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'. -fff U'M'IIJIi. ^. ,-,l'H.,'WUJ.' .J^,..^ •^^^fr^^^^^"TT^^^ ~ '. I ' i,- , ' \'.:li.j'V ■BH!5W5?5!^SS?»!p*HJ*-* r--^ '^*:tr*''^ GENERAL SKETCH '1- ^'F. OF I HE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC 'a BY HON. HONORE MERCIER PREMIER OF THE PROVINCE QUEBEC : 1889 * 6 vll mmmmmmm • T ■-> '#. ^'mm. i-iHij \ • • k ',■■ n t • • ■' 'WtBfmimfmam UJI.I1PU ,J. V,.U .^JiL- rrr. ■,^ „.^,,.^ ..-■.*♦*, THE PROX'INCE OF QUEBEC lilSTOBIC'AL SVKTOH. The Province of Quebec wan tli^ oruill>> ol French colonimtioii iu Ame- rica. After the disnovfry ol (Janada by Jactjues-CHrtier in li)o4an< de la Roelje to effect settle, luents in Aiuerica, the French ioundeii tlie colony of I'ort-Hoyul, wlii<;h, for varioud reasons, "lovelopod but slightly, (.'hamplain, who was at Hrst cun>loyeU by de Moiits at I'ort-lvoyal, abandoned that untur|.iri90 tu devote Jiis energieg to the estabUHlimeni of <2ii*^l'*^tJ> the centre of the great eoloniaing movement out of which sprang New France. At the close of the XVllth century, the French posbessions in America oxionded to the ilulf of Mexico and embraced the linost and riclieat portion of the new continent, that is to say, the whole olC'anada and more than two-thirds of the jiresent teriitory of the United State* The colony founded by Champhun in lt»U8 has passed tlirough many vicis- situdes. Exploited by mon()j)oli9t3 and decimated by almost continual wara with the Indians or the Nuw England colonies, its )>opulation w<'re called upon to display unu8Uiil energy and valor to maintain down to 17.V.) the honor of the Frencli flag in America. Admiaislrufive ^^i/atem. Down to KiG.'i, New Franco wa.s under the almost exclusive control of th« trading companies, to whom it wat> handeil over by the king. The (ioviM-uor devoted himself especially to military matters, so that the inteinal adiiiiniatra- tion was carried on cuiefly by the otficers named by the companie«, and, from 1647, by acon the liitur gn»at source of strength under British rule, i'o the clergy, we also owe the institution^, of clasfiicid and elementary education whieli we poBsehsed at the time of the eession of the country to Eng^ iftnd; and it was in these institution?!, maintained by the clergy, that were formed the great patriots who defended us in the dark day of o\ir his^^fvy, and who iinuUy won for us the ret^ponaible government which we have now enjoyed for half a century. in spite of the almost continuhl struggles whi«5h it haatriot8 eh'vl their olood for the coni(U'.-st Of the liberties which they claimed, the con. stitntion of 17'.M was temporardy superseiJed by martial law — whifli oojistitiitos one of the darkest periods ot our history — and finally l>y the constitution of 1841 granting to Canada the res[)onsible government so long demanded. To neutralize the influence of the French Cana'lians, however the constittrtion ,of b'S41 united tho two provmces under one government. This union piovdked well ground(!d apprehensions, which were aggravated by the etfo'-ts of the bureaucrats, secoixled imfortimately by Ijord Mt.^tcalie, to attenuate theprivi' logea guarau teed them by the new constitution ; but bdbntaine, the learh-r of the French Canadians, succeeded in triumphing ovei' these ubstacleSiiuoppo.Hing a victorious resi:,t,ance to the intrigues of the " Family Compact" and in ex tracting from th-.^ constitution not only all the advantages possible, but oven others which its authors had not foreseen. Encour.aged by these successes, some of our representatives overstepped the bounds of prudence, and to better assure tho influence oflx)wor (J»na>er of tlie popiilation. A motinn in thin »en«« w»« madft in tlio liOginlHtivo .\HMf'ml)lv Viy Mr P. .1. i '. Chftuv^nu, mHml>»*r for the county of Qnohrtc, but opjiOH«'a«*» moro rnpldly Uinn that of niir ][irovinc<', ohjectod to this rno, umde an attempt on hin life nnd burnt tho ParliamfUt IlouH«>, because h<> had given his Hnn«tion to the )>ill granting an indemnity to the victims of the insurnciion of IM37, in hower Caniidn. ■^ Aiiiifxaiinn Movemeiii. ThiH was the expiring etfortof the Kiiinily t'onipact to annihilate tho influ- ence of the French Cnniidians. Seeing that they had failed in their insurrection and that their conduct had be^n condemned l»y the Iniporial authorities, they organized the annexa'ion movement of JS49, to which the tomraorciul orisis throuj/h which ihe countiy was passing at the time, in consequence o)' th^ estabiishmoMl of Free Trade in I'^nglnnd. lent a certain opportuneness, and then buttle-weary ended by forming an alliiince in liiy England In lier fiscal policy and to ariest the crisis which this change haout in Canada, ti»e ('oalitiori uiiniptri*"=, vvliich 'suec^'cdfid that of Lafontaine. inaugu- lated an era of public improveui«ntsi, which introduced a large amount of capital into the country and imparted great activity to trade. This activity was also greatly enhanced bv the reciprocity treaty, which threw open to o\U' naturn! products the proHtnblft market of I he United States. Lastly, came the abolition of the segniorial tenure to crown ihe economic refomi!^, which had given such an e.Ktraordinary impulse to the material progress of the country. To the Lil)eral and Coalition govermuontn, which succeeded each otheJ* from 1H41 to l^fiT. wc are mIso indebted for the municipal and school organiza- tions actually in vo;zue in our province, for our civil code and code of civil procetlure, lor oiu' system of Judicial dfcentralization, and for the first serious measures adopted to stimulate colonization. On the occasion of the coalition of IS')4, a fro,cti(Mi of the Reform party of Upper Canada boparated from Mr llincks and adopttnl its thoir programme the assertion of th(^ rights of the upper prwince against ihe }>retended encroach" mi ts of I/)wer Canada. Placed on such burning around, politics took an excit- ing turn and divided the two parties about equally. Warudy taking up Mr f ChftUVftan'ft i)ropoHal in fmorof rcinfnontafion by |->OjiuIuti(Mi.th»>OritMiUco»»od«Hi in rullyijig tho mujority ol Upper (.'ana/in to their hkI«> an>;uring iU iriumjih, through an alliauc*- with the ConservHi iven to carrj' tho CoiiUhIo- rutiun Act which r«co^M)i»t'(l thftt principle. t'lmfede.ratinn. The constitution of Hfi? ^ves to the provinr^o of Quebec an aiitonomont govorniuoiit ii« n'yardHiill ifnown p.-irticulur interestH. IiittTprt-tiMl in ncoonlauice with theHrnso and spirit of tli** I'ed»'i'Hl pactot \HCtA niul |S»>"), tliiH tiotintitntion aHBur»*ft the perfect autonomy ol the province and th«» nmint<'tiatice intact of it« laws and institutions, and would enable it to energetically and elH(;acif»u»ly develop our immense uiaterial resources. It is at this that the whole policy of our province should aim, u policy based on the most inviolable respeot lor all Mie interests of the dittireut races and religious beliefs with whosfdefenc^^ and sufe- guard we are Hpeciallj entrustet.Lfiwrc'nce, it unites all llie advantages both ol a nuu'itinn' and a eontnifntal country. Situated in the lenr peratf /one, its climate is among the most favorable to tlie activity, energy and industry oftlie vigorous peoples who inhabit it. The province^ extends from east to west between .>7 '^ 50' and SO ^ 6' west longitude fromthe meridian of lirnenwich, and from so'itli to north between 62 ^ and •!.'• ^ north latitude. Its configuration takes tho irrM^'uhu• form of a triangle, w ith its base to the south-west and its apexitt I'Anse au .Sablon immediately inside the straits of Belle Isle. Us grt-atest length, rej)resentMd by a line drawn from White River At the north western extremity of Lake Temiscaminguo t-o the intersection of tlie shore lino of iho (rulf of St. Lawrence i)y tho oastern boundarv ii.tl'Anse au Sablon, la about i .{.jO miles or L'oTM ki]om«'tres. Its grentost width, uioasured firom north to south along a line drawn between the seventy-first ancl seventy* second degrees of longitude, is almost 5(3<) miles or mon than ^00 kilometres. Acoonling to the conclusions of the report of the special committee of theljegislativ Assembly on the subject of its northern and north-western bound aries, thein'ovinceof Qui-liec is bounded as follows; " To tin* oast. south-eu.>tt and soufcVi by the ( Julf of ^t-Ljiwrt^nce, the Bay des Chaleurs, the river liistigouche and the interprovineial Lne which divide* it from New Brunswick, to thr» river St F^nieis ; thence by the international line dividing Canada from the United States, to th<^ Hall river ; thence by the 45th -8 — degree of north latitude to its iatereeotion vnth the middle of the river St. Lawience at Point Saint-Regig ; to the r .mth-west, west and north-west by the middlfof the river St. LAwrenee from Point Saint- Regis to Point a Beaudet: tJience by the lhteri)rovinoial line, whicli .sPjUiTates it from tlie province of Ontario, to Point Fortune on the Ottawa ; thenoe along the middle of the Ottawa river and lake Temisojuningue to the nofthorn extremity of that lake ; tbenee by a meridian line to James Bay; to tht'north-we-.st,northand norLiijby Jame«Bay as far as tlie mouth oi tlit^ East- Main river, by the light shor • of the 8ai3t »i»,676 square kilometres. Comi»ared with the are* of their territories, our proviuce'exceeda ail the coun" tries of Euro[)e, except Russia, i\a indicated by the following table : »» "r w» if ■ ■'! — y — Countries. Square miles. Square kil. Province ofQuobec 258,(^34 r)01>,S46 Austria- ffunuavv 240,942 (>24,024 France ..: .: 204,177 028,805 Spain '97,667 511,944 Sweden IVO.Vmi 444,824 Turkey in Europe V^^'IW 324,480 Pru88i'a i;^7.O60 354,992 Norway 12;^.20r) 310,00a Great Britain and Ireland 120,H32 312,917 As rt'gardH tho Kui'opoau covjn tries, the fipiireK in the celutun ot ijiiles are taken Ivom l>h\.rtm's Slatenmav'.f Yntr Book ^ov 1888. Thi> ttOile .shows that the superficies of the province of Quebec .'xceeds by 141.(J41 kilometres tliat of P'ran(;e. by iJOtV 899 kilometres that of tlie United Kingdom of Great Britain and Irolan sijuare miliM : Ag*iu, the teiritory iDcludeiJ withui the oounty oi Pontiac almost equals tb^ 8uj[)erficie,-t of Bolgiuui anil llollaiul together. V DISTRIDUTION OF LAM>ED PROI'ERTV. According to the data supplied by the ceuaus of J 881, of the 120,018,964 acres of land contained in the province of Quebec, 12,fi2.),877 acres were at that time occupied l)y I23,9;'/2 propj'ietors, I2,.'i44 tenant farmers.and 1,587 employees, and of the 12,625,(S77 thus occupied, 6,410.204 had been improved, — which probably means cleared — 4. M 7,984 acres wove under crops, 2,207,422 acres in pasture, and S56 acres in gardeiis .and orchards. A comparison of tliese ligurea with those of the census of 1871 shows the following differences : ^ 1881 1871 Difference. Number of acres occupied 12,62.5,877 11,025,786 l,6(Xt,O0l " " improved 6,410,264 5,70;5,'J44 706,.320 " *' under crops 4,147,",)84 3,714..i04 433,680 " " in pasture 2,207.422 1,943,182 204,24u " " in gardens and orchards.... 856 46,458 45,60^ " •' proj>rietors : 123,932 109,052 24.S73 " " tenant farmers... 12,344 7,895 4,44y . " " employees 1,587 1,132 45^ The average, por head, ol the oxtent of laud owned is 88-8 and that of the lands unoccupied 79-5 .acres. Thenumb of Lake St. John and the (Ottawa ri i^er. Along this wliole distance, the average height of the Laureiitidps is about 1,600 feet or -193 roetro-*. But this height is not uniform. Belwcitni Lake St.- John and Murray Bay, the principal cre.^t of the chain attains an iiltitude of 4,000 feet, 1,220 metres, over the sea level, while the summits of the mountains nearest to the St. Lawrence are little more than half as high. Bayfield ha" estimated at 2,547 feet, or 776 metres, the height of the Ebouloments moun- tain between Murray Bay and Bay St. Paul. Mo sets down at to 1,919 feet, 5S5 metre8,the height of C'ajie Tourmente, and to 2,6^7 feet, ittawa, which are Immrnse. always exct^pted. The summits of these mountains are generally rounded and form mamelons "divided the one from the other by canons atid breaches giving rise to valleys, plateaus, gorges and thousands of lakes, some of which are pretty extensive. Save a few bare pnaks her*^ and tlinre. these sumnxits are all clothed with forests of conifers anl certain hard woods, while the valleys suj^port a forest growth of deciilnous trees and of pine, spruce, cedar and other woods, which supply the timber trade. The average elevation of the great interior plateau, in whicli the V>asin of Lake St. -lohn and the Upper Ottawa is situated, is about 600 feet above the sea level. Lake St. John, which occupies the eastern i^xtremity of this great j)lateau, is only 293 Icet, or >^9 inetres. over thf s(^a, while Lake Iveepawa, at its western e.xtremity, is 7(iO feet or 224 metres above tide water, and the elevation of Orand Irfike, about half-way between the two first, is only 70*J feet or 212 metres. The length pf this j)!ateau is about ',iW miles or .")()3 kilometres, and its average breadth exceeds 1 50 miles or 241 kilometres, which gives a uii tftrnm- — 12 Snpeif'cies. Elevation. atJO miles or ^i:!,240 hect. r)50 •' 14.) ,040 " 92 " 23,828 " 330 " 8r>,470 '* 293 ft. or av< metres 700 " 212 « TOO " 224 " SiU) •• 24;'. •' superficies of 52,51)0 square miles or 135,683 square kikmietroH. This plateau, which is ooniposed in many places of a very fertile soil, ia covered with rich forei?ts, which furnieih to the trade more thnn three-quarters of the mnaeiide quantities ai timl>cr annu;illy exported from the province. In the region of the i.uu'e/itido.s, there are thou\;ands of lakes, several of which are very .j.xtwnsive, as the following table will indicate : Lakes. Bt. (John, Grand Lake Keep aw ii Tt'miscaaiingue There are many othei' lakes, almost as lar^e, and some even larger, but which have not yet been accurately sealed. The Al/fii/hani/ Sy-ti<:iu. — This chain is only tln^ prolongation oi the A ppalacliianf<, of which the AUeglianies are an of IV hoot, startmg i'rom tne eastern, extremity of the province, it skirts the southern shore of the .St. Law- lencf! and only begins to tiend away from it in the nv'ighborhood ol" Kainou* raska, about one hundr mI miles bcdow Quebec. On loaviiig (ia.spe, the principal axis ben'ls towanls the river and runs towanh the nortli-'vest to the neigiibor. hood of 8te Anne-de.s-ilonts, then inclines towards tli-^ south-west to form the heights of the Shickshocks between the Cape Chat rivei and. the river Matane; diverges from this point in tlie direction of the Chaudiere river, l)eyond which theprhiciptil ridge runs tovvards the south-west lor ashortdi.^tance ;and then resumes a southerly courst' to leave the province and extend into Vermont under the name of the Green Mountains. From (raspfi to Quebec, this mountain cliain forma the watershed between the basin of the St. Lawrence to the north and the Bay .es Chaleurs anrl Bay of Fundy to the south. The extremity of the zVlleghany chain forms the great plateau of the Gaspe peninsula, whicli has an oievaLion of about ],5()0 feet or 1456 metres above tlie surrounding sea level, and is cut hy deep gorges in which flow the rivers of that region. • The surface of this plateau is not materially varied except by the heights of the Shickshock mountains which have a development of about sixty-live miles in length by from two to six miles in width, atnl are distant from the 8t. Law- rence a dozen miles. These mountains rise into peaks and attain a height ranging between 3,(XX) and 4,00*) feet, 912 to 1,216 metres. The loftiest peaks are tho.se of mounts Bayfield, 3,973 lector 1210 metres, I/igan, 3,768 feet or 1,145 metres, Matonasi, 3,365 feet or 1,023 metres, and Bouhomme, 2,269 feet or 696 metres. The St. Anne, Cape Chat and Matane rivers liave their sources k of these mountahis, which they cut into deep gorges ; in their upper waters, the beds of tliose rivei's are not more than 5(X) or 600 feet, 152 or 178 metres, over the St.Lawreuce, into 'vhich they empty. In rear of this principal axis and on a level with tlie upper courses of the rivers, there is a depression forming a great interior plateau, bounded to the south by the chain of heights which almost skirts the shores of ther Bay des •I 7 _ IS — A Chaleurs and extends towards the Bouth-west, following tlio direction of th<» frontier of the province. The highest peaks of thii range of heigliis skirting the sho.-e of the Bay desChaleurs an; the Conical nionntaii), with an altitude of 1,910 feet or r»MO metres, at the foot of which the (i^rand (Ja^^capedia rivtu- takes its rise, the. three nionntains situated at the head of th<> Honavonture river, which aie'respectively 1,7o7,l,391 and 1,324 foot high, and mount Tracaciifroche, y.'hich rises to a height of over 1,S00 feet above the bay of Carleton. From Kamouraska, sonthwestwards. the hills gradually trend away from the river to a distance of ;»0 uiile», or 48 kilo)ncti'Ch to the south of Quebec,ancl of 50 miles or *) kilometres to the south of Montreal. As the chain advances towards the south, its height gradually decreases and its northern slope forms an inclined plateau, wlir.se general Tinil'ormity is only broken by numerous hills ami a few mountains less elevated than those of Gaspe. The highest sum- mits of this chain are in American territory, in the Stattis of Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont ; in the province of Quebec, it attains its greatest altitude, in mount St. Donat, in the countj of Itimouski, t)ie White mountain, in thf) township of (Joleraine. mount St. Ronan, m thu Lownsliip ofBuckland, the [f am mountain, mount Victoria. or Orford, the Owl's Head near Lake Mem- phremagog, and the Sutton mountain. The height of these difTerent mountains varies Itetwen l,5iX) and 3,000 feet. The upheavals of the slopes of this mountain chuin, in the sense parallel to the general axis of the chfin, form tbothills of no great height, between which are valleys lirained by the rivers which flow from the south into the St. Lawrence. Like those of the Shickahock mountain region, the Chaudiere and St. Francis rivers cut through the axis of the chain itself and have their head- waters in the valleys lying to the south of the tdiaiu and running parallel to it. In their upper couise, the beds of the rivers whicii cross the chain or take there rise in it are from 500 to 900 feet, 152 to 27<'> metres, above ihe level of the St. Lawrence towards which they fiow with an almost uniform fall and without any abrupt or remarkable descents. Valley of Ike St. Lawrence -Thin valley fills the space comprised between tb« two mountain chains above dcscribecr. It bus an area ol' 1 I, S3() square miles or 20,037 s(iuare kilometres, of which S,().SO miles lie to the soutii aud 3,150 miles to the north of the St. Lawience. The aouthe.rn part is about 2^S0 miles or 45t) kilometres long, with an average breadth of 3 i miles or 50 kilometres, varying between a dozen miles at Kamouraska and about lifty to the south of Montreal , The northern jtart extends from Cape Tourmento to the w<'tetern biiundary of the province at the m'^uth of the river Beaudcit, a distance of about 170 uuios or 274 kilometres ; its average breadth is about lomiles, varying botweou none whatever at Cape Tourmente and about 30 miles in rear of MontK^al. At its weHterh extremity this great valley forms an immense plain, circumsoribed by the south shore of the St. Lawrenc*?, the north bank of the Yamaska, and the western limit of the counties of Il)erville, St, John's, and Laprairie. This plain o«;cupies more, than a third of the valley of the St. Law- rence, and, properly speaking, ccmstitutes the v-illey of the Hichelieu; Its shape is that of a triangle, with its heavl at the entrance of Lake ot, i'eter, T»^. m^ TT — 14 — which ifionly an expansion of the St. Lawrnnc^;. The ai-ea of this triangle is 14(H) iriqiuire miles or afil'fi s.tnare kilonu>tro<. Its surface is abm^lutflj' level all over or rather it) only hioken ly tho'nioiintainH of St. Th^r/^se, Ronjroniont and St. Itiliiire. which are ofsniiill exttnt and .ire only isolated iniissi >, rising abrujitly from the phiin lik-' air I»ubbles» ni)on the surface of wnter. Mount St. Ifiluire, tlio largest of theae intrusive masses, is nhi>iit l2(Mt icot or ',\Ctf) moires. From the Sugar Loaf, as the highest part of this mounttiin is called, all the surrounding valley can 1)'3 taken in ,it a gl nice from east to west aad the view is only bounded by the horizon jis at sea. With the nuked ('ye, the eity of MoJitnal, th^e Victoria bridge, and even Luke Cham])lain, ."»() miles or about »0 kilonititres distant from St. Hilaii'e, can be Himmit of this mountain has v«on for it the name ofBeloeil under which it is^otlicially designated. The remai(id«;;r of tiie St. Lawrence valley, that is to say, the strip border- ing the plain jusi de:Horibe(l, is mo e broken. The region comprised between the mouth of tlie Ottawa andCajie r to .'UKJ feet, Gt J to 90 metres, above the level of the river, to winch they run parallel. The rivers, which traverse this region, come from the mountains and luiiu in their ilescent innuinevable lalls and raf»ids capable of furuidnrig almost unlimited motive[)Ower foi industrial purposes. < >n reaching the lower plains, these streams have hollowed out for themselves deep beds, with steep sides, in thej) luvial grounds. J VII HYDKOURAPHY. The provhu'C of Quebec ha.s a shore line ofX'2^ miles on the Atlantic. Along our coasts, this ocean takers dilferent names : from I'Anse-au-Sablon to Point des-Monts on the north shore to I'Anse-au-Four and ('ai)e Gaspe, on the soutii 't is called the Gulf of St-Lawrence ; the indentation between Cape Gaspeand Point St. i'eter is designated l>v the name of Gaspe Bay ; from Point St. Peter to Mackerel Point, it is agjiin the Gulf ot St. Lawrence, and, lastly, from Point St. Peter to the mouth of the river Kistigouche, it gets the name ot ihe Bay des Chaleurs. Properly speaking, the whole province, within its actual limits, is only a great basin, ^vliose waters flow towards the St. Lawrence. Except the rivers of the sonth.Tn slope of the plateau ot Gaspe, which empty into the Bay des ';ha- leurs, and those of the narrow watershed contiguous to tlie fr^nti^r of New Brunswick an(i t!ie State of Maine, which discharge into the same bay by the river Ristigouche, and into the Bay of Fundy by the river St. .John, all the other rivers take their rise in the two mountain chains enclosing the province along its whole .length and carry their waters into the St. Lawrence, which conveys thftm to the sea. Tlie St. Lawren(-e is the principal artery of this immense ■smwa B^^P upp mmm, ip^pir "PfPfP -15 — .-•O rivor system. In the pnivinee of Que>>ec, ita total length, including tho gulf, is ],U46 miles or l.<'>>;4 kilometres bt-tween tla^ straits of Bell-,^ Isk; and St. Kegia, or 6U5 uiiU'ti, y74 kilometres, between St, Kugi^, and Point-des-Monts, deducting the guli'. 'Vht^ water .-urface miles, 1,449 kilom'-itrew. from the straits of Belle Isle. At Quebec it riHe.s to 3.3r) metres in the neap an'i '(,(>() in the 1 igh tides of tho equinox. ITio w.itois begin to become salty at St I'Uomas,. about (ifty-eight kiloim^tres below Quebec, «uil at Kamouraska, sixty-lour kilometres lower down than ^t Thomas, tho wator is sea-wattT in the full force of the term, to such a degree, in fact, that, under French rule, salt w;*s there manufactured by evaporation fi-om the water of the St Lawrence. MtTaggart, an English engmeer, has calculated that this great river pours annually into the ocean lti,67^,883,J(H>,0(X) litres of fresh water, which gives an average of 45,092,803,457 litres per day, l,9U3,8(i6,8lO per hour and tnJ, 4^i2,227 per minute. The principal river* which empty into the St Lawrence, on the north side, are the ; Lenf/th. Outardes 234 mille* Manicnuagan 224 Pentecost 7-> Moisic 140 St. John 150 Natashquan 150 Mecatina 150 St, Paul or des Es{|uimaux lo<) miles ,t n u u ii it H U « it u 2,i>48 " Length. C)ttawa '^lo L'Assomption 70 St. Maurict 2S Mijiz* 'vvaga li) Anti (gr) 25 Victoru/j-'v) 20 Kak»'bong!i (gr) 20 Pa[)eiK^);un(-gaiig 20 Wliite Fish. 15 Wiil.asktmtyoMk .. .. 20 T^kes MiKtasHini and Abl)itjbl>i arc not incluiU'il in this list, although tbej- bdonL' to the teiritory (.'lahiietl by the proviuoe. Tii'-'sr two i;ikes have tlie following (limonriions : Edward 1,0 St. John 27 KenogamL 18 J'omoucachiou SA Fipmaugaji IVZ Pletipi X 40 Mo« )>hftiilagfln 2.0 Ibhiuianic-ouagan 30 a u- u (4 U 1< u ■ Mi.-'ta.ssini. Abl-itibbi . Lent/ Ik. Widtk. 00 milGM 47 „ 12 uiile« 2 to IV " VIll MINKS AND MJNr:nAi»s. The province of QuebecMs ric^h in niini'iuls of ail kinds. //•ou \6 found in almost every part of tho oountiy, but ohii.^fly in th(ri LauK rfiitian formation, of vviiich it ih. .so tosay, i\i^\ chai'aiK>tjit« in St Eniilie anil several other i^.luces. But the richdst ooour in the rejrion of 'lliree llivors, where they hava been worked suioe \1V! hy thts St Mnurioe forger un^l later by tliose of Hadnor. iJetwaon the St MauriiK'iand tlie river Iktinoan, the ore covm-s a tract exeeediug six miles 4n supciHeiftH an;l r.-aohing ;i thioknfsti oi' tour lo ttn iuclu*. Pnnn on*; deposit ofless th'iti thriM» qumtcrs of an icre in suji©r(icie» Ji'JO tons of the minera' have been extmeted. Thisorepro luoosan iron of HUjK'rior quality j at the Int.d to some extent. 'Phis mineral occupies an area of about ^(XK) acres in Bn^^erftoiee;. Apatite or Pho.tpha/e of thne, another mineral of the Lsiurentian system. occupies an area of about f>(JO,()C>0 acres in the valley of the river du Lievre, where the work of extmcting itie being ciUTiegun notes the existence of other deposits in Suttrm, Bolton, r'aluinet Ipjand, and e.«i'e cially in Grftnville. lu oui province, the. characteiistic niiT.eral» of the Aj-palachian region, iihat la to say, th- motmtjiinou:- r^'gion extending from the frontier of Vermont to Gasii>i', aiv gold, oojipor an! asbestos. 'Hie awiferouB deposits of Beauce and surrounding counties, Compton eapeciallv, ccTter an area of about 10'V>^M) acres. GiA'J has also b<»en fonnd more to the eflKtwerd in t'le. rear of the countie> l.oun leil to the south l)y the fmn. tior of Maine, it i^ unquostioiable that tliese dej)Ositse!5 aiid by 'coai' aniea abli' to devot-e to their developiuent all the capital required. This -is tki> opinion of Mr Ells, of he Geological Survey, who, alter a throigh exj»io- ration of this r necesiAary p^'sf-arches, the quartz containint' lh<-gokl now found w the aiiuviai fonaaiions in the rirei bottoms, will eTcntually be discovered in sUu. He aho establishe-, the uiiportant fact '>. 1/ ih&i th** aurileroiiH Ifvnds in th« ronnti(»# of Ruaui'e nt)U Compton dooicletily >i»elo»ig tr» tho saint' ytoolo^ricul formfttioti as thoscM>r Nova Sootia. (hppfr hxn \ e^n lourul :ir many j>ointM hikI noiahly ut Uptan. Acton Marv«jy U\\\ anl ('upolton. The oros r>{ copper Hootn to iio KMilte. Neurlv ail tli.>so vvpper orofc oontjiin silvet, iviiioh also fKJCMirs in fho tfor.| ■\V'oit<-«to\vn .ind Danvillf All thcsf nnn^^^" o(^rur in tlie irroat zone of !!:<^r- p<;»iuinf« or vo'iHinic rockf*. which ptrf toh with sonio hrcalcs fnjni th" Vermont Jino to (lasp^. In (ianpe, tliere aro largo traots of these volcanic rooksi in •ivhic.h Bfrpontino oocurt* so alinndantly as to form several njountains, aiid <'. in thi^so phuuM, intlications ol' asbestos have hyen fonnil--vorv fine spfccimeris having been obtained byhnnterx. Chr(imi4 /?v»;i. anothor mineral of groat value, i« invariably TomimI in the •.sbtvHtOc' depo.sits. 'Ihe (U'po-'its at Bolton, Ilain, Melbniirnft and Mount Albert, in (raspe, at Lake Nicolot and Wolfestowu, are large enough to be irorked. Tiieothei* more important minerals found in iho province are the follow- ing : Nickel On the banks of i/As8omi>tioi^ jiv?i', in the Iltli range of the seigniory of d'Aillebont, at Bolton, Sutton, and especially at (Jrford, where it has been regularly worked. Mcniganeae At Stanstead, Bolton, Sutton, '..Wouna, St. Anne de la Poca- fcidre, and in tho iron ores of tho St. Maurice. AnUinoni/. — .\t 8<>uth Ham, where it occurs in workabj.' (juautiti<'.'*. Ars&iu: — At St. Francis, County of Beaiice, Moulton llilli*, niComj'tnii ;^nourne and at Uanvillo, where sjuarries .ire wo;ked by two oompanies, who do a large burfinens. Marble — At i)udswell, v.bero a q^unrrv i« w<">rk"d by a Sherbrooke com- \jany. This marble take.-* av-iy fine poli- 'inlomitc in t!ie roi'k. Tii'TO are oth?v qM.vTies of nrirble iri diflere;it <'tho'r ifly in the eiivironn of Thr<>'' lUv^rn, at St. Anne dfl Hnanpr6, ami in immenso f|nnniiti*>rt on the north ■liortf of tl»e St. liftwrenon from th»* Sagiii'nay dnwHwanlH. I'cfro/fiiiH Iti in thn fUtin- VHlloy of the St. liKwrenco tiom Thioe Ifivori* to !>iiko Chanipiain,n rogion which al«o contains iiiijn«'nHt' poat l)Oju:8, cupabhj of I'uniishing a fiud which wan «>vxtr.i"'ted in hlookH of any aiao. Uiir grey granite ofSiartsttad is already largely used for ImiUlin^ and ornamontal purpones a;id alao takes a fino poliHh. SerpeiiUne hi tl^^^ Eastern Townsliips and the rf^gionof fho Notre Dame mountains, t^ntirc laoiuitains am compo.sed ol' this niarhU*. which occurs in •uch large qjuantitioH as to permit of its iis.^ not only lor orna'ucntal, hut for building pui'itucrth. According to th« data collected to duto, it may ho assorted without Mxagce- ration that the proviuco of tiuehec emhracet' I.(MJ(),0'KJ aorfs of, iron-boariag lamls, .)()(V*'Jd seres of |ihosi>haLo laniln, l(M),()iM) aorog of asbestos Irnds ; 5U,()U(> acres of copper lands, ltM»,(MH) acres of aurilorous lands, and M),nUI) acres of oil landsjor a total of 2,0110,1)1)0 acres ot mineral lan'ls containing workable ruce whi< Ji supj)ly the f>xf)ort trade and furnish to the province its principal soijtce of iev,'t>nne, n/'xt to the Federal subsidy. The lands of the Eastern Townships emb" i \ i .. — 21 ^ but liofier iiud producing from their docotupottitioii a more nluuxiuiit iioil~.« •lightly (tuniyi yellow loam admirably Hdaptod tu pHMturago and thf luiniug of Indian corn and other cereftU. In Ou«{)^, the calcftreoiiH and Devonian for- mtttiouH, winch aro very extouHivu, fiinuHh oxueedingly rich agricultural land. The forestti of tliiit region iiinludft a good doul of lmrHrtb of the Laurontideu. The grout plain of tho St. Lawrence rests upon hodii of prunitive Silurian and Devonianr(»okH oorapoHed of .sandatonoii, limestonea, and Bohiuis . Those hod« am IovhI and ovrerhiid witli olay, HomotiineH intoi strati tied with «and and gravel. These suporiicial dtrata, which fror^uontiy uttun a thickness of several hundred feet, are mostly of marine origin and dale from the period when all this region was submerged by tho ocean. They are comjMJsed of strong and compact clays,' which, in the newljr cleared laud 3, are in many placon covered with a thick layer of vegetable mould. The paits a«lj')ining the region of the Eastern Town.-hipH, and espo oially that of thn liaurentiden, are covered with sandy deponits, chiefly in the neif.'hljorhooil of Berthiir and Three Kivera ; hrjt the centml part, which in by far the mrgeat, is composed of atenaeiouH blue clay, more or less calcareous, and of great thickness, cohhi iiuting a rich soil, which produces crops of all kimla in abundance, but is partlculaily adapted to wheat raising, i'hr ..' good land*," whose fertility in proveri>ial, have, however, been exhausted by excessive crop- pingoontrary to tin-" very 'jltMnyntarv princi|'los of rationi,! hufibundry ; ihey have Inen con^tMitly sown and resown without regaid to !'*illowing, rotation of crops, deep ploughing or manuring to restore then feitility ; but, with the aid of an intelligent syncem of tilla^'e and the help of maimre and rent, they woul'l quickly reciover their natural qualities, as attested by the nnpro. vt^ments which have been noticeiible for some years past esjiecially in the neighborhood of St. Ilyacihthe and Montreal. The immense rool stjuare aerea. Strike otffrom this fi^'ure tha I0,t)78,9;^l acres included in the seigniories and the 11,744.5', '9 acres held in free and common socoage, and it well be foun•». . comprises an area of 47,037 square uiiles, leaving 68,1 .'Hi miles still available, llie priiicipfil woodvS of the region under license vary a little,a8 re;^ards quantity in the dillVrcn; part.< of the territory. In the region of ilu^ UtUuva, covering L'5,(i 1 13 square miles, the most abun- dant species are tho white and red pin^. Then come the grey oud black •spruce, the red »j)ruce or tamaiac, the cedar, balsamtir. ash, red birch, whito b'lch, maple, olni, and ba«swooil. There is also a litth- hemlock 'u souia part* of the I^wer (Jttawa. In the .St. Maurice region, covering S,6*J'j square milo^, pine and spruce occur in about equal quantities. Tlxere is al^c hemlock. hi the other regions, forming and art.a of 12,7 '22 squarii milcb, [I'lne is no longer found in abundance, the prevailing timber being spruce, cedar, cypress or g! ey pine, hemlock, rod birch, nhite biich and maple. h is diflicalt to accurately specily the relative abundance of the diii'erent woods in the portion of the fore.st domain stili available. However, the isolated and incompK't^j survey;-, which have beeiv made in these regions, establish tho lact that there .>till remain several thousauds of miles, at the headwaters of thf UtUiua, in wliich retl anil white pine are foun^l. Everywhere else, pine ia only rarely met ) tlu,' forests being composed of grey and black spruce, tamaiac,, balsam-fir, cypresa ami cedar. These figuies ajjply to the ruce in that district ; and, as this region *5f the Abittibi is pretty extensive, it will olfer to the lumber trade a vttst- Held of 0]'erutions. From the 1st didy, iS67, to thv St. July, b'^SS, the levenue fiom woods and fores is h.i.s yielded $IU,')'JU,20i.4S. It amounti-d to $7V)6,77i.i)4 for the year ended on the 30th June last, and the officers of the Crown Lands Department are of ojiiiiion that it will probably maiirtain this iigure for twelve years more.. XI ri.oii.v. V T 1 1 The flora of tlie province of (Quebec is composed of nearly all the species- common to the cumates of the tompernte sione. Our sylvan tlora includes the following forest trees which are indigenous : Enyligh navif-n. Common French names. Technical names. 1 L'oplar-leaved bireh, . .Bouleau rouge lietula populifolia 2 i.'anoe i)irch B«)uleau a eanot I^.etula papyrifera 3 Yellow l.ireh. ■.... liowleau blc— meiisier blcBetuIa exeelsa . -t Black birch ^ferisier rouge Eetala lenta..... 5 bed bireU Boulenu noir , Betula nigra Bittv rjiickory Noyer dur t'avya amara, -m 1 I *H' 1 — wO — ' 7 Sht^ll-bark hickory Noyertendre Carya alba „ 8 White-hcAit hk;kory....Noix blaiiohe Cturya ktmeutosa , 9 Hornbeam Chaitne Cariiuue americaua , 10 White oak Cbeue blano Quoi'cus alba 11 Post oak Chene giis QnerouH stellata 12 Keiloak ....t'heiie i-onge Q.uerous rubra , 1 8 Cbfi'i^e-t j-ee Bou '.luc- — C} icoL < lyumoclailus canatlen.sis. ]i White or simple spruce. I'etite epiiwtte Abioa alba , 15 Norway spru<:e Epinette ilo Novvege Abies cxcelsa.. 10 Black or doubb> spruce Eii;n..'t to jaiuie — (JrasseAbies nigra epinette ^ ).V Mountain ;iiajile Erable bfitarvle Aci r hpii'atuui JS Wliite or sihcr majde.. Erable blanchf* Acer darfycurpnin , 19 Rock or s\jgar maple..., Erable a sticre Acer ^accllarir:^ml -U Striped maple Bois barre Acer pfTiHylvafucjJin , •_'l lied majdf. . ]"ainc \cor rulyi'um '22 Black a.sb.. Frene noir — F.ene gia«...,Fraxitni.s sauibucitblia l!3 WbiU' abb Fr^ne blaiic. Fraxiuuf- aiuorifiana 24 Red &i-)i Fiene roi;ge i'"raxinu.-f pube;-icen.< 25 Beeoh Metre FVigus sylvatioa 2*' A jjieri ca n 1 a re h.. Epinette rouy<' — Tamartu'.ljxrix americana Tamarac 27 Ash - leaved maple — Erable A giguiere.^, Negundo fraxiuifoliuiii.., 28 Bui'oeriiut Noyer tendre Jugbms cinerea. 29 Wbiteor Aaiorioanehn.' irmo blanc (.'lmu.samorieaiia oO SIi;'pei-y or rcil elm Urme rouge Uluiu« hilva 31 lion wood Lo^s 2 Lurge-toothe" aspen... Feu pli*-'r Populu* gran'lident'd.i. .. Ealsani poplar Baumier .. Fopulu.s balsatiiiffia S.i Cotton-tree — C o 1 1 o n wood Liard ,.,,, Populus canadensi'^ 34 A mcric an aspen — 'I'rtMiible ......Fopul'; tremuloides 35 White pine Fin blanc Pirius strobus. . 3*i Banksian pine-(Jypre.s.sPin gri.s — Cyi-res.. Pinus banksinna 37 Yellow pine Pin jaune .....Pinus mi tis. . , 3S Red or Norway pine.. .Pin resineux Pinu5 resiuo^^a 39 Button-wood Platane de Vir^nie Platanus ooci lentati.s 40 Heuikick spruce Piuche Tsuga canadensis 41 Balsam-fir Saj/in blaiic. Abies balpamifera 42 Duuble-balsam lir Sapin rou'.i;e Abien aiuericHna 43 Wlvite willow Suule Salix albiu 44 Yellow willow, Satde jaune Salix viteliina 45 Mountain ash CVirmic' - xNra*kouabiiia....Sorbua americana 46 Arbor vita; — W h i t eCedi-e 1 . mc , Iliuya occidentalis. .,.,.. cedar 47 Linden-Bas a-w o o d — Bois blanc ,.,. Tilia americana .... XII FAUNA. With very tew exceptions, the fauna ot our Pi'ovince t^mbrace all the .wild animals comnriu to tiio tumperate zone of !''orth Auieiici. The ibllowiog table, taken from the censu.s of 1871, indicates the most valuable of the lur bearing sp<'cios and the quantitio-s killed during that year : r^s Ig^. ■ -■; 1>.-^ JJL^L— -■ L.- ' ' - ' - ■■ I ' ill ■MMMl ri i\ I : -! ! . — 24 Moo^e, caribou and red deer 6,740 Bears 1,181 Otiier ■^kins 19,700 Seals 35,400 Musk-rats , 184,«30 Beaver 3(5,148 Mink 19/»72 Miirien 11,842 Foxes..... 5,0S6 Otter 3,438 ~ 323,437 The census of] S^l does not give the number of skins, but sets down at $16;.i,3lU.L»0 the value of the furs collected during that year by our hunters. The Tabid of Trade, and N:%niijatitiies, we have only tht:' harmless adder. The list of our feathei'ed game is a large one an^i includes the spruce partridge, the rutied grouse, tlie ptarmigunor wbite ))artridge, a number of va- rii^tics of the wil 1 duck, notably, the eider, along the north shore of the 8t. Lfiwence, the teal, the Canada goose, the brant goose, the wild goose, the sea pigeon, the snipe, the woodcock, tlie black eagle, the bald eagle, the snowy vniiant that a l?ood shot can load himself down in a few hours, in the woods, ])artridge abound and (ho (|uantitieg of these birds killed every winter or rathei" every autumn are immense. Xlil FISH. Our gulf of St Lawrence and our myriad lakes and rivers abound with .fbili of all kind.'^ and of tho be.st qualities. Our deep-sea fidheries, which are .inBxlianstiblc, supply the export trade with cod, herring, mackerel, lialibut and «(bad, without taking into account imuiense quantitie^ of iish of minor value, «uch as the caplin, for instimce, which is used as a manure by our farmers on 4he sea-coaat. in our rivers, we have the salmon, the trout, the touladi or grey 4r>>ut, the pickerel, the sea-bfvss, the pik ■, the mttskinon,;;e, which attains as suuch a.s five feet in length, the eel, the perch, th<'. white iif*li, the wmanichcj u species of fr.sh-water salmon foiuid in the upper waters of the S;iguenay an'l in Lake St John, and many other kin.ls of les-er imp'irt;uice. Including fche.seal an — 25 — Bay U©» Chaleurs, especially the Grand Cascapedia river, have not their •qual ae fly-Sshing salmon rivers. They also swarm with splen the mean temperature of those two seasons is the same as m the most populous and advanced parts o1 Europe. Our autumn temj^erature is 12= ami that of winter 18 = 7' lowsj', with u dillereiico of 9 = 44' over in favor of the European couiUries for the whole yoar. It maybe added that the period exempt f nu frost is mucb Jongei' than is required to fiilly ripen all the cereals, as shown by the following figures taken from the report of the Meteornlo(/ical Bureau of Caiiadii foi 1882 : Lant Front in the First Frost in the Interval without spriny. avtumn. I'rosi. N.Carlisle '9 iav, 28 = 1' 2 Oct. 3i=l' 135 days Carletoti 14 "" 24 = 0' 29 Sept. 29 = 5' 138 « Father Point 19 " .30 = 0' 25 Oct. 31=3' 159 " Quebec 15 " 32 = 0' 14 Oct. 31=0' 152 " Montreal 1 « 22 = 9' 20 Oct. 31=3' 172 " A somewhat erroneous idea prevails, as regards the severity of our winters. MP 3&B was ' . _ 26 -^ .Jiidgirj;,' the temp^'rature exclusively by the thermometiical iudication?, European wnLers, who havo simply j.as8e(Hhroi:)gli the cnintry, have arrived at very false conclusions. H i» very true tliat tUiring the wint-er the iiiorcury falls lo.ver in our province th.i.a in Eni^lond, for instance ; but, as with us the sky is always clear iind the air pure and dry, the cold in our lowest tempe- ratures is le«s penetrating iiiid ia less felt thun in the (hunp»r (climates of Europe and especially of England. This is the tetitimony of Englieluuen, who have resiile(t for a length of time in our country juui studied the climate with the greatest cai'e ; among oihci*, "Aiiderson, Gray and lAuibert. iloieover, our wiiit-erB posaese the double advantage of supplying us with the best road.s possible for lu;ubering in tlic woods, which -con-ititutes the most important branch of our (txiracilve indus^try and a!.so of admirably prepa- ring the land for *-owing. The action of the fro.st pulverizes the soil, which this becouiet: extremely friable anul I. While giving us excelleuts r(>a(.l.s fur til!" liaiding of heavy load.s. tiie snow also pa-otects the grass of tlie meaiiows j^gainst tlie frost, which undei' ordinary circumstances nevc^ all'ects it in tmy way. Our summer temperature is splendid, especially, in the region of the Lower fc?t. Lawrence and the Bay des Chaleurs. At that sr-iison, otu^ mngnificea^ w.'itering-placi'S are frecpiented by thousands oi' pei'.?ons iiom all (]',;rtrter.s of the United .'■'.cates and tiie western provinces of Canada, a great number of whom have built villas for themselves at these sea-side resorts. h\ iuK , it is established by vita! .statistics and by the life insurance com- panies tliat the province of Quebec enjoys one of the most healthful of climates anil one as (Calculated to maintain the vital energy as it is t'l favor Longevity- En; iemic disciises are absolut^jiy unknown and, in our rural districts, physicians would have a hard time of it earning a livelihood, if their positions were not somewhat bettei'cd by other liicrativt^ occupations. XV POPULATION. In hS81, the pojiulation of our province, as established by the census, num- bered J,35y,t)27 soul- apportionetl a.-^ follows between the ditferent national- ities : Fienth 1.073,81.'O Scotch 54,923 Irsh 123,749 Gericans 8,043 Engish 81,51;} Others 16,077 This gives the following proportions for the dittereuc nationalities : Ractn. Xnmbcr. Propurtion. French 1,073,820 Irish 128,749 Euiilish 81,515 Scotch .54,203 Uthei- races 25,020 79.02O/O of th^ total 9.II0/0 " 6.01 0/0 " 1.01 0/0 1. 800/0 '■ I '?• ^ ,^;t j a . - vt -iSXTssistrs sBss — 27 r '*• ^ For the (iecade fiom 1H7I to 18S1, thecHtteieutiatt^sshuvod tke following increa.'efe : French - 144,003 or ir>.4'Jo/o Imh 1 or 0.(X)o/O English 11,690 or lt).7-l-o/o • Scotch 5.460 or ll.Ofio/o Other races 6,349 or 34.()Oo ■> AiKi, .su]>j nsiiig that chiriiiy the prese/it deciule, the i croii.se contiuue.s in the tea me proportions for eacli race, the following will lio the result: Races. Freiich Irish Eugiisli. ."Scocth.. Othei'S.. 'umber in 13S1. Iiicreu-iv, 1,U73,S2«I 1(5(^,334 123.749 hi 1,5 15 4,S99 54.923 2.202 25,020 402 l,24u,154 123,749 8(3,414 *7,125 25.482 1,359,027 173,NVI7 1.532,924 The proportions of each race will then be in IS'Jl : French S0.90 e/o; lri.sh 8.08 o/o ; English 5.04 o;o j 8L0tch, 3.72 o/o ; other riiot.-s 1.00 o/o. When it is recalled thai at tho time of the nession of Canada to ureat Britain, in, 703, the French population numbered attae m(^^^t 7M,IHJ0 souls, one cannot fail lo be struck liy the prodigious development of our race during these one hundred and twenty five years. The rate of increase exceeds ;,434 per cent, or more than 14 to 1. By taking this rate an a ba.sis of calculation, we arrive at the conclusion that ui fifty yeilr.^ the French poi'ulati'jn of the provilice wtdl bo about nine million», if no extraordinary circumstances occur tOL,j-etard the progression. Tliis will depend on tlie iuip'^us giveri to coloni- zation, because we are above all a colonizing and an agricultiu-al people. It wiws by devoting ourseives ei»pecially to agriculture that we have preserved in the past and that we will preserve in the future the Irugal habits, the i)urity of manner?, and the physical and moral strength which so pre-eminently distin- guish our race. Let other races and the exception^ among our own practise industry ami trade ; but let us devote ourselves to opening up the country to agriculture and to the possession and cultivation of thi.s cherished soil, which we have conquered for sivilization. But the figures relating to the province of Quebec do not give a eurrect idea ol the expansion of the little French co ony which establisheU itself at the beginnmg the XVlIth century on the shores of Acadie and the banks of the .St. Liuvence. The French Canadians have si)iead from our province into those to the we;t. They already form large groups in i)ntario and theie is a good rmmber of Canadians and Frencj) half-breeds in Manitoba, in i\\v North- West Territories and in British Columbia, without including those in the United States who number over amillion, so that the descendants of the 75,000 Froneh or thereabouts, who wure in Xew France and Acadie in 170i), form to day a poj)ulation of over 2,500,000 souls. ■B II I !: I i .... 38 — la tho three laiger provinoes of the Canacliati Coufederation, the French population show the foliovviug increase for the docaclo ended in 1881 : 1872 J 88 1 Increase. Ontario 75,383 102,743 27,356 New ikunawick 44,907 56,r)25 11,718 Nova Scotia 32,833 41,219 8,386 153,123 200,587 47,4tU By taking i]^ the basis of calculation for the current decade, the percent- age shown by thu preceding decade, the following table is formed : o/o Increase. Fop in 1891 Ont'Ario ■ 36.29 37.285 140,028 New Brunswich 21.11 14,773 71,3yS NovaSootia 25.54 10,525 51,746 52,585 202,172 The different census previous to 1881 do not indicate the F^ronoh popu- lation of Prince Edward Island ; but, allowing an incroaso of 25 per cent, for the present docfsde, we get the following tigures ^ French population in 1881, 10,751 « " in 1891, 13,438: The ceneus taken in Mixnitoba in 1885 shows a decroaae in the French population, which is oaly set dowti at 6,821 instead of 9,949 according to the censius of 1881. This l.-ust census gives to the North-West Territories and Britihh Columbia a French pouulat'ou of 3,8 '2, which the incroaso during the current decade should laise i > 5,000, in 1891. Ir^umming up all these data, it will be found that the French population of Canada, outfiide of our province, will probably be as follows in 1891 : Ontario, 140,028 : Naw Brunswick, 71,398 ; Nova Scotia, 51,746 ; Prince EdwM-d Island, 13,438 ; Mauitoi)a, 6,821 ; North- West Territories andBri.i.ih Columbia, )l.K)0, making in all 288,4.'^!. As for tho French Canadian population of the United States, the most couBcienciou^ roseai'ch leads to the conclusion that it numbers l,000,i>00. This is about tlie iigurtj established by the Abbe Druon about hf'Leeu years ago ; there has since been a large increase, so that the figure ;^ibove given cannot be taxed with exagge ration. « The dodv ration from the foregoing is that the French Canadian population of *" tv 1 thn United States will probably reach the following figures in In Canada, Iji lUe pfu.ii.oo of Quebec.. ],24(), 154 In the other provinces , 28M,43i ————— 1 528 .J 85 In the United States l'(X)0,'ot)0 Total ,.,... 2,528,085 f) »i I KPJ ^ «» : _29~ If the French Cana^iir. j opulation of thp Ignited States progress in the projiortiou a\>c>ve iixJicatf.j for fhe^provinco ot (Quebec, in fifty years there will be in the two cjouniri*** from lifiefu to "igbteen milliOnpoF French CAn»- dians. Thf Cf^nHne of 18^i gir**«the lolJowiug «'nujaertition of the ditforent religiouij pprsiiasicins iu our piovince ; Catholics, 1,170,7 IH; Anglicans, 68,797 ; Presby- terians, .'iO^IiST ; Mcihodists, ii^221 ; Baptists, 8,H43 ; other denominations, 21,!51. From 1H71 to IJ'HI, the Catholic population hhoued an incretus© of lf>U,S66or 14.79 percent. Suppo.'in^t th« progression continiiort in tlie Mine ratio, tlifl present df^cbde will give an increase of 173,! 19, vv!jii:h will bring the number of Catnoiics in H91 \o 1,348, %67 or 87.97 per cent, of the total popula tion, only leaving 2.33 por cent, for the Prote.stant popr.latiorr and oth'^r religious denominations. As regartir culling', tiie census of 1881 groups ou)' population .'is follow.^ : Agricultural claisa — 20l,9f'3 or 4S.08o^o Industrial " 81,fVKJ or !y.o7«3/o ('ommerciai " 34,34(i or 8.27o/o UomeKtic •' 24,279 or 5.8f)o;o Uncia«sifieoi)U» lation. The laat census gives to the twenty-five cities and towns then in the province the following populations : Montreal. 170,182; Quebec, 62,446 j I^vis, 12,175 5 Three Kivers, 9,2W) ; She rbrooke, 7,222; Hull, 6,890; Sorel, 5,791 ; St. Hyacinthe, 5,321 ; St. John's, 4,31 1 ; Vulleyfield, 3,906 ; Nicolot, 3,7'}4 ; Joliette, 3,268; T^K-hine, 2,406 j I/Jngueuil, 2,335 ; Fraserv die, 2,291,; St. Jeioiue 2,032 ; Chicoutimi, i,935 ; Famham, 1,8M) ; Iberville, 1,847 ; Deauhavnois, 1,499; Kimou.-ki, 1,417 ; Terrebonne, 1,398; l.oui.sevillo i,3si ; l.'As.^om^^tion. .1,313; Berthiej-, 1039: which muke a total urban population of ,i22,348or 23.7 i per cent, and le^ve the rural population at ! ,036,679 or 76.29 per cent. The population of Montreal a? above given takes in that of th« small suburban parishes and villages, which, fir commercial purprises, virtually form part of the city . For the sfone reason, tiie population of Bienville and Uiuzon is addeopulatiou ov Montreal increased 31.3 per c*'nt If the increat-e continues in the same ratio, it will amount to 44,053 for the present dei ade, which will brin'-' the figure of thti population up to b^4,0fKj at the next census in l&hl. 'iTie j opulation of the suburban villages was 34,455 in 1881 ; if it increase* 25 p-r cent, during the cunent deca at 40o *7,(>%,U82.iKi Peas Mild l.i:r>,ni5 4.l7(i,450 '•' 8l)c ;^,33(),;50U.Sl) Buckwheat 2,04i,(;70 " 60e l,-i2r).'.)<)2.00 Wheat 2.()!';M;()4 '• 1^1 LV»l\M),i4.(K) Burlev !,75l,o;:iy '< 7l)c l,2i:(;,<>77.;5() In< linn corn X8S,l('.() <' t.Hc r.;^2,9Ui.4) kyo 43(1,241: " 7flc :-i22.(;>l.,^() 3l,2'.n,2«") $iG,r)r>s,i(.9.oo The meadows yielded ill 1S8I : Tonsoi'hay !,012,l()4 fit ^^n.OO *9,('.72,r.24.nO Bu.^lH'liJ of hayseod 1 H»,:U)() at §!I..'X) rSJ'iolMiO The, croji of roots in 1S81 was as follows : Potatoes 14.87.3,287 at 2.50 r:,71S,321.76 . Turrtips 1,572,475 at 2(>c 314,49.110 Other roots... 2.i).">(l.904 at ^fv^ G!r),27i.20 SJ4.C.48,0S8.15 The flnx crop yielded for the same yew ; Fl.'tx au'l hemp, 11)3 865,340 at 0.5c «143,267.()0 Flax seed, bush<4s ft.5,V»y5 '« fl.OO t>5,lty5.00 i{5U)9,2()2.UO For the produce of the gardens and orchai'ds ai 1881, we find : .-Vpplos, biishelj^ 777,5.57 at 1^1 .00 1^777,557.00 Other frnits " 155.543" l.UO 155,543.00 Tobacco lbs 2,3f.5,58M' 0.10 235.fi5S.iO Hops " ■218,54;'" 0.05 10,927.10 $l,179,r)85.20 The aniruals slaughtered or sold and th*' pntdtict.s of animals .are indicated bv the following fi^ure.^ for the year in que.stion : Homed cattle Iu0,207 at $30.00 4,8U'3.2!0.0() Sheep : 43(),33f> " 2.5o 1,090,840.(Kj 8wine , 333,1.)9 " lO.O'.t 3,331.590.(HJ 929,702 3i9.228,tUii.OO Woo!, IbK 2,730, HO at 20c .540,109.20 Honey " 559,024 .*i t iOc 55,902.40 Butter " 3O/.30,397 at 1 5c 4,594.559.55 (.'reamer) butter, U>» ,... 34t,478.(A> Cheese, lbs 5.59,278 at lOo 5.5.927..SO |20,48:,07(J.95 l' Th« foregoing fignreri show the importance of oui dairy ijidustry, wiioso products amovuited in 1881 to $]0,4;'r),419,.''>5, that is to say, $4,9;itV.(>:'>7.*)r) for butter, and $'),:)2(>,30,^ ^!,47<),0'Ki.l)0 22('.,or.O.:»0 Maple HUgAr, r->s • *•••••• 4,OSS,48 1 I/)/>S7,S3'; at 10 l.7(Jt"..(».')0.20 l,"'('.,s,7.s;j. ;■)(.• 5!3.274,S;i-i.7u The value of the i)roduct.s ol agricultttral industry is summed up in the following tigures for 1881 : Product.-! of cerr-uls *' " hay crop " root crop " lliix crop " gardens and orchards........ " animals and their products. a It • .... .. " domestic industrv Total value. $lts55S,10i}.00 y,8u 1,583.00 4,048,088.15 10y,2G2.0U 1,179,08.3.20 20,4.s7,(»7O.9.'^> 3,274,83:;.70 $.ir),2'>'^.<332.00 To day, the annual value of the agricultural products mu.st ajuount to at least sixty millions. It i.s sbinewhfit dillioult to inuicate with absolute accuracy the value of the agricultural property, — ^real and moveable — as Liie la-^t census t'urni.shes hartlly any information on this hea 1 ; but by proceeding a|>])ioviinately .some i lea of its i aportance can be obtained. Acco'.dij)g to the muni'M])ai report s for 188fi, the value of the real estate in the miuiiripalitieh- was then e.'jtim-.^ d at i$!8!,5.")9,u93.00. With i"t+,':a!'..l to the farm stodt, the cen-jus of 18S1 suppii-'s tit.' f,)ilwin.tW 2.).00 20.vX) 10.00 2.00 9s^;r4 ».)') 9,81J,54a t) 4,(K)1,190.'»0 l,'jl'>,?'J5.0') 2,442,217 $3t),r>6 ],')•'> !.')<) HH! 32 Agrik iiltural imilexn^'iitt, which are not mentiojiPtl in thecenha? of IHSI, wore emiDi* rated im follows in tliat of l'^7l : Light vviiggonH 240,018 a *3Ci.OO f7,2O0,r«R).(J(J Carts 404,%h " l.'i.OC) 6,074.400.00 Ploughs, harrows au«l cultivators.. 200,6fi.') <' IO.(X) 2,066,630.00 l{euper.MUul mowers .%149" lOO.(X) 5, 1 1 4,900.rKJ HorscMukes 10,401" 20.00 20^^,020.00 TlinrshcrK l.'),476 " i.50,00 2,121,40009 rannwH 37,262" lO.UO 372,620.(X) i23,l.").s,600.(K) At leaBt, ^7,000,(.'00 may be h a'lded to this totitl for the increase since 1M71 and for the value of the othtu- faini i-lant not enii'iaced in the ahove enume- ration, wliich will carry the total amount to !p30, 1 ;)8,600. The value of the uro],ii'rty emjjloy.'d by the agricultural industry as a mean* of production is therefore about as follows ; Real estate $181,;>r)'J,y93.00 Stock 36,061,961.00 Waggons and agricultural implements. 30, 1 .'^S, 600.00 Total $248,3SO,.0.H.(,H) KYll FOUKST iNIil'STRV. Alter agriculture, this is the most important extractive industry of our province. The census of IHHl supplies us with the following information on the subject : Numbei'of saw mills ' 1,729 " of mill han<]s 12,461 Annual wages $2,287,291 " value of raw material , a,iOi,SS4 " " "products $10,542,649 Shingle mills 377 Number of persons employed 868 Annua wages. .' $ 33,393" " value ot raw mil terial ... $ 60,665 « " "products $ 128,718 The annual valae f/f sawn lumber and shmgles form? a total of $1( (,671,357 and the wages of the mill hands amounted to lB5,l 35,277. To the value of the aawu lumber, as above given, must be added that of the lumber delivered to local cousniflption and the export tra'Jo in the form of round timhei-, build- ing or s«piaii' timber, railway ties, woo4,500,000 the amount of their annual wages , J _. 33 — Fi-ora 1867 to 1H87 inclusively, the State forests ^implied the trado with the following quantities of tlie ditteront wooda : Saw Logs. Fine : 3S,a7.V)()4 tipruoe and Imrdwood 17.4l(.i.»'i8;^ .'■.5,784,liS7 Pine hoards, fool f)84,."» "»9 Spruce am 1 hardw(X>d hoards, feet.. 1 9, 1 4y,;i'i3 Square. Timber. Red and white pino, cuhio f«Gt 64,874,150 Eirch,o]maiid inaph) " '" 4,7.'i4,227 Round Timber. Small tamarac, white spruce, pine, Ijooaj tim- ber, etc.,lineav feet 10,7'.KS,237 Futtocks,kuees,pickets,riiilway tit>,s,eto,iiuiahor 3,()()8.388 Fiiv-wood, latn-AOod, hemlock bark, etc., cords ir)t),4l5 The.se figures give an idea of tho wealth of our fort'sts and the iniportanco of our forest industry ; nevertheless, they i\o not emhrace the woods cut from forests owned by private prrsouh, which also contribute largely to the local consumption and export trade. It XV III MINING INDirSTRY. We unfortunately have no accui'atestaliatics with I'egard to this industry. All the iaformatiou we possess on the subject is to l^o found in the Tables of Trade and Navi (jaHon, which do not indicate exactly whence tlie exported minerals are derived. AsOesios In 188(), there were eight asbestos mines in operation : at Thetford : those of the Bosion Asbestos and Packing COmpiUiy ; of King Brothers ; of Irvine, Johnson & Co ; and of Ross Ward & Co. ; at Black Lake, those of Mr Fr(?chette ; of the Hcottii-h Canadian Company: and of the Anglo- Canadian Company ; and at Befmina, in Wolfestown, that of ^dr -lohn Bell, of Iiondou. Our asbestos mines were discovered in 1878 and from that period to the 30th June 1 880, they turned out for export 10,024/^ tons of this mineral, valued at $624,489. The cost of extraction is from $20 co $25 per ton, representing nearly exclusively the pjice of the labor employed, which goes to show that the working of these mines has in eight years beneiitted tlie workmen employed to the extent of about $220,000 in wages, leaving more than !?4n(».0()0 lor the proprietors. Tlie on t|)ut of the jnines for 1 886 was ;i,4r)8 tons valued at $200,251 . Copper — 'liio only mines in operation are the Albei-t and Crown mines, at Capelton, near Sherbrooke, and those of Ilavvey lliil, in the cor nty of Megantic. The output of the Capelton mines in 1886 jimounted to 43,900 tons , of ore, containing 3,336,810 lbs of copper. From 1868 to 1887, the value of the ores of copper exported from the province was ?3,554,815or an annual average of $177,740. 3 afi ._34_ Tha Excehior Copper Conijiutn/. with a iMpital of £4.jO,(KK) storling, hm^ within n tow weeks j-ast, befiim to work the llurvov Ifill mines, whore it aotuully iMnpl<>y» nt'ty nion. It nwiislliKj aciTs nl foppev-bcarlnir IhimIh mid an extensive phvnt. 'I'ho veins, accor-ilinj^ to sir William Logan's (loscripfi'in of them, havo a gHU'iiie of quartz oiicusionally mixed with calc-spRr, jioai'l Kpar iiad ghlorito, and contain rich ores of copper ; some of them yioMing tho variegated and virft-reouH species and otli«rs copper pyrites. Th oho are, however, coniddt^rod Hrconer are di«H<'mitiiited in the slate roek. These b'-ds contain tho yellow and variegated ores, tho latter general ly j)redoruinating ; the veins are well define 1, are from 'i to 7 feet in width and as much aw 10 feet thick, and carry a rich ore, which haw assayed as much as 70 per cent, and upwards nf metallic copper. Mr Pierce, agent of the Halifax Copper Company, has hi a report pronounced these mines to be tho richest in Canada, and this report, lius been contirmed by Dr iJourke, geologist and analyst, wlio oonbidors thorn t]\e richest coj'i'cr mmefs in America. The company calculates upon an output of \0{) tons of ore per day, with the help of tho large .additions whieh ii i<- making to tho plant. Its operation* fre greatly facilitated by the fact that th* -e mines arw only ii tant seven mila'j rom !jroii;,'hlon station on the line of the (jueboe Centr.al h'aihvay. The London board of diroctors is compose-l of Col ^L'^llesou, Sir 11. Elphinstone, Sir .lames Marshall, Mr S. P. Applevard, vice-president of the Halifax Bunking ' ompany, Hon. H. Mereier,Prernier o. Quebec, and Jlon.W.W. Lynch, ex-Commmissioner of Oown Lands, 'fhe directors in Canada iwc Hon. Messrs Mercier and Lynch anil Mr .). N. rrreenhields, bari'tster, of .Moiiireul. There is every reason to hope that this company will give a powerful impiil.^e to our copper mines. Pho.fft/iate of Lime Upwarls of twenty live mines of phosphate are in operation in the townships of Iinll,VWakeHeld, Tempieton, Buckingham antl Portland, in tho county of Ottawa, allbrding oiuployment to about «0<) men. 8mce tlie 7,4,f)7:{. In 1887, 22,070 tons were exported, valued at $390,226. (,)ur i)hos[)hates are of superior fjuality, carrying generally 80 to 85 per cent, and, in keeping with the increase an worth o1 ito]d were tiikeuout of twt'iity atrcd of grouiJ(h TheoBtahli^haJent of good (mart*- crushing mills will also <;ontribnte largely to tho dev olojinfiit of o|ierutiont( t at k-ast, tliis ih the opinion of Mi- Kll«, nf tho(iPologicnl Survey ofCaMndu,who fully expiomd the tuirifoKuis lands of Bcauco and Com ^t ton in ISM and IMH5. frov. — riic Hull iron mnie (niagnotic oxyd*-; \t< worked by a roinpuny^ whioh forwards the raw oru to the United .States. The iron derived Iroiu the dtipoMits of boi^ ore or liinonite in tho region of th^ St-M»urice is nujfdtrtd in the Itivlnor forges and exported in tho form of j)ig iron. Marble The I»ndHVVHll qii-irry is operated by a eouij any, which has already done conHideiahU' worU. Shile The llockUmd and iJanville qnarrien sui)ply tlic trade iv it h large quantities of slate. A railway, four miles long, has been confltructfd to carry tht' outputof tho Itockland (juarry t..( Richmond, on the (i rand Trunk, in 1886, the producti(m was 5,843 tons, worth $.)-l.(57JJ at the quarry. .Several other minitigojjerations of some nuportanco are carried on In tho province, but, in regard to thom, it is impossible to procure in formation worthy of mention. It may bo added that whatweohieHy need to .o^ive to our mining industry all the immense, development of which it if* .susceptible are capital and practical knowleilge — the raw material being abundant. Worked under proper condi- tioria, our minesj might be easily made to yield fiva to six millions of dollarB a year. XIX ". FISHiiRIBS. The following is the information respecting thi?. industrr furniahfd by tli© official reports for the year 1887.. commencing with the coast and inland hsheries of t lie province. Kinds of Fish. * QuanUiy. Value. Salmon, salt . brls 770>i $ \'l;^'^:,.m " fresh lbs 5l->9.7ti3 1 03,125(.M)< » " canned lbs 8,448 1,267,20 Cod, salt... : quintals 164,100 656,4* '^''.00 Haddock " I.LV-.7- 4,9-P<.()0 Halibut lbs 81.:^47 8,i;{4.70 Herring,salt brls 31.607 142.231.(KJ " «moked.. boxes 9,762 2,440.50 Shad Ibe 743,612 44,016.72 Eely " 1.348,.34^ 80,000.8$ •' salt br'8^ 162 1,520.00 I i SSBi mmmmm mm W — 36 — Kinds of Fish. QuantUy. Value. Mackerel, salt *' 628 7.536.U0 yard.nes " 960 2,880.00 Sturgeon lbs 475,4''X> 28,884.00 'C •; brls 323 l/Vlo.30 Trout ..' lbs 530,700 53,076.00 " salt brli 153 1,5;!(I.OO \Vinon;che lbs 55,000 3.300.00 Bar iiiul white fish.. doz 5,001 6,251,25 White fish lbs 75,730 6,058.40 Maskinong§ " 90,780 • ^ 5,986,(.>0 Bass " 134,749 8,06^.74 Pickerel..... " 473,583 28,408.98 Pike " 366,650 18,332.50 Tomcod^ " 500,0(X) 15,000.00 Corltmgnes and sounds brls 953 9,530.(X) Smelts Ibr 4,000 120,00 Lobsters, canned " • 857,098 102,851.76 Small fish and nixed fish brls. 20,037 86,995.50 S a! skins number 22,799 22,799.00 Porpoise .skinfl " 656 2,640.00 Fish for bait and manure... brls 134,769 116.081,50 Fish oil gals 268,109 107,243.60 •Giiano Tons 60 3,000.00 Tjocal consumption brls 19,485 77,940.00 IVal in 1887...^. $1,773,567.43 rhe value of the products of the fisheries of the Gulf of Sl Lawrence amounte(lto §51,302,457,36, nhich leaves $471,1 i 0.07 for the fisheries of other parts of the pnvinc.^. The number of men euiployed in the diftei'ent fishing 2)eration^ is 12,105, that is to say. 8,554 in the Gulf fisheries and 3,561 in the river and lake fisheries. The capital invested in this industry is* $7Hl,156, of which $(i>^4,192 is in the Gulf region ;md $96,964 m the rest of the province. We may add that both the deep j.ea and river fivheries of the province of Quebec, a"e the mo^t prolific and the lirhest, prol)aMy, in the wliolo world. Ct.pital alone i* needed to iiicrea.se their productiveness, which might then be counted by millions. A new and vigorous impetu.s will be givf»n thi.- year to this industry by «n association uiider the n.vine of Le Bonthilier Bros. Company, which has Juptbeen formed by Mr W. Fauvel, of Pas pebiac, with a capital of ?.">(>,009, of which 60 per cent, has been paid up. 'I'his fii-m, f»f which Hon, H, iMercier, Premier of Quebec, is a member, iw composed, among others of Messrs William Le Bnt3 and wlil return early this winter in order to propare in iime for next summer's fishing. . —37 — XX MAJJPFAOTURING IITDUSTRY. • Regarding this iudustpy, the census of 1881 supplies the Ibllotving infor- mation : ^ umber of persons employed 85.763 Annual waf,'os of said persons $ 18,383,162 Capital invested 52,21tj,yit2 Value of raw materials 62,508,967 Value of atticloB produced 104.662,258 The leather industry, which is by far the most important, employed, in t^e woik of tanning, shoe-making and saddlery, 22,558 persons and, with an investe })erHons, earning $375,000 a year, consumes annually i^l20,(JO0 worth of hemlock biu-k, and f 1,150,(K.>0 worth of raw hides, and furnishes more than ;$2,5(X),(Kt0 worth of leathers. The principal tanning ©stablishmeutfi are those of Messrs Olivier and Caspard Kochette, Elie TurgeoH, Desire Guay, Felix Gourdeau and Pion A;Co. in 1881, the manufacture of boots and shoes em2)leyed 2,897 persons, earning wages to theextent.of S>467,81 1, con. Bumed $1,588,973 worth of raw materials, njid turned out 12,432,006 woi-th of boots and shoes. It is estimated that to-day it gives employmeni to4,(HjO hands, earning f l,2(Xt,0(X>, and produces upwards of $4,000,000 worth of booi« and thoes. The ieaion & Co, Isaie Eoivin fuid the i^ Quebec Shoe Company " The French C»nadian.s have been wonderfully Buccessful m this industry, as well as in t*inning. Tlien, for the whole proyincc and in the order oi' their importune*, come the following mdustriew : Number of persona. Milling 1,791 Iron manufacturofl 7,165 Sugar refining 493 Furs andhata 1,683 Gupital invested $ 3,697,060 6,467,705 1,600,000 1,403,532 Valve of products $ 8,861,752 8,764,678 6,800,000 2,456,711 £^ J^s N'umber of persons. Capital invested. Value of prodnctn. Woven Fabrics : Cotton 1,500 1,350,000 1,608,434 Wool 1,226 1,507,86.0 1,531,899 Silk J34 86,400 123,900 India rubber goods 524 85O,(X)0 769,500 14,416 .117,022,662 $30,916,874 It is estimated, that, since 1881, there has been an increase of one-third in our manufacturing industry, which gives an idea of its present miportance. For this kind of work, tlie Frencli Canadians are endowed with remarkable aptitude and skill. In proportion to population, the city of St.Hyacinthe is probably the mots remarkable of all the cities of the province m point of maiiufactures. The following ar«* the principal factories of that city : Tlie ScITyavMuthe Manufacturing Company, woolens The Granito Mills, knitted goods ; Louis Cdt3,t)73 of imports and $40,364,720, of exports for the province of Quebec, making a total trade of $90,518,393 or 44.72 per cent, of the trade of the whole Dominion. From 1869 to 1887, incluRively, the movement of trade iu the porta of our province was as follows : Tonnage ; Imports. Exports. Entered inwards and outwards. hm $30,940,341 $28,223,268 2,24r>,891 J870 32,883,916 37,807,468 2,778,069 {871 43,094,412 39,021,705 2,582,369 |872 40.376,175 41,823,4^0 2,903.527 ;873 53,715,459 44,408,033 2,859,563 ]874 ;.. 51,577,072 .46,393,845 2,728,666 #875 51,961,282 39,745,729 2,545,495 J876 35,035,091 37,876,815 2,404,8jI J877 36,752,990 37,782,284 2,766,779 J878 32,036,858 37,392,287 2,677 ,304 1879 30,924.842 29J50.512 2,327,801 1880 43,544,132 41,447,209 2,804,191 18S1 51,071.013 48.965,087 3,225,274 1882 53,105,257 38,972.121 2,730.368 1883 55.909,871 42,642.986 2,998,976 1884 49;i22,472 42,029,878 3,207,832 1885 46,733,038 39,604,451 2,853,354. 1886. 45,001,694 38,171,339 2,995,972 1887 50,153,673 40,364,720 2,953,094 For this period of nineteen years, the aggregate of the principal ex])ort3 of the province ;vas : • Pi-oducts of the farm $402,025,376 " « forest 211,380,958 « '' fisheries 14,737,096 " " miae , 8,448,422 • . $636,591,852 " The exports of the year 1887 were made up as follows : Products of the farm $2S,135.fi75 or 69.75o/o '• " forest.,..' 8,480,764 " 22,00o2O " « mine 925,676 " 2.29o?o " " fisheries ,. 621,707 •' l.()6o;o " ** manufactures and other articles .. , 1,727,410 " 4.30o/o The total exports of products of the farm for theperiorovince shows a total of 3,813.096 tons, that is to say, 1,075,709 of arrivals, and 1,837,387 of clearances. The arrivals were made up as follows ; ocean nav igation, 1 ,234,462 ; navigation between the province and the United States, 312,572; coastmg trade, 427,665. The clearances show 1,159,759 tons of ocean navigation ; 245,309 of navigation between the province and United States, and 432,327 of coasting trade. The numbei- of vessels was as follows : Arrivals. Clearances. Ocean navigation 1,010 1,065 Navigation between the province and the UnitedStates 1,748 1,460 Coastiag traile..i 4,246 4,567 Totals. "7,004 . 6,992 The number of men composing the crews is given as follows in the official reports : Arrivals. Clearances. Ocean navigation 19,621 29,496 Navigation bet^^'een the province and the UnitedStates 10,018 7,679 Coasting trade 14,584 14,292 Totals ; 44,223 51,467 nam iHi^ 1 — 42 — There ai«6 three great ocean steamship companies in the province : the AJJan Company, tho Dominion Company, and the Beaver Line Company. The atoamera of tlie.se cjmpames run between Quehec and Montreal and tha ports of Oreat Britain, in gummer ; in winter, their termini on this side of the Atlantic are Halifax and, in the United States, Portland, Boston and Balti- more. The official reports do not gire the tonnage of the vessels registered in tho porU of the province ; hut it ie well known that it exceeds 200,(X)0 tons; at$3U a ton, the value of the mtrtime propert y belonging to the shinpers of the Province would thus amount to $(3,000,000. XXIII MCTf ."^^ ',\ [NSTITfTTIOXS. The paid-np capital and r38«»i ' *^ e banks of the province of Quebec amounted, on the 30th Septemlj. bisi, o ■$46,154,207.30, distributed as follows between the different institution? Vnidvy Hpilal. Reserve Funds. Bank of Montreai $i^,(.>',>J,0.. ,00 $ 6,000,000.00 " British North Aa\erica 4,86r.,6»j6.00 1,174,505.00 "dupeupio 1,200,000.00 300.000.00 " Jacque3-Cartier.,.., 500,000.00 140',0(».00 " Ville Marie 478,430.00 20,000.00 " Hoohelagu 710,HX).00 100,Oi.K).00 Molson's Bank 2,000,0(X).00 1,000,000.00 Merchants' <' 5,799,2'iO.OO l,920,00tt.0(» Niitionale " I,200,u00.00 l,lX)O,UO0.00 Quebec ^' 2,5(X),000.00 425,iH)0.00 Union " 1.200,0 $34,414,642.30 $11,789,565.00 f The paid-up capital of the banks o our province forms 57-15 per cent of the paid-up capital of all the banks of Canada, which amounted to §60,210,288 on the 30th September last. At the same date, the fliacouuta wore $72,756,- 670.02 ; the assets of our banks represented |138,860,9 19.64 and their liabilities $91,24',),846.01, which indicates a prosperous state of athiiris. Tlie deposits formed a total of $60,626,789.10 — Governmout deposits not included — of which $28,034,527.61 wore payable on demand and 5^32,592,261.49 after notice. Apart from these discount banks, we have two banks of deposit ; the Montr'eal City and District Savings BanK and La Caisse d'Economio Notre Dame at Quebec, ricli and powerful institutions, whose condition is most prosperous. On the 31st O-tober last, their paid-uj) capital was $'^50,000.00. Their liabilirios represented $10,696,495.35, and their assets $11,983,061.76, or an excess of $1,286,566.41 of assets over liabilities. ' The ordinary deposits, or , I ..^ y.il!,W..'. I'll .iU; ^^^immmmmmm — 43 — those matl'^ by private person?, formed a sum of $10,237,015.58. The loans, guaranteed by yovemnient ^eouritieg, bank shares, and other industrial stock, amounted to 1-1,534.893.12, and ti.o cash on hand to $L>,2 1 9,562.47. The invest inents corapriseOl,43r).03 of naunicipat debentures or bonds, and $1,501' 597.00 of Federal Goy^mment boruls. In addition there are large deposits in the Post Office savings banks, which unfortunately withdraw considerable sums from circulation and trade. We have also a n amber of loan and mortgage inBiitutions, notably, the Credit Foncier Franco-CanuJien, which nearly all do an excellent business. Lastly, wo have also several life, the and accident insurant'e companies, so that, as far as monetary institutions are concerned, our province is ahead of nearly all the countries with the same population and especially of all the other provinces of Canada. XXIV NAVIGATION AND BAILWAYS. The St. Lawrence, one ot the finest rivers of the world, takes its rise in a small lake in Miionesota, which dischiirges its waters^ into Lake Superior by the river St. Ix)uit. It is designated by different namess : St. Mary's, between Lake Superior an head of Lake Superior, a dis- tance of 1398 miles, it can be navigated by vessels of TOO tons with the aid of the canals built to overcome the rapds. The smallest locks of these canalt* are 270 feet long, 45 wiJe, with 9 feet of water. By the straits of Makinac, Chicago, 1 .145 mile~ distant from Montreal, can also be reached by navigation by the St. I-a wrence route. Apart from the St. Lawrence, we have 72 miles of ocean navigation on the Saguenay and more than lOU in the Bay des Chaleurs and the river Kis- tigouche. The river navigation, for steamboats, comprises lifty miles on the St. Lawrence above Montreal, about 200 miles on the 9im miles) 833.93 " 3. IntercoJonirii railway 315.00 " 4. Toraiscouata railway a 1)8.72 " 0. Quoboc Central railway. ...".,'. ...v.*. 154.15 " 6. Mas.oawippi railway ...'. , 36.75 '' 7. Bay des Chalours railway. ...,x.,., , ,mm ■ 50.(X) " 8. Lake St. Joiin railway.,..'. 1'J128 <' y. Quebec, Montmoreucy and Charlevoix railway ."... 21.50 " 10. 8t. Lawrence, Lower Laurentides and Snguenay railway 21.50 " 11. T)rumiuond ' 'own ty railway 12.48 " 12. Vermont Central railway, system 77.10 '• 13. Canada Atlantic railway 53,(K) " 14. Gi?at Eastern railway, including the Montreal and Sorel road 50.79 *' 15. Rockland (iuarries railway, neai- Richmond 4.12 " 16. l/'Assuinptiou railway 3.50 «* 17. ( J rent Northern rjii I way H.OO '* IS. Carillon and Civnville railway 12.75 " 19. Montreal and LfJce Muskinonge railway l^^-OO '• 20. rontiiieand racificJi motion railway 71.00 " 21. Long Sault and liake Temiscamingue railway ^>.<-*0 '^ 2,500.44 " This gives a mile of railway tor every 625 inhabitants and every ^754 square nxiles of territory. Estimating the cost of these railways at an average of $20,0(^0 per mile, including the rolling stock and plant, we get a sum of $50,000,000 or about 25O,0(X,),OOO francs, The number of miles of railway actually building is as follows : 1. Quebec and Lake 8t. John railway - 68.00 miles 2. Bay des Chaleurs railw.ay 130.00 " 3. Quebec, Montmorency and Charlevoix railway 68.50 '' 4. Hereford branch... 34.50 ' 5. 8t. Lawrence, Ijower Laurentides and Saguen ay railway 38.50 '" 6. Quebec Central railway 39.14 " 7. Ottawa and Gfttineau Va,lley railway 62.00 " 8. Long Saul t and Lake Temiscamingue railway 11.00 '• 9. Pontiac and Pacifir Junction railway 16.50 « 10. Great Northern railway , 13.00 •' 11. Great Eastern railway 24.89 " 12. Prummond County railway 26.52 « 13. Beauliarnois Junction railway. 0.88 ^ Total .„ 633.43 Since Confederation, the Government of iAxe province of Quebec hai expen00 as t-ie third fiiruishcd by the province of (^uobec. Grouping all these figures together, wo arrive at the oonclusiou tliat, within thirty years, the province of Quebec, through its f^overnnients, has laid out about |!r)7,177,8i)7 on railway coustniction. Pew countries have shown more liberality in favor of such undertakings , XXV VICrOKIA AND LACHIXE BRIUOBS. In connection with our railways, tlie Victoria and Lachine briilgos, two monuments of arc liitecture and civil engineering which far excee feet wide and 19 feet high at the two extremities, but increasing to 22 feet in the centre. This tube is divided into sections, two of which are of 516 feet to counteract the expansion of the iron and rest at each extremity on rollers, vvliich fixcilitate the expansion and contraction. The plates are consolidated l)y T angles and bars of iron The tube is supported in 24 pillars of cut stone (Chazy formation lime- stone) which measure 92 x 22^ feet at the base and 33 x 1 6 feet at the top. The w(;ight of the blocka of stone composing the masonry ranges from 6 to 17 tons, or from 12,000 to 34,000 jbs per block, and are joined together by iron cramps and bolts. The height of the bridge over the surface of the water is 00 feet. Under the bridge, the current runs at the rate of bCiven miles an hour an) torn* Nmnber of rivets in the tubes 1,000,(W» 2,00 or about 32,(X)0,(»^HJ francs. Jt was commenced on tho 30tli June, 1854, and opened to traiflo on tlio 17th Deonmber, 1859. It oomvici.'S the railways of tlio north sho^o of the St. T^iiwrencc with tho'-.o of its south slioro and belong:^ to the (rmnd Trunk Haiilv\a>' T'ompany. I*^ span^ tho I'ivor at the foot uf tho Lachine rujtids or Sault St. Louis. At the head of these rapids, eiglit inih-a higher up, is tho Lachine bridge, oon8tru(!ccd in 1886 and 1887 by the Canadian Facifi(> Kailway Company. This bridge Ih built on the articulated or truss .system. It« len/jHi is ;),550 feet and canipi'i.«ios thrr e aroh«.s of 80 feet eaoli, 8 aro-hes of 242 foot, '2 of 408 feet, 2 of 270 feet, and one moveable or swin,^ arch Of 240 feet. Thit, move fcble swing i.sover the Lachine Caual and is oponiidand nhut by steam machin- ery of an altogether new kind. The elevation of the bridge i.s 60 feet over the water, whicii at this point flows at the rate of 15 miles an houi'. In its styk*; it is the greatest britlge in existence. Its cOBi id e8tima.ted at .$;5,5O0,00O or about 17,000,000 francs XXVI PINANeKS. The revenues of the Provincial Ooverruionb are derived from the Federal subsidy, the receipts from our immense public domain, including lorest.s, min«» and lands properly so called, licences and certain other direct taxes. As regards the imi)0.sition of taxes, the ^towers of our Local Logislatuie are unlimited ; it can increase the reveime at pleasure, ton, fifteen or twenty times, if it think proper ; in this rebpect, it has no other limits than the will of the people. From 1887 to 1888, the revenues and expenses of the Local Government have bwin as follows : Year.' Revenues. ExperiHes ■ 1868 $ l,:)35,836.6t> f 1,1 8:3,2:58.44 186'.> 1,676,152.08 l,:S.31,OILI9 1870 L(;o:i,2:56.;W ],55',),I92.U8 1871 1,651,287.09 l,759,4y5.:>5 1872 1,746,4.30.54 1,725,685.2.3 1873 1,999,942.57 1,731.750.78 1874 2,041,174.71 1,9:17,772.04 1870.. •.... 6,032,231.45 3.4:^9,256.24 1876 2,;U0,15i.63 3,862,51 <.3S 1377 6,618,444.98 5,926,818.75 1878 2,826,32-^.19 5,3S8,8!)2.93 1879 7,591,076.07 7.205,162.00 1,80 .■ 3..546,6;i7.44 3,94.'.,620.O I 1881 7,504,497.85 7,206,72-5.69 1882 i .5.263,97:^84 5,420,577.77 1883, 4,6.55,759.96 .3,909,597.50 1884 5,893,593.08 4,690,214.54 1885 3,604,111.01 4,666,,34o.23 1886 :3,895,037.53 4,125,815.60 1887 3,682,150.67 4.635,102.50 1888 • 4.631,076.11 5,991,977.70 $83,401,157,82 $81,547,768.05 I — 47 — TVie revo.nut-H iuclud* 1*21, .'5^7, 999.7 3 derived from six consolidAtod or per- manent loHUh rc}'rerfentiag a total ot'f22,3&-l.353.,'U. The exponses on capital acooiint oompi-iao $18,387, 501.80 lor the oou- struction of railways to tL© 3l)th June, 1888, ^l,'J9i,f>l3.44 for tlie construction of the i'arliament and Dei)artinifatal Buildinge, ffJ3S,816.G3 for tlie Quebec (Jourt lioube, and $138,349.02 for tlio Jacqiufs CartiiM" Normal Scliool,MontrGal, making in all $2,0(')8,779.09 lor thcso ihrees[»londi(l odilioes and $20,4i>t),'-^0.Sy, a» tho total of the expenses on capital account, including tlio amounts paid foi' railway confitruction. Against our consolidatod debt, already reduced to the extent of f7S3,- 92.").! 1 by our sinking fund service, we have the balance of the price of cale of our provincial railway, $7,00'),(HX), and tho indemnity granted by the Federal Government for th*^ oonstruotion of that railway, 5^2, ;.Uil, ()()() which alrewdy makes $10,777,025.11. We have in ad:, " - 4S_ bi! — I'ro lection of Minorities. The most iU)solute rof^peot lor all religious bfli^'ls us to iduratiiin antl tlio jfrentost liainiotiy bf'fAve«»n tlu*. ditfevent elements of tlu> jiopulntioinireiussiirofl hy this orjranizatioii, which rctnliMs nil conflict hetwrn n tlu iji on the subject impossible. Moreover, history is there tojn'ovetlint never, rh regnrdH education or any other matters nfFKCtiu;^' queHtions of vnce and religion, have th«- French Ojmadians attomjttod th" slightest ciici-oachment on the lights of the other raeas or rh( other relifiious from five to fifty cents^ twenty-live centimes to two francs, for each child of age to attend school, that \n to say, from ?even to fourteen years old. .\11 the ratenayei's are o bligcd to pay the school taxes, even when they do not senil their children to school, and, in thia sense, it n\ny l)e si4id that, in our )MOvince, prhnary education is compuit;ory. Normal Se/iools. To form teachers for the primary and stcondary schools, we have three special teaohiug schooh designated us normal schools, and maintnined e.^clu- sively at the cost of the State. One of ih' -e Hchof)i-< is I'rotestant : the other two are Catholic. These institutions are under the immediate control of the ,'uperi»itendent of Pul)!ic Insti'iu-tion, uud the C;itholic ones are directed I )y an ecclesiastic lecommendod by the Council of I'ublic Instruction and appointe(l by the (xovertmu-nt. Nature of Kdima/ion. ( fur bvstem ofpubiic instruction embraces teaching in all its grades, troiu university training down to thnt ol the liumb'e primary school. At the head of this .svRteia, we liave three _'-eat universiti* .-* : Laval Cnivcrriity, a French and Catholic uistitution, and two English aini I'l-otestant iiisiiiutionw. MctJil! University and Bishop's College. Laval Ihiiversifi/. haval University vvasfoun led in iS52 by the Quebec Seminary and orirjui- iz*d )jy the Kevil Fjouis .fai'que- < 'asault. Its curriculum comprises all tli" departuicntsof science and art, iuoludiug even a course of \'eterinafy medicine. Its museums of naturalhistory and geology and its cabinet of physics are mos<- complete. Its library contains upwards of 60,(300 choice volumes,including several incnimbula, a great many^'historical palters and the /^/('V*«r/;.s-/ collec- tion. Its gallery of paintings, the most valuable in Aiuorica. includi'-i(, goodly 4 I » — 50 — uuiober of works of the great mastorfi of the seventeenth oeiituiy and other lat^r pahitors of repute. Its professors number eighty : J 9 in tUeolo^'y, 17 m law> 25 in medicine, and 19 in the arts. In i'-'ST, the number ol its Btudonta YOiB 221 in the theology, 181 in medicine, 1()4 in law and f)0 in arts, or a total of 575. Mc Gill Un iverslti/ . McGili University, at Jfontreal, founded in 1827 by a wealthy merchant whose name it bears, counts 49 proiessors : 8 in th faculty of bi'-v, 15 in medicine, 13 in arts and 12 w ecieuces. Durin,!: the torm of 1886-87 the lujuiber of students was 27 in law, 236 in medicine, 2h. in ar ts and ^1 in the sci^'uces* Several of this Univerf-ity's courses are followed by the j)upils of McGill College and of the Normal School bearing the same name, whicli, to a certain extent, form jiart of the institution. Tliis university has the a'lvaiitage of having, among Jit. professors and directors, Sir Willaiu Dawson, a learned and diitinguished geologist, who >) reputation has extended even to Europe. Dishop^s College. Bishop's College, of Lennoxville, is an Anglican university, founded in 1843, by Bishop Mountain, of Quebec. Its curriculum covers law, medicine, arts, sciences and theology. Tlie number of its professors axid students was as follow? m 1887 : in law, 12 professors and 6 students ; in medicine, 17 pro- fiissors, and 30 students ; in theolog}', 2 professors, and 4 students ; in arta .'3 professors, and 20 students, or a total of 36 profassors and GOstndents. Classical Colleges. There are seventeen Catholic colleges in the provin«ce. In fifteen of those listablishments, the teacliinc is performed by 3(XJ professors, — 293 ecclesiast-ic? and 7 laymen — and the number of pupils amounted tc 3,562, according to the statistics of 1S87. These figures do not include the number of the professors and pMpils of our older classical colleges, like the Seminaries of Quebec and of St. f^ulpice, at Montreal; which are independent institutions and make no report to the Superintendent of Public Instruction. The Protestants have nine collt ires, afl51if(. ted v/ith their universities. In 1887, there were in these colleges 38 professors ant 257 pupils Besides these colleges, the Protestants have nine high schools or lyceuma lor boys and girls, which, last, year, aggregated 76 male and female teachers and 1,481 pupUs, about 600 of whom wore girU. Convents. Catholic higher education for girla is imparted by a large number of con- ventB, which ar© maintained on a footing that does^honor to the province. ™ 5J — Model Schools. InfuUlition to the institutionri of secondary instruction, comprising acade- mies and model schools, we have three schools of agvicultur, two schools of applied science, thirteen schools of arts and design and hve establishments. for the training of the deaf, dumb and blind. . Educational Staiuiics. T/ie Report of the Superiyitendent of Public Instruction for the year 1886-87 sums up jvj follows the educational statistics for that jear : Catholic. Frotestant. Total, School municipalities iiS!'^ 311 1,146 Elementary schools '6fOH(S 998 4.584 Supt^rior '* o65 78 643 Applied -cience schools 1 1 2 Arts and design '' .. .. 13 Deaf, dumb and blind 4 1 5 Total 4,156 1,078 5,247 Professorp, ecclesiastical or religious 868 8 876 lay '. 296 162 458 " • of normal schools , 28 8 36 " of Laval university and of the Protestant univei&ities an i colleges 80 123 203 " in schools for the deaf, dumb and blind.. 86 3 89 " in arts and design schools .. ,. 35 Total 1,358 301: 1,697 Female teachers, reli .s 1,723 ... 1,723 " " lay 3,734 1,112 4,846 Total of the teaching body 6,815 1,416 8,266 Pupils of elementary schools 143,848 30,451 174,309 «• '• superior " 74,795 6,155 80,950 " '' Lu'al uni^■t'!^;!ty and tlic Prott-staut uni- versities and th'«ir altiliatad colleges >75 772 1,347 " " normal schools )5 96 281 " " ^ special s«iioolfc ... ... i,720 Total of pupils 219,403 37,484 258,607 Bftiyion of the Pupih. Of the 255,259 pupils, who attended the primary and superior echools under the control of the commissioners and trustees, 221,61 1 w<'re <'"athoJ)C8 or 86-80 per cent, and 33,648 Protestants or 13 20, per cent of the whole, whick gives a proportion of 6-5 Catholic pupila to 1 Protestant. 1 It 1 ' t — 52 — liesonrces o/ihe Schools. The receipts ol the elementary, model and academic schools, under the control of corrmissioners and trustees, were as follow : Annual assevaments $759,949 Special '• 74,330 Monthly contributions 189,994 Government grant ; From the common school fund , $154,608 " " fun.'l,r.74.70 wt-re n I. so paid for schoolsof art and design. and about $70,0' H.) for agricultural instruction, bringing to upwards of $7,000,00<), the total expend ed by the Government during that period, foi the purposes of. education. Hole of the Clergy. 1.U speaking of education as regards our province, it is hardly possible to pass over in silence the patriotic and eininently national role played by our classical colleges. In these colleges were educated Bedard, Blanchet, Paraiit, i'apincau, Cherrier, DeLorimier and nearly all the patriots, who distinguislied themselves in the menaorable events of 1837. Again, at the present day all art of the commercial body are recruited. In line, if in (uu province classit'al education is more widespread thaii in all the other firovincos of the Confederati.jU, if literature and the line arts are more advanced among the French Cuiadiuub than among the other races, this superiority i-idue to the Catholic clergy ami their classical colleges. Our gratitude should be all the greater because the clergy supjily this education almost gratuitously and their libei.iUty piu' I's it within thv^ reacli of all, ;>ven of the poorest. In this respect, there is not anuvber eountiy in the world vvhost? instituti'us can bear com- parison with those of the province of (Quebec. XXVI 1 1 OHAH.T iCS. These in.ititutions constitute— so to speak—the most characteristic featui e ol our social organization. Hatched by the breath of faith and chaiity, the infant colonv of ^'ew France was soon endowed with the benevolent iiistitu- ^ mmmm piilll«ilMiviliBiinpni>*ni«mii^m^ _53 — tion which Catholicism had long multiplied in the mother country ; and, even before we had a system of fixed and regular government, we had hospitals and asylums to take care of the sick, the poor and the mfirm. These admirable charities have since multiplied -aid form, so to say, the special characteristic of the French Canadian nationitlity. <.)ur convents, our niomisterits of men and women, onr hospitals and asylums offer con,«olatiou to all the illf and relief to all the hardships and infirmities, and it may be asserted with truth- fulness that the benevolent institutions of the France of Ijouis XI V have been better preserved hero than in the mother country. Our fellow-countrymen of English oiigin have also numerous establish- ments of the same kind, and it may be stated without f*>ar of fonttadiction tliat, in the matter of ciiarities, our province is far ahead of all otiiei' countries with the same uooivlatiou. Here, the State liberally subsidizes these institu- tion." ; from 1867 to 1H88, the Government of Quebec has expended ^8y4,;:iG4.0<> in grants to hospitals and refuges ; $1.2^5,08;'). 17 tii ri 'forma tories and industrials schools fpr children and $-!i, 816,940.30 to lunatic asylums, making in alt $5,'J4(vj8U..")o oi' about 1j per cent of tlie ordinary revenue of the Pro- vince. For t^lie year 1N80-87, $24o,r)0U \vere paid to lunatic asylums, $84,152.00 to reformatories, $Iiy,ol() 00 to hospital and refuges and |I 3,200 to deaf and dumb schools, oi' $379,968.00 in all. (; XXIX RKI.IOIOL'.S OUOANIZATIOX. There is no country in the world where Ireedom ofworshij) is as gieat as in our province. After some years of stiuggle, England granted ns the full exercise of the rights resulting from tlie articles of the capitulation of Montreal and the treaty of Paris. Jn our couiitry the Catholic clei'gy are absolutely independent in all that relates to religious worship, and are controlled on this head only by the authorities of Rome ; the civil power interferes in matters of worship only for the purpose of lending the support and authority of the law, when necessary ov useful. s impots preleves pouv iQi- fins de I'iustruction primaire se coiDi>08ent lup )nodernes. Le professorat se compose de (j^uatre-vingta titulaires : 19 pour la theologie, 17 pour le droit, 25 pour la medecme, et 19 pour les arts. En 1887. le nombre des eleves etaitde 221 en theologio, 104 en droit. 18! enmedejin' t 69 dans les arts, en tout 575. t — 54 — Uiiiversil4 McGill L'univorsite ^fcGill. h, Montreal, fonilee on 1827^par un Hche negociwit dont elle porte le nom, cornpte 40 professeurs : 8 dstns la faculte de droit, 16 en m^decine, 18 dans la faculte des arts et 12 dans celle des scioncps. Pour I'exercico 1886-87, !e noinbrc des elevos a ete de 27 on droit, 236 en medecine, 231 dans les arts ct 57 dans les sciences. Plusieurs cours de cette universite sent suivisparloseleves du college McfTill etdol'ecole normale dumemc noni, qui fontjusqu'a un certain point partie de I'institution. Cettojuniversite ooaipto au nonibro do ses protesneurs etdo sos directeurs Sir William Dawson. saA'ant et geologue distingue, dont la reputation est repanduo jusqu'en Europe. Bishop'' s College Le Bi'^hop's College, do Lonnoxvilie, est une universite anglicane, fondee en 184.J par I'EvtMpie Mountain, de Quebec. Son ensoignoinent coniprend le droit, la medeoine, les arts, les sciences et la theologie. Le nombre d'eleves et de professeurs a ete en 1887 : en droit, 1 2 professeurs et6eleves ; en naedecine, 17 professeurs et'uO eleves ; en theologie, 2 professeurs et 4 eleves ; dans les arts, 5 profosseurs et 20 eleve;-;, en tout 36 professeurs et 60 eleves.. Colleges dassiqnes 11 y a dans la province dix-sept colleges catholiques. Dans quinze de ces 6tablissements, I'enseigueiuunt est donne pai 300 professeurs, — 21)3 eoclesias- tiqties et 7 laiques — a 3,562 eleves, d'apres la statistique pour 1887. Cos chiflf're'? ne comprennent pas le nombre des professeurs et des eleves de nos plus ancien- colleges clnssiques, celui du seminairo .. .. 35 Total 1.358 ;j04 1.097 ln?titutrices.religiense3.w 1,723 .. 1,723 " laiques. ^ 3,734 l,;i2 4,H6 Totalducorp^en.-eignant.. 6,815 1,416 8,2i)6 Eleveb des .^oles elementaires 143,848 30,461 174,309 •• sitperifures 74,795 6,155 80,950 " de I'tiniversite Laval des universit/-^ protestants et de leuTs collp^e? atlilirs.,. 575 772 1,347 .« de* eco:e.r normales 185 06 281 " des ecoles speciales ,. ' .. 1,720 Total des eleves 219,403 37,484 258,607 KeUijion des Aleves Sur les 255,259 eleves qui out frequente les^^ecoles primaires etsuporieures sous le controle des commiesaires et des syndic?, il y avait 221,611 catholiques, ^l\ % •>! ! ft'! ■ 11 ; Ri ' V ^ 1 1 V i i ■ ■ « 50 — Boit 80.80 pour cent, et 33,fi48 urotostants, soit 13.20 pour cent du fotal, ce qui donno uno proportion d^G 5 ('levescatholiqnes pour un protcstant.- JiOS recettos des ecolcs elemeutaires, mo I<">le3 ot academi(]aC'S, sous le con trole dos commissairos et syndics, out ete commo suit : Cotisations annuel ley ^759,049 " specialfK 14.-->'M} EetributionK niensuellcs ■■'. 189,994 .Subvention du gouvornement : A menie le fonds des ecoloH communes. 154,608 A mrme le foods desecoles dans les municipalit^s l)auvros , 5,070 159,684 Total des recettes |1,183.X57 Los subventions du gouvernement, pourl'instruction publifjiu', oompron- nent en sus dos sommes oi-dessus, $78,000 pour I'instruction supeiicsuro. Les Hommes payees t-ous les anp pur le gouvernement pour rinstruction publique, de 1867 a l'^88 inclusivement, s'elevent a$6,822,7l?7.54, on uno moy- emie annuello our I'ensoignement del'agriculturo, cequi portea plusde $7,000,000 le total pnye prfr le gouver- nement durant cefcte periode, pour les fins de i'instruction publique. En ce qui regar«le notre province, il n'estguere possible, en parlantd'ins- truction publique, do ne pas insistor sur le role f^i patriotlqu'% si emiiiemment national, ipi'ont joue et que jouent encore nos oolleg<^?= classicpies. Ce fut dans oes colleges que se formerent Bedarfl,BIanc1iet , Parent. Pnpineaii, Chorrier, Delvoriuiief et presque tous les patriotes qui se sont illustres dans les memo- rabies evonements de 1837. Aujourd'hui encore, t'o'is nos hommes publics les plus marqnants sont des eleves de ces colleges classiques, fon les et main- tenus a peu pros exclusivement par notre clerge. Cost aussiparmi les eli'-ves de ces colleges que se recruteut les professions liberalcs et meme une b*mie partie de la classe commerciale. Enfin, ai dans notre province I'instruotion clasaique est plus repandue quo dans toutes les autres parties de la confede ration, si la litterature ot les beaux arts sont plus avances chez les Canadicns- franyaisque chez les autres races, c'est au clergfc> catholique et a ses colir-'ges classiqties que nous sommes redevables do cette superioriie. Xotre lecon- naissance doit etre d'autant plus grande, que ce clei-ge nous donne cette instruction presquegratuitement et que sa geuerosite la met a la portee de tons, meme des moins favorises de la fortune. Sous ce rapport, il n'est pas de pays au monde dont les institutions puissent sui)porter la comparaison avec colles de la province do Quebec. [)> •SP mmmm , XXVJii .< INSTITUTION'S UE T»IEXFAMaNCE Ce.s in.stiiiitio)is constituent pour ainsi dire lo, tiait ie plu> caiactoris- tiquo lie notri.' orcanisattion sociale. Kcloi^e an soullio <]e la I'oi et ilc la oliarire, la petite colotiie de la Noiivflle-Franoefutbientotdoteo (loot\s etahliKHejuontfl dc bionfaiHance que lacutholicisiue uvait dei)uit. longtoai)),- multiplies dans la nieicpatrie ; et avant ineme d'avoir un .sy3tt>me do gouvernoiuont tlxe et regulior, uouh avions 3«is XIV se sont niieux conservees ici qiiedans notre aneicnne mere-patiio. Nos conipatriotes d'origine anglaipe ont aussi de noinbrfltix etablissoments dana ce genre et Ton pent dire sans erainte que sous le rajiport des institutions de oharite. notre province IVrnpoHe. et de l.^eaiicoup, sur tout autre pays de meme i)opulation. Ici, UEtat sf'.bventionne liberalement ces inf^titntions : de 18K7 a ISSS, le gouveriuiment de Quebec a i aye S894.3fi4.()(> en s(ib\Tntioiis anx h(?ipitaux et lit>sf)ices : S'l/Jo^/KS"),!? anx^cole'; et niaisons de reforme jioui' lesenlants : |;3,8!r..940,;5C. nux asiies d'alien^-s. faisint en lout ^')/.4f),;;80.o3. ou environ 15 pour cent du revenn ordinaire d- la province. Pour I'exerclce ]8SC)-7, il a. ete ]>aye $24u,0()*i aux a>ile? d'alienes,.?84.4r,2,()0(> aux lionpieds et hopitaux, >i!l.},20().0() aux ecole.s pour les sounis.muets, en tout S370/J(')8.0u. XXIX OnttAMSATlOX !: I,[OfECSE 11 )i'v n pas de ]iavs au UiOnde oii la liberte iles eultes soit an^^si complete que dans notre province. Apres (jU'lques annees de lutte, I'An/zleterrc nous a accorde le plein cxeieiee -b-s droits resultant des articles de la capitulatioii .de Montreal et du traite de Paris. Chez nous, b- cler.L'e eatholiqiie «.'.at al.-^o- lumeut indp])enlant, pour tout ce qui ?e rattflfhe au euite ndigicux. et n'est controle, sous ce rapport, que ]'ar les antorites de Rome ; le pouvoir civil n'intervient dans b-s altaires ilu culte que pour luipreterlesecourset I'autorite de la loi, lorsque cela e-t utile on nteces.-aire. Notr.'=> organisjition paroissialf^ ?st encttre regie par les lois trancaises du 17o siecle j les cbfuigeuient- rpie nouH avon^ lait subir a ces lois n'ont eu pour but (^ue de Ibrtiiier .iavantMite les antorites reUg'euse.s(. La meme liberte existe en faveur de.9 protestants ft ton* IescuUes,merae le judatsme, se pratiquent sans controle et sans ejitraves fie la part des auto- I i .^^:- — 08 — rites civiles. GivVe a cotte organisition, hi ineilleure entente, coranie la plus giande hannonie, rogne entre les adeptes des difFerentes croyance>i et lea chefs des ditlercntes denoniiuations religiousei. D'aillntaiio ; six diocest'S, coux do Trois-Hivieros, S lint-IIyacintlie, Kiniouski, Mierbrooke, ('liii-outimi et NTicolet ; deux prefectures apostoliciues. cellos de Pontiac et de la cote nord 4uperieuro ft classique a un bas i>rix qui i)arait inexplicable aux etrangors. XXX IXSTITI-TIO.VS POUTIQUES La constitution nous garantit, dans tout(> la plenitude dont olios :-iont sus- ce[)tibles, ia rospousabilito ministeriolie, la liberie do lapressoetla liberte individuelle. Tci, comme on Angloterre, lo voju do la majorite do ])ouplo, rogulierenient exprime parsrs represontants datis la brancbo populair<^ de la legislature, est la loi supremo. Les ministres (pii couiposent le cabinet, ou le oonseil executif, ne pcuvent roster en charge ot gouverner t]u'en autant (ju'il.-j jouissont de la condanee de cetto majorite, qutfait ou defait lesministeres a sa guise. Le role do la Couronne ou du Souvorain, represente par le lioutenant-gouvernour, est al.isolument passif et s'oxerce en dehors de toute consideration personnelle. Le liouteiuirit-gouverneni" n'agit olliciellement (pie sur Favis de ses ministres ; en cas do divei'gonce d'opinions avec eux, il peat les changer, ma is il taut (ju'il choirfisse lours successours parmi les homines possedantla conliance de la majorite de I'assemblee legislative. Liberty de la presse Nouii.iouissons au supreme degie i>le par un dos oonsjeilUn-rt, cVmsi par les anties ct dosignf> sous K; nom le maire. Pour Hre <*l«cteu) miuMoi{»al, il Kuttit de po.s«<'(let a ^it'e de pfoi^rK'tairo uu .nimeublo I'luie valour vtMialo de cinq'.iai)t( piastres, ou a titre de looataire, nnepropri^to d'une va't.'iir looa, tivode vin;i;t jnastros. Lcs attributions desconsoils municij .'luxsont lu vuiiif*' c'est-Adire la confection ot I'entroticn des ohcmins et des ponfcs. les travaux publics d'luie nature puromcnt localo, rimi)Osition et la)>ercoption d'.'3 taxes municipalob ot s<'olaires, le.*^ affaires de police et la iiiise en visjui'ur do eer taines lois conceruont ra^;ricu)turo. Ei^ IHSO, i! y avait dans lu ] lo\•it)o<^ 7''!S muiiiinpnlites locak't?, dont les revenus iurent de $1,125,231 oi. le.i d»)ptinsos do $9;)y,584._ l.a luiJuioipalitA de comL^ '"ompri iid tout If torritoii'e du conite et hou conseil se compose dosiuairos di^ toiites lt>s uiunicit>a!itr*s joculos de ce tervi- toire. Le pi'sident du conseil de chrujuo coiuiA s'arjpelle proiot. Ce cousoil re^le toutes l«''s questions int6res.^aut plus d'une muninipalite looa'c, decrete I'lU'rction en municipalites de ceitains territoii'cs et decide en apjiel de oer- tainos contestations snrgissaiit d s atl'ures des niunicipalitoh locale^ Les cites et les villos sontaluiinistreea par des conseils • pociaux, elus par les contribuables. Ijeius atti-ibutions .-,ont treseteu.00 et elle so guide en grandc partie sur I'equii pour rendre ses decisions, sans guere a'occuperdes textes de loi et de la. juris prudencu. Jnges de jiaix Les juges do paixsont aussi nomraes par le lieutenant-gouvernour, excepte les maires des municipalites, qui le sont de droit durant Texeroice de leiu^ charge. Leurs fonctions s'appliquent principalement aux affaires de police \ I I ! II: mm ^ ?,!S — by Pftrliann-nt. Any i»orson arr-^atpd or illoHiilly 'lotaineii in prisoti has a right to apply to a ju'lge of tlie Supoiior Court, and to ohtiiin IiIh liberation in case of illo^al imi)ri6onm.»nt. The Hiime [»riviloi:o cxi'^ts in favor of ttll citizens of the province aii-l of ali»r'>\ mce ; agricultiUL: ; the »dministriition''.'of jafltice, civil and criminal; tiie levying of taxes for pro. vincial purposes and the abwolute ('(mtml of the public mon<\r->.!whicli cannot Vje disposed jjof except with the exclusive a8s<»nt of the Legislative Asseral'ly or the repr'^sentatives of the people, which constitutes ministr-rial respon- sibility in the fullest sense of the term. XXXI MnNICIt'Al. Onr,ANIZ\TlON. The municipal organization is, so to say, the amplication of representative government in each parish and township erected municipally. Each regularh' organized civil parish outside of the townships and each township forms, ipso facto ^ a municipal corporation the moment it has a population of 300 mhabitants. 'i'ne atfair.s of each munici]»ality !ire managed ^^ a council composed of seven meml»era elected by the rntepayers, and pre- ded over by one of the eonncillors cho en ^^-y the others anvorks of a purely local nature, the levying and collection of ■* I ■ In 1 _ 56 — niuuicipal and school taxes, police mat tei*» and the enforoeiuent of certain laws ooncei-ning agrioult' re. In 1886, there were iu the piovxnco 758 local- Uiunicipalities. whose revenues amounted to $1,126,231 and expenses to $959, 2H4. : Hie county municipality covers all the territory of the county and is composed of the mayors of all the local municipalities within that territory. The chairman of cacli county council is called the warden. This coimcil regulat^-'s all questions inreresting more than one municipality, decrees the erection of certain territ-oiy into munici))alitie£<, and decides in aj»peal certain contestations arising out oi utiair.s of the local municipalities. The cities and town.s aro governed by special councils elected by the rate- jwiyers. 'I'lieii- powers are vei-y extended and regulated, '.by .-ijccial charters or by the geneiUi law relating to cities iiwd to'.vnsin default of special laws. XXXll jnnu'iAl, oim;." MiiATiox. Our judicial niachineiy compri5-es courts of comniisisioners, and magistrates or justices of the pt-iice, courts of district mafji^tiates, j.olice luatustiates, reconlers In cities, the f>'srcuit (..'ourt, ."^uptiiior (.'ouri, v..'ourtol' J{e\ iew, Court of Appeal, the Supreme Court of Canada, and, in England, the Privy Council, which is the highest tribunal. C'ommis.'ii(',ur^' t'ouri.s. a The commissioni is" court is cemposed of persons chosen directly from the people and mostly belongiiig i<' tlx' iigricultuird class, appointed from time to time by the Lienrenant Gov-tiior in Council, in nearly all the municipalities. Its juris(hction is limiludaljuost wholly to the recovery of civil debts for amoinits not exceeding ^25. and its dtii^ions are mostly l>ased on equity, without much regard for the text of the law or jurisprudence. Justices of the Peace. Tiie justices of the pea'-e are also naminl by the Lieutenant-(TOvernor,but mayors ofmuaicipalities are justices of the peace ex (ijh'cio durr.ig tlieir terms of othce. The functions of these magistrates are chiefly conliued to police matters and thtir jurisdiction does not ex."eet degree in our province and that the law courts are accessible and within eaay reach of all. We have courts of justice in all the parishes, in all the towns, in all the counties, in all the districts and in all the cities. We have also the jury system in all it.^ fullnes?. even in civil matters. Tlie terms of the criminal courts are fixed by law, so liiat the accused are sure to have their trial-, at stated periods, which is an unquestionable guarantee for the liberty of tlio suliject. In order to shorten imprisonments pending the criminal assize-;, our law permits, in certain cases, the summary trial of the accused, if he prefers ic, beiore the police or district magistrates. The judges of the Superior Court an d the QueerV Bench are appoitited and paid by the FederaHjr03fcprnment ; but the .organization and constitution of the law courts, their creation, and the civil proce lure folloved in them bel'^ug to the Provincial Government ; this provides a perfect gu arantee for the auto- nomy of the province, as well as for its French institutions. XXXIll CIVIL AXD CRT>ni\'.U. I-AWS. i'l Our civil law is the French civil law, as it stood before the French revolu- tion, with the addition of Kome provisions of the^Code Napoleon, which have been inserted into ours. Widi us, the right to will is uidimited ; eacii oitiaen is free to dispose of hi^■ property br testament as be pleases. Communit-/ of property between busltands and wives still exists in our province, where tiieve have been no stipulations to tiie contrary, together with tlie contiiuiation of the community after the decease of one of the consorts, which has been abol- ished in nearly all the countries of Europe. Our criminal law is tln' comniou law of England, as modified from time to time by the laws of the Federal Parliament, which loas exclusive powers of legislation as regards criminal matter.,. These . owers are today j:reater tlian ever, a'^• the right of appeal to England in criminal cases has hem abolished. As ahvn'idy stated, the habeas covpn.s forms part of our criminal law. XXXIV HVr'OTHKCARV L \Wa. Our laws concerning the regi.etration of real rights i.« as perfect .'ii it is possible to imagine. With our systr-m of cadastration lunj. registration, a few instants are entiughto ascertain all the charges and encumbrances uiion any rnmoveable. The designation of the property can give rise to no mistak'', as _ 5y — it is all described at length in the books nf refertmce ami ox\ the plans of the cadastre deposited in each registry office and represented by a number in itB order : if, i.s sufficient to mention thin cadastral vi'iTuber in a deed of mort- gage and the name of the place in which the property is situatinl. The capi- talist, who lends money on mortgage with a knowledge of uU the facts, is perfectly safe, and all the more so because once the cadastre is definitely in force in a locality, the titles of the proprietors appearmg thereiu as such become unassailable and theraortgageH which have nnt be<.n renewed become null mm void or only rank after other? of later date. Fn this respect, the province of Quebec oflters incontostalile guarantees to the investment of foreign capital. Decenfralizadnn. A French writer has said that " in a democratic. isociety. to iiiuit liberty j we must divide its action by multiplying tlie centres of local indeyendpuce. / Hiui by reuniting thon by hierarchical intermingling. " This is precisely the | gi"eat characteristic of the institutions of our province. We have judicial j decentralization, municipal decentralization, scholastic decentralization, agri. cultural decentralization, and decentralization in the temporal alfairs of the churches, in a word, in all that more closely affects the interests of the people. We know of no country T»here the jieople govern themselves more directly and more completely by themselvo.s than in our province. Here, not a single cent, of the people's money can !>* expended by the political government, the municipal government, the government ol the church m temporal matters, by our agricultui-al societiei^, or byourscho 1 com- missioners, without that expenditure being sunc'loned by tlie representatives of the people. <,)ur municipal 'Ouncils, ou r i^oards of school comnussionors.oui meeting:; of churciiwardens and freeholders,of members of agricultm*al societies, form so many lie tie parliaments, wherein the re^rosentatives nf the people discuss and guard the interests of their constituents, and take part in publif" alfairs, which are carried on and decided only with the assent of the partie^i interested. Thanks to this decentrahzation, the special interests of race and religion enjov complete protection 5 the citizens of different origins and reli- gious beliefs have no cause of dissension, or conflict, and live in the m jat perfect harmony ; they esteem each other as the inhabitnnts of a country «houi