m ^ IJ4 6" ^> ■^'^J T y 1 • idi 11 a Ub^ a I _Scimces CarperaitiQD a3 WBT MAM STkHf WnSTM,N.Y. MStO ( 71* ) •7^14903 ^ > V- ' 't4^»*M?^:?, .ijft.'!.j t^^ »»-. CIHM Microfiche Series (Monographis) J c r • Can * 1 ' ' •. T- . t V ' .j4 • • ' «f ICMH Colleption de micrdfiches (mdnographjes) .«" ' I v / Canadian Institute for Historical IMicroraproductions / Institut Canadian da microraproductions historiqiias 1*1. 1 V 1*1 4j£ , r TMhiiical and Bibliographic'NotnV NotM ttchniqtMS «t bibliograpliiquts Th« Imtitutt has ahamptMl to obtain the bait original copy availabli^for firming. Faaturas of thi* copy which may ba bibliographieally uniqua. which may altar any of tha imagas in tha raproduction, or which may significantly changa tha usual mathod of filming, ara chackad balow. ^ . L'Inititut a microfilmi la maillaur.axamplaira ciu'il lui a M possiMa da sa proeurar. 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' ' 32X - i " ' la, ' . , .• • •. *-,' ^^.,^ ,f..-^. .^.^^^..,. ^_^,^ W.t STEPPING iTQJH^f^^ ■ v TO "^■Y % OAUfbLATKD _ * .V TO ENABI^ CHODRiiN TO ACQUIMI^'^ ^ X^ T HAirAas AOBniBLa mint i CORRECT MANN^ OP EXPBESSINO T r 3»BT *!»»«*; SADLE] ^^ Y Author of , •Wl BluiMO STOHH to FliKKOH PBOl/rOIlTOMr »»- « Tlyt too proliflo pl»iit, the youtlrfM mind, ' Bhonld BtiU be trained with unr^ttlng can * Ito bloapoms shielded from the wintry wind, * ^ NEW YOBK: , * t SAM^IER:^ CO., 164 WIILIAM STR )tt_\_ WSTON: 1^ FKDKBAL STREET. J fc,¥ ■• ai.: OiM.orR.fBAvoi»zATnai*Honni ,. V ^' — ' ^ .^^ -^^^ "" v--f iiftWP^' t,,-^m^mwm^'y^^^'''^'"" ( V T* -"T --«««« ^- \ 'A ■ \ - \ >'^: PREFACE. /. V If the word Grammar has somewhat of an alarming ^ Bound to youthful ears, it is pefhapa because the learned gentlemen who have written upon the grammatical sil- ence have not condescended to express themselves in language "familiar as household words." To impart knowledge to children we should be careful t4Mipeak to them in language which they can understand ; and, above all, when teaching by the aid of books, we should not be satisfied with a mere verbal repetition of the lesson given t)^^ Earned ; but we should, by simple , and various questions,' conivince| both ourselved and our pupils ihh the subject is ^rfectly understood. Every new lesson should, when given^ be carefully read over to, and with, the pupil, and all difficultres explained before he takes it to study. We would also recommend to teachers to avoid with the greatest cire, both in man- ner and matter, anything which may create a distaste for , learning ; otherwise that which is intended to serve as a Stepping Stone, may become a Stumbling-block. PERCY SADLER. \ r ^^HlHIHESiSI - x^tT_ /sfeSCW ty I I'v'-i /'/^ THE STEPPING STONE TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. • 4.'.\ • OF ORTHOGRAPHY AND PRONUNCIA- j ' TIOI^. .-k- QuESTioN. How can you learn to speak and Write correctly ? j^ Answer. Uy learning the rules of grammar.'f Q. Of what are languages formed'? A. Of words. ' f * Q. Of what are words formed? j . A. Of syllables. ^ ^^ -i Q. Of what are syllables composed? 4|i 7? |j A. Of letters. \ Q. What do f^u call the list of letters of which words are formed? A. The alphabet. .Q. How many letters are there in the the English alphabet ?^-^ A. Twenty-si£ • We need scarcely point eut to the intelligent teacher the great utility of frequently turning the aifawera into 4U«8tion8, aid of thus enabling the pupil to turn the questions into answers. Example. Q. What can you learn by thfe rules of grammar) A. To speak and write correctly. ¥ '^fijc'"!"-^'''!' •j'jr>' ■ » ^"WJ^ "^^ ^■^^ -K A. ORTHOGRAPHT AND PRONUNCIATrOM. 6 Tell me the names of them. A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L 1, M; m, N n, o,»P p, Q q, R r, S 8, T t, U a, V V, W w, X X, Y y Q. # A. Q. A. Q A. Q. A. Q. A. Q. A, Q A. Q. A. Q. A. What are those letters called which can Jtje sounded by the voice alone, without any a^N parent movement of the mouth ? , * '^ They are called vowels. WhidJ arc they? ' A «, «, 0, u, y. And what are the other letters ca^ed I • Consonants. Why are they cajled consonants? Because they want a vowel to help them to make a sound with.* ♦ How do the consonants, i^ c, d^ make t sounds? By the help of th6 vowel «. Give me an example. ® Be, ce, de. What part of grammar is that byt which we learn to spell correctly? Orthography, or correct writing. What is a syllable? '*'; A smgle sound, marked by one or m0re letters. Can a single letter form a syllable? Yes, if the letter be a vowel. * ConBonant means sounding with. 1* ■ . ••■» ^»j,^j_,-5ri^^,,. .«• ■* / '• I. y t ■ • A. Q. . A.- 1^- ^ Q-. 1 A. Q. A. Q. i .... A. Q r -, A. Q 'A. Q. ■* - .'; A. Q- A. J Q- f: A. te-' 6 8TEPPIN0 STpNB TO ENOUSH GRAMMAR. Give me some examples. A-cora, e-ven,' i-dle, o-pen, u-eage. Can a consoDant alone form a syllable? No. ■ ■ , ' .. . •■■ ^■^, Tell me some syllables with consonanta.y ; Bat, me, fin, gOy gun. Are there .not m English many words of One .syllable? Yes, as boy, man, this.Hiai, when, how. What are those words called? ~^ Monosyllables. What do you call words of two ^gilables? Dissyllables. And words of three syllahles? v ^' Trisyllables. What name is given to words Of more than three syllables? Polysyllables. |i' When two vo\^els cOme together in one syllable, as ai in pain, ea in pea, oa in boat, and . How must the letter c be sounded when it ia followed by a, o, or u in the same syllable ? . Like the letter ib ' i ^sig^^-^-i y%*- V ' ^■'^•'?5T^-'*0^^j«5»p^ ^ ^ ^ p^j-^j^^ "#^.; f"**^«"'^'^^^^^^l»F?-* f OBTHOORAPHT AND PRONUNCIATION.' i N Q. A. Q A. Q. '* A. Q. A. Q. A. a A. Q. A. Q A. Q. A. Q. A. Q. A. Q. A. Give me some examples. / Cat, cow, cwp. An^ how most it bo somided when followed by t, », ory? Like an s. Give me some examples. Celery, cinder, cymbal. How is g sounded before a, o, and v,l It has a hard sound, us in game, gow, and gun. . ' And how is it sounded before e, i, and y? Mostly Hke j in James. Give me some examples. General, gingerbrmdi Egypt. . Has not g sometimes the hard soand before e and i? Yes, in get, giddy, giggk, gild, gimlet, gird, girl, ^t*«, and a few other words. How should |)A|^6unded when they come to- gether in the sMe syllable"? Like/. Give me some examples. Fkilip, Joseph, Pharaoh, Philistines, Balph, Is not the ph sometimes sounded like t>? T^es, as in Stephen and nephew. What sound has ^A at the beginning of words f . The hard sound of ^. • Give me an example* Gherkin, ghost. \ V Ik. ■■■■> '■ .» , 8- . . STEPmo mSE TO EN«USH ^R^^,. A. It IS mostly silent. -, Q. Tojj me some examples. ■ * &;!: "" "^ ^^' ^^. ^, ^/^A ena^.s^ . Q. How is the.^ sounded before a voweUt fh« . b^^^^^^^^ a rowel at the , 4. M9stl)r like /c/i. ^^ ^ "™^^ ?' %*« some exai4)Ies. " ' . . A.\ Chair, Charles, ckds, chimes; choose: Q. Has.it not sometimes the sound of /;?' A. ^|;es, vyhen followed by an T - "'^ l"r ^^""^^^^^^ "^hich it has the sound Q. I Meve'jtis sometiines sounded like A- before - A. Yes, in chymist,%.chyinistry, &e. 9. IW is the syllable «rcA pronounced at the . be^,nmg of words when ft is fou'teS by^^^^ A. As though it wer»written flf*. " Q. Give me some examples A. Archatigel, afchitect. * ' ■'■■■■ w ft / T, X ,i^{^^ 'jn^ * 6 \ iR. syllables A. at the sonnd i)efore b the by a \\ / OFTTHOdRAPHY AND PRONUNCIATldN. Q • ^ • '■■?,■ Q. Ana when it is followed by a con8o;iant what fa tiie sound? A. As if it were written ar/cA. Qj, Give some wonls. ,^ ' A. Archbishop, a£chduh,\rchcleac(m'. - V Q. Has the arch the sound of ark at the end of words? - ^ a: Mostly in words of more than one syllable. Q. Give me some exarai)le8. , ^ ^- A. Monarch, hierarchy tetrarc^) Q^ How is arc/i generally sounded at the end of > / bieT^"*'^^^ ' tl^at is, wordffbf one. syllar ~ /A. As if it were written artd^\ /'■. Q. Tell me so^e words, y A. March, starc/i, parf:h. ' "^ Q. Howjs^souhded at% beginning of words f A. The Yw not sounded at aB, / • Q. ^w do you speU gmsh, gruU, g^ijo ? A. (/„OT, a, s, h ; g, n, a, t ; g, n, a,*w. Q. ^ not g saent before n at the end of words f A. Yes, always. \' * Q. Give some examples. V^ ■^' K^ign, feign, deignj sign. - " Q. Canyouspell those words? viH ^« f "»' nr*"'"?' •' orthography «,d orthoMw. \ .f 10 STEPPING STONE TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. * Q. Is the letter k sounded before n in the same syllable ? A. No, it is mote. • Q. Can you spell ki^, knife, know, and knuckle? - A. k, n, e,e; k, n, i,f, e ; k, n, o, w^ k, n, u, c, k, I, e, Q. Is not the*letter /silent between a and A: and and A; in the same syllable ? A. Yes, as in chalk, talk, walk, and folk. Q. Spl;Il me those words. A. 0, h, a, If k; t,.a, I, k; to, a, I, k; f, o, I, k. rQ. Is not the I silent between a and m in the same /syllable? ' V |\ A. *Yes, asjn calm, palm, balm. . \ ^:Q. > Spell Jihpse words. . A. O^aJ^; p, a, I, m; b,a, I, m. Q. Is4he i? mute in the .word realm? A. No, it' must.be pronounced. Q. How do you spell that word ? A. R, e,a,l,m. Q. Is the letter w sdunded before an r at the be- ginning of words ? ^ A. No, it is silent. Q. Give me some examples. A. Wrangle, wrench, write, wrote, wry. Q. Can you spell those words ? A. Yes, w, r, a, n, g, I, e; w, r, e, n, c, h; w, r, i, t, e; -m w,r,o,t,c; w,r,y. Q. What part of grammar is , that which teaches the uature and origm of words? A. Etymology. ■.■■/. • > ■ , I :, same lei : b and same .^ Le be- caches (7 11 ^. OF NUMBER. ' ' ,- * ■. " ■ ' ' SINGULAR AND PLURAL. '?• ^^** ^ *^® meaning of ^ singular number? A. It means one person or W thing. Q. GivesQmeex^i^les. A. A girl, a boy, a book, a harsi. Q. And what does the plural mean? A. More than one. Q. Give spme examples. A. Two girls, thrfe boys, four books, Jiveii^i Q. How do you change the singular to the' plural? A. By puttuig an 5 at the end of the word. Q. Bufe if the vord should finish in the singtilat witli s, sh, ch, \x, OP after a consonant, as glass, brush, church, box, potato, how do you then make the plural ? , A, By adding e*, as^^^^g^, brushes, chutches} boxes, potatoes. • 7 Q., And if the ch at the end has the sound! of ifc as _in monarch, how do you form the plural ? A. By putting an s only, as monarchs. Q. Suppose a word in the singular ends with y and a consonant immediately before it, as m A ^•^' t^^y^ ^^^y^ ^**^ ^^ J"^" f'°r*» the plural ? A. By changing the y to ies, as flies, hdhtfs, fan- cm. '-^ t \ ' a. 12 STEPPING STONE TO ANGLISH GRAMMAR. Q When the singular ends with // or /«, m ifa ailf, shdf, uife, life, how is the plural formed? . A. By changihgltbe/or/eto t:«. 'i Q. Give me 8ome4xample8. | A. Cakes, shelves, wives, lives. Q. Are there not Several words which do not follow any of these rules? A. Yes, as cAiW^ singular ; children, plural. O. Tell me thajlsingular and the plural of those irregular wbrds wWch are in common use. A Child, chil^en; die, dice; foot, feet; goose, seese; loyLSi, lice; man, men; mouse, mue; dx, oxen; penny, pence; tooth, teeth; i^oman, wo- men. . ■ Q. Are there nbt some words the same in the plu- ral as in tile singular? Yes, dezr, sheep, means, and news. Give exampies of those words in both numbers. ^ ffeer, a pirk full of f/eer. -ii^w an exiimple of the word sheep.. il black shep, a drove of sheep. And what «;an you say of theword means? By this medns, by those mans. ' Giv.e an ex^ — ^" '"'^^ ^^^ *"^ A. Q. A. Q. A. Q. A. Q A. Q. A. vxivc aix .simple with the word news. There is gi od news, I have heard some news. Do you knaw any nouns which appear to have no sinffuh t ? , „ . , Yes there are alms, annfls, bellows, bowels, crmes, entrails, sdssars, sffears, snuffer^, trovr sers, and breeches. J; ■ GENDER. 18 V i OF GENDER. .... % Q. What is the meaning of the word Gender ? A. Sex, or kind.", y Q. How many sexes are there ? > A. Two, the male and the female. r Q. What are they called in grammar ? A. MascuUne and feminine gcndprs. Q. Of what gender are mefl and-saalc animals ? A. Masculine. ' Q. And women and female anunals ? '^ A. Feminine. Q. Is there not a third gender of kind, in Bn- gUsh? f- ' A. Yes, it is called the neuter gender., ' Q. What things are of the neuter gender ? A. Things that are neither male nor female. Q. To'u mean that are neither masculine nor fem- inine? A.Tes. ■ '^'/ ■ ^; Q. Tell me some names in each gender. A. A gentleman, a lady, a, carnage. Q. One more example. ' , - A. A bull, a coiCf a stable. ■ < Q. How many ways are there of expressmg the dififerent genders of persons, and living things ? A. ffhree. '■y- 14 STEPPING STONE TO ENGU8H GRAMUAR. I Q 1 they ? Which __ , First, by different words Q ^ell me some of them. . ' MBcry, girl; brother, sister; piaster, mistress; hotrse, mare. Q. Wliat is the second manner? ■ . A By changing the ends or termmations of tnc words denoting the masculine gender., | ^ Q Give some examples. A. Actor, actress ; prirux, 'princess ; goverwr, gcv- erness.' Q. Now some names of animals, K. Ucm, lioness; tiger, tigress. Q. What is the third manner of marking the gen- A. By putting one of the words Ae or sh before the names of beasts. ■Q. (jive some. examples. _ , A. A he bear, a she bear ; a hz wolf, a sJie wolf. Q. Are not the words mala and female used in — speaking of animals ? A. Yes, for those which are not ver^ common. O. Tell me some of them. , , ^ , A. A male elephant, a femak elephant ; a maJe giraffe, a /maZe giraffe. ; Q. What are the words employed to denote *the male, and female of birds? >' A. Cock for the male, and hat for the female. Q Tell me the names of some birds. X A <»dfc pheasant, a hm pheasant ; a ew* ca- nary, a hen canary. r a molt r ;■ ''* ; .'-,- '-li-.^X- GENDER 15 Q. Are not the words male and female sometimea applied to birds? ' A. Yes, to those which are not common. Q. Give some examples. • - A. A m}^ eagle, \i, femak eagle ; a male ostrich, a /c»iafe ostrich. \ IM of differtid Words in ammm us^, ^indicating ^ne Masculine and the Feminine Gender. Those expressed by diflferent words are :— Male. [achelor* B^r Boy Brother Buck Bull Bullock Cock Dog Drake Earl Father Friar Gander Hart Horse Female. Maid Sow Girl Sister Doe Cow Heifer Hen Bitch Duck Countess Mother Nun Goose Roe Mare V I Male. Husband King Lad Lord Man Master Milterf Nephew Ram Singer Sloven Son Stag Uncle' Wizard Sir Fetnale. Wife Queen Lass Lady Woman Mistress Spawner Niece Ewe SongstreaeT Slut Daughter Hind Aunt Witch Madam / List of Words showing Difference of Gender, by a Difference in Termination. ' ■ Male. Female. Abbot Abbess Actor Actress Administrator i -^-dminis- ( traferix. Male. Female. Ambassador Ambassadress Arbiter Arbitress Author Authoress ' Baron Baroness ^':M • It would be well to giVe these words to be learned, /^ t Indicating the male and female of fishesi ^ .r h i 'k- 16 OTEPPINO STONE TO ENGLISH GRAilMAR. Male. Bridegroom Benefactor Caterer Chanter Conductor Count ' Deacon Duke Elector Empej'or Enchohter Executor .Governor Heir Hero Hunter Host Jew Landgrave Lion Margrave female. Bride ^, Benefactress Catort'da CUantro93 Canductress Gonntesa Deaconess * - Duchess Electress Empress Enchantress Executrix Governess Heiress, Heroine •- Huntress Hostess Jewesa Landgravine Lioness Margravine . Mcountes» Votaress Widow OF DIFFERENT SORTS OF WQRDS, OR PARTS OP SPEECH. Q. How many sorts of words, or parts of speech are there? A. Nine. * 0. Can you name them ? , _ ^ , A Article, Noun, Adjective, Pronoun Verb, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, and tnter- jection. - v x n 4.v Q What do you call those words which tell the names of things, as wan, WA:, Aow»e .' A. Nouns, or substantives. . * The « is mute in this word. <»■ PARTS OF SPEECH. It t. IIow many sorts of nouns are there ? Two ; the common and the proper. Q. What nouns are those which name things of which there are mahy, as tree, horse, &c. ? They are common nouns. And what are they which belong toone ptrson or thing oriiy? Pro[)cr houns, \ Tell me some proper nouns. ^ ^ Ndsan, JBoitaparte, Englaiid, France. | - /. ' AVhat do you call those words which tell of t!ie sorts, or qualities of things, as good, had long, short, &c J * Adjectives. ♦ Tell ytne some adjectives and nouns together. GoM child, bad conduct, long days, short nights. What do you caJl those little words, oti, a, ihef Articles. Tell me some articles and nouns. An apple, a caAe, the nbon. Now give me some examples of articles with \ adjectives and nouns. Jtw unripe apple, a nice cake, the full mom. When must you employ the article a instead of anl When the following word begins with a conso. nant, or an h not mute. Give an example of both an and a. An old tree^ a fine country ^ a high mrnntaiii, a* ., A. A. A Q A. Q. A. Q. A. Q. A. Q- A. Q. A. *Q A. t \ 1 ■ . 18 i STEPPING STONE TO ENGLISH GRAMMAB. Q But if the following word bepjin with h mute! A. Then the article an is employed * Q. Give some examples. , , rr A. An honest servant, an hour and a half. ■ % I. ■* ■ OF DIFFERENT DEGREES .^I^, QUATJTY- POSITIVE, COMPARATIVE, A^D C SUPERIiiVTlVE. O When an adjective lells the quality of a thing without conipavintr it with any other, as sweei oranges, Img stories, in what state or degree is the adjective ?> ;. A. In the positive (|fi#ee.y v O \Awd when you eempare the qualities of some things with^hose of others, as this orange is sweder than that ; his story wBslo}tger than, yours; in what degree is the adjective said to^e ? . A^ In the compurative degree. VQ. Give an example. '/ ,\ j- A. Your pen is hard, but mine Is harder, Q. In what degree is an adjective said to be when ■ it expresses a quality in the highest state as this is the sweetest orange, mine is the hardest pen? A. In the superlative. O Give some exaniples of each degree. A. L(yu^, louder, fmdest ; soft, softer, softest, • Tlie h is mute in the J>"<>^i"? ^°^?\ JJ? I" S* derived from them: heir, honour, honest, herb, hospitiU, liour, humour, humble. ' - :|; [nntet JTY— a thing as sweei ' degree of some range is ger thoQ ive ' said be when state, as e hardest 'test. d in those r.i.. ."'iu,j^«\ ADJECTIVES. 19 Q. A. Q A. Q. A. Q. Q. A. Q A. Q. A. Q. A. Q. A. How do yott chaSnge an adjective from the pos- itive to the comparative degree ? By adding er, or r only if the positive ends in e. <- Give an example. Cold, colder; Jine, finer. And how do you form the superlative ? By adding est or st only to the positive. Tell me some examples. Cvld, coldest ; fine, finest. / Do not th6 adjectiveff of one syllablte, when they end with a ^consonant with one vowel before it, double the consonant befo^ taking er or est ^ ' Yes ; as fat, fatter^ fattest ; big, bigger, big- gest. How do you form the comparative of adjectives that have several syllables ? By putting the word more before them. Give some examples. ^ Amiable, more amiable; courageous, more cm- ragemis. And how do those adjectives form the suoer- lative? . By putting the worid most before them. Give an example. Amiable, most amiable ; courageous, most cour rageous. Are there not some adjectives which do not follow those rules ? Yes ; they are, good, bad, little, muck, many, far emA fore. ^ •% •»' .\; ^*'' TiSfl; 1 20 STEPPINO STONE TO ENOWSH bRAM>IAR^ Q. W-liat is tbe comparative and superlative of goodl ' ' . ' \ A. Belter and hest. Q. And of to? A. Worse fmiX worst. Q. Give the comparative and superlative oili^tk, X.Less.lmsi. Q, And of Timch and wwMiy. A. more and ?»o«^ Q What is the comparative and superlative of A. Farther and farthest. . # Q.' And of /ore? A. Former and foremost. Q Give an example of the three degrees of the 1 A. T^itt'^^iu.t is ie/^er. but those a^^ I hest. ' O Now an example of 6arf. .^ . ., A. Hempen is teS.fOurs is ^or». bnt mme is the, wors^ofall. ^Av Q. Explain the three degrees of Fittle A. My dog 4 littk, yours is fes5, but •Henrys is • the least. ' * OF PRONOUNS. O What words are those which are employed to ^ ^vCidTrepetition of the names of persons, -f' \ ve of lUtk, ;ive of of the are the le is the. enry's is >loyed to persons, rRoxorrfs. 21 he, gh(^i it, ice!, places, antl thinj^s, as I, thou, • you, they, kr. '( I A. Tlujy arc personal proMouiis Q. Then what would yoii say instead rf, James ^ wants his book ; but Jame^i luVs lost' his* hookl A. Jovm wants his book; hut he has lost it, Q. Which are the pronou is in that phrase ? A. lie and it. Q. And what would yoti say instead of, Mary and Jane learn French ; and Mary and Jane like French? ■ A. Mary and Ja^w learn French ; and they like i/. Q. Which, are the pronouns ? A. Tliey and zV. i Q. If I xsay, William and /are p^oing- out, and wo are j^lad of it, which is the pronoun that stands for William and /? A. W^e. Q. What do you call the words, im, thee, him, her, us, and them? A. They are personal pronouns also. Q. Why do they differ from the other pronouns? A. Because the others must be put before verbs.* Q. What do you mean by verbs ? A. Words that signify beii^g, or doing something. Q. Give an example. . \ 4. To be, to call. \ ^' ' Q. And where must the pronouns me, thee, him, &e. beput? A. After/(he verbs. -^ -^ -'.mA^. '^ s>S' I • BTEPPINO STONE. TO ENQUSH GRAMMAR. Q. Give me some exaflfples with the pronoanu . bt'forc, aud after, A. He calls me; I see hitfi; toe love her; fhey likei^; you &c^ them. Q. Must not the pronouns me, thee, him, tier, you, and them, be also put after^such words as tS,for, of, with, and other prepositions? .A. Yes ; as, he spoke to me; 1 came for thee; they spoke of him ; we went wiih her. rl OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS. Q. What - sortWprohouns are those which relate . to persons or things that have already been spoken of; as, who, wfum, which, that?" j ^ A. Relative pronouns. ' Q. When I say, The boy who learns the lessons which are gfven tahim, which are the relative proitouns ? A. Who an^ which. . ; Q. Which arc the relative pronole with a personal pronoun. A. yi(J rdads. W^ reads? lie. Q. K^ow an example withliAoOT. A. I called fe. WObm did I call ?. Him. Q. Dc the relatives, tt^A., and «;)im, relate^parv ticularly to persons. . ~^ - ~ *"*' ,#. Yjs; and «;^a and that relate mostly to atoals and things. __ ''^ Q. Give an example. A. Tin pony «,Aa he rides, the bopks that you leijt me. ^n "^"pJll ***^ ,'^^^*^''^ P'^"«»" ^^^ employed also mspeakmg of persons? ^ "^ A. rel as the lady that * is playing. foUoJS- W^hLIVm V' P'«*"*'''«^» to «,Ao when a vowd louow^itos, boya that are attentive. . •',^!t^l^4^i '1 f ^P' ' I!.' *Cs .- V- r^ V" \ H- o '^mJI'' ."^■^^'■le ^ V I ,.;''V''.^ ■ '* \ .. 1 • ^ ■ P ■If u ■i . ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ... 24 - STEPPINa STONE TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. \ . ■ -A Q. ^11 what occasions can the relative which be used in speaking of persons ? A W lien there is uncertainty, and in askmg questions, v , ' ------ Q. Give an example. A. I don't know which lady you mean. Q. Now an example with a question. - A. WifeicA is the queen ? — 7 t: , -- ^ Q. What is the diflference between' who and whose? • A. Who relates to the person ; but Whose relates to soniothing^belonging to the person. Q. Give an example. A. The lady whose daughter is so clever. Q. One more example. A. Whose books are these ? Q. What do grammarians call whose? A. The possessive case of who. OF POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS. Q. What do you call the words my, thy, his, her, its, our, your, their ? . A. Possessive adjectives. Why fOioiild they not be called pronouns? ^ A. Because they cannot be used instead of nouns. Q. Do you mean that they must be accompanied by nouns ? ^ A. I do. DEMONSTRATIVE PRt)XOUNS. 25 Q. Give me a proof of that. A. One cannot say, this is my, give me thy^ you have Aer. &c, ' ^^ — ^ — ,. Q. What should one say instead? A. This is rny hoop; give me thy ddl ; you have .^^ her pencil . _^ Q. What are the words mine, thine, his,* hers, fnirs, yours^ and theirs ? A. Possessive pronouns. Q. Why so? A. Because they can be employed without a noi^n. Q. Givej^ ex^ample. A. That 'is mine, thjp-ls yours, those are his or hers. Q. Now give an example of ^he possessive pro- nouns in the plural. Aw Where are ours ? you have h have found theirs yours; they |.. OF DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. Q. What do you call the words this and that, these and those^ A. Demonstrative ^onduns. Q. Why are they so called ? A. Because they serv^ to demonstrate or sho which nouns are spbken of. * It will be perceived that the word At* can be used as a pronoun as well as an adjective. 8 f . .1 ^•~'., r f a 26 STEPPING STONE TO ENGLISp /^ 1^ V ^ V V- GRAMMAR. Q. Give an M^ample. A. Give me mis, and keep that. : Q. What is the plural oUhis and fffj^i-fij*?';^ 28 STEPPING STONE TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. OF THE CASES OF NOUNS AND PRO- NOUNS. / Q Are there not different names for the nouns * and pronouns which are put before verbs, - andthose which are put after them? A. Yes ; those which are put before verbs are said to be in the nominative case. Q. Give an example. A. JWawima loves; papamresses; WUliam scoiaa, Q In what case are mamma, papa, and Witliaml A In the nominative; because they are namea • * first ; and they perform the actions of lovmg, caressing, and scolding. Q. In what case are nouns and pronouns said to be, when they are placed after verbs ? A. In the accusative or objective case. O Give some examples of noun^ in the nomina- tive and in the accusative or objective case. A Mamma loves Jane ; Jam loves mamma. Papa caresses Susan; Susan caresses papa, Q. One more example. ^ ^ A. WUliam sco\6a Henry; Henry scolds WUr y liam. '"■■ , '^'A. ' Q Then mamma is in the nominative, and /aiK in the objective, in th^ first phrase ? A Yes; and Jane is in the nominative, and mamma in the objective, m the second. ./ T^ CASES OF NOUNS AND PRONOUNS. 29 Q. A. Q. A. Q. A- Q. A. Q. A. Q A. Q. A. Q A. Q. A. Q A. Q. A. Theai there is no diflference/in the nouns ihen^ selves, whether they beAn the noflaiuative or in the objective case V Only the difference of^lace. Is it the same with/the personal pronouns ? Yes, with regard4o place, but not with regard to the form ofthe' words. How many personal pronouns are there ? Six ; that is, three for the singular and three for the plural Name them. /, thou, he, she, and it, for the singular. \ And what are the plurals ? i We, you, and they. You have repeated eight. Yes ; but he, she,fm^ it count only for one. Why so ? Because they only show the masculine, or feminine, or neuter gender of what is called the third person. Which is the pronoun of the first person ? /, the person speaking ; as, /know it. Which is the second ? Thou, the person spoken to ; as, thm must listen. And which is the third ? ^ He or site, the person spoken of ; as, he will c^onSe. w ■ the pronoun of the first person c^onSe What is plural ? We; as, we are ready.. ^8* 4. f 30 srEPPma st6ne to engush gbaioiab. Q A. Q. A. A Q^ Whicji W the second? Yov,^ aS, you read well. And ui third? . , '. (iCA^; as, <% learn drawing. : You told me that the pe^onal proAouns, like the nouns, are said to be\in the nommative when placed before verb^ and in the accu- sative or objective, wheii\they are placed Yes^^-'^but the -pronouns that are placed after diflFer in form from those which are placed before verbs. Tell me the nominative and accusative of the first pers.on singula?. Nominative I, accusative me. Q. Now of the second. A. Nominative •» * M, ^ 32. STEPPING STONE TO ENGUSH GBAlfUAR. Q. If the name of the possessor shoulicl end with ( an *, do you put an '« after it ? A. No, only an apostroplie, as the princess' apart- ^ ments. \ Q. Js it not the sairi^ if the first noun be in the plural? A. Yes, if the plural has an s at the end. Q.^ And if it has not L. A. Then I njust add the apostrophe and the 5. Q. Give jne some examples. ^ • A. The children's books, the. mm's wages, the Wowen'* occupation. Q. What wo^ds are understood after the '« in such exl)ressions as the butckr\ the baker's^ &c. ? A. One of the words shop, house^ or dwelling. Q. Is not the name of thfe thing belonging often left out after the sign of the possessive ? A. Yes ; as, this book is ipy siste/s. Q. Give another example. A. That is Henry's, and those are RicAard^s. Q. What words ar^ left out^ or understood, in those phrases?! A. The names of the things belonging, or the word property. Q. Is the 's put after jthe ma^es of things as well as of persons ? ^ y^ i A. Sometimes, but as^eptions to the rule. Q. Can you give me an example ? A. For goodness sake, for KeaveutCs sake. fl- VERBS. 3S 1 Q. Bat the'^j Ik often pat after the names of animalsr A. Yes ; as, a lion^s skin, an el^himfs tooth, a co/'j paw. / ^■■Ji ■\ . OF VERBS. : • : : -^-^ ,' ' - Q. What words are those which describe anything that one can do, as to speak^ ta write, to love, to hate? ■:^i. ■ . r , A. They are verbs.-^ Q. Giye some examples. • A. I wriie, th'oa speakest, he loves, &c. Q. Is not /o ie also a verb ? A. Yes ; , it serves to tell the, state in which we '\ *'*••'■. ; 'f .; Q. Give a proof of it. 'v A. We are happy ; you are generous ;«they art loved- Q. Has not the verb to he& particular name ? A. It is called the verb substantive,- or the verb of existence. Q. Why is it so called ? \ A. Because it asserts that-^mething subsists, or exists. ^ - „ Q. How many sorts of verbs are there said to- be? A. Three; the active, the passive, and the neu- ter. ■ ■;'.■, -s- 9 *V*1 84 STEPPINO STONE TO ENGUSH GRAMMAR. Q. .A. Q A. Q. A. What sort of verbs are those which speak of actions done to any person, or to 'any thing, as, ypn hurt mej he broJx ill « . Active vfJrbs. Give an example. \ *Ait You thr&u) ^kQ ball, and I catch it j^^nry teazes me. ^t^^^l^r When are verbs called passive ? -'.^ When they have the verb to be with them, sig- nifying that something ifl done to some one. . ■ ■' •' V; ■„, Q A. Q. A. A. Q. A. Q A. A. ted I Emma is ft V Give an example. ..f*"' You are called; vfe are t4 loved. ■ . * ' What verbs We called neater verbs ? Those after which you cannot put a noun or a pronoun. , „ » ^»11 me some of them. I sleep ; yon talk ; she grows. What Verbs are those which have no complete meaning by themselves, but are employed as - helps* to other verbs, las, ta have, to be, to do, shall, wUl, may, can, m\st, let, and ought 1 They are auxiliary pr helping verbs. ' ' '-^ Why ar^ they-sb called r i. Because they hpjp to give sense to other verbs. ' Give 5om8 examples. i • I have read ; te is coming ; da you hear T 'y-y^^^FWiP"!^^^ MOODS OF VERBS. 89 Q. Now some €xaiiiplc8 with the others. A. Ho shall learn ; jou wili write ; he may go. Q. There are some more ? A. I can see ; he 7HUst read ] let me go ; you oa^A^ to study.* »«■ '- , 10F NUMBER AND PERSON AS CON- NECTED WITH VERBS. Q. What is the meaiuiiff.jo/number, in fepeakmg of verbs ? x^ . A. It means that a verb may relate either to one, or to more persons^ Q. You mean to the singular, or to the plural nimiber ? A. Yes ; as, / read, or tre read. Q. How many persons are there of the singular number ? I. Three ; /, thou, and A«, slie, or it, * Q. And how many of the plural ? A. Three, also ; ««, you, and they.f • OP THE MOODS O'F VERBS. ' Q. What do you call those divisiona in verbs which serve to point out the different modes, or manners of acting, being, or suffermg ? A. They are called Moods. ; * The pupil \i?ili learn the exact use of the auxiliariei in the chapt^~-' -^-; :.-.;'; ■..." ' ''' • t '» 7i . \ ^ ' t- 1 4 \" • ■ " .-- \ < ..'tN \ , ~* ■ ^ ^ • * >^ $> '"' ' " '. ' - " . \> , 42 STEPPING STONE TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. Q. What are' the auxiliaries, or helping verlw, which indicate the future tense r A. Shall or \fiU. Q. NoV recite the first future tense, which> is a simple one. Singular. " 1 shall or will* have. Thou ehalt or Avilt have. He shall or will have^^ Plural. Wje shall or will have., Yoa shall or will have. They shall or will have. Q. N'ow give me the second future, or future per- fect, which you fenow is a compound tense. Singular. I stiall or will have had. * ' Thou shalt or wilt have had. . ^ He shall or will have had. Plural. "We shall or will have had. You shall or will have had. They shall or will have had. ^ Q. Are those all the tenses belonging to the mdi- cative mood? A. Yes ; they are; Q.' What are the auxiliaries which are employed in • the potential mood ? - . > A. They are may or ca/n, for the present and for the perfect tenses. . - Q. And- what are they for the imperfect and pk: perfect? . ^ A. Might, could, would, or should, " . N; erlw. IS a kve. 5 per- se. e indi- yed in ad for d pltt: * ' COlJrjUGATION OF YEIIBS. Q. Give me the present tense of the potential. 43 Plural. "We may or can liave. have. Singular. A. I may or can*^ have. Thou mayst dr canst have. You may or can He may or can have. They m6y or can hava ^. Now repeat the imperfect tense of the sams inood. Singular. A. I mrght, could, woulJ, or sliould have.* Thou migh tat, couldst, wouldst, or 8houldst'haT& He might, CQuld, would, or should haVe. ♦ - Plural. We mi(;ht, could, would, or should have. You might, could, would, or should have. They might, could, wt>uld, or should have. Q. Now let me hear the perfect tense. Singular. A* I may or can have had. Thou mayst'br canst have had. . He may or can havo had. ' ' •* Plural. "We may or can have had. You may or can have had. They may or can have had. - Q. Now the pluperfect tense.' « ■ " . Singular. A. I might, could, would, or should haVe had. Thou might&t, couldst, Avouldst, Orshouldst have had. ' He might, could^ would, or should have had. Plural. ' . i W^ might, could, would, or should have had. Tou might, coiild, would, or should hitve had. They might, could, would, or sliould h^v« had. l■^' I * Sj^e questions on conjugations, page 41. M' mi'^tT 'W'pm'r-^'^ "^'S^'^w-rp^A^}'- . o'-c«- « - "^a?^ "^' w 44 STEmNO STONE TO ENGUSH 6RAMMAR. ; • | Q. What^ ai^ words which indicate^ the sul^unctivft mood? • • , , , i ' .A. They are if , though, except, unless, or whetfur. j Q. Yoiu mean one or other of those words ? 1 A. Yes ; either of them. ' ' | - , ■ , ■ . Q. Recite the present tense of the subjunctm mood. j^ 1 -Singular. * ' Plwral. ■ A. If o^ though i have. If or though we hove. / • If ot tU««gh thou Imve. If or though you have. If orr th6u^h he have. If or though they have. Q. Novf the past^of the subjunctive. , r \8ingular. ^ ' Plural „,A If or Cliowgh I had. If or though Mre hnd. If or though thou had. If or though \^u had. ^ If or though he had. If or thougji they had. Q. Are there no compound tenses- in the Subjunc- tive? ^ a: Yes ; they are formed by placing a past partir. ciple after the verb Aai'fi. Q, Give an example. A. If, or though 1 have forgotten, &c. Q. What isi the form of the imperative mood ? * ' Singular. Plural. Ai Have, or have thou. . Have, or hive you. Q. Why is there only a second person of each number in this mood ? A. Because it contains a command, ot a request. • made to one person, or' to /me persons spoken io. ^ f ™„^-'-'5 ^^-wrg-^^^s^t^ig^ajiJVf^- CONJUGATION OF VERBS. Q. What is the infinitive of have t Pre-'-nt Tense. Perfect Teme. V To have h^d. A. To 1m ve. 45 Q. What are the participles of this verb ? _ Participle- Present Participle Pott. A. Having. £\ Had. /' ■• ■.. A'- . . ■ . / TO BE." Q. Now conjugate the Yerhtobe, through all its moods, and tenses. mi /" INDICATIVE MOOD. ' ■ Present Tense. Singular. Plural. I am. We are. Thou art , You are. He is. They aire. Q. Now the imperfect. Singular. A. , I was. t Thou vrast. He was. Plural We "were. You were. They wer«. Q. Now reci^ the perfect tense. Singular. Plural. A. I have been. ' We have. been. Thou hast been. You have been. Henasbeeu. They have been. Q. What is the form q! J^he pluperfect tense ? Singular. ■ ' Plural. - A. I had been. , We had been.' Thou h a ci a h h ^e n. -^ou had-beeog 0*1 He had been. They had been. /; jy lA^ 46 STEPPING STONE TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. Q. Now the first, or simple future tense. ^ Plural. Biv^ular. I shut 1* be. Thou wilt be. We shall be. You will be. ^ He will be. They will be. Q. Now the second^, or compound future. Singular. I shiiil have been. Thou wilt have been. He will have been. Plural. Wc shall have been. You will have been. They will have been. Q. Repeat now the present tense of the potential mood. . Singular. Plural. • A. I may or can be. We may ok can be. Thou mayst or canst be. , You may or can be. He may or can be. They may or can be. Q. What is the imperfect tense ? I . , Singular. A» I might, could, would, or should be. Thou mightst, couldst, would^t, or shouldst be. He might, could, would, or shoidd be. Plural. ^ * We might, could, would, or should be.' ' You might, could, would, or should he. They might,, could, would, or should be.- Q: Now recite the perfect tense of the same mood. Singular. A. I may or can have been. Thou nfayst or canst have been. He may or can have been. Plural. '^ We may or can have be^n, .. You may or can have been. _ • They may or can have been. *W c n ee d n o t -eont i noe to r e p e at titt-^r^ anxiHarf ^^ M they will -Wtiuderstood. A. ^ ^ "tf! ^?;. ■% CONJtJOATION OP VERBS. 4T ■■\\ Q. .Nq|# repeat the pluperfect. AT :i'li.r 1 , Singular. ., ' ^ ti^W 'i''^^^' ^0"W, or should liavd' been. Thou mightst, couldst, wouldst, orsliotildst Imve been. __ He might, could, would, or should hav^beinr _." Plurai.s • < Wp mi^it, could, would, or Should have b^n . They might, could, would, or should have t)e|i. ' ^ ^5^f *®*^^ P^^^^* *«nscof the subji^ive lfl*?""^?l^^ Ifor though we T,e. > .:• Jf^^'J^^g^thoube. Iforthoughyoubi If or though he be. If or thouglv they b^ ^' ^ooV? *^^ ^'''°' ""^ *^^ imperfect tense of this ^ A. If or though I were. If or though we were. ' V If orthough thou were. If or though 30!, we^ . If or though he were. If or though Ih Jy wem ^ . Q. Now give me the imperative mood.' A Be, or be thou. Be, or, be you. Q. What is the form of the infinitive ^ A. ^'''f^^J'^'^- Perfect Tcme, ^ p ,.^^/t .. To ilave been. ParUc^e Pre,eni. Participle PaaU \: ■^^^"ff- Been. OP REGULAR VERBS. ?' S"^** ^®^^® ^° y^^ call regular ? Th rnJIf nLH > J " ^ ^'" ^^^ i^' Pt>i f ec t,.aud in the past participle. I' 'W'VT^^^^^^ .^^^gjW^!^?«T'^f^^°'t^fS;^5^»i^7S*T«ff 48 STEPPING STONB TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. Q. Give me an example. A. I worked ; I have worked; vfejtlanted; we have flamted, Q. Why are those verbs called regular ? 13ecause moi " ' -^ -. . same form. . ■ \ A. Because most of the English verbs are of the TO CALL. ;- Q, Conjugate the verb to call ; which will serve as a model for the other regular verbs. IN'DICATIVE MOOD. A. Present Tense. . Singular. ^ Plural. loair. We call. . Thou callest. You call. He calls. ^ They call. Q. What is the form of the imperfect ? A, 1 Singular. Plural. I called. We called. Thou calledst Yoa called. He called. • . They called. Q. Now recite the perfect tense. A. Singular. Plural. I have called. We have called ' i Thou hast called. He has called. Q. What is the pluperfect ? Singular. A. I had called. ^ Thou hadst called. He had c atfeA^- You have called. They h^ve called. Plural. -' We had called. You had called. They had cabled; CONJUGATION QF YSRBS^ Qfi Now give me the first future tense. Singular. ■ _ Plural. 49 A. - 1 shall call. Thou wilt call. „ _^ He will call. We 8^11 call. You will call. They i^ill call. Q. Now the second or perfect future Singular. Plural. A. I shall have called. We shall have^alled. Thou wilt have called. You will have called. He will have called. They will have called. ^ Q. Now the present tense of the potential mood. Sbigular. Plural. A. I may. or can call. . We may or can call. Thou maj'st or canst call. You may or can call He may or can call. They may or can call Q. Now repeat 'the impfrfecttensfi^ Singular. ^ A. I might, could, would, or should call. . Thou mij^htst, couldst, wouldst, or shouldst call He might, could, would, or should call Plural. We might, could, would, or should call. You might, could, would, or should call They might, could, would, or should caH. Q. Now say the perfect tense of the same mood. ' Singular. ' ■ \ A. I may or can have called. Thou mayst or canst have called. - He may or can have called. . — " '' • .. ''■ PJural 'S^"^: '■■.->'■■ We m%y or can have called. 4- ■ff \ 50 STEPPING STONE TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. Q. Tyhat is the form of the pluperfect ? Singular. A. I T|iight, could, would, or should have called. Thrtu inightst, eouldst, wouldst; orahouldstliavo called. He might, couldf would, or should have culled. "r""^^^^ : ,, * • Plural. ■W Q. Do you remember how to distinguish when a word is employed as a participle and when as ttB ftdjcctivo? (See page 40.) , * A. Q- A. Q A Q A. -¥k QUESTIONS ON CONJUGATIONS. 51 an bd A. When employed as a par^iple it indicates action, or Ktate. Q. And what does it indicate when employed an adjective ? A. A kind, or sort. '• * • • ». Q. Give an example of a word employed as a par- ticiple present, and. as an adjective. • A. A child crying ; a crping child. • ' . Q. Now ^rive an example of a word employed as a juirticiple past, and as an adjective. A We have roasted ow apples ; I like roasted ao- ples. ^ . Q. Another example. A. A sailing vessel ; a vessel saUing : a spoiled child ; a child thatii sj)oikd. " Qftfstiom on Conjugations. Q. Wkat are Moods ? A. Manners of asserting actions, &c. Q. Wliat ar^ Tenses f -. A. Times of acting, being, or having. Q. Wha4; is a simple tense ? . A. Where there is but one verb ; as, lam, I have, 1 call. ' "7? ■■■- " .■ ■ ."*" Q. What is a compound tense ? A. Where there is an auxiliary verb, and a parti^ ciple of another verb. ,. - . Q. Give an example. ''• *i, ■^' lam spatking ; I h ave s pohin..*^ ~ , * ^^^ *^« irregular vefbs, page 68. , ^^ J -fj ^ fr 52 .STEPPINO STONE TO ENGLISH tSRAHMAR. Q. Which am the auxilial^ verbs employed before participles in compouud tenses ? A. Be &nd have. / ; Q. What are those employed in the present ftnd nflrfect tenses of the potential mood ? A. Tney are may and can, Q. And' what in the imperfect and pluperfect? • A. Might, could, would, and should. Q. Is it necessary to employ each of the auxiliaries s/iall and will to indicate the future ? A. No, one or the other, according to what you - intend to expresis., ^ ^_^.^ __:i„ ^^ Is it not the same with the potential mood ? Just the same ; either may or can for the pres- ent and for the perfect tenses. And what for the imperfect and pluperfect ? Either one or the other of might, could, would, or should. ^ . How is the subjunctive mood indicated ? By having one or other of the conjunctions, if, . , though, except, unless, or w/iether, before the verb. , . Q. You mean before the noun or pronoun which is the subject of the verb ? / A. Yes ; as, if she scold me ; though he refuse me j whet/ier he come or not. V.I — V :// eforo I the and ;?. ■ iaries tyou d? pres- ;t? - jould, as, if, e the lichis emei -C-. HUtEGULAB VERBSj S8 Q. How c^n jovL distinguish the imperative mood ? A. By thd verb standing either jjone or at the be- ginning of a phrase. / Q. Give a^ example. A. Befid ; \take care ; hold your tongw, Q. How do you know when a verb is passive ? A. By seeing some tense of the verb to he, followed by a participle of another verb. Q. Then an active veijj) becomes passive by mtro- ducing the auxiliary verb hel \ A. Yes ; as, Ilovejon ; you are loved by me ; she invited me ; ^ J was invited by her. • OF IRREGULAR VERBS. ft ' ". .: Q. How do you know when a verb is irregular ? A. When the imptftrfefct of the indicative, and the past participle, do not end in i-^i. ~^ — Q. Give an example with the verb fo write. A. Imperfect, I wrote; participle, I have writtm. Q. How do you know that wrote and written are irregular ? * A. Because I cannot say I writed, ^aa, I have writed. Q. Now give me m example with the verb to think. ^. Imperfect, I thought ; participle, I have thawgkt, Q. If the verb to think were regular, what would be the imperfect and the participle ? A. Ithinlied; lha,\Qthink€d, ._^_4„.- ':?f";a?#p j '^yg » .14 STEPPING STONE TO ENOUSH GBAUHAB. . Q. Are there many irregular verbs in English ? A. Not more than two hundred. ' Q. And how many regular verbs are there ? A. Between four and five thousand. Q. Are there any irregularities in the present par- ^ ticiples? r^ ^ i A. No, they all end in iTzgr. List of Irregulmr Verhs.^^ Infinitive. To abide arise awake bake b^^ Imperfect. abode arose awoke baked was Pa»t Participle. ttbodej arised awoke* baked* been • - beiit^, to bring ) ■ forth bore bom , bear, to support bore borne beat beat beatei i' • become became becon le ' begin began begut be leld behel , ' " behold i ,-:.._ ■A bend* ^ bent* bent* ^ ■ ■-*— - ■ - -■- bereave * bereft ' ' bereft • ■ beseech besought besou ght bespeak bespoke bespo ken : bid bid or bade biddeki ,;. bind bound bound f Althongh a list of the irregular verbs will Occupy a considerable space in so small a work as this, w^ t}iiuk a v * ^.- -" • ' thorough knowledge of them too important to warrant ^ . their omission. * % - ^. Those inhrked * m ny take the regular form ; as, bended, -V — - - ■ Ac. We would recommend that five or six irregular verbs - | ' be learnt daily. ... p 1 ' ' ' .."- -t 1 1. , < ' k .'-'. : '-. ■'■:,. ■ -4. ' -.'.■-... . .■*,.."'■; '» ■ " '-^m m- . v.... "^SH IBBEGULAR VERBS. 55 I? t par- siple. jupy a (link a arrant tended, p verbs s ^ hifinitive. To lite ^eed blow ^ break breed bring ; build barn ' \ bursty buy cast catch chide choose cleave, to ad- ) here ^ J cleave, to' split cling - jv/ clothe come. ,, cost creep crow cut dare, to venture dare, to chal- / lenge, defy deal • die d?- draw drink drive dwell eat ^ faU > venture > chal- \ 9, to > Imperfect. bit- bled blew broke ^^ bred " brought built^ burnt* • burst <*. bought cast caught chid chose clave clove, d^ /* clung, clang clad* ^ canie cost crept crew cut durst dared* 'dealt died dug did drew drank drove dwelt* ate m Past Partieiph, bittea . bled blown * broken bred ' - brought - built — burnt burst bought cast ^ caught chid, chidden chosen cleaved cloven clung clad* come cost ereptv. crowed cut daifed , dated dealt di'ed, dead dug done / di-awn drunk driven dwelt* e^ten "lien "" /■ /■ ■ '}mm^* <, 5^ STEPPlIrO STONE t6 El?GtISH GRAMMAR. Infiniiive, ;^ ^ . Iinper/eet ' « * . 4 » - \. fe To feed ' feel ■ fight find fide |;"«,. forget . forgive forsake . 3! freeze .^freight get . gild gird -giye . ' grave grind grow ' .hang have - hear heave hew hide hit hold hurt ' keep* kneel knit . kn6w ^lade • lay lead fed felt fought •found fled flung s flew ♦ * for^ot^ -forgave forsook "froze fraught* got J giU* T girt* gave , graved grdund grew hung* had heard hove hewed liid hit • r held hurt kept knelt knit* knew laded laid - led ^ast Participle.' fed - felt • fought fo.und fled flung •' flown • forgotten ^ forgiven . . • forsaken' frozen^^^--^ _,, fraught* got, gotten gilt* . girt* given gAven ground grown ■'$ ■ hung*f had* heardX hove, hoven hewn \ . hidden, hid . hit held - hurt kept > knelt ■-■■ 1^ knit known laden laid -led To ?t'''. t The regular form hanged is employed in speaking of .the panishmeni • pe m 'an oti 2jss.' r*- »• IRREGULAR VERBS. 57 ole.' . \ an d. go! Infinitive. To.leave ' ,- lend r let "^ ^ lie _ light ;: lose make ^^ mea^ meet mow pay pea ' put " • quit - read / rend ■ rid ride « V ring rise rive •aw •ay •ee ' seek . '■' seeth sell Btod • -set •hake ->- ffV- Imperfect. left / , lent;> 1^ _ lay V lighted, lit lost mad(e meanl met mowed paid ■pentf put quit* read:^ rent rid rode railg rose rived . . . ran ; . , sawed said saw . sought sod sold ' sent L:< , set . •hook I' Pant Partieiplt. left lent . let r Jain lighted, lit lost made 7- * meant met mown, ^:y : paid - pen|* put '". ' ^uit* ;,;■ ■.V read . rent ' . ■ ' . rid." ,. . ridden ; V rung risen viven run " Bawn* said seen ,*. sought , .'/.sodden^ "^ ' sold shaken ' ■ >■■•■ •^'1 WJt. t^^' » 4 V * .-■.■»-■■-■■_,»- f The irregular verb to J9«fi means to ^ncloi^; fs, to pen sheep. The regular form, penned signifies tvrote of ioritten. " . " i ' X Mark the difference in pronunciation m the infinitive ' and the past, the one being pronounced re<^ and the' other .re«L .,_; ';f: •.■-?': :m rM L * sln^ ^ 68 STEPPING STOKE TO* ENGLISH GRAMMAR. Infinitive^ Toshav^ . shear shed / shioe shoe shoot - show shred shrink shrive shat sing sink sit slay sleep slide sling slink slit smite . sow speak speed spend spill spin split spl'ead spring stand steal \ Stick sting stink strew ^ stride V- strike Imperfect. > " shaved shore* shed shone shod ' shot "' • showed ~ shred shrank; shrank shrove « shut sang sank sat • slew slept slid slung slunk slit smote sowed spoke . sped spent spilt* span, spun split ' spread sprang stood stole stuck stunt y ^ Btunl strewed str^e struck Past Participle. shaven shora: shed ' ' bhone t shod shot ' shown shred [en shrunk, shrunk* shriven shut < sung sunk sat slaia^ .' . slept "• slia^cn * slung ♦ - slufik slit '} ' smitten ^ sown spoken ' sped spent spilt ■ spun • split spread sprung . stood stolen ^^ stuck stung stunk strown stridden struck, stricken A I r IRREGULAR VERBS. 59 Infinitive. To, string ' strive ImptkfeeU y strung Btrottf Fait Participle, strung striven swear swore swoiTi • . sweat sweat* , / sweated , '> sweep - """Swell «wept swjelled , swept ' swollen rf swum i_A.._. swim syvr^m . swing take swung took swung taken teacl^ ? tear . teir taught tore taught ' ■ " " torn - '' told . told think thrive tiibught throve ^thought tliriven * throw - threw *, throwft thruat . thrust . thrust ;, ., tread trod . trodden wax waxfid waxen* ; • wear wore worn ,r * weave wove woven V weep wept wept win won , won wind wound wound ^* i work worked, wrought worked, wrought ' wring writhe wrung writhed * wrung f V| w^rithen ' . . ^ write wrote • ' written-. , ' '1 !M A- +■ Q. What singularity do you remajrl^ in the infini- ' • tives of the irregular verbs ?' •> , A. That^they are nearly all of one syllable. . , Q. What verbs are called (defective ? ► / / A. Those which have not a,ll their mooicts and - tenses, v. •■ | " . .-. > , ' ; Q. What tenses have they^ ^^ ^ - ~—^—r: — A. Some have Only the prescRt' tense. -HH W- -A^ 60 STEPPING STONE TO EN6USH GRAliMAB. Q. What tenses haye the otheis ? A. Only the present and the imperfect. Q. Can you repeat them ? Present. Beware Can May Must Ought Imperfect. «oulcK might Preamt. Imperfect. Quoth quoth should- Shall VWeet* wot Will would Wit wist . Q. Where have you already seen most of thosiB ::>.->'' words-? -■. .-.J.'"/.-:.:'. A. As auxiliai^^s in the conjagations. Q. How are must and ought employed before other ■ verbs t " / A. !Po signify obligation or duty. Q. Give an example. A. You must go; he ought to do it.. Q. What verbs are those which have only the ' \ third person singular, it, in each tense ; as, it raihs? A. They are called impersonal, or unipe^onal ■■■■vdrbs. ' • .. ■ - 'M Q. Why do you say t^nipersonal ? ^ A. Because they have ow« person. Q. Give me an example of the unipersonal verb to snow, in each tense of the indicative mood. A. It snows ; it snowed ; it has snowed ; it had ,^ S'nowed ; it will snow ; it will have snowed. * Weet and wot are almost out of ymt. ■ "^Jt,. ; >. - ■'. \ • ■ ■ > t 1 . k * BEFLECTIVE VE^BS. 61 Q. Continae in the potential mood A. It ma/y or can snow ; it might orc^tM snow ; it may or tan have st^owed'; it might or cduld • have snowed. ^ \ \ Q. Now an example in the snbjunctive mood. , / A. If or though i^57WM>« I if or though i< srunvbd. V OF REFLECTIVE VERBS. Q, What do you^joau those verbs which express that oi^^lo^any thmg to oneself ; as, I hurt my y A. Theyare called reflective verbs. Q. What, are the pronouns that are placed after the reflective verbs ? r A. Myself, thyself ,himsdf, herself , itself , {ot the singular. Q. And what are those employed in the plural? A. Oiirseltes, yourselves, themselves. Q. Give an example in the present tense of the indicative mood. Singtilar. I hurt myself. < Thou hui'test thyself. He hurts himself. Plural. We hibift ourselves. You hurt yourselves.. They hurt themselves. 4 Q. iQow are the other tenses conjugated ? A. Like all other active verbs ; but with the pro- nouns mysdf &c., for the objective. Q. What verbs are those which always have their • ^ nominatives in the phiral, and are foUowedby ' one (mother, or each other ? A. They are called reciprocal/ m ^ M^^ la ^V ^ ■ >f62 8TEPPIN0 StONS ^TO^NGUBH OluaOIAit. Q. What is the meaning pf recipiocaLT A, Giireii ai^ received by each otheR,.; O-iye an example.-' ' ■ ■. ^^m- ■■ 0i^0.-:^\: ' James and Meoiytove each i^hfr, or one another. Now givcJUpti^mpIe with prononns of the in IbiririillL. another ; theff Q A, Q. A. three We love love one'a :h are nsed ^any thing t* Q. What do to show h6^_ done, was doS ;* A. They are adve^bs^, Q. Tell me some which speak of how. A. Yon read well; she dances gracefully , plays deUghffiiUy. Q. Are not most of the adverbs of miam< . upon adjectives ? - \P'jcd*' A. Yes, by adding ly ; as, chamdngly^ ^jA. Q» And those adjectlyep are foirn|^^n tfnsjw^ -^ - tives? 'j( ^j |\y .\. j^^ A. Yc*; as, chamii charmingf grac^fkl, gracefitltyf &c. Q/ What are called Adverbs " * A. Those which answer to ■ . ■■ . ■ ■ *» ■ ' .\ ■ » .J • Q. 0ive me some examples A. Ndp, then, presently^ . ' . ye^iday, Uhmorrow, &S ii^;- »•**"■ r^-'S J i ^ ■/...i^: '.¥; mniiygiiiii