increased con- sumi)tio:i and increased draugiil will make it more and more d> - >iral)Ie to have thj means of increasing the fire i>ressiire as well as of m linlaining the domestic jjressure on the remainder or com- mercial j)ortions of the city, we think it desirable that there should be a reservoir wiUiin the city suiificiently high f(3r fire purposes I 'ver the Dundurn ridge. This would enable it to suj)ply the great- er number of the houses now attached to the high service in con- sequence of the falling away of the water from the high levels, thus reducing the number to be supplied by the high level pump ti) a minimum, as well a:, reducing the lift of the pump. Ii would moreover be an addition to the storage which ought to accom- pany increased size of pumps and mains and ]j!ace this storage where it would b(^ available in case of accidents to the mains. A city distributing reservoir, if only tv.-o-thirds the size of the Barton one, placed in a central position and at an elevation not less than 210 feet above lake level would be an invaluable addi- tion to your works as the only certain met nod of preventing that loss of pressure, which is now felt, which will be diminished bur. not^removed by the additional main, and which will certainly be lepeated in the future when the consumption again taxes the in- creased delivery. The consulting engineers, in their report of 185!J, say "a second reservoir will be desirable to increase the storage, and to render tiie distribudon more eff.-ctive, but this is not indispensible and may be deferred with propriety, until the water is let in and ex- perience demonstrates its usefulness." They also added, "ex- cepting as the growth of the city will require further outlay for distribution, the vv^orks may be regarded as sufficient for your wants until your population exceeds ;}5,000. In determining the extent to which the capacity of the mains must be increased without a city distributing reservoir, two chief conditions are to be fullllled — the restoration of the pressure in the city to the greatest extent practicable, and provision for increased consumption. This provision must apply not to the average annual consumption, but to the maximum of the hottest summer day. The gauging of the pressure, wliicli we have made every half hour a hydrants during the nighi and day in different parts of the ity, reveals the ebb and ftow of the hydnuilic pulse, and shows what must be flimiliar to most consumers, that from mid- night until 5 o'clock of the morning there is still sufficient capacity in die main : but during the day when consumption is greatest, the water is drawn away from the high levels to the middle and lower ones, which latter obtain the whole supply thougii with a reduced pressure. 11 The section of the additioiial main between tlie engine lioii-;e and Jirethour's is worked mider different conch'rions tVoni that between the city and the reservoir. 'Vha puinjjs workin'g at a uniform rate send forward a regular siij^ply every hour, which cannot be increased, aUhough L\v a reduction of s])eed it may lie diminished. If this supi)iy from the pumps is greater than the momentary reciuirements of the city the surphis goes into the reservoir, l)ut if, as is now the case in certain hours of a sum- mer day, it is less, the reservoir supplier the deficiency. The reservoir, therefore, in these hours of g.-eatest drafts, [) rfornis th^ office of a third engine stationed at Brethour's, and it is evident that to meet the varying conditions of the city's consumi)tion, and especially to check the rapidly increasing loss of jiressure, greater capacity in the main is re(]uired on the city side of Brethour'.; than beyond that point 'i'he figures already given show tliat while the consumption for the lirst nine months of IH1\) was an average of 1,54-1-, (100 gallons per day, it was for three summe; months of the same year 1,S20,000 gallons per day, and for tlio whole month of August \i averaged nearly -,()00,0:)0 per day. In a 12-hour test in day time on 1st September last, the consumption was found to average 120,000 gallons per hour, or at the rate of 2,SS0,000 gallons per day of 24 hours, and for t-vo hours of that day, during which the water was entirely off the Dundurn ridge, the consumption must have reached at least 1(55,000 gallons per hour, or at the rate of o, DUO, 000 gallons per day if continuous. On the 2iHh August last, when the water carts were not at work, the heaviest draft was 144,000 gallons per hour. From the foregoing we are forced to the conclusion that the hourly draft during the busy portions of many days of the past summer must have averaged 155,000 gallons. The consunrpuon as shown by the annexed table has doubled since 1870, and we do not think it improbable that it will double again in the next ten years ; and therefore a maximum hourly rate for sumraei: months, equals to 810,000 gallons, should be provided for. In order to deliver this quantity so as to maintain a fire pres- sure of only 82 feet on the Gore and a domestic one of only *>5 feet on the Dundurn ridge, the size of the new main between Bretb.- oiir's and the city must be 24-inches,and with both these mains there must be a working head of o3 feet ; in other words, notwith- standing the large size of the second main a loss of head or pressure to that extent must be submitted to in the city. The difference in cost between an 18-inch and a 24-inch would !)e about $2 per foot, or $20,000 for this distance. If the addi- tional main were made large enough to afford the required sup[)ly with a loss of head of only 1^ ::.,'- the extra cost will be greater than that of a central city reservoir, which later would both extinguish the loss of head present and future, and secure what the Barton reservoir and new mains, no matter how large can never do, a fire pressure over the Dundurn ridge. The loss of head due to friction in the pipes between Bretho'ir*'> and the city cannot be entirely overcome' by nn enlargment of 12 mains, because this loss of head must increase with the p^rowth of consumption in ihe city. The uniform steady supply of the pumps will meet all requiiements of the average consumption of the 24 hours, but not always those of excessive draught, iience tile necessity for a reservoir. Again, when the Barton reservoir is culled upon to supplement the deficient supply of the pump> it can only hurry its stored sulplus into the city at a .sacrifice of jjressure in proportion to the velocity, and, therefore, increas- ing with the growth of the deficiency. As the loss of head is entirely a question of distance and is proportional to it, the remedy is to transfer the office now performed by the Barton res- ervoir to a central city one, and take advantage of the opportunity to increase the elevation so as to secure a fire pressure over the Dundurn ridge and an improvement of that now existing over all points of the city below that ridge. This will involve a slight in- crease in the consumption of coal, but will be well worth it in securing simplicity and certainty of action as compared with the high level reservoir to be turned on only during fires. Under such <:ircumstances the Barton reseivoir would be shut off and held as a storage reservoir in cases of emergency and for a distribut- ing reservoir to the eastern district in the future. It will not be necessary to extend both the mains to the city res- ervoir, but for fire purposes the branch connecting the former with the latter should not be less than 21 inches. THE ESTIMATE. As there are several sites for a central city reservoir, the selec- tion of which will be governed by the cost of and the advan- tages offered by the ground for such purpose, we have put down a round sum for construction only which may probably be reduced when the site is selected and the Dlans determined upon. The total cost exclusive of land purchase, foots up to $175,000, as follows: — Kew pumps and boilers and connections (for present pumping engines) $ 14 000 Duplication of pumping main, 18-inch diameter from engine house to Queen street, via lirelhour's, corner King, James and Main streets, 31,550 feet, at $3 per foot 94 650 Valves, valve chambers and a^ecial castings on do 2 70f> Branch main to city reservoir, 21 inches diameter, say 3,500 feet, at $4 per foot 14 000 Valve chambers and special castings , I oo( < New central reservoir ir. city, say 40 000 $166 350 Contingencies, superintendence, etc 8 650 $175 000 (i^igned) Thos. C. Kekfer, JoiiN Kennedy.