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Additional comments:/ Commentaires supplAmentaires; L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a v^'ng all 'hey a^n oj every part oj tmr ,,m^r^uce.or from en..plhin^t^^e^r:^och...dhui^,s'ryin the n,ay ^^-^^/^'^ ^'^^ Mr. lost au. to t^^r^s^'ir^s, is a mamj. ,t vtckHm oj th^jn.K^ I r-MNTED rv TTIE^ TORONTO NEWS COMPANY, Vono^ ;tr8^: ,0£ ERASTi^S WIMAN. NEW VORi^. COMMERCIAL UNION BETWEEN THE United States and Canada. SPEECH OF ERASTITS WIMAN, AT LAKE DUFFERIN, ONTARIO, JULY 1, 1887. " To prohibit a great peoph from making all they can of every part of their own produce, or from employing their stock and industry in the may that they mav consider niost^ advantageous to themselves, is a manifest violation of the most sacred rights of mankind." — Adam Smith. TORONIO: Printed by THE TORONTO NEWS COMPANY, Yonge Street, FOR ERASTUS WIMAN, NEW YORK, mmmmmm mm COMMERCIAL UNION. SPEECH OF ERASTUS WIMAN. w [The followiu{5 speoch was delivered by Mr. Wiman, at a public reception tendered to him at Lake DufFeriu, Ontario, on Dominion Day, .Inly 1, 1887.] Mu. WiMAN said ills first duty was to express his heartloet appreciation ot the kindness done him by Ids old friends in the counties of Peel and Dnfferin, in thus tender- ing him STich a splendid public n^cepMon. 1 1 was always a matter of great prlrto that be was born in Canada, and t*^-di»y he was proud that he had been bom in the county of Feel. AitiiT an absence of a third of a century, it was a matter of proat gratiflcatlou to b«: wel- comed back again to his native place in a manner so hearty, with a demonstration so marked, and under circumstances so peculiar. It was, however, the peculiarity ol the cir- cumstances attending this welcome, that made the event possess anything of public interest. He was willing to believe that a lew of his old schoolboy friends and their neighbors might turn out on a holiday to meet their old friend, and hef(>lt that perhaps the career he had tried to carr>' out in tlie neighboring repiibllc, and the success he had a«;hleved in some things, might bo a justifica- tion for a dozen or twenty of them to come to- gether and hear what a Peel county boy from abroad had to say. But there was something in the magnificent demonstration of today far beyond any personal tribute. There was a deeper and stronger sentiment animating th3 vast audience which had assembled, and many of whom had come from distances so gi'eat. There \vf s not only a manifest desire to hear and understand, but an evidently strong disposition to demonstrate, by some action, an interest in the movement which had brought them togither, namely, that of trying to procure an enlargeil trade relation with the neighboring country. The cir- cumstance was, therefore, peculiar, and the speaker was grateful beyond expression that, in his native county, and among his old friends, he should have an opportunity of set- ting forth what he conceived to be the enorm- ous advantages of Commercial Union between the United States and Canada The question had taken a deep hold upon the public mind, and it possessed it today to an extent that as most rem avk able. There was something eeply interesting in Its discussion; it was easily stated, easily undorstootl, and the re- sults were so vitally important to Interests so vast, that really, next to one's own affairs, the subject had an attraction for individuals that haidly anything else possessed. It now formed in Cauaila the topic of discussion, to a greater degree than all su>»Jects of a public nature combined, and yet six months had hardly elapsed since it was really proposed as a practical measure. All attempts to stop tlie discussion of so Interesting a topic had failed. The worst motives had been charged to its promoters; and disloyalty, selfishness, ambition, love of notoriety, had been at- tributed to those who were advocating it. But these things were like the idle flutter of the leaves in .the hurricane of public sentiment that swept through the land. A deep, abiding conviction had seized upon the public mind tliat this great question must be decided upon Its merits. That, sweeping away all party considerations, and putting aside all seltish and narrow interests, the great broad question of the greatest good to the greatest number must prevail in a dis- cussion of such a cliaracter. It was well tliat in the history of tt? ) country occa.'^ious should arise when men^of all political parties should como together, and, for the public good, agree that a policy widely different from that of either of the great political dlvl- sionsof tliopeople sliouhl prevail. Politicians might, of course, be somewhat startled that the people were leading them, lu.stemi of the politicians leaxllug the people. But, In this instance, as in all other great popular move- ments, the politicians were quick enough to discern ^ha course to pursue, ;aid would soon set their sails to the popular breeze, and bo made instrumantal in carrying into effect the expressed wishes ot the i.eople. it is true that In the last few weeks In Ottawa there had beea little or no public discussion of the question of unrestricted reciprocity with the United States; but, the speaker ventured to i !A I i:^ COMMERCIAL UNIOX. «»y that no other antojoct occupied ho lurpre a •jiacf In th»' private talk among membom. To the exclusion of nlmoHt every other Biiiijcct, It had l>een illHcuHsed dny in and day out; anild be thoroughly discussed; the subject thdroughly thrashed out, its whole hearing disclosed, its advantages revealed, its prob- able effects discovered, and, after a complete and perfect^nderstanding of all points possi- ble, the question shouhi be decided In Parlia- ment, not on party lines, hut on lines of wliether or not It was good for the whole countiy. If this could he done, the greatest advantage would accrue, and, for his own part, the speaker felt that the occasion which brought them together was a most significant one in tju* »llrectlon of a non-polltlcal discus- sion of the subject, for men of all shades of politics seemed concerned in promoting this demonstration, and he was glad to he told that those most Interested in this matter dif- fered most widely In their political alBUations and heliefs. Having thus endeavored to free the discussion from any political bearing whatever, Mr. Wiraan saul that the question of unrestrieted reciprocity with the United States was au exceedingly simple one. At present both countries had a high tarlflf, and a line of Cujtom House otflcials along the horder to eni'oTce it. It was now proposed that, as hetweeu the United States and Can- ada, there should be no tariff whatever ; that there should be iiocustimi houses; and that the barriers should be completely obliterated that hitherto ha8a of time, as to weigh down tho power of belief, and, wore they not unfolded before us, to almost tax tho power of human imagination. Thus, the results of the A mer- ieau Uevolutlon Justify It as being regarded as one of the prime transactions of hl.story, and, Judged by its consequenijes, few events 1ia\ o occurred of greater moment to the world at large. Now, as associated with that grand occurrence, the question of commercial union between tlie United States and Canada has a visible connection ; hence, the importance of the question which is now before you, and the significance of the occasion which causes men to assemble to discuss it. A transaction such as the Am-rlcan Revolution, tollowrd by consequences to the world's history so stupendous, is the measure by which may bo estimated a proportionate result to Canada If a commercic' ii"!';a between the EnglLsh speaking people of tJiJs continent is consum- mated. It is of the utmost Importance, there, fore, that the jteople of Canada should rise to a Just comprehension of the magnitude of the question before them. It is not only a ques, tion of to-day, or this year, or of the ne.vt ten years, but it la a question for all time. It Is not a matter of present politics, nor does it affect protection or free trade. It takes in not only the present condition of the whole community, but their future, and the future of their children's children. Hence, com- mercial union should be approached In no dogmatic manner. In no seitlsh or .small spirit, and conclusions should not be reached with- out careful consideration. To decide on a question of such magnitude as that of en- larged International relations with a country so vast as the United States, is like deciding on 'he question of predestination, regarding which, as yoTi wUl remember Charles Lamb remarked, " That there was a good deal to be said on both sides." -having thus endeavored to impress his hearers with the magnitiule of the question before them, and of the futility of reaching a hasty conclusion regarding it, Mr. Wlman proceeded to say that, while the world at large watched the progress of the United States with admiration, there was a general disposition to attribute their mar- vellous growth to tlui fjrm of goye'ameiit whlcli prevailed. While due apprt elation waa alTordod to the natural advantages which the Nortli American continent po.aaessed fur the working out of the problem of Holt-gov- orument on the erandeat scale, the general dlHpoaltion waato attribute the material de- ve. ipmcntof the continent to the genius of the people, because of their selfrellanco, energy and hopefulneaa, as resulting from a republican form of government. How much or how Utile this had to do with it would be found by the cuinparLson with Canada, who In thi^ aame period, under the wise and liberal rulp of a monarchy, had also made sub.stantlal progress. In the splendor of her cities, In the magnitude of her public works. In the per- fection of her moans of roblem of self-goveniment, anil though she has been constant In her allegiance to tho Britlsli crown, Iwr people have enjoj'ed a freedom Just as complete as those in the United States; her relative progress- has been Just as great, and her prospects, so far as future political condition is concerned, ate Just as safe, and Just as enviable as those of the people of the nelghboTing Kei)ublic. The conclusion waa, therefore, irresistible, that it was not mainly to political advant.agea that the United States owed their remaikable progress- it was not solely because the re- publican form of government possessed any talisman which a reponsible government under the British ci)>ulilican form of Kovern- nient. Tin complt'te and unrestricted intor- chan^c of loraniodlties lietwecn tht- Kreat eoramoiiwrallliH on this tontlnent, had con- triliiitiHl more than aiiytliioK elHe to tho buildinK ui» of a >.'real interior moans of cora- in\i?dcation, and tliose art(rieH of conitniToe had 8t'r\<'d, in a ^renter dcjjrco tlmu anj' other, to Iiiii.t tho iieople together, aii'l enrich each other with the products and n>8ouri'es of eacli climatic condition, and tho restiltaof the genius or the enterprise of each localltyy Next to the poKsesslon of vast natural wealtlj, It was freedom that made the United States the great nation tliat they now are- f t'eedom in the hijrhest form, as applied to man's trans- actions wltli man, freedom in the lntorchanK« of prodnetH, in the fruits of skill, or the fruits of enterpriMe. Wltli anopj^oslte policy, that of Isolation of each State from theotlier. there would have been no piogregH in the United States such as the world hae witnt!hsen tin various States themselves. The results to Canada have not 1 teen, on tho wlude, satis- factory, commercially speaking. It is true she has, in tlie main, made progress, and niosi satisfactory progress, the result of the great frugality and energy of lior people, and be- cause of the richness of her soil and thi resources wlth.n her domain. It is true that her prosperity lias l)een, at times, as appar ently great as that of neighboring States, bui it Isenuaily true that her progress has been spasmodic, that it has been the result of large expenditures of foreign capital, and that her public debt, her provincial and municipal oblitratlons, and, above ail, tlie private in debtedness of her producers, have assumed alarming proportions. Of recent years the attempt to impart an artlticlal prosperity by means of increased ta:;i..tinn has, on the sur face, nuido It api»ear that she wns prosperous, but this Itas been folh>>/fca by a very largt expenditure for railway hnprovements, tlic result of wlilch has been to develop vast regions of country. These expenditureshavi mainly been In the direction of a develop ment that is most commendable, and have, beyond doubt, brought to within easy accet^^ stretches of territory hitherto so isolated as to be valueless. The Increase in the Avoalth of Canada, in the last ten years, by the doubling of her railway facilities, is probably greater than that of any State in the Union, but the cost at which the Investment is carried by the people of Canada may well lie closely estimated. If she can, by an enlarged market, higher prices, and greater prosperity carry this investment easily, and without seriously taxing the debt paying power of hei people, then these large outlays for the public good, and for private advantage, will be.ir profitable fruit. But if tlio heavy load of debt and taxation, now hanging over Canada, is t<> be borne In the face of declining prices, of a restricted mlarket, and an embarrassed agrl cultural community, it would have been better had such investments never been made. The Justiflcatlon for a large investment in public works and railway improvements is that a largo trade should follow. The heavy burden of debt which Canada has incurred is all light, if the traffic follows it in vroportion to the extent of the facilities created. No one thing can contribute to that traffic so much 19 a complete interchango of products betwrieii the two countries, without let or hindrance. The luiildiug of tho Canadian Pacific Kailway Is one of the greatest achievements of modern times, ositecially following the completion, constant extension, .and perfection of the Grand Trunk system. These two great arteries, with numerous other railways, possess Canada with a means SVEtXH OF KRASTUS WIMAN. niula and the Unltod iiUtlou proc'lAcIy 0]i BVftlle«l botwc«»n tlic eH. The rosultJi to on tlio wholo, satlH- tCitkliiK. It IB true 13 jfrogrcsR, and numi I icHiilt of the Kff'nt lior poopld, and be )f her HOil and the aln. It is trun tlint at tlnu'H, a-H a^par [hborlng StatoH, but r progiDHS luiH boon u theit'Hultof large ;!upital, and that lier clal and muuiclpal all, the private Jn cor8, have aHHumoil )f recent years the lUclal i)rosperity by tinn haH, on the sur she WH8 proHperous, ^ea by a very large hnprovomontH, tL(^ en to develop vast e expenditureshavo ction of a develop- riendablo, and have, > within easy accesH lierto 80 isolated as rease in the Avealtb ten years, by the .cllities, la probably tate in the I'ulon, tlie investment Is anada may well be can, by an enlarged greater prosperity , a-sily, and -without lay Ing power of her itlays for the public autago, will be.ir heavy load of debt over Canada, is t<« cllulng prices, of a embarrassed agri would hav(< been 8 never been made, rge investment in improvements is follow. The heavy Ida has incurred is w8 1 1 in proportion it lea created. No to that trathc so mnj,'o of products 58, without let or of the Canadian of the greatest times, especially (instant flxtonslon, Id TiunK system. , with nuniei'Ous lada with a means of oonimunicatlon within ItHelf and a connec- tion Mltli the I7nite an increased de- mand for what they have to Hell. The In- creased demand will certainly be the result of obliterating the barriers which now prevent these products from reaching a market so groat as fhe United States. If, in the providence of God, one had looked for- ward to the creation of a market full of ad- vantage, nothing could have i)oen planned which would better suit Canada than the market whlcli in the Union has been pro- vided. Take the matter of contiguity as a first advantage. Startln;: at Nova Scotia, and going to British Columbia, Canada lies alongside of centres of i)opulation that are at once the most opulent, the most progressive, the most liberal, and the moat extravagant communities in the world. The fertile tields of Nova Scotia teem with a power to produce. Regular communication already exists l)e- tween them and the great city of Boston. All along the Nova Scotia coast steamboats, ships, and railways afford opportunity for transportation of the cheapest, the most frequent, and the most effectiv. nearly all kinds ot manufactures are possessed by Canada in the largeet degree] Tho raw material which lies within the borders of Canada, and which is available at all manufacturing centres at the minimum of cost, gives to the Canadian manufacturer the maximum of advantage, ^ako, for instance, the great number of indnstries in which iron Is an element. Would not, under commercial anion, the Iron mines of Canada be develope'% anu made immediately available for the man- ufacture of every article ».n which iron forms a part. Take the great range of manufac- tures in which wood is the chief ele nent, such as farniture, agricultural Implements, iftc. Why should not all these things be moat advantageously produced here, where freight is at the cheapest, and the natural products within such eaby success. Take boots and shoes, in which labor lovras ao large an ele mont. They ought to be made in Toronto, Montreal, and Hamilton, to much better ad. vantage thau at Haverhill or Lynn, if the cost of production has anything to do with the matter at all. Even in the great cotton man- ufacture, are not Cornwall, Tliorold, and Dundas Just as well located as Fall River or Providence 1 Tlie cost of carrying cotton or coal to Cornwall is no more than to any Now England centre. Ij there any occult or talis- manic power possessed by tlie raanufac- tmers of New England that is not equally possessed by tlie manufacturers In Canada, surrounded as they art with every aiivantagi' which nature and locality can afford tliemi Referring again to the advantages of con- tiguity from an airrfcultural point of view, Mr. Winian insisted that no greater boon could be conceived of than that which located Canada alongside so great a market. He had started cut to sketch these advantages, oons- menclng at Nova Scotia, but striking the population in French Canada ho had been tempted to allude to manufacturing because in that direction ho foresaw an enormous development as the result of commercial union with the United States. Coming Wcjt, however. Into Ontario, it did seem to him that the grauilost possible boon t\n- the agricnl tural element in his native Province would be the freest poaslble intercourse with tlie United States. 'A long residence in New York and a constant contact with the people of the American nation, had imbued him with the belief that no people wore so well adapted to be consumers of the products which Can- ada had to offer. Rich beyond compare in tho elements of enterprise, productive forces, and inventive genius, incomes In tho United States had reached a point tar in excess of those of any dther people in tlie world. There are more people in New York who harosperity of this country. To-day, many a farm house stands which was largely paid for by the prices realized for good hortses during Reciprocity and dii.ing the war. The demand for horses to-day is ten times what it was during the war. There is no man of any con- sequence whf»does not ke<>p from one to thrcf horses, and no people thfnk so mucli of fa.st horses. The cavalcade in Central, Fairmouiit and Prospect parks are a revelation to the beholder as to the love for horses in the Unit- ed States. There is no reason Avhy Canada should not produce ten horses where bhe proiluces one now. She pos-sesses every ad- vantage in tlie way of contiguity, pasturage and area. If the Custom House were re- moved, and a man could ruu up to Canada from New York and look over a string of horses, as he now does at Bulls Head and other places, ten horses would be sold where one is now marketed. If, with the improve- ment iu breed through the importation of the best strains, there was an equal attention paid to the development of speed by the en couragement of racing, and, at the same time, proper attention given to the production of draft horses, such as the Clyde and the Per- cheron, there would be no limit to the num, ber of horses that would be produced and sold. Then, take the article of Barley. The in- troduction into the United States of the Teu- tonic element in such vast numbers liad created a wonderful demand for beer, whi'jh required an immense amount of barley, wh^ch wasyeailyon the Increase. This barhy can be produced to greater advantage in Canada than anywhere else, the climate and soil be- ing extremely favorable to It. Were the bar- riers down, its nearness to the places where the great breweries are, such as Buffalo. Mil- waukee, Chicago, Toledo and New York, would insure a market at all times of the larg- est proportions. The duty of t^n cents on barley is a barrier in many ways, and if it were entirely abolished, the production would be stinuilatedand the demand constantly aug- meiited. Even if the price did not advance, the poHslbility of bcUeng double the amount would be an advantage of the greatest conse- quence, Canada possesses to-day in Barley, one of the cleanest and most satisfactory of products and no advantage could be so nireat to the growers as Its introduction into tLo best markets free. There is no denying this, and no argument can confute it. In this and in all other things, Canada should have the freest and most complete Intercourse with her neighbor, A8 TO IJtOX. But of all articles In which Canada is rich by nature and poor by policy iron takes the lead. Look at the immense iron deposits of Nova Scotia, of Quebec, on the line of the Ot- tawa, on the St. Lawrence, and in the Eastern Townships ; all along the line of the Kingston and Pembroke Railway, and on the Central Ontario Railway, clear through to Lake Neplssic, on the north ehore of Lake Superior tor 300 miles; on Lake Winnipeg, on Big Island, on Vancouver's Island, all lying dead because you are walled out by a tariff. While, in the United States, the greatest activity prevails in Iron, an« the result of tlie development of our natural resources. But it Is not the fanners alone that would benetlt )(y the developeuient of the mines of Canada. The manufacturers themselves, some of whom are now so alarmed In their mistaken view of the possibilities of commercial union, would be enormously l)eneflted. What better chance would b(^ att'orded all manufacturers of iron than to have the raw material a\ ithin easy access ; What better tliance would be af- foided to the man who makes collars and cutfs, or he who makes boots and shoes, than to have thousands of working men employed in those vast regions throughout Canada now silent and desolete and yet whose riches are beyond estimate. You may well ask for more details as to those deposits, and wby it is that they have not been heretofore developed. Let me read you, boiled down into twenty lines a little catalogue of Canada riches in iron taken from the essay of my good friend John McDougall, of Montreal, read last winter before the Canadian Club. He says ; " Iron is found In all the Provinces and Ter- ritories of the Dominion in unlimited qiianti- ti68; the country is pre-e?ninently rich in the ores of Iron of every kind, and of the highest grade, equalling the Swedish and Kussiau in quality, and is adapted for every purpose tliat iron and steel are used for. Nova Scotia is the richest iu iron ores, and they are in close proximity to almost unlimited quanti- ties of coal. New Brunswick has extensive deposits of iron ores in Carlton (iounty, and bog ores iu Queens. Sunbury, Restigouche and Northumberland eountias. In the Prov- ince of Quebec, rear thecity of Ottawa, there is a hill of iron which has been estimated to contain 100.000,000 tons. The t.aycock mine is situated eight miles north-east of the city, and it has been estimated that it could yield an output of 100 tons of ore per day for 150 yeai'r", without being exhausted, very valuable noposlts of iron and boaid to Us stock-^ «p 12 COMMERCIAL UNION. lii^ holders $0,500,000 ! So great Is the apprecl- atlou of ItH Nharo8 that a sinK'e one has sold as high as *(),750, upon a par of $100! The total output of its mines for the seven years up to 1883 was 1,50!),9'29 tons. Take, for example, a stockholder in the Republic Company, who bought his s?mros when they were at their lowest and Jield them, lie may have purcliased the original stock at $l;i, on a par of $25, and possibly lower. From that J)olnt it rose to *32.'5. Then the capital was ncreased from $500,000 to $2,500,000, and the stock rose as lilgh as $07, or $335 a share for the old stock. Thl.s prolltdoc.snottakcin- to account the enoimous dividends that were being paid in the meantime, frequently moie than one luindred per cent. The stock ol the Cleveland Company has sold as low as six or seven dollars. From those tlgiires it advanced toal)out$25(). Thocompauy madeanincitase of capital similar t<> the KepublJc's, and its new shares sold as high as $40 ami as low as $14 ; its present price is about $20. But asid(! from the tiuctuations of tlio market the steady holders of Cleveland have eojoyod mucli larpei returns than they could get "out of any other security. Duilng the i>a«it six years this company has paiil twodlvldfuc's of 80 per cent, and ime of 120 iter cent. The Lake Superior Company is another mine tliat has made its stockholders rich. The capital of the company, originally half iu mill iou, was increased to $1,500,000. Tht^ quotation of the new stock has ranjred from $33 to $H0. The old sold as high as *400, we believe. Th(; Lake Stiperior is one otthe b.g dividend pay- ers, and the steady hohlers of its stock have been unable to get Aladdin's lamp out of their minds!" Now, what is the difference between the iron of Michigan and the iron of Canada? Why is It that on the south of Lake Superior such stupendous results have been achieA'ed from iron mines, and north of the lake there has been nothing dont! 1 The answer is simply that there has been afree market amongsixty millions of people for the one and no market whatoverfor the other. If commercial union is achieved, Canadian ironitroperties have Just as good a chance as the mining properties of the United States; indeed they have better. The great consumptive centres can toe more res dily reached from Stellarton and Londonderry, in Nova Scotia, from the Ot- tawa regions, from the Trent valley, along the line of the Central Ontario and the King- ston and the Pembroke road, than from the peninsula of Michigan. The consequences of such an opportunity to develop our resources are simply enoimous, and the individual opening afforded no one can over-estimate. Let me tell you the story of two families of two Scotchmen in the United States, and what they have done In the iron trade : A little more than forty years ago Henry Chisbolm lauded in Montreal, with his wife, from Scotland, with a single sovereign in his pocket. With true Scotch thrift, ho pro cecded at once to work. Ho lived in Mon- treal for a number of years, during which time a number of sons were bom; but the United States seemed to offer greater oppoi- tunlty to provide for his growing family, and lie removed to Cleveland, Ohio. Th'Te he engaged in the building of docks on ohe river and lake fronts, and finally engaged in the manufacture of Iron. From this small begin- ning grew the Cleveland Rolling Mill Com- pany. At the time of Mr. Chisholm's f the Northwest, from Pembroke to the Pacific Ocean. They are, Cleveland) Rolling Mill Company, Carnegie Bros. & Co., Cambria Tron Co., Betlilehem Iron Company, Pennsylvania Steel Company, North Chicago ttolling Mill Company, Joltel Steel Company, and Scmnton Steel Company. These compa- nies have about 40,000 employees, and wiih their families constitute an army ot '200,000 souls. These are only clglit firms, and yet their marketable annual product is vastly more than tlie whole export trade of Canada. Why 1 Because they have a market for their product. UEGARDING OANADIAN rOPl'EK ORE. But in addition to iron, let mo tell you some- thing about Canadian copper, and how it might be developed with a free niarket in the States. In the native deposits of copper, Canada ranks above any known country in the world. It is foiuid In many places in Nova Scotia, and nature in that place has perform- ed the curious fieak of uniting the copper with the coal, so tliat wlthiu live miles of the town of Pictou, copper can be dug from the groniul Boven times as rich as the Cahunet and Tlecla mines (to which I will immediately r(;fer), and centring with it in(n'e than enough coal to smelt it. It is not known that this combination exists in any other place in the world. If we could count Newfoundland as a part of the Dominion, which it seems likely she will bo If Comm»!rcial Union is achieved, we can there measure oflf five thousand square miles of copper bearing territory. 1 1 is found at many places in tlie Province of Qiu>bec, and near Sherbrooke larKo quantities are mined find shipped to New York, where the copper Is reiined and exported to England- The sulphur is converte,<'i into sulphuric acid, which used by the famous Standard Oil ("oni. pany in refining their oils. A very considera- hh* amount of silver is also found in this ore. There are many places Jiloug tlie line of the Kingston and Pt!mljli-ok(> road, or near to it, where valuable deposits of copper are found. A few miles north of Madoc tliere is a copper liearlng vain more than one Imndred feet In width. It is found in many places along the north shores of Lake Superior, and north of .\lgoma Mills, within a few miles of the waters of the Georgian Bay, is tlie most won- derful copper beating region known in the world. In fact, it may bo safe to say, that this tetritory comprises as much copper, yes, many tiiuei more than as mucli as is known to exist In the whole United Slates. Tills re- giou, which is made up of almost continnouB copper liearlng regions. Is more than sixty miles, in length, and crosses the Canadian Pacillc Railway at Sugbury, Avliere it is now being opened and worked. On a ivreat portion of the south end of this deposit, whtr; tlio oylindtT of this (Miormoiis inachino is liirge t^nouj^h in diumotnr for the largest man in this crowd to walk erect into it. Tliis is the famous Calumet and Hocla Comimny. Ten thousand people live In the town at this point, whi<;h is owned wholly by this company ; and yet it does not possess the one-tortieth part of the ononnous native le- sources in this wonderful Oeorgian Bay dis- trict, which is now but a howling wilderness, and can be bought from the government ai $2 per acre. When you think that the product of nickel alone tlirongh all this territory forms a percentage as high as tl»e copper does in the Calumet and Hecla niiuos, and that it is a mineral stronger than steel, will last lor- ever In the atmospliero or even without oxydlzing, and cannot be alTected by the strongert acids, it would seem that we were In danger of being called wieked and slotlif ill servants, for either burying or allowing to be buiied not only one talent, but these many million s of talents, not deep in the earth, but even naked and uncovered above ground. Supposing that th^se mines were worked as the single Calumet and Hecla Company worked their mines, what think you would be the changed condition of the 2,200 tons jier day of this ore going over the Canada Paeiflc Railway? This single industry, worked to the extent that the Calnn»et and Hecla Com- pany work theirs, would furnish ten trains per day of lifteon cars each, for the single item of carrying away ore. Think of all the additional busin>>ss tliatAvould follow in the Avake of this enormous output. Why does all this activity and life exist on the soutli side of the lake whew? the earth Is madt? to yielil up her treasure, ami this death and solitude exist directly north of the like in the regions where nature has been much more lavish than she has on the sc.ith side? Simnly be- cause they have a market with sixty millions of people, with no .tariff walls surrounding the thirty-eight States -whiuh comprise that great Repablic. Xothing uuder the sun but the enormous tailff wall which se- parates yon from them prevents as great a scfiuc; of activity and profit on your side as upon their side of the line. 1 might point ont to you many other localities all along the north shore of Lake Superior, and even in the far away British Columbia is copper enongh to roof the houses of the world and all Its railroad trains. 1 might say in this connec- tion that the great Pennsylvania railroad Is already getting ready to roof its cars with copper Instead of sheet iron. Think of what an enormous increase this will make If all the rallroa all the rail- roads in the United States will adopt iron for railroad ties innteed of wood. This has al- re.idy commenced, and a number of miles of Iron ties are laid In the neighborhix.d of Phi- ladelphia by the Pennsylvania road, and within a few years at least the whole prairie section of the United States will all be laid with iron cross ties. Her cars will be roofed with copper, so will her houses, and you have the stoiehuuses great enough to supply the demand for all these, even If there were no others known on the continent. What a mockery it is upon the gift of nature to these lands, upon Avhich millions of tons of coppfsr and millions of tons of Iron are located, offered by the government for two dollars per acre, and even then pur ehasers not foursd. The same remarks are applicable to Iwid. Lead deposits miles lu length are known lo eTr*'>t along the Line of the Kingston and Pembroke road, the Canada Paclllc, and the Central Ontario railways." Not a pound of these ores arc lirtiig dug or smelted. The lead works at Kingston send forth no smoke to show a state of activity. They have no market in which to sell their product, because the tariff on lead going into the United States Is more than half as high as the whole price of lead In the market. OTHEtt MINKKAIA But it was not only in iron and copper that Canada, by naturti, possessed enormous wealth, and yet, by policy, was renderef poor in this regard. Some development had taken place, but as a rule the bulk of the minerals was as yet almost .untouched. In the matter of phosphates, whlca bod already a free market, a very considerable dev<'lop- meut had taken place. For Instance, the Union Mining Company, an American instil ution, owned two thousand acres up the Ottawa River, had spent $100,000 in plant, and yet, after one year's operations, had (.eclared a dividend of 30 per cent. This was but a sample of what might be done, and if there were a permanently free market in the United States, the result could not fall to be satisfactory. But aside from phosphates, such minerals as a^jbestos, antimony, graph- ite, gypsum, mica, salt, gold, and silver, exist in large and paying quantities ; in addi- tion there is arsenic, bismuth, cobalt, litho- graphic stones, and oxydlzed iron of every kind suitable for paint; mateilals lor build- ing, stones for grlndston»!S, millstones, and marbles of various aUh whicrh the Dominion possesses, the opportunity which the mavk(>t at 'ler door affords, and the eas<^ with which the.se two could be brought together. It seems appalling that any slight consideration could stand In the way of the consummation of their union. It had been said that to obtain unrestrii^ted re- ciprocity with the United Sates, discrimina- tion would have to be enforced against Eng- lish gocds, and that commercial nnion was but a step to annexation. These two consid- erations form the strongest argum<>nt that can be fotind against the policy of freedom In traile on the North American Continent ; but wh(>u one considers how vast are the inte- rests on this continent to be developed, and how great are the benefits to the Dominion that this development would bring forth, th»» interests of the few manafacturers in Great Britain, likely to be affected by dis crimination, are as a drop in the bucket. It would pay Canada well to gnarantee the profit which every exporter of Brltls'i goods had ever made for the balance of his life, rather than that then^ should be any impedi- ment to a union, commercially speaking, be- tween the two great countries of this contin- ent. How many people do you suppos<^ would be aft'ected were Canada to admit United States raanufacturns free, and still exact a duly on English goods'? Certainly the ex- porters to Canada of goods to be affected would not exceed a thousand In number. It might be doubted whether there are five hundred establishments In the whole of Great Britain that have a large Interest iu wares exported hither. From a pretty close rela tlon with numerous manufacturing firms in Englainl, Mr. Wiman said he believed that they would hall with delight any raovc^ment by which the Canadians would bo befiefltted, and If, by a conmienlal union with Canada, a reducticm in the United States tai iff was in- duced, the advantages would be manifestly far greater than the disadvantages resulting from discrimination In Canada. In other words, the power of absorption of British goods throughout the conthient, by a re-ad- justment of the tariff of the two countries, would be far greater than under the existing highly protective policy which prevails In Canada as against the goods of all nations. It was, however, hardly worth considering that the Interests of British marufacturers and British merchants should stand as a per- manent hari'ier against the free admi.ssion of American goods Into Canada, provided that Into the vast markets of the United States could be secured the free admission of every SPEKCn OF ERASTVS WIMAX. 17 prnrtncf wlilfli Caniulu pouBPsund, and oi" crciy nniiufaiturd which shocoiild iiroducci. ABln all gri'at niovfinicTits of this kind soiii*^ HO'hms lo-ultH would no douht follow, and iiijiiii('<« would hiivo to he Inflicted, but aa Mio vorld nxHPH 01), iiroKiesH nmnf not in- re- tarded hy oncl' consldcrafionH. A trrcat rail- way lino nficcfH mnny ii farm, cuttln»r It often diaironallv in two. l he cnfoncrnenl of a iinl vcrsal law aflccts many an inteiost, Init that which achievep the greateHt good to the Rro "teat nnntlier 1h the standard by which all th»8c niattern are regulated. Commercial tinion wUh the f'nited States would ctmfer, In a K''«^»t«r degree, a gieitr; _,..od, iiikmi a »frenter nnmtter, than almost auythinf^ It 1h poHHlIde toc,onc( e of, wlijle th(* advautaiicH arc HO nnmeums, tlu> iiosatldlltles HD^reat, ftii'l the progresH of nearly all material inte- pcstHHO manirestas rcMiltlng from it. that it (M>mH dltttcnlt to regard with any serlouHnesH the objections urged against it. In a very imperft'ct way, Mr. Wlman said, he had attempted to Hketch the advantagen to Canada of fre(> marketn in the United states, and t lie fr(^e development in Canaon suggest'}, the genius of the age could sweep away the long line of custom houses between Uxa two countries, and they could be 2 made one, so far uh trade was conceroed, what a progress the world would make ; there would he no feeling that money was leaving the United Statt-s when It came to ( anada. The ebb and flow of commerce writ,v In proper spirit, and seek advantaste in th(> larger mar- kets attbrded them -if all tlu'se elementa could be thus developed, what better pros- pect need onedesiiefuone's country. Giving to the United Htates, as you then would, five or ten limes the value that you now give them, there would al.so be an absorptive power of what they have to ofler. Tlh^ir manufactures would, of course, find a m irket heie; their merchants would trale in this dir'?cti(m, and they would seek, by eveiy means that they possessed, to develop their commerce in the northern part of the continent, just aa they are now doing in the western and southern portions of it. Am course, it will be said that if the Yankee manufacturer and the Yankee merchant are let free into Canada he will crowd out the Canadian manu- facturer and the Canadian merchant. Well, all that need be saiil in reply to that is that If Canadians cannot hold their own when the conditions are all equal, they don't deserve the name of Canadians. It's the first time in the history of this mighty country that such an ndmisaion has been made. If the pluck and spii'it which conquered Canada has de- parted from it, it is time wo introduced some new material. If the sons of the stui dy back- woodsman, who attacked the giant forests and hewed out his way from povertv and hardship to comfort and prospeiity amid such tremen- dous disadvantages, are not now able to com- pete with these Yankees on everything they undertake, then it i» time to build a high wall and keep out any bod.y that can teach her people something else than how to grow rich bv trading jack-knivea with each other, and how to rise to bo a great people except by lifting yourselves up by yoxir boot straps. The talk that any class of Canadians cannot hold their own against any other people on the broad face of the earth finds no echo in the minds of that vast host of our foUow- countrymen wlio liavo already found a home 18 COSfMERCTAL UNIOX. In the United Btatcn. HnntlredRof thoiisaiidH of CanadlnnH in tlie Ihiitod Htiiten find no dllllculty in holding their own nlde by «lde Mith tin' Yanki'OH. Vas woiknuin, bh me- ohanica, iiH Hklllod laborers, as railroad men telcgrapl) operators. In poHitions of trust and responmliillty, and (ncupying the very hest places In the lund, you find every here and« there the native born Canadian. He is al- ways respected, always self lespec ting, some- times somewhat assertive, but always self- reliant, and abundantly able to hold his own lu a fair Held. 'Have you ever realized wliat an •normoHH number of Canadians there are who have already nought the benetlts of com- mercial union with tlie United States. It may be doubted If In the history of any coun. try— especially a young country— so large a proportion of the total population has in so short a time sought a heme outside of it. Here are some figures hy the census showing the enormcms leaps and (ounds in the Increase of the Canadian eloment In the neighboring Republic: Census of ISGO-Canadlana In U. S., 240.970 Census of 1870— 493,464 Census of 1880— " " " 717,167 It may bo readily believed that now. In 1887, fuUy one million of our own people have loft Cr.nada, and have taken up their abode In a foreign land— a million out of Ifive millions what a tremendous proportion for a country possessing all the advantages that Canada possesses, to which the mostdesi.tTate efforts are being made to attract Immigration. Surely there is some- thing wrong when one recalls the fact that notwithstanding the enormous expenditures which have been made, and the heavy burden of taxation which all In Canada have to carry, that the best and most piomlsing portion of the population deck a homo and a future else- where.A If commercial union could accom- plish nothing else than keep our young men at homo, it would be a boon of the greatest magnitude. /For there is not a mother in tliis vast asseniblage but dreads the day when her boy, her precious boy, will look with longing eyes across the border. What is the future on the farm for the little blue-eyed baby that looks up into Its mother's face. The vista of the future to the mother, if the little one is a boy, that he will at best inherit his father's fate. She knows how hard the father lifiS had to work to get tliem a Jiving; how early and how late he has ,'iad to toll to make ends meet; how dreadful has been the burden of the store debt, getting larger every year ; and with what foreboding the yearly interest on he mortgage is con- templated. She, too, well knows how careful she has to be with every dollar she expends, and with what frugality and closeness they all have to live in order to leave her boy any patrimony In the future. And the dear mother knows full well that while such a Htruggle him in his childhood yoars. Hut, If the little (me that lays in her lapis a little girl— If the clear blue eyes of the little baby girl look Inquiringly into the m«)fher's anxious face, wliat fate doen s'lerend there) Why, If her brothers and half the boys' of tlie neiirhborhood are leav Ing the country, how hopeless Is her life likely to be. The chances for the babv gii I are ;mnu>nsoly lessened for a nseful woman hood. The sweet love that brightens life may never come to her. The delirious ouors of the new-mown hay, of the sweet-scented clover, of the forest flowers, may never be acsociated with that most Joyous part of life, when love and betrothal MnowsahalooveraU the world. The budding womanhood will Avaitinvaln for the sturdy f aimer boy who should win her; and the life that should be full of Joy, of noble companloi.rtbip, may go Census of 1885— Estimated 950,00(J|ont with loneliness and sadmn-t. MotheiH must think of these things, and with a far- seeing vision which a mother'." love will prompt, should take an interest m this great movement, the effect of which ould be to keep the boys at home, and thuH secure the happiness and /the future of the lwe•^t girls of this fair land. God bless tht^ai all. and help forward the good cause that will fulfil the mother's holy prayer for ciuitentuieut and happlneos of those so near to her./ No calamity greater can happen to acomrannlti' than not to keep the yoif.g men at homo ; and any statesmanship that results in making Canada less attractive to her young men than the neighboring nation is u failure, no matter how brilliant it may be in other respects. Nothing would so much tend to keep her young men at home as unrestricted reciprocity with the United States. Free markets f(n' Cana^llan products In the constellation of commcmwenlths Just over the border would bring such a roAvard for effort here that auccess and contentment would soon take the place ()f failure and dis- content. Talk of patriotism— prate of loyalty —why, ho is the only patriot that seeks his country's good- he is luily truly loyal who seeks the enrichment of tlie vast army of producers that make up the wealth of Can- ada; and if this can be accomplished without making any change in his allegiance— if, under the British flag, with a sturdy love for British traditions, lie can accomplish the revolution that opens up the markets of a vast continent, In the name of all that is great and all that is good, why should he not be permitted to do sol i 'v 11(1 tlu' (l»'ftr vhllo Hiuii a Hof t1i<> Rreat liave to be ' hw, t(t have ■8, an