IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 Uit2A |2.5 ■^ 1^ 122 1 U , ,.6 I.I L25 ^ 6" ► m vl ^J: 9. »> •> '/ ys^ Phobgraphic Sdencfcti Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 873-4503 'o- ^ signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed at diffe wnt reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method* Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmis A des taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est film6 d partir de Tangle sup^rieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ( f W^u^ t /*u ^^uiJlications of tt)e prince ^ocietin SIR WILLIAM ALEXANDER \ ANI> AMERICAN COLONIZATION. hi. % V \ 1 "^ T) ] , ;• • I / \ r- ' m yi^mim' ttf- ki '■ ,/ I '.■•. I.., II 7.'. /-,,,//,•, i-.r ,■■ /■■ ,., / ^ i i-^f mwi ^ ^f ,. • J- f H I i n THE $)uljlication0 of tijr ^rinrr ^ofirtp. Elbblillied May J5th, 1858. SIR WILLIAM ALEXANDER AND AMERICAN COLONIZATION. ^Boston: PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY, By John Wilson and Son. 1873. • Lr / I !■! i| TEN lOPins, LAROK PAPER. "NE nuNORKU AND KIFTV COPIES, SMALL PAPKR. ■^wm/ Sir William Alexander And American Colonization. INCLUDING THREE ROYAL CHAK'n-^s, A TRACT ON COLONIZATION- A PATENT OK THE COt;;TY OF CANADA AND OF LONG ' ISLAND; AND THE ROLL OF THE KNIGHTS BARC.s'ETS OF NEW SCOTLAND; WITH ANNOTATlOxNS \ AND A MEMOIR Bv THE REV. EDMUND F. SLAFTER, A.M. JSoston PUBLISHED BY THE 1873. PRINCE SOCIETY. (i ,[ / ' ; Kn.ered accordin, ,o Ac. of Congres., in „,e year ,873, by EDMUND K. SI.AITER, r.> .i.e Office of .l,c Librarian of Congress, at Wasl,in„o„. C 1' Cajv^\ \> •■- C. ^'^ I EUtfor ; Thh rkv. kdmund k slamkr. a.m. s - i 1 t 1 1 ! PREFACE. N prefenting this volume to the members of the Prince Society, a few words are neceffary. The tra6l entitled an Encouragement to Colonies, publilhed by Sir William Alexander in 1624, has been known and occafionally referred to by nwiters on American hiflory; but copies of it have for a long time been exceedingly rare. It was at firfl propofcd to print this trad, with luch annotations as feemed to be neceffary. On a careful invefligation, however, it was found that the colonial enterprifcs of Sir William Alexander had leen fo impcrfe6lly fet forth in our general hiflories, that a volume embracing not only this tra(5t, but the feveral char- ters of American territory which had been granted to him, jind other related documents, together with a more com- plete Memoir than had hitherto been attempted, might prove a valuable contribution to American hiflory. The preparation of fuch a volume was accordingly. undertaken. In the early part of January, 1872, the editor reported to the Council that the manufcript was ready for the prefs. Some ^^ VI Preface. f i Some delay followed in obtaining fuitable paper, and in the neceffary arrangements for printing. About the ixiiddle of April the copy was placed in the hands of Meffrs. T. R. Marvin and Son, w^ho had printed three preceding iffues of the Society, in a manner eminently fatisfa6lory, proving themfelves to be among the mofl accompliflied of Ameri- can printers. On the 9th and loth of November, when the Great Fire occurred in Boflon, one hundred and twelve pages of the volume had been ftruck off. Thefe printed flieets, together with a quantity of paper, more than fufficient for the w^hole edition, which had been purchafed by the Council, were deflroyed by the fire. The Meffrs. Marvins' printing-works fliared likewife the fame fate. The derangement of bufinefs that followed rendered it impoffible to recommence print- ing before early in March of the prefent year, when the work was committed to Meffrs. John Wilfon and Son, of Cambridge, who had printed the fecond volume iffued by the Society. Thefe fa(fts furnifli, it is believed, a fufficient apology for the long delay in the publication of the work after it was ready for the prefs. As fome compenfation for this delay and the confiderable pecuniary lofs fuftained by the Society, it may be ftated that the editor availed himfelf of the oppor- tunity to incorporate into the Memoir fome additional fa(5ts, and to correal; feveral errors that had crept into the text. The r l>' K I Preface. Vll The dcfign of the Council in bringing out this volume has been to furnifli the hiflorical ftudent, from authentic documents rendered into Englifli, with full information relating to the '^^fforts of Sir William Alexander in behalf of American colonization. In the Memoir, the editor has aimed to give a complete but condenfed outline of his life and chara(5ler, and thus to fixow what focial and political influences, as well as what perfonal energy, ability, culture, and learning he brought to bear in the advance- ment of his favorite fcheme of planting colonies in America. The attempts that were made after Cabjt's difcovery in 1497, and before fuccefs was a6lually achieved, had doubt- lefs far more influence on the final eftablifliment of colonies on our foil than has been apprehended by the cafual reader, or admitted in the popular belief. If this volume, as an hiflorical monograph, fliall ferve in any degree to clear away the clouds that have obfcured this period in colonial enterprife, and fliall caufe Sir William Alexander's conne6lion with colonization in America to ftand out more difl:in6lly than it has in the pafl:, and more truthfully and in its exa6l relations, the Council cannot fail to regard their purpofe as having been fatisfactorily achieved. E. F. S. Boston, ii Beacon Street, May 26, 1873. ii \\\ I. \ TABLE OF CONTENTS. FAGB Engraved Portrait of Sir William Alexander, Earl of Stirling Frontifpicce. Preface v Memoir of Sir William Alexander i BinLioGRAPHY 119 Royal Charter of New Scotland in favor of Sir William Alexander, by James I., 162 1 127 An Encouragement to Colonies, by Sir William Alexander, 1624 150 Map of New Scotland 216 Novodamus Charter of New Scotland. 1625, by Charles I. . 217 Roll of the Knights Baronets of New Scotland .... 233 Royal Charter of the Country and Lordship of Canada, 1628 239 Patent of the County of Canada and of Long Island, by THE Great Council for New England, 1635 251 Constitution of the Prince Society 259 Rules and Regulations of the Council 260 Officers of the Prince Society 263 The Prince Society 265 Publications of the Prince Society 268 Index 271 n f hl1' /I i \ I MEMOIR OF Sir William Alexander, Kt., EARL OF STIRLING. IVE miles eafl of Stirling in Scotland, at the bafe of the Ochil hills, on a fmall ftream in the fliire of Clackmannan, re- pofes a little hamlet now for a long time diftingiiiflied for its manufacture of Scotch blankets. This was the ancient feat of the barons of Menftrie, and the village ftill bears that name. The barony was occupied by the family of Alexander at a period as early as 1485. They derived their name from Alexander Mac Donald, a younger fon of the lord of the Ifles, from whom they were defcended, fo runs the tradition, whofe proper name they affumed. Alexander Alexander was the fifth baron of Menftrie, and died February loth, 1580-1. am r >' Pf! < * 2 Memoir of 1 580-1.' He had inherited the barony of Menftrie, nevcr- thelefs, under the Earl of Argyle as his fupcrior, through Andrew his father, Alexander his grandfather, Andrew his great-grandfather, from Thomas Alexander, who flour- iflied, as we have already intimated, fomewhat before the year 1500. Sir William Alexander fucceeded his father, Alexander Alexander, in this eflate, and afterward obtained the fee and a charter under the great feal, and was the fixth Laird or Baron of Menflrie.'^ He was born about 1580,^ and was conne6led by blood, through female lines, with many of the mofi; prominent titled families of Scotland. His fine endowments were apparent in early youth. His education was thorough and liberal, acquired, as is conjedl- ured, at one of the Univerfities of Scotland, but no definite or pofitive information on this point has been obtained. In early manhood he was fele6ted to be the attendant and companion of the Earl of Argyle,^ with whom he travelled on ' His will was confirmed on the 24th of May, 1 58 1. — Royal Letters, Char- ters, and Trails, Edinburgh, 1867, p. 9. * For a genealogical account of the family, reference may be had to Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland, and to other peerage-writers, under the title " Earl of Stirling." * An engraved portrait of Sir Wil- liam Alexander is found in fome copies of the edition of his poetical works publiflied in 1637. Around the border is this infcription: Vera Effigies GULIELMI COMITIS DE SXERLIX, /EtA- Tis SU/E 57. If this was his age in 1637, as can hardly be queflioned, fince he undoubtedly fuperintended the pub- lication of that edition himfelf, his birth is properly inferred to have been in 1580. ■' Sir Robert Douglas, in the " Peer- age of Scotland," fays he " was pitched upon to travel with the Earl of Argyle, as a tutor and governor." But this is clearly an error. The eighth Earl was at this time not more than fix or feven years of age, having been bori'. in 1598, and confequently was too soung to make the tour of Europe. The feventh Earl was feveral years the fenior of young Alexander, and could hardly have received him as his tutor and governor, though he may have profited by It' m.. Sir William Alexander, on was feven 1598, to venth or of lardly and ofited by on the continent, and pcrfecfled his education by adding to his other acquirements a knowledge of the French, ItaUan, and probably the Spanifh language. He \vas married to Janet, daughter and heirefs of Sir William Erlkine, Knight, roufui-german to the Earl of Marr, the regent. By her he had eight fons and three daughters. In his youth, it is faid, while in his fifteenth year, young Alexander began the compofition of a feries of fongs, fon- nets, and elegies. At the age of twenty-three, he appeared before the literary world as a poet, publifliing " The Trag- edie of Darius," under his own name, which he denominated the " firfl effay of my rude and unfkilfull mufe in a Tragi- call poem." It was dedicated to Prince James of Scotland, afterwards James I. of England, feafoned with royal com- pliments to the future king. The author's apology to the reader, in this early edition, for the want of a complete purity of ftyle, explains what is apparent in this, but which entirely difappears in his later and more elaborated works : — " The by his fcholarly attainments. The followins; excerpt from the " Argyl Pa- pers " furniflies the authority, we may prefume, on which tlie ftatement has been made : — "The Earl was bred a fcholar, and, being efleemed a man of pregnant parts, made choice of to travail with Archibald, Earl of Argyie, called Gil- lefpich Gromach, which he did into France, Spain, and Italy, when Mr. Alexander learned his anguage. He had particular genius to poetry, and upon his return was introduced by Prince Henry to the King." The Rev. Charles Rogers, LL.D., Hiftoriographer to the liillorical So- ciety of Great Ikitain, to whom we are indebted for this extract, as well as the fubllance of this note, is of opin- ion that this foreign travel took place between the Battle of Glenlivet, in 1594, when the Earl of Argyie commanded the Royal Forces, and 1603, when he reduced the Macgregors. It was, prob- ably, before the year 1600, when Sir William Alexander was lefs than twen- ty years of age. 4 Memoir of " The language of this pocme is, as thou fccft, mixed of " the KngHdi and Scottilh diale(51s ; which perhaps may be " vnpleafant and irkfome to fome readers of both nations. " But I hope the gentle and judicious Knglilhe reader will " beare with me, if I retaine fome badge of mine owne coun- " trie, by vfmg fometimes words that are peculiar therevnto, " efpeciallie when I finde them proper and fignificant. And " as for my owne countrymen, they may not juftly finde fault " with me, if for the more part I vfe the Englilh phrafe, as " worthie to be preferred before our owne for the elegancie " and perfe61ion thereof." In the reign of Elizabeth, under the influence of a galaxy of great men, fuch as Spenfer and Sidney and Shakefpeare, the Englilh language fuddenly advanced in all the elements of copioufnefs, richnefs, and refinement ; and the improve- ment did not ceafe to go forward down to a much later period. The fcholarly culture and taflc of Sir William Alexander led him to fee its great fuperiority to his vernac- ular, and fo far prevailed with him, that, in the later editions of the Tragedy of Darius, the Scottifli diale^l was wholly laid aside. Mofl: of his poems appear to have been written in the decade following 1603, but fome of them were not publiihed till feveral years later. The following catalogue will indicate the order of their publication, and the form in which they firfl appeared:^ — The * Thefe early editions are exceeding- indebted, for the definite information ly rare, at leaft in this country : we are which we have here given to Walpole's koyal Sir VVilliam Alexander. 5 The Tragedy of Darius. Edinlnirgli, 1603. ^to.' A I'ariuncfis to the Prince [^Hufjuiifai^', an ex/iorfation']^ the two tragedies, Cnt'lus, and Darius, and Aurora, a coUeiition of fonnets. London, 1604. 4to.'' The Aurora, with two other fmall poems addrellbd to His Majefly. London, 1604. 4to. pp. 94.° Tlic Alexanchiuan, a Tragedic. 1605. The Monarchicke Tragedies, Cnufus, Darius, the Alexanch":can, and Julius Ciufar. London, 1607. 4to. pp. 40S. '' A third edition, 1616. Elcgic on the death of Prince Ilenrie. Edinburgh, 1613. 4to. 4 leaves. The only copy known, fays Nicliols, is in tiie Univertity Lilirary, Edinburgh. Vide Nichols, Progrefs of James L, Vol. II. P- 505- Doomfday, or the Great Day of the Lord's Jiulgemcnt. Edinburgh, 1614. 4to. pp. 126. Alfo in London, fame year." Recreations with the Mufes, containing the Tragedies, the Parajnefis, the Doomfday; and Jonathan, an imiinilhed jioem. London, 1637. folio.' It will be obferved that, after 1616, he did not iffue another edition till 1637. In a letter to William Drum- mond of Hawthornden, in 1620, he fays, "All my Works are written over in one Book, ready for the Prefs, but I wpnt leifure to print them." Amid the preffure of public and private bufinefs, as we (hall fee in the fequel, the oppor- tunity did not prefent itfelf till i .37, when the Recreations with Royal and Noble Authors, Vol. V. p. 74, and to Lowndes's liibliographers' Slanual, IX. 2518. We give, for tlie gratification of the curious ftudent. in the notes below, the prices at wiiicli they have been fold, as reported by Mr. Lowndes : * At "js. Gd. to ;^2 2d. "At^^z IJ. to^3 5J. 'A\.£i^s. "At IS^- to £'i ; a third edition in 1616, i6mo, pp. 334, at ^i 7s. to ^21 ; with portrait and motto, " Aut fpero aut fper- no." at ^32 I ij. • At^i ij. to/4 4J. ' At \os. to £2, I3.f. ()d. ; copies with a portrait of Sir William Alexander by Marshall, considered his c/icf d^wmire, at ^8 I2J. 6d. to ^50. See also Biblio- tlieca Anglo-Poetica, London, 18 15, pp. 307-10. I T Jil If ! 6 Memoir of with the Mufcs, coT-nprifing his principal works, was printed in an elegant and fumptuous folio. The title-page of this edition was illuminated, and in fome, probably prefentation copies, ai)peared an engraved portrait of the author, by William Marfhall, who engra^'ed, from fketches made by himfelf, a large number of portraits; and, although not exe- cuted with extraordinary grace or (kill, they are valuable on account of the dillinguilhed perfonagcs they reprefent, and bccaufe in fome inftances, among which Sir William Alexander is probably one, no other portrait or likenefs has come down to us. Numerous fonnets by Sir William Alexander, not included in his collected works, are to be found fcattercd among the works of other poets. The " Aurora, containing the firfl fancies of the author's youth," is a coUedion of fonnets and elegies, and the feries is intended to conftitute a poetic defcription or hiflory of the varying fortune of love ; and the author informs us in his dedication, that as they were the fruits of beauty, fo they fliould be facrificed as oblations to beauty, and he therefore infcribes them to Lady Agnes Douglas, Countefs of Argyle. The Monarchic Tragedies were conflru6led on the model of the ancient Greek tragedies, with a6ls and interluding chorufes. We are not aware that the a6ls have ever been printed except in the original editions. The chorufes, with all the other poems to which we have referred, are contained in the fifth volume of Chalmers's Englifli Poets. From thefe chorufes, which, according to the treatment of the Greek writers, Sir Willia^n Alcxaride r. uding writers, are fuppofcd to reflefl the fpirit and fcntimcnt of the other jxirts, it is obvious that this form of coiiipofilioii was employed as a convenient medium of imparting to princes thofe fundamental maxims and principles of moral- ity which lie at the foundation of all fuccelTful government, and whofe fruits are the happinefs and fidelity of the gov- erned. They are confequently grave and didactic, dealing with the cmptinefs of human grandeur, the prieelefs quality of truth, the refponfibility of power and wealth, and are wholly unfuitable for hiftrionic reprefentation, for which, in- deed, we have no reafon to believe they were ever intended." In fele6ling this form of compofition, the author was doubtlefs influenced by the prevailing tafte of the age. Miracle-plays confifting of Scrii:)ture characters alone, and Moral-plays made up of allegorical perfonages, for a long time in vogue in England, had given place to Tragedies, which were clearly the moft attractive and popular fpecies of writing at that period. In its firfl conception, even Milton gave to his Divine epic, the Paradife Loft, the dra- matic form. In the Library of Trinity College, Cambridge, England, a manufcript in Milton's own hand is flill pre- fer ved, ^ Mr. Oldys fays tliat the author of tliefe tragedies " never defigned to creep after any model of the ancients as to unities of action, or other rules of the drama. He calculated them not for the amufement of fpeflators, or to be theatrically acted, fo much as for read- ers of the higheft rank ; who by the wifeft counfels ?nd cautions that could be drawn from the greateft examples, of the ill effects of mifgovernment and confident reliance upon human gran- deur, might be taught to amend their own pradlices, to moderate their own paiTions and their power over all in fubjedlion to them; and if ihey have this end with fuch readers, to term them hiftorical dialogues, or anything elfe, can be no difcredit to them." — Bioi^raphia Britannia^ London, 1778, p. 138. H 8 Memoir of f 18 fcrved, in which the plan of the Paradife Loft is fketched, the dramatis pcrfoncc arc given, and the whole divided into a6ls. Although Milton did not adhere to his original plan in the Paradife Loft, we may neverthelefs conclude that the drama, even fifty years after the publication of Sir William's Trauedies, was not resfarded as an unfuitable medium for coiiveyin •■ the leffons of morality, or the maxims of political wifdom. The Para:nefis to Prince Henry is a poem of 672 verfes, elaborated with great care, and is perhaps the moft claffical of all his works. It is eminently dida(5lic, replete with found advice to the young heir-apparent, uttered with a dignified franknefs unufual to the times. After the death of Henry in 161 2, this poem was again iffued with a dedication to Prince Charles, afterward Charles L, of England. The Doomfday, a facred poem, divided into twelve books or hours, is our author's great work. Like the Tragedies, it is heavy and prolix, and will hardly be read, except for its excellent fpirit and found wifdom. From this he received the title of the Divine poet. While it is true that no one will probably at this day become enthufiaftic over the lines of Sir William Alexander, his poetry is, neverthelefs, by no means deftitute of merit. If he has not fo much of the "facred fire" as fome others, he certainly has a high degree of culture ; his lines flow with great fmoothnefs, and he rarely violates the canons of good tafte. The Englifli language of the early part of the feventeenth century differs widely from the Englifli language of to-day. It II Sir William Alexander. It is hardly poffible for the reader of our time, who has not made the literature of two hundred and fifty years ago a ftudy, to catrl-t the delicate fliades or appreciate the rich flow of thought, either in profe or poetry, which come to us clothed in the ftiff, antique drefs of that period. But the contemporaries of Sir William Alexander had not this impediment, and they have left us the ftrongeft proofs of their appreciation of his merits. Allowing much for friend- fliip and a natural inclination to maintain the cfprit dc corps, the teftimony is fo uniform, that it is plain that he occupied a very high pofition in the opinion of his compeers, and that he exercifed a falutary and important influence on the literature of his age. He was one of the earlieft, if not the firfl Scottifli poet, who wrote in Englifli verfe. The three pioneers were Sir Robert Aytoun, Sir William Alexander, and William Drummond of Hawthornden. Aytoun publiflied his Dio- phantus and Charidora, confining of 192 verfes, fomewhat earlier thai the publication of the Tragedy of Darius by Sir William Alexander, which appeared in -1603. Alexan- der was by far the moft voluminous writer, and probably did more than either of the others, by way of perfonal influence and example, to induce his countrymen to adopt the Englifli language in writing, upon whom he did not hefitate to urge it as worthy to be preferred for its " ele- gancie and perfc6lion." But let us fee how he was regarded by his contempora- ries, and by diftinguiflied fcholars of a later period. The following lines of the Englifli poet Drayton, though intended T: (I; ;i lO Memoir of intended to fpeak of him only as a friend, convey, inciden- tally, his high eflimation of him as a poet : — So Scotland fent us hither, for our own, That man whofe name I ever would have known To ftand by mine, that moft inf^enious Knight, My Alexander, to whom in his right I want extremely, yet in fpeaking thus I do but fhow the love that was 'twixt us. And not his numbers, which were brave and high, So like his mind was his clear poefy.'' Sir Robert Aytoim, a Scottifli poet, and favorite at the . oiirt of James I., whofe graceful fonnets have been recently publiflied by the Hiftorical Society of Great Britain, has the following lines on Sir William's " Monarchick Tragedies : " Well may the programme of thy tragic flage Invite the curious pomp-expecting eyes To gaze on prefent fhows of pafTed age. Which juft defert Monarchic dare baptife. Crowns thrown from thrones to tombs, detomb'd arife. To match tliy muf vvith a Monarchic theme. That whilft her facred foaring cleaves the flcies, A vulgar fubje6l may not wrong the fame. And what gives moft of luftre to thy fame — The worthieft Monarch that the fun can fee. Doth grace thy labours with His glorious name, And deigns protedlor of thy birth to be. Thus all Monarchic ; patron, fubjecl, ftyle, Make tliee the Monarch Tragic of this ifle.* The praife which poets beftow upon each other is too frequently exaggerated, and this may have been particularly fo '' Anderfon's Biitifli Poets, London, ciety of Great Britain, London, 1871, '795- P- 549- Vol. I. p. 178. * Tranfaftions of the Hiftorical So- ^ \ V if Sir Williavi Alexander. 1 1 fo in the early part of the feventeenth century, and yet it was rarely given unlefs the eulogium reded upon a foun- dation of genuine merit. When Mr. Johnftoun, in 1720, propofed to bring out a corre(!:l; edition of the Doomfday, he placed the whole of Sir William's poetical works in the hands of Mr. Addifon, for his perufal. In returning them Addifon remarked : " That he had read them over with the greatcjl fatisfanionr And added : " That the beaaties in our an'Jent EngliOi " poets are too flightly paiTed over i^y the modern writers ; " who, out of a peculiar fmgularity, had rather take pains " to find fault, than endeavour to excel." Steele fpeaks of him in terms of commendation, and re- grets that his works had not been more juflly appreciated.^ We have not fpace for any extended examples of Sir William Alexander's poetry, but we venture to prefent two or three fpecimens. The following lines are from the lafl chorus in the tragedy of Julius Casfar: — is too [cularly fo hon, 1 87 1, Loe, profprous Caefar charged for a fpace, Both with ftrange nations, and his countrey's fpoyles, Even when he feem'd by warre to purchafe peace, And rofes of fweet reft, from thornes of toils ; Then whil'ft his minde and fortune fwell'd moft high, Hath beene conftrain'd the laft diftrefle to trie. What warnings large were in a time fo fliort. Of that dark courfe which by his death now fhines ? It, fpeechlefle wonders plainly did report, It men reveal'd by words, and god:; by fignes, Yet by the chaynes of deftinies whil'ft bound, He faw the fword, but could not fcape the wound. "* Spectator, No. 300. Then I 12 Memoir of !- ! Then let us live, fince all things change below, When raif 'd mod high, as thofe who once may fall, And hold when by difafters brought more low, The minde Hill free, whatever elfe be thrall : Thofe lords of fortune fweeten every ftate, Who can command themfelves, though not their fate. In 1622 Dr. Abernethy, Bifliop of Cathnes, publiflied a work entitled " A Chriftian and Heavenly Treatife, con- taining Phyficke for the Sovle ; very neceffary for all that would inioy true foundneffe of minde, and peace of con- fcience." The following chara6leriflic lines by Sir William Alexander were prefixed to this work : — Of known effedls, grounds too precifely fought, Young naturalifts oft atheifts old do prove ; And fome who naught, fave who firft moves, can move, Scorn mediate means, as wcnders ftill were wrought. But temp'ring both, t'.ou doft this difference even, Divine phyfician, phyfical divine, Who fouls and bodies help'ft ; doft here defign From earth by reafon, and by faith from heaven, With myfteries which few can reach aright. How heaven and earth are match'd and work in man ; Who wife and holy ends and caufes fcan. Lo true philofophy, perfeftion's height ! For this is all that we would with to gain. In bodies found that minds may found remain. The following from the Aurora is, we think, a good fpec- imen of his fonncts. It is among the lafl of the feries, in which the writer aims to fliow how the " fpring of love refembleth the uncertain glory of an April day," and that " the courfe of true love never did run fmooth," and in which, alfo, we have a clear refutation of the idle fancy of Oldys W ' Sir Williarn Alexander, 13 Oldys in the Biographia Britannica, who boldly reprefents thefe fonnets as perfonal to the young poet himfelf, and as defcriptive of his unfuccefsful addreffes ; but the reader of this, which clofes the difcuffion with which the whole feries has been occupied, will not fail to fee that it paints fuccefs, and not failure : — Long time I did thy cruelties deteft, And blaz'd thy rigor in a thoufand lines ; But now through my complaints thy virtue fhines, That was but working all things for the bell. Thou of my rafli affeftions held'ft the raines, And fpying dangerous fparkes come from my fires, Didft wifely temper my enflamed defires, With fome chad fauours, mixt with fweet difdaines ; And when thou faw'ft I did all hope defpife, And looked like one that wreftled with defpaire, Then of my fafetie thy exceeding care Shew'd that I kept thine heart, thou but thine eyes : For whilft thy reafon did thy fancies tame, I faw the fmoke, although thou hidft the flame. Befides the poems to which we have already referred, the verfion of the Pfalms of David, undertaken by King James, was completed by Sir William Alexander, and the credit of the performance, whatever it may be, properly belongs to him. It appears that James I., in the later years of his life, had devoted fome of his leifure hours to a verfion of the Pfalms into metre. Having gone through with thirty-one'" of them, '" " Hee was in hand (when God pfalms, which hee intended to have called him to fmg pfalms with the an- linilhed, and dedicated withall to the gels) with the tranllation of our church onely Saint of his devotion, the Church of 14 Manoir of them, he committed the reft to Sir William Alexander, by whom the work was completed. Charles I., foon after the death of his father, appointed Sir William to "confider and revew the meetre and poefie thairof," and referred the work thus perfe6led to the Arch- bifliop of St. Andrews, and other learned divines, for their opinion and advice as to its publication. In January, 1627-8, the exclufive privilege, to continue for the fpace of twenty-one years, of printing a verfion of the Pfalms of David by King James, was granted to Sir William Alexander. This privilege, it is diftin6tly ftated, was beftowed as a compenfation for the time and labor which he had beftowed in preparing the verfion for the prefs." The firft edition was publiflied under the following title : " The Pfalmes of King David tranf ted by King lames. Cum Privilegio Rcgice Maicjlatis. Oxford, 1631." It was a duodecimo of 329 pages.^^ The Privy Council of Scotland was enjoined by Charles I. to allow no other verfion to be printed or imported into that Kingdom. This edition was handled with great fe verity of Great Rritaine, and thra of Ireland, ing notice on the title-page : " Charles This worke was staled in the one and R. Having caufed this tranflation of the thirty Pf.ilme." See a Sermon, preaciied Pfalmes (whereof oure late deare father at the " Magnificent Funerall " of King was author) to be perufed, and it being James in St. Peter's at Wedminfter, found to be exadlly and truly done, wee May 7, 1625, by the Right Rev. John doe hereby authorize the fame to be im- Williams, Bifliop of Lincoln. — Soin- printed according to the patent graunt- ers's Trails, edited by Walter Scott, E/q., London, 1809, Vol. II. p. 44. ed therevpcm, and doe allow them to be fong in all the churches of oure domin- " Calendar of State Papers, 1627, ioncs, recommending them to all oure p. 524; alfo. Letters and Journals of goode fubjedls for that efTe6l." — Lives Robert Baillie, Vol. III. p. 530. " This edition contained the follow- of tJie Scottijh Poets, by David Irving^ Edinburgh, 1804, VoL II. p. 259. Sir William Alexander. 15 feverity by the critics. Another edition was publiHicd in 1636, but fo extenfively revifed as to be abiiofl: a new ver- fion.'^ This was attached to the Scotcli Service Book of 1637. The effort of Charles I. to force that book upon the Scotch was refifled, as a wifer ruler might have anticipated, and the whole Kino^dom was thrown into a llate of wild excitement/"* This attempt at an outward uniformity in the public worfliip of God, of fo little value even if it were attained, and the exercife of his royal prerogative, a conceit as dangerous as it was falfe, in order to luring it to pafs, were the beginning of a feries of a6ls, which bore the un- fortunate king fteadily forward to his tragical end. Sir William had a perfonal interefl in the adoption of the Service Book by the Scotch,'"' as it carried with it his ver- fion of the Pfalms, the fuccefs of which would naturally be gratifying to him as the author, and might alfo bring to him a revenue as the holder of the copyright. His conne6lion with '•'' Letters and Journals of Robert Baillie, Edinburgh, 1842, Vol. III. p. 529. 14 <( ^ Prayer-Book was at that time ufed in Scotland ; and the quarrel arofe, not on the queftion of commanding the people to worfliip according to an ad- jufted form, but on the queftion of com- pelling them to abandon their own foi m, and adojit another prepared for them in a fufpefted quarter." — BurtoiCs Hif- tory 0/ Scotland, Edinburgh, 1871, Vol. VI. p. 404. Archbifliop Spottifwood, one of the compilers of the Scottifh Liturgy, in a letter to Bifhop Hall, of Norwich, fays, " I was defired to pre- fent your Lordfliip with one of the cop- ies cf our Scottifh Liturgy, which is formed fo nigh the Englifh as we could, that it might be known how we are nothing different in fubftance from that Church." — LaiufoiCs Epifcopal Chunk of Scot /and, Edinburgh, 1844, p. 495. '' For fome account of the .Scottidi Liturgy, fee Rufliworth, Vol. II. p. 399 ; Stephens's Hirtory of Scotland, Vol. I. p. 550 ; Balfour's Annals, Vol. 1 1, p. 230. There is a copy of the Scotch Service Book, edition of 1637, in the Library of Harvard Univerfity. It does not, how- ever, contain Sir William Alexander's verfion of the Pfalms. A catch-word on the laft page fuggefts that the text is incomplete, and probably the Pfalms were omitted ir binding. i6 Memoir of I !l % (. |:M '»] with the undertaking was, however, greatly damaging to his popularity, and the enterprife was of neceffity abandoned. The writings in profe, left by Sir William, are letters and State documents, fome of which have found their way into print ; a tra(5l entitled an Encouragement to Colonies, printed in this volume ; the fupplement of a defe6l in Sir Philip Sidney's Arcadia ; ^^ and the Anacrifis, a critique upon the poets. The Arcadia was a romance left in manufcript by the author, publiflied many years after his death, and had a great celebrity in its day. A hiatus appeared in the narrative, occafioned by the lofs of a part of the original papers. The difificult tafk of fupplying this deficiency was undertaken by Sir William Alexander, which he accompliflied, carrying forward the thread of the ftory, and maintaining the dignity of the ftyle, with eminent fuccefs.^^ The " It was publifhed in a diftinfl vol- ume, under the title of " A fupplement of a Dcfett in the Tliird Part of Sid- ney's Arcadia. Dublin, 162 1 ; folio." It was foon after incorporated into the body of the work. It fupplied 33 pages. See Works of Sir Philip Sidney, Lon- don, 1724, pp. 588-623. The editor of the thirteenth edition declares the Arca- dia to be the " moft celebrated Romance that was ever written." It was tranf- lated into the French, Dutch, and other European languages. Anthony Wood speaks of it as a " Book moft famous for rich conceipts and splendor of court- ley expreffions." — Aihena Oxonien/es, London, 1721. If in all refpefls Sir William's Supplement is not equal to the original, we may be reminded of the obfervation of the editor of the edition of 1622, "that Sir Philip Sidneies writ- ings can no more be perfedled without Sir Philip Sidneie, then Apklles pict- ures without Apelles." And we may alfo add Sir William's modeft note that if what he had done was imperfe6t, " yet fhall it ferve for a fhadow to give luftre to the reft." " Befide the above writings in profe, by Sir William Alexander, an account of the origin and hiftory of the Scotch Service Book may be found in Baillie's Letters and Journals, which the editor, Mr. David Laing, fays was undoubt- edly drawn up by Sir William. — Rob- ert Baillie's Letters and Journals, Edinburgh, 1841, Vol. I. pp. 443-447. Four letters of Sir William Alexander to Sir William Alexander. 17 The intimate acquaintance of Sir William Alexander with the Earl of Argyle/® the dedication of his Sonnets to the " CountelTe," and of a colle6lion of his poetry to his " Sacred Majeflie," the King, indicate that he purpofed, even in his youth, to avail himfelf of thofe potent influences which, at that period efpecially, were neceiTary to. perfonal advancement. The refpecSlability of his birth, his high literary to the poet Druinmond are printed in the Works of Drummond, Edinl)iirijh, 1711, p. 150. They are very l)rief, mortly of a literary character, but full of affection and tlie tenderell fympathy. In one of 161 5, he fpeaks of John Mur- rav. and of a fonnet he had written upon his death. He adds : " The King commended it much, but thought that I gave him too much Praife, at leaft it was a generous error. I envy no Man, and fliall never be a Niggard to any Man's Worth in that wliich I can afford." In another, of 1620, he fpeaks of a I'falm, which botli Drummond and himfelf had done into metre, and, in evi- dent allufion to King James, he fays, " he prefers his own to all elfe ; tho per- cliance, when you fee it, you will think it the worft of the Three. No Man nuift meddle with that Subjeft." He adds, " I love the Mufes as well as ever I did, but can feldom have the Occafion to frequent them." In an- other letter to the fame, in 1636, he fays : " I was very glad to fee your Letter, but difpleafed with that Part thereof, whereby you excufe the Dis- continuance of Writing to me; for no Dillance of Degree nor Place, fliould have Power to interrupt the Courfe of fo harmonious an Unitednefs, as hath fo long continued between us. \o\\x loving friend to ferve you. Stfirlink." For feveral letters to Sir William Alex- ander, fee Drummond's Hiftory of Scotland, London, 1^)82, pp. 3.S0, 386, 38S. Robert Chambers, in fjjeaking of Sir William Alexander's writings in profe, fa\s, "It is fui)i)ofed tint lie had a hand in 'A Brief Relation of tiie Dif- covery and Plantation of New I'^ng- land, and of fundry accidents therein occurring from the year 1607 to the jjrefent 1622 ; together witli the ilate thereof as it now llandeth, the general form of government intended, and the divifion of tiie whole territory into counties, baronies, &c.' " — Biography of EiiiiHciit Siotfiiicu, Vol. I. p. 43. We find, alfo, the following in Sand- ford's Works and Lives of the Britifli Poets, Philadelphia, 1819, Vol. IV. p. 301: " Befides his poetry, Stirling wrote, among other profe works, a Brief Relation of the Difcovery and Plantation of New England, in 1622." It would be interefting to know on what authority the foregoing tlatements reft. We do not remember to have feen any intimation of this fort in the early wri- ters, and we fear it is only one of those ij;iiejfes too often found in Biographical Dictionaries. '* In his will. Sir William Alexan- der s father appointed the Earl of Ar- gyle "overfman;" and there was alfo an unfettled account between them, from which we may infer that the two families were on terms of intimacy. — Royal Letters^ Charters, and Tracls, Edinburgh, 1867, p. 12. i8 Me7noir of ^< M i literary culture, the dignity of his charadcr and his courtly bearing, foon made him a favorite of James I."' On the acceffion of the King to the throne of Great Britain in 1603, the young poet removed to London, that he might be near the court, and where he might have a more hopeful opportunity of gratifying the cravings of his ambition. He was appointed Gentleman of the Privy Chamber to the Prince Henry, honored with Knighthood, and made Mafler of Requefts for Scotland. Soon after Charles I. came to the throne, Sir William was made a Privy Councillor and Secretary of State for Scotland, which offices he held till the clofe of his life. In 1630, he was created a peer under the title of Vifcount of Stirling and Lord Alexander of Tullibody. In 1633, he was raifed to the dignity of Earl of Stirling,-" Vifcount of Canada, &c. Thefe I. was formally crowned in Scotland, to honor his coronation, his iirrt parlia- ment, and the place of his birth, he created, at different times and places, during his Itay in that Kingdom, one Marquis, ten Earls, two Vifcounts, and eight Lords. At diis time, on the 14th of June, 1633, Sir William Alex- ander was created Earl of Stirling. — Sec Ba/fi)ur's Hijlorical Works, Edin- burgh, 1S24, Vol. II. p. 202. The or- thography of "Stirling" has paffed through more than th(* ufual mutations. At an early period it was written Stry- veling, Stryveline, and was Latinized, Starlineum. It was alfo written Ster- lin, Sterline, and Sterling. It fettled, however, at length into Stirling, which has for a long time been the approved fpelling. " It is faid that James I. made the acquaintance of Alexander on a fport- ing e.\i)edition among the clefts of Ben Cieugh. Tiie King there met "the young laird of Menllry, who had al- ready made the tour of Europe, and acquired reputation botli as a fcholar and poet. He was a fprightly youth, and polTeffed of elegant manners. The King invited him to Stirling Caftle. His Majefly and young Alexander be- came fail friends. Alexander obtained honours and innnunities from his royal patron. Having filled tlic minor offices of State, he obtained higher ports. . . . No fubject obtained fuch privileges be- fore or fince." — Traits and Storii of Scott iJJi People, by tl>e Rev. Charles L'oi^ers, London, 1867, p. 273. '" In 1633, the year in which Charles I i Sir William Alexander. 19 Thcfe high honors, and others of lefs importance to uhich he was advanced, indicate very diftincSlly the refpedl in wliich he was held, and the confidence repofed in him at the court of Charles I. In 162 1 Sir William became greatly intereftcd, "exceed- ingly inflamed," as he exprefles it, in American coloni- zation. This was, indeed, the mofl attractive field that prefentcd itfelf at that period to high enterprife and lofty ambition. His refidence of nearly twenty years in Lon- don, affociating with the leading men at the court of James I., his acquaintance with Capt. John Mafon, Sir Ferdinando Gorges, and other undertakers for New Eng- land, rendered it not difficult for him to obtain a grant of lands on the mofl; favorable conditions. His application was made directly to the King, who at once entered into his fcheme with zeal and cordiality, ad- drcffing a note to the Chancellor, and other members of the Privy Council of Scotland, elaborately fetting forth the great importance of colonization to that kingdom, and requefting them to grant a " Signatour " to Sir William Alexander of the " faycl lands lying betweene New England and Newfoundland as he Ihall defigne them particularly vnto yow\"^' Agreeably to this recommendation, dated at the Caftle of Windfor, the loth of September, 1621, a charter was prepared, " In this note, the King informs New England and Newfoundland. — them that Sir William Alexander had R.nal Letters, Charters^ and Tnids, been encouraged to undertake a foreign Edinburgh, 1867, p. 12. plantption by the governors of both ( • m % ' ) 20 Memoir of prepared, and paffcd under the Great Seal,^** covering the territory lying on the cafl: of the river St. Croix, fouth of the St. Lawrence, now included, in general terms, in the Provinces of Nova Scotia, New Hrunfwick, and thofe parts of Quebec called Rinioulki, Bonaventure, and Gafpe. This grant was made, at the fuggellion of Sir William, under the name of New Scotland.'"^^ Immediate fteps were taken by him to plant a colony on the extenfive territory which had been fo liberally bellowed upon him, and to avail himfelf of the perfonal aggrandizement and wealth, which to his ardent mind feemed to be rapidly ai)proaching with- in his grafp. But to appreciate the tafk that was really before him, the means that were requifite to accomplifli it, and the qualities required in the undertaker of fo important an entcrprife, it will be neceflary, in the firll: place, to obtain a clear idea of the progrefs already made in the colonization of the New World, the degree to which pra61ical experience had at that time refolvcd itfclf into a recognized law, and the almofl infupcrable IS Dr. Palfrey is in error wlien he doth appear." — Brief Relation, Mafs. fays that Sir William Alexander ob- tained his patent from "the Council for Ne\v-Eii^';land." His charter came di- reftly from the Kinii:;land, I fliew them that my Coun- trimen would neuer aduenture in fuch an Enterprize, vnleffe it were as there was a A'eiv Fraiue, a A'ew Spaine, and a A'ew Eh inland, that they might like- wiffe haue a A'ew Seoi/ami.''^ — En- courai^eweiit to Co/o/iies, by Sir IV il- by .approbation under writing may and Ham Alexander, London, 1624, p. 32. Sir IVilliaiii AlcxandcK 21 infupcrablc difficulties that prefcMiti'd tlicnifclvcs at liomc as well as on the foil itfelr. To this end we propofe to take a brief hiflorical fiirv;^y of what had been done in the way of difcovery and coloni- zation on the eaflern coafl of America anteri(jr to the date of Sir William Alexander's charter in 162 1, with the hope, alfo, that we may better appreciate the zeal and energy and facrifice which he brought to the enteri)rife, and to be able to fee, as we cot. 4 not otherwife do, why his efforts were not crowned with more obvious and fatisfactory refults. Soon after 1490, the citizens of Briflol, England, infpired doubtlefs by the genius and enterprife of John Cabot, fent out fevcral unfuccefsful expeditions for difcovery in the regions of the north-weft. On tlie 24th of June, 1497,^' however, a hundred and twenty-four years anterior to the date of Sir William's charter, John Cabot made the difcovery of the north-eaftern part of this continent, which he called Prima Villa.-'' In this voyage, we are told that he coafled three hundred leagues, that he actually faw no human beings, but only the -^ For an intereflinp; difcuflion of the date of Cabot's firll voya.ij;e, by J. G. Kolil and M. D'Avezac. fee Coll. Me. Hist. Soc, 2d Series, Vol. I. pp. 372- 377; idem, pp. 502-514; also Note by Mr. Charles Dcane in the Proceedings of tiie Am. Antiquarian Society, 1S67, p. 47. *^ Notwithftandinc; much learned dif- cufTion of the fubjcdt, the geo<>;raphical pofition of Cabot's "Prima Villa" is not yet decifively eftablifhed ; whether it was Newfoundland, Cape Breton, or Labrador, may perhaps always remain in doubt. See Mr. Charles Deane's Re- marks on Sebailian Cabot's " Mappe- Monde," Proceedings of Am. Antiqua- rian Society, 1S67, p. 44; Hiilory of the Difcovery of Maine, by Dr. Kohl, Coll. Me. Hilt. Soc, 2d Series, Vol. I. pp. 132-135 ; idem, pp. 358-377- 22 Memoir of the indubitable n.irks that the new land was neverthelefs in- habited. Upon it he planted the Chriftian Crofs, with the Englilh flag, in honor of the fovereign under whofe char- ter he failed, and another of St. Mark, in dutiful regard to his Venetian home. He alfo law, on his return, two ifl- ands, which he did not linger to explore, being forced, by want of provifions, to return fpeedily to England. The departure and return of the expedition were both included within the fpace of about three months."*^ In 1498, Sebaflian, the fon of John Cabot, failed again from England with two fliips, (having accompanied his father on the voyage of the preceding year,) encountering icebergs In the northern feas in the month of July. Hav- ing reached the latitude ^^ of 56° north, and perhaps even a much higher latitude than this, forced at length by the roughnefs of thefe icy feas, he dire6led his courfe to the fouth-wefl, touching at Newfoundland, and flvirting the whole Atlantic coafl as far as South Carolina, in latitude 36°. This voyage added very little important information to that already obtained, except that it placed the exiflence of a main-land beyond a doubt. The difcoveries, however, thus far made were regarded as fufificient to found a claim of fovereignty by the Englifli over '® See Pafqualigo's letter, Proceed- ings of Am. Antiquarian Society, 1865, p. 20. Alfo Introcluftion to Hakluyt's Voyages, by John Winter Jones, Hak. Soc. Ed., Luudon, 1850, p. Ixix. ; Hif- torie of Travaile into Virginia Bri^Ti- nia, by Wm. Strachey, Hak. Soc. Ed., 1849, P- 6; Northern Coafl of Amer- ica, by Patrick Frafer Tytler, Edin- burgh, 1832, pp. 20-24 ; R) .ner's Fce- dera Anglias, Vol. XII. p. 595; Pur- chas's Pilgrimage, London, 1614, p. 737. ^' It is aflerted that he reached as far as 67° ncrth latitude. — Hakliiyfs Voyages, Hak. Soc. Ed., p. 25. Ill '1 it Sir IVillia^n Akrander, 23 over the entire coaft from Newfoundland to Florida ; and this claim has been maintained by them, at leaft on paper, down to the prefent time.^^ In the years 1500 and 1501 Gafpar Cortereal made two voyages : he failed with two fliips from Lifbon in the latter year, under the patronage of the King of Portugal, infpired, doLibtlefs, by the hope of finding a fliorter route to India or the famed Cathay. He explored fix hundred miles or more of the coaft of Labrador. The country was found to have an abundance of timber fitted for the mafls of fliips, and to be peopled by a race of men in many refpects refembling gypfies, of gentle manners, of exceedingly graceful figures, admirably adapted to endure labor, and offering a rich prize, as flaves, "i^ the heartlefs cupidity of the Portuguefe ii'ionarch."^ In 15 12, or 1513, John Ponce de Leon, a Spaniard, dif- covered the coaft of Florida, and fome years afterward, when attempting ** For an account of Cabot's dif- coveiies, fee Hakluyt's Voyages, Lon- don, 1810, Vol. III. np. 37-30. The title bafed on the riglu of difcovery is conftantly fet up by the early Englidi writers. The claim to New England, New Scotland, and Virginia, as fet forth by the order of the Scottifh Con- vention of Eftates in 1630, was ground- ed on Cabot's difcovery, in the follow- ing terms : — " Immediately about the time that Columbus difcouered the Ifle of Cuba, Sebailian Chabot fet out from Eng- land by Henrie the Seventh did tirll difcouer the continent of America, be- ginning at the Newfoundlanc" and thereafter going to the Gulph of Cana- da, and from thence having feen Cape (iretton all along the coait to Florida : By which difcouery his Ma"'" hath the title to Virginia, New England and New Scotland, as being then tiril dif- couered by Chabot at the charge of the king of England." — Royal Letters, Charters, and Trails, Edinburgh, 1867, p. 61. '^ On his fecond voyage, Cortereal is faid to have captured more than fifty of the natives, whom he intended as Haves ; but he and moll: of them per- iflied at fea. Dr. Kohl is of the opin- ion that thefe captives were of the Micmac tribe, inhabitants of New- foundland and Nova Scotia. — Mc. Hist. Soc. Coll., 2d Series, Vol. I. p. 170. f ? •1 i ;■ I Kl 1 H i in i r P ^^! A' • • 24 Meinoir of attempting to take poffeffion of the territory with a body of men, mofl of them were flain by the natives, and he was himfelf mortally wounded. Other attempts were made by the Spanifli under Narvaez, De Soto, and others, to form fettlements, but with no fuccefs. Garrifons were eftabliflied at S. Jacomo, S. Auguftino, and S. Phillippo, but the whole hiftory of the Spanifh occupation is only a flory of cruelty, a flruggle for exiflence, and final failure. In 1524, Giovanni V^irrazani, a Florentine, under the patronage of Francis I., King of France, made a voyage to the fliores of America, failing along the whole Atlantic coafl from Florida to Newfoundland. His f 1'': along the fliore was deliberate, flopping at various points, tarrying at each from three days to three weeks, feeking an acqua'nt- ance with the favages, noting the difference in the manners kTnd cufloms of the different tribes, learning, alfo, the prod- u6ls of the country fo far as it was poffible to do. Very little, however, could be afcertained beyond what met the eye, the general afped; of the country as feen from the fliip, the iflands, bays, and rivers, with here and there a fandy beach and rocky point, with forefts and hill-tops indiftin6lly feen in the diflance.^" On reaching Newfoundland, his provifions having become exhaufted, he returned ir France.^^ In ** Verrazanl is fu])pofed to have touched at the fite of Charlcfton , S.C ; at Long Bay, Onflow Bay, Raleigli Bay, the Hudfon River, failing up its mouth a fliort diftance ; at Newport, R.I., Portfniouth, N.H., Pcnobfcot Bay, &c. "' Other voyages appear to have been made by Verrazani ; but i/any account of them exifts, we have not feen it. Ri- bauU, fpeaking of this in 1524 (fee Hak- luyt's Voyages, Hak. Soc. Ed., London, 1850), fays, " After his arriuall, he neuer cealfed to make fuite vntill he was fent thither againe, wher*- ^t laft he died." Iq Sir William Alexa7ider. 2r. In 1534, Jacques Cartier,^^ a French navigator of diilinc- tion, made a voyage to the American coafl : it was, however, limited to a furvey of the northern Ihores of Newfoundland, and the region of Gafpe, of which a minute defcription is given. The next year he failed again, and explored the Gulf of St. Lawrence, penetrating as far as Hochelaga (Montreal), and a very full defcription of the country and its produ(5ls, and of the chara6ler, manners, and cufloms of the natives is preferved. He again failed in 1541 under the patroi.rge of Fran9ois de la Rocque, Lord of Roberval, a nobleman of Picardy, upon whom the King of France had beflowed feveral empty titles, fuch as Lord of Norum- bega and Viceroy of Canada. He built a fort near the prefent fite of Quebec, which he named Charlefbourg, where his party of a hundred perfons of both fexes re- mained fome months. Cartier returned to France, and his principal, Roberval, baffled in h's attempt to plant a colony, after fome unfuccefsful efforts to difcover a " north-weft paffage to India," returned like wife to France. In 1562, an attempt was made by the French to plant a colonv in Florida, a name at that time given to a vafl and unlimited territory, ftretching from the Gulf of Mexico indefinitely to the north. The expedition was condu(5led by In the introdu6lion to the voyage of '* Purchas's Pilgrimage, London, 1524, in Ramufio, is the folliAving: 1614, p. 749. For a narrative of tlie "In the lad vo)age which he made, early voyages of the French and of the having landed, togeiher with omc cf Spanifli to America, in which enter- h'lj companions, tliey \\'='re all 'villed by tainment and hiltorical accuracy arc tiie natives, and roalted and eaten in combined in an extraordinary degree, the prefence of thofe who remained on the reader is referred to the '• Pioneers board the fliips." — A'ofe in Ilakhiyt^ of France in the New World," by p. 93, Hak. Soc. Ed., London, 1850. Francis Parkman, Bolton, 1865. r 26 Memoir of by Captain John RibaiiU, nnd a colony, confifling of twenty- eight men, was eftabliihed on an ifland, where they built a fort, which they called Charlesfort, fituatcd, probably, near the fite of the prcfent town of Beaufort, S.C. This colony, improvident of the future, was foon reduced to the brink of flarvation, and, confl:ru6ling a fmall pinnace, embarked for France, and would doubtlefs have periflied by famine at fea had they not been picked up by an Englifli veffel and carried to England. For the purpofc of ftrengthening the plantation by frefli fupplies and additional colonifts, J Qiips were fent from France in T564. Finding the fetti iient at Charlesfort abandon-id, they attempted to eftablifli themfelves near the mouth of the river Saint John in Florida, where they erecfled a fort which they named Fort Caroline, in honor of their fovereio:n, Charles IX. of France. But within a twelve-month the enterprife came to a difaftrous termination, never again to be effe6lually renewed, the colonifts having been difperfed and moflly put to death by the Spanifli under Don Pedro Menendez de Aviles. In 1576, Martin Frobiflier made the firfl of three voy- ages, which were undertaken by him in fucceffive years, in fearch of a north-weft paOage to India. In each of thefe voyages he reached the frozen regions of the north, and, in fpite of floating icebergs, he penetrated an inlet in latitude 63^, which he named Frobiflier's Straits. Having failed up this inlet two hundred and forty miles, he landed and took formal poffeffion of the country in the name of Queen Elizabeth. One hundred men accompanied the third ex- pedition h , Sir William Alexander. 27 pcdition as colonifls, but on their arrival their equipment was fo inadequate that it was refolved to be inexpedient for the colonics to remain. Beyond certain worthlefs famples of ore faid to contain gold, a defcription of the animal and vegetable produdis of that flcrile region, and three favages whom he kidnapped and took to England, thefe expeditions failed to yield any important refults. Thefe northern feas were again vifited by John Davis in three voyages in 1585-6-7. He reached the latitude of 73°, but added little in the way of difcovery to the information already obtained. In 1584, Sir Walter Raleigh obtained a patent covering the territory ftretching along the Atlantic coaft from 33 to 40 degrees of north latitude, and took immediate meafures to eflablifli a colony. " Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlow, experienced feamen, were difpatched to difcover and feledl a fite for the new plantation. After an imperfe6l furvey of the coaft of North Carolina, they finally fixed upon Roanoke Ifland, at the mouth of a river flill bearing that name, and took poffeffion in the name of the Queen. The next year a fleet of feven fail, with one hundred " houfeholders and many things neceffary to begin a new State," was fent out, and the plantation commenced under Mr. Ralph Lane, as governor. The follow'ing fummer, receiving no frefli fupplies from England as they had expedled, the whole colony feized upon the opportunity offered them of returning with Sir Francis Drake, w^ho had touched there on his return from the Weft Indies, and at the end of a year thefe refolute Soon after their colonills were again in their Englifli homes. rrrrr' 28 Memoir of Nf their departure the cxpe61:ed fupplies arrived, but finding that the colony had removed, Sir Richard Greenville left fifteen men, in order to hold poffeffion, and departed again for England. The next year, 1587, Sir Walter fent over one hundred and fifty " houfeholders " again to renew his efforts at a plantation. No fupplies, however, were fent for the fpace of three years, and before the expiration of that period the whole colony had perifhed, whether by ftarvation, by the hand of the favages, or in a vain attempt to return to England, hiflory gives us no intimation. Subfequently, Sir Walter Raleigh made fome ineffe6lual effons^^ to find his loft colonifts, and with them clofed his attempts to eftablifli a plantation on the American continent, to which he had confecrated a large amount of treafure, and in which a great number of lives had been facrificed.^'* In 1602, Captain Bartholomew Gofnold, under the pat- ronage of the Earl of Southampton, vifited the fliores of New England "to difcover convenyent place for a new colony to be fent thither." He made land in about 43° of nc/th latitude, v/hich could not have been far from the Ifles of Shoals. Finding no good harbor, he ftood off to the fouth, making a headland which he named Cape Cod. He '^ "To their fuccour Sir Walter Ra- leigh hath fent hue feuerall times, the laft by Samuel Mace of Weymouth, in March, one tiioufand fix hundred and two ; but he and the former performed nothing." — Punhas''s Pilgrimage, Ed. 1614, p. 755 ; idem, p. 769. ^* Not far from thirty vefTels were fent by Sir Walter Raleigh at different times, in his attempts at colonization in America. — Introduction to Stracheys HiJL Trav. Virg., Hak. Soc. Ed., p. vi. An interefting account of Roanoke Island, and of Mr. Ralph Lane, the governor fent out by Sir Walter Ra- leigh, by Edward E. Hale, A.M., will be found in the Tranfaftions of the Am. Antiquarian Society, Vol. IV. pp. 3-39 ; iViv;/, pp. 317-344. ^(.. ■ ! Sir V/illia7n Alexander, 29 He alfo difcovcrcd the iflands in the neighborhood of Buzzard's Bay and the Vineyard Sound, on one of which he landed and remained feveral weeks. Havinquid cognati pof- tulant. Edinhvrgh, Printed by lohn Wreittoun. Anno Dam. 1625." This trafl contains many interefting ftatements relating to C.ipe Breton, and throws much light upon the fuljjeft of colonization at that period. It is in- fcribed as follows : — "to the right vvorshipfvll sir WILLIAM ALEXANDER of Menftrie Knight, Mafter of Requeftes for Scot- land, and Lievetenant Generall to his Majeflie in the Kingdome of new SCOTLAND. AND TO THE REMNANT THE NOBLEMICN, AND KNIGHTS BARONETS in Scotland, Vnder-takers in the Plan- tations of New Scotland in America." Cape Breton was a part of New Scot- land, and was included within the limits of Sir William Alexander's Charter. It was granted, however, by James I. under the gieat feal to Sir Robert Gor- don, by the permiffion of Sir William, and agreeably to a fpecial contraft be- tween him and Sir Robert, which is referred to in the charter itfelf. The Tra(5t and Charter are both in- cluded in the Bannatyne Colle<5tion of Royal Charters, Letters, and Trafts, edited by David Laing, LL.D., Edin- burgh, 1867. Sir Robert Gordon died in November, 1627, and his project of colonization came to an end. IT'T T^ 44 Memoir of s, ', \ \ 'i ill no influence with farmers at home who had already achieved fucccfs, or were even in " comfortable circumftances." It was only fuch as were depreffed by poverty and devoid of ambition, who could be induced to feck a home in the wildcrncfs of America, where there was no hope of attain- ing to a manly independence, or of tranfmitting fuch an inheritance to their pofterity. The bulk of the colonifls, the whole body of laborers, in all the plantations attem^Dted anterior to 1620, was made up largely of this inferior clafs of perfons. And we cannot doubt that it was one of the moft potent caufes, if not the fole caufe, of their repeated failures. Had grants of land been offered in fee, it would have drawn together an energetic and induflrious clafs of men ; they would have taken with them more ample means of fubfiftence and pro- te6lion ; the difeafes by which fo many of the firfl fettlers were fmitten down would have been averted ; they would naturally have become attached to the foil, which they could contemplate as their own, and as the future inheritance of their children. No ordinary hardfliips or calamities could have induced them to leave it. But neither the fpirit of the age nor the political economy of that period was fufficiently enlightened to forefee the importance of elevating the labor- ing clafs into owners of real-eflate, of endowing plain, Am- ple, ignorant men with the rights and refponfibilities which the ownerfliip of property is fure to confer. And it was not till this truth had been learned by bitter experience, and the Englifli peafant became the owner of the foil w^iich he cultivated, that permanent profperity began to attend our American plantations. With Sir William Alexander. 45 With the view we have thus taken of the progrefs in colonization, of the fmall amount of practical experience already attained, of the meagrenefs of definite knowledge of every fort, and of the inevitable difficulties that inverted the whole undertaking, we are prepared to eflimate the Herculean tafk which was before Sir William Alexander, when he undertook, fmgle handed and alone, to plant a colony on the fliores of America. In March, 1622, the next year after obtaining his Char- ter, he provided himfelf with a fliip at London ; but, as he intended to plant a Scottifli colony, he fent it round by St. George's Channel to Kirkcudbright, a fmall fcaport town at the mouth of the Dee, for fupplies both of men and material. Here he encountered difficulties which he had not forefeen. Provifions had tripled in price fmce his vifit to Scotland three months before, and colonifts were hard to be found. Few of the " good fort " could be induced to go. It was not till the beginning of Augufl that he fuc- ceeded in defpatching his fliip from the fliores of Great Britain. About the middle of September they came in fight of the ifland of Saint Peter, on the fouth of New- foundland, and continuing due weft approached the fliores of Cape Breton, but were driven back by a " great ftorme," perhaps an equino6lial, to Newfoundland, and finally fought flielter in the harbor of Saint John, where the colony, if fo it may be called, fo haflily colle6led and fo ill prepared, without even landing upon Sir William's territory at all, decided to fpend the winter, and the fliii) was fent home for new fupplies. Notwithftanding n H^l With 46 Memoir of Notwithftancling this cliHicartcning experience, Sir Wil- liam loft no time in fending out another fliip, with addi- tional colonifts, the next fpring, which left London about the end of March, but with the ufual delays did not reach Saint John, Newfoundland, till the fifth of June. On its arrival it was found that the company, which had been left there the preceding year, had become difperfed ; a part of them, doubtful of receiving fupplies, had engaged them- felves as fifliermen, and confequently could not again be eafily colle6led together. Moreover, two of the moft impor- tant members of the company, the Minifter and the Smith, had died. Their number was fo much reduced that any further effort for a plantation that year was of neceffity again deferred. But it was decided that ten of their principal men fliould proceed to New Scotland on a tour of exploration, and fix upon a fuitable place for planting a colony to be fent out the next year. After leaving Saint John, detained by fogs and contrary winds, the expedition did not come in fight of land for the fpace of two weeks, after which they failed along the coaft, to and fro, for four or five days. At length they came to Port de Mouton, in the vicinity of which they difcovered three pleafant harbors, and in one of them, four leagues weft of Port Mouton, they went on ftiore, calling it after the name of their fliip, St. Luke's Bay. Two leagues further to the weft they difcovered another harbor, with a ftill more defirable river, known as Port Jolly. After coafting twelve leagues further, making in all eighteen leagues, or fifty-four miles, Sir William Alexander. 47 miles, they terminated at Port Negro their explorations of the coafi: towards the weft. Having re-examined Port de Mouton on their return, which they found eminently fatif- fa6lory, they haftened back to Newfoundland, where their lliip had been engaged to take home a cargo of fifli. The colonifts fought immediately fuch opportunities as they could to return home in the numerous filhing-veffels to be found there, at that feafon, from the weft of England." The report, which Sir William's agents in this voyage brought back to him, reprefented the country which they had feen in the moft glowing colors. It abounded in fine harbors and deep rivers, flcirted with fertile meadows fra- grant with rofes and lilies. The fields were laden with finall fruits, the goofeberry, the rafpberry, and the ftrawberry, and even fpecimens of grain, as wheat, barley, and rye, were feen "growing wilde." The forefts were ftudded with the oak, the birch, the afli, and the fir. The waters were fwarming with great varieties of fifli, and the whole coaft with wild- fowl. The fpace between the two rivers flowing into Port Jolly and St. Luke's Bay, about two leagues in extent, they found deftitute of wood, and the foil at the fame time rich and fertile. Here, in the midft of this paradife of plenty, the explorers, agreeably to their intention, feleded a fite for *' Dr, Palfrey informs us, under date of 1623, that the party fent out by Sir William Alexander that yenr found Port Royal occupied by Frenchmen, and returned without attempting its reduflion. It would be interefting to know on what evidence this llatement is made. The nearefl point to Port Royal, which the exploring party of Sir William reached, is Port Negro on the a oppofite fide of the peninfula, and by water at leaft a hundred and fifty miles from Port Royal. There is no intima- tion in Sir William's narrative of this exploration that the party eitiier faw or heard of any Frenchmen at Port Royal. A fafl fo important could not have efcaped his attention. If there were any there at that time, it was probably wholly unknown to the Englifli. "wm t ■■■ ; SSI ■; 48 Memoir of a future plantation, but which, ncvcrthclefs, they were def- tincd never to occupy. The cofl of thcfe expeditions to Sir WilHam Alexander could not have been fmall. The outfit of provifions and utenfils, in addition to the expenditure of chartering the fliips, mufl have amounted in the aggregate to a large fum. But as one, and probably both of the fhips employed, re- turned with a valuable freight, it is fair to infer that if the whole expenfe was not thus covered, Sir William's balance- flieet in this enterprife did not prefent a very dilheartening afped. It was obvious, however, to our undertaker, after thefe cxperinients, that the fcheme in which he had engaged could not be fviccefsfully carried out by the private means at his command. He appears to have given over, for the time being, all dire6l efforts for fending out a6lual fettlen; to take polTeffion of the foil. It w^as neceffary to awaken ' a deeper pra6lical interefl, efpecially in capitalifls, in the remunerative chara6ler, the feafibility, and even moral grandeur and Chriftian duty of planting colonies in the New World. This he aimed to do by the preparation of a learned and able hiftorical paper on colonization in geaeral, and in it? particular application to New Scotland, which he publiflied in 1624, under the title of An Encouragement to Colonies.*'' Of this tra6l, reprinted in thefe pages, we fliall fpeak more particularly in the fequel. To what extent it accompliflied *•♦ It appears from the proclamation of tiie Privy Council of Scotland relat- ing to the Knights Baronets, Nov. 30, 1624, that Sir William had fet forth "printed Articles of the Plantation of New Scotland '' for the information of fiich as might wifh to engage as under- takers. If thefe articles were fome- thing w Sir William Alexander. 49 accompHdiccl its intended purpofe it is difficult to deter- mine. Hut that it c(uickened tlie interefl: of the ScottiHi gentry, for to this clafs it mainly if not exclufively ppcaled, and prepared tlio way for a fubfidiary fchemc in behalf of colonization, which Sir William was at that time contem- plating, and which he afterwards urged with fomc fuccefs, cannot admit of a doubt. The fcheme to which we refer was the creation of an Order of Knights Baronets in conne(5lion with the coloni- zation of New Scotland, by which he hoped to obtain the neceffary funds, and at the fame time to impart an impor- tance and dignity to the undertaking.'^ The King entered heartily into this plan of Sir William, and all the neceffary fleps were taken for iffuing patents on the firfl of April, 1625. The fcheme provided for the divifion thing diftinfl from tlie " Encourage- ment to Colonies," as they douhtlefs were, there is probably no copy of tliem now extant, a circumftance great- ly to be rc.sirettod. •** This fcheme appears to have been fui:;£;efted l)y die metliod reforted to by James I. in tlie eltablifhment of the Order of Baronets of England in i6il. After the reconllruction and fettlement of Ulrter in Ireland by Englirti and Scotch at that period, it iiecame necef- fary to raife a fuflicient military force to protecT; the new plantation. Olten- fil)ly for meeting the expenfe to be diiis incurred, the King conferred the hered- itary honor and title of Baronet upon fuch gentlemen of family, not exceed- ing two humlred, as tlioiiid i)ay into the Exchequer, on the palling of his pa- tent, a fum of money which would maintain thirty foldiers in the province of Ulfter at eight pence per day for three years. 15efides the title of Bar- onet, the patentee had the jMivilege of bearing the Arms of Uliler either on an Inefcutcheon or Canton in his paternal fliield. Thefe were tiie Baronets of England. It will be olifcrved tiiat the Englifli Baronet received fimply the honor and title as an equivalent tor the money he paid, while in addition to this the Baronet of New Scotland obtained a title to more than ten tiioufand acres of land. Tlie Englifli Baronet was not required to fettle in Ullter, nor was the Baronet of New Scotland com- pelled to occupy in perfon his lands in the wilds of America. — Hijlory of Ire- land, by TlioDias JVri^lif, London, 1S48, p. 604; Hand-Book of Heraldry., by John K. Citjfans, London, 1869, p. 197 ; Hijlorical Trafl, London, 1617, in Somcrs's Collection, Ed. by Walter Scott, Efq., 1809, Vol. IL p. 252 Hi* so Memoir of divifion of New Scotland into two Provinces, each province into feveral Diocefes or Biflioprics, each diocefe into three Counties, and each county into ten Baronies, and each barony into fix Parifiies. Each barony was to cover an area of about fix miles by four, greater or lefs, and to be bounded upon the fea or fome navigable river. The baronets were to be hereditary, and to have the "precedencie nixt and immediatvJie after the youngefl fones of the Vifcounts and Lordis Barrounis of Parliament," the word Sir was to be prefixed to " their proper name," and " thu ftyle and the title of Baronett" fubjoined "o their fi.irnames, and that of " Ladie, Madame, and Dame,'' vvas to be prefixed to the names of their wives. Thefe honors were to be offered only to gentlemen of family, who were willing to be undertakers for the coloniza- tion of New Scotland. They Vv^ere to pay feverally to Sir William Alexander one thoufiind merks, Scottifli money,^° for his pafl charges, and for refigning to them his interefl in the lands included in the barony. They were alfo each of them to fend out to the colony fix men, armed, apparelled, and vic>".alled for two years. But they were allowed to commute for fending the fix men by th^ payment of the fum of two thoufand nierks, which was to be applied in furtherarje of colonization in New Scotland. As has already been intimated, the lands Included in the baronies were firlt refis^ned into the hands of the Kino:, and by him re-granted to the feveral Knights Baronets, fo that they '"' A "nierk" was a Scottifli filver one third of a penny fterling. — Ja- coiii of the vahie of thirteen pence and niie/on. *.• Sir IVilliajn Alexander, 51 they did not hold under Sir William, but dire6lly from the King himfelf. The following warrant for the iffuing of a Charter under the Great Seal will indicate the nature and extent of the powers conferred : — " Precept^' of a charter made by Our Sovereign Lord, the King, to our much loved coufm, William, Earl Marifchal, Lord Keith and Altrie, &c., marflial of our kingdom of Scotland, his heirs male and affigns whomfoever, heredita- rily, of all and the whole of that part or portion of the region and dominion of New Scotland bounded and limited as follows ; viz., beginning from the fouthcrnmoft point of land on the eaftern fliore of the river now called Tweed, but formerly Saint Croix, and from thence extending eaflerly fix miles by the fea and fliore, and thence extending northerly from the fea-fliore into the mainland, always keeping from the eaflerly fliore of the fame river a diftance of fix miles in width from faid rivei-, eafl:erly, until it fliall reach to the number of forty-eight thoufand acres of land, with the caftles, towers, fortrefles, &c. Which lands and whatever pertained to them in the faid charter to Sir William Alexander of Menflrie, hereditarily, have been refigned and reflored ''^ by him into the hands of our faid Sovereign Lord, the King, for " Royal Letters, Charters, and Trafls. Edinburgh, 1867, p. 25. The original Precept is in Latin. We ; "-re give it in Englifh, for the greater ,,onvenience of the reader. ■"* A commifllon was afterward ap- pointed by the King, to confift of five of the nobility and Council of Scotland, among whom were included the Chan- cellor, Treafurer, and Secretary, who were authorized to receive refignations of lands from Sir William, and to grant them, together with the honors and title of Knights Earonets, to fuch per- fons as he .liould certify had fulfilled all the requifite conditions. ni t^^ i':. 11 i III 11 m '1 1 52 Memoir of 'I i ;, \f for this New Charter and enfeoffment, to our aforefaid much loved coufm, William, Earl ?vlarifchal, &c. " Moreover, with a claufe of union into one integral and free barony and fovereignty, to be called in all future time the Barony of Marifchal Keith, to be held of Our Sovereign Lord, the King, and his fucceffors, of the crown and king- dom of Scotland, for the annual payment in free white-rent of one penny of the ufual money of the faid kingdom of Scotland, and, upon the ground only of faid territory, under the name of white-rent,''"' if fo much fliould be demanded, or any part thereof, on the feflival of the nativity of our Lord. And the feizen taken at the Caftle of Edinburgh alone, fliall be fufificient for all and fmirular the lands and other things particularly and generally above written as contained in the faid charter, and other things granted in the ufual form of charters of Baronets. At the Palace of Whitehall, the 28th day of May, Anno Domini, 1625." Such was fubflantially the plan as fet forth by the King, and the proclamation of the Privy Council, all of which undoubtedly fprang from the fertile brain of Sir William himfelf. On the 27th of March, 1625, four days before the Baronets were to be formally inverted with their new honors, James L expired at Theobalds in London. But the interefl of Prince Charles,, his fucceffor, had been already fecured.^" On the 1 2 th ■" White-rent, or blanch-farm, was a '" The approbation of Charles was rent to be paid in filver ; while black- given in the following letter, written mail was paid in work, grain, or the jufl ten days before the demife of the lowcll coin King : — •'Charles P. ' I Sir William Alexander. S3 1 2th of the July following, Charles I. granted a charter de novo damns to Sir William, with additional provifions re- lating to the order of Baronets."^' Sir William regarded the eftablifliment of this order as identical with the fiiccefs of his colonial cnterprife, and he entered upon the work of filling up the number, which was limited to 150,'*^ with great zeal and energy. During the first feven months nineteen gentlemen had enrolled themfelves for the new honor. But "Chart.es p. " Right truflie and right well beloued Cofens and Counfellouris, and right trurtie and well beloued Counfellouris, Whereas it hath pleafed the Kingis Majeflie in favour of the Plantatioun of Nova Scot:a to honnour the Vnder- takiris being of the ancientefl gentrie of Scotland with the honnour of IJar- ronetts and thairin haif trufted and rec- ommendit Sir William Alkxaxdkr of Menftrie to his Counfell to affift him by all laughfuU meanis and to counte- nance the i:)ufficnes by their authoritie. In like maner We do recommend the faid Sir William and the buffines to your beft affillance hereby declairing that we favour bothe the buffines and the perfone that followeth it in fuche fort That your willingnefs to further it in all you can fall be vnto us very ac- ceptable fervice So We bid you harte- lie farewell From the Court at Theo- balds, the 17 of Marche 1625." — Royal Letters, Charters, and TraHs, Edin- burgh, 1867, p. 22. °' The curious ftudent will be inter- efted in the following account of this charter by Horace Walpole. The "prefent Earl" to whom he refers, in the extrafl given below, was our Amer- ican General Alexander, a diflin- guiOied officer in our Revolutionary war, who had a few years previoufly claimed and affumed the title : — " The prefent Earl of Stirling re- ceived from a relation an old box of neglected writings, among which he found the original commiffion of Charles I. a])p()inting his Lordfliip's predeceffor Alexander, Earl of Stir- ling, commander in chief of Nova- Scotia, with the confirmation of the grant of tliat province made by James I. In the initial letter are the portraits of the King fitting on the throne deliv- ering the patent to the Earl, and round the border reprefentalions in miniature of the curtoms, huntings, fifliings, and productions of the country, all in the higheil prefervation, and fo admirai^ly executed that it was believed of the pencil of Vandyke. But as I know no infi:ance of that mafier having painted in this manner, I cannot doubt but it was tlie work of Norgate, allowed the best illuminator of that age, and gener- ally employed, fays Fuller, to make the initial letters in the patents of Peers and commiffions of Embafladors." — ■ Aneedotes of Painting, by Horace Wal- pole, London, 1782, p. 32. "' The error in the following ftate- ment of Mr. Burton is too obvious to need comment: "He [Sir William Alexander] was authorized to divide this territory into a thoufand allot- ments, and to offer the dignity of a baronet to every a(i\ cuturer who fiiould take charge William Alexander. Suit, our mojl JVoi/c a„J r ^ '' had now I "he fi rt ' '™P'="«"t^ -kI do,.eftic Cm"'^' °' "'""'^ uiem to tlie pr,fti„e and anf;»„t ■ '^ °' ^f»"k ever re »»«, whieh heretofore wis di^^lTr''™'' »"'' ^"ili'y- ^wS Fleece, grows out of req„rft v ^ / f """' "'^ "«= o{ a.^of/f w contempt nlfo arao„"u fn^ "' *•■""'' "''* ''"'^ard grief l\ I l hook I S8 Memoir of W hook or by crook, by Letters of Mart, by way of reprifals or revenge, or elfe by TrafKck and Commerce with other nations befides Span- iards. I woiiUl we could invent and hit upon fome profitable means for the fettling of thefe glorious works, whereto it fcems the divine Providence hath eleiSted us as inllruments under our Earthly Sov- eratgne »fi3 But notwithftanding the want of intereft on the part of capitalifls generally in the enterprife of colonization, by which Sir William was greatly perplexed, he did not him- felf give over his efforts or intermit his labors. The oppofition of the fmall Barons, to which allufion has been made, though unfuccefsful, undoubtedly retarded for a time his progrefs in the extraordinary method of raifing funds by the creation of Knights Baronets, as only nine candidates offered themfelves during the year 1626, while nineteen " The title of this Angular work by Dr. Vaughan, from which this extract is made, is " The Golden Fleece, tranf- ported from Cambrioll Colchos out of the Soutliermofl Part of tiie I (land com- monly called the New-found-land by Orpheus Junior. London, 1626, 4to." The ifland of Newfoundland is in the form of a triangle, with its bafe on the fouth. The fouth-eaflern angle was granted to Dr. Vaughan, which he called Cambriol, where h^^ planted a Welsh colony,, and wher he refided feveral years. Sir Henry Carey obtained a grant and made a fettlement on the north, adjoining Cambriol, at a place called Renouze. He was a Scottifh noble- man, made a peer of .Scotland in 1620, under the title of V^ifcount Falkland, and was afterward Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. Sir George Calvert, created a peer in 1624, with the title of Baron of Balti- more, had a grant ilill further north, and made a iettlement at Ferryland. He called his plantation Avelon, the ancient name of Glaflonbury, where, it is faid, Chrillianity was firlt preached in Britain. The controlling motive of Calvert was to eftablifli a colony of Roman Catholics, where it would be free from any interference of the Eltab- liflied Church of England. He refided at Ferryland feveral years ; but the climate was too rugged and the foil too flerile, and he finally abandoned the undertaking. He made a fuccefsful application for a grant of Maryland ; but he died before his patent paffed the feals, and it was immediately given to his fon, Cecil Calvert, who fucceeded to the titles and eftates of his father. The latter was the founder of Mary- land ; and the name of its metropolis, Baltimore, is a memorial of the family. Sir William Alexander. 59 nineteen had been fecured in the lafl fcven months of the preceding year. The number, however, foon incrcafcd, and in 1627 thirteen were added, and in 1628 twenty-two; but from that period the interefl declined, the average number being only five annually for the next ten years, when, in 1638, all additions ceafcd. The whole number of names regiftcrcd for the honor was about one hundred and thirteen. If the fum of a thoufand merks each was a61:ually paid to Sir William, of which there is reafon to doubt, the aggregate could not have been far from thirty thoufand dollars in gold. Mak- ing all allowance for the greater relative value of money at that time, as compared with the prefent, this would have been but an inconfiderable fum in remuneration for his perfonal expenditures and interefl in the colonization of New Scotland. But while great efforts were made to increafe the num- ber of Knights Baronets, and thus to acquire the means needed for the enterprife. Sir William was by no means indifferent or ina6live in the matter of actually tranfporting colonifls and laying the foundations of a plantation. The time had come when fuch a movement could no longer be deferred. The French began to appreciate the importance of their American poffeffions, and were refolved to profecute the work of colonization with renewed vigor : they had, accord- ingly, early in the fpring of 1627, infpired by Cardinal de Richelieu, formed an affociation, endowed with great pow- ers and privileges, flyled the Company of New France, or the !: it I \ \ ''\ • -ix 6o Memoir of the Hundred Affociates, which bound itfclf to tranfport as colonics, to their territories in America, during the firft year, two or three hundred men of all trades, and, within fifteen years, not lefs than four thoufand French people, of both fexes/'' This undertaking was more hopeful of fucccfs, in all its ar})ed:s, than any that had preceded it. As the boundaries between the French and Englifli were unfettled, and their claims widely confli6ling, there was great danger that New Scotland might be occupied and claimed by the French : it was, therefore, a matter of immediate in- tereft to Sir William Alexander to have an a61;ual Scottilh fettlement made upon his territory, and remotely this obje(5t would be affured by uprooting and expelling the French from American foil. A war had been precipitated upon the French this fame year, through the influence of Buckingham, the prime minifler of England, mainly to gratify a perfonal pique, but oflenfibly for the relief of the Huguenots of Rochelle. This war offered a legitimate pretext and favorable opportunity for accomplifliing this mofl important defign. Countenanced and aided by the King, Sir William devoted his " The number of colonifts which the Company of New France promifed to fend to America has been greatly ex- aggerated. By fome writers it has been ftated to have been fix thoufand, and by others even fixteen thoufand. Creuxius, who wrote not more than thirty-feven years after the formation of the company, is perhaps the bed authority : — "Vt curatores ii eo ipfo anno duo- detricefimo, fupra millefimum fexcen- tefimum, Gallos ad daccntos trecen- to fve in Nouam-Franciam traducerent, turn fubinde pergerentita, vt poft annos quindecim ad quater mille viri et mull- eres, omnes omnino et Galli et Ortho- doxi numerarentur, peregrinis prorfus exclufis." — Creuxius, Hijloria Cana- deiijls, Paris, 1664, p. 15. See alfo Faillon, Hijioire de la Colonic Fran- <^aise en Canada^ Tome I. p. 230-231 ; Firjl Ene;liJIi Conqiie/l of Canada, by Henry Kirke, London, 1871, p. 49. 'v.. Sir Williavi Alexander. 6i his whole energies and refources in 1627, in fending out an armament for this purpofe under the command and conjoint cxpenfe of Sir David Kirk. The fuccefs of Kirk equalled the mofl fanguine exjjedla- tions. In the feveral expeditions which he made he cajitured a French fleet of 18 tranfports with 135 pieces of ordnance, fent out, by the Company of New France to which we have alluded, to fortify their American plantations : he took pof- feffion of Port Royal, and left a Scotch colony, under Sir William Alexander, junior, as Governor, to which we fliall refer more at length in the fequel, and finally demanded and received the furrcnder of Quebec, thus extinguilhing all French power on the northern coafls of America. While thefe conquefts were going forward, the war be- tween France and England was brought to a termination. The articles of peace were f^^ned on the 24th of April, 1629, and provided that for whatever had been taken dur- ing the war, as prizes, no reftitution fliould be made on either fide ; but whatever fliould be taken by either during the fpace of two months after this date fliould be reflored.^^ By this agreement it was obvious that Quebec, taken fome weeks after the flgning of the articles of peace, was to be given up, but whether Port Royal was fubje^t to the fame rule was a debatable queflion. The King addrefffcd communications to his Privy Coun- cil of Scotland, and to the Convention of Eflates, afking counfel and information. Both of thefe bodies urged the great importance of maintaining the Royal rights to thefe lands, ** Rufliworth's Hiftorical Colledions, London, 1680, Vol. II. p. 25. ti 62 Memoir of lands, and the undertakers in their peaceable poffeffion.'* Sir William Alexander was deputed to draw up, and prefent to his Majcfly, their reafons in full. The fubflancc of Sir William's argument was, that as foon as it had been known, fixteen years before this, that the French had made a fettlement at Port Royal, on foil belongiiig both by difcovery and poffeffion to the crown of Great Britain, they had been difpoffeffed by Sir Samuel Argall, and that the alTent of the French King had been virtually given, by failing to make any private complaint, or to oppofe it by any public a(51;.^^ That, after the breaking up of the fettlement by Argall, a remnant of the French flill continued to dwell in the country, but were wholly neglected by the French government, and that their recent diilodg- mcnt was what might have been properly done in the time of profound peace ; that the French had no rights there whatever; that no a61; of war or hoflility had been commit- ted againfl them, and therefore that the "bufmeffe of Port Royal" did not come within the purview of the "articles of the peace." But, notwithflanding the plaufible character of this flate- ment, ^ Royal Letters, Charters, and Trafls, Edinburgh, 1867, p. 60 ; Cal- endar of State Papers, Col. Series, 1574-1660, Sainfhvn-y, p. no. " The claim of the Englifli to the northeallern coaft of America by right tyne Colleflion of Royal Letters, Char- ters, and Trafts, Edinburgh, 1SC7, pp. 61-63. By an Order in Council, Jan. 2, 1613- 14, it appears that a feeble proteft was prefented by the French amliaffador of difcovery, as ftated by Sir William againll the proceedings of Sir Samuel Alexander in this argument for holding Argall; but not fo much for his in- Port Royal, will be interefting to the fringement upon national rights, as ftudent of hiftory, as exhil)iting the upon j^rivate property. — New York view entertained on this fuljjeft in 1630. Colonial Documents^ Vol. III. pp. 1-2. It may be found in full in the Banna- Sir Williavi Alexander, 63 mcnt, there was, undoubtedly, a I'rcnch fide to the queflion,''" which added, perhaps, to the infignificance of the; fettlcment itfelf, at leaft in the King's opinion, induced Charles I. to iffue a warrant ten months hitcr, on the loth of July, 1631, to Sir William Alexander, requiring him to demolilh the fort that had been erecSled by his fon, as Governor, to remove all the people, and every thing belonging to the colony, leaving the bounds altogether wafte and unpeopled as be- fore the plantation had been undertaken. This removal accordingly took place, and as a compenfa- tion for the loffes fufiained in the breaking up of the col- ony, the King foon after fent a warrant, or draft upon the treafury of Scotland, to pay to Sir William Alexander the fum of ^10,000 flerling. No definite narrative of the beginning, progrefs, or end of this colony has been left us. A few hints of what it mufl have been may be gathered out of certain letters and documents, to which we may briefly allude. On °* The Rev. Thomas Prince inti- mates that Charles I., who had married the fiiler of Louis XIII., was induced to give up his poiTeflion of Canada and La Cadie, in order to obtain the half of the queen's portion, Avhich remained up to that time unpaid. It feems moft likely that, in addition to the king's de- fire to obtain this needed fum of money, he was liitisfied that the Company of New France, under Richelieu as its head, was about to take armed poiTef- fion, nolens volens^ and therefore acted on the maxim that difcretion is the bet- ter part of valor. — Prince Annals, Bofton, 1826, p. 416. "The court of England, at the inftance of Lord Mon- tague," fays Charlevoix, " reftored with a good grace what France was prepar- ing to take by force." Mr. John Pory, in a letter to Sir Thomas Puckering on the 13th of January, 1630-31, ftates the half of the queen's portion to be ^120,000. He adds: "Do you think that the French, being fo exhaulk-d by their wars, would part with fuch heaps of treafure for notiiing ? No : you may be fure they would not. The bait, therefore, to allure them thereunto, is the fort of Kel^eck. in Canada, to get it out of Captain Kirk's clutches ; the trade of beavers and otters, which they want to enjoy by the polTeffion whereof, having been worth unto them, coniiiiu- nibns nnnis, ^30,000 by year." — Court and limes of Charles /., by Tiiomas Birch, D.D., London, 1849, ^"1- ^^■ p. 90. Ijj % I M H , ; ; I 3 ■vim pujpjHH«i.(mi.w,(H»ip|i(, i«i,i;^n)ii,'.- 64 Memoir of ■'*' m I ifcli On the loth of March, 1627, the King dlre6led the Earl of Marlborough to allow the good (hip called the " Eagle," at that time lying in the Thames, laden with powder, ord- nance, and other provifions for the ufe of a plantation, ordained to be made in New Scotland, and ior the ufe of another fliip at Dumbarton in Scotland, which is likewife to go for the faid plantation of New Scotland, to pais from the Thames, as being for the King's particular fervice, witliout paying cuflom, fubfidy, or any other duty, and free from any other let or impediment. On the 26th of March, 1628, we find Charles I. giving a pafs to Sir William Alexander, Ton to Sir William, the Secretary of Scotland, for four fnips, to be fent out to Newfoundland, the River o{ Canada, and New Scotland, for fettling colonies in thoie parts, and for other lawful affairs. On the 23d of April, of the fame year, a coL->miflion was iffued to flieriffs, bailiffs, and other officers, to apprehend and bring to puniflmrient fuch perfons as had entered into engagements with Sir William Alexander, to be tranfported for the plantation of New Scotland, but had "abandoned that fervice and runne away." In a petition to the King, relating to New'Scotland, by certain Lords, dated the i8th November, 1628, they fay, " we ar verie hopefull that as the faid Sir William Alexan- der has fent furth his fonne with a colonic to plant there this laft yeere, fo it fall be fecunded," &c. In a letter of the King to the Council, on the 17th of 0(5lober, 1629, he afks them to take meafures to raife volun- tary Sir William Alexander. 65 tary ccntributi'ons to aid in fending out feltlers for New Scotland, from fome of the Highland clans, and he approves of this method of advancing the plantation, "and for dcbor- dening that our kingdome of tha^ race of people which, in former tiines, hade bred foe many ti -rubles ther."^'' On the 17th of November of the fainc year the King, in a communication to the Cou 'cil in relation to a badcj:e to be worn by the Knights Baronets of New Scotland, and other matters relating to them, fays. Sir William Alexander, our principal fecretary, " whoe thefe many yeirs bygone has been at great charges for the difcoverie thareof, hath now in end fetled a Colonic thare, where his fone. Sir Williame, is now refident." The Kins: alfo addreffed the following: letter to Sir Wil- Ham, the younger, while governor of New Scotland, bearing date May 13, 1630: — " Truftie, &c. Heaving wnderftood by your letter, and more ample by report of others, of the good fuccefs of your voyage, and of the careful! and provident proccedhig for planting of a colonie at Port Ro)^all, which may be a means to fettle all that cuntrie in obedience. We give you hartlie thanks for tlie fame, anc' doe wifh you (as wee are confident you will,) to contincw, as you havj begune, that the wai-k may be brought to the intendit perfedlione ; which wee will efteem as one of the moft fmgulare fervices done vnto ws, and of you accordinglie, and of everie one of your company, that have been good inltrumcnts in the fame, as wee fhall luive a t'litimonie of them from you. Soe rec- ommending vnto you that you have a fpecial care before you return, to tak a good coarfo for government of the Colonie during your abfence Wee bid you farewell. Whitehall, the 13 day of May 1630." The " See Royal Letters, Charters, and Tra<5ls, Edinburgh, 1867, p. 48. S J ■! i '1 ^(1 1' -iiJ „,/l ""».» J jl ^V"' 66 (•' I ;•,' i ^ I- i*i ' i w ; ir r Me77toir of The colony referred to in thefe paffages was fent out in the fummcr of 1628, under the charge of Sir WilHam Alexander, junior, as Governor, and fettled at Port Royal. A few of the old French colonifts, who had not been tranf- ported to France after Captain Argall had broken up the fettlement in 161 3, were found in poffeffion. Claude La Tour was in chief command, who appears to have received the Scotch with cordiality and to have yielded readily to the newadminiflration. The Indians of that region alfo entered into a friendlv alliance with the Governor, fele6lin2: one of their number. Sagamore Segipt, to vifit England and crave from the King prote6lion againfl: the French. This embaffy was accomplifhed in 1630, and the King's protecftion af- fured.'"' We prefume the colony was not numerous or com:^ofed A ^ The Rev. Jofeph Alead, in a letter dated Chrilt College, Feb. 12, 1629-30, to Sir Martin Stuteville, fays : "Tliere came lart week to Loiidon, the kinj^, queen and young j^rince of New Scot- land, wliich is tiie wcf, ,Tic) part of that tracl wliicii was in tlie patent, wliich Sir Fcrdinando (lorges had for New ICn^:- land ; but lie confented tliat Sir Wil- liam Alexander, a Scot, (liould have a patent thereof from Kinj; James, anno 162 1, but to be governed by the laws and depend upon tlie King of England. . . , This king comes to be of our king's religion, and to fubmit his king- dom to him, and to become his hom- ager for the fame, that he may l)e pro- tcfted againfl tlie Frencii of Canada. Thofe fav.iges arrived at Plymoutli were a wliile entertained at my Lortl Poulet's, in Somerfetfhire, much made of, efpecially my lady of the favage queen : fhe camew'ith her to the coach, when they were to f ome to Londcm, put a ciiain about lier neck with a dia- mond valued by fome at near ^20. The favages took all in good ])art, but for tlianks or acknowledgment made no fign or expreffion at all." — Court and Tillies of Charles /., by Thomas Birch, D.D., London, 1849. Vol. II. p. 60. The following letter of Charles I. was addrelTed to the Governor of Plym- outh, England, in December, 1629, — which evidently relates to this em- balfy : — I'Charles R.] "Wliereas Wee haue dire61:ed Sam- uell Jude, poft of our toune of Plim- moutli,to repair thither for condu6ling, and bringing liitlier to our Court, one of the commanders of Cannada, attend- ed by fome others of tliat countree, whoe is direded to ws, in name of the reft, S^r miliam Alexander ^ thcrcontraa by the aid ofXriff ''"''f"' '° ^"'^^ «'e " to contrbutions were nee ffLy to 1"' . f 'f ' ■''^"'""^-T Highlanders as the King defcribo ° .5'' ™"°^-"-i"'ed mates that if thev left ,1° '''■ '""'^ °f «'''o.n ',e int; -nntry,,ood,wr,:fL:^r~;':;-"''' ""^ '°-'-> to J0.n the expedition were n«re 1 If """^ •'•Pl^lications =":« .nformed that feven y s't, ^' '^ '^'"^'- ^"rt- We w,nter tl,ere, Probably ,7,6 ott™"''''^ '"'"""'^'^■d to ft.-'tioned at Port Roya \t^^ T"" "^ "^<^ colonifts were ''"?t the fort at Gran^i L tL'l'f^u/'^' ^"-Po"^ "^ Pnmanly to prevent tlie ent 'n °"'^"^''"g Pol, defigned AnnapohsBay. Howe^e.- " , : "^'^ f--'> Aeetlnto Alexander gave the neceffarv diS '""' ^'^ William Forrefler, who was at that t me n^™' '° ^^P^'-"" Andrew -JHe whoie co,ony was ^^^r^rL^Zf::'!:? four reft, Wee doe heirlw «r;ii j you to irive vntn 1,^ ^^il and requfre "t'ler, with alYA^h'urovS'"''^""''''^"^ liaue to brino- ni^ P'^OY"'"»e.s as thev ^'^•w,^p. 63. ^'"'^ Indians, fee rapport qu'il^e'ftoit''mnr^T°"'■ ^^ '-^"^i [^'«. cle leptante nu?l eft?"'" ^^'-•°^- Jiyvernemelu, qui ^.1 !S?"'"\ ^n cet modez.''--F' . M y?^/ "- '"'^^ ■'^^•com- 1830, Vol. lP?'':f'^^''^^^'/^^^«, Paris, ^^^, 1829, Vol. I. p.°4j_ S-^of'^^ Hali- r' ll m h .1! (t ; ! 6S Memoir of four years after their arrival, and thus terminated all adiual plantation by Sir William Alexander within the bounds of New Scotland."^ But while the removal of the colony was conceded by Charles I., and acquiefced in by Sir William Alexander as a neceffity, they by no means regarded this conceffion as carrying with it their right to the foil of New Scotland. The treaty of St. Germain en Laye, of the 29th of March, 1632, ftipulated that the King of Great Britain fliould "give up and reflore all the places in New France, La Cadie, and Canada, occupied by the fubje6ls of his Majefly of Great Britain, and to make them withdraw from the faid places."^'' In feveral letters of Charles I., of fubfequent date, he repeatedly dates that he fimply purpofed to reflore and put things a they were before the war, that he never had any intention of quitting his right or title to New Scotland, and gives the llrongcft alTurances that he would protect his fubjeds, who fliould undertake to eflablifli colonies there, or engage in trade. There is evidence, diflincl and conclufive, that it was mutually undeiftood by the French and Englifli, that tlie latter *^ Ferland, as quoted by Mr. Mur- doch, rcprcrents that there were a hio!- dred Scotch colonics left at Port Rc.yal at one time, pioliably in i'''-29; he alfo fay? that the colony, tinatly recei^ intf no liiccor, wore beleaguered by ti.o In- dians, and all t'e.11 viftims to the lavages or difeafe, one iaaiily only efcaping. This latti'i ihUement may refer to a rem.nant which may not ha^e been re- movetl by Sir VVdliam Alexander. — Murdoch s A'oi'ii Scoiia, Halifax, '865, Vol. 1. pp. 76, 79. *•* Treaty of St. Germain en Laye, 29th March, 1632 : — "Art. III. De la part de fa Majeftt< de la Crande Eretagne, le dit .Sieur Aia- baffadeur, en vertu du pouvoir qu'il a lequel fera infcrd en tin des prefentes, a proniis et promot, pouv et au nom de fadite Majelle, de nndre et reftituer a fa M.ijelle tres Chrctienne tons les lieux occupees en la Nuuvelle France, !a C.iiiie et Canatla par le.s fujets de fa Majell(5 de la (J -ande IJretagne, iccux faire retirer defdits lieux," &c. Sir William Alexander. 69 latter did not by the furrendcr of Port Royal, or the re- moval of the Scotch colony, invalidate any previous right or title which they may have had to the foil. This is plainly apparent in the manifefto of Charles I., iffued at the palace at Greenwich on the 28th July, 1631, in which the reafons and conditions for delivering up Port Royal, not including Canada or any other territories, are fpeciall}' ftated, and in which he declares that the furrendcr is to be made without prejudice to his own right c title, or that of his fubje6ls for ever. The language of the treaty is harmonious with this man- ifefto, and entirely confiflent with the King's oft-repeated and emphatic ftatements."^ The giving up and rcftoring all places in La Cadie, occtipicd by the Englifli, was not giving up La Cadie itfelf. It is to be obfervcd that the boundaries of the territories claimed by the French and Englifli, on our north-eaftcrn coafl, were at that time wholly undefined. Patents had been granted by both, covering the fame territory. The patent of La Cadie, granted by Henry IV. of France, '^ The following: excerpt from the manifefto or patent of Cliarles I., pro rci^c Galloruiit^ al)ove referred to, will fliow that he intcntled Louis XIII. to underftand full)-, that in rcniovinjj; the occupants of Port Royal he did not furrendcr Iiis ri<;ht to the tcrriton,-; — " Confenfimus defertionem facere for- talicii feu caftrl et hnbitatio.iis Portus l^egalis, vulijo Port KoycJI^ in Nova Scotia, qui flagrante adhuc hello vigore diplomatis ecu commiffionis ful) rcgni Scotiai figillo pro dcreliclo captus et occupntus fuerat, et illud tamen fine vllo ]iri,'iudicio juris aut titu'i noflri aut fulxlitorum nollrorum inpoltt-rum." — Royal Letters, Charters, and Trails, Edinburgh, 1S67. p. 60. In the warrant of Charles I. to Sir William, lie:i ring date July 10, 1631, to have tiie colony rcm/re de lei Xou- velle-I'ranec, par M. Lelcarbo, Paris, 1866, Vol. II. p. 410. The bounds of New France, as de- fined in the following excerpt, indicate liotli the indcfinitenefs and extent of the claim to American territory let up by the French more than thirty years after the treaty of St. Germain : — " Nova; Francia; nonien immenfos illos traclius defignat America', qu.\ ad Septentrioncs obuerlitur, a Florida ulque, hoc cit a gradu fecundo et tri- ceiinio, ad Circulum Polarein, in latum ; in longum, ab Infula Terrace-Nonce^ quam vocant, ad Magnum Lacum, vulgo Mare diilce, et vltra : qui ambi- tus vtrinque maior eft. qjiam tot.: vetus Francia pateat." — Creuxttis, Ilijloria Canadeiijisy Paris, 16C4, p. 46. Sir Williain Alexander, 71 England, to the Council of Plymouth, on the 3d Novem- ber, 1620, embraced the territory from fea to fea lying be- tween the 40th and the 48th degrees of north latitude, that is, from the latitude of Philadelphia to the middle of the Bay of Chaleur, on the northern limits of the province of New Brunfwick. It is plain from thefe two patents, to fay nothing of ear- lier and lefs definite ones, that the territory in queflion was claimed both by the French and the Englifh. As the treaty of 1632 did not eflablifh the boundary between the two nations, or refer to it in any way, but fimply provided for the furrcnder of the places taken in the late war, and the removal of the colonics who had fet- tled in them, that every thing might be as it was before hoflilities commenced, it is obvious that it left the claim w^hich each put forth to the territory precifely where it was before. Whether the French or the Englifli w^ere right in the claim which they laid to this territory, is a queftion which we need not at thi j time decide, or even difcufs. It is a problem which, at that period, the two nations had not themfelves folved to their mutual fatisfa61ion, and it is moft likely, if the fame points fliould arife at this day, touching the nature and limitations of difcovery and occupation, and the right conferred by them, there would be in any given cafe fubmitted to arbitration a great diverfity and conflict of opinion. But the wdthdrawment of the Englifli from the territory gave a great advantage to the French. They immediately took ,i a 72 Memoir of took poffeffion; and, as they were quite able to hold it, the treaty gave them, even under the Englifli interpretation, nearly all they could defire. Once in occupation, the terri- tory could only be wrefled from them at the point of the fword. This was not attempted for many years. Confe- quently Sir William Alexander's rights remained in abey- ance, but were by no means furrendered." Under thefe circumflances, all that Sir William and his Knights Baronets were able to do, for feveral years, did not extend far beyond promifes and hopeful predidlions on paper; while Louis XIII., through the pow^erful agency of the Company of New France, under the wife counfels of the aflute Richelieu, at once planted feveral colonies on the difputed domain, accompanied with adequate means for their maintenance and protedlion. While the hope was entertained by the Englifli, that at fome favorable moment, not far diftant, they fliould be able to take poffeffion of the territory which they claimed and believed to be theirs by right, the difpofltion of the foil in conne6lion with the creation of Knights Baronets was flill continued ; and from the date of the treaty of St. Ger- main en Laye in 1632, to near the clofe of the year 1638, tw^entv-nine new names were added to tiie lift of Knisrhts Baronets. On the 30th day of April 1630, Sir William Alexander granted ®' The French, Kwing held polTefflon of New Scotland for a feries of years, affumed, as Sir William Alexander fugj^efled thoy would do, that they held it by virtue of the treaty of St. Germain ; and this appears to have been conceded by the Englifli Comif- fnries, when it had ceafcd to be for their interel't to refill this interpreta- tion. — Memorials of the Em^/iJ/i and French Conimijfarics, London, 1755, Vol. 1. p. 401. -i.. Sir William Alexander. n granted a part of the territory of New Scotland to Sir Claude de Saindl Eftienne or Etienne, Knight, Lord of La Tour and of Vuarre, and to Charles de Sain6l Eflicnnc, Efq., Lord of Saindl Denifcourt, his fon, they to hold on the condition that they fliould be good and faithful fubjeds of the King of Scotland.*"^ This grant covered an area extending from the fea inland from thirty to forty-five miles, and reaching from near the prefent fite of Yarmouth, north- eafterly to that of Luncnburgh, comprifing about the fame territory that is now included in the Counties of Shclburne, Queens, and about half of the County of Lunenburgh. This was but a fracSlion of the vaft tra6l covered by Sir William's original patent, which includes not only the pref- ent Provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunfwick, but all of that part of Canada Eafl lying fouth of the St. Law- rence, north of New Brunfwick, and eafl of a \u,2 drawn from the head waters of the river St. Croix, northerly to the river St. Lawrence. It is not known that any record of this grant to the T .a Tours was made in Scotland, nor is there any hint of its exiflence in any of Sir William's correfpondance.''^ The French came into adlual poffeffion about this time ; and the next year, Feb. ii, 1631, Louis XIII. of France commiffioned Charles de Sain6t Etienne, the younger La Tour, one of the grantees, as Lieutenant-General of La Cadie.^" The territory which he had received from Sir Wil- liam ^ The grantees are generally known '" JMSS. from archives of the marine as Claude and Charles La Tour. at Paris, as referred to by Jlr. Mur- "^ Royal Letters, Charters, and Tracts, doch. — Hijl. No7'a Scotia, Halifax, by David Laing, Edinburgh, 1867, p. 24. 1865, Vol. L p. 79. -'• 19 vT 74 Memoir of Ham Alexander was confequently within his civil jurifdidlion as the viceroy of the King of T^^ance ; and he appears, moreover, to have obtained at a later period a confirmation, by the King of France, of aiiy grant'' which he had pre- vioudy received fron\ the Englifli. So that he was quite fecure in his poffeffions, and fo far forth it mattered little to him whether the fovereignty of the territory was in the French or the Englilh. But the validity of his deed from Sir William Alexander was conditioned upon his loyalty to Charles I., containing, as it did, a promife of fealty to the King of Scotland, a claufe in the inftrument, which, if known in France, would doubtlefs not only have rendered his claim nugatory, but otherwife have endangered his inter- efts while he was holding the high office of Lieutenant under the French King. A record of this grant to the La Tours is, however, found in the Regiftry of Deeds in the county of Suffolk, MalTachufetts, where it was recorded Auguft 24, 1659, Lib. 3, folio 276.'- At the time that this entry was made, the ijl " Charles la Tour cmjoyed a divided authority in La Cadie tor many years. — Memorials of Eiis^/iJ/i and French Conunijfaries, London, 1755, Vol. L p. 337. et p(j(Jlni. Louis XIV. in 165 1 ai)[«)inted iiini Governor of that terri- tory, confirmin<; to him his ])erfonal polleffions there in the tol lowing words : " Voulons et entendons que le dit Sieur de Saint Etienne fe relerve et ajiproprie et jouiffe pleinement et pai- fiblement de toutes les terres ;\ lui cide- vani eoncedees, et d'icelles en donner et departir telle parte qu'il advifera lant a nofdirs iujets, qui fe habitueront qu'aux dits originaires, ainfi qu'il ju- gera bon etre." — /lieni, Vol. L p. 43. " The following is a defcription of the grant, as laid down in the inltru- ment reeorded as above : " All the Country, CoalLs and Klands, from the Cape and River of Ingogon, nere vnto the Clouen Cape, (") in the faid New Scotland, called the Countrey and Coaft of Accadye, following the Coall and I Hands of the faid Countrey towards the Ealt vnto Port de la Tour, (*) for- merly (a) Caije Fourcliu {/ourc/iii, cloven), (b) Near thi; river Clyde. Sir William Alexander. 75 the whole coafl: of La Cadie, from Canfo to New England, was in the ijofreffion of the Englilh. In 1654, an expedition under the command of Major Robert Sedgwick, of Charleflown, Mafs., authorized by the General Court, with the fecret order or connivance, as is fupi^ofed, of tlie Prote(!:tor Cromwell, had fecured the fur- render by tlie French, of Penobfcot, Saint John, Port Royal, La Heve, Cape Sable, and Cape P"ourchu ; and the whole of La Cadie, under the wideft interpretation of its meaning, remained fubjcdl to England for the next thirteen years. It now became fafe, and moreover expedient, as there was a fair profpedl that the Englilh polTeffion would be permanent, for Charles La Tour to fecure the grant which he had received and which he could now hold under Eng- lifli law, by placing his title upon record ; and confec[uently his deed from Sir William Alexander was entered, as we have already flated, in the Suffolk regiflry, twenty-nine years after the date of its execution. By the treaty of Breda, in 1667, La Cadie was again reftored to France, and this and all other Englifli grants within that territory became inoperative, if, indeed, they were not wholly extinguiflied. It merly named Uomeroy, and further be- yond the f;iid Port, following along the laid Coaft vnto Mirliquefche, W nere vnto and beyond the faid Port and Cape of L'Heue, ('') drawing forward fifteen Leagues within the faid Lands towards the North." To the La Tours and their " Hcyers (c) Lunenburg. Vova Scotia. (J) See map in H.Uiburton's and Succeffors and afllgns forever," was alfo granted the " Right of Admi- raltie in all the e.xtent of their faid Lands and Limitts." They were to be good and faithful vaffals of the King of ScoUand, and of his heirs and fuccef- fors, and to pay the refpeft due unto Sir William Alexander as unto the Lieutenant of the King. (V ifl • If 'i{l r ■.%, Ji< -'^-^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) k A ^/ ^«5^V & « 1.0 I.I ISO 1^ IIII2.2 .1^ 140 — 6" lys 11114 ill 1.6 7 Photographic Sciences Corporalion S ■< \ ,v '^ ;\ 33 WEST MAIN ST<>:;^T WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) S72-4S03 ^ ■4^ 4?^ ^ O"^ ^ U"^ 76 Memoir of I f It is remarkable tliat feveral writers cliflin(5lly ftatc that Sir William Alexander fold the whole of his intcrefl; in New Seotland, with, perhaps, the exception of a fmall terri- tory about /\nnapolis, to the La Tours. Of this alleged fale we fail to find any evidence whatever."^ Judge Haliburton fays, in his Hiftory of Nova Scotia, Vol. I. p. 51, that La Tour, "in the year 1630, received a conveyance, from Sir William Alexander, of the whole of Nova Scotia." Chalmers (Political Annals, p. 92) fays that Sir William "fold almoft the whole of his intereft in Nova Scotia, to Saint Htienne, a French Huguenot, in the year 1630, upon this condition, that the inhabitants of it Ihould continue fubjc6ts of the Scottifli crown." ' ' Mr. " Wc know not liow tlie report that Sir William Alexander fold tlie wliolc of liis intcrcll in New Scotland in 1630 ori;;inatcd, unk;fs through tliL" lo(iua- cioiis Sir Thomas Urcjuliart. 'I'liis writ- er affcrts in j^ood roiUKl terms, in a volume inibliflied in 1652, tliat Sir Wil- liam fold to the Frencli the whole of his interell in New Scotland for five or fix thoiifand i)oiiiids Knulilh money. The reader who will take tlie trouble to ex- amine tlie piifa^^es relalinjr to Sir Wil- liam Alexaiuler, whicli liave been too often cpioted from this author, cannot, we think, fail to fee that he is amufing liimfelf in the rhetoric of a clever bur- leffiue ; and whoever refers to it to ellahlifli a fact in hillory, mi,i;ht as well ajipeal to the adventures of the illuf- trious Knij^lit of I,a Mancha, or to the Travels of Cai)tain Lemuel Gulliver, for a fimilar purpofe. '♦ liouchettc reiterates tlie ftatcment, on the authority of Chalmers, that Alex- ander lold almoll the whole intereft he had in New Scotland to Sieur St. htienne. — liouchettc' s Ihitijh North Am., Vol. I. p. 4. " Inlellij;cnce was broujjht this year to MalTaclnifetts, that, in 1630 or 163 1, Sir William Alexander had fold the countrj'of Nova Scotia to the French," — Uiitchiiifou's Uijl. Majs., Hoilon, 1705, Vol.'l. p. 33. The Enj^lifli CommifTaries in 1751 likewife Hate that "In the year iC)3o, in Confderation of their j;reat Ex- penfes, and the Services done by them in promotiiifj Settlements within that Country, he [Sir William Alexander] conveyed by deed to the fa id Claude de la Tour and his fon, and their Heirs for ever, all his Ki^ht in Nova Scotia, excejjtinjr I'ort-Royal, to be held under the crown of Scotland." — Mcttiorials of the Euglijh and French Comtnijjfa- ries, Sir PVillia7Ji Alexander. 11 Mr. Laing, in his Preface to Royal Letters, Charters, and Tracfls, p. 98, fays tliat Sir William conveyed to La Tour " his title to the whole of Nova Scotia, (with the exception of Port Royal,) to be held of the Crown of Scotland." None of thefe writers refer to any authority for their ftatements. We are fatisfied that none exifls. The reafons on which our conclufions are bafed, are briefly as follows: Firjl. If nearly the whole of New Scotland was fold or transferred by Sir William Alexander to the La Tours, in 1630, as is alleged, it is not probable that all the j)roper evidence of fuch a transfer, in the form of a deed or charter, cither recorded or depofited in the archives of Scotland, or France, or any of the Pritifli Colonies in America, or any where elfe, would have eluded, as it certainly has done, if any fuch indrument exifls, all hiflorical refearch for at leaft two hundred and forty years. Second. If Sir William transferred nearly the whole of New Scotland to the La Tours, as is alleged, in 1630, with the condition of fealty to the King of Scotland, it is not probable that he would have transferred a fraction of it, perhaps a fifteenth or twentieth part of it, by a feparate deed, the fame year, on the fame conditions and to the fame parties, as we know he did do, as is proved by the deed to which we have referred in the Suffolk regiftry. Third. rii's, London, 1755, Vol. I. p. 41. The value. They attempt to eflahlifh the deed referred to in this jjalTane was un- limits of La Cadie, a problem wiiich d()ul)tedly no other tlian tliat recorded was in its nature infoIui)le, uiafmuch in the Suffolk re,i;ilby. — Aittea, |). 74. ns its limits varied from time ti) time, These Memorials partake necelTarily accordinjr to the jx-wer of its pollelVur fo much of a partilan characler as to to K'-dp and hold more or Icfs tet'ritory detract very much from their hillorical under that name. V h ^ I / i ii 78 Me^noir of Third. If Sir William transferred nearly the wliolc of New Scotland to the La Tours, in 1630, it is not probable that the grantees would have prefented a deed from Sir William Alexander, of a fmall fradion of the fame territory, to b'^ recorded in the Suffolk regiflry, twenty-nine years after the inflrument was executed. If they had a title to nearly the whole, they clearly would not have put ujjon record at that late day the evidence, or what was tanta- mount to it, that they had a title to only a very fmall part. The fame reafon which induced the La Tours, or their reprcfentatives, to put upon record in 1659 the conveyance which they held from Sir William of a fmall part of his territory, would have induced them to put upon record the inflrument conveying the whole, if any fuch inftrument had ever been executed. Fourth. Sir William Alexander continued to reri2:n from time to time his riirht to larcfc tra61s of land in New Scot- land in conne(5lion with the creation of Knights Baronets long after 1630, the period when he is alleged to have con- veyed the whole of it to the La Tours. IVIore than thirty noblemen became Knicfhts Baronets of New Scotland after 1630. This honor could not be obtained except in connec- tion with the furrender and transfer to them of lands in New Scotland. Thefe transfers by Sir William, amounting to not lefs than 540 fquarc miles, or 345,600 acres, are therefore wholly inexplicable, indeed we may add impoffible, on the fuppofition that he had fold or conveyed his intcrcft to the La Tours in 1630, as is alleged. Wc may add alfo that on the 14th of September, 1633, three ^1 Sir William Alexande;: 79 three years after the alleged fale to La Tour, a commiffion was granted under the great feal, to the Lord High Chan- cellor of Scotland, and {<:\^\\ other dillinguiflied officials and gentlemen, for paffing of enfeoffments in New Scotland, and that they accepted the commiffion with all the rccjuifite forms on the 15th of February, 1634. It was the office and duty of this commiffion to convey to the Knights Baronets the lands furrendered by Sir William to the Crown, fo that they held their lands not from Sir William Alexander, but, through this commiffion, virtually from the King. This appointment would therefore have been a mockery and a farce if Sir William had at that time no lands in New Scotland to furrender into their hands. In view of all the facts in the cafe, we are fully fatisfied that Sir William Alexander did not ceafe to hold, to the clofe of his life, a very large part of the territory of New Scotland, which became vefled in him in 1621 by virtue of his charter or grant from James I. This grant covered in general terms about the fame territory now included in Nova Scotia and New Brunfwick, and the department of Rimoufki, Bonaventure, and Gafpe. The area of the whole grant could not have been lefs, we prefumc, than 54,000 fquare miles. If Sir William conveyed even one- fifteenth of it to the La Tours, and if he had fuccceded in obtaining 150 Knights Baronets, and had refigned in favor of each of them twenty-four fquare miles on an a\'erage, he would ftill have had left more than 45,000 fquare miles in his own right. Hence Sir William very properly, as we have already intimated, continued to make fales of baronies iu ^ t^^iCC^. -^-^ ^— tf a ngfjTjBW.., 8o Memoir of in his American territory till within about two years of his death. It is clearly abfurd to fuppofe that he could have done this, except on the theory that by the refignation of his own rights the Knifjhts Baronets could obtain as tjood a title to the lands included in the baronies, as Sir William had himfelf received by his charter under the great feal. The transfer of the large tra(51: of land, though but a frac- tion of the whole territory included in his patent, made by Sir William to the La Tours, father and fon, in 1630, as recorded in the Suffolk regiflry of deeds, was undoubtedly the foundation of the rumor that prevailed a few years after his death, that he had fold to them the whole, or nearly the whole, of his interefl: in New Scotland. Havinq; once gained a place in the pages of refpectable writers, it appears to have been reiterated by nearly every hiflorian who has had occafion to refer to the fubje61, for the lafl two hundred years, yet no one of them has ever pointed out the fainteft ray of evidence on which the ftatement could reft, nor expreffed a doubt of its truth. In the circumftances which we have juft recounted, we have an example, not altogether uncommon, of the manner in which rumor fometimes forces itfelf into the place of fa6l, and thereby the truth of hiftory becomes diftorted, the motives of men are mifintcrpreted, and the innocent are loaded with imaginary crimes. On the i8th of July, 1622, foon after Sir William Alex- ander obtained his grant of New Scotland from James I., the Lords of the Privy Council direded " Charles Dikkiefoun, finkair of his Maiefteis Irnis," to grave and fink a feal to be ufed I 4 Sir William Alexander. 8i ufed by Sir William in the office of Lieutenant of Juflicc and Admiralty, conferred upon him in the terms of his charter. The following is the defcription of the feal given in the diredlions to the die-finker : — " On the anc fydc his Majeflcis armcs within a flieikl, the Scottis armes being in tlio firil phicc, with a clofc crowne ahoue the amies, with this circomefcriptioun Sigillum Rkgis Scotia: AxglivE Fran- cis ET HiBERNi^E ; and, on the otlicr lyde of the feale, his Maicfleis portrait in armour, with a crowne on his heade ane fcoptour in the ane hand, and ane globe in the other hand, with this circomefcriptioun Pro Nou^ Scoti.e locim texknte."'^ Six years later, when a colony was about to be eflabliflied in New Scotland, and the time was apparently arrived for the immediate ufe of a feal, the Lords of the Privy Council direfled, on the i8th day of March, 1628, "Charles Dickie- fon, finkear of his Majefteis yrnes, to make grave and finke ane Seale of the office of Admiralitie of New Scotland, to be the proper Seale of the faid office." "The faid Seale having a Ibippe with all her ornaments and appar- ralling, the mayne faile onelie difplayed with the armes of New Scothuul bearing a Saltoire with anc fcutcheon of the ancient armes of Scotland, and vpon the head of the faid (liippe careing ane vnicorne fittand and ane lavage man ftanding vpoun the ftcrne both bearing St Androes Croce And that the great Seale haue this circumfcriptioun, Sigii,i.um GULIELMI AlEXANDRI MILITIS MAGNI AdMIRALLI No VI SCOTI^E." We may here add that the Lieutenant and each of the Knights Baronets were authorized by royal mandate to wear a badge, as a diftincflion and a mark of honor, and any '' Royal Letters. Charters, and Trails, Edinburgh, 1867, p. 15, 6 82 Meinoir of 11 any infrinc^cnicnt upon this right was punifliablc by fine or im])rifonmcnt. The order was communicated by Charles I„ in a letter to the Privy Council, bearing date Nov. 17, 1629, in the fol- lowinc: terms : — " Wc l;;ivc been plcafcd to authorife aiul allow, as be theis prcfents for ws and our fiicccllbrs we aiitliorife and allow, the faid Lewetcnnent and Haroiiettis, and evcric one of them, and thare heirs male, to weare and carry about their ncckis in all time cominpf, ane orantje tauncv-fdk ribbane, whairon lliall hinp^ pendant in a fcutchion ars^oit a faltoire azcuc)% thairon ane infcutciieeinc of the armes of Scotland, with ane imperiall crounc above the fcutchone, and incircled with this motto, Fax Mentis IIonkstve Glokia." In a letter of Charles I. to Sir James Balfour, Lyon King at Arms, dated the 15th of March, 1632, he was ordered to marshal the arms of Sir William Alexander, who had then recently been made a peer of Scotland under the title of Vifcount Stirling, as follows: — [CirArsi.KS R.] "Trnflic, itc. We bane bene latelic pleafed to confer vpon our right. &c Sir William Alexander Kny' our principall Secretarie for Scotland the title of Viscount Stirling as ane dejjrie of honour which we haue eflomed due to his merite And to the eHecl ther be nothing wanting which is vfuall in this kynd tliat this our favour and the re- membrance (f his good and faythfull ferviccs done vnto ws may be in record Our plcafur is and We doc heirby requyre yow according to the dewtie of your place to marfball his Coate Armour alloweing it to him quiutercd with the Armcs of Clan Allaftcrwho hath acknowledged him for chcilV of their familic, in whois armes according to the draught which we fend you heirwith, quartered with his coat, We ar willing to coufnme them Requyreing yow to Regiller them accordinglie ; and we doe %\ Sir William Alexander. ^Z .'^' »'.-rof, a„,i fl Z '»vo the am,., of Now Scohnd "''''''' »"thority to ;i".-.rtcr with hi, „,,,^^ -'If'- quartered in tl,e Lt Uaronets were to be allowed to ''°"' "^ ""•' '<»'gl>ts fame manner. '"' ''"' 'i"'-""-'-- their arms i„ the a 2if 5 tSnrTs :i t- ""■^•^'•^ «"^-'^. ago of Seotland. by Sir K^D::^;Zf -Z"'' '''^'- Arms OP THE Faut ^ o between three eroft comets I h-l' '"''•;'■"' ">= f-ils furled „„ 1, ''■^'IS-^ of a baronet of is'evt s ,T ^,"'"' "'"' °™'- ••>" "> ft to.f tf c.own, proper. ™''S"«I O" (!.<= to,> with an imperi J ^^oiTo; Per marc per terras. In ^1 84 Memoir of In addition to the charter of New Scotland, Sir William Alexander received, on the fecond day of T'ebruary, 1628, a grant of the River and (iulf of Canada. This charter, a tranllation of which may be found in an- other part of this volume, covered an area of fifty leagues on each fide of the river St. Lawrence and the ureat Lakes, including all the idands within thefe waters, and extending to the Pacific Ocean, conflituting a belt of land i' roe hun- dred Hnglilh miles wide, not including in the meafurement the river and lakes lying in its centre, reaching from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the fliores of California. If we caft our eye upon a map of the United States, we fliall fee that this charter, by the fmallell eftimate, covered half of the State of Maine, a third of New Hampfliire, nearly the whole of Vermont, more than three-fourths of New York, half of Pennfylvania, more than half of Ohio, all of Michi- gan, half of Indiana, and fo fweeping on and embracing an important feciion of all the north-weftern States of the Union. It will be obferved that this grant was obtained at the time when the French and Englifli were at war, and when Sir William Alexander, in connedlion with Sir David Kirk, was putting forth all his energies in fending out armed veffels to break up the French fettlemer 's on our northern coafls, and to plant colonies of his own countrymen, agreeably to the provifions of his charters. He had ex- pended large fums in his various undertakings, in providing fliips, ordnance, and munitions of war, in tranfporting col- onics, and in exploring and taking poffeffion of the country. And Sir William Alexander, 8 s And he was now on the very eve of fuccefs. In Icfs than fix months after the date of this charter, Kirk had fwept away every vcftige of French jiowcr on our northern coalls. It was undoubtedly in anticipation of this event that this charter, covering; all the territory hitherto occu|)ied by the French, was obtained. It was obvioufly a matter of the greatefl importance to the fuccefs of Scotch colonization that this territory, reclaimed or conquered by Hritilh arms, fhould be occupied by colonies at once ; and there was a fair profpcc!^, fhould the war continue, that this object would be fpeedily achieved. But the articles of jieace, fii;ned a little before or about the time that Kirk had completed his con- queft, fnatched from the grafp of Sir William, by a fmi^lc flroke of the royal pen, all the fruits of his unremitted efforts and exhaufling expenditures, which had now been continued for the fpace of three years. By thefc articles, the jjlaces which had been occupied by the French were all reflored, and they loft no time in taking immediate poffeffion ; and, after this, we arc not aware that Sir William attempted, within the limits of this grant, any aflual colonization. At a parliament held at Edinburgh, Scotland, in June, 1633, the fevcral charters of New Scotland, and that of the River and Gulf of Canada, granted to Sir William Alexan- der, with all the privileges therein contained, together with the dignity and order of Knights Baronets, and of the a(5ts of the Convention of Eflates relating to them, were fol- cmnly ratified and confirmedJ^ At ™ A(5ls of the Parliament of Scotland, Vol. V. p. 43. Copies are in the Li- brary of the Bofton Athennf^um. w 86 n w Memoir of At a meeting; of tlic Circat Council for New I'!in;land, on Nov. I, 1638, at the houfe of Lord Stirlinir, in London, the following; entry was made in their records: — " This day y" ICarle of Sterline's proportion was aug- mented and granted to y'' ICarle liimfelf, the boundary to begin at St. Croix, next adjoining to New I'jigland, and fo to pafs along y*" Tea coafl of y'" I^ad fide of y" Hay or River called Sagadahocke, and foe up y' ICall fide of y" River thereof to y*" furthefl he vd of y* fame, as it tendeth North- wards, and fro thence at the neereft Northwards to y" River of Canada and hereunto is to belong y° Illand called Mat- toax or Long Ifland."'^ The territory here defcribed, except the augmentation, which confiiled of the comparatively fmall territory lying between the Kennebec rid the waters of Pemacpiid, to- gether with all illands lying within five leagues of the main, oj)porjtc and bordering u|)on Long I (land, had been granted by ti-.c Council, and a ]xitent ilTued on the 22d of Ajjril, 1635, to Lord William Alexander, the fon of Sir William, the Earl of Stirling."^ Lord " Sec Record of tin- Council for New In tlic patent of April 22, i<')35. the or- En.!il;iii(!, printed by the Annriian An- th()^raphy of the Indian name of I-onp; ti(|iiarian Society ii. its proceediniis, Kland is Matowack, and it was ftated 1867, p. 131; alfo, Calendar of State in the jiatent that it fliould hereafter he Papers, Col. Series, \r,]\-\(\('0. Sainf- called the "Hie of Starlin<,fe." bury, p. 204. Tiie furrender of their '" The j^rant was ordered by ^ vote charter by tlie Council tor New Kntr- of the Council, Feb. 3. \(^■x,^.--Rl'col■.m.. of u:: £;::;; '!2: " '« to Ix. Inf^reci tint I, r ^'■'^ »o the f„n ' ,7^ "'•-' Arrant was "^••i^Ie came ', '"' '""" ^^^^^r it was -^^ A;1:;S;! jP/-'n/ecI hy Sir .^'^^^•^'■^ I'lK it docs n< '^''■- <^^''>'-^'e •]<^<--omp|in,ef| inv .1 • .•■•PPt'ar (|,at j.e '^*?53. Vol. I. p/<;-/^;?^ >;^;'C., lio/ton, ;^^i//. aw.. J-,;; vV 7'"^'' '"^''^ ^"^. f-"'-'! Ale^^,„dcr So ;:'" '" '•'"'^ 'i'". .^'^I'y wl,c'n' tl.o / H /'/r "'l'^' *^'P^- /^nne proper nan e J,: '^". '"''^ ^''e "^ac!e\:ft!l"i?[;r'''f>^^""n,inanv ^^">''d have hee . ""x>' ^'^"''' W^ ])hi(h;.a.. ''''■" -^n act of j)»re^L-' «"u,ld he ",r7nt . "'^ ^'"'^. tJiat if 88 Memoir of i; The agent, Mr. James Farrett, continued fevcral years in his fervice, effecting numerous fales of land, and fo far forth laying the foundations of feveral plantations. The firft fettlers of Eafthampton,^" Southampton,^' Southold, Green- port,"- Gardiner's Ifland,*^^ Shelter Ifland and Robin's Ifland, "" Thompfdii's Hiftory of Lon.ij Ifl- and, Now York, 1.S43, \'oI. 1. p. 311. •*' Tl^.e firft fettlers of Soutliampton were tVom Lynn, Mafs., wlio, liaving made a purcliafo of Mr. Farrett, tlie agent of Sir William Alexander, and having a])peafed the Indians by a piu"- chafe alio from them, landed at or near the prefent fite of ManlialTet, with a view of making tiieir fettlement at that place, but having been driven otTby the Dutch, they finally eftabliflied themfelves at Southampton. " Divers of the inhabitants of Linne," fays Winthrop. "finding themfelves flrai toned, looked out for a new plan- tation, and going to Long Ifland, they agreed with the Lord Stirling's agent tliere, one Mr. For tt, for a parcel of the illo near die weft end. and agreed with the Indians for their right." After giving fomo account of their difficulties with the Dutch, Winthrop proceeds to fay. that they "defertod that place and took another at the eaft end of the fame ifland ; and i)eing now about forty tam- ilies, they proceeded in their plantation, and called one Mr. Pierfon, a godly learned man, and a member of the church of Borton, to go with them, who, with fome fevon or eight more of the Company, gathered into a church borly at Linne, (before they went.) and the whole company entered into a civil combination (with the advice of fome of our magiftrates,) to become a corpo- ration." — Winthrop'' s Hijl. A'cio Eti;y., Borton, 1853, Vol. II. p. 5. See, alio, Doc. Col. Ilijt. N. }'., Vol. II. p. 146: Huhhinfotrs HiJl. Mafs., Vol. I. p. XS. Dr. I'altrey refers to this palTage in Winthrop, and fays that the purchafe by the Lynn Company was made of the Indians ; but omits the more prom- inent rtatoment of Winthrop, that the purchafe was made of Lord Stirling's agent. — J\ilfny\\- Ilijl. Aciu Eiig., Bofton, 1859, Vol. I. p. 604. "■•* "James Farrett, as the agent of Sir William Alexander, Earl of Stir- ling, gave a deed, dated 15th Auguft, 1640, conveying 150 acres of land to Ricliard Jackfon. at a place long known as Stirling, now Greenport, Long Ifland. The original deed from Farrett, with regular transfers of title by deeds and wills, is now in the poffeffion of the I\Ioore family." — MS. Letter of Charles n. Moore, Efy., New York, '20 Feb., 1872. For evidence that the Southold- ers derived their title from tlie Earl of Stirling, fee Doc. Col. HiJl., New York, Vol. HI. p. 197. "•' This valuable ifland, containing about 3,300 acres, was purchafed of Sir William Alexander, Earl of Stirling, by Lyon Gardiner, March 10, 1639. the claim of the Indians having, as ufual, been previoufly extinguiflied. The foe of this ifland has remained in the fam- ily, defcending ftriclly in accordance with the Englifli law of primogeniture, down to the prefent time, and is now owned by Samuel B. Gardiner, Efq., of the eighth generation, but the tenth proprietor, his two elder brothers hav- ing t; .1 Sir William Alexander, 80 Ifland, obtained their titles to their lands from the Earl of Stirling, through his agent, Mr. James Farrett. The iflands of Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard were alfo conveyed ing poiTofTed it in turn, but predeceafed him witliout ilVue. We do not know of ajiy ellate in tliis country, fo lar<;e as tiiis, wliicli lias remained fo Ions; in tlie fame family. The oriy;inal df.'ecl from the Earl of Stirlinj;^, executed Ijy James Farrett, his auent, is ilill in exillence on Gardiner's Ifland, and in the polTef- fion of the prefent proprietor. Tiiis family has been diilintjuiflied throun'I. all the generations, and fo continues. The wife of tlie Hon. Jolin Tyler, the tenth Preiident of the United States, was a lineal defccndant of Lyon Gar- diner. An intercrting and humorous letter, fliowing the tone and quality of the original grantee, hearing date June 12, i6(3o, may he fecn in Thompfon's Hillory of Long Ifland, Vol. I. p. 306. In 16S6, Thomas Dongan, Lieutenant- Governor and Vice-Admiral of New York, iiTued a Patent creeling this ifland into a Lordfliip, entitled the ^Llnor of Gardiner's Ifland. In this inilrument tlie title is traced to James Farrett, Gentleman and Deputy to the Right Honorable, the Earl of Stirling, Secre- tary for the Kingdom of Scotland, and late Proprietor of Long Ifland. — See Chronicles of Eajlhaiiipton, by David Gardiner, New York, 1S71, p. 117. Lyon (Gardiner, the patentee of Gardi- ner's Ifland, was an expert engineer, and had feen fervice in Holland. He arrived in Boflon on the 2Sth of No- veml)er, 1635, on his way to the Con- nedicut, where he had been engaged to conflruifl a fortrefs by ti.e younger John Winthrop, who had then recently been appointed governor of rhe planta- tion about to be eilabliflied at the mouth of that river. During his brief ftav in Bofton, the citizens availed themfelves of his (kill, as an engineer, in comjilet- ing the fortrefs already begun by Gov- ernor Winthrop on Fort Hill. It was agreed in tt)wn-moetingthat tiiere fliould be a contribution of about tburteen days' work for each citizen ; and. to carr\- out the orders, an aljle commitlee was ap- ])ointed, which confifled of tiie de|)Uty governor, Mr. Beliingliam. the cele- brated Sir Henry \'ane. Governor John Wintlirop, John Winthrop, junior, .Mr. William Ooddington, Captain John Underhiil, and Mr. William Prenton. Under tlie diredlion of tliis energetic committee, and Lieutenant Gardiner's (kill, the work foon alTumed the dignity and j)roportions of a fort. It was a fimple flruclure, eminently adapted to its purpofe, and continued in ufe till after the war of the Revolution. Sir Edmund Andros fought protectioii within its walls in 16S9 (Hutchinfon's Hift. Mais., \'ol. I. J). 335), and it is faid that it was the contemi)lated lite for a hofpital for children in 1713. Put Fort Hill has ceafed to be a landmark in the city of Pofton. Its removal, pro- je6led in 1865, has lieen confummated. This eminence, lifting itfelf upaljruptly eighty feet above the furrounding neigh- borhood, has entirely difappeared. The level area on wliich it refled was occu- pied immediately after the great fire, on the 9th and loth of November lalt (1872), by temporary warehoufes, and from them our thriving merchants are now difpenfing their goods beneath the fpot where the (kilful Gardiner planned, and the joint wifdom of the Winthrops, Sir Henry Vane, Belli ngham, and their compeers, furniflied the material and fu- perintended the llrufture of the firlt military work ere£led in Bofton. I! 90 Memoir of \ R '• i m conveyed by Sir William Alexander's agent to Thomas Mayhew and his fon, Thomas, junior, in 1 64 1 . The fales thus made appear to have cov^cred the whole eaftern end of the ifland, from Lltde Peconic Bay to Montauk Point, and the titles of many of the eflates in that vicinity m.ay be traced back to the Earl of Stirling as the original proprietor. The deeds executed by Mr. Farrett were conditioned on the payment of an annual rent, or "acknowledgment," to Sir William Alexander, or his heirs ; and in mofl: inftances, if not in all, the amount to be fo paid was rcff^rred to Governor Winthrop, fenior, to be fixed by him, or by fuch magiflrates of Maffachufetts Bay as fliould be chofen by Sir William, or his deputy, for that purpofe. It was alfo ftipulated that the government to be eflab- liflied fliould be fuch as already exiftcd in the colony of Maffachufetts, and the purchafers were guaranteed all the privileges enjoyed by the patentees of that province. Soon after the death of the Earl, in February, 1 640-1, Mr. Farrett's agency ceafed. In 1647, Mary, the widowed Countefs of Henry, the third Earl of Stirling, fent over Captain Andrew Forrcfler, as her agent, to take charge of her eflates on Long Ifland, but the Dutch gave him an unfriendly recep- tion. Governor Stuyvefant placed him on board the fliip " Falconer," bound to Holland, but the veffel forced by a flonn into Spithead, he was relieved from his imprifonment by the commander of an Englifli man-of-war. For fome years after this, little attention was given to this inheritance by Sir William's heirs, until they finally entered into a contra6t, about the year 1663, to fell the property to the Duke of York, . ^'"^ '^^'^^^n^ Alexander. York,- who rcccVed the ^I In the year 16-7 '^^^ '712, when the T7n„.-i amounted tn /■ ^ ""paid annuities iv.-fi ., . Lord H .h T,-^'; °°' "'^ ^°--"-d of Tndl ''""" ''"'^'•'^ft had belr n ''"^'"^'■"'••'t they did not '''P°"'^ '-^ 'he With Ml" ^^^^-^ ^n- ference .H ' '''""^""^^'^ent of officii! ; As Andrew' 92 Memoir of \<\ As early as the autumn of 1629, meafurcs were taken to form a Society for conducting the bufmefs of fifliing on a large fcale on the weft coaft of Scotland. It was propofed to eftablifli a ftock company; to furnilli two hundred veffels of between 30 and 50 tons each, which were to be properly equipped with men and material for carrying on the bufi- nefs. The Ifle of Lewis was to be the head-quarters or centre of the enterprifc, while the fifliing-grounds were to extend along the whole weftern line of the Scottifli coaft. It was important to Britifli interefts in forming the Company that the fchcme fliould be well adjuftcd, and particularly in reference to the Dutch,*^"' who were powerful competitors in the development of this fource of national wealth. "Andrew Forrefter is an odd perverfion of James Forrctt." The editor of Win- tlirop lias liere fallen into an "odd" millake. Andrew Forn Iter and James Forrett (or more correctly Farrett) are two quite diftintl perfons. James Far- rett. and not Andrew Forrefler, as er- roneoufly Hated by Mr. Savage, was the agent of Sir William Alexander on Long Ifland, although Captain For- rerter appears to have been his agent at Port Rojal fifteen years before this, and was in command there when the Scotch colony was removed from that place. — See aiitea, j). 67; alfo Micr- m w r^n H \' I 124 Sir William Alexander, Sir William Alexander's map has appeared feveral times in conncdlion with other works. The next year after its publication in his Encourage- ment to Colonies, it was introduced by Purchas into the fourth volume of his Pilgrimes, publiflied in London in 1625. That part of it which relates to New England was en- graved to illuflrate the "Landing at Cape Anne," a work by John Wingate Thornton, Efq., publiflied in Boflon in 1854. The whole map was introduced, by Mr. Samuel G. Drake, into the " Founders of New England," pubhflied by him in Boflon in i860. It alfo appears again in a work entitled " Royal Letters, Charters, and Tra6ls," edited by David Laing, LL.D., and publiflied under the aufpices of the Bannatyne Clu' , Edin- burgh, Scotland, in 1867. Engraved Portrait. — William Marfliall executed a por- trait of Sir William Alexander, which was jDrefixed to his Recreation with the Mufes, publiflied in 1637. Antea^ p. 6. It w^as undoubtedly engraved after one of Marfliall's own defigns, and is faid to be among his befl performances. It is now exceedingly rare, and is to be found in but few of the copies of that edition. " It reprcfents his lordfhip in a clofe-bodied coat ; a full ruff about his neck, and the badge of his new-created order hanging at his breaft. Livelincfs and gravity are well tempered in his countenance ; his hair is fhort, and well curleu ; and his beard tapering gradually to a point, according to the fuftiion of the times. The oval frame is encompaffed with Bibliography. 125 with two olive branches; andthc infcription in it is : vkua kffigies GUI.IEI.MI COMITIS DE STEHI.IN. .ETATIS SU.E lAII." — Olilys. This was undoubtedly the only original likencfs left by Sir William, and all later engravings appear to be copies from this, of which there are feveral. Granger informs us that a i^rint, after the manner of Marfliall, with the motto Ant fpcro ant fpcrno, is prefixed to the edition of the Tragedies, 8vo, 161 6. Engravings have been executed, by C. Hall, publiflied in 1 781 ; by Bocquet, in 1806; and by C. Pye, in 1820. In thefe the acceffories, the oval frame, infcription, and olive branches, are laid afide. In 1795, William Richardfon, of London, publiflied an engraved portrait to illuffrate Granger's Biographical Hif- tory of England. This was evidently a fac-fmiile of Mar- fliall's celebrated work accompanying the Recreation with the Mufes, to which we have referred. From tliis plate engravings were furnifhed for the volume of Royal Letters, Charters, and Tra(5ls, iffued by the Bannatyne Club in 1867. The plate is now in the poffeffion of Henry George Bohn, Esq., of London, who has obligingly confented to furnifli impreffions from it for this work. " Anacrisis ; or, A Cenfure of fome Poets Ancient and Modern." This work requires a brief notice. In the later years of Sir William Alexander's life, he retired for a fliort time to Menflrie, the place of his birth, for repofe and recreation, after the fatigues and cares of many years devoted to public duties. This period of leifure he gave to a reperufal of the poets, a fludy which appears to have afforded him great pleafure, and to have kindled anew 126 Sir Willia7n Alexander, anew his early taflcs. As a refult of thcfe fludics, he has left us a critique, in which he offers remarks, more or Icfs extended, upon Virgil, Ovid, Horace, Juvenal, Papinianus, Lucan, Martial, Scaliger, and Taffo. He alfo fpeaks, by way of illuflration, of Curtius, and of Xenophon, and of Sir Philip Sidney, and of other writers in Englifh, Italian, Spanifh, and French. This little effay, although but a rough draught, cannot but challenge our refpedt for the critical talent of the author, his high culture and extenfive learning. It was enclofed to the poet Drummond of Haw- thornden, with an interefling note, which, with the Anacrifis, ['Jrui without inhabitants, or were fettled by infidels whofe converfion Note. — This tranflation is made le6tion of Royal Letters, Charters, and from the Latin as found in the " Great Tra(5ls, l)y the Bannatyne Club, Edin- Seal Regifter," and printed in the col- burgh, 1867. - I, \m\ 128 Sir WiUiavi Alexander. convcrfion to llic Cliriflian faith mod higlily concerns tlie glory of Ciod. But whilft many other Kinf^donis, and, not very long ago, our own I'lngland, to their praife, have given their names to new lands, which they have acquired and fubdued ; We, thiid^ing how })oi)ulous and crowded this land now is by Divine favor, and how expedient it is that it fliould be carefully exercifcd in fomc honorable and ufeful difcipline, left it deteriorate through flotii and ina6lion, have judged it important that many Ihould be led forth into new terri- tory, which they may fill with colonics ; and fo we think this iindertakinii: moft fit for this Kinccdom, both on account of the promptnefs and activity of its fpirit, and the ftrength and endurance of its men againft any difficulties, if any other men anywhere dare to fet themfelves in oppofition ; and as it demands the tranfportation only of men and women, ftock and grain, and not of money, and can not repay, at this time, when bufinefs is fo deprel'fed, a trouble- fome expenditure of the treafures of this realm ; for thefe reafons, as well as on account of the good, faithful, and acceptable fervice of our beloved counfellor, Sir William Alexander, Knight, to us rendered, and to be rendered, who firft of our fubjeds at his own expenfe attempted to plant this foreign colony, and felc6led for plantation the divers lands bounded by the limits hereafter defignatcd : We, therefore, from our Sovereign anxiety to propagate the Chriftian faith, and to fecure the wealth, profperity, and peace of the native fubjecls of our faid Kingdom of Scot- land, as other foreign princes in fuch cafes already have done, Charter of 162 1. 129 done, with the advice and confent of our well-bclovcd coufin and counfellor, John, Earl of Mar, Lord h^rfkine and Gareoch, &c., our Higli Trcafurer, Comptroller, Col- le6tor, and Treafurer of our new revenues of this our Kingdom of Scotland, and of the other Lords Commif- fioners of our fame Kingdom, have given, granted, and conveyed, and, by the tenor of our prefent charter, do give, grant, and convey to the aforefaid Sir William Alexander, his heirs or affigns, hereditarily, all and fingle, the lands of the continent, and idands fituated and lying in America, within the head or promontory commonly called Cape of Sable, lying near the forty-third degree of north latitude, or thereabouts: from this Cape flretching along the ihores of the fea, weflward to the roadflead of St. Mary, commonly called Saint Mary's Bay, and thence northward by a ftraight line, croffmg the entrance, or mouth, of that great roadflead which runs toward the eaflern part of the land between the countries of the Suriqui and Etechemini, commonly called Suriquois and Etechemines, to the river generally known by the name of St. Croix, and to the remotefi; fprings, or fource, from the weflern fide of the fame, which empty into the firfl mentioned river ; thence by an imaginary ftraight line which is conceived to extend through the land, or run northward to the nearefl bay, river, or ftream emptying into the great river of Canada: and going from that eaflward along the low fliores of the fame river of Canada, to the river, harbor, port or fliore commonly known and called by the name of Gathepe or Gafpie, and thence fouth-foutheafl to the ifles called Bacalaos, or Cape Breton, leaving the faid ifles li \ ' I mi I- "I f 130 Sir William Alexander, ifles on. the right, and the mouth of che faid great river of Canada, or large bay, and the territory of Newfoundland with the iflands belonging to the fame lands, on the left : thence to the headland c" point of Cape Breton aforefaid, lying near latitude 45°, or thereabouts; and from the faid point of Cape Breton toward the fouth and weft to the above-mentioned Cape Sable, where the boundary began ; including and containing within the faid coafls and their circumference, from fea to fea, all lands of the continent with the rivers, falls, bays, fliores, iflands, or feas, lying near or within ^ix leagues on any fide of the fame, on the weft, north, or eafl: fides of the fame coafts and bounds : and on the fouth-foutheafl: (where Cape Breton lies) and on the fouth fide of the fame (where Cape Sable is) all feas and iflands fouthward within forty leagues of faid fea-fliore, thereby including the large illand commonly called Ifle de Sable, or Sablon, lying towards Carban, in common fpeech, fouth-foutheaft, about thirty leagues from the faid Cape Breton feaward, and being in latitude 44°, or thereabouts. The above -d' ^cribed lands fliall in all future time bear the name of New Scotland in America, and alfo the afore- faid Sir William fliall divide it into parts and portions as feemeth beft to him, and fliall give names to tht fame at his pleafure : With all mines, both the royal ones of gold and filver, and others of iron, lead, copper, tin, brafs, and other min- erals, with the power of mining, and caufing to dig them from the earth, and of purifying and refining the fame, and converting to his own ufe, or that of others as fliall feem befl Charter of 162 1. 131 his and Ibeft beft to the faid Sir ''"'illiam, his heirs or afTigns, or to whomfoever it fliall have pleafed him to eftablifli in faid lands, referving onl) to us nod our fucceffors, a tenth part of the metal vulgarly knov\^n as ore of gold and filver which fliall be hereafter dug or obtained from the land : leaving the faid Sir William and his aforefaids whatever of other metals of copper, fleel, iron, tin, lead, or other miner- als, we or our fucceffors may be able in any way to obtain from the earth, in order that thereby they may the more eafi'ly bear the large expenfe of reducing the aforefaid met- als : together with mr.rgarite termed pearl, and any other precious ftones, quarries, forefls, thickets, moffes, marflies, lakes, waters, fiflieries in both fait and frefli water, and of both royal and other fifli, hunting, hawking, and any thing that may be fold or inherited ; with full power, privilege, and jurifdi6lion of free royalty, chapelry, and chancery for ever : with the gift and right of patronage of churches, chapels, and benefices : with tenants, tenancies, and the feraces of thofe holding the fame freely : together with the offices of juftici- ary and admiralty within all the bounds refpe6lively men- tioned above : alfo with power of fetting up states, free towns, free ports, villages, and barony towns : and of eflab- l-fliins: markets and fairs within the bounds of faid lands : ot holding courts of juflice and admiralty within the limits of fuch lands, rivers, por' \ and feas : alfo with tlie power of improving, levying, and receiving all tolls, cufl^ ms, anchor- dues, and other revenues of the faid towns, mnrts, fairs, and free ports ; und of owning and ufmg the fame as freely in all refpeds as any greater or leffer Baron in our Kingdom of \ • 11 1 1 m m IjHjj w. r ' / ■!• Sir Willia7n Alexander, of Scotland has enjoyed In any paft, or could enjoy in any future time : with all other prerogatives, privileges, immu- nities, dignities, perquifites, profits, and dues concerning and belonging to faid lands, feas, and the boundaries there- of, which we ourfelves can give and grant, as freely and in as ample form as we or any of our noble anceftors granted any charters, letters patent, enfeoffments, gifts, or commif- fions to any fubjedls of whatever rank or chara(?ter, or to any fociety or company leading out fuch colonies into any foreign parts, or fearching out foreign lands, and in as free and ample form as if the fame were included in this prefent charter : alfo, we make, conflitute, and ordain the faid Sir William Alexander, his heirs and affigns, or their deputies, our Hereditary Lieutenants-General, for reprefenting our royal perfon, both by fea and by land, in the regions of the fea, and on the coafts, and in the bounds aforefaid, both in- feeking faid lands and remaining there and returning from the fame ; to govern, rule, punifli, and acqui^ all our fub- je(5ls who may chance to vifit or inhabit the fame, or who fliall do bufinefs with the fame, or fliall tarry in the faid places ; alfo, to pardon the fame ; and to eftablifli fuch laws, flatutes, conftitutions, orders, inftru6lions, forms of govern- ing, and ceremonies of magiflrates in faid bounds, as fliall feem fit to Sir William Alexander himfelf, or his aforefaids, for the government of the faid region, or of the inhabitants of the fame, in all caufes, both criminal and civil ; also, of changing and altering the faid laws, rules, forms, and cere- monies, as often as he or his aforefaids fliall pleafe for the good and convenience of faid region : fo that faid laws may be i Charter of 162 1. 133 any mu- [ling lere- id in inted nmif- or to any s free refent id Sir rjuties, icT our be cts confiftent as poflible with thofe of our realm of Scot- land. We alfo will that, in cafe of rebellion or fedition, he may ufe mardal law againft delinquents, or fuch as withdraw themfelves from his power, as freely as any lieutenant what- ever of our realm or dominion, by virtue of the of^ce of lieutenant, has, or can have, the power to ufe, by excluding all other officers of this our Scottifli realm, on land or fea, who hereafter can pretend to any claim, property, authority, or interefl in and to faid lands or province aforefaid, or any jurifdidlion therein by virtue of any prior difpofal or patents ; and, that a motive may be offered to noblemen for joining this expedition and planting a colony in faid lands, we, for ourltJ.ves and our hei's and fucceffors, with the advice and confent aforefaid, by virtue of our prefent charter, do give and grant free and full power to the aforefaid Sir William Alexander and his aforefaids, to confer favors, privileges, gifts, and honors on thofe who deferve them, witli full power to the fame, or any one of them, who may have made bar- gains or contra6ls with Sir William, or h* leputies, for the faid lands, under his fignature, or that of ins deputies, and under the feal hereinafter defcribed, to difpofe of anrl convey any part or parcel of faid lands, ports, harbors, rivers, or o!" any part of the premifes ; alfo, of erecting machines of all forts, introducing arts or fciences, or pra6lifing the fame, in whole or in part, as he fliall judge to be for their advantage ; alfo, to give, grant, and beflow fuch offices, titles, rights, and pow- ers, make and appoint fuch captains, officers, bailiffs, govern- ors, clerks, and all other officers, clerks, and miniflers of roy- alty, barony, and town, for the execution of juflice within the bounds ^ 1 '^ 1 11' lil 41 i il !■ .TT^'T^ I ill 134 Sir William Alexander, bounds of faid lands, or on the way to thcfe lands by fca, and returning from the fame, as lliall fecm neceffary to him, ac- cording to the qualities, conditions, and deferts of the perfons who may happen to dwell in any of the colonies of faid prov- ince, or in any part of the fame, or who may rifk their goods and fortunes for the advantage and increafe of the fame ; alfo, of removing the fame perfons from office, transferring or changing them, as far as it fliall feem expedient to him and his aforefaids. And, fmce attempts of this kind are not made without great labor and expenfe, and demand a large outlay of money, fo that they exceed the means of any private man, and on this account the faid Sir William Alexander and his afore- faids may need fupplies of many kinds, with many of our fubjeds and other men for fpecial enterprifes and ventures therein, who may form contracts with him, his heirs, affigns, or deputies for lands, fiflieries, trade, or the tranfportation of people and their flocks, goods, and effc6ls to the faid New Scotland, we will that whoever fliall make fuch contra(5ls with the faid Sir William and his aforelaids under their names and feals, by limiting, affigning, and fixing the day and place for the delivery of perfons, goods, and effeds on fliipboard, under forfeiture of a certain fum of money, and fliall not perform the fame contracts, but ihall thwart and injure him in the propofed voyage, which thing will not only oppofe and harm the faid Sir William and his afore- faids, but alfo prejudice and damage our fo laudable inten- tion : then it fliall be lawful to the faid Sir William and his aforefaids, or their deputies and confervators hereinafter mentioned, Charter of 162 1. 13s mentioned, in fuch cafe to feize for himfclf, or his deputies whom he may appoint for this purpofe, all fuch fums of money, goods, and effects forfeited by the violation of thefe contra6ls. And that this may be more eafily done, and the delay of the law be avoided, we have given and granted, and by the tenor of thefe prefents do give and grant, full power to the Lords of our Council, that they may reduce to order and punifli the violators of fuch contraiffs and agreements made for the tranfportation of perfons. And although all fuch contrails between the faid Sir William and his aforefaids and the aforefaid adventurers fliall be carried out in the rifk and the conveyance of people with their goods and effe61s, at the fet time ; and they with all their cattle and goods arrive at the ihore of that province with the intention of colonizing and abiding there ; and yet, afterwards, fliall leave the province of New Scotland altogether, and the confines of the fame, without the conf. kl of the faid Sir William and his aforefaids or their deputies, or the fociety and colony aforefaid, where firft they had been colle6led and joined together ; and fliall go away to the uncivilized natives, to live in remote and defert places : then they fliall lofe and forfeit all the lands previouHy granted them ; alfo all their goods within the aforefaid bounds ; and it fhall be lawful for the faid Sir William and his aforefaids to confifcate the fame, and reclaim the fame lands, and to feize and convert and apply to his own ufe and that of his aforefaids all the fame belonging to them, or any one of them. And that all our beloved fubjeds, as well of our kingdoms and vl I|: n I ! I 136 Sir PVilliam Alexander, and dominions, so alfo others of foreign birth who may fail to the faid lands, or any part of the fame, for obtaining merchandife, may the better know and obey the power and authority given by us to the aforefaid Sir William Alexan- der, our faithful counfellor, and his deputies, in all fuch commiffions, warrants, and contra(5ls as he fliall at any time make, grant, and eflablifli for the more fit and fafe arrangement of offices, to govern faid colony, grant lands, and execute juftice in refpe6l to the faid inhabitants, adven- turers, deputies, fadlors, or affigns, in any part of faid lands, or in failing to the fame, we, with the advice and confent aforefaid, do order that the faid Sir William Alexander and his aforefaids fliall have one common feal, pertaining to the office of Lieutenant of Jufticiary and Admiralty, which by the faid Sir William Alexander and his aforefaids or their deputies, in all time to come, fliall be fafely kept : on one fide of it our arms fliall be engraved, with thcfe words on the circle and margin thereof : " Sigillum Regis Scotire Anglian Francias et Hyberniae;" and on the other fide our image, or that of our fucceffors, with thefe words : " Pro NoviE Scotia^ Locum Tenente : " and a true copy of it fliall be kept in the hands and care of the confervator of the privileges of New Scotland, and this he may ufe in his office as occafion fliall require. And as it is very important that all our beloved fubje6ls who inhabit the faid province of New Scotland or its borders may live in the fear of Almighty God, and at the fame time in his true worfliip, and may have an earnefl purpofe to cftablifli the Chriflian religion therein, and alfo to cultivate peace and quiet with the I % I 1 li Charter of 162 1. ^n the native inhabitants and favage aborigines of thefe lands, fo that they, and any others trading there, may fafely, pleaf- antly, and quietly hold what they have got with great labor and peril, we, for ourfelves and our fucceffors, do will and decree, and by our prefent charter give and grant to the faid Sir William Alexander and his aforefaids and their deputies, or any other of our government officers and min- ifters whom they fliall appoint, free and abfolute power of arranging and fecuring peace, alliance, friendfliip, mutual conferences, affiflance, and intercourfe with thofe favage aborigines and their chiefs, and any others bearing rule and power among them ; and of preferving and foftering fuch relations and treaties as they or their aforefaids fliall form with them ; provided thofe treaties are, on the other fide, kept faithfully by thefe barbarians ; and, unless this be done, of taking up arms againft them, whereby they may be reduced to order, as fliall feem fitting to the faid Sir William and his aforefaids and deputies, for the honor, obedience, and fervice of God, and the flability, defence, and preferva- tion of our authority among them ; with power alfo to the faid Sir William Alexander and his aforefaids, by them- felves, or their deputies, fubflitutes, or affigns, for their defence and protection at all times and on all ]v^ occafions hereafter, of attacking fuddenly, invading, expelling, and by arms driving away, as well by fea as by land, and by all means, all and fmgly, thofe who, without the fpecial licenfe of the faid Sir William and his aforefaids, fliall attempt to occupy thefe lands, or trade in the faid province of New Scotland, or in any part of the fame ; and in like manner all n J il 138 Sir William Alexander, all other perfons who prefume to bring any damage, lofs, clcfl:ru6lion, injury, or invafion againfl that province, or the inhabitants of the fame : And that this may be more eafily done, it fliall be allowed to the faid Sir William and his aforcfaids, their deputies, fadlors, and afligns, to levy con- tributions on the adventurers and inhabitants of the fame ; to bring them together by proclamations, or by any other order, at fuch times as fliall feem befl to the faid Sir Wil- liam and his aforefaids ; to affemble all our fubjefts living within the limits of the faid New Scotland and trading there, for the better fupplying of the army with neceffaries, and the enlargement and increafe of the people and plant- ing of faid lands : With full power, privilege, and liberty to the faid Sir William Alexander and his aforefaids, by themfelves or their agents, of failing over any feas whatever under our enfigns and banners, with as many fliips, of as great burden, and as well furniflied with ammunition, men, and provifions as they are able to procure at any time, and as often as fliall fccm expedient ; and of carrying all per- fons of every quality and grade who are our fubjedts, or who wifli to fubmit themfelves to our fvv'ay, for entering upon fuch a voyage with their cattle, horfes, oxen, fliecp, goods of all kinds, furniture, machines, heavy arms, military inltruments as many as they defire, and other commodities and neceffaries for the ufe of the fame colony, for mutual commerce with the natives of thefe provinces, or others who may trade with thefe plantations ; and of tranfiDorting all commodities and merchandife, which fliall feem to them needful, into our kingdom of Scotland without the payment of >; I Charter of 1621. 139 IP' icr of any tax, cuflom, and impofl, for the fame to us, or our cuftom-houfc officers, or their deputies ; and of carrying away the fame from their offices on this fide, during the fpace of feven years following the day of the date of our prefent charter ; and to have this fole privilege for the fpace of three years next hereafter we freely have granted, and by the tenor of our prefent charter grant and give to the faid Sir William and his aforefaids, according to the terms hereinafter mentioned. And after thefe three years are ended, it fliall be lawful, to us and our fucceffors, to levy and exact from all goods and merchandife which fliall be exported from this our kingdom of Scotland to the faid province of New Scot- land, or imported from this province to our faid kingdom of Scotland, in any ports of this our kingdom, by the faid Sir William and his aforefaids, five per cent, only, accord- ing to the old mode of reckoning, without any other im- pofl, tax, cuftom, or duty from them hereafter ; which fum of five pounds per hundred being thus paid, by the faid Sir William and his aforefaids, to our officers and others appointed for this bufinefs, the faid Sir William and his aforefaids may carry away the faid goods from this our realm of Scotland into any other foreign ports and climes, without the payment of any other cuflom, tax, or duty to us or our heirs or fucceffors or any other perfons ; pro- vided alfo that faid goods, within the fpace of thirteen months after their arrival in any part of this our kingdom, may be again placed on board a fhip. We alfo give and grant abfolute and full power to the faid Sir William and his Rl! \, I 1 ■H t J ( 140 Sir IVi/iiam Alexander. his aforcfaids, of taking, levying, and receiving to his own proper ufe and that of his aforefaids, from all our fubje6ls who fliall defire to condii(5t colonies, follow trade, or fail to the faid lands of New Scotland, and from the fame, for goods and merchandife, five per cent befides the fum due to us; whether on account of the exportation from this our kingdom of Scotland to the faid province of New Scotland, or of the importation from the faid province to this our kingdom of Scotland aforefaid ; and, in like man- ner, from all goods and merchandife which fliall be exported by our fubje(5ts, leaders of colonies, merchants, and naviga- tors from the faid province of New Scotland, to any of our dominions or any other places ; or fliall be imported from our realms and elf jwhere to the faid New Scotland, five per cent beyond and above the fum before appointed to us ; and from the goods and merchandife of all foreigners and others not under our fway which fliall be either exported from the faid province of New Scotland, or fliall be im- ported into the fame, beyond and above the faid fum affigned to us, ten per cent may be levied, taken, and re- ceived, for the proper ufe of the faid Sir William and his aforefaids, by fuch fervants, officers, or deputies, or their agents, as they fliall appoint and authorize for this bufmefs. And for the better fecurity and profit of the faid Sir Wil- liam and his aforefaids, and of all our other fubjedts defiring to fettle in New Scotland aforefaid, or to trade there, and of all others in general who fliall not refufe to fubmit them- felves to our authority and power, we have decreed and willed that the faid Sir William may conflrudl, or caufe to be • if Charter of 162 1. 141 be built, one or more forts, fortreffcs, caftles, (Irongholds, watch-towers, block-houfes, and other buildings, with ports and naval flations, and alfo fliips of war ; and the fame fliall be applied for defending the faid places, as fliall, to the faid Sir William and his aforefaids, feem necelTary to ac- complifli the aforefaid undertaking: and they may eftablilh, for their defence there, garrifons of foldiers, in addition to the things above mentioned ; and, generally, may do all things for the acquifition, increafe, and introdudlion of people, and to preferve and govern the faid New Scotland and the coafts and land thereof, in all its limits, features, and relations, under our name and authority, as we might do if prefent in perfon ; although the cafe may require a more particular and flridl order than is prefcribed in this our prefent charter ; and to this command we wifli, dire(5l, and mofl flri6lly enjoin all our juftices, officers, and fub- je6ls frequenting thefe places to conform themfelves ; and to yield to, and obey, the faid Sir William and his afore- faids in all and each of the above-mentioned matters, both principal and related ; and be equally obedient to them in their execution as they ought to be to us whofe perfon he reprefents, under the pains of difobedience and rebellion. Moreover, we declare, by the tenor of our prefent charter to all Chriftian kings, princes, and flates, that if, hereafter, any one, or any, from the faid colonies, in the province of New Scotland aforefaid, or any other perfons under their licenfe and command, exercifmg piracy, at any future time, by land or by fea, fliall carry away the goods of any perfon, or in a hoftile manner do any injuflice or wrong to any of our i if SI .-:' I ill Tf* \ } ; s \ I I ] 142 Sir Wi/liavi Alexander, our fubjccts, or thofe of our heirs or fucccffors, or of other kings, princes, j^ovcrnors, or ftates in alliance with us, then, upon fuch injury offered, or jufl complaint thereupon, by any king, prince, governor, flate, or their fubje6ts, we, our heirs and fucceffors, will fee that public proclamations are made, in any part of our faid kingdom of Scotland, jufl; and fuitable for this purpofe, that the faid pirate or pirates, who fliall commit fuch violence, at a flated time, to be deter- mined by the afore faid proclamation, fliall fully rcflore all goods fo carried away; and for the faid injuries fliall make full fatisfa(51;ion, fo that the faid princes and others thus complaining fliall deem themfelves fatisfied. And, if the authors of fuch crimes fliall neither make w^orthy fatisfac- tion, nor be careful that it be made within the limited time, then he, or thofe who have committed fuch plunder, neither arc nor hereafter fliall be under our government and pro- tedlion; bit it fliall be permitted and lawful to all princes, and others whatfoever, to proceed againfl fuch offenders, or any of them, and with all hoflility to invade them. And though it is appointed that no nobleman and gen- tleman may depart from this country without our confent, yet we will that this our prefent charter be a fufficient permiffion and affurance to all engaging in the faid voyage, fave thofe who may be accufed of treafon, or retained by any fpecial order: and, according to our prefent charter, we declare and decree that no perfon may leave this country and go to the faid region of New Scotland unlefs they have •previoufly taken the oath of allegiance to us ; for which purpofe, we, by our prefent charter, give and grant the faid Sir t Charter 0/1621. ■•?"> and acl„!i„iae. rL ';:'V° ''''' ''"" f'"'' ™ '> fa.cl lands in that colonv M ' '" ''^°^^'«""S into the o- rncccnb., with fciw rid' "'V'"'" °"*'^- ■-""' Clare, decree, an•-'" free and native fubjefls of our I ' ? Privileges of O" other dominion!, a ,7 th v 1 f J " ?' -'™^''""'' °'- "f ^Ifo, we, for ourfe vtV!n P^ . ''"'" '^°'-" "'^■'e. to t"e faid Sir VViS: . ,^ ,r .tS'^^- f - -''' .--ant of regulating and coining monl!oT"f "'' ''■^^' "o"'" t'-fe n,habiting the faid prov^,;; 15 " '°™'""^<^ "f -• ;er and of what form they fl",,' J ^ "'^'■'"' '•" "l--' 'lie fame. ^ '"a" choofe and direct for And if any queftions or doubt, (I,nli v and conftruaion of any claufe t f ^'^ °" '^''^ ""waning fall be taten and exp^^^aL '^rtr '"*"*, ^''•''*'-'='" "^^'^ favor of the faid Sir Wi hi " JT" "?'*'* '°™'' ■''"'i '- -e, of our certain know ,"" Tl' ''°.'"'"'^^- '^'-'fidos, ■ty. and kingly po,,,, hav made ''rf '™' '"^''^ •''"'''o'- "eated, and incorporated and b ^ ^'"'' ^""'•^"'' '^^^^d- c'larter, do make.'unite knntt A' "°'' °' °"'- P'"'-'^^'"' rate the whole and nndvidedihef ."'''': '"^ ''"-^on^o- of New Scotland, with alTfte V«! f ,?™''""^'= '''"^' '''"'ds ?nd minerals of gold and five/; ''""'^ "^ ''^ '"-'-^ ■----ther mines, XtSr^el/iS;- forefls, I: i , 111 ¥ iMHSi ti ' 144 Si/" William Alexander, forefts, thickets, mofles, marflies, lakes, waters, fiflieries, as well in frefli waters as in fait, as well of royal fifhes as of others, cities, free ports, free villages, towns, baronial villages, feiports, roadfteads, machines, mills, offices, and jurifdic- tions, and all other things generally and particularly men- tioned above, in one entire and free lordfliip and barony which fliall be called in all future time by the aforefaid name of New Scotland. And we will and grant, and for ourfelves and our fuc- ceffors decree and order, that one feifm now made by the faid Sir William and his aforefaids, upon any prt of the foil of the faid lands and upon the province before dt, fcribed, fliall in all future time be effedtive ; and fliall be a fufificient feiiin for the whole region, with all the pans, appendages, privileges, accidents, liberties, and immunities of the fame mentioned above, without any other fpecial and definite feifin to be taken by himfelf or his aforefaids on any other part or place of the fame : And concerning this feifin and all things which have followed it, or can follow it, we, with the advice and confent above mentioned, for ourfelves and fucceffors, have difpen^ed, and by the tenor of our prefent cha'-ter, in the manner hereafter mentioned, do difpenfe for ever : To hold and io poffcfs, the whole and undi- vided, the faid region and lordfliip of New Scotland, with all the bounds of the fame within the leas above mentioned, all minerals of gold and filver, copper, fteel, tin, lead, brafs, and iron, and any other mines, pearls, precious ftones., qaar- ries, woods, thickets, moffes, n.arflies, lakes, water.- fiflieries, as well in frefli water as fait, as well of royal fi flies as of others, Charter of 1^21. other., fiates. free towns, free ports t. , ftaports, roadfteads, machines mi ; 2"""' ''"°"'^' ""•''ges, and all other thino-s cenerallv 1 7 ^^'''' ^"^ i"ri«iaions with all other priWleges Stt '^''""^ ""'''""-^rf ^bove -d other things abo^ve Z ^^^^ '7-'««. -d accidents I'am Alexander, his heirs an^ rr' ""^ ='^°''^'"^'d Sir WilJ oeffors, in free covenant ^"'' ^'■°"' "^ ^nd our7uc ™yalty, forever, 72^'^^^^;^^^^^^ baron^I^d they he in length and bre^d h ,' f ^^^^ ^"'^ ""''^.'''s and to be erefted, bogs, plains' L ' ''"'"''"S-" ^''^•^ed paths, waters, fivamps% ,^ ' 1""^ """'■^ ■• "'a>*es, roads n>^lt.houres and l^^SX^^'^^'^^^^^'^, Peat-moffes, turf.bogs,coaI coa,! L «^' '"'"^'"§^. fi'heries dovecotes, workil.op , ma tki hfs 1 '°'"^'' "•''"^"^- ^--« woods, groves, and thickets wood .T"'' ='"^' ''™°™ »nd !.me; with courts, fine^ pleas' "'i^Y' ^^-''mes of ftone of women, with free entrance i„de 'I' ':.°"""^-^' "^'^''^^ fok, fac, theme, infangtheiF out^„ '" 4"^ "''*'^ fo'-k. fofs, vert vennesonn, pit, a^nd ' a'l wf' f"^: T^^ -air, veth fingly, the liberties, commons' nlT'"' ^" °^''" ^"d their nghtful pertinents of ill t !; ^ '^'^'■'' -^afements, and not, above or below ^-ou^d L "n/' "'"^'"^ "'^"'--d or ^^-^ belong, to the aforefaid eJ^^' "t':,'f "^^''"''^' °' ''^-' fanner, for the future, freelv ou!^H ft '°''*'"P' '" any b'y. well, and in ,,eace, vithout' T ' ^' ".^^ ^^■''°"^' '^'^"ora! -pediment, or obftacle whateve' °'''""' ^°"'""es pafi might with the leffe danger at the charges of others, improue them that are to pra^lize at this prefent. And the fruits of my Labours I doe humbly offer heere vnto your Highneffe, hoping by the commendable ejideuours, therein remembered {though it felfe be but a triuiall Trea- tifc. Dedicatorie. 153 tife, not worthy your Jight) to conciliate your good opinion towards them that arc to aducntiire in this kind. Amongjl whom [if euer my fortunes Jiaue any conformitie zuith my mind) I purpofe to contribute as much as my wcake abilities can be able to affoord for accomplifliing this braue Defigne, wherein my greatefl Ambition fJiall be that both this Age and the Pofleritie may knoiv how much I defire by fome obferuable effect to be remembered for being Your Highncffe mofl humble and affecftionate Seruent, W. A. I ■ I AN ENCOURAGEMENT TO COLONIES. m S HE fending forth of Colonies (feeming a nouelty) is efleemed now to bee a '.Irange thing, as not onely being aboue the courage of common men, but altogether alienated from their knowledge, which is no wonder, fmce that courfe though both ancient, and vfuall, hath been by the intermiffion of fo many ages difcontinued, yea was impoffible to be prac- ticed fo loncj as there was no vaft sjround, howfoeuer men had been willing, whereupon Plantations might haue beene made, yet there is none who will doubt but that the world in her infancy, and innocency, was firfl peopled after this manner. The next generations fucceeding S/ic?n planted in AJia, Chains in Africke, an Japhets in Etirope : Abraham, and Lot were 1 r! \ ' ^ ' ; 't 156 A71 EncoicraQ:cmcnt were CajHaincs of Colonics, the Land then Ijcing as free as the Seas are now, fince they parted them in euery part * 2 where they paffed, not taking notice of natiues * witliout impcdimiMit. That memorable troope of Icivs which Mo/cs led from yEgypt to Canaan was a kind of Colonic though miraculoufly conduced by God, who intended thereby to aduance his Church and to deflroy the rejcdled Ethnikes. Salmanczcr King of AjJnir was remarked for the firll who did violate the naturall ingenuitie of this commendable kind of policy by too politike an intention ; for hauing tranfported the ten Tribes of Ifracl^ to the end that tranf- planting and difperfing them, hce might cither weaken their ftrength, or abolilh their memorie by incorporating of them with his other fubje6ls ; he to preuent the dangers incident amongfl remote vaffals did fend a Colonic to inhabite Samaria of a purpofe thereby to fecure his late and quellionable conqueft. Who can imagine by this induflrious courfe of Planta- tions, what an vnexpe6led progreffe from a defpifed begin- ning hath becne fuddenly made to the height of greatneffe ! The Phaniicians quickly founded Sidon, and Tims, fo much renowned both by facrcd, and humane writers, and a few Tirians builded Carthage, which had firfl no more ground allowed her than could be compaffcd by the extended dimenfions of a Bulls hide, which for acquiring of the more ground they divided in as many fundrie parts as was poffible, yet in end that Town became the Miftreffe of Afrike, and the riuall of Rome: and Rome it felfe that great Ladie of the World, and terrour of all Nations, ambi- tioufly ,f \ \\ \ to Colonics. 157 / tioufly claymingfor her founders a few fcandalizecl fugitives that (led from the mines of Troy, did rife from fmall ap- pearances to that exorbitancy of power, which at this day is rcmembred with admiration ; Though the walls of it at that time were very lowe when the one brother did kill the other for jumping over them, either jealoufic already pre- uailing aboue naturall affection, or clfe vnaduifed anger con(lruc5]:ing that which might haue been cafually or care- lefly done, in a fmiflrous fenfe to the hatefull behaviour of infolcncy or fcorne ; Their number then was not only very fmall, but they wanted women, * without which they * 3 could not increafe nor fubfid, till they rauKhed the daughters of the Sabius.h')' a violent march at firfl;, j^ortend- ing their future rapins, and what a furious off-fpring they were likely to ingendcr. And when that haughty Citie be- ganne to fuffer the miferies which (lie had fo long beene ac- cuflomed to inflict vpon others, the venerable Citie of Venice (keeping for fo many ages a f})otleffe reputation) was firfl: begunne by a few difcouraged perfons, who fleeing from the furie of the barbarous Nations that then encroached vpon Italic, were cliflra6led with fcarc and (Seeking for their Safety) did ftumble vpon a commodious dwelling. The Grecians were the firft, at leaft of all the Gentiles, (who joyning learning with armes) did both doe, and write that which was worthie to be remembred ; and that fmall parcel of ground whofe greatneffe was then only valued by the vertue of the inhabitants, did plant Trapizonde in the Eafl, and many other Cities in AJia the leffe, the protecting of whofe liberties was the firfl caufe of warre between them and •,"1 i s\ 7T \ rc8 An Encouragement M i ■ \ ;i and the Pcrfian Monarclis ; then befides all the adjacent Iflcs they planted Siraciifd In Sicile, mofk part of Italic, which made it to bee called Grcrcia mnior, and Marfcills in France. O what a ftrange alteration ! that this part, which did flourifh thus, whileft it was poffeflcd by vigorous fpirits, who were capable of great enterprifes, did fo many braue things fhould now (the feate of bnfe fcruilc people) become the moft abject and contemptible pc^rt of all the Territories belonq-inc: to the barbarous Otiomans, whofe infolent Ian- iilaiies (is the Pretorian Guards did with their Emperours, and Mamaiukes of Ecvpt with their Soldans) prefume at this time to difpofe of the Regall power, vpbrayding the miferable follie of Chriftians, who dangeroufly embarqued in intefUnc warres, though inuited by an encountring occa- fion, ner;lc61: fo.c^^'eat, fo glorious, and fo eafie a conqueft. The Romanes comming to command a well peopled 4 * world, had no vfe of colonies, but onely thereby to * re- ward fuch old deferuing Soldiers as (age and merit pleading an immunitlc from any further conftrained trauell) had brauely exceeded the ordinary courfe of time appointed fo' 'litary feruice, which cuftome was vfed in Germanic, France, Spaine, and Brittaine, and likewife that the Townes erec^ted in this love might ferue for Citidels impofed vpon eury conquered Prouince, whereof fome doe flourith at this day, and of otl crs nothing doth remaine but the very name onely, their vuincs being fo ruined, that wee can hardly condifcend vpon what folitary part to beftowe the fame of theire former beino-. I am lothe by difputable opinions to dig vp the Tombes of mm to Colonies. 159 of them that more extenuated then the diift are buried in obliuion & will leauc thefe difrcgardcd relidls of greatnciTe to continue as they are, the fcorne of pride, witncffmg the power of time. Neither will ^ after the common cudome of the world, ouerualuiui; things pafl difualue the prefcnt, but confidering ferioufly of that which is lately done in Ireland, doe finde a Plantation there inferior to none that hath beene heretofore. The Babylonians hauing conquered the Ifraclitcs did tranfplant them as expofed to mine in a remote Countrey, fending others of their owne Nation (that they might be vtterly extirpated) to inhabite Saria in their places. And our King hath oncly diuided the moft fedi- tious families of the Iri/Ji by difperfing them in fundry j^arts within the Countrey, not to extinguilh, but to diffipate their power, who now neither haue, nor giue caufe of feare. The Romanes did build fome Townes which they did plant with their owne people by all rigour to curbe the Natiues next adjacent thereunto, And our King hath incorporated fome of his befl; Brittaines with the Irijli, planted in fundry places without power to oppreffe, but onely to ciuilize them by their example. Thus Ireland which heretofore was fcarcely difcouered, and only irritated by others, prouing to the Englifli as the Lowe Conniries did to Spaine, a meanes whereby to wafle their men, and their money, is now really conquered, * becoming a flrength to the State, * 5 and a glorie to his Majeflies gouerment, who hath in the fetling thereof excelled all that was commended in any ancient Colonic.^ ^^ As "' One of the greateft achievements fettlement of Ireland. He frequently of James 1. was the reorganization and boafted that the management of Ireland was 1 •■ I n i ; I 1 60 A71 Encottragement As all flrfl were encouraged to Plantations by the large- neffe of the conquefts that \vere propofed vnto them, fearing onely want of people, and not of land, fo in after ages when all knowne parts become peopled, they were quickly entan- gled with the other cxtremitie, grudging to be bounded within their profpect, and jarring with their neighbours for fmall parcels of ground, a ftrife for limits limiting the lienes of many who entring firft in controuerfie vpon a point of profit though with the loffe of ten times more, valuing their honour by the opinion of others behooued to proceed as engaged for the fafety of their reputation. Then richeffe being acquired by induflrie, and glorie by employments, thefe two did beget auarice, and ambition, which lodging in fome fubtile heads vpon a politike con- fideration to vnite inteftine diuifions did transferre their fplene to forraine parts, i . feeking to re6lifie the affedlions, but to bufie them abroad where leaf!; harme was feared, and moft benefit expe6led, fo that where they had firft in a peaceable fort fought for Lands onely wherewith to furnifli their neceffity, which conueniency, or fufiiciency, did eafily accommodate, now a3miing at greatneffe the dehres of men growne infinite, made them Grangers to contentment, and enemies to reft. Some Nations feeking to exchange for better feates, others to command their neighbours, there was for many ages no fpcach but of wrongs and reuenges, conquefls and reuolts, was his mafterpiece. James proceeded all his predecefTors had accomjilifhed in by a (leady and well-concerted plan ; and, upwards of four centuries. — Hi/lory if in lefs than ten years, did more towards Jiiii^laiui by David Hume, London, the improvement of that kingdom than 1808, Vol. III. p. 688. to Colonies. i6i ates, lany and lolts, reiiolts, razings and minings of States, a continuall reiiolu- tion determining the periods of Time by the miferies of mankind, and in regard of the populoufneffe of thefe ages during the Monarchies of the AJJirians, Pcrjians, GrcFcians, and Romanes, the world could not haue fubfifted if it had not beenc purged of turbulent humours by letting out the bloud of many thoufands, fo that warre was the vniuerfall Chirurgeon of thefe diflempered times : And thereafter * O what monflrous multitudes of people were flaine * 6 by huge deluges of barbarous armies that ouerflowcd Italic, France and Spaine ! and the Chriflians hauc long beene fubjedl to the like calamities wanting a commoditie how they might (not wronging others) in a Chriflian man- ner employ the people that were more chargable then .ic cffary at home, which was the caufe of much mifchiefe among themfelues, till at that time when Spaine was ftriu- ing with France how to part Italic, as Italic had formerly done with Carthage how to part Spaine. Then it pleafed God hauing pitie of the Chriftians who for purpofes of fmall importance did prodigally proflitute the lines of them whom hee had purchafed with fo pretious a ranfome, as it were for diuerting that violent kind of vanitie, to difcouer a new world, which it would feeme in all reafon fliould haue tranfported them with defignes of more moment, whereby glory and profit with a guiltleffe labour was to bee attayned with lelTe danger whereunto they are as it were inuited, and prouoked with fo many eminent aduantages ])alpably expofed to any clcare Judgem.ent that I thinke (this obuious facilitie vilifying that which a further dificul- tie II 1. ! \^ h 162 An Encouragement tie might the more endeare) the eafineffe of the prey hath bkmted the appetite. When Chrljlopher ColiimbtLs had in vaine propounded this enterpre to diners Chriflian Princes, Ifabclla of Cajlile againft the opinion of her hufband (though fo much re- nowned for \\it yet not reaching this mifterie) did firft furnilh liim for a Voyage, as if it were fatall that that Nation ihould owe the greateft part of their greatneffe to the female Sexe, And if the Spaniards would fmcerely, and gratefully haue beflowed the benefits whereby God did allure them to poffelTc this Land for the planting of it with Chriftians enclined to ciuilitie, and religion, it had at this day coniidering the excellency of the foyle, for all the pcrfe6lions that nature could affoord ; beene the moft fni- gularly accom})liflied j^lace of the world, but it hath unfor- tunately fallen out farre otherwife, that the treafures * 7 that are * drawne from thence (mynes to blowe vp mindes and rockes to mine faith) do proue the feed of diffention, the finewes of the warrc, and nurcerie of all troubles amono-ft Chriftians. The Spaniards that were fo happie as to chance firfl vpon this new World, were of all others (hauing but a vaft mountainous Countrey) in regard of their fcarcity of people, moft vnfit for ])lanting thereof, and could not but foone haue abandoned the fame, if they had not lb quickly en- countred with tlie rich M)'nes of Mexico, New Spainc and Pern, which were once likely to haue beene loft for lacke of Wood, till the way was inuented of refining Silucr by quickfiluer, which may bee eafily done out of any oarc that is I to Colonies. 163 is free from Lead, and (all the Spaniards difdayning worke as a feruile thing belowe their abilities) their greatefl trou- ble is the want of workmen : for the Natiues that are extant, furuiuing many vexations, if they become ciuile out of an indulgency to libcrtie, and eafe, whereuntoall the Americans (liking better of a penurious life thus then to haue plenty with taking paines) are naturally enclined, that they may haue a fecure eafe warrented by an order, doe betake them- felues to Cloiflers, fo that they haue no meanes to profecute thefe workes but by drawing yearly a great number of Negroes from Angola, and other parts, which being but an vnnaturall merchandife, are bought at a deare rate, and maintayned with danger, for they once of late, as I haue heard from one that was there at that time defic^ned to murther their Maflers, by a plot which fliould haue beene put in execution vpon a Good-friday, when all being exer- cifed at their deuotion were leall apt to apprehend fuch a wicked courfe, and it is alwaies feared that to reucnQ:e what of neceffitie they mufl fuffer, and to procure their lil^ertie hating noft what they feele for the prefent, and hoping for better by a change, they will Joyne with any ftrong enemy that landing there dare attempt the conquefl of that Countrey. I will not here infifl in fetting downe the manner how * the Spaniards made themfelves Maflers of fo * 8 many rich and pleafant Countries, but doe leaue that to their owne Hiflories, though I confeffc (like wifemen) they are very f paring to report the eftate of thefe parts, and doe barre all flrangers from hauing accc ffc thereunto, \viihi!""»; ft. ' 4 m ,'»i"«p,tjmj»i.i«m !!l 164 An Rncotii'do^ement wifliing to enjoy that AA'hich they loue in priuate, and not inconfiderately vanting hy the vanitie of praifee ,0 procure vnto themfekies the vexation that they might fuffer by the earnefl purfuit of emulating riuals, but as they did brauely begin, and refohitely profecute their Difcouerics in America, fo liath it juftly reconipenfed their courage, prouing the ground of all that greatnelTe which at this time (not without caufe) doth make them (as able or willing, to conquer others if not both) fo much fufpe6led by eury jealous State. And Henry the Seuenth the Salomon of England had his judge- ment onely condemned for neglediing that good occafion which was firfl offered vnto him by Columbus, yet did he prefently feeke to repaire his errour by fending forth Scbaf- tian C/iabot^^^ a Venetian who did difcouer the He of New- founci-land, and this part of the Continent of America now intended to bee planted by his Majeflies Subje61s vnder the name of New England, and New Scotland, fo that the fruits of his happie raigne ftill growing to a greater perfecftion and now ripe to bet gathered by this age, as he made way by the marriage of his eldefl daughter^'* for vniting thefe two Nations at home, fo did hee the fame likewife by this difcouerie '" Sir VV^illiam Aleximder falls into the error, ccimmon even at a very early period, of accrediting the difrovery of the north-eallern coafl of America to Seballia-i inltead of John Caljot, to whom the honor projierly belongs. This may perliaps l)e explained in the ftft that Sir Joim Cabot died foon after the voyage of 1497 ; wliile Scl)af- tian not only accompanied his fatlier on the firfl, but commanded the fecond expedition, in 149S, and was the dif- coverer nf the whole conft from New- foundland to the Carolinas. He en- joyed a diilinguiflied rer.own through a period of many years ; and the achievement of the fatiier appears, for a long time, to have been loll in the more l;)riiliant fame of tlie fon. '" Ma-garet. the eldeft daughter of Henry \'ll., married James IV. of Scotland. Their fon Jrmcs V. of Scot- land, was tiie father of M.iry Queen of Scots, and her fon, James VI. of Scot- la.id, became James I. of England, and united the two crowns. SI! 'h to Colonies. ^65 difcoiierlc abroad, but the accomplifliment of be h was refcrued for his Majcflie now reigning, and no Prince in the worlc^ may more eafily effe6luate fiich a purpofc fmcc his Dominions affoord abundance of braue men fmgularly vahied for able bodies and acliue fpirits whereof the Enirlijli haue ah-eady giuen good proofe of their fufficiency in for- raine Plantations ; but before I proceed further in that which doth concerne them I muft obferue what the French haue done in this kind. All fuch aduentrous defignes out of ignorance or enuie (either contemned, or doubtfully cefured) are neuer * approucd, nor imitated, til they be juftificd by the * 9 fucceffe, & then many who had lirfl been too diftruftfuU falling in the other extremitie of an implicite confidence, to redeeme their former negle6ls, doe precipitate themfelues in needleffe dangers. After that the Spaniards were knowne to profper, and that it was conceiued by the Voy- aore of Chabot what a larc^e vaflneffe this new Continent was likely to proue, Francis the firft did furnifli forth yohn Vcrrizzou 2i F/orcntinc, who did difcouer that part of Amer- ica which was firft (and mofh juftly) called N'cw France, and now Terra Florida, And vpon his returne he aflirming it to be (as it is indeed for all the excellencies of nature) one of the moll; pleafant parts of the world, This was the caufe that after a long delay (during the fpace of two Princes whole raignes) fome new Difcoueries reuiuing the memory of this, in the yeere of God 1562. Charles the ninth (hau- ing a haughty mind, and being fo rauiihed with a defire of glorie, that he was fometimes tempted by fniiftrous fuggef- tions w u •|J ■! ;t 1 1 l^i' 1 1 (I :! ,|^s 1 1 / \ I. . W II ^r « ^ i t V \ N :,' I \ : 1 66 An Encouragement tions in fecking after it to goe vpon wrong grounds) was quickly enamoured with the eminency of fuch a fingular de- figne, wherein lice did employ yohii Ribaut, who comming to Flo7'ida was kindly recciued by the Natiues there, and hauing made choice of a place where to build a Fort, after hee had flayed a time giuing dire(?tion for fuch things as were neceffarie to be done, he left forty men therein when hee came away with one Captaine Albert to command them, who after that hee had with difficulty beene freed from the danger of famine, and of fire (vnfeafonably affediing the difufed aufleritie of the Ancients) did for a fmall offence hang one of his companie with his owne hands, fo lofnig both the dignitie of his place, and the hearts of his people at one time, which hee fliould haue beene extremely fludious to preferue, efleeming them as fellowes of his fufferings, and coheires of his hopes, at leafl the qualitie of the offence and ncceffitie of his death fliould haue beene made fo cleare, that as importing a common good, all (if not vrging it) * lo fliould at * leaft haue condefcended thereunto, but this errour of his was acquited in as rude a manner : for his companie putting him to death did make choice o\ another Captaine, and dcfpairing of a new fupplie though wanting fkilfull workmen for fuch a purpofe (neceffitie fliarpening their wits) they builded a little Barque which they calfatted and made fit for the Seas with the Gummes of trees which they found there in ftead of Pitch, and in place of Sayles tl>ey furnilhed her \^ith fuch linnens as they had vpon their beds, and being thus fet forth (couragioufly ouer comming 4.ttff to Colonics, 167 a number of admirable difficulties) did returne to France after a defperate manner."^ The dangerleffe returne, and plaufiblc hopes of Ribaut, affifled by the ferious perfvvafions of the Admirall, (the receiued opinion of whofe not queftioned wifcdome was enough to warrant any thing that had his approbation) did moue the French king to fend out a great number of men with a competent prouifion of all things rcquifite vnder the charge of Monfieur Londonier, who had a profperous Voyage, and a congratulated arriuall at the French Fort by the Sauages in Florida, but immediately thereafter hee was extremely perplexed with the vnexpeclcd, mutinies and fa6lious offers of fome whom he had carried with him, w^ho had not gone thither intending what the}'- pretended, out of a cleare refolution to inhabite that bounds, but did onely flee from fome inconuer.ces that had vexed them at home, fuch men as hating labour they could not induftrioully ferue by their endeauours in a mechanike trade, fo were they not caplable of generous infpirations that prouoke magninimi- tie. but habitually bred to vice were naturally enemies to vertue, which made thirtie of them taking away a Barke that belonged to the Plantation betake thcmfelves to the Seas in hope (continuing as they had beene accuftomed In naughty courfes) to feize vpon a prize whereby they iTiight incontinent bee made rich ; and their defigne in fome meaf- ure had the projected iffue,but in place of raifing their fortunes (the Lord neuer bleffing * them that abandon * 1 1 fuch a worthie worke, much leffe with a minde to doe mifchiefe) "* Antea, p. 26; also see note 38, p. 33. 1 , ' ; '\ >ll i IK M I r i68 A71 Encourage^nent mifchicfe) it proucd in end away to worke their confufion, And Lojtdonicre being ]ia|)i:)ie to haue his companie purged of fueh peftiferoLis fellowes did carrie himfelfe brauely as became a commander, aduifedly enquiring concerning the Sauages, what their force was, what relation tliey had one to another, where they were friends or foes, how their pleafures were placed, and by what accounts they reckoned their gaines or loffes, fo that hce was alwaies ready as might ftand beft with the good of his affaires to affift, or oppofe, to deuide, or agree any partic, thus by fliewing power pur- chafmg auvhoritie, til he drew the ballance of all bufienelTc to bee fwayed where he would as being Mafter of the Coun- trey. Hereupon (the vmbragious afperfions of enuie fo darkened reafon that it could not difcerne merite at leaft out of a depraued opinion with a derogatory cenfure can- celling all naturall ingenuitie, could not or would not ac- knowledge what was due thereunto) a report was fpread in France by fome that Loudonierc lined like a Prince difdayn- ing the condition of a Subjed:, and the French out of a prepofterous policie fearing what they fliould haue wiflied that one of their owne Nation could be too great abroad, they fent backe RibaiU with a new commiffion to fucceed him in his charge, (fhaking thereby the firfl foundation of a growing greatneffe) who feeking to fleale priuatcly vpon him to preuent aduertifements that hee might take him at vnawares did hardly efcape to haue beene funke at his firft entrie. Immediately after that Ribaut was admitted Gouernour {Lajtdoniere hauing fliewed himfelfe as dutifull to obey as he to Colonics, 169 )ur as he he had becne fl-cilfull in commanding) intclligcMicc was giuen them that fixe Spauijh Ships were riding at an anchor not farrc from thence, and he aml^itioufly afpiring to grace his beginning with fome great matter againft the aduice of all the refl: with an obflinatc refolution would needs goe and purfue them taking the befl of the companie with him, and fo left the Fort weakly guarded, which made it * to proue an eafie prey for the Spajiiards of whom the * 1 2 mofl; part leaning their Ships (a minde tranfported with hope not thinking of paine) did march thorow the woods whence no perill was expelled, and in a maruellous ftormy night, as if the very Heauens (acceffarily culpable) had confpired with the malice of men for the working of mif- chief. When the Frenchmen (too much affecting their owne eafe) had neglected their watch, furprizing their Fort did put them all to the fword, which extreme crueltie of theirs was brauely reuenged by one Captaine Gorgiics a Gentleman of Burdeaiix, who out of a generous difpofition being fenfible of this publike injurie whereby all his Nation was interefted, as if it had only in particular imported the ruine of his owne fortunes, went of purpofe to this part, and fecretly before his comming was knowne contratfling a great friendlliip with the Sauages who did hate the auflere countenance, and rigorous gouernment of the Spaniards^ when it came to be compared with the infinuating formes of the French, he found the meanes by a ftratagem that he vfed to entrap the Spaniards, by the death of them all expiating that which they had made his Countrymen for- merly to fuffer, ye: all. * the manner of many being more apt 1 I'i 1 1 I : ill -,% ^. ^. ^ ^ ^^y^^"' IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) '''/ <4^.4i>^ m^ z. 1.0 I.I 11.25 li^ 1 2^ 1 2.5 |50 *^" HHI "■"IS U 1116 V] A? % '/ # /S^ Hiotographic Sdeices Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STkilsr WEBSTER, N.Y. 145*0 (716) 872-4503 "^ \ V m ■^ 4 6^ '^ I ;->\?^ <\ 170 An Encouragement h\\ apt toacciuirc than to prcfcruc (acSling greater things when carried with the impetuofity of a prefent fury than hee could confirme witli the conftant progreffc of a well fettled refolution) he made no more vfe of his vi61oric,but returned back to France, flattering himfelf with the hope of a trium- ])ha]! welcome, in j)lace wliereof by fome meanes made Court he was proclaimed a Rebell, as a facrifice appointed to appeafe Spaitic. This was the lafl thing that the Frcncli did in Florida. The next forraine aduenture was likewife i)rocured by the Admirall, a worthie man, who would gladly haue diuerted the vindicliue difpofitions of his Countrymen from the bloudy ciuile warres wherewith they were then entangled, to profecutc fome braue enterprife abroad whereby they might not be made guilty, and yet haue * 13 glorie, The * man that did offer himfelfe for Condu6lor of the Voyage was one Villcgapion a knight of Malta who then pretcded to be of the reformed religion (as all doe who affecl: to appeare what they are not indeed) making fliew of extriordinary remorfe, and zeale, and that hee had a defire to retire himfelfe from the vanitie, corruption, and vexation of their jmrts to fome remote place in America^ where profeffmg himfelfe fuch as he was, he might (free from all kind of impidiments) begin a new life, and where he ho})Ld to found fuch a Colony as fliould ferue for a retreat to all thofe of the reformed Religion who (weary of the ]:>erfccuti6s at home) would goe where they might Hue with fafety, and enjoy the libcrtie of their confcience, by this meanes hee got a great number to accOpany him, amor'jfl > ( to Colonics. 171 amongft whom was Joliu dc Lcnc their Minidcr, a learned man who wrote adifcourfe of all that palled in this Voyage, and there were fundry others that came from the Towne of Gcncua, fo that hauing a reafonable number well prouided, hcc embarqued and fayled towards Brafik\ making choice of a place fit for a Plantation, where they found (the foile excellent, the Natiues well inclined towards them, and a fuj)plie comming in due time) all things fo concurring for their contentment that they mifjht haue beuunne a ureat worke happie and hopefull for their poftcritie, if Villagag- 11011 had beene the man that he made them beleeue he was, but he apparently neuer louing them of the Religion in his heart had cownterfeitel to doe fo for a time, onely (angling their affections) by this meanes to draw a fupply from them; for as foone as hee was fetled in his nouernment, that hee found himfelfe llrong enough by Catholikcs, and others of his friends that he had with him to doe (as hee thought) what he would, ftraight, remouing the maflce that hyi)Ocrifie had put vpon him, he difcharged all exercife of the reformed religion which no man with more feruency ha.l profeffed than himfelfe, commandinq; all to conforme themfelues to the orders that he had fet downe, but (in place of feare which he purpofed to giue, receiuing but contempt) *this bafe kind of carriage did quite ourthrowe his * 14 authoritic,and they making a partie amongft thcmfelves did remoue with their IVIiniller yo/ui dc Lcric, which diuifion of their Colonic in two was the caufe that neither could fubfift, fo that Vil/ai:^aonon abandoning that Countrey, all after many feueral defignes returned vnto France, hauing found I ill ( 'II •ill 1 ' \\ M i ' 172 An Encouragement '! 'n found no impediment to fo good a purpofc but the perucrfe- neifc of fucli mindes as they had carried with them. Monfieur De Laraucrdicr a very worthie Gentleman did of bte enterprife the like courfe in the fame bounds, and was croffed in the fame manner by the difference of Religion (difputations quickening them to controuert who will not be conuerted) that difl:ra6led his companie with fcucral opinions, yet at this time a long continuance mak- ing that leffe (Irange amongfl; the French then it was wont to be, the Gentleman did command with fuch judgement, and difcretion, that what euer priuate diflike was, it neuer burfled forth in any open infurrecflion. And for the fpace of foure or fiue yeeres being befriended by the Natiues though continually oppofed both by the Spaniards and by the Portiigals, yet he alwaies preuayled, lining (as himfelfe told me) with more contentment thai, euer he had done in his time either before or fince ; hee could neuer difcerne any Winter there by the effects, feeing no flormy weather at all, and finding a continuall greenneffe to beautifie the fields, which did affoord fuch abundance, and variety of all things neceffaryfor the maintaynance, that they were neuer in danger of famine, but in end finding no more people comming from France, and fearing that time (hould weare away them that were with him ; then being flattered with the loue of his natiue foyle, longing to fee his friends, and tempted by the hope of a prefent gaine, which as he imag- ined might the better enable him for fome fuch purpofe m an other part, he capitulated with the Spaniards to furreder the place hauing alfurace giuen him for a great fumme of to Colonies, ^n of money which fliould haue bcenc dcHucrcd in * Spaiiie, but coniming to rccciue the fame (it being * 15 more eafie to pay debt by reuengeing a pretended injurie then with money which fome would rather keepe then their Faith) he was cart; in prilbn, where hee reniayned long, till at lafl; he was deliuered bv the mediation of our Kings Ambaffadour, and came here where I fjiake with him of purpofe to giue his Majeflie thankes. I heare that for the prefent he is now at Roc/ic/l {\\\i\\ a hope to repaire his error) ready to embarque for fome fuch like enterprife. This is all that the Frenchmen haue done in the South parts of America, and now I will make mention of their proceedings in thefe parts that are next vnto vs. Francis the firft of France a braue Prince, and naturally giuen to great things, after the Voyage made by Jo/in Ver- rizan {Chabot hauing difcouered the Continent for Henry the feuenth) did fend forth fames Quariier one of Saint Malo, who by two fcuerall Voyages did difc^ uer the Riuer of Canada, and by his relation doth commend it exceedingly as being fertile in variety of Fifhcs, and bordered with many pleafant meadowes, and flately woods, hauing in fun- dry parts abundance of Vines grov/ing wilde, chiefly in one He which he hath called by the name of the He of Orleans}^^' This man ncuer made any Plantation at all, but onely dif- coured and traffiqucd with the Sauages, neither was there any further done by Roberwall, who did Hue one Winter at Cape Breton. The "* On Alexander's map, the Ifle of This is remarkable, efpecinlly if, as we Orleans is erroneoufly placed not lefs mav well fuppofe, Lcfcarbot's map was tlian twenty leagues weft of Quebec, before him. I i 1 111 li ': i % ! w i \''f il : ..,»? ' ) !* 174 An llncotiran'ment The Marqueffc Dc la Roche by a Conimiffion from Henry the fourth, intending a Voyage for Cannada, happened by the way vpon the He o\ Sablon{\\\\\^\\ is now comprehended within the Patent of N'eio Scoiland) and there (trufling to the flrcngth of the jjlace where tliere are no Sauages at all) landed fome of his men till hee fhould haue found a conuenient place within the maine Land fit for habitation, promifing then to returnc for them ; but it was his fortune by reafon of contrary winds neuer to finde the maine Land, bein<'" blowne backe to /v'rtwf^ without feeinti; of them, * 16 where he was in the time of the ciuile * war res (fuch is the vncertainty of worldly things producing vnex- pe(5led cffecls) taken prifoner by the Duke of Mercccur, and fliortly after died, fo that his pcoi)le whom hee had left at Sablon furnifhed but for a fhort time had quickly fpent their prouifions, and tooke for their maintaynance onely fuch things as the place it felfe did without labour freely affoord, which hath a race of Kowes"' (as is thought) firfl tranQjorted thither by the Portugals that haue long contin- ued '" Sable Ifland is about a Imndred miles fouth-eall frnni iNova Scotia, about twenty-five miles in lenjitli, and four or five in its greateft widtli ; in the form of a crefcent. Iiaving its con- vexity t("wardH the fouth ; compofed of two lines of drift-fand, between which are lakes or ponds of water. It has a litde grafs, and low fruit-ljearing fhrubs. It has no harlior, and the whole region about it is a vail fandy ftioal. It was early the fcene of many fliipwrecks. Near it Sir Humphrey Gillicrt periflicd in 15S3. Charlevoix informs us that cattle and (heap were lodged on this ifland from Spanifli wrecks, and had multiplied, and for a time fcrved for food for the French exiles left there in 1598. — Hijlory of A'ciu France, by Charlevoix, trandated by John G. Shea, New York, 1866, Vol. I. p. 244. Winthrop, writing under date of 1635, fays that Mr. John Rofe, who had been cail away on Sable Kland two years previous to that, "faw aboul eight hundred cattle, fmall and great, all red, and tiie largeft he ever faw, and triany foxes, whereof fome perfe(5l black."— /rV/////;vvi'j Hijl. New Eiig., Bofton, 1S53, Vol. I. p. 193. to Colonics. ■75 le of ued there, and fundry roots fit to be eaten, with abundance of Filhes, Fowle and Venifon. And (liauing no nicanes to line but by fport) as for their apparell they clothed them- felues with the fkinnes of fuch creatures as they could kill by Land, or Sea, fo that lining there for the fpace of twelve yeeres when they were i)rerented to Henry the fourth who had hired a Filherman to bring them home, as I have heard from them that did fee th.em at firfi: before the King, they were in very good health, and looked as well, as if they had lined all that time in France: But hauing beene abufed by the Fi(herman who (cunningly concealing that he had beene directed by the King) did bargaine with them to haue all their fkinnes for tranfporting them, home, which were of great value, fome of them being of blacke Foxes, which were fold at fiftie pounds flerling apiece, and aboue, for the re- couerie thereof they intended a i)roceffe againll; him before the Court of Parliament at Paris, wherein by the equitie of their courfe, or by the compaffion of the ludges, they pre- uayled, gayning by that meanes a ftocke wherewith to traf- fique in thefe parts againe. Monfieur De Monies procuring a Patent from Henry the fourth of Cannada from the 40. degree Ealhvard comj^re- hendinportable prefumption, and imperious kinde of carriage, vfing Spiritull Armes for Temjjorall ends, whofe fpleene had excommunicated and branded him with a Sjjir- ituall cenfure, hee threatened them by his Temporall power with a more i)alpable punilhmcnt, fo that after much con- trouerfie, refoluing to feparate themfelues, the two lefuites taking a part of the company with them, went ^om thence * to a place in New lin inland, called b\ them * 21 Mount Di'/i'rt}^'^ where they feated themf' l.ies, and hauing a fupply froni the Queene Mother, did plant lundry fruit trees of the moll; delicate kinds in France fuch as Aprieukes and Peaches neuer intending to remoue from thence. At this time Sir Savniell ArgalL who liath beene Gou- ernour of Virzinia, coaftimj alon«j;ft: New lius^land, to traf- fique, difcouer, or to acquire things nccelTary for the Southerne colonic in thefe parts, where the Lands are re- puted to be more fertile, and the Seas more frequented, did conceiue by a difcription made vnto him by the Sauages, that there were fomc come from this part of the World to inhabit there, and being iealous of any thing that might derogate from the honour, or prooue preiudiciall to the ben- efit "* This iflancl was named by Cham- fell, to whom it appears to have been plain Monts Uefert, probably in com- granted, by the Council for New Kng- pliment to the patentee, De IMonts, land, fome time anterior to the Jill May, though poffibly from its wild and moun- 1622. — See Ixecon/s of the Coutuil for tainous character. Its Indian name Neiv Etiglaiui, Proceedings of Am. was Pemetiq. The Englilh called it Antiq. Society, Cambridge, 1867, pp. Mount Manfell after Sir Robert Man- 59, 74. \\ 11 ^1 S"'!"*',) ■ "",'T,"iH,"!JtV., •[. .• , iP^^flWJTTT-'TW""' 182 -^;2 Encottragement U. 1. rl !« M ■|. ! efit of his Nation, wlicrcof their intcrcfl; in this was eafie to be apprehended, hee went whereas hee was informed that they were, and his unexpeded arriuall, as it would fceme, not onely amazed the mindes of the French, but likewife preuenting their preparation, and refolution, he approched fo neer to a Ihip that lay before their Fort, that hee beate them all that were within, with Mufket fliot, from making any vfe of their Ordnance, and killed one of the two lefuits, who was giuing fire to a Peece ; hauing taken the fliip he landed and went before the Fort, fummoning them that were within to yeeld themfelues, who at the firft made fome difficultie, afking a time to aduife, but that being refufed, they priuately abandoned the Fort, ftealing out by fome back way into the Woods, where they flayed one night, and the next day comming backe rendred them- felues giuing vp the Patent ''"^ they had from the French King to boe cancelled, hee vfed them courteoufly, as their owne Writers doe make mention, fuffering fuch as had a minde to goe for France, to feeke out filhers fliips wherein they might bee tranfported, the reft that were willing to goe for Virginia, went thither alongft with him, no man hauing loft his life, but onely that one lefuite who was killed whileft they made refiftance during the time of * 22 the * conflict, thereafter Father Biard the other of the lefuites comming backe from Virginia, with Sir Sam- uell Argall, out of the indigestable malice that he had con- ceiued '*' The patent to be cancelled was the Marchionefs de Guercheville, who, the cominifllon granted to La Sauflaye, with the Queen-regent of France, was who had tranfported the colony to making extraordinary efforts to plant Mount Defert under the patronage of Roman Catholic miffions in America. to Colonics, i8 ceiucd againfl Bicncourt, did informe him where he had planted hinifelfe offering (as hee did) to condu(5l him thither. As foone as they were entred within the Port, neere the vppermofl: of the Hands, Sir Sanmell directing the (liif to ride at a reafonable diftance to attend occafions before the Fort, did land himfelfe with fortic of the befl: of his men vpon a Meadow, where immediately they heard a Peece of Ordnance from the Fort, and he conceiuing fince it was fliot whillT: it could do no harme that it was done either but to giue terrour to them, or to warne fome that might hap- pen to bee abroad, Did make the greater halle towardes the Fort, where hee prefently entred, finding it abandoned without any men at all, left for the defence thereof, hee went vp the Riuer fide fine or fixe miles, where hee faw their Barnes and the ground where a great quantitic of Wheate had growne, which he carried with him to feme for Seed in Virginia, he faw likewife their Corne Mill very Conuently placed, which together with the Barnes hee left {landing Vntouched. As for the P'ort it felfe he deftroyed it downe to the ground, razing the French Amies, and leauing no monument remayning, that might witnefs their being there. After this Bicncoiirt who had beene fomewhere abroad traueling through the Countrey, comming home defired to conferre with Sir Samuell Argall, who did meete with him apart from the Company vpon a Medow, and after they had expoflulatcd a fpace for what had paft controuerting concerning the French and EngliJJi Title to thefe bounds, at lafl Bimcourt offered (if hee might haue a protedion) to depend m ii Hi Hit A 1 84 An Encotirao^ement depend vpon our King, and to draw the whole Furres of that Countrcy to one Port, wlierc he would diuide them with him, As likewlfe he would fliew him good Metalls, whereof hee gaue him pieces, but the other refufed to ioyne in any focietie with him, protefting that his commif- * 23 fion was onely to difplant him, and that if hee * found him there, after that time he would vfe him as an enemy. Bicnconrt labouring carneftly to haue had the lefuit (as he confeffed) with a purpofe to hang him. Whilft they were difcourfmg together, one of the Sauages came fuddenly forth from the Woods, and licentiated to come neere, did after his manner earneftly mediate a peace, won- dring why they that feemed to bee of on Countrey fliould vfe others with fuch hoftilitie, and that with fuch a forme of habit and geflure as made them both to laugh. After this Bicnconrt remoouing from thence to fome other part, Monficiir Champkin who had liued long here, did Carrie a company with him from France, of fome fortic perfons or thereabouts vp the Riuer of Canada, whom hee planted on the North fide thereof, with a purpofe to ferue for a Fa6lorie, drawing all the Trade of that farre running Riuer (which a plantation would haue difperfed in many parts) within the hands of a few whom he doth command otherwife if his defires had beene bended that way, hee might haue planted many people there ere now, the place is called Kebcck, where the French doe profper well, hauing Corne by their owne labour, which may fuVnifli themfelues for food, and likewife for a flocke to traffique with the Sau- ages, with fundry Fruits, Roots, Vine, Grapes and Turkey Wheatc. to Colonies. i8S Wheate. Champlein hath difcouered the Riiier of Canada^ from the Gulfe vpwards aboue twelue hundred miles, finding in it fometimes fuch falles, as to fcape the fame, he mud Carrie his Boate a little way by Land, and then hee did many times come to great Lakes at the end whereof hee did find a Riuer againe, and the lafi; Lake where hee came was a very huge one, iudged to bee three hundred miles in length, by the report of fome Sauages, who did affn-me vnto him, that at the further end thereof they did find Salt- Water, and that they had feene great Veffels which made Champlein beleeue that a paffage might be there to the Bay of California, or to fome part of the South Sea, which would prooue an ineflimable benefit for the Inhabitants of thofe parts, opening a neer way to * China, which hath * 24 beene fo many fundry wayes with fo great charges fo long fought for, howfoeuer in regard of the feafon, and for want uf neceffary prouifions, Champlein did returne backe at that time with a purpofe to goe againe another yeere, which if he hath done is not yet knowne, but this is moft certaine, that the Riuer of Canada hath a loncf couKe and through many goodly Countreyes, fome of thefe great Lakes by fending forth, or by receiuing great Riuers, do affoord meanes of Commerce as farre as to fome parts of Terra Florida, as may bee gathered by Champleins Difcou- erie. And now hauing giuen a breuiarie of all that is done by the French in America, I will next report of that which hath beene done by fome others. I will not here make mention of the many and braue Voyages that at the Sea haue happily beene performed by the I i I ; i M i86 ,M An Encouragement ' ^1 ^1 i t I the EngliJJi, which fame by eternall records hath recom- mended to be applauded by the bed judgements of euery age, but I will only fhortly touch that which they haue attempted by way of Plantation, beginning with the Neiw found Land which was firfl difcouered, and doth lie neerefl to this Countrey. Sir Huinfjry Gilbert hauing a Commiffion from Oueene Elizabeth did take poffeffion of it ir her name at St. Johns Harbour,'^' and thereafter purpoied to haue feene Canada, but encountring with fome unexpedled croffes as hee was returning from thence, feeking to con- demne an opinion (malice or enuie ordinarily taxing all afpiring fpirits whofe vertue by way of refledlion doth vpbraide the bafenefs of others) that had beene conceiued of him as wanting courage, he precipitated himfelfe vpon another extremitie, not to feeme fearfull, prouing defpe- rate ; for in the time of a ftorme, out of a needleffe brauerie, to fliew a contempt of danger, being in a little fmall Pin- nace, and refufmg to come to his befl Shippe that was of a larger burden, hee was fuddenly fwallowed vp by the wanes neere to the He of Sablon, and his death did ouerthrowe great hopes of a Plantation that by the generoufneffe of his minde might juftly haue beene expe6led from *25 *him; but long before his time and euer fmce the EngliJJi had vfed to fifli vpon the Banke, and within the Bayes of Nciufoiind Land, and the fweetneffe of the benefit arifmg from thence, did perfwade a companie com- pofed of Londoners and Weft-country men to joyne together for fending fome to inhabite there, where before howfoeucr he '" Aiitea, p. 175, note iiS. to Colonies. 187 I the Summer was large as bote as here, the Winter was thought vnfuffcrable. The firft houfcs for a habitation were built in Cupids Coue within the Bay of Conception, where people did dwell for fundry yeeres together, and fome well fatisfied both for pleafure, and profit, are dwelling there flill, finding fmall difference betweene the feafons of the yeere in that Climate, and here. There is another Plantation begunne at Harbour a Grace within the fame Bay by the Citie of Brijloll, called Brijlols Hope, whereas by the fowing and reaping of fome Cornes of fundry forts doth appeare what further may poffibly be expe61ed ; And within thefe three yeeres Maflcr Secretary Calnert hath planted a companie at Farriland, who both for building and making triall of the ground haue done more than euer was performed before by any in fo fliort a time, hauing already there a broode of Horfes, Kowes, and other beaflial, and by the induflry of his peo- ple he is beginning to draw back yeerly fome benefit from thence already ; which courfe howfoeuer at firfl it proue good, or bad for his particular, is by example beneficiall for the publike. Laft, I heare that my Lord Vicount Falklaiid now Lord Deputie of Ireland, hath this lafl yeere fent a companie to inhabite at Renouze2i place lying South-wefl from Ferriland, where the foyle is efl:eeme»„. to be the befl whereupon any hath letled there as yet, and hee hath the fliortefl way, and befl opportunitie of any within his Majeflies Dominions for tranfporting of people and cattell to that part from Ireland, which if his courfe bee rightly direfled, as all haue reafon to wifli, may promife him a good fucceffe. The 11 111 i ii if' i» V i88 A71 Eiicoitragement ^1 1 1 ill I.- •; 1. \ k The firfl Patentees for Newfound-land haue giiicn * 26 mee *a grant of that part thereof which doth He North-wefl from the Bay of Placcutia to the great Gulfe of Canada oiier-againfl New Scotland, where I had made a Plantation ere now, if I had not beene diiierted by my dcfignes for Nciv Scotland, but I purpofe to doe it as foone as conuently I may. The mofl: part of the bounds whereupon any hath planted as yet in Ncivfonnd Land is found to be rockie and not fit to be manured: it may be thefe that made choice thereof (negle(5ling the Land) had onely a regard to dwell commodioufly for making vfe of tlie Sea, the prefent profits whereof doth recompence the lol'fc of that which might be expecfted by the other, but there can be no hope of any conftant dwelling where the people that inhabite doe not take a courfe to maintaine themfelues by their owne Cornes, and pafture, as all there might doe, if they would refpe6l their pofteritie more than the prefent time. Before I come to the Continent I mufl: remember the lies of the Bermudas, whofe Difcoucrie and Plantation was procured by fo ftrange a meanes, for a Ship happening to perifli vpon their Coaft, herpaffingers feeking the next Land for refuge, they were compelled to doe that out of neceffitie whereunto in good reafon, both for honour and profit, they might more warrantably haue beene united. Thus doth benefit flowe from loffe, fafety from mine, and the Plantation of a Land from the defolation of a Shippe : they found at the firfl flore of Hogs, which in all appear- ance had there beginning from fome fuch an accident as theirs to Colonies. 189 theirs was, and tlie Fowlcs were there in abundance fo eafie to be taken that they could fcarcely be frit^hted away, thefc firft j)eoi:)le by repairing of their Ship which was caft away vpon the Land, or by building fome other Veffell out of her mines, comniing backe to Eiiqlaud, and reporting what was part, fome joyned together in a companie after they had taken a Patent thereof from the King, and did fend jK'ople of purpofe to inhabite there, who trufting too much to the goodneffe of the foyle, and neglecting their ownc induffrie, or not gouerning that well which was * car- * 27 ried with them, were reduced to a great diflrefs for want of vi(5luals, fo that, if they had not becne confined within an Ifland (more fenfible of a prefent fuffering then capable of future hopes) they would willingly haue retired from thence, but a great quantitie of Ambergreece hauing been found by one by chance, and fent backe in a Shij:) that was goincf for London, their Merchants finding it to bee of a great value, were fo encouraged by fuch a fubftantiall argument, that they prefently difpatched away a new fupply of perfons and all prouifions neceffary, who arriuing there, and hauing confidered what a gulfe of famine was likelv to haue fwallowed their fellowes, they improuing their judge- ment by the others experience, by betaking themfelues to labour in time did preuent the like inconuenience ; there is no Land where men can Hue without labour, nor none fo barren whence induflrie cannot drawe fome benefit. All Adams pofferitie were appointed to worke for their food, and none muft dreame of an abfolute eafe, which can no- where fubfifl: pofitiuely, but onely comparatiuely, according to the occafions more or leffe. This i4!l (I I % 190 An Rncoiiragcment Tliis Plantation of the Bcrnnidas, a place not knowne when the King came to Eugland, hath profpcred fo in a fliort time, that at this prefent, befidcs their ordinary (and too extraordinarily valued) commoditie of Tobacco, they haue growing there Oranges, Figs, and all kind of fruits that they pleafe to plant, and doe now intend to haue a Suoar worke. Thefe lies beincf about twentie miles in bredth can oncly be cntred into but by one paflage, which is fortified and eafily commanded by Ordnance, fo that, hauing no Sauages within, and fearing no forces without, it is efteemed to be impregnable ; and the number of the Inhabitants there, being neere three thoufand perfons, are fuilficient for the ground that they poffeffe. This part may proue exceedingly fleadable to this State, if euer it happen to haue (as it hath heretofore had) any defignes for feruice in thefe Seas. The firft Plantation that euer the EvgliJJi intended * 28 * abroad was in F/r<^/;//7, which was firft difcouered and named fo by Sir Walter Raleigh, who in the time of Queene Elizabeth did place fome perfons to inhabite there, who not being fupplied in time, or out of ignorance, or lazineffe, not vfing the ordinary means (the vfual fault of all beginners) were brought by famine to a great ex- tremity. And Sir Francis Drakes comming by chance that way did tranfport them backe with him to England, whileft at the fame time there was another companie furniflied forth by Sir Walter Raleigh, who miffing them whom they ex- peded to haue found there, did remaine ftill themfelues ; but "1 to Colonics. 191 but wliat did become of tlieni, if they did remoiie to fome other part, perilli, difperfe, or incorporate with the Saiiages (no monument of ther/ remayning) is altogether vnknowne ; This noble worke hauing fo hard a beginning after a long difcontinuanee was reuiued againe in the Kings time by a companie compofed of Noblemen, Gentlemen, and Merchants, who (joyning priuate purfes with publike fup- plies) did fend thither a fufficient Colonic, well furnilhed with all things neceffarv, who after their firfl comming had a continuall warrc with the Natiues, till it was reconciled by a Marriage of the Kings filler with one of the Colonic, who hauing come to Eugland, as fhee was returning backe, died, and was buried at Grave/end. Thus euen amongfl: thefe Sauages (libertie being valued aboue life) as they were induced to contefl: in time, before that power which Jiey fuf- pe6led, could come to fuch a height, that it might haue a poffibilitie of depreffmg them, fo was their Malice with their feares, quickly calmed by the meanes of a marriage ; Law- full allyances thus admitting equalitie remoue contempt, and giue a promifcuous off-fpring extinguifhing the diftinc- tion of perfons, which if that People became Chriflians, were in fome fort tolerable, for it is the onely courfe that vniting minds, free from jealoufies, can firfl; make Grangers confide in a new friendfliip, which by communicating their bloud with mutual alfurancc is left hereditary to their pos- terite. * This longed for peace, though it bred a great con- * 29 tentment for the time, was attended by Wrapping them that apprehended no further danger (too common an incon- ueniente l> t 192 An Encotiragevient ucnicntc) vp in tlie lazic rLMiiirfncfs of improuidcnt fccuritie. For a number leaning tiie feate of the maync Colonic, did difperfc themfelues to Hue apart, as if they had bin into a well inhabited Countrey, which (as perchance) it had em- boldened the Sauagcs to embrace the firfl occafion of a quarrell, fo did it giue them an eafie way for executing the mifchiefe that they intended, by killing two or three hun- dred perfons before they could aduertize one another, farre lefs, ioyne to oppofe them in a company together, which courfe might not onely then hauc made them able to refift, but preuented the others refolution had kept them from being purfued : yet I hearc of late, that they haue reuenged this iniury (though (as fome report) not after a commenda- ble manner) by killing their King, with a great number of the chiefe of them whom they fufpecfled moft. This Plantation of Virginia, if it had not beene croffcd by the Incurfion of the Sauages abroad, and by the diuifion of their Owners at home, had attayned to a great perfec- tion ere now, hauing had Inhabitants from hence to the number of neere three thoufand perfons, and if fome of them who are there, being Lords of reafonable proportions of ground, and hauing people of their owne, owing nothing but due obedience to a Superior Power, and the leading of a life conforme to the Lawes, had no care but (making their Lands maintayne themfelues) how to build, plant, and plenifli in fuch fort as might beft eftablifli a fortune for their Pofleritie, they might quickly make vp a new Nation, but is a great difcouragement vnto them who dwell there, that they muft labour like the Seruants of a Family, pur- chafing IP i. /(? Colonies. 193 chafing tlieir food and rayment from Eiiq^/and, in exchange of Tobacco, as they diredlcd by their Mafters, many where- of arc flrangers to the eftatc of that bounds, and in- tending to fettle none of their Race there, * haue no * 30 care but how the befl: benefit may prefently bee drawn backe from thence, the number of Voyces at their affem- bHes preualing more than the foundneffe of iudgement, othcrwife that Countrey before this time for Wine, Oyle, Wheate, and other things neccffary for the life of man might haue equalled for the like quantitie any bounds within Europe, to which the foile of itfelfe lacking nothing but the like induftry is in no way inferior. And it is to be exceedingly whhed by all his Maicfiies fubiecSls that the Plantation of Virginia may profper well, which lying neereft to part from whence danger might come, may proue a Bulwarke for the fafetie of all the reft. That which is now called Nczu Encrland was firft compre- hended within the Patent of Virginia, being the Northeaft part thereof, it was vndertaken in a Patent by a company of Gentlemen in the Weft of England, one of whom was Sir lohn Popham then Lord Chief Juftice, who fer.L the firft company that went of purpofe to inhabit there neer to Scgadahock, but thofe that went thither, being preffed to that enterprize, as endangered by the Law,'^ or by their owne "* The reafon here fuggefted by the influence the better fort, as we hrxvc author for tlie abandonment of the plan- fliown, antea, pp. 42-44. Thofe who tation at Sagadahock is not inchided were overwlielmed with debt, or whofe among thofe afligned by other early means of fubfirtence were meagre at writers. The inducements held out to home, were moft likely to accept fuch the laborer to engage in an American offers as were mide at that period ; and colony, at that time, were not fuch as to it is not unHkely that the "rank and file" 13 1*1 ^11 ir« ! It :tit \ i% 194 An Rncouras^cmcnt i « ownc ncccffitics (no enforced thing jirouing plcafant, dif- contented perfons fuffering, while as tliey a6l can feldome haue good fuccelTe, and neuer fatisfaclion) they after a Winter flay dreaming to themfelves of new hopes at home returned backe with the firfl occafion, and to iullifie the f.uldennelTe of their rcturne, they did coyne many excufes, burdening the bounds where they had beene with all the afperfions that pofibly they could deuife, feeking by that meanes to difcourage all others, whofe prouident for- wardncs importuning a good fucceffe, might make their bafe fluggilhnefs for abandoning the beginning of a good workc, to be the more condemned. About a foure yeeres fince, a fhippe going for Virginia, comming by chance to harbour in the South-weft part of Ni'2ii Eiiglatid, neere Cajje Cod, the conipany whom fhee carried for Plantation, being weary of the Sea, and enam- ored with the beautie of the bounds that firll: offered it felfe vnto them gorgeoufly garniflied with all wherewith pregnant file" of this colony was made up of this they all agreed with one confont that, clafs, and that in their extreme pov- under the circumlLinces, it was expe- erty they could be properly fpoken of dient to abandon the plantation, and as prcfled to the enterprife, as endan- return to their Englifli homes. — Antca, gered by the law or their own necefli- pp. 31-33. ties. As Sir William Alexander was aim- Hut the fenfe of their danger does ing at this time to plant a colony in a not appear to have been very deeply l\ill more northern region, it was natu- feated : it certainly did not drive from ral that he fliould not wifli to give their minds the pleafant dreams of new prominence to the inhofpitable char- hopes at home, and they were quite adcr of the climate, as a reafon for the ready to face the majelty of the law, failure of this attempt, to which the "incapable of pity, void and empty returning colonills appear to have given from any dram of mercy," rather than currency, but which he juilly believed to pafs another winter in the icy re- would prove to be no permanent ob- gions of the Sagadahock. ftacle whatever to fettlements in thofe But the leading men in the colony northern latitudes. I lepalVes over there- were not of this clafs. Nevertlielefs, tore the unui'ual frolls of 1607. to Colonics, 195 •pregnant nature rauilliing tlie fight with variet) can ^31 grace a fertile field, '^'' did rcfolutely llay, and feated theinfelues in that place which is now called New Plini- mouth, where they haue buikled good houfes, and by their ovvne induftry haue prouided thenifelues in fuch fort as they are likely to fubfift, keeping a good correfpondencie with the Cantaines of the Sauages, who haue done nothing hitherto that might offend them (and after this) though they would dare attempt nothing to their preiudice, who are now about two hundred perfons, and doe increafe their number ycerely. They find both the Land and the Seas there abounding in all tilings needfull for the vfe of man, and doe gouerne thcmfelues after a very ciuil and prouident manner. Sir Fcrdinando Gorge hath becne a chiefe man for the furtherance of all things that might lend to the aduancc- ment of New England, hauing bcene at great charges thefe many yeercs pafl; for the Difcouerie thereof, in doing which (a good intention bent for other ends, cafually bringing forth this effeifl) the fifliing there (not fought for) was found, which doth proue now fo profitable, as fortie or fif- tie Sayle are employed there from England yeerely, and all '^^ This is indeed a rofcate view of the fands of Cape Cod in a bleak and frofly November ! " What could they fee but a hidious & defok.c wildernes . . . the whole countrie . . . reprefented a wild & favage heiw." — BradfonVs PlyinoHth Plantation, pp. 78, 79. We Ihould doubtJefs obferve that, in this " Encouragement," the author is an advocate as well as an hiltorian. He would naturally look upon the bright fide, if one could be found, of any 1I0- nial entcrprifc which was really fuc- ceeding. On the other hand, it was for the intereft of the colony of New Ply- mouth that it fliould be favorably repre- fented in England ; p.nd it is not un- likely that the current opinion of it there, for fome years, may have been highly colored, and the pitture made as attractive as poffible, while the hard- (hips, hitler enough, were kept in the background. ' i. \h , a •> I ill :# 196 An Encottragement all that haue gone thither, haue made aduantagious Voy- ages. 124 The lafl yeere, he fent his Sonne Captaine Robert Gorge with a Colonie to be planted in Meffafuats bonds '^'^ and as I heare out of a generous defire by his example to encour- age others for the aduancement of fo braue an Enterprize he is refolued fliortly to goe himfelfe in perfon, and to Carrie with him a great number well fitted for fuch a pur- pofe, and many Noblemen in England, (whofe names and proportions as they were marflialled by lot, may appeare vpon the Map) hauing interreffed themfelues in that bounds, are to fend feuerall Colonies, who may quickly make this to exceed all other Plantations. Hauing fundry times exa6lly weighed that which I haue alreadie deliuered, and beeing fo exceedingly enflamed to doe fome good in that kinde, that I would rather be- * 32 wray *the weakneffe of my power, then to conceale the greatneffe of my defire, being much encouraged hereunto by Sir Ferdinando Gorge, and fome others of the vndertakers for Nciv England, I fliew them that my Coun- trimen would neuer aduenture in fuch an Enterprize, vnlefs it were as there was a Nezu France, a Neiv Spaine, and a New England, that they might likewife haue a New Scot- la7id, and that for that effe6l they might haue bounds with a correfpondencie in proportion (as others had) with the Countrey whereof it fliould beare the name, which they might hold of their owne Crowne, and where they might bee gouerned by their owne Lawes ; they wifely confidering that 1S4 See antea, p. 39. Typographical error, for bounds. ^^rw-^' >r to Colonies. 197 ht If [at that either Virginia, or New England, hath more bounds then all his Maiefties fiibjedls are able to plant, and that this purpofe of mine, by breeding a vertuous emulation amongft vs, would tend much to the aduancement of fo braue a worke, did yeeld to my defire, defigning the bounds for mee in that part, which had beene qucflioned by the Frcnch^^^ and leaning the limits thereof to bee appointed by his Maiefties pleafure, which are expreffed in the Patet granted vnto me, vnder his great Scale of this Kingdom of Scotland, marching vpon the Weft towards the Riuei of Saint Croix now Tweed (where the Frencluncn did defigne their firfl: Habitation) with Nezu England, and on all other parts it is compaffed by the great Ocean, and the great Riuer of Canada, fo that though fundry other preceding Patentes are imaginarily limited by the degrees of the Heauen, I thinke that mine be the firfl: National Patent that euer was cleerly bounded within America by partic- ular limits vpon the Earth.^^^ As foone as my Patent was pafled, refoluing to take poffeffion of the Lands, that were granted vnto me I pro- uided my felfe of a fhip at London, in the moneth of March, in Anno 1622. but that the bufmeffe might beginne from that kingdome, which it doth concerne, whereby fome of my Countrimcn might be perfwaded to goe, and oth- ers by conceiuing a good opinion thereof, to depend by expectation "'^ An obvious reference to De Moi.ts's Charter of 1603, and tlie French fettlements broken up by Sir Samuel Argall in 1613. '■" The claim that this was the first national charter in which the bounda- ries were laid dowii by the aid of nat- ural ol)jeCls, and without reference to degrees of latitude, we believe to be correft. This circumftance marks the progrefs of geographical knowledge. I, ^m »i ! ! i 198 An Encoiirage7neiit * 33 * expecftation vpoii the reports of fuch of their ac- quaintance, as were to aduenture in that Voyage, I dire(51:ecl her to Saint Georges Channell, to Kirkciibright, where flie arriued in the end of May ; fome Gentlemen of tliat Countrey, vpon whofe friendfliip I repofed mofl, hap- pening at that time to bee out of the Kingdome, I encoun- tred with fundry vnexpe6led difificulties : the prizes of vi(?luals becing within the fpace of tliree monethes, fmce I had parted before from Scotland^ fuddenly tripled, and yet fo fcarce as I could hardly in hafle bee well furniflied, yet fmce I was fo far advanced, left ! fliould loofe that which was done, if I did not the reft, I vfed the beft diligence I could to prouide the fliippe with all things neceffary. Then the very people fpecially Artezens, of whom I ftood in need, were at firft loth to imbarke for fo remote a part, as they imagined this to bee, fome fcarce beleeuing that there could bee any fuch bounds at all, and no wonder, fmce neucr any in that part had euer t'*auelled thither, and a.i nouelties beeing diftrufted, or difualued, few of good fort would goe, and ordinarie perfons were not capeable of fuch a purpofe. At laft, in the end of lune, they parted from thence to the He of Man, and after fome ftay there, in the beginning of Auguft, leaning the fight of his Maiefties Dominions, did betake themfclves to the Sea. Though by reafon of the lateneffe of their fetting forth, they had tlie windes very contrary about the middeft of September, they difcouered Saint Peters Hands, and were neere to Cape Bretton, but yet were beaten backe againe by a great ftorme to New- found-land -^_iM.*'""'"aB'",'»J'" ■"'^^ *''*-",!' v""" Ai to Colonies. 199 fotind-land. And as they paffecl by the Bay of Placentia, negle6ling the occafion to place themfekies in fome part of my bounds/^^ there as they might haiie done, they went into Saint Johns Harbour, where they concluded to flay that Winter, and fent the fliip home for a new fupply of fuch things as were needfull. Though it might haue difcouraged mee much, that they had retired to Ncw-foiind-land, forefeeing that what they had with them might be wafted, and that it would bee as * chargeable and difficult to furnifli them forth from * 34 thence, as if they were to goe of new from Scotland, yet rather then they fliould bee in danger for want of prouifion, making me any way guiltie of their loffe, that had aduentured their Hues, trufting to my care, I fraughted a (liippe of purpofe furniflied with fuch things as were required in a Note, which they fent home with their Meffenger. This fliippe was difpatched by mee ^^^ from London in the end of March 1623. but fliee happened to ftay fo long at Plimmouth, firft, vpon forae neceffary occafions, and laft by contrary winds, it being the eight and twentieth of April, before fliee parted from thence, hauing no good windes at all, that they arriued not at Saint lohns Harbour till the fift of lune. At their comming they found the company not fit for a Plantion which had iirft by an vnexpedied caufe been diuided in two during the Winter, and in May fome ing that Sir William Alexander accom- "* Sir William Alexander had re- ceived, from the firft patentees of New- panied this expedition. He made no foundland, a grant of part of that ifland. perfonal vifit to his plantations in See map; also antea, p. 188. America. — Burton'' s Hijlory of Scot- '** Mr. Burton is in error in fuppof- land^ Vol. VI. pp. 345, 346. r All Encotcrage7nent fome doubting of a fiipply, had engaged thcmfelues to ferue Fifliermen, by which meanes they gained their maintenance, and fome meane? befide, fo that they could, hardly be gathered to gether againe, and their Minifler'^" and Smith (both for Spituall and Temporall refpedls, the two niofl neceffary members) were both dead, fo that feeing no hope to plant themfelues in any good fafliion that yeere, ten of the principall perfons concluded to go alongfl with the fliip to New Scotland, to difcouer the Countrey, and to make choice of a fit place for a Habitation againfl the next yeere, confidering very well, that they could not doe fo much good by flaying there with fo few a number, as they might doe at their returne, by reporting the truth to their friends, of that which they had feene, whereby a new Colonie might be encouraged to fet forth well furniflied, and inftru6led according to that which might bee learned by their expe- rience. The three and twentieth of lune, they loofed from Saint Johns Harbour, and fayled towards New Scotland, where for the fpace of fourteene dayes, they were by fogges and contrary winds kept backe from fpying Land till the eight of luly, that they faw the Weft part of Cape Bretton '** Mr. David Laing edited this traft of Sir William Alexander, in a collec- tion of Royal Letters, Charters, and Trails, publiflied in 1867. However incredible it may feem, the following ftatement touching the miniftcr fent out with the firft company by Sir Wil- liam Alexander, had, we mult believe, efcaped his notice when he wrote the following : "In all the early signatures, the fimilar words are repeated, * For Propagation of Chriftiane religion with- in the bounds, countrey and dominion of New Scotland, by and within the bounds of America.' But not a fingle inilance is on record of either the King, Sir William Alexander, or his adven- turers, having, I will not fay fent, but even of having propofed to fend, a minifler or milfionary for fuch a pur- pofe." — Royal Letters, Charters, and Trails, Edinburgh, 1867, p. 126. ' w V'jm^f? • •• .* !■ « ' !^t' "tv • " » ito Colonies. 20I BrettoUy and * till the thirteenth day, they fayled * 35 alongfl the Coafl, till they ranne the length of Port de Mutton, where they difcouered three very pleafant Harbours, and went afliore in one of them, which after the fliippes name, they called Ltikcs Bay, where they found a great way up a very pleafant Riuer, being three fathom deep at a low water at the entry thereof, & on euery fide of the fame they did fee very delecate Aledowes, hauing Rofes white and red, growing thereon with a kind of vvilde Lilly, which had a daintie fmel, the next day they refolued (coading along the land) to difcouer the next Harbour, which was but two leagues diftant from the other, where they found a more pleafant Riuer than the firfl, being foure fathome deep at a low water with Meadowes on both fides thereof, hauing Rofes and Lillies growing thereon as the other had, they found within this Riuer, a very fit place for a Plantation, both in regard that it v/as naturally apt to be fortified, and that all the ground betweene the two Riuers, was without wood, and very good fat Earth, hauing ^cueral forts of beries growing thereon, as Goofe-beries, Straw- beries, Hind-beries, Rafberies, and a kind of red Wine- berie, as alfo fome forts of graine, as Peafe, fome Eares of Wheate, Barly and Rie growing there wilde ; the Peafe grow in abundance alongfl the Coafl, vcy bigge and good to eate, but did tafte of the fitch, this Riuer is called Port lolly, from whence they coailed along to Port Negro, beeing twelue leagues diftant, where all the way as they fayled alongfl, they fpied a very pleafant Countrey, hauing grow- ing euery where fuch things as were obferued in the two Harbours ii . i 1 - aft ^ i U L IK 'iili i fflfliftf ' aV m III I> n (' u 202 A7i Encotiragement not. *36 Harbours where they had beene before. They found like- wife in euery Riucr abundance of Lobfters, Cockles, and other fliel-fiflics, and alfo not onely in the Riuers, but all the coaft alongft, numbers of feuerall forts of Wild-foule, as Wild-goofe, black Ducke, Woodcocke, Crane, Heron, Pidg- eon, and many other forts of Fowle which they knew They did kill as they fay led alongfl: the Coafl great flore of Cod, with feuerall other forts of great fiflies. * The Countrie is full of Woods not very thicke, and the moft part Oake, the refl are Firre, Spruce, Birch with fome Sicamorcs, and Aflies, and many other forts of Wood which they had not feene before. Hauing difcouered this part of the Countrie, in regard of the Voyage their fliip was to make to the Straits with fifties, they refolued to coafl alongfl: from Lukes Bay to Port de Mtitton^ beeing foure leagues to the Eaft thereof, where they encountred with a Frenchman, that in a very fliort time had made a great Voyage, for though he had furniflied one fliip away with a great number of filhes, there were neere fo many readie as to load himfelfe & others. After they had taken a view of this Port, which to their iugement they found no waies inferior to the refl they had feene before, they re- folued to retire backe to New-found-land}"^^ where their fliip was to receiue her loading of fiflies. The 20. of luly they a fecond fhip arrived ; but the two vef- fels in company hardly pofleiTed cour- age to fail to and fro along the coaft, and make a partial furvey of the har- bors and the adjacent lands." — Ban- croffs Hi/lory of the United States, Vol. I. p. 332. "" Mr. Bancroft reprefents, ftrangely enough, that the two fliips fent out by Sir William, one in 1622 and the oUier in 1623, went together on this explor- ing ex;V lition, and that they were fo filled 1 fear as fcarcely to accom- plifh :. ■ errand ! " The next fpring, ^p^w^^pl ir^ to Colo7iies, 203 H they loofcd from thence, and the feuen and twentieth thereof they arriued at Saint lohns Harbour, and from tiiencc failed alongft to the Bay of Conception where they left the fliip, and difpatched themfelues home in feuerall fliips that be- longed to the Weft part of England. This is no wonder, that the French beeing fo flightly planted, did take no deeper roote in America, for they as onely defirous to know the nature and qualitie of the foile, and of things that were likely to grow there, did neuer feeke to haue them in fuch quantitie as was requifite for their maintenance, affecting more by making a needleffe oftenta- tion, that the World fliould know they had beene there, then that they did continue flill to inhabit there, like them, that were more in loue wuth glorie then with vertue, then being alwaics fubiefl to diuifions amongfl themfelues, it was impoffible that they could fubfift, which proceeded fometime from emulation or enuie, and at other times from the lazi- neffe of the difpofition of fome, who (lothing labor) could bee commanded by none, who would impofe more vpon them then was agreeable with the indifferencie of their affe6lions and fuperficiall endeuours. * The EngliJJi were free from thefe mutinies, and * 37 wanted not induftry enough, but either out of a cuf- tome they haue to trauel more for the benefit thai doth flow from graffe, then by manuring of the ground for Corne, or otherwife if they were forced fo to do by their Owners at London, who enforcing a fpeedie returne by their labour, would needs be trufted with furnifliing of them vi6tuals, they applying themfelues to Tobacco, and fuch things as might I \ I \i A 204 An Eiicotiragevient might import a prcfent commoditic, ncglcdling the time that miglit hauc bcene imploycd for building, planting and huf- bandrie, did line but like hired Seruants, labouring for their Mailers, and not like Fathers prouiding for their Familie and Pofteritie, which can ncuer bee auoided till the ground be inhabited by them, that being Owners thereof, will trufl, it with their maintenance, and doe content themfelues with the delight of that which may giue glorie to them, and profit to their heires. The Plantations of America do approach nearefl- to the puritie of thefe that (by induftrious dilligence) in the infan- cie of the firfl age did extend the multiplying generations of Mankind, to people the then Defert Earth, for here they may poffeffe themfelues without difpoffeffmg of others, the land either wanting Inhabitants, or hauing none that doe appropriate to themfelues any peculiar ground, but (in llraggling company) runne like beafts after beaftes, feeking no foile, but onely after their prey. And where of old the Danes, Gattles, Gothes, Htmnes, Vandals, Longobards, and thereafter Sarazens, Turkes, and Tartarians, did (with an inundation of people) encroach vpon thefe places of Europe, which were mofl ciuil, and where the Gofpel was befl planted, out of an ambitious enuie to draw vnto themfelues the glory that any Nation had formerly gained, or out of an exorbitant auarice to fwallow vp their fubftance, and to vfurpe (if they had power challenging right) any lands that were better than their own, as the mofl part did in Greece, Hungary, Spaine, Italy and France. We here go to * 38 caufe preach the Gofpel where it was neuer heard * and not ■''TiWiPI1IIWpiB"^F»Vlll»N^H»"i." IJ^ww to Colonies, 205 not to fubdue but to ciuilHze the Sauagcs, for their ruinc could giue to vs neither glory nor benefit, fince in place of fame it would breed infamie, and would defraud vs of many able bodies, that hereafter (befides the Chriflian dutie in fauing their foules) by themfelues or by their Pofleritie may ferue to many good vfes, when by our meanes they fliall learn lawfuU Trades, and induftries, the Authors whereof (though preuenting the like Superflition) may ac- quire no leffe reuerence from them, nor in like cafe of old Saturne, Bacchus, Ceres and Pallas, by teaching to ]:)lant Corne, Wine, and Oyle, did get from the credulous igno- rance of them with whom they commu-nicated their knowledge. When I doe confider with myfelfe what things are necef- farie for a Plantation, I cannot but be confident that my owne Countrymen are as fit for fuch a purpofe as any men in the world, hauing daring mindes that vpon any probable appearances doe difpife danger, and bodies able to indure as much as the height of their minds can vndertake, natu- rally louing to make vfe of their owne ground, and not trufling to traffique. Then Scotland by reafon of her pop- uloufneffe being conftrained to difburden her felfe (like the painfull Bees) did euery yeere fend forth fwarmes whereof great numbers did haunt Pole with the moft extreme kinde of drudgerie (if not dying vnder the burden) fcraping a few crummes together, till now of late that they were compelled, abandoning their ordinary calling, to betake themfelues to the warres againft the RnJJians, Tiirks, or Szvedens, as the Pflloniaris were pleafed to employ the, others of the better fort %\ I 2o6 All Encottragevient fort being bred in France, in regard of the ancient league, did find the mcanes to force out fome fmall fortunes tlicre, till of late that the French though not altogether violating, yet not valuing (as heretofore) that fricndlhip which was fo religioufly obferued by their predeceffours, and with fo much danger and loffe defcrucd by ours, haue altered the eftate of the Guards, and doe derogate fro our former * 39 liberties, which this King now raigning, we * hope, will reflore to the firft integritie. The neceflities of Ireland are neere fupplied, and that great current which did tranfport fo many of our people is worne drie. The Loiue Coiintries haue fpent many of our men, but haue enriched few, and (though raifmg their flight with fuch borrowed feathers, till they were checked by a prefent dan- ger) did too much vilipend thefe fauourable Springs by which their weakneffe was chiefly refreflied : But howfoeuer fome particular men might profper vnder a forraine Prince all that aduenture fo, doe either perifli by the way, or if they attaine vnto a fortune, doe lofe the fame by fome colour that ftri^l lawes vurgcd againft a ftranger can eafily affoord, or elfe naturalizing themfelues where they are, they mufl difclaime their King and Countrey, to which by time (the obie6l of their affections altered) being bound to haue a care of that part where there pofleritie mufl Hue, they turne euery'way flrangers, which neceffitie impofed vpon them to take this courfe, and inconuences following thereupon, may be preuented by this new Plantation. And where the Scotti/Ji Merchants before had no trade but by tranfporting Commodities that might haue beene employed at home, and e, ^, T .s b c r to Colonies, 207 and oftentimes monie, to bring backe Wine from France^ and Pitch, Tarre, and Timber from the Eafter Seas. Now only by exporting of men, Corne, and Cattle, they may within a little time be able to furnilh back in exchange thefe things before named. As likewife a great benefit of Filhes,'"'^ Furres, Timber and Metals, drawing forth our people to forreine Traffique, wherewith they neuer haue bin accuflomed before, and that to the great increafe of the Cuflomcs, helping hereby to enrich that ancient Kingdome, which of all the reft hath onely loft by his Maiefties great- neffe, being hereby not onely defrauded of his owne pref- ence, and of the comfort his countenance did continually affoord, but likewife of many Commodities arifing to any Countrie where a Court is Refident, as the vniuerfall pou- ertie thereof (hauing few rich vnleffe it bee fome * ludges and their Clerkes) by a common complaint *40 doth too fenfibly teftifie. I have "' Captain John Mafon, in his " Dif- courfe of the New-foundland," pub- lifhed in 1620, fpeaks of the fifliing in- tereft with great enthufiafm. " But of all, the molt admirable is the Sea, fo diuerfified with feuerall forts of Fiflies abounding therein, the confideration whereof is readie to fwallow vp and drowne my fenfes not being able to comprehend or expreffe the riches thereof." For the glowing and fpe- cific account which follows, the reaiier is referred to Mafon's Tra6t. As a fource of wealth, this intereft is ftated by him as follows : — "The great intercourfe of trade by our Nation thefe threefcore years and vpwards, in no fmall numbers frequent- ing the New-found land, and dayhe in- creafing, with the likelinefle thereof to continue, fifh boing a flaple commodi- tie with vs, and fo fellable in other countries yearlie imploying 3000. thou- fand(") fea-men and breeding new day- lie, alfo fraighting three hundreth Ships in that voyage, and releuing of 20000. people moe here in England (for moil of thefe fifhers are married and haue a charge of Children, and liue by this meanes not being able to gairre halfe fo much by another labour) furthermore the reuenew that gouelh to the King by the cullomes of French, Spanijh and Straights goods imported, from the proceede of this fifli-trade fuppofe at the leaft to the value of ten thoufand pounds yearely." {a) " Three thoufand feamen" would better ex- prefs the meaning. V I •t \\ ill I w 5=3^- [I' if! 208 yin Enco7Lrage7nciit I have ncuer rcmcmbrcd any thing with more admiration tlien America, confidering how it hath plcafcd the Lord to locke it vp fo long amidll the depths, conceaHng it from the curiofitie of tlie Ancients, that it might be difcouered in a fit time for their pofleritie, they were fo far of old from ajipreliending it hy any reach of reafon, that the mofl learned men (as they though ) by infallible grounds, in re- gard of the degrees of the Heaven, did hold that thefe Zones could not be inhabited, which now are knowne to include the mofl: pleafant parts in the Word. This neuer came to the knowledge of any Hebrew, Greek, or Roman, who had the mofl; able mindes to haue found out fuch a miftery : and howfoeucr fome would glofe vpon that Fable of Platocs Atlantic Hand, I haue neuer obferucd any thing amongfi; the Ancient Writers tending to fuch a purpofe, if it be not thefe lines of Seneca the Tragedian, whereby hee might (if not with a prophetick, yet with a poetic rapture) deliuer that which he had a mind to make the pofleritie expe(5l, and was in pofiibilitie to happen. Venientannis Secula fcris, quibus oceanus Vincula rcrum laxet, "t ingens Pateat tellus, Tiphifque nouos Detegat orbes ; nee fit terris Vltima Tliule. And it is a thing not yet comprehended by tlie oourfe of naturall reafon, how thefe parts of the World came firfl to be peopled : We mufl grant (according to the grounds of Diuinitie) their people to be defcended from Noah, and is it not long fmce that (the Load flone being found out) the beft to Colonies. 209 beft Saylcrs (fcorning as in former times to be only Coaflers) haue brought the Art of Nauigation to that perfection, that they durft refolutely aduenture to fearch the moft remote * parts in the Ocean, and if any had gone *4i thither of purpofe to inhabite, they would haue car- ried with them the moft vfefull kindes of tame Cattle, fuch as Horfes, Cowes, and Sheepe, whereof ncuer any was found in thefe parts, till they were tranfported thither of late yeeres ; but onely fuch wild beafts as of themfelues might haue wandred any where through vaft Forefts, and Deferts : fo that I doe thinke there muft bee fome narrow paffage vpon the Eaft, towards Terra Aiijl rails Incognita^ not yet difcouered, from whence people by time might haue come (croffing the Straits of Magclanc) to inhabite Brafile, Chile, and Pcrti, or rather I Ihould thinke that there were fome Continent, or Narrow Sea towardes the North, about the Straits of Anlcn, from whence the firft inhabitants of America might haue come ; becaufe the wild beafts that are there are creatures moft peculiar to the North, fuch as Elkes, Beares, and Beauers, which are knowne to bee ordi- nary with the RuJ/iauSy and Tarlarlans ; and I am the more confirmed in this opinion, when I remember of the Mountains of Ice that come floting euery Spring alongft the Coaft of Ncw-foinid-land, which (as it is likely) may diffolue from fome Sea that hath beene frozen during the Winter time, ouer which people, and wild beafts might haue commoditie to pafle ; but this is a matter that can hardly bee determined by demonftration or reafon, there- fore (all men forming that which they know not, according to 14 I ,,rj»i?xti>^" ■ "*»■ ' 2IO An Encouragement I to the fquare of their owne conceits.) Wee mud leaue this to the vnlimited libcrtie of the imagination of man. But the thing mofl wondcrfiill of all is this, though now it bee clearly difcouered, that fo few are willing to make vfe therof ; this doth chiefly proceed from want of knowledge, few being willing to aduenture vpon that wherewith they are not acquainted by their owne experience, and yet thofe who haue not made triall themfelues, if they will trufl others, may bee abundantly fatisfied by the reports of a * 42 nui iber, who to Plant and Trafifique do yeerely * haunt thefe parts. If the true eftate of that which might bee done at this time by the ioyning of fomr reafonable com- pctiiy together were rightly vnderftood, then fo many would not Hue at home as they do, lofnig their time, where they can make no benefit, and burdenable to them to whom they are not vfefull, rather admitted, than welcommed, the one thinking that their feruice fliould deferue a reward, and the other that their maintenance is an vnneceffary charge, nei- ther gaining, and both difcontented : then would not fo many aduenture their Hues for the defence of flrangers, whereby they fcarce can acquire that which doth defray their owne charges, and howfoeur the hope of Honour may flatter a generous fpirit, there is no great appearance by this meanes to prouide for a Family, or for a Pofferitie. And if we rightly confider the benefit that may arife by this onterprife abroad, it is not onely able to afford a fuffi- cient meanes for their maintenance, who cannot conuen- iently Hue at home, by difburdening the Countrey of them, but it is able to enable them to deferue of their Countrey, by bringing vnto it both Honour and Profit. Where to Colonies, 2 T T , Where was eiier Ambition baited with greater he pes then here, or where euer had Vertue fo large a field to reape the fruiles of Glory, fince any man who doth goe thither of good qualitie, able at firft to tranfport a hundred perfons with him furniflied with things neceffary, fliall haiie a3 much Bounds as may ferue for a great Man, wherevpon hee may build a Towne of his owne, giuing it what forme or name hee will, and being the firft Founder of a new eftate, which a pleafing induftry may quickly bring to a perfec^tion, may leaue a faire inheritance to his pofteritie, who fliall claime vnto him as the Author of their Nobilitie there, rather then to any of his Anceftours that had pre- ceded him, though neuer fo nobly borne elfwhere, and if the vafteneffe of their hopes cannot bee bounded within their firft limits, as foone as they haue ftrengthened *themfelues for fuch a defigne, either by Sea or by *43 Land, (in regard of the large Countries next adiacent hereunto) there doth alwaies reft a faire poflibilitie of a fur- ,ther cncreafe, either for them, or for their fucceftburs ; and fo euery one of inferior fort may expect proportionably according to his aduenture : The Merchans that are giuen to trade, where can they haue a fairer ground for gaine then here : and that befides that which may bee expected from fo fertile a Land by induftry or hufbanry hereafter, in pref- ent commodities, fiach as Cod fifties and Herring in the Seas, Salmonds in the Riuers, Furres, Pype-ftaues, Pot- afties, and all that may arife from the plentie of good Wood, Mineralls, and other things though not knowne to ftrangers that onely coaft alongft the '.ands, that may bee li: i'— ;.fJ:,-„ ■•(y"-»'^^j-;3P^K^'3F' 212 All Encourageineiit bee difcouered hereafter by them that are to inhabite the lids. Bou • Here thofe that are fo difpofed, without making a Monaf- ticall retreate (tree from a multitude of troubles) may inioy the pleafures of contemplation, being folitary when they will, and yet accompanied when they pleafe, and that not with fuch company as (preffed by importunitie) they mufl: difcon- tentedly admit, but onely by them of whom they haue made choice, and whom they haue carried with them, with whom (as partners of their trauells) by mutuall difcourfes they may remember their former dangers, and communicate their prefent io3'es : here are all forts of obje6ls to fatisfie the varietie of defires. I might fpeake of the fport that may bee had by Hunting, Hawking, Fifliing and Fow]''n^, where all thefe creatures haue had fo long a time for increafe, without being deflroyed or frighted, as likewife of the great contentment that muft come by daily difcoueries of new Fieldes and Riuers, with the diuerfitie of things not feene before that may happen to be found in them : but I would rather haue all at firfl; to thinke of the paines they muft endure, in bringing of fo notable a Wo.ke to perfe6lion, fmce no good thing can be had with eafe, and all the * 44 f janes of men are borne to * labour. But leaning thefe worldly refpe6ls, the greatefl incouragement of all for any true Chriflian is this, that heere is a large way for ad- uancing the Gofpel of lefus Chrifl:, to whom Churches may bee builded in places where his Name was neuer knowne; and if the Saints of Heauen reioyce at the conuerfion of a Sinner, what exceeding ioy would it bee to them to fee many to Colonies, 213 many thoufands of Sauage people (who doe now Hue like brute beafts) conuerted vnto God, and I wifli (leaning thefe dreames of Honour and Profit, which doe intoxicate the braines, and impoyfon the minde with tranfitory pleafures) that this might bee our chiefe end to begin a new life, feru- ing God more fincerely then before, to whom we may draw more neere, by retyring our felues further from hence. As I would haue no mar; that hath a mind for this courfe, to abufe his iudgement, by trufling to much to the fertilitie of the bounds where he is to goe, and too little to his owuc prouidence, and induflrie, whereby he may be made to neg- lect the preparing himmfelfe for this Voyage after luch a manner as is requifite. So I altogether diflike them that poffeffed with the prepoflerous apprehenfions of feare (like the lazie man of whome Salomon fpeaketh, that ryretending difficulties to preuent trauell, w'ould fay there was a Lion in the way) will needs imagine the worft that is in poffibilite to happen : for fuch a man (too ingenioufly fubtill in con- iedluring danger) doth both by preiudicatcd opinions difa- blo himfelfe, and difcourage them, who not being duely 'nionried, are confirmed by the confidence of other vnder- t<-i!rv,' that profeffe to haue knowledge, there is no man at hoiiV where he was borne, fo free from the accidents of fortune who may not quickly by a publike, or by a priuate calamitie be brought in fome meafure to fuffer, and much rather fnould wee arme our felues with a high refolution againfl all inconueniences that can occurre in fuch a forraine enterprife (being circumfpedlly *prouident, *45 but not cofounded with a deiedling feare) where the greatneffe . ( I: '. ( W § l| 214 An Encottragement greatneffe of fo well grounded hopes for vs and for oar Polleritie fliould make vs (hoping for pleafurf^} to digeft any prefent paine, with a courage greater then can bee braued by any apprehended trouble. And becaufe the Lord in fuch eminent Exploits doth commonly glorifie himfelfe by a few number, I wifli that all fuch whofe hearts doe mifgiue them portending any difafter (like them of Gideons troupes that bowed downe like hearts to the water) fl'jould retire in time, ere the contagioufneffe of ' infirmitie come to infe6t them that are more foundl)' "pofed. There is no iufl; caufe for a reafonable man to feare any worldly thing, but onely difgrace and want of neceffary mayntenance : A man can hardly fall in the firfl: here, fmce an honourable intention what euer the fucceffe prooue muft acquire prayfe, and the other by ordinary meanes, is eafie to be auoyded, but I am fo farre from painting out a fuppofed fecilitie to fnare weake minds, that I would haue none (with whom it is not fit to communion ce more then they be capeable of) to imbarke in this bufines, but only fuch as do refolue againft the worft, for I profeffe as Cato did, when he was to enter the Deferts of Arabia. Neque enim mihi fallere quenquam Eft animus, tedtoque metu perducere valgus. Hi mihi fint comites, quos ipfa pericula ducent, Qui me tefte, pad, vel quae triftiffima, pulchrum, Romanumque putant ; at qui fponfore falutis Miles feget, capiturque animie dulcedine, vadat Ad Domimim meliore via. And laft fliould not thefe memorable Exploits of late performed in the Eafl and Wefl Indies by the Flcmmings^ enflame < to Colonies. 215 enflame vs with a generous ardour to equall, or rather to exceede them, whofe penuritie of people (euen at home) mull bee fupplycd by the fupcrfluitie of ours : They haue *not oncly in the Eafl: Indies by feucrall Habi- *46 tations appropriated large Territories to themfclues, but likewife to the great prciudice of their Neighbours, improouing their owne profit, haue engroffed the generall commerce by confequence depending thereupon. And if they feate themfelues (as it is likely they will doe) in Brafill^ prouidently profecuting the good beginning that they haue gotten by fparing people of their owne, or by intcrcfting Strangers whom they dare truft for founding of a fufficient Colonic, that being ftrong enough to defend and command the Inhabitants. (Securely exa6ling a due obedience) may enable them for greater matters; then conferring with the very Springs whence the flreames flow that entertayne the power of their enemies (cxhaufling their fubftance both by Sea and Land) they haue a maruellous faire occafion of- fered to aduance themfelues by depreffmg of the oppofed partie whofe profperous and defired fucceffe (whilft the adding to one doth derogate from another) if not emulated in time, will bee enuied hereafter. I know that many of my Nation if they had beene as willing as they are able had beene more fit then I am for this purpofe, but yet it hath oftentimes pleafed God to doe the greatefl matters by the meanefl Inflruments. And as no one man could accomplifli fuch a Worke by his owne priuate fortunes, fo if it fliall pleafe his Maieftie (as he hath euer been difpofed for the furthering of all good Works more Ill ti n't > 1 r ( 2 1 6 An Eiicotiragement to Colonies, more for the benefit of his Subjeds, then for his ovvne par- ticular) to giue his helpc accuflomed for matters of leffe moment hereunto, making it appeare to be a Worke of his own, that others of his fubje(51;s may be induced to couerfe in fuch a common caufe, no man coukl haue had my charge that with more affedlion and finceritie fliould haue vfed his endeuours for difcharging of the fame, but I muft trufl to be fupplyed by fome publike helps, fuch as hath beene had in other parts, for the like caufe whereunto, as I doubt *47 not but *many will be willing out of the nobleneffe of their difpofition, for the aduancing of fo worthy a Worke, So I hope will fome others, the rather out of their priuate refpe6l to me, who shall continue as I haue here- tofore done, both to doe and write in fo farre, as fo meane an abilitie as mine may reach, what (1 conceiue) may proue for the credit or benefit of my Nation, to whom I wifli all happineiib. FINIS ' \s I c } p;, A Mir-' • i ii I 1 a i S i fi fo ♦9 48 U; I 1-6 ^^\' lr it hi:,. .'i f V ■\ 220 Charter of 1625. of the faid lands and country, only, being refervcd to us and our fucceffors), and the remainder of the faid metals, minerals, precious flones, jewels, and others whatfoever, to belong to the faid Sir William Alexander, and his heirs and affignees, to remain for ever ^v^ith them, and be, with all profits and duties thereof, converted to their own proper ufes ; with power to the faid Sir William. Alexander, and his heirs and affignees, of building, confi:ru6ling, and ere6l- ing upon and within all the bounds of the faid country, as fliall feem to them expedient, cities, free boroughs of barony, towns, villages, harbours, ports, naval ftations ; and of ap- pointing fairs and markets, as well within the town as without, and impofing, levying, and receiving all and what- foever tolls, cufloms, anchorages, and other dues of the faid cities, boroughs of barony, towns, villages, fairs, markets, free ports, harbours, naval flations, with all and fundry caf- ualties, profits, and duties whatfoever; and furnifhing the faid cities and boroughs, as well within borough as without, with fufficient and able magiflrates, juftices of the peace, provofls, bailies, aldermen, conftables, and other officers, citizens, free burgei/es, and manufa6lurers, crafts of all klids, with their deacons, and others, thereto requifite, with full power, privilege, and liberty to thon, or their children, citizens, and burgeffes, to fell wine and wax, falmon, her- rings, and other ftaple goods and merchandifes, as well great as fmall, and conflrudfing churches, chapels, hofpitals, maifon dieus, market croffes, belfries, bells, and all other ordinary ornaments thereto belonging, and planting the faid churches, and fufficiently providing them with fuffi- cient Charter of 1625. 221 cient teachers, preachers, pallors, and minifters: And in like manner of ereding, lOunding, and conftriicfling com- mon fchools, colleges, r id univf^rfities, fufficiently provided with able and fufficient mailers, rediors, regents, profeffors of all fciences, letters, languages, and inft:ru6lion ; and of providing for fufficient maintenance, falaries, and living for them to this effe61: : As alfo of creeling prelates, arch- billiops, bifliops, redors, and vicars of pariflies, and parilli churches, and diftributing and dividing all the foicfaid bounds of the faid country into divers and diflindl lliires, provinces, and pariflies, for the better provifion of the churches and miniftry, divifion of the fliires, and all other civil police : And likewife of founding, ere(5ling, and infli- tuting a fenate of juflice, places, and colleges of juftice, fenators of council and feffion, members thereof, for the adminiftration of juftice within the faid country, and other places of juftice and judicature : Further, of erc6ling and appointing fecret and privy councils and feffions for the public good and advantage of the faid country, and giving and granting titles, honours, and dignities to the members thereof, and creating their clerks and members, and ap- pointing feals and regifters with their keepers : And, alfo o*" eredling and inftituting officers of ftate, a chancellor, treafurer, comptroller, colledlor, fecretary, advocate or at- torney general, cierk or clerks, regifter and keepers of the rolls, juftice clerk, dire6lor or dirc6tors of chancery, con- fervator or confervators of privileges of the f id country, advocates, p'-ocurators, and pleaders of caufes. and folicitors, and agents thereof, and other members neceffary : And, likewife, 222 Charter of 1625. Hkewlie, of gathering, collefling, and appointing meetings and affcmblies of ecclefiaflical perfons and prelates, as well general, fpecial, or provincial meetings as others, for eccle- fiaflical police and difcipline, and authorizing, ratifying, and confirming the faid meetings, councils, and affemblies, with a(5ls, flatutes,and decrees thereon concluded, for the better au- thority of the fame : Further, we have made, conftituted, and appointed, and by our prefent charter, make, conilitute, and appoint the faid Sir William Alexander, and his heirs and affignees, our and our heirs and fucceffors Lieutenants General, to reprefent our royal perfon, as well by fea as by land, of all and whole the faid country and lordfliip of New Scotland, as well during the fpace in which he fliall remain there, as on his or their voyage to the faid country, or from it, and for ever, after their return, without interval of time or place, excluding all others from the ufurpation thereof, or from a claim to any right, benefit, authority, and intereft within the faid bounds and lordfliip of New Scotland, or to any judicature or jurifdi6lion heretofore in virtue of any foregoing or fubfequent right or title whatfoever: And with fpecial power to the faid Sir William Alexander, and his forefaids, of governing, ruling, punifliing, nnd pardoning all oi'r fubje6ls, and other inhabitants of the faid bounds and country of New Scotland, or perfons going thither, violators of the peace, or of the laws, and of making, fandioning, and eflablifliing laws there, as well civil as criminal, with laws of jufliciary, admiralty, flewardfliip, regality, and flierifflhip, at their good pleafure, provided the ^aid laws be as conforma- ble as poffible to the laws of Scotland, refpedl being had to circumflances, Charter of 1625. 223 circumflances, place, country, perfons, and their qualities : And, likewife, of appointing rulers, commandei*s, and heads of all and fundr}- the forefaid cities, boroughs, ports, naval ftations, and harbours, and alfo captains of cailles, fortalices, and fortreffes, as well by fea and near the fliore as by land, well and fufificiently provided, appointed, and fortified with troops of foldiers and forces, for the maintenance, defence, and prefervation thereof, and the repelling of all dome^cic as well as foreign invafions of the fame ; and of gathering, affembling, and making all the inhabitants of the faid coun- try meet together, for the purpofe before written, on all neceflary occafions, and for the repelling and refifting of all other fo-ce and violences whatfoever: And with power to the laid Sir William Alexander, and his forefaids, for the better fortifying of the faid lorddiip and country of New Scotland, of tranfporting from the faid kingdom, and other bounds convenient, all forts of munitions, great and fmall, greater ordnance, cannons, demi-cannons of caft-iron, fwords, guns of brafs and iron, and other inflrument^ and engines of war, with fmall guns, commonly called mUi..cls, hagbuts, half haggs, piflols, powder, balls, and other neceffary i)ro- vifion and arms, as well offenfive as defenfive, and wearing and ufmg fuch arms, as well within the faid country of New Scotland, as in their paffage and progrefs to the faid lands, or from them, with their companions, affociates, and de- pendants : Alfo we, with advice forefaid, have made, confli- tuted, and appointed the faid Sir William Alexander, and his heirs and affignees, heritably, our Juflices General, in all criminal caufes, within the faid country and lordfliip of New 224 Charter of 1625. New Scotland, High Admiral, and Lord of Regality and Admiralty, within the faid country, hereditary High Stew- ard, alfo, thereof, and of all and fundry fuch regalities, with power to him and his heirs and affignees, of ufmg, exer- cifing, and enjoying all and fundry the forefaid jurifdi6lion« judicatures, and offices, with all and fundry privileges, pre- rogatives, immunities, ard cafualties thereof, in lilie man- ner, and as freely as any other Juflice or Juflices General, High Stewards, Admirals, Sheriffs, or Lords of Regalities, had or can have, or poffefs, and enjoy the faid jurifdi(5lions, judicatures, offices, dignities, and prerogatives, in any of our kingdoms, bounds, and dominions whatfoever ; with pov/er to the faid Sir William Alexander, and his heirs and af- fignees, of conftituting, erefting, nominating, and creating clerks, officers, macers, apprifers, and all other members of court of all and fundry the forefaid judicatures and jurif- dictions refpe6lively, with all fees, dues, and emoluments thereto belonging, as fliall feem to them expedient; without prejudice always to all other infeftments, rights, or difpofi- tions, by us, or our predeceffors, to whatfoever perfon or perfons, who are or fliall be portioners of the faid plantation of New Scotland, proceeding upon the refignation of the faid Sir William Alexander only, and not otherwife, of whatfoever parts or portions of the faid country and lord- fliip pf New Scotland, with the privileges and immunities mentioned in their infeftments : And feeing by reafon of the great remotenefs and diftance of the faid country and lord- fliip of New Scotland, from our faid ancient kingdom of Scotland, both that the faid country can neither eafily nor conveniently Charter of 1625. 225 conveniently be reached except in the fummer time ; and that the faid country is altogether deftitute of public fcriv- eners and notaries, requifite for taking feifins, fo that feifin, at all times, cannot conveniently be taken on the ground of the faid country ; and alfo, refpe(fl being had to the great and manifold difadvantages which may refult, by default, of timely feifm being taken upon this prefent Patent, and upon other charters, and fimilar infeftments granted, and to be granted, of the forefaid lands and lordfliip of New Scotland, or any part thereof: Therefore, that this, our prefent charter, may be more effe6tual, and that feifm thereupon may be more conveniently taken, it is neceffary that feifin of all and fun- dry the forefaid lands of the faid country and lordfhip of New Scotland be taken within our faid kingdom of Scot- land, and on the grounds and lands of the fame, in the moft eminent place thereof, which can neither conveniently nor lawfully be done without an exprefs union of the faid coun- try and lordfliip of New Scotland to the faid kingdom of Scotland: Wherefore, and for the advantage and readier convenience of the aforefaid feifm, we, with advice forefaid, have annexed, united, and incorporated, and by our prefent charter, unite, annex, and incorporate with our faid king- dom of Scotland all and fundry the forefaid country and lordfliip of New Scotland, with the teinds and teind flieaves thereof included, and all and fundry parts, pertinents, priv- ileges, jurifdi6lions, and liberties of the fame, and others generally and fpecially above mentioned ; and by our pref- ent charter, will, declare, decern, and ordain that one feifm, now to be taken at our Caftle of Edinburgh, as the mofl; eminent IS \ f 226 Charter of 1625. eminent and principal place of our faid kingdom of Scot- land, of all and fundry the faid lands, country, and lordfliip of New Scotland, or any part of the fame, with teinds and teind flieaves thereof included, refpeftively, is, and fliall be fufificient feifm for all and whole the forefaid lands, country, and lordfliip of New Scotland, with the teinds and teind fheaves thereof included, or any part of the faid lands and country aforefaid, and all the privileges, jurifdidlion, and liberties thereof refpedlively, and others fpecially and gen- erally above mentioned, notwithftanding the faid lands, country, and lordfliip of New Scotland are far diftant, and lie difcontiguous from our faid kingdom of Scotland ; as to which, we, with advice and confent forefaid, have difpenfed, and by our prefent charter for ever difpenfe ; without preju- dice and derogation always to the faid privilege and prerog- ative granted to the forefaid Sir William Alexander, and his heirs and affignees, of making and eftablifhing laws, a6ls, and flatutes, concerning all and fundry the forefaid lands, country, and lordfliip of New Scotland, as well by fea as by land : And by our prefent charter we declare that notwith- flanding the faid union (which is declared to be granted folely for the advantage and convenience of feifin) the faid country and lordfliip of New Scotland (hall be judged, ruled, and governed by the laws and ftatutes made, and to be made, conftituted, and eflabliflied by the faid Sir William Alexander, and his heirs and aflignees, relating to the faid country and lordfliip of New Scotland, in like manner, and as freely, in that refpe6t, as if the faid union had never been made, or hitherto granted: And further, notwithftanding the ^■'''iliiiii Charter of 1625. 227 the forefaid union, it fliall be lawful to the forefaid Sir Wil- liam Alexander, and his heirs and affignees, to give, grant, and difpone any parts or portions of the faid lands, country, and lordfliip of New Scotland, heritably belonging to them, to and in fa\our of whatfoever perfons, their heirs and af- fignees, heritably, with the teinds and teind fheaves thereof included, (provided they are our fubjedts) to be holden of the faid Sir William Alexander, or of us, and our fucceffors, either in blench farm, few farm, or in ward and relief, at their pleafure ; and to entitle and denominate the faid parts and portions by whatfoever ftyles, titles, and defignations fliall feem to them fit, or be in the will and option of the faid Sir William, and his forefaids, which infeftments and difpofitions fliall be approved and confirmed by us or our fucceffors freely, without any compofition to be paid there- for: Moreover, we, and our fucceffors, fliall receive what- foever refignations fliall be made by the faid Sir William Alexander, and his heirs and affignees, of all and whole the forefaid lands and lordfliip of New Scotland, or of any part thereof in our hand, and (thofe) of our fucceffors and Com- miffioners forefaid, with the teinds and teind flieaves thereof included, and others generally and fpecially above mentioned, to and in favour of whatfoever perfon or perfons ^provided they are our fubje(5ls, and live under our obedience) : And they fliall pafs infeftments thereon, to be holden in free blench farm, of us, our heirs and fucceffors, in m.anner above men- tioned, freely, without any competition ; which lands, coun- try, and lordfliip of New Scotland, with the teind flieaves thereof included, and all and fundry parts, pendicles and pertinents. m 228 Charter of 1625. *i i n pertinents, privileges, jurifcli6lions, prerogatives and liberties of the fame, and others, fpecially and generally above men- tioned, together with all right, title, interefl, claim of right, petitory, as well as poffeffory, which we, or our predeceffors or fucceffors, had, have, or any way could have, claim, or pretend thereto, or to any part of the fame, or to the maills, farms, profits and duties thereof, of whatfoever years, or terms bygone, for whatfoever caufe or occafion, we, with advice forefaid, for the reafons above mentioned, of new, give, grant, and difpone to the forefaid Sir William Alexander, and his heirs and affignees, heritably for ever ; renouncing and exon- erating the fame fimpliciter, with all a6lion and inflance here- tofore, competent to, and in favour of the faid Sir William Alexander and his heirs and affignees, as well for non-pay- ment of the duties contained in their original infeftments, as for non-performance of due homage, conform thereto, or for non-fulfilment of any point of the faid original infeft- ment or for commiffion of any fault or deed of omiffion or commiffion prejudicial thereto, and whereby the faid origi- nal infeftment may, in any way, be lawfully impugned or called in queflion, for ever acquitting and remitting the fame fimpliciter, with all title, action, inflance and interefl, here- tofore competent, or that may be competent to us, and our heirs and fucceffors, renouncing the {2lV(\^ Jimp liciter jure lite et catifa cum pafio de non petendo, and with fupplement of defects, as well not named as named, which we will to be held, as expreffed in this our prefent charter. To be holden in free blench farm, as faid is, and difpenfing with non-entry, whenfoever it fliall happen, in manner forefaid : Moreover, we, \ 1,' Charter of 1625. 229 \ we, for us and our fucceffors, with advice forefaid, give, grant and commit power to the faid Sir William Alexander, and his heirs and aflignees, of having and lawfully eilablifliing and caufmg to be coined current money, in the faid country and lordfliip of New Scotland, and for the readier conven- ience of commerce and bargains amongft the inhabitants thereof, of fuch metal, form, and fafliion as they fliall defign or appoint; and for this effedl we give, grant and commit to them, or their heirs and aflignees. Lieutenants of the faid country, the privileges of coining money with iron inflru- ments, and with officers neceffary for that purpofe : Further, we, for us and our fucceffors, with advice forefaid, have given, granted, ratified, and confirmed ; and by our prefent charter, give, grant, ratify, and confirm to the faid Sir William Alex- ander, and his heirs and affignees, all places, privileges, prerogatives, pre-eminences, and precedencies whatfoevcr, given, granted, and referved, or to be given, granted, and referved to the faid Sir William Alexander, and his heirs and aflignees, and his fucceffors, Lieutenants of the faid country and lordfliip of New Scotland, over the Knights Baronets, and remanent portioners, and affociates of the faid plantation, fo as the faid Sir William Alexander, and his heirs-male defcending of his body, as Lieutenants fore- faid, fliall and may take place, prerogative, pre-eminence, and precedency, as well before all efquires, lairds, and gen- tlemen, of our faid kingdom of Scotland, as before all the forefaid Knights Baronets, of our faid kingdom, and all others, before whom the faid Knights Baronets, in virtue of the privilege of dignity to them, can have place and precedency, • f 1 i I: I" I !||| ? 230 Charter of 1625. precedency, for the advancement of which plantation and colony of New Scotland, and in refpedl of it efpecially, the faid Knights Baronets were, with advice forefaid, created in our faid kingdom of Scotland, with their ftate and dignity, as a fpecial token of our favour conferred upon fuch gentle- men, and honourably born perfons, portioners of the forefaid plantation and colony ; with this exprefs provifion always, that the number of the forefaid Baronets never exceed one hundred and fifty. Finally, we, with advice forefaid, for us, our heirs and fucceffors, will, decern, and ordain that this our Patent and infeftment, with all its contents, be ratified, approved, and confirmed in our next Parliament of our kingdom of Scotland ; and that it may have the force, flrength, and effe6l of an a6l, flatute, and decree of that fu- preme judicatory, as to which we, for us and our fucceffors, declare and ordain this our prelent charter to be a fufficient warrant to the Lords of the Articles of our faid Parliament, for the ratification and confirmation thereof, in manner before written : Moreover to our lovites . . . and each of you, conjun(5lly and feverally, our Sheriffs in that part, efpecially conflituted, greeting : We charge and command you, that ye give and deliver to the forefaid Sir William Alexander, or his certain Attorney, bearer of thefe prefents, heritable ftate and feifin, as well as corporal, adlual, and real poffeffion of all and whole the forefaid lands, country and lordfliip of New Scotland, with all and fundry parts, pendicles, privi- leges, commodities, immunities and others, generally as well as particularly above expreffed, at our faid caflle of Edin- burgh, without delay ; and this in no wife ye leave undone : Which :P^ •^'^--'^^•■''-'^Mhiritf[%i1iitii1iitt?tTi^^ -tm Charter of 1625. 231 Which to do we commit to you, and each of you,con]un(5lly and feverally, our Sheriffs in that part forefaid, our full and irrevocable power by our prefent charter; which feifin we, with advice forefaid, for us and our fucceffors, by our pref- ent charter will, declare, and ordain to be as lawful and fufficient, as if precepts of feifm, feparately and ordinarily, to that effe6l had been diredled out of our Chancery, upon our faid charter, as to which we, with advice forefaid, for us, our heirs and fucceffors, have difpenfed, and, by our pref- ent charter, for ever difpenfe. In witnefs whereof, we have ordered our Great Seal to be appended to this our prefent charter, the witneffes being our well-beloved coufms and councillors, James, Marquefs of Hamiltoun, Earl of Arran and Cambridge, Lord Aven and Innerdaill, &c. ; William, Earl Marifliall, Lord Keith, &c., Marifhall of our Kingdom; our beloved councillor, Sir George Hay of Kinfanes, Knight, our Chancellor; our well-beloved coufm and councillor, Thomas, Earl of Melros, Lord Bynning and Byres, our Secretary ; our beloved familiar councillors, Sir Richard Cokbourne of Clerkintoun, Keeper of our Privy Seal ; Sir John Hamiltoun of Magdalens, Clerk of our Rolls, Regifter and Council ; Sir George Elphingfloun of Blythwode, our Juflice-Clerk ; and Sir John Scott of Scotiflarvet, Dire6tor of our Chancery, Knights, at our Palace of Otlands, the 12th day of July, anno Domini 1625, and the firfl of our reign. ''ii i ROLL OF THE KNIGHTS BARONETS OF NEW SCOTLAND W/io had Territorial Grants from Sir William Alexander, Kt., Earl of Stirling. 1625. May 28. Sir Robert Gordoux, Knight, son of the late Alex- ander Earl of Southerland i „ 28. William, Earl Marischall, Lord Kkith, &c. . . 19 „ 2b. Alexander Strachan, of Strachan. „ .V . Sir Duncan Campbell, of Glcnurquhie, Knight, &c. . 46 „ 29. Robert Innes, of Lines 49 „ 29. Sir John VVeymis, of Weymis, Knight 50 „ 30. David Livingstoun, of Donnepace or Donypace . . 20 „ 30. Sir William Douglas, of Glenbervie, Knight ... 20 July 14. Sir Donald Makdonald, of vSlett, Knight .... 72 „ 19. Matter Richard Murray, of Cockpuill 22 Aug. 30. Note. — The numbers affixed to the alfo in the "Recjifler of Signatouris in names refer to the pages of a book in the Office of Comptrollerie." but others the General Regifter Houfe, Edin- feem not to have been regiftered. See burgh, containing Precepts of Char- Royal Letters^ Charters^ and Trails, ters to the Knights Baronets of New Edinburgh, 1867, pp. 120-123. Scotland. The following title is on The Roll was prepared by the dif- the back: "Regift. Precep. Cart, prq tinguiflied antiquary and fcholar David Baronettis Nov. Scotiae." The names Laing, LL.D., of Edinburgli, and was having no references are given on the printed for the Bannatyne Club, and is authority of former lifts. introduced into this volume with his Some of the precepts are included in permiffion, the " Regifter of the Great Seal," and % %\ & f 234 i I Aug. 30- »» 31- Sept I, ?» 2. ?i J' Nov. •'7- Dec. 28. »> 28. »» 28. 1620. March 30- 55 31- April 21. »» 22. »» 24. May I. June I. July 18. Sept. 29. 1627. March i 18. ^* r'S. April 18. May 2. June 35. July 4- »; 17- iy 19. 19 20. Oct. 1 8. Nov. 21. Dec. 13- Knights Baronets John Colquhoun, of Lufs 21 Sir Alexander Goudoun, of Clunie, Kniglit ... 22 John Leslie, of Wardes 23 James Gordoun, of Lefmoir 24 Gilbert Ramsay, of Balmayne 23 Sir George Forrester, of Corftorphine, Knight. . 67 Erskine. Sir William Grah.'Mwe, of Braco, Knight .... 65 Patrick Hume, of Polwarth. William Forbes, of Monymuflc . . George Johnstoun, of Cafkibene . . Sir T' -omas Burnet, of Leyis, Knight John Moncreiff, of Moncreiff' . . . George Ogilvie, of Carnowfie . . . Robert Gordoun, of Lochinvar. Sir Wjlliam Murray, of Chiirmounth, Kti Sir John Blakader, of TuUialline, Knight Sir John Ogilvie, of Inneiquharatie . . ght Sir Donald McKye, of Strathnaver, Knight . Sir James Maxwell, of Calderwood, Knight . James Stewart, fecond lawful fon of Alexander Earl of G.Jloway Sir Archibald Nepar, of Merchiftoun, Knight John Levingstoun, of Kinnaii-d William L-'unny^^ghame, of dmnynghamehead James Carmichaell, of Wertert-aw .... Mafler J\MES IvIakgill, of Cranftounriddell George Ogilvie, of Banff Samuel Johnstoun, of Elphinftoun .... William Cockburne, apparent of Langtoun . Colin Campbel.:., of Lundie in Angus . . . James Campbell- of Aberui,hill. 24 25 25 27 26 27 28 45 SI 68 74 45 47 48 77 49 48 59 63 54 i62d. i( t , A: \J~ .'W^ ' m 1628, Jan. >» » »» »» Feb. » »» May >» ii »> »» »» June Sept. Oct. 1629. June July » »» j> j> Nov. 1630. March of New Scotland, 235 I. Sir Archibald AcHisoNE, of Clancairny, Knight . 7, ^o- Sandilands. 10. Sir Robert MoNTGOMERiE, of Skelmurlie, Knight . 6i 12. James Halliburton, of Pitcur. 12. DuGALD Cami-bell, >f Auchinbreck ... g^ 14. Mailer Donald Campbell, of Ardnamurachane .' .' 61 19. ^'-^fter Thomas Hope, of Craighall, King's Advocate ci 22. bir James Skene, of Curriehill. 22. SirJoHNPRESTouN, of Airdrie, Knight .... hq 22. Alexander Gibson, of Durie. ' ' ' I 14. John Crawford, of Kilbirny. 14. John Riddell, of Riddell g^ 15. Sir Archibald Murray, of BlackbLrronie, Knight .' c8 16. Sir Patrick Murray, of Elibank, Knight . . . . %e 2'' Cadell. 21. Sii John McKenzie, of Tarbet, Knight . ^x 20. Mafter William Elphingstoun, Cupbearer to his' „„ ,. ^""^'^l 66 29. Robert Barr. 29. Captain Arthur Forbes, of Caftle Forbes (Lon^- ford) * 29. Francis Hammilton, of Killach (Down) *. ' ' ' tq 2. Andrew Stewart, Lord Caftlefte wart (T>. one).* ' Edward (Barrett) Lord of Nevrburgh ..... 62 26. William Bruce, of Stanehoufe g. 27. Mafter John Nicolsone, of Lefwade ." .* .*.'*' s< 27. Michael Arnot, fear of Arnot .....'.*'* 68 28. MafterJ^MEsOLiPHANT, of Newtoun.' .* .'.'*' (,, 28. Sir Patrick Agnew, of Lochnaw, Knight . . * e^ 28. Sir William Keith, of Ludquharne, Kpi^wt . . .' 68 30. ClaudeSt.Estienne, Seigneur de la Tour. 31. Sir Robert Hannay, of Mochrum, Knight . ... 92 April 20. i 236 April 20. „ 18. „ 24. May 12 July 24 Oct. 2. Nov. 13 »> 25- ij 25- 1631. March 5- June 2. ?? iS. Sept 3- 1633- Dec. 22. » 23- 1634. June 7- n »» 7- June 7- 1635- Jan. 6. (June S.) «< iS. Knights Baronets WiM.iAM Forbes, of Cragivar 70 Jamks Loud Stewart, of Ochiltrie. (Cancelled before being recorded.) Sir Peirs Corsbie, Knight, one of the Privy Council in Ireland, and Walter Corsbie, of Corfbie Park (VVicklow), and the heirs male of either .... 74 Charles St. Estienne, Seigneur de St. Denis Court. James Sibbald, of Rankelour . 69 William Murray, of New Dunearn. Robert Richardsone, of Pencaitland 69 John Maxwell, of Pollock. David Cunnyngham, of Robertlandis 7^ Sir Henry Wardlaw, of Pittrevie, Knight .... 71 James Sinclare, of Caniefbie, fon lawful of Sir Wil- liam Sinclare of Catboll, Knight 72 John Gordoun, of Kanbo 73 Laciilan McLeane, of Morvaren 74 Sir James Balfour (of Denmilne), Knight, Lyon King at Armes 88 David Cunnynghame, of Auchinhervie 77 Piiilbert Vernate, of Cafletoun (in Yorklhire), Knight -78 Captain Henry Binghame, of Caftlewar (in County Mayo in Ireland) So Colonel Hector Monro, of Foullis 80 Alexander FouLLES, fear of Colingtoun 81 James Hammiltoun, of Broomehill 81 Sir John Gascoigne, of Barnbow, in regionem Or- caden (the date left blank) 82 Walter Nortoun, of Cheflone in the County of Suffolk 83 June 29. il-^^>^ fii-'' VxiH 1o 74 69 71 71 0/ New Scotland. 237 June 29. Arthur Pilkington, of Stainlie in the County of York 83 Sept. 36. Edward Widdrington, of Cairntington, Northum- berland gj^ Dec. 10. James Hay, of Smithfield 84 „ 19. Maria Bolles, of Ofburtone in the County of Not- tingham, widow, and lier heirs male and affignees 84 „ 19. John Raney, of Rotham alias Rutam, in the County of Kent gq 1636. Feb. 17. John Fortescue, of Salden in the County of Buck- ingham 86 „ 20. Thomas Thomsone, of Dudingftoun 86 June 17. JoHNE Browne, of Neale (Mayo). „ 18. Edward Moir, of Longfuird in the County of Not- tingham ^^ „ 18. Alexander Abercromby, of Birkenbog. „ 18. John Sinclare, of Stevinftoun 87 „ 18. John Curzon, of Kedleftone in the County of Derby 87 Sept. 13. John Rany, of Rotham (see 1635, Dec. 19) . . . . 88 Nov. 21. Gedian Bailzif., of Lochend 89 1637, Jan. 1 6. Mafler Thomas Nicholson, of Carnock 89 March 13. Mafter George Preston, fear of Valafeild .... 89 July 31. Andrew Ker, of Greinheid 91 1638. March 2. Henry Slingsbie, of Skriven in the County of York 91 „ 24. Thomas Peir, of Stanypittis in the County of Kent . 91 Dec. 17. Edward Languell, of Wolwerdin in the County of Buckingham 03 (Two blank precepts, names and dates not fupplied) 93 Note. — It may be obferved that be done either in New Scotland or at only a part of thofe who obtained char- Edinburgh. Of this clafs Sir Thomas ters took feifin, or, in other words, went Banks defignates forty-one, while he through the proper legal form of taking records the names of feventy-three poireffion of their baronies, which could whofe charters were followed by feifin. r II f ^ l) I II ^. ' CHARTER IN FAVOR OF Sir William Alexander, Knight, Of the Country and LordJJiip of Canada in America^ 2 February, 1628-9. HARLES, by the Grace of God, King of Great Britain, France and Ireland, and Defender of the Faith. To all good men of his whole land, clergy and laity, Greeting : Know ye, that we, being per- fecftly mindful by what engagement our faithful and well- beloved Councillor, Sir William Alexander of Menflrie, Knight, our Principal Secretary for our kingdom of Scot- land, and Hereditary Lieutenant of our country and do- minion of New Scotland, in America, has fuftained great charges and expenfes in his various undertakings, in the providing of fliips, engines of war, ordnance and munitions, in the condu6ling of colonies ; as alfo, in exploring, fettling and Note. — This tranflation is taken been made except that " New Scot- from the Appendix to a narrative of land" is introduced inftead of "Nova Law Proceedings privately printed at Scotia," wherever the Latin form oc- Edinburgh in 1836. No revifion has curs. 240 Charter of 1628-9. hi i \ and taking poffeffion of the faid country ; and whereby, he, and our other fubjedls, who alongfl with him were to find a fettlement in the faid country, might be aflifled for the further diffufion of the Chriflian rehgion, in thofe parts of our dominions, its propagation therein, and the expedled revealing and difcovery of a way or paffage to thofe feas, which lie upon America on the weft, commonly called the South Sea, from which the head, or fource of that great River or Gulf of Canada, or fome river flowing into it, is deemed to be not far diftant ; and fince by the example already exhibited by the faid Sir William in the exploring and fettling of the faid country of New Scotland, terminat- ing at the forefaid Gulf and River Canada, he has propofed eflablifliments by him in thofe parts of the plantation, which feem to be favourable for Ihe propagation of the faid relig- ion, and tending only to the great honour and profit of our ancient kingdom of Scotland, whence it may come to pafs that the faid colonies to be planted by him and his fucceffors, may by this means, in procefs of time, difcover the forefaid way or paffage to the faid feas, much hitherto, for very weighty confiderations, defired and fo often by various per- fons undertaken. Therefore, and for exciting the more ear- nefl refolutions of the faid Sir William, his heirs, affignees, portioners and affociates, to further progrefs in fuch and fo great an enterprife, we, with the fpecial advice and confent of our very faithful and well-beloved Coufin and Councillor, John, Earl of Mar, Lord Erfkene and Gareoch, our High Treafurer, Comptroller, Colledior and Treafurer of our new augmentations of our kingdom of Scotland ; our faithful and V Charter of 1628-9. 241 and well-beloved Councillor, Archibald, Lord Naper of Merchingstoun, our deputy in the faid offices, and the re- manent Lords of our Privy Council ; our Commiffioners of our faid kingdom of Scotland ; have given, granted, and difponed, and, by our prefent charter, give, grant, and dif- pone to the forefaid Sir William Alexander, his heirs and affignees, heritably, for ever, all and fundry iflands within the Gulf of Canada, lying between New Scotland and New- foundland, at the mouth and entrance of the great river Canada aforefaid, where it falls and enters into the faid Gulf (including therein the great ifland Anticofli). Alfo, we have given, granted, and difponed, and, by our prefent charter, give, grant, and difpone to the before-named Sir William Alexander, all and fundry iflands, lying within the faid river Canada, from the faid mouth and entrance, up to the head, fountain, and fource thereof, wherefoever it be, or the lake whence it flows, (which is thought to be towards the Gulf of California, called by fome the Vermilion Sea,) or within any other rivers flowing into the faid river Canada, or in whatfoever lakes, waters, or arms of the fea, through which either the faid great river Canada, or any of the faid other rivers pafs, or in which they difcharge themfelves. And further, we have given and granted, and by our prefent charter give and grant to the forefaid Sir William, and his forefaids, fifty leagues of bounds, on both fides of the fore- faid river Canada, from the faid mouth and entrance, to the faid head, fountain, and fource thereof ; alfo on both fides of the faid other rivers flowing into the fame ; as alfo, on both fides of the faid lakes, arms of the fea, or waters, tlirough 16 242 Charter of 1628-9. through which any of the faid rivers have their courfe, or in which they terminate ; and, in like manner, we have given and granted, and, by our prefent charter, give and grant to the forefaid Sir William Alexander, and his fore- faids, all and whole the bounds and palTages, as well in waters as on land, from the forefaid head, fountain, and fource of (the river) Canada, wherefoever it is, or from whatfoever lake it flows, down to the forefaid Gulf of Cal- ifornia, whatfoever the diftance fliall be found to be, with fifty leagues altogether on both fides of the faid paffage, before the faid head of (the river) Canada, and Gulf of Cal- ifornia ; and likewife, all and fundry iflands lying within the faid Gulf of California ; as alfo, all and whole the lands and bounds adjacent to the faid Gulf, on the Wefl and South, whether they be found a part of the continent or main land, or an ifland (as it is thought they are) which is commonly called and diftinguiflied by the name of Califor- nia. Moreover, we have given and granted, and, by our prefent charter, give and grant, and for us and our fuccef- fors, with advice and confent forefaid, perpetually confirm to the forefaid Sir William Alexander, his heirs and affignees whatfoever, heritably, all and fundry other lands, bounds, lakes, rivers, arms of the fea, woods, forefls, and others that fliall be found, conquered or difcovered, at any f 'ure time, by him or his fuccelTors, their partners, affociates, or others in their name, or having power from them, upon both fides of the whole bounds and paffages forefaid, from the mouth and entrance of the faid river Canada, where it difcharges itfelf into the faid Gulf of Canada, to the faid Gulf of Cali- fornia, Charter of 1628-9. 243 fornia, or the iflands in the feas thereto adjacent, which are not yet really and adlually poffeffed by others, our fubjccls, or the fubjedts of any other Chriftian Prince, or conftituted Orders in alliance and friendfliip with us, with full and abfolutc power to him the faid Sir William Alexander, and his forefaids, (and to no others,) their (le wards, fervants, and others in their name, of eftablifhing colonies, and en- gaging in commerce, in the before-named places or bounds, or any part of them particularly defigned, and of expelling or debarring all others from the fame : alfo, of leafing out proportions of the lands thereof, to whatfoever perfon or perfons fliall feem to him fit, and on the fame terms, con- ditions, reftri6lions, and obfervances, within all the before- named bounds, as he can do in New Scotland, by whatfoever Charters or Patents granted to him by our late dearefl father or by ourfelves : Alfo, with fuch, and as great privileges and immunities, in all the forefaid places, or bounds, iflands, and others above written, as well in the fea and frefli water, as on land, as the faid Sir William Alexander has in New Scotland, by his prior Charters or Patents of New Scotland, dated at which privilege contained in the faid prior charters, and every one of them, we ordain to be equally fufficient and valid, and altogether of the fame ftrength, force, and effect, as if each had been herein, word for word, particu- larly, and by itfelf, granted and expreffed ; as to the not particular infertion of which herein, we, for us and our fucceffors, have difpenfed, and, by our prefent charter, for ever difpenfe ; declaring alfo, as we, with advice and confent forefaid, ill 244 Charter of 1628-9. jt' ' ' forefaid, ordain and declare, for us and our fucceffors, that this our prefent Charter or Patent fliall in nowife be pre- judicial or derogatory to whatfoever rights, Charters, or Patents, granted to the forefaid Sir WilHam Alexander or his forefaids, of, or concerning New Scotland, at what- foever time preceding the date of thefe prefents, or to any head, claufe, article, or condition, therein expreffed, as alfo fliall be, without prejudice, to any prior charter granted by us ere now, or to be granted at any time to come to whatfoever Baronets within Scotland, of the coun- try of New Scotland ; prohibiting and forbidding all and fundry our fubjects, of whatfoever degree or condition, wherefoever, in our kingdoms or dominions, to make any plantation, or engage in any commerce in the faid plat s or bounds, gulfs, rivers, lakes, iflands, and arms of the fea above written, or in any part thereof, without the fpecial advice, permiffion, and confent of the forefaid Sir William Alexan- der, or his forefaids ; and with fpecial power to the faid Sir William Alexander, and his forefaids, of feizing, arrefting, and apprehending all and fundry perfons, who fliall be found to be in trade, and engaged in commerce in any part of the faid places or bounds, contrary to this prohibition, and of confifcating their fliips and goods, and difpoflng thereof at pleafure, to their own proper ufes, without rendering any count or reckoning in any manner, for the fame, or any part thereof ; and of doing all other things within all and whole the before-named bounds or f paces, as freely and fully, to all intents, purpofes, and inflru6lions, as the forefaid Sir William Alexander and his forefaids could have done, or can "■^ik^- Charter of 1628-9. 245 can do within the faid country of New Scotland, or our faid kingdom of Scotland, in virtue of any of the faid letters- patent, prior Charters or Patents : To be holden, and to hold all and whole the before-named lands, fpaces or bounds, iflands, and others, generally and particularly exprelTed, with their fundry privileges, immunities, and commodities whatfoever, generally and particularly, above mentioned, by the forefaid Sir William Alexander and his forefaids, of us and our fuccelTors, of the Crown and our kingdom of Scot- land, in free blench farm for ever, by all their right, meiths, old and divided, as they lie in length and breadth, in houfes, buildings, thickets, plains, muirs, marflies, roads, footpaths, waters, pools, rivulets, meadows, grazings, and paftures; mills, multures, and their fequels ; fowlings, huntings, filh- ings, peat ground, turf grounds, coals, coal pits, rabbits' warrens, pigeons, dovecots, forges, kilns, breweries, rnd broom woods, groves and flirubs, buried trees, timber, quar- ries, (lone, and lime ; with courts and their dues ; herezelds, fines, and raids of women ; with common pafturage, and free ifli and entry ; and with all other and fundry liberties, commodities, profits, eafements, and juft pertinents thereof v/hatfoever, as well not named as named, under ground as above ground, far and near, belonging, or which may juftly belong, in any manner, for the future, to the forefaid lands, with the pertinents, freely, quietly, fully, entirely, honourably, well and in peace, with gibbet, ditch, fuit, liberty of pleas, toll, power of having fervants, foreftry, fea wreck, ware, waif, venifon ; jurifdi6lion over thieves taken within and without the liberties ; pit and gallows, without any impediment, revocation 246 Charter of 1628-9. revocation, contradicflion, or obftaclc whatforvcr; paying therefor yearly, the faid Sir William, and his fortfaids, to us and our fucceffors, one penny, Scots money, upon the ground of the faid lands, or any part thereof, at the Feafl: of the Nativity of our Lord, in name of blench farm, if afked only ; which whole and entire fore-named lands, fpaces or bounds, ifiands and others, generally and partic- ularly, above expreffed, as faid is, we, with the fpecial advice and confent forefaid, for us and our fucceffors, have erecSled and united, and, by our prefent charter, eredl: and unite into one entire and free lordlhip for ever, to be called of Canada, heritably belonging and pertaining to the before-mentioned Sir William Alexander, and his forefaids : Alfo, w^e, by our prefent charter, are gracioufly pleafed, that whenfoever the faid Sir William Alexander, and his forefaids, or any of them, fliall wifh and defire this our prefent charter to be renewed, with all and fundry beneficial claufes and condi- tions, as in the faid prior charters or patents of New Scot- land, or as he, his forefaids, or any of them, on confultation of counfel, or by any fpecial examination towards the fur- ther or more certain difcovery of the faid places or bounds, rivers, lakes, arms of the fea, or paffages, and others above mentioned, fliall fee to be more advantageous and expedient, then, and in that cafe, we, on the word of a prince, promife, that we will renew and alter the faid charter to the forefaid Sir William Alexander and his forefaids, in the befl and mofl ample form that can be conceived : Moreover, we, by our prefent charter, with advice and confent forefaid, decern, declare, and ordain, that feifm to be taken by the faid Sir William Charter of 1628-9. 247 William Alexander, or his forefaids, at our Caflle of Hdin- biirgh, as the mod eminent and principal place of our faid kingdom of Scotland, or upon the foil and ground oi the forefaid lands, bounds, and iflands, or any part thereof, at the pleafure and will of the faid Sir William, and his fore- faids, fhall in all time coming, be fuflficient for all and whole the before-named lands, bounds, illands, and others above fpecified, or any part or portion thereof; and that the heirs of the forefaid Sir William, and his forefaids, may be feifed in all and fundry the before-named lands, bounds, iflands, and others forefaid, by precepts out of either the chancery of our faid kingdom of Scotland, or the chancery to be inftituted by the faid Sir William, and his forefaids, in the aforefaid country and lordfliip of Canada, as they incline, or alfo as their heirs can be feifed, by their faid prior grants in New Scotland, as to which we, with advice and confent forefaid, for us and our fucceffors, have difpenfed, and by our prefent charter, for ever difpenfe, and as to all and fun- dry the before-named privileges and others, generally and particularly above mentioned: And further, we have made and conflituted, and, by our prefent charter, make and con- ftitute, and any of them, conjundlly and feverally, our bailies in that part, giving and granting our full power and fpccial warrant to them, and any one of them, for giving, granting, and delivering to the forefaid Sir William Alexander, and his forefaids, or to their certain attorneys, holding or pro- ducing this our prefent charter, heritable flate and feifm, as well as a(5lual, real, and corporal poffeffion of all and fundry the TJISt.V^'^ •t ,, , * M ! 'f ! ■ 1) !« ' ij 248 Charter of 1628-9. the before-named lands, bounds, rivers, lakes, iflands, arms of the fea, or paffages, and others whatfoever, generally and particularly above expreffed, of the faid country and lord- fliip of Canada, at our faid Caflle of Edinburgh, or upon the foil and ground of any part of the forefaid lands and bounds, or places, or in both manners, at the pleafure of the faid Sir William Alexander, and his forefaids, commanding them, and any one of them, that, on fight of thefe prefents, they, or any one of them, forthwith giv^e and deliver heritable ftate and fcifm, as well as a6lual, real, and corporal poffeffion of all and fundi y the before-named lands, places or bounds, iflands, rivers, lakes, and others forefaid, generally and particularly above expreffed, to the forefaid Sir William Alexander, and his forefaids, or to their certain attorneys, holding or producing this our prefent charter, upon any part of the ground of the faid lands, or at our Caflle of Edinburgh, or in both manners, as fliall appear to him and his forefaids befl, by delivery of earth and flone to the fore- faid Sir William Alexander, and his forefaids, or to their attorneys, holding or producing this our prefent charter at the faid '"iftle, or upon the foil and ground of the faid lands and others above wTitten, or in both manners, as the faid Sir William, and his forefaids, incline, which feifm fo to be delivered by our fa'd bailies in tliat part to the forefaid Sir William, and his fccfaicls, or to their attorneys, holding or producing this our prefent charter, we, for us and our fuc- ceffors, decern and ordain to be good, lawful, valid, and fufficient in all time coming, difpenfing, as we, by ou'- pref- ent charter difpenfe, as to all that can be objected againfl the .\' Charter of 1628-9. 249 the fame, whether in form or in effe(5l. Laflly, we, for us and our fucceffors, with advice and confent forefaid, will, decern, declare, and ordain this our prefent chartei*, with all and fundry privileges, lib'-^rtie?, claufcs, and conditions, above mentioned, to be ratified, approved, and confirmed, in our next Parliament of our kingdom of Scotland, or in any other Parliament of the faid kingdcm hereafter to be holden, at the will and pleafure of the laid Sir William Alexander, and his forefaids, and to have the ftrcngth, force, and effe6l of a decree of that fupreme court, which to do, we, for us and our fucceffors, will and declare our faid char- ter, and claufes therein contained, to be a fufficient mandate or warrant, promifing, on the word of a King, that the fame fhall be fo done and performed. In witnefs whereof, we have ordered our Great Seal to be appended to this our prefent charter, the witneffes being, as in others (charters), our coufms and councillors, James, Marquefs of Hamiltoun, Earl of Arrau and Cambridge, Lord Aven and Innerdaill, Willic.m, Earl Mariflial, Lord Keyth, &c., Mariflial of our Kingdom, George Vifcount of Duplin, Lord Hay, of Kin- fawins, our Chancellor, Thomas, Earl of Hadingtoun, Lord Bynning and Byres, &c.. Keeper of our Privy Seal, our beloved familiar councillors. Sir William Alexander, of Menftrie, our principal Secretary, Sir James Hamiltoun, of Magdalenis, Clerk of our Rolls, Regifler, and Council, Sir George Elphingfloun of Blythifwode, our Juflice Clerk, and Sir John Scot, of Scottiftarvctt, Dire6lor of our Chancery, Knights, at our palace of Whythall, the 2d day of February anno Domini 1628, and the third of our rei^fn. " li '^ 1''^ ' , ill PAT E N T IN FAVOR OF WILLIAM LORD ALEXANDER, 133 Of the County of Canada and of Long Ifland in America., By the Council for the Affairs of New England, April 22, 1635. O all Chriflian people vnto whom theis prefetits fliall come The Councell for the Affairs of New ^ England fend greetinge in our Lord God ever- laftinge. Whereas our late Souraigne Lord Kinge James of bleffed memory by his highnes Letters Patente vnder the greate Seale of England, bearing date att Weftminfter the Thirde daye of November in the eighteenth yeare of his Ma^'" raigne ouer his highnes Realme of England, for the confideration in the faid Letters Patente exproffed and declared hath abfolutely given graunted and confirmed vnto 113 William, Lord Alexander, was the grofled on parchment, fee Calendar of eldeft fon of Sir William Alexander, State Papers^ Colonial, i574-i6<',o, p. Earl of Stirling. See antea, pp. Ill, 204. This Patent is hero reprinted 112. from the Colleftion of the 15annatyne For a fynopfis of this Patcn% which Club, Edinburgh, 1867, pp. 89-yi. appears to be prefer ved in a copy en- I 252 Pate7tt of 1635. vnto the faid Counfell and theire fucceffors for euer all the lands of Newe England in America lyinge and beinge in breadth from fortie degrees of Northerly latitude from the Equino6liall lyne to fortie eight degrees of the faid North- erly latitude inclufiuelie and in length of and within all the breadth aforefaid throughout the maine land from Sea to Sea. Together alfoe with all the ffirme lands, foyles,grounde, havons, ports, rivers, waters, fifhinge, mynes, and mineralls, as well Royall mynes of Gold & Silver as other mynes and mineralls pretious ftones quarries and all and fingular other commodities jurifdidlions royalties previledgcs, ffranchifes, and preheminences both within the faid tra61:e of land vppon the Maine and alfoe within the Iflands and Seas adjoininge (as by the faid Letters Patents amongfl diuers other things therein conteyned more att large it doth and may appeare) Now Knovv'e all men by thefe prefents that the faid Counfell of New England in America beinge affcmbled in publiquc Courte, accordinge to an a6le made and agreed vppon the thirdc day of ffebruary lafh pall before the date of theis prefents for diuers good caufes and confideracions them hcrevnto efpecially moveinge haue given, grauntcd, aliened, bargayned, and fold And in and by theis prefents doe for them and theire Succeffors giue, graunt alien bargainc fell and confirme vnto the right honorable William Lord Alex- ander his heircs and affignes, All that part of the Maine Land of Newe Enrland aforefaid befiinnins^e, from a cer- tainc place called or knowne by the name of Saint Croix next adjoiningc to New Scotland in America aforefaid and from thence extendinge alonge the fea coaft \'nto a certaine place wammammas- Patent of 1635. 253 place called Pemaquid, and foe vpp the Riuer therof to the furtheft head of the fame as it tendeth Northwarde and extendinge from thence att the neareft vnto the Riuer of Kinebequi and foe upwards alonge by the fliorteft courfe which tendeth vnto the River of Canada ffrom henceforth to be called and knowne by the name of the Countie of Canada.^^'* And allfoe all that Ifland or Iflands heretofore comonly called by the feuerall name or names of Matowack or Longe Ifland and hereafter to be called by the name of the Hie of Starlinge fituate lyinge and beinge to the weft- ward of Cape Codd or the Narohiganlets within the latitude of ffortie or fortie one degrees or thereabouts abuttinge vpon the Maineland betweene the two Rivers there knowne by the feverall names of Coneftecutt and Hudfons Riuer and conteyninge in length from Eafl to Weft the whole length of the Sea Coaft there betweene the faid two Rivers. Together "'' At the laft meeting of the Council for New England, according to the frag- ment of their r^ ords now extant, held on I Novcnil:)ei. 1638, an addition was made to this grant to Lord William Alexander ; and, thus augmented, the whole was granted to the Earl of Stir- ling, the father of Lord Alexander. The addition to this grant comprifed the ter- ritory lying between the waters of Pem- aquid, extending to their fource, and the Kennebec or Sagadahock. By ref- erence to the records of the Council, it will be feen that in the divifion of their territory among themfelves, agreed upon on the 3d February, 1634-5, ^^ <^f the grantees were to have ten tlioufand acres each on the eaft of the river Saga- dahock. Thefe fixty thouliind acres were undoubtedly expected to be taken in the area between Pemaquid and the Ken- nebec, a territory which had hitherto been unappropriated. By the action taken at the laft meeting of the Council referred to above, it would feem that the claim of the fix proprietors was either withdrawn or ignored, and the whole was included in the fliare appropriated to the Earl of Stirling. After the death of the Earl, it was apparently forgotten, or at leaft not included in any new pa- tent comprehending the whole. When Henry, the fourth Earl of Stirling, fold, in 1663, this grant to the Duke of York, the " augmentation " docs not appear to have been included, otherwife it would have been comprifed in the patent grant- ed by Charles II. to his brother, the Duke of York, in 1764, which was not the cafe. — Records of ike Council for New En inland, Proceedings of the Am. Antiq. Soc. 1867, pp. 114-118, 131 ; Docunieniary Hiji^^ry of iVevj \\>riCy Vol. II. pp. 295-298. P 1 %A 254 Pate7it of 1635. ' '! \:- \ Together with all and fingular havens, harbour- creekes, and Iflands, imbayed and all Iflands and Iletts lyinge with- in ffive leagues diflance of the Maine beinge oppofite and abuttinge vi)on the premifes or any part thereof not for- merly lawfully graunted to any by fpeciall name And all mynes mineralls quarries, foyles and woods, mariflies, rivers, waters, lakes, fififliings, hawkinge, huntinge and ffowlinge and all other Royalties Jurifdeccions, priviedges, prehementes, proffitts, commodities and hereditaments whatfoeuer with all and fingular there and euery of theire appurtenentes. And together alfoe with all Rents referued and the benefitt of all proffitts due to them the faid Counfell a ^d their Succeffors and precin6ls aforefaid to be exercifed and executed accord- inge to the Lawes of England as neere as may be by the faid William Lord Alexander his heires or affignes or his or theii-e Deputies Lieutenents, Judges, Stewards, or officers therevnto by him or them or theire affignes deputed or ap- pointed from time to time with all other priviledges, fran- chhts, liberties, in munities, efcheates, and cafualties thereof arrii'eing or which fliall or may hereafter arife within the faid limitte and precin6ls, with all theire intreft right title claime and demand whatfoever, which the faid Councell and there fucceffors, now of right have or ought to have or claime or may haue or acquire hereafter in or to the faid portion of Lands or Iflands, or any the premifes and in as free ample large and beneficiall manner to all intents conflruc- tions ind purpofes what fo euer as the faid Councell by vertue of his Ma"'' faid Letters Patent may or can graunt the fame : Saucing and allwayes referuinge vnto the faid Councell and there Succeffors power to receaue heare and determine Patent of 1635. 255 determine all and fingular appeale and appeales of eiiery perfon and prrfons whatfoeiier dwellinge or inhabitinge within the faici Territories and Iflands or any part thereof foe graunted as aforefaid of and from all judgements and fentences whatfoeuer given within the faid lands and Terri- tories aforefaid To haue and to holde all and fmccular the lands and premifes aboue by theis prcfents graunted (excepte before excepted) with all and all manner of profilitts com- modities and hereditaments whatfoeuer within the lands and precindls aforefaid to the faid lands, Iflands and prem- ifes or any of them in any wife belonginge or apperteyninge vnto the faid William Lord Alexander his heires and affignes To the only proper ufe and behoofe of him the faid William Lord Alexander his heires and affignes for euer To be holden of the faid Councell and theire fucceffors, per Gladium Com- itatus^ that is to fay by findeinge foure able men conven- iently armed and arrayed for the warre to attend vppon the Governor of New England for the publique feruice within ffourteene dayes after any warninge given ; yieldinge and payinge vnto the faid Councell and theire Succeffors for euer one fift part of all the . . . are of the mynes of gold and filver which flialbe had poffeffed or obteyned within the limitte or precin61s aforefaid for all rents feruices dueties and demaunds whatfoeuer due vnto the faid Councell and their fucceffors from plantacion within the precincts afore- faid The fame to be deliuered vnto his Ma"" Receiver or deputie or deputies Affignes ... to the ufe of his Ma'"" his heires and fucceffors from . . . the Lands precin6ls and Territories of New England aforefaid . . . the two and twcntie day of [April, 1635] and 11".' yeare of the Raigne. I'i THE PRINCE SOCIETY. m Ifll ! i n r 1 i 1 jlv' \ . ■■ (i IH< l'',i H r I •«i THE PRINCE SOCIETY. CONSTITUTION. Article I.— This Society fliall be called (in honor of the Rev. Thomas Prince, one of America's mofl learned Hiflorians and Antiquaries) The Prince Society ; and it fliall have for its objea the publication of rare works, in print or manufcript, relating to America. Article II. — The officers of the Society fhall be a Prefident, three Vice-Prefidents, a Correfponding Secretary, a Recording Secretary, and a Treafurer, who together fhall form the Council of the Society. Article III. — Any perfon may become a member by agree- ing to purchafe of the Society its publications as they are ifTued, at rates to be fixed by the Council ; and faid memberfhip fhall be forfeited by a refufal to purchafe the Society's ilTues, or may be terminated by refignation, all works ilTued being paid for before fuch refignation. Article IV. — The management of the Society's affairs fhall be veiled in the Council, which fhall keep a faithful record of its proceedings, and report the fame to the Society annually at its General Meeting in May. Article V. — On the anniverfary of the birth of the Rev. Thomas Prince, namelv, on the twenty-fifth day of May in every year, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) .^ 'A 1.0 I.I US t us, u 1^ 1^ 1^ 12.2 IL25 i 1.4 2.0 1.6 ^ n ^>. Photographic Sciences Corporation V ^ ^ :o^ <^ V 33 WEST MAIN STREfer WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 •«b^ o Ua ^ 26o »■ I The Prince Society. year, a Grneral Meetini^ fliall be held at Bofton, in Mairacliuff'tts, for the purpofe of electing olhcers, hearing the report of the Council, auditing the Treafurer's account, and tranfai^ting other bullnefs. Article VI. — The ofTiccrs fliall be chofen by the Society annualh', at the General Meeting ; but vacancies occurring be- tween the General Meetings may be iilled by the Council. Article VII. — As often as the profits from the publications accumulate fo as to warrant it, a volume, or volumes, fliall be ifliied and delivered gratuitoufly to every perfon then a member of the Society. Article VIII. — By-Laws for the more particular govern- ment of the Society may be made or amended at any General Meeting. Article IX. — Amendments to the Conftitution may be made at the General Meeting in May by a three-fourths vote, pro- vided that a copy of the fame be tranfmitted to every member of the Society at lead one month previous to the time of voting thereon. COUNCIL. RULES AND REGULATIONS. 1. The Society fliall be adminiftered on the mutual principle, and folely in the interell of American hiftory. 2. Members may be added to the Society from time to time on the recommendation of any member of the Society and a confirm- atory vote of a majority of the Council. 3. A The Prince Society, 261 (Tachiifptts, »ort of the 'ting other le Society Lirn'ng be- icil. blications i> fliall be I member govern- General be made 3te, pro- member •f voting inciple, ime on 3nfirm- 3. A 3. A volume fliall be iiTued as often as practicable, but not more frequently than once a year. 4. An editor of each work to be ifliied fhall be appointed, who fhall be a member of the Society, whofe duty it fliall be to prepare, arrange, and condii6l the fame through the profs ; and as he will nocclTarily be placed under obligations to fcholars and others for alfillance, and particularly for the loan of rare books, he fliall be entitled to receive ten copies, to enable him to acknowledge and return any courtefies v/hich he may have received. 5. All editorial work and official fervice fliall be performed gratuitoufly. 6. All contrails conne6led with the publication of any work fliall be laid before tiie Council in dilliniil: fpecilications in writ- ing, and be adopted by a vote of the Council, and entered in a book kept for that purpofe ; and, when the volume is completed, its whole expenfe fliall be entered, with the items of its cofl, in full, in the fame book. 7. The price of each volume fliall be a hundredth part of the cofl of the edition, or as near to that as conveniently may be, and tliere fliall be no other aflelTments levied upon the members of the Society. 8. A fum, not exceeding fix hundred dollars, may be held by the Council as a working capital ; and when the balance in the treafury fliall exceed that fum, the excefs fliall be divided, from time to time, among the members of the Society, by remitting either a part or the whole cofl of a volume, as may be deemed expedient. 9. All moneys belonging to the Society fhall be depofited in the New England Trufl Company in Boflon, unlefs fome other banking % 262 The Prince Society, \ w banking inflitution fhall be defignated by a vote of the Council, and faid moneys (hall be entered in the name of the Society, fubje6t to the order of the Treafurer. 10. It fliall be the duty of the Prefident to call the Council together whenever it may be neceflary for the tranfadtion of bufi- nefs, and to prefide at its meetings. 11. It fhall be the duty of the Vice-Prefidents to authorize all bills before their payment, to make an inventory of the property of the Society during the month preceding the annual meeting, and to report the fame to the Council, and to audit the accounts of the Treafurer. 12. It fhall be the duty of the Correfponding Secretary to iflue all general notices to the members, and to condu6l the general correfpondence of the Society. 13. It fhall be the duty of the Recording Secretary to keep a complete record of the proceedings both of the Society and of the Council in a book provided for that purpofe. 14. It fliall be the duty of the Treafurer to forward to the members bills for the volumes as they are ifTued, to fuperintend the fending of the books, to pay all bills authorized and indorfed by at leafl two Vice-Prefidents of the Societ}', and to keep an accurate account of all moneys received and difburfed. 15. No books fhall be forwarded by the Treafurer to any member until the amount of the price fixed for the fame fhall have been received, and any member negle6ting to forward the faid amount for one month after his notification fliall forfeit his memberfhip. '■ i \K ^e Council, le Society, he Council ion of bufi- thorize all e property I meeting, - accounts ry to iflue e general o keep a ty and of •d to the )erintend indorfed keep an to any me Ihall ^ird the 'rfeit his OFFICERS OF THE PRINCE SOCIETY. Prcfidcnt. JOHN WARD DEAN, A.M Boston, Mass. Vice-Prefidents. JOHN WINGATE THORNTON, A.M. . . . Boston, Mass. The Rev. EDMUND F. SL AFTER, A.M. . . Boston, Mass. WILLIAM B. TRASK, Esq, ....... Bostox, Mass. CorrcJ'ponding Secretary. The Hon. CHARLES H. BELL, A.M Exeter, N.H. Recording Secretary. WILLIAM H. WHITMORE, A.M Boston, Mass. Trcafurer, CHARLES W. TUTTLE, A.M Boston, Mass. <.(1 THE PRINCE SOCIETY. May 25, 1873. t- . ' ■> The Hon. Charles Francis Adams, LL.D. . . Bofton, Mafs. Samuel Agnew, ECq Philadelphia, Pa. Salomon Alofsen, Kfq Jersey City, N.J. Thomas Coffin Amory, A.M Bofton, Mafs. William Sumner Appleton, A.M Bofton, Mafs. George L. Balcom, P2fq Claremont, N.H. S. L. M. Barlow, Efq New York, N.Y. Nathaniel J. Bartlett, A.B Bofton, Mafs. The Hon. Charles H. Bell, A.M Exeter, N.H. John J. Bell, A.M Exeter, N.H. Samuel L. Boardman, Efq Augufta, Me. The Hon. Edward E. Bourne, A.M Kennebunk, Me. The Hon. James Ware Bradbury, A.M. . . . Augufta, Me. J. Carfon Brevoort, Efq Brooklyn, N.Y. George Brinley, A.M Hartford, Ct. J. Bernard Brinton, Efq Philadelphia, Pa. William Gray Brooks, Efq Bofton, Mafs. John Carter Brown, A.M Providence, R.I. John Marfhall Brown, A.M Portland, Me. Hubbard W. Bryant, Efq Portland, Me. The Hon. Edmund Burke Claremont, N.H. Thomas O. H. P. Burnham, Efq Bofton, Mafs. Charles I. Buflinell, Efq New York, N.Y. George Bigelow Chafe, A.M Bofton, Mafs. The Prince Society, 265 The Hon. Mcllen Chamberlain, A.M. . . . Chclfea, Mafs. Lucius K. Chittenden, A.M New York, N.Y, Ethan N. Coburn, Efq Charleftown. Mafs. Jeremiah Colburn, A.M. Bofton, Mafs. Deloraine P. Corey, Efq Bofton, Mafs. Eraftus Corning, Efq Albany, N.Y. Abram E. Cutter, Efq Charleftown, Mafs. William M. Darlington, Efq I'ittfburg, Pa. Henry B. Dawfon, Efq Morrifania, N.Y. Charles Deane, LL.D Cambridge, Mafs. John Ward Dean, A.M Bofton, Mafs. Hie Rev. Henry Martyn Dexter, D.D. . . . Bofton, Mafs. Samuel Gardner Drake, A.M Bofton, Mafs. Harry H. Edes, Efq Charleftown, Mafs. Jonathan Edwards, Jr., A.B., M.D New Haven, Ct. Samuel Eliot, LL.D Bofton, Mafs. A. L. Elw>n, M.D Philadelphia, Pa. John Elwyn, Efq Portfmouth, N.H. James Emott, Efq New York, N.Y. The Hon. William M. Evarts, LL.D New York, N.Y. Charles S. Eellows, Efq Chicago, 111. John S. H. Fogg, M.D Bofton, RLafs. Samuel P. Fowler, Efq Danvers, Mafs. James E. Gale, Efq Haverhill, Mafs. ^ ^Marcus D. Gilman, Efq Montpelier, Vt. -^^^T. The Hon. John E. Godfrey Bangor, Me. Abner C. Goodell, Jr., A.M Salem, Mafs. Elbridge H. Gofs, Efq Bofton, Mafs. The Hon. Horace Gray, Jr., LL.D Bofton, Mafs. William W. Greenough, A.B Bofton, Mafs. Isaac J. Greenwood, A.M New York, N.Y. Charles H. Guild, Efq Bofton, Mafs. The Hon. Robert S. Hale, LL.D Elizabethtown, N.Y. C. Fifke Harris, Efq Providence, R.I. Francis B. Hayes, A.M Bofton, Mafs. Francis S. 1 oilman, Efq Philadelphia, Pa. 266 . Tlie Prince Society, James F. Hunncwcll, Efq Charleftown, Mafs. 'J'heodore Irwin, Efq Ofwcgo, N.Y. William Porter Jarvis, A.M Bollon, Mafs. John S. Jenness, A.H New York, N.Y. Edward F. tie Lancey, Efq New York, N.Y. John J. Latting, A.M New York, N.Y. Thomas J. Lee, lOfq Lofton, Mafs. Joseph Leonard, Efq Bofton, Mafs. John A. Lewis, Efc| Bofton, Mafs. VVinilow Lewis, A.M., M.D Boflon, Mafs. William T. R. Marvin, A.M Bofton, Mafs. William P. Matchett, Efq Boflon, Mafs. Frederic W. G. May, Efq Boflon, Mafs. The Rev. James \\. Means, A.M Boflon, Mafs. William Menzies, Ef(i New York, N.Y. George H. Moore, LL. I) New York, N.Y. The Hon. James W. North Augufla, Me. Francis Parkman, LL.P. Boflon, Mafs. Augustus T. Perkins, A.M Boflon, Mafs. The Rev. William Stevens Perry, D.D. . . . Geneva, N.Y. William C. Peters, A.M Boflon, Mafs. John V. L. Pruyn, A.M Albany, N.Y. Samuel S. Purple, M.D New York, N.Y. The Rev. Alonzo H. Quint, D.D . New Bedford, Mafs. Edward S. Rand, A.M Boflon, Mafs. Edward S. Rand, Jr., A.M Boaon, Mafs. The Rev. Edmund F. Slafter, A.M Boflon, Mafs. Charles C. Smith, Efq Boflon, Mafs. Samuel T. Snow, Efq Boflon, Mafs. Edwin W. Stoughton, Efq New York, N.Y. The Hon. Benjamin F. Thomas, LL.D. . . . Boflon, Mafs. John Wingate Thornton, A.M Boflon, Mafs. William B. Townc, A.M Milford, N.H. William B. Trafk, Esq .... Boflon, ALifs. The Hon. Willi.am H. Tuthill Tipton, Iowa. Charles W. Tuttle, A.M Boflon, Mafs. "ra The Prince Society. 267 George W, Wales, Efq Bofton, Mafs. Joseph R Walker, A.M Concord, N.H. Thomas Waterman, Esq Bofton, Mafs. Miss Rachel Wetherill Philadelphia, Pa. Henry Wheatland, A.M., M.D Salem, Mafs. William H. Whitmore, A.M Bofton, Mafs. Henry Auftin Whitney, A.M Bofton, Mafs. John Kimball Wigf;in, Efq Bofton, Mafs. The Hon. Marlhall P. Wilder Bofton, Mafs. Henry Winfor, Efq Philadelphia, Pa. The Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, LL.D. . . . Bofton, Mafs. Charles Levi Woodbury, Efq Bofton, Mafs, AHibel Woodward, M.D Eranklin, Ct. William Elliot Woodward, Efq Bofton, Mafs. The Hon, Thomas H, Wynne Richmond, Va. lihrarie;;, American Antiquarian Society Worcefter, Mafs. Arnherft College Library Amherft, Mafs. Bofton Athenaeum Bofton, Mafs. Bofton Library Society Bofton, Mafs, Concord Public Library Concord, Mafs. Free Public Library Worcefter, Mafs. Grofvenor Library Buffalo, N.Y, Hiftorical Society of Pennfylvania Philadelphia, Pa. Long Ifland Hiftorical Society Brooklyn, N.Y. Maffachufetts Hiftorical Society Bofton, Mafs. Mercantile Library New York, N.Y. New England Hiftoric Genealogical Society . Bofton, Mafs, Public Library of the City of Bofton .... Bofton, Mafs, Redwood Library Newport, R.L State Library of Maflachufetts Bofton, Mafs, State Library of New York Albany, N,Y. State Library of Rhode Ifland Providence, R.I. State Library of Vermont Montpelier, Vt. Williams College Library Williamstown, Mafs. PUBLICATIONS OF THE PRINCE SOCIETY. Nkw Enolanp's Prospect. A true, lively and experimcntall defcription of that pnrt o( Amrn'ca, commonly called New ICn^land : difcovering the State of that Conntrie, both as it Hands to our new-come EngUjh Planters ; and to the old Natiue Inhabitants. By William Wood. London, 1634. Preface by Charles Dcane, LL.D. The Hutciiinsom Papers. A Colleiflion of Original Papers relatiue to the Iliftory of the Colony of MaflTa- chufetts-Bay. Reprinted from the edition of 1769. Edited by William II. Whit- more, A.M., and William S. Applcton, A.M. 2 vols. John Dunton's Letters from New England. Letters written from New England A.D. 16S6. By John Dunton in which are defcribed his voyages by Sea, his travels on land, and the charatilers of his friends and .acquaintances. Now firft publilbed from the Original Munufcript in the Bodleian Library. Oxford. Edited by William H. Whitmore, A.M. The Andros Tracts. Being a CoUedllon of Pamphlets and Official Papers iffued during the period between the overthrow of the Andros Government and the eftablifhment of the fecond Charter of Maffachufetts. Reprinted from the original editions and manufcripts. With a Memoir of Sir Edmund Andros, by the editor, William H. Whitmore, A.M. 2 vols. Sir William Alexander and American Colonization. Including three Royal Charters, iffued in 1621, 1625, 1628; a Traifl entitled an Encoura'ir James, 234 ; 2. r. 16. 6. ' S3, 99, III, MilTions, Roman Catholic, 182. Moir, Edward, 237. MoncreiiT, John, 234. Monro, He6lor, 236. Montague, 63. Montauk Point, 90. Montgomerie, Sir Robert, 235. Montgomery, Vifcount Hugh, 115. Montreal, 25. Moore, Charles B., 87, 88. Morton, Earl of, 94. Moral-plays, 7. Mofes, 156. Mount Defert, 36, 181, 182. Mount Manfell, 181. Munroe, Robert, 115. Murdoch, 68, 73, 92. Murphy, Henry C, 91. Murray, Archibald, 235 ; John, 17, 1 16 ; Patrick, 235 ; Richard, 233 ; William, 1 16, 236 ; Sir William, 234. N. Nanhoc, 32. • Nantucket, 89, 92. Naper, Lord, 241. Narohiganlets, 253. Narvaez, 24. Negroes, 163. Nepar, Sir Archibald, 234. New Brunfwick, 20, 71, 73, 79. New England, 19, 20, 23, 24, 28, 36, 37, 38, 66, 75, 120, 121, 164, 181, 254, et pajfitn. Newfoundland, 19, 21, 23, 24, 25, 36, 45, 46, 47, 55, 56, 58, 64, 120, 121, 130, 164, etpajfim. New France, 20, 35, 60, 61, 63, 68, 70, 120, 165. New France, Company of, 59, 60, 61, 63, 72, 196. New Galloway, 43. New Hampfhire, 84. New Nethcrland, 91. New Scotland, grant obtained by Sir William Alexander, 19 ; its extent, 20 ; origin of the name, 20 ; an ex- pedition fent out in 1622, but difperfe at Newfoundland, 45 ; another fent in 1623, and explore the coaft, 46, 47 ; Knights Baronets created in the intereil: of its colonization, 49, 50, 51, 52 ; a colony planted, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68 ; erroneoufly alTerted to have been fold to the La Tours, 76-80 ; Charter, 127-148; Sir William Al- exander's defcription of, 197-203 ; Novodamus Charter of, 217-231; Knights Baronets of, 233-237. Newport, 24. New Spaine, 20, 162, 196. New York, 36, 62, 84, 87, 89, 91, 114. Nichols, 5. Nicholfon, Thomas, 237. Nicolfone, John, 235. Noah, 208. Norgate, 53. Nortoun, Walter, 236. Norumbega, 25. Norwich, 15. Notes and Queries, Englifli, 114, 115. North Carolina, 27. Nova Scotia, 20, 23, 53, 67, 68, Ti, 75, 76, 79- Numifmatic Society of Liverpool, 97, 98. 28o Index, !i; \ \ w ■■ ' M\ i' o. Oatlands, 231. Ochil Hills, I. Ogilvie, George, 234 ; John, 234. Ohio, 84. Oldys, 7, 13, 125. Oliphant, James, 235, Onflow Bay, 24. Orange, Prince of, 112. Orleans, Ifle of, 173. Ormiflon, 148. Orpheus, 58. Ottomans, 158. Over-Ifgnll, 115. Ovid, 126. Oxford, 14. P. Palfrey, Dr., 20, 47, 88. Pallas, 205. Papinianus, 126. Paris, Ts, 175- Parkman, Francis, 25. Parliament of Scotland, 85. Pafqualigo, 22. Patterfon, 32. Peir, Thomas, 237. Pemaquid, 86, 253. Pembroke, Earl of, 94. Pemetiq, 181. Pennfylvania, 84. Penobfcot Bay, 24, 37, 75. Perfians, 161. Perthfliire, 100. Peru, 162, 209. Philadelphia, 17, 70, 71. Phillippo, S., 24. Phoenicians, 156. Picardy, 25. Picrfon, the Rev. Abraham, 88. Pilkington, Arthur, 237. Pitreavie, 113. Pl.icentia, 188, 199. I'lato, 206. Plymouth Company, 31, 71. Plymouth, Eng., 66, 67, 199. Plymouth Rock, 37. Pliny, 102. Pole, 205. Ponce de Leon, John, 23. Pontgrave, 35. Popham, Chief Juftice, 30, 31, 33, 193 ; Sir Francis, 33; George, 31, 32. Porteous, The Rev. James, 100. Port de Mouton, 46, 47, 176, 201, 202. Port Jolly, 46, 47, 201. Port Negro, 47, 201. Port Royal, 35, 36, 47, 6r, 62, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 75, 77, 92, 96, III, 176, 177, 180. Portfmouth, 24, 29. Portugal, Portugals, Portuguefe, 23, 39, 172, 174. Pory, John, 63. Poulet, Lord, 66. Poutrincourt, 180. Precept, 51. Prefton, George, 237. Prefloun, Sir John, 235. Prince Society, Conftitution, 259 ; rules and regulations, 260-262 ; of- ficers, 263 ; members, 265-268. Prince, The Rev. Thomas, 63. Pring, Martin, 29, 30. Privy Council, 19. Puckering, Sir Thomas, 63. Purchas, 22, 25, 28, 32, 119, 124. Pye, C, 125. Index. 281 Q. Quebec, 20, 25, 3S> 61, 63, 184. R. Raithe, James, 148. Raleigh Bay, 24. Raleigh, Sir Walter, 27, 28, 56, 190. Ramfay, Gilbert, 233. Ramufio, 25. Raney, John, 237. Rany, John, 237. Renouze, 58, 187. Ribault, John, 24, 26, 33, 166, 168. Richardfon, Robert, 236 ; William, 125. Richelieu, Cardinal de, 59, 63, 72. Richmond, Duchefs of, 98. Riddell, John, 235. Rimoudci, 20, 79. Roanoke Ifland, 28. Robin's Ifland, 88. Rochelle, 60, 173, 179. Rocque, Roberval, 25, 173. Rogers, The Rev. Charles, 3, 18. Romanes, 158, 159, 161. Rome, 156. Rofe, John, 174. Roxburgh, Earl of, 94. Rufliworth, IS, 61. ; Ruffians, 205, 209. Rymer, 22. s. Sabins, 157. Sable Ifland, 35, 174, 186. Sagadahock, 29, 31, 32, 33, 86, 193. Sainfbury, 38, 62, 86. Saint Croix, 35, 51, ^^, 86, 122, 129, 176, 197. Saint George, 29, 32. Saint Germain en Laye, 68, 70, 72. Saint John (N. F.), 45. 4^, S^, 75. 186, 199, 200, 203. Saint Lawrence, 73. Saint Peter, 45, 198. Saint Sauvear, 36. Salif bury, 92. Salmanezer, 156. Samaria, 156. Sandford, 17. Sarazens, 204. Saturne, 205. Savage, James, 91 ; Vifcount, 94. Scaliger, 126. Scot, Sir John, 148, 231, 249. Scotch, 49, 60, 61, 66, 67, 68, 69. Scotch Mint, 97. Scotland, i, 17, 18, 19, 43» 45. 5'. S2| 57. 58, 61, T!>, 75. 77, 79, 82, 85, 89, 92, 95, et pajjlm. Scotftarvet, 148. Scott, J., 148. Scott, Walter, 14, 49- Scrymgeor, The Rev. H., 115. Sedgwick, Robert, 75. Segipt, Sagamore, 66. Seneca, the Tragedian, 208. Service Book, Scotch, 103. Seymer, Richard, The Rev., 31. Shakefpeare, William, 4. Shea, John G., 174. Shelter Ifland, 88. Shem, 155. Sibbald, James, 236. Sicile, 158. Sidney, Sir Philip, 4, 16, 126. Sidon, 156. Silius, 102. Sinclair, Sir Robert, 112. 282 Index, \s\ 'I ! . Sinclare, James, 236. Sinclare, Jolin, 237. Siracufa, 158. Skene, Sir James, 234. Slafter, The Rev. Carlos, 127. Slingfbie, Henry, 237. Somers, 14, 49. Somerfetfliire, 66. Soutliampton, 88. Soutliampton, Earl of, 28, 29. South CaroHna, 22. Southold, 87, 88. Smith, Captain John, 27y 38, 122, 123. Spaine and Spaniards, 3, 30, 39, 58, 158, 159, 161, 170, 173, 204, 206. Spalding, 98. SpeQator, 11. Spenfer, 4. Spottifwood, Archbifliop, 15. St. Andrews, Archbifhop of, 14. Stanfby, 120. Starlinge, Ifle of, 253. Steele, 11. Stephens, 15. Stcrline, 17, 18, 86, 88. St. Eftienne, Charles, 236. St. Eftienne, Claude, 235. Stewart, Andrew, 235 ; James Lord, 236; James, 234. St. George's Channel, 45, 198. Stirling, i, 17, 18, 99, 100, loi ,112, 113. Stirling, Countefs of, 115. Stirling, Earl, 86, 87, 90, 91, 92, 94, 112, 126, 253. Stirling, Vifcount, 82, 83, 112. St. John, Florida, 26. St. Lawrence, 25, 84. St. Mary's Bay, 129, 176. St. Luke's Bay, 46, 47. Strachan, Alexander, 233. Strachey, William, 22, 28, 32, 33. Strathern, Earl of, 94. Stuteville, Sir Martin, 66. Stuyvefant, Governor, 90. Suffolk Regiftry, 74, 75, 77, 80. Suriquois, 129. Swedens, 205. Swinton, 115. T. Tadoufac, 35. Tarentines, 32. Tartarians, 204, 209. Taffo, 126. Thames, 32, 64. Theobalds, 52, 53. Thompfon, Benjamin F., 88, 89 ; Thom- as, 237. Thornton, John Wingate, 124. Tirus, 156. Torphichen, Lord, 112. Townfend, William C, 115. Trapizonde, 157. Trinity College, 7. Troy, 157. Tweed, 51, 176, 197. Tylehurft, 114. Tyler, Prefident John, 89. Tytler, Patrick Frafer, 22. Tullibody, 114, 115/ TuUicutre, 114. Turks, 204, 205. Turnbull, 115. Tuttle, Charles W., 122. Ulfter, 49. Underbill, 89. Union, States of, 84. , ♦ Index. 283 28, 32, II, 66. . 77, 80. 88, 89; Thorn- . 124. 5- United States, 33. Urquhart, Sir Thomas, 76. V. Vandyke, 53. Vane, Sir Henry, 89. Vanlore, Sir Peter, 114. Vauglian, William, 55, 56, 58, 92. Venice, 157. Vernate, Philbert, 236. Verrazani, 24, 165, 173. Vermilion Sea, 241. Vermont, 84. Villegaj^non, 170, 171. Vines, Richard, 92. Vineyard Sound, 29. Virgil, 126. Virginia, 23, 32, 33, 34, 38, 42, 120, 181, 182, 183, 190, 192, 193, 197 ; North, 31 ; Pinnace, 33 ; South, 31, 37- W. Wales, Welfli, 55, 56, 58, 95. Walpole, Horace, 4, 53. Wardlaw, Sir Henry, 113, 236. Wert Indies, 27, 180, 214. Wcftminfter, 14, 251. Wefton, Lord, 94. Weymis, Sir John, 233. Weymouth, 28 ; Captain George, 29. Whitbourne, 37, 38. Whitehall, 52, 65. Whythall, 249. Windfor, 19, 148. Winthrop, 87, 88, 89, 90, 174. Wood, Anthony, 16. Widdrington, Kdward, 237. Williams, Bifliop John, 14. Wreittoun, 43. Wright, Thomas, 49. X. Xenophon, 126. York, Duke of, 90, 92, 253.