WAWM 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 /. 
 
 >#/ 
 
 y 
 
 / 
 
 
 ^^ /^,^:4. 
 
 <. V) % 
 
 v /^^ 
 
 V 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 11.25 
 
 lA^i2.8 
 
 •If 184 
 
 2.5 
 2,2 
 
 2.0 
 
 u iiiin.6 
 
 V] 
 
 ^ 
 
 A 
 
 
 / 
 
 y 
 
 ^ 
 
 f 
 
 Riotographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 ,\ 
 
 <^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 <?>^ 
 
 \\ 
 
 
 Q> 
 
 V 
 
 
 6^ 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STRIeET 
 
 WEBSTER, NY. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4S03 
 
CIHM/ICMH 
 
 Microfiche 
 
 Series. 
 
 CIHM/ICMH 
 Collection de 
 microfiches. 
 
 Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions 
 
 Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 
 
 1980 
 
Technical and Bibliographic Not^s/Notes techniques et bibliographiques 
 
 The Institute has attempted to obtain the best 
 original copy available for filming. F'^atures of this 
 copy which may be bibliographicaily unique, 
 which may alter any of the images in the 
 reproduction, or which may significantly change 
 the usual method of filming, are checlted below. 
 
 D 
 
 Coloured covers/ 
 Couverture de couleur 
 
 r~~| Covers damaged/ 
 
 D 
 
 Couverture endommagde 
 
 Covers restored and/or laminated/ 
 Couverture restaurde et/ou pellicul^e 
 
 I I Cuver title missing/ 
 
 D 
 D 
 
 Le titre de couverture manque 
 
 Coloured maps/ 
 
 Cartes gdographiques en couleur 
 
 Coloured init (i.e. other than blue or black)/ 
 Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) 
 
 □ Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ 
 Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur 
 
 n 
 
 u/'. 
 
 Bound with other material/ 
 Reli6 avec d'autres documents 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion 
 along interior margin/ 
 La reiiure serr6e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la 
 distortion ie long de la marge int6rieure 
 
 Blank leaves added during restoration may 
 appear within the text. Whenever possible, these 
 have been omitted from filming/ 
 II »e peut que certaines pages blanches ajouties 
 lors d'una restauration apparaissent dans le texte, 
 mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont 
 pas 6td film^es. 
 
 Additional comments:/ 
 Commentaires suppi6mentaires: 
 
 L'institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire 
 qu'il iui a M possible de se procurer. Les details 
 de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-Atre uniques du 
 point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier 
 une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une 
 modification dans la methods normals de filmage 
 sont indiqu6s ci-dessous. 
 
 □ Coloured pages/ 
 Pages de couleur 
 
 □ Pages damaged/ 
 Pages endommag^es 
 
 I I Pages restored and/or laminated/ 
 
 Pages restaurdes et/ou pelliculdes 
 
 Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ 
 Pages d6color6es, tachetdes ou piqudes 
 
 □ Pages detached/ 
 Pages d6tach6es 
 
 r~~|/Showthrough/ 
 Lzj Transparence 
 
 I I Quality of print varies/ 
 
 Quality in6gaie de I'impression 
 
 Includes supplementary material/ 
 Comprend du matdriel suppldmentaire 
 
 n 
 
 Only edition available/ 
 Seule 6dition disponible 
 
 Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata 
 
 slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to 
 
 ensure the best possible image/ 
 
 Les pages totalement ou partiellement 
 
 obsc ':ies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, 
 
 etc., oitt 6t6 film6es d nouveau de fappn A 
 
 obtenir la meilleure image possible. 
 
 rT~l/Thi8 item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ 
 
 I \/i Ce document est fiimA au taux de reduction indiqud ci-dessous. 
 
 lOX 
 
 
 
 
 14X 
 
 
 
 
 18X 
 
 
 
 
 22X 
 
 
 
 
 IIX 
 
 
 
 
 30X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 v' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12X 
 
 
 
 
 16X 
 
 
 
 
 20X 
 
 
 
 
 24X 
 
 
 
 
 28X 
 
 
 
 
 32X 
 
 
Is 
 
 u 
 
 ifier 
 
 ne 
 
 ige 
 
 The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks 
 to the generosity of: 
 
 Library of the Public 
 Archives of Canada 
 
 The images appearing hera are the best quality 
 possible considering the condition and legibility 
 of the original copy and in Iteeping with the 
 filming contract specific&dons. 
 
 L'exemplaire fitmi fut reproduit grftce h la 
 gAntrositi de: 
 
 La bibliothdque des Archives 
 publiques du Canada 
 
 Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le 
 plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition at 
 de la netteti de l'exemplaire film6, et en 
 conformity avec les conditions du contrat de 
 filmage. 
 
 Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed 
 beginning with the front cover and ending on 
 the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- 
 sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All 
 other original copies are filmed beginning on the 
 first page with a printed or illustrated impres- 
 sion, and ending on the last page with a printed 
 or illustrated impression. 
 
 Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en 
 papier est ImprimAe sont film6s en commenpant 
 par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la 
 dernlAre page qui comporte une empreinte 
 d'impression ou d'illustration. soit par le second 
 plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires 
 originaux sont film6s en commengant par la 
 premiere page qui comporte une empreinte 
 d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par 
 la derniire page qui comporte une telle 
 empreinte. 
 
 The last recorded frame on each microfiche 
 shall contain the symbol -^ (meaning "CON- 
 TINUED "), or the symbol V (meuning 'END "), 
 whichever applies. 
 
 Un des symboles suivants apparaltra sur la 
 derniire image de cheque microfiche, selon le 
 cas: le symbole -^ signifie "A SUIVRE ". le 
 symbole V signifie "FIN". 
 
 Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at 
 different reduction ratios. Those too large to be 
 entirely included in one exposure are filmed 
 beginning in tne upper left hand corner, left to 
 right and top to bottom, as many frames as 
 required. The following diagrams illustrate the 
 method: 
 
 Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre 
 film6s d des taux de reduction diff^rents. 
 Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre 
 reproduit en un seul clichd, il est filmd A partir 
 de I'angle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, 
 et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre 
 d'images n^ceesaire. Les diagrammes suivants 
 illustrent la mithode. 
 
 rrata 
 lo 
 
 pelure. 
 nd 
 
 n 
 
 32X 
 
 1 2 3 
 
 1 . 2 3 
 
 4 5 6 
 
fi,| ij.iia n.apii 1 |lfp«^jp|iirv«' 
 
A PAMPHLET 
 
 COMPILED AND ISSUED UNDER THE AUSPfOES OP THE 
 
 BOARDS OF TRADE OF PICTOU AND CAPE BRETON 
 
 ON 
 
 THE COAL A8D IRON ISDUSTRIES 
 
 AND THBia RELATION TO THE 
 
 SHIPPING 
 
 ^.-i;-;*.:^. .^j'. 
 
 AND 
 
 CARRYING TRADE OF THE DOMINION. 
 
 BY GEO. H. DOBSON, 
 
 SECRETARY, CAPE BRETON BOARD OF TRADE. 
 
 PRESENTED TO THE MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT, 
 
 OTTAWA;: 
 PRINTED BY MACLEAN, ROGER St CO., WELLINGTON STRIBT 
 
 1879. 
 
: i 
 
 ■•■> ) ''s tr": ,;■ ',■■'• 
 
 ;,'i . •■:. ■ . 
 
 . ti ■";■?■ ' 
 
 :i'v 
 
 1- '» 
 
 '•v,:i;'- '^iK^f^K ■••o-^'vi^.v.r 
 
 
 
 " ■ !l ' 
 
 '' i 
 
 d ;. 
 
 X-f^l 
 
 r 4 V 
 
 •':? '.-'V?;- 
 
 t •'. i" ' 
 
 1 ■ ■•: ■ ■._».,. 
 
 * t"i :■! 
 
 
 i'^i'/i 
 
"";. ■■ CONTENTS.:., j,'- 
 
 ■ « ' ' ■' ■-■'-'■■ ___».„ ■ ■ -'i t .■ "■ , !• 'I ...iv-'. ■VrVtf';);;/"^ 
 
 Importance of Coal 5 
 
 The Coal Trade 7 
 
 Dominion Collieries , 12 
 
 Nora Scotia 12 
 
 Cape Breton 14 
 
 British Columbia 19 
 
 €oal Deposits of the North-West.... 22 
 
 Canada for Canadians ^ 23 
 
 Countries that impose Duty on Coal 23, 24 
 
 American Coal Duty since 1824 24 
 
 Comparative qualities of American and Canadian Coals 25 
 
 Capacity of Nova Scotia Collieries 26 
 
 Nova Scotia Coal sales since 1786 21 
 
 do Exports, Home and Foreign, since 1860 28 
 
 dd Exports to United States since 1850 29 
 
 Coaljmports into Canada, from the United States, since 1860 29 
 
 do do from all Countries 30 
 
 Iron Production of the Globe, 1866-*76 32 
 
 Coal do do 1866-76 33 
 
 Table showing Value and Properties of Canadian, English and American Coal. 34 
 Statement showing Cost of Different Grades of Soft Coal coming into Toronto 
 
 5 " Market, from 1874 to 1878 inclusive 35 
 
 Prices of American Bituminous Coal, 1853-78 36 
 
 Estimated area of Coal Deposits in different Countries 37 
 
 Cost of Producing Coal in Great Britiiin..^ 37 
 
 do United States 37 
 
 do Nova Scotia.. 38 
 
 Cost of American Anthracite 38 
 
 Cost of Producing Pig and Bar Iron 39 
 
 Coal Exports of GreatBritain, 1877 40 
 
 do United States, 1877 , 41 
 
 Price of Coal in Toronto, MarcL, 1879 41 
 
 Budden's Letter on Canadian Coal Fields 42 
 
 Inter-Provinciai Coal Trade 43 
 
 Steam Power of Nova Scotia Coal (from Canal Commission Beiwrt) 45 
 

 4 
 
 Extracts from Evidence given before the Coal Committeo of 1817— (S. N". 
 
 HobinHon) -IS- 
 
 (J. M. Vernon) Development of Coal and Iron Trade of Dominion 47 
 
 F. Clemow on American and Canadian Coal 49^ 
 
 O. H. Dobson on Inter- Provincial Coal Trade 49' 
 
 Etfect of the Coal Duty on Prices and Production, 1869-70-71 62 
 
 Table of DJHtances from Sydney to Canadian and American Ports 52 
 
 The Iron Industry 55J 
 
 Iron Deposits of Dominion 6^ 
 
 do British Columbia 63^ 
 
 ' do Ontario 64 
 
 do Quebec 67 
 
 :?• do NewBrunswick 69 
 
 V do Kova Scotia 60 
 
 do Cape Breton 63 
 
 Important Statement of the Steel Company of Canada 64 
 
 Total Imports of Iron and Coal into Canada, 1872 to 1878 66, 67 
 
 Compariuon of the Coal and Iron Production of Great Britiao, United States, 
 
 ; Belguim and Canada 68 
 
 American Production of Pig Iron 69 
 
 American Importations and Exportation of Iron 70 
 
 Belgium Iron and Coal Trade 72 
 
 Inter- Provincial Trade or Shipments of Flour, &c., to Lower Provinces by St. 
 
 Lavirrance, Grand Trunk, Portland, Intercolonial and Boston 72 
 
 Total Shipments to Lower Provinces, 1872 to 1878 73 
 
 Coal Shipments from Nova Scotia to Upper Provinces 73 
 
 Coal Freight from Sydney to Montreal, Quelwc and New York, 1873 to 1878.. 73 
 
 Amount of Employment Transportation of Coal furnishes Eailway Linos ; — 
 
 Great Britain... 74 
 
 Germany 74 
 
 United States.... 74 
 
 Canada 76 
 
 Coal Freights from Cleveland to Lake Ports foi 879...., 75 
 
 fielation of the Coal Exports of Great Britain to the increase of hor 
 
 Shipping 76 
 
 Home and Foreign Vessels engaged in the Canadian, American and English 
 
 . Carrying Trade , 76 
 
 Canadian Transportation Routes 77 
 
 Size and kind of Propellers suited to carrying between Toronto, Pictou and 
 
 Sydney 78 
 
 Concluding Bemarks 79 
 
>8, 
 
 it. 
 
 4» 
 
 47 
 
 4» 
 
 49- 
 
 &2 
 
 52 
 
 5» 
 
 5a 
 5a 
 
 54 
 57 
 59 
 6Q 
 63 
 64 
 66,67 
 
 66 
 69 
 70 
 72 
 
 72 
 
 7a 
 7a 
 
 73 
 
 74 
 74 
 74 
 76 
 75 
 
 lor 
 
 sh 
 
 ,n<l 
 
 75 
 
 76 
 
 77 
 
 78 
 79 
 
 IMPORTANCE OF COAL. 
 
 "Coal in ontitlod to bo considered as the maiaspring of our civilization. By the 
 power developed in its combustion all the wheels of industry are kept in motion ; 
 -commerce is carried with rapidity and certainty over all portions of the earth's sur- 
 face ; the useful metals are brought from the deep caves in which they have hidden 
 themselves, and are purified and wrought to serve the purposes of man. By coal, 
 night is, in one sense, converted into day ; Avinter into summer ; and the life of man, 
 measured by its fruits, greatly prolonged. Wealth, with all the comforts, the 
 luxuries and the triumphs it brings, are its gifts. Though black, sooty, and often 
 repulsive in its aspects, it is the embodiment of a power more potent than that attri- 
 buted to the Genii in Oriental tales. Its possession is, therefore, the highest material 
 boon that can bo craved by a community or nation. — Prof, J. T. Newberry. 
 
 ^'Maritime Provinces." 
 
 Says Charles Marshall, in his work, the " Canadian Dominion" : — 
 
 " The Maritime Provinces in confederating with Canada, have augmented its 
 power in a degree immensely exceeding the mere proportion of their population, or 
 extent of their territory. 
 
 " They have given her an ample seaboard, thickly studded with excellent 
 harbours, coal-fields nearly as extensive as those of Great Britain, a merchant 
 marine capable of commanding the North American carrying trade, and many 
 thousands of hardy, skilful seafaring men, who, to use the language of Governor 
 Andrews, in his report to Congress on the British North American Provinces, * from, 
 their superior intelligence and bodily vigor, and their experience in the navigation 
 of the cold and stormy coasts, are the best of seamen and well qualified to maintain 
 the honour of their flag on every sea.' " 
 
 " Coal-fields of immense extent occur on the very seaboard (Nova Scotia) to aid 
 the natural advantages of position possessed by the Province for securing the direct 
 trade between the ol 1 world an i the new." 
 
I . 
 
 ■f i ( ,.; ' ' 
 
 /!• 
 
 ,'>. . 
 
COAL AND IRON INDUSTRIES OF THE DOMINION 
 
 Tho value of coal, to countriea possessing and utilizing it, i« made manifcHt by 
 their prospeiit}', and by the wealth and power of communities and nations whose 
 economy is influenced by its trade or dynamic powers. Of this England furnishes a 
 most prominent illustration. To what can we attribute tho astonishing growth of 
 her manufactories, shipping, carrying trade and commerce, but to the development 
 of her immense stores of Coal gnd Iron ? The out-put of her collieries excceda 
 130,000,000 tens annually. The 30,000,000 tons used for steam power alone, have 
 enabled her to increase her productive ability to equal the work of about 800,000,000 
 of people, which surpasses in extent, as well as in tho multiplicity of its industries, 
 all other countries. This acquisition of mechanical power has enabled her to manu- 
 facture for the world and gather wealth from e^ery quarter of the globe. 
 
 The out-put of coal for tho year 1876 amounted to 135,611,788 tons, which was 
 divided about as follows : — 
 
 For the iron industry' 
 
 Manufacturing purposes 
 
 Domestic use 
 
 Colliery use 
 
 Gas manufacture 
 
 Export 
 
 Eailway use 
 
 Steam and navigation 
 
 Lime, cement and salt works 
 
 Chemical works 
 
 Melting metals other than iron 
 
 Other purposes J 3,311,788 
 
 I . - 
 
 38,000,000 
 
 30,000,000 
 
 20,000,000 
 
 9,500,000 
 
 7,000,000 
 
 13,000,000 
 
 3,750,000 
 
 3,650,000 
 
 3,400,000 
 
 3,000,000 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 Total 135,611,788 
 
 2802 
 
 22- 11 
 
 U-74 
 
 700 
 
 516 
 
 9-58 
 
 216 
 
 2 08 
 
 2-57 
 
 2-21 
 
 •73 
 
 244 
 
 100 00. 
 
 The number of hands directly engaged in the mining of this coal was 422,000. 
 Indirectly, however, a very much larger numbor was employed, inasmuch as the 
 enormous transportation by railways, canals and vessels must be addbd. At prefient 
 English coal finds its way to nearly 900 foreign ports ; it crosses all seas and commands 
 nearly every coast, and is used in the interior of countries rich with that mineral. 
 
8 
 
 Tho stimulating effect of those exports on tlio commerce of Groat Britain is well 
 undor«t<>od by tho nations which attompt to compoto with lior carrying traJo in 
 Europe, America and AiistralaiiiM, 
 
 Prot. Jovoiis writing on the duration of tljo lOiigli^h coal .supply, romarkn : 
 " Coal, in truth, Htands not boHide, but entirely above all other commodities. It it* 
 the material energy of tho country, tho universal aid, the factor in ovory thing wo 
 do. With coal almost any feat is possible or easy ; without it wo aro thrown back into 
 the laborious poverty of early times." 'England's manufacturing, and commercial 
 greatness, at least, is at stake in this question. ■^- ***** To an English- 
 man who knows the grand and steadfast courso his country has pursued to its 
 present point, its future must be a matter of aim )it personal solicitudeand affection." 
 
 Next to England in coal production come tho Unitol SUtos and Gorm-iny. . 
 
 • 
 
 A writer on American commerce attributos the rapid development of the manu- 
 factures and commerce of that country to their immense supply of coal and iron, 
 and a fiscal policy whi(!h has led to their development. Since 1824, the coa! industry 
 of the United States has enjoyed a protective tarifl" of from 15 cents to 81.70, and 
 although the coal basins are remote from the sea and not convenient to water or 
 cheap transportation, yet the protective tariff hiw so secured the home market and 
 increased the out-put of the collieries that the cost of coal mining has been reduced 
 to a minimum. This policy has not only enabled the American c^al-owners to com- 
 pete successfully in foreign markets, but to supply their own consumers as well, with 
 cheap coal. 
 
 The present out put of the United States colliei'Ies aggregates 50,000,003 tons 
 annually, and gives employment to a working population of over 100,000 people. 
 Prof. James Macfarlane, in his treatise on the American coal trade, remarks : " But 
 unprofitable as it is sometimes to the producer, the public are always benefited by 
 coal-mining. Without following it out in its more remote bearings, its more im- 
 mediate results aro, the distribution among the people, for labor and provisions, of 
 an amount of money equal to the cost of raising and transporting the coal to market, 
 thus affecting the general prosperity of the country. The formation of a homo 
 market for all the produce of the country, the employment of numerous tradesmen, 
 merchants, farmers and their families, and the general impro/ement of all the sur- 
 rounding country in value and property, are the results. The Anthracite coal alone, 
 mined in 18TJ, did not cost less than $70,000,000 by the time it was delivered to tho 
 customers. All of this money is the result of productive industry, and that sum was 
 added to the wealth of the people. But it would be impossible to describe the vast 
 number of persons, who, directly and indirectly, are indebted to this great interest, 
 not only for tho comforts, but the very necessaries of life — food, fuel, raiment and 
 shelter." 
 
n 
 
 Tho conl fieldn of the Dominion arc Buid to cover an nroa of 00,000 Hqiinio mlloH, 
 an area more tlian tivo times greater than that of tho coal fields of (frcat Britain. 
 
 These depoHits eompribo tho anthracitn basins of Queen Charlotte Island, British 
 Columbia; the bltuminoua coal fiold8'"of Vancouver, New Brunswick and NovaSootin, 
 a d tho lignito deposits in tho Saskatchewan, Pembina, Arthabascu and Frascr 
 Rivers. 
 
 Tho coal tieldsof British Columbia are extensive and rich, their actual area i« 
 yet unknown. The coal mines in operation are in the immediate neighbourhood of 
 Nanaimo, Vancouver Island. These collieries are all close to the seaboard, ard havo 
 every convenience for over sea conveyance, which is tho cheapest of all commercial 
 highways for the transp *ation of bulky articles. Tho lignite deposits of the inte- 
 rior are situated along navigable streams of great length, affording ready and cheap 
 means of transportation. 
 
 But the richest and most important coal fields and collieries of tho Dominion, are 
 on tho Atlantic seaboard, and their development is destined to augment our commerce 
 and carrying trade. The Nova Scotia and Capo Breton coal basins stretch out, under 
 tho very water lanes trod by keels in the Canadian and American transatlantic 
 trade. The seaboard is ample and studded with excellent harbours, the strata are 
 I'ogular, the coal seams are numerous and easily worked, lying at a moderate angle ; 
 each company has its own loading pier and possesses all the conveniences most con- 
 dusivo to working and trading in coal. The anrual capacity of the collieries is over 
 2,000,000 tons or 500,000 tons more than tho present consumption of tho 
 Dominion, and by reference to the tables annexed, it will be seen that tho costof pro- 
 duction in Canada is no greater than it is in England or the United States, while tho 
 analysis shows, that for gas, steam and domestic purposes, our coal is equal to any 
 bituminous coal imported from tho U.iitcd States. 
 
 Tho situation of our mines on tho seaboard is pre-eminently adapted for facilita- 
 ting the carrying trade of the Dominion. Situated on tho lino of communication 
 between tho principal European and North American ports and at tho confluence of 
 the St. Lawrence, affording several thousand miles of cheap inland navigation, tho 
 development of these collieries will afford return freight for the St. Lawence, 
 cheapen transportation and vastly expand our commerce. 
 
 Our coal and iron deposits extend from tho Atlantic to tho Pacific; our soil 
 naturally rich can furnish food to almost any extent; our manufactories have a 
 capacity for double their present production; with railways, water routes and 
 shipping which afford every facility for cheap transportation ; why are wo buy- 
 ing from the United States and England at this moment, five time.'} the quantity of 
 coal that we are exporting? Why do we go to England for iron, while our iron 
 
 I 
 
J I 
 
 ■Hi 
 
 10 
 
 resources are more than equal in comparison ? Why do we send from eighteen to 
 twenty millions of dollars out of the country annually to pay for foreign labour and 
 transportation, increasing foreign markets for foreign coraraoditios, and building up 
 foreign routes of transportation, while our factories are allowed to be idle ? Why 
 do wo cmj)loy foreigners to do fifty per cent of our carrying trade, while we have a 
 merchant marine only second to that of England and the United States, and a 
 magnificent water course penetrating into the very heart of the Continent, affoi'ding 
 every means for cheap transit? Simply because the products from developed mines and 
 iron factories of other countries are allowed to come in free of duty and crush out our 
 struggling infant ind ries. The coal mines and iron factories of the Dominion can 
 novv supply the dom;i,.d with as cheap coal and iron as comes from abroad by 
 protecting and securing the home market so as to admit of a large production. Since 
 1871 we have paid out nearly one* hundred and thirty-three million dollare for 
 imported coal and iron, including transjiortation, while our own r-vnos and vessels 
 lie idle and our workmen are unemployed. Contrast the apathy of our people in 
 reference to these important industries with the energy and interest taken in them by 
 the peo])los of the United States, Great Britain, Germany tmd France, and mark 
 the splendid results to them. 
 
 Had we produced the coal and manufactured the iron, we would not alone have 
 kept that immense sum of money in the coimtry and esperienced the benefit its 
 possession would imply, but would have used it to develop our own mining and 
 manufacturing industries, increased our homo market, cheapened the cost of produc- 
 tion, placed our mining and manufacturing industries on a sound foundation, 
 developed our carrying trade, and be in position to-day, to compete with others in the 
 markets of the world ; but sent to Europe and the United States our capital is lost to us, 
 goes to enrich foreign merchants who receive the benefit, while we experience but 
 the transient heat of the coal and the temporary wearing of the rail. 
 
 The money placed in circulation or productive industry added to the wealth of 
 our people by the production of coal and iron, is about as follows, per ton, see tables : 
 
 Money p'acod in circulation by production per ton $1 00 
 Average ^cost of transportation from mines to 
 
 market ,. 2 25 
 
 $3 25 
 
 Cost of production of pig iron 16 88 
 
 Transportation , 2 00 
 
 18 88 
 
 Cost of bar iron 43 8;^ 
 
 Transportation... 2 25 
 
 46 08 
 
 *In the first issue thp atnonnt girtn rns estimated rom the ioiports of 1878, bnt this amount is 
 from the blue books. Se« Tables. 
 
11 
 
 ghtoen to 
 abour and 
 lilding up 
 e? Why 
 re have a 
 tos, and a 
 affording 
 mines and 
 4h out our 
 inion cau 
 broad by 
 n. Since 
 loUare for 
 nd voaaols 
 people in 
 n thcni by 
 and mark 
 
 lono have 
 )onefit its 
 ning and 
 »f produc- 
 jundation, 
 lors in the 
 I lost to us, 
 ience but 
 
 wealth of 
 lee tables: 
 
 It is obvious that every ton of coal imported is $3 lost to our capital, every toa 
 •of pig iron 810, and every ton of bar iron is 845 lost to the productivo labor of the 
 ■ countiy. ' • ' • , 
 
 A fiscal policy is required that will secure to the East and West the home market 
 for their respective industries, and cause the development of an inter-provincial 
 trade. 
 
 The securing of the carrying trade of the West has been the ambition of 
 Canada for many years. To accomplish it, millions have been spent in the improve- 
 ment of the St. Lawrence navigation, which route afFoi-ds the shortest and most ready 
 means of transit between tho granaries of the West and the markets of Europe. Yet 
 with all our natural advantages, the American lines are not only holding their own 
 trade, but absorb'ig ours. The large amount of coal tonnage moving west furnishea 
 their routes with re' urn freight, which cheapens transportation and enables them to 
 monopolize the western trade. To compete successfully with the American highways, 
 the St. Lawrence requires return freights which can only be afforded by Ontario 
 drawing its supply of coal from our own collieries through tho St. Lawrence, instead 
 of from American collieries through United States channels. 
 
 To acquire the Western carrying trade is to acquire wealth and power, and even 
 should the means necessary for its devolopement cause a temporary advance in our 
 markets, the feeder that tho inland commerce would be to maritime trade, and tho 
 markets and commerce that would result from its development throughout Canada, 
 would more than compensate for any temporary inconvenience the necessary tariff 
 .legislation might incur. 
 
 '.'■, vj/. 
 
 '8 
 
 18 amount it 
 
 
 
 J 
 
12 
 
 DOMINION COLLIERIES. 
 
 Description and capacity in tons cf the various coUieriea in the Dominion of 
 Canada, with statistics and evidence given before the Parliamentary Coal Comraittec^ 
 in 1877, on the coal and interprovincial trades. 
 
 ■11 ' 
 
 NOVA SCOTIA MINES. 
 
 The following collieries are situated in Pictou County, N.S., are all connected 
 
 with the interior by the Intercolonial Railway, or can ship from their own wharves 
 
 in Pictou Harbour or from the Intercolonial wharf at Halifax to any points attainable 
 by water. 
 
 ALBION MINES. 
 
 • James Hudson, Manager, Stellarton, N.S. ■ 
 
 ■ Wharf situate four miles from the town of Pictou, on East River, connecting 
 with the mines by private railway. Depth of water at low tide 18 feet. Capacity 
 180,000 tons per annum. * . 
 
 . Analysis : — 
 
 Moisture 1«4S 
 
 ,;, Volatile combustible matter 26'28 
 
 Fixed carbon 66-50 
 
 Ash 7-74 
 
 100-00 
 
 Cokes well and i^ largely usei for house and steam purposes. 
 
 ACADIA MINES. 
 
 Henry Poole, Manager, Stellarton, N.S. 
 
 Wharf on Pictou harbour connecting with mines by private railway, 13 miles 
 in length, connecting with the Intercolonial Railway. Depth of water at low tide 
 22 foet. Capacity 150,000 tons per annum. 
 
Id 
 
 minion of 
 )mraittec^ 
 
 jonnecteci 
 I wharves 
 ittainable 
 
 )nnecting^ 
 Capacity 
 
 13 miles 
 ; low tide 
 
 Analysis : — 
 
 Moisture 2-10 
 
 Volatile combustible matter 32'27 
 
 Fixed carbon 5;*57 
 
 Ash 7-50 
 
 Sulphur 0-50 
 
 100-00 
 
 Principally used for domestic and steam purposes, considered specially adapted 
 for the latter purpose. 
 
 INTEECOLONIAL MINES. 
 
 EoBiRT Simpson, Manager, Westville, N. S. 
 
 Wharf situate at Middle Eiver, connected to pit by railway seven and a half 
 miles long; distance from wharf to Town of Pictou, three miles ; depth of water at 
 low tide, 19 feet; capacity, 150,000 tons per annumn. 
 
 Analysis. 
 
 Total volatile matter 28-0 
 
 Fixed carbon 640 
 
 Ash (grey) 8-0 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Vj 100-0 
 
 Good for steam and house use. Tried at Pictou Gas "Works with foUowing^ 
 result : — 8,500 cubic feet of gas per ton, with 3t> bushels of good coke. 
 
 VALE COLLIEEY. . , 
 
 W. B. MooRE, New Glasgow, N. S. 
 Wharf situate in Pictou harbour, connecting by private railway seven miles in 
 length, with Intercolonial Eailway at New Glasgow, thence eight and a half miles to 
 wharf; depth of water at low tide, 26 feet ; capacity, 150,000 tons per annunu 
 
 Analysis. 
 
 Water 2 2J 
 
 Volatile combustible matter 3023; 
 
 Fixed carbon 59-70 
 
 Ash (white) 785 
 
 100000 
 For a heavy steam coal this mine is unsurpassed, principally used for house and" 
 steam purposes. The nut coal from this mine is specially adapted for base burning 
 stoves, &c., being very hard and free from sulphur. 
 
14 
 
 ! . 1 
 
 BLACK DIAMOND COLLIERY. 
 
 W. "VV. White, Westville. 
 
 Wharf situate on Middle River, connecting with mine by private railway seven 
 and a half miles long ; depth of water at low tide, 18 foet ; wharf three miles from Town 
 ofPictou; capacity, 80,003 tons per annum. This is the only collier)' that does not 
 connect with the Intercolonial Eailway. Coal chiefly used for domestic and steam 
 purposes. 
 
 SPRING;nLL MIXES. 
 
 Wm. Hall, Manager, Springhill, N.S. 
 
 Situate in Cumberland Co., N,S., connecting by private railway five miles in 
 length, with the Intercolonial Railway but have no facilities for water shipments 
 except from railway docks at Ilalifax 100 miles away or own wharf at Parsboro on 
 the Bay of Fundy 25 miles away, and Dorchester 40 miles; capacity, 150,000 tons per 
 annum. ■ .^ . . . 
 
 Anaylsis : — 
 
 Hygroscopic 1"02 
 
 Volatile, combustible matter 3438 
 
 Fixed carbon 60-82 
 
 Ash, white 3*78 
 
 10000 
 
 This coal is admirably fitted for the manufacture of gas. yields a compact coke 
 <;ontainiDg but little ash and is well adapted for iron smelting ; it is also largely 
 used for domestic and steam purposes. ,,. . . :. •• ; • v-; :•.■ 
 
 CAPE BRETON MINES. 
 
 The following collieries are situate on the Island of Capo Breton, have at present 
 no railway connection with the mainland but from their location on the Gulf of St. 
 Lawrence command a large supply of seeking ocean tonnage, and have every conveni- 
 ence for*cheap transportation to the St. Lawrence, American and West Indian ports. 
 
 11 
 
1» 
 
 
 ilway seven 
 
 from Town 
 
 dat does not 
 
 c and steam 
 
 ive miles in 
 
 r shipments 
 
 Parsboro on 
 
 ,000 tons per 
 
 102 
 4-38 
 
 0-82 
 3-78 
 
 0-00 
 
 compact coke 
 also largely 
 
 ve at present 
 Gulf of St. 
 very conveni- 
 Tndian ports. 
 
 SYDNEY MINES, C.B. 
 
 E. n. Brown, Manager, Sydney Mines, C.B. 
 
 Wharves (2 in number) situate on Noiih Sydney Harbour connected with mines 
 by railway 4^ miles in length. Depth of water at low tide 25 foot, capacity 
 200,000 tons per annum. 
 
 Analysis: — 
 
 Moisture 304 
 
 Volatile combustible matter 31'14 
 
 Fixed carbon 61-50 
 
 Ash (reddish brown.) 4'32 
 
 100 00 
 This is a superior domestic coal ; it is also used lor steam purposes. 
 
 ' VICTORIA MINES. ' ' 
 
 Wm. Routledoe, Lessee. 
 
 Situated at the entrance of Sydney Harbour. Connected with their wharf by a 
 railway, three miles in length. Depth of water at low tide, 26 feet. Capacity 
 15,000 tons per annum. 
 
 Analysis: — 
 
 Volatile matter 38*70 
 
 Fixed Carbon 58-40 
 
 Ash 2-90 
 
 Considered an excellent domestic coal ; is also used for steam. " 
 
 ' • INTERNATIONAL MINES ' ' '' 
 
 International Mine, Dodd and Gillies, Lessees, Sydney, C.B. 
 
 Wharf situate on Sydney Harbour connected with mines by private railway, 
 14 miles in length, depth of water at low tide 30 feet, capacity 150,000 tons per 
 annum. 
 
 Analysis: — " ' 
 
 Volatile matter 3409 
 
 Fixed carbon 62-92 
 
 Ash 2-99 
 
 lOOOO 
 Admirably adapted for the manufacture of gas, yielding 10,000 cubic feot and 
 1,4'70 Ibe. of coke per ton ; also used for steam and house purposes. 
 
II '. 
 
 ! 
 
 \ 
 
 I 
 
 If 
 
 GARDINER MINE. 
 
 Wm. Routledoe, Managor, Bridgeport, C.B. 
 
 . Situate 10 miles from Sydney Harbour, wifh which it is connected by the Inter- 
 national Coal Co.'s railway, loading vessels also at the latter Co.'s wharf. Depth of 
 water at low tide, 30 feet; capacity, 80,000 tons per annum. 
 Anaylsis : — 
 
 GARDINER. 
 
 Volatile matter 31 3T 
 
 Fixed carbon 6463 
 
 Ash 282 I 
 
 Sulphur 1.18 
 
 10000 
 Is a good house and steam coal specially adapted for the latter purpose. 
 
 RESERVE MINES. 
 
 Situated 10 miles from Sydney Harbour and 16 miles from Louisburg ; connect etl 
 with both those ports by railway. Depth of water at loading pier at Sydney at low 
 tide, 25 feet. Depth of water tit Louisburg pier, 26 feet at low tide. 
 
 Capacity 120,000 tons per annum. Regarded an excellent steam and ] domestic 
 coal. 
 
 Analysis: — , • , ' . .; ■ ■ 
 
 Volatile matter Si-SO 
 
 Fixed Carbon 59-50 
 
 Ash c 600 
 
 ■■'■•^"^'"■''^■' ■'■■•■■■■■'■' ■:.-' "••:'^---:^ ;i.;^;^^ ^,^;;h-:;-4va' v;^,p:.:-,.vc ::■:■■ .'^- ■■ .■ 100-00 '-■ ' 
 Yield of gas per ton, 9,950 cubic foot; illuminating power, 13-17 candles. 
 
 EMERY MINES. 
 
 Situate near the last named mines; possessing the same railway connection and 
 loading piers at Sydney and Louisburg respectively. The coal of this mine is con- 
 sidcred a superior article for steam and smelting purposes. Capacity 80,000 tons 
 per annum . 
 
tho Intor- 
 Doplh oi 
 
 3. 
 
 conneclod 
 ley at low 
 
 domestic 
 
 
 
 OS. 
 
 oction and 
 no is con- 
 0,000 tons 
 
 IT 
 
 LING AN MINE. 
 
 II. IJ. Bkomn, Manager, Sydney Minos, C.B. 
 
 Wharf in Lingan Bay connected with mines by railway threc-focrths mi in 
 length. Depth of water at low tide 15 feet, capacity ?0,000 tons per annum. 
 
 Analysis : — 
 
 Volatile matter 33-84 
 
 Fixed carbon 6360 
 
 Sulphur OTt 
 
 Ash.... 1-19 
 
 100-00 ; 
 
 Yields 9,700 cubic feet of gas per ton, is also used for steam and house purposes. 
 
 LITTLE GLACE BAY MINES. 
 
 Charles Eigby, Manager, Little Glace Bay, C.B. 
 
 Have excellent harbour for safety at Little Glace Bay. Ship direct from 
 the pit. Depth of water at low tide 18 feet, capacity 120,000 tons per annum. 
 
 Analysis:— 
 
 Volatile matter , 30-21 
 
 Fixed carbon 61-78 
 
 Ash (reddish brown) 4-32 
 
 Yields nearly 10,000 cubic feet of gas per ton, is also largely used for steam and 
 liouee purposes. Chiefly used for gas. 
 
 CALEDONIA MINES. 
 
 David Mackeen, Manager, Littlo Glaco Baj", C.B. 
 
 Have a good harbour at Port Caledonia, depth of water, 18 feet, connected with 
 •the mines by 1 mile of railway, capacity 120,000 tons per annum. 
 
 Anaylsis : — 
 
 Volatile matter 33*00 
 
 Fixed carbon 67-37 
 
 Ash 9-63 
 
 Is well adapted for the manufacture of gas, yielding 9,700 cubic feet per ton j 
 Also used for house and steam purposes. 
 
18 
 
 j i 
 
 I 
 
 l|! ) 
 
 ' Mil' 
 
 V'- I 
 
 I i- 
 
 ; t 
 
 I I 
 
 ONTARIO MINE. 
 John Suthbrland, Manager, Port Calodonin, C.B. 
 
 Ships from the wharf of tho Cuiedonia Mino. Depth of water at low tide 18 feet, 
 capacity 40,000 tons per annum. ^ 
 
 Analysis: — 
 
 Volatile matter 32-82 
 
 Fixed carbon 6433 
 
 Ash 2-85 
 
 10000 
 Principally used for steam and house purposes. 
 
 BLOCK HOUSE MINING COMPANY. 
 Robert Belloni, Manager, Cow Bay, C.B. 
 
 Situate immediately on the shore of Cow Bay, no railway, depth of water at 
 low tide, 19 feet; capacity, 120,000 tons per annum. 
 
 Anaylsis : — 
 
 Volatile 36-^1 
 
 Fixedcarbon 59-30 
 
 Ash, purplish red 5-33 
 
 This coal is peculiarly well adapted for the manufacture of gas, yielding 10,500 
 cubic feet per ton, is also a good steam and house coal, extensively used by the New 
 York Gas Works. 
 
 GOWRIE MINES. 
 
 Ohas, Archibald, Manager, Cow Bay, C.B. 
 
 Wharf Situate on Cow Bay, connecting with mines by railway 1 mile in length, 
 depth of water at low tide, 19 feet ; capacity, 75,000 tons per annum. 
 
 Anaylsis:— ,;, • . ,^;. 
 
 Volatile matter 30-64 
 
 Fixed carbon 63-00 
 
 Ash 3-50 
 
 Sulphur , 2-86 
 
 10000 
 This coal is highly recommended for steam purposes, is a fair domestic coal 
 and produces a superior quality of coke. 
 
low tide 18 foot. 
 
 32-82 
 
 64-33 
 
 2-85 
 
 100-00 
 
 th of water &t 
 
 35-37 
 
 59-30 
 
 5-33 
 
 yielding 10,500 
 icd by tho New 
 
 mile ill 
 
 length. 
 
 30-64 
 
 
 63-00 
 
 
 3-50 
 
 
 2-86 
 
 • 
 
 10000 
 domestic coiil 
 
 1» 
 
 TOKONTO COAL COMPAI^Y— S. Napiib Kobinson, Manager. 
 
 North SyDNur, C.B. 
 Mine situated on little Bras d'Or Gut. Shipment made d'roct from pit to vessel. 
 No railway. Depth of water at low tide 20 feet. Capacity 4'"»,000 tons per annum^ 
 
 Moisture 1-63 
 
 Volatile combustible matter 35-12 
 
 FixedCarbon 5719 
 
 Sulphur trace 
 
 Ash G-06 
 
 10000 
 Considered a good domestic and steam coal, used principally for the former 
 purpose. Vessels loading at this mine for southern ports can proceed to sea through, 
 the Bras d'Or Lake, via St. Peter's Canal, saving by so doing some eighty miles- 
 distance. 
 
 NEW CAMPBELLTON MINES.— Hon. C. J. Campbell. "> , 
 
 Baddeck, C.B. 
 Wharf situatedjone-half mile from mouth of great Bras d'Or, connected witb 
 mine by one mile of railway. Depth of water at low tide 23 feet. Capacity, 30,000 
 tons per annum. ■'':. :--' ■ ''' ';.'' ;;.■ ^, ;(■■'■ ;jy;-, 
 
 Used for house and steam purposes. Vessels loading here for southern ports 
 can proceed to sea through Bras d'Or Lake and St. Peter's Canal, saving by so doing^ 
 a considerable' distance. . v , 
 
 PORT HOOD MINING COMPANY.— J. P. LAwsoN.Agent. 
 
 Port Hood. ^, 
 
 This company ships at Broad Cove. Tho seam is 16 foot thick; capacity,, 
 20,000 tons. This coal is highly rocommondod for domestic and steam purposes. 
 
 THE BRITISH COLUMBIA COAL MINES. 
 
 It has long been known that rich coal deposits exist in British Columbia, and 
 casual statements respecting them have been published from time to timo. Tho 
 latest and most authoritative information is contained in a report of the coal-fields of 
 Vancouver Island, embodied in the recent " Progress Report" and Geological Sur- 
 vey of Canada. 
 
 The production of coal in British Columbia was 154,052 tons in ISW, against 
 139,181 tons in 1876, an increase of nearly 15,000 tons. The mines are on Vancouver 
 
III! 
 
 to 
 
 Island. Tho conl of this island in held in high osteotn for <;a.s, Htonm and household 
 purposes, San Francisco is tho principal market for its sale. 
 
 The following extract is from tho report on British Columbia, by lloa. II, 
 L. Langcvin, C. B. : — 
 
 " Tho coal-mines of Columbia are very valuable and numerous. Tho mines of 
 Nanaimo, which yield bituminous coal, aro those which, at tho present time, are tho 
 most worked. They aro very easy of access, and vessels can be loaded from them 
 without difficulty. This coul abounds on tho eastern coast of Vancouver Island, not 
 only at Nanaimo, but also at Departure Bay, Bayno's Sound, Isquash, and at Mos- 
 keeno, near the north end of the Island. This coal is, in fact, the only good coal found 
 on the Pacific coast. Mr. Dilke had probably this in his mind when ho remarked as 
 follows, in his * Great Britain ' : ' Tho position of the various stores of coal on tho 
 Pacific is of extreme importance as an index to the future distribution of power in 
 that part of the world ; but it is not enough to know where coal is to bo found, with- 
 out looking also to the quantity, quality and cheapness of labor, and facility of 
 transport. In China, and in Borneo, there are extensive coal fields, but they lie tho 
 wrong way for trade. On tho other hand, the California coal at Monto Diablo, San 
 Diego, and Monterey, lies well, but is bad in quality. " 
 
 Tho yield of coal in 1869 to 1871, from the Vancouver Coal Mining Company, in 
 British Columbia, was 110,645 tons. Tho production was 154,052 tons in 1877, 
 against 139,191 in 1876, an increase of nearly 15,000 tons. The coal is held in high 
 esteem for gas, steam, and household purpose. San Francisco is the principal market 
 for its sale. •• , , , , 
 
 WELLINGTON MINE. 
 DuNSMDiR, DiGGLE <fe Co., Departure Bay, B.C. 
 
 Wharves situate on Departure Bay connecting with mines by railway, 3 miles 
 in length; depth of water at low tide, 18 and 25 feet; capacity, 150,000 tons per 
 
 -annum. 
 
 '"'''■''. ■" '"'''' '-" '' _ f 
 
 Analysis: — ^ ^ ,_, . , 
 
 Fixed car boR 55.60 
 
 Volatile matter 34.70 
 
 Ash 9 80 
 
 100.00 
 
 ■This coal is used principally for steam and domestic purposes. 
 
 I HI 
 
St 
 
 nd household 
 
 , by Hon II, 
 
 'ho minoa of 
 time, are tho 
 )d from them 
 er Island, not 
 1, and at Mos- 
 ;ood coal found 
 ) remarked a» 
 of coal on the 
 »a of power in 
 >e found, with- 
 and facility of 
 it they lie tho 
 ito Diablo, San 
 
 g Company, in 
 I tonB in 1877, 
 s held in high 
 incipal market 
 
 ailway, 3 miles 
 ),000 tons per 
 
 NANAIMO COLLIRRY. 
 
 VANCouvBa Coal Mining Co., Nuiiuimo. B.C. 
 
 Situate at Nanaimo close to tho harbour. Depth of water at low tide 24 feet. 
 Capacit}' 220,000 tont* per annum, 
 
 Analynis : — 
 
 Volatile matter 88-05 
 
 Fixed carbon 6r45 
 
 Ash 10 60 
 
 Lar/^ely uned for gas manufacture, alno uned for steam and domestic parposes. 
 
 Anthracite : — 
 
 Graham Island, (one of the Queen Charlotte Islands) B.C., Mechanics 
 Institute, New Westminster, B.C. 
 
 Tho deposits of anthracite on the (^uoen Charlotte Islands are, so far as exam- 
 ined, of very irregular character. The locality best known is on Skidegate Channel, 
 at the southern end of (Iraham Island. Here tho conl has been worked in several 
 places, and found in one instance to be as much as six feet thick. In ihe direction 
 of its strike, however, it appeared to thin out altogether, or to be represented by coal 
 of very iufeiior quality mixed with shale and clay iron stone. The seams are vertical , 
 and tho rocks containing them are flanked to the north-west by escarpments of vol- 
 canic rock. 
 
 Analysis of two specimens of the anthracite by fiost coking gave (see Beport o 
 the Geological Survey of Canada, 1872-73, p. 81) : 
 
 Water 1.89* 1.60 
 
 Volatile combustible matter 4.77 6.02 
 
 Fixed carbon 85.76 83-09 
 
 Sulphur 0.89 1.B8 
 
 Ash 6.69 8.7C 
 
 55.60 
 
 34.70 
 
 9-80 
 
 00.00 
 
THE COAL DEPOSITS OF TllK NOirril-WKST. 
 
 i, i 
 I ! 
 
 Iljii 
 
 COAL AND PKAT. 
 
 Therouto of the Canadiuii Pacific Railway (whicli, under the vigorous policy of 
 n now Government, its conHtriiction will bo rapidly pushed wostwurd), is indicated 
 as the natural pathway of commerce by the vast and inexhaustible coal bods through 
 •which it vxms i'or over two hundred miles. From geological reports, and engineer's 
 surveys, the district through which it passes possesses one of the largest coal field* 
 in the world. 
 
 Between the 59th parallel and the north sea, it has been calcnlatod that there 
 cannot be much loss than 500,000 souare miles that are underlaid by ti'ue coal. The 
 average breadth ot thi? belt is about 280 milen. Iron is found throughout the coal 
 region, at accessible distances from the lino of railway, and gives promise of the 
 establishment 'of future contros of industry along tho lino of the Canadian Pacific 
 Bailway. On tho North Saskatchewan J'ivor, coal prevails with little interruption 
 in beds two and two and one-half feet thick un the bank of the river, from a little 
 below Edmonton, upwards for 200 miles. 
 
 On the Pembina liiver, 70 miles to the west, there is a seam ten feet thick of a 
 very superior quality. On the Battle River it is also noted, and in the Red Deer 
 branch of the South Saskatchewan, 170 miles from its mouth, are extensive doposittt 
 of coal, and at 100 miles further up it is thoi-o in beds so close, that of 20 feet of 
 strata exposed, 12 foot are coal. 
 
 Specimens of coal from various sections of the Saskatchewan country were 
 recently forwarded lor analysis to Professor llaanel, of Victoria College, Ontario, 
 "with the following results, he says : — " The specimens were the outcrop in each case, 
 and taken from points at least 300 miles apart." 
 
 at. Gr. 
 
 1. Pembina coal, 700 miles N.W. from Edmonton 1,376 
 
 2. Belly River coal, South Saskatchewan 1,376 
 
 3. do 1,340 
 
 4. Saskatchewan coal, 900 miles N. N. W. of the city of, , 
 
 Winnipeg, near Fort Edmonton I 1,337 
 
 Hois- I Vol. 
 tare. | matter. 
 
 Fixed 
 Carbon. 
 
 11-88 
 
 11-41 
 
 6-69 
 
 6-89 
 
 28-66 
 29*07 
 33-70 
 
 33 67 
 
 67-26 
 56-94 
 63-26 
 
 50-00 
 
 Ash. 
 
 2-21 
 2-68 
 6-36 
 
 8-64 
 
 No. 1 and 2 are bituminous coals of a bright lustre, and contain all the qualities 
 to render them superior coals for heating purposes, and 3 and 4 are much better than 
 a great deal of the coal from Pennsylvania suoh as we are often obliged to bur n 
 
 • THOMAS SPENCB. 
 
 Clerk of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba. 
 
 • — Pamphlet on the " Prairie Latuls of Canada.^ 
 
policy of 
 
 indicated 
 
 B tlirough 
 
 engineer'H 
 
 Qoal fieldR 
 
 hat there 
 joal. The 
 t the coal 
 se of the 
 an Pacitie 
 toiTuption 
 n a littlo 
 
 ,hick of a 
 Rod Deer 
 e dopositH 
 10 feet of 
 
 itry were 
 
 Ontario, 
 
 each case, 
 
 ed 
 
 Ash. 
 
 ou. 
 
 
 •25 
 
 2-21 
 
 •94 
 
 2-58 
 
 •26 
 
 6-36 
 
 •00 
 
 8^64 
 
 i qualities 
 [)etter than 
 I to bur n 
 
 CB. 
 
 ' Manitoba. 
 
 CANADA KOit CANADIANS. 
 
 " A imtioM, wliolhor it consumo its own in'odiii-iion^*. of with ihoin piirchuHO 
 from iihroud, ciin luivo no nioro to spend timn it produtio-i. 'IMuiroloro, tliu supremo 
 polity of ovory imlion is to develop its own prodiioiiig foreort." 
 
 Capital tMiiployed in prodiu'tioii is spent and yot it reproduces itself. Wliorovor, 
 tliorofore, a C(»inino.lity is produced by (he ai<l of eapilal, two caiiKals or values aio to 
 1)0 regarded. There is tii-st the capital or value spent and consumed in production ; 
 and there is secondly, the capital or value re-pHwIuccd. It is the capital spent that 
 romunorates the lalwtror and cruatcs the homo market. Yot the country is no ))ooror 
 for the expenditure in pnxluction, for it still has the now made article onuivalent or 
 of L^rcater value than the sum spent in production. The country, therefore, that has 
 the roHonrces and privilege of producing, at both ends of the exchange, has llio benefit 
 of spending two consun'ablo capitals instead ol one, and double its markets for all 
 other commodities, and in the transaction creates lw(» home marUots. IJul if wo ])ro- 
 <luce only one, and leave the foreigner in produce the other, though bo should fairly 
 o\cliange with us, we create but one home market and sacritico the othoi-. 
 
 It is evident that the resources of a young country can bo developed, only, by 
 commanding the home marlcot ; and with our agricultural and nuuuifacturing indus- 
 tries in the west, and minerals and pi-oductivo interests in the oast, a fifcal policy 
 that would secuio them the home market would cause an intorprovinciai trade 
 which would materially promote the general prosperity ot tlio country. 
 
 "The truth is this:— s • • " ; 
 
 " The gro?s value of every jiroduct of industry is national net income. When- 
 ever you import instead of producing, you may be losers by the change till your 
 additional export doubles the value of now import." 
 
 The west looks to the east for a market for her agricultural and manufacturing 
 industries. The oast looks to tho west for a market for hor minerals and productive 
 industry. Tho expansion and prosperity of these industries depend on a tariff or 
 fiscal policy that will secure them tho home market. Our prosporily is happily inter- 
 woven both as agriculturists, manufacturers, miners, and carriers, with the national 
 prosperitj', and wo must look for good returns not by seeking to promote special 
 interests or cl;:s.ses of trade, but by seeking (be general welfare of (he country 
 
 ; ' Countries that impose Diitv on Coal. 
 
 The following countries, although producing no coal within (heir own burders 
 lev}- a <luty on all imported : 
 
 Cuba, tt conts per ton. 
 Ilarbadoes, 50 cents per (on. 
 
 ^ 
 
ir ^^ 
 
 24 
 
 — ■ — '■ - ~ 
 
 British Guiana, 36c. per ton 
 
 Dominica, 50c. " 
 
 ' Antigua, 50c. ** > 
 
 Grenada, 50c. " 
 
 Tobago, 50c. " 
 
 Trinidad, 75c. " 
 
 Bahama's, lY^c. " 
 Newfoundland, 25c. " 
 
 The following coal producing countries levy a duty on all imported, as follows: 
 
 United States, 15 cents per ton. 
 
 • Germanj^'s new tariff, 5 Pfennings per cwt., which is considered suflicicnito shut 
 out English competition, is equal to 25 cents per ton. 
 
 France, $1.40 per ton, when carried in other than French bottoms. 
 
 " 22c. " when carried in French bottoms. 
 
 Spain 25c. " 
 
 Queen's Land, 30 cents per ton. 
 Victoria, 20 pr. c, ad val. 
 Tasmania, 25 pr. c. od vah 
 
 American Coal Duty and Prices. 
 
 The following shows the rates zi duty imposed upon foreign coal by the 
 United States since 1824, under which protection their coal fields have been 
 developed, and the wealth of the nation largely increased. From 1854 to 1864 the 
 Eeciprocity Treaty was in effect with Canada ; but there was a dutj- on all other 
 foreign coal. 
 
 From 1824-43 $1 68 per ton. 
 
 1843-46 1 15 " 
 
 1846-47 30p.c.a</uai!. 
 
 1847-61 24 
 
 1862-64 1 00 per ton. 
 
 1865-66 1 10 " 
 
 1866-72 125 " 
 
 1872-79 75 
 
 Production of Bituminous C(>al in Cumberland, U.S., and cost in B<jston, durin<^ 
 the yeai-8 1865-66-67 : 
 
 1865, 903,495 tons cost in Boston, 111 00 per ton. 
 _^ 1866,1,079,331, " 5 94 " _. _V .. 
 
 1867, 1,193,82^;, " 4 97 " ' ' 
 
 Showing that though a duty of $1.25 was imposed on N.S. coal iu 1866, the pric© 
 fell in the Boston market, from $11.00, in 1865, to |5.94 and to $4.97 in 1867. 
 
3» 
 
 7^: 
 
 hut 
 
 the 
 
 jori 
 
 le 
 
 ler 
 
 o 
 
 ■a 
 
 6 
 
 -&) 
 
 o 
 "3 
 • o o o 
 
 o 
 09 
 
 or 2 
 
 Oo . ^ 
 
 5g« s 
 
 a a F If 
 
 tf « 0) 
 
 o o 
 CO 
 
 «5 
 
 S»Q 
 
 be <4 
 
 a a an ^ es 
 
 ot Qt (i> 4 oja 
 
 5 S*« 
 
 .^^•M 5.9 
 
 
 ^3g 
 
 ® • s 
 
 O mH 
 
 s 
 .a 
 
 ■3 
 
 OQ 
 
 60 
 
 3 
 
 •^6 
 
 66 
 
 ■ o 
 'i 
 
 21'-' 
 
 t- O O O Q «P O 
 rt O C O * O Q 
 C« iC *o t^ O -H 10 
 
 o 
 CO 
 
 5 aS 
 
 6 6 
 
 00 00 ^ 
 
 ja 
 
 ■1 
 
 -«1 
 
 000 00 « 
 
 at ASOAO 
 
 •* to o «- o Q >Q >o o» 25 ^ ■^^ 
 
 t^ioC0O<000«CQ^t-0>0><pO 
 
 ^-^-^-ooco6M•i'MAl6ff«^50 
 
 ■« 2 
 
 .a-e 
 
 pb at 
 
 »• O O OM 
 
 r- .-lb- eot- 
 ci us eb IT- OB 
 
 >o2Z >o ■«> 
 
 <0t-0 0> t- S5 ^ «> O OS "p -Tt 
 «b ^- 0> -• 6 KJ <io op M N c« •» t- 
 S o 10 CO S 2i 10 « CO <o CO o o 
 
 
 o 
 
 s 
 
 03 
 
 9 
 Oi 
 
 "3 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 .2 • 
 
 .ail 
 ^o5 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 S 
 
 lb 
 
 •a 
 
 00 
 
 ^ o u 
 
 as* 
 
 ■ice 
 
 >o o 00 «) 
 c) c o 00 >- 
 
 t* 00 a> oj ?^ 
 
 o rt CO CO ^ 
 
 COt-«J 3D O CO O ■* '^ 0>b- us 
 
 **co^o CO aoc^*'-<'^*"Ooot* 
 cs| CQ n c« c* -^ so rt CO CO CO CO c^ 
 
 : : 
 
 \ i 
 
 ^ 
 
 I 
 
 S3 
 
 tS 
 
 : : 
 
 ! ! 
 I 
 
 ! 
 
 ; a 9 6 d 
 
 •J .= 01 o o 
 •) a « 
 
 oqO« ' 
 
 
 o 
 O 
 
 * 0.2 
 
 Q*OTJ 
 
 o 
 
 •a 
 
 a 
 
 *S 
 
 « 
 
 a 
 
 ! I 
 
 BO o o o o o 
 
 • *^n0'OT3'O 
 
 .S.S « a 
 §.23 8 
 
 -3 s ^ 
 
 .2 -^ 
 to 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 ja a 
 
 "' .9 
 
 a 
 
 
 o £ d 
 
 U-^ V Mr. U d O 
 
 o «i n d-S tj-a jj 
 pqoiHijcqcqaQV) 
 
 g 
 
 •8 
 
I 'V'T 
 1' ■ » 
 
 29 
 
 The ealoH of the several Collier les in 1876, and Minimum and Maximum capacity, 
 are as follows : — 
 
 ! I 
 
 
 
 i , 
 
 Name of Golliury and Countj. 
 
 Cumberland County. 
 
 Cumberland Colliery.. 
 
 Scotia 
 
 South Jo^gins 
 
 Spring Hill. ■ 
 
 Folly Mountiiin 
 
 I'iclou County. 
 
 Acadia 
 
 Albion Mine.. 
 Intercolonial., 
 Nova Scotia .. 
 Yale 
 
 Cape Breton, 
 
 Block House 
 
 Caledonia 
 
 Toronto 
 
 Emery 
 
 Gardiner 
 
 Glace Bay 
 
 Gowrie 
 
 Ingrabam , 
 
 International , 
 
 Lingan 
 
 Ontario 
 
 Reserve 
 
 Schooner Pond 
 
 South Head 
 
 Sidney Minee.. 
 
 Victoria 
 
 Port Hood 
 
 New Oampbellton. 
 
 Britith Columbia, 
 
 Bajne's Sound Colliery., 
 
 Wellington 
 
 Nanaimo 
 
 Totals 
 
 >-!)•. 
 
 Coal sold 
 in 1876. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 3,096 
 
 1,121 
 
 11,766 
 
 52,395 
 
 10 
 
 90,550 
 40 622 
 12,674 
 28,365 
 
 31,033 
 
 25,323 
 
 5,693 
 
 40 
 
 28,598 
 20,103 
 40 
 24,111 
 15,289 
 11095 
 
 653 
 
 102,644 
 
 17,672 
 
 2,548 
 
 3,362 
 
 1,000 
 
 60,000 
 
 150,000 
 
 785,121 
 
 Men 
 
 Employed 
 
 in 1876. 
 
 No. 
 
 41 
 
 13 
 
 64 
 
 214 
 
 192 
 615 
 214 
 85 
 170 
 
 129 
 
 88 
 
 83 
 
 14 
 
 5 
 
 127 
 
 166 
 
 109 
 10,^ 
 75 
 10 
 20 
 11 
 616 
 90 
 27 
 48 
 
 Min. 
 Capacity. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 20,000 
 
 20,000 
 
 30,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 } -,{ 
 
 100,000 
 120,000 
 100,000 
 80,000 
 100,000 
 
 80,000 
 80,000 
 20,000 
 40,0(10 
 40,000 
 80,000 
 60,000 
 
 Max. 
 
 Capacity. 
 
 100,000 
 60,000 
 20,000 
 80,< 00 
 40,000 
 20,000 
 
 150,000 
 60,000 
 20,000 
 20,000 
 
 20,000 
 100,000 
 200,000 
 
 3,770 1,940,000 
 
 Tons. 
 
 40,000 
 
 40,000 
 
 60,000 
 
 150,000 
 
 150,000 
 180,000 
 150,000 
 120,000 
 150,000 
 
 120,000 
 
 120,000 
 
 40,r(i0 
 
 80,000 
 
 80,000 
 
 i-;o,ooo 
 
 75,000 
 
 ' 160, 000 
 90,000 
 49,000 
 
 120,000 
 60,000 
 30,000 
 
 200,000 
 7.5,000 
 30,000 
 30,000 
 
 30, COO 
 150,000 
 220,000 
 
 2,900,000 
 
 :.2 
 
27 
 
 Coal Sulea in Nova Scotia from 1785 to ISTS (luclusive). 
 
 Tear. 
 
 178B.. 
 
 1786. 
 
 1787.. 
 
 1T88.. 
 
 1T89. 
 
 1790.. 
 
 1T91.. 
 1T92.. 
 1793. 
 1794.. 
 1795. 
 1796,. 
 1797.. 
 1798.. 
 1799., 
 1800.. 
 
 1801.. 
 1802.. 
 1803.. 
 1804.. 
 1806.. 
 1806.. 
 1807.. 
 1808.. 
 1809.. 
 1810.. 
 
 1811.. 
 1812.. 
 1813.. 
 1814.. 
 1816.. 
 1816.. 
 1817.. 
 1818.. 
 1819.. 
 1820.. 
 
 1«21... 
 1822..., 
 1823... 
 1824..., 
 1826. . 
 1826... 
 1827.. 
 1828~. 
 'iJS29.. 
 
 isao-. 
 
 Bales. 
 
 1,668 
 1,000 
 
 10,681 
 
 2,670 
 2,143 
 1,926 
 4,405 
 6,320 
 6,249 
 6,039 
 6,948 
 8,947 
 8,401 
 
 6,776 
 7,769 
 6,601 
 6,976 
 10,130 
 4,938 
 6.119 
 6,616 
 8,919 
 8,609 
 
 8,616 
 9,570 
 9,744 
 9,H66 
 9, .3.36 
 8,619 
 9,284 
 7,9-'0 
 8 692 
 9,980 
 
 11,388 
 7,512 
 
 27,000 
 
 12,600 
 12,1)9 
 20.9«7 
 21,9 6 
 27,269 
 
 Toul. 
 
 14,349 
 
 61,048 
 
 70,453 
 
 91527 
 
 140,820 
 
 1831 
 
 1832 
 
 1833. 
 
 18 i4 
 
 1835.. 
 
 1836 
 
 1837 
 
 1838 
 
 1839. 
 
 1840, 
 
 1841.. 
 1842. 
 1843 
 18 tf 
 18 
 18 1 
 1847 
 1848 . 
 1849. 
 1850 . 
 
 18.51. 
 18>2 . 
 ia.")3 . 
 18 .4 . 
 1855 . 
 18'i6 . 
 1857. 
 1 8.58 . 
 1859 . 
 186(1 . 
 
 1861 
 
 1862 . 
 
 1863 . 
 1H61 . 
 18H5 . 
 
 1866 . 
 
 1867 . 
 I8'>8 . 
 1869 . 
 1870.. 
 
 1871 . 
 
 1872 . 
 
 1873 . 
 1871 . 
 1875., 
 
 1876 ., 
 
 1877 . 
 
 1878 ., 
 
 Year. 
 
 Balei. 
 
 37,170 
 
 60,396 
 
 64,743 
 
 60,813 
 
 66,434 
 
 107,593 
 
 118,942 
 
 106,730 
 
 145,962 
 
 101,198 
 
 148,29s 
 129,708 
 105.161 
 108,482 
 150,674 
 147,506 
 201,6)0 
 187,643 
 174,592 
 180,084 
 
 Total . 
 
 153,499 
 189,076 
 217,426 
 234,312 
 238,215 
 2.53,492 
 294,198 
 22-,725 
 270,293 
 322,593 
 
 326,429 
 .395,6:^7 
 429,351 
 67rt,9« 
 635,583 
 55"*, .520 
 471,185 
 45,3,624 
 513,795 
 668,277 
 
 S96,M8 
 785,914 
 
 88l,l(;6 
 
 749,127 
 706,795 
 6U,207 
 687,0ii5 
 693.511 
 
 ToUU 
 
 839,981 
 
 1,533,798 
 
 2,399,829 
 
 4,927,339 
 
 6,734,143 
 
 16,803,268 
 
r—f 
 
 28 
 
 iM' 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 00 
 00 
 
 r- M rt -»• — 
 
 tif la" -^ cT <j> 
 to -^ CO ir t- 
 
 s s 
 
 00 00 C4 A O to Q 
 
 ri — ^ 'S » ^ m 
 
 -<^ oc_ <«^ — r- N * 
 
 •ri" ^ oT 
 
 O O ^Jt 
 
 ■o 00 ra 
 «o •— ^ 
 d >4 
 
 oe 
 
 o 
 
 00 
 
 n I- 
 
 co <o A 
 
 ,-r ^ <0 aO 
 © us ■♦ £J 
 
 IT 
 
 CO 
 
 •o 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 id" 
 00 
 
 00 -- 
 
 ^ 3 
 
 (O 
 
 w » w 
 
 ■* M © 
 
 r-^ ■* O 
 
 oT «r i-T 
 
 00 -^ 
 
 (O 
 
 00 
 
 oo" 
 
 <C 00 lA m ■4< 
 
 ft •»> 5P S} ■* 
 
 CC> C> Ok CQ 00 
 
 M3 
 
 ^ 'H CO 
 
 a 
 •o 
 
 ©_ 
 
 00 
 
 to -q. 
 00 00 
 
 
 S 2 
 
 3 
 
 •a 
 
 S 2 S S 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 5<i d 0> 
 
 » m <j> 
 
 t- -^ to 
 
 O" -T o" 
 
 •* M ■» 
 
 0> 
 
 oT 
 
 
 s 
 
 a 
 
 s 
 
 41 
 
 I J 
 
 a -a 
 
 a a 
 
 0) .4) 
 
 
 la 
 
 •a 
 
 
 0> 
 
 
 o». ^ 
 
 c 
 
 s 
 
 <0 
 
 co 
 
 o 
 oo" 
 
 
 
 00 •-• 
 
 o S -* S © ® 
 
 c» o •-• • 0» »- 
 
 rH to C4 <0 i-H 
 
 (O 
 00 
 
 9 !b as A, 
 
 4B *J 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 as 
 
 2 
 a 
 
 2 
 '3 
 
 T3 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 •I 
 
 © 
 o 
 
 18 
 18 
 18 
 18 
 18 
 18 
 18 
 18 
 18< 
 18< 
 18 
 18 
 18' 
 
 • 'i « 
 
 a 
 < 
 
 •5 « 
 
 (X a. 
 
 m CO 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 
 00 
 
 el 
 
 1 
 PQ 
 
 OS 
 
29 
 
 ExpoBTS of Coal into the United States from Nova Scotia. 
 
 Year. 
 
 18S0.. 
 
 186U 
 
 18S2. 
 
 1863.. 
 
 1854.. 
 
 1865.. 
 
 1866.. 
 
 18r7.. 
 
 1868.. 
 
 1869.. 
 
 I860.. 
 
 1861.. 
 
 1863. 
 
 1863. 
 
 1864.. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 98,173 
 116,274 
 
 87,642 
 120,764 
 139,125 
 103,222 
 126,152 
 123,335 
 186,743 
 122,720 
 149,289 
 204,467 
 192,612 
 282,774 
 347,694 
 
 Dtitj. 
 
 24 ad val. 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 Reciprocity. 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Te»r. 
 
 1865. 
 
 1866. 
 
 1867. 
 
 1868 
 
 1869 
 
 1870., 
 
 1871., 
 
 1872 
 
 1873. 
 
 1874., 
 
 1876 
 
 1876 
 
 1877., 
 
 1878 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Dat7. 
 
 465,194 
 
 ReciprocitT. 
 
 404,262 
 
 11 26 
 
 338,492 
 
 1 25 
 
 228,133 
 
 1 25 
 
 267,485 
 
 1 25 
 
 168,180 
 
 1 26 
 
 166,431 
 
 1 25 
 
 16 J, 092 
 
 75 
 
 264,760 
 
 75 
 
 138,335 
 
 75 
 
 89,746 
 
 75 
 
 71,634 
 
 75 
 
 118,216 
 
 75 
 
 88,496 
 
 76 
 
 Imports of Coal into Canada from the United States (from Canadian Blue Books.) 
 
 Year. 
 
 1880 
 
 1861 .. 
 
 1862 
 
 1863.. , 
 
 1864 (six monthi). 
 
 1866 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 , 
 
 1868 
 
 1869 
 
 1870 , 
 
 1871 
 
 1872 
 
 No. of Tons. 
 
 79,886 
 171.561 
 106,906 
 103,547 
 
 22,100 
 li»2,200 
 110,766 
 182,669 
 183,391 
 204,268 
 222,614 
 165,150 
 311,091 
 
 Year. 
 
 1873 , 
 
 1874 „ 
 
 1875 
 
 1876 
 
 1877 J 
 
 1878 I 
 
 No. of Tons. 
 
 463,858 
 671,023 
 612,835 
 625,203 
 415,869 
 353,795 
 
 RemarkB. 
 
 769,664 
 
 Anthracite. 
 BituminouB. 
 
 404,389 'Anthracite. 
 342,127 Bituminous. 
 
 746,616 
 
 m 
 
Ml 
 
 30 
 
 I : 
 
 ! I 
 
 I 
 
 Se4 m At- to O lO t- M M 
 
 •-I O M t- 0> O — p 00 •«1< 
 
 ^ C4 00 C4 ■*.'-^'-^— ' OT t-;,*- 
 
 cT esT i-T tc'io'cD'co'co'c-roo'trt* 
 
 0> m 00 (^ 00 (o o m CO n m 
 
 ■O I- r- 0»i-ioO>C«M«'* 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 e 
 
 2( s; 
 
 :fO>>o«Ot-Me«io 
 eootOMiSooNio 
 
 
 •o «? « op •* o <7> eft~ c» 
 T)< rt cn>acocso'Oog^- 
 
 — — — C4MC^COmC4 
 
 9 O 0> O op Q 
 
 a> CO 00 CO 00 9 
 00 c^t- c^ o o 
 
 c^ — o o t- ri 
 
 O O X) 00 O CO 
 
 O A t- Tfi tn o 
 A — CO >-■ n ou 
 
 W 00 — • ^ '<' 00 
 
 o ■^^•^M cfT 
 C4 00 f o m 9> 
 
 '« '^OOOtDt- 
 
 s 
 
 s 
 
 03 
 
 o 
 
 is 
 
 OQ 
 
 •a 
 
 « 
 
 '3 
 
 a 
 
 00 
 
 OMOOQ-^OMOM'J'i 
 
 >rtcoeu<»cot-©«'_ „ 
 
 I^M t-MCOCO-^OOOC<5ao^ 
 
 e>ft-^ nft-Tcfft-^cToo i-«'o" 
 
 N M ^ M -^ 
 
 «pao<-HC&cQO>cbt~ocie>oo 
 
 MrtMt-MCOCO^ 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 &5 
 
 o» •— 1 
 
 01 -H ■• 
 
 oTpfoT^ 
 
 a 
 "3 
 
 «» 
 
 <71 lO 
 
 »-- CO 
 
 O CO 
 
 s s" 
 
 CO •* 
 
 ft oocooocooi «o 
 
 m i* 00 -"f o 00 <3> ■* N 
 ^ «o K5^^-^-000> 
 
 lO ■^' -- e<i w lO 
 
 O OO 30 »rt 1^ t^ 
 
 00 CO O O r- Oi 
 
 OT iO" CO* OT r^ TT* 
 ■V t- 'O t~ C-1 c^ 
 
 t- CO oj o m oq_ 
 
 S2 
 
 5 
 
 CO IC 
 
 
 
 
 »- ■««• 
 
 
 *- o 
 
 00 
 
 ►• CO 
 
 c 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 s 
 
 c 
 
 £ 
 
 3 
 
 <0 Tl 
 00 CO 
 
 00 to 
 
 •o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 t-ooiaos— lOO'* 
 «Or-icat-cofte<ieo 
 co" pT cf o ri" co" ■* ei" 
 
 ONCO— IODOOOP<I 
 r^ r-« ^^ »-( r-t C^ M 
 
 O -H 00 (O lO CO 
 lO OJ lO (M M O 
 
 m o^ooo^oq^N 
 ifT-^co --eM"tf3 
 CO — < CO c- — M 
 i-H CO Tf CO >a CO 
 
 0»r- 
 
 icfcf 
 •♦CO 
 
 l~ 
 
 
 s3 
 
 cocf 
 c4ao 
 
 CO 
 
 CO o» o 
 
 CO M r^ 
 
 W M ■* 
 
 «^ 
 
 an CO 
 »- CD 
 
 M«*cCb-OCOOOOO 
 O00^-^ — QCOO 
 **c^'<1'Wt-W»OCO 
 
 ofco'co'ore-rai ©"■rtT 
 i^o>eDr^i-co-*eo 
 CO tf -^ -r lo A >a 
 
 lO OJ 00 00 t- 00 
 
 00 -^ ^o o r^ io 
 o oo t— t~ CO c> 
 eJ"orr-i"co -h"-^ 
 r^ CO 0> "M O 0> 
 C4 CO m ■>• lO ^ 
 
 «0 >* 
 Oi * 
 
 eto 
 n-T 
 
 a 
 o 
 H 
 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 i-i '^ ^ la CO 
 CO CO OS lo i- 
 io CO c^» o t- 
 
 oo'''r"-^oo t>^ 
 o o CO t- o> 
 
 «o 00 -it r-( p e» 
 Tf e^ o oj o '* 
 CJ t- -H CO CO CD 
 
 t-^ co"o"co"oroo" 
 o r- — CO CO CO 
 
 O — 
 
 O 
 
 .S o « 
 
 o o o o 
 
 tS T3 'O'O 
 
 • » • • 
 
 ! • • ; 
 
 * • I 
 
 : 1 i : 
 
 • • • • 
 
 J • t ' 
 
 • • * • 
 
 • • 
 
 • • ■ ■ 
 
 • • • ■ 
 
 iili 
 
 i i 5 : 
 : : : 5 
 
 • * • • 
 
 • . • * 
 
 Mil 
 
 • • • * 
 
 • • • • 
 
 • ' : : 
 
 • : t : 
 
 ' ' I * 
 - • • • 
 
 5 • ! • 
 
 : : : : 
 : : : ; 
 
 • • • • 
 
 • • • • 
 
 «■ e>r m-finvtr- oooo .-■oco'^ioco 
 
 CO CO CDCOCOCD-X'^X>r«" ^^t-t--t-t»t- 
 00 00 OC 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 
 
 c 
 
 I 
 
l- 
 
 i.5 
 
 Clio 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 <s 
 
 ■ 
 
 <n 
 
 
 <o 
 
 > 
 
 »- 
 
 COOD 
 ■*« 
 
 04 CO 
 
 c 
 
 « 
 
 ■ V 'J^''"" I' /■•I", -4, »,, V, 
 
 31 
 
 I 
 
 f 
 
 
 CD O O 
 
 « «»- 
 
 00 ^»- 
 
 Co sO 
 
 00 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 ^i 
 
 CQ 
 00 
 
 o 
 
 00 
 
 CO 
 
 I— * 
 to 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 Eh 
 
 .^1 
 4a 
 
 4 
 
 flOV 
 
 «ooo 
 
 OT «M ^^ 
 
 CO 
 
 C<l ooo 
 p; m cs 
 
 ao lot- 
 
 to 00 
 
 s 
 
 o <n 
 pTco" 
 
 C«5 
 00 
 
 eo_: 
 
 S.S " 
 
 u a u 
 
 •<pqO 
 
 •B'O'CI 
 
 I 
 
 -Sg'3 
 
 life 
 
 ■«t«o 
 
 ft- o o 
 
 00 'O'O 
 
 00 
 
 IK- 
 'S 
 ♦A 
 o 
 
 EH 
 
Mr 
 
 mi 
 
 32 
 
 Tbow Production of the Globe, 1866 to 1S11. 
 
 OountrieH. 
 
 Production. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Qr«al Britain 
 
 Germany. 
 
 France ■. 
 
 Belginm 
 
 RuBBia 
 
 Austro-Hun|;rar7 
 
 Sweden 
 
 Luxemburg 
 
 Spain ^... . 
 
 Italj 
 
 Other Countries of Europe.... 
 
 United States 
 
 Other Countries of Amerie*.. 
 
 Asia , 
 
 Africa 
 
 Auatralia , 
 
 Canada ^ 
 
 1866 
 1866 
 1866 
 1866 
 1866 
 1866 
 1866 
 1866 
 1866 
 1866 
 
 1866 
 
 Total, 
 
 4,996,279 
 
 1,000,492 
 
 1,260,348 
 
 482,404 
 
 314,860 
 
 284,638 
 
 230,670 
 
 46,460 
 
 .39,264 
 
 22,200 
 
 1,225,031 
 
 14,324,619 
 
 Year. 
 
 1876 
 1876 
 1877 
 1876 
 1875 
 1876 
 1876 
 1876 
 1873 
 1876 
 1876 
 1877 
 
 1877 
 
 Tons. 
 
 6,660,893 
 
 1,614,687 
 
 1,463, U2 
 
 490,608 
 
 426,896 
 
 400,426 
 
 351, '13 
 
 231,658 
 
 42,826 
 
 20,278 
 
 ^60,000 
 
 3,351,618 
 
 116,000 
 
 60,000 
 
 30,000 
 
 15,000 
 
 14,.335,619 
 
 44 92 
 61-38 
 15'M 
 
 1-68 Ve>um 
 36-69 
 
 40-68 
 
 62-48 
 
 398-62 
 
 8-92 
 
 91-96 
 
 reat Bril 
 erman'- 
 ance 
 
 u8tro-Hu 
 
 iBgia 
 
 aia 
 
 'ly 
 
 reden.... 
 iier Oou 
 lited SU 
 iDada ... 
 her Cou 
 
 la 
 
 rica , 
 
 tralia.. 
 Dada (N 
 
Coal Production of tho Globo, 1866 to 18'77. 
 
 Per- 
 
 centagt 
 
 of 
 Increase 
 
 Oouatriea. 
 
 Production. 
 
 Year. I Tons. 
 
 36-69 ustro-Hungary , 
 
 4068 
 
 62-48 
 
 398-62 
 
 8-92 
 
 mo 
 
 
 100 
 
 91-96 
 
 f)00 
 
 
 900 
 
 
 rmo 
 
 
 BOO 
 
 
 
 
 S19 
 
 • *••• •••••■•*■ 
 
 issia 
 ain .. 
 ay ... 
 
 1866 
 1866 
 1866 
 1866 
 1866 
 1866 
 1866 
 1866 
 
 redea \ 1866 
 
 her Countries of Europe 
 
 lited States 
 
 iDada 
 
 her Countries of America 
 
 ia 
 
 rica 
 
 trail* 
 
 Dada (N.S. and B.C.) 
 
 1866 
 1866 
 
 Total. 
 
 1866 
 1873 
 
 103,069,804 
 
 28,162,805 
 
 12,234,455 
 
 12,774,662 
 
 4,893,933 
 
 271,633 
 
 432,664 
 
 70,000 
 
 36,467 
 
 21,866,844 
 658,519 
 
 774,000 
 1,160,467 
 
 186,286,163 
 
 Year. 
 
 1876 
 1877 
 1877 
 1876 
 1876 
 1876 
 1876 
 1876 
 1876 
 
 1877 
 1876 
 
 1876 
 1877 
 
 Tons. 
 
 136,611,788 
 
 48,296,367 
 
 16,889,201 
 
 14,329,678 
 
 13,362,586 
 
 1,709,269 
 
 706,814 
 
 102,140 
 
 92,352 
 
 80,000 
 
 60,000,000 
 
 709,646 
 
 400,000 
 
 4,120,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 1,380,000 
 
 927,426 
 
 287,090,604 
 
 Per- 
 centage 
 
 Increase 
 
 Per- 
 
 of* 
 DecreaM 
 
 3167 
 
 7148 
 
 38-04 
 
 12-17 
 
 176 08 
 
 529-49 
 
 63-36 
 
 45-91 
 
 153-26 
 
 133'08 
 2706 
 
 78-29 
 
 19'38 
 
''!.i:i 
 
 34 
 
 T.VBLK Hhowing value and proportion ot'Carmdian, Bnji;HHh and American Coal. 
 
 Fictou NoTa Scotia 
 
 Sydney do 
 
 LiTcrpool (EnKliah).. .... . 
 
 Newcastle do 
 
 i 
 
 Pitisburg, United States . 
 Greek Company do 
 
 1 
 
 8^ 
 
 u 
 
 « <e 
 
 3 a 
 
 00 ^ 
 
 Is 
 
 O ca 
 
 0) >-• 
 
 **2 
 
 
 •^■S 
 
 J3 V 
 
 u £ 
 
 .S«K 
 
 J '3 
 
 4>.a 
 
 3 C 
 
 l# 
 
 o 
 
 49.25 
 
 45.48 
 
 47.44 
 
 47.22 1 
 
 47.88 
 
 46.78 
 
 50.82 
 
 44.08 
 
 4G.81 
 
 47.85 
 
 46.60 
 
 48.17 
 
 _4; 
 rt en 
 
 ^3 
 
 
 25.97 
 23.81 
 39.96 
 35.83 
 36.76 
 32 47 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 at 
 O 
 
 T3U 
 
 Re. 
 
 00.74 
 
 67.67 
 64.90 
 57.00 
 54.93 
 60,30 
 
 S 
 
 a 
 
 12 61 
 5.49 
 4.62 
 5.40 
 7.07 
 8.67 
 
 <4-i 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 eg V 
 
 f^ 
 
 3j4 
 
 o 
 
 ■n a . 
 
 
 i/l^-^ 
 
 no 
 
 5uS 
 
 «/ e^ 
 
 •2 2<s 
 
 X s 
 
 4, « o 
 
 •sj 
 
 3.Sl 
 
 CO — 
 
 *:^a 
 
 a o 
 
 I's^ 
 
 eu 
 
 H 
 
 8.48 
 
 12.06 
 
 7.99 
 
 6.01 
 
 7.48 
 
 6 04 
 
 8.66 
 
 5.68 
 
 8.20 
 
 8.26 
 
 8.42 
 
 8.64 
 
 it 
 
 a 
 
 '3 • 
 
 ^ at 
 « o 
 
 ■sS 
 li 
 
 *^ a > 
 ® O P 
 
 si" 
 
 O L, 
 
 O 2 
 
 .«a 
 
 6.19 
 2.24 
 ).86 
 3.14 
 0.94 
 4.41 
 
 « a 
 
 a f V 
 
 3 boc 
 
 3.7 
 
 5.9 
 
 11.1 
 
 10.7 
 
 9.9 
 
 10.6 
 
 Learn fi 
 1 of 
 matter. 
 
 M 
 
 9.648 , 
 
 8.49T 
 
 8.266 
 
 9 178 
 
 8.942 
 
 9.211 
 
 
icnn Coal. 
 
 gM I go 
 
 
 a 
 
 I .-.a 
 
 t» 
 
 3.7 
 
 9.648 
 
 5.9 
 
 8.49T 
 
 11. 1 
 
 8.266 
 
 10.7 
 
 9 178 
 
 9.9 
 
 8.942 
 
 10.6 
 
 9.211 
 
 35 
 
 Statimbnt showing Cost of difforent GnideH of Soft Coal fomiiig into Toronto 
 
 Market from 1874 to 1878, incluaivo. 
 
 t 
 
 Undes uf Coal, 
 
 
 1874. 
 
 1876. 
 
 1876. 
 
 1877. 
 
 1878. 
 
 
 Per ton. 
 
 Per ton. 
 
 Per ton. 
 
 Per ton. 
 
 Per ton. 
 
 Churchill 
 
 Cost at Lake port8,incliid- 
 ing handling and com- 
 misaion 
 
 Lowest freight to Toronto 
 Cost at Olevelaad 
 
 $ cts. 
 
 4 40 
 1 20 
 
 $ cts. 
 
 3 76 
 
 1 00 
 
 $ cts. 
 
 3 50 
 90 
 
 $ cU. 
 
 3 30 
 90 
 
 $ cts. 
 
 
 3 26 
 86 
 
 Brier Hill \.. . 
 
 4 20 
 1 20 
 
 3 60 
 1 00 
 
 3 26 
 
 90 
 
 3 10 
 90 
 
 2 90 
 
 
 Freight to Toronto 
 
 Cost at Lake ports 
 
 Freight from Lakeport to 
 Toronto 
 
 85 
 
 Toughiogheny 
 
 4 50 
 1 20 
 
 4 26 
 1 00 
 
 4 00 
 90 
 
 3 60 
 90 
 
 3 30 
 86 
 
 
 Cost at Cleveland 
 
 Freiirht to Toronto 
 
 
 StraiUville 
 
 3 60 
 1 20 
 
 3 00 
 1 00 
 
 2 80 
 90 
 
 2 60 
 90 
 
 2 40 
 
 
 85 
 
 
 
 
 Uassilon 
 
 
 
 2 80 
 90 
 
 2 65 
 90 
 
 2 45 
 
 Freiorht to Toronto 
 
 1 20 
 1 
 
 1 00 
 
 1 
 
 86 
 
 
 
 
'^ 
 
 M 
 
 n 
 
 I'KICES OF AMKIUCAN lUTUMINOUS COAL. 
 
 AvKK.\(>B Price in Dollars of Cumborliind Coal, V. (). IJ. at Baltimore, from 1863 to 
 1878, with Average Freight to BoHtoii— Por (on of 2,2 iO IbH. 
 
 Teari. 
 
 a 
 a 
 m 
 "-» 
 
 $ 0. 
 
 "360 
 4 25 
 
 4"35 
 3 00 
 
 
 i 
 
 •c 
 
 ... 
 
 5- 
 
 $ c. 
 3 15 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 
 4 
 
 ID 
 
 a 
 u 
 a 
 
 < 
 
 Septemb'r 
 
 1 
 u 
 
 O 
 
 B 
 
 hi 
 
 a 
 a 
 
 V 
 
 Q 
 
 'J 
 
 $ c. 
 
 389 
 
 3 76 
 
 4 28 
 3 70 
 
 3 e.i 
 
 $ Ct8. 
 
 2 80 
 2 26 
 2 17 
 2 37 
 1 84 
 1 73 
 
 1 83 
 
 2 65 
 2 25 
 
 2 4t 
 
 3 28 
 3 39 
 3 79 
 3 63 
 
 2 68 
 
 3 21 
 2 83 
 2 64 
 
 2 73 
 
 3 06 
 3 05 
 2 28 
 2 11 
 1 83 
 1 70 
 1 50 
 
 8?l 
 
 hi 
 
 1853 
 
 $ c 
 
 $ 0. 
 
 $ c. 
 
 $ c.|$ c. 
 •A IR 3 ir. 
 
 $ c. 
 
 $ c' $ c. $ c. 
 3 15 3^62 3 60 
 
 ' 4 2« 4 9R 
 
 Icti. 
 
 1884 
 
 :::::::: ::::;::: 
 
 ..... 1 : 
 
 4 00 4 25 
 
 
 1855 
 
 4 25 4 26; 4 00 
 
 3 75 3 75l -1 75 
 
 3 76 3 76' 3 76 3 76 3 76 
 
 6 0(1 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 
 
 ' 3 75 
 
 4 35 4 36 
 
 3 76 
 
 4 60 
 3 76 
 3 18 
 3 45 
 
 3 60 
 
 4 00 
 6 66 
 6 00 
 9 01 
 6 00 
 6 13 
 4 76 
 4 96 
 4 72 
 4 72 
 4 64 
 4 93 
 4 65 
 4 40 
 3 90 
 
 1 3 33 
 3 17 
 
 3 75 
 
 4 28 
 
 3 50 
 
 4 07 
 3 37 
 
 3 75' 3 76 3 75 3 75 3 75 3 75 
 
 4 24 4 23: 4 16 4 23 4 26l 4 26 
 
 4 26 
 3 75 
 3 66 
 
 6 12 
 6 12 
 
 1868 
 
 1859 
 
 3 Vs 
 3 60 
 
 3 80 
 3 37 
 3 76 
 
 [ 3 73 
 3 65 
 A 60 
 
 3 63 
 
 3 45 
 
 3 75 3 62 
 
 3 93 3 42 
 
 1 
 
 3 75 
 3 66 
 3 60 
 
 3 76 
 3 65 
 
 6 43 
 6 46 
 
 I860 
 
 3 25 3 60 3 47 
 
 6 02 
 
 1861 
 
 ^ IVi 3 4.-1 
 
 3 50 3 60 
 
 M RO 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 44 
 
 4 10 
 
 6 69^ 
 
 1862 
 
 1 
 
 4 00 4 25 4 11 
 6 50 5 60 5 50 
 
 6 14 6 21 
 
 8 00 6 60 (5 75 
 6 00, 6 00| 5 76 
 
 5 08, i 88! d 92 
 
 4 33' 4 26 
 
 6 60 5 60 
 
 7 41 
 
 7 OO' 7 00 
 6 66' 5 6; 
 
 4 RRI 4 »3 
 
 
 6 68 
 
 1863 ... 
 
 1864 
 
 1865 
 
 1868 
 
 1867 
 
 6 10 
 6 76 
 8 66 
 6 36 
 
 6 00 
 
 6 75 
 
 f'oo 
 
 6 00 
 
 5 83 
 10 26 
 
 6 00 
 
 5 25 
 4 87 
 
 6 00 
 4 72 
 4 72 
 4 62 
 4 83 
 4 65 
 4 35 
 4 00 
 3 78 
 3 17 
 
 5 25 
 8 36 
 
 6 75 
 5 66 
 4 88 
 
 4 75 
 
 5 00 
 4 72 
 4 72 
 4 61 
 4 88 
 
 5 60 
 8 36 
 75 
 
 6 62 
 4 88 
 
 4 83 
 
 5 00 
 4 72 
 4 72 
 4 76 
 
 5 50 
 8 63 
 
 6 75 
 5 66 
 4 88 
 
 6 67 
 
 6 84 
 
 7 67 
 6 94 
 4 97 
 
 8 85 
 
 10 23 
 
 11 36 
 
 9 47 
 7 66 
 
 1868 
 
 1869 
 
 1870 
 
 6 00 
 6 00 
 4 72 
 4 72 
 
 6 00 
 6 00 
 4 72 
 4 72 
 
 4 70 
 4 96 
 4 72 
 4 72 
 4 64 
 4 93 
 4 66 
 4 40 
 3 90 
 3 20 
 3 06 
 
 4 70. 4 68' 4 67 
 4 96 4 96 4 96 
 4 72' 4 72i 4 72 
 
 4 72; 4 721 4 72 
 
 4 70 
 4 96 
 4 72 
 4 72 
 
 4 83' 4 79 
 4 96 4 97 
 4 72 4 72 
 
 4 72 
 
 4 76 4 66 
 1 4 86 
 
 8 00 
 7 80 
 7 36 
 
 1871 
 
 7 46 
 
 1872.- 
 
 1873 
 
 4 70 4 65 
 4 75 4 76 
 
 4 64 4 64* 4 64' 4 64 
 4 86| 4 85 4 85 4 88 
 
 7 72 
 7 90 
 
 1874 
 
 4 66 
 4 65 
 4 25 
 3 72 
 3 17 
 
 4 65 
 4 70 
 4 20 
 3 80 
 3 17 
 
 4 65 4 55| 4 55 4 65 4 66 
 
 4 65l 4 65i 4 63 
 4 40 4 40 4 42 
 3 93^ 3 80 3 93 
 
 6 91 
 
 1876 
 
 1876 
 
 4 30, 4 30 4 30, 4 40 
 
 3 85' 3 85 3 76 3 90 
 
 1 3 20 3 20i 3 20! 3 16 
 
 4 40 
 3 85 
 
 663 
 6 78 
 
 1877 
 
 3 17 3 17; 3 I7i 3 34 
 
 , 6 04 
 
 1878 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 3 16 
 
 4 6V 
 
 
 1 i 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
1 
 
 
 f^ 
 
 ^ o «• 
 
 
 ^o* 
 
 ts. 
 
 $Ctl. 
 
 80 
 
 
 25 
 
 •••*••■• 
 
 17 
 
 C 0« 
 
 37 
 
 C 12 
 
 84 
 
 6 12 
 
 73 
 
 5 43 
 
 83 
 
 5 46 
 
 65 
 
 6 02 
 
 26 
 
 6 69 
 
 41 
 
 C 68 
 
 28 
 
 8 86 
 
 39 
 
 10 23 
 
 79 
 
 11 36 
 
 53 
 
 9 47 
 
 68 
 
 7 65 
 
 21 
 
 8 00 
 
 83 
 
 7 80 
 
 64 
 
 7 36 
 
 73 
 
 7 45 
 
 06 
 
 7 72 
 
 06 
 
 7 90 
 
 28 
 
 6 91 
 
 11 
 
 1 6 63 
 
 83 
 
 6 7« 
 
 70 
 
 604 
 
 50 
 
 4 66- 
 
 w 
 
 Estimated area of the coal deposits of tbo difforont countrio-i of tho world 
 
 . Hquare Miles. 
 
 United States 192,000 
 
 ^'anada (JO.OOO 
 
 I^ussia 30,000 
 
 Australia 2t,000 
 
 Greut Britain n oqq 
 
 Japan 5^000 
 
 Spai" 3,601 
 
 l'''"aneo 2,086 
 
 India 2,004 
 
 Germany l^^YO 
 
 Belgium 510 
 
 THE COST OF PHODUCINQ COAL. 
 
 A comparison of tho oxpensoi in tho working of coUiorios will show how favour- 
 ably the cost of mining in Canada compares with that of other countries. 
 
 '' '.. '} 
 Cost of Mining in England. 
 
 The following gives the actual cost in detail as it was early in 1878 :— 
 
 Durham. Northumberland. 
 Cte. Cta. 
 
 Heaving 36 52 
 
 Other underground labor 30 ' 30 
 
 Outside labor I71 17 
 
 lioyalty llj 12 
 
 Materials, horses, machinery 24 23 ' 
 
 Taxes and oflSce charges 04 05 
 
 81 23 
 
 n 40 
 
 Cost of American Coal. 
 
 These figures show the out-put of the Blossburg Bituminous Coal Mines, Pa., ia 
 1877, the pay-roll for the year, and its cost per ton :— Coal raised, 182,107 tons ; pay- 
 roll of the mines for the year, $186,000; cost of coal, $1-02. 
 
 The average cost of production for the 26 Bituminous Collieries in the County of 
 Allegheny, in 1877, by the pay-roll of the mines, was 99 cents per ton. 
 
-^:^~- 
 
 88 
 
 Cost of yova iicotia Coal. 
 
 Tlio following is tho out-put of the Glaco Bay Minos, C.B., Nova Scotia, in 1877, 
 and tho cost of tho production by tho pay-roll: — Coal raised, 35,000 tons ; pay-roll for 
 tho year, $33,600 ; cost jwr ton, 95 cents. 
 
 Cost of America Anthracite. 
 
 Tho following figures gives tho out-put for a series of 3'ears, and shows the efloct 
 of largo j)roduction in tho cost, tonnage, expenses, and average cost per ton for coal 
 at collieries worked by tho Philadelphia and Heading Coal and Iron Company : 
 
 Years. Tons. Expenses. Cost per Ton. 
 
 1873 1,348,838 «3,385,U!) G8 $2 51 
 
 187-4 1,.S74,790 3,304,908 37 2 44-8 
 
 1875 1,510,572 2,821,009 51 186-7 
 
 1870 1,835,364 2,509,483 34 1354 
 
 1877 3,794,528 3,942,591 71 1 09-9 
 
 To show more fully how largely protluction governs tho cost of mining. Tho 
 out-put of tho above mines in April, 1875, was 5,790 tons ; the cost per ton for that 
 month, $12.53. 
 
 In November of tho same year the out-put was 2:;8,895 tons, and cost per ton 
 only $1.60. 
 
 In February, 1877, tho out-put was 133,114 tons, and tho cost per ton $1.72. 
 
 In November of the same year tho production carao up to 279,247 tons, and tho 
 cost declined to 85 cents per ton. 
 
 Those estimates do not include interest on capital invested or the royalty (ex- 
 cept of the English mines), nor the depreciation of tho plant. 
 
 Henry S. Poole, F.G.S., Inspector of Mines in Nova Scotia, in his annual report 
 of 1878 (page 12) on the cost of production, remarks : — 
 
 In Capo Breton to-day tho economies, perforce in many cases practised be&r 
 hardly on the coal miner; but what is most felt is tho want of steady work. While 
 actually at work, the cost of all labor and material per ton is as low as 63 cents in 
 one case, and not much more in some others. Was tho demand only constant and 
 uniform, coal could be mined in Cape Breton and a good profit made at present 
 prices; the irregularity of the trade and idle winters for tho present debarring, in 
 most cases, anj- such happy result. 
 
39 
 
 in 1877, 
 y-roll for 
 
 Ihe effect 
 n for coal 
 ny: 
 
 on. 
 
 8 
 7 
 4 
 9 
 
 ling. The 
 an for that 
 
 ost per ton 
 
 $1.72. 
 
 ns, and the 
 
 )yalty (ox- 
 
 juid report 
 
 tised oeui 
 rk. While 
 63 cents in 
 anatant and 
 at present 
 barring, in 
 
 COST OF PRODUCTION OF IRON IN U. 8. 
 
 AvEftAQE Cost per Ton of Pig I» an Furnace Bank, and of Merchant Bar in Mill, 
 from 1875 to 1879, inclusive, compiled from original data by Mr. W. E. S. Baker, 
 Secretary of the Eastern Ironmasters' Association. 
 
 AVERAGE COST OF PIG IRON, 1875 TO 1879. 
 
 
 1875. 
 
 1876. 
 
 1877. 
 
 Jauuary, 
 
 
 1879. 
 
 <Jost of Ore to the ton of Pig Iron 
 
 do Coal do 
 
 do Limestone do 
 
 do Labour do 
 
 do General contingencies 
 
 $ cts. 
 
 11 93 
 8 01 
 
 1 14 
 
 2 97 
 2 10 
 
 $ Cts. 
 
 9 5t 
 6 79 
 
 1 01 
 
 2 54 
 1 73 
 
 $ cts. 
 
 7 69 
 4 93 
 
 81 
 2 02 
 
 1 65 
 
 f Cts. 
 
 6 51 
 5 29 
 
 78 
 
 1 86 
 1 29 
 
 Cost at Furnace Bank 
 
 26 17 
 1 70 
 
 21 61 
 1 69 
 
 17 10 
 1 26 
 
 15 73 
 
 Add interest on capital on a product of 6,000 tons. 
 
 1 16 
 
 Total cost to the producer 
 
 27 87 
 
 1 
 
 23 20 
 
 18 36 
 
 16 88 
 
 
 
 AVERAGE COST OF BAR IRON, 1875 TO 1879. 
 
 
 1875. 
 
 1876. 
 
 1877. 
 
 January, 
 
 
 1879. 
 
 €ost of Pin; Iron to the ton of Finished Bar Iron... 
 do Goal do do 
 do Labour do do 
 
 General contiuKencies 
 
 $ cts. 
 
 29 12 
 8 73 
 
 16 87 
 4 79 
 
 $ cts. 
 
 25 19 
 6 86 
 
 15 74 
 4 73 
 
 $ cU. 
 
 21 93 
 5 89 
 
 12 93 
 4 63 
 
 $ cts. 
 
 20 13 
 6 01 
 
 U 98 
 4 41 
 
 Cost in the Mill, finished 
 
 69 51 
 1 86 
 
 52 51 
 1 70 
 
 45 37 
 1 36 
 
 42 63 
 
 Add interest on capital on a product of 6,000 tons. 
 
 I 30 
 
 Total cost to the Manufacturer 
 
 61 37 
 
 64 21 
 
 46 72 
 
 43 83 
 
 
 
 
 Tods. 
 
 Cwt. 
 
 Qrs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 
 
 Quantity of Ore used to make one ton of Pig Iron, average 10 years 
 do Goal do do do 
 do Limestone do do do 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 14 
 16 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 17 
 27 
 06 
 
 
 
 
 The above group of furnaces used Juniata and Montour hematite ores, and a little Cornw 
 The coal came chiefly from the Lehigh and Wyoming Valleys. 
 
 3J 
 
40 
 
 AVERAGE COST OF BAR IRON, 1875 TO 1819— Concluded. 
 
 -r''M 
 
 l''l 
 
 Quantity of Pig Iron used to make one ton of Finiahed Bar Iron, 
 average 10 years 
 
 Quantity of Coal used to make one ton of Finished Bar Iron, 
 average 10 years 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Cwt. 
 
 Qrs. 
 
 1 
 
 04 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 13 
 03 
 
 The above rolling-mills used Gray Forge pig iron and Clearfield and Cumberland coal. 
 COAL PRODUCTION OF GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 Coal. — The production of mineral coal in Great Britain from 185+ to 1877 is 
 given as follows by Mr. Eobort Hunt, Keeper of Mining Records, Inspectors of 
 Minos : — 
 
 Year. 
 
 Gross Tons. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Gross Tons. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Gross Tons. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Gross Tons. 
 
 1854 
 
 1865 
 
 1856,.... 
 
 1857 
 
 1858 
 
 1859 
 
 64,661,401 
 61,463,079 
 66,645,450 
 65,394,707 
 65,008 649 
 71,979,765 
 
 1860 
 
 1861 
 
 1862 
 
 1863... 
 
 186.. . .. 
 1865 
 
 80,042,698 
 83,635,214 
 81,63b,838 
 86,292,215 
 92,787,873 
 98.150,687 
 
 186tJ 
 
 1867... 
 
 1868 
 
 1869 
 
 1870 
 
 1871 
 
 101,630,544 
 104,500 480 
 103,141,157 
 107,427,557 
 110,431,192 
 117,352,028 
 
 1872 
 
 1873 
 
 1874 
 
 1875, 
 
 1876 
 
 1877 
 
 12.3,497,316 
 127,016,747 
 125,043,257 
 131,867,105 
 135,611,788 
 136,000,000 
 
 COAL EXPORTS OP GREAT BRiTaiN. 
 
 The following table will show the export coal trade of the United Kingdom, and 
 the countries to which exported, omitting those taking less than 50,000 tons. 
 
 Countries to which Exported. Tons. 1877. 
 Algeria 60,720 
 
 Southern ports of Russia 85,319 West Coast of Africa 88,63G 
 
 Countries to which Exported. Tons. 1877 
 
 Northern ports of Russia 943,584 
 
 Sweden 775,284 
 
 Norway 438,875 
 
 Denmark 765,608 
 
 Germany 2,042,911 
 
 Holland 411,555 
 
 Belgium 259,257 
 
 Channel Islands 66,552 
 
 Franco 3,010,143 
 
 Portugal, Azores and Madeira . 260,293 
 
 Spain and Canaries 826,471 
 
 Gibraltar 180,522 
 
 Italy 1,072,928 
 
 Austrian Territories 82,943 
 
 Malta 278,211 
 
 Greece 80,578 
 
 Turkey 217,991 
 
 Egypt 520,476 
 
 British South Africa 55,916 
 
 Continental India 577,337 
 
 Straits Settlements 222,509 
 
 Ceylon 96,117 
 
 Java 111,533. 
 
 China 119,254 
 
 British North America 179,076 
 
 United States— Atlantic Coast. . 63,136 
 
 do Pacific Coast.... 75,378 
 
 British West Indies 173,992 
 
 Foroiga West Indies 286,580 
 
 Peru 84,093 
 
 Chili 160,460 
 
 Brazil 340,225 
 
 Uruguay 141,404 
 
 Argentine Republic 59,175 
 
Lbd. 
 
 13 
 03 
 
 to 1877 \a . 
 ispoctoi's of 
 
 Gross Tons. 
 
 123,497,316 
 127,016,747 
 125,043,257 
 131,867,105 
 135,611,788 
 136 ,000,0U0 
 
 ngdom, and 
 
 Tons. 1877. 
 , . . 60,720 
 
 . . . 88,63G 
 
 . . . 55,916 
 
 ... 577,337 
 
 .... 222,509 
 
 .... 96,117 
 
 , ... 111,533. 
 
 ... 119,254 
 
 179,076 
 
 St.. 63,136 
 
 t.... 75,378 
 
 173,992 
 
 286,580 
 
 84,093 
 
 160,460 
 
 340,225- 
 
 141,404 
 
 59,175 
 
 41 
 
 COAL EXPORTS OF UNITED STATES, 
 
 Tho following shows tho export trade of the Uaited State.-j with the VVost Indies 
 and South America for 1877 :~ 
 
 Countries. 
 
 Srazil 
 
 Central American States 
 
 Chili 
 
 Danish "S7est Indies 
 
 Fiench West Indies 
 
 British "West Indies . 
 
 Dutch West Indies 
 
 Peru 
 
 San Domingo, 
 
 Cuba 
 
 Porto Rico 
 
 U. S. of Columbia. 
 Venezuela 
 
 Tons 
 
 Bituminous. 
 
 115 
 
 Tons 
 
 Anthrncite. 
 
 4'J6 
 
 59 
 
 ei 
 
 1,940 
 
 1,021 
 
 7,7?9 
 
 
 3,424 
 
 17) 
 
 1,693 
 
 2,093 
 
 
 202 
 
 
 2,138 
 
 297 
 
 484 
 
 55,168 
 
 n,342 
 
 
 347 
 
 19,967 
 
 3,320 
 
 1,543 
 
 216 
 
 PRICE COAL AT TORONTO. ! ' :;; . ) 
 
 Names and prices of tho principal coals at present used in Toronto, coming 
 from the United States : — 
 
 Brookfield $4 27 per ton of 2.000 lb?. 
 
 Churchill 
 
 Best Briar Hill ... 
 Union Briar Hill. 
 
 Massilon 
 
 Strailsville 
 
 Monday Cieek. . . 
 Youghoigheny. . . 
 Roynoldsvillc... . 
 
 4 27 
 4 27 
 3 97 
 3 47 
 3 47 
 
 3 47 
 
 4 00 
 3 90 
 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 
 Per ton 2,240 lbs 
 «4 78 
 
 4 78 
 
 4 73 
 
 4 45 
 
 3 89 : 
 
 3 89 
 
 3 89 
 
 4 48 
 
 4 37 
 
 lit 
 
 PRICE COAL, MONTREAL, 
 
 proposed for this pamphlet by W. J. Patterson, Esq., Secretary Board Trade, Mon- 
 treal. 
 
 Average Pj-ices of Coal delivered at Montreal since 1373: — 
 
 Novfi Scotia ■. 
 
 JScotch Stenni, including a small proportion 
 ot°En{;tisb 
 
 1873. 
 5 19 
 
 1874. 
 5 06 
 
 1875. 
 4'78 
 
 1876. 
 4 37 
 
 1877. 
 3-23 
 
 1878. 
 343 
 
 6-36 
 
 5-60 
 
 6 01 
 
 4-18 
 
 378 
 
 367 
 
 per ton, 2,2401b8. 
 do 
 
 The International Coal Company (Cape Breton), tendered to supply a railway 
 compmy 40,000 tons coal, to be delivered at Montreal during the summer (1879), at 
 $3.15 per ton. This proves that the dut}' of 50 cents per ton has not increased the 
 cost to consumers. 
 

 42 
 
 Extract frovx Utters of Mr'IT. A. Budden, Montreal, read before the Dominion Board of 
 
 Trade, Vlth Jxnuary, 1878. 
 
 Montreal, 13lh December, 18'77. 
 
 Among the various industries of the Dominion, that of coal mining is destined to 
 take a prominent and exert an influence second to none. Canada will not attain its 
 proper position until its extremities are bound together by a trans-continental rail- 
 way, and traffic from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans carried ov^or it, the motive- 
 power, coal, lies in abundance. The Nova Scotia collieries have been worked since 
 1785, while those of Vancouver Island are only in their infancy. No other fields 
 have yet been opened; the total product of Vancouver Island in 1876 was about 
 150,000 tons, principal amount going to San Francisco. The quality of coal is very 
 similar to that of Nova Scotia. The collieries are all situated near the sea, and 
 capable of indefinite extension. The Nova Scotia coal fields, stretching out as they 
 do into the Atlantic Ocean, invite the commerce of the world, and furnish coal at a 
 nearer jpoint to the sea board than any coal fields of the United States. On the 
 Island of Capo Breton the coal area is very extensive and the coal of excellent quality, 
 much esteemed for gas making and other purposes. North Sydney is becoming an 
 imi)ortant port of call for vessels seeking cargo, not only from the St. Lawrence, liut 
 from all ports on the Atlantic sea board. The collieries delivering coal in Sydney 
 Harbour can supply an unlimited amount 
 
 The Pictou coal field is on the mainland of Nova Scotia, and within a few miles 
 of Pictou Harbour, being also connoctod with Halifax by rail, one hundred miles distant. 
 Five collieries are in operation fully equipped but languishing for want of demand ; the 
 excellent quality of these coals renders their use available for every purpose — they are 
 exceptionally free from sulphur, and make a coke equal to the best North Durham ; 
 their hardness and exceptional freedom from foreign substances make them safe for 
 shipment to warm climates. The Maritime Provinces with their fishing, shipping anJ 
 mineral wealth will afford a growing market to the agriculturalists of Ontario and the 
 west. Quebec will naturally take a foremost position in manufactures, and draw sup- 
 plies from all. Ontario, besides her agriculture, has her petroleum wells and salt to 
 develop. To enlarge the homo market for coal and iron, a moderate tariff is required 
 sufficient to give an impetus to their production and manufacture. This necessity 
 arises from the peculiar position of Canada, her present home market is limited, and 
 the miners and manufacturers of Groat Britain and the United States are eager to 
 control it. 
 
 The peninsula of western Ontario can have no cause to complain of a moderate 
 tariflF on coal and iron ; the products, breadstufft", cattle, butter, choose and potroloura 
 will find an increasing demand from a growing population in the Maritime Provinces. 
 
■f . 
 
 4:i 
 
 Board oi 
 
 stined to 
 ittain its 
 ital rail- 
 3 mo ti vo- 
 ted since 
 ler fields 
 yas about 
 ia very 
 sen, and 
 it as they 
 coal at a 
 , On the 
 it quality, 
 oming an 
 fence, but 
 n Sydney 
 
 few miles 
 OS distant, 
 nand ; the 
 —they are 
 Durham ; 
 nx safe for 
 ipping and 
 rio and the 
 draw sup- 
 ind salt to 
 is I'oquired 
 1 necessity 
 mited, and 
 e eager to 
 
 , moderate 
 . petroloura 
 I Provinces. 
 
 An increased production of coal will enable it to bo produced at a very much 
 lower cost, and there is no reason why it should not compete with Ainericaii^coal on 
 Lake Ontario, and neutralize the effect of the proposed duty. 
 
 An important feature in the improvement of the coal trade would bo the 
 establishment of sugar refineries at Halifax, St. John and Montreal and other places 
 not only would the consumption of coal as fuel bo considerable, but the export de- 
 mand for coal as return cargo to the West Indies, and other sugar proJucing coun 
 tries, would soon reach a magnitude much to be desired. 
 
 INTER-PROVINCIAL COAL TRADE. 
 
 Reproduced fri^m No. 20 of the Maritime. 
 
 The Coal Trade Review refers in a late number to the agitation for a duty on 
 coal entering the Dominion, and to the fact that the question aifeets twelve millions 
 of dollars capital invested iu the mines, and a population of 30,000 directly interested 
 in this industry. ., * ,* * ,, * * * 
 
 The cari'iage of 200,000 tons of coal at $1 per ton would yield a gross income 
 of $200,000 each open season. Ton iron steam colliers of 1000 tons each, dead 
 weight capacity, would cost in England to-day about £10 per such ton — £100,000 or 
 8500,000 in all. 
 
 It is clear, therefore, that at ?i. per ton a lui-ge prolit would accrue to a coal 
 transportation company doing this trade. 
 
 Wo have before us tho example of the Philadelphia and Reading Compmy's 
 steam colliers constructed to enable the coinp:vny to successfully compete roith other 
 shippers who had a geographical adoantaje, such as Novv York, which is nearer points 
 of heavy consumption ; 
 
 Six steamers wore built in I86'r» and in 1870,tho RUtlesnake,CentipoJo, Achilles, 
 Hercules, Panther and Leopard. The carrying capacity of those vessels ranged 
 
 from 500 to 1,025 tons. 
 
 • •'.',' y ■■ ■'■•■ -.-:..[■ .--■., ■,.,„;(■.. '■ ,..:-."vr .^--^i'^.' t-. -.:. ■ 
 
 The first collior completol was tho Rittlesn^ko, anl she began operation in 
 Juno, 1861). She was followed by tho ContipoJe, September, 1801), Achilles, March, 
 1870, Hercules, May, 1870, Loopa-.\1, J ily, 1870, and Panther in August, 1870. 
 
 Many people doibted the wisdom of tho collior business, but tho OiTi-'.j.-s of the 
 P. & R. R. R. Co. had faith in the ultimate success of tho enterprise?. 
 
44 
 
 I 
 
 After an experience covering a period of nearly four years it was found that the 
 BIX sloaraors wore not only a success, but that thoy were totally inadequate to carry 
 on the largely-increased business. In 1874 the tonnage increased from 4,800 to 
 16,000 tons. It was, therefore, decided to increase the fleet, and during the year 
 1874 the Eoading, Ilarrisburg, Lancaster, Williamsport, Allentown and Pottsville, 
 built by Messrs. Cramp, and the Perkioraen and Berks were added. 
 
 The steamers are all built of iron, in the most substantial maniicr,and with water- 
 tank bottoms. The entire construction is with a view of having the steamers especially 
 adapted to the cari-ying of coal, as they do not bring any return cargo. The ships 
 are of great strength, so as to enable thcra to lie aground with a full cargo on board, 
 as they frequently do at the other end of the route. 
 
 ir 
 
 
 now THE COLLIERS OPERATED. 
 
 Wc have to take Philadelphia as a starting point, and suppose a steamer had 
 been made fixst to a pier. The captain finds there a sufficient amount of coal to fill 
 his vessel. The hatches have been opened previous to the vessel coming into the 
 dock. In a very short time the loading commences, and is continued in the quickest 
 way — by shutes in the hold of the vessel. No time is lost in the operations of one 
 of those colliers. They generally leave for their destination at daylight on the day 
 following their arrival here. As soon as the hatches are closed the vessel starts, and 
 the work of cleansing up the decks is performed during the trip down the river. At 
 the place of destination the hour for the arrival of the steamer is known some time 
 before, and where the vessel is moored there is always a small army of men ready 
 to go to work unloading the cargo. No preparations are necessary,as all of the hatches 
 have been opened and other arrangements made before by the crew of the steamer. The 
 unloading is done by means of large buckets, which are filled in the hold and drawn up by 
 machinery at the rate of two or three per minute, and then the coal is dumped into 
 cars and bins, as required. Despatch is the great consideration and one thousand 
 six hundred and fifty tons of coal have been discharged in 11^ working hours. This 
 was at Salem, Mass. At other places the unloading is not done so rapidly. After 
 the discharge of the cargo, water is taken in as ballast, and upon ' riving at Port 
 Eichmond, Phila., the water is pumped out. The system of running the colliers is 
 very complete. When a steamer reaches its destination the captain telegraphs the 
 hour of his arrival and the hour when ho will sail, and by an arrangement of whistle 
 signals, intelligence is obtained at Port Eichmond that the vessel is coming up the 
 river, and when she arrives there preparations have already been made for loading 
 her, as has been previously mentioned. ' 
 
 Some of these colliers have at times made trips to almost every port along the 
 coast from Portland to Aspinwall, but the greater portion of the trade is with ports 
 between New York and Portland. The average speed of the steamer is about ten 
 miles per hour. 
 
46 
 
 that tho 
 to cany 
 4,800 to 
 tho yeai* 
 'ottsville, 
 
 th water- 
 specially 
 Che ships 
 )n board, 
 
 imer had 
 !oal to fill 
 5 into the 
 ) quickest 
 ina of one 
 n the day 
 tarts, and 
 river. At 
 iome time 
 nen ready 
 lohatches 
 araer. The 
 awn up by 
 mped into 
 
 thousand 
 urs. This 
 y. After 
 g at Port 
 
 colliers is 
 jrapbs the 
 
 of whistle 
 ng up the 
 )r loading 
 
 i along the 
 with ports 
 about ten 
 
 No time has been lost in the operations of tho colliers, and the total number of 
 voyages made in 1877 was 526; miles run, 483,236; coal carried, 602,496 tons. From 
 June, 1S60, when the first steamer was run, until the clodo of 1877, the colliery made 
 2,107 voyages, ran 2,046,488 miles, and carried 2,099,036 tons of coal. 
 
 Tho expenses of this line for the season, oxclusivo of insurance, were $337,900 
 on the carriage of 602,496 tons of coal an average of 900 miles distance, equal to 56 
 cents per ton, which would bo for tho distance from Sydney to Toronto, 1,200 miles 
 75 cents per ton. 
 
 Tho carriage of coal to Toronto fiora Cleveland, Ohio, is now 85 cents per net 
 ton. Tho price of Briar Hill is at Cleveland, f. o. b. $3.25, add freight, 80c., $4.05, 
 equal to $4.56 per gross ton at Toronto ; tho price of Sydney is $2.00 f. o. b., plus 
 freight by Steam Collier, $1.00, would be at Toronto $3.00 por gross ton. 
 
 With these facts before us can wo refuse to accept as a certainty the inference 
 that, fostered by a protective tarilf, our mines would in a very short time bo able to 
 organize a system of transport delivery of coal in Ontario for prices fur below what 
 any foreign company has done or will do ? 
 
 Extract from the Report of Canal Commissioners Report, 1871. 
 
 When Nova Scotia coal of the best description can bo supplied abundantly and 
 cheaply to Western Ports, a groat impulse will necessarily be given to the transfer 
 of the trade of the St. Lawrence and Lakes to screw steamers, a transfer already taking 
 place, as we have previously shown. A wrong impression prevails in many quarters 
 with respect to the value of Nova Scotia coal, for steam purposes ; many think it 
 very inferior to the American article in this particular. The true state of the case, 
 however, is that whenever it has had a fair trial, it answers steam pui poses most 
 admirably. Tho last annual report of the Boston and Yarmouth (N. S.) Stoam 
 Navigation Company gives us some important facts bearing upon this subject. In 
 1868, they had to change the coal used in their boats, in consequence of the strike 
 among the minors of Pennsylvania. Cow Bay, Cape Breton, coal was then burned 
 during tho latter part of tho season. Fourteen trips were made in which hard coal 
 was used, and eighteen with soft or bituminous. A saving of $1,000 was the result 
 of the eighteen trips. The same steamer has, on the average, consumed forty tons 
 of anthracite por round trip, which, at a cost of $5.50 per ton, made $220. The round 
 trip requires forty-three tons of Cow Bay coal, which at $3.60 per ton is $154.80, 
 showing a saving of $66.20 per trip, or upwards of $2,000 for the season. With a 
 through trade between Toronto and Pictou, there is every reason to believe that 
 coal suitable for propel lors can bo supi.liod at depots on tho lake and river for 
 
 >i 
 
T 
 
 tu 
 
 very liltlo over $4 a ton. With tho canals onlnrgod coal f * *' i would be rod uced 
 to the minimum point — a lake propellor would always 1 ack from the lower 
 
 porta a cargo of coal, rather than cDmo empty — just .Inglisih timber 8hi|>8. 
 
 have boon accustomed to brin? the same article instec ;ast. 
 
 EXTHACTS FEOM THE EEPORT OF THE SELECT COMMITTEE OP THK 
 HOUSE OF COMMONS IN 1877 ON COAL AND INTER-PROVINCIAL 
 TRADE. 
 
 Wbdnesday, April 4th, 1877. 
 
 Mr. Napier Robinson, manager of the Toronto Coal Mining 'Company, located 
 at Sydney, C.B., examined. 
 
 Q. How does the coal compare with the coal from the United States ? — It is a 
 better coal in a good many respects than any Ohio coal I have ever seen. The only 
 coal that I would at all compare with it is the Briar Hill, and in point of boating 
 quality and durability our coal is superior to the Briar Hill. 
 
 Q. What is your opinion regarding the imposition of a duty on coal imported ? — 
 I think it would lead to a very largely extended market. 
 
 Q. In what direction ? — Both west and in Montreal, Quebec and Now Brunswick. 
 
 Q. Do you consider the duty would raise or materially affect the price of coal in 
 Ontario? — On the higher grades I don't think think it would affect the price at all. 
 I am euro it would not. 
 
 Q. What do you mean by the higher grades? — The higher qualities of bituniiji- 
 ous gas coal, and the best domestic coal such as tho Briar Hill and Massilon. 
 
 Jiy Dr. Tuprer : — - , , 
 
 Q. Do our coals compare favouivably with those of Cleveland for domobtic pur- 
 poses ? — Yes. Our coal for domestic purposes is superior to any other coal I have 
 ever seen, and as a steam coal equal to any of them. 
 
 By the Chairman : — 
 
 Q. You wore speaking about tho down freights and return cargoes. Do you 
 contemplate or expect that in case of a trade being ostabl'shod with Ontario it would 
 bo necessary to consume everything that came down, or is there a port of tranship- 
 ment? — Decidodiy wo should tranship. 
 
47 
 
 Q. Of what nature would your transhipment be, and to where would they be- 
 sent? — There is in the first place a very largo port demand ; that is, ships calling in 
 at the port of Sydney and taking away an immense quantity of flour, provisions and 
 other articles; and then I think Sydney could be made a port of transhipment for oil 
 and lumber, and to a certain extent, grain for European markets. 
 
 Q. Is Sydney much frequented by vessels ? — Yes, it is one of the largest ports of 
 call on the Continent. I have frequently seen 20 to 30 vessels arrive there in one- 
 day, and 200 and 300 iu port at one time. 
 
 Q. Why do they come to Sydney? — They come Boeking freights. 
 
 Q. On account of its situation ? — Yes ; principally on that account. 
 
 Wednesday, 11th April, 1877. 
 
 Committee met. 
 
 J. M. Vernon, Merchant, called, and made the following statement : — 
 
 If a regular trade be carried on between our Maritime Provinces and Ontario^ 
 the 50,000 tons of cereals, vthich now go via New York aud Boston, would be moved 
 by rail or steamer, and coal could be carried back as return freight, delivered it* 
 Toronto at $4.50 long ton. Coal fresh from the mine and delivered by rail is worth 
 50 cents per ton more than coal that undergoes the dumping process and exposed ta 
 the weather in the yards. ... 
 
 The development of our coal fields arc of the utmost importance to the country 
 at largo, and Ontario is as much interested in this matter a? any other Province of 
 the Dominion. But there is no reasonable hope to be indulged in until our iron 
 ntorests are developed. The iron ores of Canada comprise hematite, limonito, mag- 
 nitite, &c., &c., equal to any in the world for purity and richness. The magnetic 
 oxide deposits on the Moisic have no superior in the world. 
 
 It may be estimated that 4,000,000 of tons of coal would be consumed annially 
 in the Dominion ; and under a fair development ot home industry, about 300,000 
 tons of pig iron would be demanded annually. To make this would require the 
 labour of 13,000 men, and the mining of the coal 20,000 men. Thus it is seen that by 
 encouraging these two branches of industry, the labour of 33,000 men are required 
 annually, and which would represent a population of 120,000. 
 
 The transportation of this coal and iron alone would double the tonnage of our 
 ports and treble the traffic on our railways, and place us in a position to command 
 the trade of the West and our great North-Wost which seek other channels to tide- 
 water. 
 
V 
 
 Kn 
 
 ll 
 
 4y 
 
 iii< 
 
 m 
 
 s 
 
 1; 'v 
 
 I 
 
 liH! 
 
 Lot the Government extend its fosterinfj care over our nation<aI industries, and 
 there is no ditticulty in the way of supplying Ontario with NovaScotia coal for her 
 manufactorios and domestic consumption as cheaply, if not cheaper, than she now 
 ■obtains it from the United States, and much cheaper than the New England States 
 pay for their supply from Virginia and Pennsylvania. New England pays from $(J 
 to $8 per short ton for the coal, and yet she submits gracefully to a 75c. per ton duty 
 because her other industries are amply protected against /breigu competition. 
 
 Lot the Govo'-nment place us on an equal tooting with the United States, by 
 charging them 75 cents duty per short ton, and we will give Ontario as cheap coal as 
 she now receives, and we will be enabled thereby to command our own mivrket, and 
 the ^3,320,000 spent annually for coal from other countries will remain at homo. 
 
 The average cost for five years of the coal importol into Ontario was $1.50 the 
 short ton, or $o the long ton. Then an arrangement in progress by which Toronto 
 will receive coal at $4.50 the long ton, or about $4 the short ton. 
 
 When this coal trade to the West is fully established it will enable railways to 
 <;arry the products of our Western Provinces to market lower than whs over contem- 
 plated by any railway man. 
 
 As an illustration of the close relations of the coal trade to the general industry 
 of the country, esjjocially the iron trade, the following calculations may bo interest- 
 ing:— 
 
 * 
 
 The Canadian Pacific Piailway, from Thuader Bay to the terminus on the Pacific, 
 may be estimated at 2,000 miles. It will require 300,003 tons of pig-iron to make 
 niils,«fastening8 and bridges, and about 80,000 tens for rolling stock, &c. 
 
 To produce this quantity of pig iron will require about 800,000 tons of ore, and 
 1,200,000 tons of coal. To move this ore and Jeoal, &c., for the purpose]) of manu- 
 facture, will take about 120,000 tons of coal. 
 
 The total Cv/nsumption of coal in making rails, fastenings, iron for bridges, anJ 
 rolling-stock and fQr transportation of the same to points of use. &c., cannot fall short 
 of 1,500,000 tons. This quantity could absorb the output of two ordinary mines 
 for ten years, and increase the coal trade of Nova Scotia 150,000 tons for ten years. 
 
 It would take two rolling mills ten years to produce the rails and iron ; and the 
 labor required for raining, manufacturing iron, rails, bridges and rolling-stock, and 
 transportation to and fro of all the various articles specified, will be over 3,000 men, 
 reoresenting a population of 15,000 people who would be directly fed and clothed for 
 ten years, by simply developing these sources of wealth ai indicated. 
 
49 
 
 Monday, 16th April, 1877. 
 
 Committoo mot. — Mr. MacK.w in tho Chair. 
 
 Mr. FftANcrs Clemow, Coal Merchant and Director of the Ottawa Gas Company, 
 called and examined : 
 
 By Mr. Dymond: — 
 
 Has been a Director of tho Gas Company for ten years. Trades in both bitu- 
 minous and anthracite coal. Obtain supplies of bituminous coal from Nova Scotia 
 and the United States. Formerly purchased in Great Britain, but has discontinued 
 since 1873, owing to tho advance in price. Buys chiefly from the Caledonia Block 
 House, Intercolonial and International Mines. Uses 3,000 tons of gas coal jier 
 annum. That is the highest quality of coal, and cost last year $5.75 per ton of 2,240 
 pounds. The cost was made up as follows : Initial cost, 82; freight to Montreal, $2; 
 hai'bour dues, 10 cents per not ton ; insurance, 3 cents per ton; freight to Ottawa 
 $1.60 — total, $5.75. This year was offered coal at the mines above named for $1.50 ; 
 freight to Montreal, $2; harbour duos, &c., 13 cents; freight to Ottawa, $1.50 — total, 
 $5.15 per gross ton. lias bought tho "Willow Bank, United States, coal, last year, at 
 $5 per net ton, and tho Youghoigheny at $5.90; in both cases the charges included 
 delivery on the wharf at Ottawa. At tho above rate American coal would come to 
 $5.62J for Willow Bank and ^6M for Youghoigheny. 
 
 By Mr. Tapper : — 
 
 Mr. G. 11. DoBsoN called and examined : 
 
 Q. Where do you reside ? — In Sydney, Capo Breton, , ^ — 
 
 Q. Were you sent as n delegate to tho Dominion Board of Trade ? — Yos. 
 
 Q. By whom ?— By tho Capo Breton Boa;-d of Trade. 
 
 Q. Have you boon spending somo considerable time in endeavoring to ascertain 
 how far trade can be promoted between the Upper Provinces and Nova Scotia ? — 
 Yes; somo years. , 
 
 Q. What is the annual consumption of coal in Canada? — Last year it was 
 1,415,516 tons, of which 352,414 tons was hai-d coal, I think. There is a little differ- 
 ence in our imports being made up to the 30th of June and tho production by the 
 mines return being made up to the 3l8t December. 
 
 Q. Where is the natural market of the Nova Scotia coal ? — Wherever we can 
 get a return cargo from, or get a vessel bound to a loading port. It has been stated 
 
I 
 
 50 
 
 I 
 
 Jioro, by previous wilncssos, that tho ntxtural market for Novu Scotlii coiil jh the 
 Now England States; but ho far an I can boo, wo have no particular natural market. 
 England sends coal all over tho world, and wherever there la a demand, and wo can 
 j^ct voaaols for, in our natural market. I have boon engaged in tho trade for eight 
 years, and I Hhould say that Montreal and Quebec arc as convenient markets for us 
 ji.i the United States. 
 
 Q. Would tho securing of the Canallan markots bonoflt tho coal owners and 
 trade generally ? — Yos. 
 
 Q. llow? — It would givo our coal producers tho supplying of tho Canadian 
 markets ; and would also give tho Canadian producers tho supplying of the Mari- 
 time Provinces. I might state that, last year tho Maritime Provinces, inclusive of 
 Newfoundland, imported 46:^,086 barrels of flour and 9,254,273 pounds of meat from 
 the United States. 
 
 Q. In what year was tho coal trade most prosperous? — ^In 1873. 
 
 Q. How many tons was produced that year? — 1,051,467 tons. 
 
 Q. How many mon were employe 1 ? — 3,000 mon and boys rjprosonting a popu- 
 iation of 30,000. 
 
 Q. How many days' work cil they do ii the aggregate? — 955,722 days' work. 
 
 Q. How many vessels were there employed in carrying tho coal, and what was 
 their tonnage? — 3,604 vessels, of which 428 wcrj steamer^, roprosonting a gross 
 tonnage of 820,144 tons. 
 
 Q. How many seamen did they emp'oy ? — Ab>ut 22,000. 
 
 Q. What amount of capital was therein circulation, directly and indirectly 
 caused by tho coal production ? — The best estimate I can get places the amount at 
 84,913,381. 
 
 Q. How do you propose to send coal to Ontario? — By securing tho markets of 
 the Maritime Provinces for Ontario proiucts, and tho Ontario markets for our coal 
 we now import largely from the United States; last year our imports from tho 
 United States aggregated $7,622,712. 
 
 ..;: Q. Those products, you say, could bo largely obtained from Old Canada if an 
 interchange could bo made between them and Nova Scotia coal ? — Yes, very largely; 
 I find that the coal imports into Canada are estimated at $3,220,300. 
 
 Q. How are the Nova Scotia coal mines situated with regard to supplying tho 
 Canadian market ? — Very conveniently. We are half-way between the grain-pro- 
 ducing centres of the West, and tho market of the Old World — halfway between 
 Chicago and Liverpool. The lake vessels might terminate their voyage at Sydney, 
 
51 
 
 III in tho 
 mui-kol. 
 
 1 wo vnn 
 )r eight 
 
 (ts for us 
 
 tiers JiiJil 
 
 /anadiai) 
 tlio Mari- 
 luaive of 
 loat from 
 
 g a popii- 
 
 ya' work. 
 
 what was 
 5 a gross 
 
 ndiroctly 
 imount at 
 
 larkota of 
 ' our coal 
 from tho 
 
 nada if an 
 y largely; 
 
 )lying tho 
 grain-pro- 
 f between 
 it Sydney, 
 
 and their cargoes bo there tranahippod itito tho ocean vobmoIh. I may nay that At- 
 Janlic freiglils are loss by iJO per cont. from Sydney than from Xow York, lialtinioru 
 und other American ports; and, besides, 1 ho port charges at Sydney are $100, 
 nguinst from $800 to $1,000 at Montreal and tho American porta. 
 
 Q. L)oos England MUj)ply distant markets with coal, as near to them jih tho Ameri- 
 can mines aro to Ontario ? — Yes. Kor instance, aho supplies Cuba, that has Ameri- 
 can coal quite near, and San Francisco, with British Columbia coal near. Coals aro 
 (•hij)ped 15,000 niilea to India, which aro quite near to the China and Austi-alian coal- 
 fields. 
 
 By Mr. Goudyc: — 
 
 Q. On what do you base your statement that the ocean freights from Sydney aro 
 30 per cent, lower than those from tho more southerly ports ? — On tho fact that wo 
 have been tendorod vessels by shipowners in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia at 30 
 per cent, loss from Sydney than from the other ports. 
 
 Q, Why do you get them for 30 per cont. less ? — The reaaon ia that we are 800 
 miles nearer Europe than New York and other American porta, and the port charges 
 aro very much less. 
 
 Q. Does Newfoundland take flour from the United States? — Yes. 
 
 Q. In case a large coal trade existed between Ontario and Nova Scotia, could 
 Ontario supply the Newfoundland market? — Canada could supply the Newfoundland 
 market with flour with return cargoes of coal west from Nova Scotia. Mr. Eobinson in 
 his evidence alluded to thovosaola going out from England and bringing coal as ballast. 
 I think there are only five porta in England from which vesaela take coal. It does 
 not pay the vessels to change porta and bring out coal as ballast, nor can the English 
 coal producer supply coal as ballast whore they have to ship it to porta whore voaaela 
 aro lying. I hold that Montreal and Quebec would get moro tonnage by taking coal 
 ^rom Sydney, than if they were dependent on English coal aa ballast. Sydney is 
 becoming the North American port of call, and veasela bound west seeking freights 
 call there now almost entirely. On arrival they enquire for Montreal, St. John, New 
 York, Baltimore and Philadelphia freight markets, and often Montreal quotes higher 
 than any of tho other ports ; and could we got coal freights at a low rate to Montreal 
 Montreal would command more ocean tonnage. . . . , , . 
 
 Q. That is if you prevented veasela from bringing out coal aa ballast? — VVe could 
 furnish coal as cheaply as tho English coal and could give Montreal and Quebec moro 
 tonnage. 
 
5?—*^ 
 
 ssg 
 
 62 
 
 EF'-.-OT OF THE COAL DUTY. 
 
 In 1870 the Parliament of Canada imposed a duty of 50 cents \j(ii' tor o- -^H im- 
 poitod coal and removed it in 1871, with the following result :— 
 
 Imports in 1869,-389,485, the year before the duty. 
 do 1870,-272,595, the year of the duty. 
 do 1871,-484,826, the year after the duty. 
 Cost to the consumer in Montreal, in 1869, $5 to $8 per ton. 
 do 1870, $4.50 do 
 
 do 1871, $5 to $10 do 
 
 Productions in Nova Scotia, 1S69, 511,795. 
 do 1870, 568,277. 
 
 do 1871, 596,418. 
 
 "We thus see that while the duty in no way increased the price of coal to tho 
 consumer, it yet diminished our imports to the extent of 116,890, and enabled th& 
 Nova Scotia collieries to increase their shipments by 56,482. 
 
 Table of distances from Sydney to the following ports :— 
 
 Miles. Depth of Water. 
 
 Sydney to Quebec ... 720 
 
 do Montrv^al 900 23 feet. 
 
 do Toronto 1,200 13 do 
 
 do Chicago 2,161 14 do 
 
 do Miramichi •- 300 22 do 
 
 do St. John's, Newfoundland 400 
 
 do St. John, N.B 540 
 
 do Halifax, N.S 240 
 
 do Portland, U.S 580 
 
 do Boston, U.S 600 
 
 do New York, U.S T50 
 
 
 I I 
 
sa 
 
 '11 im- 
 
 TIIK IKOX INDUSTRY. 
 
 Attention 1ms boon awakonoi by tho didciissioii on tlio Iron and Coal InUiistrios, 
 since tho introiJuction of tho new tarift', as to onr tsupply of iron oro and capacity for 
 its manufacture. 
 
 jMuch has boon written from time to lime on this subject by tho jjeological 
 survey and others, but tho information submitted is in so scattoreti a form as not to 
 bo convenient to the general public. It is the objoct of tho second issue of this 
 pamphlet to give a concise report of some of tho more important iron deposits ot 
 the Dominion, with tho number and capacity of our blast furnaces and mills. 
 
 The tables annexed show that tho importation of iron since 1872, aggregates- 
 $90,387,420.00, which money has been sent out of tho country for an article w& 
 possess in groat abundance, and for the manufacture of whi(;h wo {^(xsscss all the 
 necessary facilities at home. 
 
 The statistics of tho l-lnglish, American and Belgian iii>n trade, horowitlii 
 submitted, show tho commercial importance of this industry to the countrie* 
 developing it. 
 
 feet, 
 do 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 IRON DEPOSITS OF THK DOMINION. 
 
 BRITISH (JOI.UMHIA. 
 
 Magnetic Iron Ore. 
 (^Texada Island., B.C. — Geukxjical Survey.) 
 
 " Tnis important deposit occurs incrystallino rock supposed to be of Carbonil'orous 
 ago. The largest exposure is on the south side of the island, about throe miles 
 north-west of (rillies' Bay. Here the ore-bed is seen to bo from twenty to twenty- 
 five feet thick, and to rest on grey ciyslallino limestone, with which, for about two 
 feet down, are interst rati tied bands of oro, ot from half-an-inch to one inch in thick- 
 ness. From this n.>int to the north-west, I'or nearly a mile, tho bod is occasionally 
 seen, and at one place there is a continuous exposure about 250 feet long and from 
 one to ten feet thick. To tho north-oast it is also said to have been trace<l for more 
 than throo milos. As rogaiils mining and sliipment the oro is most favorably situ- 
 ated, while ii' tho event of smelting operations being carried on, there isati abundance 
 of wootl suitable for making charcoal on tho island, and Comox Harbour, from which 
 tho coal of tho Comox area will be shipped, is less than twenty miles distant." 
 
 Tho ore is of an iron-grey colour, and frequently contains little cavities, which 
 hold red or yellow ochre. Sometimes the cavities are lined with octahedral ciystals 
 of magnetite. A partial analysis of a spooiinon colleclod by Mr. JauAos lliohardson» 
 
of tho Geological Survey, gives 68'40 pel" cent, of iron, and only '003 per cent, of 
 phofphoruB. The deposit is in part owned by Messrs. Nelson & 3Ioody, ofBurrurd 
 Inlet. — Carboniferous f 
 
 {An Island in Queen Charlotte Sound, B.C., — Captain Lewis, Victoria.) 
 
 The island is not named on any of the charts, but it occurs near the Walker 
 group,'^in Schooner Passage. The ore is a finely-granular magnetite, exceptionally 
 rich in iron, the specimens examined yielding as high as 71'57 per cent. 
 
 ONTARIO. 
 
 \ In the Lakes Superior and Huron regions are many deposits of valuable iron ore, 
 both magnetic and hematite ; for instance, lot No. 10, Z, Township of McGregor, in 
 localities to the south of Nequaquon and Gun-flint Lakes, in the north-west 
 <;orner of Neebing, containing SI-IS iron; near the mouth of the Little Pic River is 
 found a deposit, 90 feet thick, containing 36 to 4G per cent, of iron ; also, deposits of 
 ore at the west end of Little Long Lake ; Gros Cap, mouth of the Miclnpicoton River; 
 Mammoth and Vulcan Iron Mountains, near Batchawana Bay, containing 50 percent, 
 of iron, and at Agawa River, these are magnetites; the Silver Lake mining location, 
 about four and a-half miles north-east of Thunder Bay, beds about 45 feet thick, con- 
 tains 68 per cent, of iron ; lots 67 B and 68 B, Loon Lake, Thunder Bay ; the Dickson 
 location, Desert Lake, Bruco Mines; location Y, VIII., Desert Lake, all showing 
 good deposits of hematite ore. 
 
 OALWAY. 
 
 In lots 27, in 13th and 14th; 23, in 14th, and 22 and 24, in the 12th ranges of the 
 Township of Gfilway. Prof. Chapman found magnetic ore rich in iron, and free from 
 titanium. 
 
 THE SNOWDON IRON F.OCATION. 
 
 Situated on lot No. 20, range 1, of Snowdon ; 15 miles from Coboconk, the 
 terminus of the Nipissing Railway — a branch is now under construction ; the aggre- 
 gate thickness of the mine is about 50 to 60 feet, in beds of six or seven feet. Messrs. 
 Shortis & Co., of Port Hope, are the owners. Dr. Chapman gives an analysis as fol- 
 lows: sesqui oxide of iron, 58 .{5 ; protoxide of iron, 24.87; metallic iron, 60-18; 
 alumina, 042; titanic acid, 0-73 ; oxide of manganese, 013 ; (mngnesia, lime, silica), 
 rook matter, 1516; phosphoric -add, 0*17; sulphur, 0-04. _ ^ ■ 
 
 THE BAIBTON OHE BED. 
 
 Owned by the Cc'ourg, Peterborough and Marmora Railway & Mining Co., is an 
 Important deposit of magnetite, containing an admixture of hematite, has been 
 
JJ 
 
 cent, of 
 Burriird 
 
 Walker 
 )tionally 
 
 iron ore, 
 regor, in 
 )rth-west 
 Eiver is 
 jposits of 
 n Eiver ; 
 per cent, 
 location, 
 lick, con- 
 ! Dickson 
 showing 
 
 ges of the 
 free from 
 
 conk, the 
 the aggre- 
 , Messrs. 
 ^sis as fol- 
 jn, 60-18; 
 ae, silica), 
 
 f Co., is an 
 has been 
 
 workc 1 for many years. From 1839 to 1875, UJ,000 ton^s of ore h ivo been proluced 
 *nd shipped to the TJnited States. A blast furnace, for the re taction of this ore, wus 
 erected in the Township of Marmora. Dr. lEuiit gave an analysis as follows: mag. 
 oxideof iron, 72-80=52 72, iron; magnesia, (>--4() ; lime, 035; carbonate of lime, 2-40; 
 carbonate of magnesia, 0'84 ; phosphor us,0 035; sulphur,0027 ; water, 3'50 ; insoluble, 
 14*73 ; capacity of furnace, about four tons. 
 
 THE SEYMOUR ORE BED. 
 
 Situated on lot 11, in range 5, of Madoc; the bed is from 25 to 30 feet thick. In 
 1837 a furnace was erected in Madoc Village to smelt this ore; capacity, about five 
 tons ; the product was a very fine iron. The Grand Junction Railway passed near 
 the mine. Dr. Hunt gives the following analysis: per and pro. of iron, 89*22; 
 metallic iron, 64,61 ; phosphorous, 0012; sulphur, 0073; insoluble matter, 10'42. 
 
 THE NEILSON MINE. 
 
 The west half of 19, in range 2, of Madoc. Containing a bed of abou; 25 foot. 
 
 THE COOKE MINE. 
 
 The west half of 16, in range 5, of Madoc; resembles the Seymour Mine. 
 
 THE MOORE MINE. 
 
 The east half of 17 in range 5 of Madoc is a continuation of the Cooke Mine. 
 
 THE FOLEY IRON MINE. 
 
 On the 9th and 10th lots, in range 8, of Bathurst, is an irregular deposit of two 
 feet in thickness, has been traced fifty-six miles from Eagle Lake, in Hinchinbrooke, 
 to Fitzroy on the Ottawa River. 
 
 THE QLENDOWER OR HOUSE MINE. 
 
 Situated on lot 4, in range 1, of Bedford, the thickness of bed is about eighty- 
 five feet., containing 64*03 of iron, about 1,500 tons a month have been raised and 
 shipped to Elmira, N.Y. A. Cleveling, of Kingston, Superintendent. 
 
 MACHAR MINE. 
 
 Township of Bedford is a continuation of the Glendower bed ; the ore is shipped. 
 
 THE 8ILTER LAKE MINES. 
 
 A magnetite of black colour, and bright lustre, worked by Mr. Oliver, of Perth, 
 analysis of ore mag. ox. of iron 88*69 = 64*15 iron, titanic acid 1*75, residue 5*75. 
 4i 
 
66 
 
 THE CUAFFEY MI.VE. 
 
 Situated on lots 26 and 27, in rungo 6, of South Crosby, the bed of ore is about 
 two hundred feet thick ; is on an island in the Rideau Canal. The ore is a titaniferous 
 magnetite. Dr. Hunt's analysis gives mag. ox. of iron 69'77 = 50*52 iron ; titanic 
 acid, 9*80; magnesia, 4'50 ; alumina, 5*65; silifca, 7'10; water, 2*45; phosphorus, 
 1-52 ; sulphur, 0-85 ; the annual production is 7,500 tons, is shipped to Cleveland. 
 
 THE BISHOP MINE. 
 
 Situated on lots 2 and 3, range 12, of Fitzroy ; the ore is chrystaline ; mine 
 undeveloped; owned by Andrew Bishop, Bell's Coi'ners. 
 
 THE WALLBRIDQE HEMATITE MINE. 
 
 Situated on the east half of lot 12, i-ango 5, of Madoc. Iron from the ore was 
 made of supeinor quality at Throe Rivers; the owner is T. C. Wallbridge, Belleville. 
 
 THE COWAN AIINE. 
 
 Situated on the oast half of lot 1, in range 4, of Dalhousie; this mine has been 
 worked for several years by Alex. Cowan, of Belleville, and others. The ore is a red 
 hematite, giving 60 per cent, of iron ; shipped to Cleveland ; from 3,000 to 
 4,000 tons of ore have been annually shipped. 
 
 MAC NAB. 
 
 On lot 6, concession C and D, there is a deposit at the surface measuring about 
 thirty feet in thickness, giving 59*09 iron. The mine has not been developed. 
 
 ;H /. 
 
8T 
 
 ibout 
 )rou8 
 tanic 
 orus, 
 nd. 
 
 mice 
 
 e Wtt8 
 wille. 
 
 s been 
 I a red 
 00 to 
 
 about 
 
 QUEBEC. 
 
 THK HAYCOCK lEON LOCATION. 
 
 Situate about nine miles from the City of Ottawa, and six and a-quarter miles 
 from the navigable water of the Gatincau, a branch of the Ottawa Eiver, and the 
 Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa and Occidental Eailway, in the 11th range of Hull and 
 6th of Templeton, is a mine of specular hematite ore of groat purity, owned by 
 the Ottawa Iron and Steel Manufacturing Company. Dr. E. J. Chapman, professor 
 of mineralogy and geology, reports the extent to be enough to last for ages. He 
 gives, in a portion of the property, the width of veins as 70 feet ; length, 3,500 feet, 
 and depth of 200 feet ; contents over six millions of British tons ; the strata dips at 
 an angle of 45° to 50". His analyses are as follow : — 
 
 
 Prcf. Ohapm 
 
 an. 
 
 oiS 
 •C CK 
 
 o 
 
 d 
 
 S 
 
 -** 
 
 A 
 
 *** 
 
 & 
 % 
 
 n 
 M 
 ki 
 
 o 
 
 •c 
 
 a 
 
 <« 
 
 05 
 
 d 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 «•. 
 w 
 
 a 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 Peroxide or sesquioxide of iron 
 Protoxide of iron 
 
 89-80 
 7-06 
 2-34 
 
 Trace. 
 0-22 
 
 Trace. 
 
 Trace. 
 
 Trace. 
 43 
 Oil 
 
 88-08 
 6-86 
 3-17 
 0-55 
 13 
 0-6li 
 0-16 
 0-(i3 
 0-M 
 0-26 
 
 85-45 
 6 24 
 212 
 41 
 17 
 041 
 0-13 
 0-07 
 0-28 
 0-77 
 
 87-40 
 3 93 
 3-41 
 37 
 0-47 
 0-66 
 0-25 
 0-10 
 
 65-93 
 
 10-09 
 
 3 84 
 
 '""o-os 
 
 0-13 
 014 
 
 002 
 
 
 8904 
 7-92 
 
 
 
 
 
 Titanic acid 
 
 
 
 
 Protoxide of manxanese 
 
 Magnesia ■ 
 
 
 0-'40" 
 
 0-56 
 0-21 
 04 
 
 
 Lime 
 
 
 
 PhoBolioric acid 
 
 
 0-34 
 
 Sulphur.. ..... 
 
 Graphite 
 
 Insular rocic matter 
 
 Oxvffen witb iron - 
 
 
 0-37 
 
 
 
 I'er 
 
 2-10 
 
 100-34 
 
 64-24 
 
 010 
 
 1-09 
 
 26 85 
 
 49 
 
 1-34 
 
 100 00 
 
 .... 
 
 0-3'Z 
 1-77 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Silica 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 99-96 
 
 68.34 
 as— 
 
 100-14 
 
 100-05 
 
 100-26 
 
 
 
 
 
 Metallic iron 
 
 66-98 
 6640 
 
 63 88 
 
 a> 02 
 0-06 
 
 66-00 
 
 68-49 
 0-093 
 
 61-45 
 
 PhoBohorua 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 .;■,! 
 
 . bore are four most complete Catalan forges erected. The Company propo.se to 
 erect one or more blast furnaco.s, a rolling-mill and foundry, and enter into the manu- 
 facture iron bridges, &c. 
 
 ■' • THE FORSYTH AND BALDWIN MINES. 
 
 I 
 
 Are Hituate about half-a -mile apart on lot 11 in the Yth range of Hull, about six 
 miles from Ottawa; the ore is a mi.xtufc of hematite and "red ore," not being a 
 black ore is not e8^erlti:llly a m.agnctito. A blast furnace, now oat of order, is 
 situated on the navigable water of the Oraiinojiu Eiver. The thickness ot ihe ore 
 ed is in some places 60 foe:, yielding 60 to fiJ per cent, of iron. The analysis of 
 Dr. Hunt gives peroxide of iron fi'i-.'O ; pi otoxide, 17-78 ; oxide of manganese, tr:tC3S ; 
 lime, 1-85; magnepia, 0-18 ; plio.'^phnnis, ()-15; sulphur, 0*28; carbonic acid, 1-17; silica, 
 11-11; graphite, 0-71. Capacity of furnnce, 13 tons. 
 
5rt 
 
 •: 
 
 THE HALL MINK. 
 
 Situate on lot 16, range 3, of Buokingham ; owned by Edward Haycock. The 
 indications arc good for a lai-i^e amount of ore. Tlie mine ia undeveloped. 
 
 TUB OLIVER HINB. ' 
 
 Situated ^on lots 14 and 15, in range 4, of South Sherbrooke ; owned by Mr. 
 Oliver, of Perth; containi^ metallic iron, 64' 15; titanic acid, 1*75. 
 
 THE TAYLOR MINE. 
 
 Situated on lot 22, in range of Bristol. This mine of magnetic ore, owned by 
 Taylor & Burns, of Peterborough, has beds of nine or ten feet thickness, holding a 
 considerable portion of hematite. The analysis of the Geological Department gives 
 peroxide of iron, 65-44, protoxide of iron, 14-50=58'37 iron ; bisulphide of iron, 2*74; 
 Bulphur, 1*46; pi otoxide of manganese, 0-11 ; alumina, 0-60 ; lime, 3*90; magnesia, 45; 
 silica, 1I'45; carbonic acid, 1-64; phosphoric acid, traces; titanic, none ; water, 14. 
 Too much pyrites is present in the ore. 
 
 THB M0I8IB. 
 
 This mine of iron-sand is situated on the River Moisie ; owned by the estate of 
 The Moisie Iron Co. Mr. Wm. Molson erected Bloomary Furnaces, making a 
 superior class of iron. The same estiito own valuable rolling mills and nail factory 
 in Montreal. Dr. Hunt gives the analysis of washed sand, 55*23 percent, iron ; 0*16, 
 titanic acid; 0*07, sulphur; 0-007, phosphorous; 5*92, insoluble matter. 
 
 THE TITANIC IRON CO. 
 
 own a mine of titar.iferous iron ore on St Urbane, Bay St. Paul ; the bed is 90 feet 
 thick; the ore contains 40 per cent, of titanic acid ; 37 per cent, metallic iron. The 
 Company, in 1873, erected two blast furnaces ; capacity of each furnace, from four to 
 six tons. 
 
 THE ST. MAURICE FORGES. 
 
 Owned by F. McDougal & Son, Three Rivers — using a bog ore — making a very 
 fine iron with charcoal fuel. The first furnace was erected in 1737 ; still running 
 with same fuel ; capacity, four tons. 
 
 l'islet. 
 
 Owned also by P. McDougal & Son, has a blast furnace, using bog ore ; capacity, 
 four tons. ^ ' • - 
 
 RlVliRE AUX VAOHES. 
 
 The blast furnace erected in 1869— u^ing bog ore — making a fine car-wheel iron, 
 is owned by F. McDougal &Son ; capacity from April, 1869, to June, 1873, 5,520 tons. 
 
59 
 
 VAnDRECtL. 
 
 A mine of bog ore ia foani atC6t6St. Cliarles attuiningalhicknessof eight feet; 
 the ore contains 50 per cent, of iron. On the McGillis property, St. Elizabeth, the ore 
 analysis — metallic iron, 28*67; peroxide of iron, 40-96; oxide of manganese, 26*34; 
 lime, 1*48; phosphoric acid, 0*60; insoluble matter and solnblo silica, 12*08; water 
 and organic matter, 1797. 
 
 ST. VALliRB. 
 
 This deposit of ore containing about 50 per cent, of iron, extends over an area of 
 from 10 to 15 miles; situated near the branches of Rividre du Sud. 
 
 NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 CABLETON COUNXr IRON MINE8. 
 
 Analysis of Iron Ores. 
 
 These ores are three miles from the fnrnrifos which aio siluaLc at Woodstock. 
 The following is an analysis by John Mitchell, Esq., of London, England : — 
 
 
 
 
 Veins Nob. 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 S 
 
 Peroxide of iron 
 
 Protoxide of iron 
 
 49-367 
 412 
 6200 
 4-784 
 
 47-858 
 2140 
 3 924 
 6-110 
 
 39-286 
 1-140 
 3116 
 6-872 
 
 67-857 
 1070 
 2 004 
 0976 
 
 42-867 
 
 50-000 
 2-400 
 
 Alumina 
 
 6-412 
 2140 
 8740 
 1'074 
 6-107 
 32-420 
 8-974 
 
 30-000 
 
 6 114 
 
 Oxide of manf^aneie 
 
 Peroxide of maDsraneBe 
 
 3-742 
 
 Lime 
 
 Ifagneaia 
 
 Silica. 
 
 2 014 
 
 3 911 
 22 021 
 
 7621 
 
 34-867 
 
 1004 
 
 5-016 
 
 16-842 
 
 13-890 
 
 35-147 
 
 I 120 
 
 4-602 
 26-964 
 16-764 
 
 28*377 
 
 0-887 
 
 2940 
 
 15-630 
 
 5 609 
 
 48-323 
 
 1146 
 
 4072 
 
 19*842 
 
 Carbonic acid and water 
 
 Potash, soda, sulphuric acid and 
 
 phosphoric acid make the rest. 
 PercentBfire of metallic iron _ 
 
 10-630 
 36-848 
 
 
 
 THICKNESS OF THE BEDS. 
 
 The brown hematite iron ore occurs in veins between red and green clay slates 
 lying on edge with more or less inclination. These veins are from two to eight and ten 
 feet, and in No. 4, 20 feet in thickness, and the quantity is inexhaustible. The 
 mines are under a 99 years' lease (1850) from Government. The quantity mined 
 amounts to 100.000 tons at an average cost of $1.20, delivered at the roasting kilns (of 
 which there are three), three tons of the raw producing one ton of pig iron. The 
 woods used for charcoal are maple, birch and boech. The facility for obtaining fuel 
 has been greatly increased by the building of the New Brunswick Railway. 
 
 i 
 
60 
 
 There are two blast fVirnaces blown by two high pressare Ptoam engines, the 
 works being located on two terraces rising from the River St. John. Eod bricifs for 
 building are made on the premises, the clay being excellent for the purpose. The 
 charcoal kilns arc rectangular, with arched roofs and from 65 to 80 cords capacity, 
 producing 40 bushels of charcoal to the cord. Wood ranges from $1.50 to $2 per 
 cord delivered at the works, to which there is an easy down gi-ade from the mines. 
 
 Thoi'e arc other iron beds in the County of Carloton besides those mentioned 
 especially in the Parish of Aberdeen, at a distance of about four miles from the St. 
 John Eivei'. Wood is also abundant in this locality. 
 
 BUETON. 
 
 Bods of bog ore are found in Greens, Sunbury and York Counties, of a thickness 
 of several feet. The Burton ore contains 47 per cent, of iron. 
 
 NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 NICTAUX. 
 
 The supply of iron ores at Nictaux is inexhaustible. A partial analysis has been 
 made; the ore holds numerous fossils of the Lower Devonian age. "It was very fine 
 grained and tough, breaki.ig with a sub-conchoidal fracture. Calculating the iron 
 as magnetic oxide it contained " : — 
 
 Magnetic oxide of iron.... 69-17 
 
 Phosphoric acid 1'82 
 
 Sulphur 0f>5 
 
 Insoluble matter 18 
 
 A small Catalan forge produced some bar iron from these ores in the first ade 
 of tlie present century. 
 
 MOOSE RIVER. 
 
 In the year 1826 the Provincial Association om])loyed Cyrus Alger to erect the 
 Annapolis Iron Works at Moose River. " Excellent iron way; produced, both pig iron 
 for foundry purposes and refined for bar iron." , ; ; . . ,.*,(...> y- 
 
 Although the iron deposits at Moose River were found rich with every convenience 
 most conducive to the manufacture of iron yet operations had to bo suspended owing 
 to the want of protection. 
 
61 
 
 POTTBB MINK. 
 
 Dr. E. C. Dew and O. Underwood, of Boaton, are the owners of this mine of mag- 
 netic iron ore, situated about two and one-half miles from Clementsport, Annapolis 
 County; in 1831 a blast furnace, capacity, one hundred tons per month, was erected ; 
 the contents of the ore is 45 per cent, metallic iron. 
 
 THE STEEL COMPANY OF CANADA 
 
 Own a vein of hematite in Cook's Brook, Londonderry, from three to four feet 
 thick. The Geological Department return an analysis of peroxide of iron, 96*93 ; pro- 
 of manganese, trans-alumina, 0-33; lime, 0-04; magnesia, 0-11; pho. acid, 0.07; 
 sulphur, none ; water, 0-82 ; insoluble matter, 1-26 ; the Londonderry furnace is near 
 the mine. 
 
 On the southern slope of the Cobequid Hills has been traced for a distance of 
 twelve miles an important mine of limonite. The Geological Department analysis 
 gives : 
 
 Ocre 
 Limonite. 
 
 Per. of iron 79-68 
 
 Pro. " 
 
 Pro. of manganese 2*51 
 
 Alumina , 0*63 
 
 Lime 057 
 
 Magnesia 034 
 
 Silica 305 
 
 Pho. acid 0.44 
 
 Sul. acid 0.01 
 
 Water 12-43 
 
 Insoluble residue 
 
 Gompact 
 Limonite. 
 
 84-73 
 traces 
 0.23 
 0.23 
 014 
 014 
 
 0.19 
 0-01 
 
 2-67 
 
 Metallic iron 
 
 99-66 99-74 
 
 55-78 69-31 
 
 The works of this company consist of two blast furnaces, capable of producing 
 30,000 ions of coke pig iron per annum ; one blast furnace capacity of producing 3,000 
 tons of charcoal pig iron pur annum ; one rolling mill, capacity, 10,000 tons of bar 
 and sheet iron per annum ; one foundry, capacity, 12,000 car wheels por annum ; ex- 
 penditure in work, two millions of dollars; expenditure, current year, in prosecuting 
 labor, $422,000 ; the consumption of coal, 1,100 tons per week ; there are also two 
 Siemens rotary furnaces ; the works are connected with the Intercolonial Railway by 
 a branch railway. These iron deposits are in close pz-oximity to the coal fields, and 
 have every facility for the manufacturing of iron. 
 
(12 
 
 PICTOU OHE BSD. 
 
 IxJttse No. 29 itt a mine from ton to twenty feot in thickness of hematite ore, 
 situated on the EaHt River, in the neighbourhood of the Pic'.ou coal field ; Dr. T. B. 
 Thorp, of Glasgow, given an analysis, per. of iron, 9(>-63 ; pro. of iron, 0-98; sul., 
 of iron, 0*06; phos., none ; silica and insoluble matter, 8-20 ; metallic iron, 08*33. 
 
 URBAT Il£D HEMATITB BKU OIT MOLBLLAN'S MOUNTAIN. 
 
 This bed of ore has been traced across " Right of Work," No. 8, Pictou County, 
 ▼arying in width from fifteen to thirty feet, angle of depth from 25° to 75°. Dr. 
 Stevenson McAdara, of Edinburgh, analysis the ore as ox. of iron, 75-67 ; ox. of man- 
 ganese, 0'52; alumina, 0*45; oar. of lime, 2-44; car. of magnesia, 098; phos. acid, 
 022; sulphur, 0.29; titanic acid, trace silica, 19-43 ; fnetallio iron, 54*36. 
 
 LEASi 28. 
 
 In Pictou county a bed of red hematite, yielding 43 per cent., situated between 
 McLellan's Mountain and East Hiver. 
 
 THE KRA8ER SADDLER AREA. 
 
 Lea(>o 2(J, Pictou County ; a lode from six to twenty-two feet in thickness of 
 
 inionite, is traced from the north branch of east branch, East River, to a point seven 
 
 miles higher up. The Geological Department analysis gives, per. of iron, 8501 ; pro. 
 
 of manganese, 0-38; alumina, 0*69; lime, 0-49; magnesia, 0*19 ; pho.-acid, trace sul. 
 
 acid, 55; water, IMS; insoluble matter, 2*14; metallic iron, 59-50. 
 
 THE CULLEN AREA. 
 
 Lease No. 10.5, Pictou County, on the banks of a stream running into East River, 
 is exposed a lode of limonite, varying in width up to three feet. The geological 
 department give analysis, per of iron, 76-93 ; pro. of iron, 4-97; pro. of manganese, 
 0*68; alumina, 1-019; lime, 0-313; magnesia, 0-052; silica, 5-83; pho.-acid, 98; sul. 
 acid, 0*11 ; water, 9-46 ; organic matter, 18 ; metallic iron, 57*71. 
 
 SUTHERLAND RIVER. 
 
 An irregular bed of sparry iron ore has been traced for several hundred yards; 
 the thickness of bed, about ten feet. The Geological Department analysis gives, sesq. 
 of iron, 16*98; car. of iron, 65*61 ; car. of manganese, 7.98; car of lime, 2.67 ; car of 
 magnesia, 3-23 ; silica, 376; sulphur ; phosphorus, 0*013; water, 0*76 ; metallic 
 iron, 43*56. "^ 
 
c;^ 
 
 IRON ORBS OF CAPE BRETON. 
 
 From the transactions of the Newcastle-on-Tyne Institute of Mining Engineers. 
 
 At Loraine, noar Louisburg, boulders of a compact red homatito, of excellent 
 quality, have been found ; but the writer is not aware of any attempts to prove the 
 oro in situ. The following is an analysis of it by Mr. G. P. Dowing, of Workinton : — 
 
 Peroxide of iron 9014 
 
 Lime and magnesia 4-20 
 
 Sulphur -10 
 
 Phosphoric acid -ll 
 
 Silica 6-45 
 
 Phosphorous in 100 parts of iron '054 
 
 This ore resembles some of the Cumberland (England) rod hematites in appear- 
 ance and quality. 
 
 Near the summit of the lower carboniferous, as exposed near Sydney, is a thick 
 bed of red marl, with nodules of limestone. Noar the top of this bod is a hai-d grey 
 sandstone, containing a variable araoun* of peroxide of iron in places, equal to 30 per 
 «ent. of melallic iron. 
 
 At Big Pond, on the East Bay of the Bras d'Or Lake, a bed of red hematite, about 
 eight feet thick, has been traced about 700 yards. According to Dr. Howe, of 
 Windsor, the ore contains 61.39 per cent, of iron, 9 per cent, of silica, and mere 
 traces of sulphur and phosphorus. On the opposite of Bast Bay similw oro has been 
 found. 
 
 Several openings have been made on what appear to be separate beds, and 
 several hundred tons of ore have been extracted for shipment to the United States. 
 The following analysis is by the oificors of the Geological Survey: — 
 
 Peroxide of iron 85 037 
 
 Phosphoric acid -032 
 
 Sulphur "075 
 
 Silica 5130 
 
 90H74 
 Metallic iron 59526 
 
 At Whycocomagh, in rocks of upper silurian age (?) no loss than nine deposits 
 have been exposed and traced a few hundred yaixis ; from surface indications they 
 appear to extend much further. One bed of magnetite is nine feet thick, and another 
 of rod hematite six feet. The former, on analysis by the oflScers of the Geologic* 
 
04 
 
 Survey, wuh found to ooiiBiat of a mixture of spocuUr and magnetic ore, with a con- 
 aiderablo quantity of BiliciouH matter, and gave 42-G4 per cent, metallic iron, and 26 
 per cent, of plio.sphoric acid. The latter gave, it is stated, 56 per cent, of iron. 
 These depohitH, being on elevated ground and only a quarter of a mile from shipping, 
 are well uiluatcd for working. 
 
 And yet another Buporlativo advantage with these deposits is, that they lie is 
 close contiguity to the great coal soums of this Island. 
 
 STATEMENT OP THE STEEL COMPANY OP CANADA. 
 
 The works of the Steel Company of Canada, at Londonderry, N.S., consist of 
 two blast fui-naces, capable of producing 30,000 tons of coke pig iron per annum, but 
 of which one only has yet been lit; of a third blast furnace, capable of producing 
 3,000 tons of charcoal pig iron per annum ; of a rolling mill, capacity 10,000 Ions of 
 bar and sheet iron per annum ; and of a foundry, capacity 12,000 car wheels per 
 annum. 
 
 These works are within about two miles of the Intercolonial Railway, with 
 which .oy are connected by a branch lino. In their erection, and in developing 
 mines, and building railways and other structures necessary for conducting the 
 business of iron making, a capital expenditure exceeding two millions of dollars 
 has been made, mainly for labour, and a further considerable expenditure is in con- 
 tenijilation to complete the works, should circumstances warrant. 
 
 Durinuf the past year one of the blast furnaces has been steadily running, and the 
 rollitig mill, although not completed till Docombor, has been operated to about one- 
 thiid of its present capacity. 
 
 If both furnaces and the rolling mill, as now completed, had been in operation 
 tl ronghout ihe year, their outj)ut would, al present low prices, have been vvortk 
 $150,000, and its average jjrice about $1,000,000. 
 
 Tho amount of current expenditure during the year ending Slst Dccem>^er, 1878, 
 was $422,000, ;dl for labor directly or indirectly employed in Canada. Thus: — 
 
 Wages paid to the Company's cmploj'ces $20fi,000 
 
 Dedi.ct proportion applicable to construction — 26,000 
 
 $180,000 
 
 Cost of coal, ore, lime, and other native products 
 
 -."- got out by contractors and con>umcd 151,000 
 
 Freight paid the Intercolonial Eailway 91,000 
 
 $422,000 
 
G5 
 
 ith a COD- 
 n, and 26 
 t. of iron, 
 shipping, 
 
 llioy tie im 
 
 conwiHt of 
 nnum, but 
 
 )roJuoing 
 )0(> lona of 
 phoelH per 
 
 way, with 
 doveloping 
 luting the 
 J of dollars 
 h in con- 
 
 ng, and the 
 about one- 
 
 operation 
 een worth 
 
 nhor, 1878, 
 'hu8 :— 
 
 ,000 
 
 ,000 
 ,000 
 
 ,000 
 
 With the works in full operation thin Jinbursomont would be very much incroartod, 
 probably by 76 per cent. 
 
 The iron producod in of Hnor quality than haa hllhurto bcuii usually imported. 
 This ia due to the character of the ore, which «loo« not admit of the nianufucturo of 
 inferior iron at utiy reduction in cost, but iho bonelit of the quality goes at proHont 
 entiruly to the coiiHuniur, who naturally decliuos to pay a higher price than that at 
 which he can obtain the foreign iron, which hitherto he has been compelled to use 
 and to which he ia accustomed. 
 
 The competition which the (company encounters in the disposal of its products 
 is : — 
 
 Ist. With iron from (Jroat Britain brought out as balhist, or at nominal rates of 
 freight; say 2s. (>d. stg., per ton and upwards. 
 
 2nd. With iron from the United States, which, during the past twelve months, 
 has been ottered in Cunuda with little regard to cost, and in some instances with the 
 avowed intention of shutting up the Steel Company's works. 
 
 With respect to the former, the rate of freight charged on the Steel Company's 
 iron from Londonderry, N.S., to Montreal, the chief market of the Dominion, is 83 
 per ton, and it is evident that it stands at a disadvantage in competing with the 
 European manufacturer, whose product is transported to the same point at a lower 
 rate. 
 
 With i-espect to competition from the United States, if no duty were levied on 
 iron in that country, the Steel Company's works, situated close to the Bay of Pundy, 
 would find an outlet for a large portion of their product in the Now England States, 
 but they are effectually shut out from that market by duties of $7 per ton on pig iron, 
 and 36 per cent, ad valorem and upwai-ds (mainly Ic. to 1 jfc. per lb.,) on bar iron ; 
 and such being the case, it is manifestly unfair that they should have to compete in 
 their own market (especially in Ontario, which is at a distance) with iron from New 
 York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, &c., admitted free of duty or at only 5 per cent. 
 
 Before the Londonderry iron was put on the Canadian market, American ])ig of 
 somewhat similar char.icter, sold in Ontario and Quebec tt $2 to $3 per ton above 
 the price of good Scotch iron, but to meet the competition of the home m.ide article 
 this diti'eronce has been entirely thrown off. It is, therefore, evident tbat the estab- 
 lishment of the Steel Company's works has already effected an actual reduction in 
 the price of iron in Canada, which would bo lost were they to suspend operations. 
 
 The present consumption of coal in the Steel Company's works exceeds 1,100 
 tons per week. If they were fully employed it would be 2,000 tons per week or 
 more. In the encouragement of the home manufacture of iron, therefore, the best 
 means of developing the coal mines of Canada will be found. 
 
 I! 
 
IP 
 
 60 
 
 The manufMCtuiers of Ontario, who arc the hivgeat consutnor.s of iron in the 
 Dominion, have, through their ABf-cciation, ti»kod that duties of $3 per ton on pig bo 
 imposed; the consumei"s of the other Provinces are, also, generally favourable to the 
 imposition of protective duties, all being apparently alive to the importance of 
 encouraging the home manufacture of iron. And it is evident that if the value of an 
 industry to the country in which it is estr blishod, and therefore its right to claim 
 protection, depends upon the extent to which it affords employment to labor, none can 
 prefer a stronger claim tu consideration than the manufacturer ot iron, the wholo 
 cost of the article produced being practically for wages, as the ore, coal, lime, and 
 other materials used, possess in themselves no value while lying in the bowels of tho 
 earth; and, further, that as tho manufacture) of iron requires tho employment of 
 of strong, able-bodied men, almost exclusively, it sustains a far gi-eater population 
 than most othor industries, in which women and children are largely employed. 
 Without such protection as will enable it, at least, to avoid loss, tho Steel Company 
 of Canada cannot long continue to operate its works, and as their stoppage would 
 practically amount to an almost total loss of the largo capital invested, it is un- 
 necessary to dwell on the discouraging effect it would have on all furthoi- attempts 
 to establish iron manufacturing in Canada. 
 
 GILLESPIE, MOFFArr & CO., 
 
 Agentu, 
 
 Montreal. 
 
 Imports of Coal and Iron (from tho Blue Books), and K?timate<i Amount paid 
 
 for Transportation. 
 
 Tears. 
 
 1872 
 
 1873 
 
 1874 
 
 1875 
 
 1876 
 
 1877 
 
 1878 
 
 Total 
 
 Total 
 Iron Imports. 
 
 Total 
 Goal Importa, 
 
 $ 
 
 12,291,908 
 20,202,763 
 18,878,411 
 16,783,960 
 11,600,897 
 9,330,982 
 8,298,517 
 
 $ 
 
 2,015,233 
 2,557,789 
 3,8011,260 
 3,076,088 
 3,320,060 
 3,499,661 
 3,064,816 
 
 96,387,428 I 21,366,837 
 
 Total 
 
 CoalaDd Iron 
 
 Imports. 
 
 Kstiuiated 
 
 Amount of 
 
 Freight. 
 
 Total 
 paid for Iron, 
 
 Coal, 
 
 and External 
 
 Freights. 
 
 $ 
 
 14,'307,141 
 22,760,642 
 22,681,671 
 18,860,048 
 14,920,967 
 12,820,643 
 11,363,363 
 
 1,196,638 
 1,198 334 
 1,658,828 
 1,354,870 
 1,637,760 
 1,917,960 
 1,839,696 
 
 $ 
 
 15,503,77f 
 23,958,876 
 24,330,499 
 20,214,9:8 
 16,568,7 17 
 14,748,603 
 13, 192,959 
 
 117,7K,266 I 10,793,966 
 
 128,508,251 
 
iron in the 
 ti on pig be 
 •able to the 
 lortance of 
 value of an 
 it to claim 
 r, none can 
 1, the whole 
 1, liino, and 
 woLs of the 
 loyraont of 
 population 
 ^ employed, 
 jl Company 
 page would 
 Oil, it is un- 
 loi' attempts 
 
 ntreal. 
 
 iiint paid 
 
 Total 
 paid tor IroD, 
 
 Coal, 
 
 and Bzternal 
 
 Freights. 
 
 15,503, 77t 
 23,988,876 
 24,330,499 
 20,214,9:8 
 16,558,7i7 
 14,748,503 
 13,192,959 
 
 128,608,251 
 
 67 
 
 Importations of Hardware, Iron, Stool and thoir Products into the Dominion, 
 
 from 18'72 to 18 i 8. 
 
 Articles. 
 
 Hardware and cutlery 
 
 Spades, shovels, forks and 
 edge tools 
 
 Spikes, nails, tacks, brads 
 and sprigs 
 
 Stores and other iron cast- 
 ings 
 
 Other hardware 
 
 LocoinotiTe engines and cars. 
 
 Machinery, not elsewhere 
 mentioned 
 
 Steam engines, other than 
 locomotives 
 
 Locomotive engine frames, 
 axles, &c 
 
 Iron 
 
 Cranks and shafts for steam- 
 boats and mills 
 
 Railway bars, chairs, fish 
 plates and car axles 
 
 Steel, wrought and cast 
 
 Iron tubing and piping 
 
 Total 
 
 1875. 
 
 187G. 
 
 1877. 
 
 187S. 
 
 464,626 
 
 76,198 
 
 298,747 
 
 651,386 
 
 3,405,835 
 
 181,449 
 
 733,786 
 
 124,621 
 
 38,160 
 3,797,533 
 
 10,846 
 
 5,287,861 
 675,032 
 147,181 
 
 287,166 
 60,846 
 
 207,839 
 791,382 
 
 241,286 
 874,406 
 
 15,783,960 
 
 228,7521 273,246i 233,786 
 
 393,6301 432,7'«2| 396,164 
 
 2,401,256 1592,619 1623,823 
 
 41,7:i5j 121,7151 136,647 
 
 619,831 384,896 366,948 
 
 30,390 33,397 7,131 
 
 12,2271 79,3.36 30,679 
 3,107,212|2820,333 2 366,932 
 
 I 
 
 2,630 3,226' 
 
 I 
 3,897, 770|l 901,097 1 405,822 
 
 384,105 495,494 
 133,347| 193,660 
 
 11,600,897'9330,982 
 
 393,672 
 232,832 
 
 8298,6ir 
 
 Duty on Iron entering Canada and tho United States. 
 
 Description. 
 
 Canadian, 
 Old Tariff, 1879. 
 
 Canadian, 
 
 New Tariff, March, 
 
 1879. 
 
 Pig iron 
 
 Bar iron 
 
 Iron railn 
 
 Steel rails 
 
 Oars and locomotives 
 Machinery 
 
 Free 
 
 S per cent.... 
 
 Free 
 
 do 
 
 17} per cent 
 do 
 
 American, 1879. 
 
 $2 per ton $7 per ton. 
 
 17} per cent $25 to $30 per ton. 
 
 16 
 10 
 25 
 2B 
 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 
 $14 per ton. 
 $25 do 
 36 per cent, 
 do 
 
ToNNAOE and Value of Coal and Iron Production, Great Britain, United States, 
 Belgium and ('anada, for the Year 1877. 
 
 Countries. 
 
 Cool. 
 
 Pig Iron. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Great Britain. 
 United States 
 
 fielgium 
 
 Canada 
 
 134,610,763 
 
 50,000,000 
 
 14,329,578 
 
 883.511 
 
 Value. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Total. 
 
 $ 
 
 219,444,046 
 
 76,000,000 
 
 35,000,000 
 
 1,544,526 
 
 6,608,664 78,685,306 
 
 2,314,685 
 
 418,366 
 
 16,000 
 
 34,000,000 
 
 5,857,124 
 
 210,000 
 
 $ 
 
 292,129,351 
 
 109,000,000 
 
 40,857,124 
 
 1,754,526 
 
 H 
 
fiO 
 
 ates, 
 
 AMERICAN^PilODUCTION OF PIG IRON FROM I85i TO 1877. 
 
 In the following table' we give the Htatistics of the production of pig iron in tons 
 in the United States from 1854 to 1877, classiHed according to the kind of fixel u^ed. 
 
 )tal. 
 
 $ 
 ,129,351 
 ,000,000 
 ,857,124 
 ,754,526 
 
 Years. 
 
 1854... 
 1855.. 
 1866... 
 1867 .. 
 1868.. 
 1869... 
 1860... 
 1861... 
 1862 .. 
 1863... 
 1864. . 
 1866.. 
 1866... 
 1867... 
 1868.. 
 1869., 
 1870., 
 1871.. 
 1872. 
 1873.. 
 1874,., 
 1875.. 
 1876.. 
 1877.. 
 
 Anthracite. 
 
 Charcoal. 
 
 Bituminous 
 
 Ooal 
 and Coke. 
 
 Total. 
 
 339,435 
 
 342,298 
 
 54,485 
 
 736,218 
 
 381,866 
 
 339,922 
 
 62,390 
 
 784,178 
 
 443,113 
 
 370,470 
 
 69,554 
 
 883,137 
 
 390,386 
 
 330,321 
 
 77,451 
 
 798,157 
 
 .361,430 
 
 285,313 
 
 58,351 
 
 705,094 
 
 471,745 
 
 284,041 
 
 84,841 
 
 840,627 
 
 519,211 
 
 278,331 
 
 122,228 
 
 919,770 
 
 40?,229 
 
 195,278 
 
 127,037 
 
 731,544 
 
 470,315 
 
 186,660 
 
 130,697 
 
 787,662 
 
 577,638 
 
 212,005 
 
 157,961 
 
 947,604 
 
 684,018 
 
 241,853 
 
 210,125 
 
 1,135,996 
 
 479,658 
 
 262,342 
 
 189,682 
 
 931,582 
 
 749,367 
 
 332,580 
 
 268,396 
 
 1,350,343 
 
 798,638 
 
 344,341 
 
 318,647 
 
 1,461,626 
 
 893,000 
 
 370,000 
 
 340,000 
 
 1,603,000' 
 
 971,150 
 
 392,150 
 
 653,341 
 
 1,916,641 
 
 930,000 
 
 365,000 
 
 570,000 
 
 1,866, 000 
 
 956,608 
 
 385,000 
 
 570,000 
 
 1,911,608 
 
 1,369,812 
 
 500,687 
 
 984,169 
 
 2,854,5.58 
 
 1,312,754 
 
 677,620 
 
 977,904 
 
 2,868,278 
 
 1,202,144 
 
 676, r57 
 
 910,712 
 
 2,689,413 
 
 908,046 
 
 410,990 
 
 947,545 
 
 2,266,381 
 
 794,678 
 
 308,649 
 
 990,009 
 
 2,093,236 
 
 934,797 
 
 317,843 
 
 1,061,946 
 
 2,314,586 
 
iff 
 
 70 
 
 AMERICAN IMPORTATION OF IRON. 
 
 iJuANT TIES and Value of Pig and Rolled Iron imported into the United States from 1855 
 to 1877, compiled (rom. Slatistics supplied by the United States Bureau of Statistics. 
 
 Fiscal Years. 
 
 Pig Iron. 
 
 1855. 
 1866. 
 1857. 
 1858. 
 1869. 
 1860. 
 1861. 
 1862. 
 1863. 
 1864. 
 1865. 
 1866. 
 1867. 
 1868. 
 1869. 
 1870. 
 1871. 
 1872. 
 1873. 
 1874. 
 1875. 
 18 V6. 
 1877. 
 
 I 
 
 Gross Tons. 
 
 Value. 
 
 98,925 
 
 $ 
 1,979,463 
 
 59,012 
 
 1,171.186 
 
 61,794 
 
 1,001,742 
 
 41,986 
 
 739,949 
 
 72,517 
 
 1,049,200 
 
 71,498 
 
 1,005,865 
 
 74,026 
 
 979,916 
 
 22,247 
 
 2H5,323 
 
 31,007 
 
 435,194 
 
 102,223 
 
 1,288,424 
 
 50,652 
 
 806,552 
 
 102,392 
 
 1,683,186 
 
 112,042 
 
 1,831,465 
 
 112,1.33 
 
 1,778,977 
 
 136,975 
 
 2,138,030 
 
 153,283 
 
 2,509,280 
 
 178,138 
 
 3,106,490 
 
 247,528 
 
 5,122,318 
 
 215,495 
 
 7,203,769 
 
 92,041 
 
 3,288,022 
 
 .53,748 
 
 l,4.i8,668 
 
 79,455 
 
 1,918,547 
 
 G7,92a 
 
 1,556,416 
 
 Railroad Iron, 
 Including Steel Rails. 
 
 Bar, Red, Hoop, 
 Sheet and Plate Iron. 
 
 Gross Tons. 
 
 127,516 
 
 155,495 
 
 179,305 
 
 76,745 
 
 69,965 
 
 122.175 
 
 74,490 
 
 8,611 
 
 17,088 
 
 118,714 
 
 77,518 
 
 78,007 
 
 96,272 
 
 151,097 
 
 237,703 
 
 279,765 
 
 458,055 
 
 531,636 
 
 .357,629 
 
 148,918 
 
 42,082 
 
 4,708 
 
 30 
 
 Value. Gross Tons. I Value. 
 
 $ 
 
 4,993,900 
 
 6,179,280 
 
 7,455,596 
 
 2,987,576 
 
 2,274,03.! 
 
 3,709,376 
 
 2,162,695 
 
 222,967 
 
 540,494 
 
 3,904,017 
 
 2,903,828 
 
 2,806,390 
 
 3,317,862 
 
 4,373,162 
 
 7,305,846 
 
 9,669,571 
 
 17,360.297 
 
 22,056,636 
 
 19,740,702 
 
 10,758,435 
 
 2,932,311 
 
 321,020 
 
 1,464 
 
 144,911 
 
 ; 7,728,406 
 
 137,778 
 
 6,990,741 
 
 123,970 
 
 6,640,900 
 
 91,546 
 
 4,963,811 
 
 120,688 
 
 6. 657, ,305 
 
 172,532 
 
 6,407,738 
 
 126,454 
 
 6,585,49H 
 
 33,170 
 
 1 1,581.270 
 
 86.834 
 
 4,102,227 
 
 123 830 
 
 .5,981. l.-iO 
 
 65,292 
 
 3,746,855 
 
 79.926 
 
 .3, 993, .366 
 
 101,754 
 
 6,326,665 
 
 92,3.>9 
 
 4,788,012 
 
 102,791 
 
 4,945,910 
 
 89,370 
 
 4,479,624 
 
 112.7.35 
 
 6,206,720 
 
 130,200 
 
 6,900,521 
 
 95,744 
 
 7,477,666 
 
 40,163 
 
 4,042,078 
 
 28,929 
 
 2,613,854 
 
 30,898 
 
 2,317,125 
 
 26,306 
 
 1,632,815 
 
 During the jo.nv ended rcccmber 31, 1877, the imported iron and uteel produi-tw 
 aggre,i;atcd $9,195,3fH in value, .i.^ainHt Sli»,584,125 in 1876; $1&,2G4,131 in 187.5; 
 «24,r)78,ri.^8 in 1874; $45,7«4,t;70 in 1873; and $61,724,227 in 1872. 
 
 AMERICAN EXPORT OF IRON. 
 
 Fiscal 
 
 Pig 
 
 [roil. 
 
 Railroad Iron. 
 
 Bar and other Irons. 
 
 Total Value 
 
 of 
 
 Exports. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Tuns. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1872 
 
 1,477 
 10,103 
 16,030 
 8,738 
 3,805 
 7,687 
 
 * 
 
 72,718 
 411,349 
 447,619 
 250.919 
 
 94^314 
 171, '55 
 
 1,212 
 376 
 1,2*7 
 1,210 
 3,665 
 7,445 
 
 S 
 86,820 
 30,743 
 73,169 
 67,064 
 153,465 
 281,198 
 
 
 $ 
 9,870,f87 
 11,648,868 
 14,869,029 
 16,774,923 
 11,648,964 
 16,207,322 
 
 $ 
 
 10,030,126 
 12,129,939 
 15,389,807 
 16,092,906 
 11.794.743 
 
 1873 
 
 
 1874 
 
 
 1875 
 
 
 1876 
 
 
 1877 
 
 
 16,669,675 
 
 
 
71 
 
 The following taWe shows, in Metric Tons, the course of Belgian Iron, Steel and 
 Coal Imports and Exports during the last three yeai-s : — 
 
 Imports. 
 
 Pig 
 
 and other 
 
 Iron. 
 
 Iron 
 Ore. 
 
 Goal 
 
 and 
 
 Coke. 
 
 Steel. 
 
 Exports. 
 1875 
 
 Pig 
 
 and other 
 Iron. 
 
 Iron 
 Ore. 
 
 Coal 
 
 and 
 
 Coke. 
 
 Steel. 
 
 1876 
 
 162,346 
 323,263 
 207,363 
 
 804,370 
 671,134 
 783,298 
 
 724,440 
 832,296 
 678,318 
 
 6,341 
 6,137 
 4.659 
 
 223,096 1<1I.7A7 
 
 4,709,747 
 4,309,606 
 4,060,723 
 
 7,3I» 
 
 6,667 
 
 16,627 
 
 1876 
 
 1876 
 
 204,262 
 213,715 
 
 166,417 
 215,668 
 
 1877 
 
 1877 
 
 
 
 In 1817 Belgium exported 201,688 raetric tons of manufactured iron, and 
 imported only 13,974 tons. In the same year Belgium imported 193,380 tons of pig 
 iron, and exported only 12,027 tons. Of iron ora there were imported 783,298 tons, 
 215,658 tons of which were re-exported. The grand duehy of Luxemburg supplied 
 573,600 tons. 
 
 It i-i worthy of remark that Belgium, with a population nearly identical with 
 that of Canada, but having only one tifty-secondth part of its area, produces 
 annually Coal and Pig Iron to the value of $40,857,124, and that is exclusive of bar 
 and other iron in manufactured forms. The annual pi'oduction of Coal and Pig Iron 
 in Canada, in value, amounts to only about $1,754,526. Hence the value of th© 
 annual production of Coal and Pig Iron in Belgium is over 23 times that of Canada. 
 
 This is not the less striking when it is remembered that the esiimated coal area 
 of Belgium is but 510 square mile.s; while the coal area of Canada is estimated at 
 t»0,000 square miles. 
 
 The following table shows in detail the production of iron and steel rails in th« 
 United Statos since the beginning of the manufacture of Bessemer steel rails: 
 
 Years. 
 
 1867. 
 
 1868.. 
 
 1869. 
 
 1870.. 
 
 1871.. 
 
 1872.., 
 
 1873. . 
 
 1874.. 
 
 1876. , 
 
 1876... 
 
 1877... 
 
 Iron Rails all 
 
 kinds. 
 
 Net tons. 
 
 469,558 
 499,489 
 583,936 
 586,000 
 737,483 
 906,930 
 761,662 
 684,469 
 501,649 
 467,168 
 332,640 
 
 Bessemer Steel 
 
 Rails. 
 
 Net tons. 
 
 3,650 
 
 7,226 
 
 9,650 
 
 34,000 
 
 38,260 
 
 94,070 
 
 129,016 
 
 144,944 
 
 390,863 
 
 412,461 
 
 433,169 
 
 Total. 
 Net tons. 
 
 462,108 
 606,714 
 593,686 
 620,000 
 776,733 
 1,000,000 
 8«0,07T 
 729,413 
 792,613 
 879,639 
 764,709 
 
72 
 
 INTEKPEOVINCIAL TRADE. ' 
 
 Shipraonts from Quebec and Ontario to the Lower Provinces vid the Inter- 
 colonial Railway for IS?'? : — 
 
 Barrels of flour 245,710 
 
 Bushels of grain 292,852 
 
 ISTS— Barrels of flour 637,778 
 
 Bushels of grain 331,170 
 
 Head of live stock 46,498 
 
 All other goods in tons 375,025 
 
 Shipments of Produce to the Maritime Provinces from Montreal vid Eiver St. Law- 
 rence, during season of Navigation for pastjeight years. 
 
 By W. J. Patterson, Secretary, Montreal Board of Trade — 
 
 Years. 
 
 Wheat. 
 
 Corn. 
 
 Peas. 
 
 Oats, 
 
 Flour. 
 
 Ifeal. 
 
 Batter. 
 
 Oheese. 
 
 Pork. 
 
 1872 
 
 2,758 
 688 
 
 2,151 
 
 800 
 
 18,633 
 
 3,036 
 
 4,761 
 
 8,300 
 1,683 
 6,169 
 2,600 
 
 330 
 1,346 
 
 291 
 
 16,346 
 14,633 
 11,962 
 13,287 
 16,703 
 11,276 
 12,658 
 
 20,802 
 
 23,415 
 
 10,940 
 
 4,039 
 
 4,021 
 
 928 
 
 319 
 
 242,. »35 
 321,512 
 309,774 
 206,123 
 276,180 
 182,543 
 161.885 
 
 9,883 
 
 6,627 
 14,312 
 
 7,683 
 11,371 
 12,452 
 
 6,346 
 
 13,818 
 
 11,403 
 
 9,339 
 
 7,382 
 
 10,358 
 
 10,910 
 
 9,812 
 
 not giyen. 
 
 do 
 
 12,57* 
 2,324 
 1,643 
 2,691 
 2,064 
 
 nolgiven. 
 
 1873 
 
 1874 
 
 do 
 
 1875 
 
 1876 
 
 1877 
 
 1878 
 
 5,798 
 
 6,750 
 
 10,024 
 
 6,766 
 
 
 
 Statement of Flour, Oatmeal, anr' Grain shipped from Canada over the Grand Trunk 
 Railway, vid Portland to the Maritime Provinces, from 1872 to 1878. 
 
 From Grand Trunk Agent, Portland — 
 
 Years. 
 
 No. of Barrels, 
 Plour. 
 
 1872. 
 1873.. 
 1874.. 
 187N, 
 1876.. 
 1877., 
 1878. 
 
 119,200 
 
 117,600 
 
 126,000 
 
 98,100 
 
 86,900 
 
 10,000 
 
 2,900 
 
 No. of Barrels, 
 Oatmeal. 
 
 5,200 
 6,800 
 8,600 
 4,700 
 2,000 
 2,10« 
 400 
 
 No. of Bushels, 
 Grain. 
 
 36,000 
 50,400 
 35,280 
 25,200 
 7,200 
 
 Shipment of Canadian flour vid Boston. 
 1878 
 
 15,570 barrels. 
 
 Il: 
 
78 
 
 Intor- 
 
 ToTAL shipruotit of Flour and Grain from Ontario and Quebeo to tho Maritime Pro- 
 vinces, from 1872 to 1878. The grain shipments are converted in flour and meal 
 by estimating five bushels to the barrel. 
 
 Law. 
 
 Pork. 
 
 il (riven. 
 
 So 
 
 do 
 
 6,798 
 6,760 
 
 10,024 
 6,766 
 
 Trunk 
 
 iushels, 
 tin. 
 
 36,000 
 50,400 
 36,280 
 26,200 
 7,200 
 
 Years. 
 
 1 
 
 By River 
 St. Lawrence, 
 
 By 
 
 Grand Trunk 
 
 Railway, 
 
 Portland. 
 
 By 
 latercolonial. 
 
 By 
 
 BoBtoa. 
 
 Total. 
 
 1872 
 
 O.fi'f.MR 
 
 •131,600 
 
 •134,380 
 
 •140,666 
 
 •107,040 
 
 •90,000 
 
 •12,000 
 
 •3,300 
 
 
 
 384,176 
 
 1873 329.636 
 
 
 463.916 
 
 1874 ?un.a«4 
 
 
 
 4S1,640 
 
 1876 
 
 210,248 
 282,897 
 185,850 
 166,489 
 
 
 nSisVo" 
 
 Jl7,288 
 
 1876 
 
 1877 
 
 364,852'" 
 
 704,0 iS 
 
 372,897 
 602,702 
 
 1878 
 
 888,371 
 
 •This, in the Trade «nd Navigation Returns is given as being American, which is an error, as 
 it comes from Ontario viA Portland and Boston. 
 
 The following is the coal shipments from Nova Scotia to Quebec and Ontario 
 
 from 1872 to 1878 :— 
 
 Tons. 
 
 1872 94,519 
 
 1873 187,059 
 
 1874 162,269 
 
 1875 189,754 
 
 1876 117,303 
 
 1877 95,418 
 
 1878 89,710 
 
 It will be seen that during the seven years the flour imports to tho Lower Pro- 
 vinces have increased nearly three hundred per cent., while the coal exports to tho 
 Upper Provinces show a falling oft". 
 
 Coal Freiijhts from Sydney to Quebec, Montreal and New York, by Vessel, 
 
 from 1873 to 1878. 
 
 Year. 
 
 
 From Sydney to 
 
 
 Quebec. 
 
 Montreal. 
 
 New York. 
 
 1873.„ 
 
 1874 
 
 1876 
 
 $ cts. 
 
 2 60 
 2 26 
 I 76 
 1 60 
 1 26 
 1 00 
 
 f cts. 
 
 3 50 
 2 76 
 2 25 
 1 90 
 1 75 
 1 46 
 
 $ cU. 
 
 3 60 
 a 7B 
 2 35 
 
 1876 
 
 1 80 
 
 1877 
 
 1 60 
 
 1878 
 
 1 60 
 
 t{: 
 
74 
 
 TUK AMOUNT OK EJll^LOYMBJiT Till': TRANSPORTATION OF COAL 
 FURNISHES THE RAILWAY LINES. 
 
 Grkat Britain. 
 
 Since 1860, the railways in carriage of coal, have been gaining on thoCoaHting 
 Trade of England, and more especially since 1875. 
 Thus there were brought to^London : — 
 
 ^^ ^•'*- and Canals. 
 
 In the year 1863 3,282,512 tona. 1,763,637 tons. 
 
 do 1864 3,067,490 do 2,302,779 do 
 
 do 1876 3,221,754 do 5,096,173 do 
 
 do 1877 3,221,754 do 5,335,482 do 
 
 As early as the ye&r 1867, it was calculated that the quantity of coals carried by 
 railways was double that of all other goods. 
 
 Germany. 
 The railway transportation of coal in Germany in 1S70 and 187G, was — 
 1870. 1876. 
 
 17,987,879 metric tons. 30,334,875 metric tons. 
 
 Unitkd States. 
 
 The large movement of coal tonnage in the United Stutas, illustrates the impor 
 tauce of the coal trade to the transportation lines. 
 
 The coal tonnage moved by rail in 
 
 1866 20,020,000 tons. 
 
 1876 42,150,000 do. 
 
 The coal receipts at Buffalo, N.Y., by water and rail, for 1871 and 1876, were a» 
 follows : — 
 
 Canal and Lake. By Rail. 
 
 In the year 1871 271,3^6 376,063 
 
 do 1876 202,593 647,842 
 
 
 \',A 
 
7ft 
 
 OAL 
 
 loaHting 
 
 irr 
 
 ied by- 
 
 he impor 
 
 76, were a& 
 
 Canada. 
 
 The coal imports into Canada, for the year 187^ gave the American routes of 
 transportation the handling of 769,f»ii4 tons. Most all of this tonnage on the 
 Amorican side, was handled by rail roads. 
 
 The relation ok Coal Kxpobts to the Shipping of Great Britain. 
 
 The following table shows the increase of Coal Exports from Great Britain and 
 the parallel increase of Shipping Tonnage. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Tons Coal. 
 
 Shipping Tonnage. 
 
 Total Shipping 
 
 Sail. 
 
 Steam. 
 
 Steam and Sail. 
 
 1860 
 
 7,851,234 
 11,604,272 
 12,339,156 
 14,475,036 
 16,358,828 
 
 4,204,360 
 
 1 
 
 454.327 
 
 4,658,687 
 8,644,920 
 7,944,520 
 8,399,636 
 8,810.840 
 
 1870 
 
 1873 
 
 1875 
 
 1877 
 
 6,993,153 
 6,320,089 
 5,383,763 
 6,526,930 
 
 1,651,767 
 2,624,431 
 3,016,773 
 ?,283,910 
 
 
 
 
 A Comparison of the total tonnage (entered) in Canada, United States and Great 
 Britain, distinguishing homo and foreign, shows the following: — 
 
 
 1 
 Canadian Ports. 
 
 American Porta. 
 
 British Ports. 
 
 * 
 
 British. 
 Tonnage. 
 
 Foreign. 
 Tonnage. 
 
 444-374 
 609-593 
 900-496 
 
 1-261-688 
 
 1 
 
 American. 
 Tonnage. 
 
 Foreign. 
 Tonnage. 
 
 British. 
 Tonnage. 
 
 Foreign. 
 Tonnage. 
 
 1868 
 
 1869 
 
 1659 635 
 
 1 819-490 
 
 2132 -250 
 
 ♦2079 825 
 
 3-550 000 
 
 , 3 402-000 
 
 3 612-000 
 
 4-755-000 
 
 4 -495 000 
 
 5 347-000 
 
 8-O8300O 
 
 13-109 000 
 
 11-226-000 
 
 11 721 000 
 
 14641-000 
 1 
 17-281-334 
 
 5-396 000 
 6'476'000 
 
 1873 
 
 1878 
 
 7-323-000 
 8-339-839 
 
 * British Tonnaee 1-162-046. Canadian Tonnage 927-779. Any ship can carry away a Nation's 
 Commerce. Ncne will return a proHt, but a home tonnage. 
 
 NEW COAL RATES FOR 1S79. 
 
 The Cleveland Association of Vessel Owners, ut a late meeting, adopted the 
 following schedule of rates on coal and iron ore: — Coal from Cleveland to Chicago 
 and. Lake Michigan ports, per ton, 55c. ; Detroit and Wyandotte, 35c.; Port Huron 
 and jSaiTiia, 45c. ;] Detour and Marquette, 50c. ; Portage Lake, 66c. ; Duluth, 75c. » 
 coal from Buffalo, 50c. ; Lake Ontario ports, $1.25 ; Port Stanley, 35c. 
 
76 
 
 SHOWING OF THE TAIJLKS. 
 
 1. That Nova Scotia exporUi of coal to tho United SlatOH havo fallen from 
 4'i5,lU4 in 18G5 to 88,495 tons in 1878, while our importiitionH from tho United State* 
 have risen from 162,200 tons in 1865, to 746,51(5 tons in 1878. 
 
 2. That the duty in 1870 increased tho home production, diminishod tho importa- 
 tion, and did not increase, but reduced the price to tho Dominion consumer. 
 
 3. That in tho tables annexed, Canada is the only coal producing country in tho 
 world which shows a falling oil" in tho output. 
 
 4. That with a duty varying from 75 cents to $1.70 por ton on coal, tho United 
 States have increased their production from 21,000,000 tons in 1866 to upwards of 
 50,000,000 tons in 1878, causing with transportation a circulation of not loss than 
 $150,000,000 of productive capital. 
 
 5. That the capacity of tho present working collieries of tho Dominion is 
 2,000,000 tons annually ; not one-third of this is now being raised to tho s'jrface, but 
 with a tariff that would secure the homo market, this output would bo attained, and 
 the coal delivered to tho consumer as cheaply as it could bo obtained from abroad. 
 
 6. That the analysis shows our bituminous coal for gas, steam or domestic pur- 
 poses to be quite tho equal of any imported from tho United Slates. 
 
 7. That the evidence before the coal comraittoo (annexed) shows tho position of 
 our coal fields to be such as to secure cheap water transportation with the interior 
 of Canada. 
 
 8. That nndor a protective taritl' tlie production of pig iron in tho United States 
 has increased from 1,225,0H6 tons in 1866, to 2,351,618 in 1878, or 91 por cent., and 
 caused a falling off in the importations of from 1^15,000 tons = $7,000,000, in 1873, 
 to 67,700 tons in 877 =$1,000,000. 
 
 9. That the importation ot railroad iron, including steel rails, has in tho United 
 States fallen off from 536,900 tons^in 1872 = $22,056,635,^to 30 tons $1,464 in 1877. 
 
 
 ■■,<■ 
 
 -■'::.■./- -;.'i. ' '^^l-' ■■■■-.■ ..} 
 
77 
 
 CANADIAN EOUTES OF TRANSPO^.TATION. 
 
 Ion from 
 tod Sttttci* 
 
 iimporta- 
 
 try in the 
 
 lio United 
 
 pwarcln of 
 
 loss than 
 
 minion i8 
 u'face, but 
 ainod, and 
 abroad. 
 
 leatic pur- 
 
 position of 
 lie interioi* 
 
 lited States 
 * cent., and 
 )0, in 1873, 
 
 the United 
 ;4 in 1877. 
 
 !■ i,&^fe5^. 
 
 Thore are three routort of tranaportation by which an iiitorchango of products 
 between the east and the west, or an Inter-Provincial trade may bo easily estab- 
 lished. --,,,,■ ;: , ^ ,. i 
 
 let. All rail — By the Intercolonial, Grand Trunk, and thoir connoctioaa between 
 Halifax, Pictou, Montreal, and western points. 
 
 2nd. All water — From Pictou, Sydney, and other Atlantic ports by the St. Law- 
 rence to Montreal, and through the canals to western lake ports. 
 
 3rd. By ocean vessels from Sydney and Pictou to Montreal, and by lake vessels 
 or rail from Montreal to Western Points. 
 
 Ist. All rail route — In the East or on the Atlantic seaboard, the Intercolonial 
 Railway passes through some of the richest coal and iron depo.sits on the continent, 
 while in the west, the Grand Trunk with its connections stretches out through the 
 most productive, agricultural and raanutacturiiig centres of the Domiuion,thu8 afford- 
 ing a most favorable opi^ortunity for fi-oight both ways, and a mutual interchange 
 in trade. .'./■;;;,;■' .,*■■:;, ■ ."■ ■' 
 
 Where coal is carried as a return freight in the common box cars, it can be, and 
 it is now carried over American linos as low as i of a cent, or 80.00^^1/*^^ per ton. 
 It is the large tonnage of coal moving west that cheaj)en3 the cost of eastern bound 
 freight in the United States. Why not Ontario take its coal from Pictou, and thus 
 make Halifax a winter grain port on the same principle ? 
 
 The distance from the Pictou collieries to Toronto, by the Intercolonial and 
 Grand Trunk Eailways, is 1,1()8 miles. To estimate the freight on coal at what th» 
 American lines are carrying it at, ^ of a cent or $0.00yW per short ton per mile, the 
 Pictou coal could be laid down in Toronto at $2,33 freight, or including cost at mine 
 ($1.50), at $3.83. 
 
 Both hard and soft coals are carried in the ordinary box car over United States 
 lines, no diflSculty whatever being experienced in cleaning the cars to fit them for 
 the carriage of grain, flour, etc. There are several thousands of these cars at present 
 ia the trade, carrying coal west from Buffalo, Pennsylvania, Leehigh Valley, Pitteton 
 and Batler Mines to Chicago ; returning, carry grain, flour and general merchandise 
 «Mt. 
 
 It is contended that Halifax is farther from the grain centres and the Bail 
 ClArriage — thence to our Atlantic ports longer than to American ports. But this appar- 
 ent disadvantage is more than counterbalanced by our ports being very much nearer 
 
78 
 
 the Baropoan markots than Now York and othor Unitod States portH, by from 600 
 to 800 iniloH ; bonideH which the expenses to ships loading in Canadian ports are very 
 much luHH than in Unitod States ports. In the pant ton years the railway linoH 
 of the lattor country and of Canada, during the season of lake navigation, have 
 incroasci their amounts of froight by nearly 50 per cent., while in the same season, 
 and within the period named, the water lines of the interior show a falling off im 
 the sum e ratio. 
 
 It is ostimatoJ thul the expense of running o^oan vessels is from 15 to 20 pei- 
 cent. greater, including insurance and extra cjst of construction, than that of run- 
 ning Inko or inland vessels. If this is the case, and seeing that the railwayH 
 fitill monopolise the inland trado,tho shortening of the ocean voyage by the increased 
 distance of railway from western centres to Halifax, must be a decided advantage in 
 favor of the latter as a grain port. 
 
 2nd. All water route — It is proposed to employ lake propellers to carry grain, 
 Ac, from Toronto, Chicago and othor Western centres to Pictou and Sydney, there 
 to he transhipped into ocean vessels, to the European and Brazillian markets — 
 theso propcllors to carry coal and other oa'^tern products, as return froight, to Iho 
 
 ■west. 
 
 ' !■ • ■ .; 
 
 Pictou poHsossos peculiar advantages, as a Canadian summer port, for making 
 up iiSKortod cargoos for the markots of th c Tropics. The fishing grounds of the St. 
 Lawrence are in close proximity to this port; its coal basins are among the richest 
 in the Dominion, an*! underlies its harbour. A supply of cheap ocean tonnage can bo 
 had there at all timo-^ during tho navigation season, — an essential condition in tho 
 establishnioiit of foreign trade le ations. 
 
 Again, further oast lies Sydney, which possesses every possible advantage, in so 
 far as the supply of an abundant, clieap ocean tonnage enters as a factor in securing 
 European, West India, and South Amei it an trade. Shipowners have offered to carry 
 eastern iMnind freight id Europe, for '^5 per ct;nt. less ocean freight, than from No^' 
 York, Montreal, Phihuielphia, or Baltimore. 
 
 Sydney now commands more seeking tonnage than any other North American 
 port. New York excepto<l. The convenience of the port of North Sydney for either 
 eastern or western bound seeking tonnage, its unequalled low port charges, and the 
 coal freights to be had for Canadian and American ports, have given it a largo 
 maritime trade. Jt is estimated that by securing down freights, coal could be carried 
 to Toronto, from Sydney or Pictou, as return freight, at from $1.50 to $2.00 per ton. 
 
 It would be well for (sinadians to follow the example of the Americans in this 
 trade. The lake pi-^pellors, during tho summer of 1878, carried grain from Chicago 
 to Buffalo, distance S5(> niilos, and coal back from Buffalo to Chicago at 25 cents per 
 
 •\ 
 
79 
 
 rom 600 
 are very 
 ny linen 
 m, hftvo 
 
 ) BeOHOD, 
 
 ig off is 
 
 o 20 per 
 t of nin- 
 railwayH 
 ncrcaHcd 
 liritagoin 
 
 ry grain, 
 ey, there 
 larkets — 
 L, to I ho 
 
 r milking 
 of the St. 
 10 richest 
 gecan bo 
 on in t)»o 
 
 ago, in so 
 
 securing 
 
 1 to carry 
 
 rom New 
 
 A.raerican 
 for either 
 ), and the 
 it a largo 
 be carried 
 
 per ton. 
 
 ins in this 
 n Chicago 
 
 1 cents per 
 
 iiett ton. The diHtanco from Sydney and Pictou to Toronto, by water, Ih 1183 miloN. 
 Propoller8 of tiOO tons anct drawing nine feet oi water, could poHH through tiie canalx, 
 and conHuquently are available lor thirt trade. 
 
 1 1 hu8 ulroady boon remarked, that Canada, from her mugnitioent water course 
 which takes its rise in the very heart of the North American continent, expected to 
 win a large part of the carrying trade of the west and north-west. But in this wo 
 have boon disappointed. New York, our great rival, has in the main, borne off thi 
 tratlo from us. The return freights sccuied over American routes, and the supply of 
 ocean seeking tonnage always found at New York and other United States ports, 
 give thorn an advantage which can only be counterbalanced by uonnecting the St. 
 Lawrence trade with a Dominion Atlantic port uorainanding trans-Atlantio seekin 
 tonnage, and furnishing return freights to the west. ' 
 
 3id. Water and Hail Route, or Ocean and Inland Vessels — Ocean vessels engaged 
 in tlio trans-Atlantic trade, on their western bound voyage, in ballast, call at Sydney 
 and I'ictou, and lake coal tlionco to Montreal at rates ranging from $1.25 to $1.75 
 per long ton. This coal could be conveyed from Montreal to a given western point, 
 say Toionio, at from $1.00 to 81.25, and to Ottawa at from ^90 cents to $1.00. A 
 good round duty on coal, to cause Quebec and Montreal to draw their supplies from 
 Sydney und Pictou, would give the lumber and grain shippers of those ports a more 
 luindy and clioap supply of ocean tonnage than they can now obtain by chartering in 
 England — such vessels bvinging out coal merely as ballast. There are not many 
 points in England at which coal is shipped, and ships seldom change ports for out- 
 ward ballast ; thus when vessels are chartered in England, thoy are trom thirty to 
 forty days from their port of loading, which often proves detrimental to the shippers. 
 Sytlney and Pictou can supply the St. Lawrence consumers with as cheap coal as 
 can bo obtained jrom any other sources, and at the same time furnish the St. 
 Lawrence with a suflBcient supply of ocean tonnage, within six or seven days of por 
 of loadinj;. 
 
 Kingston, 7th April, 1879. 
 
 <T. H. DoHsoN, Esq., 
 , Ottawa. 
 
 Dear Sir, — In reply to your enquiry relative to the dimensions of propel lei-s that 
 <;un pass through the locks of the St. Lawrence Canals between Kingston and Mon- 
 treal, I beg leave to state that vessels 180 feet in length and not exceeding 45 feet 
 beam, drawing 9 feet water, can pass through those locks, therefore, propellorj of a 
 carryingcapacity of 600 tons weight can bj built to navigate the osaals; the same 
 vessels will carry on deep water 760 tons weight This class of vessels, with high 
 pressure engine, can now be put in commission for the sum of $45,000. The cost of 
 running such a steamer will bo about $55.00 per day. A vessel of this description 
 
80 
 
 should make the round trip from Toronto to Pictou in about 21 days, consequently, 
 if a good Hhare of return freight could be secured the trade would pay tolerably well. 
 Those craft would be well suited to navigate the lower St. Lawrence. 
 
 The prei^eot locks of the Welland Canal admit vessels 144 ^eet in length, 26'2^ 
 beam and drawing 10 feet of water. The best carr^'ing propeller through from 
 Chicago carries to Kingston about 17,200 bushels (560 tons) wheat, hut *iom Kings- 
 ton to Montreal 4,500 bushels. This class of craft will carry to Montreal about 400 
 tons weight. Cost of building and completing ready for freight, 026,000; running^ 
 expenses each day, $47. At present several vessels of this class, but not all so larg& 
 carrying, can be purchased reasonable at several of our lake ports. Those vessels 
 also can be made suitable to navigate the lower St. Lawrence between Pictou, Sydney 
 aud Halifax, or other coast ports. 
 
 ;■,-(■• I am. Dear Sir, 
 
 EeepectfuUy youi-s, 
 ^ Wm. P0V7ER, 
 
 Ship-bwlder. 
 
 IN CONCLUSION. 
 
 In bringing these remarks and statistics to a close it is only necessary for the 
 reader to consider the immense mineral resources of the Dominion, the large and 
 increasing domestic demand for coal and iron products, and the facilities for their 
 development and transportation to market to be able to appreciate their national 
 importance. It must be apparent to all that the supplying oi' the home market with 
 our own coal and iron x-esources, would build up our commerce and give Canada an 
 increased carrying trade, diversiy industry and furnish employment to ths people 
 according to their tastes and capacities. A writer remarks: — "The history of all 
 countries abundantly demonstrates the fact that no nation has long lagged in the 
 rac^ of commercial advancement, which adopted a policy for the development of its 
 coal and iron industries." 
 
 Under the protection given our iadustnes the field offered for enterprise and 
 the investment of capital is inviting. It remains for Canadians to buckle on their 
 armour and become co-o^>orators in the developement of their industi'iea and th& 
 consequen t prosperity of the coun t ry . 
 
 t 
 
■