IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 ■so "i^= m m ^ ^ us, 2.5 2.0 1.4 — 6" 1.6 ^m % ^ ^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. !4580 (716) 872-4503 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / In^ititut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. n D n n n Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur I I Covers damaged/ Couverture endommagde Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaurde et/ou pellicul^e I I Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque Coloured maps/ Cartes gdographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bisue ou noire) I I Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur D! Bound with other material/ Relid avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ Lareliure serree peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distorsion le long de la marge intdrieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ 11 se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutdes lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela dtait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6t6 filmdes. Additional comments:/ Commentaires suppldmentaires; The to th L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur examplaire qu'il lui a et6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-6tre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la mithode normale de filmage sont indiquds ci-dessous. I I Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommagdes □ Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restaur^es et/ou pelliculdes x/ The poss of th film! Orig begi the I sion othe first sion or ill Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages d6color6es, tachet^es ou piqu^es I I Pages detached/ Pages d^tachees Showthrough/ Transparence Quality of prir Qualit^ inigale de I'impression Includes supplementary materie Comprend du materiel supplementaire Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible [~T] Showthrough/ I I Quality of print varies/ r~1 Includes supplementary material/ I I Only edition available/ The shall TINl whi( Map diffe entlr begi right requ met! □ Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont 6ti film^es i nouveau de facon i obtenir la meilleure image possible. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est filmd au taux de reduction indiqui ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X y 1 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X tails du odifier une mage The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: Library of the Public Archives of Canada The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. L'exemplaire film6 f ut reproduit grdce A la g6n6ro8it6 de: La bibiiothdque des Archives publiques du Canada Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettetd de l'exemplaire film6, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprim6e sont filmds en commengant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont film^s en commenpant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol -^(meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol y (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole ^»> signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film^s d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul cliche, ii est f ilmd A partir de I'angle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. rrata o jelure. H 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 i4 AFNALS OF THE COLONIAL CHUEcil. DIOCESE OF TORONTO. i' m «,- uN n -} n 4 s •* I >il in I' ON DON : R.CLAY, PRINTER, BittAO STREET HILL. 'r' g ANNALS OF THE DIOCESE OF TORONTO. ^ BY EENEST HAWKINS, B.D. AUTHOR or "HISTORICAL NOTICES OP THE MISSIONS OF THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND IN AMERICA." PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COMMITTEE OP GENERAL LITERATURE AND EDUCATION, APPOINTED BY THE SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE. LONDON: PRtNTBD FOR THE SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE; SOLD AT THE DEPOSITORY, GREAT QUEEN STREET, LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS J AND 4, ROYAL EXCHANGE. 1848. \ w TO M THE RIGHT REVEREND FATHER IN GOD, W '■ JOHN, LORD BISHOP OF TORONTO, WHO, AS TEACHER, PASTOR, ARCHDEACON, AND BISHOP, HAS, FOR HALF A CENTURY, BEEN THE FOREMOST LABOURER IN LAYING THE FOUNDATIONS 3 » .1 ' I R ■ ''■'• 1 -il 1: ■.'] •: 1 AND BUILDING UP THE WALLS OF THE CHURCH OF CHRIST IN CANADA, €^t9t Annals of ti^e Hiocese of Toronto ARE RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED. f PREFACE. The title of this little Volume, as well as of the Series to which it belongs, sufficiently defines its object. The reader will not look for a general history of the Colony, in a manual which professes to do no more than supply an outline of its Ecclesiastical Annals. Books which treat of the geography and natural features, as well as of the trade, agriculture, and political institutions of Canada, abound. Little, therefore, will be found in the following pages but what has reference to the Church of England in that colony — its brief history, and its present state. As, however, this work may occasionally be consulted by Clergymen about to offer themselves as Missionaries, a few general facts, and some hints of more or less value, are here noted. The temperature, it is well known, ranges much more widely than in this country, so that both the cold in winter and the heat in summer are far more intense than in England ; yet the (1 ■ -ml VUl PREFACE. chmate of Canada is allowed on all hands to be healthy-more healthy and invigorating, in Sxr Francis Head's opinion, than our own 1 mam cause of this, no doubt, is that the air s toer and, notwithstanding the intensity of he winter cold, is considered more favourable o persons of deHcate lungs than the atmo- sphere of Great Britain. Though not without attractions of the noblest kmd to the zealous and enterprising Missionary a new country, it must be obvious, is not tl/7Z 'l^r '"' ^-"'^y^^'^^ ^ho estimate ..ver highly the pleasures of society, or the refinement: of a high civilization. Such men would find themselves quite out of place in the back-woods of Canada; and those only should go there who, together with a healthy and robust frame, possess a bold and manly spint, »d can be content with plain living rough traveUing, and the society of their own households. Many Clergymen undoubtedly are xnducea to emigrate by the same motives which operate upon others-namely, the hope of improving their worldly circumstances, and making provision for their children. Nor are they, on tins account, to be charged with secu- Jarity; provided that, while seeking to better then- estate, they do not abandon any part of their ministerial obhgations. Still it is not PREFACE. IX with Missionaries as with ordinary settlers. Those who are engrossed with a sacred calling will have little time for clearing land or cul- tivating a farm ; while the salary of their office will, for the most part, supply a bare sufficiency for the wants of their families. The Missionary must look for httle besides food and raiment in return for his more abundant labours. He may, however, be cheered by the prospect of an earlier and more certain provision for his children than he could reasonably expect in the old country. But, any one intending to offer himself for Missionary duty may well ask — What is the comparative value of the same nominal income in England and in Canada? Will 100/. a-year go farther in the colony than in the mother country ? On the one hand, the chief necessaries of life, — as bread, meat, potatoes, poultry, eggs, — are, especially in the we"?tern division of the pro- vince, rather below than above half the price which they bear here ; while, on the other hand, clothes, books, upholsterer, and generally manu- factured goods, l)ut not common furniture, are dearer. Besides, a Missionary, to perform his duty at the more distant stations, must necessarily keep a horse ; and, where a horse is kept, a man or lad to take care of it, is for the most part ) yf' 1* i PREFACE. required. The annual charge for house rent in most situations, and for rates and taxes everywhere, is less than in England. Upon the whole. It may be stated that the expense of Imng m Canada is certainly less, probably a fourth or a fifth less, than in this counL- And this may suffice on the subject of a temporal m^ntenanee, unless we may be permitted to add, that the Missionary who goes abroad for no better reason than to escape from the embar- rassments of his position at home, will probably be disappointed of his hope; while he who offers himself m a spirit of humble faith to do and His righteousness," though he take neither scnp nor purse, will, for the most part, find all necessary things " added unto" him A few more words may be allowed, inexplana- t on of the special design of the present volume. It IS purposely confined to the Annals of the Church of EnglamL in Canada West. The author had neither the means nor the disposi- tion to enter upon the history of religion gene- raUy in that colony; and he has no hesitation in adding, that a main inducement with him to prepare this manual, as well as the others which ^!!!P::!^!^^d^W^ hope that he might thus PREFACE. XI do something towards making the claims of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel more generally known and appreciated. The first part of the Annals, it will be ob- served^ consists almost exclusively of the me- moirs of the early Missionaries ; and if those who succeeded them are not spoken of indivi- dually, it must not be inferred that the present Clergy are less zealous, or less laborious, than those pioneers of the Gospel who were the first to thread "The matted forests of Ontario's shore." ^ Such is not the case. But the Church, as it advances, is no longer identified with a few leading individuals ; it is a body consisting of numerous members ; and our object must there- fore be to trace, not so much the motions of any particular part, as the progress of the whole. For the materials,— independently of printed and manuscript reports and journals,— out of which this sketch of the Canadian Church has been drawn, the author is indebted mainly to one who contributed his valuable aid on the generous condition of receiving no public ac- knowledgment. The author trusts, however, that he is not ofibnding the most scrupulous dehcacy in oficr- (1) Wordsworth: River Duddon, Son. xiii. ll i i! xu PREFACE. ing his cordial thanks to the Rev. Saltern Givins, the excellent Rector of Napanee, Z M ssxonary to the Indians, for the communi- cation of many interesting facts and incidents. His thanks are due, also, to Mr. AUan, for the sketch of the first church which was built at 1 oronto ;— and to other friends. The author would conclude this prefatory notice with the expression of an earnest hope! hat the very humble contribution here made to the history of the Colonial Church may serve to create a toger sympathy in its wants, its difficulties, and its struggles, and so lead sUe tew at least, to devote their attention to that most animating and hopeful department of Christian usetulness,-the religious culture of i'JrZ."'^"'^'' ''^'"^ ^"^ Pl^°t«d with Bntish settlers, and which seem destined, in the order of Providence, to become independent and powerful nations. ^ 79, Paii, Mam, february 29, 1848. TABLE OF CONTENTS. f m i ^v 'I Preface • • • . PAGB vii CHAPTER I. i Motives which lead to Emigration— Unfavourable to Religion- Scattered condition of first Settlers— Canada the Asylum of the U. S. Loyalists— The Rev. John Stuart i CHAPTER II. , The Rev. John Langhorn— The Rev. Robert Addison ... 27 CHAPTER III. Estabhshment of tlie Episcopate in Canada— Letters of Cover- nor Siracoe to the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Colo- nial Secretary—Episcopacy a safeguard to the Monarchy- Slow increase in the number of the Clergy from 1800 to 1819— Visitation of Bishop Mountain— Ordination of two Lutheran Ministers— Pivision of Canada into Parishes- Grant of 2,000/. by S. P. G. for Church f . . ting— Death of Bishop Mountain— Report of the Missions by Hon. and Rev. C. Stewart 68 PAGE 74 XIV OONTBNTS. CHAPTER IV. Con,.orali„„ „f the Hoa. and Eev. C.Stewart a, Bishop of Qa be,^ymtatio„ of the Upper Provinc^WithdZS of P.ri,.rae„tar, Gra»t_S,ati,.ie, of Canada in 1833-W.n1 of a Suffragan-Last Report of Bishon St^T^rf n jeJu.to^En,iand.anddea.U„nsecntl CHAPTER V. Bishop of Montreal's Report to Lord Dnrham-Proposal to dmde the Diocese-Erection of the See of Toro2 and Consecrat, on of a Bish„p_Son,e account of thel.: Br 96 CHAPTER VI. Theolopeal Students^Bishop Straehan's Visitation in 1M1_ Niagara -Grimsby- Port Dalhousie-Stamford-Duun- rfle-West Gwillhnburg-Port Hope-CavanlBa" of Qu,nt^-P.et« Cornwall-Rev. Mr.'ArehboH. Bjtown -Perth-Brantford-John HiU, the Indian Catechisf ! 123 CHAPTER Vn. """^tl™"!.,':';'^^?^'- »» fe Socie^-Visit to Manehtouahneng Island-Lake Hur„n_s7u; ^0.1^ or;vis:r-"""'"^.-''°:^- ^age-s!::™:; CHAPTER VIII. The Clergy Reserves-The Fifty-seven Rectories-Education Religious Societies x^uucarion-- CHAPTER IX. Bishop's Charge inl844-.Progress of the Church in the Dio a Theological Seminary-Church Society-Local Contri butions-Roads. and Travelling in Canada^R suUsof Visitation in 1843 and 1846 . . "''^-^^^'^"s of 152 170 193 ik^te CONTENTS. CHAPTER X. XV PAGE 1 ^ I Concluding Observations—Drawbacks to a Colony— Natural Feelings of an Emigrant— Want of a Church— Gradual Deterioration—Loyalty of Churchmen— Districts unpro- vided with Clergy— Rapid Increase of Population— Value of Present Opportunities 215 APPENDIX. A. Colonel Talbot's Settlement B. The Mohawk Tribe ; CivUization of the Indians . . . C. Toronto Church Society D. Emigration to Canada ; Letter Commendatory for Emi- grants j Books for their Use E. Addresses of the Clergy of the Diocese* of' Toronto to* the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in 1844 and 1847 E. List of the Clergy ' 242 229 230 233 234 238 Hi 11 ^^1 if I '[It ill K !f|< ■ I * 11 1 y IP: 1 « } '(1 B Inu^ptudp Wrat 70 £rai xaNoon rvBumiHn B z thz gocmTT mm pnoxoTnro ~,Ttr>rwn X- KngrnTed bT J-drrlie J:SUBD Br THE SOCnTT von PROMOTUro CHHISTiAJT KjrowXiBueia w y\ CHAPTER I. »'•! ,«»? MOTIVES WHICH LF.D TO EMIORATIOK - UNFAVOURIBLI TO RELIC !r.^_. SCATTERED CONDITION OP FIRST SETTLERS — OANALA r<^E ASYLUM OP THE U. S. L0YALI8T8-THH REV fJ0H5 STUART. 1/ I i*^^^^ ''^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^ave led to colonization in ■■tnodem times; as, for example, political trou- )les, the pressure of poverty, and the spirit of fspeculation, are little favourable to religion. Temporal interests, and the improvement of worldly circumstances, are the principal, very [often the only things which are thought of. But if the motives of the emigrant be of this character, and he be naturally indisposed to senous reflection, the condition in which he ordinarily finds himself in a new country is not hkely to impress him with higher views ! Hf. 18 probably attracted by the facility of ac quinng land, to some new, almost unexplored region, where there are but few people of his I own race, and they scattered over an extensive tract of country. The first settlers, who set I themselves down here and there in the wilder. B DIOCESE OF TORONTO. ness, are too far apart for society or joint action; distance prevents their assembling at any de- finite point, and they are thus debarred the privilege of common prayer. They have, for the most part, neither a church for themselves, nor a school for their children; and even in cases where there are numbers sufficient, within reach of a given centre, it not unfrequently happens that religious disagreement renders combination impossible. Again, though all be of one mind, they must often be too few and too poor to build a church or maintain a cler- gyman. Thus, in one way or the other, many of the first settlers in a new country are prac- tically shut out from the enjoyment of the means of grace ; and when they have been for a long time without the ordinances of religion, they naturally become indifferent to them. Moreover, the condition of hfe in the bush, or wilderness, is by no means favourable to reUgious habits. There is no publie opinion, nor any of the ordinary restraints of society, which, in the absence of higher motives, tend to put a check on the more offensive forms of vice. Men, living alone, and apart from any social restraint, commonly give way to selfish and sensual indulgences, for they seem to have none to please but themselves. These obser- vations apply with more or less of truth to new FIRST SETTIiEMENT OF CANADA.' ;3 settlements generally, and like all such obser- vations admit of a general application only. Canada was the asylum of suffering loyalty ; some of its earliest settlers were refugees from the United States, and of the^ many had been soldiers. Long accustomed to the licence of war, these men brought with them an admir- able spirit of devotion to their sovereign and country, but little of that steadiness and moral conduct which are essential to the well-being of society. While the colony was subject to these moral disadvantages — common to most nevf settlements — it was kept without its fair proportion of clergy for a longer period than other countries, in consequence of the exag- gerated notions which prevailed of the severity of its climate. It was represented as a region of perpetual snow ; and it is not wonderful, there- fore, that but few men of education were willing to leave their home in the mother-country and brave its terrors. The consequence was, that for some years Canada was most inadequately supplied with clergymen and schoolmasters, and therefore the first settlers were deprived of the opportunity of public worship, and their children were left to grow up without any reli- gious instruction. People in such a case but too readily resign themselves to what seems the necessity of their position, and soon become if ■ ?i 'H •A] ,1 n 4 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. indiffereut to the privileges wliich tliey once perhaps highly valued. The ecclesiastical history of a country at the period of its first settlement must of necessity be scanty and barren of events. It consists, indeed, of little else than the biography of its few Missionaries; and such a history we proceed to give^inthe confidence that the lives and labours of those who first preached the Gospel amid the snows of Upper Canada, though humble, are not undeserving of record. One of these — and the most distinguished — the Eev. John Stuart, has already been noticed in another work : ^ — He was born in the year 1736, in the State of Virginia. Though naturally of a lively dis- position, he early discovered a strong inclination to serious studies, which he pursued with the ultimate view of qualifying himself for the ministry of the Church. This determination of his mind exposed him to much difficulty and embarrassment ; for his father, who was a rigid Presbyterian, although sufficiently indulgent to his children in other matters, required of them implicit obedience in respect of religious opinions. For some time, therefore, young Stuart lay under his father^ s displeasure in this ^ Historical Notices of the Missions of the Church of England in America. (Fellowes). BEV. JOHN STUART. 5 important matter; and he has confessed that at an early period of his life he used to he alarmed hy the severe, dogmatical spirit of the * Shorter Catechism/ which he was obliged to repeat every Sunday evening. But still more was he startled when he attempted to follow the Calvinistic doctrines of that manual to their legitimate consequences. The result of all this study and inquiry was, that he became con- vinced of the true, scriptural foundation of the Church of England, and accordingly joined her communion. But though of age for ordination, Mr. Stuart took no steps for the attainment of his object, lest he should wound the feelings of a beloved and aged parent. Tliis most exem- plary forbearance, which he continued to exer- cise for several years, at last overcame the prejudices of his father, who, struck with his son's noble self-sacrifice, besought him to follow his own inclination, at the same time giving him his blessing and earnestly praying for his future usefulness. Mr. Stuart immediately prepared for his voyage to England, from which he was not to be deterred by the arguments of friends'-who represented truly enough the dangers of the passage, and the loss of many young men who had gone to sea on a like ..,, .^^^.ti, J.TJ.X. kjuixaxto nuiiiL vvus m nis \^ork. Like all his countrymen, who aspired •1:1 tl ■ I 6 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. to the sacred ministry, he was content to go three thousand miles across a dangerous sea in search of a Bishop; but God blessed his enter- prise, and he returned to Philadelphia in the full orders of Priest, in the year 1770. The labours of the first seven years of his ministerial life among the Mohawks at Fort Hunter have been mentioned in a former work, and it was there shown how zealously and suc- cessfully he devoted himself to better the con- dition of that interesting people. The intervals of more active occupation he employed on a Mohawk version of the New Testament ; the credit of which has commonly been given to the famous chief Brant, then a very young man, who was engaged by Mr. Stuart to assist him in the translation. Both employments, however, were soon interrupted by the com- mencing struggles of the revolutionary war; and Mr. Stuart, who never for a moment shrank, from avowing his allegiance to the King, after a long course of injury and ill- usage, as well from the new authorities as from the populace, was glad at last to escape into Canada, where he arrived in 1781,^ and was soon afterwards appointed to the Chaplaincy of a provincial regiment. v He was at first much distressed from want of ^ Journal xxii. p. 363. REV. JOHN STUART. an adequate provision, but after a while he thus writes to the Society, ^< I hope to see better- times, and am happy at the choice I have made of a place to end my days. Some months ago, my friends in Pennsylvania, thinking, I sup- pose, that I was wrecked on some barren shore, gave me the offer of a good Hving in Virginia, adding, that if I would accept it, no retrospect should be had to my former conduct. I rejected the proposal instantly, being resolved to pro- cure a subsistence with my hands at the plough, before I will ever be subject to any republic.'^' The warm and affectionate interest which Mr. Stuart felt in the Indian tribes, loyalists and voluntary exiles like himself, and now again brought within reach of his ministra- tions, is strongly exhibited in a letter written by him during the year 1784. '' Agreeably to my intention, mentioned in my letter of May last, I set out from hence the 2d of June, and arrived at Niagara on the 18th; visiting on my way aU the new settlements of loyalists on the river and lake. On the Sunday after I landed, I preached in the garrison ; and to satisfy the eager expectations of the Mohawks, I proceeded on horseback, the afternoon of the same day, to their viUage nine miles distant, and officiated in their church. After a short intermission, we returned to the church, and I ' [ 'r\ 11 b: DIOCESE OF TORONTO. baptized seventy-eigh^ infants and five adults; the latter having previously been instructed by my Indian clerk, who regularly reads Prayers on Sundays, and lives a very sober, exemplary life. The whole ceremony was concluded with a discourse on the nature and design of Bap- tism : and I must acknowledge, I never felt more pleasing sensations than on this solemn occasion — ^to see those affectionate people (from whom I had been separated more than seven years) assembled in a decent, commodious church erected principally by themselves, behaving themselves with the greatest seeming devotion, and a becoming gravity ; and even the windows crowded with those who could not find room within the walls. The concourse of Indians was unusually great on this occasion, owing to the circumstance of the Oneidas, Cayugas and Onondagas being settled in the vicinity (all these people speak different dialects of the same language) . Before I left their village, I baptized, at different times afterwards, twenty- four children, and married six couple. " On my way home, being determined to visit every settlement of loyalists, I remained some time at Cataraqui, and baptized all the children that were presented for that purpose, and buried one. And, this service performed. HEV. JOHN STUART. 9 two miles distant from Cataraqui), and was kindly received by the Mohawks lately settled there; we found them busied in building houses and laying the foundations of their new village, called Tyonderoga,— their school-house was almost finished, and is, ere this time, ready for the reception of the master and scholars. The situation of their settlement is really beau- tiful; and as there are, at present, as many loyahsts at Cataraqui as will occupy the coast as far as the Indian boundaries, there is the greatest probabiHty that it wiU shortly become a place of consequence. '' I must not omit to mention the anxious desire of those loyal exiles to have Clergymen sent among them ; and they look up to the Society for their assistance in their present distress/^ Again in 1788 he sent home an account of his visit to their settlement on the Grand River above Niagara. Both in going and returning he was escorted by Captain Brant and a party of Mohawks ; and during his stay among them he preached, administered the Holy Commu- nion, and baptized 72 persons, principally chHdren. The total number of Indians at Oswego was 399. ' Mr. Stuart was now settled fc Journal xxv. if 1 10 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. at Kingston, (formerly called Cataraqui,) where he continued to labour during the rest of his life. His Mission, of course, comprised the several dependent townships, some at a con- siderable distance, which he visited periodically. The next year, feeling that he was the only Missionary who could give the newly-appointed Bishop of Nova Scotia any information about the condition of things in Canada, he set forth in company with the Rev. John Langhorn, on a journey of four hundred miles, to attend his Lordship's Visitation at Quebec. The toil and cost of this journey may be conjectured from the fact that it took them five weeks to accomplish it. Nothing can manifest more strongly his de- termination to obey the call of duty without regara to personal ease or convenience, than such a journey, undertaken in such a spirit ; but it may be well to observe how constantly he was actuated by the same spirit in the ordinary course of his ministrations. Thus he says, February 3d, 1791 : — " Ever since my removal to these settlements, I have considered myself as an itinerant Mis- sionary, always entertaining hopes that, when more Clergymen were sent, my duty would be confined within narrower bounds. Be this as it may, I shall never decline any fatigue, expense, or danger, in carrying on a work so happily REV. JOHN STUART. 11 begun. Indeed, the success I have met with, particularly at this place, abstracted from every other consideration, is a sufficient encourage- ment to perseverance/' He then adds, "My congregation gradually increases. People of all ranks give better attendance at public worship, and behave themselves with more so- briety and decency. No party spirit, or dif- ference of religious sentiments, interrupts that harmony which ought to subsist amongst Chris- tians and members of the same society. I meet with every support that may be expected from the magistrates, who, fortunately, are all actual members of the Church. And the good effects of giving lectures on the Catechism, and cate- chizing the young people, begin visibly to appear. The children are catechized on the first Sunday of every month, and lectures given every Sun- day afternoon, except in the coldest months of the winter. By pursuing this method, and by using every gentle means, there is almost a moral certainty that at least the rising genera- tion will be true and genuine members of our Church.^' In March, 1793, Mr. Stuart, after mention- ing the completion of the church, " a commo- dious and decent edifice,^' which had cost 172/. currencv, savs : " Notwithstanding what has been said by the Society on the subject, it < i 12 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. does not appear that tliis congregation has the most distant intention of making any provision for my better support, even after the pews are made and all the expenses defrayed. Indeed, the country at large has been so long accus- tomed to my services gratis, that (without making a merit of it) I must be contented to finish as I began with them. Blessed is the man that expecteth nothing, for he shall not be disappointed.'' The next time he was summoned to attend a Visitation it was happily within his own Mis- sion. Bishop Mountain, who had been con- secrated to the See of Quebec in 1793, held a Confirmation at Kingston in the following year; and one of the effects of this Episcopal visit was, that several Scottish Presbyterians avowed their conformity to the Church of Eng- land, and received confirmation by the Bishop : indeed, Mr. Stuart was able to report, "that, a few Papists excepted, who were very quiet and peaceable, there did not exist in the whole parish any party or faction against the Church.'' * It has been said that Mr. Stuart was in the habit of visiting such settlements, within reach of Kingston, as were destitute of the ordinary ministrations of religion, but he occasionally 1 * Journal xxvi. p. 300. REV. JOHN STUART. 13 extended his circuit so as to include the more remote settlements. Thus, in February, 1799, he " visited the eastern part of the province, 140 miles distant, as far as Cornwall, preaching and baptizing in every township where people were disposed to assemble for the purpose/' while, in the opposite direction, he had, within little more than a year, been twice at York, (now Toronto,) 150 miles, and preached there during five weeks, on week-days as well as Sundays.^ All this was over and above his stated visits to the two Mohawk settlements at Oswego and on the Bay of Quinte. In every letter he makes mention of one or other divi- sion of his dear native flock. But partiality does not lead him to disguise the truth,— that they were deteriorating in character, and ra- pidly declining in numbers. Indolence, quar- relsomeness, and a passion for ardent spirits, were their besetting sins ; and while they had not the advantage of any resident teacher, they were constantly exposed to the corrupting influence of the more abandoned white settlers. He had established a school in their village, but found them little disposed to avail them- selves of it ; this, however, he remarks, is their own fault. All that can be done is " to furnish If I Journal xxviii. p. 10. 14 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. them with the means of instruction, and leave the event to Providence/' He goes on to say, " There seems to be one Christian lesson which they can never learn — forgiveness of injuries. A melancholy proof of this occurred in the summer : two of their chiefs had a disagree- ment ; the village divided into two parties, met in a hostile manner, two men were killed, and four badly wounded." A reconciliation was at last effected by the interposition of Govern- ment. Although Mr. Stuart never shrank from the labour and expense of these Missionary visits ; and though he admitted that the Mo- hawks were docile, and ready to crowd the church whenever he came, he did not consider such rare ministrations calculated to produce any lasting impression. His constant recom- mendation, therefore, was, that a well- qualified teacher should be sent to reside amongst them, and he gave it as his opinion, ' that if a young man could be found possessed of such a portion of primitive zeal as would induce him to under- take the instruction of these people, merely from religious motives, much fruit might be expected from his labours.''^ Such a one might be able to mould their character, and heal their diflPerences as they arose. ^^ But/' 1 J OUruai xxYii. p. oa2. REV. JOHN STUART. 16 says Mr. Stuart, '' if so much zeal is not left among the English Clergy as will induce men of competent abilities to come to this country in order to promote the cause of religion, and to extend the boundaries of the licdeemer's kingdom, I cannot expect that any will be found wiUing to undertake the charge of poor savage Indians.'* * The state of religion in the Colony at that time was very deplorable, owing principaUy to the want of Clergy ; and Mr. Stuart expresses his regret that they were precluded by the Act, under which the American Bishops were conse- secrated, from obtaining Missionaries ordained by them. One, however, was added to the number about this time,--his own son, George Okill Stuart, the present Archdeacon of King- ston, who was ordained by the Bishop of Quebec in August, 1800, and immediately placed by Governor Hunter at York. Mr. Stuart's account of his own congregation at Kingston is almost uniformly pleasing and satisfactory. They lived together in great har- mony, undisturbed by religious or political differences. The congregation continued to increase; and there was every sign of Mr. Stuart's ministry being blessed and prospered. • sfl m 111 I ^ Journal xxviii. p. 127. 16 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. " He lived among them/' says onewho knewhim, "as a father among his children, and he was loved the more the better he was known ; for his life was a living example of what he preached/' Towards the latter part of his life he had said, " If I can be instrumental in sowing the seed, and preparing an uncultivated soil for more skilful labourers in the vineyard, I shall think my time and labours well bestowed/' Such was the expression of his own modest hope ; but there seems no reason to doubt that he was privileged to see the first-fruits of the harvest in his own lifetime. His manners were gentle and co. ciliatory; and his character was such as led him rather to win men by kindness and persua- sion, than to awe or alarm them by the terrors of authority. His sermons, composed in plain and nervous language, were recommended by the affectionate manner of his delivery, and not unfrequently found a way to the consciences of those who had long been insensible to any real religious convictions. The honourable title of " Father of the Church" in Upper Canada has been fitly bestowed on Dr. Stuart; and he deserved the name not more by his age, and the length of his service, than by the kind and paternal advice and encouragement which he was ever ready to give the younger Clergy 11 REV. JOHN STUART. 17 This venerable servant of God died on the 15th of August, 1811, in his seventy-fifth year; " but/' says one of his contemporaries, " he still lives in the hearts of his friends, and he shall be had in everlasting remembrance." He was buried at Kingston, his friend and fellow- labourer, Mr. Langhorn, performing the solemn funeral service. The official Eeports, on which we depend for the principal facts recorded in these annals, convey of necessity but a vague and imperfect outline of the character of the several Missionaries. Confined, for the most part, to a dry detail of ministerial duties, the Journals afford no opportunity for the display of individual character; and thus it becomes nearly impossible to give a distinct impression of the persons mentioned, entirely different as they may have been in reahty. Living and labouring in comparative obscurity, little is commonly known of the Colonial Missionary, although, measured by a just standard, his functions are of the highest importance, and his work may prove lastingly useful. Dr. Stuart, however, occupied a somewhat prominent position, and, as he was in more respects than one a remark- able man, the following personal reminiscences will doubtless be read with interest : — " I have nothing more than mere boyish reminiscences of the Canadian Clergy. Their C ^-^^ 11 18 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. m 11 m m peculiarities of manner and dress, &e., amused my idle mind, which, at that age, took little note of essential qualities. Dr. Stuart \yas a man of a higher stamp than the rest, but even of him my recollections are equally childish. I cannot recall his preaching, nor his serious conversation at aU. I remember him as a very fine elderly man, of lofty stature, and powerful frame ; very kind to me, and to every body, though rather caustic and dry in manner; of a somewhat stately bearing, as conceiving himself the lineal descendant of the legitimate Monarch, but merging that pride in the humility of his ministerial function. He enjoyed a competent estate, and lived in a beautiful place, sheltered by noble trees, on the rocky shore of Lake Ontario. He was diligent and charitable, and sought health and recreation in cultivating his farm and garden ; and in fine summer evenings he loved to sit on the shore and play upon his flute, till some of his parishioners, brought up in the puritan school, objected to a Minister's ^^ whistling tube '' as a worldly vanity, and he laid It aside for ever,— not without indulging in a smile at their absurdity,— but influenced by 1 Cor. viii. 13. He was once sitting on his favourite rock, by the water-side, in front of his house, when two Yankees, strangers to him, came up and accosted him:— ^'Ymi'vp s+,. or/ REV. JOHN STTJ4IIT. 19 I guess?"— '^ Yes, I am so." '^Then, I reckon, you'll let me and my companion go into your garden, and eat fruit?" He consented, with his usual good-nature, and the two men stripped his garden of ail the fruit, which they carried off in their pockets and handkerchiefs. '' He was subject to occasional attacks of gout ; and when a fit came on, he walked into the lake, and stood there some time to soak his £hoes and stockings, and then walked at a striding pace till they became quite diy. This he found an immediate, complete, and safe cure. He had a strong, hardy, active frame of body, travelled much on foot and on horseback, and could bear severe exercise. I recollect five sons and two daughters, most of whom, I believe, are now dead. This, you see, is indeed a meagre account of a man of his dignity and acquire^ ments, and exemplary character, in whose house I sojourned when a mere boy, and when his sons and daughters were to me more attractive companions than their venerable father."' We are happy to have the privilege of con- eluding this short Biography of the first Canadian Missionary with the following esti- ^~- - m~ ^ ■...,. ^Kindly communicated by the Rev. Dr. Mountain, Rector of Blunhatn, Beds, son of the first Bishnn of Ouebec and brother of the present Bishop of Montreal. '' " ' ^0 DIOCESE OP TOEONTO. mate of his character, which has been most obligingly supplied by Chief Justice Robinson. The striking trait of generosity with which it commences is equally honourable to him who exhibited and him who has recorded it :— " Toronto, Aug. 5, 1847. '^ I do, indeed, very well recollect the excel- lent Dr. Stuart, though I was too young fuUy to appreciate his worth. You know, I dare say, how I came to be for nearly three years an inmate of his family. He had been an in- timate friend of my father's during the five or six years that our family lived in Kingston, between 1791 and 1798. My father became indebted to him in the course of some trans- actions about land, and had given him a bond for the amount. '' Mr. Stuart (for he was not then D.D.) was Chaplain to the Legislative Council, which occasioned him to make an annual visit to York, and though I was but a child, I well remem- ber the circumstances of his coming to our house near York, to which we had removed but a few months before from Kingston, the first time after my poor father's early and sud- den death -, and his giving up to my mother, or rather destroying in her presence, the obli- gation of my father, which he held, declaring that he would never consent to receive any part REV. JOHN STUART. 21 of the amount under the sadly-altered circum- stances in which she was placed. When the Session had closed, and he was about to return to Kingston, he strongly urged my mother to allow him to take me with him, thinking that more could be done for me at that important period of my life than was likely to be done for me if I remained at home. Mr. Strachan, our present Bishop, had then just opened his excel- lent school at Kingston; and I recollect Mr. Stuart's account of the new school, and his earnest representations to my mother of the great advantage it would be to me to be sent there. " I was sent with him, and lived about three years in his family, treated in all respects as tenderly and kindly as if I had been his son. These are noble traits in his character, when it is considered that it had been an arduous struggle for him, for many years, to bring up and educate his own large family of eight chil- dren upon the income of a Missionary; and that he had not yet got through the difficulties which these unavoidable expenses had thrown upon him. " I perfectly well remember Dr. Stuart's person and manner, and his peculiar style of conversation; and I retain impressions of his disposition and character which, I dare say, are ii I'M 1H 4] 22 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. tolerably correct. I was too young, however^ to pay much attention to dates, or to preserve any accurate recollection of such accounts as I may have heard him give of his personal his- tory. ... Dr. Stuart had received in his youth a good classical education, and retained through life a relish for the beauties of Greek and Latin authors. He had been, I think, extremely well grounded in both languages, took pleasui'c in mastering difficult passages, and was fond of tracing words in our language to their Greek and Latin roots, and of puzzling his yoimg acquaintances by his perfect recollection and critical application of all sorts of crabbed rules. He had formed an acquaintance, either before or during the American Revolution, with Bishops Inglis and White, and afterwards, of course, with his own Diocesan, Dr. Mountain, with all of whom he maintained a correspondence, and of whom I used to hear him speak with great respect and admiration. There was something in Dr. Stuart's appearance that could not fail to make a most favourable impression. He was about six feet two inches in height — not corpulent, and not thin, — but with fine mascu- line features, expanded chest, erect figure; straight, well-formed limbs, and a free, manly carriage, improved by a fondness in his youth TOr nf1ilpfir» pvprniepc ■novfimila-nlTT- -Partrt^Ytrv TIEV. JOHN STUART. 23 From my recollection of him at this mo- ment, I should say that I have seen no one who came so fully up to the idea one is led to form of a fine old Roman — a man capable of enduring and defying anything in a good cause ; incapable — absolutely incapable of stooping to anything in the least degree mean or un- worthy. " Circumstances had imposed upon him the necessity of frugality, but he submitted to the necessity cheerfully and with a good grace; and there was, indeed, in him that natural simplicity of character and contempt of osten- tation, that it cost him apparently no painful efforts. Any one w^ho can speak from memory of the early days of Kingston, will tell you how much and how sincerely Dr. Stuart was loved and respected by every one ; how cheer- ful and instructive his society was; and how amusing, from the infinity of anecdotes which his observation and his excellent memory had enabled him to collect and keep always in readiness to illustrate his lessons, and impress more strongly his good advice, and the cautions which were often addressed to his young friends. "He was especially intolerant of anything like levity of deportment in church; indeed, the church was so small, and the Doctor's apostolic figure and appearance so striKingiy Z4i DIOCESE OF TORONTO. i! conspicuous in it, that few would venture to run the risk of the rebuke he would be sure to give if the occasion called for it. I remember when some young officers in the military forces, who had not been long in his parish, were venturing to whisper rather too audibly, and apparently forgetting the purpose for which they had come there, how the worthy pastor most eflPectually brought them to a sense of their transgression by simply suspending his reading, which of course, after the pause had lasted a few seconds, drew the eyes of all towards him, and of the unlucky young officers with the rest, when they found him looking sternly into their pew, with his finger directed towards them in a manner rather painfully significant. I do not believe they repeated their offence while at Kingston. "Dr. Stuart was exceeding kind to young people, fond of their society—taking an in- terest in their plans and prospects, and anxious to repress, in a good-natured way, any little follies which he feared might be injurious to them. No Clergyman, I think, could be more universally respected and beloved than he was by his people, and between him and the mem- bers of other religious communities there was always a kindly feeling. He could not recede from what he thought to be right, under the REV. JOHN STUAET. 25 pressure of any circumstances; but he ab- horred contention, a id there was, indeed, too much natural dignity of character about him to permit him to involve himself in anything of the kind. I think I have known no one whom it would be more difficult to coerce or to mislead. He was remarkable for his know- ledge of the human character, and seldom, I fancy, mistaken in his estimate of those who came in his way. You may doubt whether this is not a partial account — ^but it is not. "The very distinguished talents of several members of his family afford an argument that* his qualities of mind were probably of a superior order. The late Andrew Stuart, Esq., many years Member for Quebec, was his youngest son, and resembled him most in manner and appearance, and in some points of character.* He had a daughter (his eldest), who died unmarried, and who partook largely of the intellectual endowments of her father. "Dr. Stuart died, I think, in 1811, in his 74th or 75th year, of an acute disease, retaining his faculties with an appearance of strength > < i ^ Another son who has risen to distinction is the Hon. Sir James Stuart, the present Chief Justice of Quebec. 26 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. li and activity to that advanced age. I dare say, among some of the oldest of your Mohawk friends in the Bay of Quenti, you have gleaned some account of the worthy Doctor's ministra- tions among them, and some traditions of his early life when a Missionary among the natives on the Mohawk river. Mrs. Grant, of Laggan, in her Letters of an American Lady, an interesting little volume, which you are no doubt acquainted with, makes honourable mention of him in his charge there, which brought him under the patronage of the well- known Sir Wm. Johnson, and afterwards of Sir John. ''Upper Canada, and Kingston along with it, have wonderfully improved since Dr. Stuart built his unpretending-looking parsonage on Stuart's Point, which stood till within a few months past a memorial of the simplicity of those early times; but it is not likely that Kingston will have to boast, in many genera- tions, a character more interesting and vener, able than that of its first pastor.'' At his death there were but six Clergymen in the whole Province of Upper Canada; there are now, thanks be to God, one hundred and twenty. CHAPTER II. ;•♦■' of THE REV. JOHN LANGHORN— THE REV. ROBERT ADDISON. Another of the early Missionaries in Canada was the Rev. John Langhorn. He was a native of Wales, and had been educated at St. Bees, Cumberland. He was afterwards licensed to the Curacy of Hart Hill, Cheshire, where, becoming known to Dr. Porteus, then Bishop of Chester, and Dr. Townson, at that time Rector of Malpas, he was by them strongly recommended to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, who appointed him to a district of Mr. Stuart's Mission. He almost immediately embarked for Canada, and arrived at Cataraqui on the last day of September, 1787. The following extracts of a letter, dated February 4th, 1788, giving an account of his journey by land and water from Montreal to Cataraqui, will give some notion of the real hardness which a Missionary in Canada was compelled to endure during the early period of its settlement. 111 i|i 28 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. : " At last, by applying to the Government, I got a passage in a sloop carrying military stores. There were a hundred barrels of gun- powder on board her. We had no fire on board for cooking victuals, all the passage. We were run aground towards the middle of the river, about half way between Sorel and Montreal' and there stuck fast, whilst a large vessel went past us. We got a boat belonging to a popish priest, and unloaded into it a ton and a half of bullets, upon which we floated again, got off the shallow, put the balls in again, and so went about our business To the best of my remembrance, I was twelve days in going from Quebec to Montreal, having a disagreeable passage. " On the third day, I think, after my arrival at Montreal, I went on foot to La Chine, my baggage being carried in a cart, which expense I paid myself. The day following, being Sun- day, I began my journey from La Chine to Carleton Island, going sometimes on foot, and being sometimes in an open boat, with no cov^r but my umbrella. The first night in this jour- ney I had for a bed a hay-mow; another night I lay upon a house floor, in my clothes ; part of another night I had my abode in a wood, but I would not lie doT^Ti, and it sometimes rained; another night, the greatest part of it I was in a REV. JOHN LANGIIORN. 20 wood ; this nifrht I lay down, but it was fair. On Sunday forenoon, the last day of Septem- ber, 1787, I arrived at Carleton Island. I had a letter from Quebec to Colonel Porter, at Carleton Island, who was now absent at Cata- raqui. At Carleton Island I requested to have the boat stay for me an hour and a half, which was refused ; and if I had stayed behind it, I sup- pose possibly I might have found consequences which I should not have liked. The same day I got to Carleton Island I started from thence for Cataraqui, and arrived there that day at eleven o^cloek in the night. I was, perhaps, in more danger between Carleton Island and Cataraqui than in all my journey before. " Cataraqui is now Kingston, in the produce of Quebec : when I was there, I went to see the Rev. Mr. Stuart ; if I mistake not, he asked me if I had got a stock of patience.' ' As an instance of the frugal mode of life which a Missionary in these days was com- peUed to adopt, it may be mentioned that Mr Langhorn made an agreement for board and lodging, at Ernest Town, at the rate of 25/ currency a-year. The total number of souls committed to his charge were about 1500; but of these he computed that nearly four-fifths were dis- senters, of nine or ten different denominations v\ iifi m 30 DIOCESE OE TOEONTO. I" 1^ This population was thinly scattered over several townships, so that, though his flock was small, he had to search for them up and down a country of forty miles square. Mr Langhorn's duty, therefore, was one of a very laborious kind, for, besides his Sunday services at Ernest-Town, he had to attend in the week days at not fewer than eight diff'erent stations. Among these were three others called after members of the Royal family Fredericksburg, Adolphus-Town, and Sophias' bui'g, settlements which front the Bay of Quenti, and had been surveyed and opened for location' to the '^ United Empire Loyalists,^^ a name of distinction given to the faithful band who sub- mitted to banishment rather than transfer their allegiance. The work of an itinerant Missionary is sufficiently toilsome, even when he is pro- vided with a horse, but Mr. Langhorn, being somewhat corpulent, never rode. His plan was to sling his surplice and necessary outfit, in- eluding a Bible and book of Common Prlyer for service, in a knapsack on his back, and so set forth on foot to visit his scattered flocks Two years after he had taken possession of his Mission, he is described by the Bishop of Nova Scotia, as, " though uncouth, and little acquainted with i^h^ «t^t.ij ,i 1 1 REV. JOHN LANGHOKN. 3] conscientious man, diligent in discharging the duties of his office, and of a humane, bene- volent disposition, and much respected for those virtues/^ ^ For the first two years this primitive Mis- sionary had no other provision than the stipend of oOL aUowed by the Society; but the Govern- ment annuity, with arrears, was afterwards granted to Mm. His stations, or preaching-houses, though of course unconsecrated, he used to distinguish by the name of an Apostle or Saint, and visit them aU periodically. From time to time he pushed mto new settlements: thus, in 1793 he went to Amherst, where he -preached the first sermon that ever was preached there since the Creation, as far as is known.^^^ The next year he preached forty-one times, and in 1795 fifty-two, at the diff'erent out-lying stations,- not a despicable year's work,'' as he himself remarks,-- if be had done nothing else."^ He used to make a point of caUing upon eveiy new family which came to settle within his bounds, and by this early attention secured or concihated many who had before been either indifferent or hostile. In the frequent and ' Journal xxv. p. 255. Ibid. p. 399. 2 Journal sxvi. p. 178. 32 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. m i ! w I extensive journeys on foot whicli his duty com- pelled him to undertake, he was of course ob- liged to depend upon such accommodation for the night as the farmhouse of the settler, or the shanty of the backwoodsman could afford ; but he always insisted upon paying for the food and shelter which he received. When a guest for the night, he always conducted the family worship, and on these occasions made use of the prayers of Bishop Wilson. No missionary would be fit for his office in such a country as Canada was at the end of the last century, or even as it is now in any of the newly cleared settlements, who should be over delicate or nice on the subject of bed or board, — and Mr. Langhorn seems to have been alto- gether superior to any such considerations. • On one occasion, having been detained on his way, he did not reach the house where he was accustomed to stop for the night until after the family had retired to rest ; instead there- fore of disturbing them, as it was the summer season he determined to pass the night out of doors, and so made himself a straw couch in a farm waggon, where, with his knapsack for a pillow, he laid himself down to rest, and was found still fast asleep there in the morning, to the no small surprise of all the household. At +hf» T^ilTlOlic afn+inns ivTiipli liPi visifpfl REV. JOHN LANGHORN. 33 periodically it was his custom to perform the full service, and preach, but he also invariably catechized the young and taught them their prayers in the face of the congregation. The correspondent who communicates this fact says, —'' this last exercise had an excellent effect, and many of the most attached members of the Church, in this section of the Province, at this day, speak with gratitude and affection of the benefit they derived from his pastoral care in this particular, and I am persuaded that it has had the effect of causing many to remain sted- fast to their profession who would otherwise have yielded to the seductions of dissent." The following anecdote is worth recording in illustration of the benefit arising from such a practice : — " I cannot refrain," says the same corre- spondent, " from mentioning one pleasing proof of the efficacy of his labours with which I became acquainted shortly after my appointment to this Mission. I was called to visit a sick man far advanced in years on the opposite side of the bay. The settlement did not" bear the best of characters, and had not been visited for a number of years by a clergyman, and I expected to find him extremely ignorant, espe- cially of the teaching of the Church ; but judge ray surprise when, on conversing with this aged 'ml ii I i • * I m 34 DIOCaLSE OF TORONTO. hiiiiiii Ijiiiiiiiit ■ m\ ill! J' man, the head of a large family of children and grandchildren, I found him quite conversant with the doctrines and usages of the Church, and even spoke her language, for although he had been blind upwards of twelve years, he had been in the habit of daily repeating some of the appropriate collects and prayers of the Liturgy which he had been taught by Mr. Langhorn. It appeared Mr. L. had a regular station in the neighbourhood, and this man and his wife were members of his flock. The poor old man spoke in most affectionate terms of his spiritual father, and of the benefit he derived from the prayers he had learned, and the instructions he had received in former days. It afforded me much pleasure to minister to these aged pilgrims, and to be the humble instrument of smoothing their pathway to the land of rest which they shortly afterwards entered. They died within a short time of each other, an event I have observed of frequent occurrence where the parties have lived long together and been mutually attached. In burying them I took occasion to remind the large assemblage, which comprised several of Mr. Langhorn^s hearers, of the privileges they had enjoyed under the faithful pastor who had laboured among them in former years, and hoped tLat his labour had not been in vain.^' REV. JOHN LANGHORN. 35 Mr. Langhorn was bold in rebuking vice, and maintained as strictly as possible the dis- cipKne of the Church, by excluding evil livers from the Holy Communion. While his hand was always open to the sick and unfortunate, he sternly refused to help the drunkard or the sluggard. '' In his journeys he often sought out objects of charity. An old gentleman who knew him well, and who had been married by him fifty- five years ago, lately told me that when travelling his calls were by no means confined to those cottages whose decent exterior promised a com- fortable supply of his wants. He often made the petition for a cup of cold water, or some request, a pretext for inquiring into the cir- cumstances of a family. He would sit down and enter into familiar conversation with all, and after obtaining such information as he required, he would pay for his meal or cup of water in proportion to the poverty of the family.^' To indulge in the luxury of giving, on such an mcome as the Missionary receives, requires of course the strictest economy, and complete self-denial in aU matters of personal expenditure. " On the occasion of the Bishop of Quebec visiting Mr. Langhorn's Mission to hold a Confirmation, &c. his Lordship took occasion «i j-ji 36 DIOCESE OP TORONTO. Jiii' !l i li to remark upon the shabbiness of his gown, and expressed a desire that he would provide him- self with a more decent one. He promptly replied, ^ My Lord, this gown is as good as I can afford to wear. My income, your lordship knows, is small, and I have an aged mother and unmarried sister in England to whose support I must contribute : if you wish me to wear a better one, I hope your Lordship will supply me with it.^ '^ His domestic regulations were in keeping with his other habits. Order prevailed through- out. In his own room he had an order and arrangement peculiarly his own — which he strove to preserve by excluding every one. He was never married, nor did he ever burthen himself with housekeeping. He boarded in three families during his abode in Canada, and they all entertain the highest regard for him and speak affectionately of his memory. His bed, the frame of which was of iron, must have been a curiosity, for from the accounts given of it, it more resembled an oriole^ s nest than a bed. He would never allow the females of the house to touch it, nor would he sleep on it unless he made it up himself^' If these anecdotes serve to convey a fair notion of Mr. Langhorn's personal habits and peculiarities, there a -" fv+iinvs ^v^ich must im- ViX. \j \J I;X1.CX O vr III REV. JOHN LANGHORN. 37 press us with a very high sense of his sterling worth. *' Dr. B^ gives an anecdote of his scru- pulous regard to truth in his statements, and correctness in his dealings. At one of his stations where he performed services, nearly twenty miles from his residence, he made a statement publicly respecting some matter con- ceived by others to be not of much importance but, on returning home, he discovered that he was in error. Although much fatigued with his long tour, which had just terminated, he hired a waggon and horses to take him back to the spot, that he might acknowledge his mistake, and have it publicly corrected. On another occasion he walked on foot to Kingston, a dis- tance of eighteen miles, to correct an omission in his account. It appeared he had obtained a quantity of linen, part of which was for a surphce, which had not been charged to him. In his simpKcity, he imagined that his omission had been intentional on the part of the clerk, to test his punctuality and honesty. The mer- chant had to assure him to the contrary, and, to satisfy him, summoned his clerks and reprimanded them for their negligence in his presence.^' In respect to intellectual acquirements, we are told that Mr. Langhorn had a remarkable 38 DIOCESE OE TORONTO. I lif lillii i ! Iiiliiiii ■ i !l facility for the acquisition of languages, and had made some proficiency in German; but the science most compatible with his ministerial avocations, and for the prosecution of which indeed they suppUed constant opportunities, was natural history. ''During his day the settlements through which he travelled abounded with game and wild animals, and he often availed himself of the opportunities afforded him of examining and taking drawings of them. These examinations, and the inquiries which he made respecting their habits, prove him to have been some- thing of a naturalist. The woods and road- side also afforded him an opportunity of prosecuting an investigation into the botan- ical productions of the country. A worthy matron, one of his pupils, lately informed me that, when a girl, she often presented him with a rare plant or wild flower, and it was amusing to see how carefully he examined it. It is highly probable he forwarded the result of his inquiries and collections to some of his clerical friends in England. One fnend of his made a benefaction of a handsome silver chaHce and plate for the Communion of his church at Bath. He was a Dr. Townson. These articles are at present in use, and bear an inscription.'' Surrounded as he was bv dissenters of REV. JOHN LANGHORN. 39 various sects, who set all ecclesiastical order at defiance, Mr. Langhorn considered it to be his duty to insist upon a strict observance of the rules of the Church. He would never dispense with the number of sponsors re- quired by the Rubric at every baptism, and he was particular in requiring as full security as possible for the religious education of those who were brought to the font. He de- clined to perform the iuneral service over unbaptized infants. - This,- he says, - caused some uneasiness;- and he adds, " It is a great grievance to many here that I will not look upon their preachers. They would take it mighty well if I would think favourably of all religions, but there is no likelihood of their being gratified in that, and so I shall not be popular among them.-^ In a letter, written during the year 1804, he represent. Ernest Town as '^ a place very disaffected to the Church of England.- The dissenting ministers wished to be allowed to preach in the pulpits of the Church and would fain have made Mr. Langhorn promise not to call in question their religious tenets either in the pulpit or out of it. ^^ How ever, after all,- he candidly confesses, -there * Journal xxviii. p. 216. 40 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. lilllllln!!! i 'jiiiiii'l lliiii i!li are a few tolerably good Christians among them.'''' His dislike of Romanism and of Protestant dissent was equally strong ; but the outward expression of it was reserved for the teachers of the respective systems. With them he would not so much as eat, nor walk on the same side of the road ; but, at the same time, he never willingly interfered with them. A strong exemplification of this feeling is found in the following anecdote, somewhat after the manner of Dr. Johnson, which is told in the neighbourhood of his Mission. " An old presbyterian minister in the town- ship of Fredericksburg, who died a few years ago, informed me that he had much respect for Mr. Langhorn, and had made repeated en- deavours to be on brotherly terms with him, but his advances were invariably repulsed. ' One day/ observed he, ^riding oi horseback in the spring of the year when the roads were exceedingly muddy, the footing uncertain, and walking a labour, I overtook the old gentleman in a wood, and much of our roads then lay through woods. He appeared much exhausted with walking, and well might he be, for there was a wall of trees on either side which pre- vented the circulation of the air, and the sun's ' Journal xxix. p. 4G. REV. JOHN LANGHORN. 41 rays were pouring down with great intensity. Now, thought I, his reverence is fatigued, and I will avail myself of the opportunity of making friends with him, by offering him my horse. So I rode up and addressed him, " Good day to you, Mr. Langhorn ;" he stopped and looked round, and when he perceived who it was, gave me to understand by his look and manner that he was not obliged to me for my salutation. However, I thought at all hazards I would carry out my intention, and so proceeded :— ' It IS a very warm day, sir, the roads are bad, and you appear fatigued; allow me to offer you my horse." He again stopped, .nd eyeing me very seriously, said, - Sir, you are a promoter of schism in the flock of Christ,— I cannot therefore have any intercourse with you, much less accept any , favour from you : please keep at your own side of the road, and go your way." After that I left him to him- self.^ ''The same gentleman married a Miss W-— , a lamb of Mr. Langhorn^s flock, and one of his most hopeful catechumens. Her marriage, she informed me, gave him serious offence; and although her residence was by the side of the road which he constantly travelled, she could never prevail on him to cross their threshold, - ^-a. ...,..^ ui liiv. ix^aai luircsjiimenr, winch was mi 42 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. iitiiii repeatedly offered. He would come to the ^'ate, or even to the door, and ask after her welfare, but his conversation generally ended with a grave shaking of his head, and reminding her of the offence she had committed in marry- ing a dissenter, and forsaking the Church." Dr. B-^; — , who well remembers Mr. Lang- horn, and cherishes the most affectionate remembrance of that worthy man, states his belief that the real reason why he de- clined to enter the house of Mrs. W. was that he could not give to those who were subject to ecclesiastical censure the usual benediction, " Peace be to this house and all that dwell in it," which he was in the habit of giving to the members of his own congregation. Sometimes, indeed, collision could not be avoided; for the dissenting teachers, taking advantage of his rough exterior and want of fluency in speech, would occasionally attack him on some controverted passage, and put him out of humour with their cavils. This used to annoy him at first, but he soon hit upon a remedy for the evil. He adopted the practice of carry- ing about with him a pocket edition of the Greek Testament, and then, when any preacher attempted to entrap him in a controversy, he would produce the sacred text, and request his antagonist to read a chapter before commencing REV. JOHN LANGHORN. 43 the dispute. This was commonly decisive in silencing the objector; and then, Mr. Lang- horn, turning to the people, would take the opportunity of commenting upon the pre- sumption of those who undertook to teach religion without being able to read the original text, and to dispute about the force of terms without a knowledge of the language from which they were translated. In this manner he soon got rid of his aunoyers. A man of Mr. Langhorn's simplicity of character, and ignorance of the world, is sure to be the subject of much remark ; but it is much to his credit that none of the many anecdotes which are related of him affect his moral cha- racter, or imply neglect or indifference in the discharge of his duty. Whatever might be said of his eccentricities, or uncouth manners, it was universally allowed that he was a zealous and devoted, yet humble-minded Missionary. For health's sake, and i . brace his nerves, he used to bathe every morning in Lake On- tario, and this practice he kept up during the coldest days of winter, even when the ice was two feet thick, and he could only get his morn- ing bath by diving through the holes which had been made for the purpose of watering the cattle. After twenty-five years' service in an itinerant *4iiw«iuii \J3. TWO I, c^vLciii,, lie xisii liiiusuii uo longer 44 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. ii 'hi'ifiljjyijf '■'Ii equal to the unceasing labour which it required. Pleading, therefore, age and infirmity as the necessary causes of his resignation, he returned to England in the year 1813, with a high testimony to his zeal and faithfulness from the Bishop of Quebec, and was recommended to the Government for a pension, but did not long survive to enjoy it. The following pleasing tribute to his memory is given by one who has the best opportunities of knowing the estimation in which he was held. " The name of this ' man of God ' in the circle of the Bay of Quinte is really 'as ointment poured forth.' Branches of the families who composed his various congrega- tions are now scattered throughout its length and breadth; and in every settlement the Missionary will perceive some gratifying trace of his godly labours, and is encouraged by friends whose affections are stirred up by the recollections of the benefactor and spiritual instructor of their youth. It is pleasing to witness these traits even in the minds of those who have long since united themselves with some of the various denominations of dissenters. How often have I and my brethren received the kindest attentinns fi'nni nprcnnc r,^ +1,; xxxo class, from the respect they entertained for the iill REV. ROBERT ADDISON. 45 Churcli through her pious and single-hearted Missionary's labours in these parts ! Of the many I have conversed with I never heard any speak of him as other than a truly pious and most devoted servant of his Master. Eccentric indeed he was, but * E'en his failings leaned to virtue's side.' During his ministry he was instrumental in procuring the erection of a neat and com- modious church at Bath, a village on the margin of the Bay of Quinte, about eighteen miles from Kingston. He also contrived to erect, chiefly at his own expense, two or three log chapels, one of which was '' St. Werberg's " at Fredericksburg. The population of this district has rapidly advanced since the time to which we refer, and many villages have sprung up. But while the forest has been yielding to cultivation, the spiritual husbandman has not been idle ] and it is a gratification to know that within sight of Mr. Langhorn's former station in the bay, seven additional churches have been built, for the service of which there are five clergymen, besides his successor. The Rev. Robert Addison had the blessing of being the son of parents whose circumstances enabled them to give him a liberal education. From a respectable grammar-school he was \\i.mmi 46 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. I ii ill transferred to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated with credit, and attracted^ by his classical and mathematical attainments, the notice of several of the senior members of the University, and among the rest of Dr. Watson, the celebrated Bishop of Llandaff, who used to say that young Addison could master any subject, and might become an ornament to the University, if only he would exert himself to overcome the natural indolence and diffidence of his character. Soon after leaving Cambridge he married, and engaged in tuition, an employment for which he was more than ordinarily qualified. But his prospects were early bhghted by an afflicting mental disorder which attacked his wife, and from which she never recovered. This heavy visi- tation, and the hopelessness of his obtaining any preferment in this country, seem to have directed his thoughts to the Colonial Church. He felt that a Missionary might be as happy as '* the Archbishop of York.^^ Accordingly he applied to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, for a Mission in the North American Colonies, and was appointed in 1791 to the charge of Niagara, a station which had been for some time in want of a clergyman. As soon as he had made the necessary arrange- u„„j__ J ^^^ ^.^ mission, but arrived juL(.Cu.i;i5, i^c cm REV. ROBERT ADDISON. 47 i at Quebec too late in the year to proceed further till the spring, when he continued and completed his long and expensive voyage. In those early days of the colony but few settlements had been formed, and those who had to traverse the country were subjected to hardships and privations for which commonly they were but ill prepared. On his arrival in May, 1793, he had the mortification to find that there was but little probability of his receiving the allowance of 100/. a-year, which the people had undertaken to pay towards his support. " Every thing,'' he says, '^is very dear in the settlement, but by great frugality, and some HUle private pos- session, I am free from actual want. The humble settler who labours on his land is kind to me; the rich trader endeavours to be polite; but I am sorry to say that their subscription is likely to end in words.'' There was no definite boundary to his Mission, but the population was considerable, and he was required to visit stations at twenty and thirty miles' distance, to preach and baptize. The congregation, however, which he appears to have visited from time to time with the greatest satisfaction, was that of the Mohawks, who were settled on the Grand Kiver, at about seventy miles' distance from him. The number of them that belonged to the if 48 DIOCESE OP TORONTO. Churcli of England he computed at about 550. At every visit he used to baptize several of them, children or adults. Captain Brant acted as his interpreter, and the deportment of the Indians is described as most serious and devout. On the division of Canada into two provinces, Mr. Addison had been appointed chaplain to the Legislative Assembly at York, with a small allowance, and the Society added 20/. a-year to his salary, in consequence of the expense which he incurred in going to the Indian village; but with all this, his services, it must be con- fessed, were miserably requited. From the people he obtained a mere trifle, and from all the other sources together not so much as 100/. a-year, while his duties were of a most severe and exhausting kind. " My mission/' he says, " is very laborious ; I must either neglect my duty, or make a circuit several times in the year of more than 150 miles through a wild country f and he adds, that he had performed his duty "with humble and conscientious assiduity, and had struggled with very narrow circumstances.'"' His periodical visits among the Indians were attended with very gratifying success j he commonly baptized about twenty. Among the number in 1806 was a chief of the * Journal xxvii. p. 237. REV. ROBEKT ADDISON. 49 Cayuga nation, and his wife.' The next year the congregation of the Six Nations that assembled to hear him was uncommonly large ; several from the other tribes, besides the Mohawks, had become Christians, and many of them had overcome the fatal habit of spirit- dnnking.^ Many, however, there can be no doubt, fell victims to this vice, and among the rest It is painful to number, on Mr. Addison's authority, the celebrated chief Brant, whom he describes as ^^ a man of uncommon intellect '' he died towards the close of the vear 1807. ^^^^ After his death Mr. Addison adopted as his mterpreter a very extraordinary young man namedNorton; and he says, writing in 1809, that the Indian candidates for baptism ^< seemed to offer themselves from a persuasion of the truth and value of our holy faith, without which he had no wish to baptize any of them.'' At the Mohawk church he had generally twenty com- municants.^ ^^ In 1810 the church at Niagara, at that time ;^ the best in the province," was completed ; and It may convey some notion of the wealth of the congregation to say that the pews were sold for 300/. Two small chapels also were erected ' -^""niai xxix 209. 2 j.^rnal xxix. 269. ~ ■* Journal xix. 421. E PI 50 DIOCESE OF TORONTO, at distances of ten and twelve miles from Niagara. , In 1812 a war broke out between Great Britain and the United States, the chief theatre of which was, of course, Upper Canada. In the course of the operations Niagara was taken, and most of the principal inhabitants were i,ent some hundreds of miles into the interior of the States as prisoners of war. Mr. Addison was allowed to remain on parole in his own house, about three miles from the town; and when the English forces advanced so far, his house became for a time their head quarters. His duty at that time consisted in performing Divine Service for the several divisions of the army in turn, and visiting the sick, who were very numerous.^ The ordinary labour of his Mission was of course interrupted, and the whole district thrown into a state of alarm and confusion. In the following year the. town with the church was burnt down, and Mr. Addison says that it is impossible for him to describe the horrid scenes he witnessed; he had himself been plundered, made prisoner of war, and harassed till he became dangerously ill; but he was thankful that his own house escaped destruction, and afforded an asylum ^ Journal xxx. 349. REV. ROBERT ADDISON. 51 lllii to several sufferers who fled from the flames of their own.' At the close of 1814 when the Americans had been driven beyond the frontier, the church, of which the stone walls remained standing, was covered in, and used as a commissary's store, while Divine Service was performed in the General Hospital.^ When the Bishop of Quebec visited Niagara m August, 1816, he confirmed fifty-four can- didates, a number which would have been nearly doubled had it not been for the lon^ mtemiption to the Missionary's visits occa- sioned by the enemy's occupation of the country. The mteresting but very arduous duty which Mr. Addison had so long discharged, of visiting the Mohawk settlement on the Grand Eiver was in 1818 shared by the Kev. Ralph Leeming who was stationed at Ancaster, which was only eighteen miles distant. Mr. Addison however, stiU promised to visit them occasion- ally, as long as his health would permit, and rightly felt that his attention to the Indians was of some importance, as the yearly baptisms amounted to 100, and he thought it probable that other tribes might be induced by the example of the Mohawks to profess Christianity.^ During an illness, happily unaccompanied by ' -^o^r^al XXX. 395. 2 journal xxxi. StT"^ Journal xxxi. 362. .J ill m I 52 Inu' : ■! iillijil til DIOCESE OF TORONTO. pain, in 1826, Mr. Addison performed Divine Service in liis own house. At this time, which was near the end of his long ministerial career, he computed the population of Niagara at 1100, and that of the other townships at about 3,000. His health and strength failing, he was now assisted by the Rev. T. Creen, who, having recommended himself by his conduct while schoolmaster, was admitted to Holy Orders, and on Mr. Addison's death, which occurred in 1829, was appointed to succeed him. The Bishop of Quebec, (Stewart,) in com- municating the loss of the faithful Missionary of Niagara, speaks of him as " one whose age was greater, and the period of his service longer, than that of any other clergyman in the pro- vince at the time of his decease." He goes on to say " that Mr. Addison had ministered to the congregation of Niagara nearly forty years, and died in his seventy-fifth year, beloved and regretted by all.''' Such is the brief and uneventful record of a most useful life. The details of daily labour and weariness, with the hardships and privations which he sufi'ered in the course of his mission- ary journeys, are passed over by him as un- deserving of notice ; but we are told that he Journal xl. 89. REV. ROBERT ADDISON. 53 was everywhere received as a welcome guest. The frankness and simplicity of his manners, and the readiness and sympathy with which he entered into the feelings of others, won for him the regard of all, and gave him a most salutary mfluence over the young. Many a desponding family he has left satisfied and cheerful. His style of preaching was winning and aflPectionate, and his sermons, though marked by good taste and simplicity, were not without that quaintness of expression and occasional keenness of remark which tended to impress them more deeply on the memory of the hearer. His voice was pleasing, but not powerful. Mr. Addison was considered to be a remarkably ^^good reader,^' and the following illustration of his power is told by one who was present at the scene which is described. Some young ladies, who had been spending the day at his hospitable parsonage, after enjoying them- selves out of doors as long as the daylight lasted, as evening drew on gathered round '^the pastor's fireside;" and Mr. Addison, with a view to their improvement not less than their amusement, kindly off*ered to read to them, whilst they busied themselves with their needles. He commenced some instructive and pathetic tale,— but before he had proceeded far he so afi'ected his hearers that their feelings #?i 54 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. found vent in sobs and tears. A favourite dog who was lying on the hearth-rug at the time, watched the progress of their emotions with in- creasing uneasiness, till at last, with a sympathy not uncommon among those sasracious animals, he burst out into a piter-us iiowi, which com- pelled the worthy man to lay aside his book in order to soothe his excitable audience." This, perhaps, though a somewhat ludicrous, is not an unfair illustration of the effect of sym patliy in pro- ducing what may be called animal excitement. Though a well-read theologian and a rapid writer, Mr. Addison wanted the self-possession necessary for an extempore preacher. On one occasion he made an attempt to dispense with notes, and chose a familiar subject, but the mo- ment after he had delivered his text he became so nervous and confused, that he forgot all that he had intended to say, and the utmost that he could do was, to read the chapter from which the text was taken, and so conclude. Some time afterwards, however, he preached from the same text with his notes before him, but being thus, as it were, guaranteed against failure, had not occasion once to refer to them. Mr. Addison was a warm advocate of edu- cation; and labouring alone as he did for so long a period, and seeing the difficulty of obtaining properly qualified ■ • n jri irvll C1C11 /"k**^ r\-««-. y-vrM 4-**^^..^. BEV. ROBERT ADDISON. 55 England, he was naturally anxious for the estabhshment of a college at which candidates for holy orders might be instructed and trained Young men so prepared by an education withui the province would, he thought, be better suited for the peculiar duties wliich awaited them, than most of those who mi-ht be sent from England. The policy which he thus early indicated has since been universally adopted, and at this time every one of the Colonies of British North America is provided with Its College or Theological Institution, and by far the greater part of the candidates for the mimstry of the Colonial Church are educated in one or other of the Diocesan seminaries. The ministry of such a man as Mr. Addison must have been an inestimable blessing to aU within his reach, and many par- ticular instances of the good eflPected by it are related. Even the occasional services which he was called upon to perform produced their effect A gentleman at the head of that section of the province used to state that the impression made upon him by hearing Mr. Addison per- form the funeral-service of the Church could never be effaced from his memory, and that every recoUection of it awakened in his mind the most serious thoughts and resolutions. J VI Tl .1 -^J -J 7 1 T . « ivir. Addison^s health suffered no material 56 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. decay till after his seventy-fourth year, and then, when incapacitated for the discharge of his public duties, he occupied his leisure hours in teaching his grandchildren. His cheerfulness never forsook him, an^ his resignation to the will of God was conspicuous throughout the whole period of his sickness. An intimate friend gives the following account of his last visit to this venerable Missionary :— " Owing to some detention by the way, I was late in reaching his house, and he had retired to his chamber for the night, but he desired to see me. On entering the room, I was struck with the great change in his appearance. Disease had been very busy with him since I had last seen him, and I was not aware that he was so ill. " ' I am not in much pain,' he said, ' but my departure is at hand.' He spoke so strongly that I ventured to express some hope. He shewed me the swelHng of his body. ' This,' said he, ^is a disorder (dropsy) that seldom departs at my time of life without its victim. But I am satisfied that it should be so ; my faith and hope in Christ are strong, while I most deeply feel my own unworthiness.' He then spoke rationally and distinctly on the measures which the Government were taking for pro- moting education throuffhmit the Vy^^A^ Mnftck REV. ROBERT ADDISON. 67 and expressed a fervent hope that they would proceed to a suecessful issue, and redound to the glory of God, and the lasting welfare of the people. Then reverting to his own situation, he said, ' I shall not be long here ; indeed I do not desire it, for my power of usefulness has departed with my health. We shall never meet again in this world : continue as you have hitherto been, resolute and faith- ful in the performance of your duty, and God will bless your endeavours. As for me, I feel strong in hope, I know whom I have believed ; I have always disapproved and spoken against a death-bed repentance, and I have not put off that great work to this late period. It has long been the subject of my deepest thoughts and earnest prayers.' In this humble yet hopeful state he continued till at length he fell asleep.'^ CHAPTER III. ESTABLISHMENT OP THE EPISCOPATE IN CANADA— LETTERS OP GOVERNOR SIMCOB TO THE ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY AND THE COLONIAL SECRETARY— EPISCOPAC- A SAFEGOARD TO THE MONARCHY -SLOW INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OP THE CLERGY FROM 1800 TO 1819— VISITATION OP BISHOP MOUNTAIN— ORDI- NATION OP TWO LUTHERAN MINISTERS -DIVISION OP CANADA INTO PARISHES— GRANT OP 2000^. BY S. P. G. POR CHURCH BUILDING— DEATH OP BISHOP MOUNTAIN— REPORT OP THE MIS- SIONS BY HON. AND REV. C. STEWART. It has already been stated that the first Bishop of Quebec was consecrated in the year 1793, but it may be expected that an event so important in the ecclesiastical history of Canada should not be passed over without some more formal notice. If it be asked, to whom the estabHshment of the Episcopate in the colony was mainly owing, the answer must be, that the honour and credit of proposing this permanent settlement of the Church are specially due to Governor Simcoe. He it was who first pressed the importance of this measure upon the ecclesiastical and civil authorities at home. GOVERNOR SIMCOE^S LETTER. 59 In a letter, addressed to the Archbishop of Canterbury (Dr. Moore), Dec. 30, 1790, he thus expressed his clear convictions on the subject ; ''I am decisively of opinion that a regular Episcopal Estabhshment, subordinate to the Primacy of Great Britain, is absolutely neces- sary in any extensive colony which this country means to preserve; and in particular, if the advantages which she aims at are expected to be derived and increased proportionably to its degree of population/' Again, in the middle of the following year, he sent a formal despatch to the Right Honourable H. Dundas, then Secretary of State for the Colonies, which, from its importance, is entitled to a place in these annals : — " June 2, 1791. '^ I hold it to be indispensably necessary that a Bishop should be immediately established in Upper Canada. The State propriety of some prescribed form of public worship, politically considered, arises from the necessity there is of preventing enthusiastic and fanatic preachers from acquiring that superstitious hold of the minds of the multitude, which persons of such a description may pervert, and are generally inclined to pervert, to the establishment of their own undue consequence in the State, and often to meditate, and not unfrequently to turn 60 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. '1!1 such an ascendancy to its injury and destruc- tion : and this prescribed form of worship be- comes more or less necessary as the minds of the people are more or less susceptible of super- stitions, and as attempts to turn them from the national form of Church government are more or less prevalent. Those who shall be bred in solitude and seclusion, which the first settlers must necessarily in a great measure be, and to whom, perhaps, the stated periods of public worship are the only ones at which, in their meetings and associations, they shall become ac- quainted and sympathize with each other— such a description of men will be the fittest instru- ments for the mischief-making enthusiasm of the sectaries to work upon, and this at a period when we know that all men read, and only one description of people write, and when the aim of the sectaries is avowedly to destroy the National Establishment. At this very moment we see Episcopacy happily introduced and in- troducing into all the United States; nor in Parliament, in the Canada Bill, have we seen any exception taken to the Episcopal function, but to the admission of the Bishop to a seat in the Legislative Council, which, it is to be hoped, while there is an Establishment, the wisdom of this country will always insist upon. There are duties of office in respect to the laity GOVERNOR SIMCOE'S LETTER. 61 of the Cliurch of England which a Bishop only can perform. It is of the most serious import- ance that his power and supervision over the Clergy should prevent or censure clerical offences, and inculcate in all ranks and descrip- tions of people a sober, and an industrious, rehgious, and conscientious spirit, which will be the best security that Government can have for its own internal preservation. Schools and seminaries of education should be created; these should be under the superintendence of the Bishop : without this head, the leveUing spirit would naturally infect the very teachers of the Episcopal Church, and which, at an after period, the introduction of the Bishop may not have sufficient weight to counteract. :n short, an Episcopal Church without a resi- dent Bishop seems to be an absurdity, as well as a contradiction in terms ; and therefore, we know, that in the earliest periods, the Bishop preceded and established the settlement of the Church in his foreign missions ; and it is to be supposed that, while the distinction between the Clergy and laity shaU exist, whUe a body shall be set apart for religious duties, while an Episcopal Church shall be established by law, if is to be supposed that such a national Church will not for a moment be suiOPered to remain in our distant colonies, deprived of all I 62 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. its useM qualities, civil and ecclesiastical, and exhibiting a spectacle of degradation and in- feriority in that very colony where the British Constitution has been more eminently and eflPectually introduced. (Signed) '' J. G. Simcoe/^ A statesman like Governor Simcoe could not be unmindful of the strength and stability which a well-ordered Episcopacy would give to the monarchical principle, as well as to British interests and the permanent connection of the colonies with the mother country; and accord- ingly, in his despatch to Mr. Dundas, of No- vember 1792, he says: "I need not observe that the best security that all just government has for its existence, is founded on the morality of the people, and that such morality has no true basis but when placed upon religious prin- ciples ; it is therefore that I have always been extremely anxious, both from political as well as more worthy motives, that the Church of England should be essentially established in Upper Canada; and I must be permitted to say, sir, that I have received the greatest satis- faction from your expression ^that you did not think that governme-.t complete without a Protestant Bishop.' As I conceived such an institution necessary to the support of the WANT OP A BISHOP. 63 experiment that is now making, whether the British Government cannot support itself by its own superiority in this distant part of the world, I beg, sir, to observe to you, that the sources from whence a Protestant Clergy shall arise, seem totally to be prevented by the want of the Episcopal function in this Pro- vince." And again :-- 1 cannot but consider that it would be the worst and most disabling of aU economy, to lose the great opportunit> that is now open of forming the character, temper and manners of the people of this infant colony to British habits, and to British prin- ciples : and this, I think, may be done compara- tively at little expense/' He had strong hopes that, if a Bishop were appointed, and a competent body of Clergymen settled throughout the Province, the great body of the Puritans and Nonconformists, whose fathers had been in a manner driven out from the Church by harsh treatment, if not by per- secution, might be induced to re-unite them- selves to the communion from which they were not separated by any fundamental difference of belief. It #ill be seen, as a matter of fact that the first Bishop had the satisfaction of receiving into the Church of En-land two Pres- byterian ministers and thc;'> congregations 64 DIOCESE OF TOllONTO. I though the Church was at that time, and doomed to remain for many years, in a very crippled and inefficient state. At the commencement of the present century, the three Missionaries of whom a brief notice has been given were the only Clergymen .n Upper Canada. The Eev. George Okill Stuart, ordained by the Bishop of Quebec in 1800,' made the fourth. In 1803 two more were added by the appointment of the Rev. John Strachan to the Mission of Cornwall, and of the Rev. Richard Pollard to that of Sandwich. From 1803 to 1811 the number remained stationary at six ; but in the latter year was reduced to five by the death of Dr. Stuart. It is true that, during the whole of this period, owing to the absorbing interest of the war in Europe, there was scarcely any emigration; and the population, which towards the close of the last century amounted to about 70,000, in- creased very slowly; still numerous settlements were entirely beyond the reach of the Clergy, and Mr. Pollard reported in 1807, that in his district on the Thames there were 500 souls without a minister, church, or school; while, in another settlement on Lake Erie, there were 200 souls with no better provision. Up to 1819 the whole number of Clergymen within the Province was no more than nine ; but in the ORDINATION OF LUTHERAN MINISTERS. 65 following year six new Missions were opened ' Irom that time the number has rapidly in- creased, and, we may be thankful to add, in a greater ratio than even the population. In 1820, the Bishop of Quebec (Dr. Monn- tam) made a general visitation of his diocese and confirmed in every Mission. In December of the previous year, he had received a memorial from the principal inhabitants of the township of Eaton, as well as from their Minister, Mr Jonathan Taylor, expressive of their desire to abandon the Lutheran form of worship, and to conform to the Church of England. The Bishop, after a careful investigation of Mr Taylor^s motives, consented to ordain him for the care of that Mission ; and the followin"- month those of his flock of sufficient age who presented themselves, were solemnly united to the Church by the rite of Confirmation. Another Lutheran Minister, Mr. Myers, was ordained at the same time with Mr. Taylor and appointed to the charge of Matilda in Upper Canada. It was this year that the seigneuries and townships in the two Provinces were divided into parishes; and the Society, considering it a favourable opportunity for establishing the ' Eeport for 1820. 66 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. English parochial system, made a grant of 2,000/. to be placed at the disposal of the Bishop of Quebec, towards the erection of churches in his diocese. The Rev. Thomas How, rector of Huntspill, Somerset, left a bequest of 1000/. for the same purpose. On the 25th of July, the Bishop delivered his charge to the Clergy of the Upper Province at Toronto. In the opening of it his Lordship re- marked, that although he had presided over the diocese twenty-seven years, and had traversed both Provinces eight times to visit the several Missions, yet this was only the third, and would probably be the last, time of his convening the clergy in formal synod. The reason was ob- vious. The Clergy for many years were very few, scattered at great distances from the chief towns, and could not, without great incon- venience and expense, have left their Missions to meet the Bishop. Before separating, the Clergy presented an address of congratulation to their Diocesan ; in the course of which they make the following reference to the progress of the Church in the Province, since the commencement of his Episcopate : — ^^ Nearly thirty years have elapsed since your Lordship entered upon the arduous task of diflPasing the Ught of the Gospel through this exten You I and c Nowt are sp people throug cannot pleasu] Duri Bishop from n happini crease, they ai twenty- Ontl before i Rev. CI devoted another to the e of Uppe: menced ( ville. Kin ford, Wc seemed \ i.i^-, DEATH OP BISaOP MOUNTAIN. 67 Vou saw It a wilderness with few inhabitants a.>d only three Clergymen within its bounds Nowthepopmationisbeeomi„ggreat;chrhes are spnng.ng up, and the growing desire of the people to be taught the principles of Christiadty through the medium of the Established Church cannot fa:l of conveying the most deligS' pleasure to your Lordship's mind " ' During the last few years of his life, the Bishop was incapacitated by bodily infirmity from much active exertion, but still had the happiness of seeing his Clergy continually in er ase, till, in 1835, the year of his death hey amounted, in Upper Canada alone, to' twenty-Six. ^ On the 23nd of June, 1825, just three days iev cf^ "f "'^''°'^ '''^'' '"^^ Hon. and Rev. Charles Stewart, the account of whose devoted Missionary labours is reservelf another^part of this series, addressed a report to he Society of his visit to many MissL of Upper Canada. Churches were Jither om! menced or projected at Maitland, Oxford, Brock- ford, Woodhouse-and the people generally seemed well disposed to our form of service * Charge, printed at Quebec, 1820. 68 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. Among otlier places, lie visited Toronto. '' Its population/^ lie says, '' amounts to about 1800 souls, aiid Colonel Adamson, Mr. llacey, and many of the people have determined to build a church without delay." It is interesting to contrast this statement with the description given of the same place by a recent traveller. " The city," writes the author of ' Hochelaga,^ " is admiral^ly situated, and very prosperous ; it was not incorporated till 1834, yet it now contains more than 20,000 inhabitants, their number having doubled itself in ten years. No town on the American continent has advanced more rapidly, and perhaps none so solidly." ^ Wonderful indeed are the changes which half a century has wrought in the new world. "In 1793, Governor Simcoe caused the harbour to be surveyed, and founded the town, then called Little York : two In- dian families were at that time in quiet pos- session, and myriads of wdld fowl crowded the waters of the bay. In 1813 the Americans burned the town. After the peace it was re- built, and the name, with good taste, changed to the old Indian word Toronto — the place of meeting, or of council."^ Now it is an impor- tant capital, well paved, and lighted with gas, 1 "Hochelaga," i. 226. 2 Hji^. and CO church Mr. his visi "Or land of new vil up in t ford, a church. Indians more i facility indulge the nee that vi Sunday childrei to twei] day, in to appr merly j the chu having is so fa expense adopted a parso] prising INDIAN MISSIONS. 69 and contains among its public biiiluings, five churches and a college. Mr. Stewart gives the following account of his visit to the Indian Mission : " On ray arrival at the Grand River, on the land of the Six Indian Nations, I found that a new village of British iuhahitants had sprung up in their neighbourhood. It is called Brant- ford, and is two miles from the Mohawk church. The benefit and convenience to the Indians arising from this > lUage is, perhaps, moro than counterbalanced by the increased facility and temptations afforded to excessive indulgence in the use of spirituous liquors; and the necessity of a Minister being stationed in that vicinity is thereby strengthened. On Sunday the 5th of June, I ; baptized twelve children, and administered the Lord's Supper to twenty-four communicants. The following day, in a council of the chiefs, I advised them to appropriate the 600 dollars they had for- merly promised to contribute to the repair of the chui'ch, to the building of a parsonage; it having been lately ascertained that the church is so far decayed that it is not worthy of the expense of repair. After due deliberation, thev adopted my proposition, and resolved to build a parsonage on a convenient lot of land, com- prising 200 acres, which they have engaged to IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I |50 "'"== ^ 1^ 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 < 6" - ► V] <^ /J >^. ■%* <^ #^ '/ PliofeDgraphic Sciences Coiporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.r. 14580 (716) 872-4503 70 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. Ji! give for a glebe. A subscription in aid of the measure is set on foot ; and it is expected that many liberal persons will be ready to contri- bute, when they consider how much is owing to the Indians from the present inhabitants of this country, and how highly beneficial the residence of a Clergyman on the Grand River will be to the Six Nations, and to the people in their neighbourhood. At the village of the Tuscarora tribe, I baptized five adults and eight children. The services of a Missionary and also of a schoolmaster are much required there ; for I fear that at present, from the want of these, the tribe is retrograding in the know- ledge and practice of Christian principles. Next to the Mohawks, these Indians were formerly the most attentive of the tribes to the performance of public worship, the use of our liturgy, and the instruction of their children. But with them the light of the Gospel is be- coming dim ; it is not, however, extinguished ; and [ hope, with adequate assistance, it will soon be revived to shine with lustre upon the sur- rounding nations. In Captain Brant, a Mohawk chief, I found, as usual, an excellent coadjutor ; for on all occasions he is studious to promote the interests of his Indian brethren. One of his sisters, Mrs. Kerr, is engaged in translating the Gospel according to St. Luke into the Moha\i lately River, ing till sions { tribes, and c\} has ini Queen At i emigra than e importi ministi will be "In of inst] as litth worshi] ing err selves since, i in wha impress grants compas countr^ EMIGRANTS. 71 Mohawk language. Methodist preachers have lately introduced themselves on the Grand River. I endeavoured to prevent their sow- ing the seeds of contention, and making divi- sions among the Indians, by exhorting the tribes, to the best of my power, to maintain and cultivate unity with our Church, which has instructed them ever since the days of Queen Anne/' ^ At the present time, when the stream of emigration to Canada flows on more rapidly than ever, the following observations on the importance of providing the settlers with the ministrations of religion on their first arrival will be read with interest. " In my last letter, I stated the importance of instructing the people in this country, with as little delay as possible, in the doctrines and worship of our Chuich, to prevent their adopt- ing erroneous views of religion, or giving them- selves up to indifference or infidelity. I have since, from further observation, been confirmed in what I then stated, and am more forcibly impressed with the peculiar claims of emi- grants from Great Britain and Ireland on the compassion and assistance of their mother- country. I need not state to you their hard- Keportforl825, p. 123. 72 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. ships and privations on leaving their home and settling in Canada, nor the hearty desire of many of them to join in the services of our Church, but I beg you particularly to con- sider the situation uf those emigrants who belong to the Established Church. If they have not claims on the justice of our pro- sperous and blessed country, they have strong claims upon her generosity, to which a well- grounded appeal has never been made in vain. It is also unnecessary to point out to you the expediency of furnishing them with Ministers of the Established Church, instead of leaving them to follow sectarists. I shall, therefore, only remind you that many large communities, members of he Church of England, in Canada, are still destitute of the services of a Minister ; and for a due sense of the lamentable nature and effects of such deficiency, I have only to refer you to your own feelings and judg- ment. You will sympathize with me in con- cern for our Church, and in regard for the best interests of our fellow-countrymen in Canada ; and you will, I am persuaded, plead their cause to the extent of your power. You will perceive that in many places they are building churches without even the promise of being soon supplied with a Clergyman, for such a promise could not be made under the existing LOCAL EXERTIONS. 73 state of the funds of the Society. This cir- cumstance, evincing their earnest desire to partake of the benefits and blessings of a Church Establishment, adds to their merit, (if I may so express myself,) and will increase the disposition of the Society to meet their exertions. It also strengthens their claims on the generosity of the British public. In justice to that public, and to their liberality, already exercised towards Canada, I have the pleasure to inform you, that the fund raised last year for building churches in Canada, (amounting in December last to 2,200/.) has already con- tributed to the completion of several ; and is at present employed in aid of many others that are in progress. These essential benefits are duly and gratefully appreciated by the Protest- ants in Canada; and as '' it is more blessed to give than to receive,'^ the remembrance of these gifts of charity, will, I rejoice to think, con- tribute to the happiness of those who have been instrumental to this good.'^' ,« Keportfor 1825,p. 127. CHAPTER IV. CONSECRATION OP THE HON. AND REV. C. STEWART AS BISHOP OP QUEBEC — VISITATION OP THE UPPER PROVINCE — WITHDRAWAL OP PARLIAMENTARY GRANT — STATISTICS OF CANADA IN 1833 — WANT OP A SUFFRAGAN — LAST REPORT OP BISHOP STEWART — HIS RETURN TO ENGLAND, AND DEATH — CONSECRATION OP ARCH- DEACON MOUNTAIN. Never^ probably, was any one called to occupy a vacant See with stronger claims on his part, or a more general concurrence on the part of the Clergy at large, than the Hon. and Rev. Charles Stewart. He had, by his long Mis- sionary labours, won for himself a good degree. In the year of his consecration, 1826, Bishop Stewart made a partial visitation of his diocese. He delivered his charge to the assembled Clergy at Toronto, and held a '' confirmation there, as well as at Niagara, Kingston, Perth, and Williamsbury.'^ In the following summer he undertook a more extensive journey, chiefly on horseback. BIS througJ almost says th miles, \ the Inc ''Or Indian Hough and in two adi ter, wh tlement accordi] pursuec lated fc vice wa prayer, Hill, tl part of conclud Psalms giving ] the Ind: in a mi melody The M remarks their nj trical ve BISHOP STEWAllT^S VISITATION IN 1827. 75 through the upper Province. The roads were often almost impassable ; and " on several occasions," says the Bishop, "we rode six, nine, and thirteen miles, without seeing a house.^^ His account of the Indian Mission will be read with interest. " On the Sunday, which we passed in the Indian territory, we assisted the Rev. W. Hough in th3 performance of divine service, and in the administration of the Sacraments : two adults were baptized, a father and daugh- ter, who resided in one of the adjoining set- tlements. Morning Prayer was conducted according to the method that has been usually pursued since the Liturgy has been trans- lated for the use of the Mohawks. The ser- vice was commenced by a short introductory prayer, pronounced in Mohawk by Aaron Hill, the Society's Catechist. The Indian part of the congregation knelt until it was concluded. Hill then selected one of the Psalms at the end of their Prayer Book, and giving it out according to the form in use, the Indians sang it to an old English tune, in a manner not inferior to the best church melody I have had an opportunity of hearing. The Mohawks, particularly the women, are remarkable for their fine voices, and for their national taste for music. As their me- trical version of the Psalms is made to corre- •i ' % , ^ t mT ! 76 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. spond exactly with ours in point of rhythm, and as the English is so printed on one leaf of the book that it tallies with the Mohawk, which is printed on the other opposite, some of the white people were enabled to follow the tune in their own language. Indeed, the whole service is so arranged as to suit, as far as possible, the mixed nature of the assembly. After the Psalm, Aaron Hill commenced the i-egular Morning Prayer in Mohawk, reading to the end of the Venite, except of course the Absolution, which was pronounced in English by the Rev. W. Hough. The Indians remained upon their knees during the time of prayer, as regulated by the Rubric, and repeated the responses audibly. One old blind man, for- merly the chief warrior of the tribe, was heard to repeat the alternate versicles, and the other parts of the service appropriated to the people, throughout the whole, whether Mr. Hough or Aaron Hill was reading. I observed that many used their Prayer Books. The sermon was preached by me. When I had concluded, the manuscript was delivered to Aaron Hill, who rendered it to his brethren in their own language. His fluency is astonishing; and I have learnt from persons well acquainted with the Mohawk, that his interpretation is inva- riably correct and forcible. He has lately ney. BISHOP stowaut's visitation in 1827. 77 finished some translations of religious works, and is now occupied in making additions to the Mohawk Primer. Those of the Indians who were admitted to the Lord's table received the Sacrament with much apparent devotion. They all seemed to understand the part they were to bear in the office. We used the Com- munion plate presented by Queen Anne to the Mohawks : it was saved when their church was burnt by the enemy during the revolutionary war, and has since been preserved by them with great care. " Having made up my mind to leave Brant- ford the following day, I was obliged to receive a deputation of the chiefs soon after divine service was finished. Their addresses, which they delivered in their native tongue, w^ere in- terpreted to me by Aaron Hill, sentence by sentence, as were also my replies. They all ex- pressed their sincere thanks to the Society for the interest it has so long taken in their wel- fare, and particularly for having lately placed among them a resident Missionary. They also assured me of their personal regard for myself, and invoked the Divine blessing upon my jour- ney. The choice, they said, which I had made in selecting the Rev. "W. Hough to be their Clergyman, called for their gratitude. The happy influence of his presence, the kind atten- ^i 78 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. tion paid by him to their children, and the good advdcc which he had given each of them indi- vidually, had already produced a visible good effect upon their habits in general, and thev hoped it might be lasting. The Rev. W. Hough seems to me peculiarly suited to the duties of this Mission. His benevolent and gentle dis- position, and especially his firmness of cha- racter, of which while at Brantford I saw more than one instance, has gained for him the attachment and respect of the Indians. Should he return to this country, there is in my opinion a good prospect of his being eminently success- ful, both in reforming the Christian tribes, and in gaining converts to the Gospel from among the heathen.^^ The number of persons confirmed at the various stations during this and the preceding visit was 783. On the Sunday following the Bishop's return to Toronto, his Lordship ad- mitted the Rev. Messrs. Elms, Creen, and Armour to the order of Priest, and collated the Rev. G. O. Stuart to the Archdeaconry of Kingston, and the Rev. Dr. Strachan to that of York (Toronto). Again, in 1828, the indefati- gable Bishop was engaged in similar labours : visiting the Clergy, confirming the young, and consecrating churches and burial-grounds throughout his vast diocese. BIS At 1 Goverr frequer supporl Churcli Bishop the Go the chr miles d river N Bishopj of Star churcli( are in some land, I upper \^ the chi ville, w' ^^The i travelle miles, t where greatesi evening bell ha and vis BISHOP STEWART'S VISITATION IN 1827. 79 At this time Sir Peregrine Maitland was Governor of Upper Canada, and the Bishop frequently mentions the " uniform and steady support" wliich His Excellency rendered to the Church and her Missions. Especially does the Bishop record the Uberal contributions which the Governor had made towards the erection of the church at Stamford, a village " about three miles distant from the mighty cataract of the river Niagara." " He was, indeed," says the Bishop, " the founder and principal architect of Stamford church, and it is a pattern for churches of small dimensions, where the people are in humble circumstances. It resembles some of the ancient parish churches in Eng- land, having a gothic porch, and lower and upper windows of the same character."' Among the churches consecrated was that at Belle- ville, where fifty^four persons were confirmed. '^ The following day," says the Bishop, " we travelled .over a very bad road, about twenty miles, to the Mohawk settlement and church, where thirty persons were confirmed; the greatest part of them were Mohawks : in the evening we returned to Belleville. Mr. Camp- bell has been very assiduous in his attention and visits to these Indians." .k t Lii Report for 1829, p. 123. 80 DIOCESE OE TOllOXTO. 2 Of Mr. Campbell's excrtbns and .success witliiri his own immediate Mission, no better proof can be given than is contained in the foUowinj^ extract from one of his previous reports : " There are at Belleville 152 persons in full communion with our Church ; this includes about eighteen of the Mohawk Indians. In the year 1827 the increase of communicants was thirty-six; in the year which has just ex- pired (1828), the increase has amounted to eighty-one.'' Another passage from the Bishop's journal may be properly introduced here, as giving a pleasant account of the progress of a new ' settlement^ and of the exertions made by the colonists to provide themselves with a church. '' On the 15tli September, Mr. Bethune ac- companied me to the Rev. J. Thompson's in Cavan Township, in whose church I confirmed fifty-six persons. On the 17th, we rode to Peterborough, in the township of Monaghan, where the Rev. S. Armour is our Missionary, and has the management of the Government school. Here twenty-six persons were con- firmed. The settlers in the former township came from Ireland, for the most part, about nine years ago : many of them have now fine farms, and good improvements, as they are styled in this country. It is in Monaghan and its nci^ settled years They of the are Irii increas Mr.Th The vil ated Q] As yet forest-t Father edifice i labour accepta gate of within : towards object ; residen tions ii friends Aftei on the bottom( over I twenty- of Hai Bisuop stewaut's visitation in 1828. 81 its nciglibourlioocl that the emigrants arc chiefly settled who were brought from Ireland a few years since at the expense of Government. They are doing well. A great proportion of the inhabitants of this part of the country are Irish Protestants ; and the prospect of the increase of the Church, under the ministry of Mr. Thompson and Mr. Armour, is satisfactoiy. The village of Peterborough is beautifully situ- ated on the west bank of the river Otanabee. As yet no church spire lifts its head among the forest-trees, but the wor&hippers of our common Father in this place are anxious to erect an edifice to His honour, considering it a work and labour of love which will not be forgotten acceptable to Him, and profitable to man — the gate of heaven to those who devoutly worship within its walls. Some steps have been taken towards the commencement of so desirable an object; and Mr. Stewart, one of the principal residents here, has already received contribu- tions in aid of the prosecution of it from his friends in Ireland. After divine service in the school-house on the 18th, we embarked in a scow, or flat- bottomed boat, descended the river, crossed over Rice Lake, and, after a voyage of twenty-four miles, landed in the township of Hamilton. We travelled in a waggon Q '■'M m *■ i 82 DIOCESE OF TOKONTO, fourteen mileSj and reached Cobourg at mid- night. On my arrival, I had the good for- tune to find that a steamboat bound to York had a few minutes before stopped at the shore of the Lake Ontario : this occun*ence was the more agreeable to me as it was unexpected, and it saved me a joumv*?y of seventy-two miles over a very bad road. I now parted from Mr. Bethune, and here I am happy to observe, that his regularity and perseverance in perform- ing his clerical duties deserve particular notice, and that hi? mission is in a flourishing con- dition. The auspicious' establishment of a Dis- trict Committee of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, is one of the beneficial results of his labours; and, in addition to this circumstance, I have the satisfaction of statins- that his congregation at Cobourg are now en- gaged in providing to meet an increased demand for accommodation in the church, by the en- largement of the building and the erection of galleries.^' ^ In the account of his visitation in 1830, the Bishop gives a favourable view of the Missions, and of the character and labours of the Clergy. He consecrated the Mohawk church on the Grand River, " the oldest but one in the dio- 1 TJi the BISHOP stewakt's tisitation in 1830. 83 cese/' and at the same time confirmed eighty- nine persons, of whom eighty were Indians. " The scene/' says his lordship, " was pleasing and encoir aging, particularly when the congre- gation joined in singing. The voices of the Indians are peculiarly melodious, and they who have not heard them can hardly conceive the really affecting manner in which this part of their public worship is performed.^' » The Bishop observes that the Province owes a very large debt of gratitude to Sir John Colborne, (Lord Seaton) for the pains he has taken to establish a seminary of sound and useful learn- ing ; and anticipates that the college will supply persons weU qualified to fill offices of high trust in Church and State, and be a means of accession to our Church, of a "company of preachers, and of numerous members prepared to edify the body of Christ.^' The institution here referred to is the Upper Canada CoUege, the Professors of which most effectually sup- ported the Clergy by their disinterested services in the neighbouring missions. The Bishop concludes his report with the following general observations : — " Notwith- standing the opposition and misrepresentation to which 017- Church, as an object of jealousy, especially i n her character of an establishment, > Eeport for 1831, p. 105. *f» w HI iHv 11 if I ll i ; ?t iiji • 1 III ':.. , mm' - _- ,4 ill •"It' w 84 DIOCESE OE TORONTO. is, with many persons, exposed in this country, she continues to increase, and is spreading her- self over all the land. Nothing, I trust,— no diminution, nor desertion of worldly power or interest, will discourage her Clergy from perse- vering in the good and holy cause in which they are engaged, with humhle but faithful de- pendence on the protection and blessing of God Almighty. Under His guidance we have been planted and watered by the venerable Society ; we are confident of the continuance of their good will and support to the utmost of their power; and we remain contented and happy under their fostering care, and thankful to them, and to their and our God.'" The year 1833 was a critical one for the Canadian Church. In that year, the govern- ment of Earl Grey announced their intention of gradually diminishing the grant hitherto made to the Society for the support of Clergy- men in North America, until, at a fixed date, it should cease altogether. On this occasion the Bishop of Quebec published an address to the people of England in behalf of the Church in Car ida. In the course of it, he said :— " If the people upon the spot have not fully done their part, they have at least done much, and are, I trust, wiUing to do more. They WITHDRAWAL OF PARLIAMENTARY GRANT. 85 have generally made exertions and sacrifices for the erection of churches, several of which I am necessitated to leave very imperfectly supplied, and a few altogether unserved. In some instances they have built parsonage- houses, or otherwise provided a residence for their minister ; and they are about to be called upon, according to their means, to make imme- diate and stated contributions towards the maintenance of the Clergy. But there are few places in which they can do more than a very little for their support, especially in the settlements still unprovided with ministers. Although I would hope that the Clergy in my diocese have learnt how to be abased and to suffer need for Christ's sake, yet surely they ought not to be left to struggle with absolute poverty; and I have no hesitation in saying that a Clergyman in Canada cannot maintain him- self and his family with suitable respectability, upon an income of less than 200/. a-year." ' The following statistical information, which is contained in the same dispatch, claims a place in this record : — " The population of Upper Canada exceeds 300,000 souls, and is rapidly increasing. Of 51,746 emigrants who arrived from the British Beport for 1834, p. 45. 86 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. Isles, in 1832, 30,000 settled in that Province. The proportion of the Church of England to other denominations cannot be stated with precision; it is, perhaps, nearly one-third of the whole population. In Lower Canada, according to the census taken in 1831, the total number of souls was 511,917, about four-fifths of whom were Eoman Catholics (it will be remembered that this was originally a French settlement) ; and of the remainder, nearly one- half were of the Church of England. In the Upper Province the number of Clergy is fifty- six, who will soon, with a very few exceptions, be chiefly chargeable upon the means which can be raised in the Province. In Lower Canada there are thirty-six Clergymen, of whom twenty-two are paid wholly, and six in part, by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts. The population of these provinces is scattered over so large a sur- face of country, (the diocese of Quebec ex- tending 1300 miles in length), that the labours of the Clergy, and the want of more Ministers, must not be estimated merely from the numbers of the people." The very heavy responsibility of administer- ing so vast a diocese, and the spirit with which it was borne, are manifested in a few succeed- ing words :— EBECTION OF CHURCHES, 87 ''The prodigious extent of my diocese, the rapid increase of the Protestant population, their destitution, where everything is new, of all regular provision for the means of grace, and the inadequacy of our resources to supply them, render it altogether no light or easy task to administer the charge committed to my hands; and I feel that I should be wholly unable to sustain the burden if I trusted in any other suflaciency than that which is derived from the mercy and the grace of God." One of the Bishop's principal anxieties was that of providing houses of prayer on the humblest scale, for a population scattered over so vast a country; and his Lordship mentions with great satisfaction the fact that an ex- penditure of 611/. granted by the Society had led to the erection of twenty-seven new churches in different parts of the diocese. It was during this same year (1833) that the opposition to the payment of tithes in Ireland rose to its height, and occasioned the greatest distress to the Clergy. The persecution, as it may weU be called, to which they were exposed, indiiced several of them to apply for Missionary appointments in Canada; and the Bishop remarks : "This is one instance, amongst others, in which Providence has turned the distresses of the Church and petv,! .' in Ireland to the ■*'. 88 . DIOCESE OF TORONTO. advantage of Canada. Many good Protestants and their ministers have, I may say, been con- strained to leave their native country, and have found refuge in this, and are now benefiting themselves and others by living to the glory of God, and the good of their fellow-creatures. This will especially apply to several of our new Missionaries, who came to Canada during the last and preceding year." It was while engaged in the visitation of the western portion of his diocese, that the Bishop, now well taught in the labours of it, expressed a regret that the extent of the diocese was such as to render it impossible for him to " watch over and attend to its interests sufficiently, or in the desirable and efficient way which might be accomplished by the appointment of a Suffragan Bishop for the Lower Province. I hope," he goes on to say, " that his Majesty's government will, vdth the sanction of the head of our Church, and the chairman of our venerable Society, ere long make this appointment." ' As it is impossible, in a work like the present, to give an account of each Mission, there is, perhaps, no better mode of conveying a true idea of the religious condition of Upper * ReDort for 1835. n. 156, REV. A. palmer's REPORT IN 1833. 89 Canada at any particular time, than that of citing the more characteristic passages from the reports of the Missionaries. In 1832, the Rev. Arthur Palmer was ap- pointed to the mission of Guelph and parts adja- cent. The next year he completed a church capable of holding 400 people, and shortly afterwards a Sunday-school: but similar advantages could not be provided for various other stations within his district, which were left practically \rithout the ordinary means of grace. " Indeed, my lord,'' he says, addressing the Bishop of Quebec, " although I know how straitened you are in the means of extending the privileges of religious instruction, I cannot refrain from calling your attention to the inadequacy of the supply of those privileges to this portion of the diocese. By reference to the map, you will perceive that I am in the centre of a tract comprising the townships of Guelph, Eramosa, Erin, Esquesing, Nassigeweya, Puslwich, north half of Waterloo, Woolwich, Nichol, andGara- fresca, all of which are very generally settled; and within that tract there is, save myself, neither Minister nor Catechist of the Church of Eng- land—a space not less than thirty miles square ; and it is not surprising that newly- arrived members of the Church, who settle in the dis+nnt. -nnrfa nf if -fin/liTirt. +"K«vv, ««!„,>., :~ ^ ^.,^. _^. ^i i„^ iixiu_iii^ miuxilOCiVCO 111 H 4 I ! »| 90 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. state of destitution with regard to religious in- struction by their own Church, should be induced to connect themselves with some of those numerous sects which frequent the country, and by whom theii' minds are gradu- ally led to think unfavourably of the Church, which has the will, but not the ability, to Berve them/' The loss and detriment which the Church of England has sustained by neglecting to make any spiritual provision for her emigrant children in the first years of their settlement, are alto- gether past computation; and great, it must be admitted, has been her sin in allowing th» flock, which was given her, to stray from the fold for lack of shepherds to feed and tend them. Would that this cold indifiference to the highest interests of the emigrants could be spoken of as mere matter of history ! but, un- happily, it is still too characteristic of the gene- ral feeling of our people to their brethren in the colonies; and still, in numberless districts of these countries, there are hundreds and thousands of Christian families utterly cut off from communion with the Church of Christ in consequence of the absence of all provision for the ministers of religion. The Rev. R. Flood, of Caradoc, speaks of the BISHOP STEWART'S REPORT IN 1836. 91 I f c ^5 upon a new Mission where none has ever la- boured before; in five townships he found neither church nor school-house. "Barns/' he says, " and such like, were our usual places of resort for divine worship during the summer months, as affording greater accommodation, the attendance varying from 50 to 200 souls.''' One of the last acts of the Bishop of Quebec was to direct the earnest attention of the So- ciety to the actual state of the Province in mat- ters of religion, and to suggest a remedy for the most pressing evil. In a despatch, dated Feb. 1, 1836, he makes the following statement : — ^ "The province of Upper Canada, for the better administration of justice, is divided into eleven districts. A district usually contains two or more counties, and each county is com- posed of several townships. The front town- ships on the river and lakes were naturally the first settled, and Missionaries have been from time to time stationed in various parts along the extensive frontier of the Province ; but ow- ing to the vast increase of population, the back townships are rapidly filling up with (a very interesting class of people) emigrants from the mother country. These, once accustomed to the regular ministrations of the Church, are * Report for 1335, p. 165. Mm ', I' I i«y ill if >:r'v:' ; .hi iff! 92 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. now located in remote places far distant from any Minister, and their children are growing up around them in ignorance of (it is to be feared in many cases), and indifference to, the Gospel. The condition of these scattered mem- bers of oui' Church was felt to be so peculiarly worthy of sympathy, that a Society was formed at York, noiv Toronto, in the year 1830, to devise the means of affording to them the occa- sional services of a Missionary — if possible, one for each district. One gentleman, the Kev. Adam Elliott, was accordingly selected for the Home district (in which Toronto is situated), and was ordained by me as travelling Mission- ary in that wide field of labour. The utility and necessity of such an appointment were rendered immediately apparent by the success which, under the blessing of the Great Head of the Church, attended the labours of Mr. Elliott. Since then, another gentleman, strongly recom- mended to me as qualified for that duty, has been ordained and sent to the Midland district ; this gentleman is the Eev. William F. S. Har- per. I also trust that one will soon be ap- pointed to the district of Newcastle. The Society have also one Indian Mission, and pur- pose soon to establish another ; and they are only prevented by the want of funds from add- ing to their engagements. Even, however^ BISHOP STEWART'S REPORT IN 1836. 93 should they be enabled to increase their sphere of useful exertion so far as to send one Mis- sionary to each of the other districts, still such a slender supply would be altogether insuffi- cient. Mr. Elliott reports, that the back town- ships of the Home district alone would, at this moment, afford ample occupation to ten travel- ling Missionaries, besides several settled Minis- ters. Mr. Harper writes that, exclusive of several settled Clergymen, four or five travelling Missionaries would be constantly occupied in the Midland district at this present time ; and more would be required as soon as some of the back townships, not at present located, began to be settled. The wants of the settlers in the remote townships of the Newcastle district and London district require at least equal attention. The field in the other districts, though perhaps not quite so extensive, is at least equally inter- esting. "I cannot contemplate the situation which these members of our Church occupy in the diocese, without an earnest desire to provide, if possible, some adequate remedy for it. Indeed, I fear that unless an immediate efibrt be made in their behalf, they and their children will become gradually estranged from the Church of their forefathers. Knowing the truly Chris- tian interest which the vPTiprnVilA Snoio+T, TT l-> ft « isi 94 DIOCESE OP TORONTO. ever taken in the spiritual welfare of this colony, I entreat their attention to this detail; and implore their assistance and co-operation to enable me to meet, in some degree, the spiritual wants of the numerous Protestant emigrants scattered through the distant and remote town- ships of my diocese." The Society had, to some extent, anticipated this request by placing the annual sum of 500/. at the Bishop's disposal ; and on the arrival of his letter, it was resolved to double that sum as soon as the finances of the Society should justify such an increase of expenditure. But the Bishop was not permitted to accomplish his designs for the good of his diocese. Not long after the transmission of the foregoing appeal, his Lordship was compelled, by the state of his health, to return to England, where, in July, 1837, worn out by labours rather than by age, he expired.* Previous, however, to his return, the Rev. Dr. Mountain, Archdeacon of Quebec, had been consecrated coadjutor Bishop of Montreal, and invested with ftdl powers to administer the diocese. * During the ten years of his Episcopate, from 18?«> to 1886, the number of the Clergy in the upper Provin ; advaiicjd from twenty-six to fifty- six,— and we may assume that the churches, schools, and other means of worship and instruction, increased in the same proportion. ■">. CHAPTER . V. BlSnOP OP MONTREAL'S REPORT TO LORD DURHAM-PROPOSAL TO DIVIDE THE DIOOBSB— ERECTION OF THE SEE OP TORONTO, AND CONSECRATION OK A BISHOP— SOME ACCOUNT OP THE REV. DR. 8TRACHAN— HIS APPOINTMENT TO THE MISSION OP CORNWALL, TO THE HWIORY OP YORK— IS NOMINATED ARCHDEACON-HIS VISITATION — THE CHOLERA. TiHE new Bishop of Quebec, immediately on assuming the jurisdiction of his See, pro- ceeded to fill up the vacant, or new. Missions as fast as he could find candidates well qualified for the service of the Church. But neither men, nor, indeed, the means of maintaining them, were to be found for a tenth part of the destitute stations. Nothing can more fully exhibit this melan- choly deficiency, or convey a juster notion of the condition of the diocese generally, than the report addressed by the Bishop to the Earl of Durham in November, 1838. The foUowing extracts, which relate to the upper Province, may be properly inserted in this place :— " The number of persons professing adher- ence to the Church of England in the province of Upper Canada is rousrhlv stated a^ i ^^ ^^^ I 1. 4 '(■• re DIOCESE OF TORONTO. I believe it is by no means accurately known, but measures are understood to be in contem- plation for ascertaining it. The number of Clergy in the exercise of their ministry, includ- ing some whom I ordained during my visita- tion, is seventy-three. The number of churches built, or in progress towards their completion, iQ about ninety. * ' These data, however, would give a very im- perfect idea of the condition and the wants of the population, as it respects the means of spiritual instruction, or, to speak more properly, could furnish no grounds whatever of forming a correct estimate upon the subject. The pro- digious extent of country, the widely-scattered location of the inhabitants, and the state of the roads in the settlements of more recent forma- tion, must, as will readily appear to the judg- ment of your Excellency, be all taken into the account ; and it will be found, in point of fact, that a lamentable proportion of the Church of England population are destitute of any provi- sion for their religious wants, another large proportion very insufficiently provided, and almost all the remainder served by a Clergy who can only meet the demands made upon them by strained efforts, which prejudice their usefulness in other points. " The object of this report to your Excellency REPORT TO LORD DURHAM IN 1838. 97 >vill, I presume, be sufficiently answered by the adduction of some particular examples in sup- port of what I have just said. In travelling from the town of London to Goderich, I passed through a tract of country sixty miles in length, m which there is not one Clergyman or Minister of any denomination. I believe I am safe in saying, that the great majority of inhabitants, among whom are comprehended the Land Com- pany's settlers, are of the Church of England ; and the services of some of our Missionaries^ who have partially visited this tract of country' have been thankfully received by those who' pass under other names. Between Wodehouse upon Lake Erie and St. Thomas, a distance of upwards of fifty miles, which may be travelled by two different roads, there is not one Clergy- man upon either. From the reports made to me by one of our travelling Missionaries, and by a solitary Catechist stationed at Port Bur- well, I know that there is a great body of Church people scattered through this part of the country. In the whole of the newly-erected district of Wellington, which is everywhere scattered over with a Church population, there IS only one Clergyman of the Church. In the district of Newcastle there are six. I have good reason to know, that if ten more could be im- mediately added, there would be full employ- H '"' ^'^'S vi^aHa 'if^^OTa '«i,|HH '!' ii[9K ' ■ S^^^H^' ■ it ^^^^K tk t 4, ^^^B: 1 H^^^K: 1 t ' ^^^B' '' *' >■ i s^Ml^i^rij» ^ ^^^m\ 98 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. ment for tliem, with regular conp;iegations. In one or two of the districts there is a Mis- sionary engaged in labours exclusively of an itinerant character ; but how sparingly the word and ordinances of God are supplied, even to those among the unprovided settlements which are thus far favoured, your Excellency will have no difficulty in conceiving. The Clergy, however, except in the few compara- tively large towns, are almost all more or less itinerants. I take one example almost at hazard from the returns officially made to me, to which I could produce many parallel instances ; it is that of a Clergyman in the Bathurst district, (a place noted at certain seasons for the excessive badness of the roads,) who performs three full services every Sunday, distributing his labours in such a way in four different places, that once a fortnight he travels twenty-eight, and. once a fortnight sixteen miles ; besides which, he has in the winter months four week-day appointments for divine ser\dce. Most of the Clergy have what they call out-stations, which they serve in this manner on week-days, to supply settlements which would otherwise be wholly destitute ; and many of them make ^ occasional visits during the year to places still more remote. These objects they do not ac- complish without many sacrifices, and much REPORT TO LORD DURHAM IN 1838. 99 severe exertion; but the reward which they seek is not in the praise of men, and it is the value rather than the merit of their services to which I desire to solicit the attention of your Excellency. I do not speak here of those higher eflPects which constitute the ground and ultimate object of their ministry, but in pro- portion as means are taken for the extension of their influence, in such proportion, my lord, I have no hesitation in saying — for the efi'ect is everywhere sufficiently marked — that the loyalty, the good order, the steady habits, the peaceable and industrious deportment of the population will be promoted, and the ties strengthened which bind the colony to the parent state. Apart, also, from any consider- ation of preserving the supremacy of Britain over the Canadas, there is a sacred duty to be performed in laying such a foundation for the moral and religious character of the inhabitants in time to come as will best ensui^e their hap- piness and welfare; and it is not for me to point out to your Excellency that it is now that this foundation must be laid. In the young settlements now struggling into existence, or beginning to develope the signs of prosperous improvement, we see the germ of a great and important future, which must be vitally affected by the mould given to the population in this n 111' 1 ,1'^ Mil ' I 1 ' ,1 100 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. early stage of its formation. Millions who are yet unborn will have cause to bless or to re- proach the present Government of Britain for the measures taken to provide for them those advantages, and to transmit to them those habits, principles, and attachments, which form the only sure basis of national happi- ness. Up to this period, although not a few people have been lost to the Church from the want of her ministrations, and a far more extensive defection must inevitably follow if things are left much longer upon their present footing; yet, very generally, the privations which have been experienced in this respect have served to teach our congregations the full value of those privileges which are enjoyed at home. The im- portunate solicitations which I constantly receive from different quarters of the Province for the supply of clerical services; the overflowing warmth of feeling with which the travelling Missionaries of the Church are greeted in their visits to the destitute settlements ; the marks of affection and respect towards my own office which I experienced throughout the Province ; the exertions made by the people, in a great number of instances, to erect churches even without any definite prospect of a Minister, and Lilt; t/^vctixxi-rlt^o XXX TT lix\^xx i;xxxo xxuo uwii VLV/i-iV; u V REPOET TO LORD DURHAM IN 1838. 101 individuals at their own private expense; the rapidly-increasing circulation of the religious newspaper, which is called " The Church/^ these are altogether unequivocal and striking evi- dences of the attachment to Church principles which pervades a great body of the popu- lation. '' I would here beg leave to draw the attention of your Excellency to the bearing of these facts upon the question of supporting the Clergy in Canada, by the voluntary contributions of the people. Here is a deep sense of the value of religious services, and a strong manifestation of attachment to the Church. The moving prin- ciple, therefore, is not wanting ; and if, with this advantage, the system cannot work success- fully in Canada, it may be inferred that it cannot succeed there at all. And I am more deeply convinced than ever that such is the fact. In the few examples in which the experiment has been tried, it has rarely been otherwise than a failure, and in most cases it would be hopeless to attempt it. Even if the country were far more advanced, and the people had some com- mand of money, I am persuaded that a faithful, respectable, and independent body of Clergy, sufficient for the wants even of that part of the population who already appreciate their labours, much more of that whom it is their duty to win I l« 'Wj'iis W' w i 102 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. to a care for religion^ can never be provided by the operation of the voluntary system/ •x- ^t- •x- * ^ Very appropriately, and very gracefully, towards the end of his report, the Bishop dii'ects the attention of the Governor- General to a class which had peculiar claims upon the care and good-will of the Government: — ^ The public should be aware that at the original conquest of Canada, the lloman Church was liberally tolerated, and left in possession of very considerable property. At the same time it was distinctly understood in the British Parliament that the Establishment was to be the National Church of the empire. By subsequent acts a considerable portion of wild land in each future township was reserved for the support and main- tenance of this future barrier against Eomanism and irreli- gion. These reserves, if they had been gradually and properly applied, would have entirely precluded the possibility of the present spiritual destitution in the provinces, by securing the growth of the national Church in due proportion to the in- crease of the population ; and would thus have afforded to the Protestant colonists a spiritual influence to counterbalance the advantages conceded to Rome, and have been a barrier for all minor Christian distinctions against the domineering aggressions of that well endowed hierarchy, whose principle was (under the French rule) to exclude in toto from the colony every opinion whch they were pleased to term " heresy" — 1. e. Protestantism. At the same period, large tracts of wild land in each town- ship were also reserved to the Crown ; probably with a view to facilitate improvements, and to afford encouragement in the colony, without expense to the mother state, or distress to an infant and poor population, in providing schools, teachers, &c. for themselves, at their own co&t—Beportfor 1 839. REPOET TO LORD DURHAM IN 1838. 103 "I cannot forbear, my lord/' he says, "from introducing some mention in this report of the labours of our Clergy among the native Indians. There are two Clergymen stationed among the Six Nations on the Grand River, one at the Mohawk village, and the other at Tuscarora. A Mis- sionary has been sent to the Manitoulin Islands, and another to the Sault St. Marie, at the upper extremity of Lake Huron. These four are en- gaged exclusively in the charge of Indians. There are two other Clergymen, who combine this charge with that of congregations of Whites ; one in the Bay of Quinte, where a branch of the Mohawk tribe is established, and one who resides in Caradoc, aud devotes part of his time to the Mounsees and Bear Creek Chippawas in his neighbourhood. I have never seen more orderly, and, to all appearance, devout worship- pers than among some of these Indian congre- gations which I visited; and I have the fullest reason to believe that the ministry of the Clergy among them has been attended with very happy effects. His Excellency Sir George Arthur is much interested in their welfare ; and whatever the Government can do for their religious im- provement, their temporal comfort, or the edu- cation of their children, will, I am persuaded, be well and wisely expended. A great and promising field is here open to Christian phil- 1 Mi I, |i M till U 1| 104< DIOCESE OF TORONTO. anthropy. A long debt is due to the Indians from the inhabitants of European descent, and it is by means such as those which I have just stated that the reparation must be made. They have been uniformly loyal. The Mohawks preserve to this day, with much veneration, a set of communion-plate and other appendages of divine worship, which were given them by Queen Anne, when they were seated in the colonies which now form part of the United States of America. I shall be happy to think that your Excellency will not forget the claims of these poor people, in what you are engaged in doing for Canada at home.'' ^ The Bishop next adverts to the expediency of subdividing the Diocese. The vast extent and variety of the Bishop's labours will have prepared the reader for his concluding appeal :— " The care of this diocese is altogether too much for one man. Certainly one man cannot do justice to it, situated as I am. Your Ex- cellency is, I believe, aware that negociations have for some time been on foot for the erec- tion of a separate See in Upper Canada. It is, indeed, high time that this measure should be carried into effect; and for whatever time I 1 The Indians resident in Upper Canada, according to an official return in 1838, amounted to 5 039 souls. DIVISION OF THE DIOCESE. 105 am to remain in the charge of the whole diocese, I really ought (and so indeed I ought in any case) to be placed upon a new footing. In ex- ecuting the duties of the visitation in the two Provinces, I have travelled nearly 5000 miles ; the extreme points which I have visited in the length of the diocese being Sandwich, at the head of Lake Erie, and the I3ay of Chaleurs, m the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Of the state of the communication in the interior parts of the country, and among the new settlements, your Excellency is not without information. No provision exists for enabling me to employ a smgle functionary in conducting correspondence with the Government, the Clergy, and the So- cieties at home, keeping in proper order and arrangement the accumulating records of the See, or transacting those ordinary forms of eccle- siastical business which are proper to the Episcopal office; and in those departments of labour where the Bishop can receive assistance from the Archdeacon, I am deprived of this benefit, as far as Lower Canada is concerned, because, under the existing arrangements, I am compelled to hold the office of Archdeacon myself.'^ In a despatch of the same date, addressed to Sir George Arthur, Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada, the Bishop impresses very il T' '•'.' 106 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. solemnly upon the mind of his Excellency the vast importance, even in a political point of view, of making adequate provision for the reli- gious instruction of the people ; and it seems a duty to prevent a warning so solemn, from a Bishop in a new colony, from being forgotten. It is, therefore, republished in this place. The words of the Bishop are these : — "The spiritual destitution of a very large portion of the Church of England population in Upper Canada, and the long train of evils, moral, religious, and political, which must be anticipated as the consequence of their being left much longer in such a condition, has, I doubt not, occupied the serious attention of your Excellency. My own opportunities of obser»/ation have been sufficiently extensive in my journey through the Province, and my con- . elusions have been formed upon grounds too strong to afford room for my suspecting myself of prejudice, when I state my deliberate belief, that the retention of the Province as a portion of the British empire depends more upon the means taken to provide and perpetuate a suffi- cient estabhshment of pious and well-qualified Clergymen of the Church, than upon any other measure whatever -within the power of the Government ; and I fervently hope that your Excellencv's administration mav be distin- REPORT TO SIR GEORGE ARTHUR. 107 guished by some permanent and satisfactory adjustment of the long protracted questions relative to the clergy reserves. Upon this sub- ject, however, a petition is before your Excel- lency, which I have signed in the name of the Clergy. Connected closely with the same in- terests is the measure which has for some time past been in agitation for the division of the diocese, and the appointed of a resident Bishop in Upper Canada. It is perfectly impossible for a Bishop resident at Quebec, and having the official duties in the Lower Province, with which I am charged, to do justice to the still increas- ing calls upon him in the same capacity in the Upper. I feel this most painfully in my own experience, and I greatly need relief; but, apart from all personal considerations, the Church, with all that depends upon her ministrations, must suffer, while the existing arrangements remain. I trust, therefore, that your Excellency will lend your assistance towards the speedy accomplishment of an object in which the best interests of the colony are deeply concerned." Such an appeal, so strongly grounded in jus- tice, could not long be disregarded. Although, therefore, there were no public funds available for the endowment, the Queen was advised to erect Upper Canada into a separate diocese; nnH on flip 4+^^ Anrmc.+ 1 QQO +1,^ Tr — a -„t- ' ii\ *1 If*' N pilSil 108 DIOCESE OP TORONTO. deacon Straclian was consecrated Bishop of Toronto. And here, although it might he thought indelicate to attempt a regular biogra- phical sketch of Bishop Strachan, a general outline of the history of one so long and so closely connected with the ecclesiastical history of the Colony may probably be expected. Mr. Straclian received the first proposals to go out to Upper Canada while yet a student in the University of St. Andrews, in 1799. Some of the leading families in the Province, having failed in the larger attempt to establish a university with four subordinate schools, had obtained from General Simcoe a promise, that, if they could secure the services of a well- qualified master, an annual allowance should be given for the endowment of a school at Kingston. On this pledge Mr. Strachan came to the country ; but came to find, on his arri- val, that a new governor had no disposition to carry out the designs of his predecessor; and that whoever would engage in the work of education, must do so on his own account. Mr. Strachan, though disappointed, did not despair, but at once proceeded to collect a class in the house of the Hon. Richard Cart- wright ; a class consisting, in the first instance, of the children of that gentleman and of Mr. Hamilton. Such was the first attempt to in- THE REV. DR. STRACIUN. 109 troduce a classical and mathematical education into Canada; and so successful was it, that when Mr. Strachan was ordained, and nomi- nated to the Mission of Cornwall in 1803, he was enabled to take most of his pupils with him. During his incumbency, a church, the hand- somest in the Province at that time, was com- pleted, and he remained in the same cure, discharging the duties of Tutor and Pastor' till the year 1812, when he was invited to remove to Toronto, the seat of government, by Governor Brock, who offered him the joint offices of Rector of the parish. Military Chap- lain, and Master of the Grammar School. He entered upon his new duties on the eve of great political troubles ; for, in one of his ear- hest reports, he informed the Society that the town had twice been taken by the Americans, and all the public buildings burnt. After the restoration of peace, the religious feeling of the people began more decidedly to manifest itself. Deputations from several places waited upon Dr. Strachan, to request that he would aflPord them, at least, an occasional service; and he was himself convinced, that nothing but an additional number of devoted Clergymen was wanted for the extension of the Church. In 1818, Dr. Straehan was TnoinlTr ;««+ — i H ""jl !i|:i :i';:»*i |:|1 !i:li! * '■■.' i| f ^ 110 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. mental in the establishment of a Bible and Prayer-book Society; and, ten years later, he took a prominent part in establishing an asso- ciation for converting and civihzing the In- dians. Neither of these societies had very large means at its disposal, and could therefore engage in only a very limited sphere of use- fulness. They formed, however, the founda- tion of a better state of things ; and in 1842 both were judiciously merged in the ^^ Church Society of the Diocese of Toronto.^' But be- fore giving an account of this institution, it will be right to record a few other particular' > belong- ing to the ecclesiastical annals of the colony. In 1823, a second Archdeaconry for the Upper Province was created, and Dr. Strachan received the appointment, with the title of Archdeacon of York. The following extracts from his Journal of Visitation in 1828, furnish inte- resting notices of the state of many parts of the colony at that time : — ^^ Having set out from York, on the 19th of August, 1828, and passed through Ancaster, as we approached Brantford we beheld, through an opening of the wood, the Grand River, which is one of the most beautiful streams in Canada, rolling gently along on a gravelly bot- tom, having on its right bank extensive flats iii< abchdn. strachan's visitation in 1828. Ill covered with Indian corn^ and the principal Indian village, with its little church in the distance. The scene was cheerful and romantic. " The Indians on the Grand River are the feeble remains of the Five Nations, so famous in American history. They removed from the Mohawk river, in the state of New York, during the American war, and had lands assigned them on this stream, which is much more beau- tiful than the one they had left. Missionaries from the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, have been settled among them for upwards of a century, and they have attained to a considerable degree of civilization, and to some knowledge of Chris- tianity. Many of them speak the EngHsh language with propriety, have good farms, and hve comfortably. They have schools for the instruction of their children, the teachers of which are supported by the Society. " The town of Brantford, distant about two miles from the principal Indirai village, has grown up within a very few years, and consists chiefly of white inhabitants. " The township of Burford, distant fourteen miles from Brantford, contains some good set- tlements, the best of which (we are told) are not on the main road. It numbers above one thousand inhabitants, and is rapidly improving. I III I«!ii| ililiii iiilil ill 112 DIOCESE OP TORONTO. On entering Oxford, the next township, the road became excellent, passing through a long succession of farms in a high state of culti- vation. These townships oflPer good stations for two or three zealous and active Missionaries, At present they appear to be in a great measure destitute of the regular ministrations of re- ligion/' * * * ^' The road, after leaving the Thames, became very rough, and sometimes dangerous, as the long causeways were, in many places, full of deep mud-holes. Towards three o'clock we reached Mr. Ward's, at the extremity of the tract which has hitherto been called the Long Woods, but which is now becoming full of in- habitants. Mr. Ward settled in the midst of the wilderness twenty years ago, and remained long without a neighbour, his house being the only human habitation for many miles; but now he is in the midst of a fine rising settle- ment. He expressed a great desire to have the privilege of attending regular worship, and offered any assistance in his power to give. Even occasional visits from one of our Mission- aries he would deem a great advantage. Mr. Ward is in his eighty-seventh year, has been long in his Majesty's service, and is a venerable looking old man. He wept at the recollection of having spent so many years in the woods AECHDN. STRACHAN'S VISITATION IN 1828. 113 without enjoying the benefit of religious in- struction, repeatedly urged me to assist him in erectmg a church, and pointed out a clergy reserve, next to his own farm, which he and his sons had cleared, as a most eligible spot. ' I wish,^ said he, ' to worship in the church of my fathers before I die, to be buried like a Christian, and to have my bones consigned to the dust with holy prayer.' I promised to do everything in my power in furtherance of his wishes.^' * * s|c " Sandwich.-^Yrom the reports which were delivered to me, I find that twenty-five com- mon schools were established in the district, at which 596 children were in the course of edu- cation. '' August 28M.— Mr. Morley having joined me on my return to Chatham, we reached his Mission about four o'clock. As this is an ex- tensive settlement, and will in time be exceed- ingly populous, on account of the convenience of the River Thames, (which is navigable to Chatham,) and the fertility of the soil, and the beauty of the country, I determined to remain over Sunday in order to ascertain what the prospects of the Church might be. I was pleased to find that Mr. Morley was very ac- ceptable, as a Missionary, among the inhabit- ants, and that several persons attended on his I I III I' III' 'i|| I i! || I " |i ,1,1 I i m i'iliU If i 114 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. '*■ Sunday ministrations from a great distance. To-day I met a farmer from Talbot Eoad^ who expressed a strong desire that I would come and preach in his neighbourhood. He told me that there were many Church people, and a growing anxiety to enjoy the privilege of regu- lar worship. As the settlement was not more than twenty-six miles from Chatham, and the road, though bad, not deemed impracticable, I promised to preach on Monday evening at six o'clock. " Sunday, Slst. — I found a decent country congregation at Chatham. They appeared very attentive and devout. All seemed glad at Mr, Morley's return, and received him with much cordiality. The situation of the church is pic- turesque, in the midst of a thin grove of trees. The horses tied to the branches, and the group of waggons and carts in different places pointed out the religious edifice. Preaching in a wilder- ness, to a congregation collected from a great extent of country, which, on a cursory view, seems almost uninhabited, arriving by one, two, or three, from all sides, through paths almost undiscernible, cannot fail of producing solemn reflection; and when we see them thus assembled to worship God through the merits of a crucified Redeemer, we become ARCHDK. STRACHAN'S VISITATION IN 1828. J 15 persons of colour composed part of the congre. gation. Monday, Ist S^tember. —Ahout eight o'clock^ the weather, which had been rainy, cleared lap, and we set out for Talbot-street, to the com' mencement of which it was only sixteen miles across the country from Chatham. We had not proceeded far before we found the sloughs frightful. Every moment we expected to stick fast or break down. A thunder-storm came on and the rain fell in such torrents as greatly to increase the difficulty. After labouring nine hours we stuck fast about five o'clock, when within half a mile of Talbot-road. At length, taking out the horses, we left the waggon, with the baggage, in order to go to the nearest house for the night, distant nine miles. By this time it was six o'clock. The horses, almost killed with straining and pulling, could hardly walk. Another storm of thunder and lightning came on, and the narrow path, overhung with branches, became suddenly dark. The rain fell in vast quantities, and at length we could see no path, but were striking against the trees and each other. We continued to wander till nine o'clock, when we were forced to halt, completely drenched with the continued rain. * " Unfortunately, we had no means of lighting a fire, not withstanding the cold and wet ; and 4 I , if Ml III i iiii 116 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. expecting to get to a house, we had nothing to eat or drink. There was no remedy but to sit quietly under the trees till morning. Although there was something gloomy, and, from the high wind which arose in the morning, danger- ous, in being in the midst of a vast forest without light or shelter, there was likewise something pleasing, or at least soothing, to the soul. I was led naturally lo serious thoughts, and the Gospel promises arose before me in tmextinguishable light. There was something different in the conceptions which I formed of heaven and eternity than when in the midst of society. The truths appeared, if I may so express myself, more palpable. There was darkness without, and light within. Till I fell into a serious train of thought, the time seemed very long; but after I became absorbed in meditation, time flew rapidly, and the cold was forgotten ! At 4 A.M., convinced that we had passed the house, we retraced our steps, and found it about a mile from our dreary en- campment. We had passed it in the dark; but there being no window towards the road, and the family having no dog, a thing very unusual in this country, we plunged on from one slough into another, without knowing that we were near a human habitation. '^ "Wf* flpscnjifr'liPfl +.hp farmer xri+Ti Tiis! ovph the ' I ARCHD»^. STRACHAN's VISITATION IN 1828. 117 for our waggon, and proceeded a mile farther to breakfast. Notwithstanding the coldness of the night, and the wet state of our clothes, we took no harm j which was indeed a singular blessing, as more sickness prevailed at this time in the Province, than had ever been known before. " Tuesday, 2d September. -^After breakfast we set out for Storer^s Inn, the place at which I had promised to preach. A great concourse had assembled on the previous evening, but hearing that I was to pass across in a waggon, they were convinced that I had found difficulty in the attempt, and were not surprised at my not appearing. We advertised, as far as we could, that there would be public worship this evening; and notwithstanding the shortness of the notice, I had a very good congregation. After prayers, I preached from St. John, 12th chapter, 48th verse, adding an exhortation, and some observations on the Liturgy. I then baptized three children. The people expressed a strong desire to have a Minister settled among them. Occasional visits might in the mean time be made by Mr. Morley; for although the road may be considered impracticable for waggons, it is passable for horses.^' Throughout the whole of his visitation of — „^©vx^iix i,%j »i ixoiixpo, mc xi.rciiueacon lound "1 1 1 I II 'I II 'll ill! 118 DIOCESE OF TORONTO* many families of Chm-chmen altogether beyond the reach of any settled Clergyman; and the passage from his report which records both the grievance itself, and his proposal for the remedy of it, seems naturally to belong to this place :— " In every township in this Province, the travelling Missionary discovers here and there scattered episcopal families ; sometimes one or two, sometimes a more considerable number, who are entirely deprived of the ministrations of the Church. Their children are growing up ignorant of our Church, and wandering from her communion. These families are many of them emigrants from England and Ireland, and were formerly attached to the doctrines, constitution, and worship of that Church, under whose nurturing care they were born and brought up. In every district there is ample room for one or more additional Mis- sionaries, but there are few places where a congregation can be collected at once sufficiently numerous to employ his undivided services. Yet frequent visits, of a month or two months at a time, would preserve their attachment to the worship of their fathers. At present they labour under the most serious disadvantages in a new and thinly settled country: many of fliATn will ho Insf if Missinnarifis come not UNPROVIDED DISTRICTS. 119 among them. Our Clergymen often find, in their excursions, several families of Episco- palians, fho have been long deprived of the privileges and institutions of their Church, to which they feel much attached; and who re- joice that, by their arrival, they may have, even for a season, free access to her venerated ser- vices. It is not meant by this, that there should be any delay in settling Clergymen, so far as our means permit, wherever congre- gations can be formed; but as we are not always able to place Clergymen in every town- ship where they might be useful, the next step is, to do all we can, by sending some one round, from time to time, to greet them in the Lord.'' The Archdeacon's visitation of the eastern division of the Province supplies us with a few circumstances which may serve to illustrate the condition of both people and Clergy in a newly - settled Colony. The following are specimens : — Bytown, Sth October, 1828.— "On stop- ping for breakfast, an old soldier came and requested me to baptize his child. He belonged to no church. There was no Clergyman nearer than thirty-five miles.'' * * * * " My road to Perth was through woods, with some few clearings — eight miles. I could find "tob' v\J xxxxv;. ".,1 II' 1 I " I 120 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. therefore, a few things out of my portmanteau, I set out on foot. It began to get dark by the time I had proceeded half the distance, and I put up at a small farm-house.'' * -x- * . " October 9ih. — In the morning I continued my walk to Perth, which I reached about ten o'clock. On calling, I found that Mr. Harris, the Missionary, had just set out to preach at a station about fifteen miles back in the country, where he has an appointment once a fortnight. It is refreshing to see the great exertions of this excellent Clergyman, and the success which attends his ministrations. He has nine or ten stations, besides Perth, at which he officiates." The Archdeacon furnishes an official census, by which it appears that the population of Upper Canada, at this time, was 187,056, and the number of Clergy 40.* In the year 1832 the Cholera broke out in Canada, and proved no less fatal in that country than it had done in Europe. This fearftQ visitation, which re-appeared with undi- minished virulence in 1834, is mentioned chiefly for the purpose of recording the noble self- devotion of the Clergy to the duties of their caUing in the midst of disease and death. Dr. Strachan, rector of Toronto, was, as became ^ Report for 1829, pp. 162—165. THE CIIOLEHA. 121 him, foremost in this labour of love, and so distinguished himself b}?^ his indefatigable and fearless attendance on the sick and dying in the hospital and in private houses, that after the cessation of the plague he was presented by the principal parishioners with a handsome token of their " affectionate remembrance of the fortitude, the energy, the unwearied perse- verance and benevolence'^ with which he dis- charged his duties, " when surrounded by affliction, danger, and despondency/' The lay members of the Church also took their full share in relieving the distress of their brethren. Before it disappeared, the Cholera left at least 200 widows, and more than 700 orphans. For these a subscription, amounting to 1320/., of whichf 1237/. came from members of the Church, was raised, and a house of reception opened under the management of a Committee. Many of the orphans were most humanely adopted by kind people from all quarters, and the Com- mittee did not discontinue their labours till all the children were provided for, or put into a way of obtaining their livelihood. \'- m in, I ! I il CHAPTER VT. tnKOLOaiCAL STUDENTS — BISHOP STRAOHAn'S VISITATION IN 1841 — NIAQARA — GBIMSB Y — PORT DALHOUSIE — STAMFORD — DUNN- VILLE — WEST OWILLIMBURQ — PORT HOPE — OAVAN — BAR OP QUINT^ — PICTOU — CORNWALL — REV. MR. ARCHBOLD — BYTOWN — PERTH — BRANTFORD — JOHN HILL, THE INDIAN CATECHIST. Immediately upon the elevation of Dr. Strachan to the See of Toronto, the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel undertook to grant stipends of 100/. a-year to twenty addi- tional Clergymen to be employed in his diocese, provided that such farther sum, as might be considered necessary for the competent main- tenance of each Missionary, should be supplied from local resources. The Bishop, than whom no one could have better opportunities of form- ing a correct opinion of what was necessary for their support, required of every congre- gation to whom a Clergyman was sent, a house, and 50/. a-year. His Lordship held his first general ordination in April 1840 : four were THEOLOGICAL STUDENTS. 123 admitted to Priest's orders, while four candi- dates were ordained Deacons ; and the Bishop was led, by the number of students preparing themselves for the ministry of the Church, to express a sanguine hope that he should, within a reasonable time, be enabled to complete the number of Clergy for whom stipends were allowed by the Society. With a view, however, to a more regular supply of candidates for holy orders, he recom- mended the allowance of a moderate exhibition to a limited number of theological students, who would be drawn from the class of the more respectable settlers, half-pay officers of the army and navy, or other professional men. And for the more effectual accomplishment of this design, the Bishop suggested the ex- pediency of attaching to his own, as well as to every other colonial see, " a Professor of Divi- nity, whose residence should be near the cathe- dral church, and under whose charge the theological students should be placed. They might,'' he says, "while at their studies, be employed as catechists, and in various ways ; by which they would early attain something of a clerical character, have their minds turned towards holy things, and acquire deep habits of reverence for the Church and her services." The next object of the Bishop was to make i,.i |, 7; '"Hi 111 / iiii I 124 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. himself acquainted with the spiritual wants of his diocese hy a personal visitation. This he accomphshed during the spring and summer of 1841, in three separate tours. The first was to the southern Missions ; and we shall, perhaps, furnish the best account of it by employing, as often as possible, the Bishop's own words. Few bishops could commence an official visitation in a manner so pleasing and romantic. He says : — ^' I left Toronto in the steamboat for Nia- gara, on the 23d of May last, accompanied by one of my sons, and my servant acting as verger. ^' The morning was soft and pleasant for the season, and the lake smooth and transparent as a mirror. In approaching Niagara, the view is attractive and diversified: in the distance, Queenston Heights, crowned by GeneralBrocFs monument — ^beautiful woods and finely-cul- tivated farms intervene — one of the noblest rivers in the world rushes into the lake to meet you — the British and American forts, on either bank, present their menacing fronts ; the town itself rising gradually before you, with its steeples, and covering a large space of ground, for almost every house is surrounded by its trees and garden: these are all objects of a pleasing and interesting character. We landed at eleven, and were received on (( NIAGARA. 125 the wharf by the Rev. Thomas Creen, rector of the parish. His accoimt of his Mission was very satisfactory. His congregation is gradually and steadily increasing, and has now become so large as to make it necessary either to build a new church, or to make a great addition to the old one.^' The number confirmed was 63, many of whom were advanced in life, and one was upwards of threescore and ten years old. Niagara, it will be remembered, was the Mission of Mr. Addison, of whose life and labours a sketch is given in the earlier part of these Annals. It was natural, therefore, that the Bishop, on visiting his church, should revert with affectionate remem- brance to the services of that exemplary Mis- sionary. " There are," he says, " many pleasing reminiscences about Niagara. It is either the second or third congregation collected in Upper Canada. It was for nearly forty years under the pastoral care of the late Rev. Robert Addison, a graduate of Cambridge. He was a gentleman of commanding talents and exquisite wit, whose devotedness to his sacred duties, kindliness of manners, and sweet companionship, are still sources of grateful and fond remembrance. He may justly be considered the Missionary of the western nart of fhp. Prnvinnp Tn evm-Tr +r»Tiryj ship we find traces of his ministrations, and 126 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. endearing recollections of Ms affectionate visits. He was also Missionary to the Indiana on the Grand River ; and although, from the great distance of his residence at Niagara, he could visit them but seldom, yet by the blandness of his address, and his peculiar facility in communi- eating the most important truths, he acquired over their untutored minds a pi:evailing influ- ence/' From Niagara the Bishop proceeded to St. Catharine's, and thence, through a " road miry and full of sloughs," to Grimsby, which is described as « a sweet village, embosomed in trees, and situated at the foot of a steep moun- tain range, or rather one-sided mountain ; for when you reach the top you find yourself on a level table-land, stretching westward and north- ward more than a thousand miles. « The church is a neat stone building, stand- ing in the midst of the burial-ground. The viltage and neighbourhood form, as it were, a continued garden The population is quite of a rural character ; and, as the settlement is confined, from its position, the parishof Grimsby very much resembles a retired country parish in England.'' Every page of the Journal reminds us that it is a newly-settled country of which we are reading. Thus, at Port Dalhousie Ou CANADIAN TRAVELLING. 127 Ontario, the service was performed in a log school-house of the humblest character and appearance ; and here twenty candidates were confirmed. "The meanness of the place of worship/' says the Bishop, " presented an odd contrast with the neat appearance of the con- gregation, many of whom were very genteelly dressed; and some, indeed, recent emigrants from England, were fashionably attired.^' The contrast struck several, and had the happy effect of stimulating a desire to build a church. At Stamford the Bishop was obliged to preach in a store-house, as the church, which had been burnt during the late outbreak by some incen- diaries from the United States, had not been rebuilt. The journey from Port Erie to Dunnville shows that distances are more than doubled in many parts of the colonies by the badness of the roads. In consequence of the continuance of rain, " the roads became so deep and heavy,*' says the Bishop, '^that before we had driven ten miles it began to get dark, and we were forced to put up at a miserable tavern, quite wet and uncomfortable, and to spend half the night drying our clothes. '* On the following morning, at five o'clock, they resumed their journey ; but the towpath of the Welland Canal, along which they had to travel, was, to quote :;iii liii 128 DIOCESE OP TORONTO. n. « the Bishop's words, '' so narrow and dangerous, that we were obliged to get out of their waggon, and to walk behind it several miles ankle deep in clay mire, the rain pouring upon us all the time." Dunnville, from its advantageous position between the Lakes Erie and Ontario, with both of which it is connected, as weU as from the fertihty of the surrounding country, seems likely to become a place of commercial import- ance, and consequently of considerable popula- tion. The Bishop, therefore, considered himself doubly bound to set matters in train for the completion of the church, which had been com- menced several years before, but, owing to various obstacles, never completed. This first tour, of about 300 miles, occupied little more than a fortnight ; and after remain- ing for about an equal time at Toronto, the Bishop set out again for the northern part of his diocese, on the 19th of June. The principal stations visited were Thomhill, Newmarket, Georgina, Barrie, Penetanguishine, Gwillimburg, and Tecumpseth. The country which he tra- versed is rich, of an interesting character, and so rapidly increasing in population, that instead of seven or eight Clergymen it will soon re- quire a hundred. Indeed, the present paucity of their number imposed upon the several Mis- WEST GWILLIMBURG — TECUMPSETH. 129 sionaries very onerous duties. The Bishop thus speaks of one of them : — "'Mr. Osier has been exceedingly successful in his missionary labours. Besides his three regular stations, he is incessantly making ex- cursions into the neighbouring townships. His occasional visits extend to more than twenty townships. Sometimes he is from home the whole week ; and wherever he goes, he is most kindly received." At West Gwillimburg, the next station, the Bishop consecrated the church and burial- ground, and confirmed twenty-nine young per- sons. " The people,'' he says, '' were much pleased to see me, as I had been once in this settlement before, and met with some of the children, whom I had baptized, grown up men and women. The settlement consists entirely of Irish emigrants ; and, notwithstanding their wildness at home, they became thriving settlers when they came to this country : finer farms, or a more substantial yeomanry, are not to be seen in the Province, than in this township and that of Tecumpseth.'' But a third tour, by far the most extensive of all, was necessary to complete the visitation of this vuyt diocese. The greater number of Missions lie to the iU Ui E V60 DIOCESE OF TOBONTO. Lake Ontario, or on the banks of the majestic St. Lawrence ; and in tracing the course of the Bishop by means of his Journal, we have brought before us, not only an authentic ac count of the religious condition of the Province, but every now and then graphic and interesting descriptions of the country. One of the first Missions at which the Bishop stopped was Port Hope, where, as we learn, « the congregation is rapidly increasing, and the attendance on the stated ordinances at the Church encouraging." The Bishop adds a picture of the place itself :—'' Port Hope is one of the most beautiful and promising villages in the Province, and already contains more than a thousand inhabitants. It is built on the sides of two picturesque hiUs, between which a large stream runs; and the houses and churches, appearing through the trees, give to the whole a romantic appearance.'' On his road to Cavan he had the opportunity of seeing Rice Lake, a beautiful sheet of water, about twenty-one miles in length, and from two to three in width, "interspersed with islands, and surrounded on aU sides by the dense forest. Rice Lake is so named from the vast quantities of wild rice which grow upon the low marshy land along its banks, and upon which immense quanuues ui wuu. lowi xiv»-« CAVAN — ^BAY OF aUINT^. 131 Cavan is a populous settlement of Irish Pro- testants, who enjoy the great advantage of being under the pastoral superintendence of a very faithful and diligent Missionary, the Rev. Samuel Armour. Many who came out almost penniless, have, by industry and frugal habits, become possessed of large and cultivated farms in this township. Still foUowing the Bishop in his course, we get the following account of another prosperous district :—'^ The Bay of Quinte consists of a narrow branch of Lake Ontario, stretching far into the country, and throwing out arms, as it were, in dijfferent directions, so as to form a number of peninsular tracts of rich land, hav- ing the benefit of navigation on three sides. This portion of the Province has been long settled, and is very populous ; for besides the fertility of the soil, it possesses superior advan- tages of intercourse with every part of the country. The produce of almost every farm can be shipped from the proprietor's door. It is, however, attended with the inconvenience of cutting up the townships into sections, which can only communicate by ferries, which are often at inconvenient distances from particular famihes, and sometimes the wideness of the bay renders crossing not a Httle dangerous. MorftOVpr ai fh "' — — T ■—■"J "tw V VAX i I ■x^\j - — ■ wvwKXi*g-iii tuuLu uruujLiug-up 01 132 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. *ti the winter all intercourse is nearly as much suspended as if they were so many islands. These anomalies make it difficult to select con- venient sites for churches; for, place them where you will, branches of the bay will have to be crossed, and this, in bad weather, and during early spring and winter, renders the attendance less full and uniform.'' At Pictou the Bishop consecrated a spacious church, not of wood, which is the common material for building in Canada, but of brick, and, what is more worthy of record, erected at the sole expense of the Rev /William Macaulay, the worthy and able rector. The remarks of the Bishop on this Mission are well worthy of consideration. " It was supposed, before the church was built, that we had no people in the township of Hallowell. Mr. Macaulay has been, nevertheless, able to collect a large and respect- able congregation, comprising the greater por- tion of the principal inhabitants of the village of Pictou and its vicinity ; he has likewise sta- tions in different parts of the township, where the congregations are encouraging. It has happened here, as in almost every other part of the Province, that an active, diligent, and pious Missionary discovers and brings together great numbers of Church people, who, previous to his appearance and exertions, were altogether GROWTH OF A COLONY. 133 unknown, or supposed to belong to other deno- minations/' Twenty-one persons were con- firmed in this church ; and at the close of the service, the young ladies of the village and vicinity presented an offering of fifty pounds, to be continued for three years, towards the support of a travelling Missionary in the dis- trict of Prince Edward. The progress of a Bishop through such a diocese as that of Toronto, though accompanied with much toil and inconvenience, must be one of very lively interest. While the majestic scenery of the country compensates for the roughness of the journey, it must be deeply interesting to watch the growth of new town- ships from their first infant settlement to the maturity of social and political life. The scanty clearing and the few log-sheds become, in a few years, the prosperous town or village, inhabited by substantial settlers, including among them, it may be, some of the highly-educated and refined, but unendowed, cadets of our old English famHies ; and it is well known that many, of ^^ both services,^' who have won honourable scars in defence of their country during the last war, having turned their swords into ploughshares, are now to be found among the most loyal and energetic inhabitants of the Again, the moral and religious aspect '? bush 134 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. of a new country is very striking. Not a few of those who were brought up in the strict observance of all the ordinances of the Church at home, are there living in the midst of an almost interminable forest, either debarred from the means of Christian communion altogether, or with but occasional opportunities of joining in public worship. The Bishop remarks, that in almost all the Missionary stations there was a considerable admixture of elderly persons among the candidates for Confirmation. In many places, too, settlers of German origin were gradually losing their peculiarities of nation and religion, and melting into the Anglo-Saxon population. Thus, at Osnabruck, the Bishop reports, " There is a good sprinkling of German Lutherans, but they have long since conformed to the Church, and the young people know no other.^' On the first of Augast the Bishop reached Cornwall, and is n-iturally led into the following half pleasing, half mournful reflections :— " Cornwall was my first parish, and brought back many sad and pleasing recollections ! Here I had spent nine laborious but happy years. The church which I had built was still there, and in excellent order. The parsonage-house, chiefly erected by my exertions, in which I had spent 1 „^J. 'U^.-i-Mo . i-Tna covflfk-n fnll Cif ohcwO-P. CORNWALL. 135 fruit, which I had improved from the primeval soil, and in which I delighted, at leisure times, to labour;— all these remained with less altera- tion than might have been anticipated. Twenty- eight years had passed away since my removal to York, now Toronto : very few of my elderly parishioners remained; they had chiefly de- parted to their homes, and had been replaced by a new generation. There were, however, still some to receive me with their best welcome ; and many whom I had baptized, now men and women, came to tell me they were of my chil- dren ! The worthy rector, Mr. Archbold, was with me all day; and many old friends and acquaintances came to pay their respects.'' The next day, being Sunday, the Bishop preached to a large congregation, and confirmed thirty-two candidates. After the service an address was presented to him by the church- wardens, vestry, and members of Trinity Church, on the occasion of his first diocesan visit. *'Here," say they, "you first commenced your ministerial labours. In this church, where you have now been exercising the ofiice of a Bishop, you first discharged the duties of Deacon and Priest ; and several persons were this day present in the church who then sat under your ]nn|1Tngfinr Q-nrl i»or>oiTrp/1 n4- -rrrt'..*. T./^«^.,l,-„*~ T J_ 136 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. the sacraments of Baptism and the Supper of the Lord; while others who partook of the same advantages have passed into eternity." I was deeply affected. I saw the altar, the desk, and pulpit at which I had served. Some of my ancient friends stood before me ; and many of my children in the Lord, whose faces I first beheld at the baptismal font, now pro- mising members of the congregation, with olive- branches around them, were seeking my re- membrance; and to these many sincere wor- shippers of the Saviour have been added by my worthy successors. The whole formed a de- lightful spectacle, for which I ought to have been thankful. And yet, even at such a moment of enjoyment, melancholy reflections arose — ^for such is the lot of man. I looked around, and saw many seats vacant, or occupied by strangers, which were once filled with those who smiled on my early days, and amidst my cares and troubles never failed to extend the friendly hand, and offer the fatherly counsel, and to greet me with the kind word and the look of encouragement and approbation. They have departed to join, it is to be hoped, the Church triumphant, accompanied by the song of sor- row and gratitude with which the Church mi- litant takes leave of believers. ' Blessed are the dead which die in the Lord.' " COBNWALL — REV. 0. ARCIIBOLD. 137 The Bishop's concluding obsen^ation on the improvements which h.-ul been effected in the town and neighbourhood of Cornwall may pro- perly be added : — " The village of Cornwall has improved very much recently in appearance and population. Here the great St. Lawrence Canal commences, and extends fourteen miles, to avoid the most troublesome and dangerous of the rapids — a benefit which will add very much to the pro- sperity and importance of the village. I felt myself quite at home in Cornwall, and left it with regret.'' Mr. Archbold, who was always spoken of in terms of commendation by the Bishop of To- ronto, died soon after the period here referred to, namely, on the 14th October, 1840; and it seems only justice to record the following tri- bute to his memory which appeared in a Cana- dian paper : — " This excellent and faithful minister entered the army at an early age, and at the period of his retirement in 1821 he was a lieutenant of high standing in her Majesty's 68th regiment of foot. For many years previously Mr. Arch- bold had evinced a strong predilection for the ministry of the Church; and upon retiring from the army at the period we have mentioned, he prosecuted his theological studies under the 138 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. direction of the late Rev. B. B. Stevens, chap- lain to the forces at Montreal, and was ordained Deacon in the month of May, 1823. His first ministerial labours were employed at Quebec, as a coadjutor in the important duties of that ex- tensive charge to the present Lord Bishop of Montreal. It is almost needless to say that there, and in every other place which enjoyed the benefit of his ministrations, he was re- spected and beloved— fulfilling his duties with punctuality and zeal, and evincing what to the Minister of the Gospel is the highest recom- mendation, an ardent concern for the salvation of souls. In the spring of 1834, he held for a short period the temporary charge of the parish of York (now Toronto) during the absence in England of the venerable the Archdeacon, now Lord Bishop of Toronto; and subsequently he was appointed to the office of visiting Missionary of the diocese, a duty which he fulfilled with great assiduity and benefit to the Church. In the autumn of 1830, after the death of the Rev. Salter Mountain, he was appointed to the rec- tory of Cornwall, which he held until his death. " Mr. Archbold was a person of great simpli- city of character and singleness of heart ; de- voted to his profession, and in an eminent iiorwAA vAo-nrrlinor fTifi fflorv of his Divinc Master and the salvation of souls as the 'one thing REV. G. AECHBOLD— BYTOWN. 139 needful' of ministerial exertion. Of great per- sonal piety, of amiable and gentle deportment, of persuasive earnestness in declaring the coun- sel of God, of indefatigable zeal in all the branches of parochial duty, he was a most suc- cessful Minister; and while he won the affec- tionate regard of those with whom in Christian intercourse he was more immediately connected, he obtained the unfeigned admiration, for his sanctity of manners and entire devotedness to his calling, of 'them that are without.' " It was our high privilege to be well ac* quainted with this excellent Christian, and, in the best sense of the expression, distinguished Minister of the Gospel of Christ, and therefore we can testify the more sincerely — yes, and the more painfully— to the great loss which the Church has sustained in his death; for we ought not to omit to add, that, while for per- sonal holiness of character and extraordinary zeal in the performance of his public duties, he shone amongst ' the excellent of the earth ;' he was a sound and faithful champion of that Church in whose cause it was his best happi- ness to be engaged.'^ ' We shall be pardoned for referring toBytown, another prosperous Mission, if it were only for Quarterly Paper of S. P. G. for January, 1841. 140 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. the information with which the mention of it is accompanied : — " Bytown is so named after Colonel By, the celebrated engineer of the Rideau Canal, which commences at this place, and extends to King- ston, 160 miles. The town is divided into two parts, nearly a mile asunder, and already con- tains 2,000 inhabitants. The scenery, particu- larly near the Upper Town, owing to the falls on the river, called the Falls of Chaudiere, is very beautiful, and in some parts sublime.^' We may imagine that the Bishop, in the course of his visitation, may have had his feel- ings occasionally shocked by the ungodliness or indifference of some whom he encountered on his way ; but what ample amends must he not have received from intercourse with such a family and household as that of his host at Aylmer ! " Our reception," he says, " from General and Mrs. Lloyd was most frank and cordial. They have no family of their own; but the house was full of young people, nephews, nieces, and friends, one or two of whom the General has adopted. The house is finely situated on the river, and commands an extensive prospect. General Lloyd is almost blind, yet he is ex- ceedingly cheerful, and never drops a murmur or complaint. He is a good and religious man, PERTH — ^REV. M. HARRIS. 141 and derives comfort from nobler motives than the things of this world can offer. General and Mrs. Lloyd, from their pious example, un- bounded charity, and steady and liberal support of the Church, have been a great blessing to this part of the diocese. By collections made by them and their friends in England, their own bounty, and their exertions among the parishioners, they have been enabled to erect two small stone churches, one at seven miles' distance from the General's residence, in the interior of March, and one at Huntly, a neigh- bouring township, seven miles from the former. In addition to this, the good General has built and nearly completed a parsonage-house of stone at the centre church.'' The last station which the Bishop visited was Perth ; and there, in the face of a crowded con- gregation, he confirmed ninety-eight persons. He bears the following honourable testimony to the zeal and activity of the rector : — ^^Mr. Harris has done much for the Church; some of his candidates for confirmation had come upwards of twenty miles. He may be considered the father of the Church in this portion of the diocese ; at Richmond, at Frank- town, at Carlton- place, he was well known long before any Clergymen were appointed to these stations ; and has, I believe, on all occasions i A\ 142 DIOCESE OF TOEONTO. fiirnislied the largest list of candidates for con- firmation. At Perth he has built up the Church in the face of many difficulties ; and still con- tinues his meritorious exertions, and, with the Divine blessing, with increasing success/^ On the 23d of August the Bishop got back to Toronto, after having travelled 1,000 miles in this division of his diocese. His reflection on the whole is as follows : — " Great has been my satisfaction in visiting this large portion of my diocese. The state in which I found the Missions ; the readiness of the people to attend to my suggestions ; the fruits of the incessant labours of the Clergy, and the kind and respectful reception which they gave me, have afforded me the highest gratificcition, and made, I trust, gratitude to God the prominent feeling of my heart." The Bishop, however, did not consider the visitation of his diocese complete till he had been to the Indian villages. At the Mohawk settlement, near Brantfordy there is a well-conducted school of religious and general education, and annexed to it an institution for the teaching of trades and me- chanical arts. As evidence of the use of such instruction, it may be mentioned that many Indians in the neighbourhood are profitably exercising the crafts which they first learned at THE INDUNS — JOHN HILL. 143 the institution. From Brantford the Bishop proceeded ten miles lower down the river to Tuscarora. " This Mission/' says his Lordship, " is under the charge of the Rev. Adam ElUott, and ex- hibits abundant evidence of the zeal and suc- cess with which, by the Divine blessing, his labours have been crowned. The church, which has been just enlarged — having been found too small for the increasing congregation — was well filled with a body of worshippers, reclaimed, for the most part, from paganism. Among the congregation, as well as amongst the persons confirmed, we discovered several coloured people who are connected and Hve on great terms of amity with the Indians.'' At the conclusion of the service the Bishop received a friendly address from the chiefs of the Seneca tribe. As, unhappily, there cannot be a doubt that, notwithstanding all the exertions of Christian philanthropy, whole tribes of Indians have been demoralized and destroyed by the contact of the white man, it is refreshing to point to some individual instances in which the saving power of Christianity, and the benefit of Church Mis- sions, maybe distinctly seen. Such an instance was that of John Hill, an Indian Catechist ; and we shaU probably receive the thanks of the reader for introducing in this place the follow- 144 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. ing brief but very interesting sketch of bis life by the Missionary of Quinte Bay : — '' In the year 1810, the office of Catechist fell vacant, and John Hill — abas Oche-chus- kough, signifying ' flowers^ — a young man of exemplary character, who had made some ad- vances in piety and knowledge, was appointed by Dr. Stuart to the situation. Mr. Hill was born of Mohawk parents, during their stay at La Chine, and came to this settlement with the rest of his tribe in 1784. "He received at first for his services the moderate allowance of 10/. per annum, but this sum was augmented in 18.26 to 20/. on the recommendation of the late excellent Bishop Stewart, wlio entertained a very good opinion of him. " The selection of Mr. Hill for this office proved judicious ; for altliough his abilities were of a humble order, and his attainments very limited, yet he was sincere and faithful in the discharge of his duties, and, by the blessing of his Divine Master, was enabled, during thirty years, to witness a good confession before his brethren. '^ On my appointment to the charge of this Mission, from none of the Indiana did I receive a warmer welcome than from Mr. Hill and his wife. JOHN HILL. 145 "As his stipend was inadequate to the sup- port of his family, he was obhged to work upon his farm ; and the industrious and successful manner in which he conducted it was an ex- ample to his brethren, whose besetting faults are indolence and its consequence, a want of foresight, — faults, perhaps, the heritage of the Indian. Depending on the fortunes of the chase, he is satisfied with provision for to-day, and, like ^the fowls of the air,^ relies for to- morrow upon the providence of that gracious Being ' who giveth to all ' things living ' their meat in due season.' *' By prudent management, aided by his two sons, Mr. Hill, at his death, was enabled to leave his farm supplied with every convenience, and in a thriving condition. " These young men, his only children, he brought up with pious care, which has been amply rewarded. Being of good natural parts, and studiously inclined, they have made con- siderable advances in general knowledge, and are well grounded in the elementary branches of a plain English education. Their knowledge of di\dne things is by no means inconsiderable, and I have the happiness of looking on them as decidedly children of God. Their example and assistance will, I trust, be of great service to me in my future endeavours among their bra- L 11 I! ' 146 i II aa*4 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. thren. The eldest, on the late visit of the Bishop of Toronto, was petitioned for \jy the congregation to succeed to his father's situa- tion, for which he is well qualified. I am happy to say, his Lordship at once directed him to act in that capacity, and promised to recommend him to the Society/ " Mr. HilFs health had been declining for the last two or three years of his life ; and, although frequently a severe sufferer, he rarely allowed it to interfere with his duty, when at all able to go out. I have often remonstrated with him on his imprudence in exposing him- self in bad weather at unseasonable hours, when the case did not require it, nor his health justify It; but he felt such a desire to discharge his duty conscientiously, that remonstrances were vain. During this period a perceptible change took place in his character and views. Previously his industrious habits led me to think that his worldly engagements engrossed too large a share of his attention; but latterly I perceived they were daily losing their hold of his mind, and things of eternal consequence were taking their place. This gradual ripening for his change was very perceptible during his last ' Mr. John Hill, the son, was accordingly appointed to succeed his father as Catechist. . ^PPo^^^ea to JOHN HILL. 147 of the uy the s situa- a happy n to act mmend ing for 3; and, J rarely hen at strated g him- i, when justify rge his s were change i^iously bat his irge a ceived mind, taking )r his s last ated to illness. For nearly eighteen months he suf- fered severely, heing a great part of his time confined to the house, and the last six months to his bed, having lost the use of his lower limbs. At an early period of his confinement, although of a sanguine disposition, he relin- qmshed aU expectation of recovery, and seemed bent on improving his visitation, by preparing for the change that awaited him. While his eyesight lasted, and he could hold a book, he read for several hours every day, and observed to me, ' It is a great blessing to be able to spend my time in reading. When I can see, I read prayers ; but when I cannot, I pray in my heart^which is just as good, for our Lord hears me.^ '' Both himself and wife, who was on her death-bed at the same time, took great delight in hearing their sons read the Scriptures, and explain the substance of what they had read on religious subjects in English books. " Mrs. Hill was relieved from her sufferings (which indeed she bore with a resignation and patience truly Christian) about five weeks before her husband; and I am told it was most affect- mg to witness the composure with which she took leave of him a few hours before her death. Requesting the little pallet on which she lay to be placed beside his, she told him she was about ti* 148 DIOCESE OF TOEONTO. to leave him — ^but he must not grieve, as she felt her Saviour, who had been her support during her sickness, was her friend — she would be happy after her departure— that they and their sons would soon meet again; and be- sought him, while he remained, to warn and exhort all to tako care of their souls. " The conduct of their sons, during their parents' illness, was most exemplary. As there were no females in the family, but such as came out of kindness, many of the duties in the sick- chamber devolved upon the younger son, a young man of one-and-twenty. It was pleasing to sec the tenderness and assiduity with which he performed, for many months, these wearisome and unwonted duties. On several occasions I have admired the gentle and affectionate manner in which he ministered to their wants and infirmity. His father observed to me, respecting him, ' My poor Isaac ! he is a very good boy,— he takes as good care of us as if he were a woman. I am often so full of pain that I cannot rest at night, and am very trouble- some, but he never leaves me, nor gets tired of taking care of me ; he lies on the floor beside my bed at night, and is always ready when I call. John takes care of things out of doors. Oh, it makes our hearts glad to have such good boys ! ' JOHN HILL. ■I as she upport J would ey and ad he- rn and J their 3 there 3 came e sick- young ing to ich he risome tasions ionate wants o me, a very s if he n that Duble- red of beside hen I doors, such 149 " I had been for several days expecting the departure of my poor friend, when, on the morning of Wednesday, the 17th of June, I was summoned to attend his death-bed, and on reaching the house found, alas ! the cold hand of death upon him. He was unable to speak to me, and life was fleeting fast. On entering the apartment, the scene that presented itself was worthy of the pencil. On a bedstead of simple construction was laid the swarthy patri- arch, apparently conscious of his situation and the changp that momentarily awaited him. " It was a scene of painful interest, but not unattended with satisfaction. Death, in this instance, appeared to me divested of that awful form he so generally assumes. Beside and at the foot of the bed sat his two sons, in silent sorrow, watching every breath and trifling motion of their beloved parent. Around the bed, and in different parts of the room, were sitting or standing eighteen or twenty Indians, engaged in singing, in a sweetly subdued tone' meet for the ears of the dying, hymns suited to the solemn occasion. " When I thought his end was at hand, I called upon all present to join in commending our dear b other's soul into the hands of ' his faithful Creator and most merciful Saviour.' " It requires one to use, or hear used, under I: loO DIOCESE OF TORONTO. similar affecting circunistanccs, the prayer fur- nished by our comprehensive Ritual ' for a sick person at the point of departure/ to appreciate its beauty and applicability. Shoit as that prayer is, and although he was breathing very hard at the commencement, ere it was finished the ordinary indications of death were visible, and without the slightest struggle he ceased to breathe. A solemn interval of silence ensued, during which each seemed buried in his own reflections. " The Indians then sung a hymn ; and before lea\dng the room, deeply aff'ected as I was, I undertook to offer up the last Collect of the Burial Service, — so full of comfort and edifi- cation on such occasions; but before I had finished, the touching scene before me moved me to tears. The Indian, whose stern nature has, in some measure, been softened by Chris- tianity, however deeply he may feel, weeps but seldom — in his savage state never, as it is deemed a weakness unworthy of a warrior ; but on this occasion, no sooner was the tear of Christian sympathy seen to flow, than every one in the apartment yielded to the impulse. It was indeed an affecting sight : I doubt not each thought within himself, 'It is good for us to be here.' May God bless it to our spiritual im- provement, for his dear Son's sake. JOHN niLL. 151 '' Before leaving the house, I was informed by one of his attendants, that, some time before his speech failed, he told them that his time was at hand, and bade them farewell ; he re- quested them to thank all his friends for their kindness during his sickness, and, as he had not the ability to reward them, he trusted God would. He desired them not to be sorry, as it was good for him to be relieved ; and, as his parting wish, he requested they would attend more diligently to the care of their souls, and that, whenever they thought of him, they should remember the advice he had given them. In this peaceful state of mind, and with a firm and unwavering faith in the all-sufficient merits of his Saviour, did this lowly servant of his Master ' fall asleep in Jesus.' " On the Friday following, his remains were followed to the grave by a large assemblage of persons, — the white settlers in the neighbour- hood uniting with their Indian brethren in this last mark of respect to departed worth. His remains, and those of his wife, were deposited in the Indian burial-ground, near the church; and the nation have it in contemplation, as soon as it can be procured, to erect over their graves a memorial of the esteem in which they were held.^' w CHAPTER Vn. BISHOP S PRIMARY CHARGE— ADDRESS TO THE SOCIETY — VISIT TO MANEHTOUAHNENQ ISLAND— LAKE HURON — SAULT ST. MARIE — LONDON — TALBOT— DUNWICH— MOHAWK VILLAGE — SUMMARY OP THE VISITATION. On the 9th of September, 1841, the Bishop of Toronto held his primary visitation, at which sixty-five Clergymen were present, and twenty - five unable to attend. Before separating they united with the Bishop in presenting the fol- lowing address to the Society for the Propaga- tion of the Gospel ; an address which, as it so immediately bears upon the ecclesiastical his- tory of the Province, may very properly be intro- duced in this place. " We, the Bishop and Clergy of the diocese of Toronto, avail ourselves of the opportunity furnished by the first visitation held in this diocese, to address your venerable Society with sentiments of respect and gratitude. " We should be wanting in filial duty, if upon such an occasion we were not to record our unanimous sense of the great and inestimable ADDRESS TO THE SOCIETY. 153 good of whicli your Society has, under Divine Providence, been the instrument. To you we have been indebted for our first foundation and support as a visible Church in this colony, and ever since for an uninterrupted series of the most munificent benefactions. "When the tem- poral power which God in his holy word has appointed to be the nursing father of his Church withdrew that inadequate assistance which it had hitherto afforded, your unfailing charity has, in a great degree, sustained us in our abandon- ment, 'and alleviated many a painful case of individual privation; and while the colonial em- pire of Great Britain was widening its bounds, and threatening with its innumerable demands for spiritual aid to exhaust your resources, you nevertheless continued to maintain the Church which you had been the instrument of planting in these regions, not only with an undiminished but with an increasing liberality. " The grain of mustard-seed has now — may God be praised for this great mercy ! — grown into a goodly and overshadowing tree ; and so long as the root of it is refreshed by God^s blessing upon your bounty, we may hope that its branches will extend, and increasing thousands find rest and peace beneath its shel- ter. In 1801, nine Clergymen, Missionaries of your Society, were the only labourers in the 154 DIOCESE OE TORONTO. immense vineyard comprised in the province of Canada; in 1841, two Bishops and one hundred and fifty Clergymen are found within the same limits exercising this oversight of the Church of God, which he hath purchased with his own blood. '\ This is a progress sufficiently encouraging to justify the hope that we shall be sustained by the aid of your venerable Society in extendi mg the good work in which we are now en- gaged. And when we call to mind that on every occasion when the Bishop of this diocese has pointed out a channel into which your bounty might be advantageously directed, it has not failed to visit our waste places with its refreshing streams,— when we contemplate the blessing which your Society for more than Uij years has conferred on this Province, and ^he spiritual destitution which must ensue upon the din inution of its bounty,-— we rest assured in the consoKng hope that this branch of the Anglican Church wHl still be fostered by your generous hand, and that our fellow -Christians in the British Isles will stiU more abundantly contribute those resources, which it is their privilege to entrust to your faithful stewardship. •' Influenced by every grateful emotion that a long train of the highest benefits received can infuse into cm- hearts, we conclude with the JOURNEY TO LAKE IIUKON. 155 ^nce of undred e same IJhurcli lis own raging itained xtend- )w en- bat on lioeese L your ted, it ith its ite the n fAiy id ^he on the 'ed in f the ' your s.tians lantly their iyhip. that d can ii the prayer, that those who supply and those who apportion the funds of your venerable Society, may be partakers of that salvation which they are the instruments of extending to millions of immortal beings in the remotest dependencies of the British Empire. '' In the name and on behalf of the Clergy of the diocese, " (Signed,) John Toronto/' With this address the Bishop transmitted to the Society a list of forty-five stations, con- taining an aggregate population of more than 100,000, for which Missionaries were immedi- ately required. In the greater part churches had either already been built, or were in the course of erection. In July of the following year the Bishop com- menced an extensive tour of visitation to the west- ern portion of his dioce^^.o. He was accompanied by eleven gentlemen, among whom were Vis- count Morpeth, and Colonel Jarvis, the chief superintendent of the Indians, who was on his way ':o distribute the annual presents to that nation. On the 26th they embarked at Pene- tanguishine in canoes ; and though the weather was upon the whole favourable, they encoun- tered one formidable storm before reaching Manehtouahneng Island. This was on the 156 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. evening of the 29th; and the party was com- pelled to land, amid torrents of rain, on Foxe^s Island. But we shall do best to continue the narrative in the Bishop's own words. ^'It was found/^ he says, '^not a little diffi- cult to select T)laces for pitching our tents, the rocks being everywhere so rough, precipitous, and uneven, and no soil into which the pegs could be driven. In this emergency, we con- trived to hold the tents erect, by placing large stones on the ropes or cords, in lieu of pegs driven into the ground; but in this arrange- ment there was not a little danger, should the wind increase, of both tents and inmates being blown into the lake. The storm becoming more furious, I got my tent removed to a position of greater security in a lower spot, and having the shelter of a few scrubby trees growing out of the fissures of the rock. The party dined in one of the tents ; and, notwithstanding the ter- rible war of the elements without, we were both thankful and cheerful. The rain and wind con- tmued with increased violence during the greater part of the night, and the water found its way into my tent, but fortunately a hollow place in Its centre served for a sort of reservoir, from which many buckets of water were emptied in the morning. To sleep was out of the question ; for besides the water running into the tent, the JOURNEY TO LAKE HURON. 157 ig' vehemence of the storm di-ove the rain thi the canvass, and I was obliged, even und'er this shelter, to resort to the protection of an umbrella, to prevent my being thoroughly wet. Several casualties happened during the nig^t, rather of a ludicrous than serious nature ; three of the tents were blown down, and the inmates, after extricating themsehes from the wreck, had to grope about in their night-clothes, (for it was very dark,) with great caution, exposed to the wind and rain, till, they found some one of the other tents which withstood the storm. Early in the morning, the whole party assem- bled around a large fire to dry themselves, and recount the adventures of the night, which were, on the whole, a source of great amusement. About seven o'clock the wind and rain abated, and the lake became sufficiently calm for the canoes to proceed, and by eight o'clock we were all on the way. Our encampments in the evening were not a little picturesque; nine tents were pitched, and as many fires lighted up ; the canoes were all drawn ashore, and com- monly turned over. Groups were seen around each fire, and as the darkness increased, shadows were flitting from place to place, while some of the men were seen rolled uj) in the^V blanketj, and sleeping: ^n the bare rock. Our party never dined vii: we stopped for the night, which ^ ^1 I I'i ' i t 158 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. ^tn was often as late as nine, and once or twice after ten o'clock. The tablecloth was spread on the smoothest part of the rock that we could find, and the guests squatted round in Eastern fashion, with candles or lanterns, according as it was calm or windy, to illu^iinate the part. During the day, we made only one halt of any duration, and that for breakfast; any other stops were but momentary — a few minutes to rest, or to enjoy some beautiful or interesting prospect. For this meal a convenient spot was usually chosen, and while it was preparing, the young gentlemen of the party generally amused themselves bathing. The islands of Lake Huron are exceedingly numerous ; indeed but for them it would be very difficult for canoes to navigate its waters. They extend many miles from the coast into the deep lake, and present thousands of the most beautiful channels imaginable, often like a long line of a highly-finished canal ; and though sometimes a little sinuous, they do not add much to the length of the journey in pass- ing up and down this inland sea, while almost in all cases they become an effectual protection against storms. It is indeed seldom that a canoe, frail as it is, becomes storm-stead, unless it be when passing along the outer range of islands, or at the few openings to the mainland.'' The following remarks on the physical cha- ii.t:™r'.-r«T'*i?^»«MW-T ISLANDS OF LAKE HURON. 159 iiug as racter and appearance of the islands will be acceptable to many readers. '^Most of the islands possess something of solitary beauty, some are entirely without any trace of vegeta- tion, others have a few shrubs, and a few stunted trees of the fir genus ; again, you see them apparently well wooded till you come near, when you find the trees very much scat- tered, of small height, with scarcely any earth, the bare rock everywhere visible, and the roots dug into the seams and crevices for a scanty and miserable nourishment. Most of the islands produce flowers and mosses, and no two of them are alike. " Geologists affirm, that so soon as the sHghtest vegetation commences, it becomes merely a question of time when the soil arising from the annual decay of the increasing vege- table kingdom shall be sufficient to yield sub- sistence to man; the period, however, must be very distant when the rocks on the north and eastern shores of Lake Huron and the Thirty Thousand Islands, which they embrace, will be fit for agricultural operations." The Bishop's narrative of his voyage on Lake Huron is closed by a very pleasing incident. " On the first night of our encampment, I dis- covered that one of our canoes was manned by converted Indians from our Mission at the Mi it ill 160 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. Manatoulin. Before going to rest they assem- bled together, sung a hymn in their own lan- guage, and read some prayers, which had been translated for their use from the Liturgy. There was something indescribably touching in this service of praise to God upon these inhos- pitable rocks; the stillness, wildness, and darkness, combined with the sweet and plaintive voices, all contributed to add to the solemn and deep interest of the scene. I felt much affected with this simple worship, and assisted in conducting it every evening until we reached the Manatoulin Island.^^ On Saturday, July 30th, they landed on the Great Island, and were most cordially welcomed by the Rev. F. A. O'Meara, the zealous and successful Missionary to the native Indians. The next day nearly 400 of them attended di\dne ser\dce. The Bishop remained fourteen days in the island, the first week of which was spent in preparing the candidates for confirma- tion. Public service was celebrated every after- noon, and on the second Sunday forty-four Indians and five white persons were confirmed. There is an excellent school in operation, under the care of Mr. Burkett. It appears that the number of Indians who were assembled this year to receive presents, exceeded six thousand, a greater number than ''III I ' assem- wii Ian- ad been ihing in 3 inhos- is, and et and [ to the I felt ip, and mtil we on the ilcomed lus and ndians. :tended )urteeji ich was Qfirma- V after- ty-four firmed. Tation, V IS who esents, T than ■^%'' Ilii ^^ '"'":i 'I'l',, , ill r rhiiliitf'.r-l 'i 'I'i > •■ ; I ' 1 1 ■ aw: i. il Sly 1 f 9 1 1 t 1 1 '1 ;: ji ' o n b tc ai hi til tl e\ 01 U is to Ie tei ba U an dis mc inj to rel Pe em KUMBER OF INDIANS. 161 on any former occasion ; of these some were members of the Cliurch of England, others were Roman Catholics, and a few Methodists, but the majority were still heathen. The Romish influence among them is chiefly to be attributed to the half castes of French and Indian extraction; while, on the other hand, there is a strong inclination among these simple people to adopt the religion of their '' gr-at mother, the Queen.'' It is, how- ever, computed, that of the whole six thousand one-third live within the boundaries of the United States, and of the remainder, one-fourth is Christian. There remain, therefore, according to this reckoning, about 3,000 unconverted Indians in all, who reside within the British territory, and "these are scattered along the banks of Lake Huron and Superior, and the Lake of the Woods, and some even as far north and west as the Red River.'' ^ While thus dispersed, and living, not in bands, but for the most part in single families, and never remain- ing long in one place, it was plainly impossible to bring them under any regular course of religious instruction; and, on this accoi^t. Sir Peregrine Maitland, and afterwards Lord Seat on, endeavoured to collect them in villages, and by *'*1 ( ^ Bishop of Toronto's Journal of Visitation, (S, P. G.), 1844. M •^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 '-IIIIIM ilM ■^ 1^ 12.2 '- I. — -^^ 11= t.4 IIIIII.6 V2 ^ V), Ay^/j 'a /A '/ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 tip mSi ' % 7j^ ^ 163 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. providing them with instruction in farming, and the more useful mechanical arts, to reclaim them from a wandering life, and so gradually to bring them within the reach of Christian in- fluences. Indeed, the yearly increasing diffi- culty of living by hunting, in consequence of the scarcity of game, has already begun to have its effect in reconciling them to the pursuits of civilized life. The Bishop and his party left the Mane- touahneng Island on the afternoon of Saturday, the 13th of August. "On the next day, Sunday, divine service was held in a very beau- tiful island, covered with trees and shrubs, juniper and rose-bushes, and many wild flowers. A clean smooth rock overhanging the lake was chosen for the place of worship, which possessed, besides the advantage of a free air, (the day being very hot,) that of being distant from a fire which was rapidly spreading, by means of the dry moss, over the island. Those present manifested the greatest attention, and all ap- peared to be struck with a deep feehng of the solemnity of the scene, and of the wisdom of the provision which called upon them, in this wild and romantic corner of the earth, to pause upon their journey, and to Avorship their heavenly Father, through his Son Jesus Christ." The following Sunday they all attended ser- BAPTISM OF CUNATUNY. 163 ig, and nthem illy to ian in- r diffi- ince of to have suits of Mane- turday, :t day, y beau- shrubs, flowers, ike was ssessed, :he day from a eans of present all ap- 5 of the n of the his wild .se upon eavenly ded ser- vice at the Mission church of Sault St. Marie, and made up a congregation— including some In- dians and Indo-Europeans, all well dressed and decorous in their behaviour — of about fifty. Two children were baptized, and one of them received the name of " Howard," in compli- ment to Lord Morpeth; whose frank good- nature and courteous demeanour had endeared him to all the party. They were now obliged to separate, and the Bishop continued his visi- tation to the Missions on the Lakes St. Clair and Erie, and along the course of the Thames. As every thing connected with the remnant of the North American Indians is read with in- terest : and, as this interest has been much increased in many minds by the recent visit of the excellent Missionary, Mr. Flood, to this country, the subjoined account of the baptism of a chief at Muncey Town will not be thought out of place : — " On the 7th of September, Wednesday, the Indians assembled in great numbers : it was a great day. The great Chippawa chief Cuna- tuny was to be baptized and confirmed. In the two villages there are still several pagan In- dians, and yet they, as well as the converted, attend the services of the Church. While they continue pagans, they paint their faces and refuse to kneel. The conversion, however, of Hi ii"- 164 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. ■:;i the great chief is expected to operate most favourably, and from their love of truth, stronger it is said among the Indians than among the Persians of old, it is anticipated that they will be readily impressed and permanently retained. Wlieu some doubts were expressed as to my coming, the Indians exclaimed, ' What ! is he not the chief of the Church ? — he never can have two words— he is sure to come ! ' The school-house, though large and commodious, could scarcely contain half the number assembled, and those that could not get in stood in groups about the door and windows. The chief was baptized, and ap- peared well acquainted with the nature and importance of the holy sacrament. He was, after baptism, confirmed, with four others. His admission into the Church by the sacrament of Baptism, and his public profession of the faith in coming forward for confirmation, had been with him, for years, matter of deep and solemn consideration. After the service, I shook hands with every individual present, according to the custom of the Indians at all their meetings. '^ Every traveller in a newly-planted colony, where the land is fertile, and natural advantages abound, is struck with the rapid growth of new tillages and towns. Two instances, borrowed RAPID PROGRESS OF SETTLEMENTS. 165 te most truth, as than ted that lanently ^pressed claimed, arch? — sure to rge and balf the )uld not oor and and ap- ire and He was, [•s. His crament 1 of the ion, had eep and rvice, I present, IS at all colony, (vantages i of new sorrowed from the Bishop's Journal, may be produced in evidence of this :— '^ London is a fair specimen of the rapidity with which towns rise and ad- vance in a new country : a few years ago, it could scarcely be called a village, but now it is a large and increasing town, with several good streets, and well-furnished shops, in which you find not only the necessaries, but the luxuries and elegances of life." The next station was St. Thomas, from which the Bishop went by invitation to the residence of the Hon. Colonel Talbot ; and he is naturally led to make the following observation : — '' The Colonel superintended the settlement of this section of the Province, and now beholds fifty or sixty thousand inhabitants in the sp^ee which when committed to his charge was one dense forest, without a single inhabitant." ^ Another place which the Bishop mentions with obvious satisfaction is Dunwich. Although there was no resident Clergyman, the settlers, who had already given proof of their zeal and devotion by building a small church, were preparing to erect a parsonage. Their oppor- tunities of public worship were indeed few, but they lost none of the attachment to the Church of their fathers ; and to show how the example of even a few families may operate most extens- * Appendix A. 166 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. m ively, it may be stated that, as the settlers of Dunwich were unable, owing to a restriction on the sale of land, to purchase farms for their chil- dren in the country immediately adjacent, they sent them forth as colonists to the more westerly townships, where they diffused those sentiments of devotion, and that reverence for the Church, which they had derived from their parents. It is gratifying to notice the favourable report which the Journal contains of a visit to the Mohawk village : out of the fifty-four per- sons who came forward for consecration, forty- nine were Indians. But it is due to the liberal Company which supports these Missions, to quote the Bishop^s own words. '' The church stands on a beautiful flat near the river, surrounded by many cottages of in- dustrious and well-conducted Indians attached to the Mission ; and contiguous to the church are schools, which are carefully visited after the services. In these schools a great number of promising Indian children, both boys and girls, are taught the rudiments of a com- mon education, carefully founded on religious principles. Very favourable specimens of their proficiency in reading, writing, and arithmetic, were exhibited, and nothing could be more gratifying than the sight of so many of the rising generation of an ancient and warlike INDIAN INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS. 167 itlers of 3tion on leir chil- rit, they presterly itiments Church, nts. ourable visit to lur per- i, forty- } liberal ions, to at near 3 of in- ttached church id after aumber L boys a com- ^Kgious of their hmetic, e more of the warlike people, who had once commanded the greater portion of North America, receiving instruction to qualify them to read the Holy Scriptures in the English tongue, and to enable them to impart the same knowledge to others. It is a tardy, but becoming remuneration for the mani- fold injuries inflicted upon this unfortunate race. '' Annexed to the schools is an institution for the instruction of the Indian young women in housewifery and sewing, and of the young men in various useful mechanical arts. To this institution such boys are transferred as evince a taste and desire for different trades; and the articles thus manufactured are readily disposed of, as being fully as good and some- what cheaper than can be furnished at the shops of the best mechanics in the vicinity. '' The Missionaries at the Mohawk and Tus- carora villages, the schools of boys and girls, and the mechanics' institution, besides other schools throughout the Indian settlements, with much generous assistance for other pur- poses, are all supported by the bounty of the New England Company, and reflect the highest credit on that respectable body.^'i At the Tuscarora village, which is ten miles distant, fifty ^ eight persons — either Indians, or negroes who have intermarried with them, and ' Appendix B. 168 DIOCESE 0¥ TORONTO. are considered as a portion of the tribe — were confirmed. These numbers at the two principal native stations, justify the observation of the Bishop, that the Divine blessing has been shed on the labours of the two excellent Mis- sionaries, the Rev. Adam Elliot, and the Eev. Abraham Nelles. His Lordship's concluding remark well deservesto be recorded. He says : — '' Many pagan Indians have, through their ministration, been brought over to the truth ; and every hope may reasonably be entertained that, in a short space of time, not one idola- trous Indian will remain unconverted to Christianity.'^ Leaving these aboriginal settlements, the Bishop passed on to the stations of Paris, Burford, Gait, Guelph, Dundas, Ancaster, Binbrook, and Hamilton, confirming the young, reconciling differences, and setting many things in order. • At Hamilton, a very increasing and pro- sperous town, beautiftdly situated on the Grand River, the church, which had just been finished, was consecrated ; and the service excited the most marked interest. From this place the Bishop embarked on board a steamboat on the 3d of October, and reached Toronto in five hours. We subjoin the summary of the entire visitation in his own words : — SUMMARY OF VISITATION. 169 ; — were rincipal of the LS been it Mis- ie Rev. eluding says : — h their 1 truth ; Ttained e idola- ted to ts, the Paris, icaster, young, '■ things d pro- t Grand nished, ted the ice the oat on into in of the " I had now completed a long and arduous tour, embracing many tedious journeys both by land and water, and I confess that I was in body somewhat wearied, but in spirit greatly refreshed. I had scarcely been at home since the 13th of June ; having from that date to the time of setting out for the Manatouhn Island, been engaged in forming District Branch Associations of the Church Society. But while so many wearisome journeys were endured, I had the greatest reason to be thankful to Almighty God, who so mercifully preserved my health and strength, during the whole period — having never experienced a day^s sickness, or been prevented by any acci- dent from discharging my duties, or from keeping my various appointments. During my absence from Toronto, I consecrated two churches and one burial ground, confirmed 756 persons at twenty-four different stations, and travelled^ including my journeys for the form- ation of District Branches of the Church So- ciety, upwards of 2,500 miles." I i I I li .'^m ' V i !i|l 11 ii CHAPTER VIII. THE CLERGY RESERVES — THE FIFTY-SEVEN RECTORIES — EDUCATION — RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. The Ecclesiastical Annals of Canada would not be complete without some account of the provision made " for the maintenance and sup- port of a Protestant Clergy " by the appropria- tion to this use of a certain portion of the lands of the Province, known commonly by the name of the Clergy Reserves. The act authorizing such appropriation was passed in 1791 (31 Geo. III., cap. 31). But the lands which were to form a provision for the Clergy were at first mere waste tracts of snow and forest ; and on this account, perhaps, the exclusive right of the Church of England to them was, for nearly thirty years, never called in question. As soon, however, as they became at all valuable, other claimants arose ; and not only the Pres- byterians of the Church of Scotland, but various denominations of Protestant Dissenters, put in their claim for a share. From this period (1818) THE CLERGY RESERVES. 171 EDUCATION I would ; of the nd sup- propria- le lands le name lorizing ^91 (31 were to at first and on t of the ' nearly Q. As aluable, le Pres- various , put in I (1818) to the time when the question was finally disposed of in 1840, the Clergy Reserves formed the subject of frequent party discussions in the Province. The complaint was on all occasions renewed, that the Church held large districts of unimproved land, to the inconvenience and injury of the neighbouring settlers ; and, ad- mitting that there was some ground of justice in it, there can be no doubt that it was often factiously urged by those whose aim was rather to lower the influence of the Church than to improve the cultivation of the country. In 1819 the law-officers of the Crown in England gave it as their opinion that the pro- visions of the Act in question ''may be ex- tended to the Clergy of the Church of Scot- land, but not to dissenting ministers." This official interpretation of the law, however, was of little avail in settling the question, which continued to excite much angry and jealous feeling in the Province. The Home Govern- ment, naturally unwilling to incur the odium of deciding against either of the contending parties, referred the settlement of the points in dispute to the Colonial Legislature, and thus prolonged the controversy for some years more. It will not be expected that we should, in such a summary record as this, enter into a particu- lar history of this much discussed measure ; it ilil , ♦" ini' ! I 172 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. will be enough to specify the principal pro- posals of adjustment which were made. In 1827, the Home Government, leaving the main question undecided, obtained an Act of Parliament authorizing the sale annually of a portion of the Reserves, not exceeding in any one year 100,000 acres, nor more in the whole than one fourth of the lands reserved. After other attempts to carry bills in the Colonial Legislature for the diversion of the Clergy Reserves from the purposes specified in the Act of 1791 — bills which passed the Legisla- tive Assembly, but were rejected by the Execu- tive Council — a bill was introduced into the House of Assembly in 1835, authorizing the sale of the Reserves and the appropriation of the proceeds to the promotion of education within the Province. But this bill, too, though carried through the lower house, failed to ob- tain the sanction of the Council; who, however, passed resolutions, which they embodied in the form of an address to the king, praying that the subject might, after full and dispassionate consideration, be finally settled by the wisdom of the Imperial Parliament. When Sir Francis Head was governor, he recommended in his speech from the throne, (1836) an early settlement of the long agitated question. A committee was in consequence Wfi TUE CLERGY RESERVES. 173 al pro- ing the Act of ily of a in any 5 whole After lolonial Clergy in the jegisla- Execu- ito the ng the ition of acation though to ob- 3wever, iied in ag that sionate wisdom lor, he throne, gitated quence appointed, and a report in due time presented, in which a plan was suggested for a five-fold division of the property, and the bodies so en- titled to share were the Church of England, the Church of Scotland, the Church of Rome, the Methodists, and the Baptists. But this recommendation of the committee, strange and unaccountable as it was, considering that it had reference to the disposal of a property which, if not left for the endowment of the Clergy of the Church of England exclusively, was un- doubtedly and in terms for the endowment of a Protestant Clergy, even this recommendation was far surpassed in extravagance by a bill which passed both Houses during the adminis- tration of Lord Sydenham ; the effect of which, had it been allowed by the Queen, would have been the appropriation of one half of the an- nual proceeds, aflter payment of certain guaran- teed stipends, to the Churches of England and Scotland, and a division of the residue among the other religious bodies or denominations of Christians recognised by the constitution and laws of the Province, according to their respective numbers to be ascertained once in every four years. Had this wild scheme not been disallowed, as happily it was, by the Home Government, fourteen different religious denominations, it ■ •'II ! 4 I m ii 174 DIOGESE OF TORONTO. iilii • 1 '1 U! i ' 1 1 1 1 \ \ 1 w '■ 1 1 I.' i 1 is said, would have received encouragement out of lands designed by King George III. for the support of a Protestant Clergy. After the failure of these several attempts at procuring a legislative settlement of a question which had long distracted the colony, and brought unde- served odium upon the Church, it was fenally set at rest by an Act of the Imperial Parlia- ment, 3 & 4 Vict. cap. 78. This law, by which provision is made for the gradual sale of the Clergy Reserves, directs that the proceeds of the sales shall be divided into six equal parts, of which two are to be appropriated to the Church of England and one to the Church of Scotland in Canada; and that the residue be applied " by the Governor of Canada, with the advice of the Executive Council, for purposes of public worship and religious instruction in Canada."^ The sums so allotted are to " be expended for the support and maintenance of public wor- ship, and the propagation of religious know- ledge," and the share assigned to the Church of England is to be expended under the authority ■'■■■'■■*^i ■ ■ " ■ ■ I..I -1 .1. .■■ - — i — — — -■ - '— ■ " ■ " * The interest and dividends accruing upon all investments of the proceeds of all ^alea of Reserves, sold or to be sold under authority of the Sth Oeo, IV., are divided into three equal parts, of which two are appropriated to the Church of England and one to the Church of Scotland. THE CLERGY RESERVES. 175 Lent out for the er the iiring a ch had t uncle- tnally Parlia- '' which of the eeds of 1 parts, to the urch of due be ith the irposes tion in ded for c wor- know- arch of thority cstments be sold Tito three jhurch of 01 the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. The final settlement of the question, on almost any terms, had become desirable ; for not only did the frequent and angry debates to which it gave rise serve for occasions to ex- cite the hostility of the disaifected against the Church, but the property itself was rapidly melting away under a system of management better calculated for the interests of the com- missioners than for the benefit of the trust. Nor did this waste of a sacred property cease with the passing of the Act. In 1843 a select com- mittee of the legislative assembly was appointed to taice into consideration the petitions of the Church Society of the diocese, and of many thou- sand other persons, praying to have the control and management of the Church of England's share of the Clergy Reserves ; and it may be of use to record here the grounds on which that committee recommended compliance with the prayer of the petition. In the first place, they adverted to the foUomng facts : — "That the members of the Church of England inhabiting the state of New York are ac this day enabled to erect their churches, and station their Missionaries, in every section of that extensive country, bv the aid of funds provided by the pious care of a J-\ i flj 176 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. f} 1 1 am "i % . \ <• si '--A i^^^ ^ British monarch when that country was a British colony ;" — secondly, " that the numer- ous Dutch population of the same state are supplied with Pastors from ample funds, pro- vided also at an early day by the care of the Government ; and that in both these cases the foundation of the endowment was a grant of land, insignificant in extent and value at the time it was made, compared with the Clergy Reserves set apart in this colony by his late Majesty King George the Third, but which grants being scrupulously preserved and re- spected by succeeding governments, now yield most munificent resources for the support of religion ;" — thii'dly, " that our Roman Catholic fellow-subjects of Lower Canada are enjoying, at this day, the most ample endowments for their churches and colleges, arising from early grants of land, which, if alienated at the value they once bore, would have afforded but a nominal provision, wholly inadequate to the wants of the passing hour/^ But if the Church might not look to the im- provement and increased value of her land, she might, at least, fairly demand that none of it should be wasted ; whereas it appears, by public and official papers, that a large part of the sums realized from the sales of the Reserves were sunk in the expense of management. THE CLERGY RESERVES. 177 was a numer- ate are is, pro- of the ises the ^rant of at the Clergy his late , which and re- )w yield )port of Catholic ajoying, 3nts for im early lie value hut a to the the im- md, she ne of it y public he sums es were The detailed statement of the committee on this subject deserves to be quoted at length, and it will probably prepare those who read it to agree in their recommendation that the lands should be placed at the disposal, and under the management, of the parties to whom they have been severally assigned. " Your committee find that, in addition to a deduction of five per cent, out of all monies re- ceived by the district agents, and besides the charge of remunerating a large number of In- spectors of Clergy Eeserves, who have been appointed to be paid by the day at a rate not specified in the returns; the proceeds of these lands are also charged by an order of the Govern- ment, made in August 1841, with 40 per cent, of the expense of the crown land department up to the time of that return. It appears that in Lower Canada there had been no sales of Clergy Reserves since the 1st January, 1838, and that, since the union of the Provinces, not more than about 1150/. had been received on account of the funds, while 609/., or more than one-half of the whole amount received, had been charged against it as disbursed for ex- penses. " In the first half of the year 1843, the whole monies collected in Lower Canada seem not to have exceeded 75/. 16*. 6d., while the dis- N 1^* |4 . i. i ^ 178 DIOCESE or TORONTO. bursements charged against the fund are 431/. 9s. 2d. "In Upper Canada it appears, by the same documents, that the sales of Reserves had been few for some time previously, though large sums had been received on account of previous sales. " In the year 1842, the collections amounted to 18,000/., and the disbursements to 5,196/. " For the year 1 843, the amount collected up to the 1 st of July is stated at about 7,000/., and the charges at 1,763/. 11*. 3d. ; and while so large a sum as that above mentioned has been charged against the fund for disburse- ments, there appears to have been only a sale of 200 acres effected within that period, at the price of 90/. " From the information above stated, it ap- pears to your committee that there is really no proportion or connexion whatever between the service rendered to the fund, and the charges which are imposed upon it. "For the considerations stated, your com- mittee therefore beg leave respectfully to suggest to your honourable House to adopt an address to her Most Gracious Majesty, be- seeching her Majesty to recommend to the Im- perial Parliament to amend the said Act passed in the fourth year of her Majesty's reign, so THE CLERGY RESERVES. 179 id are e same id been 1 large previous lounted ,196/. oUected 7,000/., id while led has isburse- T a sale at the 1, it ap- eally no i^een the charges iir com- ■ully to idopt an sty, he- the Im- t passed •eign, so as to place at the disposal of the Church of England their share of the said Reserves in Upper and Lower Canada, to be controlled and managed by the respective incorporated Church Societies of the dioceses of Toronto and Quebec, and to extend to other denomina- tions entitled to a share of the Clergy Reserve Fund the same advantages, should they so desire.'^ Although this boon has not been accorded, and the sales still continue, yet it is satisfactory to state, that, in consequence of this and simi- lar remonstrances, a much improved and more economical system of management has been introduced, for which the Church is indebted mainly to the Bishop and the eminent laymen who take the lead in the affairs of the Diocesan Church Society. In 1844, the annual proceeds amounted, for the first time, to more than 7,700/., the sum guaranteed to certain Clergymen during their lives or incumbencies; and from that time, therefore, the distribution of the fund fell under the management of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel ; and, little as the amount is, compared with the needs of the diocese, it is hoped that by a careful applica- tion of the fund in such a wav as mpv bp b^^^t suited to elicit local contributions, the strength • \\ n I' 180 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. and efficacy of the Church in the colony will be materially augmented. Before quitting the subject of endowments, it should be mentioned that Governor Sir John Colbome, with the advice of his Council, erected in January 1836, fifty-seven rectories, assigning tc -^ach a glebe offour hundred acres. The chief value of such endowment must, of course, be prospective — when the land, which at present produces little more than fire-wood, shall have been brought into cultivation ; but thanks are not on this account less due to the Governor, who, with wise forethought, pro- vided this future endowment for the Church. Unhappily, the precise requirements of the law were only satisfied in respect to forty-four of these rectories; and, through some in- formality, the remaining thirteen were never legally constituted.* EDUCATION. A general outline of the history of education, and of the educational establishments in the diocese, is all that can be expected in our brief narrative. 1 See letters of Archdeacon Strachanto the Honourable W. Morris, 1838. EDUCATION. 181 ly will ments, or Sir ouncil, ctories, i acres, lust, of , which 3-wood, i; but to the t, pro- ]!hitrch. of the rty-four me in- 3 never iication, in the ur brief urable W. At a very early period after the estabhsh- ment of the colony, namely, in the year 1789, the settlers, at the head of whom was the Hon- ourable Richard Cartwright, presented a me- morial to Lord Dorchester, then Governor General of British North America, stating the deficiency of all means of instruction for their children, and requcct'ng his lordship to esta- bhsh a school at Kingston, which was at that time the principal town in Upper Canada. In consequence of this application. Lord Dorchester gave directions to the Surveyors General to set apart eligible portions of land for the endowment of schools in all the new townships ; but the lands remained unproduc- tive; and, before any advantage could be derived from them, Canada was divided by the Constitutional Act of 1791 into two distinct provinces. General Simcoe was appointed Governor of Upper Canada, and he seems to have been one who fully recognised the wisdom of governing by moral influences. If the Church — and the Church, in its full and com- plete organization— was the first thing he de- manded; schools were the second. Writing to the Bishop of Quebec, April 30th, 1795, he says : — " Liberal education seems to me to be indis- pensably necessary, and the completion of it 182 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. h* • by the establishment of an university in the capital of the country, in my apprehension, would be most useful to inculcate just prin- ciples, habits, and manners, into the rising generation; to coalesce the different customs of the various descriptions of settlers, emigrants of the old Provinces, or Europe, into one form ; in short, from distinct parts and ancient prejudices, to new-form, as it were, and establish one nation, and thereby to strengthen the union with Great Britain, and to preserve a lasting obedience to his Majesty^s authority." Six months later, October 16th, he expresses himself still more emphatically : — ^^ My views in respect to an university are totally unchanged ; they are on a solid basis, and may or may not be complied with, as my superiors shall think proper, but shall certainly appear as my system to the judgment of posterity." ^ Unfortunately, Governor Simcoe remained too short a time in the Province to carry his views into execution; but, in 1797, the legislature agreed upon a memorial to the crown for a grant of land, by the sale of which they hoped to obtain a fund for the erection and endow- * See letters read in the debate on the Clergy Reserves Bill, 3840. Toronto. EDUCATION. 183 r in the lension, it prin- rising justoms ligrants to one ancient stablish en the serve a ►rity." presses ;ity are I basis, as my jrtainly ent of nedtoo s views Lslature L for a r hoped endow- Reserves ment of a grammar school in each district, and also of a university for the whole Province. To this address a favourable answer was re- turned : and at the same time, the governor and his council, together with the judges a?id law officers of the crown, were desired to draw up a report as to the amount of lands which would be required, and the best application of the proceeds. The commissioners accordingly recommended the estabhshment of grammar schools at Kingston, Cornwall, Niagara, and Sandwich, the chief towns of the four districts into which the Upper Province was at that time divided ; and, as soon as the colony should be advanced enough to require it, of a university also ; but it was soon discovered that the whole of the grant, amounting to more than half a miUion of acres,' would barely suffice for the endow- ment of a single grammar school ; and further proceedings were therefore postponed. Mean- while, as nothing effectual seemed likely to be done by the Government, the principal inhabi- tants of Kingston, among whom the Honourable Richard Cartwright and the Honourable Robert Hamilton should be specially mentioned, de- termined upon establishing a superior gram- y Land at this time was sold for about ninepence an acre. / 184 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. i 1 !!i mar school for themselves. Having obtained from the governor a promise that if they could obtain the services of any well-qualified teacher a salary should be settled upon him, they at once set about the necessary inquiries, which issued, as has been already stated, in the ap- pointment of one who was destined to exercise a very remarkable influence over the religion and education of the colony ; ' and to whom, according to the testimony of his distinguished pupil. Chief Justice Robinson, the *' Province is more indebted than to any other individual within it for improvement in education in every gradation and department.'^ The school which Mr. Strachan conducted was for several years the only one of any repu- tation in the Province, and rapidly increased from a class of pupils to a school of fifty or sixty boys, among whom were those who now fill the most important stations in the colony. It was not, however, till 1807 that any practi- cal measure for the more general encourage- ment of education was adopted. In that year a law was passed for the establishment of a classical and mathematical school in every district, and the most beneficial results have ensued from this course of teaching. ^ Supra, p. 108. EDUCATION. 185 btained y could teacher they at , which the ap- 3xercise religion whom, guished 'rovince dividual n every aducted ly repu- creased fifty or ho now colony. practi- ourage- at year nt of a L every ts have In 1822 Sir Peregrine Maitland obtained per- mission to establish a board for the general superintendence of education throughout the Province, as well as for the management of the university and school lands. But as, while the system of making gratuitous grants of land continued, there was little chance of realizing any considerable sum from the sale of unim- proved lots, a proposal for soliciting an exchange of the school lands for Crown Reserves, which, from being more eligibly situated, would secure a much higher price, was approved by the Governor. Being doubtful, however, whether he had authority to eflPect such an exchange without the special instruction of the Home Govern- ment, Sir Peregrine commissioned Archdeacon Strachan, by whom the plan had been suggested, to go home to negociate this business, as well as to solicit a charter for the university. Early in 1826, the Archdeacon proceeded on his mission, and received every encouragement from the Colonial Office. After full delibera- tion, and frequent conferences between the ecclesiastical and civil authorities, a charter of a very liberal and open character was granted to King's College. Liberal^ however, beyond former precedent as was the charter, it was considered too exclusive by the Legislative ^ flllf 186 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. Assembly, and Sir John Colbornc, who soon afterwards became jj^overnor, refused his sanc- tion to the foundation of a university, for which, indeed, he did not consider the colony X^rcpared ; he therefore applied himself to the enlargement of the plan of the grammar school at York, which then received the name of Upper Canada College, and as such has ob- tained a very high reputation. But the Act for the organization of the university was not passed till the government of Sir Francis Head, when the charter, having undergone sundry important alterations, and being relieved of all religious tests, was ultimately adopted in 1837. But though certain preliminary steps were taken, yet the breaking out of the rebellion in that year, and the frequent changes in the govern- ment, obstructed the progress of the work. At last, however, on the 23rd of April, 1842, the first stone was laid with every imposing ceremonial by Sir Charles Bagot ; and on the 8th of June, 1843, the university of King^s College was formally opened in the buildings till recently occupied by the legislature. Its first officers were men of established reputa- tion ; the Rev. Dr. Mc Caul, promoted from the Upper Canada College, vice-president, the Rev. Dr. Beaven, Professor of Divinity, and R. Potter, Esq., (now a Professor of University P tio soon is sanc- ity, for 5 colony If to the r school lame of has ob- the Act was not s Head, sundry ed of all in 1837. •e taken, in that govern - e work, il, 1842, mposing [ on the King^s uildings re. Its reputa- id from 3nt, the ty, and liversity EDUCATION. 18: P College, London), of mathematics; and in addition to these, there was a full comploraent of Professors in the departments of chemistry, medicine, and surgery. • Notwithstanding the constant attacks to which the University has been subjected on the part of political and religious opponents, it has continued to increase in public estimation and general usefulness. At the time of the last report, there were upwards of one hundred students receiving their education within its walls. Besides, however, the university for the whole Province, and the grammar schools for each district, by an Act of 1816 schools for the education of the poorer settlers were established throughout the townships ; and this Act, which was based on a religious principle, continued in useful operation till 1840, when a scheme of joint education, and without refer- ence to religious differences, was substituted; but there has been as yet hardly time to judge of its fruits. An account of the Diocesan Institution for the Education of Theological Students is reserved for another chapter. 188 LIOCESE OF TORONTO. TvELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. 4i II P I -if It is only justice to the Cler^ of Upper Canala to show that, from the midst of their embarrassments, and at a time when they were but few in number, they did what they could by means of organized efforts, to supply, in some measure at least, the wants of the widely scattered members of their communion. Thus, towards the close of the year 1816 they esta- blished at Toronto a Bible and Prayer-book Society, for the more especial benefit of the many thousand British settlers who were living in the wilderness beyond the reach of the regular ministrations of the Church. Again in 1830, the ^' Society for Converting and Civilizing the Indians of Upper Canada,^^ was founded under the authonty of Bishop Stewart, for the purpose described in its title ; but very soon afterwards it was enlarged so as to comprise the case of the destitute emigrants from Europe also. The very purpose of this summary would be defeated if we were to enter into a lengthened detail of the labours of this society ; but, small as were its funds, it will be admitted that its influence for good could not have been inconsiderable, since it was the means of supporting such zealous and devoted 'h THE STEWART MISSIONS. 189 of Upper t of their they were bey could apply, in he widely n. Thus, hey esta- lyer-book [it of the rho were reach of ch. onverting Canada/^ )f Bishop its title ; 'ged so as jmigrants 50 of this e to enter Ts of this it will be could not was the 1 devoted Missionaries as the Eev. Adam EUiot, Rev. W. F. S. Harper, the Rev. W. M*=Murray, and others. These associations were formed and sup- ported in the colony ; but great exertions were also made in behalf of Upper Canada at home. And here the chief credit is due to the Rev. W. J. D. Waddilove, for the zeal and liberality with which he originated, and has continued to sustain, the Stewart Missions Fund. By his instrumentality several most devoted and labo- rious Clergymen have been maintained wholly, or in part, as travelling Missionaries; and thus the ordinances and sacraments of the Church have been offered to thousands who would otherwise have been deprived of all outward means of grace. It seems due to this zealous and most disinterested supporter of the Church in Canada, to cite the Bishop^s high testimony to his great usefulness : — " The Rev. W. J. D. Waddilove, M.A., of Beacon Grange, Yorkshire, continues, amidst weak health, deep affliction, and many dis- couragements, with a zeal that no obstacles can quench, to support the Stewart Missions. Mr. Waddilove is a bright example of what great and extensive good one man can do if truly in earnest. He maintains, at this moment, three travelling Missionaries, besides granting if lii 190 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. 'i donations of money to build churches and parsonages, and supplying religious books for distribution among our people. To contem- plate this aged Clergyman, almost entirely con- fined to a bed of sickness, multiplying himself, as it were, into three active young men — tra- versing the wilds of Canada, four thousand miles from his home, to spread the precious truths of the Gospel, and gather strayed sheep into the fold of his beloved Saviour, is one of the most interesting and sublime spectacles which the annals of our Church have ever exhibited. It is not easy for me to express my gratitude to this pious and consistent servant of God, who turns neither to the right nor to the left, but keeps steadily and quietly in the good old paths, and presents the Church through his Missionaries, in all the excellence which adorns her in the father-land.^' ^ Full and interesting details of the labours and journeyings of these exemplary men will be found in a little volume called " The Stewart Missions.''^ The Missions main- tained by the New England Company have been more than once noticed already. It remains only for us to mention the " Upper ^ Bishop of Toronto's Charge in 1847, p. 24. ' London, Hatchard, IS 38. hes and ooks for contem- rely con- himself, en — tra- ;liousand precious ed sheep 5 one of pectacles ave ever express insistent :he right I quietly 3 Church :cellence labours nen will 1 " The s main- ny have " Upper 24. * UPPER CANADA CLERGY SOCIETY. 191 Canada Clergy Society/' which, though first projected in 1835, was not formally established till the year 1837, under the sanction of the Bishop of Quebec, who was at that time in England. This society, whose object was limited to the relief of the spiritual necessities of a single colony, was instituted not long after the time, when, by a diminution of the Parha- mentary grant, the Clergy and Church of Canada had been placed in a condition of great embarrassment. For it so happened that this withdrawal of public money occurred at a period when the yearly emigration from this country was rapidly increasing, and some addi- tional effort was considered necessary to avert the inevitable consequence of leaving large bodies of new settlers without the means of education or public worship. A considerable stimulus was given to the first efforts of the new society by the strik- ing details of spiritual destitution prevailing through vast districts of Upper Canada, which were furnished by the Rev. Messrs. Bettridge and Cronyn, who had been deputed by the Bishop of Montreal and the Canadian Clergy to lay such information before the British public. The " Upper Canada Clergy Society,^' during the brief period of its separate existence, had 193 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. the merit of selecting and supporting a few eminently useful Clergymen ; as, for example, among others, the Rev. F. L. Osier, the Rev. F. A. O'Meara, and the Rev. B. C. Hill; but its managers, being convinced of the inexpe- diency of maintaining an independent agency, proposed a junction with the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, which junction was happily effected in tiie year 1840; and since that time the younger society has carried on its operations under the name of a '^ Com- mittee " of the elder. ig a few example, the Rev. lill; but inexpe- agency, for the ition was ad since rried on '' Com- 1 iR |l l! ' 1 1 o u EA u H 10 D O » o 1^ OS S a Q g o o Vf % -in 'l'""-' ''-> If'-'"* km. O u ca O H IK u o » o g o O CHAPTER IX. bishop's charge in 1844 —progress op the church in the diocese — indian missions — want of clergy — establish- ment of a theological seminary — church society — local contributions — roads, and travelling in canada — results of visitation in 1843 and 1846. In the commencement of our brief history, we were obliged to trace the first movements of the Church in a few separate Missions ; but the establishment of the Episcopate, and the visi- tations of the Bishop, enables us now to take a more comprehensive view of the progress of re- ligion in the colony. The following summary, taken from the Charge which his Lordship de- livered on occasion of his second visitation at Toronto, June 6th, 1844, will be read with interest, as showing both what has 'been done, and how much more remains undone : — "In October 1839, when I returned from England to take charge of this diocese, the number of the Clergy was seventy-one; they have since increased to 103. Many changes and casualties have, in the mean time, takeu o r i Hi 194 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. place. Some have removed to employ them- selves in other portions of the Lord's vineyard ; and a few have been called to give an account of their stewardship, and, it is hoped, to receive a blessed reward. " In my first progress through the dioceses in 1840, the number confirmed was 1,790. During my second, this number was more than doubled, the aggregate being 3,901 ; and had 1 been able to reach six or seven places which 1 hope to visit during this summer, my confirm- ations would have somewhat exceeded four thousand. "This increase, my reverend brethren, is very encouraging, as it manifests your zeal and devotion to your arduous duties, while it leads me to hope that, if it please God to spare me to make a third Visitation round the diocese, the increase will still be greater.^' The remarks which follow are of a less pleasing character. "But while I saw much to call forth our thanksgivings to Almighty God in passing through the Province, from beholding the vigor- ous progress of the Church wherever she found an opening, the congregations that were form- ing in all directions, and the churches, of a simple and cheap structure, that were rising in ::!^"» 1 GREAT WANT OF CLERGY. 195 them- eyard ; ccount receive ioceses 1,790. re than dhadl v^liich I Dnfirm- id four ren, is eal and [t leads e me to 3sej tlie a less nh. our passing e vigor- e found e form- 3S, of a Lsing in t Avliich the diocese presents of a far different charac- ter, and in which it exhibits, I must in sorrow confess, a melancholy picture. " In this view, the map of the Diocese of Toronto, notwithstanding what has been done, presents an appalling degree of spiritual desti- tution. . . . Large portions of the country remain entirely without Gospel privileges, and have never seen the face of a single Clergyman. Some again are visited occasionally by a travel- ling Missionary, or the nearest resident Clergy- man ; but such visits are from necessity very rare, and at long intervals. Even in the more early settlements, the Clergy reside at a great distance from one another, and a large addition to their number is required to afford anything like the regular ministrations of the Church in the neighbourhoods which are the most favoured. We daily meet with settlers who tell us, in deep sorrow, that they have never heard divine service since they came to the country; or if it chance that a travelling Mis- sionary makes his appearance, he is a stranger whom they may never see again, and whom they cannot send for in the hour of misfortune, or of death. In fine, nothing happens for months, nay for years, in many of our town- ships, to remind the inhabitants of the ex- istence of the Church of God. 196 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. " Moreover, our people are so dispersed over the whole face of the colony, that, where there is no town, or where the population is not dense, it is very difficult to collect a tolerable congregation ; the individuals have so far to come, and the roads are generally so bad. "Instead of a small, compact parish, our Missionaries, with a very few exceptions, have a number of separate stations many miles asunder, and some of them several townships, each of which, if full of people, would make fifteen or twenty English parishes/' From the same Charge we derive the gratify- ing intelligence that the Missions to the native Indians are, upon the whole, in a prosperous state. The Bishop says : — '^The Six Nation Indians on the Grand River, and in the Bay of Quinte, continue to make good progress under the careful and un- wearied teaching of their three diligent and pious Missionaries. At Muncey Town, on the River Thames, the Indians are much improved under the judicious and able management of the Rev. Richard Flood, who, notwithstanding his Mission at Delaware, continues to devote to them a large portion of his time. * * * *^With what I saw of the Indians on the River Sable, I was much pleased. I found, tiiCin vurjf IxiuUSiiluus iiuu ini/eiiigout, auu INDIAN MISSIONS. 197 ed over •e there is not )lerable far to d. sh, our s, have T miles rnships, i make gratify- e native isperous Grand tinue to and un- 3nt and , on the nproved ment of standing Levote to 5 on the [ found ^4- J cultivating a tract of land which they had purchased from the Canada Company, and with so much success as amply to supply their simple wants. * * * " There is not within the diocese a more in- teresting Indian settlement than that of the Sable. The chiefs and people exhibit so much good sense, and such a desire for religious in- struction, and at the same time are so humble and sober in their expectations, and so grate- ful, that it is a pleasure to have communication with them, and to show them favour. "The Church Mission on the Manetouah- neng Island is in a prosperous state ; and were it made the interest of the Indian families scattered along the shores of Lakes Huron and Superior to congregate and settle there, and were the church, so long promised, built, it would be productive of the most salutary effects. Already the Indians have acquired more correct ideas concerning marriage, — a strong desire to have their children educated like the whites, — a disposition to raise the con- dition of their women, to abjure idolatry, their prophets, and the medicine-bag, — and a grow- ing sense of the sinfulness of murder, drunken- ness, implacable enmity, and revenge. " The Indians are all anxious to have their \^xxxi\.4xuxx uUu.vatcu^ aliu axe uOi/ Uii»liiiXig tO 198 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. leave them in the Missionary settlement, if they can he supported, while they themselves are absent on their hunting expeditions. These children are found as apt to learn as those of the whites, and acquire the common braneties of instruction and expertness in the mechani- cal arts with equal facility. There is an excellent school of industry for boys at the Mohawk village on the Grand River. The boys are taught useful trades, and the girls knitting, and sewing, and household work. At the same time, their religious education is cju:*efully fol- lowed up. They are found to be cjocile and quick of apprehension, and very soon become clean and tidy in their persons. Here agaiij is a great advance, if diligently improved^ tp- wardg the conversion of the Indians. The Church can reach the parents through the children ; and even should she be less sucqess- ful with the adults, she can gradually get possession of the rising generation, and in half an age the tribe becomes Christian.^' The Indians on the River Sable were ex.- ceedingly anxious to have a Clergyman settled among them, but the Bishop had no one to send ; and it must be obvious from the forcr going accounts that many other settlements had a stronger claim. Indeed, the Bishop had no sooner taken charere of his diocese than he THEOLOGICAL INSTITUTION. 199 lent, if msclves . These those of ranches lechani- scellent ilohawk oys arc ng, and LC same iilly fol- nle and become •e agaiij vedj to- , The gh the success- lily get in half 7ere exr L settled one to he forcr lements liop had than he saw that the want of a due supply of Clergy- men was the master want of all which stood in the way of his schemes of Church extension. He saw, too, that a competent number of Clergy could never be obtained without some provi- sion for the education of theological students within the diocese. A seminary, therefore, for the training and education of candidates for holy orders was opened in the year 1812 at Coburg, under the able and judicious superin- tendence of Dr. Bethune, now Archdcacor. of York. Ten exhibitions of the annual value of £40 are granted by the Society for the Propa- gation of the Gospel, and four by the Diocesan Church Society. The course of study, which extends over three years, comprises the evi- dences of religion, Biblical criticism, exposition of the Thirty-nine Articles of religion, the liturgy of the Church of England, Church government. Ecclesiastical history, and the Greek and Latin lathers. Besides the above course, the students are exercised in the composition and delivery of sermons ; and, with a view to afford some practical preparation for their future duties, they are all employed as Sunday-school teach- ers, are required to visit the prisoners at the gaol at certain times, and to read prayers and a sermon at stations where the ministration of M.V MB| 200 DIOCESE OE TOEONTO. practical value of such an institution, it is enough to say that, up to July 1846, twenty students had been admitted to holy orders; and the last Report, December 1st, 1847, states that seyenteen were at that time pursuing their studies in the College. But the very object for which the institution had been opened would have been defeated had not means been found to support, when or- dained, the additional number of Missionaries who had there been prepared for holy orders. To provide a fund, therefore, for this and other kindred purposes, none of which had been fully met by existing associations, the Chiirch Society of the Diocese of Toronto was founded on the 28th of April, 1842, and was afterwards incorporated by the Statute of Canada, 7 Vic. cap. 68, when its principal objects were de- clared to be the support of Missionaries, with a pension to them when incapacitated by age or infirmity, a provision for their widows and orphans, the education of the poor, assistance to theological students, the circulation of the Bible and Book of Common Prayer, the erection and endowments of churches, the erection and maintenance of parsonage-houses, and the setting apart of burial-grounds and churchyards. "that four sermons be preached annually in THE CHURCH SOCIETY. 201 1, it IS twenty rs; and , states ig their bitution bed had [len or- onaries orders, d other d been Church bunded erwards , 7 Vic. ere de- es, with by age iws and sistance 1 of the erection ion and nd the jhyards. Lially in the several churches, chapels, and stations of the diocese, in aid of the funds of the Society, at such times as the Bishop shall appoint.^' The Bishop of Toronto, who first suggested the formation of the Society, in his primary charge, 1841, thus refers to it in the charge delivered to his Clergy on the sixth of June, 1844 :— " Among the events interesting to the dio- cese which have occurred since we last met, the establishment of the Church Society on the 28th of April, 1842, is the most prominent. It is a day ever to be held in remembrance by us, and, I trust, by our posterity through many generations, as a signal epoch in the history of this branch of the Catholic Church. This In- stitution has not only spread its branches through all the districts of the diocese, but it has already been established in most of our parishes, and will in a very short time embrace them all. It gives unity of action to the opera- tions of the Church ; it unfolds and concen- trates her resources ; and, by bringing the Clergy and laity more together, to promote objects in which they cordially agree, it pro- mises the most happy results. It opens a field of action for the best and holiest energies f^f nnr nponlp nnrl hv their wise and ludicious combination, warrants us in expecting the greatest benefits in the extension and better ■■■II fti ni'S S ! ■J IP Hi li I. 202 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. support of the Church. The time had indeed come when something was expected from the Church of the Colony. From recent accounts we had learned that the great Societies were, from various causes, unable to extend their assistance ; and as their fostering care had been so long continued, a hope, by no means unreasonable, had arisen that we would now endeavour to do something for ourselves. This became to us an additional motive to consider what was possible for us to do within the dio- cese, not to supersede, but to give supple- mentary assistance to, what the Government and different institutions were doing in its be- half. Not that our people had failed at any time to manifest their deep reverence for the Church of their fathers, and to give every assistance in their power ; but till lately they were so poor, so few in number, and struggling in the midst of the vast forest in single fami- lies, that it was impossible to combine their eflPorts so as to produce any considerable re- sult. Things have, at length, assumed a more favourable appearance : our towns are growing populous, our settlements becoming extensive, and our farmers in many districts getting more than comfortable ; the time, therefore, had come when an attempt should be made to enlist every individual member of the Church, however small his ability, into our body: — THE CHURCH SOCIETY. 208 • 11 m ¥ I indeed rom the accounts es were, nd their lare had ) means lild now 3S. This consider the dio- supple- ernment n. its be- l at any I for the re every sly they puggHng jle fami- QC their •able re- l a more growing itensive, ng more >re, had made to Church, body ; — hence the origin of the ^ Church Society/ It presents a machinery which associates eyery member of the Church throughout the diocese, and gives a value and importance not only to the smallest congregation, but to every indi- vidual of which it is composed. It makes known the wants and capabilities of every locality ; and, coming home to every family, it calls forth their sympathies and affections in favour of the Gospel. It brings neighbour to reason with neighbour on subjects of religion, and places forcibly before them as immortal beings, an obligation which becomes irresistible when duly and earnestly weighed, of doing all they can to extend to the whole population of the Province that knowledge of salvation which is our most precious treasure." ^ The success of the Church Society has Justin fied the wisdom and forethought by which it was planned. During the first year of its exr istence, upwards of 10,000 acres of land were given to it for the purposes of Church Endow- ment ; and the income in money subscriptions has been as foUpws:^ 1844 . . , . . jei,800 1845 . , . . , 2,735 1846 .... , 3,004 1847 w 2,777 See Appendix G. :^i 204 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. These contributions, it must be borne in mind^ are independent of what is raised by the branch associations for the special benefit of their several districts ; and that such contributions are hj no means inconsiderable, is proved by the fact that since the year 1839, seventy-eight churches have been built, and several are now building, while many others have been repaired and enlarged. " Our people,^' says the Bishop in the charge deHvered in June 1847, "are everywhere more sensible of the duty of giving of their substance towards the permanent sup- port of religion ; '^ and his Lordship intimates that a plan is in contemplation for securing to the church in each township a few acres of land, which, though of little present value, may hereafter become a competent endowment for three or four Clergymen, in each of those divisions. Even at present, it appears by the last advices, Dec. 1, 1847, eight travelUng Missionaries are maintained from local re- sources, while funds have been raised for the maintenance of nearly as many more, as soon as duly qualified candidates are found. This will be gratifying intelligence to every true friend of the Colonial Church, which can only then be considered to be firmly rooted, when it is independent of extraneous support. The following instances of Liberality and self- EXAMPLES OF LIBERALITY. 205 3orne m d by the t of their ributions oved by ity-eight are now repaired e Bishop W, "are of giving ent sup- nti mates uring to acres of lue, may nent for )f those s by the ravelUng 3cal re- i for the as soon a. This 3ry true can only id, when t. md self- denial, specially recorded by the Bishop, will serve to show what might be effected if ever such a spirit became general; and they may perhaps tend to provoke others to similar good works : — " The congregation of the township of Dunwich is composed of a few families, which are entirely rural in their manners and habits, and manifest the strongest attachment to the Church ; of their zeal in her favour they have given many proofs. Though few in number, they have erected a neat church on a plot of ten acres of land, without any assistance from other quarters. One individual, a farmer, gave eighty pounds towards its erection, another sixty pounds ; while the land, and also a set of excellent books for the desk, v/ere the donation of an aged lady of the congregation, now de- parted, who has left for the benefit of the Church a small legacy yet to come. They have lately built a commodious parsonage- house, and have added to their church a hand- some steeple, furnished with a large bell ; and all this has been done quietly, and without any bustle or apparent effort, as if they were mat- ters of course. Is it not from this example evident that there needs only the same spirit to do the same in every populous neighbourhood throughout the Diocese 't "The church in the township of West- if I 206 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. ,. ,» M minster we owe to the vigorous and unwearied labours of Miss Watson, a lady who came to Canada principally with the view of establishing her nephews on land. On arriving in this township, where a purchase had been made on her behalf, she found it unprovided with reli- gious ordinances. Her first step was to appro- priate ten acres of her farm for the site of a church, churchyard, and parsonage j she then appealed to her friends in England for assis- tance in aid of her own and her neighbour's efforts, and she has now the satisfaction of be- holding her exertions crowned with success, in a very commodious church with a respectable congregation. A few such persons in each district, and their waste places would soon rejoice and blossom. ' "In the township of Malahide we have sig- nal proof of what may be done by a single person, whose heart is in the work. Mr. John- son has a large family, and is not a wealthy farmer, nevertheless he resolved upon building a church on his own farm. The church is almost completed, as he is determined to finish it without any assistance. This, he says, he had on his mind when he first came into the woods and settled on his land, and was an invi- gorating source of encouragement which never left him ; and to this he attributes his continual health, and gradual progress towards indepen- wearied came to blishing in this aade on th reli- ) appro- ite of a he then r assis- hbour's L of be- cess, in ►ectable n each d soon ive sig- single John- \^ealthy uilding irch is ) finish aysj he ito the n invi- i never itinual depen- CANADIAN TRAVELLING^ 207 dence. It was, he remarked, a great under- taking for a poor man, but he and his family have done most, of the work with their own hands ; and he thinks he is in better circum- stances than he would have been had he made no such attempt This shows how much good a man may do, even in situations by no means promising, when sincerely disposed and heartily labouring for the honour and service of God. A very few such men could establish and endow a parish, and not feel it a burden, but a blessing, as Mr. Johnson now does." Nothing can more strikingly exhibit the rapid progress of settlement in Western Canada, than a comparison of the Bishop's visitation journals. But before referring to his last Episcopal tour, it may be as well to describe — for the information of those who only know the ease and facihty with which such a circuit is made in this country — the labours and privations which a colonial Bishop is compelled to undergo in visiting his Clergy. The following is the Bishop's own account of the matter : — "I found the roads in many places dan- gerous and almost impracticable. A rough, strong farmer's waggon is the only vehicle that dares attempt them, and even that occa- sionally breaks down. And to be prepared for such accidents, w^e carry with us an axe. I! ill MM 208 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. a hammer and nails, with ropes, &c. Some- times we scarcely make a mile per hour, through the fallen trees, roots, and mud-holes which lie in our way. Nor is such travelling cheap ; and as for the accommodation, it is painfully unpleasant, and this, notwithstand- ing the generous hospitality of the Clergy and laity, whenever they have an opportunity. The time consumed is perhaps the thing most to be lamented. We seldom travel further in a day than you may do by railroad in an hour, and more often scarcely half the dis- tance. "I say nothing of the fatigue of these journeys, the deep mud-holes, the fallen trees to be cut out of the path, the jolting on the log-carriages, ex- posure for months to a summer Canadian sun, and the autumn rains, &c. &c., because these are all incident to the discharge of duty, and neither a proper subject of dissatisfaction nor complaint.'^ After this graphic description of the mode and incidents of the journey, the reader will be able to appreciate the amount of zeal and energy required for the thorough visitation of such a diocese as that of Toronto; and the rapid increase in the number of stations to be visited, will suggest to every one the necessity of effecting, as early as possible, a sub-division of the Bishopric. Some- r hour, Ld-holes avelling Q, it is hstand- rgy and rtunity. ig most rther in 1 in an he dis- •urneys, cut out -ges_, ex- an sun, 3e these ty, and ion nor ode and be able energy such a e rapid to be ecessity division 1»C. BISHOP'S VISITATIONS. 209 The Bishop gives the following summary of his visitation : — " Since our last meeting in June, 1844, I have visited every Mission in the Diocese. Not having included Woodstock, Blenheim, Wil- mot, Stratford, and Zorra, in my former visita- tion, I held confirmations in them respectively soon after we separated, and found them, and more particularly the first, namely, Woodstock, of great promise. In the summer of 1845 I visited the districts west of Toronto, as far as Manetouahneng Island, Lake Huron, and returned by the way of Owen^s Sound. In the summer of 1846 I travelled through the districts of Niagara, Simcoe, and the Home, and all those east of Toronto. The time occu- pied, and the continuous and great intensity of the heat in 1846, were rather beyond my strength, and warned me of the necessity of dividing the diocese into three parts, instead of two, an arrangement which becomes the more requisite, from the extraordinary increase of Missions and Stations, at which my visits are desired. During my first visitations in 1840 and 1841, I confirmed at seventy-four stations, scattered over an immense surface ; in 1842 and 1843 they had increased to one hundred and two ; and in 1845 and 1846, to one hun- u.icu aJlu. iiinciy-ocvcii. ixciii;c > uu pcitJCivc I III M 210 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. that my stations, during those years, had in- creased ninety-five. Here it may be proper, however, to remark, that some of these last were rather stations of exploration, such as my journey to Owen^s Sound, and other back settlements, that I might make myself better acquainted with the country and inhabitants, and show our travelling Missionaries that I called upon them to undertake no labours which I am not willing to share. Some of the stations, as the country becomes better cleared and opened, and the roads more tole- rable, may be joined for confirmations, so as to economize labour; but this can only be done to a very limited extent, although it may be sufficient to prevent so great an increase under this head during the next three years. The number confirmed in the course of my recent visitation was 4,358, which only exceeded the former by 659. This may be considered a less increase than might have been expected from the rapid growth of our population from immigration andnatural causes. It is, however, necessary to remember, that the number of grown-up and elderly persons, who came forward during my first confirmation journeys, has greatly diminished, and that the candidates now more generally consist of young persons. In respect to immigrants, many are bishop's visitations. 211 had in- proper, lese last ih as my ler back If better abitants, s that I labours Some of js better ore tole- as, so as only be li it may increase se years. )urse of lich only may be jht have h of our al causes, that the ons, who firmation that the of young Qany are confirmed before they leave home ; and where it is otherwise, the mass of them proceed to the newest settlements, and do not for some time come within my range of travelling, extensive as it is ; nor can they be reached with advantage till some kind of roads or paths are made, even by our Clergy, active and laborious as they are." The subjoined table, showing the results of the visitations in 1843 as compared with those of 1845 and 1846, will exhibit still more clearly the rapid expansion of the Church. 1843. 1845-6 to to a a o • o 3 m 2 2J • 13 ■•5 « •a 2 Churches Consecra MB «2 66 District west of"! Toronto, includ- [ 24 756 2 70 1,212 6 ing Lake Huron .) Niagara District . IG 374 2 21 354 3 Home and Simcoe ) Districts . . .] 16 460 3 35 773 4 Districts between ■) Toronto and V 20 1,053 , _ 41 907 3 Kingston . . . j Districts below \ Kingston ... J 26 1,056 2 30 1,112 Totals . . 102 3,609 9 197 4,358 1 irjh lii 213 DIOCESE Of TORONTO. :ii I I 31 1 The number of Clergy within the period of the two visitations had risen from 103 to 118, and it would be unjust not to say that they are doing all that they can by zeal and activity to make up for their want of number. " It is not easy," says the Bishop, " for those who have never been in our back settlements, to judge of the many difficulties which our missionaries have to contend against, and the indefatigable zeal which the greater number exercise. The Rev. Bold Hill, the missionary of York and neighbourhood, has a district of about forty miles on both banks of the river, and has lately, from labouring beyond his strength, had several attacks of fever, and I have found it right to command him to circumscribe his exertions till his health is better.'^ Again he says ; " I do not believe it possible that a more laborious body of Clergy than mine is anywhere to be found.'' ' But on this subject it may be better to quote the evidence of a lavman and a stranger, who may be supposed to be a less partial witness. '' Within the last few years,'' says the author of Hochelaga, " especially under the auspices of the present able and excellent Bishop, the prospects of the Church have much improved ; Report for 1845, p. 45. CHARACTER OF THE CLERGY. 213 )criod of to 118, they are jtivity to for those ;lements, lich our and the number ionary of ; of about , and has igth, had found it cribe his t possible han mine is subject jnce of a supposed he author 1 auspices shop, the mproved ; the labours of the missionaries have been ceaseless, and they are rewarded with success in their sacred calling, though not by their own worldly advancement. Their lives are hard, toilsome, and full of privation ; often they live with their families in bare and humble dwell- ings, unable from their poverty to keep up the outward appearances that conduce to worldly consideration, and deprived of the comforts and enjoyments to which their place and education entitle them. Wherever one of these worthy men is estabhshed, he is a centre, and acts as a stimulus for improvement, as far as his narrow means allow. The Church, in the influence of its fixed and steadfast principles, is a happy barrier against the wild and turbulent enthu- siasm of dissent ; in many instances, various sectarians have joined its fold, to save themselves from their own extravagances.'^ * But how great soever may be the activity and success of the Colonial Clergy, [it is plain that they need a large reinforcement to their present number. Where, then, are the men to be found ? With the pressing demands of the Church at home, it is hardly to be expected that many will go out from this country ; and the Bishop therefore wisely looks for a due supply lli u Hochelaga, or England in the Ncav World, vol. i. pp. 272, 3. 214 DIOCESE OF TOEONTO. I of candidates (who after being trained at the College, shall be prepared to enter upon this most important office), to the middle classes of society in Canada, the sons of professional men, or of respectable farmers and tradesmen, who, if furnished in other respects with the neces- sary qualifications, are more likely to contend successfully with the toils and difficulties inci- dent to missionary life in that diocese, and to be content with the very frugal provision allowed them. ■ H gMli **! i at the 3011 this lasses of aal men, en, who, e neces- contend ies inci- 3se, and )rovision CHAPTER X. CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS— DRAWBACKS TO A COLONY — NATURAL FEELINGS OP AN EMIGRANT — WANT OP A CHURCH — GRADUAL DETERIORATION — LOYALTY OP CHURCHMEN — DISTRICTS UNPRO- VIDED WITH CLERGY — RAPID INCREASE OP POPULATION — VALUE OP PRESENT OPPORTUNITIES. Canada offers, it must be acknowledged, at the present time a most interesting subject of con- templation both to the political philosopher and the churchman. But limiting ourselves for the moment to the Western division of the province, what is the picture which there presents itself? We see a country of vast extent, remarkable for the richness of its soil, and other natural advantages, as, for instance, its magnificent lakes and rivers — a country which was little better than a dense forest seventy years ago, but which now contains a population of 600,000 of our own race. This population, which is increasing with wonderful rapidity from natural causes, receives 'an accession of many thousand emigrants every year.^ In the course of half ^ Appendix D. i I 216 DIOCESE OP TORONTO. a century more, Canada will have become an important and powerful nation. But this rapid growth, and the unsystematic character of modern colonization, are unfavourable to the establishment of those social, educational, and religious institutions which are necessary to the well-being of the people. There are, to begin with, no Churches, Schools, or Endowments of any kind. These wants, which may be lightly regarded in pro- spect, and lightly treated in the excitement of the first settling, soon come to be looked upon as serious practical evils, for which a remedy must at any sacrifice be found; and here we cannot do better than to borrow the graphic language of Sir F. Head, to explain the natural course of the Emigrant's feelings. He says: — " For a short time, on their arrival at their various locations, they fancy, or rather they really and truly feel, more or less strongly, that there is something very fine m the theory of having apparently got rid of all the musty materials of ' Church and State,' and, revelling in this sentiment, they for a short time enjoy the novel luxury of being able to dress as they like, do as they like, go where they like. They appreciate the happiness of living in a land in vViiiCh the KjX. M 4-^,^>„ i;uuiiliy o bfci V xxc touching the hat does not exist, in which every THE emigrants' CHURCH. 217 ome an is rapid -cter of to the lal, and y to the Lurches, These in pro- nent of )d upon remedy lere we graphic natural says : — at their er they :ly, that icory of musty evelling e enjoy as they They land in h every carter and waggoner rides instead of walks, and in which there are no purse-proud miUion- naires^no dukes, duchesses, lords, ladies, parsons, parish officers, beadles, poor-law commissioners, or paupers ; no tithes and no taxes. But after the mind has continued for a sufficient time in this state of pleasing fermentation, the feelings I have just described begin gradually to subside .... One of the first wants, like a flower in the wilderness, that springs up in the mind of a backwoodsman, is to attend occasionally a place of worship ... As soon as this want has taken firm root in the heart, it soon pro- duces its natural fruit. The Emigrants meet, consult, arrange with each other, subscribe according to their means a few dollars, a few pounds, or a few hundred pounds, (one of the most powerful axe-men in Upper Canada expended on this object upwards of a thou- sand pounds j) the simple edifice rapidly grows up — is roofed in — is furnished with benches, until at last, on some bright sabbath-day, a small bell, fixed within a little turret on its summit, is heard slowly tolling in the forest. From various directions sleighs and waggons, each laden with at least one man, a woman or two, and some little children, are seen converg- :„~ J. ;i^ :i. . — j :x. ,ij t,„ ^„ ,^i,i_ x^ lUg tuwcixus itj tiuu iL WuUiu. uC nlipusSiuiu tu describe the overwhelming feelings of the various ill V. « : i iV I' •. 218 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. :li members of the Congregation of both sexes and of all ages, when their selected and respected minister, clad in a decent white surplice, for the first time opens his lips, to pronounce to them those well-known words which declare, that ' when the wicked man turneth away from his wickedness, and doeth that which is lawful and right, he shall save his soul alive/ The thunder and the hurricane have now lost all their terrors, the sunshine has suddenly become a source of legitimate enjoyment, the rude log-hut an abode of happi- ness and contentment ; and thus the Emigrant more and more appreciates the blessing which is rewarding him for having erected in the wilder- ness his OAvn Established Church." * Most true it is, that every thing has to be provided by the first settlers — who for the most part are of the humbler class — for themselves ; and such being the case, it is obvious that those who leave this country to live in the newly surveyed townships of Canada, must forfeit many advantages, and that their families as they grow up are in danger of a gradual de- terioration. That this process is actually in operation, may be seen from the following remarks of a very intelligent traveller. » Sir Francis B. Head's "Emigrant." Ch. 11. CONSEaUENCES OF HAVING NO CHUECH. 219 I sexes d and white lips, to words d man [ doeth ave his rricane mshine itimate ' happi- aigrant rhich is wilder- j to be le most iselves ; bt those newly- forfeit ilies as ual de- lally in llowing 1. " There is much to lament in the religious condition of most of the rural districts, as must always be the case where the population is much scattered, and allowed to outgrow the supply of ecclesiastical ministration. From never having the subject forced upon them, they begin to forget it, gradually neglect the observance of the Lord's Day, or else employ it as a day simply of bodily relaxation and amusement, omit to have their children baptized, and end byhving as though they had no religion at all. No one conversant with the state of newly settled countries can fail to recognise the truth of Dr. Chalmers's well-known proposition, ' that in the matter of rehgious instruction, the demand is in an inverse ratio to the necessity of supply ; ' so that even granting the monstrous assumption implied in the arguments of those who maintain that the matter may be left to the ordinary operation of economic laws (the assumption, namely, that the amount of religion is the only thing to be considered, and that the quality signifies nothing); granting even this, I boldly maintain, that if the State so leaves it, the thinly-peopled districts will remain totally and contentedly destitute, and subside into unconscious, perhaps, but practical atheism. Even in Canada, where the Government^ and above all, the Society for the Propagation of 220 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. 0^ ■il the Gospel, have done much, there is great danger of this result taking place in many districts ; but in the " States " it is infinitely worse; and I cannot help referring the un- punished outrages, the Lynch-legislation, the lav/lessness, in short, of which these are symp- toms, which have given an infamous distinction to so many of the border states, and from which our colonies have happily been free hitherto, more to the want of religious minis- tration than to the weakness of the executive, the prevalence of slavery, or any of the other causes to which the admitted evil has been attributed. Even in a political point of view, that government is wrong which does not en- deavour to connect the colonies with the parent state by the strong tie of a common faith. This was clearly shown in the late rebelHon in Canada, as well as in the revolutionary war; for it is an undoubted fact, that in both cases all the members of the Church, almost without exception, remained loyal. But the great, the all-important question is, whether a government, to which the care of its people has been en- trusted, and which is responsible for their welfare in its largest sense, is justified before God if it leave a population, breeding and spreading on all sides, to the chance that their fancies and cravings will supply a sufficient :! LOYALTY OF CHUECHMEN. 221 s great I many ifinitely -he un- on, the i symp- tinction d from en free minis- ecutive, e other LS been )f view, not en- ; parent h. This lion in ry war; h cases without eat, the mment, 3en en- r their . before ig and at their ifficient amount of orthodox religious instruction and ordinances,— in short, if it suffers them to become, at hap -hazard. Churchmen, Dissenters, or Infidels/^ ^ It is no part of our business, in a book hke the present, to draw out the political con- sequences of rehgious neglect, but it can hardly be doubted that loyalty to the crown, and respect for the laws, are best promoted by a Church so conditioned as to be able to meet the wants of the population. This truth is well illustrated by the author of '' Hochelaga." He says : — " In the various political troubles which have arisen at different times in England and in her Colonies, there was one quality in which the members of the Church were always con- spicuous—that of loyalty. Wherever they are found, they are, as it were, a garrison against sedition and rebellion. Every holy spire that rises among the dark pine woods of Canada, stands over a stronghold for the British crown • and every minister who labours in his remote and m -rewarded calling, is a faithful and zealous subject. The feelings and interests of loyalty are vitally interwoven with the system of the Church.^^ ' 1 Godley's Letters from America, vol.i.p. 174. 2 y^i | ^ 272. 222 DIOCESE OF TOEONTO. Ml -1! Notwithstanding, however, the nation^s ad- mitted interest in maintaining the closest con- nexion with her colonies, no national provision is made for the rehgious instruction of the emigrant's children. All is left to the un- certainties of the " voluntary system/' Per- haps, in our present state of religious division, it could not be otherwise. The Englishman, as soon as he steps aboard the ship which is to carry him to what is, after all, only a more distant province of Great Britain, leaves behind him all the spiritual advantages which belong by right of inheritance to the poor of this country. On his arrival in the colony he naturally goes into the remoter back settlements, where land is cheapest ; but no sooner has he purchased his farm, and built his log house, than he finds that there is no church or school nearer, per- haps, than ten or twenty miles, across a country without roads or means of convey- ance. That this must be the case with hun- dreds of British families, it only requires a general knowledge of the great extent of the country, the scattered character of the popula- tion, and the small number of Clergymen and schoolmasters, to perceive. Such is the lament- able state of things which the Bishop of Toronto has for years represented in almost every letter to the Society. The following extract from his m^s ad- 3st con- rovision of the ;he un- ' Per. iivision, man, as h is to distant ad him 3ng by ountry. ly goes land is sed his e finds T, per- Toss a lonvey- ii hun- lires a of the )opula- ;n and iment- oronto ^ letter am his DISTRICTS WITHOUT CLERGYMEN. 223 lordship's despatch of March 23, 1847, will give some notion of the spiritual wants of his diocese : — " The Diocese is supposed now to contain 600,000 inhabitants, of whom it is believed that one-third at least, or 200,000, scattered, indeed, through all the townships, belong, or are favourable, to the Church ; and we are losing m^iny of them, because we cannot extend our ministrations. * * * " There are two districts— Victoria, contain- mg twelve townships, and Ottawa, containing ten, with only one Clergyman in each. The Wellington district is still worse, for it contains twenty-seven townships, and has only one re- sident Minister, and one travelKng Missionary. In the Huron district there are only three Clergymen for twenty-one townships. In short, out of three hundred and fifty organized town- ships, into which the province is at present divided, there are two hundred and thirty, seven, or more than two-thirds of the whole diocese, with no resident Clergyman, while it is computed that a Clergyman might find ample employment in each, and in many of them the services of three or four are required/' It would be impossible to put forward stronger reasons for increased efforts to remedy so great and growing an evU. Canada is springing up I'i ?1 t'.t ' 224 DIOCESE OF TORONTO. A; If with a giant's growth. Its resources are ahnost inexhaustible : for " the portion of cleared land compared with that which remains uncleared, is said scarcely to exceed that which the seams of a coat bear to the whole garment.^' * In less than a century its population will probably exceed that of Great Britain to-day. The spiritual help and succour, therefore, that we may be enabled to render now, will be rendered not merely to the present settlers, but through them to future generations ; insomuch that the moral and religious character of that great people of our own race and language, which shall hereafter occupy the magnificent country to the north of the St. Lawrence, may, perhaps, in no small degree, be determined by the amount of zeal and liberality displayed, by the Churchmen of the present day, in furnishing the young colony with the means of public worship and religious education. If the opportunity be not lost, a moral impression may be made which no time shall eflPace ; and in this view of the case it is impossible to overstate the importance of our Colonial Missions. The Society for the Pro- pagation of the Gospel has, as is weU known, been the main organ of the Church in this department of her duty ; and its exertions have 1 " The Emigrant." By Sir F. Head. Chap. i. CONCLUSION. 225 3 almost red land 3ared, is ams of a is than a 3ed that lelp and ibled to y to the ► future ral and e of our ereafter e north 10 small of zeal men of ; colony eligious lost, a Qo time ase it is of our le Pro- known, in this ns have been gratefully acknowledged by the Bishop and Clergy at each of their successive Sy nodical meetings.' Instead, however, of finding, in these testimonies of gratitude, any cause for self-gratulation, the Society has, in the evidence afforded by the Bishop, of unprovided districts, and a neglected population, a fearful warning of how much remains undone, and a stimulus to use increased efforts for the supply of the deficiency. ^ Appendix E. A 1 1. a APPENDIX A. Page 1G5. Colonel Talbot lias been in Canada now abont forty years, and during the whole of that time has hardly left he log-honse which he originaUj built, and which he still fir*. ?I^«bt^i^ed a grant of about 50,000 acres of wild land for himself from Government, upon condition of settling a certain extent of country with old-world emi- grants : this he has done, but of his u^vn property he has never sold an acre, though it is now very valuable, being situated on the northern bank of Lake Eric, in the heart ot the most rapidly advancing district of the province, and uniting aU sorts of natural advantages. I am told it would scU for upwards of £100,000 in the mai-ket. About 700 acres only are cleared, and these Colonel Talbot keeps in his own hands, employing (which is rare here) a consi- derable number of labourers; the rest of liis estate of (X)urse, yields him no return whatever in its present condi- tion. I must say that, strong as is my propensity for (.anada, and great as are the charms for my imagination of a countiy where there is "plenty of room," I cannot con- ceive reconciling myself to such a complete isolation as tnjs-lOO miles IS rather too great a distance from one's „....„^ mi^i^mw^r—LeUersfrom America, by John Robert Godley, Esq. Vol. i. p. 190. (Murray, 1844, ) 230 I APPENDIX. APPENDIX B. Page 167, Within two miles of Brantford (which is called after Brandt the Indian chief ) is a village which may be termed the liead-quarters of the Mohawk tribe of Indians. They lost their possessions in the States by adhering to Great Britain in the revolutionary war, and received in compen- sation a settlement here of 160,000 acres : since that time they have decreased considerably, and now consist of not more than 3,200 souls. I went over to the Indian village on Sunday morning, and attended Divine service in their church ; it was performed according to the forms of the English Church, but in the Mohawk language, with the exception of the sermon, which the Clergyman delivered in English, and which was translated with wonderful fluency, sentence after sentence, by an Indian interpreter who stood beside him. It was good, practical, and well adapted to the audience, who listened with the most un- failing attention, though the plan of proceeding made it necessarily very long : the Indian language, too, is far more prolix than ours, at least the sentences, as trans- lated, were at least three times as long as in the original delivery: the singing was particularly good in point of time and harmony, but the airs were somewhat monoto- nous. Two children were baptized during the service, one of them ensconced in a bark cradle, which fitted it accu- rately, and was attached in a curious manner to a board, so as to be carried easily upon the mother's back. There were about 120 Indians present : the men, with one or two cxcei^tions dressed like Europeans, but the women were in their native costume, which is rather becoming : it con- CIVILIZATION OF THE INDIANS. 231 iallcd after be termed ms. They J to Great in compeii- ! that time sist of not lian village ce in their rms of the !, with the 11 delivered wonderfid interpreter , and well ! most un- ag made it too, is far , as trans- he original 1 point of \t monoto- ervice, one ;d it accu- a board, so 3k. There ith one or oinen were ig : it con- sists of a calico or linen tunic, reaching to the knt.e, below which appears a petticoat of blue cloth, generally em- broidered with red and white bead-work; the legs are covered with a kind of buskin of blue cloth, and the feet with moccasins ; over all is a large robe or mantle, of blue cloth also, thrown loosely round the shoulders ; completing a dress which, at this time of year, must be dreadfully hot and heavy : the head is without any other covering except very thick black shining hair. Those of the men who have not adopted the European costume wear, instead of trowsers, a tunic and leggings which reach half way up the thigh. I had some conversation with the clergyman after ser- vice : he is employed by the "New England Society," has been for a long time among the Indians, and knows them well : he has a better opinion of them, and of their capacity for^ acquiring domestic and industrious habits, than most white men to whom I have spoken upon the subject have expressed. The Society support a school in the village, where about forty children are boarded, educated, and in- structed in trades ; and they learn, Mr. N. says, as fast as Europeans : as yet, however, they are not fit to be trusted in making bargains with the whites, nor can they at all compete in matters of business with them : much of their original grant has been trafficked away to settlers, at prices wholly inadequate; and though such transactions are altogether illegal, they have been overlooked so long that it is now impossible to annul them. A superinten- dent lives close to the village, who is paid by Government for the express purpose of protecting the Indian interests and managing their affairs; yet encroachments upon their rights are still perpetually made, which, however advanta- geous they may appear to a political economist, are nei- ther reconcileable with equity, nor with the real wishes and intentions of Government. Mr. N. is by no means without hopes that in a generation or two these Indians 232 APPENDIX. may become quite civilized : they are giving up their wan- dering habits, and settling rapidly upon farms throughout their territory; and in consequence, probably, of this change in their mode of life, the decrease in their numbers, which threatened a complete extinction of the tribe, has ceased of late years : if it turn out as he expects, this will form the sole exception to the general law which affects their people. They are very much attached (as well they may be) to the British government ; and, in 1837, turned out under their chiefs, to the number of 500, and offered their services to it : they wished to attack Navy Island in their canoes, but those who were in command thought the entijrprise too hazardous. The chiefs (whose office is, as among the ancient Gothic nations, partly hereditary and partly elective, i.e. ordinarily transmitted from father to son, but liable to be transferred in cases of incapacity) have still a good deal of authority among them, but, as it is of course not recognised by the law, they ar^ gradually losing it ; in fact, the race is assimilating itself here far more than anywhere else to the habits and manners of the surround- ing Europeans, while at the same time there is perhaps hardly any settlement where the red blood is preserved with less mixture, owing, of course, to their superior mo- rahty. Mr. N. tells me there are about eighty communi- cants, and that as many of them appear to be sincerely un- der the influence of religion as could be expected out of a similar number of whites. He is strict in his discipline, excluding from the Lord^s table all who have been guilty of intemperance, or any other open sin, till they have con- fessed their guilt, and shown satisfactory signs of amendment."— Z^^/m from America, vol. i. pp. 161— 16i TORONTO CHURCH SOCIETY. 233 APPENDIX C. Page 203. It may be worth while to insert in this place the re- flections of an intelligent traveller, who was in Canada at the time when the Church Society was projected. After reciting the principal objects of the Society, which com- prise nothing else than an adequate provision for the Church,— a provision, too, increasing with the increase of the Church, — Mr. Godley says :— " It is impossible to overrate the importance of the object aimed at by these good men; in the issue of their labouvs is involved the only chance of preserving the province permanently to Great Britain, and also, speaking humanly, the question whether Canada is to be virtually a Catholic country or not. The Church now comprises about 100,000 members;' and, contrary to Lord Durham's anti- cipation, has latterly increased considerably in proportion to the population. With an efficient church machinery, I liave no doubt that the number may be at once nearly doubled ; for much the larger proportion of those who have wandered from her fold, did so because they had no shep- herd—and who can blame them ? They found themselves in want of spiritual food or ministration, and they naturally betook themselves to the nearest source, whatever it might be, from which they imagined their wants could be sup- plied : but they are still reclaimable ; and if the leading members of the Church at Toronto be enabled to carry out their scheme, I have no doubt that they will be reclaimed, and those who remain in the communion of the Church confirmed in her doctrine and oxdiGv"— Letters from America, vol. ii. pp. 14, 15. (1) This was written in 1842; and was probably even then a low estimate of the number of Churchmen. In 1847, the Bisho computed the members of the Church in Canada West at 200,000. 234 APPENDIX. APPENDIX D. Page 215. EMIGRATION TO CANADA. Tlie following Table is copied from a Parliamentary Paper, dated December 1847, (p. 39) : — 1841 28,280 1842 44,692 1843 21,807 1844 20,245 1845 25,515 1846 33,025 1847 ........ 77,000 It may be as well to add Lere the followin.'^ official statement of the Colonial Land and Emigration Com- missioners, dated November 20, 1847 : — " In 1846, which was a year of larger emigration than any that preceded, it amounted to 129,851 persons. But in the first three quarters of the present year, the emigra- tion has extended to no less than 240,732 persons, almost the whole of them consisting of Irish emigrants to North America (including, of course, the United States)."— /^eW. p. 32. This may, perhaps, be as convenient a place as any for recording the measures taken by the Society for securing an early introduction of the emigrant members of our Church to their future spiritual advisers. The Bishop of Toronto having remarked how easily settlers, on their first arriv3x, were »^awn aside to join the first religious teacher EMIGRANTS. 235 who presented himself, in consequence of their having no means of becoming acquainted with their lawful pastors, drew the attention of his own Clergy, as well as of the Clergy of this country, to the subject, in the following passage of a Charge delivered in the year 1844 : — " It may be further suggested, that, if with such in- struction, the Clergy in the mother country would give to each parishioner, on Iiis or her departure to any colony, a testimonial of membership in the Church, it would add much to the firmness of their profession, as well as to their comfort. It would help to maintain in their hearts an unwavering attachment to their fathers' Church, and con- tinually remind them that, be their lot cast where it may, they are still within the pale of that loved and hallowed communion. When landed on a distant shore, thev would in that case make it their first care to seek out the pastor of that Church of which they are members, and, by an exhibition of those credentials, be sure to engage that pastor's watchfulness and care. As was the case in the primitive ages of Christianity, go where they would, throughout the bounds of the wide world, they would, wherever a lawfully ordained minister of the Church was to be found, meet a brother and a friend. They would be privileged to kneel eveiywhere at their Church's altars ; and though the land was a strange one, and its scenes and customs dift'erent, and far from those of their young and happier days, they would still experience, in their place of pilgrimage, the Christian sympathy, and therefore the richest comforts, of home." The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel at once determined to act upon the suggestion of the Bishop, and accordingly drew up the following form of Letter Commen- datory, to be presented by the new settler to the Clergy- man of the district in which he should be located ; — 236 APPENDIX. m TommnU Reverend the Urd Bkhop, and the Reverend the Clergy of the Church of England, [or, of the Amrican tfiurch,] iti the Diocese of I DESIRE herewith to commend to your pastoral care, and brotherly good offices, of the Parish ot m the Diocese of who, vAi\v his family, is about to settle in and I certify that he IS a member of the Church of England, and that his children severaUy named t^ve been baptized. Minister of Dated this Diocese of ieZZTJi! T''r ^"""'^' ^'■"^ ""^"'"'^ rnoreparticulaly intl IT ,{ ']'^r"''' '""^'orating from their several parishes, may be l^^^9raUs) at the Office of the Sooietv vok the Phopaga;io/ok THE Gospel, 79, Pall Mall, London. That much good has been the result, there can be no doubt; at the same time, it will appear from the following statement of the Bishop, (17th March, 1845,) that tlie introduction, which was intended only to bring the poorer emigrants into spiritual relation with their pastors, involves almost inevitably the necessity of bestowing temporal relief and, consequently, is a cause of much embarrassment to Clergy situated as the missionaries of Upper Canada are It is gratifymg, however, to see how cheerfully they bear their burden ; and their ready charity should have the effect of stimulating their better endowed brethren at home to devise the means of relieving them of at least some part of It, by providing, wherever it may be possible, some little addition to the scrip of the outgoing settler. " You ask me to furnish you with any statements in my power about the condition and disjnosal of emigrants, who EMIGRANTS. 237 may land at any part of this diocese, or come Lnrough tlie United States, and wliat measures I consider advisable for securing to them, at their first landing, friendly counsel and spiritual advice. * * « » " In my late Charge I suggested that all emigrants be- longing to our Church should bring certificates from their respective Clergymen, and, on landing at Quebec or Montreal m Lower Canada, or at Kingston, Toronto, or any her place or town of Upper Canada, should call upon the Clergyman, and show their certificates, and he would give them the best advice. " This advice or suggestion of mine has been extensively acted upon during the last three years, and has done much good ; but it is, at the same time, attended with much trouble,— certainly much more than was foreseen— and even with distress and inconvenience. A large portion of the emigrants arrive entirely destitute, and expect from the Clergyman pecuniary assistance, and to an amount which he IS unable to give them. Many are sick, and unable to work; sometimes the father is ill, sometimes the mother with large famUies, and their means are completely ex- liausted; labour is often scarce, and numbers come out who have been brought up to trades or outdoor work, and not always sufficiently strong to undertake li. Others are so little acquainted with labour, that they cannot by labour earn their victuals. Old persons are sent out, even many lame and blind, who are totally incapable of doing anythino- for themselves, and are a burthen on our people. ° • " Our Clergy, under all these circumstances, do all they can, a4d often at an expense which they can ill afford; for instances of extreme distress at times occur which they cannot overlook. As Toronto is the principal town at which emigrants congregate, I find them a heavy item of expense. The emigrants who come through the United States are equaUy forlorn, and are treated in the same way. 238 APPENDIX. No emigrant ought to come out licre who has not the means of providing for himself and family for one year at least ; but this is seldom if ever the case ; and consequently the burthen which their poverty brings upon the resident in- habitants, and especially the Clergy, is very heavy." This may be a convenient place for mentioning that, in the year 1846, the Society for Promotinn: Christian Know- ledge placed the liberal grant of £l„tv.M« .,; ^Uc disposal of the Standing Committee, " for a more systematic supply of books and tracts upon the Society's Catalogues, especially of Bibles and Books of Common Prayer, to persons emi- grating to the colonies and dependencies of tlie British Empire^ Applications for a share in the bencfi:; of this grant, should be made by the Clergyman of the parish from which emigrants are proceeding, to the Secretaries of the Society, 67, Lincoln's Inn-fields. APPENDIX E. Page 225. The address agreed upon by the Bishop and Clergy of the Diocese of Toronto, to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, at the Primary Visitation of the Bishop, Sept. 9, 1841, has already been given at p. 152. Two other addresses adopted on similar occasions are here subjoined. Address from the Bishop and Clergy of the Diocese of Toronto, assembled in Visitation, June 7, 1844. " To the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Eoreign Parts. " "We, the Bishop and Clergy of the Diocese of Toronto, in the Province of Canada, have much satisfaction in ADDRESS TO S. P. G. 1844. 239 availing ourselves of ilic opportunity afforded by our pre- sence at the Episcopal Visitation at Toronto, to present our united expressions of respect, gratitude, and affection to the Venerable Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts. " No circumstance could more forcibly remind us of this duty than the mere fact of the assem])lage of seventy- three clergymen on this interesting occasion ; for out of the number now gathered together to receive the Episcopal Charge, not fewer than one-half have been, or still are, indebted for their maintenanne as missionaries in this colony to the generous and unwearied benevolence of your Society. "Nor can we advert, without lively expressions of thankfulness, to other instant s of your christian sympathy for the wants of this extensive diocese,— in the frequent donations to churches which have been made, and in the liberal provision which you have established for the assist- ance of Candidates for Holy Orders in the prosecution of their studies. " The Society have been the honoured instruments, under a gracious Providence, of sowing in these dominions the good seed of the Word; and when we look to the already great and gratifying augmentation of the number of the Clergy, the rapid increase of church-accommodation, and a growing spirit of devotion to those sanctifying principles of Hhe truth as it is in Jesus' which are in- culcated by the National Church, we may from past suc- cess anticipate their more wide-spread influence in civil tranquillity and religious concord in all those lands to which the bounty of the Society is directed. " If your Society, from the vast and widening field of your operations, cannot reasc nably be expected to increase to any great extent the m( ns already furnished of pro- pagating the Gospel in this colony, it is encouraging to remember the noble declaration of your determination to 240 APPENDIX . maintain undiminished the supply of labourers who are engaged under the auspices of your Society in every quarter of the world. While the knowledge of this deter- mination must reconcile many an emigrant from tlu^ country of his fathers to the privations and trials of this new land, it cheers, too, the missionary in his labours, in the happy conviction that while heartily engaged in gathering in the harvest of his Lord, he will not be arrested in his work by a cessation of the humble provision which enables him to preach the Gospel to those vvho are often as poor in worldly circumstances as they arc destitute of the means of grace. "The province of Canada, and the British American possessions in general, will, as we believe and trust, con- tinue long to experience the fostering aid of your venerable Society ; and after the lapse of ages, we may hope that from the wide-spread and firm establishment of our pure branch of the Catholic Church of Christ, the American continent will be pointed to as a noble monument of the zealous and persevering efforts of a well-directed christian enterprise. " That this may be the joy and encouragement of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, to the end of time, is the hearty prayer of every pastor and of every flock in this growing diocese ; and we are well assured that it is equally the devout wish of every member of the Church of England in every colony of the British empire. " John Tobonto." " Cathedral Church, Toronto, 7th June, 1844." From the Bishop and Clergy of the same Diocese assembled in Visitation, June 6th, 1847. ." To the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts. " We, the Bishop, Archdeacons, and Clergy of the Diocese of Toronto, in triennial visitation asocmbled. \ ADDRESS TO S. P. O. 1817. 241 ! ( X cannot, separate on this interesting occasion without re- newinf^ to your venerable Societj' the due expression of our grateful renieinbrancc and a})iding afleetion. *' Amongst our number are many wlio owe their niain- teiiance as ministers of Christ's Church in this colony almost exclusively to your bounty ; and tlu!re are but few of the sacred edilices, in which we are privileged to minister, towards the erection of which aid has not been received from your Society. To your fostering care in- deed we would ascribe, uuder God, much of the prosperity which our diocese now enjoys. In a colony such as Canada, where the great majority of the inhabitants are too poor to procure for themselves the means of grace, the extension of the Church would, humanly speaking, have been a matter tdmost of impossibility, had we not been favoured with the aid which you have so liberally afforded us. " We feel convinced that it must prove highly gratifying to your venerable Society to learn, that as our population increases, and the sources of the colony are augmented, the people are making, wc trust, correspondent exertions to extend the ministrations of our holy Church, though we fear the time is yet far distant when our utmost exertions, aided as we hope they will be by the continued liberality of your Society, will be sufficient adequately to relieve the spiritual destitution which still so greatly prevails in this large and important dependency of the British Empire. " The emigrants also from the mother country, who annually find their way in great numbers to this colony, are steadily presenting demands upon the exertions of the Church, more extensive than our utmost local exertions can supply ; and the combination of what your venerable Society so generously contributes, with the voluntary efforts of Churchmen in this diocese, and the largest revenue that can be anticipated from our share of the Clergy Keserves property, can hardly be expected to suffice R 342 APPENDIX. *J even to meet the more pressing claims for the ministrations of the Church, without affording the hope that it can be fully and effectually planted amongst us. " We desire to congratulate your venerable Society on the increase lately made to the Episcopate in various parts of Her Majesty's dominions, and to the support of which you so munificently contribute. We rejoice that yoiir venerable Society has been so eminently prospered, and it is our earnest prayer that God may continue abundantly to bless your noble and holy exertions to increase the efficiency of our beloved Church, and that your resources may become more and more commensurate with the vast and glorious enterprise you have in hand— the spiritual cultivation of Hhe field of the world.'" APPENDIX P. LIST OF THE CLERGY. Bithop. The Eight Rev. John Strachan, D.D. Archdeacons. Alex. N. Bethime, D.D York. George O'Kill Stuart, LL.D Kingston. (/?.— Rector. M.— Missionary. r.Af.— Travelling Missionary.) Alexander, J.L.,M. . Salljteet and Binbrook. Allen, J. A., JW. Wolf Island. Anderson, J., R Port Erie. Ardagh, S. B., ii Barrie and Shanty Bay. Armour, S., R Cavan. Armstrong, Q.M., R Louth. Atkinson, A.F.,R St. Catherine's. -Bartlett, P. G., fl Murray. Bartlettj T. H. M. Chaplain to the Forces . . Kingston. LIST OF THE CLERGY. 243 Beaven, J. Professc. of Divinity King's Coll. Toronto. Bettridge, W., /i Woodstock. Blake, D.E.,ii Thornhill. Blakey, R., ij Prescott. Bleasdell, W., iJf (Not reported.) Boomer, M., M Gall. Boswell, E. J., ^ Williamsburgh. Bourn, G., Ass. Min. St. James's Church . . Toronto. Brent, H., T. M Toronto. Brough, C.C.,R London Toivnship. Burnham, M., R gt. Thomas. Campbell, R. P., 22 Goderick. Caulfield, A. St. George, M Burford. Cooper, H. C.,Jlf. McGillivray. Cox, G.R.,T.M. PrinceEdward District. Creen, T., R. and Chaplain to the Forces . . Niagara. Cronyn, B., R. and Chaplain to the Forces . . London. J^ade, C Oakville. Darling, W. S., M Scarboro. Deacon, J., R A dolphustown. Denroche, E., iJ BrockviUe. Elliott, A.,M. (Six Nation Indians, \ Grand River. Elliott, F. G., ^. Colchester. Evans, F., 2? Simcoe. Fauquier, F. D., iJf. Zorra. Fletcher, J., T.M. Simcoe. Flood, 3.,R Richmond. Flood, R., ilf Delaware. Fraser, D., y.ilf. Wellington District. Garret, R., JIf. Brock. Geddes, J. G.,ii Hamilton. Gibson, 3., M. Georgina. Givins, S., iJ Mohawk and Napanec. Graham, G., AT. Nassagaweya. Grasett, H. J., 2? Toronto. Greene, 11., R Wellington Square. Greig, W. Minister of St. Mark's Church . . Barriefield. Grier, J.,M. Belleville. Grout, G. R. P., 2i Grimsby. Gunne, J., ilf Dawn, ^c. Gunning, W. H., 21 Lamb's Pond. B 244 APPENDIX. Hallen, G., M. and Chaplain to the Forces . . Panel aagu'ishine. Harding, R., ilf Emily. Harper, W. F. S., ii Bath. Harris, M., R Perth. Herchmer, W. M,, Chap, to the Lord Bishop, \ jr- „/ „ and Assistant Minister J Hickie, 3., M. Stratford. Hill "R C M (Settlements on the ' ' \ Grand River, Hill, G.S.3., M. Chinguacousy. Hobson, W. H Chatham. Ingles, C. L., r.ilf. Niagara District. Jaraieson,A rWalpole Island, \ Indian Mission. Kennedy, T. 8., R Darlington. Ker, M., R March. Leeming, R. (Superannuated) Dundas. (Chippatoa, Stamford, Leeming, W., i? \ and Drummondville. Lundy, F. J., T.M Queenston. Macaulay, W., R. . Pictou. Mack, F., R. and Chaplain to the Forces . . Amhersthurgh. Macgeorge, R. J., M Streetsville. McAlpin, H., J? Kemptville. McCaul, J., Vice-President of King's College , Toronto. Mclntyre, 3., M Orillia. McKeiizie, J. G. D., Minister of St. Paul's . . Toronto. McMurray, W., jR Ancaster and Dundas. Magrath, 3., R Toronto Township. Mayerhoffer, \. V., R Markham. Maynard, G., Mathematical Master . . . J Vpper Canada College, ' I Toronto. Mitchell, R., itf". (Not reported.) Mockridge, J., i? Warwick. Morris, Y,., M Merrickville. Morse, W., M Paris. Mortimer, A., R Adelaide. Mulkin s, H., ilf. Pakenhamand Fitzroy Mulock, J. A., fl Carleton Place. Murphy, D., T.M. Victoria District. LIST OF THE CLERGY. 245 'SeUes, A., M.' Z"^** Nation Indians, V on the Grand River. O'Meara, F. A. (Indian Miiision) Manatoulin Island. Osier, F. L., JIf. f Tecumseth and West \ Gwilliniburij , Osier, n.B.,M. Lloydtown. Padfield, J. W., JB Franktown. Palmer, A., i? Guelph. Patterson, J. (Superannuated). Patton, U., R Cornwall. Pentland, 3.,M. Whitby. Phillips, T.,R Etobicoke. Pyne, K., M Oakville. Read, T. B., 21/ Port Burwell. Revell, n., M. Oxford. Ripley, W. H., Minister of Trinity Church . . Toronto. Ritchie, W., R. and Offl. Chap, to the Forces . Sandwich. Rogers, R. V., Min. of St. James's, and Chap.i to the Penitentiary J Kingston. Rolph, R., M Osvabruck. Rothwell, J., Minister Amh'-rst Island. Ruttan, C, Minister of St. George's Church . Toronto. Salmon, G. (Superannuated) Simcoe. Salter, G., M i^i^gy gf^ ciair. Sandys, F.W., M. Mersea, ^c. Ganson, A.,A York Mills. Scadding, H., Minister of Trinity Church . . Toronto. Shanklin, R., Assistant Minister St. Catherine's. Shirley, P., ilf. f Camden, Loughborough, \ and Portland. S^«^"'J-'^ Port Hope. Stennett, W., Assistant Min of Trinity Church Toronto Stewart,!., M. Tyrconnell. Stoneman,H Port Maitland. Street, G. C. M. . . . . Neiomarket. Strong. S.S.,ii ^ytown. Taylor, R.Z.C.,R Peterborough. Townley, A., ilf. (Port Maitland and ^ I Dunnville. Tremayne, F., r.ilf West Hawkesbury. 246 APPENDIX. Usher, J. C, ^ Brantford. Watkins, N., T.M r Johnstown and Lower \ Dtstricts. Wi)3ori| J., Af. Colborne and Graf ton (Newcastle end Colborn V Distriets. Worrell, J. B., T.iJf. TEE END. R. CI:^-