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Las diagrammes suivants iliustrent la m^thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 MI fhos Rj tl«' THE i^ a MINERAL REGION OF LAKE ^;UPER10R: #-'' coMrnisiNo ITS EARLY fllSTORY, nm purts of Dr. Douglass Ilongliton's Reports of 184i and ■43 rclaliug to tlio Mineralogy of the District; REFOKTS Of THF, LIN FAR AND GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS 0» 1845; A KOTicK or mining coMrANni.s—TiiEin oFFiCKiia AMI i.OCATIO.N.s; WITH AN ACCURATE LIST OF L0CATION3 AND LEASES UP TO JULY 17, 1846; ANO 1. rAtllETt OF STATISTICAL INFOUMATION, INTEIIDSTINO A.TO t;3EKUL TO THOSE VISITING THE MINiUAL BISTRICT; ACCOMPANIED BY TUB COBRECTED MAP OF THE liHNERAL AGENCY OFFICE. AND A CHART OF LAKE SUPERIOR. rtrsy* i-v»>^-./s/>#>**^^ BY JACOB HOUGHTON, JR. BUFFALO: OLIVER a. STEELE. 184G. 9Vll P'.ntered according to Act of Congress, in the year 18-10. BY JACOB HOUGHTON, JR., In th« Clerk's OHicc of the District Court for the District oi Michigan. v( 11 pres( prize man of tl] i.'om eno( recc re-r con mar I leas ten knc sel' J I P il E F A C E . This volume is presented to tl.c public, as the eecorul ciiitiou vi a work publi.^hed by the aiuhor, early in the spring of the present year, in ..■onnectlou with Mr. T. W. Bristol. It corn- prizes-, in acUlltiun to the same nnttci— whieh has received many iinportant corrections, a brief sketch of the early hi-otory of the Mineral Region, notices of nearly fifty additional mining compaDicL^, iiits of locations and leases with explanatory refer- ences, and much other valuable information. The lavorable reception of the first edition has been the encouragement to a re-publication of the work, and it is hoped that the public will continue their kind patrona-o, for which, il need hardly be said, many thanks are due. In' speaking of the tracts on Isle Royale, it is mentioned that leases of them have been granted. When the article was writ- ten, it was confidently so reported, but the contrary is now known. Parties are, however, going on and establishing them- selves on the tracts which they claim. Buffalo, Jiihj 31, 1846. s INDEX. >..v-^s.»..v/\-, ..i.!LTi:.-z. CInudp, Arp:i!liceoiis Shitea, 04 .100 Bi;],. V/m. A. Jieport of, S 1 Baron L\i MoMtiui, J 2 O.iuihyoix, 1', Do La "' CoC'T'-, C;ij)t. Jon, '.than, 4 ( _ . ' Oonf^lonu'ratc Hock, 07 114 CiHy^;;-ite, 110 ^A^!t5r'■:^i^on of the voms of Con.v/al!, with iho veins af !iio Luke Superior noun try, G! ^..oh nii>uraneous aiul triio topnt'}- rock of Ontonagon ^^rivc;-, _ 75 5^-0 ■'•' cr di.s!anccs around I'- ' K^upcrior, l-h^ D;i)u 102 Lurfy History of the Min- ora' tJepion, 9 JO Mining- rnterprlzeg, Ills. tuiyoft^),. 5^^ M;i!iiic of Lake Superior, Ili.slory of iho 31 ^^ iMinera'sv^ niiiicral vcIns,3G 11!) I'^l i^l-jtamoi-i^liic ilock?'-. 107 !•> iVJixcl o'j i;Iunicraic nnd s^mdroM;, 115 iVlinin^i;Co:iip;inios, Lint of 147 Poriniijinc ii:ountaiu3, 91 101 himriry lior'k.'^, 93 105 rn-^'iuo I.s!l', n Pigeon Hivcr and tlie coun- try west, 79 iicd and variegated sand- stone, 95 Red sandstone, 101 HQ lis oa ^Johooicraft, Henry il. Section iUustfativ.- of the order of superposition of the rorks of i!ie Upper Poninsnla, ?fl'^^A^exanderr^ ''''"'' '^ ^''''' '''''' ""^^ 20 35 xluby.^ I, Jjela, Report of 104 Sianard's Roek, j V p • , ''' ''^ ^'-M^ i-angc of Keewenaw r. ,....'. /°"'^' m Point, 87 87 89 123 Llu- o; r.itive nir'tals&orcs, 131 Li-oM>eations^^^'- i' ^^'i ... ) ^o. 3, -•^^:^-- ', Rene, MgKc, ;ie, Alexander, 18.9 10 17 I raj) Rocks, m 'I'rap Dylics, Ji|;i|! Veins and veinstones, 98 Vein of black oxyd at Cop- per Harbor, 55 Walker and Douglass, Let- ter to Hon. Lucius Lyon, 84 ( ( 1 liie '*/i f^'tt ^rior, 31 113,3' 3119 107 n!i(] 115 rd of 147 91 101 03 105 53 oun- 78 anJ- 95 no 118 20 the 1 of :ipcr 35 and 87 89 J 23 law 87 90 III 117 98 'op- 55 ^et- fon, 84 ^ EARLY HISTORY OP THE Mineral Region of Lake Superior. Long prior to the visit of tho first white man to the north-west portion of the United States, the existence of mineral of some kind was known to the wandering tribes of Indians, who ranged over tho country. When the first Jesuit Missionary penetrated the wilderness, he heard a wild tradition, related by the simple savage of the ibrest, that there was a largo island in the great sea before them, where the Great Spirit resided. That the island was full of a bright metal, supposed to be gold. No one ever approached it and returned, for it was guarded by fire, and often times the deep roar of the Spirit in anger made the earth tremble as with fear. That sometimes the sun was darkened, and the whole earth covered as with a cloud by the smoke which as- cended from the distant mountains. The natural rev- erence of the untutored savage was strongly excited by such awful exhibitions of the power of the Great Spirit they worshiped. When the sky was clear, they said the island, the seat of his power, was distinctly visible; but woe unto the man who dared approach it. Once ..1* I 10 3I1NERAL REGION and once only, did the tradition t(dl of a brave and res- olute Chief wlio reached this island, and loatled hifi? canoe with the golden sand — but he had scarcely taken his Icavo, before the lightniugs gleamed from the moun- tains, the earth tossed to and fro, and the sea, lashed into foan) by the unseen spirit, ftist fullowing his frail canoe — destroys him. Such is the outline of the first information respecting mineral wealth on the shores or islands of Lake Superior. It was treated like the fabu- lous accounts of the fountain of Youth or the isle of Atlantis. But it would now seem that the tradition had more foundation than was supposed. It evidently refers in point of time, to the period when the volcanoes in that region were in active operation. We find now the unerring indications of volcanic action, and the time was when those dwelling on the shores of that inland sea, must have heard and witnessed the awfid explo- sions and eruptions of a volcano, and seen the earth roll to and fro, and the sea lashed into foam by the convulsions of earthquakes. This tradition is alluded to by all the early explorers of that region, and partic- ularly by Carver, Henry and McKenzie. Passing from fable and tradition, of which there is ample to satisfy the most craving appetite, wo find the first mention of the actual existence of copper, in the journal of Father Claude Allouez,* a Jesuit Missionar}', who at that time established a mission at La Pointe. This worthy minister left Montreal in August, 1665, *Rene Mesnard was the first white man who explored the Lake Superior country. He was there in lOGO, and while at the Kcewenan Portage, his voya- gers were "making the portage," he wandered into the woods and never after was seen or heard of. ( ^ 4 OF LAKE SUPKIIIOU. 11 nd ros- Icd liif? y taken 1 moiin- I ashed lis frail he iirsl loros or 10 fabu- islo ol' ion had y refers inoes in id now [he time : inhmd [ cxplo- earth by the aUuded partic- thcro is find the , in the jionary, Pointc, , 1665, e Superior , his voya- uever after and took the usual route up the Ottowa river, tlirongh Lake Nipissing, down what is now known as French river to Lake Huron, and from tiien(;e to Lake Superior. This route, so little known to the citizens of the United States, even at the present time, is the one through which the immense trade of the Hudson's Bay and the North West Fur Companies is carried on with that region. It is more than four hundred miles less by this route from Lake Superior to Quebec, than by Lakes Huron, St. Clair, Erie and Ontario. On the 2nd of Septcmljer of that year, Claude Allouez reached Lake Superior, which he says the Indians reverence as a divinity. He pursued his t(>dious and solitary way along the shores of the lake, noticing every prominent point or remarkable object. He informs us the Indians told him that there was a very large mass of entire copper near the shore of the lake, but that he searched for it in vain. That his information was correct has since been demonstrated; for the large mass of copper now in the Navy Yard at Washington, weighing nearly two tons, was found on tlie Ontonagon river, about sixteen miles from the shore of the lake, and in the im- mediate vicinity of his examination; for he states that after his search ho proceeded and reached a large Chip- pewa village, called Che-gov-me.gon, about eighty miles west of the Ontonagon river, on the 1st day of October, 1665. Many other allusions are found in the journals of the early Jesuit Missionaries, of the existence of an abundance of copper throughout this region. We arc struck, now, with the accuracy of their accounts, as in the instance of the existence of the large piece of copper mentioned by Father Allouez, as well as in the general description of the scenery on the coast. 19 IMINKIIAL RECJION In 1()89, Baron La Ilontan gave to tlio world ii book of travels in Canada, lie Ibllowcd in tlio footsteps of Alloucz, and describes many of the same t)bjects. After describing* LaivC Superior, or as it was call(;d more frequently, Lac Tracct/, and the country about it ho closes by saying "that upon it we also liiid copper mines, the metal of which is so firm and plentiful that there is not a seventh j)art base from the ore." The tradition referred to, and the mention of the ex- istence of copper and copper mines in the narratives of Alloucz ar.d La Ilontan, are all I liave been able to find on this interesting and e.xeiling subject, prior to the commencement of the year 1700. Prior to the conunencement of the eighteenth century, the huml)lc but sincere Missionary, influenced by no selfish motive, but kindling with a heroism that defied all danger, that could endure without ennplaint all toil, and anxious only to spread the light of the gospel throughout the habitable world, had planted the cross at numerous points from the Atlantic to Lake Superior. I'he records of the Missionary establishments must contain much in- formation, of a highly interesting character. But we have had no access to them, and cannot pretend to draw from their rich stores of knowledge. In 1721, P. De Charlevoix, following in the footsteps of xMlouez and La Ilontan, passed up the St- Lawrence, through the then usual route, visited Lake Superior, and finally crossed from the lakes to the Mississippi, and explored that river to the Gulf of Mexico. His pub- lished account is much more minute than those who preccedcd him, entering more into detail as to the re- sources of the country he passed through. Speaking 4 \ OF LAKK RUPERIOn. 13 (1 u book ilstcps of ()l)j«.'CtS. IS callotl about it I copper iful that f the cx- ativcs of lo to find r to the century, d l)y no loficd all toil, and rougbout u mo reus ) records riuch in- lUit W(; to draw footsteps iwrcnce, rior, and ppi, and lis pub- DSG who the re- ) peaking 4 4 of Lake Superior, ho says, "Large pieces of copper arc found in some places on its banks, and around some of the islands, which arc still the objr^cts of a superstitious worship auKjng the Indians. They look upon them with veneration, as if they were the presents of those gods who dwell under the waters: thfy collect the small- est fragments which they carefidly preserve, without, however, making any use o^' them. They say that formerly a large rock of this metal was to be seen ele- vated a considerable height above the surface of the water, and as it has now disMj)pr'ared, they pretend the gods liave carried it elsewhere; but there is great rea- son to believe that in process of time the waves of the lake have covered it entirely with sand and slime; and it is certain that in several places, pretty large quanti- ties of this metal have been discovered without being obliged to dig very deep. During the course of my first voyage to this country, 1 was acquainted with one of our order, [the Jesuits,] who had been formerly a gold- smith, and Mdio, while he was at the mission of the Smi/f dc Sic Maries used to search for this metal, and made candlesticks, crosses, and censors of it; for this copper is often to be met with almost entirely pure." In .Fune, 1705, Capt. Jonathan Carver left Boston to visit the country bordering upon the lakes. Ilia route was tlirough Albany to Niagara. Whether he passed through Lake Erie, or took the route through Lake Simcoe to Lake Huron is somewhat doubtful. The starting point of his travels, he says was Michillimaci- nac. From thence he coasted to Green Bay in com- pany with several of the fur traders of the Noith West. He ascended the Fox river, through Lake Winnebago, r ........J ...... .■».»j..i»m» MINERAL REGIOIV crossed to the Wisconsin river, and descended the latter to the Mississippi. He mentions particularly the lead mines in the vicinity of the Wisconsin. He ancended the Mississi[)pi to the Falls of St. Anthony during the year 1706, and returned to St. Peter's river and re- mained with the Indian tiibes in that vicitiitv until the spring of 1707. He then retraced his steps to the mouth of Chippewa river and up that river to an lnd;.tn town of that name. He crossed over to a head branch of the St. Croix river, "and descended this branch to a fork, and then ascended another to its source. On both these rivers I discovered several mines of virgin copper, ivhich 2vas as fine as that found i .t any other country.'^ This is the first mention of copper mines by Carver. His route from the head waters of tlic St. Croix, was to the sources of a river which he named Goddard's river, but which is probably the Bois Brule, and which he de- scended to Lake Superior. Ho says that the Ontonagon river is *':.emarkablc for the abundance of virgin copper that is found on and near its banks, a metal which is iiiet with also in several other places on this coast." *'I observed," says he "that many of the small islands, particularly those on the eastern shores, were covered with copper ore.'^ Flis book has oft-jn been called but a second edition of Gulliver's travels, and his account of the country supposed by many to be wholly the work of an active imagination. 1 think that, full reliance cannot be placed upon his statements, although I have sought in vain to find any record or evidence of his having obtained a permit, or made a location, or organ- ized a co?7ipany, for the purpose of selling the stock; no imputation of this kind can be successfully brought i Of LAKE SUPERIOR. 15 ho latter ,ho lead nceiided ■ing the and re- intil the e mouth m town h of the a fork, th these copver, mntry.^^ Carver. , was to 's river, \\ he de- tonagon 1 copper vhich is coast." islands, covered illed hut account le work reliance I have ) of his r organ- :ock; no brought A against hi»n. That he visited the places, or most of them, ho describes, tliere is now no good reason to doubt, though his statements generally are to be receiv- ed with many grains of allowence. The publication of his travels ])roduced such a sensation in England, that a Copper Company was forihwith organized for the purpose^ of working the mines. Several of the nobility engcigud in this enterprizo, and among others, the Duke of Gloucester, and Sir William Johnson. This was in 1771. This company engaged in their arduous under- taking with great spirit. They obtained a considerable quantity of pure co])per, by digging in the alluvial banks of the Ontonagon river, and it is stated in the published account that "a Mr. Norberg, a Russian gentleman, •'acquainted with minerals,'' found on or near Point aux Iroquois, a lumpof 5/7i;er, which, upon analysis, was found to contain sixty 'per cent of pure silver. It was taken to England and deposited in the British Museum, where it undoubtedly may be found at the present time. A query has been raised whether this was not a mass of cloride of silver, and we hope that some one having access to the British Museum may examine it, and give the result of such examination to the public. Mr. Alexander Henry, the historian of this English company, gives a minute account of their operations. He says, after having examined the Canadian shore, "they returned and then coasted n-estward, but found nothing until we reached the Ontonagon; where, besides the detached masses of copper formerly mentioned, we saw much of the same metal imbedded in stone. Proposing to ourselves to make a trial on the hill, till we were better able to go to work upon the solid rock, I lij MINERAL REOIOIV we built a house and sent to SauU de Ste Marie lor jDi-ovisions. At the spot pitched upon for the commence ■ ment of our operation, a green colored water ^yhic]l tinges iron of a co])per color issued from the hill, and this the miners called a leader/^ In digging they found frequent masses of copper, some of which were of three pounds weight. Having arranged every thing for the accommodation of th( miners during the winter, we returned to the Sault. *'Early in the spring of 1772, wo sent a boat load of provis'ons, but it came back on the 20th oi" June, bring- mg wi.h it, to our surprise, the whole establishment of miners. They reported that in the course of the win- ter, they had penetrated forty feet into the face of the hill, but on the arrival of the thaw, the clay on which, on account of its stiffness, they had relied, and neglect- ed to secure by pro[)er su|)porlerS; liad fallen in; that from the detached masses of metal, which to the last had daily presented themselves, they supposed there might be Ultimately reached, a body of the same: but could form no conjecture of its distance, except that it was probably so far off, as not to be pursued without sinking an air shaft; and lastly, that the work would require the hands of more men than could be fed, in the actual state of the country. Here our operations ended. The metal was probably within our reach, but if we had found it, the expense of carrying it to Montral, must have exceeded its market- able value. It was never for the exportation of copper, our company was formed, but always with a view to the silver, which it was hoped the ores, whether of copi^r or lead, might in sufficient quantity contain." ^», Marie lor Dmmoncc ■ or \yliicli hill, and f copp(,'r. Having )n of the le Sault. it load of 10, bring- hment of the win- Lce of the n which, ncglcct- in; that • the last ed there a me: but it that it without k would ?d, in the probably pense of markot- ' copper, 'W to the copjycr OF LAKfJ SUPJauOR. The operations of the English mining company, show the necessity of acting under the advice of those who are thoroughly versed in the science of mineralo^v and geology. Had this company been guided by scientific men, the result would have doubtless boon very different, for the digging for ore at the places mentioned are well termed by Dr. Houghton in his report, " as Quixotic attempts, and resulting, as might have been anticipated, in a failure, to find the obifjct sought.'^ Althoue^h more than seventy years have elapsed since that company abandoned their works, still the place on Miner's river, as well as on the Ontonagon, where they commenced their excavations, are distinctly visible. The names of several of the men employed, were cut in the rock at the mouth of Miner's river, where they arc still to be seen. The next accounts we have of these mines arc from the ])en of Alexander McKenzie, who embarked on a voyage in the North-west, in the year 1789. His ob- ject seemed to be more for the purpose of discovering new regions, than to lay open the resources of those already known; and he pushed on through the lake, and far into the country, whose waters flow into the North- ern Ocean. For iiis daring spirit of adventure, he was knighted. He says, in speaking of Lake Superior, that "on the same side, (the south,) at the 'Tonogon, is found a quantity of Virgin Copper. The Americans, soon after they got possession oT that country, sent at. agent thither, and I should not be surprised to hear of their employing people to work the mines. Indeed, it migiit be well worthy the attention of the British subjects to work tlie mines on the North coast, though they arc 18 .MINERAL REGION •!» I not supposed to l^o so rich as liiose on the fcloiUli." I liavc sought in vain for the evidence of an appoint- ment of an agent by our govcrnnienl, as nienlioncd by McKenzie, in the extract 1 have given from liis travels. TJio first trace of any action of the United States Gov- ernment about tlio mines on Lake Superior, was during the administration of President John Adams. On tlie IGth of April. 1800, Congress passed a resolution, which may bo Cound on page 403 of the third volume of the Laws of the United States, ''resjjecthig the Copper mines on the South side of Lake Superior.- This resolution provides "that the President of the United States be authorized to employ an agent, who shall be instructed to collect all material information relative to the Copper mines on the South side of Lake Superior, and to ascertain whether the Indian title to such lands as might be required for the use of the United States, m case tliey should deem it expedient to work the said mines, be yet subsisting, and if so the terms on which the same can be extinguished; and that the said agent be instructed to make report to the President in such time that the information he may collect, may be laid before Congress at their next session.'' This action of Congress was taken at a time when a large increase of our navy, the right arm of our defence as a nation, was contemplated, and copper was in much demand for the use of our ships of war. Whether an agent was ever appointed, or if appoirrted, whether he ever visited the country is not known to us. It seems, however, proba- ble from all we do know, that the jealousy of the North- western Indians, excited to acts of hostility by the English government, prevented the examination as con^ template.! by the resolution of Congress. OP LAKE SUPERIOR. 19 fcioiUli." aj)poiDt- ioncd by s travels, ites Gov- is during Oil tlio n, which no oi' the Copper iliis 3 United shall be ;lativc to Superior, 3h lands 1 States, the said 1 which d agent in such be laid ction of rease of on, was for the 'as ever ited the , proba- North- by the as con" The only further action of our government in relation to the mines at this period, which we have been able to ascertain, was to test the quality of the copper, wliich might be produced. Mr. Custis, the Minister Plenipo- tentiary from the United Slates forwarded to t!\e mint ofUtrctcht, in the Netherlands, specimens of the native copper found on Lake Superior, with a request that the same should be analyzed. The inspectors of the mint in communicating the result ot" the analysis, speak of the properties of the copper, as well as the manner of its production in the form in which it is found. ^'Frorn every appearance,'' he sa3^s, "the piece of copper seems to have been taken from a mass that has undergone fusion. The me/ ting was, however, not an operation of art, hut a natural eject caused bij a volcanic eruption. The stream of lava probably carried in its course the aforesaid body of copper that had Ibrmed into one col- lection, as fast as it was heated enough to run from all parts of the mine. The united mass was probably borne in this manner to the place where it now rests in the soil. The crystalized form observable every where on the original surface of the metal, that has been left untouch- ed or undisturbed, leads me to presume that the fusion it has sustained was by a process of nature; since this crystalized surface can only be suj)posed to have been ^/i "iduced by a slow and gi-adual cooling, whereby the copper assumed regular iigures as its heat passed into other substances, and the metal itself lay exposed to the air.'' "As to the properties of the copper itself, it may be observed that its color is a clear red; that it is peculiarly qualilied for rolling and forging; and that its excellence w J II }tiltK0>tca m'Mfm> ' u>t '^ f wm m > im ^mv m WINEIIAL REOrON I is indicated by its rcs.oinblanco to the copper usuallv employed by the Kngb'sh in plating. The dealers in copper call thi.i sort Peruvian copper, to distinguish it from that of Stvcden, which is much less malleable. The specimen under consideration is incomparably bet- ter than Sicedis/i copper, as well on account of its bril- liant color, as for the fineness of ils pores, and its extreme ductility. * - * The examination of the Noi-th American copper, in the sample received from his Excellency, the Minister, by the operation of the cupel, and test by fire, has jiroved that it does not con- tain the smallest particle of silver, gold, or any other metal.'' In 1819 our government had its attention again called to the region, and an expedition was fitted out under the command of General Cass, ihen Governor of the Ter- ritory of Michigan. The main object sought to be attained, was the settlement of the difficulties existing among the various Indian tribes, living on the borders of the lake and extending beyond the Mississippi. But while this was the object, the resolution of Congress of leoo was not lost sight of, and instructions were given to collect such facts in relation to the country, as was contemplated by Congress in the passage of the resolu- tion referred to. Hon. Henry R. Schoolcarft, had charge of this subject, and by his industry and knowl- edge of the country, collected a valuable mass of historical facts, all tending to show the existence of copper at many points, both on main land anrl the is- lands. His examinations were, however, of a cursory and superficial character, and not calculated to deter- mine accurately the location of the mines, if any existed. I lor usual ly dcalers in stingiu'sh it malleable, arably bot- of its bril- 's, and its on of the ?ivcd Trom Lion of the s not con- any oilier ^ain called under the fthc Ter- ght to be s existing 10 borders ippi. But ingress of ere given y, as was le resolu- arft, had id knowl- mass of stence of nd the is- i cursory to dcter- y existed. I op LAKE SLTERIOR. His general conclusions are, that, though many large masses of copper have been found, yet, "no bodv of it which is sufficiently extensive, to become the object of protitablc mining operations, is now known to exist in any particular place;'' but that a mineralogical survey of the country would doubtless bring to light the partic- ular locations of the mines, which he thought must exist in the country. We have been essentially aided in our examination, by the clear and able articles he wrote on this subject, though there is nothing in his report or description of the country, which would enable a geolo- gist or mineralogist to form any accurate opinion or judgement respecting even the probability of the exist- ence of mines. In 1881, a second expedition was sent out by the United States government, for the purpose of ascertain- ing the sources of the Mississippi. It was under the command of Mr. Schoolcraft. The object sought for was successfully accomplished. Attached to this party was fDr. Douglass Houghton, whose name has since become so thoroughly identified with that region. The general character of the country, and its geological fea- tures were carefully observed, but further than this, little was added to the stock of knowledge already obtained, respecting the mineral resources of the country. In 1830, Michigan as a sovereign and independent State, came into the Union, and within little more than a year, had organized a State Geological Department, for the purpose of more speedily developing the hidden resources of the State. Dr. Houghton was placed at the head of this department, and C. C. Douglass and Bela Hubbard was his assistants in mineralogy and geology. * I 0.'2 MINERAL RE(;iON iti M 'I The nnnuLil reports from tliis department made known the practical results of this enterprize, as well as the zeal with which it was prosecuted. In the course of these explorations, in 1840, the Geological corps carried their researches into the wild, but interesting region of Lake Superior. And tlie fourth annual report exhibits the progress of the work in ihat rich lield of scientific observation. As our knowledge of that region liad hitherto been coniined to the exceedingly imperfect and unlimited observations of voyaging travellers, mingled with much that was conjectural, or merely fanciful, the 'ucid state- ments of fact, and the extended and accural informa- tion there brought to view, gave a peculiar value to this report. All that portion of the report devoted to *'Mines and Minerals," will be found in the following pages. We commend this report to the careful perusd of all those who are desirous of obtaining any knowledge of the subject. The Geological survey of Michigan was prosecuted with vigor until the State was paralyzed by the financial crisis which extended over our whole country. In 1844, Dv. Houghton devised the plan of connecting the linear surveys of the public lands of the United States, with a geological and mineralogical sur- vey of the country. This plan was fully set forth in a paper prepared and read by him before the association of Geologists at Washington, in that year. The im- mense advantages likely to result from such a survey, if successfully carried into execution, was at once com- prehended. The Commissioner of the General Land Office having obtained a promise from Dr. II. that he would undertake the work, recommended to Congress i OF LAKK SrPERIOR. 2S lo known ; tlio zeal of those •icd thoir of Lake libits the scientific ito been \n limited ith much cid slatc- informa- .\Q to this > "Mines )agcs. s'll of all V ledge of gan was lyzed by ir whole plan of ds of the >'ical sur- brth in a sociation The im- 1 survey, nee com- ral Land . that he O'ongress an appropriation for that purpose. This was made and the survey commenced by Dr. Ilougliton. It was while engaged in this work, that Dr. 11. lo.st his life, being wrecked in a storm on Lake Superior, on the IJUh of October, 1815. According to the plan of this work, a full and minute report was to have been prcptired and returned by Dr. FI. to the office of the Surveyor Gcnerat. In lieu there- of, the administrators of his estate cau?;ed the reports of Messrs. Burt and Hubbard, which follow, to be prepar- ed, and returned with the field notes and maps of the survey. These reports give a concise and comprehen- sive description of the country over wiiich the surveys have been extended, and embrace the very latest reliable information. Annexed hereto is a list of the Mining companies. This list cannot be expected to be complete, for new companies are springing up daily in every part of the United States, which fact renders it impossible to make out an entire list, and I have met with great difliculty in furnishing this imperfect one. Under the administration of Jolin Tyler, a treaty with the Chippewa Indians was made by Robert Stewart, in the summer of 1842. The treaty was ratified by the Senate of the United States, in February, 1843. By this treaty, all of the country east of Fond du Lac, inc'uding the islands in Lake Superior, not previously acquired, was ceded to the United States. Immediately after the ratification of the treaty, applications were made for permits to explore and dig for copper ore on the south shore of Lake SuperioT. Tlie Secretary of War considered these applications, and in the spring of 1' ,1 i 24 MINERAL IIICGION « i 1843, issued three permits to Ansley, to Wilson and Carson, and to Turner and Snyder. Those wore the first permits that wore granted. Sometime in may, a party of explorers landed at Copper Harbor, consisting ot' Col. White, Capt. Sago and Mr. Havens of Dubiuiuc. They went as the agents of Turner and Snyder. They, however, were unable to secure a location. In the spring of 1843, Walter Cunningham was ap- pointed Specitd Agent for the mines on Lake Superior, and on the 18th of June, in company with some twenty persons, he landed at Copper Harbor, where he estab- lished his agency. This agency remained at Copper Harbor until the spring of 1846, when it was removed by Gen. .Toim Stockton, the present agent, to Sault de Ste Marie, with assistants stationed at Copper Harbor, at the mouth of Ontonagon river, and La Pointe. On the 18th of June, leases 1 and 4 were made; 4 for Ans- ley & Co., and 1 for Wilson & Co. Leases 2 and 5 on Eagle river, were taken by the same parties about ten davs after. About that time Col. Charles H. Gratiot, with a com- pany of miners from Gratiot's Grove, arrived at Copper Harbor, and also a company consisting of Thomas Carrol and others, from Vinegar Hill, Wisconsin. This last company immediately proceeded up the lake as far as Ontonagon river. They here found James Paul and Nick D. Miniclicr, who had reached there some time in the month of March, having crossed the country by land from Piattvillc. Paul and Miniclier were the first miners who came into the country, for the purpose of mining, after those under Henry, in 1 I OF LAKE SUPKRIOR. 25 soil anu ^vorc the mded at [)t. Sago iG agents c unable was ap- 5iiporior, twenty he cstab- ; Copper removed Sault de Harbor, lite. On lor Ans- 2 and 5 ics about h a com- it Copper Thomas isconsin. the lake id James icd there ossed the Miniclier ntry, tor lenry, in r/71. Tlicy had come to take, and were in possession of the cojiper rock. In the lead region of Wisconsin, Illinois and Iowa, ;n })rospecting for that ore, wiiich is there found in liio metaliiforous limerock, the miners sink their shafts in the "swaijs-- or swales, ami thoy not unfre(iuently sink to a (IcpUi of from 00 to lOt) feet- without meeting with a "lod ',"' if not altog.-ther unsuccessful. In imitation of this style of prospecting, Carroll and his men sunk several shafts in the clay banks of Onlonngon river, at what points I have be(^n unable to ascertain. Like Henry, who liad followed the same course before them, they met with quite a number of boulders of native cop- per, like him they were unsuccessful in striking a lode, and like him they returned without being able to accom- plish anything. On the 2'M of July, Joab Bernard made lease No. 7. Gratiot, Bernard and Mandlebaum then coasted from Eagle river to La Pointc, and examined particularly tho Porcupine mountains. From La Pointc they proceeded to Isle Royal, and thence home via. Sault de Sle Mario. On this trip Cratiot and Bernard concocted the plan of forming the Lake Superior Company, and they may truly be said to have been the founders of this company. They persevered through all difliculties, and though at times disheartened, they would return to their work with increased diligence, and urge on their co-partners. In the summer, 1844, C. C. Douglass, formerly As- sistant Slate Geologist of Michigan, was employed by the Lake Superior Company to explore their locations already made, and also to explore for the purpose of making further locations. During these explorations, rr 56 MINERAL IU:(;lON k f Mr. Douglass discovered qiiito a niunber of veins, sev- eral of wiiieli have biiiee Ijeeii proved lo be Uinoiig tlie richest in the country. Mr. Douglass had tlio manage- ment of most of the field work for that (-'jnipany. Sometime in July, the same Company emp!(jyed Dr. Charles T. Jackson, of Boston, to examine the veins upon their locations, and to make out a rej)ort of the result of his examinations, and also lo give his opinions:' ns to the practicability of working the veins that /tad been, and might be discovered. lie immediately left Bo-ton, aiul visited several of the Company's locations, but was mostly conlined to Leas(! No. 2, to which hib rej)ort entirely relates. On account of the slight exam- inations which he was enabled to make, the situation of the country being unfavorable at that limu, lie could nut make out as decisive a report as tiie Company had de- sired, and it was looked upon as rather unfavorable lo the working of the mines. During the wintei o'C ]'.S44 and ISir), ('ol. Charles H. Graliot remaie.'jd up'.u No. 'J, with a company of miners, in order more fully to test the vein upon which they were at work. In the spring of 1815, the Compa- ny sent on a large number of miners and laborers, and also castings for mills. The forest soon echoed to the sound of busy Hie, and the haunts of beasts became the habitations of men. During the course of the summer, a saw mill, and also a stamping and crushing mill were erected, and improvements in every part of the country rapidly progressed. Several Companies grew up, as it were, with the Lake Superior Company, and may be numbered as the (irst companies. These arc The Pittsburgh and Boston i I i '^ OP LAKK .SUPKIUOIl. 27 IS, sor- llg tllL an age- t 0(1 Dr. veins of the; pillion^' lat had (■ly left nations, icli liib ; cxuni- ition oi' >Lilcl not )ad (Ic- I'ablo lo Jliarlc:? )anv of 1 which l^om pa- rs, and d to the imc the u miner, ill were country 'ith tlie 1 as the Boston 4 I I Copper FTurbor Company, The Hoston Company, The Copp(;r FalU Comp.iny, The Hoheniian Company, The New Yorl; and Lake Superior Company, The Islo Royal Company, and the Superior Company. The best history of the eonipanics for 1845 and up to this time, is furnished by ihe ann<;.\ed list of mining companies, for it is impossible to colleet reliabN* details. Thousands visiied tiie eountry, and companies were daily organiz-d, and the results of the ''grand rush" arc yet to 1)0 realized. It is hoped that they may all ulti- mately be successful, but it feared that the visionary hop(^s of some will meet with a gloomy disappointment. The map of the Minc'ral Region, which accomi)anies, is tlu; most correct, and the fidlest that has vet been published, giving the locations made up to July 17, 1840. The loetitions are laid down according to the corrected Agoncv map, and can be relied on. As tar as it relates to the township and section lines, the topograi)hy and geology, it is [)i'oj(;cted from the held notes of the latest United States survevs, and is correct. Since the first issue of leases of tracts in this district, leases of all the tracts applied for on Isle Royal were refused. This was occasioned by a doubt as to the right of granting them, the permits being considered to limit the explorations for mining purposes, to the; "south shore of Lake Superior." And, by the w;iy, in the report of the committee on Public Lands, May 4, 184G, I find the following: **The committee have diligently examined for the autliority given by acts of Congress, for the expendi- tures of such large sums of money paid to agents, and for the power to grant leases on the copper lands, and >v 28 ailNEIlAL REGION n Iiavc been unsuccessful in lh;:ir search, unless it may be derived from the act oi" 1807, entitled 'An act to pre- vent settlements being made on Umds ceded to the United States, until authorized l)y Inw;' which provides, Mhat in all cases where the tract of land apphed for incii.ides either a lead mine or sa/l spr.'ng, no i)ermissioii to work the same shall be granted wilhout the approbalio!i ui the President of the United States, w ho is hereby authorized to cause such mines or springs to he leased fc»r a term not exceeding three years, and on such conditions as he shall think proper.' It will be remarked, that this act extends only to *7ead mines and salt sjh''in<;;s,' and by it no express au- thority is given 1o lease the copper or other mineral lands, nor is there any authority found by ihe committee for the appointment or salaries of the numerous train of agents, surveyors, &c., wiiich have been employed since 1843 in that service. Perhaps it was thought inferable, as in the permits for those explorations, and in the leases granted, it is expressed '/cr /cad or other ores;^ and as the President was authorized to lease the had lands and salt springs, the authority to appoint ag-nts to carry out the object was also inferred. The commit- tee felt themselves constrained to object to this pro- ceeding, as one dangerous and unprecedented, by wdiich numerous offices have been created, and large sums of money drawn from the treasury, without any authority of law, as they believe.'' Also, '»Thc committee from respect to the action oi" one of the departments of government, will not venture to recommend an annulment of the leases which have been granted, although they believe them to have been made ^ ^■•l OF LAKE SUrERIOR. O 9 ..? without riny authority of law. Thoy yet feci it their duly 10 pr'.)vido for tho security of the govenunent in tho recovery of it-, rents, to ri quires a rencn-al of the leases heretofore execute (^ to the extent of llu; period for whieh tliey were origin;diy granted, and no longer; and to Ciirth ;r provic]?, tiKit such leases as shall not he renewed witlnna reiisonahle time, shnll he declared, void, and t'lo President required to cause defarlting l^'ssces to be removed, for which tliero is ample provision in the act of leOT." It is nlso stat(vl in this'rcport that the amount, to that date, drawn from th" treasury to he ji})p!ied in d^-fraying the expenses of this Mineral District, wns J?8'2,805,')l; while the receipts for ren!s were •^•192,22. A bill for the sale of these lands, gr;\ntlng also the pre-emption right, is now before Congress, and it is hoped by all wdio feel an interest in the welfare of {he Mineral Re- gion, or the progress of the setll; meets and development oftiie resources of our country, that it will he passed and become a l;iw. r>ut to return to Isle Royale. The leases of the tracts applied for, which cover the eniire island, have lately been grnnted, and several companies have proceeded there with a view of comnHUicing immediate operations. Isle Royale is w(dl situated both for mining and commer- cial purj)Oses, liaving some of the fmest natui'al harbors in the world, within a very few miles of some one of which, the mines will he situated. It is a favorite theory of some, that the mineral range of liidvo Superior is a continuation of the mineral range of Mexico, and that, as it approaches Lake Superior, it -separates into two branches, tlie one being the Kccwo» 'ii 0- i'i' '■* I I 30 MINERAL REGION naw Point range, and that the other, to which Islo Royalc is referred, passes along the south-west const conforming nearly to its course. By some, however, Isle Royalc is referred to the Porcupine mountain rang.\ Exj)lorers of tlie north and east shores report a trap range in the vicinity of Mamainsc, which would corre^jjond with the direction of the Kecwenaw Point rang..', and also in the vicinity of Isle St. Jgnacc, which would correspond to the supposed direction of the other rang?. These ex- plorers report flattering discoveries on the Canadian shore. The Provincial rrovernment, which has wrung fromi the Home Government the concession of managing the colonial lands, it must be allowed has conducted much more prudently and judiciously in rcgrad lo their min- eral lands, than our own government. Twenty seven permits only have been granted, and no more arc to be, until returns are made and leases issued upon these. The p'M'mittees arc a.uthoriz';d to locate a tract two ,niles at right angles with, by five miles following the course of the vein, not being confined to t!io north and south andeast and west boundary lines. T(j secure a lease, he is obliged to survey his tract, and return a copy of the field notes of the survey, together with a rojjoit, describ- ing the vein or veins he may have discovered, to the Secretary of the Province. Py thrse regulations, to- gether with the importance given to priority of discov- ery, the actual explorer is protected in his lights, and there are none or few of those conflicting claims which base been a source of so great an; oyance to our own citizens. It has been staled that in our own mineral district, leases have been issued on tracts of land upon I I I OP LAKE SUPERIOR. I i whicii a white man never trod. The period for which the leases will he granted, or the per-centum on the iiielaLs produced, which will be demanded by the Cana- dian (Jovcrnment, I have not yet learned. Several Mining Companies have been organized, and have sent out exploring parties, the results ot^ whose labors aic yet to be made public. The Provincial Ge- ologist, Mr. Logan, by order of government, is now on Lake Superior, where he is prosecuting surveys and explorations. The chart of Lake Superior which accompanies, is reduced from the one executed by Lieut. Henry W. Bayfield, who was engaged under the British govern- ment in the years 1824 and 1825, in making a survey of this lake, and the most implicit confidence can be placed in its accuracy. For the vapidity with which this survey was carried on, and for its minute accuracy, it is unequalled. It has resulted incalculibly to the benefit of the marine} on this lake, as he meandered and carefully triangulated the entire coast, and took all of the necessary soundings. Between the years 1800 and 1810, large schooners were on Lake Superior, engaged in the service of the Hudson's Bay and American Fur companies. A schoon- er called the Recovery, belonging to the British North Western company, was one those so employed. On the breaking out of the war, great fears were entertain- ed for the safety and preservation of this vessel, and it is said this was accomplished by stratigem. In one of the deep, narrow bays on the north-east end of Isle Uoyale, which was then within the jurisdiction of the British, this vessel was secreted, after having her spars T" MINERAL REGION taken out. Hero, entirely covered over with boughs of trees and brush wood, she is reported to have hiiu until the terminntion of hostilities between the two nations, and was thc-n brought out from htn- hiding jtluco and again put in commission. Subsequently she was run down the Ste Mario rnpids, and placed in Ijk^ lumber trade on Lake Erie, under t'le command of Capt. Fcdlows. Her owner, I believe, was Mr. Mcrwin, of Cleveland, The fragments of the Uecov;'ry were for a long time visible near Fort TOrie, opposite Builalo. Another schooner named tiic MivL; was also one of those on Lake Sui)crior previous to the war. Tiiis craft was also brought down over the rapids, and was em- ployed in the general tiade of Lake Erie for several years, under the command of Tom ILunmond, an officer who server] in Perry's fleet. This vessel after being used here sometime, was finally sunk in lliviere Kouge, which empties into Dcti'oit river, a i'cw miles below Detroit, where her fragments remain. A third vessel, which had been in the same service with the Recovery and Mink, also undertook to ])ass down the rapids, but in so doing struck a I'ock and went to pieces. Her name is not given. From that time until 182*2, Lake Superior was navigated only by a solitary sail, a small craft which also passed down the rapids, and soon be- came extinct among the young fleet then springing into existence on the lower lakes, in 1884, the fur business revived, and orders were issued by the American F'ur Company, for the commission of a large vessel for Lake Superior. To Messrs. Ramsay Crooks and O. New- berry, of Detroit, were given the management of the matter, and the conmiand, when ready for service, en- OF LAKE SUPEH10K. 33 trusted to Capt. Clmilos C. Stunard. Thn Astor was the first American vessel that was launrhod upon Lake Suj)erior. The Astor was a schooner of 112 tons, and was built hy the American Fur Company, in ih;; summer oi' iH^Jf). Her builder-s name was G. W. Jones. H(;r iVamo timbers and planks were got out at Charleston, Oliio, in the fall of 1834, and were shipped on !)oard the schoon- er Bridi^et from that place, in April, 1835. and arrived at Sault do Ste Marie on the: 1st of May. The timbers were then carried to the head of th- rapids, where the Astor was built. Her keel was laid on the 17th May, and the vessel was ready to launch about tli<> 1st August, and she sailed on hor first voyage on the loth August, on her upward bound tri[) to La Pointe. On tiie 'iSth August, Capt. Stanard discovered the ce'ebrated rock, which has since excited so much curiosity, and has been so great a source of annoyance to the navigators of Lake Superior. This rock is mitiut.ely described in another. place. Capt. S. did not go to it at that time, as it was near night, and the weather thick and the lake rough. But in the fall of that season he went on it. Whm first discovered it appeared to be a batteau capsized, ;md the sea breaking over it, with a rough lake and the weather so thick he was unable to make out what it was until within half a mile. Capt. Chas. C. Stanard sailed the Astor until the close of the season of 1842; after which time, his brother, Capt. Benj. A. Stanard sailed her uiUil she went ashore and was wrecked, at Copper Harbor, on the 21st Sep- tember, 1844. No lives were lost; cargo mostly saved. At the timeofihe gale, the Abtor lay ut anchor in 1 ■ : t ? i i 1 I f 34 ii MINERAL REGION Copper Harbor. When it came on to blow vory iuircl, her cable hi-oko and sjio wont asliorc. Ihv !,u!l i,s still to bo seen on a low conglomerate clitr in Copper Har- bor, immediately south of the entrance. The Ameiic;Hi Fur Company had two small vessela built, ot^ about 20 tons each, ii) the year 1837; one of which was Ro poorly constructed that it was never launched. The other, named tlie Madnlinr, was sailed byCapt. Angus, and was employed principally in the iishing trade— built by a Frenchman. In 18:38, the same company built the schooner Urn. Brewster, of 7:j tons. tSho was launched sometime in August, and sail- ed in September, Capt. John Wood, master. In Sep- tember, 1:342, the American Fur Company, supposing that she would rot before she could pay for hsrself on Lake Superior, the Brewster was run down the raj)ids, and sid)scquently put in service on Lake Erie. The tnnbers of the Brewster were got out at Euclid, Ohio, and carried up above the Sault, where the vessel was built. Her builder's name was Mason. The fleet now on Lake S Steamboat Julia Pal uperior, is composed of the following, mer t80 to ns; Proj)eller Indepen- dence, 280 t quin. Swallow and Merchant, about 70 tons each; Uncle uns; Schooners Napoleon, 180 tons; A letween those i.iinerals that may be reo-ard(d ps ot' practical value, and the rocks to which tiiev beJon^. As a whole, the rocks on tho upper jieninsula are deficient in numher oi" ndnerals, though some few iadi- vidual species occur abundantly. iMINERALS OF THR PRI.MARY ROCKS. The following list can by no means be regarded as perfect, but it will serve, at least, to co.nc-y an id.^a of the small number of n.inerais which are fouud in con- ncction witli tho rocks of tlus group. Schorl, Mica, Tourmaline, Feldspar, Hornblende, m j.^^^I Acfynolitp, Quartz. MINERALS OF THE METAMORPHIC GROUP OF R0( K.S. Quartz, common, Iron, scaly red oxid of, *'""''^^'' *' ha'matite, " S^'^^^y^ " pyritous, ^^'^^•'^i-' Steatite, Serpentine, common, Novaculite. Of the nn-nerals enumerated as occurring in, the me> tumorphic rocks, the nnlky variety of quartzes abundant, someUmes composing ahDost entire ranges of hills. 'J^he novaculite is also abundant, but of u course variety^ (4 OF LAKE SUI'iaUOR. 37 Tin; ro- This last Is associated with llio taloo.so slutc^^. maining minerals appear cither ciisseniiiKitc, which beds conform to tho line or cleavage of that ruck. Although the haunatite is abundantly disseminated through all the rocks of the nictamorphic group, it does jiot appear in sufiicient (juantity, at any one point that has been ex- amined, to bo of practical importance. MINERALS OF THE TRAP ROCKS. (iuartz, common, '* smoky, milky, gnjasy, radiated, mamillary, drusy, amethystine, Chalcedony, Cornelian, Jas{)cr, Agate, common, " fortification, Augitc, Actynolite Serpentine, '* pseudomorphous, Chlorite, common,, ** earthy, Analcimc, Harmotomc, Uculandite, 4i H n (i u Steatite, common, Asbestus, Amianthus, Calcareous spar, Copper, native, pyritous, black, red ox id of, azure carbonate of, green carbonate of, " '* ferruginous, Lead, sulp buret of, " carbonate oi". Iron, pyritous, *' red ox id of, ** hydrate of, *' silicate of, [of, Manganese, ferruginous oxid Silver, native, (very rare,) Stilbite, Laumonite, Prchnitc. J: 38 MINERAL REGION Since u consideration of the minerals contained in the trap, will also involve a portion of those enihruced in the conglomerate, the mixed rock, and red sandrock and shales, I will, before referring minutely to those of the trap rocks, lay before you a list of those which occur most frequently in the sedimentary rocks last mentioned. The fact that veins of mineral matter, traversing the trap, arc frequentiy continued across tlie several sedi- mentary rocks, and that dykes are of frequent occur- rence in these latter rocks, would lead to the inference that there would be a considerable degree of resemblance in the character of the minerals embraced in these dykes and veins, in both the trap and sedimentary roeks, and to a certain extent, this inference would be true; but it should be borne in mind, as has already been stated, that the veins, in traversing the several upper rocks, undergo very great changes in mineral character. MINERALS OF THE CONGLOMERATE, 3IIXED ROCK AN1> RED SANDROCK. Calcareous spar Copper, native,-/- Quartz, common, " pyritous,f '> milky, ** blue carb. of,t ** drusy. ** green carb. of,t Chalcer.onv,* «• earthy green carb. of,f Cornelian,* «« black, t .Jasper;* Zinc, siliceous oxid of, Agate,* *' carbonate of, *Occasionally occurring among tlie pel^hlcs conslituUng tlie mass of tlic- coiifjlomcralc. tChiefly in those portions of tlie veins traversing the conglomerato. 1 OF LAKK JSUJ'ERIOR. '6U Iron, [)yritou.s, *' i>lack o.xid of, (cemented iron sand,) <* red ox id ol*, ** hydrate of, *' silicate of, AIIXERAL VEINS OP THE TRAl', CONGLOMER ATI:, tScC, In order lo render tlic subject of the mineral veins traversing the above rock, so lar intelligible as may be in my power, 1 have already been particular to define, as far as could bo done without maj)s and sections, the relation which the trap rocks, together witli tlie superin- cumbent conglomerate, mixed sand and conglomerate and red sandrock bear to each other, and it will be ne- cessary, in considering the mineral contents of these rocks and the veins traversing ijiem, to keep tiiis rela- tion constantly and clearly in view. It will be recollected, that the northwesterly range of hills, commencing at the extremity of Keewenaw Point, and stretching from thence in a southwesterly direction into the interior, were referred to as being more clearly of trapposo origin than either of the other ranges, and that the rock of the southerly portion of this range is cither compact greenstone or altered syenite, while that of the northerly flank is almost invariably either an amygdaloid or a rock approaching to toadstone. The several ranges of hills to the south of that last alluded to, are either well formed, compact greenstones, altered syenite, or (as we approach the primary range,) imperfectly formed granites. So far as the several ran- ges of hills, lying south from the northerly range, are concerned, they would appear to be, as a whole, deficient m ^{i I 40 MINKIIAL JlLcilON i in min.M'fils', and tlu; rocks arc not apparondy travcrycd by vciiis or dykos of any moro ivccnt date than that of the up.'il't orth(! uorlh.'i'ly trnp hills. Veins cl(?arly of a dntv posterior to the uplift of that portion of the tr;ip rock hi.st nicntiened, arc of frequent occiirrcnccN and these veins not only traverrio a portion of the trap range, hut also pass into the congiotneratc, and sonujtimes completely aeross tiio three sedimentary rocks, immediately above the trap, ihus having an un- broken length of several miles. The class of veins to which I now allude, where they occur in a connected or continuous portion of the range, rarely vary more than 12^ to 15° form a right angle to the line of bearing of the sedimentary rocks, and in pursuing this course, they necessarily cut across the dykes of trap belore alluded to, as so frequently appearing between the strata, and conforming to the dip of the lower sedimentary roc^s. That the veins under consideration belong to a single epoch, is inferred from tlu; fact, that none have been noticed with other veins crossing them, as also for the reason that none have ever been noticed with disloca- tions, Jieaves or disturbarjce of any kind, save what may be referred to causes connected with their imme- diate origin. That these veins must be regarded in the strictest sense as true veins, cannot be doubled, and that their origin or source, over the extended district alluded to, has been the same, is inferred from the perfect identity of their mineral contents; for a description of one of these true veins may be said to be essentially a des- cription of the whole, Thus, while the mineral con- tcnis of the different portions of tlic same vein change ff^TI-il % I '"-" -— — ' "^ OP LAKE BlJPERIOlt. 41 as tlio rock trrivi^rsnd changes, thn corropponding por- tions of diflt ront voins almost invariably bear a striking and close resemblance to each other. These ^•cin;•), as lins already been stated, where they traverse connected ranges of the trap, are regular in course and direction, but when they are conncf.'ted with a single uplifu'd hnobofthat rock, they are irregular and can scarcely be defined, appearing, in the latter in- stance, rnther as matter injected into the fissures of a shattered mass of rock, than as connected veins. The importance of carefully studying the relation which these veins bear to the rocks which they traverse, as also the relation which they bear to the numerous trap dykes, together with the few cotemporaneous veins noticed in the trap, is very much increased by the cir- cumstance, that these veins are more or less connected with, or rather contain, metallic materials, which, it may be fairly inferred will hereafter become of very consid- erable practical imj)ortance. In fact, so fur as we may be enabled to judge from the examinations already made in this district of country, it is confidently believed that most, if not all the metalliferous veins of the upper pen- insula belong to veins of the epoch of those under con- sideration. It is true that native metals, more particu- larly copper, are sometime found, in plnce, occupying the joints or natural septa? of greenstone, but in these instances, the amount of metal is always comparatively small, and, with one or two exceptions, I have invaria- bly been able to establish some connection between the native metal occupying these joints and the termination of some melalliferous vein that traverses other i)ortion3 of the rock not far distant, and it is believed that the 1 f 42 MINERAL REIJION metal filhng these joints has invariably resulted from he action of canses precisely analogous to those which alluded '''""''"' "'""'' '" "'° "'''^'' '" ^^''""'' '■ ^■-'^'^ The earliest as well as all travellers, who have visited he chstnc. of country under consideration, have not faded to make frequent allusion to the loose masses of native coj.per that have been occasionallv found scattered over jt. nor has any one failed to allude to the large bowlder or loose n.ass of that metal upon the Ontonagon liver Amiost invariably, the opinion hus been expres- sed, fron, the frecp.ent occurrence of these masses, timt e metal must be abundant in the country. But, after all, the true sources from which these masses had their ongin or the .elation which they hold ,o the rocks of ho d,s r.ct, would appear never to have been unders.ood; a^ all. or nearly all, that was known of their true relJ tc 'th'T t '° '^^"J-'--- '^'- -ult of this has heen, that whde some have excessively magnified every hmg connected with a subject of which, in truth, no.h- ng was known, another class, equally far from what is ca ly rue, have regarded these masses of native copper as bowlders transported from high northern latitudes.* ^s far back as 1831 and 18^2, I had occasion to pass, memory ,o,vc, ,„o .orrc^Uv. L"o.-i>'<'"l vf.m „fi|,e mnal i,, .™"ero,l over llio ^m^lii,^ JZ^y'ST' "'™"i°'" "'' <"'"""y '-'I'l' ' J ''!? OP LAKE SUPERIOR. 43 no less than three times, along the south coast of Lake Superior, as aloO to ascend several of the important trib- uturies of that lake, and during these years, I passed by three (iifFercnt routes, widely separated from each other, compietoly across to the Mississippi river. It is true that these journeys, made through a complete wilderness, uninhabited except by savages, were necessarily made under circumstances that admitted of only very general observations; but the result of these previous examina- tions have proved of immense service to me, in aiding the labors of the past season. I allude to these journeys and examinations at this time, in order to show you the dilTjcuItics by which a full understanding of the subject under consideration is surrounded, for I became satisfied at that time, not only that the subject was not understood by the mass of those who had traversed the country, but that even the natives of the country had no knowledge of the true sources from which the transported masses of copper had their origin. During the time of the examinations alluded to, a bare glimmer of light was thrown upon the subject by an ex- amination of some small masses of copper, found occu- pying the joints of the greenstone; as also by the exam- ination of a single vein in the conglomerate, containing the ores of copper, which has since been found to be the termination of a vein that is somewhat obscurely contin- ued from the trap region. While these examinations were sufficient to enable mo to draw the inference that the masses of native copper came chiefly, if not wholly, from the trap, and more rarely from those sedimentary rocks resting immediately upon it, it was supposed that this occurrence would follow the general law, and that I 44 MINERAI, REGION m m s it, together with the other ores of the metal, vonW oecur or 1 1! I rr""^ sedimentary roek.. Nothing, 01 at least very lutle, ,vas known of the m-n ,„(, nt or :':"h::M:\'T*-"^^%"-''''"-'^^s-tin;::::- ^possible to apply even the data on hand to .sueh nnr- pose as to relieve the embarrassment ^ relation, of , '''^ "^-'do, ,„ such condition that the leiations of the sevcra narls mio-l.t i onhethiek„essoru,eJveraTmem;::ar;i::~ of decrease or wedging to the cast. W ,h the d ,' I was enabled, by noting the d,„ „,- ,, , ""^'' ' coast, to determiL, with suffi nt c Z L."!:" ""' poses to which the rule was to b " ' " ''"'r junction between the tr-,n-,nd.„. I " ''"" °'^ rule .vb.n .^""P''"^ conglomerate rocks. This i"lo, nhen put ,n practice, enabk-d me to decide wi b very considerable degree of m,-..,- , ' " •ion. when the rock.,':L e S'^Ji, t'! '"" "'" ^'""t e-ble thickness of detrital ma tlr- 1 ! ""'^ ''"""'''- I was enabled, by travertin. , '" '"''''<^''' ^^earingof,hjn;:r::;;::~^:,';-^ ' °''^«'vationa soon showed .rte that this line of ^ OP LAKE SUPERIOR. 45 r junction between the trap rock and tlio south edge of the conglomerate, instead of pursuing u. course ])arallel to the coast, only continued its parailelisni for a lew miles westerl\'- from the extremity of Keewonaw Point, after which, for a long distance, it recedes from the coast rapidly. These facts served to explain in part, why the subject of the origin of the masses of copper had remained a mystery, for the country tlirough which this line pas- ses, is hardly ever passed over, even by the Indians, and {)robably large portions of it have never been passed over by the whites: but in addition to this, the obscure character of the metalliferous veins is such, that they would scarcely attract the observation of the traveller whose attention was not called especially to the subject; for many of tuo richest ores are so far from having the appearance of the pure metal, that they would be the last suspected to contain it in any form. That the connection of these ores with the containing rocks was not understood by the English mining compa- ny, whose attention was turned to this subject at an early day, is to be inferred from the fact, that they commenced their o[)erations at Miners' river, where the rock is the upj)er or grey sandstone, which has never been observed to contain mineral veins; and, also, on Ontonagon river, near the mass of native copper, at which point a shaft was commenced and carried about forty feet through a reddish clay, at which point the red sandrock was reach- ed. Now, although the metalliferous veins sometimes pass from the trap across the red sandstone, those veins in the red sandrock have never been noticed to contain any other ores than those of zinc and iron, unless it be at the immediate point where the vein crossing comes in 46 MINERAL REGION i'l! i I contact with a dyke of trnp, which condition does not c^ist at the point alluded to, on Ontonngon river. What indications could have induced these Quixotic trials at the points where they were commenced, is more thnn I. have been able to divine, and as might have boon anti- cipated, the attempts resulted in a failure to find the object sought. Having thus, in a general manner, set forth the ob- scurity by which the subject of the true source of the transported masses of native copjier has been surround- ed, together with some of the reasons v/hich have served to prevent its being fairly understood, I will now pro- ceed to a general sketch of the metalliferous vc^ins of the district, so far as the same liavt; been examined; pre- mising, that our knowledge of them is still deficient in very many important particulars, which cnn orJy bo supplied by a careful and continued exuniination of the subject, which, in fact, can only be said to be but just commenced. I have had occasion to refer to the outer or northerly range of hills, or those from which the nx'talliferous veins may be said to spring, as being composr>d of trap rock, and lest what has been said may not be fairly un- derstood, I will repeat, that the more southerly part of the range is uniformly composed of compact greenstone, under which head I not only include true greenstone, but also those forms of altered granular gneiss and gne- issoid granite, which sometimes are associntc^d with it, while the outer or northerly portion of the same ran^^e is usually composed of an amygdtiloidal form of trap. The cells of the amygdaloid are usually filled with the different varieties of quartz, cornelian, chalcedony and ,3 OF LAKE SUPERIOR. 47 1 asatc, and sometimes, though more rarely, with native copper, or with caleareous spar, though tliey are some- times entire'y empty, constituting a perfect toadstonc. The mcinllilerous veins cross this range ot trap, usu- ally very norrly at right angles to the prolongation of the hill. . and arc frequently continued in the same course, across the upper or sedimentary rocks, thus crossincr tl>e latter at an angle varying but little irom their lin<« of bearing. While the continuity, of course, of the vein, may remain perfect in its complete passage fromlh. p-eenstone across the several members of the conQ-lon»ernte, mixed and red sandstone rocks, the char- acter ai-d n.ineral contents of the vein undergoes essential change, and not only does the vein appear to be niauen- ced in it. numeral contents, but also in its width, for, as a gener.:! rule, the width of the vein increases as wc nroc(>((l northerly, or from the greenstone. Thus, a vein winch may appear of only a few inches in width, or as a l)are line in the southerly or greenstone portion of the v.n r. increases in width rapidly as it approaches and pnss. s across the amygdaloid, and at or near the line o'- inn.t on between the amygdaloid and the sedimen- tary rocks it will frequently be found to have attained a th.ckn^^ss of several feet, while in its passage across the sedn..emary rocks it is usually either still further incre. .d in widin, or becomes so blended with the rock itself as to render it difficult to define its boundaries. These metalliferous veins, like those whieh occur un- der similar circumstances in other portions ot the globe, do not coniinu- uninterruptedly of any given width, or ^reat distances, nor is their width increased regulady, for theN frequently ramify or branch off in strings, that n ( 1.: 48 MINERAL KEUION I pursue a course generally sonicwlmt partillol to the goji- cral direction of the main vein, and which eventually again unite -• '• it. 8onjetimes these ramifications or branches de^: j, as it were, for a consideiahle distance, the whole vein; but they at length unite again, and ihe main vein is, after their junction, as perfectly developed as before. While traversing the most compact, southerly portion of the greenstone, the veins are most frequently made up of a very compact and finely granuloted greJnsfone, sometimes associated with stcalitic minerals and silicate of iron, under which circumstances they usualiy are destitute of - ny otiier metallic mineral, but occasionaljy, instead of the materials above mentioned, iheir placj is supplied by native copper, without greenstone or matrix, and n ,ually free from nearly all earthy impurilies, but alPiost invariably incrusted with oxid, or carbonate of the. metal. Those portions of the vein traversin"- the gre(>nstone, in which native co|)per occurs, under the circumstances above mentioned are invariably thin, rarely exceeding three or four inches in thickness, and usually considerably less, and they are liable to very considerable variation in width, from the divergence caused by the vein traversing the joints of the rock, where these joints produce the same clijiracter of change as is produced by the ordinary ramification of a vein. As these metalliferous veins traverse the iiortherlv portion of the range, or approach the sedimentary rocks, they undergo a gradual change in width as well as in mineral character, and it has been noticed that where the amygdaloid is most largely developed, the vein, as a general rule, has not only a greater width, but also 1 ^w^ OF LAKE SUPEllIOR. 4'.< has its iiiiiierj!l contents more perfectly (lovcloi)ed; a circumstance which might tuirly have been inferred from the fact that tliose points, where the amyg be said to constitute from one- third ^o one-half the total thickness of the vein. In their branches and ramifications, they sometimes include por- tions of the rock which they traverse, at other times they embrace imperiectly formed steatite, with silicate, car- bonate and red oxid of iron,* and occasionally, though more rarely, it is associated with carbonate of lime, usu- ally assuming the form of an opaque rhombic spar. As the main vein traverses the conglomerate and overlaying rocks to, and including the red sandstone, these veius, as a general rule, undergo still tarthev TiFhe lutor dosely vescnblin;: the Goo.un, of the Corni.l* miner.. I 50 MINERAL RECION 9 » i! II I it lei i I ii; cliangcs, for very soon after entering the conglomerate, the veinstone clKinges t>oni its quartzose character, and IS made up, eitlier wiiolly, of calcareous matter, mostly rhomb spar, or of this mineral, with occasional ramifi- cations of quartz. The whole usually includin.^-, and sometimes investing fragments of the conglomerate or the pebbles of that rock, separated. As the vein is continued still farther in the direction of and into the red sandstone, these changes are still noticed, and eventually the vein is found to be composed either entirely or mostly of calcareous spar, and even- tually so completely is its metalliferous character lost, that It would not, if examined singly, be suspected to be any portion of a metalliterous vein. The metalliferous character of these veins is most largely developed almost directly at or near the line of junction of the trap and sedimentary rocks, and they rarely continue, without considerable change, for a greater distance than one-fourth to one-third of a mile, on either side of the line, though a i:Q\v veins were no- ticed in which, in the southerly or trap extension, the character of the vein continued for a distance of over a mile, nearly unchanged, while in its passage through the conglomerate, for half that distance, its character was also perfectly preserved. The mineral character of the veins is somewhat vari- ed in those having different degrees of thickness, though It is difficult, if not impossible, to lay down any rule which would charac jrize thig change. The different veins vary very greatly in width, ranging from a mere line to 14 or 15 feet, the greatest observed width of any single vein. OP LAKE SUPERIOK. fjl In tho (losci-iptions of the veins given above, I only m- tcn.l lo inchKle those which are most perfectly developed; fo,-, in addition to those, there also many which are un- perfeetlv formed and short, and in which nmnyofthc above characters are in part orentirely wantn.g. i hose latter are usually of little practical importance, and thus lav have been comparatively little examined. or tho metallic minerals occurring in those portions of the Irue veins which traverse the trap rocUs, togc^ther with that portion of the conglomerate immediately rest- ing upon or against tbe trap, by far the most important consists of the several ores of copper, with which iron occurs disscn>ina.ed in the forms before described, and occasionally, though more rarely, native silver has been detected, associated in the same vein. Alter as minute an examination of the subject, as the circumstances wdl permit, I am led to the conclusion, tliat the only ores of he metallic minerals, occurring in those portions of the veins, which traverse the rocks last alhtded to, which can reasonably be hoped to be turned to practical ac- count, are those of copper. , ,. j . In these portions of the veins, the metal referred to, occurs very frequently in the form of native copper, with which arc^ associated tho red o.xid, azure carbonate, green carbonate, and more rarely what may be denominated cop,>er black, and still more rarely, pyritous copper. None of these have been noticed in a crystaline lorm. It must not be inv.gined that these several minerals make up the whole or even any very considerable por- tion of the entire length and breadth of the vems, in which they occur, for they are distriluled in bunches, .trtngs, and comparatively narrow sub-veins, in a manncv ^ f .")-2 MINEUAL REGION 'i i. til -\ J |ii precisely analogous to that in which tlicso oros arc usu- ally distributed, in similar rock., in other portions of the globe. The quartz veinstone, [)cforc described, Ikks al- ways so nmch of the green tinge com.nunicutcd by the carbonate ol" copper, ihat it cannot fail to bo detJctcd; hut the presence of disseniinat :d native copper iji this veinstone, would, at first, hardly be susp..'ct(Hi, and it i. not until a fresh fracture has been made, and the mineral clos-ely CAammed, that the numerous dark points and minute threads ai-e discovered to be copper in a native state. Largo portions of this quartz veinstone, (when the included metal can scarcely be detected by the naked eye,) when examined with a glass, are found to c itain very delicate threads of native copper, that traverse the quartz in every possible direction, and so cor.pletely is this latter mineral bound together, that it is fr otured with difficulty, and its toughness is very g.-eai y increased The specific gravity of this veinstone is very consid- embly above that of ordinary quartz, and usually, the difterence is so considembk-, even in those masses where the copper can scarcely be detected by the nak.,>d eye, as to be apparent to even the most careless observer. But in addition to this finely disseminated condition of the native copper in the veinstone, it is also dissemina- ted in a similar manner through the. rocky matter em- hraced by the veinstone and in the amygdaloid and con- glomerate portions of the rocks, it sometimes extends, lor a distance of from two to three feet into the rocky matter on either side of the veins, sometimes completely or m part, filling the cells of the amygdaloid rock. The conditions above described refer to the main portions of the veins only, while there are other portions V i t OF LAKi: SIJPKRIOII. 53 it) which the copper nppcars to ho concentrated in larger masses, constituting himclios ;ind strings. [in(\ in which places the sides or walls of the veins are sometimes wholly made up of thin plates of native copper, -n these portions of the metalliferous veins where the metal appears, as it were, to he concentrated, it also occurs, much in the form before decribed, except that the masses of melal vary from the merest speck to that of several pounds weight. In opening one of these veins, at a concentrated point, the observer, unless he had previ- ously examine d other portions of the vein, would be led to erroneous conclusions as to its richness, a source of error which cannot be too strongly guarded against; for while the vein, for a short distance, may be found to be exceedingly rich in mineral, the mineral in another por- tion of the vein may either wholly or in part disappear, a conditioTi which is similar to that observed in those veins of copper that have been extensively worked and found to be the most productive, on the continent of Europe and the island of Great Britain. The excess of native copper, (compared with the other ores,) which occurs, in these portions of the veins, is a peculiar feature, for it may be said, in truth, that o*her ores arc of rare occurrence. In those portions of tho veins traversing the trap, and where other ores do occur, it is usually under such circumstances as to favor the presumption that their origin is chiefly from that which was previously in the native form; for the carbonate and oxids, almost invariably appear cither investing the na- tive copper, or intimately associated with it, though they sometimes appear in distinct sub-veins. Pyritous cop- per is so rare, in connection with the trappean portions of the vc-ins, as scarcely to deserve notice. t \' If/ I 54 MINERAL UEGION 1 i. = 1 I have already stat(jtl lliat native silver, occa.sioiially, though very aarcly, occurs in the; trappoan ])orti()iis ol' thcso veins, iiitiuuitoiy associated willi ilic coj)|km', hut it is in so minute ([uantities as to render it |)ro))ahle tiiat it will not j)rove of any practical imj)ortancc. Other mixed compounds of this metal occur so rarely as scarce- ly to deserve notice. Leaving the tr.-'p rock, the character of thcso veins, as they traverse the conglomerate, undergoes important changes; for not only does the veinstone become gradu- ally changed, Trom quaitz to calcareous spar, but the amount of native copper diminishes, and its place is ei'.ior supplied wholly or in part by ores of zinc and calcareous spar, or wholly by this latter mineral. There a 7, however, occasional exceptions to this general rule, I'ox occasionally the place of the native copper in the veins, in their passage through the conglomerate, is sup- plied by a variety of complex compounds of the same metal, which compounds are of exceeding interest; but this change would appear always to be intimately con- nected with, or to bear some relation to, the dykes of trap which traverse the conglomerate rock. Several in- stances of this kind were noticed upon the northerlv side of Keewenaw Point, either directly ujjon or near to the coast, as also at several other places in the interior, westerly from Keewenaw Point. A vein, which mav without doubt bo referred to as one of this character, (though in consequence of intervening bays and lakes between it and the ranges to the south, its connection with the main range has not been seen,) will serve to illustrate the character referred to. This vein, which reaches the immediate coast of the ■"H OF LAKE Sl^l'KRIOn. r).> I luko, upon [ho. easterly cnpo of tho bny known to the vovngcrs as the (Jrandc Murrnis of Keewciiaw Point,* terminates, ho far as examinations can bo made, in the course conglomerate rock. The coast of tli') lake, for many miles on either sitK^ is mnde u\> of abrupt clills of a similar rock, as usual, being made up of coarse rolled pebbles of trap, chiefly cemented with calcareous matter, which is usually associated, more or less, with the red oxyd of iron. imiiu«diately soulb of the coast, a heavy dyke of trap traverses the conglomerate, which dyke corresponds in position with tbo line of bearing and dip of the conglomerate rock. The vein, wliich, at its termination upon the immedi- ate coast of the lake;, has an extreme width of about 10 feet, may be traced, in the bed of the lake, in a direction north 5° cast, for a distance of several rods, after which, in consequence of the depth of water, it is completely lost. This vein, at the point where it appears upon the coast, may be said to be in a concentrated state, or in a condition analogous to that before described, where the native copper occurs in the condition of bunches and strings, though the condition in which the metallic min- erals occur is essentially dillerent from that in the trap; for, instead of native copper, we have several mixed forms of the green and blue carbonates of copper and copper black, more or less intimately associatc^d with calcareous spar, and in the adjoining rock, and in small ramifying veins, occasional small specks and masses of native copper, weighing from 1 to three ounces, occur, but those are by no means abundant. No quartz occurs * Copper Harbor- i ^V I \<' )6 MINERAL REGION as a veinstone, and none of the ores have been noticed in a crystalino form. It has already been stated, that ther^e true veins, in traversing the conglomerate, frequently almost lose their character, and it becomes difficult to define their absolute width, or in other words, it would appear as if, at the time of the formation of the veins, the conglomerate had not been perfectly cemented, the result of which would be, that the mineral matter, which, under other circum- stances, would constitute a perfect vein, would frequently appear in only an imperfect one, or the mineral which would under other circumstances, make up the vein itself, may have been injected laterally through the interstices of the rolled masses constituting the conglomerate, in which case the mineral would, in fact, take the place of the ordinary cement, thus simply investing the pebbles of the conglomerate. Now, although at the point under consideration, a wide and remarkable distinct vein is developed, the rock, for many feet on either side, has the interstices between the pebbles filled wholly, or in part, with various mixed and irregular forms of the ores, accompanied by calcareous matter, as before stated, and with occasional specks and small masses of native copper. Those veins traversing the conglomerate take on a similar cliaracter, to a greater or less extent, rather frequently, but the place of the copper is more usually supplied by the siliceous oxyd, and more rarely by the carbonate of zinc, which compounds, sometimes may bo seen forming a perfect or partial cement to the rock, for considerable distances on either side of the vein. These ores of zinc, like those of copper, are uniformly OP LAKE SUPERIOR. 5T P.morpbous, and almost invariably more or less associ- ated with some Ibnu of carbonate of lime, with which they may, under some circumstances, unless closely examined, be confounded. Although these copper and zinc ores occasionally ap- pear in considv-rablc quantities, in those portions of the veins traversing the conglomerate, they usually embrace or simply incrust portions of the rocky matter; or rather the rocky mattcu- and those ores appear to be coarsely and mechanically mixed. These veins furnish beautiful cabinet specimens of the blue and green carbonates of copper, and more rarely of pyritous copper, together with the other varieties mentioned. Having already devoted a larger space to the consid- eration of those veins than had been intended, I will sim- ply add, that in pursuing their course northerly, across the mixed rock and the red sandrock, their mineral character is nearly or quite lost, the veins as before stated, being made up either entirely of calcareous spar, or of that material containing very meagre ores of zinc. The district of country to which these veins have been referred, tb.us Air, only comprises the ranges of hills south of Lake Superior, but veins of a very similar char- acter, and of similar contents, also occur upon Isle Roy- ale. The order and changes in the character of the veins upon Isle Royale is necessarily reversed, or in other words, the southerly point of the vein corresponds to that of the north point in the district south ot Lake Superior. The mineral veins of Isle Royale have not been examined with sufficient care to enable me to de- termine with much certainty, their average width or value. Those examined were mostly narrow, the widest 4 I 58 MINERAL REGION I not exceeding eighteen inches; but in these the mineral contents arc essentially the same as m those upon the south side of the lake. Native copper, in very thin plates, was occasiormlly noticed, occupying irregularly the joints of the compact greenstone of Isle Royale, but invariably in compara- tively small quantities. It shouM, however, be; noticed of Isle Royale, that the veins, so far as examined, arc less perfectly developed in their passage across the con- glomerate, and that they vinj rarely contain any traces of zinc. Upon the north shore of the lake, no attention was given to the subject of mineral veins, but, from the char- acter of the geology of that district, it may be inferred, that they will also be found in portions (jf it, and that, where they do occur, they will be uniformly either di- rectly upon or not far from the coast of the lake. In addition to the regular veins already described, irregular veins frerpiently occur, traversing the whole, or portions of the outliers of trap, or those knobs which appear to have been elevtited singly; and, although these veins may, without doubt, be referred to the sa.-ne epoch us the regular veins before described, they nevertheless frequently diifer considerably in mineral contents. The limits of the present report will not permit a sep- arate description of these several distinct trap knobs, I will, therefore, confme my remarks to that already I'cfered to, as occurring upon the south coast t)f Lake Superior, immediately northwest from Riviere Du Mort, and which forms the promontory known as Presque Isle. In nearly all those portions of this knob, where the trap, conglomerate and sandstone, are exi)osed in such , ■'"W*. och :. OP LAKE SUPERIOR. 59 a manner as to permit examination, each of the rocks are seen to be traversed by innumerable irregular ram- ifying veins, which in the sandstones arc made up of quartzoso and calcareous matter; but many of which, near the junction of the igneous and sedimentary rocks, are metalliierous, and this metalliferous character is more fully develoi)ed as the veins are extended into the trap rocks. The mctnlliferous portion of these veins, rarely ex- ceed three to four inches in width, and they ramify hi such a manner that the mineral uniformly occupies sit- uations similar to bunches or strings, at the junction of the ramifications. The minerals contained in the metal- liferous portions of the veins, arc sulphuret and carbon- ate of lead, earthy gi'oen carbonate of copper, pyritous iron, and more rarely, pyrilous copper. Occasionally there is a quartzose, or mixed quartzoso and calcareous veinstone; but more usually the several metahic minerals are blended in a base of rocky matter. The sulphuret of lead is distributed either in the form of small cubic crystals, while the other metallic minerals are usually distributed either in irregular masses, or investing por- tions of th'j rocky matter. These associations are refer- red to, as showing the character which these irregular veins' assume, rather than from any supposed value which they may possess for practical purposes. In addition to the minerals referred to, the trap ot Presque isle occasionally contains asbestus, common serpentine and imperfect agates; the two former miner- als usually occupying the narrow joints of the rock. Before referring to the economical considerations connected with the veins which have been described, I i ^: :»o MINERAL KEGION 3' I i tvill briefly refer to another situntion in -wliJcli tlie ores )f copper have been observed in intimate connection with the trap range of rocks. Tiie soutlieriy side, or greenstone portion of the trap range, appears to have been elevated in such a ninnncr as to have caused but little disturbance to the sandrock iying between that and the range of simply altered rocks lying still farther to the south; but near to the junction of the sandrock and greenstone, there is usually a red slate resting against the trap, and which may be said to fill up, in a measure, the irregularities in the ranges of hills. This slate, which is sometimes seen of 100 to 200 feet in thickness, though usually it appears as a mere band, is traversed by irregular and impcriect veins, of what may be denominated a ferruginous steatite, con- taining placentiform masses of greasy and milkish (piartz, that sometimes contain more or less of the ores of co|)per. The earthy carbonates of copper are also sometimes so intimately connected with these veins of steatitic matter, as at first to be scarcely recognized. More rarely, distinct, very thin veins of green carbonate of copper occur, well characterized, in this red slate, though these veins are never of any great length. The rc:d shale extends, more or less perfectly, along the whole length of the trap range, skirting that range of hills upon the south, but 1 have not yet been enabled to devote sutlicient time to its examination to enable me to determine wheth- er any portions of these veins can be regarded as of practical importance. The examinations which have been made, would lead mc to look unfavorably upon these veins, and I regard them as having an origin com- pletely distinct from tliat of the veins which traverse the northerly escarpment of the trap rock. I. OP LAKE SUPERIOR. 01 Having thus considered all the general circumstances under which the several ores of copj)er, zinc, lead, iron, manganese and silver have been noticed, in connection with the trap rock and the sedimentary rocks, immedi- ately resting upon it, it becomes important to consider liow far inferences may be drawn from these examina- tions, as to their occurrence in such quantities as to be of practical importance. I have already stated that so far as regards the ores of lead, iron, manganese and silver, 1 am. lead to conclude that at none of the points examined do thev occur in veins, or otherwise, sufii- ciently developed to warrant favorable conclusions as to their existence in sufficient quantities to be made avail- able, and from all that is now known of the country, I am led to infer that neither of these, unless it be iron, will be so found.* The examinations which have thus far been made of those portions of the veins containing ores of zinc, have not been extended sufficiently to enable me to determine with much satisfaction, their extent as a whole. At several points in the veins these ores arc sufficiently abundant to admit of being profitably worked, but 1 would be unwilling, from an examination of a few points, to attempt to determine the character of the whole. In considering the practical v'alue of the copper ores of the upper peninsula of Michigan, where we arc as yet compelled to judge from our examination, of what may be said to be the simply superficial portions of the veins, we can arrive at no safe conclusions, except by com- parisons of the district witli those districts similarly sit- *Tlicso reiiiiirk;; arc intended to apj)ly directly to tiic trap region. Beds of })og iron ore orcnr, east from Chocolate river, whith probably m?y at sonio fptnro (lav bo profitably worked, f 62 MINERAL REGION uatcd, which have been extensively worked in other portions of the globe. Comparisons of this charcter, to be really useful, must necessarily be sufficiently minute to enable us to understand the relations which the ores in the districts compared, bear to each other, in all re- spects, which circumstances render it necessary that a degree of minute information should be at hand, that is not at all times to bo obtained. As the information on hand, with respect to the copper and tin veins of Corn- wall, England, is more minute than that of any mineral district known, I propose, in order to avoid confusion, to confine my comparison to this district, simply, pre- mising that however closely the two districts may re- semble each other in character, it docs not follow, as an axiom, that because the district with which we compare our own has been largely and profitably productive, that of Michigan must necessarily be bo loo ; for it will be seen, as the subject is pursued, that there are not only several points in which it is imjiossible with our [)resent knowledge of that of Michigan, to instiiute comparisons, but there are also some points on which there is a con- siderable degree of discrepancy. The comparison instituted, in the main, is intended to refer rather to the character and contents of the mineral veins of the two districts than to the geology, altbough some general reference becomes necessary to the geolo- gy of the districts, to render the comparison pertcct. The topography of the Cornish district bears a close resemblance to that of Michigan, both districts being marked by their irregular and broken outline, and by the occurrence of more or less frequent, nearly insulat- ed knobs, rising to a considerable height above the ele- vation of the general ranges. / OK LAKI^: SUPERIOR. ^y,^ Although the oklcr rock of Cornwall, or Ihc.t i'rom which the mr'talhlerous veins oi' the district may be said to havG their origin, is more distinctly granitic than that of the metnlliferDUs region upon Lake Superior, the ele- ments of wliich the roclvs are composed, may be regard- ed as essentially hearing a very close resemblance ; a resemblance which it is conceived, would have been atill more perfect had the granitic rocks of Cornwall been subjected to the action of secondary causes similar ■f to those of the region under consideration. The rocks resting uj)on or against the granitic rocks of Cornwall, consist of clay sl;Uv s, hornblende rocks, &c., which bear little real analogy to the rocks resting directly upon the trap of Lake Supj'rior, but it is conceived that the com- position of these upper rocks lias little bearing upon the origin of the metalliferous veins, and may be regarded as in a measure unimportant ; and however much these rocks may dilfcr, tlu^ are traversed alike by tho metalliferous veins of the lower rocks in such a manner, that the close r(^semi)lance cannot he mistaken. It is a matter o^ history that the ores of tin have been more or less, extensively raised in the mineral district of Cornwall, from the earliest settlement of the island of Great Britian, but the working of the veins of copper at an early day, docs not appear to have been carried on to any very considerable extent. The great importance to which tho produce of copper from the Cornish vems, (in a district which, compared with the mineral district of our own state, is of very small dimensions,) has arisen, will be shown from the accompanying table, which 1 have reduced from the otBcial returns, included in the several years, and which table, it will bo seen, f^- 64 MINERAL REGION m 'I !' shows for II scries of years, the average anuLial amount of copper i)rocU;ced from the ore, the average amount of which it sold, together ^\'ith tlie amount per cent of cop- per contained in tiie ore, and the average vahie of liie cop])er, per pound, at the smeUing house. Tliis table, which lias been drawn with great care, from data that can scarcely lead to incorrect results, will not only serve to show the large aggregate amount of metal pro- duced, but it also shows, from the low average per cent of iiietal contained in the ores, (ifwehadno further knowledge upon the subject,) that much capital must bo required for, and a large amount of labor applied to the raising and smelting of these ores ; a circumstance which should be carefully borne in mind, in all that re- lates to the mineral district of Michigan. I'ah/e showing I he average annual j^r educe of thi Cnpj)er mines of the County of Cornwall, Englarid, from 1771, to 1822. Average No. of tons of ore per year. per liich 1 "S'^ o - . ' ■ - — - o Years. jAv. No. of •C jcopper prod -3 iper year. 3 >?3 ^P10.'J83 Av. per cen copper prod from tjie ore A v. value the copper 3er lb. 1771 to J77.1-5 yenr.s. •2^,719 1 1-^ 1 c, ni, 10 1770 )() no—-) (1 •27,.)8iJ 3,3(19 ! 8-20,000 lr> j 11 1 17t;l lo 17-^0 it 31,3->4 4,1-22 002,380 1-2 ' 10 1 1796 to mn 7 If 1 51,483 5.10.3 l.l'2.).()i(j 10 18 2 18U3 to ]8(.7 .) tfc 7»V923 0,1 0'J i 3.171.7-r) 8 2:> 1H()8 to l«l-2 5 (1 70,434 (i.498 i rj,88(i,83r) 12 1HI3 to J817 r, ki 8-2,0 lU 7.*27-> '2,878,7-23 8 8 17 6 1818 to 182-2 .5 u 94,391 7,7.)7 ! 3,ll!,^^ll 8 2 ' 17 9 The general resemblance in the mineral contents of the copper veins of Cornwall and those of Michigan, is tor the most part very great, though in some respects '^ 01-' LAKE SUrERIOR. 65 I there is a con.^idorablc discrepancy. It should, however, ]je remarked, tluit some difliculty exists \n comparing' the mineral veins of Cornwall, where severtil of Ihenj have boon worked to the dej^hs varyir.g from 1,0(10 to 1,500 teet, with those of Michigan, v, here the examina- tions are nearly superficial. Ill making these deep excavations, not only in the county of Cornwall, but also in the copper districts of Bohenna, Hungary, Silesia, Transylvania, Saxony, &;c., (some of lac ...nsinthe latter districts having been ex[)lorcd to a depth very considerably greater than those of Cornwall,! an immense mass of facts has been accumulated, with respect to the general formation and mineral character of veins, o/ lodes of copper, whicii facts have led to the understanding of many of the contingencies connected witlt its associations, so universal, that, when applied to .his mineral, thoy may be regarded as general laws, that may faiily be inferred to govern, with more or less certainty, all those lodes or veins whicli have similar geological relations. Though a general consideration of those relations of the veins of other countries, may, perhaps, be regarded as some- what foreign to the present report, I deem it niore advis- able to rel'er to these general laws in such a manner as to leave the reader to judge, by comj)arison, the condi- tion in which the ores of JMichigan may be fairly infer- red to occur, rather than to draw conclusions directly ; and, in so doing, it will always become necessary to re- fer to some of the characters of mineral veins, or lodes, in general. Veins are usually divided into two general orders, \\7; ; " cotemforaneous veins, or those which were I 06 MINERAL REGION* ! ■ ^1 HI formed at the same time as tlio containing rock, and true veins, whose formation is supposed to bo subse- quent to that of tlio rocks which arc contiguous to them.'' A true vein may be defined to be '' the mineral contents of a vertical or inclined lissu-e, nearly straight, and of indelinito length and depth.*'* The contents of u true vein, as a general rule, ditfer widely from the character of the rocks which it intersects, though this does not invariably hold good, and the vein also, as a general rule, has well defined wallf.-. The contents of cotemporaneous veins, bear a much closer resemblance to the rocks which embrace them, and as a general rule, tlu.-y are shorter, more crooked, and less perfectly defined than true veins. T^10 metalliferous veins being contained under iho head of true veins, it is to these that the whole of my re- marks will be directed. Metallic veins are the repositories of most of the metals excepting iron, manganese and chrome, which occur more fiequently and abundantly in beds than in veins. The thickness of the metallic veins varies from a few inches to many feet, and the same vein also varies in thickness in ditfercnt parts of its course, sofuetimes contracting to a narrow string of ore, and then expand- ing again to a width of many feet. The deposits of metal in the veins arc as irregular as the widths of them, and SD much so as to render the prolits of mining pro- verbially uncertain. Ore is generally found to occupy certain portions of the veins only, differing constantly in extent, whether the length or the depth on the course of the vein bo considered, or the portion of its width which *C!orne, on the mineral veins of Cornwall. OF LAKC sm'KUlOR. m ia filled up by it. No veins occur which arc regularly im- pi'cgnatcd with metal to any great cxtciU, and when ore is ibutul, it is in what th } miners aptly term bunches ov shoots, or in inters .ersed grains and strings, wliich arc more or less connected w itli, or embraced in, veinstone, that, according to the rock which the veins intersect will bo fluor spar, calcareous spar, quartz, &c. The unproductive parts of veins, even in the most profitable mines, generally far exceed in extent the productive parts, but that mine is considered to be rich which has either {Sequent or extensive shoots of ore, and the great art of the miner consists in tracing and working the valuable accumulations of the metals, with as little waste of labor and expense on the poorer portions of the veins as possible. *' In the mines of Cornwall, the ores of copper and tin nommonly occur in detached masses, which are called bunches of ore ; and the other parts of the vein, being unproductive, arc called deads.^^ The depth to which metallic veins descend is un- known, for we believe no instance has occured of a con- slderahle vein being icorked out in depth, though it may sink too deep to render the operation of the miner pro- fitable, or it may branch off in a number of strings which are too much intermixed with the rock to be worked to advantage.* Some veins appear to grow wider, while others contract as they descend. The superficial part of a vein generally contains the ore in a decomposing slate, and it frequently happens that the ores in the upper and lower parts of the vein are different ; thus, " in Cornwall, blende f r suiphuret i *Kocnis.'. d8 MINERAL r.EGiox i W ^ of zinc often occupies tho iippprmnsf\)r\rt of the vein, to whicli succeeds tinstone, and at a greater depth, copper pyrites.'^ \VUvn a inetnilic vein, in its descent, paswcs through difierenti^inds of rock, it is frequently ohservod that the products of tlie vein vary in encii bed, and when it passes through regularly stratiiic-d heds of tlie same rock, there are particular strata in which the vein is always found most productive- This change in the productiveness of mineral veins is more particularly noticed at or near the transition iVom unstratified to stratiiled rocks ; thus, granite syenite and those rocks which have a grauiti-form struclnre, are frequently no- ticed to contain metals at or near their junction with stratified formations. On the other hand, the veins which traverse stratiiled rocks are, as a general law, more metalliferous near such junctions, than in other portions.* AVhere a rock is crossed and penet7-ated by a great number of small veins in every direction, the whole mass is sometimes worked as an ore, and is called by the Germans a "stockworke." Where the ore is dis- seminated in particles through the rock, such rocks are also worked for the ore, when it exists in suflicicnt quantity. As a general rule, those metals which arc oxidable at ordinary temperatures, or which readily combine with sulphur, rarc/y occur in a mclalllc slate, but arc usual- ly found in combination either with sulphur, oxygen or acids. The chief ore of copper raised from the^ mines of Cornwall, is the yellow sulphuret, though the blue "H OF LAKK SUl'KIUOR. 69 and green carbuimtos and arscniato uro more or less distributod ; native; copper and llio oxids arc also, though more rarely (bund. Hy a comparison of what has been said upon tho character and mineral contents of metallic veins in g'-neral, I trust a just view of the real condition in which the ores of copper are invariably found, will have been conveyed, and that, by the aid of this, we will be ena- bled to examine, without undue expectations, those mineral veins which occur within the limits of our own state. In the main the r;:semblance betwecm the char- acter and contents of the copper veins of Cornwall and Michigan, so far as can be determined, is close ; the v(Mustones, (with tho exception of fluor, which I have never observed in the latter,) arc essentially the same ; but in instituting this comparison, it should bo borne in mind that tho metallic veins of Cornwall have been in progress of exploration for centuries, and that shafts and galleries have been carried to great depths, while those of ^Michigan, simply superficial examinations have as yet been made, and these in a wilderness country, under circumstances of tho utmost embarrassment, and attended with tho utmost excessive labor, privation and sulTering. In respect to the character of the ores which occur in the two districts, there arc important dillerences, for while pyritous copper is the most important workable ore, not only in the Cornish mines, but also in those of other portions of our globe, it is comparitively of rare occurrence in the mineral district of Upper Michigan ; for, as 1 have already mentioned, tho mineral of the trappcan portions of the veins in the latter district, is MINEllAL REGION cssontially made up of strings, specks and bunches of native copper, with which more or less of the oxids and carbonates arc associated ; while those portions of the the veins traversing the conglomerate are characterized by the occurrence of the oxids and carbonates, with oc- casional metallic and pyritous copper, or the places of all these are supplied by ores of zinc, associated with more or less calcareous matter. In the thin mineral veins of Presquo Isle, pyritous copper is more abun- dant, where it is associated v/ith sulphurct of lead, as before mentioned. The occurrence of this native copper in the veins, and the manner in which it is associated with tiie vein- stones, hi all respects corresponds with the ordinary association of the other forms of ores, in those veins that have beea extensively worked in other portions of the globe ; but I confess that the preponderance of na- tive to the other forms of co{)per, was regarded as an unfavorable indication, at least until this had been found to be more or less universal with respect to all the veins. It should, however, be remarked, that in those portions of the veins where the quartz of the vein and the ac- companying rock are very compact, the native form i.^ much more common than in those portions where the veinstone and accomi)anying rock are more or less cel- lular and soft. The worked copper veins of Cornwall, arc stated by a Mr. Carne, to average from three to four Cvct m width, and to havo a length as yet undetermined. But fe\v have been traced for a greater distance than from ono to one and a half mil a distance of th es, and but one has been traced for ' i rce miles. > 5. 1 OP LAKE SIJPEKIOK. i I ' The veins wliicli I have examined in the mineral dis- trict of Michigan, exceed the average of those last men- tioned, but the imperfect examinations which have been made, render it diHicult to determine this with certaintv- I have traced no one vein for a further disiancc than one mile; and usually for distances considerably less. It was not, however, supposed that these veins termina- ted at the points where they were left, but the further examinations \\ re abandoned at these points, in conse- quence of physical difliculties connected with the present condition oi' the country. The native copper is frequently free from all foreign matter, and is as completely malleable as the most per- fect refined copper, but it more usually contains dissem- inated particles of earthy minerals, cliiefly quartz. I have not been able to delect the alloy of any other metal, in a single instance. The fatigues and exposures of the past season, have so far im[)aired my health, that, as yet. I have been un- able to analyze as carefully, as could have been wished, the several ores furnished by the mineral veins of thr^ upper peninsula, but sufficient has been done to shov satisfactorily that the copper ores are not only of supe- rior quality, but also their associations are such as to render them easily reduced. Of those which have been examined, embracing nearly the whole, (and not including the native copper,) the per cent of pure metal, ranges from 9.5 to 51. 7*2, and the average may be stated at 'il . 10 Associated with some of these ores, I have detected a metal, the character of which remains, as yet, undetermined. Were the analysis of the several ores of copper Hi !<■ 'V I 72 xMINERAL REGION 'i I sufficiently pcrfoctod, 1 should deem it unnecessary to lay Ihem before you at lliis time, for witli what is now Ivnown of the district, it is conceived, the result would load to erroneous rather than correct conclusions. The analysis of sei)arato masses of ore, no matter how much care may be taken to select the poor as well as the rich- er ores, for the examinations, will he usually flir from giving the average per cent of what would be the pro- duct when reduced to practice-. 1 Jmve, in order to ar- rive at safe conclusions, not only analyzed, but also as- sayed n.any of them, but when we come to consider what constitutes the true value of a vein of copper ore, we will perceive why it is unsafe to judcrc of the whole by the analysis of small portions. By reference to the previous statistical table of the productof the copper mines, of Cornwall, it will be seen that the average produce of the ores since 187], has never exceeded 12 per cent of the metal, and that, from 1818 to 1822, it was only 8 . 2. This shows the agrre- gate, and it was well hnown that while irmny of the pro- ductivc veins are considerably below this, the largest average per cent of any single vein, in thnt district, it is believed, has never been over 20 per cent, and it should be borne m mind that this average i. taken after the ores have been carefully freed fioin all the rocky and other impurities, which can bo separated by nreaking and picking. ° Tiie value of a vein may be said to depend upon ihe abundance of the ore, and the ease wiih wbich it can bo raise,! and smelted, rather than upon its purity or ricli- ness. L>oi. this point, with respect to our own mineral region, puWic opinion would perlia,,s be more in error OP LAKE SrPEIlIOIt. 73 than upon any other, and most certainly we could hard- ly look for a mineral district where the character of the ores were more liable to disseminate and keep alive such errors. The occurrence of masses of native metal, either transported or in place, are liable to excite, with those who have not reflected upon the subject, expecta- tions which can never be realized, for while, in truth, the former show nothing but their own bare existence, the latter may be, as is frequently the case, simply im- beded masses, perfectly separated from all other mine- rals, or they may bo associated in a vein where every comparison would lead to unfavorable conclusions, as to the existence of copper, in any considerable quantities, I have frequently noticed very considerable masses of native copper, occupying the joints of compact green- stone, under such circumstances as I conceive, might readily excite in many minds, high expectations, but a little reflection would satisfy the most careless observer of the uselessness of exploring these joints, under the expectation or hope of rimring them a valuable reposi- tory of the metal. Again, not only native, but also the other ores of copper occur in veins, either so narrow as to render it useless to pursue them, or so associated as to render it probable that exploration would not be attended with success. While I am fully satisfied that the mineral district of our state will prove a source of eventual and steadily increasing wealth to our people, I cannot fail to have before me the fear that it may prove the ruin of hun- dreds of adventurers, who will visit it with expectations never to be realized. The true resources have as yet f^een but little examined or developed, and even under 1 i it ff<^-l I MINKIIAL KEGIO;S i i the mo3t favorable circuiDstanccs, wo cannot expect io sec this done but by the most judicious and economical expenditure of capital, at those jmints where the pros- pects of success are most favorable. It has been said of the Cornish district, in respect to the supposed largo aggregate profits, that ''a fair estimate of th.- expendi- ture and the return from all the mines that have been working for the last twenty or thirty years, if the no- cessary documents could be obtained from those who are interested in withholding them, would dispel the delu- sion which prevails or. this subject, as well as check that ruinous spirit of gambling adventure which has been productive of so much nn'sery.-* And if these remarks will apply to a conjparative'y sniall district, which has been explored and extensively wcn-ked lor centuries, with how much more force must they apply to the min- eral district of our own state. 1 would by no means desire to throw obstacles in the way of those who might wish to engnge in the business of mining this orc^'at such time as our government may see fit to permit it. but 1 would simply caution those persons who would engage in this business in the hope of accunjulating wealth sud- denly a.id without patient industry and capital, to look closely before tiie step is taken, which will most certain- ly end in disappointment and ruin. The extreme length of what 1 have denonn'nated the nimcral district, (within the limits of Michigan,) may be estnnated at a fraction over i:35 miles, and it has a "idth A-arying from one to six miles ; but it must not be imagined that mineral veins oc<-u' equally through ali 1 *IIawkius oa tlie tin urCoriswuil. OF LAKE SUPERIOR. 75 portions of it, for sometimes, for many miles together, none have been noticed, and the situation of the country is sucii as to render it probuble they never will be. The range and course of the mineral district has been so far defined as to reudor it unnecessary to say more upon this subject to enable such ])ersons as may wish to ex- amine, to pas.', directly along its complete lengij. I hrivc thus far omitted to allude jjarlicularly to the large mass of native copi)er, which has been so long known to exist in the bed of Ontonagon river, lest, per- ha])s, this isolated mass miglit be confounded with the product of the veins of the mineral district. That this mass has once occupied a pluce in some of these veins is quite certain, but it is now perfectly separated from its original connection, and apt)ears simply as a loose transported boulder. The attention of the earliest travellers was called to this mass of metallic copper by the natives of the coun- try, and it has been repeatedly ckscribcd by those v/ho have visited it. The mass now lays in the bed of the westerly fork of the Ontonagon river, at a distance which may be estimated at twenty-six miles, by the stream, from its mouth. The rugger! character of the country is such, that it is but rarely visited ; in proof of which 1 may state, that upon my visit to it, during the last year, I found broken cbissels, where 1 had left thcni on a previous visit, nine years before, and even a mass of the copper, which at that time had been partially de- tached, but v/hich, for the want of sufficient implements I was compelled to abandon, was found, after that in- terval, in precisely the same situation in which it had been left. I ■ II iiUl'iiiiJBi 76 MINERAL REGION bI »l W The copper in this boulder, is associated with rocky matter, which, in all respects, resembles that associated with that metal in some portions of the veins before de- scribed, the rocky matter being bound logetlier by innu- merable strings of metal ; but a very considerable por- tion of the whole is copper, in a slate of ])urity. The weight of copper is estimated at from three to four tons.* While the mass of native copper upon Ontonagon river cannot Aiil to excite much interest, from its great size and purity, it niust be borne in mind, that it is a perfectly isolated mass, having no connection whatever wjth any other, nor docs the character of the country lead to the inference that veins of the metal occur in the immediate vicinity, though, as before stated, the mineral district crosses the country at a distance of but a lew niilca. Tho occmTcnce of cornelian, chalco,Jonv, ngato and amethystmo quartz, in the amygdaloirial portion of tl.c trap, has already been noticed, and these minerals are considerably abundant. They frequently possess vorv great beauty and perfection, and when ground and pohshod, they may be used lor all the i.urposos to which those mmerals are usually iipplied. By the act admitting M ieliigan as a state into the con- fcderacy, and in whicL her boundaries are defined, it docs not appear to hav. been the intention to include wuhm her liniits any portion of territory lying upon the north shore of Lake Superi.v, butin consequc^e of the rabio and ■^ OF LAKE SUPERIOR. n i peculiar shape of tlic coast at that point wlicrc the 71a- tlonal houndary line "last touches Lake Superior," at the mouth of Pigeon river, a direct line to the mouth of Montreal river, if followed literally, would throw within the state of Michigan, several small rocky islands, to- gether with a few miles of the south cape of Pigeon bay, situate upon the north coast. This boundary leaves in Wisconsin the whole of the Apostles' group of islands, near to the south coast, while it includes within Mich- igan, Isle Pvoyale, situate near to the north coast of the Lake. Isle Royale is a little less than an Island of rock, rising abruptly from the lowest depth of the Lake, in irregular hills to a height varying from 100 to 450 feet above the level of the Lake, The island has the length of a fraction over 45 miles from northeast to southwest, and a breadth varying from :3i to 8 miles,. The most northerly point of the island is very nearly in latitude 48^ 12' 30" north, the parallel of longitude 89° west from Greenwich, crosses the island a little east from its centre. Its nearest opj)roach to the main land is near its northwesterly end, where it is se})arated from a point of the north coast, a few miles east from Pigeon river, by a distance of a fraction less than 13 miles. Isle Royale is separated from Keewenaw point, of the south coast, by a distance of 44 miles, and the elevated hills of this ])oint may be distinctly seen from Isle Royale, when the atmosphere is clear. Nearly the whole of the northwesterly side of Isle Royale is a continue , elevated, rocky clifl, which will scarcely admit of a landing ; but the southeasterly side, together with the easterly and westerly ends, are deeply 'I 1: I rt 78 MINERAL REGION m i-"^ I nulcntod Willi bays, which form .secure harbors. Tho northeasterly end is made up of a series of elevated, rocky spits, with intervening bays. Tl^ese spits of rock contuiue for a length varying from 10 to Vl n.iles, with a Width scarcely exceeding half a mile, and altogether, they may not inapdy be compared to the hand wi(h the fingers half spread. The bays JKive a suflicient depth of water to admit vessels of the largest class to enter nearly onc-third the whole length of the island. Much of Isle Royalc is absolutely destitute of soil, and the island has a most desolate appearance, ; but not- Withstandmgthis, it is of immense value for its fisheries, which are yet scarcely appreciated. Though not within the limits of our state, I will briefly refer to the general character of a portion of the coun- try west from Pigeon river, on the north coast. 'IMiat district of country upon the immediate coast, extending from our national boundary, at Pigeon river, to Fond (iu Lac, is more decidedly and abruptly mountainous than any po. don of the south coast of the lake. The hills rise in broad and somewhat knobby steppes or pla- teaus, to heights varying from 400 to 1,200 feet above the lake, and the summits of these hills arc usually not farther inland than from ten to twenty miles. The r.cks of the hills are very frequently bare over considemble areas, and the valleys containing arable soil, arc few and very narrow. The route of the fur trade to the northwest, via Rainy Lakes, Lake of the Woods, snd Lake Winnipcc, wa.< formerly wholly carried on by passing over these hills, from a point ?i few miles west from the mouth of Pigeon Viver. The trail or portage patli passes over a. low OP LAKE SUPERIOR. 70 portion of the rango, and finally falls upon Pigeon river, which is nsccnd(Ml to its .source, from whicli, by a scries of portfigf's, the sources v.f the streams flowing nortli- westerly are reached. Tlie hilly portion of the country, though of exceeding interest in a geological point of view, is the most desolate that can be conceived. EXTRACT FROM DR. HOUGHTON'S REPORT OF 1842. During the current year, the geological and topo- graphical surveys have progressed steadily toward con^pletion, though in consequence of the reduction of the number engaged in the work, which became neces- sary in consequence of the comparatively small amount of funds applicable to that object, the amount of work accomplished has been somewhat less than that of tho preceeding year. The labor so applied has been chief- ly devoted to the westerly portion of the upper peninsu- lar, including a part of that which may be designated as the mountainous district of our state, while a smaller proportion of the labor has been directed towards a clos- ing up and completion of the surveys upon the lower, or southern peninsular. In connection v/ith tho duties assigned me relative to the boundary line between our own State and Wiscon- sin, I have been enabled to complete a very perfect Geological section of nearly 180 miles in length, cros- sing from the mouth of Montreal river of Lake Superior to the mouth of the Menominee river of Green Bay, a district highly interesting both in its geological and ^topographical features. This section crosses the up- 80 iVUNERAL 11E(;I0X I per poiiinsular somewhat fartlior west than any ol" tho sections I have heretofore made. In addition to this a Jarge amounl of work has heen pcr- lormod m the mountainous region stretching fron, Mon- treal river to Ontonagon river, and extenrhng southerly from Lake Superior, a distance of some 40 miJcs in eluding, wh a may he termed, the iveslcr/y portion of the copper district, within our State. This (h'strict ha. been but partially cxann-ncd tlie proceeding yoar, the exannnation of tliat year iuuing hcen more particular- ly directed to a district of country lyiijg east from it. Several geological sections have been completed a- cross this intricate region, and notwithstanding the many obstacles imposed by the mountainous and wild character of the country, the surveys of this district have been compk^ted with as much minuteness as an adhe- rence to the original plan of the survey would permit In addition to the several geological sections completed a 1 the rivers entering Lake Superior between and in- cludmg the two streams mentioned, have been carefully examined to their very sources, and the Porcupine mountains have been traced out through almosc their entire range. These surveys of the westerly part of the upper pen- insular have added much valuable information to that before collected, respecting the geology and topography ot that interesting portion of our State, and have served to add confidence to our previously expressed opinion re- specting Its value for its minerals and for agricultural purposes. The general geological and mineralogical choracterof this country was so fully given in a previous report, that it is not conceived to be nect ■}dV' it th is "■■*». OF LAKE sri'EIirOK. it JU. i time, to make iuithor alliision to it, f \copt to add that the copper ores assoeiated with the altered, conglo- merate, and sandstone rocks, in t/iis portion of the range have been found to be more extensive than was originally supposed. In character, tiicsc ores closely resemble those heretofore described as existing in the Keewenaw Point range. The sondicrhj range of mountains traversing th(! uj)- per peninsula, and which in a previous report has been referred to, as commencing at a point a little north-wcst- terly from the mouth of Chocolate river of L;ikc Supe- rior, has been ibund to be continued in a south-westerly direction, with a gradually diminished altitude across the Menominee river of Urcen Bay, into the territory of Wisconsin. This chain of mountains through a por- tion of its course has a direction nearly j)arallel to |that of Green Bay, and iVequently approaches to within 25 or 30 miles of the coast of that bay. It will be recol- lected that the northerly portion of this mountain range was described as being com[)osed of sienitic and gnees- soid granite, flanked on the south by mica, talcosc and chloritic slates and quartz rock, the separate members of the group being IVequently traversed by dykes of trap, and with occasional knobby hills of the latter rock. Prcsque Isle of Lake Superior, made up of trap and al- tered sandrock, in which rocks were found numerous small ramyfying veins of the sulphurets of lead, copper and iron, was referred to as a portion of this mountain range. This southerly chain of mountains, with its hills and dykes of trap, though the elevation, in a .south wcsterly direction is considerably lessened, preserves very nearly f' u I 82 MINFRAL IIROIOV it '■' I! I similar geological characters to tiiat portion beforo de- scribed, arifl the rocks, in the vicinity of the trap, were tVeqiiently found to contain similar minerals to tboso observed in tlic vicinity of Lake Supe.iior. The direc- tion of this range is sncli as to leaver no doubt but the low knobs of sycnitic granite in the vicinity of Piicka- wny Lake of Fox river, anfl tin,' more elevated knobs of tra|) and alte-red rock lying a short flistance to the north, in Wisconsin, belong to the same system of rocks, and since the hilly district of the Wisconsin river would fall within this range, it may be fairly inferred that the disturbance of the stratified sandstones and limestones of this region may have originated from the same causes which have produced the more elevated mountains on the south of Lake Superior. This subject possesses a high degree of interest, from the fact that within the limits of this range would fall the lead district of Wisconsin and Iowa, and this in- ference is rendered the more probable from the re- markable similaritv in the character of the contained minerals. Thus far 1 have been unable to trace any portion of the great limestone formation of the upper peninsula, to any near proximity to this range, where the same traverses that part of Michigan, and thus far in tracing the range westwardly no considerable deposits of lead have been found until the lower rocks are cover- ed by heavy depositcs of limestone ; which would lead to the inference that these upper deposites have perform- ed an important part in arresting and fixing the mine- rals refered to, and which minerals may fairly be infer- red to have had their origin from the lower rocks, to ^vhich reference has been made. If the position thus ^ OF LAKK SlJPF.niOR. CO assumed bo tcnablo, wo can scarcely look for lioavy do- positcM of load within lluit portion uftho soulhorly nuigo of mountains traversing llu^ npper peninsula of Michi- gan, for thn reason that the upper (brmations are want- ing, at loiiiA they are so through all that portion of the .listrict that has been minutely examined. * u ?■ Detroit, February It), 1816, I f at t^iu By contiMct witii tlu> roiuiiiiisioiier of tlie Cencrnl L.uul OfHcc, niiiltr (late ofJuiu' -25, It-il, tlio Late Dr. Doutir.AS Houghton was ro(iiiireil to muhe ')otli a linear ami ■zeol(ia\d, Assistant Slate Ce()lo<:ist of this State, and whom we employed for that jmriwse, has prepared a like full iei)o:t upon the remainder of the surveyed te'ritory, from the field notes of the survey and the specimens collected. \V*' lierewitli submit these reports to you, with the field notes and other jKipers, &c. The linear survey, as fir as the work ha.s proj,T|-L.s,se(l, is complete. It could not have been expected Miat tli(> information, contained in the rejtorls, in relation to the geolo;ry of the country, would be as coniiilete and accurate in detail, as it v,-ould have been, could they have been prejiared by Dr. IIou<,diton himself, who Imd, for many years, been zealously engaged in the investigation and study of the peculiar formations of this region. Ei;ough, however, will ai)pear, to enable th(> (;overnmeiit to ai)iireciatc-, both the advantages, and the |)erfect feasibility, <>[' the plan of connecting gc< logical v.-ith the linear survey.s of the government lands, as originally proposed and zealously advocated liy Dr. Houghton. Respectfully, yours, [SIGNED.] HENRY N. \\'ALKER. SAM'E. T. DOUGLASS. To lldv. Ltrirs Lyon, Surveyor Goncral, &c. i .1* w W t \ TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGi OF THE SURVEY OF A DISTRICT OF TOWNSHIP LINES, SOUTH OF LAKE SUPERIOR, 18 4 5. *y "s-^^x^ -s^"^.,^ -■ This surv(3v embraces Keewenaw Point, and a nar- row tract of land bordering the south coast of Lake Superior, from the south boundary of township 48 north, ranges 25 and 2G west, near Chocolate river, to the mouth of Carp river on the northwest side of the Porcu- pine mountains in township 51 north, range 44 west. fSee the accompanying map, to which reference will be frequently made, in the course of these remarks.) Up- on this map arc delineated the boundaries of the survey, together witli the principal streams and small lakes. The straight lines are the boundaries of townships with their numbers and ranges, and the irregular and dotted lines represent the boundaries of tlie different rock formations, with their characteristic names, on the side which they occupy. The topography of this district may be divided into two parts, the hilly or mountainous, and iiie undulating or roiing lands. 60 MINERAL REGION •I if Of tho hillv or mountainous land, three tracts of con- sidcrablc areas, arc found widely separated by undula- ting or rolling land. That part of the district between Huron Bay and the south boundary of township 48 north, ranges 25 and 20 west, and denominated primary range on the map, is made uj) principally of numerous rocky knobs and irre- gular hills, witli intervening valleys of arable lands : most of these valleys have small streams meandering through them, with rapid or quick currents of pure Waa- ler. Between some of these knobs and hills, however, cedar, tamarack, or s{)ruce swamps are found, and less frequently small lakes. The highest elevations on this range, probably attain an altitude of 800 or 000 feet above the water of Lake Superior, and present to the spectator a very rugged and broken appearance, and frequently along the southeas- terly slope of these knobs and hills, which is i-enerallv the most precipitous, high clills or sloping Icnlges are seen ; but along the south boundary of the survey, the hills arc more regular in outline and have a westerly direction The land upon this })art of the district not occupied by the primary range, is undulating and rolling except where furrowed with deep ravines or intr-ri'uptod by the valleys of streams, 'I'hese lands lie between the primary range and tho Lake coast, and are in many places considerably elevated, forming bluffs on tho Lake coast, from 20 to 80 feet in height. SOIL AM) TI-MIJER. The soil on tliis part of the survey is generally a «andy loam, but in some i)Iaccs it is decidediv a sandv i 01'' LAKE SUrERIOR. 9 soil, and sustains a heavy growtli of limber, of sugar maple, homloek, birch, pine, cedar, lir, lynn elm, asli, spruce, tamarack iSlc. STREAMS AND HAlUJOnR. The largest streams (rivers lliey are called here,) oi; this part of the district, are not above the size of ordi- nary mill streams, for which purjujsc they would an- swer well, having generally falls or rapids within one or two mil(;s of the Lake coast. Some of these streams at their mouths form convenient harbors for small boats, and may be ascended with them to the lirst falls or rapids, Tor which purpose the IlurDU, Pine, Yellow Do^'- and Riviere Du Mort or Nekomenon river, are the best. Tiio otily harbors for vessels are at Presquc Isle, T. 48 N., U. -25 W., and to the south of a point of land on the east side of Huron Bay, T. 54 xN., U. 31 W. (See rnajK) TUAl' RA.NOE OP KEEWENAW POINT ^C. This second liilly range commences at the northeast end of Keewenaw I'uint, and has a course a little to the south uf west, lor about eighteen nules, wiiere it gradually bends to the soutlnvard until its general coursj is southwest, to the south boundary of the survey. This range is from two to six or seven miles wide, and about eighty miles in length upon this district, and from the east end of Keewenaw Point, to a little wcstot the east boundary of range '29, these hills occupy near- ly its entire breadth. Here the southeast side of this range recedes from the Lako coast, and stretching in- land southwesterlv, passes along the northwest side of a small lake in township 55 north, ranges 32 and 33 west, f' S8 M I N E R A L RE G I O N h^' m iVorn tlionco gencj'ally in a southwest diivction, to the corner of scictions 81 and :>2, on soutli boundary of T. 51 N., R. 87 VV. The northwest boundary of this range loaves thf? Lake coast in township r)8 nortb, range 32 west, and stretcbinga little inland, crosses Portage Lake, in town- sbip 55 north, range 84 west, thence generally in a southwest direction, to n(!ar the corner of sections 83 and 84, on the south boundary of townsbip 51 north, range 88, west. The highest elevations upon this hilly range, are supposed to be, from five to eight li\indred feet above Lake Superior, and, ns in the bills of the primary range already described, their southeasterly sides are generally the most precipitous ; audit should bo farther remarked, that tbese hills are not destitute of interest in an agricultural point of view. Considerable tracts of tillable land are found upon them, with a good soil, and well timbered with sugar majde, birch, lynn, ironwood, red oak, &c., and, on Keewenaw Point, bet- tor adapted to cultivation tban most of the land upon its coast. To the east of this hilly range, (south of Por- tage Lake,) to Huron Pay, and west of it to the Porcu- pine mountains, with the exception of a ivw niod'^M-ately elevated hills, the country is undulating or rolling ; there arc, however, many dec]-) ravines, and valleys of streams on this ])art, also tracts of level land. These lands are generally susceptible of cidtivation, and, so far as they have been proved at the Missions near the head of Keewenaw Pay, and at the Ontonagon and L'cn rivers, have been found to yield abundantly, in produce suita- ble for culture in this climate. Over this entire tract, exccpi where occu})i(Mi by i ^ OP LAKE SUPERIOR. et' "swavtips or in sorno places on tlio Lake coast west of Kcowen.ivv Point, tho soil is generally a sandy loam, and tho most loamy pa its arc in the valleys of the Stur- geon and On'onagon rivers. Thc;so lands are exlensive and generally snj)port a heavy growth of timber of sugar maple, birch, hemlock, pine, fir, ceflai', lynn, ash, elm, spi-uce, >kc. And it may be worthy of nnnark, that scattering pines of an excellent quality, may bo found southeast of tho hilly range of iveewenaw Point, and northeast of Portage Lake to the south boundary of township 57 north, range J30 west. LAKE COAST A\l) HARHOllS. The Lake coast is generally bold and rocky, and I'houcrh very irreo-ular in its course, has few indenta- tions of a character to form good harbors for vessels. The best and most convenient, are Coj)per, Agate and Eagle Harbors, siluated on the north side of Kcevvcnaw Point. (See map.) Also, a lee can generally be made south of a po"nt on the cast side of Keewenavv Bay, T. 51 N., U. ;i2 W., and a vessel drawing 5A feet of water may enter tho Ontonagon river, T. 52 N., R. 40 W. IIIVEKS. Upon this part of the district, tliere are tlirce rivers navigable for small crafts, for a considerable distance nito the country ; they arc tho Portage, Sturgeon and Ontonagon rivers. Sturcrc;on river has Its source to the south of the head of Keewenaw Bav, in the hilly country, and runs north- erly, nearly parallel to tho west coast of this bay, and enters Porta^re Lake on section oO, T. 54 N., R. 33 W. 7 D 9U JUiNLilAL IltGlON Ml i s I and iiKiy bo asceiicled with small boiit.s into T. 52 N.^ R. ;j:3 \V. .section 7 ; here its navigation is interrupted by drit*t wood whieh lilU the cliaiinel for about 25 or 30 chains. 'i'his passed, which may be done by a goad port;\ge, the river may be ascended into T. 51 N., R. 34 \V ; but on account of a strong current in thi?i pari ol" the stream, setting poles or the best oai'snu'n arc necessary, to eiiect an ascent to this point. Portage river is about lour miles in length, nnd the outlet of Portage Lake. It is a stream of considerable depth and breadth, and after passing the l.»ar id its mouth, may be ascended with v<.-gsc1s drawing eight ieet of wa- ter int(j Portage; Lake, and thence to the head ol' iWu-: Lake near the south boundary of T. 50 N., R. 31 \V . about 20 miles from the entrance at the mouih of Portage river. From the head of Portage Lake light boats as- cend a small stream about one mii>. , and from thence b\ a portage of another nnle over nearly level land ente.v Lake Superior. Doubtless, at some future day, these two miles will hv canalled, for the passage of larger crat'ts through thii* channel into Lake Superior. Tlio Ontonagon river is the largest stream on th<. south side of Lake Superior. 'J'his stream is navigable for batteaux in an ordinary stage of water, to the rapids, near the south boundary of T. 51 N.. R. 39 \V . Near the mouth of this river, on the right bank, is an eligible site lor a tov.n, and when this harbor is im- proved, as it deserves to be, will probably become a place of considerable importance. There are other small streams on this part of the survey, the most im- portant of which arc, La^le, Elm, Misery, Sleeping, • OP LAKE SUi'KRIOR. m a Fire Stool ond [mri rivers. TIk-so streams ciiimut Ix; ascondcd far, ovon with caiio-s, on account of rapids or drift wood, i)ut most of llx'm form convenient harborts for small boat.s on the Lalvt; coast. rOROUPlNK IMOIJNTAINS. The third hilly nuigo eoibracos tho northerly portion of the Porcni)iiio mountains, tho easterly boundary of which coiiiin.iices on the coist of Lake Superior, three or four niii<'s west of the ni.iUth of Iron river, in T. 51 N., K. 4- ^^'- thence runs nearly south to corner ol sections :r.i and :3 1, on soulh boundary of said township. Westward, lli so knobby mountains spread over the re- maining part of the survey to the coast of Lake Superior, the highest elev.aioiis of wliich have an altitude proba- bly of Dol) feet, and the easterly hills have a more regu- lar outline, than those of the westerly part, the latter in some pluci s presenting eliils and sloping ledges of great height. Tliese mountains, and the vaH<\vs between them, ex- cept near the L-dce coast, or where occupied by rocl;s, have a good soil of sandy loam, which supports a heavy o-rowth of timber of sugar mai)le, birch, lynn, hemlock lir, elm, *Slc. The Lake coast hord(>ring these mountains is gener- ally rocky, and alFords no good harbors for small boats, exiept at Carp river. This stream runs W. S. W. nearly parallel to the coast of the Lake, for about ten milcs^ and at the distanc(.' of about t\\o miles from the coast, it then hends to iho northwest, and after passing falls and rapids near its mouth, enters Lake Superior on bcction 33, township 51 north, range 44 west. 92 MINP.UAL RECION CKOLOCiV. Within the boundaries of this survoy thoro arc live })vincip!il groups ot" rocks, which occupy hirgo areas. — They arc^, i)riuiary, trap, conglomerate, sandstone, and slates. That group of rocks wiiich may ho d'.MioiniiKited pri- mary, and incUuhng the metamorphic rocks on the south, arc (bund generally a little inland, (r.xcepting in the vicinity of Presquo Isle llarhor) from the coast of Lake Superior; and from the south boundary of town- ship 48 north, ranges 25 and 2G west, into township 51 north, range 82 west, about three miles S. S. W. of the head of Huron Bay. (See map.) These rocks make up a scries of knobs and liigb con- ical hills, forming a broken range which has a course as near as could be determined W. S. W . These elevations are of various luMgbts, probably from 75 to 900 feel above Lake Superior, and, general- ly, the elevating force aj)pears to have acted mostly up- on their southeasterly sides, as this side generally pre- sents cliffs and bold ledg<;s, whdo their northwesterly sides slope away more gradually. The mctamor|)hic ro(dn! soon traversii "• these i-ocks, hut no one was ohsv rved to ho metal iifeious. 1 have I'owever seen specinuns of specular iron ore said to have heen obtained in township 48 north, range '20 west. Wilhln ttie l.ouiitlaries of tho metarnorphic rocks up- on tho survey, several knobs of syenilic j!,ranito, and also fl\kes of greenstone "oio seen. nilMAllY ROCKS. Thai portion of this range which may he denominated primary rock, and lying to the north of the metamorphic rocks alre-uly described, is generally oompesed of gran- ular qM-irtz, feldspar, and iiornblende, con^titutnig a comp:iet sveiiik\ In some places siiglit traces of niicn are o'Ds-rvable, giving rise to a syenitic granite. Th:^ - minerals predominate in different pr(ip,ortion in different places, and not uiifrequently in diilerent parts of the s;;m.-; let'ge or hill. In som- places it is mostly a hornblende rock and in oth-rs til- l-adingmin(>ra!s are feldspar and hornblende, o-iviim- rise to a svenitic greenstone, and less iVequently a well form-'rl granite is found. In several instances a compact gi( cnstono was found, intruded among tliese rock's in various foiins. And when in veins or dykes these do not appear to have any particular magnetic bearing. nm m 04 ■MrNKRAL flEdlONT W W At One of thcsG veins rnny be found of about one foot in thickness, tra versing a iedgn of syenite W. S. W., at 45 chains and 00 links in going west on south side of sec- tion :^6, south boundary of T. 51 N., U. '28 W. Throughout this entire group of rocks, quartz and feh]sj)ar veins arc ofton found, and, in many instances, both are sihju travtuvsing the same rocks, and crossing each other at various angk.'S. Tiiese veins are from a hne to a foot or nionj in width, and wvn) observed to bo more frequent and of a hirger size in townships 51 and 52 north, ranges 28 and 29 west, than in any other part of ti»e primary range. Also a few veins contain- ing calcareous si>ar were seen near the junction of the primary and sedimentary rocks. In regard to the mnalliferous character of any of the veins traversing the priuKiry rocks, in this portion ol tiio min(M-al region (so called) it may be sufhcient to say that no v(!in indicating a workable quantity of metal of any kind wns observed, but it should not be inferred from diis that tlicy do not exist here. Mv observations were mostly confined to township lines, which do not olivays pass over the most favorable places for examination, and afTorded no opportunity of tracing up veins, that have some meialliferous indica^ tions, until thuir characters were developed. ARGILLACEOUS sLATi.S. Flanking the pri.nary I'ocks already described on the northwest, in T. 51 N^'u. 30, :U and 32, W. argilla^ ceous slates were found. They seldom crop out, and, on account of their being g(merally covered with a con^ siderable depth of earth, their precise limits could not ■^ I OF LAKE SUrERlOn. •'•' he fl(>iincfl Thry ur(3, however, supposed to ocenpy a spi'C(j from one to two or more miles in hrendlh, before tliey are overlaid with the s:\r.dstone. Tht^se roeks have, g-nerally, near their jiu.ctioii with tlie primary voeiv, a dij) from 20 to 80 degrees to the N. or N. N. W. ninl th(M"i' lint^ of clc^avage dips to tlie S. or S. K making an angi'- with the line of depo;==ition of abont 05 degrees. These yiates arc generally of a dnrk brown color ; but a curious variety wns found in both braneh- osof Union river, on south boundary of T. 7)2 N., R. :^0 W. section JIO. Loose masses have been brought down these streams in abund'.niee, some of wV.irh are varied with numerous stripes of red, lig"^ b""'}'* ^^S^^^ and dark brown &c- RKD AND VAIUEOATED SANDSTONE. Flanking the slates already described, and resting up- on them, vvd and variegatcsd sandstones were found.— These rocks extend north and west in nojiriy horizontal fitrata, passing Huron and Kcewenaw Hnys, and flank the base of the trap range of Keewennw Point, on the southeast, throughout the survey. This s.mdstono also Hanks the primary rock before described, on the north and northenst, to the coast of Lake Snnorior, exc.(>pt in the vicinity of Presque Jslc. These roeks occupy a larger area on the survey than all the other rocks ; they are generally laminated, and not unHvquently jointed, and vary considerably in the fineness :)f the materials of which they are composed, in ditfcrcnt strata; nnd the whole are tolerably compact. Though the strata of the sand rock may, in general, be considered horizontal, it has evidently been some- Hi i'k ? *";4 ^4 m ^A # A/. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 «- IIIIM 150 1^ m 1.4 M iilM 1.6 V] c-^M 0%, :> ^ o% ^ p-s^ #.> ^^# ^ / Photographic Sciences Corporation ^ ^ ^9> ■1^ ^ WEb^iiR.N.Y. ^'580 (716) 872-4503 >4 'sS % \/. ^ w 96 MINERAL REGION what disturbed and contorted, and was observed in the vicinity of the northern slope of the piiinary and trap hills, to have a considerable; din from them. '1 his rock borders a largo [)roportioii of the Lake coast throughout this part of tiie survey, and may be seen, forming ledges from a few feet to 70 or 80 feet in height ; and it should be mentioned, that novaculite, or at least a very fine grit for whetstones, may be found in a ledge on the east side of Keev.'cnaw Bay, near its head, on section 85, T. 51 N. R. 38 W. This ledge is laminated and jointed, and from it may bo obtained whetstones of almost any degree of fmeness. Also, to the S. S. W. of this ledge, on section 2, a good quality of reddish clay was seen, and ai several other points on the bay coast, in this vicinity. TRAP UANCE OF KEKWENAW POINT. This range commences at the east end of Keewenaw Point, and has a course generally to the sonthv\est, in a series of trap knobs and irregular hills, from three to seven or eight hundred feet in height above Lake Supe- rior. Their general topograi)hical character and boundary have been already described. ( See map.) Generally, the middle and southeasterly side of this range is a compact greenstone, which gradually obtains an amygdaloida! structure, near the northwest slope ; and along this slope, in many places, a decided amyg- daloid is found, the cavities of which are frequently fil- led with quartz, calcareous matter and cpidote. Those characters of the trap rock are well sustained throughout this range of the survey. It has also been f; fil- OV LAKK SUPElllOR. obaoi'vctl, Ibat generally the slope of the trap rock has a much higher angle on the southeast, than on the north- west side of this range. CONGLOMERATE ROfK. This rock is of a great thickness, and flanks the trap range on the noninvest side, from the east end ol Keirwcnaw Point, westward, into township 57 norlii, range 33 west. Tl\e conglomerate rock is made up of rounded pebbl(;s and small houlders, ])rincipally derived horn rocks of the trap family, and so firmly cemented together, that wlien broken, these rounded masses frequently divide through the middle. 'I'his rock does not appear to be very urn- form in its dip ; it may be estimated, however, to dip N. N. W., from 20 to r>0 degrees. Resting confer nably upon the conglomerate rock, are a series of alternating strata of sandstone and conglom- orate, embracing between their strata several trap dykes of considerable extent, which dip with tliese rocks to i\v.^. N. N. W., at an angle of 30 to 40 degrees. The injection of these dykes has produced great changes in the rocks, l)y ^vhich they are embraced. The sand- stone near the dyke is converted into an amygdaloid, and the clitiracter of the conglomerate much changed by igneous action. This is exemplihed on the points of rocks, west of the entrance of Eagle Harbor, where they ^ii'c severally seen. These trap dykes may be seen at several other places, from Copper Harbor to a little west of the cast boundary of T. 57 N., U. 33 west. The conglomerate rocks above described, were not k! ^\ : 1 1 1 J* wmmmmmmmmm li i H , ! ^^s MINERAL REGION seen flanking tho northwest side of the trap range ol' Kcevvenaw Point, souihwrst of township 57 N., R. 3:^ W., or between this and the Lake coast, until they were tbund on the northwest side of the Porcupine mountains. They are supposed to be wanting between these points. or they have diverged from the trap range, and occupy tho bed of Lake Suj)erior, which latter condition is doomed the most probable, as this direction best con- forms to the strike of these rocks at both places. VKINS AND VEINSTONE. Between the cast end of Kecwenaw Point, and Portage Lake, the trap and conglomerate rocks are traversed by raany well (iefmed veins, at nearly right argies with the general course of the trap range, and at the surface of the rocks, these veins are from a mere line, to several icot in width. Tho veins above alluded to, are generally nearly ver- tical in the rocks they lrr'\erse, and in some instances, they appear to have been tissures in the rock, and sub- sequently filled with veinstones, diflering much in their character in ditl(jrent rockvS. In the greenstone and amygdaloid, these veins are usually made up of trap, more or less associated witli ({uarlz, and on their sides firmly blended with the rock which they traverse ; but, in the conglomerate" rocks, ,the veins are ahijost uniformly of calcareous matter. Besides tho well defined veins, above alluded to, there are others imperfectly formed, having a more diflusive viharacter ; also, at several points on the Lake coast, ■ilong tho line of conglomerate rocks, veins of calca- foous matter were seen, apparently embraced between OF LAKE SlTERIOil. M their strata. These veins have a course nearly at right angles to the veins before ailaded to, and are supposed to be of no very great extent. Some of these veins at least are inctaUif(>rous through some portions of tlieir course in tlie rocks which they traverse, and contain native copper and some of the ores of copper. Green and bhi-^ carbonate, and the black oxide, arc thought to be the most abundant of the ores ; and so far as I have been able to observe these veins, their metalliferous character is best developed along the line of junction of the the trap and sedimenta- ry locks nn b»(h siues of the trap range. ' Tiiu luetallifcrous character of these veins above de- scribed, have been most explored on the northwest side of Keewcnaw Point, where some of them are now being worked, and much interest is felt by the enterprising proprietors of these works. Thus far, several of these veins ofTtr increased in-^ ducements to prosecute the work, and a few years of labor will devclope, in some good degree their true char- acter. That portion of the trap range of Kcewenaw Point, extending southwest of Portage .Lake, to the south boun- dary of the survey, has generally less width than that which has already been described, and the trap rocks do not so frequently crop out, consequently, its junction with the sedimentary rocks, could not often be seen. But the aberrations of the magnetic needle, (determined by the Solar Compass,) has always been found to be very great on or near the trap bills, by which means, it is believed, that its boundary on the township lines, where no out crop could be seen, has been very nearly I wmmmmmmm^ffnnfm. MP mmmmm 100 MINERAL llEGION definod. (Sec map.) l>ut low veins arc seen travers- ing the rocks on this part of the trap range, and no one observed to be metal 11 ferous. Creditable repoils, how- ever, say, that eo[»per veins have been ibund near the head waters of Elm river. ARGILLACEOUS SLATES, Argillaceous slate of a dark brown color, and slaty sandstone, are developed on a lai-ge seale in the bed and banks of Iron river, tliroiigh township 51 north, raigu' 42 west three or four miles east oi' the Porcupine moun- tains, Theso^slates are very variable in their direction and amount of their dip in dilFerent places. They vary from N. E, to S, E,, and dip from 15 to 15 degrees in that direction. Tb-"S3 slates were also seen 50 or GO chains cast of Jron river, near corner of s-ctions 25 and JiG, and dip- ping i.e. N. E. about eleven degrees. Erom these facts it is reasonable to infer, that the slates dip under the sandstone, to the east of them, and that they extend west, to the base of the Poi-cupino mountains. But these slates, except in the streams before mentioned, arc generally overlaid with a considerable depth of earth, and, therefore, their boundary coidd not be cor- rectly defined. Argillaceous slaty sandstone, somewhat siinilar to those already described, are found on the northwest side of the trap range of Keewenaw Point, on the east and south boundaries of township 53 north, '^ange 80 west, (sections 25 and ;3:}.) These slaty sandstone seldom crop out, consequently their limit was not ascertain- ed. These rocks dip considerably to the northwest. OK LAKE SUPICIUOR. RKD SANDSTONE. Between the slates of Iron river and the trap range of Kecwenavv Point, (^except as above nientionec!,) and south of the nortli half of T. 57 N., R. 3:3 VV. and the Lake coast, to the south boundary of the survey, so far as known, the country is underlaid with red sandstone. This rock frequently appears along the Lake coast, and in the beds and banks of streams and ravines.— The sandstone here is supposed to belong to the same formation of the red sandstone already described, east of the trap range of Kecwenaw Point. Its general character is the same, except that in some places it con- tains more mica. This snndstone was observed to dip most near the trap range, in a N. N. W. direction, which clip diminishes to the coast of Lake Superior. A nicely stratified and jointed form of this rock, may be seen on the Lake coast at the south boundary of T. 55 N., U. :36 \V. TRAP AND CONGLOMKRATE ROCKS OF THE rORCUPINE 3I0UNTAINS. The remaining part of the survey embraces the north- erly portion of the Porcupine Mountains, the bounda- ries of which have already been described. (See map.) Th(;se mountains are made up of a somewhat broken range of trap and conglomerate hills, liaving an estima- ted height from three to nine hundred and fifty feet above Lake Superior. South of Carp river, (which runs nearly parallel to the Lake coast,) and the south boundary of the survey, also the west half of T. 51 N,, R. 42 W., embraces 3^^ < I RP'^'^MiHPMIIiPHiMiillPI 102 JIINEUAL KL(iION hi the ti-Mj) rock witliiii this part of the survey, wliicli occupies an area of less tlian one township. A large proportion of this trap is very compact, but in some places it is an amygdaloid, the colls of which are generally filled with calcnreoua njatter or ei,'idotc. This trap, also, varies in color from a dark green or gray, to nearly a brick red. To the northwest of the trap rock Iiills, and separated from them by the valley of Carp river, are two con- glomerate hills, having a course nearly parallel to the Lake coast, from six to eight miles, the highest parts of which are estimated at 400 ieet above Lake Superior. These conglomerate rocks appear to belong to the same formation with the upper conglomerate of Kce- wenaw Point, having, like the latter, alternating strata of sandstone and conglomerate rocks, which dip to the N. N. VV., at an angle from 25 to 45 degrees. A few veins of calc-Mcous spar, were s;en in these rocks at the Lake coast, on enst boinidarv of T. 51 N., R. 43 \\.; also, near the /one rock (so called,) in T. 51 N., R. 44 W.. but no one observed to be metalliferous. It is, however, creditably reported, that copper veins have been found on this part of the survey. Dill FT. I|*H I Numerous erratic lioulders and other liner materials, arc ibund spread over this region of country, aj;parently derived from the rocks which abound hvn\ and from the region north of Lake Superior. Therefore, it is not uncommon to fmd transported blocks along the Lake coast, or in valleys of streams which contain copper or other interesting minerals. The relative position of the OF JAKE SL'PFRIOn. ion u ■•'■ land and water of Lake Suporior, at some remote period of time, appears to have been quite di ill rent from thoir present state, as is evidenced by the elllct of the Lak-J on the rock, and the term of the Lake blulls, in many phicessomc two hundred i'ect al)Ove it^3 prc^sent level. Thus far, a brief view of the geological condition of the various rock fonnntions has been taken, leaving to the reader the pleasure of drawing his own conchision? as to the causes which have produced these geological effects, and also as to what may be deemed to be more or less valuable or interesting in this region of country. in executing this part of the work, 1 liave been much assisted by valuable instructions from our lale and re- spected State Geologist, Dk. DoioLAfss UouonTON, who had this survey in charge, and fiom whom a criti- cal geological report was expected. In conclusion, it moy be proper to remark, that m consequence of township lines being confined to distances of six miles apart, and to north and south and cast and west courses, they frequently pnss, for a long distance, over ground not the most favorable for geological ex- aminations ; also, supplies have; to be turnished with packmen, instead of pack horses, in this region of coun- try, and each man of a party on township lines, is under the necessity of performing his duties w:th a pack upon his back. Hut, notwithstanding these dilTieuhies, it is believed that when experience shall have perfected this system of linear and geological surveys, it will be found the cheapest and the best yet devised for the public in- terost WILLIAM A. BURT. Dcpiilij Surveyor. ■}'■•■ wmm wmm wmmm • ': i ?ii' ill GENERAL OBSEllV ATIONS. UrON THK OP THK DISTRICT SOUTH OF LAKE SUPERIOR, NUBDIVIDED IX 1845, TINDER THE DIRECTION OF DOUGLASS HOUGHTON, Deputy Surveyor. ,'-y,-'\j'K-^ ^w''~*»>"~'->'"v^~N. ' The subdivisions embrace the following townshipK which arc fully completed, and the notes and maps thereof, arc herowilh returned. Town 46 North, Ranges 24, 25 and 26 47 *» *« 24, 25 and 26 48 " >♦ 25 and 26 51 *' ** 32 and 33 32 32 and 33 32 and 33 31, 32 33 and 34 30, 31, 32, 33 and 34 29, 30, 31, 32 and 33 26, 27, 28, 30 and 31 27, 28 and 30 The notes and maps of town 58 north, ranges 29 and 32 west, and town 59 north, range 29 west, were in possession of Dr. Houghton, and were lost with him. a '( *( n (i ii ii rk, is estimated to be but 700 [cct in breadth, by 1000 in length, A more extended and minute examination will proba- bly determine this portion of the metamorphic group to contain other ores, less in amount, but which are gene- rally esteemed more valuable. Tho northerly portion of tne metamor[)hic group of rocks, and which may here be denominated the trappose portion, embraces the whole remainder of tho group north of the portion last described, except a small tract of country occupied exclusively by clay slate rock, and whose extent will be hercafte'* noticed. This division of the metamorphic region is character- ized by tho frequent occurrence of knobs or uplifts of greenstone and augitic trap, making their appearance rather irrogulai'ly over the country, and surrounded by altered sandstones and slates. These uplifts are doubt- less disconnected from any common centre or focus of cru[)tion ; but it is evident that rocks of igneous origin, form the base of all the rocky elevations of the region, and the surrounding altered and slaty rocks flank their sides and dip in all directions from them, the trap being protruded into a series of low knobs. Around the bases of these arc the metamorphic rocks, consisting mostly of 110 MINERAL HEOION I I !■■ talcoso, chlorite and clay slates. Quartz forms com- paritively a sma'l proportion of those rocks. The pre- vailing dip is northerly, ahout 80 degrees. Several of these knobs, in T. 48 N., R. 26 VV., attain an elevation of 1058 feel above Lake Superior. A hill of tolerably well defined granite makes an out- crop near the centre of this region, and in a low ridge, bearing in an easterl}'^ and westerly direction about two miles, but the granite is evidently of a tra|)pose charac- ter. The hills of thi'> region are generally timbered to their summits, and in many of them the rock does not come to the surface. The country is, in general, moderately rolling and beautiful. The timber is chiefly sugar maple, yellow birch, fir, hemlock and spruce, and the soil will, without doubt, prove fertile. CLAY SLATE. The rocks of the metamorphic group frequently graduate into clay slate, and it will be perceived, by re- ference to the map, that a well defined clay slate occu- pies a distinct tract in the region under consideration. This tract is almost wholly in T. 48 N., R. 26 W., and occupies an area of about five sections. The s!ate ap- pears goneraiiy in low knobs, dipping northwesterly, and is highly argillaceous. The tract is timbered with a largo growth of sugar maple and hemlock. RED SANDROCK. It will be perceived that this rock occupies a small nortion of the country ombraced in our first division, — 1 1 OP LAKE SUPERIOR. Ill ' It la found skirting tho prim;uy and mr^trimorphic rocks on nil sides, and almost excluding them from the Lake coast. As this rock occupies a larger area in the district of country, hereafter to be considered, no description of it will here be given. It may, however, simply be obser- ved, that this rock is frequently found surrounding, and in contact with, the uplifted masses of igneous rocks, and is then invariably much altered both in appearance and texture, and may, under such circumstances, fairly be considered as nvjtamorphic. KEEWENAW POINT. The subdivisions of the past season upon this part of the survey, include all that portion of Keewenaw Point lying north and east of Portage Lake, and this portion of the work will be separately considered. Keewenaw Point may be said to be made up of three rock formations, traf), trap congUmierate, and red sand rock. Of these, the first mainly gives its peculiar char- acter to the country, giving to it its mouniainous aspect and general configuration, having been protruded by the operation of igneous forces into its present position; while thf other rocks are .sedimentary in their origin, and are found surrounding and resting against the other. The accompanying map will exhibit, with much accu- racy, the positions and extent of these; rocks, in refer- nnce to each other, and to the town and section lines.. TRAP ROCKS. It will be seen that throughout nearly the whole of ' ti k 112 MINERAL REGION the portion occupied by these rocks, may be traced two distinct ranges of hiils, which, commencing near the easterly extremity of the Point, run nearly parallel to the boundary of the trap. The summits of the more northerly range, preserve an almost uniform distance from the northerly boundary of trap, of about one and a quarter miles, while those of the southerly range average little more than a half mile from the southerly extension of the trap formation. These ranges, which are quite continuous from T. 57 N., R. 28 W., westerly as far as T. 57 N., R. 32 W., begin here to fall away, becoming also more irregular and broken as they ap- proach the basin of Portage Lake. In fact, from the latter town, southwesterly, their character, as distinct ranges, is almost entirely lost, until they reappear at about an equal distance from the Portage Lake, on the other side of the basin. The continuity of the trap rocks, however is not destroyed, though its bounds arc much narrowed. The barometer work having been carried no further west from the extremity of the Point, than range 29, does not enable me to give the elevations of these ranges with completeness ; but it may be slated that the high- est point found is in the southerly range, in T. 58 N., R. 29 W., where the trap rises into a knob having an elevation above Lake Superior of 876 feet. To this knob has been given the name of Mt. Houghton. The general elevation of the northerly range of hills is, how- ever, somewhat the greatest, the knobs rising to from 400 to 600 feet. These ranges present their steepest escarpments on their southerly sides, where they rise frequently into m OP LAKE SUPERIOR. lis ciifi's of 100 toot nearly perpendicular, and, in one in- stance, in the soutlierly range, to nearly 400 ieet. In general, they slope niucli more gently to the north, thus ibllovvingthe general inclination, or dip, whicii is conn- mon to all the rocks ot" the Point. The portion ol' the trnp district included hctwecn these two rang(^s, as lar westerly as range oO, hus a gradual descent in the valley of the Little Montreal river. Be- yond this, westerly, it is more rolling and sometimes bro- ken by knobs and ridges of trap, with some intervening swamps. The whole is, in general, covered by a sandy loam, and is clothed with an abundant growth of sugar maple, birch, fir, oak and white pine ; the maple great- ly predominating, wherever tiie soil is of suf^cient depth. Where this soil is barely sutricicnt to conceal the underlying rock, cedar is the prevailing timber. It will be observed that the Little Montreal river, above alluded to, has its course wholly between these two trap ranges, pursuing its course nearly across ranges 30, 29 and 28. This is the most considerable stream in the district under consideration. Though somewhat sluggish through the first half of its course, which may be said to occupy the most elevated part, or plateau, of the trap region, it becomes more rapid through rri.->;es 29 and 28, and its course to the Lake shows a very considerable descent, probably of a about 300 feet, through the latter range. The more northerly of these ranges of trap is very uniform in character, and while the rock of both the northerly and southerly ranges may be denominated greenstone, that of the latter is much the most compact. The rocks of the former range, have a very distinct- i-' I ii i\ I ill 114 MINERAL REGION ly chrvstnlino structure, passing from a very gradulatcd greenstone to a rocU composed of chrystals of uugitc, or hornblende, and feldspar, with considerable inter- mixture of quartz, sometimes nearly forming an imper- fect syenitic granite, and showing the identity of origin of the trap and granite rocks. Tlieso portions of the trap arc extremely hard, and break with difficulty under the hammer. 'J'lie cenlral portion of the more elevated knobs of the southerly range are frequently composed of a very hard ixnd compact trap of a reddish color, which some- times takes on tlic cliaracter of a trap breccia, or aggre- gate of small cemented angular pieces of rock, and may perhaps be denominated a trap porphyry. Intermediate between these two ranges, the trap is sometimes compact, at others amygdnloidal, and occa- sionally granular ; while, on the outer slopes of both ranges, it is almost uniformly amygdaloidal, and is fre- quently what may be denominated a true amygdaloid, having its cells hlled with spar, quartz, epidoto and other rm'nerais. In an eeonomicnl point of view, the greenstone of the trap range is worthy of consideration, being well flitted for u-e as a building material, from its durability, and the ease with which, in consequence of its jointed .•structure, it may be quarried. CONGLOMERATE ROCK. } J. L. i fr. 1 i ■■ .i 1 w Is Resting against the trap on its northerly slope, and extending from the extremity of Keewenaw Point west- erly in T. 57 N., R. 33 W., will bo found a rock for- ■■^, OF LAKK SUPERIOR. 115 mation which is cvidontly of sedimontnry origin, being composed of wulcr worn masses, generally of ihc linrdcr portions of the U".\\) roeiv, held tog.-ther by nn exceeding- ly hard calciifeous and argillaceous ceiiK.'nt. It is evi- dent that tins rock was deposited around tlie base of the trap luiis, hcn/ath the waters, and has been subsequent- ly elevated, for the whole mass di[)s northerly, or from the trap \u\h, at an angle of ab(.ul 45 degrees. At or near its junet.on with ihe trap, this rock rises into a very distinct and g:;nerully continuous hilly rang^.' ; wiiich tnay, in iaet, be considered as liic out- cropping edge of the forn)alion, rising on its northerly tilde in a steep escarpment, but sloping more gradually down towards the Lake, on the north. 'J'his ridge varies in elevation, the highest ascertained i)oint being in T. 58 iN., R. 27 W.. and is 6H() feet above l.nkc Superior. Bui this is much above the average elevation which will not be found probably to exceed oCO feet. A marked difl?l renc(^ is observable in the character of the country occupied by the t-ap and conglomerate rocks ; for while the formerexhibits a series of elevated knobs of a rugged and broken character, the latter pre- sents a more uniform and rounded tiUtline, and cedar, fir, and other evergreens, conr^tiluto a larger proportion of its timber. iMlXED CONGLOMERATE AND SANDROCK. At a short distance northerly from the range last mentioned, may be observed another, but less elevated and continuous ridge, which is the southerly outcrop of the mixed conglomerate and sandstone foruiation. liiis I Ir^ p 1 1 i. 1 I: ik 110 MlNKllAL IlKGION rock nriy, In fact, hn considorod as an upper mombc^i* mrji-tdy of thocoiifrlom^ratj, ami (litl";rs from it only in being composed of aitornnting strata of coarse or line materials, derived from tlu; same origin. As the finer strata of tliis rock has Ix-en mistaken bv some for tho red sandrock, licreal'tor d(>scribed, it is important to oi)- servc that a very m^irked ditFcrence exists between the two rocks ; for, while the latter is made up of materials derived from the several rock formations of tho country, and into which quartzosc grains enter most largely, the forn)er is wholly derived from the trap rocks. This conglomerate and sandrock range probably no- where exceeds 3.50 feet above tho level of the Lake. It occupies tho northern coast of K(!ewcnaw Point, witb some exceptions occasioned by trap dykes, within tho limits alluded to as the extent, easterly and westerly, of the conglomerate rock formation. In the hollow between these two ridges of conglome- rate, and conglomcM-ate and sandrock, lie several lono- and narrow lakes, and lines of swampy ground are not an uncommon feature. The barometer work baving been carried over a com- paratively small portion of the Point, I have not been able to form any new estimate of the thickness of the conglomerate and mixed rocks. Those contained in tho report of Dr. Moughton, made to the Legislature of Michigan in 1841, may be considered as sufiiciently precise, which fix the maximum of the latter at 4200 feet, the former having probably a less thickness on tho Point, though attaining near the Montreal river a thick» ness of 5260 feet. OF LAKE SUI'ERIOR. 117 TiiAp dvkf:s. 1 have already alludc'd to tlio fact llial. tho granites of th(^ irioro noi'tlu riy |)orti()n of the? pritnary district arc traversed I)y dykf s of trap, Mliieli have produced great chaiiffi's in the rocks of lliat district, as also to the fact that tho conglomerato and Randrocks are found traver- sed by similar dykes. On approaching Keewenaw Point, from tho eastward, trap is seen ;ipj)arently inter- stratified with tlie conglomerate and mixed rocks which constitute the coast, the whole dipping together to tho north at an angle varying from 'M) to 45 d(>grees. A trap dyke of very unusual size makes its appear- ance ou the eastern extremity of the Point, in section 10, and may l)e traced westerly, following the general curvature of the coast, into range JU west. It has an average breadth of half a mile. In its westerly pro- longation, this dyke first approaches the coast at Cop- per Harbor. It lias here been broken across by the waters of the Lake; so that, while the conglomerate rocks are tound coiriposing the (juter [loints, as well as the south side of the harhor, the trap is seen at its two ends and at the projecting ])oints and island, and it forms tho bar across the entrance. Continuing westerly, this dyke cuts entirely across the con 2^!ome rate and sandroeks. at Acate Marhor, and from thence the coast is constituted of this roek, wester- ly as far as s—tion a, in T. 58 N., R. 131 W. Along this portion oi its course it is found gradually tliinning out, having at Crand IMarais and Kaglo Harbors a width of a few rods only, and thinning out entirely, or passing oiT into thu deep water of the Lake, at the point above named. 113 MINKUAL RLGION ; ! M a ,1 Mi -t Tlio trap coniposing this dyke is pnrtly compact and partly of amygiuloidMl stniclme. At Agato Harbor, llio trap is of tliis latter character, and the cells arc lil- Icd vvilh chalced'diy. coiuclian, jasper, quartz. cVc. of- ten funning agates of great s'Z i and beauty. 'I'liis part of the coast is lined with islands at a fivv rols distance from the main sliore, most of which appc ar to be por- tions of trap of a more hard and compact character, and which have resisted the action of the waters that have washed away the intermediate portions, thus form- ing a scries of narrow and fleep chamieis. This dyke dips rcgnlarlv with the conglomerate and sandrock in which it is included, to the north and north- west, at an an^le of about 45 degrees. RED SANDROCK. This rock, the c(]uivalent of the Potsdam rv?d sand- rock of the N; w York rej)or!s, it will Ix; spcn by the map, occupies \\\r, whok^ remainder of the j)orl;on of Keewcnaw Point under consideration, skirting a large part of the trap rang', on both sides, but having by far its liroadest ext Mision on th^ south side. It herv: lies in nearly horiz )ntal strata, though at the coast a slight dip inland is observable, b couiing more apparent as it ap- protjches the basin of i^ortng; Lake. In its appi-oaci) to the trap, however, it is found more or less tilled from its original hcnizontal po-ilion, and is also very much altered by its contact with that igneous rock, 'i he evi- dences both of tlui depiisition of this extensive formation, in calm and shallow waters, and of tlie subsequent change induced in it by the trap locks, when in a iused heated state, are very apparent. r^' OF LAKL Si; r I. RIO R. 119 Rt from til liToding from tlio trnp ranges soutlnvnrd, iho sur- facG of iho country undcrlMid by ilus rock is, in general, roMing, and tin) be rod with sugar nui[)ie, beniloek, birch, spruce, Hr and occasional Inrg^' pines. Tiio sod is u sandy loam, and in g Mieral of good quality. Aj»j)i'()ach- ing the Luke coast, the land fulls gradually to a level, where tiie evcrgrectis predominate over the maple, and the country is much cut up by marshes. MINERAL VEINS. '■] In regard to this subject, I have deemed it unneces- sary to enter into details. Tor tiie rousun that the returns of the surveys, so fur as the geoh^gy is concerned, re- late rather to the general character of the region, and that the observations of the past season, so tar as can now be determined, tend to confirm the facts which have been stated in considerable minuteness of detail, in the report made by J)r. [Toughton, in 1841, to the Legis- lature of the state of IMichigan. It may, however, be observed, that the courses of many veins have been fixed with {\ccuracy, and the veins themselves iraced, in some instances, for several miles across the conglomerate and sandrocks, and into and across some portions of the trap. The observations thus made, arc confirmatory of the fact first noted by Dr. Houghton, that the true veins of the district referred to, pursue a course nearly ai right angles to the line of bearing of the trap range. In concluding these brief descriptions, it may bo pro- per to state, that the personal observations of the writer have been confined almost entirely to a somewhat ■ .; i.r i i 4 ■f ■1 h V i lit 1-20 MINKRAL RECION '•ursorv oxiildnilinn, rnado sovcrul yonrs ngo, whik; acting as assistanl toDr. Ilf)nghton, in liis arduous labors ill ill'; gr-olf^gical coniinission of IMichigan, and that he has bfM'ii onablod todtjvolo l»ul a very limited time to the exnminatioii of the s[)eeimens collected, and of llu; i^.teS returned, ft is very probable tliMt ho mny have omitted many facts of importance. It is only by spr-ciai solicl- lation, and the tipparent necessity of the case, that he has undertaken to prepare KUeh general observations as seemed called IVh- under present circumstanes. In atlen)pting this duty, the undersigfied cannot be unmindful of thf^ very vne;igro and imperf(H;t .dveteh licre presented, when compared with whatever prc^'cedcd from that master mind, whose geniu.^ iirst developed, and whose indrtmitable energy tracked through all its difficulties, a svslem not onlv intricate in itself, but novel to science ; and in a region at that time destitute of all the ordinary facilities for scientific investigation. To the same active and philosopher mind, we owe the system of tli(3 union of geological uiib. liie line.ii sur- vevs of lands of the United States, tlie first experimental results of which are now returned to this de|)artment. In presenting those, it may not be deemed inappro- priate to allude to to the general advantages resulting •rom the new system, as devised, and thus far success- fully prosecuted, by Dr. Houghton. The r.dvantages of thorough geological and tojjogra- phical surveys, arc now so well appreciated, that ihcy have been prosecuted to a considerable extent by foreign governments. Great Britian has already appropriated immense sums towards iho accomplishment of a com- plete survey of that kingdom, which has as yet advan- OF LAKE sri'KRIOR. 121 red but a comparatively littlo way. And the gc.'ological surveys niadci by tlio Unilod Stat-s, have uiado very ful- ly and generally known the advantages of these under- takings. Fortunately, the system of rectangular survey- ing, adopted by the United States government, atlbrds the best possible; opportunity to accomplish, with little additional "exiKmso, what, under other circumstances, <;ould be edeoted only at a nnudi more eonsidcirablc cost. The maps, both geologicid uiul topograj)hicaI, herewith n>turned, will aflbrd souk; evidence of the extreme ac- curacy, as well as the extent and minuteness of the re- suits thus obtained. In noticing some of the scientific results of the survey of the past season, the duty would be imperfectly per- tbrmed, were I to omit calling attention to the unwonted accuracy with which the lines have been run. This accuracy has been attained by the exclusive use, by all the parties, of " Burt's Solar Compass ;" an instrument to well known to need more than a bare allusion, but the great value of which has been more than fully con- firmed during the surveys of the past season. This remark will seem juslified, when it is considered that nearly the whole region of country traversed by these surveys, nl)ounds with mineral attractive to the magnet; that the needle has been almost constantly acted upon bv causes which produced deviations from tlie true meridian of the earth's magnetism, and often so power- fully as to completely reverse the direction of its poles. A variation fluctuating from 6° to 20^ on either side of the true meridian, was not uncommon, through the length of an entire township ; and it seems difficult to imagine how the lines could have been run with the ordinary 9 If i TT' kt ■ li i TOO 3IIM:RAL Kt(iIO\' surveyor's compass. Otlicf impovlant advanlngcs have boon arrived at, from the use ol this compass, of both a scientilic and practical cl'arac'cr ; one of vvlilch only, will be iiero alluded to, viz : the moans ailbrdcd by it of detecting the presence of certain rocks, over large areas, where wo rocks are visilde at the suj'face. This was particularly observable in the region of the great trap ranges, \»diere it was almost unilbrtnly lound t!mt the needle became dc^flected towards the mass of the trap iiills, even though distant, and v^-as more or less fluctu- ating, when passing o\er a country whose underlying rock was trap. The same phenomena were exhibited among tlu; iron ore rocks of the metainovphic region. Allusion may here be made to the increased impur- tance given to the work of the past season, by the intro- duction of the barometer upon the lines, by means of whicii thi' elevations of the couiitiy are exhibited with a great dcgrci' of accuracy : a complete section being ob- tained on every line, and thus furnishing iM that was uet:ded to make a true, cof:)pi>'te, Miid minute exhibit of the top(.»graphy of the country. In another and more scieiili(ie point oi' vi<.'\v, the usi,- of this instrument be- comes high]}- impM)rlant, from the means it atfords of ascertaining the tiai' dip and ihickn-.'ss of rocks; data, the importance of wliieli an.' ap})r! cialed not merely by the man of scienct..', but, as is well known, in the prac- tical operations, more especially of the luiner and en- gineer. Ilmaybe allowed me, furtlier, to allude to i!«at com- mendable Zi'al and iid^lity which has lieen exhibited by all those who have hern a>sociated with Dr. IToughton, as his aids, during those surveys, in furtliering the plans f OF LAKE SUPERIOR. 123 maikcd out by him, and by tiioir numorous and close observations, assisting to pGrfect the knowledge of the geology of that interesting region. BELA HUBBARD, 1 STANARD-S ROCK, Was discovered by Capt. Charles C. Stanard, at four o'clock, [\ M. August 20, 18:^5. " Tiie course to this rock from the cast end or point of Matiitou Island, is tv/enty-soven miles S. E. half E., and from I*oint Abbaye, forly-five miles E. by N. o-lN., lat. 47^ 8' north, long. 87 '^'^ 24' west from Greenwich. "On l)oth of my visits to the rock, the sea wa* too rough to allow me to land on it, but from the mast head of the vessel, it appeared to be about twelve or thirteen feet long, by five or six feet broad, and rising above the surface alxiut three feet. C)n the south, southeast, east and northeast sides, the water is deej). On the west, southwest, and northwest sijisaiWiihaN^ii«'^« < ■a..- iiMiii' iMiiillglira GLOSSARY. INCLUDING THE TECHNICAL TERMS USED IN THIS WOIllv, ' I' Alluvion or Alluvium. Recent dopositcs of earth, sand, gravel, mud, stones, peat, shell hanks, shell marl, drift sand, &c., resulting from causes now in action. — This term is generally applied to those deposites in which water is the principal agent. Amorphous. Bodies devoid of regular form. Amygdaloid. A trap rock which is porous and spon- gy, with rounded cavities scattered throughout its mass. Agates and simple minerals are often contained in these cavities. Anticlinal. An anticlinal ridge or axis is where the strata along a line dip contrariwise, like the sides of the roof of a house. Arenaceous. Sandy. Argillaceous. Clayey. Augitc. A simple mineral of variahle color, from black through green and gray to white. It is a constitu- ent of many volcanic and trappean rocks, and is also found in some of the granitic rocks. Basalt. One of the common tnip rocks. It is com- posed of augite and feldspar, is hard, compact, and dark green or black, and has often a regular columnar form. The Palisades of the Hudson show the columnar aspect of trap rocks. The gi:int's causeway is cited as an example of basaltic rocks, and the columnar structure is there very strikingly displayed. Blende. Sulphate of zinc. A common shining zinc ore. . 'f [ OP LAKE SUPERIOR. 125 Bluffs. High banks of earth or rock witli a steep front. The term is generally applied to high banks for- ming the boundaries of a river or river alkivions. 13 ng Iron Ore, or Ochre. A variety of ore of iron which has been deposited by water. Chiefly in low, wet ground. BotryoidaJ. Resembling a bunch of grapes in form. Boulders. Erraclic group. Los/, rocks. Rocks which have been transported from a distance, and more or less rounded by the attrition or the action of the weather. They lie upon the surface or loose in the soil, and generally differ from the underlaying rock in the neighborhood. Breccia. A rock composed of angular fragments cemented together by lime and other substances. Calcareous rocks. A term synonymous with li'^e- stone. Calcareous spar. Crystalized carbonate of lime. Carbonates. Chemical compounds containing car- bonic acid, which is composed of oxygen and carbon. Cheri. A siliceous mineral, approaching to chalce- dony, flint and hornstone. It is usually found in lime- stone. Chlorite. A soft green scaly mineral, slightly unc- tions. Chlorite slate. Slate containing chlorite. Clinkstone. A slaty feldspathic or basaltic rock, which is sonorous when struck. Cleavage. The separation ol' the laminie of rocks and minerals in certain constant directions. They are not always parallel to the planes of stratiflcation, but are often mistaken for them. i 'ml I I 'f r I lli 126 MINK HAL II KG ION Conformable. Wlicn strata arc arranged parallel with each other, like the leaves of a hook, they are said to be conformable. Other strata lying across the edges of these may be confennnble among themselves, but un- conformable to the (irst set of strata. Conglomerate, Crag or PviULrngstone. Rocks com- posed of rounded masses, pebbles and gravel cemented together by a siliceous, calcareous, o" argillaceous ce- ment. Cross course. A lode interscctino- a vein at any angle, and generally throwing the vein out of its course. Cross. The best ore. CJirushinfr. Grindii;;!^ ores without water. Cunform. Wedg\'3 sbaj)ed. Cross-cuf. A method of discovering lodes by sink- ing pits in their vicinity, aiul driving transversely to their supposed direction. Crop out and out crop. Terms employed by geolo- gists and mining engineers, to express the emergence of rock, in place, on the surface of the earth at the local- ity where it is said to crop out. Cryst aline. An ass(Mnblage of imperfectly deiincd crystals, like loaf sugar and common white niarble. Dykes. A kind of vein intersecting the strata, and usually fdled with some unsti'atilied igneous rock, such as granite, trap or lava. 'i hese matei'ials are suj)poscd to have been injected in a melted state into great rents or fissures in the racks. Diiiirinm or Dihwion. Deposites of boulders, peb- bles and gravel, which many geologists have supposed were produced by a diluvial wave or deluge sweeping over the surface of the earth. '^i. OF LAKB SI TERIOR. vn pcb- Uip. Where striita rira not horizontal, tho direction in which their ))lan;'s sink or [)lungo, is calltjd tho direc- tion of the dip, and the angle of inclination, the angle v)r di[). DoIomUe. A mngncsian limestone belonging to the primary class. It is usually granular in its structure, and of a friable texture. Drift. A liorizontal excavation in any direction un- der ground, for ore, ventilation e- fore the blow pipn it fuses readily ; on cooling it is cov- ered with a coating of black o.\id. It dissolves readily in nitric acid. Copper occurs in beds and veins aeconipjuiying its various ores, and s(jmotinK\s associated with iion. It is frequently fouml in loose niar-scs inibcddcfl in the soil. This metal has been found nalive, ihi'oughout the red sandstone region of the llnil( fl ^States. Th(,' largest mass of nalivc cop[)r ever known, is the ont! they are now taking out of the Ncin \\oil;f(i by llio Coj)per Falls C'umpany, for which see notice oi' that company. B/iic Copper. Jjuslrc — resinous, faint. ^l/i(ik — lead-gray, shining. Color — indigo blue or dark(M'. — Opacpie. Sectile. IJefore the I'loWjiipM it burns, b(M^brc becoming red hot, with a blue flame, and fuses to a globule, which is strongly agivated and emits sj)arks ; finally it yields a button of coppfn". Argeitt/ferons co']rj)f'r. Massive: impalpable. Lufifre; metallic. S/reak; sinning. Color; st-el-gray. Frac turc, subconchoidul. Seclile. This .^pecies is of rare occurrence. OK LAKK S( PKIlIon. 1 Sf) Copper nitid\ PissrnrmatrtI, or coating other cop- per ores, in shining, botrvoidul masses. Color; l)la(;lv or brownish black. IkToro tho blowpijx' it is inrusiblc. With l)orax it airoi'ds a gi'P(-nish slag. Green Ma/ac/iilc or Green carhonolc of copper, Liislre ; adamantine, inclining to vitrcons ; lihrons varieties have often a silky lustre, and olh(!rs are (hill and earthy. Streak; green, i)aler than the color. Translucent — subtranslucent— opaque. Fraclure ; sub- concholdal, uneven. Seldom observed in crystals. IJida1, uneven. Brittle. Before the blow- pipe in the reducing flame, or charcoal, affords a globule of copper. Dissolves with effervescence in nitric acid. Tile ore formerly included the earthy varieties. These usually present a brick-rcd or reddish-brown color, and arc frequently mixed with oxide of iron. Copper Pyrites. Lustre ; metallic. Streak ; green- ish black— a little shining. CoJor ; brass-yellow— sub- joct to tarnish. Opaque. Fracture ; conchoidal un- even. Rather Sectile. Before the blowpipe, on char- coal, it blackens, l)ut becomes red on cooling. After a continued heat, it fuses to a globule which is magnetic. With borax it affords pure copper. Dissolves in nitric acid, excepting the sulphur, forming a green solution. \ drop ot liquid ammonia changes it to a deej) blue. Its richness may in general be judged of by the color ; if ot a fine yellow hue, and yielding readily to the hammer, it mav be considered a good ore, but if hard and pale- yellow, it is assuredly a poor one, being mixed with iron pyrites. Copper pyrites is readily distinguished from iron pyrites, which it somewhat resembles, by its inferior hardness; it may be cut by the knife, while iron pyrites will strike fire with the steel. The effects ol nitric acid are also different. It dilfers from gold in being brittle, on account of which it cannot be cut oil in slices, like the latter metal. Sulphate of copper or Blue vitriol Lustre; vitreous. ToZor ; deep sky-blue, of ditFerent shades. Sub-tran- sparent-translucent. Taste ; metallic and nauseous. Somewhat brittle. It is soluble in water. A pohshcii I >■,_ OF LAKE SUPERIOR. 137 trans- Frac- blovv- ;lobulc : acid. These iV, and grcen- — sub- lal im- n char- \fter a gnctic. 1 nitric ilutioii. iC. Its I* ; if of imnicr, id palc- 'd witli guishcd , by its lilc iron "octs of gold in ' cut off ritrcouy. ub-tran- lUSCOUS. polislicd I plate of iron introduced into the solution becomes cover- r^d with copper. Blue vitriol is found in waters issuing from miner:, and in connection with rocks containing copper pyrites, by the decomposition of which it is formed. Sulphuralc of cojiper See " Vitreous copper/^ Variegated copper. Lustre ; metallic. Streak ; pale greyish black, and slightly shining. Color ; between copper-red and pinchbeck brown. Fracture; small conchoidal, uneven. Brittle. It speedily tarnishes when exposed. Before the blowpipe it blackens, and becomes red on cooling ; at a higher temperature it fuses to a globule, attractable by the magnet. It is mostly dissolved by nitric acid. It occurs with other copper ores in primitive and secondary rocks, This species is a valuable ore of copper. CrysocoUa or Copper green. Botryoidal and mas- sive. Lustre ; vitreous, shining, earthy. Streak ; white. Colcr ; emerald and pistachio green, passing into sky-blue ; often brown when impure. Translucent —opaque. Fracture ; conchoidal. Rather sectilo, translucent varieties brittle. Blackens in the interior flame of the blowpipe on charcoal, without melting.— With borax it melts to a green glassy globule, and is partly reduced. The same specimen of this mineral often presents very dilTcrent appearances at its opposite parts ; being sometimes of an earthy appear- ance, like decomposed feldspar, in one part, and trans- lucent and brittle on the opposite, The differences of the several varieties arc owing, more or less to im- purities. 10 ' -'f^' 136 MINERAL REGION Emerald co2)j>er ore ov Diopfase. Lustre ; vitreous, inclining to resinous. Streak', green. Color', emerald- green ; also blackish-green and verdigris-green. Tran- parent— sub-translucent. Fracture', conchoidal, un- even. Brittle. Decrepitates in the blowpipe flame, tinging it yellowish-green ; in the exterior flame it bo- comes black, and in the interior, red, but does not melt. It fuses with borax, giving it a green color, and final- ly is reduced. Insol able in nitric, but soluble without effervescence in muriatic acid. It acquires negative electricity by friction when insulated. Gray copper ore. Lustre ; metallic. Streak ; some times inclined to brown, but generally the same as the color. Color', between steel-grey and iron-black. Opaque. Fracture ; sub-conchoidal, uneven. Rathe r brittle. The coinportment of the diflcrcnt varieties be- fore the blowpipe is somewhat various. They all giv( off fumes of antimony and arsenic, finally melt, am! after roasting, afford a globule of copper. When pul- verized, they dissolve with a little residue in nitric acid. The solution has a brownish-green color. Fuses vcr} easily before the blowpipe. Gold. 7^ji,s7re,- metallic. ;SVre«/i:audco/()r various shades of gold-yellow, sometimes inclining to silver while. Opaque. Is the most ductile and malleable of all metals. The ores of gold in nature usually contain sil 7 r in diiTercnt proportions. Copper is occasionally ti'loyed with gold. Native gold occurs in veins and in intersj)ersed grains and lamina-, and occasionally crys- tallized in quartz, and is usually associated with talcose rocks. It is often found in the sands of rivers and valleys where it has been carried from disintegrated 1 : OF LAKE SUPERIOR. 139 auriferous rocks. It is cilso disseminated in grains or thin leaves in various nctallic minerals, particularly iron pyrites. Spathic iron. Lustre ; vitreous — pearly. Streak ; white. Color; ash-grey, yellowish-grey, greenish-grey, also hrown and brownish-red ; sometimes white. — Translucent, sub-translucent. Fracture ; uneven. — Brittle. In the blowpipe flame it blackens, giving off carbonic acid, and ultimately an oxyd of iron is obtained, which is attractable by the magnet. Alone, it is infusible. It colors borax green. It dissolves with difficulty in nitric acid, and scarcely effervesces, unless previously pulverized. Exposure to the atmosphere darkens its color, rendering it often of a blackish-brown or brownish-red color. It occurs in many of the rock strata, in gneiss, mica-slute, grey wacke, and in connec- tion with coal formations. It is often associated with metallic ores. Magnetic iron ore. Lustre ; metallic — sub-metallic. Streak ; black. Color ; iron black. Opaque. Frac- ture ; sub-conchoidal, shining. Brittle. Strongly at- tracted by the magnet and sometime possessing polarit5^ Before the blowpipe it becomes brow^n, and loses its in- fluence on the magnet, but does not fuse. With borax in the oxydizing flame, it fuses to a dull-red glass, which becomes clear on cooling, and often assumes a yelloNv tint ; in the reducing flame it becomes bottle-green. — Dissolves in heated muriatic acid, but not in nitric acid. PJagnetic iron ore occurs in beds in primitive rocks, generally in gneiss or syenite, also in beds and isolated crystals in clayslate, hornblende and chlorite slates, green- stone and occasionall vin limestone. No ore of iron is more I F 140 MINERAL REGION gonorally diffused than the magnetic, and none superior for th:. manufacture of iron. It is easily distinguished by its being attracted readily by the magnet, and also by means of the binck color of its streak, or powder, which is some shade of red or brown in specular iron and brown iron ore. The ore when pulv(U-izod may be sepa- rated from earthy imp'uritiesby means of a magnet, and machines are in use in many parts of northern New York for cleaning the ore on a large scale. Specular iron. Lustre; metallic and occasionally Splendent— massive varieties sometimes earthy. Slreak; cherry-red or reddish-brown. Color ; dark stoebgray or iron-black ; impure varieties red and unmetallic. Opaque, except when in very thin lamin-.e, which arc faintlv translucent and of a blood-red tinge. Fracture; sub-conchoidal, uneven. Sometimes it is slightly attract- able by the magnet ; the volcanic varieties occasionally exhibit polarity. Infusible, alone, before the blowpipe ; with borax it forms a green or yellowish glass. Dis- solves in heated muriatic acid. This species includes the old species, specular iron and red iron ore, which are identical in chemical con^^osition, and dltKu- only in the state of aggregation of the particles. Specular iron includes specimens of a porfect, m.'tallic lustre; il^the structure is micaceous, it is called micacenvt; iron. The varieties of a sub-metallic or non-metallic lustre, were included under the name of red hematite, fibrous m/ /mi,- or if soft and earthy, red ochre, and when con^sting of slightly coherent scales, scaly red iron or red iron froth. Under this species must also be inclu- ded the different clay or argillaceous-iron ores, many of which contain but small portions of iron ; reddle or red OP LAKE SUPERIOR. 141 chalk, Ihc common drawing material, which has an oarthy appearance and a flat conchoidal fracture ; col- umnar and lentH-ular nr^iJIaceoiis iroru distinguished by a columnar or flat granular struclurc.^ Specular iron occurs commonly in primitive rocks. The argiUa- crous ores form beds in secondary rocks. These vane- ties especially the specular, require a greater degree of heat to smelt than other ores, hut the iron obtained is ol a good quality. Iron Pyrites. Lusfre; metallic— splendent— glisten- ing. S/reak ; brownish-black. Color. ; a cliaracter- istic bronzo-yellow, nearly uniform. Oi)aque. Frac- ture ; conchoidal, uneven. Brittle. Strikes fire with steel. It becomes red in the oxydating Hamc of the blowpipe, and gives olf fumes of sulphur ; ultimately, there is obtained a globule of oxyd of iron which is at- tractable by the magnet. It is soluble in nitric acid, except a white residue. Some varieties are very liable to decomposition on exposure to the atmosphere. Iron pyrites occurs abundantly in rocks of all ages, from the oldest primitive to the most recent alluvial deposites. This species is of the highest importance in the arts, as it affords the greater part of the sulphate of iron and sul- phuric acid of commerce, and also a considerable por- tion of sulphur and alum. Man wc>l of Prcsquo lsl( From Haut de Ste To I'oiiite Aux Pin.s Parisieun Island, Marie White Fir^li Point, jl5 From i^itiit de Slo Marie; 'J'o Point Iro(iuois, !14 Ton(|uamcnon River, \\\) White Fi.sli Point, jlj Two Hearted River, J2-2 Grand Marais Harbor, '20 Hurrioaiic River, jl:i Miners' River, 17 Williams' liandini;' on j 1 (Jrand Island, ' 11 Riviere Anx Train, jlU Ijaughin<,' Fish River, 10 Chocolate River, ilJ Riviere l)u Mort, ' G Prcsque Isle River. 8 Garlic River, 8 Little iron River. 9' Yellow Dog River, TJ Pine River, i 6; Huron River. I Sj Point Ahhaye, i 7 Methodist Mission, 15 Catholic Mission, 5 From Point Abhaye, To Portage River, 14 Houth end of Portage, ,22 4fc 7> lost i2t> 137 147 174 lyt IS^ IIH) 2(!5 212 2ie 226 23:i 24^ 253 247 269 (.^ourso, west n w n w by w west vv by n n by e W by s west w by s s w by w s w by w w by s \v n w west n n w n w n w by n n n w n w by w w n w w 1-2 n n w by vv s w by w s w by w west n n w REMARKS. Good lionding. N and W sides of island rockv, dangerous landing. I'i and S sides good landing, tJood landing. Hoat Harbor. (Jood landing, Hoat Harbor. Vessel Harbor. ;^and i)eacli — shoal water. I'ictured Rocks. Vessel Harbor. Boat Harbor, Harbor for large boats, (iood lianding. Iloat Harbor. Good laudini'. ii Five feet on the bar. Vessels can come within 1 1- miles of this. I 140 .-MINERAL RECJION m Serosa* llic P(iit,ij,'o, I'roin I'oiiil Abbayc 'I'll 'I'iMvorsi.' Island, 'rolr.uTo Ri\or, l.ittlu .Moiiiro.il River, ('ojipcr Harbor, \;,rcil'" Ilarhor, «;ian(l .Marais llarltor, liable llarlior, Cut llarhor, V.Alih' I5iver, l*()rtaj.'o, Liltlc Trout River, Elm River, Misery River, Sleeping' River, I'iro Stocl River, I'lint, " <.)ntoiia " ; s w hy w I " ^ ! " ti ■ w hy s 1 ;; s w hv w'Six feet over sand bar. w Ity s w hy s I s w hy w| Boat Harlior. ^S^^'t'Ei^ht^;;. over tho bar. oiri 75 477 nc ' t)5 4 Pi c n 1 40 372 n c hy n 11 358, e s e 51 307 n e hy e 50 257 east 3P 219 ehf3 :3G 183 s hy e hf e 58 125 e hy s 58 «7| s by e 30 37' south 21 10 s hy e 8 8 s e hy c r.ood Landing. Vessel harbor. Verscl llarhor. Boat llarhor. 1 I Being '070 nu1o=< around ' Supe.ior. I.aki r) i MINING COMPANIES. 1 LAKE SUPERIOR COMPANY— 1200 shared Trustees — David Hcnshaw, Boston, Mass.; Lemuel Williams, do.; Dc Garmo Jones, Detroit, Mich.; Milton f'oryett, Superintendent. Lease No 2, Eagle river. PITTSBURGH AND BOSTON COPPER HARBOR COMPANY,— GUUO SHARKS. Trustees — Curtis G IIusscv ; Charles Avcrv, Pitts- burgh. Pa.; Thomas M. Howe, do.; William Pcttit do. ; Thomas Jones, Boston, Mass.; Charles Scudder, do. ; Leases Nos. 4, at Copper Harbor, 5 Eagle river, and between Eagle river and the Portage. Richard Jen- nings, Superintendent of Lease No. 5, David T. Hughs, Superintendent of Lease No. 4. On No. 5 is the far- famed "Cliff Vein" from which have been raised such wonderful quantities of native silver. COPPER FALLS COMPANY— 3000 shares. Trustees — Henry Crocker, Boston, Mass.; Charles Henshaw, do.; George L. Ward, Chicago, III.; Joshua Childs, Superintendent. J. Shaply, financial and busi- iness agent. Leases No 9, between Eagle Harbor and fciagle river. They are now taking from the vein on this loca- tion a large mass of native copper. As exposed it measures 13 feet in length, 10 feet in height and will I? i mm ItU' I ■ ;f - i\^ MINFRAL REGION average about one foot in thickness. But one extrennty iKis vet been found. The copixn' of this entire mass u porfeetly pure and malleable. EAGLE IIARBOri COMPANY-20()0 sharks. 7Vi/.s/^c5 — Samuel A. Hastings, Detroit, Mich.; Samuel BarstoNV, do.; Samuel Coit, do.; Lewis Mall, do.; David Fr(;neh, Superintendent. Lease No, :i, at Hagle Harbor. NORTH AMERICAN COMrANY-3000 shares. Board of Dirrctors—Preshlcnt, Gurdon Williams, Detroit, Mich.; Secretary, Henry J. Buckley, do.; Trea.'fi/m'. Gurdon Williams, ex ojicio, do.; Charles Howard, do.; Nelson P. Stewart, Pontiac, Mich.; Alfred Williams, do.; Horace C. Thurber, do.; Charles C. Hascall, Flint, Mich.; Thomas Richmond, Cleveland. Ohio ; John Bacon, Superintendent. No 7, Eagle river. The officers of this company are elected annually, on the second Monday in October. BOFIEMIAN COMPANY— 2500 shares. Board of Trustees-^President, Ramsay Crooks, New York ; Edward Curtis, do.; William B. Maclay, do.; Zephaniah Piatt, do.; .lohn Owen, Detroit, Mich.: Simon Mandlebaum, Superintendent. Lease No. 3.5, on Little Montreal river, Pomt Kee- wenaw. ^^^^gr^Qj^ cOMPANY-,3200 shares. TrMS/ef?s— William Ward, Boston, Mass.; Dr. Thom- as Jones, do.; Joab Bernard, Baltimore, Md.; Joseph L. Hempstead, Superintendent. 1 jnutv [ISB i» 1, do.; Iliams, % do.; 'hark-'s Mich.; shades vcland, )nipany )ctobcr. Crooks, Maclay, , Mich.: nt Kcp- •. Thom- oseph L. OF LAKE SIJI'KIIIOH. Hit No. ir>, between Coppoi* and Agalc llnrljoi'is. From tho"\Vliito Dog Vein.-' on tliis location, llicy have raised a hirgo mass of native copper, woigliing abonl 900 lbs. ONTONAGON COMPANY— '-2000 sh.vuks. Trustees— John IT. Kinzie, Chicago, 111.; George C. Bates, Detroit, Micb.; Cogswell K. Oreen, Niles, Mich.:, Jtdian Magill, Superintendent. No. ii8, on Ontonagon river, Nos. 08, 09, 70, 71, 7-2 and 71^, at the head waters of Elm and Misery rivers. They are at work on No. 70. ISLE ROYALE COxMPANY— 2000 shares Truf:lees—\)Y. Thomas .Tones, Boston, Mass.; Charles Scudder, do.; C^eorgo C. Bates, Detroit, Mich.; Cyrns Mcndcnball, Superintendent. Nos. 10 and 27, Copper Harbor. Nos. *2B and -29, Black river. SUPERIOR COMPANY— 3000 sH\RKs. President— Jiimcs D. P. Ogdon, New York City ; Truslees—5ncoh LeUoy, do.; .1. Townscnd, do.; Mr, G reen, S u pe r i nte nden t. Lease No. 1, west of Copper Harbor. NORTHWEST COMPANY— 2500 shares. Trustees— C\mY\c^ A. Sccor, New York City; Doraco Greeley, do.; E. B. Hart, do.; D. D. Hart, Superinten- dent. Lease No. 222, on Point Keewenaw. ■ l« 3 1 150 INIINERAL RE(;I0N THE DOUGLASS HOUGHTON COMPANY-5000 shared Board of Directors— President, Elon Favnsworlh. Detroit, Mich.; Secretary and Treasurer, Honry Lcd- yard, do.; Henry N. Walker, do.; Charles G. Ham- mond, do.; John R. Grout, do. Nos. 64, 6.^, G6, 777, 780, 781, 784 and 785 in the iron region, 609, 652, 667 and 754 on Torch river, 666 and 733 Point Keewenaw, 60, 62, 63 and 254 on the Porcupine mountains, 750, 751, 755, 757, 759 and 778 on FJm river, and 742,758, 760, 781, 762,764, 765, 770 and 779 on Fire Steel river. NORTHWESTERN COMPANY OF DETROIT. 3000 SHARES. Board of Trustees— President, Zina Pitcher, De- troit, Mich.; Israel Coo, do.; Wesley Truesdall, do.: Samuel T. Douglass, do. No. 8, Eagle river. . UNITED STATES COMPANY— 3000 shares. Board of Directors—President and Treasurer, James L. Lyell, Detroit, Mich.; Morgan Bates, do.: AlansonSheclv,do.; Managers, Andrew Harvie,do.: John Winder, do.; Secretary, W.J. Baxter, do.;— John Greenfield, Agent. Nos. 50, 51, 52. 53, 54, 55 and 218, Ontonagon river. ALBION COMPANY— 3500 shares. Trustees— S. Draper, Jr. New York ; S. Jaudon, do. : Chauncey Bush, do.; Secret aryy 0, Livingston, do.: No. 10, Point Kccwcnaw. OF LAKE SUPERIOR 151 BALTIMORE COMPANY— 3U00 shares. Board of Directors — President^ Jonas IT. Titu^-, Jackson, Mich.; Secretary, Walker Budington; Trea- surer, Smith Titus ; Andrew T. McReynolds, Detroit. Mich.; John McReynolds, do. Nos. 133, 134, 135 and 136, on Ontonagon river. NEW YORK AND MICHIGAN COMPANY— 5000 shauks. Board of Trustees — President, Henry Ledyard, Detroit, Mich.; Secreiary, William A. Richmond, do.: Treasurer, Levi S. Humphrey, do.; Charles G. Ham- mond, do.; Lucius Lyon, do.; Nos. 181, 251, 252, 253 and 775 in the iron region, 651, 718 and 818 on Torch river, 61 Point Kccwenaw, 776 Portage lake, 748, 749, 752 and 753 on Elm river. 769 Fire Steel river and 42 on the Porcupine moun- tains. GLOBE COMPANY— 4000 shares. Board of Trustees — President, A. H. Newbould Detroit Mich.; Treasurer, James L. Lyell, do.; Secre- lary, William F. Randolph, do.; Pierre Teller, do.: E. F. Randolph, do.; James A. Van Dyke, do. Nos. 417 and 448, on Ontonagon river. The odiccrs of this company are elected annually, on the first Monda\ of February. PENINSULA COMPANY— 3500 shares. Trustees — Henry Y. Talmadge, New York ; Theo- philus Peck, do.; James S. Hunt, do.; Secretary, C. II. Amcrman. Nos. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17, on tht; Ontonagon river. The officers of this Company arr elected annually, on the iirst Monday in November. 4 I i ' r W V3 m 15-2 MINERAL REGION FRANKLIN COMPANY OF VERMONT.-5000 shares. Incoiuoratedbythj: Legislature of Veumont. Capital $1(H),000. Board of Directors— PrcsldcnU Francis E. Phelps. Dotroit, Mich.; i^ecrctary, WaiTcn Currier, Windsor, Vt.; 7Vc«5Mr(3r, Israel Coo, Detroit, Mich.; Joseph D. Hatch, San-iucl Peck, Saut do Sto Mario ; John Watkins, Samuel Coit, Detroit, Mich. Nos. 45, 46, 47, 48 and 49, on Huron river. GREAT WESTERN AND LAKE SUPERIOR COMPANY 2000 SHARES. Trw.s/f-e.— William W. Johnson, Detroit, Mich. Nos. 444, 445 and 446, on the Ontonagon river — The funds or property of this company are invested in one or three Trustees. MACKLNAC AND LAKE SUPERIOR COMPANY. 4500 SHARES. Trustees— V.-c.mm Crooks, New York; Michael Dousman, Samuel Ahbot, and Hainuel K. Haring, Mackinac, Mich.; Justin Rice, St. Clair, Mich. Nos. 27, 474, 475, 476 and 477, on Black and Presque Isle rivers. ALGONQUIN COMl^ANY OF DiyPROIT-UOOO shares. Board of Trusfees— President, Jesiah R. Dorr, [)etroit. Mich.; Secret arii, Tfixmcl P. Bushnell; Trea- surer, Beniamin L. Webl., Detroit, Mich.; Curtis Em- orson, anrl' Michael E. Van Buren, Detroit, Mich.; Levi Allen. ButTalo, N. Y.; Charles Wliittlesey, Cleveland Ohio. OP LAKE SUPERIOR. 153 VRES. •helps, indsor, eph D. atkins> [PANY •ivor — 3Ste(i in NY. Michae! Ha ring, ick and -.HARES, [. Dorr, 1; Trcn- •tis Em- •,h.; Levi 'leveland Nos. G55, 656, 657 and 658, on Sleeping river. The officers of this company are elected annually on the second Monday of July. BOSTON, NEW YORK AND LAKE SUPERIOR COMPANY— 3000 shaufs. Board of Trustees — rrasident, Charles Noble, Monron, Mich.; Secretary Bciijamin F. Fifield, do.; Treasurer, Daniel S. Bacon, Dan B. Miller, do. Nos. 44 and 411, on the Porcupine mountains. MANHATTAN COMPANY— 3500 sharks. President, E.Smith Lee, Detroit, Mich.; Secretary, Daniel Dunning ; Treasurer, Theodore Williams, De- troit, Mich.; Trustees, Oliver M. Hyde, Thomas Palmer, Benjamin F. H. Witherell, and Pvichard J. Conner, Detroit, Mich. Nos. :581, ^82 and J^S:^, on the Porcupine mountains. The officers of this company are elected annually on the first Monday of September. PORC'JPINE MOUNTAIN COMPANY— 3000 shares President, Benjamin F. U. Wilhorel, Detroit Mich.; Secretary, Samuel G. Watson, do.; Treasurer, Israel Coo, do.; Trustees, Thomas Palmer, Oliver M. Hyde, Aiphous S. Williams, and Mason Palmer, Detroit, Mich-; Henry Stanley; Arunna W. Hyde, Detroit, Mich. No. 412, on the Porcu[)ine mountains. OLD SRTTLERS' COMPANY— 4000 saares. Boardof Directors— President, John R. Williams, 11 8 if n '1 (If ; it r 154 MiNKRAL REGION V ■ I i V Detroit, Mich.; Secretary, Charles Peltier, do.; Trea- surer, James Abbot, do.; James A. Van Dyke, Peter Dcsnoyers, Francis Cicottc, and Phihp Aspinall, do.; Frederick S. Liitlejohn, Cleveland, Ohio.; John B. Waring, do. Nos. 346 and 347, on Misery river, 350, 351 and 354, on Iron river, 349, 352 and 353, on Carp river. The officers of this company are elected annually on the second Monday of October. HAY'S COMPANY— 3000 shares. Board of Directors,— President, .Tohu Hays, Pitts- burgh, Pa.; Vice President and Secretary, Andrew 1\ McRcynolds; Treasurer, Jobn McRoynolds; Dr. Thom- as B. Clark, and John II. Sinclair, Detroit, Mich. The officers of this company are elected annually, on the second JMonday of October, JACKSON COMPANY— 3100 shares. Board of Trustees — President, Abram Y. Berry ; Secretary, Frederick W. Kirtland ; Treasurer, Philo M. Everett ; George W. Carr, and William A. Ernst, Jackson, Mich.; The otTicers of this company are elected annually, on the first Tuesday in June. NEW ENGLAND AND MICHIGAN COMPANY. 3000 SHARKS. Board of Trustees— President, David A. Noble ; Secretary, Stcpben G Clark ; Treasurer, Horace L. Skinner; James Darrah, and Walter P. Clark, Monroe, Mich. Nos. 246, 247, 248 and 249, on Portage Lake. ■^r^hi OP LAKE SUPERIOR. MINERAL CREEK COMPANY— 5000 shares. 15.5 Board of Tnisl ces— President, Isaac K. Crary ; Secreiary, Gooigo C. Gibbs ; Treasurer, Digby V. Boll : JarvJs Hard, and Gcorgo Ketchum, Marshall, Mich. Nos. 357 and 358, on the Porciipino mountains. LAKE SHORE COMPANY— 3000 shares. Trus/ees—Xiuon Clark, S. W. Anderson, Nathaniel Weed, A. B. Hays, and Marshall O. Roberts, New York city. Location No. 2, between Eagle river and the Portage. STE MARIE FALLS COMPANY— 4500 shares. Trustees — Samuel Ashman, Saut de Ste Mario ; Peter B. Barboau, do.; Stephen R. Wood, do.; .lohn P. Richardson, do.; Pliiletiis A. Church, do. Tiiis company has secured lour islands in the falls of Riviere do Sti.' Marie,, as desirable, "locations" for erecting stam[)ing mills, &c., and it is tl)'"ir humble opinion that, at these points, sufiicient water j)o\ver may be obtained tor pi'oprdjing a large amount of machinery. FORSYTH COMPANY— 3000 SiiAUKs. Trustees — John A. Kennedy, CIr.irles A. Secor, and William F. Schmidt, New York city. No. 3()U, on Point Keewcnaw. SILVER AND COPPER COxMPANY OF ONTONAGON KAPIDS— t>r>00 SHARKS. Trustees — .T. L. Graham, .T. L. O'Sullivan, New York city, A. W. Cleason, do. #' .1 I i 156 MINERAL REGION Lcaso No. 36, on Ontonagon river and two others on Iron river. CHIPPEWA COMPANY— 1100 shauks. Tnis^^es— Edward Curtis, Now York city ; Joseph Bell, and Francis CrowningshicUI, Boston, Mass. Locations 423 to 432 inclusive on Black river, 534, 535, and 628 Ontonagon river, 20U, 202, 203, 322, 323 and 324, Keewcnaw Point. CHARTER OAK COMPANY— 5000 shares, Trustees— EW-^h'^ Tyler, Detroit, Mich.; Silas H. Holmes, do.; Jacob M. Howard, do.; Elisha Tyler, General Agent. FRANKLIN COMPANY OF BOSTON— 3000 sharks, J'J.^^sl(,rs—S. F. Coolidgo, Samuel Hunt, T. J. Lob- den, Boston, Mass. NoH. 18a, 187, 183 and 292, on Carp river, near Chocolate river. ALGONQUIN COMPANY OF BOSTON— 1500 shares. Trustees—H. A. S. Dearborn. John N. Barbour, Boston. Mass.; and one other unknown; Treasurer, John N. Barbour. Ten locations. NEW ENGLAND COMPANY— 5000 shares, Triisfrrs—E. A. Raymond, Boston, Mass.; David Kimball, do.; E. W. Stone, do,; Clement Willis, do.; John Rayner, do.; J. B. Smith, do.; Groige Wheel- right, do.; Frederick Libbey, Superintendent. 'Nos. 381, 385, :';8(>. 387, 388, 3^9, 390, 391, 392, 395, 390, 397, and 415, on Point Keewenaw- ^!t OP LAKE SUPERIOR. 157 1^92, ST, CROIX COMPANY: Tivistocs— Riifus Choatc, Roston, Mass.; Robert Rantoul, Jr. (lo.i Caleb Gushing. Ncwburyport, INIass. One location, on St. Croix river, and several on Lako Superior. C.MIP RIVER COMPANY OF BOSTON— 051)0 shares, Board of Trustees— President, Charles ITenshaw, Boston, Mass.; Treasurer, Joseph M. Brown, do.; John T. Heard, do. NORTHWESTERN COMPANY OF FLINT— 3000 shares. President — !'v. 1). Lamond, Flint, Mich.; Secretary, Felix B. lliggins, do.; Treasurer, Giant Decker, do.; Trustees, K. Vandeventer, do.; A. T. Crosby, do. Nos. :m, 312, 313, 314, 31.5, 310, 317, 318 and 319, on Portage Lake, 326, 327, 328, 320, 330 and 331, on the Purcupine mountains, and three others. CARP RIVER GOLD AND SILVER MLNTNG COMPANY— .3000 sharks, Pre«sident — Michael Douscman, Macinac, Mich.; Secretary, John Prentiss, Detioit, Mich.: Trustee, IT. T. Backus, do. Several locations on Carp river, near Chocolate river. MASSACHUSETTS COMPANY, Trustees— William Freeman, Boston, Mass.; John T. Heard, do.; and one other unknown. No5. 13 and 14, on Point Keewenaw. LAC LA BELLE COMPANY— 2500 shares, Trustees— S. Starkweather. James Brooks, and Wil- liam W. Campbell, New York city. Locations 81, 82 and 83, on Lac La Belle. 158 MINERAL REGION i;i M AMERICAN EXPLORING COMPANY— 501)0 siiarks,— In- CORPORATKD BY Mi t. Lk.GISI. ATUM K OK VkKMONT CaIMTAL {|l()U,()OU— CoMPANv's Offick St, Joiinsuuky, Vkhmont, President— Francis E. Plielps, Detroit, Mich.; Secre- tary, Horace Paddock, St. Joiinsbury, Vt.; Treasur- er, Samuel Coit, Detroit, Mich.; Samuel Peck, Saut do Ste Marie, agent lor Michigan. The funds and property of tliis company are vested 111 a board of nine Directors, COLUMBIAN COMPANY— :]()0{) shares, Board of Directors — President, David Smart ; .John Drew, Theodore VViiliains, Selah Reeve, and l-'Jias .C Cromwell, Detroit, Mich.; Florence Mahoney, and Daniel C. Hyde, Nt.'W York city. Nos. 132, on Onionagou rivers, and 398, 899, 400, 401, 402 and 403 on Misiiy river. BLACK RIVER COMPANY— ^000 sharks,— Incorporateh BY THE LkGISLATUKK OF MARYLAND — CaPI lAL $30,000, President — John S. Smith. Pjallimore, Md. One three-mile location on Black river. PITTSBURGH AND CHIPPEWA COMPANY— 3000 shares, President — .lames May, Pittsburgh, Pa. Five or six locations in the vicinity of Lac La Belle. MICHIGAN COMPAi^Y— 3000 sharks, Board of Directors — President, Origen D. Richard- son ; Secretary, Don C. Buck land ; Treasurer, Abra- ham B. Matthews ; Gideon O. Wliittemore, Alfred J. OF' LAKE SUPERIOR. 150 Boas, Ephraim S. Williams, and Moses VVianer, Von- tiac, Mich Nos. 2-21, -^22, 223, 259, 268, 407, 408 and 460, on the Montreal river. The olVicers of this company are elected annually, on the first monday in January. BOCTON AND DB:TR01T COMPANY--3000 shares, Trustees— Charles Scudder, Dr. Thomas Jones, Charles L. Kartlett, and William Underwood, Boston, Mass.; George C. Bates, Detroit, Mich.; This com- pany has three three-mile locations on Point Kccwe- naw. MARSHALL AND BOSTON LAKE SUPERIOR COM- PANY— 5000 SHARES. Board of Trustees— President, Henry W. Taylor; Secretary, George S. Wright ; Treasurer, Charles T. Gorham ; Digby V. P>ell, and Robert Cross, Mar- shall, Mich. Nos. 217, on Carp river, near Chocolate river, 355, on Iron river, 464, Ontonagon river, 465 and 466, and two others. UNION COMPANY. Trustees— John J. Palmer, Robert Hyslop, Ramsay Crooks, and Daniel S. Miller, New York city ; Charles W. Borup, La Point, Lake Superior. COPPER ROCK COMPANY— 3000 shares. Trustees— Theodore Olcott, and Thaddeus Joy, Albany, N. Y.; Lucius Tuckerman, Chicago, III. Nos. 113, on Ontonngon river, 530, Black river, 530, 540 and 541, on Tobacco river. Point Keewenaw M P' - 160 MINERAL RKdION f. " GREEN MO[TNTAIN AND LAKE SUPERIOR COx\l PAN Y— 3500 SHAKES. President — A. S. Williaiiis ; Secretary, E. Smith Lee ; Treasurer, Alex. W. Buel ; Trustees, Oliver M. Hyde, and Edward Doyle, Detroit, I\Iieh.; Ja iies K. Hyde, Sudbury, Vt.; Edward Jackson, Brandon, Vt. Flenry Stanley, West Poultney, Vt.; Pitt W. Hyde, Castieton, Vt.; Russell Gage, Detroit, Mich. No. 413, on the Porcupine mountains. Keewenaw Company of Boston, 2.500 shares. Cuyahoga Copper Smelting Company, of Cleveland, Incorporated by the Legislature of Ohio. Ohio Copper and Silver Smelting Company, of Cleve- land. Incorporated by the Legislature of Oliio. HOPE COMPANY— 5000 shakks. Board of Trustees — President, E. B. Bostvviek, Grand Rapids, Mich.; Secretary, John Almy, Detroit, Mich.; Treasurer, Wm. A. Richmond, do.; Benjamin Merritt, New York city ; A. N. Hart, Lapeer Mich. Nos. 299, 300, 301, 302 and 303, on the Porcupine mountains, near the Lake, and 57, 58 and 304, on Montreal river, and tliree others. iETNA COMPANY— 3000 shares. Board of Directors — President, J. L. Whiting, De- troit, Mich.; Secretary, William M. Snow, do.; Trea- surer, Samuel Coit, do.; Frederick Wetmore, do.; H. D. Garrison, do.; Trustees, Zina Pitcher and Theodore Williams, Detroit, Mich. No. 546, on Sahnon Trout river, and one other on Ontonagon river. t OP LAKE SUPFRIOR 161 NEW YORK AND LAKE SUPERIOR COMPANY. 0500 SHARKS. Prosidont— Govt-ncur KoidIjIo, Culd Springs, N. Y.; Triistoc's, ilcnry Morris, New Y'oi!; city; ' )so|)li Tuck- crmnn, do.; G. V. Dcnnison, Albany, N. Y ; Edward Loarnod, Wutcrvliot, N. Y.; Andrew Talcott, General Agent. Leases 18 and 31, Point Keewenaw. CYPRUS RIVER COMPANY— 5000 suakks. President — [lenrv Morris, New York citv ; Trustees, Jonathan J. Coddington, do; Antliony .J. Constant, do.; William Kembic, do.; Joseph Tuekorman, do. Lease No. 20, on Montreal river. Locations 27 to 32 inclusive, 34, 35, 3C, 39, 490 to 498 inclusive, 500 and 507 on the Porcupine mountains, 550 to 581 inclusive, onth(; Huron mountains, and 53G which last covers tho islands oftrapoflT Agate Ma "bor. MONTREAL RIVER COMPANY— 5000 sharks. Trustees — Samuel Ward, New York city ; Augustus Belmont, do.; James Phalen, do.; Thomas Dixon, Bos- ton Mass.; Charles G. Hammond, Detroit, Mich. Leases 19, 22 and 23, on Montreal river. PHCENIX COMPANY OF DETROIT— 5000 shares. President and Treasurer, ex-officio, Peter Desnoyers, Detroit, Mich.; Secretary, M. E.Ames; Directors, Henry Park, Pontine Mich,,; Bisseli Detroit, Mich.; Thomas W. Bristol, do. Locations 219, 220, 221, 222 and 209 on Montreal river= The latter number calls for the tract occupied by No. 259, and does not appear on the map. If y 102 MINERAL RECilON 1 I PENSYLVANIA COMPANY OF DETROIT — :l01)0sllAu^;^. President arifl Tn'asuror, ox-onicio, T). K. ilarbsuigli. IJetroit, Midi.; Secretary, A. 11. Adams, do.; Trustees, J. A. Armstrong, do; Michael Douseinaii, Mackinac, Mich. Locations .'348, 549, of)!) and H.^l, l*ortage Lake. PITTSBUIIGU POIU'AGE LAKE COMPANY— 1000 sunt it. Trustees — .Tohn IImys, Pittshnrgh. Pa.; Harvey Childs Alleghany City, Pa.; .lames 13. Murray, do.: .fnmes Robinson do. Location 543 Portage Lake. BUFFALO COPPER ML\E COMPANY— 3000 frakks. Trustees— Wahcr Joy, BuiTalo, N. Y.: John L. Kimbeiiy, do. ; Samuel T. Atvvater, do. Location 137, Point Kecwenaw. ROCHESTER COMPANY— 3500 SHARES. Trustees — A. Champion, Rochester, N. Y.; Addison Gardiier, do.; F. Whittlesey, do. ATLANTIC AND LAKE SUPERIOR COMPANY. 5000 SHARKS, Trustt-es — Philip flor.e, New York city ; Pi. M. Blatchford, do.; H. G. Stcbbins, do.; Secretary, Theo- do re S. Draper, do. TRAP ROCK RIVER COMPANY OF MOUNT VERNON, 3000 SHARLS. Board of Trustees— President, Rollin C. Hurd, Mount Vernon, Ohio.; Secretary, Samuel J. Updegraph, do,; I f OV LAKK SlJPEllIOU. UiJ) Treasurer, James FTiiiitshury, do.; Nnllmn Updegraph, flo.; KlK'nczer G. Wooclwaid, do.; Johnson Lliiot, do,; Coliunhus Delano, do. Loentioii \V.i(), Point K(<('W(uiaw. The oflicors of tliis company are elected annually on iIk; first Tuesday of March. Oino TRAP ROCK SILVER AND COPPER MINING COMPANY— -)! 100 .^HAHKs. Board of Trustees— President, Joshua Hatnia, Pitts- burgh, Pa.; Secretary D. M. Eilackstock, do.; Treasurer; Warick Martin, do.; Stephens, do.; Leonard Hanna, do. Location 'SC>0, Point Koevvenaw. PfllLADELPlJIA AND LAKE SUPERIOR COMPANY, '1000 SHAHKS. Trustees— Garrick Mallory, Philadelphia; J. Wash- ington Tyson, do.; Bernard Hoopes, do. Locations 18. 19, and '20, Point Kecvvenaw, 513,514, 515, 510 and 518, Presquc Isle river and 512 and 519, Ontonagon river. MINERAL UNION COMPANY^— 4000 shares. Trustees — Benjamin H. Brewster, Philadelphia ; James Joy, Jr. do.; Alexander Cummings, do.; Locations 143, 145, 146 and 148, Misery river, 76 and 79 Granite Point, and Sections 22, 26 and 28 'J'. 56 N., R. 33 VV. between Eagle river and the Portage. WASHINGTON COMPANY OF DETROIT— 3000 shakes. President — Levi Cook, Detroit Mich.; Secretary, Levi B. Taft, do.; Treasurer, Henry Doty, do.; Direc- U i! II ^ n wr i! • n\ if 164 MINERAL REGION tors, Levi Cook, D. Thompson, H. D. Garrison. D. Dunning, F. VV. Lawronco, Detroit Midi. Location 130 Fire Steel river. ALLIANCE COMPANY OF LAKE SLFPERIOR-MOO shares. President — Joseph. B. Varnum, James Phalen, Ed- ward B. CentfM-, New York city. Lease 17, Little Montreal river. GRATIOT COMPANY— 3000 SHARES. President — James P. Ogden, New York city ; Trus- tees, Jacob LeRoy. J. Townsend, do. Lease 11, Little Montreal river. PORTAGE COMPANY OF MARSHALL— 4000 shares. President— Asa B. Cook, Marshall, Mich.; Secretary, and Treasurer, James M. Parsons, do.; Trustees, Zenas Tillotson, Robert Williamson, Darins Clark, do,; A. W. Spies, New York city. Locations— 99, 4G1, 402, 477, 478, 479, and oiio other on Portage Lake. URAL COMPANY OF MlCHIGAN-3500 shares. Board of Directors—President, Edward Lyon, De- troit Mich.; Secretary, William Walker, do.; 'J^-easurer; Israel Coe, do.; William A. Richmond, F. W. Law- son, do.; A N. Hart, Lapeer, Mich, E. B. Bosiwick, Grand Rapids, Mich.; D. M. Hinsdale, Pontiac Mich.; S. Chamberlain, do. Locations 409, 410, 414 and 459 Ontonagon river. CLINTON COMPANY OF DETROiT-1000 shakes, President— Israel Coe, Detroit, Mich.; Trustees, "''^I OP LAKE SUPERIOR. 165 Henry Loclyard, Alfred A. Hunter, Horace Hallock. Silas M. IJolmcs, do.; Seerctary, J. Nicholson Elbert, Detroit, Mich. Lease 32 Little Montreal river. THE MlxMNC; ASSOCIATION OF LAKE SrJl'ERIOR-4CC0 SHARES, Board of Trustees — Aljihcus Sherman, New York city ; P^Iward Ferris, P^rcderjck R. Lee, do.; Samuel P, Brady, Detroit, Mich.; Treasurer, D. W. Townsend, New York city ; Secretary, Elias Nexsen, do.; Man- ager, John F^avvks, Keewcnaw Point, Lake Superior. E. H. Warner, General Agent, New York city. Locations 22 and 23, Tobacco river, and four others. PENSYLVANIA AND LAKE SUPERIOR COMPANY— 20OO shares. Board of Trustees— President, D.ivid R. Porter^ Harrisburgh, ]*a.; Secretary, Alexander Ramsey, do.; Treasurer, George Nagle, Philadelphia; Joseph An- thony, Williarnsport, Pa. Lease 41, on the Porcupine mountains. ALGOMAH COMPANY OF CLEVELAND-20()O shares. Board of Directors — President, John Cranglc, Cleve- land, Oiiio; Treasurer, John P. Warner, do.; Secretary, Luther O. Mathews, do.; Richard Winslow, Harvey Johnson, do; Henry J. Buckley, Samuel A. Hastings. Detroit Mich. Location 261 Montreal river. The officers of this company are elected annually on the second Monday in January. 160 MINERAL REGION >/•■'} ff THE CLEVELAND COMPANY-3000 siiaues. Board of Directors— President, John W. Allen Cleveland, Ohio; Secretary and Treasurer, John Er' win, do.; Erastus F. Gaylord, Arthur Hughes, do.; Michael Dousenian, iMackinac, Mich.; DETROIT COMPANV-3000 shares. Board of Directors— President, Oliver Newherry, Detroit, Mich.; James A. Armstrong, Edward Lyon, doV; Treasurer, Gurdon Williams, do.; Sanford M. Green' Pontiac, Mich.; Secretary, Henry J. Bucklev, Detroit' Mich. " ' Locations 2.55 and 256 on the Porcupine mountains. The officers of this company are elected annually on the first Monday of Januarv. PRESaCE ISLE COPPER AND SILVER COMPANY OK CLEVFl VNI) 3()0() SHARKS. Trustees— B. F. Smith, M. L. Hcwit, William Mil- ford, T. B. VV. Stockton. P.esident, fJorace A. Ack- ley ; Secretary, Robert T. Parks ; Treas.ner, S W 1 reat. Locations 441, Granite Point. The officers of this company are elected annually on the first Monday of June. PERUVIAN COMPANY OF DETROiT-40ao suar... Board of Trustees-Prec:id(^nt, Simon Mandlebaum Lake Superior; Secretary, Thomas C. Sheldon, Detroit' Mich.; Treasurer, J. H. Morris, do.; Curtis Emerson' do.; A. JN. Hart, Lapeer. Mich.; Levi Bacon, Pontiac, Mich, OP LAKE SUPKRIOK. 167 Allen, nlin Er- es, do.; wbcrrvt on, do.; Green, Detroit, :«ntains, ' on the ELAND. m Mil- . Ack- S. W . 01 this iday of bniim, Detroit, orson, )ntiac, MEDORA COMPANV_lr,00 sharks. Trustees-Auguslus Belmont, New York city ; Sani- •ei Ward, do.; Fuhon Cutting, do. Locations 719 to 727 inclusive, Portage Lake. ANY OF PlTTSBl'RGII- -lOUOO SIIAKKS. President— James R. Moorchead, Pittsburgh, Pa • Secretary and Treasurer, James B. Muri-ay, do.; Man- agers, WiMiam Robinson, Jr., IJarvey Childs, G. War- ner, Tobias Myers, do. Locations 43 Iron river, 449 Ontonagon river, 84 SO, 108 282, 321 and 378 on I'ortage Lake, and two A>thers. EL DOKAno rOMPANY Pr]'TSBUR(.'n-.-,( •00 SHARES. l'1-esKlent-Tobias Myors, Pitlsburgh, I>a.; Secretary «...! Treasurer, C. M. I'ain.er, dc; Manager, Nicolas V oogtiy, do. Locations 87, 88, 99, 105, 100, 107, 281, 285 and '^09 Portage Lake, and Iwo others. M^^lfff*' '.-> ■ f I t 168 MINERAL REGION PORTAGF. LAKE AND COPPER RIVER COMPANY-3000 shares. President— John While, Milwaukic, W. T.; Secre- tary and Treasurer, Charles Gray, do. Location 4.21, Portage Lake. VULCAN COMPANY OE 1)ETRO!T-30CO shaui-s. President— William Norton, New York city; Vico President, O. F. Cargill, Detroit, Miclu; Treasurer, William B. Wesson, do.; Secretary, William R. Noyes. Octroi!, Mich. Localion 813, Montreal river. ST. CliAlR COMPANY OF DETROIT— 50CO shares. ^ President— Albert Crane, Detroit, Mich.; Secretary J. P. C. Emmons, do. Location :339, Montreal river. NATIONAL COMPANY OF PONTIAC-GOOO bHARES. Board of Directors— President, George W. Rogers, Pontiac, Mich.; Secretary, Henry C. Knight, do.; Treasurer, James A. Weeks, do.; Henry W. Lord, Henry B. Marsh, Jeremiah Clark, do.; Shadrack Gillet, Detroit, Mich. The officers of this company are elected annually on the first Monday of January. ST. CROIX AND MISBISSIPPJ COMPANY OF NEW (ORLEANS. 4lliO SHARKS. Board of Trustees— Pre.sid<>nt, Thomas Barret, New Orleans ; Treasurer, M. druthers ; Charles Ric;3, do.; Nine locations upon St. Croix river and its tributaries, -If OP LAKE SUPERIOR. 169 and two, fivo miles from the Mississippi, twenty-five 'miles above Prairie du Chien. ARGENTINE COMPANY OF DETROIT-3000 shares. Board of Trustees— President, Shubal Conant, De- iroit, Mich.; Secretary and Treasurer, A. S. Porter, do.; Oliver Newberry, Wesley Truesdall, do. Location 537, Misery river, <^i;mberland company of Detroit— 2000 suvres Trustees— Alfred H, Hunter, Detroit, Mich.; John Winder, John W. Strong, Jr., David Smart, M. M. Williams, Alexander Davidson, Frank Woodbridge, Thco. Williams, Charles N. Ege, do. Location T., Point Keewenaw. ASTOR COMPANY OF DETROIT— 3000 sHARE-sr Board of Directors— President, James M. Smith, Grand Rapids, Mich.; Secretary, E. T. Nelson, do.; Treasurer, Gurdon Williams, Detroit, Mich., Edward Lyon, J. F. Porter, C. H. Avery, H. J. Buckley, O. F. Cargill, do. The officers of this company arc elected annually on the first Monday of February. THE ISLE ROYALE AND OHIO COMPANY -12000 sharks Directors— Philo Scovillc, Cleveland, Ohio ; John C. Wright, Cincinnati, Ohio; Samuel Medary, Columbus, Ohio : Truman P. Handy, Cleveland, Ohio ; Charles Stetson, do.; John p:rwin, do.; Charles H. Williams, Toledo, Ohio; John W. Allen, Cleveland, Ohio; 12 170 MINERAL REGION Treasurer, Otho Klcmm ; Trustees, Charles H. Wil- liams and John Erwin. Nine three-nnile locations on Isle Royale. WESTERN NEW YORK COMPANY-35U0 shares Trustees — Artcmas Doane, Newark, N. Y.; Stephen Culver, Orville Hart, do.; Treasurer, Eliab T. Grant, do.; Secretary, George W. Scott, do. Locations 740, Montreal river, 687, 688 and 741 Fire Steel river. SILVER RIVER COMPANY— 1000 shakes Board of Trustees — President, Clark Mason, New- ark, N. Y.; Secretary, Gcoi-gc W. Scott, do.; Treasurer, Eliab T. Grant, do.; John Coveantry, do.; Stephen Culver, do.; Algernon Merry weather, Pontiac, Mich. Locations 806 and 808 Huron Bay. BOSTON AND LAKi: SUPERIOR CO.^IPANY OF ROSTON. '2000 SUAKLS. Trustees — Thomas A. Dexter, Augustus Aspinwull, George W. Cooley ; Clerk and Treasurer, William Aspinwall, Boston, Mass.. Lease No. 13 Point Keewenaw and nine others. DEAD RIVER AND OHIO COMPANY— 3000 shakes. Trustees — President, W. A. AJair, Cleveland, Ohio ; Secretary, George E. Freeman, do.; IL A. Ackley, do.; Treasurer, M. L. Hewitt, do. The officers of this company are elected annually on the first Monday of January. l yii J I g ^-^ ^ OP LAKE SUPERIOR. 171 741 ROSEN DALE COMPANY-3->00 siiarks.-1 vccrporated by the Leoislatcre of New York— Capital $350,000. President — John R. Livingston, Jr., New York city ; Directors, Abraham Vanderpool, John Lawton, Theo- pliilus Peck, Ransom, Smith, do.; Sec- retary, Driggs, do. Locations 422 Ontonagon river, 671, 697, 695, 728 and 729 Point Keewenavv. BOSTON AND LAKE SUPERIOR COMPANY. Trustees— Charles Brett and Alfred Randall, Bos- ton, Mass. Locations 408 on Iron river, and 440 on Presquc Isle river. EMPIRE COMPANY— CjOO shares. President — John R. Livingston, Jr., New York city. Secretary, Joseph 1). Riggs, do., James B. Campbell, Agent. [Those persons interested, noticing errors or omis- sions in the preceding list of Mining Companies, will confer a favor, by addressing the aulhor at Eagle River, Lake Superior.} W" N< f • liM No. 1. LIST OF LOCATIONS AND LEASES, up to July 17, 1846, with number, name and residence and date of Lease. Note. — The horizontal line in the column of numbers, refers to list No. 2, for the numbers not in the column. The cross against a number, refers to list No. 3, and implies the loss of the tract by interference with a location previously made, and that it does not appear by its number on the map. The letter (a) fol- lowing a name, designates a location made by application after the 17th of July, 1845, and (p) designates one made previous to that date. I No. P. Name. Rksidence. No. I>. Dati; ok Leask. RWCarson&J&WVVilson RWCrtrsoii&J&WWilsoi! RWCarsou&J&WWilsoii Husseys,Avery(in(l Husseys,Avciy&Raymon(l Joiib Berniird Detjiirmo Joiios Uavid lloiisJiaw Cliarlcs H Gratiot Daniel F Hilt E Snyder & E D Turner James Hunt Edward Taylor Alexander J Coffin Henry R Schoolcraft James W Glass Radcliff Hudson S Vischer Tali'ott Garret V Denniston Edward Learned Jr William J Marlett Hezekiali Uradford Levi A Lock wood Isaac n Reed Henry R Schoolcraft Aaron Frost James VanKIeeck Loon;ird B V'asiKleeck Benjamin E Green Andrew Talcolt ~ ■ ■ ' " 1 May 13, 1814, •2 (t tt ti 3 tt it " 22, " New York City 17 June 21, '• 18 Feb. 21, 1845, ID " 27, " 20 " 28, " 2J It tt tt March 7, " 2.'J tt tt tt 21 March 20, 1845, 2.> " 24, •' 2t) tt tt tt New York City 27 '• 20, " 28 " 27, " 29 .t tt tt :i(» April 10. " .31 " 12, " 32 4, " -«i» OF LAKE SUPERIOR. 173 No. p. Name. Residence:. No.L. Date of Lipase. 1 '2 3 t6 t7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 16 17 18 Levi Ml Keen Jaiiios A MiKocii Samuel 1'- MaiKilebamn Simon Mundlchanm John Lotkwodd .]t Bciijiimiii (; Arnold ^William I'ettil, [Josoitii I'ottit jNichohis MiniclJcr |W J Welles p iTIiomas Hifldio p Freeman Norvell p Daniel A Phoenix p Chauncey Bestor John A Smith John V Watson James Hijigins R R Richards Abraham IMorrell Chauncey H'lsli Thomas "W Tucket Theodore Titus 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 j 38 39 I 40 I 41 42 43 44 45 46 46^ 47 48, 485 19 i Martin Coryell iLoyd W Bickley Chauncey S Payne Addison Stewart Grant Decker Justin Higfrins Hammond Whitney Joshua (Jhilds R D Cutts Goveneur Kemblo Henry Morris William Kemble Girard W Morris Joseph Blunt Andrew H Ward William H Hudson Lawrence Waterbury I James M Waterbury Christopher Douglass Ijohn Henshaw iThomas Cowles William Ward Richard Adams Lucius Lvon IWilliam Robinson Jr Charles M Humphry Samuel Peck Abner Sherman W R Bernard p Reuben Chapman George F Randolph Almarin B Paul 49 Alba Jones 50 Cornelius Wickware | 51 Randall S Rice p 32 John Winder p Copiier Harbor Pittsburgh Pa Hunhovcr Ohio Ance Keewcnaw Detroit Mich New York Washington 1) (' it »« Detroit Mich it it New York i> Philadelphia Detroit Mich it (i i( it Boston Mass Lake Superior Washington D C Cold Springs N Y [New York Massachusetts New York Wisconsin Massachusetts Connecticut Massachusetts Virginia Detroit Mich Alleghany Pa Michigan St Joseph Island Mackinac Mich Copper Harbor Mackinac Mich Illinois St Louis Unknown Detroit Mich :34 35 36 131 140 115 301 69 90 91 109 147 148 110 111 112 127 113 114 219 226 264 376 11 126 209 192 193 194 195 210 41 202 228 229 38 230 37 60 129 131 99 98 57 122 186 86 100 50 51 52 July 5, 1845. " 9, •' " 22, " ii »>5 »» Jan.V 1846. Nov. 19, 1845. Sept. 16, 1S45. i« ti ii ti ii it ii it ii ii it it it it it Oct. 31, Sept. 16, ii it it ti it it Ii ti it it ti it Dec. 30, » 18, Feb. 5, 1846. Sept. 19, 1845. Nov. " " Feb. ti it it it ti •t it it if ti it it ti ii ii Sept. 16, 1845. Feb. 2, 1846. it it ti Sept. 16, 1845. Feb. 2, 1846. Sept. 16, 1845. Oct. 20, " Dec. 29, Nov. 19, Oct. 17, it it Sept. 16, Oct. 17, Dec. 17, Sept. 16, Oct. 17, Sept. 1«= it t (( >» it Philadelphia ti Saut Ste Marie Mich Coj)per IIarl)or Pittshurgh Pa i (( Boston Mass Piitsburgh Pa tk tt Newport Ky Chicago III Lake Superior New York Boston Mass Pittsburgh Pa ti t( <» it New York ii it • t Ontonagon 51 55 248 300 307 79 58 "^2 73 77 74 76 75 138 317 56 205 345 1)0 15? 158 160 168 334 166 46 325 326 255 327 328 78 40 42 43 45 44 331 162 321 161 103 320 ft.|>i. JO, in 16. • > it ii it ii it Dec. 17, •' Nov. 6, 1815. Sept. 16, 18-15. ii (i ii if ii ii ii ii ii it it ii ii ii ti Sept. 16, 1845. Feb. 5, 1846. Dec. 20, 1845. ii ii it it it ii Feb. 5, 1846. Dec. 20, 1845. Feb. 5, 1846. Aug. 5, 1845. Jan. 21, 1846. Sept. 16, IfrlS. Aug. 6, '♦ it it ii ti it Ii ;M DoiisluMty 12(l|VV ('li.uiibcrlin 1"!I|!VI X Il;irinony I'i'ijdillicrt llopkins r2:}iWilli;un ('urell 12ljWinis Hall l-r> Geor^'e K Sist.iro » 20! Alex Jones I27lThom IS P Kftttel 12H K(l tt PittsbiirL'h I'll Detroit Mich 92 Del. 22, 1H15, ('opper llnrhi>r Siiut Ste M;trit; IMoiiroe iMicb 153 Dec. 17, 1H5. Unknown 207 >t 206 ii .i kk Copper lliirbor VVa>hinKtoii D C Detroit Mich Maine Washington D C tt t. Cojijier Harbor f»l tt tt it ti tk Boston Mas3 New York Washington D C Boston Mass Washington D C Baltimore Md Washington D C Copper Harbor Green Bay W T Copper Harbor Detroit Mich tt it St Joseph " Detroit ♦' Marshall " Copper Harl)or Pontiac Mich :m 116 117 118 Oit.22, IHir*. 360 362 361 16!) 337 Jan. 2, 1846. it tt it Jan. 6^ 1840. Unknown Davenport low a Saut Ste Mario La Pointe W T 170 Oct. 31, 1845, 302 Monroe Mich n ii 303 ti t,i 304 ' tt t< 30f* ti ii 208 Dec. 27, iSl.Tf Detroit it 62 Oct. 17, '<■ !;•>. OF LAKK SUrEKIUU. 177 ffo. L. Namk. Rksioknce. No. L. Da TK or liKAdr. UVI R (;iiicn Detroit IVlich Oct. 17, 1815. ■jr)3 Hoiiry Ledyiipl tt «t 71 it ta it 251 John R (iront ti tt 315 2;j5 (inrdon Williiuns tt tt 29S 256 A ir.ccl Williams Pontiac '• 300 257 N 1' Slcwiiri tfe *k 258 II CTliurbcr ti >> 307 259 H Stevens »> >• 260 Jufttin llerriik Maine 201 J F Wcl.l) Wushin-jton DC 119 Jan, 2, IH4«. 2(52 A Knowles Maine 263 ' Rufiis I'arks Wisionsin HH l.snac I'agc Aii>,Mista Maine 265 S L Hiirris Maine 356 t266 N Siir^tent Philadelphia 207 lloiiry J llmklev Detroit Miiii 290 268 O 1) Ricliiirilsoii Pontiai " f269 .1 M Williams tt tt 270 W Webber a Copper Harbor 271 H Tally a tl tt 272 J Kwiiifr a tt tt 273 J Colbctk a tt t. 274 F Beryinaii a tt tt 275 C Rundert a tt it 270 Hoftnian a tt tt V~V <^ A -^ * \ M t^ 277 Charles Hen«haw ;t Boston Mass 123 Oct. 31, 184i>. 278 R Choate tt f 180 Feb. 5, 1816. 279 J 11 Adams .t tt 254 ii ■ • i b 280 ('harles Sondtlcr tt it 181 281 CW Painter Pittsburgh Pa 165 Dec. 30, 18-15. 282 J Painter it ^ .« 167 Fel). 5, 1846. 283 J (Jraham tt It 329 284 R Swan it (t 330 'i85 A B irine it it 164 Dec. 30, 1815. 286 J A Co.istaut New York 196 Feb. 2, 1816. 287 J Tuckerniaii it 289 James Davis Boston Mass 290 S Bartlett tt tt 291 James Davis it tt 292 Fred W Davis it ti 358 293 P S Shelton it it 294 Thomas Dixoii it it 295 J Hanna Pittsburgh Pa 296 V Saunders Ghent Ky 298 W Burnett p Copper Harbor 299 J S Farrand Detroit Mich 308 300 W A Riihmond tt tt 309 301 Willian> Hale tt it 310 302 F A Hardinj,' it It 311 303 K Brooks ti it 214 March 9, 1816. 30.4 J R Brodhead New York 233 Feb. 12, 1840. 305 A Livingston it 159 311 H S Hay a Detroit Mich 3155 J J Rinched a tt i'. 313 S Green a tl it 314 IJ Anderson a Utica NY t : 178 MINERAL REGION 315 .■il« 317 ;}IH .'{19 .120 .Wl ;)22 ;]24 ;i2.} :{26 ;W7 ;}28 ;/20 :130 331 332 333 331 3;}5 336 337 338 ;W9 3'JO 341 342 343 344 ;H5 .346 .317 348 319 350 351 352 353 354 355 :356 360 361 361^ .362 3a3 364 365 360 ;J67 368 369 370 371 372 373 i»374 hi Morari a P La (:!|are a J Urinknian a O Leriiin^ a William Miller a Natliaii Updegraff J Painter J VV Webb G A Barstow W (flitter p William Hays A J Trumbull G E Dewey Klia:i Williams E Vanclcventcr W Moon Daniel D Dewey W Richards ;•. George Beiis a W H Langridfjc a II N Howard a P Hog. ill a A iVlerrvweather a W H Mercer a E Trufbnt a D Burt A John Wylde a Norton Wyckoff a J Raymond a A D Tnrbush a C E Shepard J L Cuyler J B Diimont I) C Littlejohn G H Littlejohn J B Warren F J Littlejohn F S Littlejohn Ezra Willis Christopher Willis T Jones Thomas J VVhitteinore J A Peck ,1 Glenn Robert A Forsyth W C Glenn E T Ellicott Andrew Ellicott Elias Ellicott E Chassaing LDeMilhim Benjamin Ellicott J P Murphy John Davis a T Perry a H Sturdy a E C Raim a W W Spanlding a Detroit JVlich it Sidney ^Ohio j Pittsburgh Pa I New York Boston Mass I Portsmouth N II Ohio Flint Mich it t (I Detroit Mich >> tt Aurora N Y Allegan Mich Boston Mass (Cambridge Mass Pontiac Mich Baltimore Md Detroit Mich Baltimore Md t( t( it tt f< (t •I Pittsburgh Pa ("opper Ilarbor 1 Ontonagon 1 Copper Harbor 104 105 106 107 108 276 277 281 279 278 282 283 280 371 190 70 344 3'!) 270 296 222 iDec. 17, 1843. October 15, I.&13, Jan. 29, 1846. Sept. 22, 1845 Jan. 2, 1S46, n tt 4 49 Sept. 16, 1845. 369 170 Feb. 5. 184«. 6^ OP LAKE SUPERIOR. 179 Leask, , 1813. 816. 313. 1845 846. 845. 4«. ;{75 (James Carle a ;j7G iC Lewis a ;J77 R Jennings 37W 'C Cherry 379 |D Kendall 380 iM Wallace a 38! |H N Munson 382 iJ B Watson 383 1 1' Palmer urn |R Hall 985 :J Lilly 386 lAFisk 387 I> Kimball 388 N Waterman 389 E W Stone 390 |A Randall 391 |S Curtis 392 'J H Sears 393 iV Brown 394 jElias E Davidson 395 !A W Benson 396 IE A Raymond 397 iM Kimliall 398 'S C Walts a 399 EF Gloasona 400 J O WiHiams a 401 M Sayer a 402 jLSouthlnrda 403 iL Shawern a 404 W \l Boyer 405 W R Oormley 406 W W Dallas tl07 J R White 408 Frederick Libbcy 409 R Hosmer 410 TTenEyck 411 Thomas Palmer 412 Edward Doyle 413 OM riyde 414 O Chamberlain 415 |J Alexander 416 N G Kartright 417 H fl Hale 418 C H Talcott 419 J I. Boswell 420 J P Cunningham 421 M Mathews a 422 J Blauvelt a 423 William A Cheever 424 D A Hall 425 E Harriman 420 Edward Curtiss 427 W G Snether 428 William Cameron a 429 P La Riviere a 430 D Millett a 431 L Cantains a 432 Charles Bourassau a 433 Charles Merrit a Copper Harbor Cleveland Ohio Pittsburgh Pa Plates vi He W T ('opper Harbor St Clair Mich Detroit '* Boston Mass n ^^ tl tt Copper Harbor Reading Pa Pittsburgh Pa Boston Mass Poiitiae Mich Detroit Mich Pontiac " Boston Mass New York Glastenbury Conn it tt Hartford " New York (Carthage N Y Albion Mich B oston Mass Washington DC Tennessee New York Washington D C Saut Ste Marie Mackinac Mich Saut Ste Marie Mackinac Mich Battle Creek Mich No, L, 141 316 220 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 213 214 47 48 245 363 216 139 332 350 338 132 247 187 347 Date of Lease. Dec. 29, 1815. Feb. Jan. 16, 1846. 27, 1846. tt >t tt it t( tt it il it it it it it it il it it it it tl it It i ' Aug. 12, 1845. it it it Jan. 27, 1816. Jan. 27, 1816. Nov. 1, 1815. Dec. 29, 1845. Jan. 27, 1846. Feb. 2, 1846, mSm 180 xVo. p. 4;i8 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 H'iO H'ii 452 453 ^454 450 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 t477 t478 t479 480 481 482 483 481 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 MINERAL REGION Names. H Hubbard a Chicafjo 111 Thomas JI Purdon p Hillsborough Va J F Gleason Thomastown Md C B Marian Monroe Mich M P Marvin «( tt T H llawley «( ti A Godard Detroit " C lloitiios X it VV VV Johnson tt t( J A Vandyivc; »i >t J P Teller it u P IJusscy Ohio 1) J) Divis i. E Jones a Coi)i)er Harbor t> » . Milton Mason a D O'Connor a Independence Ohio Rome N Y B Swaney a Hanover Ohio William White ;i Pittsburgh Pa Baltimore Md C Kidder W Robinson Jr t' ti G Crosby '» ' i( A L Hays X it A C Parmlec Hastings Mich C Kello'Ti' Marshall " R Cross tt >i A L Lcland Pontiac Mich L Bacon >t n W J Nelson tl i. A B Mathews it it B O Williams Owasso " O F Wisner Pontiac " J C Smith tk It John Almy Grand Rapids Mich J Richmond Aurora N Y S K Hurrinf.' Mackinac Mich A W Spies New York B Banks Marshall Mich M Son Is it ti H H Sylvester Washington D C it ti R C Weiffhtnuxn G CThclnas it ti James Adams it it S B Boarman it it H B Sweeny it it W W Rovve Bangor Md C O Rerord i i «t M S Palmer it it E Bacon I'ontiac Mich W W Hudson ^ew York RNiles it it J M Oakley it it J Otis HoUowell Me Alexander II Howard it ii William S Leo Detroit Mich 59 339 82 83 84 297 101 102 103 172 318 338 175 184 173 203 185 221 120 3U 342 343 121 174 216 235 201 252 251 Oct. 22 1843. Oct. 16, 1843. " 17, " Dec. 18, 1845. Dec. 27, 1845. Dec, 12, 1845. Jan. 2, 1846 Jan. 2, 1840. Dec. 13, 1845. Feb. 2. 1846. " IS '• OP LAKE SUPERIOR. 181 lEAHK, 3. 13. o. 15. 45. ' No. P Name, Residence. No. L. Date of Lease. 496 R K Page Ilallowell Me 253 Feb. 18, 1846. 497 H M Smith New York 198 *' 2, ♦♦ 498 M B Maclay u u 231 (( (( (( 499 R M Morrison Manhattan Ohio 351 500 J G Thurber Monroe Mich 135 Dec. 27, 1845. 501 A E Wing (( u 352 / 502 Cliaries Noble (( (( 353 t503 J Q Adams a (( 504 H Smith li (( 505 EJcwett Lockport N Y 257 Feb. 9, 1846. 506 Thad. W Patchin New York 272 u 2 t» 507 R D Hubbard Hartford Conn 189 U U (t 508 Thomas Lamb Boston Mass 64 Oct. 7, 1845, 509 M H Simpson <( (( 65 <( (( n 510 H Swift it u 66 t( (( (( 511 J Stifkney (< 1 ( 07 <( U (( 512 R Bell Philadelphia 2C2 Jan. 29, 1846. 513 FI T Titus (( 217 Dec. 29, 1845. 514 VV McConnell u 263 Jan. 29, 1846. 515 James Ilay Jr u 259 Dec. 29, 1845. 516 .1 H Cowden Williamsport Pa 517 H A De France Philadelphia 218 Dec. 29, 1845. 518 J M Erwin u 519 G W Guthrie 11 260 Dec, 30, 1845 520 A G Benson New York city 521 G A Dwight ti (< 522 Clisrlcs King U (. 523 E Kingman (( <( 524 II B Loomis il <( 525 S P Lyman ( . (( 526 WiUiani Morell i( i< 527 H .1 Raymond <> <( 528 J D Olmstead Boston Mass 529 Thomas Snowden New York 295 530 F lliehniond G'd Rapids Mich 374 531 Peter Morey Detroit Mich 375 , 532 H Ohnstead Boston Mass 136 Dec. 30, 1845 533 G R Hazewell Ohio 191 <( (( (i 534 G E Cheever Boston Mass 535 B H Cheever Washington DC 536 W Havves Zanesville Ohio 537 Ciias T Murdock Boston Mass 538 Theodore Olcott Albany N Y 227 Jan. 20, 1846 539 Thaddeus Joy li 11 223 Dec. 18, 1845 540 Lewis Joy a t( 224 «( U (( 541 C T Chamberlain Allegany 225 (( ti i( ss h J 182 MINERAL REGIO^ No. r. Name. Residence. No. L. DAT E OF Lease^ 542 Chas. C Cushnian Maine 543 James Robinson Pittsburgh Pa 128 Dec. 26, 1845 544 G H Whitney Cambridge Mass 545 H D Olipliant Boston " 142 Jan. 2(5, 1846 546 Allen Shepard (( (( 143 j (( 11 (( 547 F A Elliot (< (( 144 (( (( (( 548 H T Backus Detroit Mich 549 D E n urban (ill .( (( 550 William U Wilson (( (( 551 J Robinson Jr Pittsburgh Pa 552 J R Bowman Pontiac Mich 553 J H Sinclair Detroit *• 354 554 John Mi;Revnolds U (( 275 March 3 , 1846 555 A T Me Reynolds (( (( 355 1 556 Wells Ilolley Geneva N Y 176 Feb. 2, 1846 557 J M Ilolley Stanford Conn 171 (( 558 P V^andervvort New York 273 (( 559 William M Clark (C i( 183 (( 560 Nathaniel Jarvis (( (( 215 (( 561 J J Codding on << u 204 (. 562 R C Weetmorc (( t( 212 u 563 M Kim on 11 Halloweil Me 249 a 564 Ichabod Nutter (( u 178 n 565 li W Chi Ids New York 250 <( 566 H H Hale Glastenb'ry Ct 567 C H Talcott (( i ( 284 March 19, 184t 568 J P Cunningham New York 569 J A Constant Dobb's Ferry NY 196 Feb. 2, 1846 570 J Tuckerman New York 197 «( (( <( 571 J E Boswell Hartford Conn 1H7 a (( << 572 F W Ogsbury New York 213 li (( (( 573 RobfM'i Benson (1 <( 285 574 E i'.lunt Delaware City 177 Feb. 2, 1846 575 E Doufilass New York 199 (( (( (( 576 Alfred Douglass (( (( 200 t( (( (( 577 J A Iselino i( li 182 <( (< (( 578 N G Kart right 211 (( .1 <( 579 W J Staples 11 li 188 (( ii u 580 H B Foy Albany N Y 313 581 J C Ay res New York 205 Feb. 2, 1846 582 M Wall)ridgc Eoc:kp(jrt N Y 583 H O' Riley New York 584 Charles W Borup La Pointo W T 124 Jan. «, 1846 585 C M Oakes (( u 1 125 (( «i (( r^m I'homas Card Manhattan Ohio 256 " 21, u. 587 P S S'indford Painsviile *' 1 k, ( OF LAKE SUPEillOR. 183 t No. r. Names. Residence. No. P. Datk of Lease. "588 Wm W Thompson Poniiac Mich 176' Jan. "16, 1846 589 Geo. Mendenliall Cincinnati 274 <( (( (( 590 H E Perry Detroit Mich 348 591 S Clark Kalamazoo Mich; 324 592 S 11 Brooks New York 593 James Gansou Jackson Mich 133 Dec. 12, 1845 594 O B Dibble Detroit *' ', 130 u 17, ♦' 595 O Parker Bangor Me 294 f t595^ M Mann Marshall Mich 322 59() J Palmer Bangor Me 393 596i E C Noble Marshall Mich 323 597" S P Dinsmau Bangor Me 292 597 i John N Barbonr Boston Mass -598" A Haynes Bangor Me 291 598* N A Barrett Boston Mass 599" L E Dunn Bangor Me 290 599 i J W Sullivan T B Dix Boston Mass 6004 eor B Dyer Bangor Me 289 602 F Blackman (( (( 288 ■ 602 1 J L Tiu.ker Boston Mass 286 ' 6o:r J B Marsh [Bangor Me 287 . (mh Isaac Hill Concord N H 604" T OMara |Kentueky 605 Jesse E Dow iWashipgton DC 234 Feb. 23, IBir^ 606 y G Wat sou 1 Detroit Mich 364 607 John Nortoti Bufi-ilo NY 608 Albert lliulol|)h iPiits urgh Pa 253 Feb. 23, iSlC 609 Tiius. \V Bristol p Detroit Mich 610 Williaiii Jivel a i U (( : 611 S vSmiih a Unknown I t612 A. Grover a 1 u 1 t6i:; '*. / Suiit'i a (( t614 U D ilogers a Philade'ii)liia 6i;i A Thomas a jWyota W T 616 W 11 Monroe iJaek.^on Mich 617 Era sins Murd jMiddlcport N Y 618 Jarvis llurd i Marshall Mich 619 G Ketehum Detroit " 620 G C Gibbs Marshall '' 621 J Craig Middleport N Y 622 A S Baker i a 1 1 62:i VVashiii<^ton Iluiit Lockport " 624 S Works U t* 093 'GT Swift Mt Clemens Mich 094 VVVVNilea Sew York 695 J D C Stoutenburgh Hyde Park N Y 696 G J Abbott Washington D C 697 John Mnlford Hyde Park N Y 698 R L Prickhard n >t (1 699 TWDay Harttbrd Conr. " 700 \M M More Washington D C 701 iHCMurphev Brooklyn N Y 702 G VV Stanley A'gusta Me 703 IS Irving iVew York ■ f 7 704 i J E Harvey Washington D C * 705 IE Eld New Haven Conn 706 :RJ lngcr«oll » tt • " 'T 707 IHEld H i( it =--t 708 John Oakford Philadelphia 70O |John Watson Detroit Mich 710 Ijanics Watson ft it 711 CO Flynn it it 712 CC Jackson it if 713 CCaison Pensylvania 715 J Ha,M Philadelphia 716 1 J Baldwin Elinvra N Y 717 IThomas Willis Philadelphia 718 D C Holbrook Detroit Mich 719 E B Wetiierbeo Flint " 720 William Blades Detroit " • 721 A Brush >i t t 722 J N Elbert tf ft 723 RDLamond tf tt : '■* 724 n J Cainpau ft it "'■ 725 HC Walker Flint «• V 726 ;j B VV^alker ti it ' 727 , Thomas O Fowler New York 728 Charles M Prevornt Philadelphia 729 J B Sutherland i^ > pW' \S(i MINKllAL REGIOV N Levi M Arnold Peter Godfroy JH Brown a Or G Foster B F Bush John Owen R R Gurley VV J Moorhead D C Moorhead G C Fomeroy Isaac Lewis Geo F Maynard Robert Miller H Fisher J, Richardson Th.omas Fletcher Edward R Collins A Belmont R Nims R R Schekee J Collins M Livingston. S M Fox M Willett Calvin Blytho MS Brown J T Mcrritt W H Merritt S T Fairchild* B Merritt M L Drake Edward D Ellis B C Whittemore M F Merritt W P Way J T Whitecar William Talbott O Coggaball W Hoyt A A Boyce J Brownfield S M Beeaon J Beeson S M Johnson Thomas i.eonard William ^ Wells J B Plumbe E Lyon D Wager S C Hammond T P Tucker J L Freeland ADRatlibona C Britton 786 G PWay 787 A J Bergen 788 C J Bergen 760 H Hunt 73i 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 7.44 745 746 747 748 749 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 780 761 782 ••,83 7(V1 765 tee 767 768 769 770 771 t72 773 774 775 776 777 778 tp 780 781 782 783 Poughkeepsie iMonroe Mich Mt Vernon Ohio New York Flushing Mich Detroit •' Washington D <' New York «( It Albany N Y Monroe Mich Richmoud Va Boston Mass Philadelphia New York kt •> Monroe Mich Georgetown D New York Georgetown I) C Philadelphia New York Cazenovia N Y New York Pontiac Mich Detroit " P-on^iac ♦' New York Philadelphia New Brighton Pa Grand Rapids M:?h Pontiac " Lockport N Y Sonthbend Ind 4( tt Niles Mich Detroit " Monroe " IJtica N Y Albany N Y Detroit Mich Utica N Y Ypsilanti Mich St Clair Philadelphia Grand Rapids'Mich St Joseph ' " Philadelphia New York iDetroit Mirh ; 'itV LAKK HJJPKRIOR. \H^ EAflB. ; 7l«l ;J Alll< l>tU 7D1 !« W Lester ■;i«-.J jTwo Slickiiey 7y:i \V. C Devoo T;M j.r A Stoutenburgh 79.-1 IVV Hnrrick 79« G Harrison 707 79S 791) ^00 ^?01 ho:} 801 H0.> «0(J SOB 809 810 811 912 813 814 8lu 816 817 818 819 8>20 8'2-2 8'i3 8!i.l W W Dcane |J B Robl) ,T P Chandler iJ Kearslov jA W William j !j M Knight J W Foster It G Bradford '|G M Dewey VVJ Danich C L Dibbli! E T T Martin G II Hazleton H L Whipple H C Linalmry \\ C Knight H Hipgins E H Thomson James S Kingsland J A Hale S Ward F M Wvinan J C Miller D V Bell I E Crary H P Adams D V Edsil F Farrand E B Bostwick L Day E llurd D Swift E Gnstorphs H D Marsh J B Williams J L Carpenter J Denton A Freeman ,1 G Bond W W Murphy F A Swift John Griswold S Murphy R Lawrence T Tillotson A B Cook A Clark D Clark R Williamson ^^ L Wilson 826 8-27 8-28 «-29 830 831 832 S33 R34 835 836 8:i7 838 639 840 841 842 813 844 sl7 Bridgewater Pa Detroit Midi Manhattan Ohio Hyde Park N Y it >i tt It it >k Monroe Mich Monroe Mich Boston Mass tt >> Detroit Midi Owasso *' Buffalo N Y Zanesville Ohio Bo;Uon Mass Flint Mich Toledo Ohio New York (Jtica N Y Flint Mich Detroit " Pontiac " It tt Detroit " Flint " Monroe " New York Monroe Mich ti tt Marshall " It t» Milford " Manhattan Ohio Jackson Mich Grand Rapids Mich South Bend Ind Middleport N Y Detroit Mich Missouri Unknown New York Pontiac Mich Ann Arbor Mich Middleport N Y Detroit Mich Jonesville JaclfWbn Mich .Detroit " i Monroe ** Ann Arbor " Marshall *' It tt It .* ; ti . tt tt tt F»il«fe]|^k ^ 188 MINERAL REGION b>i» a M vv iigiii iMarsUaH muli 85 1 E BraHlov tt t( fc52 H nuniphrey a n, 8.W Oiuis rinrd Rcyn ih's Brsin &'>4 J VV S(niirf.s Grand Rajtids Mic e.").) » N (.'iHii-fh Pontiac " 850 !•: S William-* • > it 8.)7 iVI Davlon Lcc!si)urt N Y fi.lS VV P iViniels Toledo Ohio e.)9 F VV Kirtliind Jackson Mich 860 B Phelps Pontiac *' 80 1 J Kiitlerfield tt tt 862 n HulU Locknort N Y SO.*] H Parke Pontii c Mich 801 T IJ Mvers New York 80.) G B Field »i It 860 I) C Walker UticH Mid) 807 G S|)cnror Pontiac *' 808 W T Mitchell Detroit " 869 E F Cuok Farminjiton 870 M Cidwallader Hutr.ilo N Y 871 I) Wallis Pontiac Mich 872 J R Sniitii Monroe " 673 J Hale tt tt 874 H V Mail >• .t 875 EA Burrill fiocki.ort N Y 870 F H Stevetiij Troy Mich 877 S M StcUc Unknown 878 J S Rowl.iiid Detroit Mich 879 A S Kellofrg t> tt 88:) ri A Rood tt tt 881 J W Carr Jackson " 882 S T Carr .t tt 883 11 J Stow Bnfialo N Y 864 D Evans Lnckport N Y 8ft> Joseph Complon Middlci>ort N V 880 David M Hinsdale Pontiac Mi«h 887 Joiin McMorran [joclcport N V 888 Nathaniel Niles Washinfjton I) C 889 Charles Mathews New York 890 Et XXU 1 A VV Brockvvay a Saut Ste Mario XXIII 1 C A Watson a j New York XXV J Beengrand a i Buffalo N Y Copper Harhf!? rmi' L Pcrdrauvuh b. « ' itu-,«^: y* lEASE. ' I OF LAKE eiJPERIOK. 180 No. 2. LIST OF PERMITS, Which have been withdrawn and relocated with the numbers, which having been drojiped, or not used, do not appear on the map. Tl'iis list does not embrace any conflicting locations Original No, Name. SKNT Nl'MDEH. 4 D llug^des 319 inclusive 5 VV P iluggles 719 *' 727 ** 94 H Higgins 814 95 G H llazlcton 810 9(> E If Thomson 815 194 C JJourissau 432 195 L Cnntaina 431 ]96 D Millet 430 197 VV Cameron 428 198 P I^a Riviere 429 201 W A Cheever 423 204 D A Hall 424 288 J Ward 637 357 D V Bell 821 434 J E Hyde 681 435 J McCabe 679 43G Z B Knight 682 437 TJ Hunt 680 714 A Pell , 112 The first or original numbers of these Permits have been drop- ped, and are not on the map, and numbers 228 to 245 inclusive, 297 306 to 310 inclusive, 358, 359, 600, 639, 640, 643 and 730 have either never been used or have been withdrawn. I IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) T 1.0 I.I 1.25 tarn ■ 50 \u mm M 1.8 1.4 IIIIII.6 ■^2 /^ ^w\ "^^ ^^' % ^ y^^^/.,. ^/M nl-_x_ .Ui^ niuiugicipiiic Sciences Corporation 23 WE'»l <«AAIN STKFET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14530 (716) «72-4503 4\^ ,\ ,v '^\ :\ ^ '9> V o^ '^ ^J« 1^ f ;■ .11 I .HIIJIP ^>B(5!ip?!p^|^WP* ^pumnniii. '..nummm^mtufnmmmmmmmimiii^ 190 MINKHAL REOION No. 3. LIST OF THE LOCATlOiNS Which by the new and correct n.ap are ^o^l^J^:;^^^, others previously made, with the P- ^ ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^ map. Those lost in part only, appear by their numbers «^^^^ No. "6 7 8 9 10 11 Name. W J Wells T B Biddle F Norvell D Phoenix C Bestor _ J A Smith XXV j J Beau grand 52 J Winder 165 R Miller 166 J J Roberts 182 J Sahl 191 K MuUer 2C6 N Sargeant 269 IJ M Williams 295 I J Hanna 301 |W Hale 302 FA Hardmg 303 E Brooks 342 M Wyckoff 373 E Raume 374 W W Spaulding 404 IW H Boyer 405 |W R Gormly 406 W W Dallas 407 G R White 410 IT Ten Eyck 438 !h Hubbard 450 \D D Davis 451 iE Jones iB Sweeney jj M Parsons H A Tillotson C P Ke.Uogy A W Spie-i -.., iB Banks 479 ' M Soule ,. n^vpiTrTi? Part LOST. j With what Confmci*. i I Location ^'i' \ u n a .( <( (( (( a Lease u (< (t