IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) k^ ^4^, V 1.0 1.1 ■^■2.8 US "" lU IIS [25 ■ii u 140 2.0 III 1.25 III 1.4 Photographic Sciences Corporation ^\ ■S5 iV <^ 4 V 4!^ >. '^rlN 23 WIST MAIN STRIET WEBSTIIi,N.Y. USM {7}6)%77-4Va r O CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHIVl/ICfViH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical IMicroreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiquas Tschnieal and Bibliographic Nctaa/Notaa tachniquaa at bibiiographiquaa Tha Inatituta haa attamptad to obtain tha baat original copy availabia for filming. Paaturaa of thia copy which may ba bibliographically uniqua. which may altar any of tha imagaa in tha raproduction. or which may significantly changa tha uauai mathod of filming, ara ehackad balow. □ Colourad covara/ Couvartura da coulaur r~~| Covara damagad/ D Couvartura andommagia Covara raatorad and/or laminatad/ Couvartura raattiur4a at/ou pailiculAa r~n Covar titia miaaing/ La titra da couvartura manqua Colourad mapa/ Cartaa g^ographiquaa 9n coulaur D Colourad Ink (i.a. othar than blua or black)/ Encra da coulaur (i.a. autra qua blaua ou noira) rn Colourad plataa and/or iiluatrationa/ D D D Ptanchaa at/ou iiluatrationa an coulaur Bound with othar matarial/ Rali4 avac d'autraa documanta Tight binding may cauaa ahadowa or diatortion along intarior margin/ Laraliura —rr^ paut cauaar da I'ombra ou da la diatoralon la long da la marga intiriaura Blank laavaa addad during raatoration may appaar within tha toxt. Whanavar poaaibia. thasa hava baan omittad from filming/ II aa paut qua cartainaa pagaa blanchaa ajoutiaa lora d'una raatauration apparalaaam dana la taxta. maia, loraqua cala itait poaaibia. caa pagaa n'ont paa «t« fiimAaa. Additional commanta:/ Commantairaa supplimantairas; Various pigingi. L'Inatitut a microfilm* la maillaur axamplaira qu'il lui a AtA poaaibia da sa procurer. Laa ditails da cat axamplaira qui lont paut-4tra uniquas du point da vua bibliographiqua. qui pauvant modifiar una imaga raproduita. ou qui pauvant axigar una modification dana la mAthoda normala da filmaga aont indiquia d-daaaoua. r^ Colourad pagaa/ Pagaa da coulaur Pagaa damagad/ Pagaa andommagiaa Pagaa raatorad and/oi Pagaa raataurAaa at/ou palilculAaa Pagaa diacolourad. stainad or foxai Pagaa dAcolorias, tachatias ou piquAas Pagaa datachad/ Pagaa ditachias Showthroughy Tranaparanca Quality of prir QualltA inAgala da i'imprassion Includaa suppiamantary matarii Comprand du matirial suppl4mantaira Only adition availabia/ Saula Mition disponibia Tha tot □ Pagaa damagad/ Pagaa r*~] Pagaa raatorad and/or laminatad/ Pagaa diacolourad. stainad or foxad/ Pagaa r~~| Pagaa datachad/ r^ Showthrough/ |~~| Quality of print variaa/ p~| Includaa suppiamantary matarial/ rn Only adition availabia/ Tha poa oft film Orif bag tha aior othi first sion ori Tha shal TINI whi( Map diffi antii bag right raqu mati D Pagaa wholly or partially obscured by arrata slips, tissuaa, ate. hava baan rafilmad to ansura tha baat possibia imaga/ Laa pagaa totalamant ou partiailamant obscurcias par un fauillat d'arrata. una palura. ate. ont tti filmias A nouvaau da fapon A obtanir la maillaura imaga possibia. This itam is fiimad at tha reduction ratio ehackad below/ Ce document eat filmi au taux da riduction indiqu* ci-deasous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 28X 30X 7 12X 16X aox 24X 28X 32X m du nodifiar ir una ilmag* IS The copy filmad bmrm hat baan raproducad thanka to tha ganaroalty of: Library of tha Public Archivaa of Canada Tha imagaa appaaring hara ara tha baat quality posaibia conaidaring tha condition and iagibility of tha original copy and in icaaping with tha filming contract spacif icationa. Original copiaa in printad papar covara ara fllmad baginning with tha front covar and anding on tha iaat paga with a printad or illuatratad impraa- sion, or tha back covar whan approprlata. All othar original copiaa ara fiimad baginning on tha f irat paga with a printad or Illuatratad impraa- alon, and anding on tha Iaat paga with a printad or illuatratad Impraaalon. Tha iaat racordad f rama on aach microf icha shall contain tha symbol — i^> (moaning "CON- TINUED"), or tha aymbol y (moaning "END"), whichavar applias. L'axamplaira filmi fut raprodult grioa i la ginAroalti da: La bibliothAqua daa Archivaa publiquas du Canada Laa imagaa auivantaa ont 4ti raproduitaa avac la plua grand aoin, compta tanu da la condition at da la nattat* da l'axamplaira f ilm4, at an conformM avac laa conditiona du contrat da filmaga. Laa axamplalraa origlnaux dont la couvartura an paplar aat ImprimAa aont flimto an commandant par la pramlar plat at an tarmlnant soit par la darnlAra paga qui comporta una ampralnta d'impraaaion ou d'iiiustratlon, aoit par la aacond plat, salon la caa. Tous laa autraa axampiairas origlnaux aont fllmte an commandant par la prami4ra paga qui comporta una ampralnta d'imprassion ou d'iiiustratlon at an tarmlnant par la darnlAra paga qui comporta una talla ampralnta. Un daa symbolaa auivanta apparattra sur la darnlAra imaga da chaqua microficha, salon la caa: la aymbola -^ signifia "A SUIVRE", la symbols ▼ signifia "FIN". irrata to palura. n A d 32X ■Maps, plataa, charta, ate, may ba fiimad at diffarant raduction ratios. Thoaa too iarga to ba antiraly inciudad in ona axpoaura ara fiimad baginning in tha uppar laft hand cornar, laft to right and top to bottom, as many framas aa raquirad. Tha following diagrama illustrata tha method: 1 2 3 Laa cartaa, planchaa, tableaux, ate, pauvant Atra film4a A daa taux da rMuctlon diff Aranta. Loraqua la document est trop grand pour Atra raprodoit en un seul clichA, ii est filmA A partir da i'angle aupAriaur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut an baa, an prenant la nombre d'images nAcessaira. Lea diagrammes suivants illuatrant la mAthode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Btj^'ii' Cdiii^lete Poettc|it"V^ i ^.VQlfc 16111 ,,W*TliLj»t IWilh Life, OIwjBarjr, " '"' iScQ iem6. No\r eti. Clotb, illtu, 1 (Xf' ,-/v ' , V ' Gilt edges, 1 flO < ^;. * ^ ■ Antlqao morocco, 2 SD Cniiii)!beU>s Complete Po^tl«f ' nnl'^^Works. Illuetratcd jftiih ste^l eng;}»v|ng9 rihI ,a PprtrMi ^ iOina...^^.*. .v^jbfeilii, J 00 *^4J .' . Antiq«» n^i^«i'-8 50 WU}! Notes and Olos^d^ijr/' ^Ar' ; it^gpA under the i«t ' l^Thos. V iyate'd by Edwwrd CricbArtifl. ;l Vol1«ino< '.;,/; .^tt.Aclotli,|l 00 Cloth, gilt, 1 50 ^ Morocco antique, 2 50*' .^' ' . ' C^oi9^pcr>» l[79mplcte'.F«<«tical .Wltrk«. -With Life,.^.. i vols. , -, ^Vp- '-•-: .-'..2>>M^viogs. 16nno. , Vlv -/--' ;' '•'■• Cloth, ] w. / ' '>,^ . MMdges,.! 60 . ^ntlqaejWorowHs 2 50 Foster. 1 vol.-; IflAp, ^. .?;Ctotli, 1 00 MtltonN €4*1 Works. W edition. lAinp, [quQ, 2 50 P^th^il 01) [Oge*, 1 50 CO, 3 60 Pope's Poetii^l^ Workfi.^ A nqw edition. il)K8trntO(VI^«^^* ' 'm I '• ^i >■; > ■** 1 '4 4 m -■iA ' kn ■ i||. Public Archives Archives puttoues ■ ^ Canada r.anaiia .^ te Gift of Offert par Alexander MacDonald Collection i m. 1 ' ■! : I 5^-,- '* -'.' *»>' ''>^ 1/ f ' .40 His! ■Wi>t.«J .V2^-^ •A U«< Vs>5-< K V- >\ 1 '\\ ^. I 't' 'n * J"^ ''' \*W l i . M i.l. . ll i» |i l l n>iM«PMta a » " i:.:i:r:j ! .; i jr: j i ^jji; . .: r. ■,::^g r '^-V- /#>.i:.i< M^i \ '•■"nnt, \;^ys,ifc-i<;-%l^V»V(_ ^f« «,^,. «feH"-"-»i-;;:ji."' ,-, l-L ••X'-^"^ ^ ^''^■^y-: ^:^:..^.y I n I.,. \' i V/. .i ■ '1 %, -#-^l .^j:I~ -^: ''J^'. -#^ f,,y,,J V if'it-> lAj/, I-'' I ^.? x;* -*/-.«,•.-/ -• -5* f I" . 1 ' :i 'j >»t r. J<«^iS»fl*flw» aftl»r (*-tr ^tn-^-^i***** ^.-""f" .<«<«i4>c>.«qiaj|iM« ym |?N.2i= • j X' m^T Kit A. Mtm. lMld&Lj4^L>^Mfl^^ :ii^^'^ l^«^ HAK] D. APP APPLETOIS* -l! ILLXJSTR A.TE13 • HAND-BOOK OF AMERICAN TRAVEL %>: q NEW YORK: D. APPLETON & 00., 846 «; 848 BROADWAY. LONDON: TBttBNBB * 00. 1867. a^T ■ NOTIOE. No ezpenie or labor will be spared to make the Hand-Book of AnMr* ican Trarel attraotiye, wmprtHMuAre^ oonoiae, thorough, and eyerj waj rouble. The next Annual Edition will be pnbliahed in Ifaj, 1868, and any information in regard to errors and omiiriona, which thoee who nee the work may detect, or any ftots of interest and value-iMfftioalarly in reqpeot to new routes and aocommodationa— will be grateftiDy reodTed and comddered. Such cofimnnioationa should be addreised to the Author, care of the PabUahers. For OowTEsn, GimBAL Ibtdix, Lisr or Maps, Lurr of Iixus' iBATioHS, etc., see the end of the Yolune. APPIiBTONS' ILLUSTRATED RAILWAY AND STEAM MYI6ATI0N GUIDE, Oontaiidng Seyenty Haps, and the latest IHme Tables, Corrected to Date. Pab- lidied Month] J, under the sapervfidon of the Bailroad Companies. One Yohune, 288 pages. Price, Twenty-flve Cents. Subscription price. Three IHdlars per M'/ I . I ▲ PPLIT0N8' r.;-i ILLUSTRATED HAND-BOOK OP AMERICAN TRAVEL: ▲ FULL AMD BILIABLl GUIDE ST RAILWAY, STEAMBOAT, AND 8TAQB, LAXM, acm- lo mf orriM, vowm, wawwahj, BATn.B-vnn.iNi, MonrrAnn, bitbbb, Dia abb ranxo OBcnmoi, WATBanre PbAOBi, wmiuB bmobm, abb ■OBBBi ABB OBIBOn OB IMPOBTABOB ABD WTBBWr IB THE UKITED STATES AKD THE BBITISH PBOYIICES. n BT T. ADDISON EICHARDB. WITB OABBBOI. BAH OB ALL PABIB OV TBB OOUMTBT, AMD nOTUBlS OB PAXOm PLAOBI ABD S0BIIB8, PBOV OBICOBAL DBAWIMCM BT THB AUTHOB ABD OTHBB ABTUTB. BB4BATBD ABD BLBOnonPBD BT WaiTBBX ABD JOOBLnr. "When ihoQ hiqpljr aeest Some nure, noto-worfhjr ol^eet In thj tnTda, MdM DM pwtalnr of thy lMip^nefla."-iiSAalm)Mr«i 'l< NBW YORK: D. APPLETON ft 00., 846 h 848 BROADWAY. LONDON: TBttBNBS 4 OO. 1867. \,\^ JbrauMD aooordlag to Aet of Ocoignas, la fh« year IttT, by D. APPLBTON as CO^ la the Olttk'k Offloe of the Diatriet Conrt of the United Btirtee for the Sontheq^ Disttlot of New York. , * "i^/d^lo 1 1 ■•^' TO THE TRAVELLER: SOME PABTma WOBDS OF EXPLANATION AND ADVICE. -♦♦•- In a jonmey over so vast a oonntry as tlie TTidted Statei^ oooupying nearly half a Continent, and measuring its length and breadth by thousands, and its routes of travel by tens of thousands of miles, one inay very readily be pardoned if he sometimes stumbles by the way. May we not beg the benefit of this consideration, i^ in our present laborious itirUraire, we have occasionally chanced, despite all our watdifhlness, to only half look at points of interest or to overlook them altogether ; ot i£, amidst the intricate ritioula- tion of the roads, we may have momently lost our way ? We hope, however, that we have not been thus unlucky in any considerable degree, for we have made very honest effort to guide our traveller truly and surely ; to show him — ^hastily, to be sure, as needs must be, yet intelligently — ^the past and the present, the physique and the morale, of the great country through which we have led him ; its differing peoples and places, from the mountains to the prairies —■from the cities and palaces of the East to the wildernesses and wigwams of the West. Though we have thufi done our best for the present, we hope to do still better hereafter, as we revise and extend our volume year after year, with the benefit of enlarged personal observation and of the good counsels of others : for we trust that those who follow our guidance will do us the kindness to advise us of any and all errors and omissions they may discover in our pages. To assist them in rendering us this generous service, we have placed some blank leaves for memoranda, at the end of our book. w^, • 6 JSTBGDUOnOSt, In our list of illiistrations, we have the good fortune to indade valuable contributions from the portfolios of our gifted brother- artists, Mr. James H. Cafferty, Mr. F. E. Chnrch, Mr. Jervis McEntee, Mr. A. D. Shattuck, Mr. S. S. David, Mr. Charles Lan- man, Mr. T. A. Ayres, and others. In the literary department, we are much indebted to Mr. Ayres, for the oarefid acooont of California ; to Mr. T. D. Lowther, for the very pleasant mention of St. Angustine ; and to William Presoott Smith, for the aoSomit of the Baltimore and Ohio Bailroad. THE FLAN OF THIS BOOK. We have thought it best to follow the fiimiliar geographical order of the various divisions of the country, and thus to begin at Canada on the extreme north-east; and, continuing along the shores of the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico, end upon the [pacific, westward. With rf^re exceptions, we have, instead of' selecting a particular route and seeing all it offers of attraction, jumped at once to our especial destination, and then intimated the way by which it is reached. Thus, if the traveller happens to be in New York or Boston, and desires to go to New Orleans, he will, by turning to ** New Orleans," find the routes thither. The chief cities are taken as starting points for all other and lesser places in their neighborhood. It has not, of course, been possible to mention every village or town in the Union, in ^he narrow limits of a po<^et volume, like this. GENERAL REMARKS. The foreign tourist will soon observe, to his satisfaction, (and the citizen might remember it oftener, with thanks to his stars,) the great convenience of the total absen^ in the United States^* of aU annoying demands for passports — of scowling fortifications and draw-bridges, of jealous gates, closed at a fixed hour of the evening and not to be reopened before another fixed hour of the morning; of custom-houses between the several States, and of all rummaging of baggage by gens d'armes for the octroi ; and yet nevertheless, of as perfect a feeling of security, everywhere, as in the most vigilantly poHced kingdoms of Europe. UiTHODVOnOVt 7 He may or may not like the table d'hdte system of oar hotels — ^the miiform fare and the miyarying price ; that, excepting in the few metropolitan cities, where the habits of all nations obtain, we mnat submit to. From the social eqnality every where and without exception, he will not sufiEer, however high his rank at home ; and if it be not the highest, he will surely gain in consideration. To win attention and care, both the lofty and the lowly have, and have only, to dispense good will and kind manners as they pass along. HONET. Gold and silver, it should be remembered, are always and every where current, while bank-notes, and espedaUy of distant StAtes, very often are not. Change, too, will save trouble ; espe- cially half-dollars, generally the &re of omnibuses and hacks, and invariably the price of meals. Twenty-five cent pieces, too, are useful, as fees for little services by the way. In travelling through, the settled districts by railways and steamboats, and at the best hotels, the ddly expenses should be estimated at not less than five or fax dollars per day for each person. BAGGAGE. As little bi^gage as possible is always a good rule, though a very liberal supply is permitted on the railways and almost any quantity on the steambbate . On the stages, the prescribed limit of fidxty or eighty pounds cannot be exceeded without extra charge. Th^ reguhtr carriages of his hotel will convey the traveller securely and in season, to the railway station or the steamboat landing, where his first care must be to deposit hiti trunks in the keeping of the baggage-master, and receive a check for each one — corresponding marks will be attached to the baggage, and it will be delivered at the end of the route only to the holder of the checks. It is best to get baggage checked for the entire journey,, or for the longest possible stage thereof and thus save one*s self the trouble of looking out for it more frequently than is necessary. Before arriving at his destination, the traveller will, on the principal routes, receive a call firom an express agent, to whom he 8 IMTBODlTCfnOir* may safdy rengn his check and his address, confident that his ha^gage will lie duly delivered and at the fixed tariff of twenty* five cents for each piece or trunk. On arriving at the end of lids joomey, he should put himself in one of the carriages marked as in the particular service of the hotel to which he is going. If he employs other vehicles, it will be well to learn the &re beforehand, particularly in the city of New York, where hackmen pay but little attention when they can help it, to the law in the case. TICKETS. Tickets on the railways should be purchased at the ofilce before starting, otherwise a small additional charge Will be made. If a long journey over various roads is intended, it is cheaper and more convenient to buy a through ticket to the end of the route, or for as long a distance as possible. On the steamboats, the tickets for passage and for meals wiU be purchased at leisure, after starting, at the captain's office; HOTELS. * The hotels of the United States are fiunous all the world over, for their extent, convenience, comfort and elegance. They are often truly palatial in their sumptuousness, with means and appliances for the prompt gratification of every want and whim. The universal pribe of board, from one end of the country to the other, is $2 60 or $2 00 per day at the most &shionabIe, and indeed at fdl the principal houses. Private parlors and extra rooms involve an additional charge, according to their position. Wines are always extra and always dear enough. ^ ^ WAITERS OB SERYANTS. It is not the general custom in America, as in Europe, to fee waiters at the hotels, though it may very properly be done for especial personal service. It is often done by those who like hot dinners better than c jld, or who may have a fimcy for some rare dish when it unluckily happens to be " all out." ^ COSTUME. ♦ At the watering places, the same resources of toilette are -. f# nra!BoiKran0Br. f needed an In the iAty taihn ; hut thongh yon be thns proyided, do not be nnproYided witii a tnyelling snit equal to mde usage. If the color be a gray or a brown, so mnch the better in the dust of railway and stage routes. Don a felt hat,-*-it does not crush itself or your head in oar or carriage, or Uow oyerboard on steamboats. Leave thin boots (this especially to the ladies) at home, imd be well, and comfortably, and safely shod, in stoui oa^ ak^. It is a pity to be kept in doors by the fear of spofling one's gfdters or wetting one's feet, when the meadows and hills and brooks are waiting to be explored. In mountain tramps, a gene* rous sized flask, filled with most excellent brandy, may be swung over the shoulder with very pctnresque effect. Kow that we have told our traveller how to go, it only remains to us, before starting, to add a word of suggestion as to WHEBE TO QO. If you are in New York, with one or two or three, or more summer days to spare, run up to one or other of the many delightfhl places on the Hudson River, — ^to West Point, or New- burgh, for example ; or to the CatskiU Mountains ; or run down to Rockaway, or Long Branch, or any of the many healthful and inviting resorts along the coast of Long Island and New Jersey. If a week is at your command, go to Lake George, or to Trenton Falls, or Niagara ; explore the varied route of the Erie Railway, or seek some one of the innumerable Springs of the State. If a fortnight or a month can be spared, make a trip to Canada. < > # See Montreal and the Ottawa River, then go to Quebec and the Saguenay, returning through Maine ; or from Montreal go up the St. Lawrence to Toronto, and thence to the great Lakes; or spend a part or all of your time among the wonderful White Hills of New Hampshire. If the whole summer is waitmg to be dic^sed of, visit the countless watering-places in the mountain lands of Western Vir- ginia; or see the landscape beauties of the Blue Ridge regions of ** the Carolinas and Georgia ; or astonish yourself with a glimpse of the western dties and of the Mammoth Cave. 1* 10 jufiXMoiyuoTioir. In winter Idsiire, go to Charleston, and Sayanni^ and New Orleans, Florida i and Cuba, and find the eommer airs again which 70a have lost in higher latitudes. There is no lack of in^ting resorts for a daj, or week, or month, or for ever. Look in this respect at onr Skeleton Tonrs, and at the detailed descriptions and routes in the pages which follow. Go somewhere, if you can, all of you, and whereyer and whenever you go, God speed yon on your way and send you duly back wiser, and better, and healthier, and hap^ner men and women. ) \\i UxiTiunT, Niw ToBK, Majf l«l, 1867. : 1 1( 1 C tl n n 1( n n J( a tl in N L tr ta r I New agaio sek, or TouTi, which er and a duly n and 'm \\t AMEKLOAN FISHING AND FIELD SPOETS. Wi eaanot well tarn a fhonght to the bouiclless resonrees in' forest imd flood, which the great and varied territory of the United States presents for every desorip-^ tion of field sport, without a sigh of regret that th^ should be so little esteemed and employed by the people. Nowhere are the wildernesses and the woods so popnlooa with the noblest ottjeots of the chase, the bison, the bear and the deer of ereiy species, whfle the waters of the numberiess inlets and estaaries of the great bays of oar Atlaa- tio coast, perhaps sorpass those of any other coontiy in the world in their immense ■applies of all kinds of wUd fowl. Opportonity waits the will and pleasnre alike of the hardiest and bddesk fofest att rentorer, and of the daintest dilettante of the mossy brook-side. AU may find abnn> dant occupation for their differing tastes, and with no jealous or unreasonable legal let or hinderanoe to the full indulgence thereof, as in some other less free andfkrored lands. ^^ The health, moral no less than physical, which is ever to be jRiered in the exer^ else and pleasures of the chase, conunends it, especially, to a people disposed, like ours, to orer-work and over-toU; and if the'soholar could be persuaded, sometimes, to dose his wearying books, the merchant to leare his dull desk, and the artisan his unceasing toil for a generous indulgence in out-of-door relaxation, who can tell how much the enjoyment of life might be increased— how greatW life itself might be pro< longedf V For the angler there is opportunity every where in the moantaiii brooks and wood- land streams, and in the innumerable rivers and lakes of the land. Sea trout and salmon, of the finest size and quality, abound in Maine, east of the mouth of the Kennebec. In Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Canada, too, they are most plentifiiL The salmon, especially, may be readily taken in the waters of the St. John's river, in the St. Lawrence, as far up as the ** Thousand Islands," and down al- most to the sea; in the Ghaudiere, th^ St. Maurice, the Jacques Cartier and the Ot- tawa. From Lake Ontario, this fine fish makes its way through the Oswego river into Lake Cayuga, and it is said enters Seneca Lake also. In these last-mentioned waters they are usually taken with the net, and very rarely, if ever, by the fly. Smaller trout of exquisite flavor are abundant in all the mountain streams of the Northern and the Middle States, as far southward as Virginia. They swarm, also, in Lake Superior, where the salmon, too, is to be found. Long Island is famous for its troat; and so, also, is the wUdemess of northern New York— all that beautifiil moun- tain and lake region lying west of Champlain. The brook or spotted trout here^ are '• -5 i 12 VISHINO AKD WIELD SPOBIB. olUn takeo up to two tad ft-half or three pooade, and wnnetiinee op to liz, tboof^ • tiro-ponnder ia luaally eiteemed » god-iend, m the arerage liie of thia flah ia mneh leaa in Amerlean than in Eoropean watera. The black baaa ia plentiftd in the lakea, and the pike, the piokerd, the maakalonga •ad the atriped baaa, beaidea many leaaer kind. The moat abundant fiudlitiea for wild-fowl ahooting may be found at all pointa of the long reach of the Atlantic coaat-4n the noble baya and the rirera— inleta from Maine to Florida. At aome one or other period of the year, each apeoiea of wader, from the atately awaa to the little aand-piper, take up their abode in erery pointjtf thia re- gioa— now flocking to the land-looked baya and lagunea of Long laland 4P ^^^ J«r- aey ; now about the eatnariea of the great Gheaapeake, and later atill, in the Albemarie and the Pamlico P'^nd, off Carolina. See <*Long laland" in thia reapect, and the " Gheaapeake Bay " in regard to the ikmoua canTaa-baok. Bren to catalogue the eligible apota for every kind of upland ahooting in a country oorered with foreata and wooda, and neceaaarily filled with birda and other game of all Unda, would demand a volume. The aportaman may chooae for himaelf where to kill the prairie hen, any where flvm Tezaa up, through all the great weatern plaina; the ruffed grouae,in New Enj^and where it ia called partridge, and in Penn- i^lvania, where it ia known aa the pheaaant; or the Canada grouae in upper New Yoik and northward. The quail may be found abundantly from Maaaachnaetta to Ohio and Kentucky* and even to Tezaa. * The woodcock ia plentiM in all the Eaatern and Middle Statea, and in winter not leaa ao in the South. Ducka, too, of many kinda^ and teal and rail will every where repay the aeaich of the hunter. Of the nobler game of tiie foreat-wilda, the rude biaon, the lordly dk and mooae, the deer, and even of the bear and the panther, not only the great Weatern wil- doneaaea, but the mountain glena of the northern Statea, and the juni^ea of the South, offer ample aupj^j^a. The deer, more eeqpecially, ia yet to be found in eveiy part of the United State^ud abundantly in the wooda of Maine and the mountain region of all New England and of northern New York. See chaptera on the Adirondack and the Saranao lake region. Hereabouta thiabeantifyd animal ia moat often killed by oneorotherofthe twoqueationablemodea, called driving and atill hunting; but aontii of the Potomac, in Yirginia, the Oarolinaa, Miaaiaaippi and Louiaiana, he ia yet fidlowed in the good old brave manly chaae, with all the inspiriting and Minobling •d}nncta of mounted cavalier, daring flood and fell at the call of the bug^e note and the atirring halloo. The biaon and the dkmuat be fliQowed to the Far Weat, beyond tho Miaaiaaippi, whitiier they have been driven long ainee, before the inexorable courae of empire. How much longer th^ may be found even there, who can teU, while Civiliaation is stalking, aa it ia, over the great deaerta in ita annihilating aeven-leagne boota. "Let fhe man who's dlatarbed bv mlofortaBe and eare, Away to the woodlandB and vaUeys repair. T«]l7>ho,ete. Let him hear but the notes of the sweet swelling horn, "With the hounds in Itall cry, and his tronbles are gone. Tallv-ho, ete." Ou> Bono ■f i ^ SKELETON TOURS From N«v York to Variou Parta of tli* Ubltad 8tetM and th* WITH AN APPBOXIMATB STATEMENT OF THE TIME BEQUIBED TO TBAYEL VBOM PLACE TO PLACE, AND OF THE DUBATION OF THE HALTS TO BE MADE AT THE MOST BEMABKABLE SPOTS: 8HJ>e$eriptionqf JtoutM,B'oUUfIiamand8omminth4Folloi^^ A TOUB OF SIX DATS, Viiiting Wtd JPaM, Nmhtrgh, and tht OtOMUt. MoMDAT. New Tort: to West Point (62 miles), bj morning steambost up the Hndson River, through the Highlands, or by an eudj train on the Hudson Rirer Bailwaj, stopping at Garrison's, and orossingby steun-fenyto the West Point Hotel or to Cossens', just below. Arrive in three hours, by or before non4T. Lebanon Sprinp (page 171). SmiDAT. Lebanon Springs. Visit ShakerTillage, near by (page 171). 8E0OND WBEK. MoxDAT. Visit Pittsfleld, Williamstown, Lenox, Adams, eto. TuisoAT. Visit Pittsfleld, Williamstown, Lenox, Adams, eto. WaomsnAT. Visit Pittsfleld, Williamstown, Lenox, Adams, eto. Thdisdat. Return Tia Western Railway to Albany, or by the Berkshire Boad to Hudson, and thence down the Hudson Rirer to West P^t, Fb»at. At West Point (page 188). ' Satobdat. Bade in New Tortu TOUR OF TWO WEEKS, VMUng th4 VaOtif qf th« €hiutteti«tit. XoKDAT. By Railway from New Tork ria New Haren and HartiRnd, Oi, to Springp Add, Ifass., 188 miles; dine, risit the U. S. Armory, etc (pages 81 to 88). TrasDAT. To Northampton, 17 milee, by Railway, n jar the banks of the Conneotlcnt WnowMDAT. At Northampton (page 78), risiting Mount Holyoke, and other soenes of great interest in the immediate neighborhood. Teussdat. Continue on the Railways up the ralley and rirer 19 mOes to Greenfleld, Mass. ; walk in the erening to the high ridge called Poet's Seat, finely oreriook- ing all the country round. FuDAT. Resume the journey (by Railway always), up the ralley, 21 miles Airther, to Brattleboro, in Vermont. This is one of the most agreeable resting places on the route ; one of the most attractire in scenery, sodety, hotd comforts, eto. (see page 78). Satobdat. Visit the grounds of the Insane Asylum, West Rirer, the Cemetery, and other charming localities in the ricinage of Brattleboro. SuxDAT. Still at Brattleboro ; a pleasant place for a Sunday hdt» all irard being suspended on that day hereabouts. MoNDAT. Resume journey 84 miles further up the rirer to Bellows Falls (page 79). At this point the trardler may turn back if he pleases by railway ria Rutland, Vt, Whitehall, on Lake Champlain, Saratoga Springs, Albany or Troy, and the Hud- ■on Rirer; going on Tuesday to Saratoga, and on Wednesday to New Toi^ ; or he may oontinue on with m yet ftirther up tiie r*Uey of the Conneotioai \. 19 SKBLBTON TOUBS. TmnoAT. From BeUo]r« Falls 20 miles to Windsor, Yi, a veiy quiet, picturesque and pleasant place (page 79). Wbdnisdat. Ascend If cunt Ascntney, near Windsor. Thdisdat. From Windsor (retnniing) by the Yermont Central Road, through the charming Tallej of the WinoosU to Burlington, on Lake Champlain (page 101). FuDAT. Cross the Lake from Buriington to Port Kent, and visit the bold ravine called the Walled Banks of the Ansable. SATimnAT. Home by Whitehall, Troy, Albany, and the Hudson. %* At Winder (Second Tuesday of this tour), the traveller being on one of the most agreeable routes thence, may continue his journey eastward to the White Mountain Region. Ti WJ TOUR OF THREE WEEKS, VitUing the ffwUon JWp«r, Saratoga ^aringt, Lake George, LaJee Champlain, Jfot^- treat, Quebec, and the Sagvenajf JBiver, the St. Lawrence Biner, Niagara FaUe, and the Bomery qf the Erie BaOway. FIBST WEEK HoKDAT. From New York to Albany, by stesuboat or railway (Hudson River), thence by railway to Saratoga (pa^ 119 and 149). TciSDAT. Saratoga Springs (page 149). ,, ne of the he White dn,Ifot^ ^). 90). Great on the istoor HUNTINa TOUR OF THBEB WI!EKS» To th$ Saranac Lake$t in, the WUdemm tff NoHImn Nm Tori. FIB8T WEEK. MoiiDAT. From "Sm Toik to Port Kent, opposite Boriingtoo, on Lake Ohamplain, via Hudson River, Saratoga Springs, and Whitehall (page 168). From Port Kent, by omnibus or stage fire miles back, to Keeseville. Stop at the Ansable House. .TmuDAT. Visit the romarkable ravines and casbades near Keeseville, called the Walled Banks of the Ausable (page 166). WnoirasDAT. Take the tri-weeklj mail wagon or private carriage, toe the banks of the Lower Saranac Lake, stopping at Baker's, a mile distant, or at Martin's on the shoK (page 168). Thubsdat. Secure the services of a guide and hunter, with his boat, dogs, tent, and all necessary equipments and provisions for camp lift, all the journey hence being by water (page 169). Fbzdat. On the Lower Saranac, crossing the " carrying place " in the afternoon to the Middle Saranac, on the shore of which camp for the nig^t, after a supper of trout, readily taken, with venison, perohance, to boot Satubdat and Sunday. Camp on the Upper Saranac, one of the most beautiftal of these lakes, and a fine hunting and fishing ground. BEOONB WEEK. Monday and Tcisday. Visit the St Regis Lake. Wkdnisday. Return to the Middle Saranac (or Round Lake), make a short portage to the Stony Creek Pond ; and thence reach ** the Racquette River," by a pull of three miles on the Stony Creek. Camp for the night. « Thursday. Voyage on the Racquette River of 20 miles to Tupper's Lake. The tourist is here at the last and most charming portion of the region comprised in our present tour ; and here, be he artist or hunter, he will be very willing to pass the remainder of the time which his furlough grants to him. Lough Neah is a continuation of the picturesque waters of Tupper's Lake. Friday. Tupper's Lake (page 109). Saturday. Tupper's Lake (page 109). Sunday. Tupper's Lake (page 109). THIRD WEEK Monday. Tupper's Lake. Tursday. Returning; retraverse the Racquette River. Wrdnrsday. Arrive at the Middle Saranac Lake. » Thursday. Back to the starting point on the Lower Saranac. Friday. Regain Lake Champlain at Port Kent, or at Westport Saturday. Home. %* If the traveller in this wonderful region be addicted to the rifle, the rod, or the pencil, he may extend his visit with pleasure from three weeks to three months. The Adirondack hills and lakes— another portion of this marvellous * wilderness— are not far removed firom the Saranac ; and one, two, or more weeks might be spent there with great satisfaction (page 169). TOUR OF FOUR WEEKS, To ih4 Great Zaiee, via Quebec, Montreal, the St. ZatoreneeMojiara FaUt, dbc FIB8T WEEK. Monday. From New Tork, via Albany and Troy, to Saratoga. \ £0 SKBLBTOK IdUBS* TraaoAT. Saratoga Springs. WiDHisDAT. To Montreal, by Railway or Steamer on Lake Ohamplain. Thubsdat. IfontreaL Fbioat. To Quebec. Satubdat. Quebec and rioinity, rishing the Falls of MontmorenC^ the Ohaadiere, fte. SuMDAT. Quebec. 8B00ND WEEK. MoMDAT. Grand Trunk Railway, by Montreal, to Toronto, on Lake Ontario. TcasoAT. The Ontario, Simooe, and Huron Railway, 97 n]dles, to Gollingwood, on the Georgian Bay, an arm of Lake Huron. Wbdkisdat. By Steamer, on Lake Huron (page 48), to the Straits of .Mackinac, (pagett). Thubsdat. MaoUnao. Fbidat. Mackinac. Satvbdat. Steamer to the Sault St. Marie-^he connecting link of the waters of Huron and Lake Superior. SuNDAT. At the Sault de St. Marie. TmSD WEEK. Voyage on Lake Superior. FOURTH WEEK. Monday. From the Sault de St. Sforie (returning) (Steamer on Lake Huron) to Detroit, Michigan. ToH^T. Great Western Railway to Suspension Bridge, Niagara Falls. WaomsDAT. Niagara Falls. Thubsoat. Niagara Falls. Fbidat. To Utica Central Railway, or to Binghamton, Erie-Jitoute. Satdbdat. To New York. Si TOUR OF FOUR WEEKS, lb tU Virginia Springt^ Wevi^a Cave, tU Naburai Bridge, the IMti of Otter, dc. FIBST WEEK. MomtAT. From New York to Philadelphia (pages 174 and 176). TuiSDAT. Philadelphia to Baltimore (page 179). WiDNBSDAT. Baltimore to Washington City (page 215). Thubsdat. At Washington City— visit Mount Yemen. Fbidat. To Alexandria ; and thence, by the Orange and Alexandria RaOway, 88 miles ; and from Gordonsville, on the Virginia Central Road, 64 miles to Staimton. Satcbdat. Stage or Carriage, 17 miles, to Weir's Care. ScNDAT. At Weir's Care (page i BEGOND WEEK. MoKDAT. At Weir's Cave, returning in the afternoon to Staunton. ToiSDAT. Continue journey on the Central Road, as far as it at present extends, and proceed thence to the White Sulphur Springs by Stage. Wbdnbsdat. Unroutf. Thubsdat. White Sulphur Springs (page 282). BKWiigroy TOUBfl. n idiere^Ao. od,onthe faddnao, vratera of Fbidat. White Sulphur Springs. Satdbdat. White Sulphur Spring!. SuHDAT. White Sulphur Springs. . TUIED WEEK May be deroted to the otber Springs of this Region. EOXTBTH WEEK. Visit the Natural Bridge, 68 miles firom Am White Sulphur Springs; 12 miles from Lexington; 86 miles from Lynchbur^in the Virginia and Teunessee Railwaj, from Richmond, west (page 286) ; next, see the Peaks of Otter (page 287)t in the same region. Return home by the Virginia and Tennessee Road, from Lynch- burg to Richmond (page 220) ; thence, by the Oreat Southern Mail Route to Washington ; or, more agreeably, by the James Rirer and the Chesapeake Bay, to Baltimore ; from Baltimore to Philadelphia; from Philadelphia to New York. *«* For landscape beauties not mentioned here in the Spring Region of Western Virginia, see page 240 and following. This tour might be pleasantly extended to two or eyen three months. !uroa) to ^, wc. tailway, niles to ds, and TOUR OP FOUR WEEKS, livm New Tori, via Botlon and Portland, to Qu^ee and (he 8agu«nay, Jiioniredl, tht Ottawa, and the 8t. Lavjrenoe, retvrninaoy Niagara and Trenton Falh, aorth toga Springtf and the JSudeon Biver. vitour tff ten daya {extra) to the White Mtnmtaine. FIB8TWEEK. HbsDAT. New York to Boston— see Routes page 61 and following. I^UKBDAT. At Boston (page 66). ■ ^^Wbdmisdat. Boston to Portland, Maine— Routes page 68. Thubsdat. At Portland (page 68). Fbidat. From Portland to Quebec, by the Grand Trunk Railway (pages 86 and 69.) J}6ttyurcf Ten JDaya to White Mowdaine, {The White Mountains may be pleasantly Tisited from this part of our present Route (in ten extra days), stopping at €U>rham, N. H., 91 miles on the way from Portland^ reaching Glen House, 7 miles from Gk>rham, same day ; Craw- ford House^White Mountain Notch, on Saturday ; and so on, as per programme of Sbcond Wbkk, in Tours, pages 15 and 16 : returning to the Glen House by the Second Sunday, and resunung Journey (nom Qorham to Quebec) on Mon- day following.] Satobdat. At Quebec (page 86). SmfDAY. At Quebec. BEOOiJT* WEEK. Monday. At Quebec, yisiting Falls of Montmorenci, of the Chandiere, of Si Anne» Ac. (page 87). TuBSDAT. Excursion to Saguenay Rirer and back to Quebec, as in Tour (page 18). Wbdnbsdat. Excursion to Saguenay River and back to Quebec. Thdbsdat. Excursion to Saguenay River and back to Quebec. Fbidat. From Quebec, by Grand Trunk Railway, or St. Lnwrenoe Biver, to Montreal. Batvbdat. Montreal (page 82). SoiTDAT. Montreal (page 83). \ 82 ISaLKEON TOUBS. THIBD WB9K. MoNDiLr. Ezonnioa up fhe Ottawa Birer from Montreal and bade (pagea 26 to S9> ToMDAT. Szouraion up the Ottawa Birer flrom Montreal and back. WaDirasoAT. Excursion up the Ottawa Birer from Montreal and back. , Thubsdat. Up the St. Lawrence aald Lake Ontario (or by Grand Trunk Bailway) to Niagara Falls (page 89). Fbidat. Up the St Lawrence and Lake Ontario (or by Orand Trunk Bailway) to Niagara Falls. -j^ Satubdat. At Niagara Falls (page 161). SuMDAT. At Niagara Falls. ^ FOUBTH WEEK. MoKDAT. Still at Niagara. TunoAT. By Central Bailway to Utioa. WiDMiBDAT. From Utioa, 16 miles, to Trenton Falls. Thubsdat. At Trenton Falls (page 166), returning to Utioa in the erening. Fbidat. Journey to and stay at Saratoga Springs (page 149). Satubdat. Back to New York, via Troy, Albany, and the Hudson Biver (page 119). TOUB OF FOUR WEEKS, ^ Jb the l^siptr MMm^pi, via Niagara. Detroit. Chieago, VS^trauiM, B. JBin^ J^. Zouiit LouumUe, dncinnati, etc FIB8T WEEK. Moin>AT. From New York to Niagara by the Erie Railway, 444 mUes, or by the Central route, 466 miles— a journey more comfortably made in two days than one, if time serves. TuMDAT. Niagara (page 161), WaoinsDAT. By the Great Western Bailway, 229 mUes, to Detroit Thubsdat. By the Michigan Central road, 284 miles, to Chicago. Fbidat. Chicago, Bl. (page 861). Satubdat. To Milwaukee by steamer on Lake Michigan, or by railway along; shore, 85 miles. SuMDAT. At Milwaukee, Wis. (page 868). SECOND WEEK. Visit to St Paul, Minnesota, leaving Ifilwaukee on Monday for Madison, Wis., and thence (ciTCuitously) by railway to Dubuque on the Mississippi, or returning, to Chicago, and thence to Dubuque direct, by the Galena and Chicago route. From Dubuque by steamer up the Mississippi river to St. Paul and the Falls of St. An- thony. Betuming by the end of the week (second of the tour) via the river, to .St. Louis. THIBD WEEK MoNDAT. At St Louis (page 860). TuBSDAT. By the Ohio and Mississippi Bailway, and the New Albany and Salon road to Louisville. Wbdnbsdat. At LouisvUle, Ky. (page 819). Thubsdat. At Louisville. (Another week would permit the traveller to visit the Mammoth Cave veiy agree< ably from this the chief point of detour thither.) Fbidat. By railway or steamer on the Ohio river to Cincinnati. gKBLBIOH TOUBS. SjavmoAT. At OinelnBati, Ohio (page 880). BoRDAT. AiOindimftti. FOUBTH WISK. MoMDAT. 97 rdlwsy'toOoliimbas, Ohio (page 88S). TuwDAT. Bailway to ZraesTille, Ohio (page 884). WiDNnoAT. To Wheeling, Ya. Thiiudat ahd FmiDAT. By the Baltimore and Ohio road to Baltimore, or bj the Pennaylrania railwaj to Philadelphia. Both these noble routea are as magnifi- cent in their pictorial attractions as in tiieir grand extent— each traversing a wide extent of country, replete with every variety of natural beaaty. For a descrip- tion of the nnmberlessnotoble scenes on the Baltimore and Oliio Bailway, see pages 201 and fbllowing. For mention of the wonders on the Pennsylvania route, consult page 190. Satubdat. To New York. # A WI17TEB TOUR OF SEC WEEKS, VuUtnjf the fmdUd Jteaortaof Florida, Savannah and Aumuta, Gto., OharUdon and Cohmbia, 8. C, JBit^mond, Va., and WatMngton CUy. VIRBT WEEK. SATntDAT. Leave New 7oik by the steamer of Saturday afterhoon, and arrive m Savannah Tuesday morning. Spend tiie rest of the week in Savannah at the Pulaski House, the Mansion House, or the City Hotel (page 276). SECOND WEEK. Satubdat. Leave Savannah in the steamer for Jacksonville, Pflatka and other places on the St. John's liver (pages 265 and 266). Spend the week hereabouts. THIBD WEEK. At St. Augustine, on the coast, below the mouth of the Si John's (jMge 266). SL Augustine, or the "Ancient City," as it is sometimes called, ftom its venerable age, which exceeds that of any oilier placb in the Union, will tempt the visitor to a long tarry with the social attractions which ito fame as an invalid resort has secured. The peculiar natural fbatures of the city and the neighborhood, will also win his particular interest At St Augustine. FOUBTH WEEK. FIFTH WEEK. Betum to Savannah and take the Georgia Central raflway to Anguste (page 277), thence by the South Carolina road to Charleston (page 219). SIXTH WEEK. MoRDAT. By South Carolina railway firom Charleston to Columbia. TtnsDAT. At Columbia (page 267), resuming Journey in the afternoon. WiDNiSDAT. Unrottts. Thubsdat. At Richmond, Ta. (page 220). Fbtdat. Arrive at Washington City (page 215). Satubdat. To Baltimore in the evening. SuMDAT. At Baltimore (page 199). MoxDAT. ToNewTorik ♦ \ THE TRAVELLER'S ALMAKAO VOB 18S7 — 18S8. m ' • • »^ |. 1857. 1 1 1 1 ^ ^ 1 3 10 m 4 11 1858. P GQ if 1 1 Wednesda Thursday. Friday. QQ 2 9 July • • 6 • • 6 • • 7 1 8 2 9 Jan. . 1 • • 3 *4 • • 6 6 7 8 12 13 14 16 16 17 18 10 11 12 131 416 16 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 17 18 19 202 122 23 26 27 28 29 30 31 • • 24 26 26 272 8 29 30 AlTO. • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 31 • • • • • • • • • • • • 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 Feb. • • 1 2 3 4 6 6 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 7 8 9 101 112 13 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 14 16 16 171 819 20 23 24 26 26 27 28 29 21 22 23 242 6 26 ?7 30 31 • • • • • • • • • • 28 • • • • • • • ' 1 • • • * . Sept. • • • • 1 2 3 4 6 Mar. • • 1 2 3 4 6 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 7 8 9 101 112 13 13 14 16 16 17 18 19 14 16 16 171 819 20 20 21 22 23 24 26 26 21 22 23 242 6 26 27 27 28 29 30 • • • • • • 28 29 30 31. • • • • • Oct. • • • • • • • • 1 2 3 Apbil • • • • • • • • 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 4 6 6 7 8-9 10 11 12 13 14 16 16 17 11 12 13 141 516 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 18 19 20 212 2 23 24 26 • • 26 • • 27 • • 28 • • 29 • • 30 • • 31 • • Mat 26 • • 26 • • 27 • • 28 2 • • • 9 30 • • • • • 1 Nov. 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 9 10 11 12 1 314 16 16 16 17 18 19 20 21 16 17 18 19 2 21 22 22 23 24 26 26 27 28 23 24 26 2-2 728 29 Deo. 29 • • 30 • • • • 1 • • 2 • • 3 • • 4 • • 6 Jtjnb 30 • • 31 • • i 2* 3*4 's 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 6 7 8 91 on 12 13 14 16 16 17 18 19 13 14 15 161 718 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 26 20 21 22 23 2 425 26 27 28 1 30 31 • • • • - . 27 28 29 30. • ^ 1 1 1 2 8 9 16 16 23 30 13 20 27 * • 6 13 20 27 • • 3 10 17 24 7 114 21 28 8 16 22 29 • 6 12 19 26 BRITISH AMERICA. -• ••- The poesesijions of the British Crown in North America, occupy nearly all the upper half of the Continent ; a vast territory, reaching from the Arctic aeas, to the domains of the United States ; and from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans. Of this great region, our present explorations will refer, only to the lower and settled portions, known as the British Provinces — ^the Oanadas, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. The rest is for the most part yet a wilderness. *: CANADA. Gkooiupbt and Abea. Canada, the largest and most important of the settled portions of the British territory in North America, lies upon all the northern border of the United States, from the Atlantic coast to the waters of Lake Superior and the Mississippi. The two provinces into which it is divided, were formerly known as Upper and Lower Canada, or Canada East and Canada West; and thus, indeed, their differing manners, habits and laws, still virtually divide and distinguish them, though they are now nominally and politically united. The entire length of the Canadian domain from east to west, is between twelve hmidred and tmrteen hundred miles, with a breadth varying from two to three hundred miles. DiscovKRT, Skttlehent, ANn Rulers. The earliest discovery of the Canadas is ascribed to Sebastian Cabot, 149*7 ; the first European settlement was made at St.' Croix's Harbour, in 1541, by Jacques Cartier, a French adventurer, who entered and named the river St. Lawrence. In 1608, another and more con- siderable settlement was made upon the spot now occupied by the city of Quebec. From that period until 1*769, the country continued under the rule of France ; . and then came the capture of Quebec by the English, under General Wolfe, and the transfer within a year thereafter, of all the territory of New France, as the country was at that time called, to the British power, under which it has ever since remained. The mutual disagreement which naturally arose from the con- flicting interests and prejudices of the two opposing nationalities, threatened in- ternal trouble from time to time, and finally displayed itself in the overt acts, recorded in history as th#rebellion of 183*7. It was after these incidents, and as a consequence thereof, that the two sections of the territory were formed into one. This' happened in 1840. Government. Canada is ruled by an executive, holding the title of Governor^ 2 H 26 CANADA. The St lAwniMA— Th« ThooMuid lalaiid*— The Ottawa. General, received from the crown of Great Britain, and bj a legislature called the Provincial Parliament. Thia body consista of an Upper and a Lower Houae ; the members of the one are summoned by the Queen, and hold their seats for life ; those of the other, are like the Commons at home, elected by the people. Rklioion. The dominant religious faith in Lower Oanada or Canada East, is that of the Romish Church ; while in the upper province the creed of the English Establishment prevails. Landsoapk. The general topography of Upper or Western Canada, is that of a level country, with but few vwriations excepting the passage of some table heights, extendhig south-westerly. It is the most fertile division of the ter- ritory, and thus to the tourist in search of the picturesque, the least attractive. The Lower Province, or Canada East, is extremely varied and beautiftfl in its phycncal aspect ; presenting to the delighted eye a magnificent gallery of charm- mg pictures of forest wil£, vast prairies, hiU and rock-bound rivers, rushing waters, bold mountain heights, and all, every where intermingled, and their at- tractions embellished by intervening stretches of cultivated fields, and rural villages, and villa homes. MouHTAiNS. The hill ranges of Canada are confined entirely to the lower or eastern province. The chief lines called the Green Mountains follow a parallel course south-westerly. They lie along the St. Lawrence River, on its southern side, extending from the latitude o^ Quebec to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. There is another and corresponding range on the north side of the river, with a vary- ing elevation of about 1,000 feet. The Mealy Mountains, which extend to Sand* wich Bay, rise in snow-capped peaks to the height of 1,600 feet. The Wotdhiidt Mountains, a short, orescent-naped group, lie between the Gulf of the St. Lawrence and Hudson's Bay. RiVBBa. Canada has many noble and beautiful rivers, as the St. Lawrence, one of the great waters of the world ; the wild, mountain-shored floods of the Ottawa, and the Saguenay ; and the lesser waters of the Sorel or Riehelieu, tiie St. Francis, the Chaudi^re, and other streams. The St. Lawrence. This grand river which drains the vast inland seas of America, extends from Lake Ontario, 760 miles to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and thence to the sea. Its entire length including the great chain of lakes by which it is fed, is not less than 2,200 miles. Ships ascend to Quebec, and vessels of 600 tons or more to Mon- treal. Its chief afiBuents are the Sa- guenay eastward, and the Ottawa on the west. The width of the St. Lawrence varies from half a mile to four miles ; at its mouth it is 100 miles across. It abounds in beautiful islands, of which there is a vast group, near its egress from Lake Ontario, known and admired by all the world, as the ** Thousand Isles." The ThpuiMiid blanda. It is a cu- rious speculation to the voyager always, how his steamer is to find its way through the labyrinth of the thousand isIancU, which stud the broad, waters like the countless tents of an encamped army, and ever and anon his interest is aroused up to the highest pitch at the prospective danger of the passage of some angry rapid. All the journey west, from lake to lake of the great waters, past islands now miles in cir- cuit, and now large enough only for the cottage of Lil^putian lovers, is re- plete with ever-chan^ng pleasure. Montreal and Quebec, the chief cities of Canada, are upon the St. Lawrence, while Toronto lies on the shores of Lake Ontario, the continuing watera westward. The Ottawa River flows 800 miles to the St. LawUnce, about 40 miles west of the city of Montreal, traversing in its course Lake Temiscaming, Grand Lake, und others. Rapids and falli if ;■> '^fi.- awrence, of Lake estward. 00 miles ilea west irsing iu ;, Grand d falto CANADA. The Ottawa Biwr— Its SonreM and Tribatarlaa. 27 greatly impede the luiTigation of its waters, but lend to them wonderiVil beauty. It is a wild forest region ; that of the Ottawa, but little occupied here- tofore by others than the rude lumber- men ; though numerous settlements are now springing up, and its agricultural capacities are being developed. The Committee on Railways of the House bf Assembly of the ProTince, in its report, thus speaks of this river:— " At the head of the lake the Blanche River falls in, coming about 90 miles from the north. Thirty-four miles farther down the lake it receives the Montreal River, coming 120 from the north-west. Six miles lower down, on the east or Lower Canada bank it receives the Keep- awa-sippi, a large river which has its ori- gin in a lake of great size, hitherto but eirtially explored, and known as Lake eepawa. This lake is connected with anouier chain of irregularly shaped lakes, from one of which proceeds the river Du Mohie, which enters tiie Otta- wa about 100 miles below the mouth of the Eeepawa-sippi ; the double discharge from the same chain of lakes in op- posite directions presents a phenome- non similar to the connection between the Orinoco and Rio Negro in South America. The Eeepawa-sippi has never been surveyed, but on a partial survey of the lake from which it proceeds, it was found flowing out with a slow and noiseless current, very deep, and about 800 feet in width ; its middle course is unknown, but some rafts of timber have been taken out a few miles above the mouth. It is stated in the report from which we quote, that there is a cascade at its mouth 120 feet in height ; this is a fable ; the total descent from the lake to the Ottawa may be 120 feet, but there is no fall at the mouth of the river. " From the Long Sault at the foot of Lake Temiscaming, 283 miles above Bytown, and 860 miles from the mouth of the Ottawa, down to Deux Joachim Rapids, at the head of the Deep River, that is for 89 miles, the Ottawa, with the exception of 17 miles below the Long Sault, and some other intervals, is not at present navigable except for canoes. Besides other tributaries in the interval, at 197 miles from Bytown, now called Ottawa, it receives on the west side the Mattawan, which is the highway for canoes going^to Lake Hu* ron, by Lake Nijussing. From the Mat- tawan the Ottawa flows east by south to the head of Deep River reach, nine milee above which it receives the river Da Moine from the north. " From the head of Deep River, •• this part of the Ottawa is called, to the foot of Upper Allumette'e Lake, two miles below the village of Pembroke, is an uninterrupted reach of navigable water, 48 miles in length. The general direction of the river in tiiS part is south-east. The mountains along the north side of Deep River are up« wards of 1,000 feet in height, and the many wooded islands of Allumettes lake render the scenery of this part of the Ottawa magnificent and exceedingly picturesque— &r surpasrang the cele- brated lake of the Thousand Islands on the St. Lawrence. " Passhig the short rapid of Allumet- tes, and turning northward, round the lower end of Allumettes Island, which is 14 miles longt and 8 at its greatest width, and turning down south-east through Ooulonge Lake, and passhig behind the neariv similar islands of Calumet, to the head cf the Calumet Falls, the Ottawa presents, with the ex- ception of one slight rapid, a reach of fiO miles of navigable water. The mountains on the north side of Coulonge lake, which rise apparently to the height of 1,600 feet, add a degree of grandeur to the scenery, which is in other re- spects beautiud and varied. In the Upper Allumettes Lake, 115 miles from Ottawa, the river receives from the west the Petawawee, one of its largest tributaries. This river is 140 miles in length, and drains an area of 2,200 square miles. At Pembroke, 9 miles lower down on the same side, an in- ibrior stream, the Indian River, also empties itself into the Ottawa. " At the head of Lake Coulonge, the Ottawa receives from the north, the \ is OAKADA. The Ottowa— Olumdldre FtUs— Bldera Falla. BUck River, 180 miles in length, drain- ing an area of 1,120 milei ; and 9 miles lower, on the same side, the river Gou- longe, vhioh is probablv 160 miles in length, with a valley of 1,800 square miles. " From the head of the Calumet Falls to Portage du Fort, the head of the steamboat navigation, a distance of 8 miles, are impassable rapids. Fifty mile;, above the city, the Ottawa re- oeives on the west the Bonnech^re, 110 miles in length, draining an area of 980 miles. Eleven miles lower, it receives the Madawaska, one of its greatest feeders, a river 210 miles in length, and draining 4,100 square miles. '* Thirty-seven miles above Ottawa there is an interruption to the naviga- tion, caused by three miles of rapids and ftdls, to pass which a railroad has been made. At the foot of the rapids, the Ottawa divides among islands into numerous channels, presenting a most imposing array of separate falu. " Six miles above Ottawa begin the rapids terminating in the Ottawa Ghau- diSre Falls, which, inferior in impressive grandeur to the Falls of Niagara, are perhaps more permanently interesting, as presenting greater variety. *' The greatest height of the Ohau- di^re Falls is about 40 feet. Arrayed in every imaginable variety of form in Tast dark masses, in graceful cascades, or in tumbling spray, they have been well described as a hundred rivers strug- gling for a passage. Not the least in- teresting feature which they present is the Lost Ghaudi^re, where a body of water greater in volume than the Thames at London, is quietly sucked down, and disappears imder ground. " At the city of Ottawa the river re- ceives the Bideau from the west, run- ning a course of 116 miles, and drain- ing an area of 1,850 square miles." The city of Ottawa, on the banks of the -river, is thought to be excelled in the beauty of its position, only by Que- bec, on the St. Lawrence. From Bar- rack Hill here, the wide panorama in- cludes the Falls of the Ghaudi^re, the Suspension Bridge, which connects the upper and lower provinces, the islanded stretch of the river above, and of the far-away mountain ranges. Til* HldMa Falli, near the mouth of the Rideau, just below the city of Ottawa, is a charming scene. ** A mile lower it receives, flrom the north, its greatest tributary, the Gati- neau, which, with « course probably of four hundred and twenty miles, drains an area of twelve thousand square miles. For about two hundred miles the upper course of this river is in the un- known northern country. At the far- thest point surveyed, two hundred and seventeen miles from its mouth, the Qatineau is still a noble stream, a thou- sand feet wide, diminished in depth but not in width. " Eighteen miles lower down, the Riviere au Lidvre enters firom the north, after running a course of two hundred and sixty miles in length, and draining an area of four thousand one hundred- miles. Fifteen miles below it, the Ot- tawa receives the North and South Nation Rivers on either side, the former ninety-flvo, and the latter a hundred miles in length. Twenty-two railes further, the River Rouge, ninety miles long, enters from the north. Twenty- one miles lower, the Riviere du Nord, a hundred and sixty miles in length, comes in on the same side ; and lastly, just above its mouth, it receives the River Assumption, which has a course of a hundred and thirty miles. " From Ottawa the river is navigable to Grenville, a distance of fifty-eight miles, where the rapids that occur for twelve miles are avoided by a succes- sion of canals. Twenty-three miles lower, at one of the mouths of the Ot- tawa, a single lock, to avoid a slight rapid, gives a passage into Lake St. Louis, an expansion of the St. Law- rence, above Montreal. **The remaining half of the Ottawa's waters find their way to the St. Law- rence, by passing in two channels, be- hind the Island of Montreal and the Isle Jesus, in a course of thirty-one miles. They are interrupted with ra- pids, still it is by one of them that aJl CANADA. 20 Boatea to the Ott«wA ftnd the SegaeMj Blrera. I islanded ad of the le mouth e olty of from the the Oati- ■obably of 68, drain* id square miles the in the un- .t the far- idred and outh, the n, a thou- depth but lown, the the north, ) hundred d draining B hundred it, the Ot- md South the former hundred wo miles Qcty miles Twenty- du Nord, in length, md lastly, jeives the a course naTigable fifty-eight occur for a suoocs- ree miles of the Ot- a slight Lake St. St. Law- Ottawa^s St. Law- nnela, be- and the thirty-one with ra> thataU the Ottawa lumber passes to market. At Bout de risle, therefore, the Ottawa is finally merged in the St. Lawrence, a hundred and thirty miles below from the city of Ottawa. " The most prominent characteristic of the Ottawa is its great volume. Even above the town, where it has to receive tributaries equal to the Hudson, the Shannon, the Thames, the Tweed, the Spey, and the Clyde, it displays, when unconfined, a width of half-a-mile of strong boiling rapid, and when at the highest, while the north waters are passing, the volume, by calculated ap- proximation, is i\illy equal to that passing Niagara, that is, double the common volume of the Ganges. " Taking a bird's-eye view of the valley of the Ottawa, we see spread out before us a country equal to eight times the State of Vermont, or ten times that of Massachusetts, with its great artery, the Ottawa, curving through it, resem- bling the Rhine in length of course, and the Danube in magnitude. ** This immense region overlies a variety of geological formations, and presents all their characteristic features, from the level uniform surface of the Silurian system, which prevails along a great extent of the Ottawa, to the rug- ged and romantic ridges in the meta- morphic and primitive formations which stretch far away to the north and north- west. "As far as our knowledge of the country extends, we find the greater part of it covered with a luxuriant growth of red and white pine timber, making the most valuable forests in the world, abundantly intersected with large rivers, fitted to convey the timber to market, when manufactured. ** The remaining portion of it, if not so valuably wooded, presents a very ex- tensive and advantageous field for set- tlement. Apart from the numerous townships already surveyed and partly settled, and the large tracts of good land interspersed throughout the tim- ber country, the great region on the upper course of the western tributaries pf the Ottawa, behind the red pine country, exceeds the State of New Hampshire in extent, with an equal climate and superior soil. It is gene- rally a beautify, undulating country, wooded with a rich growth of maple, beech, birch, elm, Ac, and watered with lakes and streams, affording nu« merous mill-sites, and abounding in fish. Flanking on the one side the luAibering country, which presents an excellent niarket for produce, and adjoining Lake Huron on the other, the situation, though comparatively inland^ is highly advantageous. In the diversity of re- sources the Ottawa country presents unusual attractions alike to agnoultural and commercial enterprise.**. Rcutetfnm Montreal up the Ottawa*' — Steamers run daily, dunng the sum- mer months, between Montreal and Ottawa, and Kingston and Ottawa, via the Rideau OanoL Above Ottawa the traveller may proceed by carriage or by stage, nine miles, to the village of Aylraer, and thence by steamer to the Chats; thence by railway, two miles; then agun by steamer to the Portage du Fort : now, wagons for awhile, and then agidn a steamer to Pembroke, and yet another from thence to Deux Joa- cbims ; afterwards he must canoe it. The Sagneiuiy. The journey up this beautiful river may be made by steamer from Quebec semi-weekly ; and, perhaps, by the coming summer (1867), daily. The round trip, from Quebec and back, will occupy about three days, at a cost of |l2. The course of the Saguenay is between lofty and precip- itous heights; and, in its upper part, amid rushing cataracts — 100 miles from Lake St. John to the St. Lawrence, which it enters 120 miles below Quebec. Large ships ascend 60 miles. In the 4rip from Quebec to the Sa- guenay beauties there, are many inter- esting points to be noted in the pre- ceding journey of 120 miles down the St. Lawrence ; the ancient-looking set- tlements on its banks, and the not less picturesque habitant of the country. A day's sail lands the voyager at River du Loup, where he passes the night on board his steamer, waiting for 80 OAHAOA. OharMtcrittlet of th« SacacMj. The Month of Ui« Bagneiuy. the following morning to resume his Journey. The Saguenay is a perfectly straight river, with grand precipices on either side. It has neither windings nor pro- jecting bluffs, or sloping banks or sandy shores like other rivers, nor is its stem, itranee aspect varied by either village or viUa. *' It is," says a voyager thither, "as if the mountain range had been olefk asunder, leaving a horrid gulf of 60 miles in length an^ 4,000 feet in depth, through the grey mica schist, and still looldng fresh and new. One thousand five hundred feet of this is perpendicular cliff, often too steep and solid for the hemlock or dwarf-oak to find root ; in which case, being covered with colored lichens and moss, their fresh-looking fractures often appear, in riiape and color, like painted fans, and are called the pictured rocks. But those parts more slanting are thickly covered with stunted trees, spruce, and maple, and birch growing wherever they can find crevices to extract nourishment; and the bare roots of the oak, grasping the rock, have a resemblance to gigantic claws. The bases of these clifb ue far under water, to an unknown depth. For many miles from its mouth no soundings have been obtained with two thousand feet of line ; and, for the en* tire distance of 60 miles, until you reach Ha Ha Bay, the largest ships can sidl, without obstruction from banks or shoals, and, on reaching the extremity of the bay, can drop their anchor in 80 fathoms. The view up this river is Bin> gular in many respects ; hour after hour, as you sail along, precipice after pre« cipice unfolds itself to view, as in a moving panorama ; and you sometimes forget the size and height of the objects you are contemplating, until -reminded by seeing a ship of one thousand tons lying like a small pinnace under the towering cliff to which she is moored ; for, even in these remote and desolate re^ons, industry is at work, and, al> though you cannot much PlMM. wn depth. mouth no 1 with two or the en* you reach can aail, banks or eztremitj shor in 80 ver ia ain- fterhour, ifter pre- aa in a ometimea le objecta reminded and tona nder the moored ; desolate and, al- iBoem it, Bome of fall into kes one r strand, e moun- gloemj aetriitu of the hiUs, and formed some alluTial land at the mouth, no coves, nor creeks, nor projectinff rooks are seen in which a boat could End ahelter, oi* any footing be obtained. The oharact riatic is a steep wall of rook rlsinc abruptly from the water ; a dark and desolate region, where all is cold and sloomy ; the mountaina hidden with driTing mbt, the water black aa inic, and cola aa ice. No duoka nor aea-guHs sitting on the water, or screaming for their prey. No hawka nor eagles soaring overhead, al> though there ia abundance of what might be called ' Eagle Olitfa.* No deer coming down to drink at the streams, no squirrels nor birds to be seen anibng the trees. No fly on the water, nor swallow akimmiag orer the surfiMse. It reminda you of *That lake whoM gtAomy tbora Skj-lark imtw warblM o'ar.* Two living thinga you may see, but these are cold-blooded animaUi; you may see the cold seal, spreading him- self upon his clammy rock, watching for hia prey. Tou may see him make his sullen plunge into the water, like to the Styx for blackness. You may see him emerge asain, shaking his smooth oily sides, and holding a huge living salmon writhing in his teeth ; and you may envy the fellow faring so sumptu- ously, until you recollect that you have just had a hearty breakfast of fresh grilled salmon yourself, and that you enjoyed it as much as your fellow crea- ture ia now enjoying his raw morsel. And this is all you see for the first twenty miles, save the ancient settle- ment of Tadousao at the entrance, and the pretty cove of L'Ance a rEau, which is a fishing station. " Now you reach Cape Etemite, Cape Trinit6, and many other overhanging cliffs, remarkable for having such clean fractures, seldom equalled for boldness and effect, which create constant ap- prehensions of danger, even in a calm, but if you happen to be caught in a thunder-storm, the roar, and darkness, and flashes of lightning are perfectly frightfUL , At last you temunate your voyage at Ha Ha Bay ; that is, smiling or laughing bay, in the Indian tongue, for you are perfectly charmed and re- lieved to arrive at a beautif\il spot, where you have sloping banka, a pebbly shore, boats, and wherries, and vessejs riding at anchor ; birds and animals, a village, a church, French Canadians, and Scottiah Highlandera.** After duly enjoying the pleasant " let down " from the high tragic tone of the landacape you have been so long gating upon and wondering at, formed in the comparatively pastoral character of this upper region of the Ottawa, you return to your steamer, and descending the stem and solemn river, come again, at night-fkll, to the River du Loup, from whence you started in the morning. This is the second day of your journey, ,and on the third you are back once more in Quebec. 8PBIN08. Hm Oaladonla Spuinn, a place of much resort, are at tne village of Cale- donia, 72 mUes flrom Montreal. Leave Montreal by the Lachine railway, and take the steamer to Carillon. At Point Fortune, opposite Carillon, on the other side of the Ottawa, take stage to the springs, arriving the same evening. Fare generally |2.26. Board at the springs from $1.26 to 76 cents per day. PlantagmMt Springa. From Mon- treal to Point Fortune, as in the route to the Caledonia springs; and thence by stage, arriving same evening. Dis- tance 88 miles. Fare about $4. The consumption of the " Plantagenet water" is said to be very great. Tha St. Xieon Spring! are at the village of St. Leon, on the Riviere du Loup, between Montreal and Quebec; 26 miles by stage from Three Rivers, a landing of the St. Lawrence steam- ers. St. Oathazlne*!, Canada West, on the Great Western Rulway, 11 miles from Niagara Falls, and 82 miles from Hamilton. See St. Catharine's in route from Montreal to Niagara via the SL Lawrence. \ &2 CANADA. OB8oade»—BaiIwa7S— Montreal. WATEBFALLS m CANADA. Mlaganu See chapter on the state of New York! Falls of Montmoreiioi. See Qoiebec. The Ohaudiere Falls on the Otta- wa. See Ottawa river. The Ohaudiere Falls, Quebec. See Oity of Quebec. The Ridean Falls. See Ottawa river. The Falls of Shawanegan are on the river St., Maurice, 26 miles from Thrte Rivers, on the St. Lawrence river, between Montreal and Quebec. The St. Maurice, 186 feet in breadth at this point, makes p perpendicular de- scent o£ about 200 feet. The imposing character of this scene is, as yet, but little known. Between the Falls and the town of Three Bivers, the St. Maurice affords excellent fishing. St. Anneli Falls are 24 miles belpw Quebec. See Quebec. . RAILWAYS. The Orand Trunk connects Montreal with Quebec, and each with Portland in Maine. Froilii Montreal it follows the upper shore of the St. Lawrence and of Lrice Ontario to Toronto, and thence continues westward, across the peninsu- la of Canada West, to the State of Mi- chigan, at Port Samia, on the southern extremity of Lake Huron. The western extremity of the route is not yet coni- ideted. It connects with routes to Ni- a^ra Falls, with the line of the Great Western Railway, and with the routes Mississippiwards. The Oreat Western Railway extends fh>m Niamra Falls, 229 miles west to Detroit, Michigan, connecting with the Michigan central route for Chicago, &e. The 'Montreal and New York road extends from Montreal 67 miles to Flattsburg, and is a part of the route from Montreal to New York. The Champlain and St. Lawrence ex- tends from Montreal, 44 railt::^,to Rouse's Point on Lake Champlain, thence to New York, Boston, dec. The Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron, ex- tends 97 miles from Toronto on Lake Ontario to Collingwood on the Geor- gian Bay, Lake Huron. A part of a pleasant route from New York to Lake Superior. The Ottawa and Prescott Railway ex- tends from Prescott (opposite Ogdens- burg) on the St. Lawrence, 64 miles to Ottawa, on the Ottawa river. The Hamilton and Toronto road ex- tends 38 miles from Toronto to Ham- ilton, connecting the Grand Tnmk and the Great Western routes. The Coburg and Pieterboro' Railway, 28 miles from Peterboro' to Coburg, on the line of the Grand Trunk, between Montreal and Toronto. Many other routes are either ip pro- gress, or are proposed, among them one along the upper shore of the St. Lawrence, from Montreal to Quebec. MONTBSAL. Montreal may be reached daily from New York in from 16 to 18 hours, by the Hudson river or Harlem railway to Albany ; thence by railway to White- hall ; thence by steamer on Lake Cham- plain, or railway through Vermont to Plattsburg; thence by the Montreal and New York road. From Boston via Albany, or other routes to Lake Cham- plain, kc.; or, via Portland and the Grand Trunk railway. Hotels. The Doncgana, Notre-Dame street; the St. Lawrence, Great *&t. James street, a"fine house, centrally lo- cated; the Ottawa, Great St. James street ; and the Montreal House, Cus- ton House square, opposite the Steam- boat Wharf. Besides these leading es- tablishments, there are ma^ other comfortable houses, as the Franklin, William street; the American, St. Henry street ; the Canada, St. Cbbriel street; the St. Nicholas, in Jacques Cartier square, &c. The Metropolitan Saloon, Notre-Dame street; O'Meara's Place d'Armes ; and the Shakespeare Inn, St. Francois Xavier street, are ex- cellent caf£s. Montreal, the most populous city in British North America, is picturesquely, situated at the foot of the Royal Moun-' tain, from which it takes its name, upon a large island at the confluence of OAKADA. 99 The City of MontreaL lespeare are ex- MantnaL the Ottawa and St. Lawrence, i%liicb, both in fertility and.cnltiTatjon, ib con- sidered the garden of Canada East. The main branch of the Ottawa, which is the timber highway to Quebec, pa.h^.?e8 north of Montreal Island, and enters the St. Lawrence about 18 miles below the city ;. about one*third of its waters are, however, discharged into Lake St. Louis, and joining but not mingling at Caughnawaga, the two distinct bodies pass over the Sault St. Louis and the Lachine Rapids— the dark waters of the Ottawa washing the quays of Montreal, while the blue St. Lawrence occupies the other shore. Nov do they merge their distinctive character until they are several miles below Montreal. The quays of Montreal are unsurpassed by those of any city in America ; built of solid limestone, and uniting with the locks and cut stone wharves of the La- chine Canal, they present for several miles a display of continuous masonry, which has few parallels. Unlike the levees of the Ohio and the Mississippi, no unsightly warehouses disfigure the 2* river ride. A broad terrace, faced wHb gray limestone, the parapets of which are surmounted with a substantial iron rsuling, divides the city from the river throughout its whole extent The people in Montreal number nearly 75,0004 and the population steadily increaring. The houses in the suburbs are handisomely built in the modem style, and mostly inhabited by the principal merchants. Including its suburbs, of which it has several, the city stretches along the riv^r for two miles from 8. w. to v. >., and, for some distance, extends between ode and two miles inland. It was formerly surround* ed by a battlemented wall; but this having fallen into decay, it is now en- tirely open. Paul street, the chief com- mercial thoroughfare, extends oJong the river the whole length of the city. Notre-Dame-street is the fashionable promenade. The French Cathedral. Of the pub- lic buildings, the most remarkable is the Roman Catholic Cathedral, Place d'Armes, constructed in the Oothie \ H CANADA. MontTMl— PabUe EdifioM. style, with a l^ugth of 265^ feet, and a breadth of 1341 feet. Ithas six towers, of which three belonging to the main firont are 220 feet high. The yiew from these towers — embracing the city and its suburbs, the river, and the surround- ing country — ^is exceedingly beautifiil. The principal window of the Cathe- dral is 64 feet high and 82 broad. Of the Tastness of the interior of this edifice j an idea may be formed from the fact that it is capable of accommodating from 10,000 to. 12,000 persons. This immense assembly may, by numerous outlets, disperse in fire or six minutes. !I%e Seminary of St. Suhiee, ad- Joiidng the Cathednl^ is 182 feet long, and 29 deep, and is surrounded by spa- dous gardens. Tht Bank of Montreal and the Oity Bakky the first a fine example' of Co- rinthian architecture, are on the op- posite sides of the square, or Place d'Armes. St, PatricV* Cffiiureh (Oatholio) oc- cupies a commanding position at th* west end of Lagauchetiere street. The Bidutp^e Church (Catholic) is a yery elegant structure m St. Dennis street. The remdning Catholic churches are the Recollet, in Notre Dame street, the Bonsecours, near the large market, and the St. Mary's, in Orififtntown. There are also chapels attached to all the Nunneries, in some pf which excellent pictures may be seen. Nunntrie*. The Qrey Nuns, in Foundling street, was founded, in 1692, for the care cf lunatics and children. The Hotel Dieu was established in 1644, for the sick generally. The JJUack, or congr^^tionu nunnery, in Notre Dame street, dates from 1669. The Sster- hood, at this third and last of the con- yentual establbhments of Montreal, deyote themselyes to the education of young persons of their own sex. The stranger dedrous of yis|ting either of the nunneries should aii^y to the Lady Superior for admission^ which is seldom refused. The Protestant churches worthy of notice are St. Andrew's Church, in Bever Hall, a beautiful specimen of Qothio architecture, being a close imitation of Salisbury Cathedral, in England, though of course on a greatly reduced scale. This, with St. Pavd's Church, in St. Helen street, are in eonnection with the 'Es- tablished Church of Scotland. TheEpia- copslian churches are, the Cathedral, or Christ's Church, in Notre Dame street, St George's Church, in St. Joseph street, Sb Stephen's, in GriflOntown, Trimty, in St. Paul street, and St. Thomas', in St. Mary street. Various other denominations of Christians have churches — ^the Wesley- ans, a large and yery handsome build- ing, in St. James' street, and also others in Griffintowa and Montcalm street ; the Independents, two, one in Gosford street, and one in Badegonde street. This last was the scene of the sad riot and loss of life on the occasion of Gavazzi's lecture in 1852. The Free Church has also two places of worship, one in CotA street, and one in St. Gabriel street; besides these, there are ( t o w B is in ai C< bf ^ th St se th or • sti of str on tW( tnj Th ro( an( all pn rw lat tot at( Hi] l8| Ut ma tio set wit aii( CSAKADA. 86 The OUj of Qaeb6«. tiie American and the United Presb;- teriaUf the Baptist, and the Unitarian Ohurohes; a small Jewish Synagogue, the last named being classical in de- lagn. Pirectly opposite the city is the wharf of the New Tork and St. Lawrence Rail- way Company. Below Nan*a Island are seen the gigantic piers of the Tabular Bridge, a wondernil structure, which is to span the great St. Lawrence. ITu Bonteeoura Market is an impos- ing Doric ecUfice, erected at a cost of $280,000. In one of the upper stories ue the Offices of the Corporation and Council Chamber, and a concert or baU-room capable of seating 4,000 people. The view from the dome of this structure, overiooking the river and St. Helen's Isle, are well worth the seeing. At the head of Place Jacques Oartier there is a column erected to the mem* cry of the naval hero. Lord Nelson. The Court Souse is one of the most striking of the architectural specialities of the city. * The Fott Offtee is in Great James* street. The Custom House is a neat bnildii g on the site of an old market-place, be- tween St. Paul street and the river. The Merehants^ Exchange and Bead- ing-Room, ure in St. Sacrament street. The latter is a laree and comfortable room, well supplied with newspapers and perio^cals, English and American, all at the service of the stranger, when properly introduced. The General Hospital and 8t. Pat- rick's are in Dorchester street; the latter, however, at the west end of the town. JTOilPs College is beautiftdly ritu- ated at the base of the mountain. The ffigh School department of the college is in Belmont street. The city also possesses an English University, chartered in 1821 ; and many other institutions for the promo- tion of learning— IVench and English •emhiaries, a roval grammar-school, with parochial, umon, nationH, Sunday, •ad other public schools. It has nu- merous societies for the advancement of reli^on, sdenee, and industry ; and , several public libraries. ' The Water -Worke, a mile or so from the city, are extremely interesting for their own sake, and for the fine view of the neighborhood to be seen thence. 3%« Jftuirf Jto^al Cemeterg is two miles fi*Om the dty, on the mae&Uim slope of the mountuni' Froili the lUgh roaid round its base, a broad atenoe through the shaded hill-side gradually ascends io tUs feasant spot. There are other romantic biwylng- anroun^ both of tiie OathoUc and the Protestuii po^lathm, in the vidi^y of Montreal, jaxA other scenies which the visitw Should enjoy— pleasant rides afl •bottt^ifOttnd themoutitun and by the riv«r, before he bids good-bye to the Queen Qty of Canada. Qiebeo may be pleasantly ^Mched from K««r iTorkt via Boston to P<»«- laad^ Ifaiiie^ uid thence 244 miles by the Glwitf Traah Bulway, total dis- tatice, by this route, from New Tork to Quebec, 664 miles ; or, from New York by the Hudson Itiver Railway or steam- bofits; or by the Harlem Railway to Albany, thence to Whitehall, thence on Lake Cuiam{dlain to Plattsburg, thence by the Montreal and New Tork Rail- way to Montreal, and from Montreal by steamer down the St Lawrence, or by the Qrand Trunk Railway. Distance by railway, from Montreal to Quebec, 168 miles. There are other railwav routes from Boston to Quebec, via Al- bany, or via the Vermont lines to Lake Champlain and Montreal. Hotels. Russell, Palace street, Up- per Town; Swords*, comer of Halm- mand and St. Louis streets, U. T. ; City Hotel, 1, Garden street, U. T.; Ottawa, 4 Sadlt au Chatelot street, L.T. ; Lamb's, comer of St. Joseph and Cor- rillard streets, U. T. ; London Coffee House, Cul de Sac street, L. T. ; Man- mon House, St. George's street, U. T. ; Melrose Hotel, Lower Town Market- place, &c. Quebec is tiie capital of United Can- \ 99 CANADA. Qaebeo— FabUo Bnlldings. adftf and, after Montreal, the most nulous city in British North America, i upon the left bank of the St. Law- rence river, and some 840 miles from the Ocean. The city was founded in 1608, by the geographer, Ghampkin. It fell into the possession of the British in 1619, but was restored three years later. The English made an unsuccefsful attempt to regain possession in 1690, but it did not finally come iqto their hands until taken by General Wolfe, in 1769. The city is cUvided into two sections, called the Upper and the Lower Towns ; the Upper Town occupying the highest part of the promontory,' which is sur- rounded by strong walls and other for* tifications ; and the Lower Toiin, being built around the base of Gape Diamohd. The latter is the business quarter. 7%« Citadel, in the Upper Team, crowning the summit of Gape Diamond, covers about 40 acres with its numerous buildings. Its impregnable position makes it perhaps the strongest fortress on this continent ; and the name of the *' Gibraltar of America" has been often ^Ten to it not inaptly. The walls of the^ Gitadel are entered by five gates. That, called the Palace Gate, leads to the Ashley Barracks, which have accom- modation for 2,000 troops. The St. Louis Gate, on the south-west, mes access to the Plains of Abraham, the scene of Wolfe's victory and death, in 1769, and of the death of Montgomery, in December, 1776. The Prescott Gate is the only entrance on the St. Lawrence side of the fortress. The view from the Gitadel b remark- ably fine, taking in, as it does, the op- posite banks of the great river for nearly half a hundred miles up and down. The promenade here, on the ramparts above the esplanade, is charm- ing. Below, on the walk, between the gardens of the castle, is an obelisk to the memory of Wolfe and Montcalm. The Parliament Home, Among the chief public edifices of Quebec is the New Parliament House, upon the site of the former building destroyed by fire in 1864. The Rmnan Catholic Cathedral was erected under the anspices of the first Bishop of Quebec, and was consecrated in 1666. It is 216 feet long, and 80 feet in breadth. I%e Ursuline Convent and the Chureh of St. Uremia are agreeable build- ings, encompassed by pleasant gar- dens. This establishment was founded in 1689,. and holds a high position in the public esteem. It contains a Superior, fifty nuns, and six novices, who give instruction in reading, writing, and needle-work. The convent was ' cnW % ru. TlM Gltadd, Qmbeo. CANADA. ST Plaina of Abnliun>-Wolf«'s Gave— Montmoren3i. destroyed by fire in 1660, and again in 1686. Tlie remdns of the Marquis de Montcalm are buried here. IHe Artillery Bamtcka form a range of stone buildings 600 feet in length. Durham Terrace is the site of the old castle of St. Louis, which was en- ^fely consumed by fire in 1884. The English Protettant Cathedral, consecrated in 1804, is one of the finest modern edifices of the city. 8t. Andrew^e Churchy in St. Anne street, is in connection with the Scotch Establishment. The Methodists have a chapel in St. Stanislaus's street, and an- other in St. Louis suburb, called the Centenary GhapeL Th« ZiOwwr Tomi. The passage from the Upper to the Lower Town is by Mountain street, though foot passengers take the shorter way known as the Break-neck Stairs. There will be found the Exchange, th« Banks,' and other commercial estabUshments. The Plains of ▲faraham may be reached via the St. Louis Qate, and the counterscarp on the left, leading to the glacis of the citadel ; hence towards the right ; approaching one of the Martello Towers, where a fine view of the St. Law- rence opens. A little beyond, up the ^ght bank, is the spot where General Wolfe fell on the famous historic ground of the Plains of Abraham. It is the highest ground, and is surroimded by wooden fences. Within an enclosure lower down is a stone well, from which water was brought to the dying hero. Wolfe*! Oavie^ the spot where Mimt- gomery was killed, and other scenes, telling tales of the memorable past. Will be pointed out to the traveUer in this neighborhood. ■nio Mount Baraum Oametary is about three miles from the city, on the south side of the St. Louis Road. 1%e Sounds are 82 aorM in extent, sloping ■egularly but beautifully down the precipices which overhang the St. Law- rence. They were laid out by the Ute Major Douglass, of the U. S. Sin^- neers, who had previously displayed his skill and taste in the an-ange- ments of the Greenwood Cemetery, near New York. Zrfnretta. To see Lorette may be made the motive of an aereeable ex- cursion from Quebec, following the banks of the St. Charles. Ziako St. Oharlaa is four miles long, and one broad. It is divided by pro- jecting ledges into two parts. It is^a delightful spot, in its natural attractions, and in the fine sport it afibrds to the angler. TIm Falla of Montmorenoi, eight miles distant, are among the chief de- lights of the vicinage of Quebec. The river here is 60 feet wide, and the de- scent of the torrent 260 feet. "The effect of the view of these falls upon the bejiiolder is most delight- ful. The river, at some distance, seems suspended in the air, in a sheet of bil- lowy foam, and contrasted, as it is, with the black frowning abyss into which it falls, it is an object of the high- est interest. The sheet of foam, which first breaks over the ridge, is more and more divided as it {dunges and is dashed against the succeiasive layers of rock, which it almost completely veUs from view; the spray becomes very delicate and abundant, from top' to bottom, hanging over, and revolving around the torrent, till it becomes lighter and more evanescent than the whitest fleecy clouds of summer, than the finest attenuated web, than the lightest gossa- mer, constituting the most airy and sumptuous drapOry that can be imagin- ed. Tet, like the drapery of some of the Grecian statues, which, while it veil, exhibits more forcibly the form be> neath, this does not hide but exalts the effect produced by this noble cata- ract. *^ Those who vidt the falls in the winter, see one fine feature added to the scene, although they may lose some others. The spray freezes, and forms a regular cone, of 100 feet and upwards in height, standing immedi- ately at the bottom of the cataract, like some huge giant of fabulous noto- riety." The extraordinary formation called '/^" 88 OAITADA. QmImo— Falb of 8t Anno— 7alla of fhe Ohaadlftr*. '1 ^/^ w^- ' ^7- -/'V* Fallit of Montmorenoi. tke Natural Steps, will not fail to in- terest the vitttor at MontmorenoL Th« Fallvof 8t AniM, in the rirer St. Anne, 24 miles below Quebec, are in a neighboriiood of' great jaoturesque beauty. Starting firom the dty in the morning betimes, one may yitit Mont- morenoi nicely, and proceed thence the same CTcnhiff to St. Anne. Next morning after a leisurely surrey of these oaseades, there will be most of the day bft to get back, with any ditourt that may seem detdrable, to Quebec. Th* Fall* of tlM dunidiira are reached via Point Levi. The rapid rirer plunges over a precipice of 180 Cset, presenting very much the look of IxmUi^; water, from whence its name of chaudiere or caldron. The cataract it broken into three separate parts by the intervention of huge projecting rocks, but it is reuitited bdbre it reaches the badn ben'^pth. * *We take our leave of this venerable city, its unique natural beauties, and its winning stories, with the remembrance of some of the impresrions it made upon Professor Silliman, when he visited it years ago: — "Quebec," he writes, ** at least for an American city, is certainly A very peculiar pdjace. A military town — containmg about 20,000 inhabitants — ^most compactly and permanently built— environed, as to its most import* ant parts, by waUs and gates-rand de- fended by numeroos heavy oannoiw- m- Towns la Ouud*— Yojag* up tlv^St Lnmiiet. 80 Mt to bythfl rooks, esthe erable indite >rance upon Ited it "at iainly town italite aently port" d de- garrisoned by troops baring the arms, the costume, the music, the discipline of Europe—foreign in language, fea- tures, and origin, from most of those whom they are sent to defend — ^founded upon a rook, and in its highest parte overlooking a great extent of country»- between 800 and 400 miles from the ocean — In the midst of a great con- tinent, and yet displaying fleete of foreign merchantmen m ite fine capa- cious bay — and showing all the bustle of a crowded seaport — ^ite streete nar- row, populous, and winding up And dosrn almost mountaiboua dediVmes— situated in the latitude of the finest parte of Europe^-ezhibiting in ite en- virons the beauty of an European capital— 4ind yet in winter smarting with the cold of Siberia — governed by a people of different language and habite from the mass of the population — 9Pposed in reBgion, and yet leaving that population wiUiout taxes, and in the full enjoyment of every jnivilege, civil and religious." . Toionto, on Lake Ontario, and the line of the Grand Trunk Railway ; from Quebec, 601 miles; fiou Montreid, 888 miles ; fi^m Hamiltoii, 88 miles ; from Niagara Falls, 81 Uttes. For 'deser^)- tion, CM Toronto^ in route from Hon* treal to Niagara, via the St. Lawrence. Bingatoii, at the foot of Lake Onta* rio, on the St. Lawrence, and on the line of the Grind Trunk Railway ; from Quebec, 841 ttiiles; from Montreal, 178 miles; from Toronto, 160 miles. Bee JRngaUm in route from Montrteal to magara. Hamilton, near the eastern terminus of the Great Western Railway, at the head of Lake Ontario; from Quebec, 689 miles; from Montreal, 871 miles; from Toronto, 88; from Niagara, 48. See route from Montreal to Niagara. Ziondon is a prosperous town, mid- way on the line of the Great Western Railway, in ite traverse of the peninsula of Canada West firom Lake Ontario to Lake Huron.' Distant from Niagara Falls, 119 miles, west; from Hi^nilton, 76 miles; from Toronto, 114 miles; ftt>m Montreal, 447 miles ; from Quebec, 616 miles. In 1820, the present site of London was a wilderness, occupied by ji the savages and the wild deer ; now ite ' population exceeds 12,000. JAke Ham- ilton, Toronto, and all the growing towns of Canada, it is Well bunt, upon wide streets, and with elegant and sub- stantial arcbitecturew MONTBBAL TO lOAOABA FALLS ; Ui^ THE BT. LAWbInOB BIVSB AND LAKE OMTABia The trairellcr may go firom Mon- treal to IQagara, either by steamer on the St Lawrence, or by the Grand Trunk Railway, 888 miles to Toronto on Lake Ontiiio. At Toronto he may cross the weiteni end of the lake to the town of IQanrft, and thence reach the FaUs by the jMo and Ontario Railwav 14 mibfe liMig; or he may so less di> reetly, by water or by rail to Hamilton, and thenee by n41 A^^in to the Falls. Ur ncB Sf. IjJLWuaot nou Mow- TB>4Jb. :$ii9iinViktot Ctaukda tor gene- ral mtiiatlwoi^^' St. Lawrence. ZiadWNlK firom Montreal the trav- eller wUl fiiiQveed nine miles to La- chine by ipjlwajr, avoiding the rapids which the steamerp sometimes descend. At LaohM to; the residence of Sir Dc.»aga, subsist chiefly by narigating barges and rafts down to Montreal, and in wintei^, by a trade in moccasins ; ■now-tfhoes, &o. They are mostly Roman Oatholic8,and pbasess an elegant church. laikm St. Zicnia. The brQirn floods of the Ottawa assist in forming this K>at expanse of the St. Lawrence, ey roll unmixed through the dear- er water of the great river. On the northern shore of Lake St. Louis is the island of Montreal, 80 miles long. At the western extremity is laU Perrot. The Ceueade Rajoida separate the ex- ?ftnseJuBt passed from Lake St. Francis, he Beauhamois Oanal here is 11^ miles in length, and has nine looks. * Irfik* 8t> Franola, into which the Toyager now enters, extends 40 miles. Midway on the right, is the village of Lahoabtkr, where a pile of stones or Mtm has been thrown up in honor of £Kr John Colborne, formerly Govemor- Oeneral of Canada, now Lord Seaton. Leaving Lake St. fVancis, we pass the passage of the celebrated Lom Sault rapids. Here, too, is the ComiaaU Canal, 11'^ miles in length, with 1 iccks of noble size. Oomwall is a pleasant town, for- merly cidled *' Pointe Maline," in me- mento of the labor of ascending tlM river at this point. Tha ViUaig* of St. lUglaliesaorosg fh)m OornwaUL It forms the boundary between Canada and the State of New Tork, and also intersects the tract of land occupied by the 1,000 Iroquois, American and British, who dwell here. Didkanaom Tiwidihg is at the head of the Cornwall oanal, within the roac«,V of the 88 mUes- which follow to Fres- cott ; the villages of MovLiMKm, Maria Town, and Matilda, are successively passed. Th» Battto Fldd of Ohydw^ Famii where the Americans met a de* feat in the last war, lies a little above Mari» Town. Pkwwott is rajridly recovering its prestige lost when the construction of the Rideau Oanal won its trade away to Kingston; for now a railway from New Tork approaches it at Ogdensbuj^, and another connects it with Ottawa city, on the Ottawa river; ' Besides wUch advantages, it is on the line of the Orand Trunk route. From Fres- cott may be seen the windmill and the ruined houses, mementoes of the at* tempt at invuion by' Sohultz and liis band in 1888. Qgdansbarf, New Tork, the western Bj«f'''^''*^ Kingiton, Canada Wast OAKAOA. 41 Up the Bt Lawrenoe— Kingston, eto. terminus Of the Northern Railway from Lalte Ghnmplain, is opposite Prescott. Maitlann, built upon tlie site of an old French fort, is seven miles above Prescott. BrookviUe is yet five miles more, on- ward.* It is one of the best built towns in Canada West. Oananoqoe is 12 miles above Brock- ▼lUe. At Kiiigtton, 20 miles yet beyond Gananoque, we leave the St. Lawrenoe, and approach the waters of Lake Onta- rio, having previously made our way for an hour through the wonderful labyrinth of the famous " Thousand Isles." Bee The Lake of a **7%om- »and lelee^" in the chapter on Canada. Wolfe's Island, a well-cultivated spot. Is opposite Kingston. The city of Kingston, modern as it appears, looks far back for its history, as its advanta- geous locale did not fail to attract the notice of the early French discoverers. It was once occupied as a small fort called Gataraqui, otherwise known as Frontenao, and was the scene of various sieges and explmts before it passed with all the territory of the Canadas from French to British rule. It was from this point that murderous expeditions were inade by the Indians in ^e olden times agunst Albany and other English settlements of New York; which in turn sent back here its retributive blows. The present city was founded in 1783. It has now a population of about 16,000. Among its objects of interest, are the fortifications of Fort Henry, on a hill upon the eastern side of the Itideau Canal ; two Hartello Towers off the town ; and other defensive works ; the University of Queen's College ; the Roman Catholic College of Re^opoUs ; and, the Provincial Penitentiary a Uttle to the west of the city. As the navigation of the St. Lawrence ends at Kingston, the river boats are exchanged here for others more suited to the lake voyages. Lake Ontario — American shore. — Let us, before we enter the great waters of Ontario, say a word to the traveller who may prefer to make the voyage along the^mmcan or lower shore of the lake. From the boundary line 46° the en- tire lUtoral is in the State of New York. Frmioh Oreak comes into the St. Lawrence as we leave it. It was here that General Wilkinson embarked (No> vember 1818) with 7,000 men, with the purpose of descending the river and attacking Montreal. A week subse- ,quently, an engagement took place near Williamsburg, on the Canadian side, when the Americans came off but poorly. General Wilkinson being di*> appointed in his expectation of rein- forcements from Plattsburg, retired to French Mills, and there went into winter- quarters. This place was afterwards named Fort Covington, in memory of General Co'-'ngton, who fell at the battle of Williamsburg. Saokett'ii Barbor, ^. Y.,) Ues 2Q miles below the mouth of French Greek. It is on the eastern extremity of the lake, on the south side of Black lUver Bay. This was the naval station of the Undted States during the English and American War of 1812. In May 1818, Sir GeorgePrevost made a landingwithl,000 troops, bvt re-embarked without accom- plishing auy thing. The Navy Yard here is a prominent object as we land. Oswego, (N. Y.,) is the chief com- mercial port on the American shore of Ontario. It is very agreeably situated at the mouth of the Oswego river. The Oswego Canal comes in here (88- miles) from Syracuse, and the railway, also, from the same place. Oarthage, the port of the city of Rochester, (N. Y.,) is at the approach to Lake Ontario, of the beautiful (Ge- nesee river. (See " Rochester.") From the mouth of Hie Genesse to Fort Niagara, a distance of 86 miles, the coast now presents a monotonoos and forest-covered level, with a clearing only here and there. Having now peeped at the American, or southern shore, we will go back to Kingston, and start again On the upper side of the lake, making first for To- ronto, 166 miles distant ; from Mont- real, 198 miles. Oobvucgi with a population of about \ 49 GANADA. Th« Bt Lawnnee— Tow to th« Onat Lakm. ^ 6,000, ii 79 milM from Toronto. It is one of the itaoit eztenoiTe cotton manu- ikotoriM in;CanAd«. A railway from Fetfrboro* (80 miles diatant) cornea in Iiere. In the Tioinase is tlie Vietoria CfoUMt, founded by Act of the FroTin- oial Legialature in 1842. Pent Bop* is seven miles abore Oo- burar. From this point, or from Goburg, the journey to Kingston is often charm- ingly made overland, through a beautiful country at the head of tho&ay of QmnU, a singular arm of the St. Lawrence. Toranto i$ the larg^t and most populous city in Oanada West, ^ty years ago the site of the present busy mart was occupied by two Indian fiun- ilies only. In 1*798, Governor Simcoe bemn the settlement under the name of York, changed, when it was incor- porated in 1884, to Toronto— meaning, m the Indian tongue, "The place of ' meeting.** The population, in USl?, numbered only 1,200 ; in 1860, it had reached 26,000 ; and now, it is, perhaps, 46j000, or upwards. The Provhicial Lee^ature meets at Toronto and Quebec, alternately, every four years — an arrangement made since the disturbances of 1849, which resulted in the burning of the Farliament Houses at Montreal. Among the public buildings of To- ronto, the traveller will perhaps please himself with a peep at the Catholic Church of St. Michael, the St. James* Cathedral (English), the University of Toronto, tne St. Lawrence Hall and Market, the Parliament House, Os- goode Hall, the Post OflBoe, the Court- Bouse, the Exchange, the Mechanics* Institute, Knox's Church, Trinity Col- lege, Upper Canada College, the Lunatic Asylum, the Jail, and the'Kormal and Mo- del Schools. At Toronto, the traveller may, if he pleases, reach l^agara direct, without touching at Hamilton, as we propose to do in our present journey. Hamilton is among the most beau- tiful and most prosperous cities of Canada. It aspires, even, to » run a race with Toronto, one of the "2.40** nags of the province. Many advan- tages promise it a brave future. It is at the head of the western extremity of Lake Ontario, connected with tha eastern capitals of the United States, and with Quebec, Montreal, and To* ronto, by the Grand Trunk, and the Hamilton and Toronto Railwavs; and with Lake Huron and the MisiissippI States, by the Great Western RaUway, which traverses the garden lands of Canada ; and, via the wispension Bridge at Niagara, with the whole railway system of New York. The distance from Toronto to Hamilton, by tha steamer, is 46 miles— time, two and a half hours ; by railwav, 88 miles — time (express), 1 hour 24 minutes. The pop- ulation of Hamilton, in 1840, was 6,600 ( at this time it much exceeds 20,000. From Hamilton to th* TtJUa, Distance, by the Great Western Bait way, from Hamilton to the Suspension Bridge, 48 miles— time, 1 hour, 85 minutes. Stations, Ontario, Grimsbv, Beamsville, Jordak St. Catherines, Thorold, Niagara Falls. St Onthnine't is the chief point of interest on this part of our route. Its pleasant topography, and, nuMre partic- ularly, its nuHeral watert, is making it a place of great summer resort. Here we leave the reader to establish himself at Niagara, and to see all its marvels, having elsewhere pointed out where he should go, and what should be his itiniraire while there. See Niagara J^o/^ (New York). THE GBSAT LAKES. A delightful tour, of a few weeks, may be made, in the heat of the sum- mer, among the natural wonders of the regim Portland or Boston, by railroad to Montreal, ftc. Bjf Steam- boat, daily, from Buffalo, or from Ohi- oago, fto., to Mackinac or MaekinaWf as the word is pronounced. At Toronto, the traveller will take the OoUingwood route, by the Ontario, Bimcoe, and Huron Railway, 97 miles to OoUhiswood at the head of Georgian Bay or Manitoulin Lake, the north-east part of Lake Huron. Huron is the third in size of the fire great inland seas, which pour their floods into the St. Lawrence. It Ues between 48° and 46* 16' north latitude, having the State of Michigan on the south-south-west, and Oanua West upon all other points, excepting where the Straits of Mack- inac and the Falls, or Sault de Ste. Marie enter it firom Lakes Michigan and Superior, and at its outlet in the St. Olair river. It is divided by the penin- sula of Cabot's head, and the Miudton- line Islands, the upper portions1l>eing the north channel and the Georgian Bay, which we reach at OoUingwood. The length of Lake Huron, following its orescent shape, is about 280 miles, and its greatest breadth, not including the Georgian Bay, is 106 miles ; its average width is 70 miles. Lake Huron is 862 feet above Lake Ontario, and 600 feet above the level of the sea. The depth is 1,000 feet — greater than that of any other in the grand chain of wUch it is a link. Off Sagenaw, leads, it is said, have been dropped to a depth of 18,000 feet, which is 12,000 feet bolow the level of the Atlantic, and yet without finding bottom. The waters here are so pure and clear that objects may be distinctly seen from 60 to 100 feet below the surface. In these noble waters there are said to be more than 8,000 islands. From OoUingwood, the route is by splendid steamers to Mackinac, or the Straits of Mackinac, which are the con- necting Unks between Lake Michigan and Lake Huron. The Island of Mack- inac has a circumference of about nine miles, and its shores and vicinage are pic- turesque and romantic in the hig)iiest de- gree. The Arched Rock facing the water, and rising to the elevation of some 200 feet, makes a bold and striking picture from aU points on the Uke, and espa- oiaUy as you look- through Its ruda arches from the summit. Robinson's Folly is an attractive bhiff on the north shore — ^years ago a Mr. Robinson, after whom the bluff is named, erected la summer-house upon its crest. Here he passed his days, and oftentimes his nights, despite the cautions of the people about him, until, in an unlucky tempest, he and his eyrie nest wer« swept away together. ThB Otiw off Sknlb is upon the western shore of the island. Once upon a time, it is said, a party of Kouz In- dians were pursued hither by the Ot- tawas, who imprisoned and de stroy ed their foes in this cavern, by bOttiUng fires at its mouth. The traveller, Henry, was one night secristed here, by m friendly Indian, wheit, to his surfMrise and horror, the momhig Ught showed that he had been sleepfaig souadiy upon a bed of human bones. Tho Noodlas, another natural won* der of Mackinac, is a bold rock, in form not unUke a Ught-house. This elevtp tion commands a panorama of the entire island, and down upon the crumbling and weed-covered ruins of Fort Holmes. Days of deUght may be passed amidst the natural beauties of hmd and water at Mackinac, made doubly i^cturesque by the wUd frontier life yet found here, and mingled, too, with the stiU existii^ homes and presence of the Red men. Fort MaoMwan stands upon a roclnr height, 160 feet above the village, which it overlooks* An agency for Indian afihirs is established here, which is, from time to time, the resort of depu- tations and bands of the wild dwelwrs of the surrounding wUdemess. Im- mense quantities of fish are sent (him Mackinac. Steamboats from Detrdt, Chicago, and other places, stop here continuaUy, Sanlt 8t0. Mario. Passing on to- wards Lake Superior, a voyage of eight pleasant hours, in a steamer, wiU bring us to the famous FaUs of St Mary, ia 44 CANADA. — ^momoAir. BftuU Bi Mui*. the Strait of St. Mary, which conneota the waters of Lake Superior and Lalce Huron, and separates Ganada West from the upper part of Michigan. The strait extends 68 miles from the south-east extremitj of Lulie Superior until it reaches Lalce Huron. Its coturse is sometimes narrow, and broken into angrv rapids ; ag^in, it widens into beau- tiful lakelets, and winds amid enchanting islands. It is navigable for vessels drawing eight feet of water, up to within a mile of Lake Superior, where the passage is interrupted by the great *' Sault " or Falls. The Sault is a series of turbulent rapids, with a total descent of 22 feet in the course of three quarters of a mile. The exhilarating sport of descending this passage, or of running the rapids, as the adventure is called, is that de- scribed in the Lake Superior Journal — "Wast thou ever in a gondow in Yenioe?" is nothing to the question constantly asked -nowadays, "Hast tho\i ever run the St. Mary's Rapids in • birchen canoe?" One who can de- cide that interesting question in the affirmative, can boast of the most deli- cious sport ever ei\joyed on the water. The Rapids, bright and sparkling, and white with foam, are beautifully broken and dashed into a thousand eddies by small islands and huge bouldera ; some rearing their fVightflil heads above the surface, some bowing themselves under the foaming, rushing currents, seeming like so many sea-monstera forcing their way madly up the rapid stream. The bark-oanoe is beautifully adapted to this "leap;" light as a feather in the hands of its only true» master and builder, the Indian, it bounds with every motion of the dancing watera. None but an Indian can pilot our bark down among those fUrious waten and fHghtfUl rocks ; but guided by an Ojib- wa, a people rocked from their infoncy in these birchen canOes, we feel safe as we do on land. For a perfect enjoyment of this de- scent, the day should be warm, calm, and dear — so warm that it is a luxury to be out upon these oool waters, so stUl that not a breath of air can be felt atirrinff., Though the excitemant of the trip never wean off, yet the flnt venture in the flrail boat has a freshness of interast never to be forgotten. One walks up to the "Head,'^ beside the roaring rapids, where the boat is in waiting for the leap, and the never^jeasing roar Alls his mind, as well as his ear, with vngue sensation of fear ; he sees every- where the ugly-looking bouldera in the channel of the river ; he sees the waten dashed into foam around them ; he has heard of all the accidents thaft have happened in making the descent, and he steps into the giddy little craft with more of fear than pleasure. But that sensation is of short duration. Ho feels encouraged by the ease and pleasant coolness of his Indian voyageurt and by their dexterity in guiding the canoe. At first the current » smooth and unbroken, and one looks down through the crystal water at the boulder-coverad bottom, and is surprised and delighted at the canoe's rushing into an M>ys8, gradually subsiding into the quiet now of a broad river, so that steamboats may nm into the very foot of the rapids, and the frail bark-canoe of the adven- turous and skilful half-breed dash far up among them in punuit of the white fish. These rapids are broken up into several different channels, and among them are scattered little islands, such as you see at Niagara, and, like them, bristling with cedara in all possible attitudes. At this point, on the American side, is the little viUage of the Sault — an old settlement in the State of Michigan, founded by the Jesuits abojit two cen- turies ago. It has evidently seen and felt nothing of the great pro^press which has been building up cities and states. Here is to be seen the native owner of the soil and the half-breed (a cross of the French and Indian blood); and many other objects of interest. These rapids are not unlike, those of Niagara, excepting that, instead of end- ing upon the brink of a terrible precipice, they decline with the steady flow of a wide river; and steamen and canoes khose of of end- BcipioOi }wof a canoes CANADA. — ^mOHIOASr. 45 Ltkt Boparior. maY fearleMly enter them. They run in different ohannela, everywhere dodg- ing the numerous little cedar-covered Ulanda in their way. The Sault yields abundant supplies of finny inhabitants ; for the excellence '^>f its white fish it is particularly renowned. The tillage of the Sault on the Mich- igan shore, was founded by the Jesuits 200 years ago, but so little progress has it made, that the Aboriginal owner of the soil is still found in possesion. Upon the British side of the river, there is an ancient-looking estabUcdim'ent, oc- cupied IP an agency of the Hudson's Bay Company. The St. Mary's Ship Oanal, a noble work, now overcomes the obstruction made by these rapids in the passage ttom Lake Huron to Lake Superior. Heretofore, merchandise from Chicago, Detroit. Buffalo, and other places, had to be discharged and conveyed over a railroad to the upper end of the Sault, and then hauled down to the waters at the opposite extremity ; and the locks in this massive canal are, perhaps, the largest in the world. The Chippewa Hotel is a good house on the American side of the rapids ; and Pine's Hotel is a well-kept establishment on the British shore. Steamers leave the Sault, daily, for all places on Lake Superior, and the neighboring waters. Lak* Bnpaitior. We enter Lak« Superior after the passage of the Sitult de 8te. Marie, between two bold prom- ontories, rising to the height of SOO to 800 feet, called Cape Gro and Cap* Iroauois. This grand inland sea is the largest body of fresh water on the globe. Its greatest length is 420 miles, its extreme breadth is 160 miles, and its circuit, 1,760 miles. On its west and north- west shore is Minnesota, on the south- ern border are Winoonsin and Michigan, while British America lies on all other sides. The waters, which are wonder* ftiUy transparent, come by more than two hundred streams, firom a basin covering an area of 100,000 square milfpp The north, and south, and west- ern parts are full of islands, while in the central portions of Che lake there are few or none. In the north, these islands are many of them large enough to afford amjde shelter for vessels. The picturesque regions of the lake are along the northern shore. In this direction the scenery is of a very bold and strik- ing character. For many miles here there are continuous ranges of cliffi^ which reach sometimes an elevation of 1,600 feet ; on the south, the banks ar« A View of a part of Lake Snperior. M OAWADA. — UlCmQAX. ».* Lake Bnperlor Bad Sandatona Blnflk, Lake Sivarlor. low and landy, except where tbey are broken by occasional limestone ridges. These ri^es rise near the eastern ex- tremity/ upon this ride, 800 feet, in nniqno wd surpriring perpendioaUir walls and olilfe, broken into the oddest forms, indented with gnrotesque caverns, and jutting out into ^ostly headlands. It is theee strange formations which are fiunous under the name of the " Pictured Rooks.*' Thia range is on the east of Point Keweenaw. The rocks have been colored by eontinual mineral drip- pings. dL simflar rooky group lies to the wait of the Apostle Islands. It is ■ome himdred feet Idgh, and is broken by numberlew arches and cayes of the most fdlotttresque character. On the summit of these bloflli, there is everywhere a atunted gro/wHx of Al^e trees. The Forcnpinft Xountainsnpon the southern shores of the lake, appear, says a voyager, to be about as exten- rive (though not so lofty) as the Gats- kills. Of the islands of Lake Buperior, the largest, which is some 40 miles in length, and from seven to ten broad, is called Boyal Uo. Its hills rise to the altitude of 400 feet, with fine bold shores, on the north, and many fine bays on the south. It is, like all this re^on, a famous fishing-ground. Near the western ex- tremity of the lake, there is a group known as the Apostle Islands. They form a trio of forest-covered heights, adding greatly to the beauty of the landscape around ; on the extreme end of the largest, is the trading post called La Pointe, inhabited by Indians and white adventurers. It is a great place of annual rendezvous for (he red man and the trader, and a starting S»int for tramps to the re^ons of the ississipfd. The shores of Lffce Superior have long been extenrively explored for their abundant copper wedu; and ndnes have been opened at all pointa. Mnd du iMt is in Minnesota, on the Saint Louis river, 28 miles from its en- trance into Lake Superior. It is ac- cessible by steamboat ; and its wonder- fiilly wOd and romantic hills, and rocks, and glens, are well worth a virit from the tourist of the Great Lakes. We shall come back to this region, when we virit the head waters of t' by-and-by. evei on a ve mUe inti w« T d|Mt mor fivn Li lake) port from ocea onti the :«■ »# WBW VKOKSWlOK, Vi Bt. John^ BlT«r. NEW BRUKSWICK. This Provfaie^ of Great Britain, lying on the east boundary of the State of Maine, may be rtaohed at St. John*a by steamers from Boston (tearing that city eveiT M reotion, to the junetlon of the St. \ U A* NEW BBUKBWIOK. St John^B Biver— Flsherieft— Ollniftte— Ballways. Francis. Of this pah of the river, 100 miles from the Mowhere of the north* west channel, is called Walloostook Krer. From the mouth of the St. Francis, the course of the St. James is irregularly E.&E. to the Orand Falls ; at which point it makes a descent of from 90 to 80 feet, presenting a splendid picture for the gratification of the tourist. The leap of the Grand Falls past, the river makes its way almost southward for some distance, after which it turns abruptly to the eastward, an^^ so continues its way for 100 miles, passing Fredericton, to the outlet of the Grand Lake, in the southern central part of the Province. From Grand Lake its passage is in a wide channel, due south to Kingston, and thence south-west to St. John's, at its mouth in St. John's Harbor, on the Bay' of Fundy. ^^ The entire length of this beautiful river is about 460 miles, and from tho Grand Falls to the sea, 225 miles, its course is within the British territory. The boundary line between Maine and the Province lies in the deepest part of the channel of the St. John's, for 16 miles, from a point three miles above the Grand Falls, up to the mouth of the St. Francis River ; above the St. Francis the Ime of the river for 112 miles is entirely in the State of Maine, except- ing a distance of 88 miles through which Canada lies upon the left bank, the right bank only being in Maine. Vessels of 128 tons navigate the St. John's as far up as Fredericton, 80 miles from its mouth, and small steamers go 06 miles beyond, to Woodstock, some- times extending their way to the foot Of the Gf and FaUs. Above the Falls, steamboats pass 40 miles to the mouth of the Madawaska River, and from this point boats and canoes pass ttd libitum, to the remotest sources. Strenuous efforts have been making by the govern- ment for some years to improve the navigation of the river, and it is hoped that all obstructions will eventually be thoroughy overcome above the Grand Falls. This great river and its affluents are thought to afford 1,800 miles of navi- gable waters. Very much of the shores of the St. John's is wild forest land. la some parts, the banks rise in grand rocky hills, forming in their lines and interlacings pictures of wonderAd de- Ught. The chief tributaries of the St. John's, besides the St. Francis and other waters already mentioned, are Aroostook, the Oromocto, and the Alagath, on the west ; and the Salmon, ^he Naskwaak, the Tobique, the Eennebekasis, and the Washeden^oak, from the east. The coast, and bays, and lakes, and rivers of New Brunswick abound with fish of almost every variety, and in im- mense supplies. The fisheries of the Bay of Fundy ore. of great value, and employ vast numbers of the population. In the harbor of St. John's sJone, there have been at one time two hundred boats, with five hundred men taking salmon, shad, and other fish. Nearly nx hundred fishermen have bieen seen at one period at the Island of Grand Ma- nan; while at the West Isles, about seven hundred men have been thus em- ployed at pne moment ; and so on, at many other of the countless fishing grounds and stations of the New Bruns- wick and the Nova Scotia coasts. The climate here is healthfid, but sub- ject to great extremes of heat and cold ; the mercury rising sometimes to 100° in the day time, and falling to 60° at night. Intkrnai. Communication. Besides the steamers and stages which connect the various towns and cities of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, lines of railway are in active progress, which will unite the two Provinces, and both to the Canadas and the States. A railway from Halifax to the north- em coast of Nova Scotia, continued by boats, across to the Upper Pro- vince, will unite with the East and North American railway, to a junction with the routes of Canada and the States. Another road is to extend from St. Andrews to Woodstock, and thence to Quebec. The magnetic telegraph already connects New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, anQ Prince Edward's Island with the States. The connection between m its NOVA BCOnA. 49 8t John's— Frederlckton— Note Scotia. le shores and. la in grand lines and ierful de- It. John's, ler waters itook, the the west ; raak, the and the akes, and rand with md in im- is of the 'alue, and opulation. one, there I hundred en taking N^early sax n seen at Srand Ma- les, about a thus em- 80 on, at as fishing ew Bruns- sts. [, but sub- and cold ; to 100° in Nora Scotia and Prince Edward's Isl- and, is by a submarine cable, nine miles from Oape Tormentina to Oape Traverse. St. JohnHl, at the mouth of the St. John's River, is the principal city of New Brunswick, with a population of over 23,000. It is superbly situated upon a bold, rocky peninsula, and is seen very imposingly from the sea. The scenery of the St. John's River is very striking in the passage immediately preceding its entrance into the harbor, and a mile and a half above the city. It makes its impetuous way here in a chain of grand rapids, through rugged gaps, 240 feet wide, and 1,200 £^et long. This pas- sage is navigable only during the very brief time of high and equal tides in the harbor and the river; for at low water the river '': about 12 feet higher than the harbor, ^'le at high water, the harbor is fi ' tove the river. It is thus, only, . t ■ '»e waters of the harbor and of the river are on a level, that vessels can pass ; and this occurs only during a space of from fifteen to twenty minutes, at each ebb and flow of the tide. Immense quantities of timber are rafted down from the forests of the river, above, to St. John's. It is the entrep6t also of the agricultural and mineral products of a wide region of country. Frederioton, the capital of New Brunswick, stands upon a flat tongue of land, in a bend of the St. John's River, 80 miles firom its mouth. This sandy plain is about three miles long, some- times reaching a breadth of half a mile'. The river,^which is navigable up to this point, is nere three-quarters of a nule wide. Small steamers ascend 60 miles yet above to Woodstock, and sometimes to the foot of the Oreat Falls. The population is about 6,000. The view both up and down the val- ley is most interestine — ^to the north an imcleared range of highlands, with de- tached cones and broken hills thrown out in bold relief upon the landscape. Villas enclosed in the woods, and fiirins upon the clearings, are the chief objects it presents ; while to the south the river is seen widening, like a silver cord, through the dark woodlands, until it disappears among the islands in the dis- tance. St. Andrew**, with a population of about 8,000, is at the north-east ex-, tremity of Fassamaquoddy Bay, three miles from the shores of the United States, near Eastport, in Maine, and 60 miles from St. John's. A railway wiU connect St. Andrew's with Woodstock, 80 miles distant, and with other routes to the Ganadas. NOVA SCOTIA. Novi. Scotia, the ancient Acadia, including the Island of Cape Breton and Sable Island, lies south-east of New Brunswick, from which it is separated by the Bay of Fundy, except only at the narrow Isthmus of Ghignects. It may be reached at Halifax, its capital, by the British steamers from New York and Boston. Tlta railways now in progress within its limits will soon more conveniently unite 11 to the cities of the Ganadas and the United States. The area of the Province is 18,746 square miles, including the 8,000 of Gape Breton, and the 69 of Sable Island. The shores are bleak, and often very rugged. The interior is diversified with hills and valleys, though not of very bold character, as the highest land is but 810 feet above the sea. The numerous lakes cover a great part of the Province. The soil is not remarkably productive, excepting the fertile lands upon the rivers and bays. The richest portion is that bordering the Bay of Fundy. The most thickly-settled and productive region is that about the Minas basin, while the neighborhood of Halifax, on the southern coast, is the most im- 3 \ 60 NOVA SCOTIA. Oenenl View— Halifluc. portant. Much of Nova Scotia is, like New Brunswick, forest land, which makes the lumber trade very large and productive. This, however, is not the only in- dustry of the people, as the abundant irrigation of the vMej lands makes agri- culture, especially in the raising of grass, very remunerative. Upon the coast, too, many people are occujded in the extensive fishing trade, which has been prosecuted here more actively than upon any of the British American shores, excepting only that of Newfoundland. Thk Coast of Nova SoofkA. — ^The greatest length of Nova Scotia is 280 miles, and the greatest breadth 120 miles. The south-east coast, in a dis- tance of 110 miles only from Gape Ganso to Halifax, has no less than 12 ports capacious enough to receive ships of the line, and 14 deep enough for merchant- men. A belt of rugged broken land, of the average height of 600 feet, formed of gramte and primary rock, extencjls along all the Atlantic shore, from Cape Ganso to Cape Sable. This belt varies in breadth from 20 to 60 miles. Similar formations are found over two-thirds of the whole Province. From Bear's Island, off Digby Neck, 180 miles to Gapes Split and Blomidon, along the northern coast on the Bay of Fundy, there is a ridge of fir-covered frowning precipices of trap rock, which overhang ^e waves at an elevation of from 100 to 600 feet. These magnificent cliffs are picturesque and grand in the extreme. They are, too (which is something in this utilitarian age), not only ornamental but use- ful, for they serve to protect the interior from the terrible fogs of the bay. The RrvERS ahd Lakes and BIts or Nova Scotia. — ^The lakes here, though generally small, are almost countless in number, covering the whole peninsula as with a net-work of smiling waters. In some instances, no less than a hundred are grouped within a space of 20 square miles I Lake Rosignol, the largest of the region, is 80 miles long. It is near the western end of the peninsula. Great Lake comes next, then Gcmege Lake, eastward. Mines Bay on the north coast, the eastern arm of the Bay of Fundy, penetrating 60 miles inland, is very re- markable for the tremendous tides which rush in here, sometimes to the height of 60 to 70 feet, while they do not reach more than from 6 to 9 feet in the harbor of Halifax, directly opposite; these are the spring-tides. They form what is called the bore. The Bays of St. Mary's, the Gut of Ganso, Townsend Bay, George Bay, and Cbedabucto Bay, in the western part of the Province, and St. Margaret^s and Mahone Bays on the south, are all large and most interesting waters. The iknnapoUs River flows into the Bay of Fundy, 100 miles from the Garden of Acadia. Besides this princi- pal river there are many others naviga- ble for a greater or less distance f.-om their mouths, as the Shubenacadie, y^ich, by the help of a canal, connects Cobequid Bay, from the Bay of Fundy on the north side of the peninsula, with Halifax Harbor on the south ; the Mus- ket and the Clyde in the south-west ex- tremity of the Province, the Mersey, the Musquodoboit, and the St. Mary's. Indeed, rivers pour their waters into all the many bays and harbors which so thickly stud the whole line of these remarkable coasts. Halifax, the Capital of Nova Scotia, is upon the south coast of the peninsulb, on the declivity of a hill, about 260 feet high, rising from one of the finest Jiar- bqrs on the continent. The streets are generally broad, and for the most part macadamized. Yiewed from the, water, or from the opposite shore, the city is prepossessing and animated. In front, the town is lined with wharves, which, from the number of vessels constantly loading and discharging, always exhibit a spectacle of great commercial activity. Warehouses nse over the wharves, or tower aloft in different parts of the town, and dwelling-houses and public buildings rear thcur heads over each f i NOVA SCOTLL 61 Desoriptioii of HalUluc. ^■^^i^"^^' s ^;" oea ^w^g' HalUlu, Nova Bootta. Other, as they stretch along and up the sides of the hill. The spires of the dif- ferent churches, the building above the town, in which the town-clock is fixed, a rotunda-built church, the signal-posts on Citadel Hill, the different batteries, the variety of style in which the houses are built, some of which are painted white, some blue, and some red ; rows of trees showing themselves in different parts of the town; the ships moored opposite the dockyard, with the estab- lishments and tall shears of the latter ; the merchant vessels aader sail, at an- chor, or along the wharves ; the wooded and rocky scenery of the background, with the islands and the small town of Dartmouth on the east shore — are all objects most agreeable to see. Of the public buildings, the chief is a handsome edifice of stone, called the Province Building, 140 feet long by 70 broad, and ornamented with a colon- nade of the Ionic order. It comprises chambers for the Council and Legisla- tive Assembly, the Supreme Court, various government offices, and the public library of the city. The Govern- ment House, in the southern part of the town, is a soUd, but gloomy-looking structure, near which is the residence of the military commandant. The Ad- miral's residence, on the north side of the town, is a plain building of stone. The Dockyard, which covers 14 acres, and forms the chief depot of naval stores in the British North American colonies, is reported to be the finest in the world, if the works of a similar kind in England be excepted. The north and south barracks are capable of accommodating three regiments. There is also a MilHary Hospital, erect- ed by the late Duke of Kent. Dal- housie College is a handsome edifice of freestone. The Church of England and the Presbyterians have each churches ; and there are beside a Roman CathoHo chapel, and several churches belonging to different -religious denominations. There are two private banking compa- nies in the town, and a chamber of commerce. The hotels and boarding- houses are not of the highest order. The inhabitants of Halifax are intelli- gent and social, and travellers will Ye< » ; \, 62 NOTA 800nA. BUlikz. nuurk a tone of Booiety here more de- cidedly Etu^lUh than in moet of the other oolonukl cities. ' The luurbor opposite the town is more tlwn s mile wide, and has, at m^om tides, a depth of 12 fiUhoms. Aboat a mile abore the upper end of the town it narrows to one-foorth of a mile, and then expands into Bedford Basin, which has a surface of 10 square miles, and is completely land-locked. On an island opposite the town are some strong mounted batteries. The harbor is also defended by some other minor fortifi- cations. Halifax, CTer irince its settlement in 1749, has been the seat of a profitable fishery. Its trade, which is in a rerv prosperous condition, is principally with the West Indies and other British colo- nies; with the United Btetes, and the mother countrr. It is also the chief rendeivous and naval depot for the Brit- ish nayy on the North American station. The British Government having made Halifkx one of the stopping-puces of the Ounard line of steandiera, in their tripe either way Across the Athmtic, has added greatiy to' its importance as a maritime city, as well as advanced its commercial prosperity. The population of Halifia is about 27,000. f^' B in a yerv loipally with British oolo- M, and the > the chief fortheBrit- Ican station. %ying made g-plMea of rs, in their LtlanUc, has rtanoe as a dyanoed its IX is about *jk- m m m *| m 619 79» mi 1838 ^74 1 -N' ^ J 'L ^ * 1 ^i^-* •L.^^^ «' %r J*v'! ft n ) I %.?; # i-;* > j» O^ m r^9M:^, THE UNITED STATES. Thb gnnd territory of th« United States, throngb whioh we propoM to itVfA In our present volume, oooupiee no meaner area thaa that of 2,980,1M square miles, soarcely less than that of the continent of Europe. In form, it is nearly a paral* lelogram, with an average length of 2,400 miles, from east to west, and a mean breadth, from north to south, of 1,800 miles. Its extreme length and breadth are, renteotlTely, 8,700 and 1,600 miles ; reaching from the Atlimtic or the east, to the Pacific oa the west; from British America on the north, to the Oulf of Mexico and the Mexican Republic on the south. Its present division is into thirty-one States and nine Territories, including the District of Columbia. The States have been popularly grouped into four classes, accordinr to their geo- graphical position ; as the Eastern group, or *' New England,** embracing Mune, Kew Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut ; the ** Middle" group of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Mary- tend ; the ** Southern States,** Vir^nia, North Carolina, South Carolina, QeorgiL Florida, Alabama, Misdbrippi, Lotdsiana, and Texas; and the "Western States** of Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, Mnois, Michigan, Iowa, Wisconsin, Mis- souri, Arkaiuias, and Califomhi. All the Territories — ^Washington, Oregon, New Mexico, Utsh, the Indian, Kansas, Nebraska, and Minnesota, are in(£ided in this diviidon of the country. POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES IN 186a •TheDtetriotffirOohmibla. (D.O.t) (M,<8T THI lASTIBM OB KXW mOlAlID STATU. Conneettont, (Oonn.) 870,TM New Hunpthin, (N. H.) 817,970 Bttodelslant^ (B. L) 147,&4S Termont, (Vt) 814,1«) MaaMHshnaetts, (Maas.) ...; 994,614 lIalIl^ (Me.) 6884« TH> MIDDtB BTATIS. New Tork, (N. T.) 8,097,894 PeonarlvMiis, (Pa.) 8,811,788 N«wJeney,(N.J.) 488,466 Delaware, (Del) 90^«lt TBI SOVTHBRN 8TATX8. •Maryland, (Md.) 846,886 •Vlrgliila, (Va.) 1,888,649 •North Carolina, (N. C) 768,619 •South Carolina, (S. 0.) 614,618 •Georgia, (Oa.) 768,618 • Stove Statea •Florida, (Pa.) 71,780 •Alabama, (Ala.) 684iU4 •Louisiana, .(Li.) 419,888 •T«M8,(Tex.) 189«7 •MlBshalppi, (Miaa.) 488,i>74 t Abnvlationa used in the addreaa of letter*, ete. in \ 54 iLinix. Oenanl Bcmuk*— Rlran and LakM. TBI WnmuW VTATM. •ArkMUM, (Ark.)l 191,001 Illlnoli, (IlL) IBMIt *KmtuSiy\(tiy.) 89a,0ia WiMOMiii,(Wli.) MOJM Ohio, (0.) 1,980,497 Iowa,(Io.) IadUiik,(Iik) 988,416 •MtMoari, (Mo.) CWlfbniU,(OaL) 9«,B9T MlnBeMU,(Min.Tr.)..., NewMexlco, (N. M.T]r.) tItoh,(UtTy.) Oregon, (Or. Tjr.) Total, TIKBITORin. • «,OTT WaahlngtOB, (Wat. T^.) 61,MT N«bru£k (Na. Ty.) " waiiJlKa. T7} «I,191,9M 11^ Kanma, (Ka. Tr.) 18,994 ladlaBTarritor:^, (Ind. Ty.) IST.lTl MAINE. Haini is the extreme eMteni portion of New England, end the border State of the Union in tliat direction, with the British protinoe oif New Bronswiclc on the north and nortb*east, and Canada on the north-west. It has three distinct topographical aspeots-^in the oomparatiTely level, and somewhat sandy and marshy character of the eouthem portion, lying back SO miles from the Atlantic coasts — ^in the pleasant hill andTalley features of the interior, and in the ragged, mountainous, and wildemesf^ Vegions of the north. A great portion of the State Is yet covered by dense forests, the utilization of which is* the chief occupation and support of its inhabitants. The most fertile lands lie in the central southern rejpons, between the Penobscot river on the east, and the Kennebec on the west, and in the valley borders of other waters. The mountain ranges are often very bold and imporing— one summit, that of Katahdin, having an elevation of 6,886 feet above the level of the sea. The lakes are very numerous, sometimes of great extent, and often very beai^fbl, all over the State; and more especiidly among the mountains in the north. Indeed, it is estimated, that one tenth part of the whole area of Maine is covered by water. The rivers are numerous and large, and present everywhere scenes of great and varied beauty. The Atlantic coast, which occupies the whole southern One of the State, is the finest in the Union, in its remarkably bold, rocky character, and in its beautifhl harbors, bays, islands, and beaches. The sea-islands of Uaine are over 400 in number ; and many of tbem are very large and covered ' by fbrUle and inhabited lands. The climate, though marked by extremes, both of heat and cold, is yet everywhere most healthful ; and its rigor is much modi- fied by the proximity of the ocean. The JHonntntna and Lakaa. The most interesting route for the tourist herie, is perhaps a journey through the hills, lakes, and forests of the north ; but we warn him, beforehand, that it will not be one of ease. Rugged roads and scant physical comforts will not be his most severe trial : for, in many places, he will not find road or inn at all, but must trudge along painfiilly on foot, or by rude sIcUf over the lakes, and tiust to his rifle and his rod to supply his larder. In these wildest regions the exploration may be made with great satisfaction by a party well provided with aU needed tent equipage, and with all the parapher- nalia of the chase ; for deer, and the moose, and tiie wild fowl are abundant in the woods ; and the finest fish may be freely taken in the water. Still he may traverse most of the mountain lands and lakes ^ by the roads and paths of the lumbermen, who have invaded all the region ; and he may bivouac as comfortably as should content an orthodox forester, m these humble shanties. ...r MAXIfl. K»tah4iB-«a«»r L low. Saddleback, Squaw, Bald, OUead, the Speckled Mountain, the Blue Moun- tain,and other height^more or less noblik amidst which are brooks and li^elets and waterfalls of most romantic character. MooMhead Laka, the Urgest ia Maine, is among the northern hills. It is 86 miles long, and, at one point, is 10 miles in breadth, though near the centre there is a pass not over a mile across. Its waters are deep, and fiimieh ample occupation to the angler, in their stores of trout and other fldi. This lake may be traversed in the steam- boatiy;mployed in towing lumber to the Kennebec. A summer hotel occui^es a very picturesque rite upon the shore. The Kineo House, midway, is the usuid stopping-pkce. There are numerous isUmds on the Moosehead Lake, some of whioh are of great interest. On the \ 50 MAINS. The Penobsoot RlTer— Buigor. T irest side Mount Eineo overhftngs the water, at an elevation of 600 feet. Its summit reveau a picture of forest beauty well worth the climbing to see. Moose- head is 16 miles north of the village of Monson, and 60 north>west of Bangor. The Grand Trunk Railway, from Port- land to Canada, passes very near the lake on the west. It is the source of the great Kennebec river, by whose channels its waters reach the sea. Iiako UmlMgog lies partly in Maine and yet more in New Hampshire. Its length is about 12 miles, and its breadth varies fropti 1 to 6 miles. The outlet of Umbagog and the MargaUaway river form the Androscog^n. Androiooggin and laooMtodkno- gnntio Lakei are in the vicinity of Umbagog. SetMigo Pond, a beautiful lake 12 miles long and from 7 to 8 miles broad, is about 20 miles from Portland, on a route thence to Conway andjithe White Mountains. It is connected with Port- land by a canal. The Fenobsooti the largest and most beautiful of the rivers of Maine, may be reached daily from Boston and Portland,by steamer,as far up as Bangor, and also by railway fromPortland toBan- gor. It is formed by two branches, the east and the west, which unite near the centre of the State, and flow in a general iouth-west course to Bangor, 60 miles firam the sea, and at the head of naviga- tion. Large vessels can ascend to Bangor, and small steamboats navigate the , river yet above. At Bangor the tide rised to the great height of 17 feet, an elevation which is supposed to be produced by the wedge-shaped form of the bay, and by the current from the Gulf Stream. The length of the Pen- obscot, from the junction of the east and west branch, is 185 miles, or measuring firom the source of the west branch, it u 800 miles ; th ugh, as far as the tourist 1b concerned, it is only 60 miles— %eing th^t portion between Bangor and the ocean. This part, then, the Penobscot proper, ranks, in its pictorial attrac- tions, among the finest river scenery of the United States. In all its course there are continual points of great beauty, and very often the shores rise in striking and even grand lines and proportions. We have met tourists who have been hardly less impressed wi^ the landscape of this fine river than with that of the Hudson even, though we do not admit such a comparison. Bangor, at the .head of tide water and of navigation on the Penobscot river, 60 miles from its mouth, h one of the largest cities of Maine, ha>'ng a population of more than 20,000. Steam- boats connect it daily with Portland and Boston ; and it is reached also by the Androscoggin and Kennebec, and Penobscot and Kennebec railways, via Waterville, on the Kennebec. The dis« tance from Bangor to Portland, by railway, is 135 miles. Bangor is con> nected with Old Town (12 miles), by railway, and another road is contem- plated to Lincoln, 60 miles up the Pen- obscot valley. The Bangor Theological Seminary, founded 1816, occupies a fine site in the higher portion cf the city. The chief hotel is the Bangor House. The " speciality " of Bangor is lumber, of which it is the greatest depot in the ' world. All the vast country above, drained, by the Penobscot and its afflu* ents, is covered with dense forests of pine, and hemlock, and spruce, and cedar, from which immense quantities of ' lumber are continuaUy cut and sent from the marvellous saw-mills, down the river to market at Bangor. During the eight or nine months of the year through which the navigation of the river is open, soma 2,000 vessels are emplbyed in the trans- portation of this freight. The whole industry of Bangor is not, however, in the lumber line, as she is also engaged in ship building, and has a large coast- ing trade, and a considerable foreign commerce. Belfast and Oastine are some 80 inUesbelowBangor, where the Penobscot enters its name-sake Bay. Belfast, on the west, and Castiue on the east shore, are nine miles apart. They are both small ship-building and fishing towns. The IBennebeo Kiver is in the west- em part of the State, extending from MAonc. 5r The Keanebeo Btver and Town*— IConnt D«wrt Moosehead Lake, 160 miles to the sea. It makes a descent in its passage of 1,000 feet, thus affording a great and raluable water-power. The scenery of the Kennebec, though pleasant, is &r less striking than tliat of the Penobscot Its shores are thioldy lined with towns and Tillages, among which is Augusta, the capital of the State. Augurta is at the head of sloop nav* igation on the Kennebec, 48 miles from its mouth. It is 60 miles N.N.E. of Portland by ndlway, and 69 S.W. of Bangor. Steamboats run hence to Port- land and Boston, calling at the river landings. The city is chiefly upon the right bank of the river, which is crossed here by a bridge 520 feet long ; and a quarter of a i^e above, by a railroad bridge, 900 feet in length. The private residences, and some of the hotels, are upon a terrace, a short distance west of the river, while tiie business parts of the town lie along shore. The State House is an elegant structure of white granite. Its site, in the southern part of the city, is lofty and very pictu- resque ; in fipont is a large and well-cared- for park. The United States Arsenal, surrounded with extensive and elegant grounds, is upon the east side of the river. Here, too, is the Hospital for the Insane, built upon a commanding and most beautiful eminence. The princi- pal hotels here, are the Stanley House, the Augusta House, and the Mansion House. Augusta is upon the rdlway route from Portland to Bangor. Popu- lation, 10,000. Hallowsll is a pretty village, two miles below Augusta, on the river, and on the line of the Kennebec and Port- land Sailway. Oatdiner on the Kennebec, at the mouth of the Cobessecontee Uter. This point is the head of ship navigation on the Kennebec. The city is sevefi miles be- low Augusta, and 6S miles from Portland by the Kennebec and Portland Rtdlway. WatervillA is on the Kennebec, at the Ticonic Falls, and at the northern terminus, of the Androscoggin and Ken- nebec Railway, connecting with the Kennebec and Penobscot fine. It is 3* the seat of Waterville College, a proa* Erous establishment, oontrm Lake Umbagog, partly in New Hampshire, but chie^ through the south-western comer of Maine, into the Kennebec, 20 miles from the ocean. Bmnflwiok, on the Androscogdn, is 27 miles from Portland by rauway. It is the seat of Bowdohn College, which is beautifolly located on a mgh ter^ race, near the edge of the village. This popular institution was foimded in 1802. The Medical School of Maine, which is connected with Bowdoin Col- lege, has a very valuable library, and anatomical cabinet. The Androscoggin here falls 60 feet within the reach of half a mile. BKbunt DsMrt ZUand. A summer trip to Mount Desert Island has of late years been a pleasant treat to American landscape painters, and a virit ihither might be equally grateM to the general tourist. The vigorous and varied rock- bound coast of New England can be nowhere seen to greater advantage. Mount Desert Inland is an ont-of^the-way nook of beauty in Frenchman's Bay, east of the mouth of the Penobscot River. It is 40 mQes from Bangor, and may be reached from Boston by boat, via Rockville, and thence by another steamer, on to Bucksport (on the Penobscot), and thence by stage via Ellsworth, or from Castine on the Penobscot Bay, hard by. If the visitor here cannot sketch the bold, rocky cliflfs, he can beguile the fish to his heart's content. Baatport, upon the waters of Passamaquoddy Bay, at the extreme eastern point of the territory of the \ 58 MAnns. Eastport— Bontes to Portland. ( Monnt Desert Island, Mains. United States, is well deserving of a visit from the tourist in quest of the beautiful in nature ; for more charming scenes on land 'and on sea, than are here, may rarely be found. The traveller may see Eastport and its vicinage and then go home, if he pleases ; for it is the jumping-off place — 4he veritable Land-End — the latitude and longitude beyond which the stars and stripes give place to the red cross of England. Bsitport is 234 miles ^.E. of Port- land, and is reached thence and from Boston by regular steamboat commu- nication. Steamboats run also to Oal- ais and places en routeyZQ miles above, at the head of navigation on the St. Croix River. The town is charmingly built on Moose Island, and is connected jto the mainland of Perry by a bridge; and by ferries with Pembroke, Lubeo, and the adjoining British Islands. It is not a very ponderous place, the popula^ tion of the township scarcely exceeding 6,000. Fort Sullivan is its shield and buckler against any possible foes from without The Pauamaquoddy Bay extends inland some 16 miles, and is, perhaps,. 10 miles in breadth. Its shores are wonderfully irregular and picturesque, and the many islands which stud its deep waters, help much in the compo- sition of pictures to be enjoyed and re- membered. TO POBTLAND, MAINE. From Boston, 10*7 miles by the East- ern Railway, via Lynn, Salem, Newbury- port, Portsmoutb, N. H., &o. ; or by the Boston and Medne route. 111 miles through Reading, Lawrence, Andover, Haverhill, Exeter, Dover, &c. ; or by steamer daily. * Prom Montreal, by the Orand Trunk Railway.' Portluid|the commercial metropolis of Maine, is handsomely situated on a peninsula, occupying the ridge and side of a high point of land, in the S.W. ex- tremity of Casco Bay, and on approach- ing it from the ocean, is seen to great advantage. The harbor is one of the best on the Atlantic coast, the anchor- age beiug protected on every dde by ICAINB. 69 Portland. PortUnil, Maine. land, whilst the water is' deep, and com- munication with the ocean direct and convenient. It is defended by Forts Preble and Scammel. On the highest point of the peninsula is an observatory 70 feet in height, commanding a fine view of the city, harbor, and islands in the bay. The misty forms of the White Mountains, 60 miles distant, are discernible in clear weather. This city is elegantly built, and the streets are beautifully shaded and embel- lished with trees ; and so profusely, that there are said to be here no less than 8,000 of these rural delights. Congress street, the main highway, follows the ridge of the peninsula through its entire extent. Among the public buildings of Portland, the Oity HaU,the Court House, and some of the churches, are worthy of particular attention. The Society of Natural History possesses a fine cab- inet, containing specimens of the or- nithology of the State, more than 4,000 species of shells, and a rich collection of mineralogicid and geological ex- amples, and of fishes an0 reptiles. The Athenseum has a library of 8,000 volumes, and the Mercantile Library Possesses, also, many valuable books, he Portland Sacred Music Society is an interesting Association here. The AtUintic and St. Lawrence Rail- way oonneots the dty with Montreal, in Canada, and thence with all the re^on of the St. Lawrence River. Two Unes of railway unite it with Boston and the western cities, and with the interior of Maine, at Augusta on the Kennebec, and at Baneor, on the Penobscot Rivers. Hotels. The American, the Elm, and the United States. The population of Portland is about 28,000. Thb Grand Tbvnk Railway, Rocts FROM Portland, TSovik. This great thoroughfare connects the navigable waters of Portland harbor with the great commercial capital of Canada^ Its route passes through a fertile and productive country, generally under fine cultivation, the streams in its vid* nity abounding in water privileges of the first importance. iVom Portlandit passes onward to the valley of Royal's River, and follows up the valley of the Little Androscoggin. It strikes and crosses that river at Mechanic Falls, 48 miles from Portland, at which place the Buckfield Branch Railroad connects with it. Pursuing its course upward, it passes in the vicinity of the "Mills** on its way to' Paris Cape, in the neighbor- hood of Norway and Paris, drawing in upon it the travel and business of that rich and populous region. Still follow- ing up the valley of the Little Andro- scoggin, passhig on the way two import- \ 60 MASSAOHUHEFrB. Bonte of the Onnd Trank BkOway. ant falls, it reaches Bryant's Pond, the sonroe of that |riyer. This point is 16 miles from Rumford Falls, on the Ghreat Andrc^coggin, one of the greatest and most sTauable irater-po,wer8 in the State. Passing hence into the valley of Alder stream, the rotate strikes the Great Androscoggin, near Bethel, a dis- tance of 7!; ^iles from Portland. Gross- ing that stream, it follows up its pictu- resque and romantic valley, bordered by the highest mountains in New Eng- land, till, m its co^iuse of about 20 mi7.es from Bethel, it reaches Gorham in New Hampshire, distant from the bsss of Mount Washington a few miles only. From this point that celebrated scene may be approached and ascended with more ease. In a shorter distance, and less time, than from any other acces- sible quarter in the vicinity of the White Hills. (See routes toWhite Moun- tains.) This point also is only five miles distant from Berlin Falls, tlie greatest waterfall in New England, where the waters of the Great Androscoggin, larger in volume than the waters of the Connecticut, descend nearly 200 feet in a distance of about two miles. From the valley of the Androscog^n the road passes into the valley of the Con- necticut, reaching the banks of that river in the region of Lancaster, N. H. Following up this rich and highly productive vaUey about 86 miles, the road reaches the parallel of 46° N. Lat., at the boundary between the United States and Canada ; continuing theucsi to Quebec, and up the St. Lawrebce via Montreal, to Toronto on Lake Ontario, where it connects with other routes for Lake Superior and all parts of the great West. Ii0Wlston is a flourishing manufactur- ing village, containing about 7,000 inhabitants, situated upon the Andro- scoggin, midway between Portland and Augusta, on the Androscoggin and Ken- nebec Railway, 88 miles north of Port- land. The waterfall here is one of ex- ceeding beauty. The entire volume of the Androscoggin is precipitated some 60 feet over a broken ledge, forming in its fall a splendid specimen of natural scenery. The river immediatelj- below the fall, subsides into almost a uniform tranquillity ,and moves slowly and grace- fully along its course, in strange though pleanng contrast with its wild and tur- bid appearance at and above the cata- ract. The Androscoggin and Kennebec road communicates with the Grand Tihuik Railway at Danville, six miles below Lewiston, and with- the An- droscoggin road at Leeds, 11 miles above. MASSACHUSETTS. Tai landscape here is of changefol character, and often strikingly beautiful,, embracing not a few of the most famous scenes in the Union. £n the south- eastern part of the State the surfiice is flat and sandy, though the sea coast Is, in many places, very bold, and charmingly varied with fine pictures of rocky bluff and cliff. It abounds in admirable summer houses, where the lovers of sea- breezes and bathing may find every means and appliance for comfort and pleasure. In the eastern and central regions, the physical aspect of the country, though agreeably diversified, is eclipsed in attraction by the lavish art-adornments of crowding city and viUage, and happy homesteads, nowhere so abundant and so interesting as here. The Green Mountains traverse the western portion of Massachusetts in two ridges, lying some 26 miles apart, with picturesque valley lands between. Here are the favorite summer resorts of Berkshire, and other parts of the Housatonio region. Saddle Mountain, 8,606 feet, is a spur of the most western of the two ridges we have mentioned, known as the Taconic or the Taugkannio hills. %!3«Mtorit II "i m ^ V 1^' s if r l^^s-. ;S> 41 «*(»»-. < V ? ^'A ^ 4J >.r't m k rCI/ r-,'4 ■v.-,.ai,t,-i..i .'^tew.^aii&JwSisjsws^ijBi^ ■F ;is. ■•^ .. ■"'^i t "'ill ti *'»j ■ 2f \piA VPi: ■ ■''ias#i%taife»-. -■fl.piiw aw^ m^-'m ■•?«•'»-» > * ■•U( ► .f)*eVjrVJ ir^"-«B*tfeTSit('v-.^ ^ ^' ■^ M) /i ^' #^-^ Iwc y. «m^ 'f. t i«i vi Luj r' _ . €.- K/r SSL i' 4::: '_ii .^ 1 istirffei,'' ,J.JE- J -^--Vs A^^^** 1 c« sS^s^ »Vi .■>K^ ^'1 //// i ^ ovi ?;^ I f^OC: S_-J<^-»ar*'.V-V#~-V,-K*»"' ^t-KSfcOibA v»«;r5 .%, •**t. 1i^ I [ I ■ I L '•»■'"■ y* I X'- \ k m; v.- '■'»'■*':< r-'v ■%^ :v; } "\LSv: i. :v ^. i^ .#^ ^^ ^^ ! I p--'^ ■J«««m the extraordinary number of beautiful trees of this species by which the streets are so gratefully shaded and so charmin^y embellished. New Haven is a semi-capital of Con- necticut. It is famous as the seat of Tale College, which has sent out more graduates than any other institution in America. The buildings of the College, which occupy nearly a square, are among the chief attractions of the city ; especiaUy the apartments devoted to the Fine Arts, and occupied by the large collection of the works of the eminent painter Trumbull. The American Journal of Science and Art, edited by Professors Silliman and Dana,%nd other literary periodicals, are published here. Steamboats connect the city with New Tork. The New Haven and Northamp* ton or Canal R. R. extends 76 miles to Northampton, and the New Haven and New London R. R. 60 miles to New London. Population in Sept., 1868, was about 23,000. Hartfordt — ^Leaving New Haven our route turns northward from the Sound, over the New Haven, Hartford, and Springfield R. E. Hartford, a semi- capital of Connecticut, is 86 miles from New Havec and 112 from Nes,w Tork, and 124 from Boston. It is upon the right bank of the Connecticut River, navigable to this point by doops and MAssACHusirrre. 68 It ren our Sound, 'd, and I semi- es from York, ton the River, ips and : Hartfbrd to Springfield and Worcester. v«.v,-R-s^- state HooBe and Tale College, (New Haven). small steamboats, 60 miles up from Long Island Soimd. Among the lite- rary and educational institutions of Hertford are Trinity College, the Wads- worth Athenseum, the Connecticut His- torical Society. Among its chief benev- olent establishments, for which it is famous, are the American Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, and the Retreat for the Insane. That old historic reUc, the Charter Oak, held in so much reverence, stood in Hartford until 1858, when it was prostrated by a violent storm. Here is the residence of the distinguish- ed poetess, Mrs. L. H. Sigourney. The population of Hartford, in 1865, was about 20,000. Passengers from New York for Providence ch&nge cars here, and take the Providence, Hartford, and FishkiU R. R., 90 miles to Providence. Springfield, Mass., is upon the Con- necticut River, 26 miles north of Hart- ford, 98 miles from Boston, and 188 from New York. The U. S. Arsenal, located here, is the largest in the Union. It is charmingly perched upon Arsenid Hill, looking down upon the beautiful town, the river, and the fruitful val- leys. This noble panorama is seen with still better effect from the cupola which crowns one of the arsenal buildings. This establishment employs nearly 800 hands, and 1*75,000 stands of arms are kept constantly on hand. This is a famous gathering point of railroads. The Connecticut Valley routes start hence, and furnish one of the pleasant- est ways from New York to the White Mountains, through Northamp- ton, Brattleboro', Bellows Falls, to Wells River and Littleton, N. H. (See " Val- ley of the Connecticut" and White Mountain routes. No. 10.) The West- em railway from Albany to Boston passes through Springfield also, and continues our present route to Worces- ter. Population in 1850 about 20,000. Woroeater is a flourishing city of 64 ICASSACHUSEI^. — conneohcut. .^:':i' The StonlsgtOD and the Fall Biver Boatea. 20,000 people, 46 miles from Boston, in the centre of one of the most produc- tive agricultural regions of Massachu- setts. It is also a place of esttensive manufactures. Quite a net-work of railways connects the city with all parts of the country. The Western road, direct from Boston to Albany; the Worcester and Nashua, communicating through other routes with the St. Law- rence River; the Worcester and Provi- dence ; the Norwich and Worcester, and the Boston and Worcester, which we now follow to the end of our present journey. The Stonitufton Boute^ (No. 2.)— This rout^, as well as Nos. 8 and 4, by Fall ^ver and by Norwich, takes us from New York by steamboat around the Battery and Castle Garden, along the whole eastern line of the city, and by the cities of Brooklyn and Williams- burg, up the beautiful East Riv«r by the suburban villages on the Long Isl- and shore, by Blackwell's, Ward's, and Randall's Islands (covered by the public asylums and prisons), through the famous passage of Hell Gate, and up Long Island Sound — a gallery of ad* mirable pictures, seen as th6y are from the Boston boats, in the declining even« ing light. Stonington is in Connecticut, upon the coast near the eastern entrance to the Sound. Here we leave the steamer and take the railroad, 60 miles, through R. I. to Providence, thence to Boston, 43 milJss, by the Boston and Providence R.R. (See Providence and vicinity.) The Fall River Rmde, (No. 8.)--Ey steamer on Long Island Sound, round Point Judith, and up Narragansett Bay to Newport, R. I. (see Newport), and thence to Fall River, Mass. From Fall River 61 miles to Boston, by Old Colony and Fall River R. R. Fall River is a thriving town of nearly 12,000 inhabitants and very ex* tensive manufactures. It is at the en- trance of Taunton River into Mount Hope Bay, an arm of the Narragansett. The historic eminence of Mount Hope, The United BUtes Arsenal, Sprlngflold. ••/ yt' '%:, w •fi- ■ I I t " ■ ■ >■! mu mtmtMl^ ■r<<»i-|»iililli,i 1 »l-''tfit-iff1il¥#ife"l>(ilrii-fi>ltlt I •5 3' .3 mi I '■<-<'-:a ^;1 MASSAOHUSBITS. 66 Nonrioh Boato—Th* Olty of Boston. the home of King Philip, is admirably seea across the bay. Steamboats con- neot Newport with Providence by this route, via Narragansett Bay. Tki Nwvnch Jtoute, (No. 4.)— This line is also by steamboat from New York, via Long Island Sound to the mouth of the Thames River, which it ascends to AUyn's Point, and passen- gers there take oars and follow the course of the Thames through Connec- ticut, dir^ly north (O Worcester; thence with other lines to Boston. BOSTON AND YIOINITT. Boston is one of the most interest- ing of the great American cities, not only from its position as second in com- mercial rank to New York alone, but from its thrilling traditionary and histori- cal associations, from the earliest days of discovery and colonization on the west- em continent; and through all the trials and triumphs of the childhood, youth, and manhood of the Republic — from its dauntless public enterprise, and from its high social culture and morals ; from its great educational and literary facilities; from its numerous and ad- mirable benevolent establishments ; from its elegant public and private arohi* tecture, and from the surpassing natu- ral beauty of all its suburban landscape. Boston is divided into three sections, of Old Boston, East, and South Bos- ton. The old city is built upon a penin- sula of some Too acres, very uneven in surface, and rising at three daVerent points into eminences, one of which is 138 feet above the sea. The Indian name of this peninsula was Shawmut, meaning "Living fiountains." It was called by the earlier inhabitants Tre- mont or Trimoontain, its sobriquet at the present day. The name of Boston was bestowed on it in honor of the Rev. John Cotton, who came hither from Boston in England. The first white in- habitant of this peninsula, now covered by Boston Proper, was the Rev. John BJackstone. Here he lived all alone until John Winthrop — afterwards the first Governor of Massachusetts — came across the river from Charlestown, where he had dwelt with flome fellow< emigrants for a short time. About 1686 Mr. Blackstone sold his claim to the now populous peninsula for £80, and removed to Rhode Islands The first church was built in 1682; the first wharf in 1678. Four years later a post- master was appointed, and in 1*704 (AprU 1*7), the first newspaper, called the "Boston News-Letter," was pub- lished. A narrow isthmus, which is now called the Neck, joins the peninsula of Old Boston to the main land on the south, where is now the suburb of Rox- bury, connected at this day with the city by numerous broad avenues. Many bridges link Charlestown, South Boston, and the main with the peninsula. These structures are among the peculiar- ities of the place, in their fashion, their number, and their length. The first one wUch was bmlt was that over Charles River to Charlestown, 1,603 feet long. The Old Cambridge Bridge, across Qiarles lUver to Cambridge Road, is 2,768 feet in length, with a causeway of 8^482 feet. The South Boston B^dge, which leads from the Neck to South Boston, is 1,660 feet long. The Canal Bridge between Boston and Lechmere Poin^ is 2,796 feet, and from its centre another bridge extends 1,820 feet, to Prison Point, Charlestown. Boston Free Bridge to South Boston is 600 feet; and Warren Bridge to Charlestown is 1,890 feet. Besides these bridges, a causeway of a mile and a half extends from the foot of Beacon street to Sewell's Pomt, in Brookline. This causeway is built across the bay upon a substantial dam. Other roads lead into Boston over especial bridges, besides which the city is connected with the main by many steam-ferries. Thus the topography of Boston is quite anomalous as a mountain city in the sea I South Boston extends some two miles along the south side of the harbor, from Old Boston to Fort Independence. Near the centre, and two miles from the State House, are Dorchester Heighta, the memorable battle ground where, in the Revolution, the enemy were drive \ 66 HASSAOHUSETTS. Points of Interest in Boston. I from Boston. A fine view of the city, of the Ticinity, and t^e sea, may be obtained from these Heights. Here, too, is a large reservoir of the Boston water works. Eaat Boston is upon the western part of Noddle's Island. This island was the homestead of Samuel MaTeriok, while John Blacketone was sole monarch of the peninsula, 1680. Here is the wharf, 1,000 feet long, of the Ounard line of British steamships. East Boston is the terminus, also, of the Grand Juncdon Railway. Chelsea is near by. The streets of Boston, which grew up according to circumstances, are many of them very intricate, and troublesome to unravel, a diflBculty which is being gradually obviated in a degree. The fash* ionable promenades and shopping ave- nues are, first, Washington street and then Tremont street. Boaton Common is a large and charm- ing public park in the old city, and is, very justly, the pride of the people and the admiration of strangers. It cou" tains nearly 60 acres, of every variety of surface, up-hill and down, and around, all covered with limiting walks, grassy lawns, and grand old trees. A delicious pond and fountain occupy a central point in < the grounds, and around them are many of the old man- sions of the place — ^led, on the upper Boston Common. hill, by the massive, dome-surmounted walls of the State Capitol. The Common drops from Beacon street, the southern declivity of Beacon Hill, by a rapid de- scent to Charles River. Faneuil HM. This famous edifice, called the " Cradle of Liberty," is in Dock niquare. It is about 109 years old, and is an object of deep interest to Americans. Here the fathers of the Revolution met to harangue tho people on the events of that stirriug period ; and often since that time the great men of the State and nation have made its walls resound with their elo- quence. It was presented to the city byPd chanlf made buildl that as a build and exce^ 8paci| it, an In c| the his n| ther that bed^ and othed MASSAOHnSSm. B7 City of Boeton. Fanenil HalL by Peter Faneuil, a distinguished mer- chant, who, on the 4th of July, 1740, made an offer, in a town-meeting, to build a market-house. There being, at that time, none in the town, it was, as a matter of course, accepted. The building was begun the following year, and finished in 1742. fhe donor so far exceeded his promise, as to erect a spacious and beautiful Town Hall over it, and several other convenient rooms. In commemoration of his generosity, the town, by a special vote, conferred his name upon the Hall ; and, as a fur- ther testimony of respect, it was voted that Mr. Faneuil^s full-length portrait be drawn at the expense of the town, and placed in the Hall. This, with other pkitures, can be seen by visitors. 7%e State House is on the summit of Beacon Hill, and fronting the *' Com- mon." Its foundation is 110 feet above the level of the sea. Length 178 feet, ■ breadth 61. The edifice was completed in 1798, at a cost of $138,330, about three years having been occupied in its construction. On the entrance floor is to be seen Ghantrey's statue of Wash- ington. Near by is the staircase leading to the dome, where visitors are required to register their names, and from the top of which is obtained a fine view of the city, the bay, with its islands, and the country around. 77ie Exchange^ on State street, was completed in the fall of 1842. It is 70 feet high and 250 feet deep, covering about 13,000 feet of ground. The front is built of Quincy granite, with four pilasters, each 45 feet high, and weighing 55 tons each. The roof is of wrought iron, and covered with galvanized sheet 4 ■ f 08 MAMAOHUHKITB. Boaton— Ounbrldga. Iron; and all the principal staircases are fire-proof, being constructed of ■tone and iron. The centre of the basement storv is occupied by the Poet Oilice. The great central hall, a magnificent room, ia hs by 80 feet, ha^g 18 rery beautiful columns in imitation of Sienna marble, with Oorin- thian capitals, and a sky-light of colored glass, finished in the most ornamental manner. This room is used for the merchants* exchange and subscribers* reading room. 2%e Outtom Houae is located at the foot of State street, between the heads of Long and Central whartes. It is in the form of a cross ; the extreme length being 140 feet, breadth 96 feet. The longest arms of the cross are 76 feet wide, and the shortest 67 feet, the op- posite fronts and ends being alike. The entire height to the tot o^ tiie dome is 00 feet. l%e Court /ToiMf, a llneeial Law rides for tres upon and many may men* soientifio, ■, the Ly- tic Ameri- Statistical, be Handel le, Boston venerable ge, three It WAS IT. John mbraces, ent, law, ols.. The located the medi- street, in [Quarfert, le Gragie |W. Loni I years, It was ir, Wash- Ingoished to have {America, libraries lore than Ions, and lemes of ion and nnmer- lie home Bank«r Hill Moanmentt of the Puritans. They are more than 100 in number— the Unitarians having the largest share. Many of the churches are very costly and imposing edifices. The oldest is Ghrist Church, built in 1*728, and the next hi the famous *' Old South," erected in 1*780. This is a buildine of great historical interest. HoteU. The most fashionable are the Tremont House, on Tremont street the^Revere House, on Bowdoin square the Winthrop House, Tremont street the American House, Hanover street the Adams ; the United States, &;c, I^atrea. The Boston Theatre, 861 Washington street ; the Howard Athe- lUBum, Howard street, the Museum, Tre- mont street; the National Theatre, comer of Portland and Travers street ; Ordway Hall, Ac. Bnoker EBU Monnnnmt, commemo- rative of the eveiltM battle fought on the spot, is in Charlestown. The top of tills structure commands a magnificent view, embracing a wide extent of land and water scenery. The journey up is some- what tedious, traversing nearly 800 steps — ^yet this is forgotten in the charming scene and delightful air which repay the visitor. Near at hand is the United States Navy Yard, containing, among other things, a rope-walk— 4he longest in the country. Mount AabnmOenietery, about A V ^. is. This busi- stablisbments of whom are hat 4,500,000 les' nhoes are imounting, in sides the pro- half a milUon hborhood. iity, 16 miles i!abi.ern Rail- ro miles along lile across the lorth and the tnr ri^ih}< tW w i''«b«ti'^*' ii^,. .•.■*ri ■\ M'Rl f'^^f^-^K^^^.. s. Hfjjii'ycsj i^r'f^f'iv ■•-../•■. ? i>'^l»|)lt^: ■:fwrr.f!b f •>kJv)^^ii,>Tj^, ■|<*v'...;t i^v-a. .1 T^V!-, * 4" 'i^ 'Mrffl*Jj.!i ■1/ )ii^ • ^■■;\ t«i'Mi0:Vr»\ C" •'^''^m ^m •m '^k^m -v ii% Wr-i%- M rpi rtra^-iii ""f-"" - fr^^^- ■In" '■.r^wW' ti,.' mw^m 1 ^ CO -^l CO X. *tr •^ L t I f^^^!.^i^.^'^ Ronnnvi ►' M -***. ^ ^ I ■fX.' J*v is I 'm^; :.. h H-' \i i r* % , Ui .4, >' latlMTMaM]r«f 3 '"A ■ovIhrtTW*^ II Is dlirtliuroiihtd fiw Iti MtaffMnr iMtltotlonai and for ill oomiiMr- etol MterariM. Next to Ptymonth, U If tht' oldMt town !■ New logfauid. Mow wu the oUflf MOM of the ** wheli' oraft** iii»dn«« In 169S. Upon 0«1> lowi Hqt^ flno filnenoo ororiooklM the dt^l9 pmoM of the town end the ndghbormod were ezeonted fiNr tUe ■uppoeed erime. Selem le alio dlstfaicaidied tat tte ■enrioee In the war of the BoTohition. MmMdmi Is 18 nJles from Salsm, bj a braooh road. B si w eg l y Is upon an arm of Ann Harbor, two miles from Salem, with which It Is connected by a bridge of 1,600 feet, and ft«m Boston 18 mOes, Tia Eastern Bidhttad. Weahaa. 22 miles from Bostmi, via Bastem Bailway. Wenham Pond, a beantiM sheet of water, about a mile squarft, affords abundance of excdlent flsh, and Is much Tlslted by persons fond of angling. It Is slso noted fw the quality and quantity of its lee, a \ufgi amount of which Is yearly ex> ported. Kevboryport, IbuMk, 86 miles from Boston, Tia Eastern Bailroad, Ues on a Sntle acollTity. on the south bank of e Merrimao BiTcr, near ijbi union with the Atlantic. It is considered one of the most beautiftd towns In New Eng^ land. In consequence of a sand'bar at the mouth of the harbor, its fordni commerce has greatly declined. The oblebrated Qeorge Whitelleld cUed in this town in September, 1*770. SnUsbaiy P eno l i, celebrated, for its beauty and salubrityi is much TUted during the warm season. B Is from ftur to fiTc miles distant firom Newbury- port. Hampton, 48 miles from Boston, ^a Eastern Bailroad, Is pleasantly sitoated near the Atlantic coast. From eleya- tlons in the vicinity there are &M ^ws of the ocean, the Isle of Shoals, aA of the seaKsoast ftt>m Cape Ann to Forts- mouth. Hampton Beach has become a fitrorite [dace of resort for parties of pleasure, invalids, and those seeking an UTigoratingair. Great Boar's Head, In this town, Is an abrapt' ODrinenee ei^ ^ndlftg Into the ssa, and ttvidfaig tht bsadiss on either side. TherewMre an hotel fbr the aoeomiiodatlon <# tisitora. Ite ishlng a short dtotaaato from the shoio is Tonr good. VmSflln^OK Mmui M distant aboot nbie mOea from Hampton and from Portsmouth. These shoals are serea la number. Hog Uand. the hurgeet. eon- tabis 860 aersa, mostqr rooky aaa bar> ren.^ Its grealeat eloTatlon Is 6? feet above hli^'Wator merit. Upon this M* and is a hotel, reoentlT erected. TlMse rooky Ues are a pleasant re- sort ibr water parties, and the bracing afar, while refrMhIng to the sedentary, eannot be otherwise than salutary to ln< Tslids. — Bm Btaeh Is another noted watering-place on this coast, much fre- quented by penMws fitMB the neighbor* Ingtowns. Foirtaaioalh, H . BL, 66 miles from Boston, and 61 frdin Torthtnd, Maine, by the Bas«i»m Battroad, the prinolpel town of the Stoto, and the tmlir sesnort, Is built on the south side of tiie Iisca- taqua Biver. Its situation is a fine one, befaig on a peninsula near the mouth of the river. It Is connected by bridges with Kitterv in Mafaie, and Newcastle on Qrand Island, at the mouth of the river. The harbor is safe and deep, and is never frozen, its strong tides pre- venting tiie formation of Ice. There Is here a United States Navy Tard, one of the safest and most convenient on the coast. The North America, the first line-of4>attlewdiip launched In thta hemisphere, was built here during the BevolnUon. Andowwr. the seat of PhQllps* Acad- emy. and ox the Andover Thedogical Seminary, Is 28 mUes firom Boston, on the Boston and Maine Bailway. Ziow^ This fiimoos manuftetuTi ^S c^^Ji ^ fii** ^^ the Union, Is upon the Merrimack, 26 miles firom Bostmi, by the Boston and Lowell BaOroad. Lowell was incorporated as a town faa 1826, and In 1864 Its population was about 87,000. Theire^ are over 60 miUs in operation In Lowell, emjdoylng a capital of $18,900,000^ and neariy ^i m -^^^r^^Vv '^■sms^^ssss^m 99 MASAAOBUSSm. TowM ud yiUag«»-0«|»« Ood. 18,000 handa, of whom about 9,000 are female*. Cknooid ia attuated on the rirer of the aame name, 20 milea from Boaton, by the Fltehburg Railroad. It la celebrated aa the place where the flnt effectual reaiatance waa made, aad the flrat Britiah blood ahed. in the Revolutionarj war. On the 19th of April, 1770, a partj of Britiah troopa waa ordered hj General Gage to proceed to thia place to deatroy Bome military atores, which had been depoaited here by the province. The troopa were met at the north bridge by the people of Concord and the neigh- boring towna, and foroiby repulaed. A handaome granite monument, erected in 1886, commemoratea the heroic and patriotic achievement. Lwringtoa, the acene of the mem- orable battle of Lexington, at the commencement of the Revolution, April 1 9, 1776. From Boaton by Fitch- burg Railroad, five' milda; to West Cambridge and thence, 11 milea by branch road. Brighton ia five milea from Boston, on the Boston and Worcester Railroad. Thia ia a beautiful suburban town, on the aouth side of Charles River. It is also a noted cattle market. Qninov is eight miles from Boston, by the Old Colony and Fall River Road, liunous for its gnmite quarriea ; and as the birth-place of John Hancock, Josiah Quincy, Jr.; Preddenta John and John QuUicv Adams, and other eminent men. The fine estate of the Quincy fkmily is here. Fljrmonth is 87 mUes from Boston, by the Old Colony and Fall lUver and branch roads. It is a spot of especial interest, as the landing-place of the Pilgrim Fathers, and as the oldest town in New England. The immortal Ply- mouth Rock lies at the head of Hedge's Wharf. It is now much reduced from its ancient proportions, being only 6i feet across its greatest breadth, and but 4 feet thick. The surface only is visible above the ground. The landing of the Pilgrims from the May Flower, occurred on the 22d December, 1620. M>Tiihfi«M| interesting as Uxe home of Webster, is 28 miles south-east of Boston, by the Old Colony and the South Shore Railwaya. Mnghapi ia 17 milea from Boaton, by the Old Colony and the South Shore Railwava ; or may be reached by a pleiH ant Bail down the bay. ^ OohuMtt. three miles from Bing- ham (South Shore Road), ia a popular sea-side resort. Taonton, Mum^ ia a beautlAil town of some 12.000 inhabitants, situated at the head of navigation, on the Taunton JUver. It may be reached teom Boston, 86 miles; and from Providence, 80 milea, by the Boaton and Providence Railroad, taking the New Bedford and Taunton Road at Mansfield, about mid- way between Boston and Providence. New Bodlbrd is a charming rnari* time city, of some 18,000 people ; situ- ated on an eatuary of Buazard'a Bav. It is famous for its whale fisheries, in which enterprise it employs between 800 and 400 ships. New Bedford ia the termhius of the New Bedford and Taunton Railway^ by which route, via Mansfield, on the Boston and Providence Road, it may be reached from those two cities. It is accessible also from New York and Boston, by the Fall River route. Distance from Boston, 66 miles. Martha's Tinayard, and Nan- tnokat These famous sea- islands lie off New Bedford, with which port they are in daily steamboat communication. They are now united to the main idsd by submarine telegraph. WMlmhoxtnffk. is a prosperous town on the Fall River route, between New York and Boston, at its point of junc- tion with the Cape Cod Railroad. It is* pleasantly situated upon the Taunton River, 40 miles from Boston. It is the seat of a very popular Scholastic In- stitution, under the direction of the Rev. Mr. Jenks. Ol|)e Ood, and the Sea Tilanda. Those who delight in the sea breezes, in salt water bathing, and fishing, and in the physical beauties and wonders of the ocean changes, will find ample grat- ification everywhere upon the Atlantia MAStAO^urrns. Valley of the ConBMtlent— Northampton. 19 ith-«ut of f and the m Botton, inth Shore byapleib- rom Hing- a popular utifbl town rituated at lie Taunton om BoBton, idenoe, 80 Providence ledford and about mid* evidence, rming marl* eople ; situ- izard'a Bay. fisheries, in ys between Bedford if Bedford and h route, via fProvidence [from those e also from >y the Fall om Boston, and Nan- i- islands lie 3h port they imunication. le munalso iperouBtown stween New int of junc- Iroad. It ia- ,he Taunton D. It is the sholastic In* stion of the bland!. sea breezes, fishing, and 1 wonders of ample grat- the Atlantia borders, and especially upon the bold klanded coast of New England. Besides the welMuiown hannta of the Lons Island and the Jersey shores, of Newport, and of the numer> ous suburban resorts of Boston, to which we have elsewhere alluded, the Isle of Shoals, off Portsmouth, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket, off New Bed- ford, ko., we commend thb summer wanderer to a tour through the towns and villages, and along the ooasts of that wondorAil promontory of Massa- chusetts— Gape God. Let him journey from "Plymouth Rook," the inner point, to Province Town, the outer verge, and he will find novelties in both physical nature and social life, which wiU be most agreeable. The Gape God Railway fW>m Boston will take him far along upon the Gape, 14 miles to Barn- stable; 76 to Yarmouth; and 80 to Hyannis; or he may go thence by steamboat, and afterwards continue from point to point by stage. THE OONNECTIOnr YALLBT, BIVBB, AND BAILWAT8. The beautifhl valleys watered by the Gonneoticut, are among the most in- viting portions of the New England landscapes; whether for rapid transit, or for protracted stay. The whole re- gion is speedily and pleasantly accessible from every point, and may be traversed en route, to most of the principal sum- mer resorts of New England, since many important and very attractive towns and villages lie within its area, and rince it is crossed, and recrossed, every where, by the intricate nulway system, which imites Boston so in- timately, not only with all the Eastern States, but by connection infinite, with the whole country. The Ctonneotioat, the Queen of New England rivers — ^the chiefest and most beautiful^-rises in the hills of New Hampshire and Vermont, near the Gan- ada borders ; and flowing nearly south- ward, for 400 miles, separates the two States of its mountain birth ; traverses the entire breadth of Massachusetts and Gonneoticut, to the Long Island Sound. 3 Its waters are swelled br the tribute of the Passunmsic, the White, the Deer* field, the Westfiold, the Ammanoosuo, and other riven. . It is navigabfe for sloops 60 miles up to Hartford, and with the help of numerous canals, very much fkrther. The Connecticut Valley is, per* haps, 800 miles long in a straight line, with a mean width of 40 miles. The soil is as fertile as the landscape is beautiful. Railroads from New York, Boston, Albanv,and other places, meet at Spring- field, tte southern threshold of the most picturesque part of the Gonneoticut ; so we iHU commence our tour here — refer- ring the traveller to the route from New York to Boston, for mention of Spring- field itself. Northampton, Mass., is It milea above Springfield, on the line of rail- way which follows the Gonneoticut, up to the diveri^ng lines for the White Hills of New Hampshire, and for Ver- mont and Ganada. It is in every way one of the most charming villages in New England, and none other is more sought for summer residences. It lies about a mile west of the Gonnecticut, surrounded by rich alluvial meadows, sweeping out in broad expanse, from the base of grand mountain ridges. The village is not too largo for country pleasures, the population of the town- ship falling withm 6,000 ; yet, its na- tural advantages are so great, and so many pleasant people have established themselves here in such pleasant and beautiftil places, and the hotels are so ad- mirable, that the tourist, the most dif- Jieile, will not miss either the social or the physical ei^oyments of his city home. Even the little business part of Northampton has a cosy, rural air, and all around are charming villas, nestled on green lawns, and among fragrant flowers. Among the specialities of Northampton, are several distinguished water-cure establishments, the chief of which is that known as Round Hill, a lar^ and beautiful place, upon the fine emmence after which it is named, just west of the village. The schools here have alway been in very high repute. Its chief academy is the Go&^ate In- 74 MAflSACBUSBFIS. MooBt Bolyok* ud ihft OomiMtloat Bint. i. '. : •titute. The vioinage of Northampton Is. perhaps, ibei most beautiful portion of the Conneotiout Valley, the most fertile 4n its interval lands, and the most ■trildng in its mountain scenes ; for it looks out, directly, upon the enm and crests of those umous hil]8--lfottnt Holjroke and Mount Tom. Ihe hotels are, first, the .Mansion House, an elegant establishment, upon the upper edge of the village; then Warners Hotel, in the business street ; and. the Nonotuolc House at the railway ■(ation. Northampton is united to New Haven,' by the New Haven and North- ampton Railroad, *I6 miles long, as well as via Sprim|ileld. Bloimt Bolyolu is directly across the river from Nortluuiipton ; a good carriage road winds to the summit, 1,120 feet above Uie sea, where there is & little inn and an observatory. There are not of its kind many scenes in the world more beautiful than^ that which the visitor to Mount Holyoke looks down upon; the varied features of the lec- ture — fruitful valleys, smiling vill^j^ and iarms, winding waters ; and, afar off, on every side, blue mounUJn peaks, innumerable, will hold him long in hap- py contemplation. *« Mount Holyoke," says Mr. Eden's Handbook to the region, "is a part of a ridge of greenstone, commendng with West Book near New Haven, and pro- ceeding northerly across the whole of donneoticut ; but its elevation is small un- tilit reaches Easthampton, when it sud- denly mounts up to the height of nearly 1,000 feet, and forms Mount Tom. The ridge grosses the Connecticut, in a north- east direction, and curving still more to tiie east, terminates 10 miles from the river, in the north-west part of Bel- ohertown. All that part of the ridge east of the river is called Holyoke, thoueh the Prospect House is erected near its south-western extremity, oppo- site Northampton, and near the Con- necticut. This is by far the most com- manding spot on the mountain, tiiough several disitnct 'summits, that have as yet received no uniform name, afford delightful prospects. *'Nothfaig can be seen, except an oe- eadonal glunpse through the trees, hi the ascent, until the vuitor arrives at the Mountain House, and here the snd» den burst of such a magnificent profr- pect is as startling as it is delightftilV The viritor finds hunself lifted up near> ly 1,000 feet firom the midst of a plain, which, northerly and southerly, is of great extent; and so comparatively narrow is the naked rock on which be stands, that he wonders it has withstood the if^dM and storms of so many cen- turies. '' Of all the charming objects, how- ever, with which the landscape abounds, the most enchanting is the Ckmnecticut itsel£ This stream mi^, perhaps, with as much propriety as any in the world, be named the Beautiful Biver. Joel . Barlow, in his poem of tiie CMumbiad, speaking of the Connecticut, says :— * K o watoiy |^m thro* riehw vaneyi shine, Nor drinks tbo aea a loveUer wave than " Indeed, during its whole course, it uniformly sustidns this character. The purity, salubrity, and aweetness of its waters, the frequency and ehgance of its meanders, its absolute freedom fh>m all aquatic vegetables; the uncommon and universal beauty of its banks,^here, a smooth and winding beaoh; now fringed with bushes ; now.CTOwned with lofty trees, and now formed by the in^ truding hill, the rude bluff, and the shaggy mountain; are objects which, cannot be thoroughly described or ade- quately imaged. The river turns four times to the east, and three times to the west, within 12 miles, and within that distance, makes a progress of 24. It winds its way mi^estieally, yet most beautifully^ through the meadows of Hfttfield, Hadley, and Northampton, and directiy in front of Holyoke, it formeriy swept around in a graceful curve of three miles, without advancing in its ocean- ward course 100 rods ; but in the sprine of 1840 (as if impelled by the go^ead character of the ageX it out across the neck of this peninsula, though as it still continues to pass around tM curve, as UAaBAGBuaanB. 3 Tk* T1*w from MooBt Ha)]rok«— Monat ^Dnn. wd! ai through the new ohanneL the baeaty of the root it unimpaired. After thia, itjMMea dueoti^ through the deep^ opening between Holyolce and Tom, wUeh ita own waters or aome other agencies liave excarated in eariy timee. mIow this point, the Oonneetiont is in fidl Tiew, like a aeiqientine mirror, for nearly 20 miles. *' 'nie intenrals whioh in thia Tiew bor- der it in continual suoeeasion, are fields containing firom 600 to 6,000 acres, formed l&e terraced gardens, lowest near the river, and rising as they re> cede from it by regidar gradations. These fields are distributed mto an im-- mense multitude of lots, geometrically diversified & the summer with grass, corn, grain, and other products of la^ borious industry. On the west, and a little elevated above the general level, the eye turns with delight to the popu- lous village of Northsmptonj euibit- ing in its public edifices and private dwelUngs, an unusual degree of neatness and elegance. A littie more to the right, the quiet and substantial villages of Hadley and Hatfield, and still farther east and more distant, Amherst, with its College, Observatory, Cabinet, and Academy, on a commanding eminence, form pleasant resting places for the eve. The valley on the south of Holy- oke is not as interesting as that on the west and north, chiefly because the land is less fertUe. The vilkge of South Had- ley with Mount Holyoke Female Semi- nary, is indeed a pleasing object, but Springfield, though finely situated, is too fitr removed for an exhibition of its par- ticular features. Other places. south of Springfield are indistinctly virible along the banks of the Connecticut : and even the spires of some of the churches in Hartford may be seen in good weather, just rising above the trees. Still far- ther south may be seen the abrupt greenstone bluflb midway between Hart- ford and New Haven ; and looking with a telescope between these, other low hills may be indistinctly seen, which may be the trap ridge ehcircling New Haven. ** Facing the soutii-west, the observer has b^re him on the opposite aid* of the river, the ridge oaUeid Mount Tom, rising 100 or SOOfeet higherthan Bolf* oke, and dividing the Ya[U)yOf the Cuk' nectiout lon^tu^naOy. The western branch of tUa valley u bounded on the west by Ihe Hoosac range of moon- tahis; which, as teen firom Holyoke, rises ridge above ridge fat more than twenty miles, ohekered with eidtivated fields and forests, and not unfre<|uently enlivened by viDagea and church Sfdres. In the north-west, Oraylock may M seen peering above the Hoosac : and still farther north, several of the Green Mountains hi Yermtmt, shoot up be* yond the rej^on of the clouds in im<> poring grandeur. A little to the SQiqth of west, the beautiM outline of Mount Everett is often visible. Nearer at hand, and in the valley of the Conneoti- , cut, tiie insulated Sugar Loaf and Mount Toby present thehr fantastic outlines ; while, fhr in the north-east, ascends In Am and misty grandeur the doud-capt Monadnoc. " Probably, under fitvorable circum- stances, not less than thirty churchea, in as many towns, are virible from Holyoke. The north and south ^meter of the field of vision there cannot be less than 160 miles. *' Mount Holyoke commands also a view of the Connecticut River Rdhroad for many miles ; and it is a novel ahd interesting sight to witness the Iron Horse suddenly emer^^ng firom the Willimantic Bridge, and pursuing ita impetuous and resistless course uong the picturesque bank of tiie stream, and through the beautifol meadows below us." Blmmt Tom, upon the opposite ride of the river, is not yet so much visited as are its neighboring oliffls of Holyoke, though it is considerably higher, and the panorama from its crest is no less broad and beautiful. The village of Easthampton (again quoting Mr. Eden's Gulde}^ is situated on the west side of Mount Tom, four miles from Northampton. It containa a very extensive button manufactory, well deserring of a virit from those who /■ a \ i6 lfArtlA(MU8lgMH« > ■■ k- r. Bonih Hadlef— BJtdley. MonntTooi, can api^eciate mechanioal ingenuity. The principal feature of tike place, liow- ever, is its noble seminary for the youth of both sexes, which was founded and liberally endowed by the Hon. Samuel Williston, at an expense of $56,000, and has been in successful operation 16 years, having now an average attend- ance of about 200 pupils. On the east dde of Mount Tom and of the river is the village of South Had- ley, &mous as the seat of the Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, founded and for many years conducted by Miss Mary Lyon. This institution has sent out hundreds of graduates, as teachers, into all parts of the land. South Had- ley has many spots which afford most agreeable prospects. Standing on the elevated bank of the river and facing the north-west, you look directly up the Gonncctici^ where it passes be- , tween Holyoke and Tom ; those moun- ' trains rising with precipitous bold- . hcss, on either side of the valley through the opening, the river is seen for two or three mues, enlivened by one or two lovely ishmds, while over the rich meadows that constitute the banks, are scattered trees, through which, half hidden, appears in the distance the vil- lage of Northampton, its more conspicu- ous edifices being only visible. The village of Hadley is connected with Northampton by a bridge over the Connecticut. The river immediately above the town, leaving its general course, turns north-west: then, after winding to the south again, turns di- rectly east ; and thus, having wandered five miles, encloses, except on the east, a beautiftd interval, containing between two and three thousand acres. On the isthmus of this peninsula lies the princi- pal street — the handsomest, by nature, In New Eneland. It is a mile m length, running directly north and south; is sixteen rods in breadth; is nearly a perfect level ; is covered during the fine season with a rich verdure ; abuts at both ends on the river, and yields every where a delightful prospect.' There is a Grammar School here, that owes its foundation to fhnda left XAflSAdHiraXnB. M "W Amhent— SngH Loaf and DMifleld Moomtalm 'Monnt Tob^. by the Hon. Edward Aopkins, « former Ctovemor of Oonnecticut. In thifl town rerided for fifteen or dxteen yean WheUey and Ooif; two of those who composed the ooart for the trial of Kfaw Charles the First, and who signed the warrant for his exeeu- tion. They came to Hadley in 1964. When the house which they occupied was pulled down, the bones of Whuley were found buried just without the cel- lar wall, in a kind of tomb formed of mason woric, and coTered with flaas of hewn stone. After Whalley'a death, Goff left Hadley and went, it was thought, to New Tork, and finally to Rhode Island, where he spent the rest of his life with a son ofhis deceased wnfrire. AnlMrati the «eai of the famous College, is buil^ upon an eminmce, four miles east of Hadley. The. College ObserratotT an^MqpeeiaUy itfl rich earn* net, should reoeifre due oonsideration from the visitor here. , Tbe Sngar-tioaf MooBtabi comes now into view, as we journey on up the valley. This coidcal peidc of red sand- 9tone rises ahnost perpendicularly five hundred feet above the phdn, on the bank of the Connecticut, in the south part of Deerfield. As ihe traveller ap- proaches this hill from the south, it seems as if its summit were inaccessible. But it can be attidned without difficulty on foot, and affords a delightful view on almost every dde. The Connecticut and the peaceful village of. Sunderland on its bank, appears so near, tbat one imagines he might almost reach them by a single leap. This mountain over- looks a spot which was the scene of the most sanguinary conflicts that occurred during the early settlement of this re- gion. A little south of the mountain the Indians were defeated in IB'ZS by Captains Lathrop and Beers ; and one mile north-west, where the village of Bloody Brook now stands (which de- rived its name from the circumstance), in the same year, Captain Lathrop was drawn into an ambuscade, with a com- pany of '* eighty young men, the very flower of Ensex County," who were nearly all destroyed. The spot where Captidn Lathrop and about tUrty of his men were interred, is marked by a stone slab ; and a mar* ble monument, about twenty feet high and siz fbet square, ii erected near by. DewlliM Monntofti lisea some 700 feet above the jAain on which the vil- lage Bt«ndt. From the weetem verge of 41ds summit the view is exceedini^y intereeting. i The alluvial pbdja on whieh Deerfl^d stands is sank nearly 100 feet below the general level of the Connecticiit vaDey ; and at the south-west part of this basin, Deerfield river tt seen emerging fr<»n the mountafau, and winding in the meet gracefid eqrvet along, its whole western border. SdU more beneath the eye is the viJQage, re- markable for regmarity, and for the number and site w the trees along the piindpal street, Tli# meadows, a Uttle beyond, are one of tl^e most verdant and feitUe spots in Kew. England. Upon the whme, this view is one of the most perfect rural peace and hapi^ess that can be imagined. A few mOes north of Deerfield, and in the same valley, but on higher ground, can be seen the lovely viUagto of Greenfield. As we approach tluB pbce from the south, the view is one oi great beauty. "How gay the habitations that b«deek This fertile valley 1 Not a hoow bat seems To slve asBorance ct content within ; Embosomed happiness and plsisiti love ; As if the sanshine of the day were met By answering brightness in the hearts of all Who walk tus Ihvored ground." • Moimt Toby lies in the north part of Sunderland, and west part of Lever- ett, and is separated from Sugar-Loaf and Deerfield Mountains by tiie Con- necticut river. On various parts of the mountain, interesting views may be ob- tained, but at the southern extremity of the highest ridge, there is a finer view of l£e valley of the Connecticut than from any other eminence. Ele- vated above the river nearly 1,000 feet, and but a little cUstance from it, its windings lie directly before you; and \ 78 ICAflSAOBUSKm. Onenfleld^Yenioa— BntQeborangL Ihe yfOaMB that line its banJu—Siuider* iMd, fuldlej, Hatfield, Northampton, ftnd ijnhent, lippear like «o many qiarkUnk gema in its crown. Mottt WanMT is a hiU of lets alti- tade than any before named, being onhr 900 or 800 feet in height, bat a rich view can be had from its top of that portion of the Talley of the Oonneoticut just described. It lies in the north part Of Hadley, not moro than half a mile from the liver, /tnd it can be eadly reached by a carriage. A visit to it can, therefore, be performed by the in- vaUd, and will form no mean substitute for an excursion to Holyoke or Toby. Oreanfield, in its business quarter, is a lively little place. The wonted New England.quiet, however, is all around it, in ehn-ehaded streets and garden- surrounded villas. The high hills in the neighborhood open fine pictures of the vs&ys and whidinga of the great river. , > Oreenfiejd is the terminus of a ndl- way from Boston, via Fitchburg, 100 miles from the former, and 66 miles ^om the latter place. Another route will unite it with the railway systems of the West at Albany and Troy. The Oreen river, which flows near the vil- Isge, is a pretty stream, and near by aro the Deerfield and Greenfield rivers. Among the manufactures of Greenfield^ there is a tool shop, in which are made 882 different shapes of earpentei^s E lanes. In an extensive cutlery estab- shment upon Green Kver, 800 opera- tives are employed. Vccnonr— At Middle Vernon there is a charming view up the river, as seen from the laflway track ; Mount Chester^ field, in New Hampshire, opposite BraUleborough, rising up stoutly in the back-ground. Bnttlobonmgl^ brings us feirly out of the rich alluvial lands into the upper and more rugged portions of the Con- necticut. The intervals now grow nar- rower, and the hills' more stem. This beautifiil village is in a very picturesque district, upon the west side of the river. It is, deservedly, one of the most es- teemed of the summer resorts of the Connecticut, so pure and heftlth-restor- ing are its airs, and so pleasant all Mount Ohwterfleld, N. H. YBBMOirr.t-^KEW BAXPBHIBB. Bellows Falls, Tt— Kmii«— Ohtrieston— Moant Asentnef. 19 44- its belongiiigs, within and witliout. There are nere several large and admi- rable water-cure establishments, and a fine fira^olaBs hotel, called the Revere House. The village cemetery on a lofty terrace overloolung the river, above and below, is a beantiful roral spot. West River, above the town, is an ex- ceedingly- picturesque stream. The buil^Ui^ and grounds, in this vicinity, of the Asylum for the Insane, have a fine manorial appearance. Our next stage is 24 miles, from Brattleborough to Bellows Falls, over the Vermont valley road. BeUows' Falls is a fiunous congre- gating and stoppihg place of railways. With the exception of some bold pas- sages of natural sceneir, and a most sumptuous summer hotel, called the Isl- and House, there is not much here, comparatively, to allure the traveller. Railways come in from Boston on the east, from the valley of the Gonnecticut on the south, from Vermont and Canada on the north, and from Albany and Troy, via Rutland, on the west. The Falls are a series of rapids in the Connecticut, extending about a mile along the base of a high and precipitous hill, known as "Fall MountiOn,'' which skirts the 'river on the New Hampshire side. At the bridge which crosses the river at this place, the visitor can stand directly over the boOing flood; viewed from whence, the whde scene is effec- tive in the extreme. The Connecticut is here compressed into so narrow a compass that it seems as if one could almost leap across it. The water, which is one dense mass of foam, rushes through the chasm with such velocity, that in striking on the rocks below, it is forced back upon itself' for a conddera- ble distance. In no place is the fall perpendicular to any considerable ex- tent, but in the distance of half a mile the waters descend about 60 feet. A canal three-fonrths of a mile long, with locks, was constructed round the Falls, many years rince, at an expense of $60,000. Keene is one of the prettiest towns of New Hampshire in this vicinity. It is situated on a flat, east of the Ashue- lot river, and is upon the route o^ the Cheshire ndlway, by which it is connect- ed with Boston, and with the Connecti- cut river roads. It is partiojilariy ^en- titled to notice for the extent, width, and uniform level of its streets. The main street, exten^i^ one mile in a straight line, is almost a perfect levd, and u well ornamented with trees, it is a place of considerable business, there beii^; several manufiMsturing establish- ments here. From Bellows* Falls we pass on to Windsor, 2& miles, by the Sullivan rail- way. Sooth Cuaxsmhok and Chahubroii are quiet little aside viUages on the east bank of the Connecticut, in. SuIUvan County, New Hampdiire, 60 miles west of Concord. A bridge crosses the river to Sfffingfleld, Vermont Charleston was the extreme* northern outpost in the early days of the New England colo- nies. There was then a rude military work here called Fort No. 4. Clamw OMT is also on the east bank of the Connecticut, and in Sullivan County, N. H. It is a pleasant littie manufac- turing village. The scenei^ in this neieh)^Thood is extremely fine. The banks of the Svoak Rt^k are very picturesque, and the changing aspects of MoimT AscunnET, which we now approach, are of the highest interest It is upon this side tms noble hill, standing solitary and alone, a brave outpost of the coming Green Mountains . on the one hand, and of the White- Mountains on the other, is seen in its greatest grandeur. Its rugged precipi- tous sunmiits and its dark ravines have here a very vigorous and massive character. Ascutney is sometimes call- ed the Three Brothers, from its trio of lofty peaks, all visible firom the southern approach. From the eastward and northward, at Windsor and firom the west, its appearance is totally different, but always fine. It may be very com- fortably ascended from Windsor, in a good. day's tramp; and the view from the summit is scarcely inferior in extent, variety, and magnificence, to that from \ 80 oomuKmoiTP. Tal]«)r of the Hoontonto. any other peakiof the Yermont ehain. Its height u 1,789 feet shore the river. WiNOfBOH ifl one of tiie pleiantest rural retreats of all this eharniing region, with its Ticinage to Mount Xsoatney, and other attractive seenet of land and water. It is the centre of a fliie agri> eultural and wool-growing neij^bor- hood. There is an exoeUent, quiet, Rummer hotel here. Windsor is the Heat of the Vermont State Prison, and the terminus of the Vermont GcAtral Railway, from Burlington through -the ▼alley of the WinoosU river. At Windsor, the Sullivan road- ends, and we continue our joum^along the Connecticut, 14 miles, to White River Junction, by the VermjijiKO'riouT,---KAsaAOinT8Brre, 81 Talley of tlu Honvtonio— BeAaUra, Mats. through the extreme west of Oonneoti- • out and Masnohufletta, including the fiunoufl county of Berkshire in the former State. The whole region is re- plete with picturesque and social attraer tions, and has long been resorted to for summer trarel and reddehce. It is a county of bold hills, pleasant valleys, and beautifal streanuh— more particu- larly that portion lying in Berkshire. Saddle Mountun, in the north part of this county, is the highest luid in Massachusetts. The natural beauties of Monument Mountidn, also in Berk- shire, have been hdghtened by tradi- tionary story, and by the verse of Bryant Stockbridge and Great Bar^ rington— very popular summer homes- are here. Lenox, honored by the resi- dence of the authoress, Miss 0. M. Sedgwick ; and Pittsfield, the home of Melville and Hohnes. North and South Adams, too, and WilUamstown, the seat of Williams College— -but we will fol- low the line of the valley, and glance, Driefly, at its points of interest in due order. From New Tork, take the New Haven Rulroad, 68 miles, to Bridgeport, on the Sound, thence up the valley, on ^e Housatonio road ; or take the Hud- son river, or the River Baiboad route, 116 miles, to the city of Hudson, and thence by Hudson and Berkshire Rail- road, 84 miles, to West Stockbridge; or the Harlem Rulroad, to its intersec- tion with the Hudson and Berkshire, at Chatham Four Comers. From Albany, by the Albany and Boa- ton road, 88 miles, to State Line (HoQsatoiuc road) ; or onward to Pitts- field. From Boston by western (Al- bany) road, 161 miles, to Pittsfield. Oanaaa is 87 milea above Bridge- C>rt. The Falls here, which are the rgest in Connecticut, are very bold and picturesque. The waters traverse a ledge of limestone, and make a de- scent of 60 feet. The Balisboxy Lakaa. The country west of Canaan, as all this part of the State, is beautifully embellished with hill and lake scenery. The Twin Lakes, in Salisbury, are very charming waters. 3* B haffl d d is a prosperous village, famous for its mani^ctures, and foiilta varied attraotions in hills and cascades, and othf r forms of natural beauty. Ckwit Banipgtoii, with exeelleni hotels for summer travel, is a place of favorite resori. Mount Peter, on the southern edge, overiooks the village pleasantly; and it is most agreeably seen approaching, on the river road, firom the north. Th* T^nglwirio If oaataiiM, a range extending from the Green Hills of Yer* mont, liebetween the Bouaatonic valley and the Httds(m River. Mount Wadi- ington, Mount Riga, and other peaks, are interesting places of i^rima^e and exploration. The Falls of Basbpfsh are in this hOl range. Following the Hou- satonio, and pasdng Monument Moun- tain, we reach Old Stooktaiidgw. This is one of the quietest and most winsome retreats ia the worid, lying in the lap of a fertile^ hill-fiheltered valley. The houses, which are all &r apart, and buried in dense verdure, stand back in gardens, upon either side of a broad street or road, thickly lined with noble specimens of the ever-attractive New England elm. There is a pleasant, well-ordered hotel here. Miss Sedgwick has, in her stories, woven much romantic interest about many spots in t^is vicinity, and about her own home of Lenox near by. Ii rt iiion Springs (N. T.), and th« Shaker village are hereabouts. (See New TorkO Pitttfiald, Berkshire County, Mass., is a large manufacturing and agricul- tural town, elevated 1,000 feet above the level of the sea. It is 161 miles west from Boston, and 49 east from Albany. The village is beautifully situ- ated, and contains many elegant public edifices and private dwellings. In thia village there is still standing one of the origmal forest trees— a large' elm, 120 feet high, and 90 feet to the lowest limb — an interesting relic of the prim- itive woods, and justly esteemed a curi- osity by persons visiting this place. $he town received its present name in $2 OONKMCi'lOUT.— MASaAOHUSBTW. Tallejr of tlM Honnitonla. Monament Moantaln, Maas. 1*761, in honor of WilUam Pitt, (Earl of Chatham). Upon a fine spaoious square in the heart of the town, are the principal hotels, the Berlcshire Medical School, a popular institution, founded in 1828, and the First Congregational Church, a Gt>tliic structure of stone, erected in 1868. There is, too, a prosperous Young Ladies* Institute here, which occupies- several admirable buildings, surrounded by wdl-embellished grounds. Pittsfield is a large depot of manufactures, being extensively engaged in the production of cotton and woollen goods, machin- ery, 'fire-arms, and railroad oars. The population of the township is nearly 7,000. It is upon the Western Railway, fi^m Boston to Albany, at the northern terminus of the Housatonic valley route, and at the southern terminus of the Pittsfield and North Adams Riulway. The scenery of this region, traversed , by the western road through Berkshire, from Boston to Albany, is often of very impressive aspect. Afier leaving the wide meadows of the Connecticut, basldng in their rich inheritance of dluvial soil, and unim% peded sunshine, you wind through the narrow valleys of the Westfield river, with masses of mountains before you, and woodland heights crowding in upon you, so that, at every puff of the engine, the passage visibly contracts. The Al- pine character of the river strikes you. The liuge stones in its wide channel, which have been torn up and rolled down by the sweeping torrents of spring and autumn, ,^lie bared and whitening in the summer sun. Ton cross and re- cross it, as in its deviations it leaves space, on one side or the other, for a practicable road. At " Chester Factories*' you begin your ascent of 80 feet in a mile for 18 miles. The stream between you and the precip- itous Iiill side, cramped into its rocky bed, is the Pontoosne, one of the trib- utaries of the Westfield river. As you trace this stream to its mountain home, it dashes along beside you with the recklessness of cUldhoqd. It leaps down precipices, runs forth laughing m the dimpling sunshine, and then, shy as the mountain nymph, it dodges behind a knotty copse of evergreens. In ap- proooliing tiie "summit level," you XBODB ISLAHD. ProirldMiee ud Ytdaitjr. irftTel bridges built 100 fe«t abov^ other mountain streanu, tearing along their deep-worn beds; and at the "deep out** your paasage li hewn through aolid roolis, whoae mighty walla firown over you. The PiUtfitld and Iforth Adam$ Mail- roadMovte. This road extends 20 miles, via Packard's, Berkshire, Cheshire, Che- shire Harbor, Maple Orore, and South Adams to Korth Adams. Adaaub The Tillages of North and South Adams are in the immediate neighborhood of Saddle Mountain. Thu noble peak has an elevation of 8,600 feet, and is the highest land in Massachusetts. There is a notabto natural bridge upon Hudson's brook in this township. i, WllUuMtoim, near North AdamiL is the seat of Williams College, founded in 1798. This institution is well en< dowed, and holds high rank among the best educationlal establishments of the country. The TiHage is in one of the moit picturesque portions of {do* turesque Beriuhire. N«w HaiNB, Bwrtfaid, Aa For mention of these and other cities and scenes of Conneotieot, see Index and Routes to Boston from New Torii^ under the huA of Massachusetts. ,. RHODE ISLAin>. Baa Jatiimt Is tiie smallest of the many States of the grtet Amerieaik con* federaoy, her entire area not exoeedins 1806 miles, with an extreme ledjgth and breadth, respectively, of 47 and 87 mfles. The oounti^ Is most plieasantiy varied with hill and dale, though there are no mountains of any great pretenitionB. Ample compensation for this lack in the natural scenery, is made bv the numberless small lakes which abound every where, and e^cially by the beautiAil waters and islands and shores of the Norragansett Bay, which occupy a great portion of the Httie area of the States Its capitals, Providence and Newport, are among the most ancient and i^ost interesting places in the land, and the latter has of late years become the mosfc fiuhionable of all the numerous American watering-places. Rhode Island was first settled at Providence, in 1686, by Roger Williams. To the enlightened and liberal mind of Williams in Rhode Island, and to the like true wisdom of Fenn in Pennsylvania, and of Lord Baltimore in Marybmd, America owes its present happy condition of entue freedom of conscience ;— perfect religious toleration havhig been made a cardinal point in the policy of these colonies. The people of Rhode Island were early and active participants in the war of the Revolution, and many spots within her borders tell thrilling tales of the stirring incidents of those memorable days. PBOTIDENOE AHD YIOmiTY. Providence, one of the most beauti- fhl cities of New England, and surpassed only by Boston in wealth and popula- tion, is a semi-capital of Rhode Island, on the northern arm of the Narragan- sett Bay, called Providence River. It is an ancient town, dating back as far a& 1686,— when its founder, Roger Williams, driven from the donudns of Massachusetts, sought here^ that rell« gious liberty which was demed to him elsewhere. It bears its venerable age, however, bravelv, and looks, to-day, as youthful and vigorous as the Aladdin cities of yesterday-T-yet with the accu- mulated refinements and amenities. In its social character, of very many cul- tivated generations. This city makes a charming picture seen from the ap- •I 84 BHODX SSLAKD. ProrldoBM ud the ProTldaaoe BiT«r. 8 roach by the beMitiAil waters of the rarraguuett, which it encircles on the north by its business quarter, rising be- yond and rather abruptly, to a lofty terrace, where the quiet and nateftilly shaded streets are filled with dabity cottages and grand manorial homes. ProTidence was once a rery important commercial depot, its rich ships cross- ing all Bea»— «nd at the present day the city is equally distinguished for its man- ufacturing wealth and enterprise. In this department of human acbievement it took the lead, which it still keeps, — the first cotton mill which was biult in America, being still in use, in its sub- urban villaee of Pawtuoket, and some of the heaTiest mills and print-works of the Union being now in operation within its borders, ^le value of the annual product of the cotton mills and print- works of ProTidenoe, is estimated at nearly four millions of dollars ; Hhat of the manlifacturers of jewelry of various kinds — its establishments in this labor being no less than from sixty to seventy in number — at two and a half millions. It has al^c extensive manufactories of steam machinery, and of tools and im- plements of all sorts, and it famishes the nuyor part of all the screws used in the United States. The workshops of the Eagle Screw Company, where these Uttie implements are made, are among the best appointed in the world. The total capital invested here, in manu- factures, is six millions of dollars. Proiridence is the seat of Brown Universitt, one of the best educational establishments in America, founded in Warren, B. I., 1764, and removed to Providence in 17V 0. Its library is verv large, valuable, and is remarkably rich in rare and costiy works. The Athxn^cm has a fine reading- room, and a coDeotion of 19,000 books. Tlie Butler Hospital for the Insane, upon the banks of the Seekonk Biver, is an admirable institution, occupying large and imposing edifices. In the same part of the city, and lying also upon the Seekonk Kver, is the Ceme- tery, a spot of great rural beauty. There are about fifty public schools m Provi- dence, in which instruction is riven to between six and seven thousand pupils, at an annual expense of over $45,000. one-fourth only of which is contributed by the State. The Dexter Asylum for the Poor, is npon an elevated range of land east of the river. In the same vicinage is the yearly meeting boardinc school, belonj^g to the Society of Friends. The Beform School occupies the large mansion in the south-east part of the city, formerly known as the Tockwotton House. The Exchange, the Bail Bead Depot, some of the banks, and many of the churches of Provi- dence are imposing structures. The topography and the natural soene> ry of Pro^dence and its vicinity, are Seat temptations to tourists and to ose seeking pleasant summer abodes. Situated upon the shore of the Nam* gansett Bay, and connected with it at all points by railway and steamboat, it unites all the pleasures of city and country life. Upon the immediate edge of the city, on the shore of a charming bay in the Seekonk Biver, is the fkmous' What Cheir Book, where the founder of the city, Boger Williams, landed from the Massachusetts side to make the first settlement here. From this rock he was greeted by the Indians, with the salutation which gives name to the spot. At Hurt's Mill, three or four miles distant, is a beautifol brook with a de- licious little cascade, a drive to which is among the moining or evening pleas- ures of the Providence people and their guests. YuE DK L'Eav, is the name of a pic- turesque and spacious summer hotel, perched (four or five miles below the city) upon a high terrace overlooking the Bay and its beauties for many miles around. Qwqpee Point, below, npon the oppo- site shore of the Narragansett, tells a stirring story of the initial days of the Bevolution, when some citizens of Pro- vidence, after adroitly beguiling an ob- noxious British revenue cran upon the treacherous bar, stole down by boats in the night and settied her busi- BHODX ISLAITD. 85^'' are PbMM ud SceBM in th« N»mcuiMtt Baj. by burning her to the water's edge. Rooky Folat, is a wonderftil sum- mer retreat among sliady grores and rookj glens, upon the west shore of the Bij. In summer-time half a dozen boats plj, each twice a day, on excur- sion trips from Providence to Tarious rural points down the Bay, charging 26 cents only for the round voyage. Rooicy Point is the most favored of all these rural recesses. Hundreds come here daily and feast upon delicious clams, just drawn from the water and roasted on the shore, in heated seaweed, upon true and orthodox "clam bake" principles. Let no visitor to Providence fail to eat clams and chowder at Rooky Point, even if he should never eat again. The charming towns of Warren and Bristol are across the Bay, each worthy of a long visit. They may both be reached several times a day from Prov- idence, by the Providence, Warren and Bristol Railroad. Mount Bop^ the famous home of the renowned King Philip, the last of the Wampanoags, .is just below Bris- tol, upon Mount Hope Bay, an arm of the Narragansett on the east. The bare crown of this |dcturesque height K resents a glorious panorama of tfaj^ eautiful Rhode Island waters. Upon the shore of Mount Heme Bay, oppoiite, is the busy viUage of Fall River, which we have already visited, on our route to Boston from New York. OIT on our right, as we stUl descend towards the sea, is Greenwich, and near by it, the birth- place and home of General Nathaniel Oreene--ihe revolutionary hero— and just below is the township and ( lying inland) the village of Kingston. In this neighborhood there once stood the old snuff-mill in which Gilbert Stuart, the fkmous American painter, was born. Preacotft Mead Quarten, is a spot of Revolutionary interest, on the west- em shore of the Uirge island filling the lower part of the My, the island after which the State is named. At the southern extremity of the island, is the venerable town of New- port, at this day the most fashionable of all summer watering-|daces. ' Leav- ing Newport for a chapter by itself, let us, now that we have run rapidly down the 80 miles of the Narragansett waters, leoppo- , tells a ) of the of Pro- r anob- t upon own by ler busi- lIOQBt Hope, Bhode Idaiid. BBODI ISLAND. BoatN to ProrldtiiM— NtwpoH. 'ort Domplliif^ Sonport, B. L retara for anotlier mommit to PtotI* denoc. We may g«t here any day from New Tork, by the Fall Rirer route f(^r Boe- ton, round Point Judith from the aea, up the Narraganaett (oaUiag at Newport) to FaU River, in Ifount Hope Bay, and thence by a Proridenoe iteamer. Or we may come by the Stonington route from New Toric, to Stonington by steamer, thence by railway, or by the New Baren route, from New Tork to Boston, as far as Hartford, then chang- ing cars for those of the ProTidenoe, Hartford and Fishkill road; or we may come from Boston, any hour, almost, by the Boston and Providence road. Distance from New Tork to Provi- dence, about 1*70 milea— usual fare, $8 60. Distance from Boston, 48 miles —fare, $1 60. Population of Provi- dence, about 48,000. Hoteh. Providence is a notable ex- ception to the general rule of Ameri- can cities, in respect to the provision of public hos|dtality. The oidy house which we can commend to the stranger is the City Hotel', on Broad street JJBWPOBT. If Newport were not, as it is, the most elegant and lashionable of all American watering-places, its topographical beau- ties, its ancient commercial importance, and its many interesting historical associ- ations, would yet claim for it distingukh- ed mention in these pages. Oominff ia ttom the sea round Point Judith, a Tew miles brinff the traveller into the waten of the lurragansett Bay, where he passes between Fort Wolcott, on Ooat Island, and the stronghold of Fort Adams, upon Brenton Point on the right, and enters the harbor of the ancient town, once among the commer- cial capitals of the Union. In the Revolution, the British long held possession of Newport, during which time, and at their departure, n became almost desolate. Before leav- ing, thev destroyed 480 buildings, burn- ed the ughthouse, cut down all the or- namental and fruit trees, broke up the wharves, used the churches for riding- schools, and the State House for an hos- pital, and carried off the church bells and the town records to New Tork; disasters which reduced the population from 12,000 to 4,000. But the incidents of this period have left some pleasant memories for the present day ; and re- membrances of the fkme of Oommodore Perry, the gallant commander on Lake Erie, who was bom in Narragansett, R.I., across the bay, and whose remains lie now in Newport ; of the residence of Ropbambeau, and other brave offi- cers of the i^ench fleet ; and of the visits of General Washington, and the fkea given in his honor ; the venerable buildings associated with all these inci- dents being still to be seen. ol so oil mi fai ov ha cei Oc VUi hei He BRODB ULAXTD. 87 Newport nnlngin h, ftfew , ^ i« waters here he on 6o»% of Fort on the • of the eonuner* \Uh long , dnring arture, it fore leaT- _,bnm- the or- |e np the )r ruUng- »r enhoe- !h bells Iw York; jpnlation I incidents pleasant ,- and re- jmmodore on Lake gansett, „ remains [reridence >rave offl- id of the ^, and the renerable kese ind* The Old Btone Mill, Newport. The old town lies near the water, but of late years, dnce the place has grown so great as a summer reridenoe, a new city of charming Tillas and sumptuous mansions has sprung np, extending far along upon the terraces which overlook the sea. The flood of travel has called up, too, a number of magnifi- eent hotels, of which the chief are, the Ocean House, at the south end of Belle- Tue street; the Atlantic House, at the head of Pelham street; the Bellerue House, on Catherine street ; the Aquid- itpck and the Fillmore. Of the old biyil4ings, and of those whioh belong to Newport ptr Hi instead of in its charae<' ter of a waterinff-plaoe, are, the aneient State nouae (for Newport is a semi* capital of Rhode Island), the Redwood Library and Atheuffttm, the Old Btone Mill, an interesting relio of a period past remembrance and almost of tradi> tlon ; TammiBy Hall Institute, Trinity Ohuroh, the Vernon fiunily mansion, tiie Perry monument. Com. Ferry's house, the City Hall, the fortifications in the harbor, Fort Adami, Fort Wol- oott, Fort Brown, and its surrounding rocks called the ihmpHng$^ etc. The chief picturesque attractions of the town and its immediate Tioinity, are the fine ocean shores, known as the First, the Second, and the Third Beach. It is the First Beach which is chiefly used as a bathing ground by the New- port guests. At the Second Beach are the famous rocks called Pursatory, and the Han^ng Rocks, witbhi whose shadow it is said that the celebrated Bishop Berkeley wrote his "Minute Philosopher." Here, too, groups of fishermen may be seen drawing their nets for the manhaden and blue>lsh, or Pufatoij, Newport, B. L \ 88 m. NSW HAMPSUnUL r BoatM to the White Mouitaliu. horse-mackerel, with whioh the waters abound, fearer to the town, and upon the boast, is the great Spouting Oare. The Olen, and other localities, are charming places to ride to, when, the weather is auspicious. Newport was the birthplace of the lifted miniature punter Malbone, and Gilbert Stuart's place of nativity may be seen in Narragansett, across the bay. Stuart made two copies of his' great Washington picture for Rhode Icund, one of which may be seen in the State House at Newport, and the other in that at Providence, the twin caiHtal. A. steamboat passes every day up and down the bav between Newport and the city of Pro^dence, enabling the travel- ler to see at his leisure the many nghts and localities of all this attractive neighborhood. See routes from New Tork ta Boston for ways of approach to Newport, and chapter upon Provi- dence and Ti«i|gitiyfor scenes upon the Narragansett ^ters. NEW HAMPSHIRE. Niw Hamfshim contuns some of the grandest hill and valley and lake scenery in America. The TThite Monntuns here are popularly supposed to be the highest land east of the Histdssippi river, as, indeed, they are, with the cdngle exception of Black Mountain in North Carolina. These noble hills occupy, With their man^ outposts, a very considerable portion of the State, and form the speciality in its physical character. The reader will find a detailed mention of all these features, and of the beautiful intermediate lake-reckon, in subsequent pages. On his route from Boston to the mountain regions, the tourist will find much to interest him, if his interest lies that way, in the enterprising manufacturing towns of the lower part of the State. In its historical records, New Hampshire has no very striking passages—no important reminiscences, either of the Revolu- tionary War ot of the later conflict with Great Britain in 1812. The railway lines of New Hampshire are numerous enough to^ve ready access to all sections of her territory, and to the neighboring States. Occasion will occur for ample mention of the facilities which they afford for travel, as we follow them, sieverally, hither and ^.hither. BOUTES TO THE WHITE MOUNTAINS, N.H. nou irxw tobx, bootoit, poktlahd, na Via 'Boston. Rom 1. From Boston, by Lake Winnipiseogee and Conway Valley. (See routes from New York to Boston.) From Haymarket Square, Boston, at 7 80 A. H. and 12 M., 26 miles to Law- rence by Boston and Mai^'^e road; 27 miles to Manchester, upon Manchester and Lawrence R. R. ; 18 miles to Con- cord, upon Concord R. R. ; 88 miles to Weirs, on Lake Winnipiseogee, by Boston and Concord and Manchester B.R.; lOmilesby steamer Lady of the Lake, on Lake Winidpiseogee to Centre Harbor (dine at Centre Harbor); 80 miles by stage to Conway ; arrive at Conway in the evening, remain there all night, and pioceed, 24 miles, to Crawford House, White Mountidn Notch, next day. Total distance from Boston to the Crawford House, 168 miles; time, 2 days and I night; fare, $7 45. Distance from New Tork, 481 miles; time,.2 days and 2 nights; fare, about $12 46. Passengers bv the Boston morning train onfy reach Conway the same evening. Those taking No. 2, or noon train, ^11 pass the night at Centre ^bor, on Lake* Winnipiseogee, and I .vv-,. V I' M I, vMv», It-' -V" -t 11 ?tr. , fiS»W>'l»fe. '^^M f'^^;i^f4^f^i^<^^^^ fT^'^'^^'^ ^ T T s4 '^' f(t'r> 1^': ./.- tf ■'...■, .,.■■ '. X,."' ■ ■*" ..,. .^" ^■' fC-^ .t.j&I'i.i '' yvW t.-\^( .- ^ ^^^■>.- * ViVv - ■»V/ I* i •4 ■ - » > - ■ . .i • li.,., .'«- I. vv .x\"ft ■ Ail;'" ^m-' 'fei !!!«»■** .v«=i! ('.1 ) '•.<;; a 1 ;•■ ,«^: '.V* ,i;'i f ,,'jjr- '■ ^-r ■ii? 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A ^ 1^ ESfei 3 >M^ «»j£««'fl»p^i^»M.t»i«M>#aritfi td.-byi X '■■':^^ .^.i .rfi»'u.u«.;vUiitMMA'.aiMiv«'^.>i^~ .r«M<.aJM.«ky<.V. - taWiidMMirAtor. ..tmi ikMitKii mM ii in 1 1 1 j;iii(A ■f T jCenvntotv- *eutZ / liCOCULf iu^pi JAP* ^N* [onoiiDC ^'^og^ ^o^axL ^ antvdt "Tl rcaQ. Serlm, ifhtlf Newxy/ Jajp ford on. !«rr >dc rev,' noxe; ^-*; K"o rtope , ,1- ^-fcr l^^J^ttifc^ AJ -/-•^ < s t^!^ 'bW'* da » swMM I Saiot *Po1 '*pV, ' A\i>?i5fSAi!.2S"*^^^^ POJRTX J^Utot X Aas^n Bo_ cawc CONC fCBRJUSei m m ^mffUBos :i XnurtA, aooarOJtq toActafCajig r»ss.\n th»jr*arlSi8, iy TirmiUamj. in Oie CUrk'iO^'fice, of-^itXhuatrux Ccmrt. c*9u Sm Plymouth to Wells River; thence upon White Mountain R. B., 20 miles, to littleton; thence by stage, 11 miles, to Profile House, and 6 miles further to Flume House, or 28 miles to Crawford House. Passengers by the early train only reach the mountains the same idght. Those taking second tndn stay till next day at Plymduth. From Bo** ton to Profile House, 198 miles; to Flume House, 198 miles ; to Crawford House, 206 miles. 182 miles by rail* road, rest by stage. Fare from Boston to Profile House, $6 16; to Crawford, $6 90. Tfane, 12 hours. livm New York or Boston^ via Port- landf Maine. RovTK 6. (See routes from New York to Boston.) Leave Boston for Portland, 111 miles by railway, morning and even- uig, from Haymarket street, via Read* ing, Lawrence, Haverlipl, Exeter, etc. Through baggage for the White Moun* tains to be marked, ** Portland JSaat.** Pastengers by last train will dine in Portland, and take Grand Trunk Railway through Cumberland, Tar- mouth, etc., 91 miles, to Oorham, N.H. Second train passengers will pass the night at Portland, and proceed to Gorham next day. From Gorham, 8 miles, by stage to Glen House, foot of Mount Washington. Stages leave Glen House every morning for Crawford House, 84 miles distant, via Pinkham Notch, also via Cherry Mountain. From Boston to Gorham, 202 miles; from Boston, via Portland, Gorham, Glen House, and Pinkham Notch, to Craw- ford House, 244 miles. Route 7. From Boston, via Portland. Leave Causeway street, morning and evening, by railway, through Lynn, Salem, Beverly, Newburyport, Ports- mouth, etc., to Portland, and thence as in Route No. 6. Roim 8. From Boston by steamer to ^ i U 00 XTBW HAMP8HIBB. Boutcs to the Whlt« Moantains. Portland, every night, fl-ora end of Cen- tral Wharf; thence, aa in Route No. 6. Fare by this line, $8, from Boston to Oorham. RocTB 9. From Boston to Portland, by railway or steamer, as in Routes 6, 7, and 8, and thence by Sabago Lake and Pleasant Mountain to Conway; thence to Crawford House, etc., as in Route 1. JFVom New Yorh^ kot via JBotton, Route 10. From New York by rail- way, via New Haven, Hartford, and Springfield ; thence by railway up the Valley of the Connecticut to Wells River, and from thence to Littleton, N. H. ; from Littleton by stage, as in route 6. RoDTK 11. From Pier 18, Courtlandt street. North River, N. T., evfery eve- nine to AUyn'a Point ; thence by railway to Worcester, Nashua, and Concord; and from Concord on the east side by Conway to Crawford House, route 1 ; or on the west side by Campton to the Franconia Notch, route 6. Route 12. From New Tork by Hud- son River, or Hudson River Railway, to Albany and Troy; thence to White- hall, and down Lake Champlain to Bur- lington, Vermont ; thence by Vermont Central Railroad through the Winooski Valley and Oreen Mountains (via Mont- pelier), to connections with the Connec- ticut Valley roads to Littleton, N. H. Route 13. From New York by Hud- son River to Albany ; thence to White- hall, foot of Lake Champlain, or other routes to Rutland, Vermont ; thence to Bellows' Falls, on the line of the Con- necticut Valley road, to Littleton, N. H. We might much extend our list, but as all roads lead to Rome, so the ways to the favorite summer haunts in the White Mountains are infinite. DESCRIPTION or ROUTES TO WHITE MOUNTAINS. Route 1. By Lake Winnipisseogee and Conway Valley. From Boston, 26 miles, to Lawrence, via Boston and Maine Railroad (Boston ^d Portland), passing numerous suburban villages, for which see " Boston and Vicinity." Lawrence is a large manufncturinr city (popuUition 16,000), upon the Merri- mac River. It is connected with Lowell (18 miles distant), with Salem, 21 miles, and with all surrounding points by railway. It has grown up suddenly within a few years, having been incor- porated only in 1845. From Lawrence by Manchester and Lawrence Railroad, 26 miles to Man- chester, N. H., still foUowine the Merri- mac River, upon which Manchester, like Lawrence, is situated. At this point we are 63. miles above Boston, and 18 miles below Concoro. This place has, like Manchester aad 'ithers, sud- denly grown under the development of manufacturing enterprise— from an in- considerable village, into a large and populous city. Its charter was granted in 1846, and in 1868 it had 20,000 in- habitants. Oonoordi the capital of New Hamp- shire, is upon the banks of the Merri- mac, 18 n^ ilofl aboveJManchester, by the Concord I(ailroad. 'The State Capitol, the Lunatic Asylum, the State Prison, are public edifit es of interest. A Meth- odist General Biblical Institute was founded here in 1847. We might suggest to the tourist a brief halt at Concord, were he not now so near yet more attractive scenes. Concord is 71 miles from Boston, via Lawrence ; 47 miles from Portsmouth, N. H., by Con- cord and Portsmouth Railroad ; 25 miles from Bradford, by the Concord and Claremont Railroad; 85 miles from Nashua, by Concord Railroad ; 98 miles from Wells River, by Boston, Concord, and Montreal Railroad; and 80 miles from Fitchburg, by the Fitch- burg Railroad (Fitchburg and Bos- ton). From Concord, our route follows the Boston, Concord, and Montreal Rail- road, 83 miles to Weirs, on Lake Win- nipiseogee, where we take the steamer Lady of the Lake, 10 miles to Centre Harbor. Our White Mountain route, No. 6, continues on this road, past w iii1li1Mi>^ii>iiiKiiW'iii ^■Kr--"'^^'^-'^-- ■liitiii>iiateiti"iaiii^' N \ v: EiJ ■^v^ M ^ Ij fl J^n ^.1 ■> ^^ aS/^ « , ■^ J V' ^ scions pride upon the redons below. ; Bquam Xioke lies west from Red Moun« tain ;. and two miles N. W. from Winni* piseogee Lake, is another splendid sheet of water. It is about six miles in length, and in its widest part not less than three miles in breadth, and, like its neighbor (Winnipiseogee), is studded with a sue-" cession of romantic islands. This lake abounds in trout of the finest kind. OMitr* Etarbor, with its excellent summer hotel upon the margin of Win- nipiseogee, is the halting place for the explorer of the many beauties of this region. White Mountain tourists dine here in transitu, and proceed for the rest of the way by stage coach, first for 80 miles through a country of pictu- resque delights to Conway Valley, where they might well linger till their summer days all went by. Oonway Vallay is a wide stretch of delicious interval lands upon the Saco River, hemmed in upon all sides by bold, mountain summits, cUef among which are the stern olifb of Mount Washington itself. It is a delightful Conoord, New Hamptbire. "i i»2 NEW HAMPSHTBI!. White Mountain Boates— Conwsf YaUey. Jjako Winnipiseogee, N. place for artbtio study, and for smAmer residences ; and wkhin a few years past, it has been a favorite resort of the American Landscapists, and has grown to be a Teritable " watering place," in the great numbers of tourists who not only pass, but linger within its borders. Pleasant hotels and boarding-houses are springing up, and country villas even are beginning to dot its knolls, and to lurk in its verdant glens. The pictu- resque portion of tms valley, par ex- eellence, is North Conway, where the Eearsarge House (Thompson's), or the Washington House, offers all desirable hotel appliances. Beside the distant views of the White Mountain ranges, proper, which are of surpassing in- terest here, Conway is full oi local and neighboring attractions of the greatest beauty, as are the broad meadows, and the wooded, winding banks of the Saco ; the nooks and turns of the Artists* Brook, and other elfish waters ; the Pa- quawket Mountain, those grand perpen- dicular cliffs, 650 and 950 feet in height, called the Ledges; ^e magnificent peaks of Kearsarge and Ghicorua ; the Echo Lake, the Crystal Falls, .and Diana's Bath. Conway village and Conway comers are a few miles below North Conway. They are most agreeable places, en route, amply supplied with hotel adcom- modations. Leaving Conway, as the tourist does, the morning following that of his departure from Boston, he con- tinues on through valley and over hill, 24 miles to the Crawfoi'd House, where we shall meet him when we have fol- lowed over other routes to the thresh- old of the mountains. We will, how- ever, accompany him yet on his journey from Conway, through Bartlett and Jackson, by the Old Crawford House ; and by the famous WiUey House, the scene of the awful avalanches of 1826, when the entire Willey family were destroyed. (See furtlur tnentioH later.) Roun 2. From Boston, 68 miles via Lawrence to Dover, N. H., on the Boston and Maine Railroad. Dover is a pleasant town of some 8,000 people ; upon the banks and at the falls of the Cocheco Biver, a tributary of the Pis- mDW HAMP8HIKB. 98 White ICoimtalii BoatM. miles on the )oTer is people ; of the ,e Pis- caiaqua. Our route leads hence by the Cocheco Bailroad to Alton Bay ; south- em extremity of Lake WinnipiiMogee. Here, we talce the steamer Dover for Centre Harbor, traversing the entire length of the lake, and proceed thence via Oocwi^, as in Route 1. Roura 8. From Boston, 26 miles, to the famous manufacturing city of Lowell. (See Boston and Vicinity.) From Lowell, 16 miles, to Nashua — an important manufacturing town, at the confluence of the Nashua with the Mer- rimac river; thence, 86' miles, to Con- cord, N. H., and from Concord to Weirs and Centre Harbor, on Lake Winnipiseegee, and on, via Conway, as in Routes 1 and 2. RouTB 4. From Boston, as in Route 1, or 8, to Weirs, on Lake Winnipis- eogee, thence on, without stopping, to Plymouth, N. H., where passengers dine and take stage fcr the rest of the way ; or where they remain all night, if they leave Boston by the noon, instead of the morning train. Plymouth is in the midst of a noble mountain land- scape, being the extreme southern threshold of the !*'ranconia range of the White Hills. It is upon the banks of the beautiful Pemigewasset river, near its confluence with Baker's river. The Pemigewasset House here, at the rulway station, is an inviting place for summer tarry. The Wells Stiver and Littleton route from Boston to the. mountains by the west passes Plymouth. Leaving Plymouth in the stage, after dinner, we reach the Flume House, at the Franconia Notch, 24 miles distant, the same evening, unless we stop by the way, as would be very reasonable--for the whole journey is through most invit- ing spots and places. The villages on the route are but little affairs ; and there is net a fashionable hotel in aU the distance, until we reach the Flume; but there are numerous small inns, where artists and their families are well content to pass the summer. There is sucfi an one at WMt Oamptoii| a little hamlet on Pemigewasset river, seven miles above Plymouth. West Campton b becoming, a greater resort of the hmdscaM; painters than North Conway, on the south-east slope of the mountuns, has been for several years past. Other tourists will follow, and hotels and boarding-houses wUl grow up i^ith the demand. The views here, of tiie Franconia Hills, are especially fine, and the river and brook landscape, with its wealth and variety of vemtation, is of extraordinary interest. The Pemige- wasset river, which rises in the little lakes of the Franconia Moantdus, winds through all the wonderful valley which we traverse between Plymouth tt "d the Flume House. We diall r^oin our tourist, by and by, at the Flume. Rocn 6. To Boston, same as hi Route 1, to Weirs on Lake Winnipis- eogee, thence on, without halt (as in Route 4), to Plymouth, N. H. Thence, after dinner (morning train from Bos- ton), still upon the railroad, 42 miles, to WeUs River, Vermont. Wells River is at the junction of the Connecticut and Wells river — a famous meeting-point of rulway lines.. Our present route meets here with the Con- necticut valley road to the White Mountains. The Vermont Central Road, from Burlington, on Lake Champhtin, comes in at White River Junction, 40 miles below. From Wells River our route proceeds by White Mountun% Railroad, 20 miles, to Littleton, and for the rest of the way, by stage, either to the Franconia Notch, 12 mUes (Pro- file House), or to the Eastern or White MountMn Notch (Crawford House), 22 miles. RocTX 6. Via Portland, and through Mune, on the east side of the mountains. This route, as Routes 1, 8, and 9, are all agreeable approaches to the White HiUs, but* more circuitous from New York or Boston, than either of the Routes 1 to 6. The Boston and Maine, one of the two railways firom Boston to Portland, runs (111 miles) east of north and always near the Atlantic coast, through portions of Massachusetts, and through New Hampshire. (See ** Bos- ton to Portland.'*) From Portland, our ' RBW HAMPSHIBB. White Mountain Bontoa— GorluuiH-Glen Hoaa«; R." ■■' r\. present route is by the Grand Trunk Railwayi 91 miles, to Oorham, N. H. The Rev. Mr. WiUey, in liid" Incidents in WUte Mountain History," says of Gorliam, that *'it is a rough, \unpro< duotire townsliip, lying on the northerly base of the mountains. The opening of the Adantic and St. Lawrence Railway (the Orand Trunk) brought the little town out from the greatest obscurity, and it has become one of the favorite resorts for t)ie travdling community. Its peooiiaiiy fiivorable situation for ▼iewmg Uie mountdns was never known unttt travellers, posting through its borders, for other destmations, were compelled to admire its beauties. « Immediately on thecoaipletion of the railroad to tiiis point. Uie Alpine House was erected, and the announcement made, that the cars set i^ssengers down at the very base of tne White Mountains. People, for a moment, were dumb with astonishment. It had never been supposed that there was any north or south, or east or west, to these old heights ; but that every one who vi^ted them must make up his mind for a long stage^soach ride through Conway or Littleton, and ultimately be set down at the Crawford or Fabyan's. That the cars should actually carry vildtors to the base of the mountains was something which every one had apposed would take place in the far-off Ihtn^, but not until they themselves had ceased to travel; but it was cer- tainly so; and the Alpine House and Oorham had become uuuiliar words to travellers. '* The Alpine House is a large hotel, owned by the railroad company. It is some difl^nce from the base of the mountains, which are seldom ascended from this point ; but for quiet and com- fort, andbeautiM drives, it is surpassed by no house in the White Hills. A beautiful little village has sprung up around it, consisting uiostly of buildings owned by the company. The Post OflSce is kept here, and the telegraph affords an excellent opportunity to business men to visit the mountains and attend to their buidness at thcsame time. Mount Moriah, Randolph Hill, Berlin Falls, and Lary's, should all be visited before the traveller takes his ^ departure." The 01«a Boni% our next point, (seven miles from Oorham), is, says Mr. Willey, whom we have Just quoted, " in the valley of the Peabody river, imme- diately under Mount Washington, and in the midst of the lirftiest sumnrits in the whole mountain district. The house is situated in Bellows*, clearing, which contains about 100 acres. For a base view of the mounttdns, no spot could be selected so good. Several huge mountains show themselves proudly to view, . in front of the piazza, nothing intervening to obscure their nant forms. You see them before you in an their noble, calm, and silent grandeur, sever- ally seeming the repose of power and strength. On the left is the mountain bearing the teorthiest name our country ever gave us. Toward the right of its rock-crowned summit rise, in full view, the celebrated peaks of Adams and Jefferson — ^the one pointed, the other rounded. On both wings of these towering summits are the tops of lesser elevations. In an opposite direction, fronting the 'patriot group' of gigantic forms, is the long, irregular rise of Carter Mounttdns." It is from the Olen Ilouse that the proposed carriage-way is to lead to the summit of Mount Washington. This road, which will be 6ight miles long, is to be made to the very< crown of the lofty mountain ; 15 feet wide, clear of all obstructions, and Macadamized throughout. The average grade will be an ascent of one foot to eight and a half feet, with frequent stations at eligi- ble points of view. The carriages are to be so constructed, that they will pre- serve a level upon all incUnations of . iicent or descent. The estimated cost of this road is 100,000 dollars. A mag- nificent hotel is to be built upon the mountain top. From the Glen House we must now reach the Crawford House, on the mountain, 84 miles distant, via the Pinokham Notch, or by CherryMountain. NEW HAMP8HIBB. Vk The White Monntaiiu. other these It now n the ia the funtdn. Mount WaaUiigton, N. H. BouTi 7, !s from Boston to Portland, by the Eastern (the upper) Railway, through Lynn, Newburyport, and other towns in Massachusetts, and Ports- mouth, in New Hampshire. From Port- land we proceed by Grand Trunk road to Gorluun, as in Route 6. RouTB 8. From Boston to Portland, by steamer, and thence as in Route 6. TBI WHITB MOVMTAINS — BCINSS AND IMCIDKNTB. These mountuns cover an area of about 40 miles square, in Northern New Hampshire ; though the name of White Mountains is, in the neighbor- hood, given to the central group only — the half-dozen lofty peaks, of wmch Mount Washington is the royal head and front. The western cluster is contra-distinguished as the Franconia range. We will suppose our tourist to have made his approach on the south- east, to the Central or White Mountun group, via Route 4, Lake Winnipiseogee and Conway valley, and thus meet him at the Crawford House, near the GhnfttNotbh. The moantaiiia,whieh have gradually gathered about us, in our steep ascen^ here have all closed in. The magnificent gateway, called the Notch, is a chasm between two per* pendicular masses of rock, approaching each . other to within 22 feet. Dark overhanging clifib stand as aentJaela over this solemn pass, and it baa been a woi^ of toU to cut a pathway through the frowning barrier. This gorge i» some three miles long, descending the valley of the Baco, towards *4he WiUey House." Upon the north, the steep mountdn walls climb the sky, to the height of 2,000 feet above the road beneath them. The rugged flanks of the devoted Mount WiUey, bearing yet the fatal tempest scars of 1826, stops the view on the left, while Mount Web- ster — dark, and massive, and grand, aa was he whose name it bears — ^filla the landscape on the right, The White Mountains (spedfically so called) extend firom the Notch, in a north-easterly direction, some 14 miles, increaidng from each end of the line gradually in height towards Mount Wad^ngton, in the centre. These re* 96 NEW RAMPSHIBB. White Monntaliu— Afloeat of Moont Washington. ■peotire elevationfl are, in the order in wliicli. they stand, beginning at the Notch— Mount Webster, > 4,000 feet above the level of the sea; Jackson, 4,100 ; Olinton, 4,200 : Pleasant, 4,800; Franlclin, 4,900; Monroe, 6,800; Wash- ington, 6,600; Clay, 6,400; Adams, 6,700 ; Jefferson, 6,800 ; and Madison, 6,400. Passing westward from the Notch, we reach the valley of the Ammanoosuc, after a distance of four miles, tluroagh, dense woods, and enter abruptly into a spacious clearing, from which the whole mountain group bursts upon our won- dering sight. Here, upon the " Giant's Grave,'* an eminence of some 00 feet, the panorama is marvellous. In the centre of the amphitheatre of hills. Mount Washington, barren, and seamed and whitened by the winter tempests of centuries, looks down, upon the right and upon the left, on the hoary heads of Webster and Madison— each, on its side, the outpost of the mountain army. BoteLi. The Mount Crawford House —9, most excellent establishment — bears the name of the earliest hosts of these mountain gorges. The story of the adventures and the endurance of the eariy settlers here, is extremely inter- esting. How Captain Eleazar Rosebrook, of Massachusetts, built a house on the Ate of the Giant's Grave, four miles from the Notch, afterward occupied by Fabyan's Mount Washington Hotel* — ho# his nearest neighbors were 20 miles away, excepting the Cniwforr* family, 12 miles down in the irotcb valley — the present old Crawford House, at the base of the mountains, coming from Conway, on the south-east. How the Rosebrook children were often sent, for family supplies, over the long and dan- gerous path to the Crawfords', return- ing, not unfrequently, late at night — how Ethan Allen Crawford was heir to the Rosebrook estate, and how he be- came known as the *' Giant of the Hills" — ^how he and his family made the first mountain paths,f and were for long * Deatroyed by fire and never rehnllt t^e first hridle-path was out by Ethan Crawford, In 18S1. years the only guides over them of the rare visitors, which the brief summers brought — and how they hare since seel their home thronged, for weeks toge* ther, like a city saloon, with beautv and fashion. The . Crawibrds are a large, athletic race. Abel, the father, called the "Patriarch of the mountdns," would walk five mountafan miles, to his son^, before breakfast, at the age of 80. At 70, lie made the first ascent ever made on horseback, to the top of Mount Washineton. His sons were all over six feet tM ; and one of them was six and a half feet, and another, Ethan Allen, was seven feet in height. AiiMiit of BKomit wuhingtoii* The chief exploit of the visitor, at this group of the White Hills, is to ascend Mount Washington ; and a toilsome, and even dangerous feat it is to this day, despite the improved facilities of travel. The journey from the Craw- ford House is nine miles, made on the backs of Canadian ponies, over the old Crawford bridle-paths, though a grand carriage-way is now projected, from the Glen House on the opposite side of the mountain. (See Glen House.) The excursion occupies a long day, with the utmost industry. We made it, on one occasion, in midsummer, with a party of thirty ladies and gentlemen, besides our guides, and it was a gay scene — ^the getting en route, and a sin- gular cavalcade ; miles onward as we wound, in Indian file, cautiously along the rugged, narrow path, trusting to our trusty ponies to walk with us upon their backs, over logs, and rocks, and chasms, which we would not have dared to leap ourselves ; and surprising was the picture, as we, at length, bivouacked and ate our grateful lunch upon the all-seeing crest of the grand old moun- tain. At another time, we ascended, in the middle of October, when we could muster no larger group than our friend, ^ourself, and our guide. For two miles from the summit, the way was blocked with snow ; sp we left our ponies to take care of themselves, and completed the tramp on foot. Th« day, though so bitterly cold as to re> BXW HAMPSmSB. 97 On IComit Wftshington. mind us of Webster's salutation upon a like occasion — *'■ Mount Washington, I have come a very long distance, aaTe toiled hard to arrive at your summit, and now you give me but a cold recep- tion "---was hapfdly a brilliant one ; the atmosphere was exceedingly clear : and we had the delight of seeitig all the deli- cious panorama, which has been thus catalogued :— • Vi«w from the Saminit. " In the west, through the blue haze, are seen, in the distance, the ranges of the Green Mountains ; the remar£ible outlines of the summits of Camel's Hump and Mansfield Mou9tun being easily distiu' gnished when the otmosphere is dear. To the north-west, under your feet, are the clearings and settlement of Jeffer- son, and the waters of Gheny Pond ; and, further distant, the village of Lan- caster, with the waters of Israel's river. The Connecticut is barely visible ; and often its appearance for miles is coun- terfeited by the fog rising from its sur- face. To the north and north-east, only a few miles distant, rise up boldly the great north-eastern peaks of the White Mountain range— Jefferson, Ad- raggi tleft ams, and Madison — ^with their tops of loose dark rocks. A little fur- ther to the east are seen the numerous and dist^t summits of the mountains of Maine. On the south-east, close at hand, are the dark and crowded ridges of the mountains of Jackson ; and be- yond, the conical summit of Eearsarge, stancUng by itself^ on the outskirts of the mountains ; and, further over the low country of Maine, 5<)bago Fond, near Portland. Still further, it is said, the ocean itself has sometimies been diitinotly visible. "The White Mountains are often seen from the sea, even at 80 miles distance from the shore ; and nothing can prevent the sea from being seen from the mountains, but the difficulty of distinguishing its appearance from that of the sky near the horizon. " Further to the south are the inter- vals of the Saco, and the settlements of Bartlett and Conway, the slater ponds of Lovell, in Fryburg; and, still fur- 6 ther, the remarkable four-toothed summit of the Chocorua, the peek to the right being much the largest, and sharply pyramidal Almost exactly south are the shining waters of the beautlM Winnipiseogee, seen with the greatest disUnotness in a favorable day. To the south-west, near at hand, are the peaks of the south- western range of the White Mountains ; Monroe, wiw its two little alpine ponds sleeping under its rocky and pointed summit; the flat surface of Franklin, and the rounded top of Pleasant, with their ridges and spurs. Beyond these, the Willey Mountidn, with its high, ridged summit; and, beyond that, several parallel ranges of high-wooded mountains. Further west, and over all, is seen the high, bare summit of Mount Lafayette, in Franconia." TaokMrmanHi Raviiw is a marvel- lous place, seen in the ascent of the mountains, by the Davis' Road fk-om the Mount Crawford House. It lies upon the right in pascdng over the high spur directly south-east of Mofiut Wash- ington. Turning aside, the edge of the precipice is reached, and may be de- scended by a rugged pathway. It is a long, deep glen, with frowning walls, often quite inaccessible. It is filled, hundreds of feet deep, by the winter snows, through which a brook steals, as summer suns draw -near, gradually widening its channel, until it flows through a grand snow cave, which was found, by measurement, to be, one sea- son, 84 feet wide on the inside, 40 feet high, and 180 feet long. The' snow forming the arch was 20 feet thick 1 The engineers of the projected carriage road went through this arch one July, in the bed of the stream, to the foot of the cataract, which flows for 1,000 feet, down the wild mountain side. Oakm' Gulf is another fathomless cavern, seen, far down on the right, in winding around the summit of Moimt Monroe. Near the summit of Mount Washington, a few rods northward, if yet another black abyss, which is called the Great Gulf. Its descent here is 2,000 feet, rugged and precipitous. 08 WBW HAMPSHIBB. The White Moontaliu. TIm Tip Top Boom. The building of the rude inn, which now stands upon the sununit of Mount Washington, where the great hotel ia to be, when the grand carriage road is completed, was a daring and painAil enterprise. It is said the bold scheme was suggested by Jos. S. HalL for many years a guide from the Kotch House. *'The house was located," says Mr. Willey, " under the lee of the highest rocks on Mount Washington, and was laid out forty feet long, and twenty-two feet wide. The wiSls were four feet thick, laid in cement, and erery stone had to be raised to ita place by muscular strength alone. While these were laying the walls, the materials for flndshing and fltmish- ing were being dragged up from the Glen House, a distance of pix miles. Lime, boards, nails, shingles, timbers, furniture, crockery, bedding and stoves, all had to be brought up by piecemeal on the men*s or horses' backs. No one ever went up without taking something —a chur, or door, or piece of crockery. Four boards (about sixty feet) could be carried up at once on a horse's back, and but one iirip could be made daily. Mr. Rosebrook, a j/oung gianty carried up at one time a door of the usual length, three feet wide, three and one- h^ inches thick, ten pbunds of pork, and one gallon Of molasses. The wuls were raised eight feet high, and to these the roof was fastened by strong iron bolts; while over the whole structure were passed strong cables, fastened to the solid mountdn itself. The inside was thrown, primitive fash- ion, into one room, in which the beds were arranged, berth-like, for the most part on one side of the room, in two tiers, with curtdna in front. A table, capable of seating thirty or forty per- sons, ran lengthwise of the room. At one end of the room a cooking-stove and the other furniture of a kitchen were placed, with a curtain between it and the table. At the other end was a small stove, in wluch was burned moun- tain moss. The walls are perfectly rough, outside and in; a little plaster upon the inside, merely fills up the chinks. The house trembles and creaks in the gale, but stands strong. ^ Much as we have necessamy left un* seen, on the mountains, we must now descend, and wi'jh a hasty peep at some yet unmentionpd scenes, in the vicinage of the Notch, pass on, thirtv-six miles, to the Franconia range, in tne west. The lUlver OMoade is a favorite scene, about half a mile south of the entrance to the Notch. It is one of the most charming waterfalls ima^nable, seen at a distance of two miles, bubbling down the mountain side, eight hundred feet above the neighboring valley. Thi Flumk is another cascade yet further down the Notch. It descends two hundred and fifty feet, in two rills, over two precipices, and there are three streams over a land ledge, reuniting in a small rocky basin below. The Detvilhi Den is a mysterious cavern, near the top of Mount Willard, opposite the Silver and the Flume cas- cades. The Crystal Falls, of eighty feet, and the Qlen Mlit Falh, of seventy feet, are on the Ellis River, to the left of the road from Jackson to the Glen House. The Ammanoosuc River, rising in this group of the White Mountains, and foUowed in the journey towards the Franconia Hills, is a stream of wonder- ful beauty. It falls 6,000 feet from its source on the mountain, to the Con- necticut River, and is said to be the wildest and most impetuous river in New Hampshire. It abounds in rapids and cascades. The Willey Bonse is passed some miles below, at the commencement of the ascent to the Notch. The spot will be for ever of memorable interest, from its tra^c story of the fearful avalanches of 1826, when the entire family which then occupied the house-^Mr. Willey, his wife, five children and two hired men — were all buried beneath the mighty debria of the mountain elides.* * A oinjnmstMitlal narrative of this melan- choly event may be found In the Bev. Mr. NSW HAMPSBIBI. Th« Whit* MoaBteliif--Fnn««BU lUnge. 01 The ride throuarh the hills and by the waterfklls, 86 miles firom the Mount Crawford House to the Profile House, in the FMnconia Pass, might detain us pleasantly enough at many points, but we bear our traveller on, at once, to the lastchapter of ourWhite Mountain story. Tha Franooaia HUlii though m popular estimation inferior tti interest to the eastern cluster, are really not so ; except it be in the wonders of the moun- tain ascents ; and even in this, the pano- rama, from the summit of Lafayette, is scarcely less extensive or less impoi^g than the scene from the crown of Mount Washington, while the exqdurite little lakes, and the singular natural eecen- tricities in the Franconia grc^j, have no counterpart in tiie other. In this, as in other ranges of the White Hills, the mountains are densely wooded at their base, while their rook-ribbed sum- mits are barren, and scMred by time and tempest. The bills approach, at one point, to within half a mue of each other, and form the wild procrustean portal, called the Notch. Moont Lafaywtto, o>' the Great Haystack, is the monarch cf the Fran* conia kingdom, towering up, skyward, to the height of S,200feet. Its l(rfly pyramidal peaks are the chief objects, in all views, for many miles around. Bag]* Oliff is a magnificently bold and rocky promontory, near Mount La- fayette. It casts its dark shadows down many hundred feet into the glen, trav- ersed by the road beneath. Oaanon Bloontaiii, 2,000 feet above the road and 4,000 above the sea, is nearly opposite Lafayette, and forms the western side of the Notch. Away up upon its crQwn is a group of mighty rocks, which, as seen from the Profile House below, bear an exact resonbluice to a mounted cannon. It is upon this mountain, also, that we find tlwt mar- vellous freak of nature, WUler's "IncidentB of White Moimt«lii His- tory,"— -which we hare already quoted and oftener referred to, in Terifloation of our own memories and notes of those mountains. The anfortunate fiunily were near relatiTOS of Mr. WiUey. and he lived in the vicinity at the time or the disaster. Tba Flrofila Rook^ or Tha Old Muk of tha Monntato^— This wondier- M eooentrioity, so admirably counter- feiting a human face, is 80 feet long, from the chin to the top of the fore- head, and is 1,200 feet above the level of the road, being yet fkr below the summit of the mountdn. This strange apparition is ftrmed of three distinct masses of rook,, one making the fore- head, another Uie nose and upper lip, and a third the chin. The rocks are broiwht into the proper reUtion to form the fVofile, at one point only, upon the road, t|||»ugh the Notch, a quarter of a mile south of the Profile House. The face is boldly and clearly relieved against the sky, and, except in a litUe sentiment of weakness about ilihe mpnth, has the air of a stem, strong character, well able to bear, as he has done un- flinchingly, for centuries, the scorching suns of summer and Hxe. tempest blasts of winter. Passing down tne road a little way, the ''Old Man" is trans- formed into a "toothless old woman in a mob cap ; " and, soon after, melts into thin air, and ie seen no more. Hawthorne has found in this scene the theme of one of the pleasantest of his "Twice Told Tales," that callisd the *« Old Stone Face." Tho Profila Lak* is a beautifrd little , pond, lyiuR at the base of the mountain, and immediately under the ever-watch- fid eye of the stem " Old Man." This lakelet is sometimes called the "Old Man's Wash-bowl," . It is a«quarter of a mile long and about half as wide. Bobo Laka^ one of the greatest charms of this part of the White Mt. re^on, is a diminutive but very deep and beautiAil pond, north of the Oannon Mountain. It is entirely en- closed by high mountains. From the centre of this fairy water, a voice, in ordinary tone, will be echoed distinctly several times, and the report of a gun breaks upon the rocks like the roar of airtillery. The Indian superstition was, that these echoes were the voice of the Great Sidrit, speaking in gentleness or in anger. Tho Baaiii, another remaritable 100 VKW HAiCPBHnUL Th« White Monntaliuk Profile Lake, White MonntalaaL iteene of tUs neighboriiood, b five miles wuth of the Notch. It Ues near the road ride, where the Pemigewasset has worn deep and carious cavities in the solid rooks. The Basin is 46 feet in diameter, and 28 feet from the edge to the bottom of the water. It is near- ly circular, and has been gradually made by the whirling of rocks round and round in the strong current. The water, as it comfis from the Basin, faUs into moat charming cascades. At the outlet, the lower edge of the rocks has been worn into a very remarkable like- ness of the human leg and foot. The FlnnM^ the last and most famous, perhaps, of all the Franconia wonders, is quickly and easUy reached from the Flume House. Leaving the road, just below the Barin, we turn to the left among the hills, and after a tramp of a mile, reach a bare granite ledge a hundred feet high und about thirty feet wide, over which a small stream makes its varied way. Near the top of this ledge we approach the ravine known as the Flume. The rocky walls htre are fifty feet in height, and not more than twenty feet apart. Througit this grand fissure comes the little brook which we have just seen. Except in seasons of freshets, the bed of the stream is narrow enough to give the visitor dry passage up the curious glen, which ex- tends several hundred feet, the walla approaching, near the upper extremity, to within ten or. eleven feet of each other. About midway, a tremendous boulder, several tons in weight, hangs suspend- ed between the clifb, where it has been caught in its descent from the moun- tain above. A dangerous bridge for a timid step has been sprung across the ravine, near the top, by the faUing of a forest tree. The Pool, a supplemental or tail piece to the great picture of the Flume, 18 a deep natural well in the solid rock. The diameter of the Pool is about sixty feet; the depth to the sur&ce of the water is 160 feet, and the water itself extends 40 feet yet below. Some years, ago, a poor fellow was unlucky enough to fall into this plutonian etd de sae, but he clung to a crag jtvt above the water TXBMOin*. 101 Tallaj of the WinoMkL until ropes were lowered, «nd he was, wonderful to relate, fished up, though bruieed and not a little aoared, yet aUrel We hare now peeped haatily at the leading points of interest in the grand Granite Hills; but the enterprising tourist, of an inquhring turn of mind. may, rery easily, discover for himself a thousand other marrels and deligliAs; or, if he cares not to explore new scenes for himself he may bend his way north* ward, Tia Littleton, and between Cole* brook and Enrol, penetrate the well* known, but as yet very little Tisited slate-stone gorge, callea the DlxTiUe Notoh. or tail Flume, rock, ut sixty of the itaelf ,e years enough 800, but water r VERMONT. Thb thousand points of interest in the Qreen fflUs of Termont hare not yet received their due meed of favor from tourists, but their tHaima to especial homage are now being ftilly admitted. The mountain chain extends from near New Haven, in Connecticut, northward through Massachusetts miles to Albany, or 162 to Troy, along the banks of the Hudson River, firom New York city. The Harlem Railway, 168 miles from New York to Albany. New York Central, from Albany to Buffalo, 398 miles, or to Niagara Falls, 827 miles — unites eastward with the Western Railway from Boston, and with the Hudson River and Harlem roads from New York and at the western ex- tremity, with routes for the Mississipiu regions. ' Rensselaer and Saratoga and Sara- toga and Whitehall. From Troy to Saratoga Springs, 82 miles ; to White- ball, 72 miles. Troy and Boston, and Albany and Rutland railways. Montreal and New York, and Flatts- burg and Montreal railways, 62 miles from Plattsburg, on Lake Champhuu to Montreal, Canada. Northern ( Ogdensburg ) Rulway, across the northern part of the State, 118 miles, firom Rouse's Point, on Lake Champlain, to Ogdensburg on the St. Lawrence. Black River and Utica, 109 miles from Utica, on the New York Central Road to Clayton, St. Lawrence, near Lake Ontario. * Watertown and Rome ; 97 miles from Rome on the New York Central, to Cape Vincent, on Lake Ontario. Potsdam and Watertown, from Wa- tertown junction (Watertown and Pots- dam Road ) to Potsdam, on the North- em (Ogdensburg ) lUdlway. Newburgh Branch of New York and Erie Railway ; from Newburgh on the Hudson, to Chester, New York and Erie Railway. Oswego and Syracuse ; 86 miles firom Syracuse, New York Central Road, to Oswego, Lake Ontario. Syracuse and Southern ; 80 miles from Binghampton (Erie Railway) to Syracuse (New York Central Railway). Oswego (New York and Erie Rail- way), 86 miles to Ithaca, on Cayuga Lake. Elmira, Canandaigua and Niamra Falls; 168 miles from Ehnira (Erie Railway), to Suspension Bridge, Ni- agara. Buffalo, Coming and New York ; from Coming (Erie Rulway), 100 nules to Batavia, or 94 miles to Rochester (New York Central Road ). Williamsport and FliJiiira; 78 miles from Ehnira (Erie Railway )— south to Williamsport, Pa. Cormng and Blossburg and Tioga; 41 miles from Corning ( Erie Railway ) to Blotnburg, Pa. Lake Shore Railway, from Buffalo, via Dunkirk, by the shore of Lake Erie, to Cleveland, Ohio, and westward. . Hudson and Boston; from Hudson, on the Hudson River, eastward, to West Stockbridge, 84 miles. Western Ridlway ; from Albany, 200 miles, to Boston. New York and New Haven ; 76 miles from New York to New Haven, Ct., thence to Boston, etc. Lone Ishmd l^ilway ; 96 miles from New York (Brooklyn Ferry), through 3-'.;', S i/ orid in extent need not novi; by, abundant ;orge8 of the irines of Tren- 'hamplain, the and all the in* aces. wn, from Wa- own and Pots- on the North- Sew York and rburgh on the )w York and 85 miles from itral Road, to ; 80 miles from ly) to Syracuse ay). nd Erie Rul- ft, on Cayuga and Niarara Elmira (Erie L Bridge, Ni- swYork; from 100 miles to Kshester (New ira; 78 miles ay ) — south to g and Tioga; Erie Railway ) from Buffalo, ) of Lake Erie, restward.. from Hudson, ;ward, to West n Albany, 200 iTen; 76 miles v Haven, Gt., 96 miles from trry ), through B tl e i I t I e I'lliiinifiiiiiillfill' iloaoaiooQgDfseQOQii -!iii-ik(»ii!i,iHill]g[dii>|J ^'•iiiiiiiiji -' m \m iiiiiiiii-iii iQQ^mi ;''fii'ilij[^j[iii]»;^j^ mi^tiki . in ^«^lfli^;g/r«; '■; •:•• I'l vii M-:i:l bi'l :^m'-y ^ ^*^.. '1 IQ ' i'h^^^Hll- 1 ^Si J^mi lOfl j'*^: ^ ^A Ai }g«S8R8gSt rijfj t^ '>^'^*t7W;_ ^^s§ m 4 mmd NBW TOBK. 107 >lendid of all the hotels constructed in ew Tork, is in Broadnnl^, between Broome and firing streets. Its entbe front, according to the original plan, is constructed of pure white marble; but it now includes the new brown-stone building adjoining it, extending up to Spring street. It is six stories mgh, with 200 feet front on Broadway, uid 200 feet in depth. The Metropolitan Hotel is dtuated on the comer of Broadway and Prince street, and occui^M nei^y an entire block. The first story, fronting t|iiliii| more. TlM Bnttny, which contdni alMwl II aeres, is rituated at the extreme s<»iitli end of the City, at the oommeneeinelA of Broadway, and is i^nted witii treea^ utd hwl out in gravrt walks. From tUs plaee Is a deU^tftd view of the harbor and Hs islands, of the i^v- merountesMla arriving and departtil^ of the a^acent shores of New Jersey,, andofStatenandLonglsUmds. Cturap Qarden, connected with the Battery, by means of a bridge, was once i»wd fi>? publio meetings, exhlMtimis, and eott^ certs. Here Jenny Lli^ Unit pang fH America. The fairs of the AmcHnoiuit Institute were held here for'tevena {ears. It Is ^ven over now to the Imigrant Offlce for a receptacle of 11m debarking foreign populations. Th* Bowling Ckmb, rituated n7 other ropoeed In this sea, and rindpal 0% ap- ionary iondly i^Tidn- em- I of por- civil, law TOBX. Pnblle BolkHop, OollagM, and UUnrjr iMUtntlolMi 111 mOitaiT, or naTal hiatorr of the coan< try. In the- Common Oound! voomia tlie identical chair ooonpied bT WmH- ington when Preddent of the first American Congreo, which assembled InthiidtT. The MmikuiUi Sm tk m t ft ^ in Wall street, is bnttt In the wipl dimble man- ner, of Qqlw J granitk, tlld is fireiiroof; no wood haTing been nied in its con- traction, mcepklbrthe doors ind win- dow fralMS. It is erected on ithe dte oceapied by the Szehtnge Imilding de- stroyed by the great five 'the me- lalibrarr Fourth raw TOBK. Art •odvtlM-PabUfl OharMta Itt ABT B0CISTIB8 AND OALLSBISB. TIm Nnttooal Aoad&mj of rig»— the ohief Art instltiition of America— was fbnnded in 18S6, sfakoe which time it has steadilj adraneed in influence and usefulness. It nninbers among its aeademioUuis and associates nearly all of the eminent artists ci the eitj and vicinity. It sapports free schools for tht stvdy of the antiqae and the llTing model; p oss es ses an ex- tenslTe and Tahuble Art library ; makes Annual Exhibitions oS orighial worics by American and fimreign painters and sculptors, 4c The Sxhibitions of the National Academy are the great CTcnt of the spring sesson In New York. The Academy ocqnides at present tem- Eorary quarters at 68 Bast 18th street, aving recently sold its old galleries, and being on the eve of erecting a new and more svitaUe edifice. The New Toric Oallery of the line Arts, is a permanent collecUon of American art, commenced a few years ago. It contains many Taluable woriu, but they are at present inaocesrible, and will be untQ proper gaUeries shall be provided for their accommodation. The Dusseldorf Gallery is an admira- ble exhibition of the works of Oerman pidnters, chiefly of the Dusseldorf school— 497 Broadway, in the apart- ments erected and formerly occupied by the late American Art Union. The Bryan Gallery, or Chdlery of Christian Art, comer of Broadway and 18th street, is an extremely interesting and valuable collection of the works of the old masters. The Free fine Art Gallery of Messrs. WilUanv<, Stevens, Williams and Co., 868 Broskidway, is always rich in obiects of rare interest, pictures, engravings, and other works. The New Bible House is one of the largest structures in the city. It covers the entire area betweenThird and Fourth avenues on the west and east, and 8th and 9th street on the south and north. The printing rooms and other offices of the American Bible Society are here. Tke Nvw York BotpittU (founded in 1771) stands back on a lawn, upoB Broadway, opposite Pearl street. JMital SXooU. ITtm York VMm' tU^MidUal Dtpartmtitt^ 107 Bast Fonv* teenth street. CoMiys Ul Ttiwee Ofoton Aqnedaot svanger, are DrinUy akureh (EpiaoO' ml ), in the lower part of Broadway ; 8t. Pau/'«( Episcopal), not far off, in Broadway ; /«. John^$ ( Spiacopal ), in St. John's Park ; 8t. Thomai (Episco- pal ), 3jroadway and Houston street ; Grae9 ctiurch (Episcopal), Broadway and Tenth street; Okureh of the Fun- tana (Dr. Oheever, C!bngre|»tioDal X ITnion Square; South Jhtieh, Fifth ave- nue and Tweirty-first street ; Dutch jHeform^ (Dr. Button 1 Washington Square; St. Markka (Episcopal, Dr. 4.uthon),StuyTe8ant street; St. Oeorge'a (Dr. Tyng, Episcopal), East Sixteenth street, Stuyvesant Square; JPfo-xt Bap- titi, comer of Broome and Elizabeth streets; Amity Street, Dr. Williams (Baptist), 81 Amity ; OHvw StreetyJBap- tist. Dr. Magoon ; St. PatrieVa Cathe- dral (H. GA comer of IVivoe aad Mott streets; miteh Be/ormed, Lafayette Flaqe; J)r. Potta\ Presbyterian, in UniTermty Place, comer Tenth street ; Church of the Divine Unity (Universal- istX Dr. Ohai^n, 648 Broadway ; Church of the Meaaiahy Unitarian, Dr. Osgood, 928 Broadway; Church of AU Souh (Unitarian), Dr. Bellows, Fourth avenue, corner of Twentieth street ; Church of the Mofy Hedeemer, German Catholic, Ttdrd street, near Avenue A; lirat Preabyterian Churchy Dr. Phillips, fifth avenue, between Eleventh and Twelfth a^^ets; Church of the Holy Communion, EfHBcopal, Dr. Muhlenburg, ffixth ave- nue and Twentieth street ; Pifih Avenue Preal^fterisn church, Dr. Alexander, comer of IRneteenth street; IVeneh Chm^ Protestant Episcopal, Dr. Yer- ren, comer of Church and Franklin greets ; Trinity Chapel, Episcopal, 2dth street, near Broadway ; Church of the Annundation, Ef^opal, Dr. Seabury, Fourteenth street, between SixtJi and Seventh avenues ; Church of the Aacen- aion, Episcopal, Dr. Bedell, Fifth ave- nue, corner of Tenth street ; St.Barthol- omew\ Episcopal, comer of Lafayette Place and Great Jones street : SMorai ^mhita (Gates of Prayer), Hebrew, 112 Wooster <8treet ; Bnai Jeshurun ( Sons of Jeshurun), Hebrew, Greene street, near. Houston. THEATRES AND PLAGES OF AMUSEMENT. ^ The Acadam of Muaie, or Italian Opera House, is at the comer of Four- teenth street and Irving Place. Seats for 4,600 persons. The Broadway 7%eatre, Broadway, between A*. 'bony and Pearl streets. Burtop^a Sruatre (late Metropolitan), 641 Broadway. ^ WaUaeea Thtaire., 486 Broadway. NibWa Garden and Saloon, rear of Metropolitan Hotel, Broadway, comer of Prince street. Laura Kernel Vurietiea, 622 Broad- way. iowety JlMxtrey Bowery. M.-. John Brougham, lessee. BwmunCa Museum, comer of Broad- way and Ann street. Bueklejfa Serenadera, Broadway, op- posite Niblo's. Wood^a Minatrela, 440 Broadway. MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS AND PLA- CES WORTH SEEING IN THE CITY AND ON THE ISLAND OF NEW YORK. The Chyital Palace is in Reservoir Square, covering an area of 1000 by 600 feet, on Sixth avenue, from Fortieth to Forty-second street. This unique and imposing structure should be vifiitcd (whether it be occupied or not) by all citi- zens and strangers. It mav be reached at any moment by the Sixth avenue cars, and other railway and stage lines. Tlie Oroton Aqueduot. Receiving JReaervoir on York Hill, about five miles from the city ; the Diatributir^ Reaer- voir on Murray Hill, Fifth avenue, ad- joining the Crystal Palace, and reached by the same routes and by the Fifth avenue stages. The Groton Aqueduct, the greatest public work of the city, brings abundant supplies of water from the Groton Lake, 40 miles distant. The original cost of this magnificent labor was over thirteen millions of dollars. High Bridge is a noble work coii- stracted for the passage of the Groton Aqueduct over the Harlem lUver, from Westchester County to the Island of «^ >r Italian of Four- !e. Seats (roadway, treete. ■opolitan), ladway. rt, rear of ly, corner 12 Broad- Hi'. John of Broad- dway, op- iidway. AND PLA- rHE CITY OF NEW Besenroir )00by600 i'ortieth to lique and _ Tisitcd ibyaOciti- >e reached Ih avenue ige Imes. Ijieeeivinff Ifive miles \ng BeteT' renue, ad- Id reached Ithe Fifth greatest ■abundant Ion Lake, kl cost of ' thirteen rork cou- Croton rer, from sUind of TOW TOSK. Babnrban Bworta of N*w York. lis New Tork. The Harlem railway to Harlem, Ax miles, and thence a short distance by omnibus. Hm AxMiud is on fifth •vjenue, between Sixty-second and Sixty-fifth streets, within the great area of the new Central Fade Hurlem oars, or Sixty- first Street stages. The magnificent newspaper oflBces of the city, of the New Tork Herald, Tri- bune, Times and others, and the exten- sive book estd>lishments of the Ebrpers and the Appletons, Sre places of ex- ceeding interest. Many of the private residences of the city, particularly the palatial abodes on the Jnfih, menue and its vicinity, should be seen, if one would get any niir idea of *the architectural beauty and splen- dor of the metropolis. HarUwii a part of the city, at the north end of the Island, is upon the Harlem Biver. Cars from City Hall Harlem R. R. depots, seven miles. SIooBiingdala and ICaiiluittaiivilto are at the north end of the Island of New Tork. THE XNYIBONS OF SEiW YOBK. PlacM of interett in the vieinojfe of th$ City. Hobokaa and WeehawkMi, charm- ing rural resorts — ^in summer-time— across the Hudson ^ver, on the New Jersey shore. Here are delightfril walks, for miles, along the margin of the river on high ground overlookhig the Bay and city, and all the country round- in shady woods and upon verdant lawns, and unong wild forest glens. Ferry, ever^^ew nunutes (fare three cents), from Barclay, Canal, Christopher and West Nineteenth streets. Aatoflai a suburban village on Long lBlkind,,Bix ndles up the East lUver, near the famous w,hirlpool of Hell Gate, a place of beautiful villas. Steamboat, foot of Fulton street, East River, or by stage every hour, from 23 Chatham street, to foot of Eighty-sixth street — cross by Hell Gate Ferry. BtatMi hUaaA. New Brighton, Port Jiiehmond, and SaUore^ Snua Harbor. Ferry every hour and a halt, from 8i, ▲. M. to ejJTt p. X., fit>m foot of WhitehaU street To Quarantine, Stapleton and Yanderbilt's Landing, ferry every hour, foot of Whitehall street. NottOng can be more ei^ovable than a sail dowii the Bay to any of the v: '< ges and laffdings of Staten Island ; and nothing more agreeable than the right of its many suburban villas, or of the superb views over land and sea which its high grounds command. Brighton is a parnculariy beautifhl little TUlage, with good hotels and boarding-houses. Near it, is the Sailors* Snug Harbor for decayed mari- ners. Two miles ea>>t of Brighton, is the Quarantine Oroand, the Marine Hospital and the viUage of Tompfcins- viUe, with its 8000 peome. The voyage to Staten Island occupiea about half an hour. Fort Hamilton^ 8 milM down the Bay, commands, ill connection with Forts Lafayette and Tonn^ins omiOBite, the passage seAWttrd of ,j(he Narrows. A summer reridenee and resort for sea bathing. Via boats to Coney Island. OoiMiy Xdaad, belon^ng to the town of Gravesend, is five ndles long, and one broad, and is rituated about 12 miles from New Tork. It has a fine beaeh fronting the ocean, and is much fre- quented for sea-bathing. On the norUi side of the Island is an holeL Steam- boats ply reguhuly between the city and Coney Isbjid during the summer season. Fare, 12^ cents, each way. Rookaway B sTa oh , a celebrated and fashionable watering-place, on the At- lantic sea-coast, is in a south-east direc- tion from New Tork. The Marine Pa- vilion, a splendid estsblishment, erected in 1884,. upon the beach, a short dis- tance from the ocean, is fiimished in a style befitting its object as a ptece of resort for gay and fashioimble company. There Is another hotel here which is well kept ; alsa several private board- ing-houses, where the riritor, seeking pleasure or health, may eidoy the in- vigorating ocean breeze, with less pa- rade and at a more reasonable cost than at the hotels. The best route to Rock- away is by the Long Island Railroad to Jamaica, twelve miles, 26 cents ; thence # lie mW TOKK. Bnlmrbui BMorts of New Tork. Long Bnuoh, New Jenej. by stage eight udlea, orer an excellent road, to the beach, 60 cents. Ziong Bnmoh, situated on the east- em coast of New Jersey, 82 miles from the city of New York, is a popular jdace of resort lOr those fond of seashore recreation, and where a pure and in- yigorating atmosphere is always to be £Dund. !Fhe Ocean Boute, a hotel of the first order, a short cUstance north from Long JBran^, is a place where, during the oppressive heat of summer, a greater degree of real comfort can be enjoyed thui, perhaps, at the more fkshionable watering-places. There is admirable spdrt in this vid- nity for the angler. The Shrewsbury river on the one side, and the ocean on the other, swarm with . all the delicate varieties of fish with which our markets abound. Btxmntmrjf Bad Bank, and Tin- toa Falls, in the vicinity of the above, are also places of great resort. Flnahing, on Long Ishmd, 10 miles from the metropolis, is upon an arm of The Boat the Sound called Flushing Bay. Lmniean Botanic Garden is here, at Fulton street. Flatboah, about five miles ttonk Brooklyn, FUtlanda, GkaTWMid, ten miles, are small but handsome {daces. Shores of the latter place abound iritii clams, oysters, and fowl, and are mnc^ resorted to. Jamatoa, another suburban town on Long Island, is 12 miles distant by the Long Island RaOroad. Gkewiwood OeiiMteoty is in the south part of Brooklyn, at CMlk'anus, about three miles fit>m the Fulton Ferry, at which place and at South Ferry, visi- tors take the stages, which leave houriy for the Cemetery ; fare, 12^ cents. An- other w^to Greenwood is by the new ferry at Whitehall, which landis its pas- sengers in the vicinity of the Cemetery, on a pier of great length, jutting out from the shore. Carriages run from the landing-place to the Cemetery, carrying passengers at a trifling charge. This Cemetery was incorporated in 1888, and contuns 242 acres of ground, ■fi,' Say. tere. The Boat from ten me idacefk tound with are muq^ town on it by the lie in the lQ#ranu8, ItonFerry, Jerry, ▼!«- Ito hourly BDts. An* ' the new its pas- [^emetery, r out from Prom the , carrying >rated in 'ground, MEW TOBK. 117 Saburbab Betorti of New Tork. about one half of which is ccvored with wood of a natural growth. It originally contained 172 acres, but recently 70 more have been added by purchase, and brought within the enclosure. Free entrance is allowed to persons on foot during week-days, but on the Sab- bath none but the proprietors of lots and their fiunilies^ and persona with them, are admitted ; others than pro- prietors can obtain a permit for car- riages on wedK-days. These grounds have a taxied tar&ce bf hills, yalleys, und plains. The elevations afford ex- tenrive views; that from Ocean Hill, near the western line, presents a wide range of the ocean, witn a portion of Long Island. Battle HiU, in the north- west, commands an extensive view of the d^'es of Brooklyn and New Yoik, the Hudson River, the noble bay, and of New Jersey uid Staten Island. From the other elevated grounds in the Ceme- tery diere are fine prospects. Green- wood is traversed by winding avenues and paths, which afford visitors ' an opportunity of seeing this extenuve Cemetery, if sufficient time is taken for the purpose. Several of the monuments, original in their design, are very beauti- jEol, and cannot fail to attract the notice of strangers. Those to the memory of lliss Cauda, of the Indian Princess, Pohumme, and the "mad poet,** Mc Donald Clark, near the Sylvan Water, are admirable; so also are the me- moriala to the Pilots and to the Fire- men. . Visitors, by keeping the main avenue, called 2%e Tbur, as indicated by guide- boartbt will obtun the best general vieW of the Cemetery, and will be able again to reach the entrance without difficulty. Unless this caution be ob- served, they may find themselves at a loss to discover their way out. By paying a little attention, however, to ihe grounds and guide-boards, they will soon be able to take otlier avenues, many of which pass through grounds of peculiar interest and beauty. Tli0 N«w Toxk Bay Oematory is reached in a pleasant sail down the harbor. It is one of the most beautiful rural spots in all the beautlM vicinage of New York. TIm V. 8. Nawy Taid is across the Bast Biver at Brooklyn. The United SMtaJfrntalLgeeumyinihe NavyTard, is a literary institution, formed m 1888 by officers of the navy connected with the port It eontdns a sidendid dollec- tion of onriodties, and mineralo^cal and geological cabmets, with numerous other valuable and eurious things worthv the inspection of the visitor. A JhyJDoek has been constructed here at a cost of about $1,000,000. On the oppodte side of the WaUabout, half a mile east of the N«vy Yard, is the ifan'iMirfgMtaf, afine building, erect- ed on a eommuiding situation, and sur- rounded by upwards of 80 acres of well- cultivatedground. At tiie Wallabont were stationed the J«ney and other prison-ships of the English during the Bevdiutionary war, in which it if iaid 11,800 American prisoners peridied, fri' 'y S\ uriaa Oongre- yn Heights, street, ange street "J^reh, Jero* nvA, Henry, , Fierpont at. lington, near ■ureh, Fulton Spencer), nerous hotels cularly men- on Hicka St., ■i I %w~ 'iv™fVi^'" m:lW%K'^V »^*!Siirr:^*,;*T ^. "^^SJ MB o >u-] O ! o/> »» J. /•J>1' 't (/) fl « >w :-J' 1 i-^ 'Kit 1' "is" ^5S.\^- SI i 1 1 *l . \ c W* irwnM«n 8 6 answ TOBx* lie BraoklTii— Hndton BlT«r. The Brooklyn Athenttum^ corner of Atlantic and Olinton etreets, in South Brooldyn, is a fine edifice of bricic, with brown etone fadngi. It has an admira- ble library, reading-rooms, and a spa* cioos lecture or concert hall, which will seat 2,000 persons. The Ljfeevmj containing the City Library and a good lectnre-room, is at the corner of Washington and Concord streets. Brooklyn, which now comprehends also the city of Williamsburg, & In pop- ulation (which is no less than 200,000) the second city in the State of New York, though its close vicinage to the metropolis absorbs it, and destroys its distinctiye importance. A great por- tion of its residents do business in New York, and live in Brooklyn only for the c(H)Tenience and comfort of purer air, more quiet, and less cost. The city is in many parts elegantly built, and the bold position on the Rights, directly looking down upon the river and the bay, is a charming site for a summer abode. Some of the ave- nues of Brooklyn* are wide, and deUght- fully lined with cottage residences. The numerous ferries across the East liver afford pleasant and perpetual ac- cess to Brooklyn. Fulton Ferrjf—¥Tom Fulton St., N.T., to Fulton St., Brooklyn, every five min- utes in the day time, at a ure of two cents. South Ferry— Trom Whitehall street, N. Y., to Atlantic St., Brooklyn. Hamilton i^eny— Whitehall St., N.Y., to Hamilton avenue and Atlantic Docks, Brooklyn. Catharine JPerfy— Catharine St., N.Y., to Main St., Brooklyn. Jackaon Ferry — ^From Gouvemeur St., N. Y., to Jackson St., Brooklyn. Wall Street Ferry— WaXL St., N. Y., to Montague st., Brooklyn. Roosevelt Ferry — ^Roosevelt St., N.Y., to Bridge St., Brooklyn. To Fast Brooklyn^ or Williamsburg. Feck Slip, Grand street, and Houston street, N. Y., every ten minutes. NBW TOBK TO ALBANY AND TBOT. It if fortunate for the gratification and the cultivation of the public taste, for the sublime and beantinil in natural scenery, when our gi&at highways of travel chance to lead through inch won- drous landscape, as does our present journey np the Hudson River, Arom New York to Albany. Bven to the wearied or the hurried traveller this voyage is ever one of pleasure, in its unique and constantly varying attractions, its thou- sand associations, legendary, historical, poetical, and social. The Hudson received its name In honor of Hendrick Hudson, a Dutch nav- igator, who discovered it and ascended its waters for the first time, in 1607, in his good barque, the Half-Mpon. It is also known as the North River, which name was given to it by the original Dutch coloidsts, to distinguish it from the South (Zuyd), as they cnlled the neighboring fioods of the Delaware. Its source u in the mouutidn region of the Adirondack, in the upper portions of New York, whence it flows in two small streams, the one from Hamilton, and the other from Essex County. These waters, after a journey of 40 miles, unite in Warren County. The course of the Hudson varies from south by east to east for some distance, but at length drops into a straight line, and continues thus, nearly southward, until it falls into the Bay of New York. Its entire extent is about 800 mil^s ; its navigable length, from the sea to Albany, is half that distance. Its breadth, near the head of steamboat navigation, varies from 800 to 900 y^rds ; and, at the Tap- Bin Bay, 20 miles above the city of ew York, it widens to the extent of from four to five miles. Ships of the first class may ascend to Hudson, a dis- tance of 11*7 miles, and small sailing craft may reach thehead of tide water (166 miles), at troy. The number of stMunboats and other vessels upon the river may be counted by thousands. To the Hudson belongs the honor, not only of possestnng the finest river steamers in the world, but of homing ■i ■' ISO NSW TOBX. Ballwmjr and BtcunbMt BontM np th« Hadfon. AorfM upon itt waUrt the Hr$t tteamboat whieh tver footed,* when Robert Fulton Moended the rivenin the dermont, in 1807, exactly two centuries after the flnt Toyege of Hendriok Hudson hi the Bslf-Moon. Every possible ftoUity hi now at oom« nand for the passage of the Hudson, either by steamer or by railway, morn- ing, noon, and night The commercial traTeller, thinldng more of his destina> tion than of Uie pleasures by the way, will take the railroad route, while the pleasure-seeking tourint, in queiit of the picturesque, and with tiui« to ei\joy it, will assuredly go by water: BAILWAT BOUTS. The journey by the Hudson River Railway, 144 miles, to Albany, is a poem in prose. The road lies on the esstem bank of the liver, kissing its waters continually, and ever and anon crossing wide bays and the mouths of tributary streams. Incredible difficulties have been surmounted in its mountain, rock, and water passage, and all so •uccessfuUy and so thoroughly, that it is one of the securest ndlway routes in the world. With all its immense busi- ness, its history is hapi^y firee from any considerable record of collision or accident whatever. This is owing as much to the vigilant management, and the admirable police, as to the substan- tial nature of the road. Flag-men are io stationed along the entire line, at intervals of a mile, and at curves and * Not taking into the acoount the variona prav'OQS ^>proxiinations to this great result, as the unsuooMsAil attempt in Ennand (1787) by Jonathan HuIIb; that of Mr. Miller, of I>als- wlnton. in Domfrieahire, 1776; another in 1786 ; the venture Jn 1794, of the Earl of Stan- hope ; Mr. Heniy Bell's model, made in 1800, for Lord Viaooont Melville, then at the head of the Board of Admiralty : and the somewhat more successflil trial, in loOl, of Mr. Syming- ton. This gentleman oonstmcted a steam- vessel on the Forth and Clyde Oanal, which went, with ease, at the rate of four miles an hour; bat the agitation prodnoed by it was so great that it was feared the banks of the canal would be ii^ared, and the idea was^ therefore, abandoned. To Bobert Fulton, however, be- longs, without any controversy, the honor of having first applied steam navigation to any practical and nseftil purpose. acclivities, as to secure unbroken signal communication from one end to the other. Trains leave Ghambers street and College FUce almost hourly. Fare, usually, $8. Time, about five hours. STATIONS. ( Jbr dteriptUm MtiOM. itMXj work British in ^oe. Tb« ew Tork, ig, is rich ireit; and et ombel- »f all Ita I river, ii mouth of it. Since has be< town of De thenoe id eheap Ithe once ppses, of [fiMt40Te Le family )e neigh- ion is of the bere the aped, in Ithe spot b J a eombined t/ket under Tarieton and others. In 1777, a naval action oo> onrred in front of Tonkers, between th«^ AaMrioan gun«boats and the British frbntes, Rms and Phoenix. lir. Frederio Oosiens, the writer, resides at Tonkers, and some pleasant reminisoenoes of his home may be found In his genial "Bparrowgrass" papers. Amthill, the sumptuous abode of Mr. Bdwin Forrest, the celebrated tragedian, is in this vicinity, its walls and towers jdeasingly visible from the river. Mr. Forres^ we believe, no longer occupies the '^Outle,** and has recently sold some portion of the estate. HMtiinfi, three miles north of Ton- kers , is a thriving little village, and its fortunes are daily improving with the fkvors of the citizens of New York, who eagerly seek homes amidst its jdeasant and healthAil phoes. Some of the country seats fn the neighborhood — and they are numerous— are very ele- gant and luxurious establishments. DobVa Fecxy, two miles vet be- yond, and still upon the eastern liank of the river, is an ancient settlement, with a new leaven of metropoUtan life, like all the idacee within an hour or two's Journey ttma New Tork. The vilhige hM a pleasant dr, lying along the river slope, at the mouth of the.Wysquaqua Greek. Its name is that of an old fiunily which once possessed the region and established a ferry. We are led back again bere, to the times of the Revolution, and espedally to that dramatic einsode — some of the scenes of which transpired here and here- abouts-^the story of Arnold and Andr^. Remidns of military work still exist at Dobb*s Ferry. IrwiiigUm and ** SmuiTaido." Irving- ton, to which we now come, still on the right or eastern bank, was once called Dearman, and it was expected to grow into a large town, as an outlet of the Great Erie Railway, which touches the river opposite, at Pier- mont; but the Erie travel was after- wards led to the metropolis throu^ another teminua at Jersey Oity, and so | Irvington Is little more than a* railway station to this day. Dearman was rechristened Inrlnstoa in honor of the disttnguished author, Washington Irving, whose unique littl« cottagu of BumiTBiDi is close by upon the margin of the river, hidden from the eye of the traveller onlv by the dense growth of the surrounding treee and shrubbery. Ptamoot is on the left or western bank of the widest part of the Hudson, called the Tappan Bay or Sea, in the heart of which we are now saiUng. It was bom of, and has grown up from, the business of the ^e Railway, of which it is a terminus, and was once the only eastern terminu4 the route of the road having originally i^een entirely continued, as it is now in part, thence down the Hudson to New York. The river here is three miles in width, and the shores, particularly upon the west, are so varied and bold,as to present most striking and attractive pictures. Pier- mont, rising ft^m the water's edge to the villa-crowned summits of lofty hiUs, and with its grand railwa/ider reaching out a mile or more into the river, is not one of the least pleasing fieatixres of the scenery of the Tappan Bay. Mr. Lewis Oaylord Olark, editor of the " Knickerbocker Magasine,** lives upon the eminence here, in a little house, which he calls '* GsnAR Hiu. Cottaok." Two or three mUes back of Piermont is the old town of Tappan, interesting as having been one of the chief of Washington's head-quarters during the Revolution ; and as the spot also where Migor Andr6 was imprisoned and ex- ecuted. The home of the commander- in-chief and the jail of the ill-fated officer are still in good preservation, though the latter house has been some- what modified in its interior arrange- ments of late years, to suit its present occupancy as a tavern, under the style and title of the *"76 Stone House.** The old Dutch church, in which AndrS was tried, stood near by, but it was torn down in 1836, and a new structure reared upon its site. The spot where the execution took idace (October 2d, 124 NEW TOBK. The Hudson— Tarrytowa and Bleapy Hollow— Sing Sing. 1780) is within a little walk of the old Stone House, in whic^s the prisoner was confined. Nyaok is the next village above Fiermont, and upon the same ride of oie river, while Tarrytown lies directly opposite it, and is~connected therewith, and with New York, by a steam ferry. Beds of red sandstone were once indus- triously quarried at Nyack. Tixrytown is a very active, prosper- ous little place on the eastern bank of the Hudson. It has many attractions, historical, pictorial, and sooiaL Ele- fmt villas, chiefly occupied by New ork gentlemen, have gathered thickly iround it, as about all this part of the river's marge, within the past few years ; among thenif|i Mr. Irving's homestead of Sunnycdde, at Irvington,- two miles below, and a mile or mire distant, in the opp Mite direction, is the quiet little valley of Sleepy Hollow, which he has wreathed with such a garland of poetic remembrances and fancy, through his charming legends and tales. The visitor at Tarrytown will neglect many things before he denies himself the pleasure of a stroll to Sleepy Hollow, where Diedrich Knickerbocker roamed and meditated in days gone by ; and of a walk by the Pocantico, and across the bridge, over which Ichabod Orane was pursued by the Headless Horseman. The scenes are all there still; and ao the old Dutch /Church, to which the luckless pedagogue fled for sanctuary. During the Revolution, Tarrytown witnessed many stormy fights between those lawless marauding bands of both British and Americans, known as Skin- ners and Oow-boys. The ground suited their wants, as it lay between the en- campments of the two armies, and was in possession of neither. It was upon a spot, now in the heart of Tarrytowu, that Major Andr6 was arrested, while returning to the British lines, after a visit to General Arnold. A Rmple monument— «n obelisk of granite — ^now occupies the ground. Sing Sing, on the right as we ascend, is 83 miles from the city.. In its accliv- itous topography, upon a hill-slope of 200 feet, it makes a ffine appearance from the water. The greatest br^^dtb ,of the Hudson, nearly four miles, is i^t this point. Many fine country seats crown the heights of this pleasant vil- lage. It ia distinguished for its educa- tional establishments; fw its vicinage to the mouth of the Croton river, firom whence the city of New York derives its abundant supply of water ; and for being the seat of the chielf prison of the State. ^ The Croton enters the Hudson two miles above the village, where its artifi- cial passage to the metropolis is begun. The great aqueduct a& this point is espe- cially interesting, being carried over the Sing Sing Kill by an arch of stone masonry 88 feet between the abutments, and 100 feet above the water. The State Prison, which no visitor will fail to see, is located on the bank of the Hudson, neariy three quarters of a mile south of the vUIage. The buildings are large structures, erected by the con- victs themselves, with .material firom the marble and limestone quarries which abound here, and which many of them are continually employed in work- ing. The prisons form three sides of a square. The main edifice is 484 feet long, 44 feet wide, and fi stories high, with cells for 1,000 occupants, 869 of which were filled in 1662. The female prisoners are lodged in a fine edifice, some 80 or 40 rods east of the male departments. The prisons are guarded by sentinels, instead of being enclosed by walls. The whole area covered by the establishment is ISO acres of ground. The railway passes through and beneatb the prisons, but ttom the river they are all seen to advantage. The convicts not employed in working the marble quarries are engaged in the pursuit of various mechanical arts and trades. Sing Sing is a bustling business town. Its population over 8,000. Though the river communication with New York is not so great since as be- fore the building of the railroad, way- steamboats from the city yet touch here daily. Verdiitege*! Book, opposite ^g from )m Ivsintage. I working kd in the larts and 1 bufflness 8,000. lion with Be as be- nd, way- iich here ite Sing mffiW YOBK. 126 Booklaad L«k«— Harer^traw— Yerplan oVi Point. Sing, is a commanding height, with such a deceptiTe appearance from the water above and below of a grand he&dland, that it has been christened Point-no-Point. Coming near it, its promontory look entirely disappears, and it prores to be only, as we once called It elsewhere, a topographical will-o'-the-wisp. ' Upon this mountain summit there is a charming pellucid water called Rook, land Li^. It is about four mUes in circumference, and forms the source of the Hackensack River. Though not more than a mile from the Hudson, it is yet 260 feet above it. It is from this crystal lake that New York gets its best supplies of ice, which is cut into large square blocks. These blocks are then slid down to the level of the river, and when the winter passes they are transported to the city. Every voyager will bestow a pleasant thought upon the Rockland Lake, as he passes, in grat- itude for the cooling beverages it gives him in the hot summer months; be that beverage julep, cobbler, cocktail, or Oroton. Bavontniw is also on the west side of the river, 36 miles up. It is a ple:!S- ant and prosperous place, of miuch pictU4->esque vioinag*^ Some charming brooks, upon which .artists delight to study, come into the Hudson here. We touch now again upon sacred ground, as we reenter amidst the scenes of our Revolutionary history; for directly oppo- site is Verplanck's Point, and in the immediate vicinity is the famous battle- ground of Stony Point. yerplaiiok>s Point, on the east side of the Hudson, is the spot at which Hendrick Hudson's ship, the Half-Moon, first came to anchor, after leaving the mouth of the river. Great . was the marvel and terror of the astonished na- tives at that extraordinary event. "Filled with wonder," says Lossiug, "they came flocking to the ship m boats, but their curiosity ended in a tragedy. One of them, overcome by acquisitiveness, crawled up the rudder, entered the cabin window, and stble a pillow aad a few articles of wearing apparel. The mate saw the thief pulling his bark for land, and shpt at and killed him. The ship's boat was sent for the stolen articles, and when one of the na- tives, who had leaped hito the water, caught hold of the side of the shallop, his hand was cut off by a sword, and he was drowned. This was the first blood shed by these voyagers. Intelligence of it spread over the country, and the Indians hated the whiteman ever after." The creek which winds through^»the marsh, south of Verplanck's Point, as, afterwards, the peninsula itself, was crJl- ed Meahaghby the Indians. StephenVan Gortlandt purchased it of them in 1683, and it passed from his possession into that of his son, whose, only daughter and heiress ma^JYi.td Philip Yerplanck, from whom its present name. Topo* graphically, Verplanck's Point may ^ described ns a peninsula, gradually ris- ing from a gentle surface, until it termi- nates in the river !u a bold bluff of from 40 to 60 feet elevation. The railway recedes here from the river-shore, and takes a seemingly inland route across the neck of the peninsula. "Here," says Mr. Lossing, in his ileld-Book, from which we nave already quoted, " during the memorable season of land kind town speculation, when the watei> lot mania emulated that of the tulip and the South Sea games, a large village was mapped out, and one or two fine man- sions were erected. The bubble burst, and many fertile acres there, where corn and potatoes once yielded a profit to the cultivator, are scarred and made barren by intersecting streets, not dle*populated but tm-populated, save by the beetle and the grasshopper." The narrowness of the>river between this bluff and the opposite promontory of Stony Point, makes it the lower gateway of the Hudson Highlands, and renders it easily defensible against anv possible hostile force. A small fortifi • tion, called Fort Fayette, once exi&< : at the western extremity of Verplanck's Point, many remains of which are yet dis- tinctly visible. This fort, and that of Stony Point opposite, wei*e taken by the English, under Sir Henry Glinton, June 126 NEW YOBK. The Hndaon— Stonjr Point— Peekddll. t 11 1, 1779. The garrisons at the time consisted, respectively^ of only 70 and 40 mep. Sir Henry Gunton immediately proceeded to strengthen his new pos- sesdons, while Washington was medi- tating their recapture, as the passage which they controlled was important to the free communication between the northern and southern portions of his army. We must now look across to Stony Fointr—The old lighthouse faer^ calls this scene loudly to the notice of all passers. The beacon is placed amidst the remains of the ancient fort, and exactly upon the former site of the magazine. As we have said, the fort here, together with that upon Yer- planck's Point <^po8ite,fell into the hands of the enemy on the 1st of June, 1779. Despite its natural defences, and the additional strength which the enemy in- dustriously gave it, the Americans de- termined to regain their lost possession. General Wayne, who was to command the proposed assault, is reported to have said to Washington, with daring emphasis, apropos of the dangers before him in this perilous venture : " General, m storm hell, if you will only plan it !" He did storm Stony Point on the night of July 16th, 1779, and next day he wrote to the commander-in-chief that the fort and garrison were his ! It was a gallant exploit, and we wish we had the opportunity to review the Whole story; but there are many miles yet between us and Albany, and we must move on to Feeladdll* — We now enter Haver* straw Bay, the second of the great ex- tensions of the Hudson, and the com- mencement of the magnificent scenery of the Highlands. On our left is tbe rugged front of the Dunderburg Moun- tain, at whose base the little hamlA and landing of Caldwell are nestled ; on the right, the village of Peekskill ascends from the shore to the lofty hill summit, and before us is the narn^w passage of the river, around the point of the Dunderburg,. the grand base of Anthony's Nose, and other mountun cliffs and precipices. Let us look a moment, before we pass on, at Peeks- kill and its memories. «The ^village was named after John Peek, one of the early Dutch navigators, who misto^ the creek which comes into the river just above for the continuation of the Hudson itself (not an unreasonable mis- take, so uncertain seems its direction at this highland pass), and thus thinking himself at the end of his journey, ran his 'craft ashore, and commenced his settlement. The ^present village was first settled in 1764.' Its position is ex- A View 0" the Hudson Blver. SIIEW TOBK. , 127 ,raii PMluklU-GaUweU— The HigfaUnd*. oeedingly piotoresqae. A ronmntio lirook comes down a deep glen, in the centre of the town, as it descends from /^e elevated {dateau to the river, disfig* ured not a little at this day by the houses and foundries near it. Noble views may be found every where here, and in every direction of the river and the surrounding country. From Gallows Hill northward ^so called in remembrance of the execution there ^ a spy in the days of the Revolution), a ' jgrand panorama is exposed. Here, to the i^est, overlooking the village, the river, ttnd its mountain shores ; there, south- ward, hill and valley, as far as the high grounds of ^arrytown below; and above, the Canopus valley, in the shadow of the Highland precipices. The division of the American army un- der Putnam, in llYV, was encamoed <^ttpon Gallows HilL Beneath this lorby 'ground, and upon the banks of Canopus Greek, is Continental Village, which was destroyed by General Tryon (Oct. 9, 1*777), together with' the barracks, capable of accommodating 2,000 men, and also much public store and many cattle. The Van Oortlandt House, in this vi- cinage, is an object of interest, as the ancient seat of an ancient family, and as the temporary residence of Washing- ton. Near by 'is a venerable church, erected in 1767, within whose grave- yard there is a monument to the memo- ry of John Paulding, one of the cap- tors of Major Andre. Within the village is another home of the American chieftain. It is a dilapid(ited wooden affur, occupied of late as a grocery, and known as the old Birdsall residence. The rooms are re- membered in which Washington and Lafayette used to sleep, and some pieces of furniture which have been there for four-fifths of a century may still be seen. Whitfield once preached beneath this decaying but honored roof. A pleasant ride from Peekskill is to Lake Mahopac, a fiishionable summer resort for the pleasure-seekers of New York. See Index. The population of Peekskill in 1854 was 2,500. It is 48 miles froM the city of New York, by rail. y. 0«]dw«U'B Tlovine toiuists. " Idlmoik^ the residence of the poet N. P. Willis, is hidden from view now, only by the fh>nt of Butter Hill; and were it not for the forest of verdure around it we might descry ^'Under- tliff," the home of Gteorgd P. Morris, near the village of Gold Spring, across the river on the east. Oold Spxioff and "UlbdaroUfl:"— Cold Spring is one of the most pictur- esque of the villages of the Hudson, whether seen from the water or from the hills behind, or in detail amidst its little streets and villa homes. It is built upon a steep ascent, and behind it is the massive granite crown of Bull Hill. This noble mountain overshadows the beautiful terrace upon -nrhich the poet Morris has lived in the rural seclu- eion of " Underoiiff " for many years. It is scarcely possible to find a spot of sweeter natural attractions than the site of Undercliff, looking over thq pretty village to the castellated hills of West Point, across the blue Hudson to old Cronest, or northward beyond the New- burgh Bav, to the far away ranges of the Gatskllls. The West Point Iron Foundry, which is located here, supports much of the population and business of the village. Two miles below are the Indian Falls, a romantic cascade, on the Indian Brook, a wild rocky stream which en- ters the river hereabouts. The Beverly House, memorable for its associations with the history of the treason of Arnold, is a few miles below. See previous pages for further mention of this locality. The population of Cold Spring is 1 ,200. Its distance from New York, 64 miles. Beyond Gold Spring, and still on the east bank of the river, the Highland range is continued in the jagged preci- gces of the Break Neck, and Beacon ills, in height, respectively, 1,187 and 1,686 feet. These mountains are among the most commanding features of the river scenery. As we leave them to- the south we approach PoUopel's Island, and enter the wide Newburgh Bay, with the villages of Cornwall, New Windsor and Newburgh upon our left, and Fishkill on our r^ht, all imposing* ly disfdayed ft«m the water. Ctornwall Landing, on the west bank, comes first to our reach. It is a rugged and picturesque little jdaoe. (9n the lofty Highland Terrace back, is Canterbury, a qiuet village, much in favor as a summer reddence by the seekers of repose and rural pleasure, rather than of fashionable display and distraction. «ld]0wild," Mr. Willis's romantic home, on a lofty plateau above and- north of the village, is the chief object of interest. A wonderful ravine, full of the most delightful cascades, with its neighborhood of bill side, rock and for- est, occupies one part of the domun, and a fertile terrace sweep, upon which his cottage stands, fills the rest. In its multiplicity of charms, it is a retread which a ly poet might be content to eirfoy. There is an exten^ve paper manu- factory, under the conduct of Mr. Gar- son, just back 9f Idlewild, in the out- of-the-way little village of Moodna. The Moodna Creek, a romantic stream, comes into the river at the northern point of Idlewild. N«w Windaor, between IdlewSd and Newburgh, and once the rival of the latter, is a straggling hamlet, of no special present attraction; though it has some old historical m^norie^ of in- terest. The chief camp ground of the Revolutionary army, during the operas tions on the Hudson, lies bat k of it, with memories and scenes yet remaining. and bjcot fiiU ithits idfor- omain, which In its etrea* ent to manu- Gar- e out- The no Igh it lof in- l>f the MlfiW TOSK. lai N«w Wladaor and " Oedu Lawn "— Newborgh. The Higblutds— GoniwaQ Landing. of the residence of Greene and Knox, and other distinguished generals of the period ; of the site of the memorable old building which was known as the Temple, and was erected at the com- mand of Washington for a chapel for the army; a hall for the Tree mason fraternity, which existed among the officers, and for general public assem- blies. This structure wss baptizod the " Temple of VirMic," at the time of its erection, a name v/hich it lost even in the orgies of the dedicatory festiral ! On the shore of Plum Point, the ele- gant promontoried estate of Philip A. Yerp^ck, Esq., at the mouth of the Moodna creek and the river, are pre- served some cmious debris of old mili- tary defences, and of buildings long before the days of the Revolution. Washington established his head- quarters at New Windsor, first on June 28d, 1119, and again in 1780. His re- sidence, a plain Dutch house, has long since passed away. "Oadur Lawn.** Joel T. Headley, the distinguished author, possesses a Aharming river estate, which is called *' Oedar Lawn,** between the villages of New Windsor and Newburgh. Asher B. Durand, the eminent land- scape painter, at one time possessed and occupied an elegant country seat in the same neighborhood. N«wbnzfh| with its population of 12,000, and its social and topographical attractions, is one of the largest and most delightful towns on the Hudson. Rising as it does, rather precipitously from the water to an elevation of 800 feet, it p^sents a very imposing front to the voyager. The higher grounds are occupied by beautiful residences, and the luxurious villas of gentlemen retired from metropolitan life. There are a dozen churches, and half-a-dozen banks here, and nearly as many news- papers. Newburgh is the eastern ter^ minus of a branch of the Erie Railway, connecting daily with that great thor- oughfare at Chester, N. T. It is united by steam ferry to FishkiU, on the op- posite shore,, and here is its station on the Hudson River, and Hartford, Provi- dence, and FishkiU Rail oads. It has Uurge manufactories of various kinds,and 182 ITEW Tomt. The Hndson— Newbnrgh— Fishklll— Foughkeepde— Hyde Park ud ** PlMentUk" an eztensiTe trade in farm and dairy {>roduotB. The liotne of the lamented andscape gardener and horticultural writer, A. J. Downing, was here. The Tillage, too, is honored by the residence of u. K. Brown, the eminent sculptor. Newburgh was the theatre of many interesting events in the war of the Re- volution. It was the site of one of Washington's chief head-quarters, and the house in which he lived, is now the principal boast of the town. It oc- cupies a bold position, overlooking the great pass of the Highlands. It was here that the Revolutionary army was finally disbanded at the close of the war, June 28d, 1788. Hotels. The Powhatan is an elegant Btmimer house, picturesqnelj^ located in the upper and more rural part of the village. In the business centre is the Orange Hotel, a large and well-ordered establishment of old fame. Near the river landings, is the United States, an unexceptionable and comfortable place. FishldU, on the eastern shore, op- posite Newburgh, is, like that village and all the region round, opulent in natural bea^ties, and prolific in elegant re- sidences of retired city gentlemen. It is a small place, with a population, in 1864, of 1,600. It lies in the lap of a Idvely fertile plain, which reaches far back to the base of a bold mountain range. It is, like all the neighborhood, replete with memories of Revolutionary and Ante-revolutionary interest. A portion of the Continental army was encamped here. The building occupied as barracks was the property of a Mr. Wharton, and has thence been since known as the Wharton House. It is, like most of the buildings of the period, a pltun, Dutch, wooden construction. It may be found about half a mile south of the village. Fishkill is the scene of many of the incidents in Cooper's novel of The Spy ; a Tale of the Neutral Oround. Enoch Crosby, who was supposed to be the actual character represented in Mr. Cooper's tale, as Harvey Birch, was subjected to a mook trial before the Committee of Safety in the Wharton^ House, mentioned above. Two miles north-east of Fishkill land- ing, is the Yerplanck House, interesting as having once been the head-quarters of the Baron Steuben, and the place in which the famous Society of the Cin- cinntUi was organized, 1788. Fishkill is to be connected with Bos- ton by the Fishkill, Hartford, and Pro- vidence Railway. Low Foiitt, three miles above Fish kill landing, is a small river hamlet. New Hamburg comes next, near the mouth of Wappinger's Creek, and » i little north is the village of Marlbo- rough, with Bamegat, famous for its lime-kilns, two miles yet beyond. Pougbkeepds is 76 miles from New Tork, and thus the half way station on the river railroad. It is a pleasant city, and the largest place between New Tork and Albany. Its population is some 16,000. It contains about six-, teen churches, four banks, and three or four newspapers. It has a variety oi manufactories ; and the rich agricultu- ral region behind it makes it the dep6t of a busy trade. College Hill, the site of the Collegiate Institute, half a mile north-east, is a commandinff elevation, overlooking the river and toe region around. Ponghkeepsie was founded by the Dutch more than 160 years ago. It is symmetrically built, chiefly upon an elevated plain, half a mile east of the river. It has no historic associations of especial interest. Professor Morse, the inventor of the electric telegraph, and Benson J. Lossing, the historian, re- side here. New PeUtz Landing is on the^opposite side of the river, west. Hyde F«rk, and '^Flaoentia.''— Hyde Park,80 miles above New York, is a quiet little village on the east side, in the midst of a country of great fertility, and thronged with wealthy homesteads and sumptuous villas. Near the village, on the north, is *' Placentia," the beau- tiful estate of the veteran author, James E. Paulding. Here this distinguished jnoneer in American letters \b passing a NMW TOBK. 18S BondoaV-Klngiton— Otttkin— HndioB. kindly age, his time divided between his books and his fields. Placentia commands a magnificent view of the river windings, far above, even to the peaks of the distant Oatskills. Staatsburg is upon the railway, a few miles above. Rondout and Kingitonlie on the western side, the former on the Rond- out Creek, one mile from the Hudson, and the latter on an elevated plain, three miles distant from the river. At Rondout is the terminus of the Dela- ware and Hudson Canal, through which large supplies of coal are brought to market. The Rondout Creek is a sin- gidarly picturesque stream, in all its course from the mountains, westward. Kingnton is a thriving and pleasant place. Its population in 1856, was nearly 6,000, and that of the township, 13,000. It was settled by the Dutch (1668) about the time of the settlement of Albany and New York. In the times of the Revolution it was burned by the British {Vl^n). The first constitution of New- York was framed and adopted in a house still standing here. Kingston was the birth-place of Yan- derlyn, the eminent punter. He died here in 1868. Rhin^teek is on the railway, opposite Kingston, and is connected with that village by a ferry. In our voyage up the Hudson, we have now, as we have had for some miles back, new and magnificent fea- tures in the landscape. Far away on the west, lie the bold ranges of the Shawangunk and the Catskill Mountains, forming fresh and charming pictures at every step of our progress. Saugerties and Tivoii, the one on the west, and the other on the east bank of the river, now attract our attention. Saugerties is a picturesque and prosper- ous village, at the debouchure of the beautiful waters of Esopus Creek. Passing Maiden, on the left, and Otr- matUovm on the right, we come to Oak- hill^ the station on the railway for the opposite town of OataldlI| at the mouth of the Cats- kill Oreek, on the west bank of the Hudson. In its pictorial attraction!, this is one of the most interesting pohits of our present route. The vi£ lage, which is a pleasant and thriving one, rises from the margin of the oreek, to an elevated site on the north, where it is dissipated in many beautiful coun- try villas, overlooking the river' on the east, and the valley and fiountains on the west. Anong these homes is that of the family of the painter, Thomas Cole. This great artist was buried in the vil- lage cemetery here. His studio, seen ttoxa. the water, is still preserved in aU its arrangements, as it was when he last occupied it. Catskill is chiefly interesting to the tourist as the point of detour towards the wonders of the mountain ranses, which lie over the intervening valley, 10 miles westward. See Vour to the Catskill Mountains. Budflon. In the voyage above and below Hudson, there are displayed some of the finest passages of the river sce- nery. With a varied shore on the east, and the Catskill peaks an^ ridges on the werit, the tourist will scarcdy regret that he has left even the Highlands be- hind him. Passing Mount Merino, about four miles above Catskill, the city of Hudson, lying upon the water and upon a high terrace, spreading away to higher lands on the east, comes impos- ingly into view. It is one of the most im- portant river towns commercially, and one of the most attractive topographi- cally and pictoriaUy. The main street, which lies through the heart of the city, from east to west, terminates at the river extremity in a pleasant little park called Promenade Hill, on a bold promontory, rising abruptly 60 feet above the water ; while the other terminus climbs to the foot of Prospect Hill, an elevation of 200 feet. From these lofty heights the views of the Catskills, of the far-spread- ing river, and of the beautiful dty itself are incomparable. There are nearly a dozen churches, some of them elegant structures, in Hudson; a fine court-house of marble, and other public edifices, among them a famous Lunatio 134 WtW TOBK. Th« HadaoB— Klndeihook ud ** Llndanvold "— Albaajr. Aiylum. It hM Tftrioua educational es- tablishments, and newnnpers and other publioations to the number of half a doxen. Hudson hi a dep6t of large business, and at one time it had an ex- tensive India and whaling trade. It is at the head of ship navigation on the river. ' There are also large manufactu- ring interests here, maintaining upwards of seventy establishments of various kinds. It is the chief terminus ^f the Hudson and Berkshire Railway, extend- ins eastward 84 miles to West Stock- biidge, Mass., and uniting with the trains from Albany to Boston, and with other routes. Passengers fbr the Shaker Village at New Lebanon, 86 miles fkt>m Hudson, t ,ke the Hudson and Berkshire oars to within seven miles of the Springs, which are much sought in summer time. ColunUna Springt^ five miles distant, is a summer resort of great value to in- valids, and of interest to aU. The 01a- verack Falls, some eight miles off, should not be overlooked by the visitor. Bbtdt. The Hudson House on Main street, in the centre of the city, is an elegant establishment. There is also a good hotel near the railway station and steamboat Iradmg. The population of Hudson in i860, was 6,209. Athens is a little village, with a popu> lation of 1,400, directly oppositeHudson, and connected wiiL i* by a steam ferry. atoekpmt, Coxsaelde and 8tuyve»ant come now in succession along the east side of the river. These are bustling and tiiriving little places. Kinderhook Landing, and " ZjindeoF wotd.** The village of Kinderhook, about five miles east of the landing, on the east side of the river, is the birth- place of Martin Van Bnren, Ex-Pre- sident of the United States. His pre- sent reeddenoe is upon his estate of *^ lindenwold," two miles south of the village. New Baltimore and Goeymans are now passed on the left, and Schodack and Castleton on the right, after which we yet journey some eight miles, and then reach East Albany, where we may con- tinue on to Troy, or cross the river by ferry to the end of our present route at the city of AllMiijr. We are now at the capital of the Empire State, after our voyage of 146 miles (by railway, 146), ftom the city of New York. For the continua- tion elsewhere of our travels from this point to Boston, Canada, Saratoga SpringS| Niagara Falls, and the Great West — for railways in aU directions meet here— the tourist is referred to our Index of routes and places. Albany was foonded by the Dutch, first in a trading post on Oastle Island, directly below tne site of the present city, in 1614. Fort Orange was built where the town now stands, in 1628; and, next to Jamestown in Virginia, was the earliest European settlement Ip the ori^nal thirteen States. It was known as Beaver Wyck, and as WiUiamstadt, before it received its present name in honor of James, Duke of York and Albany, afterwards James the Second, at the period when it fell into British possession, 1664. The population in 1866, was about 60,000. It has a large commerce, from its position at the head of sloop navigaticm and tide water upon the Hudson, as the tntrepdt of the great Erie Canal from the west, andtheChamplain Canal from the north, and as the centre to which many routes and lines of travel converge. The boats of the canal are received in a grand basin constructed in the river, with the help of a pier 80 feet wide, and 4,800 feet long. Albany, seen from some points upon the river, makes a very effective ap- pearance, the ground rising westward from the low £its on the shore, to an elevation of some 220 feet, in the range of a mile westward. State street as- cends in a steep grade from the water to the height crowned by the State Capitol. Among the public buildings are the Capitol and the City Hall, each capped by a gilded dome — ^the Exchange, and some of the church edifices, of which there are about 40. Of these, the Catholio Cathedral, when completed, will be a mew TOBK. 135 Alhuj—ttoj. river by route at } ofti^tal Toyftge Vom tne ontinu»> rom this Saratoga le Great ^ reotioDB 3d to our ) Dutch, e Island, present ras built in 1628 ; ;inia, was at ip the 18 known iamstadt, name in 'ork and Second, o British iation in ftt>mits iTigtttion dson, as e Oanal in Canal ntre to if travel anal are >ructed pier 80 t8 upon kive ap* Bstward to an range et as* water State the kpedby Id some there fttholio be a The Capitol, Allmay. noble structure ; and, besides these, are the hotels, and the building of some of the numerous educationu establish- ments of the city, including the New Dudley Observatory, erected at a cost of $26,000, and the Albany Academy, built at an expense of |100,000. The Uni- yersity of Albany was incorporated in 1862, with the expectation of making it a national institution of the very highest srade. The Medical College, founded in 1880, is a prosperous establishment. The State Normal School was organized successfully in 1844, "for the education and practice of teachers of common schools, in the science of education, and the art of teaching." The Albany In- stitute, for scientific advancement, has a library of 6,000 volumes. The Young Men's Association has a collection of 8,000 volumes ; the Apprentices' Li- brary, 8,000; and the State Library (accessible to public use), has 2*7,000 volumes. In the old State House, on State street, the public collection, in natural history, and in geology, and in agricul- ture are most interesting. The Or- phan Asylum, and other benevolent establishments of the city, are well worth the consideration of the tourist. The distinguished sculptor, E. D. Ma Palmer, resides here. His itadio place of especial attraction. nroy is a large and beantifhl city of over 46,000 inhabitants. It Is upon both bajiks of the Hudson, at the mouth of the Poestenkill Creek. It is built upon an alluvial plain^ overiooked on the east side, by the classic heights of Mount Ida, and on the north by Uie barren olifb of Mount Olymnus, 200 feet high. These elevated pomts com' mand superb views of the eitr and its charming vicinage, and of the great waters of the Hudson. Trot Hes idong the river for the length of tbree miles, and drops back a mile frwn east to west. Troy is a busy cAy, with its manufacturing industry, and as a great etUrepdt of rdlway travel from and to all points. It boasts many fine churches and public buildings, and many admir- able private mansions and cottages. Here is the well-knownFemale Seminary, established by Mrs. Emma WilMrd, in 1821. It is the seat, too, of the Troy Polytechnic Institute. The chief hotels of Troy are the American Hotel, Mansion House, Troy House, Temperance House, Northern Hotel, Washington HalL Union HiOl, and the St. Charles. The cars leave Troy and Greeiibush every hour duxhig IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I IttlM 125 ■» M ■2.2 Sf l£o 12.0 1 ^ llpS 11^ |||.6 ^ 6" ^ FhotogFaphic Sdences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STRIET WIBSTIR,N.Y. MSM (71«)I72-4S03 '^ b^ A ^,V .« fi j i i --, I ^•'-' ■fi». ■■•■ ;^ •'"'' ■:*, ^ , Bergen, 2 saio Bridge, [, 16; God- Allendale, !, 81 ; Ram- Southfields, ;ner's, 4*7 ; Chester, 66 ; (iddletown, 76; Port Lackawax- Narrows- ; Callicoon, 146 i Lord^ Hancock, irosiT, 176; Bknd, 200 ; 210; Binq- 20; Union, VKOO, 236 ; 6; Barton, mung, 260; 273; Juno- ; Corning, ddison, 301 ; eron, 314 ; ; HORMKLLS* 3» ,i! : ''.'"' t A^ft^^-^r?-:-' ■■'■ ■-^•S^' ^>^, 'l'-^% i^'^' Q. >■■ : :-.!! '^-^ -•■^ ■^ ■» m ' mMLMm m itm .mi nimi t .ifT ' r Jh HiH W —i i i f wi T i w;juWM ri< *W M »g« 0m- ■ . < « ii — g a.^afcwa'-.www*'*--" •'^■^f^/'mS'^eimmMOmH^^t^initim*'^ .mmJ^mWW k "■i^ '*■■ V •. & ?;^'!!-fili>¥.w* mi'*)k^^pfikii^-i ■ \ is A^ I i ft) [■; • :>^ ill ra ai & le •Mr) . »«■» if .b* 1^' ti \ tl ^^ •*-,. : ! » X': Ji:^'- -■">., ™ y^h <> »'! -i'^S w f oi wu ii i iii wrm i i i) |]'*f - ^ .-•»-••*-•— N }0 i '*< ilV I N ¥ ^^: ^1 § i bt he ! K • O '•^ f&^e^ MBW TOBK* 187 TlM T«U«7 of flM Ban^^o— Onag* OonatT', N. T. bi^ 881 ; Almond, 880*; Alfired, 840 ; ■udorer, 849: Gun«Me, 866; Boio, H ; PhUUpaTille, 866 ; Belvidere, 869 ; Bndiiap, 87B ; Cuba, 888 ; Hlaidde,, 8i9 ; OuAH, 896 ; AUeguy, 898; OlMt Tallej, 411 ; Utile Ydloy, 430; OttUraaguB, 428 ; Dayton, 487 ; Vmr^ bir9,440; SmUh's ]IUIa,44r; Fomt- TUle, 461 ; Shei^ilen, 466 ; DumoBK, 4(iO. ph Sv0m^9 (81 milea) via Nem Jtr- Mft aiM «M Pltmumt. The fint 81 npiae of the Brie Route, that through thii '^tate of New Jersey, from Jerwy 3y, dt^KHrtte New York, to ** Soifem's," taiflte of. parts of three ^Ufferent (ways, though used of late years fof aU Uie general passenger travel of tltt Erie road, and with its own broad trick and ean!#' The original line of tfai road is from Suffem's eastward, 18 mies, to PieraONUii, and thenoe 24 iniles d«|ri| ilie:Hudson river. This route is n<|ir burgh, on the Hudson river, 19 miles lonff, comes in. From this point, as well as from Soatsburg, passengers for Greenwood Lake (eight miles) take stage< At HoweB's, 70 miles frOm New York, the country ^ves promise of the picturesque displays to be seen through all the way onward to Port Jerm. ApproacUng Otisville, the eye is won bv the bold flanks of the Shawangunk Mountain, the passage of which great barrier (once deemed almost insur* mountabje) is a minude of en^eering '*; 188 <> The ir. T. * lito Baflw^r-^-Otkrilto-Part imeria. . ddlL A ttille bejond OtisTiUe, after tn^Terring an aioending grade of 40 feel to the ndle, the ref d nms throarii a rock catting, 60 ftet deep and S.600 ll»et long. TUe paned, the immnn of the aeeent ii reaMied, and thenoe we CO down the moontafai aide nany itop* ug mttei to the raUey beneath. Tlie loenery along the atoontaln (dope la grand and piotnreaqae, and the efleot is not lessened by the bold ^atnres of the landscape all around — Ae mcged front of the 8hawBngank,8tepping,luie a eoloe> sal ghost, into the scene for one instant, and the eye anon resting upon arast reachof VBtaoied liiUeraess. In the ds* scent of tiM nWpaMdtt j^«lttbankment is secnrely tftqnpmKitf w i widl to foot in height and 1,000 net long. The way onward grawt momently inuterest, nntil it opens nponfr^impsi^ away orer the Talley of IM. movnuin, spar, called the GndtiDebaok; and, at its base, the glittering water seen now for the first time, of Uie Delaware and' Hudson Oand, whose tUbou^nm we have looked upon «t Kingston, in our Toyage up the Hod- son rirer. Sight miles beyond Otisrille we are imprisoned in a deep earthy cnt for nearly a mile, admirably preparing OS for the brilliant surprise which awaits US. The dark passage made, and yet an* other bold dadi through rocky cliflSi, and tiiere UessuddenlT siweadbefore us,upon our right, the rich and lorely talley and waters of the I^eyersink. Beyond sweeps a chain of blue hills, and at their feet, terraced high, there gleam the rooft and spires of the village of Port Jervis ; while onward, to the south, our eye first beholds the floods of the Delaware, which is to be BO great a source of de- light in all our journey hence, for nearly 90 long miles, to Depodt. Fort Jomrw, or Ddaware, as the sta- tion is called, is the terminus of the eastern division, one of four great sub- sections into which the road is mea- sured. It is the point at which the tourist who can spend several days in viewing the route, should make his first night's halt. The vidnage is re- plete'with pictorial delights, and with ways. and means for nual sports and pleasures. Charms of cUmate and ol scenery, with the additional eonsidera* tions Ma pretty village and a most ex- cellent hotel (the Ddaware House at the statf onX have made Fort Jervis a pkoo of great and ootttinvoos sunmer resort and tarry. There hi a stage nmlehttteej 6 miles, to the neighboring ** fappel tin Saw- kill." Tus stream, «i|iir JMac shig> gishly for some ndiil Unmii^ level table-hmd, is here pr ee l jit rtf td over two perpendicukr Ie%it of tfaipNPOek— the first Of about SO ftet» attf 4he second about 00 feetr!lnto a wi|ttii»fge. The brook still con)Bii « es, ds i ili )||aind foam- ing for a Uttie mcnrtion into the Keystone State, for which privilege the company pays Pennsylvania ten thou- sand dt^ars per year. . The canal, and its pictures and bd- dents, are still the most agreeable features of our way, though at Point Eddy we open into one of the wide badns so striking in the scenery of the Delaware. Neiy Shohdla (106^ mfles from New York), we are among aome of the greatest enj^neeiing successes of the Erie route, and some of its chief picto- rial charms. Herejkhe road lies on tiie 'f V -r!.^ mw TOBK* II 199 lie and of eoDstden* a mMt ex- [ovseatthe rrisftpteoo liner Niort _ ^ B»w- »K)nff dug- rMf^ leTel fAmm two iipi«oek— the 4lie aecond iPtge. The llMidfoaiii- pMilei oTer 9«(|^eluumps iM^tor to Mkl»tnthe boonied and ododu, that I tit to the lere miut not Fdnt Peter, and aU the LuU of the the road, Mndfesftir- from New The canal I and inei- agreeable kgh at Point (of the wide enery of the firom New of the of the I chief picto- lies B iy- duct for the passage' of the oanal, sup* ported by an Iron wire sospenrion bridge. We pass on now by Hast Hope to Narrdwabure. Wa n o wslmt g (122 miles from New York and 888 irom DunkirkX is a pleasant jdace for quiet summer rest and rural pastime, with its iqriting hotel comforts, and its piscatory and field recreations aikl sports. Beyond Narr o wB bttr g , 1br some mfles^ the tfrnveller may torn to his newqpaper or book fbr occupation a while, so ttttfe of intersst does^he seesie, without, pre- sent, with die exception, now ind then, of a plearing bit of pastoral re- gion. Some eompensation may be found in recallfaig the stirring inddents of Cooper's novel of the ** hut of the KiAieaiis,'* of which this ground was the^beatre. At OslUeoon, a brook ftdlof wSdand beautilbl passages and of brin^ trout, oomes down to the Ddaware. As we apiMNudi Haneoek, oitoe esJled Ohehioeton, we come near the charming pieture of the meeting of the two branches of the Delaware, seen on our' left. Hanoooit is Tine of 184 feet m depth. No adequate idea of thei bold sfdrit and beauty of the scene can be had flron the ears, and especially in the rapid traudt eaten rned before the traveller aware of its aMsroaoh. It should be viewed leisure^ ly from the bottom of«the deep glen, and from all rides, to be realized aright To see it thus, a half a daVs h^lt should be made at the next station, to which we shall soon oome. . The Cascade Bridge crossed, the -riew opens almost immediately, at the right— deep down upon the winding Susquehanna, reaching uke off amidst a valley and hill*idctare of delicious quality, a fit- ting prelude to the sweet rirer scenes we are henee- forth to delight jn. This first gratoftil glimpse of the brave Susquehanna is just- W esteemed as one of the miest points on the varied scenery of the Erie Rail- way rbute. It may be looked at more leisurely and more lovingly by him who tarries to etplore the Cascade Bridge hard by, and the valley of ^ Starmoca, with its grand viaduct, which we are now npid^ anproaehlng. Th* StaxraoM wkMoel 090 miles firom New Tork and tSO Urom Dunkirk), ia one of the chief irl^ories of our KNMttt route— peiliMi the. ehiefest. e giant structure u made of stone, from the Irvine, two, miles abovo,' crossed by the feiry Cascade Bridge^ It is 1,^00 feet fa» length and 110 feet high, and has 18 grand arohea, each 60 feet span. The cost was $880,000. The landseape u «f exceed- ing beantv, whether seen mm the vla«^ duct or from any one of mi^iy points^, near or afiir olL mIow. flrom the viol* nity of Sosqueuuina, the next statioii, Cueade BrMgs, Erie Baflwi^. MXW TOBK. Ul OMMde •yof ^« Vlftdaet, roMhIng. lOOnnei DanUrk), M of our . eblefeit; of Mon*^ i Bridge, and no d arohea, coat wu »f Moaad- n tha vla- n the Tiol* tt atatioii, Bami^lanna (lift Itena—Blnghiwitwa— Owtgoii •^ ri y the Tiaduot itaelf makea a moat affaotiva faatura in tha rallay rieira. ▲ Uttla way beyond, and Just before wa raaeh the SoiquelMnna atatU>n, we oroaa a Una tieatle bridge, 450 feet long, OTer the Oannewiota Creek, at Laneaboroogh. We are now fiUrty vpon the Buaqoehanna, not In the dia* uuioa, but near Ita rary marge, and, anon, we reach the end of the Moond grand dividon of our route, and enter tne buay depot of Suaquehanna, from New Tork 192 mllea, and firom Dunkirk 867. At BtHMiwhanfM we are paadng beyond the wild acenery on our route, and in a few milea Airther we ahall fldl in with and follow, for many mil^, through broad yalley traoka, oouraed by the great winding riTer — a country which we ahall find replete with inter- eat, and very often of marked natural beauty, however unlike the acenes upon which we have looked in our tnmalt of the wild hiiia and foreat region of the Delaware. The Soaqneluinna atation ia one of th^ buirieat pointa on our route, being the place wrhere diTlsions meet — ^whev the great maaf^Te ensines, or jnuhera, which are uaed to /wm the heavy traina hence to the top of the grand hill ''Summit," are houaed, and where the workahopa for tlui repaira of diaabled locomotivea and cava are located. 200 hands are employed here by the com> Sny. Indeed, the place Is all railroad, >m which it was bom* and fIrom which it haa grown. If the hotelili at thia station are too noisy for thf tarrying stranger, we may go a mile backwards to Laoesborough, and frond thence re- Tiew the aoenea of the Starrucca and of the Cascade Bridges, with many other points of pictorial attraction. Just beytmd the Susquehanna depot we cross to the right Inmk of the river, and, after two more ndles ride, yet amidst mountain ridges, we reach Oraat Band, 200 mOes from New Tork, and 259 from Dunkirk. The vil- lage of this name lies dose by, in the State of Pennsylvania, at the base of a bold cone-shaped hilL At Great Band there comes in to tlw Brie Road tha DeUware.' Lackawanna, and Western Railway, leading nearly south into'Pennaylvania, through the coal regiona of Scranton^the ne^(hbor* hood of the valley of Wyomins, tha Water Gap of the Delaware, and end- ing upon that riv%r, five milea yet be- low ; here It la connected by other rail- way routea with New York, PhiUdel* phia, etc. See Index. Leaving' Great Bend we enter upoa the more cultivated huidscape of whksh we lately spoke, and approach villama and towns of greater extent and- ele- gance. Near Kbkwood, the next station, rix miles from Great Bend, there stands aa old wooden tenement, which may at- tract the traveller's notice aa the birth* phuse of the Mormon prophet, Joe Smitii. BJnghainton, 216 mllea from New York, M, with ita population of ten or eleven thousand people, one of the moat important placea on the Erie route, and indeed In southern New York. It is 4 beautifiil town, sitnated upon a wide pUn, in an angle made by the meeting of the Susquehanna and the Chenango rivers. Blnghamton waa settled In 1804, by Mr. Kngham, an Enelish gentieman, whoaa mnghtera married the brothers Henry and Alexander Barinir, tha fiunons London bankera. One of those gentlemen waa afterwards created Lord Aahbnrton. The Chenango Canal, extending along the CSienango river, connects Brngham* ton with Utica, N. Y., 9S miles distant ; and it is also the southern terminus of tiie Syracuse and Blnghamton Railroad, 80 miles long. See Index. Passing on by the stations of Hooper, Union, and Campville, we come to Owago, another large and hand- some town, almost rivalbg BInghaniton in beauty and importance. Owego is surrounded by a landscape, not of bold but of very heautiM features. Many noble panopfunas are to be seen from the hiU-tops around, overlooking the village and the great valley. The Owegd tk^ tV' u» ''iS^ tV.T.* Oratk wblMk •nten tik* 8a«|MhMii» kti^ M ft •hannliif itiMBi. JmI b«foi« its ■••Hng with tM grtettr inrt«n, h MMM tlUM|h th« BMdOW, asd •! Um kMof th« hiU ikoM ^ ainuMrj,** OMt th« horn* of N. 9. I^QHl ud BOW Mt of Ike Mmom of «k« vfaUMM, to iririek aU Tlsltoni M« ifta bv tho enunf •nd ndh the geBlnt of too poot hM «Mt aboat It. It wM bora that Mr. WSa» vroto Us fluiMNM **L«tten from •ndoRA Bridge.** TIm OftjugA and SuHMbMUia BaU* road divanM here, ioim SO milea, to Ithaca, nln& and NewTork Ballroad, 94 nllss^ ▼la Atob OSpvingsX and BataTk to Bo- ehester, on the great MNMee weet from Albany. Bee Index. W»>mlliwnk PamlnglialfadoMii stations, wf , now reech Hom^srillo, where passengers Ibr Boflhto, Niagara, Ac., fiMlow the Branch Bond north, fbr 91 miles. (See BafUo DlTision.) Aft this p wge, ilUod e Oaniaoa^ \ AIJM lie InCtfeMMD. (thehigh- eing 1,700 ooiumenoo of theGe- few ttwrlui r it! lonely, irmlleion- >uC^edee> 1 only by see of the , there ere ledbeeuty. Alleghany ids of the we follow ;heny, be- 1 desolate from New u we tra* tiM eye la ith aoenea unbroken d, and are i^^^^im^i'i0^^ • i ii' > I W* L5' ■ .' y ' iv 1 1- (( 1. S A ■>^!" Hi r4;' .■»#**,i!«M>'*siak F,r' '*>....-->v;;-' ■■^M :'•• ,,<*^o ^ Ji 1 ^ ) llli .V;, ■•: 1 /^ .. SlWT ,}Vrw»-' Jv« 3»€j }fix»^ ^ UfMffi ^SB y^i wFi ^ ^ f 1 1 aili. d ,i= -U'f., p»i 1^^ ' ^^ I^S ^'-' ■^ • 1 -^^^ ri^ry^- i_X /r- f ff ^;«r- ? ^ i^MMitipifAMaMrwnnnuuvMifian- .„^ 4 i '»\ ■■■ ■'•I- ■i • ■ ' -^ :,'i^ ;,V>. *.;-■ , - : ■; ■' / ■ "I i^ , -r* ■ ■ :' ■ '■.M"^.. :■ ■■' ^; ^ '^h a^ .^aH^ 14^..- 4^ . .6(1: I,' ■»'-^ vl;^: ^- f V***".,. '■^i ■^*-4^;' t»i;* .r*:*>?»*f'***% "--^^sSiyfift.y^p^lWMB^ .iWKj»iW«*fl*i'iffeair>i^^ nwit.- ndU^eiK ^^^. •*#*- m ink " „.''»•■'•■-•' ■ •' ' .■».,4'i 1 ...x'4^ „. _ i| .- ... -!l>1j: ■"•"if ";_ ■:.'-t ■ .iS ■h :-'•! n "ml :i^' '%:'l Sv' au MM l Wa J*^ •if" ^5#--' KSW TOBK. 148 • Dnikbrk— B«fUo ntt NtegMa Bnuxih «r Brie BailrMidk-Portag*, Three miles beyond Perrysbure we cstoh our firat peep »t the great Erie waters, towards wUch we are now rajddly speeding. Yet a few miles, and we are out xtt the dreary woods, oonrsing again through the more habit- able Umds which Ue upon the lakes. Beaching Dnakiik at last, we may pursue our Journey westward by any one of many routes by land and by water— on the blue waves, or still upon the rapid nSL We shall follow all these routes in other pages— the steamers to Cleveland or Detroit, or the lake shore road to develand. Thence by rul- way to Columbus, and (Hncinnati, south- ward, or to Toledo, westward. From To- ledo onward by the Michigan and North* em Indiana Bailway to Chicago, and thence again by the Rock Island Boad to the Mttdssippi, or by the Illinois Cen- tral route to St. Louis, and by other ways still onward, to the far west. * UTRW TOBK TO BUFFALO AND NIA- OABA FALLS. VIA BUITALO BRAXOH OV HIV TOBK AHD BBII BAUBOAD. Follow the main trunk of the New York and Erie Boad, from Jersey City, 831 miles to HomeUsrille, N. Y. Trains continue on immediately to BuflUo, on their arrival at Homelisville, by the Branch Boute, formerly the New York Caty and Buffalo Bailroad. STATIONS. HoBMiLLSvitu ; Bums, 9 ; Whitney^s, 18; Swdnville, 17; Nunda, 24; Hunt's Hollow, 26; PoBTAOB, 80; Castile, 84; Gainesville, 87; Warsaw, 44; Middle- bury, 49; Linden, 68; Attica, 60; Darien, 64; Alden, 71; Town Line, 76; Lancaster, 81 ; Buffalo, 91. The road follows by tiie side of the Dunkirk track through the village, and then bends northward. For neuiy SO miles, tAong very elevated ground, there is but little to interest the tourist, until he comes in sight of the village of Port- age, lying in a deep valley to the north- west. Portagieis deservedly a Mecca to the lover of the picturesque, abounding, as it does, in the wildest wonders of moun- tidn gorge and cataract. The Genesee Biver steals and tumbles through the lawns and raFinei of this region in a very wonderfiil way. At Portage, it enters a grand rodcy defile, and hi pasdnc, fiuls in many a superb cascade. Near the sti^on, this gorge is crossed by the railroad, upon a bridge of great magnitude and remarkable constrad- tionw From below, it rises upon the view like story upon story of solid and gynunetrical scaffolding, to a height of 284 feet; its length is 800 feet. Be- neath its huge masses of timber, foams the river, and by ite angry dde are the placid waters of the Genesee Valley CanaL To see the wonders of Portage aright, one must tarry for days in the village, or better yet, at the hotel near we stetion house. The Genesee makes a bold descent of 40 feet (seen from the carsX as it rushes beneath the great bridge, on- ward to yet deeper beds. A quarter of a mile northward is the second cata- ract of 80 feet; huge high olifb soar yet far above it. To see the scene properly, the viidtor will cross the bridge over the Genesee above the milV and place himself immediately in firont of the &11. Some distance beyond, a staircase conducts to the bottom of the ravine, whence vou may pass in a boat, or j^ok your way along beneath the spray of the tumbling floods. The walls of this gorge are of slate stone; they rise to a height of more than 300 feet, and in the many and sudden turnings of the way, offer a grateful succession of noble pictures. A mile and a half still down the glen, and we reach the third, and, per^ haps, the grandest of the cascades ; placed as it is in an exceedingly deep and narrow passage of the ravine. This leap is 60 feet. The canal far up above the descend- ing bed of the Genesee in this vicinage, is a most telling feature in the land- scape — a strain of gentleness in the wild anthem of the ragged ravine. We leave the traveUer here to pur> %. •Q?* 144 tntw TOBX; n* h it may be seen. It is a masidTe and elegant Btraoture of wood, with a grand iacade of columns reacUng the entire hei^^t of the eaTcs. It was orif^nally built by the people of Oatskill, at an ex- penditure of 20,000 dollars ; but it has (rince been from time to time enlarged and improved, until now it possesses everr reasonable, if not every possible, hotel convenience and comfort— ca- pacious and well-furnished paiiors, halls, and chambers—a luxorioua table, and attentive hosta and write r s and bath- ing, bilUard, and bowling appointme&tR. In tl^ samiJier the house is a poit- ofllce, with dbily mails. The evveirb panorama of the river and vaUeV ; of the Hudson, and of tiie New Bnmmd hill iranges to the east- wan^wpBJbt tlra bold ute of the Moun- tritt fibiise MMnmands, Will first fix the attentionk^ind admiration of the guest. Of Hbkik unrivalled .tight he will never weary, so varied is it in the changing hours and atmospheres, and so impos- ing under every aspect. It is thought, at the dawn of the day and at the rising of the sun, when his ma^c beams are lifting the mystical vapor and doud- eurtrin, which the night has invisibly spread over the scene, that the enchant- ment will reach its highest point. Luckily for the tourist who is not an enthusiast, but is contented with the simple, soud &ct of a subject, like Mr. Gradgrind, these marvellous exhibitions of sun-riae effects may be comfortably seen from his warm, secure chambei^ window, when the morning air is, as it often chances to be, at this mountain altitude, rather too chill and damp for comfoi^. A visit to the locality, called the ** North Mountain," will be a remuner- ative morning or liftemoon's walk. It is only a mile or two through the forest, on the lofty ridge ; but a guide will be desirable, for the path is more easily lost than found. At the end of the stroll he will look back upon his wilder- ness home over a brace of dunty little lakelets, smilingly sleeping on the mountun top; and beyond, towards the south and east, his eye will follow 7 the windings of the Hudson ikr dolite in tlie sunny valley. Some stories may be toldUm of the fondness of the bear for thia particular locality^ but he need not be alarmed, for it is rarelv in- deed, except it be when the wmter snows envelope ^the earth, that these gentry are about Another agreeable excursion will be in the omi^te direction, from the house to tiie shot known as the " South Mountafai," where, upon the brink of huge oliiEi, may be seen the river and valley, and the wonderAil pass of the Kauterskill, through the mountain chain westward. TlM TfiFO liahet, which we have Just overiookfd from tiie North Moun- tain, make one of the leading itons in the OatskUl proinrainme. They lie side by tide, Ifti^tie beauty, in the heart of tiw lofty j3a*e«a». upon the eastern brink of wl&)^ ^ Monntain House is perched. They itanf be reaohtBd in a pleasant littie walk back of the hoteL Onwards, and on the way to the Great Falls of the KanterskUl^ a few minutes' stwU, indeed, is sufficient to bring ns to the nearest of these twin watersf the Upper or Sylvan Lake. This is a spot for repeated and habitual visits, with its pleasures by the forest shore; in the skiff, upon the quiet and \on^\j flood ; or, with angle in hand and trout ui prMpect. Tb» W^gbi Falli lie two ndles back of the Mountain House, overleaping the western brink of the great plateau. A wagon road leads thither ; and there is, betides, a footpath in the forest, by which the way is shortened one half. A good team )A sent down with passen- gers (fare 26 cents) at least once a day from the hotel. At the very brink of the cascades there is another small but pleasant summer inn, called the Laurel House, kept by Mr. Scutt, the propri- etor of the Falls. It is a wonderfbl sight to overlook the ravine below, and the giant crests of iRound Top and High Peak— the proudest of all these hiUfH- from the windows, or piazzas of the Lanrel House, or from the platf(Mrm in fh>nt, which overhwigs the glen. Thia ut TOPHF TOBK. LdMOBtlMOiUddlta^ vi«w eiffoyed, with refreshments if you please, we commence the descent to the bese of the oatarMts, by many straggling ffights of wooden steps. Coming to the base of the first Fall, we may steal alooff a narrow ledge behind the de- soending torrent, as one gets to Termi- nation Rock, at magara. On the op- porite bank parties often pic idc, the means and appUances,if duly ordered be- fore at the Laurel Honse, b^g lowered A»wn, upon a dgnal, in a basket, over the edge of the projecting platform above. Thejdescent of the wst cascade Is 175 feet, and of the second, 76 feet, with many a tumble of tiie rexed waters afterwards in their way for a n^ down the ravine into the main branch of the Kauterskill or Oatskill Creek, which dashes down the great jOlove, of which the Mountahi Hoose stream is oidy an arm held at a right aiMjle. Fenimore Cooper, In his story of the "moneer," thus describes these cas- cades—" The water comes croaking and wintUng among the rocks, first, so slow that a trout might swim in it, then startbg and runidng like any oreator* that wanted to make a &ir simng, tiU it Sts to where the mountain divides. liks). 9 cleft foot of a deer, leaving a dM^p hollow for the brook to tomble iate» The first {dtch is nigh 200 ii»et, and the water 1o cades may look their best when they have company, the stream is dammed, and the fiood is let on at proper times only. For this service, and for the use ol the steps, perchance of guide also^ every visitor pays a toll of 25 cents.- This is a reasonable although a disagree- ablR bit of prose in the poem of the Cats* kiUFails. msW-TOBK. ui BtOBjr OloT*-Bt(h PMk— PUatorUU Clote. I comet I on the Aj has lie cai^ cents. We have now peeped at all the usual ** rights'* of the region; but there are other chapters of beauty, perhaos, yet more inriting. Let the tourist, it he be adrenturous and is a true loTer of nature, fi>liow the brook down firom the base of the cataracts we hare Just described, into the principal oloye ; then let him ascend the main stream for a mile over hoffe bouMers, through rank woods, and by many casoadep, which, if smaller, are stiU more pictoresqe than those *« nominated in the bond;" or, let him descend the: creek, two miles, some- time! hj Un* edge of the bed of the ■watery awi, when that is impracticable, by the tomplke road, which trayerses the grea* eloye or pass. At every turn and.step^Mlre-witl.bea new picture — sometiaiM,»«ai<|verrudd or fUl, some- thnes asoaiteg mountain difl.sometimes a rude J^aMgeaeross the foaming torrent, sometimes a Qttle hat or cottage, wdd, at lest, as he comes out towards )he ▼alley on the east, the humUe Tillage of Palenyille. This portion of the Gats- Idlls is that most preferred by artists for •tody, and the inns at Palenyille are Often occupied by them, though they ofliBr no inyiting accommodation to the ease and comfort4o^K tourist. At one time ^when the hemlock was abundant on the mountain sides) this oh>ye was a den of tanneries, and a few ettidriishments of the Und yet linger here. ' Stony Oxm, Another nice excur- don from the Mountain House, is a ride along the ridge fiye or six miles to the entrance of the Stony Glove, and thence on foot, or stiU in your yehiole (though the wagon road is execrableX through the wilderness of this fine pass. SOgli Peak, the most elevated of the Gatakill summits, towering 4,000 feet towards heaven, should certainly be climbed, in order to see the re^on fidriy. It is a long and toilsome jour- ney, especially for ladies — six miles thHher on foot—bnt we have accom- panied the fairest of women through the difficulties and dangers of the way. Once we " assisted " at a night camp on the very crown of High Peak, pf a par- ty which included a doien damsels. If they had not been brave, as thev all were,ihey would not have deserved the glorious sunrise efRscts, which they saw never to bo forgot, from their ambi- tious bivouae. Even the Mountaia Souse on its grand perch, looked from ish Peak like a pigmy in tiie TfOe. FlantMrltin O6onr% is another grand pass on the hiUs, -five miles below tie KauterskiU passage. A moilntsin toi- rent, fbll of beauties in glen and rdck and cascade, winds through it. Apqslroad also trayerses the pass, * B%h Peak rises on the north of the PUulsrkil!, apd the Soath Ifoontain, on wUbh is a lovefjr lake, aabends on the onpodte side. It is not yet a scene of much rp^ sort, beinff out of the v^y CjOftiMnient reach of tiie If onntahi Home,, and hav-. ing no hotel attraetiont in Itaneil^boi*- hood. The toniis^]k4ire tfltveoall with plea»> ure, Bryant's didntv poem of the Kat- terskiUs, from which we will borrow a few lines to end our own intimations •— ** Ifidrt gTMBS and diailat the OattMSUlI lM«>s From oUffli when tli« wood flowar oliofi ; All sniiuBw ho molsteu hla verdant stoops, With tho light tfny of tho monnnni ntrings; And M alulMS tho woods on tho mooatala's aide. When they drip with tho i|ins of thp aatonm tide. ** Bnt when in the foieot bsze and oM, , The blsst (*f Deoember oalls, He builds in the star-light, dear snd eold, A jwlsoe of ioe whore Ills tomnf lUb, With tnrret snd ueh and liretwnrk Mt^ AadpUlata olear as the soiiuner air." The Cataracts of the GatskiUs in win- ter, when the' spray is frozen into a myriad fantastic forms, all glowing liko the prism as the clear cold su^ght reveus these mystical wonders, is a sight so grand and novel as to well re- pay the exposure and fatigue of a yirit thither through bleak January's snows and ice. The Mountain House is then dosed, but Mr. Scntt inhabits his Laurel but all the year, we believe. This is a hint to the enthusiast in the search for the strange and beautifUl in Nature. Most 148 VWW TOSK* HirlMB Banwftf-^WhlU PUm— Dertr PklMb tourists wUl oare to see th^ Ostskills laceB,.many of them having gr6im voyfnth the road. The country passed through is varied and ^ctur- esque in surfi|oe, and much of it la rich rioultural liuxd. It does not compare tiie river route in .scenic attrao- STATIONS. • New Tork— comer of White anid Centre street — Torkville, 6 miles ; Har? Usnlj 7; Mott Haven, 8; Melrose, 9; 'Morrisuila, 10; Tremont, ll; Ford- ham, 12; William's Bridge, 14; ^nnc tlbn of the N. T. and N. Haven Road) Hunt's Bridge, IB; Bronxville, 18; %okahoe, 19 ; Soarsdale, 32 ; Hart's Oomers, 24; Whitk Plaikb, 26; Ken- shso, 29 \ Vnionville, 81; Pleasantville, 84; Ohapequa, 86; Mount Kisco, 40; Bedford, 42 ; WhitiockvUle, 45 ; Golden Bridm, 47 ; Purdy's, 40 ; Oroton Falls, 61 ; Brewster's, 66 ; Bykeman's, 68 ; Towners, 61; Patterson's, 68; FawW Ings, 67 ; South Dover, 7t ; Dover Fur- nace, 76 ; Dover PUina, 80 ; Wassaie, 84 ; Amenia, 88 ; Sharon Station, 91 ; Millerton, 06; Mount Riga, 80; Boston Comers, 108; Copake, 108; Hillsdale, 112; Bains, 116; Martindale, 118; Phihnont, 122; Ohent, 128; Chatham Foon CoMTiBS, 180; (Junction with railway route from Albany and from Hudson, for Boston) Sast Auamt, 168 An the Stations from New Tork to White ]P1ains (86 mHes) are suburban, beins escape valves of the over-grown popuation of the city, where the busi- ness of the principal part of their pqm- lation Ues, and te which they go dally by the n^way. Many of the villages 'are i^oturesque, pleasant and pros- perous. On leaving the city streets, the road passes UDMr a oonsideraUe extent of tunnelling and continued bridging across thoroughfares overhead, maxing merry diversimi for the passenawrs. At the extremity of the Island and dty of New Toric at Harlem, the road crosses the Harlem Biver Into Westohester County. White PltthiB (Westehester County), is interesting as the scene of important' evente in the Bevolutitm. An eventftil battie was fought here, Oct. 28, 1776. Areridence of Washingten (in which are some attractive relfos) is yet stand- ing in the vicinage. Oroton FnllSi upon tiie river whiefa supplys the great Oroton Aqueduct to the city of New Tork. lmk» Ifahopaa Passengers for I. ike Mahopao take stage thenoe (dis- tance two hours) at the Croton Falls Station. See '' Lake Mahopao." Dowor naiu, 20 miles east of Poughkeepsie, is surrounded by much pleasing landscape. For Albany, and routes thence by Hudson Biver and the river railway, see Index. raw TOBK. Btntogi Bpriap— BontM. 149 ■ASATOeA BPBiires. From New Tork hj th« Hudion RlTcr rovte to Albuiy, 146 mU«i. or to Troj, 158 mOM. From Boiton by tlM Weitem Railway; through SfMringtlold, SOO nflM, to Albany. Trom JUbany by rail to . Sehaneotady and Ballaton Sprlnga, 89 ndlaa, to Swatom; or from IVoy on the Whitehall Rdliray route, through Waterford, and connecting with the Albany line at Ballaton, 88 milea. Albany JtpMM.— Starting for Saratoga from Albany, oar roate a* Ikr m Scm- neotady (17 milea) is on the Albany and Schenectady railway, a Unk of the great ** Central** road to Buflido, and the reit of the way (88 milea) ii vpon the Sarap toga and Schenectady road. LeaTins Sebenectady, the trayeller la in ftill ▼lew of the beautlflil Mohawk Biver, for about four milea. He then aUrta the banka of BaUaton Lake, and entera the ▼Ulue of Ballaton Spa. r< 21m Jhtif RtmU connecta with the . Albany at Ballaton, and the line thence to Saratoga ia the aame. IVom Troy the touriat followa the Renaaelaer and Saratoga, a link of the railway to WhitenaU. Thia route preaeata mauT attraetlTO acenea, aa it croasea and fi>i> Iowa the Hudson and the Mohawk Rivera, aa it paasea Waterford at Ae meetiiuK of theae watera, four miles above Troy, and near the Oohoea Falls, a muoh-«dtanired and frequevted resort upon the Mohawk, aa it thence continues upon the west bank of the Hudson, eight miles further to MechaniosvUle. It afterwards crosses the canal, passes Round Lake, and enters Buston, where it meets the Albany tndns. Balltom Bpn Is upon the Kayader- oflseros Greek, a small stream which flows through the viUage, 86 mUes from Troy. Its mineral waters, which were cUscovered in 1769, are celebrated for their medidnal qualities, although not so popular now aa they were formerly, those of Saratoga beii^ now jrenerally preferred. The Sana Souei Motel is a pleasai s house near the centre of the TiUage. Fife mHfti diatant is tm§ Lak^, n reaort of the aMier. Saratoga Like la aix milea |trom BaflMon. iMnilOin haa been for many years, and Btill 18, and probably always wUl be, the most fiunona place of iUMiiwr reaort hi the United States, frequented by Americana from all sections, and by foreign tonriata from all cUmatea. Pur- big the height of the ftahionable aeaaon no leaa than two or throe thousand arri* valsooeur within a week. There is noth- ing remariuble about the topogMphy or the aeenery of Saratoga; on tne contrary, the spot would be uninteresting enough but foK-the vlrtueeof Its watera and the pleaa n reaof Ita brilliant aodety. The viUage streeta, however, are grateftilly diaded by fine treea, and a little " let up** in the my whirl may be got on the walka and lawna of the pretty rural cemetery close by. The hotel acciHnmodationa and com- forta are ample here, great aa are the demands of the ncnat travel. The most eztenidve and the most dedred, are. first, the United Statea and the Union, then Oongreaa Hall and the Par Villon, and aftwwards the Adelphi, Washington Hall, the Oolombbm, the Raiboad House, and the Prospect and Highland Halls. There are also numer> oua private boarding-houses. Board at the principal hotels is, as at all the city houses and at all watering-placea In the Uidted States, from two to three d(4- lars per day. The health-living Springs of which the fame of mratoga has been born, however much Fashion may have since nursed it, are all in or very near the village. There are twelve distinct waters In present use, but the most sought after of aUare those of {he C!on- gross Spring, of which Dr. Ohilton gives us an analvds thus: — One gallon, of 281 cubic mches— chloride of sodium, 868.829 grains; carbonate of soda, 7.200; carbonate of lime, 86,148; car- bonate of magnesia, 78.621 ; carbonate of iron, .841 ; sul^te of soda, .661 ; iodine of sodium and bromide of pota»- dum, 6.920; dlioa, .472; alumina, .821 ; total, 648.998 grains. Oarbonio 160 NBW YORK. Santoga Springs— Lake. Congress, Spring, Saratoga. acid, 284.66 ; atmospheric air, 6.41 : maldng 290.06 inches of gaseous con- tcntat This Spring was discovered in 1*792, though it was long before known to and esteemed by the Indians. After the Congress waters, which are bottled and sent all over the world, as every body knows, the Springs most in favor and use at Saratoga are the Iodine, the High Rock, the Honroe, Putnam's Congress, the Flat Rock, the Hamilton, the Columbian, and the Washington. The Alpha and the Omega of the daily Saratoga programme, is to diink and to danc»— the one in the earliest possible morning, and the other at the latest conceivable night. Among the outside diversions of the S:iratoga folk is a jaunt, to Saratoga Lake, a pleasant water tAx miles away. Here they have nice boating fun, and eo^netimes '^rnake believe " to fish. Tliis lake is nine miles in length and very near three in width. The marshes around it prevent access, except here and there. Snake Hill steps into the water, and lifts up its head 20 feet or so, upor. the eastern side of the lake. "There is," so the story has been told, " an Indian superstition attached to this lake, which probably had its source in its remarkable loneliness and tranquillity. The Mohawks believed that its stillness was sacred to the Great Spirit, and that if a human voice uttered a sound upon itc waters, the canoe of ^ the offender would instantly tank. An Englishwoman once, in the early days of the settlers, had occasion to cross this lake with a party of Indians, who, before embarking, warned her, most impressively, of the spell. It was a silent, breathless day, and the canoe shot over the smoo^ suifaoe of the lake like a shadow. About a mile from the shore, near the centre of the lake, the woman, willing to convince the savages of the wea^ess of their super- stition, uttered a loud cry. The coun- tenances of the Indians fell instantly to the deepest gloom. After a moment's pause, however, they redoubled their exertions, and, in frowning silence, drove the light bark like an arrow over the waters. They reached the shore in safety, and drew up the canoe, and the woman rallied the chief upon his credn> KKW TOBK. 16il Bonto to Lake Qeorg»— Oles's Falla. litj. 'The Great Spirit 48 merciful,* answered the scomAU Mohawlc, *he knows that a white woman cannot hold her tongue.^ " A visit to Lake George, 28 miles distant by rail and plank road, is a de- lightful episode and variation i^. Sara- toga life. See Lake George. LAKE OEOBOB. The route from New York, Boston, and the West, to Lake George, ia through Saratoga, and thus- far is the same as to that point ; thence to Ho- reau station, 16 miles, by the Troy and Whitehall lin^, and from there to Cald- well, at the south end or head of the lake by plank road. aien'i Fklls, in the Upper Hudson, is on the way, nine miles from the lake. The wild and rugged Undscape is in striking contrast with the general air of the country below — there, quiet pastoral lands ; here, rugged rock and rushing cataract. This is a spot trebly interesting, from its natural, its poetical, and its historical character. The pas- sage of the river ia through a rude ra- vine, in a mad descent of 76 feet oivier a rocky precipice 900 feet in length. Within tlje roar of these cataracts were kdd some of the scenes in Cooper's story of the "Last of the Mohicans.** They are gently associated with our romantic memories of Uncas and Hawk's Eye, David, Duncan Haywood and his sweet wards, Alice and Cora Monroe. When within four ndles of the lake, we pass a dark glen, in which lie hid* den the storied waters of Bloody Pond, and close by is the historic old boulder remembered as William*^ Rock. Near this last-named spot. Colonel Williams was killed in an engagement with the French and Indians, Sept. 8, 1766. The slain in this unfortunate battle were cast into the waters near by, since called Bloody Fond. It is now quiet enough, under its sur&ce of slime and dank lilies. The first broad view of the beautiful lake, seen suddenly as our way brings us to the brink of the high lands, above which we have thus far tr&velled, is of surpassing beauty, scarcely exceeded Lake George, N. T. .=tf l';'y:..---r'-^'^^l HEW TOBK. Lake 0«org«— Oaldwell— The Nsnows— Sablwth Day Point E. \ I St. by the thoosand-and-one marrels of delight which we afterwards enjoy in •U we long traverse of the fiunous wa- ters. Our road now descends to the shore, thef gleaming floods and the bine clifb of Soricon still, ever and anon, filling our charmed eye. We halt at the Lake House at Oaldwell village, or at the Fort William Henry Hotel, a new and elegant establishment near by, at the ruins of the Old Fort, on the right. About a mile south-east from the site of Fort William Henry are the ruins of Fort George. These localities are seen firom the piazza of the Lake House, which commands also a fine view of the French Mountain and Battle-Snake HiU, and of the isUnds and hills down the lake. ) The passage of Lake George, 86 miles, to the landing near the village of Tlconderoga, and four miles from the venerable ruins of Fort Tlcondero- ga, on Lake Ghamplain, is made by rteamboat,* the trip down to the Fort and back occupying the day very de- lightfuUy. Leaving Galdwell after breakfast, we proceed on our voyage down the lake. The first spot of especial interest which we pass is Diamond Island, iu front of Dunham Bay. Here, in 1*777, was a military depot of Burgoyne's army, and a sldrmish between the garrison and a detachment of American troops. North of Diamond- Isle, Ues Long Island, in front of Long Point, which extends into the lake from the east. Harris Bay lies between the nortl^ side of this Point and the mountains. In this bay Montcalm moored his boats and landed, in 1767. Dome Island is passed, in the centre of the lake, some 12 miles north of Caldwell. Putnam's men took shelter here while he went to apprise General Webb of the movements of the enemy, at the mouth of the North-West bay. This bay lies in one of the most beaun- * The "John Jay,** wlitcb has plied the wa- tt /• of Lake Oeoi^e fbr some yean past, was f linked by fire in the summer of 1866, oppo- r • Oarfleld'a, near Sabbath Day Point ful parts of Lake George, just beyond ; Bolton Landing, where iJiere is an in- viting place of sojourn called the " Mo« hican House." The bay extends up on the west of the Tongue Mountain some five miles. Oa the east side of the bay the Tongue Mountain comes in literally like a tongue of the lake, into the centre of which it seems. to protrude, with the bay on one (dde and the mun passage of the waters on the other. On the right or east shore in the neighbor- hood, and just as we reach the Tongue and enter the "Narrows," is the bold semic^olar palisades ctilled Shelving Bock. Paasing this picturesque feature of the landscape, and, afterwards, of the point of the Tongue Mountain, we enter the Narrows at the base of the boldest and loftiest shores of Horicon. The chief peak of the hills here, is that of Bla^k Mountain, with an altitude of 2,200 feet. The islands are numerous, though many of them are merely peeps out of the water. The best fishing- grounds of Lake George are in that part of the waters which we have al- ready passed, in the vicinity of Bolton Landing, Shelving Rock, and thence to Caldwell, though fine trout and bass are freely caught from one end of the lake to the other. Sabbath Day Point. Emerging from the Narrows, on the north, we approach a long projecting strip of fertile land, called Sabbath Day Point — 80 named, by General Abercrombie, from his having embarked his array on the spot on Sunday morning, after a halt for the preceding night. The spot is remembered, also, as the scene of a fight, in 1766, between the colonists and a party of French and Indians. The former, sorely pressed, and unable to escape across the lake, made a bold defence and defeated the enemy, killing very many of their men. Yet, again, in 1776, Sabbath Day Point was the scene of a battle between some Ameri-. can militia and a party of Indians and Tories, when the latter were repulsed, and some 40 of their number were killed and wounded. This part of Horicon is even more charmhig ia its m wt beyond ; ) is an iu- the<«Mo- sndfl up on itain some of the bay In literally the centre I, with the n passage On the neighbor- le Tongue the bold Shelving le feature ds, of the we enter e boldest on. The is that of titude of umerous, sly peeps ; fishing- in that have al- f Bolton hence to bass are the lake merging Tth, we strip of Point — rombie, irniy on after a 'he spot ne of a olonists ndians. unable a bold I killing , again, 'as the Ameri-, ns and pulsed, r were art of ; ib iti 168 H:. f which the rected by the y them*' Oar- place of much jantages were led on three ialfitsfourtl^ te only pokit , }aohed, hf a irwards, how- I an expedient hyne— that of y on thei fia.'^ j on the^sonth jutlet, and 760 I entirely- oom- Ouch shot wu f the enemy's Ei was one of en from the mmenoement rar. Colonel at the head of snrprised the )enetrated to coitaiandiint, fded the sur^ whose name, the surprised i of the great Itmental Con- btrepid Allen, jnediately sur- Uland NIA- |tMPLAIir. ttfblof Ameri- «n New York, ':e Champlain, iver, to the by the lower >e Erie RaU- 'ortland, lines leniently with A thousand istfallwithfai ley; besides luring aiiidea, id. le, take tho Montreal (or ;on, take the ontreal Boutes. 152 prooe Thef we IN Dunfa milita askir detacl Noi Isbuid exten< Harri^ of tbij this h\ and If^ Dod of thi Oaldw here 4 Webb[ at th( This mmti 2pine tyff Wi »ot Ui ifi rillon." It was originally a place of much strength; its natural advantages were very great, being surrounded on three rides by water, and having half its fourtl^ covered by a swamp, and the only point by which it could be approached, by a breastwork. It was afterwards, how- ever, earily reduced, by an expedient adopted by General Burgoyne — ^that of placing a piece of artillery on the pin^ nacle of MoutU Ihfianee, on the south ride of the I<&ke George outlet, and 760 feet above the bke, and entirely oom- man^g the fort, from which shot was thrown into the midst of the enemy's works. Fort Ticonderoga was one of the first strongholds ti^en from the English in 1776, at the commencement of the Revolutionary war. Colonel Ethan Men, of Vermont, at the head of theGreen Ifountrin Boys, surprised the unsuspecting garrison, penetrated to the very bedride of the coAmandant, and waldng him, demanded the sur^ render of the fort. ** In whose name, and to whom ?" exclaimed the surprised officer.-— '* In the name of the great Jehovah, and the Continental Con- gress t" thundered the intrepid Allen, and the fort was immediately sur> rendered. :new tobk to montbeal and nu- OABA, via LAKB CHAMPLAIN. One of the most delightful of Ameri- can summer tours is from New Tork, via the Hudson Kver, Lake Champlain, and the St. Lawrence River, to the Falls of Niagara, returning by the lower routes — ^the Central or the Erie Bidl- ways. From Boston and Portland, lines of railroad connect conveniently with the St. Lawrence routes. A thousand places and objects of interest fall within the direct line of this journey ; berides which, it has many alluring aAdes, which may be readily reached. From Portland, Maine, take the Grand Trunk Route, to Montreal (or to Quebec) — ^from Boston, take tiie Boston, Concord, and Montreal Routes. 154 NBW TOBK. N«w York to lC tween Albany and Lake Ohampldn, are many scenes famous for the struggles between the Golonists and Great Bntain --4he battle-grounds of Bemis Heights an^ Stillwater (villages of the Upper Hudson), and of Saratoga, which ended hi the defeat of Burgoyne and his army. Then there is the tale of the melancholy fate of Jane M'Orea, so cruelly murdered by the Indians at Fort Edward; and many histories, which it is pleasant to recall ever so vaguely, as we pass along. WmteliaU was a point of much con- sideration during the French and Indian war, and through the Revolution. In former times it was called Skenea* borough. It is at the south end or the head of Lake Champltun, within a rude rocky ravine, at the foot of Skene's Mountain. Its position, as a meeting- place of great highways of travel, has made it quite a bustling and prosperous village. There is nothing TAke Champlaln, N. T. 'f-fC irXW YORK. 105 Lake Oluunplaltt— TIm W«U«d Banks of tha ▲1u«bI^— Battle at Flattabors. BarUiigtoii, the largest town on tjbie lake, is upon the eastern or Vermont in the Ticinage, however, to delay the traveller. From Wlalehall our journey lies down Lake Champlain, 166 miles, . to St. Johns, though we might, instead, go by railway through Ver- mont, via Castleton, Rutland, Burling- ton, &o., to Rouse's Point, and thence, ■till by railway, to Montreal. The narrowness of the lower part of Lake Champlain gives it much more of a river than lake air. For 20 miles the average breadth does not exceed half a mile ; and, atone point, it is not more than 40 rods across. However it grows wide enough as we pass Ticonderoga,* where passengers by the Lake George ditour are picked up, and in the vicinity of Burlington there are too many broad miles between the shores for picturesque uses. Whether it is broad though or narrow, the voyage, in large and ad- mhrabte boats, over its mountain-envi- roned waters, is always a pleasure to be greatly enjoyed and happily remember- ed. On the east rise the bare peaks of the Green Hills of Vermont, the bold Gamers Hump leading all the long line ; and on the west are the still m.ore varied summits and ridges of the Adirondack Mountains in New York. Mount Independenoe lies in Ver- mont, opposite Ticonderoga, about a mile distant. The remains of military works are still visible here. — Mwmt Hope, an elevation about a mile north from Ticonderoga, was occupied by General Burgoyne previous to the re- capture of Ticonderoga, which took place in 1777, nearly two years after its surrender to the gallant Allen. St Clair, the American commander, being forced to evacuate, it agam fell into the possesmon of the British, and was held during the war. Not far above, and upon the opposite shore, is the village of Crown Point; and, just beyond, the pictureique and well-preserved ruins of th^fortifications of the same name. Opposite is Chim- ney Point ; and, just above, on the left, at the mouth of Bulwaggy Bay, is Port Henry. * See Lake George for " Bnina of Fort Tl- eonderoga. shore, about midway between White- halfand St. Johns. Rising gradually to an elevation of several hundred net, it is imposingly seen from the water. It is the seat of the University of Ver- mont, and is a place of much commer- cial importance, connected by railways with all parts of the country. Across the lake is Port Kant, from which vicinity, whether on land or on water, the hind- scape in every direction is exceeding striking and beautiful. Tho Walled Baaln of th* AoMblOi The remarkable Walled Banks of the Ausable are a mile or two west of Port Kent, on the way to the manufacturing village of Keeseville. It is at the Ausable House, an excel- lent summer hotel in the picturesque village of Keeseville, that the tiaveUer will establish himself, if he would visit this wonderfiil ravine, with its grand walls and its rushing waters. The FaUs of the Ausable, though they are but little known as yet, will one day be es- teemed among the chief natural wonders of the country. Flatttbnzg. Above and opposite Burlington is the pleasant village of Plattsburg, where the Saranac river comes in from its lake-dotted home, at the edge of the great wilderness of northern New York, 80 miles west- ward. Battle of Lake Ohamplain. Platts- burg Was the scene of the victory of M'Donough and Macomb over the British naval and land forces, under Commodore Downie and, Sir George Provost. Here the American com- modore awaited at anchor the arrival of the British fleet, which passed Cum- berland Head about eight in the morn- ing of the 11th September, 1814, The first gun from the fleet was the signal for commencing the attack on knd. Sir George Provost, with about 14,000 men, furiously assaulted the defences of the town, whilst the battle raged 1)e- tween the fleets, in full view of the armies. Gener^ :^trf?rff'^: ^^-^ '••v; IJSti!*>\«V'T'^ '^•/ v:'" Trenton Fallf, N. T. 8,000 men, mostly undisciplined, foiled the repeated assaults of the enemy; until the capture of the British fleet, after an action of two hours, obUged him to retire, with the loss of 2,600 men and a large portion of his baggage and ammunition. Here we might land and take the Plattsburg and Montreal Bailway, 62 miles direct to MontreaL Rowm's PolBt, on the west side of the lalce, is the last landing-place before we enter Canada. Railways from the Eastern States, through Vermont, come in here, and are prolonged by the Ghamplain and St. Lawrence .road to Montreal If the traveller towards Canada continues his journey, neither via Plattsburg nor Rouse^s Point, he may go on by steamboat to the head of navigation on these waters to St. Johns, and thence by Lachine to Montreal. See Canada for the tour of the St. Lawrence and Lake Ontario from Mont- real to Niagara. NEW YORK TO TEENTON FALLS. Fia Budson River to Albany, thence hy like Ifew York Central BcMroad tion, directly beneath which naen and roars a most violent rapid. The pas- sage, though at first of dangerpus aspect, is made secure by chains well riveted in the rocky wall. In the midst of this Erojeotion, five tons were thrown over y a fortunate bUtst, affording a perfect- ly level and broad spaoe, where 16 or 20 persons may find ample footing, and command a noble view of the entire scene. A little to the left, the rapid commences its wild career. Directly underneath, it rages and foams with great fury, forcing a tortuous passage into the expapded stream on the right. In front is a projection ftom the otner side, curved fb a concavity of a semi- circle by the impetuous waters. The > top of this projection has been swept away, and is entirely flat, exhibiting from its surface downwards, the sepa- rate strata as regular and distinct, and as horizontal as mason-work in the lock of the grand caniJ. Here, in the old time, was a lofty fall, now reduced to the rapid we have described. Beyond, masmve rocks, thrown over in flood times, lie piled up in the mid- dle of the river. Passing to the left, yet a few rods above, we come into the presence of Sherman's Fall, so named in memory of the Rev. Mr. Sherman, whose account of the spot we are now closely following. He was one of the earliest pioneers of the Trenton beau- ties, and it was by him that the first house, called the "Rural Resort," for the accommodation of visitors, was built. It has formed an immense ex- cavation, having thrown out thousands of tons from the parapet rock, visible at the stairs, and is annually forcing off slabs at the west comer, against which it incessantly forces a section of its powerful sheet. A naked mass of rock, extending up 160 feet, juts frown- ingly forward, which is ascended by natural steps to a point from which the visitor looks securely down upon the rushing waters. Leaving this rocky shelf, and passing a wild rapid, we come suddenly in sight of the High Falls, 40 rods beyond. — 158 HXW TOSK. TnatoB VaUib Trenton Falls, N. T. iSf«t' This cascade has a perpendicular de- scent of 100 feet, while the clifb on either iride, rise some 80 feet yet higher. The whole body of water makes its way at tUs point— HJUvided by intervening ledges into separate cataracts, which iUl first about 40 feet, then reuniting on a flat below, and veering suddenly around an inoUnation of rocky steps, they plunge into the dark caldron beneath. Passing up at the dde, we mount a grand level, where in mj times the stream retires to the right and opens a wide pavement for a large party to walk abreast. Here a fli^t of stairs leads to a refreshment house, called the Rural Retreat, 20 feet above the sum- mit of the High Falls. The opening of tne chasm now be- comes considerably enlarged, and a new variety of scene occurs. Mill Dam Fall, 14 feet high, lies some distance beyond, reaching across the whole breadth of the chasm. Ascending this Fall the visitor comes to a still larger platform of level rock, 16 rods wide at low water, and 90 in length, Uned on each side by cedars. At the extremity of this locality, which is known as the Alhambra, a bare rock 60 feet in height reaches gradually for ward from the mid-distance ; and, from its shelvinar top, there descends % perpetual lill, which forms a natural shower-bath. A wild cataract fills the picture on the left. Here the wide opeidng suddenly con- tracts and a narrow aperture only remains, with vistas of wmding moun- tain, cUff and crag. Near by & a dark basin, where the waters rest from the turmoil of the wild cascade above. In this vicinage is an amj^theatre of seemingly Impossible access, replete with even new surprises aad delights. Tet beyond, is the Rocky Heart, the poini at which the traverse of the ravine usually ends, though despite the diflSculties and dangers of the way, even ladies frequently penetrate beyond as far as the falls at Boon's Bridge, the terminus of the gorge. The scene at Trenton varies much, according as drought or freshet dries or fills the stream, and passages are WKW YORK. 159 cedars. , which re rock illy for ' ffrom sends » natural fills the y con- only moon* a dark om the ve. In tre of replete Blights, rt, the of the >ite the t, even ond as ge, the mnch, t dries res are N«w York to BaMr ^7 the Oentral Hallway. easy enough at one time, which Are utterly impracticable at others. Itiadif^ flcult to saT when the glen is the most bca«tii\il, whether with much or with ^ little water. Trout once inhabited these waters, but they are gone now. Game, too, is scarce in the Ticinaffe, though par- tridgea, wild ducks, snipes, blaek and gray squirrels, woodcock and the rab- bit may yet be taken. Trenton is a spot for a long Bqjourn, though it may be run over pleasantly in a day. NEW YORK TO BUFFALO. To Albany by the Hudson RiTcr, 146 miles, and thence by the New York Central — a chain of •ndlways 298 miles. This great route traverses, fh>m east to west, the entire length of the Empire State. It has two termini at the eastern end, one at Albany, and the other at Troy, which meet, after 17 mUes, at Schenectady. It then continues, in one line, to Syracuse, 148 miles from Al- bany ; when it is again a double route for the remainder of the way; the lower line being looped up to the other about midway, between Syracuse and BuflUo, at Rochester. The upper route is the more direct and the one which we shaU now follow. The geeni Erie Oanal traverses the State of New Tork from Albany to Buffalo, nearly on the same line with the Central Railroad. Trains leave Albany and Troy for Buffalo and all points west to the Mis- sissippi and beyond, on the anival there of the cars from the south, east and north — ^New York, Boston and Canada. At Soheneotady the railways from Albany and Troy meet, and the Sara- toga route diverges. Schenectady is upon the banlc of the Mohawk. It is one of the oldest towns in the State, and is distinguished as the seat of Union College. The council-grounds of the Mohawks were once on this spot. In the winter of 1600, a party of two hun- dred Frenchmen and Canadians, and fifty Indians, fell at midnight upon Schenectady, killed and made captive its people, and burned the village to ashes. Sixty-nine persons were then massacred and twenty-seven were made prisoners. The church and sixty-three nouses were destroyed. It was after» wards taken in the French war of 1748, when about seventy people were put to death.' Leaving Schenectady, the road crosses the Mohawk River and the Erie Canal, upon a bridge nearly one thousand feet in length. At FalatfaM Brldgth SS miles from Albany, passengers for Sharon Springs leave the road and proceed by stage. See Sharon firings. At Fort Plain. 68 miles from Albany, passengers for Otsego Lake, Coopers- town and Cherry Valley, proceed by stage. Llttl* Falls is remarkable for a bold passage of ih» Mohawk River and the Erie Oanal through a wild and most picturesque defile. The scenery, with the river rapids and cascades, the locks and windings of the canal, the bridges, and the glimpses, far away, of the valley of the Mohawk, is especially beautiftil. At Utioa, 96 miles from Albanv, a ndlway and canal come in from BinB^ hamton, on the line of the Erie Road. Here passengers leave for Trenton Falls (see Trenton Falls), 16 miles distant. Utica is a large and thriving place, with many fine public and private buildings. It is built upon the site of old Fort Schuyler, and has now a population of over 22,000. HoieU. — Bagg s, connect- ed with the Railway Dep6t. At SyxaoiUMi 148 miles from Albany, the Central Road connects by rail with Binghamton on the Erie Route, and with Oswego, northward. The most extensive salt manufactories in the United States are found here. It is famous, too, as the meeting-place of State political and other conventions. Syracuse is a large and elegant city, with a population of over 26,000.— Hotela. — ^The Globe, the Syracuse and the Onondaga. Anbam. This important city is near Owasco Lake, a beautiiU water, 12 miles long. It is the seat of the Auburn State Prison. 160 NBW YOBK. New York to BaflUo by the Oentnl Hallway. SkaneatelM is five miles distant, by a branch railway, at the foot of Skaro- ateles Lake, a charming water, 16 miles long, with picturesque shores and good^ suppl^j of trout and other fish. Oaynga is a pleasant Tillage upon the eastern shore of Cayuga Lake. — Ithaca is 88 miles ofif at the oth^r ex- tremity of the Lake. These fine waters are traversed daily by steamboat, con- necting Gayuga with Ithaca, and by railway with Oswego, on the New York and Erie route. Geoeva is upon Seneca Lake, one of the largest and most beautiful of the many lakes of western New York. It is 40 miles long and from two to four wide. Steamboats connect its towns and Tillages with the great rdbtes of travel. The Hobart Free School, under the direction of the Episcopalians, is here; also the Medical Institute of Geneva College and the Geneva Union School. Oanandaigna is a beautiful village, at the north end of Ganandugua Lake, The railroad from Elmira, on the New York and Erie route, to magara Falls, passes through Oanandaigna. The lake ia about 16 mUes in length, and is well stocked with fish. 'RoohMteris the largest and most importi^it city upon our present route, betweeh Albany and Buffalo, its popu- lation being nearly 46,000. It is the seat of the Rochester University, found- ed by the Baptists in 1860. There is also here a Baptist Theolo^cal Semi- nary, founded in 1860. Among its pic- turesque attractions, are the Falls of the Genesee, upon both sides of which river the city is built. The Mount Hope Cemetery in the vicinity, is also a spot of much natural beauty. Rochester is connected by railway wiih the New York, and Erie route at Corning, and with Niagara Falls direct, by the Rochester, Lockport, and Nia- gara Falls Division of the New York Central Road, and by steamboats, with all ports on Lake Ontario. Hotels. — ^The Eagle and the Congress Hotob, tLvi among the many excellent houses here. The Oenesee Fall* are seen to the 'best advantage from the east side of the stream. The railroad cars pass about 100 rods south of the most south- erly fall on the Genesee River, so that passengers in crossing lose the view. These falls have three perpendicular pitches, and two rapids ; the first great cataract is 80 rods below the aqueduct, the stream plunging perpendicularly 96 feet. The ledge here recedes up the river from the centre to the sides, breaking the water into three distinct sheets. From Thbh Soek, in the centre of these falls, Sam Patch made his last and fatal leap. The river below the first cataract is broad and deep, with occasional rapids to the second fall, where it again descends perpendicularly 20 feet. Thence the river pursues its course, which is noisy, swift, and rapid, to the third and last fall, over which it pours its flood down a perpendicular descent of 106 feet. Below ^.his fall are numerous rapids which continue to Carthage, the end of navigation on the Genesee River from Lake Ontario. At Rochester the two routes of the Central Road unite, and again diverge to reunite at Buffalo. By the upper route the traveller will pass through Lockport direct to Niagara, leaving Buffalo to the south-west, llie lower route, direct to Buffalo, is intersected at Batavia, by the Bu£E^o and Coming Road,from Coming on the Erie Rulway, via Rochester to Niagara. Botfalo. We have now reached the shores of Lake Erie, and are at the end of our route, whence we may proceed at our pleasure, by steamboat or rail- way, to any place northward or south- ward, in the Far West^ for Buffalo is the point where routes of travel most do meet. This important commercial and manu- facturing city has grown so great and so fast, that although it was laid out as late as 1801, and hi 1818 had only 200 houses, its population now numbers nearly 80,000. It is an earnest of the wonderful progress which we shall see by-and-by, when we continue our KBW TOBX. 161 Bontfls to the FoUb of Niagan. travels hence, towards the further West. NIAOASA FALLS. RouTxs.-^From New York, via Hud- son River and Hudson River Railroad, to Albany, 146 miles ; from Albany to Buffalo, via N. T. Central R. R., 298 miles ; from Buffalo, by Buffalo, Niagara Falls, and Lewistown K. R. (to Magara), 22 miles. Total, 466 loiles. From New York, via New York and Erie R. R., to Buffiilo, 422 miles ; Buf- falo (as above), by Buffalo, Niagara Falls, and Lewistown R. R. (to Niagara), 22 miles. Total, 444. From New York, by New York and Erie R. R. to Elmira, 273 miles ; from Elmira to Niagihi, by Elmira, Oanan- daigua, and Niagara jpalis R. R., 166 miles. Total, 489 miles. Passengers can leave the main N. Y. Central ]9Uiilway (from Alban^^ to Buffa- lo) at Rochester, and take the Roches- ter, Lockport, and Niagara division, 76 miles, thence to Niagara. From New York to Albany, by Hud- son River, 146 miles ; thence to Troy, 6 miles. Railway from Troy to White- hall, sixty-five miles; from White- hall by steamer on Lake Ghamplaiq, to St. Johns, 150 miles ; St. Johns to La Prairie Railroad, 16 miles; La Prairie, steamboat on the St. Lawrence to Mon- treal, 9 miles; from Montreal (Grand Trunk Railroad and other lines to Niagara,) of railroad and steamboat, 486 miles. Total, 727 miles. This great Mecca of the world's wor- shippers of landscape beauty, the mighty wonder of Niagara, is on its namesake river, a strait connecting the flood of Lakes .Erie and Ontario, and dividing a portion of the State of New York on the west from the Provinces of Canada. Th^ cataracts thus lie within the territory both of Qreat Britain and of the United States. They are some 20 miles below the entrance of the river, at the north-east extremity of Lake Erie, and about 14 miles above its junction with Lake Ontario. The waters for which the Niagara is the outlet, cover an area of 160,000 square miles<— floods so grand and in- exhaustible as to be utterly unconscious of the loss of the ninety million* of tone which they pour every hour, through succeoding centuries, over these stupendous precipices. Fortunatdy, the most usual approach to Niagara — ^that by the American shore — is the best, all points consider- ed. ** The descent of about 200 feet, by the staircase, brings the traveller directly under the shoulder and edge of the American Fall, the most impos- ing scene, for a single object, that he wm ever have witnessed. The long column of sparkling water seems, as he stands near it, to descend to an im- measurable depth, and the bright sea- green curve above has the appearance of being set into the sky. The tre- mendous power of the Fall, as well as the height, realizes his utmost expecta^ tions. He descends to the water's edge and embarks in a ferry-boat, which tosses like an egg-shell on the heaving and convulsed water^ and in a minute or tw he finds himself in the face of the vast line of the Falls, and sees with surprise that he has expended his fullest admiration and astonishment upon a mere thread of Niagara-'-the thou- sandth part of its wondrous volume and grandeur. From the point where he crosses to Table Rock, the line of the Falls is measurable at three-quarters of a mile ; and it is this immense extent which, more than any ether feature, takes the traveller by surprise. The tide at the ferry sets very strongly down, and the athletic men who are employed here keep the boat .up against it with difficulty. Arrived near the opposite landing, however, there is a slight counter-current, and the large rocks near the shore serve as a breakwater, behind which the boat runs smoothly to her moorings."* It is from the American side of the * Thii passage is fh>m "American Boenery," and since it was written a Mrv little steamer has been employed to traverse the vexed river, and the timid cross xeadUy upon the grand Biupenfllon Bridge. 162 NBW TOBK. Niagara— Hotels — Ooat Island— The Bapids. Niagara Falls. The Bapids. -J jfi'^*^ river that access is had to the hundred points of interest and surprise in the fiunous Ooat Island vicinage, with its connecting bridges, its views of the Kainds, of the Gave of the Winds, of the scene of Sam Patch's great leap, and of its bold over-topping tower; and ii^ other neighborhoods of the Whirlpool^ of the Chasm Tower, and the Devil's Hole. A totally different and not less won- derAil gaUery of natural master-pieces is opened upon the Canada shore. The terrible marvels of the Table Rock above, and of Termination Rock behind the mighty Horse-Shoe Fall ; the noble panorama from the piazzas of the Clifton House, the Burning Spring, the Ustorical village of Chippewa, and the battle field of Lundy*s Lane ; Bender's Cave, etc. GUIDE.— ^ofe/t.— Upon the Ameri- can side of the river, the Cataract House and the International Hotel are most excellent homes for tL? tourist. The Empire, the Niagara, and the St. Lawrence^ are also pleasant a^d popular resorts. Qoat IslaiicU (American side.)— > Leaving the Cataract House, take the first left-hand street, two minutes' walk to the bridge, which leads to the toll- gate on Bath Island. This bridge is it- self an object of curious wonder, in its apparently rash and dangerous position. It is, however, perfectly safe, and if crossed hourly by heavily laden car^ riages. The Rapidt are seen in grand and impressive aspect on' the way to Croat Island. The river descends 61 feet in a distance of three-quarters of a mile by this inextricable turmoil of waters. It is one of the most striking incidents in the Niagara scenery. Standing on the bridge, and gazing thence up the angry torrent, the leaping . crests seem like "a battle-charge of tempestuous waves animated and infuriated against the sky. The rooks, whose soaring points show above the surface, seem tormented with some supernatural agofiy, and fling off the wild and hurried waters, as if with the force of a giant's arm. Nearer the plunge of the Fall, the Rapids become still more agitated: HmSW YOItK. 163 Localities $X Niagan. and it is impossible for the spectator to rid himself of the idea that they are conscious of the abyss to which they are hurrying, and struggle back in the ve,ry extremity of horror. This pro- pensity to invest Niagara with a soul and human feelings is a common effect upon tib* minds of vintors, in every part of its wonderfiil phenomena. The torture of the Rapids, the clinging curves with which they embrace the small rocky islands that live amid the surg^; the sudden calmness at the brow of the cataract, and the infernal writhe and whiteness with which they reappear, powerless from the depths of the abyss— all seem, to the excited imagination of the gazer, like the natu- ral effiwts of impending ruin — despe- rate resolution and fearful agony on the mteds and frames of mortali.'* * OhapinVi Xsland is upon the right of the >bridge, witlun a short distance of the American FalL It is hamed in memory of a workman whose life was imperilled by falling into the stream, as he was laboring upon the bridge. Mr. Robinson went gallantly and suc- cessfully to his relief in a skiff. Tbm Toll Gate is upon Bath Island, where baths, warm and otherwise, are accessible at all times to visitors. A fee of 26 cents, paid here, gives you the freedom of Ooat Island, during all your stay, be it for the year or less. Near this point are Ship and Big Islands. There is here a very extensive paper- mill. Another small bridge, and we are upon Iris, or Goat Island. The only place of habitation here is a house at which the traveller can supply himself with refreshments of all inviting kinds, and store his trunks with every variety of samples of Indian ingenuity and la- bor. The place is called the Indian Emporium. Three routes over the isl- and diverge at this point. The princi- pal path followed by most visitors is that to the right, which keeps the best of the sights, as Wisdom always does, until the last; affording less striking * » American Sceneiy." views of the Falls than do the other routes, at first, but far surpassing them both in its grand revealments at the end. This wav conducts to the foot of the island, while the left-hand path seeks the head, and the middle winds across. Taking the right-hand path, then, from the ToU (Mte, we come, first, to the centre Fall, called TIm Okv of tho Winds, mid-distance nearly, between the American and the Horse^oe Falls. This wonderiul scene is best and most securely ei^joyed from the spacious flat rock beneath, ^e cave u 100 feet- hi^, and of the same extent in width. You can pass safely into the recess bdiind the water, to a platform beyond. Xu;ical rainbow- pictures are formed at tms spot ; some- times bow3 of entire circles and two or three at once, ddk^t.the vision. At the foot of Qoat Island the l%re9 ProJUe$ is an object of ourions interest. These profiles, seemfaigly some two feet long, are to be seen, one directly above the otl r, as you look across ue first sheet of water, directly under the low- est point of rook. XihIui Uhmd is reached by a foot bridge, from the right of GoatJcdand. It has an area of some three-quarters of an acre. The effective rdnbow forms seen at this point have given it the name it bears. The venturesome vic- tor may get some startling peeps fiur down into the great caldron of waters. A chQd of eight years once fell into the torrent at this point, and was lost, together with a gallant lad who jumped in to rescue her. Sam Patoii*a Leap.— It was upon the west side of Goat Ishind, near Bid- die's Sturs, which we shall next look at, that the immortal jumper, Sam Patch, made two successful leaiM into the waters below, saying, as he went off, to the throng of spectators, that '* one thing might be done as well as another I " The fellow made his jump too much, within the same year (1829) over the Genesee Falls, at Rochester. Biddle's Stain, on the west side of the island, was named after Nicholas Biddle, of United States Bank fiime, by 164 NBW YORK. NUganH- The Horse-Shoe Fall, eta whose order they were built. " Make us something," he is reported to have said to the workmen, "by which we may descend and see what is below." At the base of these spiral stairs, which are secured to the rocks by strong iron fastening, there are two diverging paths. The up river way, towards the Horse-Shoe Fall, is difficult, and much obstructed by fallen rocks; but down the current a noble view is guned of the centre Fall or Gave of the Winds. Re-ascending the Biddle Stairs, we come, after a few rods' travel, to a rest- ing place at a little house, and thence we go down the bank, and, crossing a bridge, reach Frospeot Toww. — ^This pin^carions- looking edifice, which seems to have " rushed jn, as fools do, where angels fear to tread," is very near the edge of the precipice, above which it rises some 45 feet in air. From the top, which is surrounded by an iron ndling, a mag- nificent scene is presented — a panorama of the Niagara wonders — the like of which can be seen from no other point. The Bone-Shoe Fall, which leads the host of astonishments in this aston- ishing place, is the connecting link be- tween the scenes of the American and of the Oanadian sides of the river, al- ways marvellous from whatever position it is viewed. Thie nughty cataract is 144 rods across, and, it is said by Prof. Lyell, that fifteen hundred millions of cubic feet of water pass over its ledges every hour. One of the condemned lake ships (the Detroit) was sent over this Fall in 1829, and, though she drew 18 feet of water, she did not touch the rocks in passing over the brink of the precipice, showing a solid body of water, at least some 20 feet deep, to be above the ledge. We shall return to the Horse-Shoe Fall from the Canada side. Qnll blaad, just above, is an unap- E reachable spot, upon .which it is not kely or posdble that man has ever yet stood. There are three other small isles seen from here, called the Thr^ Sittera. Near the Three Sisters, on Goat Inland, is the spot remembered aa the resort of an eccentric, and which is called, after him, the Bathing Place of Franeia Abbott the Hermit. At the head of Goat Island is Navy I^and, near the Canada shore. It was the scene of in- cidents in the Canadian rebellion of 183*7-8, known as the HcKensie War. Chippewa, which held at that period some 6,000 British troops, is upon the Canadian shore below. It was near Fort Schlosser, hard by, that, about this pe- riod, the American steamboat Caroline, was set on fire and sent over the Falls, by the order of Col. McNabb, a British officer. Some fragments of the wreck lodged on Gull luand, where they re- mained until the following spring. Ghraad Idaiid, which has an area of 17,240 acres, was the spot upon which Mt^or M. M. Noah hoped to assemble all the Hebrew peculations of the world. Near the Ferry (American side still) there was once an observatory or Pa- goda, 100 feet high, from which a grand view of the region was gained. This spot is called PoirU View. The WUrlpooL— Three miles below the Falls (American dde) is the Whirl- pool, resembling in its appearance the celebrated Maektrom on the coast of Norway. It is occasioned by the river making nearly a right angle, while it is here narrower than at any other place, not being more than 80 rods wide, and the current running with such velocity as to rise up in the middle 10 feet above the sides. This has been ascertained by measurement. There is a path lead- ing down the bank to the Whirlpool on both sides, and, though somewhat diffi- cult to descend and ascend, it is ac- complished almost every day. ^e DtnrfPu Hole is a mile below the Whirlpool. It embraces about two acres, out out laterally and perpendicu- larly in the rock by the nde of the river, and is 160 feet deep. An angle of this hole or gulf comes withui a few feet of the stage-road, affording travel- lers an opportunity, without alighting, of looking into the yawning abyss. But they snould alight, and pass to the further side of the flat projecting rock, NEW TOBK. 165 Niagan^-Oanada Shore— SaspeoBion Bridge. where they will feel themselves richly repaid for their trouble. Ohaum Tower, 8i miles below the FaUs, is 76 feet high, and commands fine views (seen, if you please, of all hues, through a specular medium) of all the country round. A fee of 12^' cents is required. Tbm BSaid of the Bfiat— The land- ing of that singular feature of these wUd scenes, the steamboat Maid of the Mist, is two miles below the Falls, whose troublous brink she touches in her frequent trips across the river. Tlie Oteat Suapendoa Bridfe spans the chasm at this point. Its total length, from centre to centre of the towers, is 800 feet ; its height above the water, 268 feet. The first bridge, which was built by Mr. Charles Elliott, was a very light and fairy-like aifair, in comparison with the present substantial structure. The bridge, as it now stands, was constructed under the di- rections of Mr. John A. Roebling, at a cost of $600,000. It was first crossed by the locomotive March 8, 1866. Twenty-eight feet below the floor of the railway tracks a carriage and foot-way is suspended. This bridge is used at present by the New York Central, the Erie, and the Great Western, Canada roads. We will now cross the river on the Suspension Bridge, and explore the wonders of the opposite shores. Taking a carriage at our hotel, on the American side, we may "do" the Canadian E^iore very comfortably be- tween breakfast and dinner, if we have no more time to spare. The regular price of carriage hire at the livery stables is one dollar per hour. On the plank road, going and returning, five cents ; at the bridge, for each foot pas- senger, going and returning the same day, 26 cents, or 12^ each way. If the passenger does not return, the bridge toll is still 26 cents. For each carriage (two horses), going and returning, 60 cents for each passenger, and 60 cents besides for the carriage. A plank road leads from the opposite terminus of the bridge to the Clifton House. At ^he bridge is shown a basket in which Mr. Elliott, his wife, and other ladies and gentlemen, crossed over the river on a single wire, about one inch in diameter. A perilous journey across such a gorge and at an elevation in the air of 280 feet I Two or three persons thus crossed at a time, the basket being let down on an inclined plane to the centre of the towers (this was daring the building of the first Suspension Bridget and then drawn up by the help of a windlass to the opposite side. The usual time in crossing was from three to four minutes. By the means of this basket the lives of four men were once saved, when the planks of the Foot Bridge were blown off in a violent storm, and they were suspended over the river by only two strands of wire, which oscillated with immense ra- pidity, 60 or 10 feet. The basket was sent to their relief^ at a moment when the hurricane grew less fearftd, and they descended into it by means of a ladder, one at a trip only, until all were released ftom thehr terrible position. Bender'B Oewe is midway between the Suspension Bridge and the Clifton House. It is a recess six feet high and twenty in length, made by a decompo- sition of the lime-stone. If the tourist prefer it, he may cross the river by the ferry, the only route of other 4ays. From the ferry-house the cars descend to the water's edge on an inclined plane of 81 degrees. They are worked by water-power, ^e time required to make this descent and to cross to the Canada shore is about ten minutes. During the 40 years it is said that this ferry has been in operation, not one life has been lost, nor has any serious accident occurred. We have described the passage of the river in the opening of our article. Upon land- ing, plenty of carriages will be always found in readiness, as at all other starting and stopping places about the Falls. It will be well to ascertain the fares before employing any of them. The Olifton Bomae is an old and very favorite resort here, for its home 1 luxuries and for its noble portion, 106 VXW YORK. Nlagtrar-Owuda Side— Clifton Hoom. Niagara Falla, from the Glifton House, Ganada. overlookbg the river and Falls. It was the residence of Mdlle. Jenny Lind during her visit to Niagara. "The Glifton House," writes Mr. Willis, from whose descriptions of these scenes we have already quoted, '* stands nearly opposite the centre of the irregular orescent formed by the Falls ; but it is 80 far back from the line of the arc, that the height and grandeur of -the two cataracts, to an eye unaoquunted with the scene, are respectively diminished. Ajfter once making the tour of the points of view, however, the distance and elevation of the hotel are allowed for by the eye, and the situation seems most advantageous. This is the only house at Niagara where a traveller, on his second visit, would be content to l^ve." "The ennui attendant upon public- houses can never be felt at the Clifton House. The most common mind finds the spectacle, from its balconies, a suffi- cient and untiring occupation. The loneliness of uninhabited parlors, the discord of baby-tbrninmed pianos, the drearine^ of great staircases, long entries, and bar-rooms filled with strangers, are pams and penalties of travel never felt at Niagara. If there is a vacant half hour to dinner, or if in- disposition to sleep create that sicken- ing yearning for society which some- times comes upon a stranger in » strange land, like the calenture of a fever — the eternal marvel going on without is more en^4-ossing than mend or conversatio.i ; jnore beguiling firom sad thoughts thvi the Corso in carnival time. To lean over the balustrade, and . watch the flying of the ferry-boat be- low, with its terrified freight of adveu' turers, one moment gUding swiftly down the stream in the round of an eddy, the next lifted up by a boiling wave, as if it were tossed from the scoop of a giant^s iiand beneath ^he water ; to gaze, hour after hour, into the face of the cataract ; to trace tho runbows, delight like a child in the shooting spray-clouds, and calculate fruitlessly and endlessly, by the force, weight, speed, and cluuige of the tre> mendous waters — ^is amusement and occupation enough to draw the mind anew TOBK. let KUsankF- Table Book— TemiiiAtioB Bock. from any thing — ^to cure madneas or create it" Tabl* Rook — ^Tlie grand overhang- ing platform oaUed Table Rock, and the 'feaiM abvamal scene at the very base of the mighty Horse Shoe Fall, which it presents, is one of the cardinal wonders of Niagara. If one would listen to .the terrible IK^ of the great cataract, let him come here, where the sound of its house utterance drowns all lesser sounds, and his own speech is inaudible to himself. TmHbuitioa Rook is a recess be- hind the centre of the Horse Shoe Fall, reached by the (tescent of a spiral stair- way fpom Table Rock, the traverse for a short distance of the rude marge of the river, and then of a narrow path over a ftijghtfoi ledge and through the drowning spi^y, behmd the mighty Fall. Before descending, the visitors make a complete change of toilette, for a rough costume more suitable for the stormy and rather damp journey before them. When fUUy equipped, their lu- dicrous appearance excites, for a while, amirthfiil feeling, in> singular contrast with the solemn sentiment of all the scene around them. This strange ex- £ edition, often made even by ladies, as been thus described : " The guide went before, and we followed close under the cliff. A cold, clammy wind blew strong in our fiuses from^the mo- ment we left the shelter of the stair- case, and a few steps brought us into a pelting, fine nun, that penetrated every opening of our dresses and made lur foot- hold very slippery and difficult. We were not yet near the sheet of water we were to walk through ; but one or two of the party gave out and returned, declaring it was Imposdble to breathe; and the rest, imitating the guide, bent nearly double to keep the beating spray from their nostrils, and pushed on, with enough to do to keep right of his heels. We arrived near the difficult point of our progress ; and in the midst of a con- fusion of blinding gusts, half deafened, and more than half drowned, the guide- stopped to give us a hold of his skurts and a little counsel. All that could be heard amid the thunder of the cataract beside us was an ii:\junction to push on when it got to the worst,, as it was shorter to get beyond the sheet than to go back ; and with this pleasant stats' ment of our dilemma, we faced about with the longest breath we could draw, and encountered the enemy. It may be supposed that everv person who has been draffeed through the oolomn of water whum obstructs the entraioee to the cavern behind this cataract, has a very tolerable idea of the piins of drowning. What i» wanting in the density of the element is more than made up by the force of the contending winds, which rush into the mouthy eyes and nostrils, as if flying from a water- fiend. The ''courage of worse behind** alone persuades the gasping sufferer to take one desperate step more. - It is ^fficult enough to breathe with- in; but with a little self-control and management, the nostrils may be guard- ed from the watery particles m the atmosphere, and then an impresdon is made upon the mind by the extraor- dinary pavilion above and around, wbJcfa never loses its vividness. The natural bend of the falling cataract, and the backward shelve of the precipice, form an immense area like the interior of a tent, but so pervaded by discharges of mist and spray, that it is impoadble to see far inward. Outward the lig:ht strug- gles brokenlv through the crystal wul of the cataract ; and when the sun shines directly on its face, it is a scene of tm- imaginable glory. The footing is rather unsteadfast, a small shelf composed of . loose and slippery stones ; and Oie abyss below boils like — ^it is difficult to find a comparison. On the whole, this under- taking is rather pleasanter to remember than to achieve. The Museum^ near Table Rock, con- tains more than 10,000 specimens of minerals, birds, fish and animals, many of which were collected in the neigh- borhood of the Falls. Admittance, 2S cents. The Burning Spring is near the water, two miles above the Falls. The carbonated Sulphuretted hydrogen gas 168 NBW TOBK. The AdiroadMk Moonntslns and the BanuMO Lakes. here, siveB out a brilliant flame when lighted. Charge, l2i cents. The height of the Falls is 166 feet. The roar of the waters has been heard at Toronto, 44 miles away, and yet in some states of wind and atmosphere, it is scarcely perceptible in the immediate neighborhood. Niagara presents a new and most unique aspect in winter, when huge icicles hang from the precipices, and immense frozen piles of a thousand fantastic shapes glitter in the bright sun light. Father Hennepin, a Jesuit missionary, was the first European who ever saw Niagara. His visit was in 16*78. Niagara is an Indian word of the Iroquois tongue, from Ongakarra, meaning mighty or thundering water. In the Ticinity of Niagara (is Lewis- town, seven miles distant, at the head of navigation on Lake Ontario — and directly opposite Lewistown is Queens- toWn, under Queenstown Heights — ^a fkmous battleground. Brock's Monu- ment, a column of 126 feet, crowns the Heights. THE ADIRONDACK MOUNTAINS— THE SABANAC LAKES, ETC. The upper part of the State of New York, lying west and south of Lake Ghamplain and the St. Lawrence River, [ respectively, is still a wild primitive forest region, of the highest interest tp the. toumt, for its wonderful natund beauties and for the ample facilities it ofiiers for the pleasures of the rod and the rifle. Fine mountain peaks stud the whole region, and charming lakes and lakelets are so abundant that travel here is made by water instead of by land — ^traversing the ponds in row-boats which are carried by easy portage friun one lovely brook or lake to another. — Deer fill the woods, and trout are un- suspecting in the transparent floods everywhere. This wilderness land is visited at various points under distinc- tive names, as the hunting-grounds of the Savanaos, of the Ghateaugay woods, of the Adirondack's, and of Lake Fleas- ant, etc. We shall speak of these sev- eral divisions, briefly, in order. The Banmao Lalcei. These won- derful links of the great chain of moun- tain waters in upper New York, are about a dozen in number, large and small. They lie principally in Franklin County, and may be most readily reached by stage from Wesport or from Keeseville, about midway on the western shore of Lake Ghamplain — ^taking stage or private con- veyance thence (80 mUes) to the banks of the Lower Saranac — which is the outer edge of civilization in this direo- •"•J'Wl.JK,- Via Lower Saranac Lake, N. Y. NBW TOBK. 169 The BanuuM Lakes and the Adirondack Monntalna. Jl tion. There is a little village and an inn or two at this point, and here guides and boats, with all proper camp^quip- age for forest-life, may be procured. For this route the tourist must engage a boatman, who for a compensation of two or three dollars per day — ^the price will be no more if he should have extra passengers — ^wiU provide a boat, with tent and Idtchen apparatus, dogs, rifles, etc. The tourist will supply, be- fore starting, such stores as coffee, tea, biscuit, etc., and the sport by the way, conducted by himself or by his guide, will keep him furnished with trout and venison. If camp life should not please him, he may, with some little inconve- nience, so measure and direct his move- ments as to sleep in some one or other of the shanties of the hunters or of the lumber-men found here and there on the way. The tent in the forest, how- ever, is much preferable. Leaving the Lower Saranac, we will pass pleasantly along some half a dozen miles— ^hen make a short portage, the gidde carrying the huge boat, by a yoke on the back, to the Middle Saranac — there he may go on to the Upper Lake of the same name, and thence by a long portage of three miles to Lake St. Regis. These are all large and beau- tiful waters, full of delicious islands and hemmed in upon all sides byfine moun- tain ranges. Trout may be taken readily at the i^ets of all the brooks, and deer may be found in the fbrests almost at will. Retundng from St. Regis, and back via the Upper to the Middle Saranac, we conl^pte our journey, by portage, to the 8i»ny Creek pond»— thence three miles by Stony Greek to the Backett River—a rapid stream, with wonderful forest vegetation upon its banks. This water fdtowed for some 20 miles, brings us to Tupper's Lake — ^the finest part of the Saranac re^on. Tupper's Lake is the largest of this chain, being seven miles long and from one to two miles broad. The shores and headlands and islands are especially bold and pictur- esque, and at this point the deer is much more easily found than elsewhere in the 8 neighborhood. Below Tupper's Lake — ^the waters commingling — ^is Lough* neah, another charming pond. The chain continues on yet for miles, but the Saranac trip, proper, ends here. This mountain vovage and the return to Lake Ohamplain might be made in a week, but two or three, or even more, should be given to it. It is seldom that ladies make the excursion, but they might do so with great delight. The boatmen and hunters of the region are fine, hearty, intelligent and obliging fellows. That wonderiUl ravine, the «« Walled Banks of the Ausable," ( see Index,) should be seen by the Saranac touristj on his way from Lake Cham- plain to Keeseville. The Adirondack MoantaiiM. The Adirondack region may be reached by private conveyance (only) over a rude mountain road from Schroon Lake, above Lake George, or more conveni- ently from Crown Point viUage, just beyond the ruins of Fort Ticonderoga, on Lake Ghamplain. The distance thence is some 80 miles, and requires a day to travel. The tourist in this region will move about by land more than by water, as among the Saranacs ; for, although the lakes are numerous enough, it is among and upon the hills that the chief attractions are to be found. The ac- commodations are rude enough — ^the only inn being the boarding-house at the village of the Adirondack Iron Works. Stopping at this point, as head- quarters, he may make a pleasant jour- ney down Lake Sanford nearby, on one ude, and upon Lake Henderson on the other hand. In one water he ought to troll for pickerel, and in the other, cast his fly for trout ; and upon boll|| eojoy the noble glimpses of the famous mountain peaks of the Adirondack group, the cliflb of the Qreat Indian Pass, of Mounts Golden, Mlntyre, Echo Mountain, and other bold scenes. It wiU be a day's jaunt for him afterwards to explore the wild gorge of the Indian Pass, five miles distant ; another day's work to visit the dark and weird waters of Avalanche Lake ; and yet another to reach the Preston Ponds, five miles in a 170 MHW YORK. Jk» Adirondaolu— Lake Fl«aMUit Lake Henderson, in the Adirondaoka, N. T. different direction. He will find, in- deed, occupation enough for many days, in exploring these and many other points, wliich we may not tarry to catalogue ; and, in any case, he must have 48 hours to do the tramp, par ex- eelhnee, of the Adirondaclc — the visit to the summit of the brare Tehawus, or Mount Marcy, the monarch of the re- gion. Tehawus is 12 miles away, and the ascent is extremely toilsome. The Adhronckioks (named after the Indian nation whion once inhabited these fiustnesses) lie chiefly in the county of Essex, though they extend into aU the jurisdictions around. Mount Maroy, or Tehawus, "the Oload Splitter,** is 6,467 feet high. Mount M^Intjrre has an elcTation almost as great. The Dial Mountain, M'Marten, and Golden are also vwy lofty peaks, impressively seen from tne distance, and inexhaustible in the attractions which their ravines, and brooks, and waterfitlls present. White Face and other grand hiU pealu belong to the neighboring range called the Eeene Mountams. The Hudson Biver rises in this wilderness. Lake PlAHant. To reach Lake Pleasant, and the adjoin! tig waters of Round, Piseoo, and LouIf J^es — a fa- vorite and enchanting sunr mer resort i^nd sporting ground— 4ake t\ie Central Rail; way fi>om Albany, as fkr as Amster^ dam, and thence, by stage or carriage, to Holmes' Hotel, on Lake Pleasant. The ride from Amisterdam is about 80 miles. The stage stops overnight at a village, en route. Mr. Holmes* house is an excellent place, with no absurd lux- uries, but with every comfort f6r which the true sportsman can wish. It is a delightAil summer home for the student, and may be visited very satisfiu)torily by ladies. The wild lands and waters here are a part of the lake region of northern New York, ofi^ which we have already seen so^iething on the Saranacs, and among the Adirondaoks. The Sar- anao region is connected with Lake Pleasant by intermediate waters and portages. The deer, and other game, is abundant here in the forests, and fine trout may be taken in all the brooks and lakes. Lake Pleasant and its pic- turesque cm Croton Falls Station, on the Har- lem Railroad. The lake is nine miles in circumference, and is about 1800 feet above the sea. It is one of the prin- cipal sources of supply to the Croton. Though the landscape has no very bold features, but little to detain the ariwt^ yet its quiet waters, its pretty wooded islands, the romantic resorts in its vicinage, the throngs of pleasure-seek- ing strangers, the lH>ating, and fishing, and other rural sports, make it a most agreeable spot for either a brief visit or long residence. There are many at- tractive localities of hill and water sceuerv around Mahopao. There were two pleasant hotels here— but one, (Gregory's) was destroyed by fire, Janu- ary, 1867. It will probably be rebuilt in season for the travel of the present summer. LEBANON SPBINOS AND SHAKES YILLAOS. Shaker Village, at New Lebanon, New York, two miles fit>m the Springs, is a station on the Western Railway, from Boston to Albany-^6 miles from Albany. It may be readily reached from New Tork by the Hudson River Route to the City of Hudson, and thence by the Hudson and Berkshire, and the Albany and Boston Roads, or by the Harlem Railroad and its connections with the above-mentioned routes. There are ample accommodations for the traveller at this favorite watering- place, in a well-appointed hotel, a watei^ure establishment, fto., pleas- antly perched on a hill slope, over- looking a beautlAil valley. There are pleasant drives all around, over good roads, to happy viUages, smiling kke- lets, and Invltmg spots of many char- acters. Trout, too, may be taken in the neighborhood. The water of the Strings flows from a cavity 10 feet hi diameter, and in sufficient volume to 'work a mill. Its temperature is 72". It is soft and pleasantly niited for bath- ing uses, is quite taiteless and inodor- ous. For cutaneous affections, rheuma- tism, nervous debiUty, liver complidnt, 4c., it is an admirable remedial agent. The village of New Lebanon, or the celebrated Shaker settlement, is two miles from the Springs, and is a point of great interest to the visitors there,, especially on Sunday, when their singu- lar forms of worship may be witnessed. 8HAB0N SPBIN6S. From Albany, New Tork, by the Central Railroad for Buffalo, as far as Palatine Bridge, 66 miles; thence by stage, 10 miles, over a plank road. The most ancient, and perhaps the best hotel is the Pavilion, an establishment large enough to accommodate 800 guests. The Eldridge House, also well- appointed, is nearer to the Springs, and is less expensive than the PavUion. The scenery of the neighborhood is highly attractive, and the panorama, com- manded by the eminence on which the Pavilion stands, is remarkably fine. The waters are pure and clear, and although they fiow for one-fourth of a mile from their source with other cur- rents, tiiey yet preserve their own dis- tinct character. The fall here is of sufficient force and volume to turn a milL It tumbles over a ledge of per- pendicular rocks, with a descent of some 66 feet. The magnesia and the sulphur springs much resemble the White Sul- phur of Virginia. Cherry Valley is hi the vicinage of Sharon Springs, accessible also from Palatine Bridge, on the Albany and Buffalo road, and from Canajoharie, on the Erie Canal, from which it lies about 26 miles in a -south^weBt (Urection. 172 NMW TOBK. i^ OolmnMa, Aron and Blebllald fipriaft— Loac lalmd. Otaego Lake and Ooojpentown, fa- moui ai the hoihe of the wte Fenimore Cooper the novelif t, are near by. COLUMBIA BPBIN08. From New Tork, by Hudion lUrer Bailway, or iteamboate to Hudson; thence, by carriage or stage, four miles. The Columbia Springs hare of late' years grown into great popular favor. They are easily accessible, Iring only four miles f^om the CAty of Hudson. They are within the town of Stockport, Columbia County, New Tork. The site and grounds are highly varied and pic- turesque, jumping delightfbily from hiil to dale, firom forest glen to grassy lawn. There is, too, a mepry brooklet, which winds coquettishly through the land- scape, affording now a quiet slope for some '* melancnolv Jacques," now a dashing cascade for him of brighter mood. In the immediate neighbor- hood, moreover, there flows a larger water, offering all the country charms of boating and fishing. The hotel here is large and well appointed, and Mr. Charles B. Nash, the enterprising pro- prietor, is every year swelling its con- vetUences and comforts, and adding to the seductions of the occupations and enjoyments, and to the beauty of the scenery out of doors. AVON 8PBIN0& The Avon Springs may be reached by the Central Railway from Albany to Buflhlo, via Rochester, from which city they are distant 20 miles. The village of Avon is upon the Genesee River, which it overlooks from a charming terrace 100 feet above. On this lofty porition the picturesque landscape of the neighborhood is seen to great ad- vantage. The Springs are near at hand, a little to the south-west. With ample hotel conveniences and enjoy- ments, the Avon Springs meet the popular favor they so well deserve. BIOHFIELD 8PBIN08, N. T. Richfield Springs are reached from Herkimer, 81 miles from Albany, on the Central Road to Buffalo. They are in the town of Richfield, Otsego County, south-east of Utica, near the head of Canaderaga, one of the numerous lakee of all this part of New Tork. Otsego Lake is six miles distant ; and another biz miles will take the traveller to Cooperstown. Cherry Valley, Spring- field, and other villages are near by. LONG I8LAND. ZofMT Itland, a part of the State of New York, is US mileH in length, and, at some pohtts, about 20 in breadUi ; with the Atlantic on the south, and the Long Island Sound on the north. The upper Dart of the island is agreeably diversified with hills, though the sur- face is for the most part strikingly level. The coast is charmind;ly indented with bays ; and delicious fresh-water ponds, fed by springs, are every where found on terraces of varying elevation. These little lakes, and the varied coast-views give Long Island picturesque features, which, if not grand, are certainly of most attractive and wlnnhig ^character, yet heightened by the rural beauty of the numerous, quiet littie towns, and charming summer villas. The i&ces in the immediate vicinity of New Tork, we have already men- tioned among the suburban resorts of that city, and we might almost have in- cluded the whole island in that classifi- cation, BO easily is every part reached either by the steamboats, or by the railway which traverses the length of the island, from Brooklyn 96 nules to Greenport. The lower shore of the island, which is a net-work of shaUow, land-locked waters, extending 70 miles, is the re- sort of innumerable fiocks of aquatic fowl, and thither go the New Tork sportsmen or gunners for pastime, and glory for theifselves, and for delights for the tables of ttieir city friends. In no other part of the Union is there a greater variety and abundance of wild birds than on this coast, and no where else are they more systematically sought. To answer the wants of the sportsmen, 9 I I ^1 ' ■; i iri M i i|Ki | »* M« m^i^. |jP»iff!« i i1Mi i j|ll' ' 7, on tlM ey are in I County, head of ooalekea Otiego I another reller to , Spring- er by. •■X) ■• ■ > w a % , rr N| ; W Sir Henry ' and General uDBuspeoted jhrough the ^ rdford HiUfl, i almoat sur- ; "that able I ' ; the Ameri- I -< lOng Island, i out of the Stete of h, and, at ith ; with '^ the Long b. The igreeably the 8ur- gly level, ted with er pondi, ire found n. These ast-viewi features, tainly of haraoter, leauty of rns, and ( vicinity idy men- esorts of have in- t classifi- reached r by the ength of nulesto id, which id-Iocked B the re- ' aquatic )w York ime, and delights inds. In there a I of wild to where y sought ortsmen, i. i'ilT ■ i I J... •r<. |r y. */, /: ■'7^: t„ O/i' -idid re- ^1 y and cir- I ^ Buen, with ^re to be Jriotorious «" ^at every ce firom loreover, conveyed '} ^iot B, mile I .AThatwith i, the dark- J«rtainty of hazard of 4 It to con- '^ Ad inter- hands in L,Jkl battle. f-\\^ troops feUows n after ear the account erdam, terdam er part ^fon, and and camp of ^**fe^*>?^'»#sft|if^ii^iS^^8^'^s^ ■'i-i^immmi^M ^^^^ r-v %»i i:'-mmi m 1 !* ■ l] f:: .(frv-i.- MJBW JEBBBT. Long Idaad— Home «f 9>3ruit— B«ttlA of Lmtg Mtai. ffl K Mcdlept imooBDanodatioiia hare b«en •irery where proidded in the way of ojpmfortable hotels and boat equipwra. Oe^MBMM^ the, home of the Poet Biryant, is near the pretty vMhige of Bo^n, at the liead of Hempstead JQay, •boat two hours' Journey ftom New Kork by stean^t^oatto Glen Oove, and ^nce by stagi ; or by th^ Long Islattd %ilway 20 mfles to HenqMitetd Brandb, sjpd by connecting stages^ Oedarmote ii a spot of grea^ thoagh qniet lector* efqae beauty, overlooiuQg Hempstead Hay, and the Connecticut shoiv across t^e Sound. Many of the churning, ^rraced, spring-waf\,x lakes of which have spoken alria^-; r^ %mong the leasant and nniq> c. i «s of the ^ 9ng Island land8cap< \: I'ound with* hi the domain of Cedarmere, in the vil- Itae of Roslyn, and, indeed, through i^the vicinagefdr miles around. Wiui- i| a pleasant strcdl of Mr. Bryant^ res- idence is Ham|«tead HiU, the highest l|nd OK LonK Uaad. This fine emi- ifence oyerloNcs ike Sound and its in> Itts on. the one hapd, and the ocean teach OH" this otlier; at its base the ^Uage of Boslynis nestkd among green t;ree8, and fdadd lakelets. The house it Gedarmeitft makes no architectural firetenrions; though it &lls most agree- ^ly into all the charming lectures, which 9WJ changing step over the llillsj or ilbng the margin of the ponds presentr to view. Batttoof I«oagIiluia(Augostl'776). The th rounding tite patriot lines ; " that able and SaM scheme whfoh cost the Ameri- cans the deadly battle of Long Isbnd, with the lose of neariy 2,000 out of tho 5,000 men engaged." The surpriM of the attack, tho ob- stinacy of the conflict, the bold retreat, and the loss of the city of New York, to which it led, make this battle one of the most romantic episodes in tho his- tory of the Revolution. "Never," says Mr. Irving, "did re- treat reqmre greater secrecy and cir^ cumspection. Nine thousand men, with all the munitions of war, were to be withdrawn from before a victorious army, encamped so near that every stroke of the spade and pick-axe from their trenches could be heard. "The retreating troops, moreover, were to be embarked and conveyed across a strait, three-quarters of a mUe wide, swept by rapid tides. What with the greatness of the stake, the dark- ness of the night, the uncertainty of the dettgn, and the extreme hazard of the issue, it would be difficult to con- ceive a more deeply solemn and inter- esting scene. "Washington wrung his hands in agony at the sight of this &tal battle. 'Good God!* cried he, as his troops were swept down, * what brave fdUowa I must lose to-day 1 * " NEW JEESEY. SnttunRMTS were made in this State- at Bergen, by the Dutch, soon after their arrival in New Tork. In 1627 a Swedish colony was founded near the shores of the Dehtware, hi the south-western part of the State. A dioU account 4f the quarrels of thdse Swedish folk with the Dutchmen of New Amsterdam, may be found in Diedridc Knickerbocker's solemn history of the Amsterdam colonists. New Jersey is one of the old Thirteen States. She did her part nobly in the long war of Independence. The famous battles of Trenton, and of Frinoeton, and of Monmouth, at all of which Washington was present and victorious, occurred within her limits. Morristown was the winter camp of the American army in ITYe-'tt. *K-?-tC>' i ri 174 Mew jbrsbt. Bootes from New York to PhiUdelphlft— 'The New Jeney BtUwaj. New Jersey has not a very wide territory, yet she presents many natural attractions to the traveller. Her sea-ooast abounds in favorite bathing and sporting resorts, much visited by the citizens of New Torlc and Philadelphia. Among these Summer haunts are Gape May, Long Branch, Sandy Hook, Ab- secum Beach, Deal, Squam Beach, and Tuckerton. In the southern and central portions of tids State the country is flat and sandy ; in the north, are spme ranges of picturesque hills, interspersed with charming lakes and ponds. Some of the Alleghany ridges traverse New Jersey, forming the spurs known as Schooley's Mountidn, Trowbridge, the Ramapo, and Second Mountains. In the north-western part of the State, are the Blue Mountains. The Nevisink Hills rising nearly 400 feet on the Atlantic side, are usually the first and last land seen by ocean voyagers as they approach and leave New York. The celebrated Palisade Rocks of the Hudson River are in this Stftte. NEW TOBK TO PHILADELPHIA. There are two great routes between the cities of New York and Philadel- phia, one known as the New Jersey ndlway Ihie, and the other as the Gam- den and Amboy route. The former is the most expeditious ; tlie latter, being partly by water, is the most agreeable iu summer time. Ihe New Jtruy Bailway Route, This route passes over the New Jersey, and the Philadelphia, and Trenton Railroads. Leaves New Tork at foot of Gortland street (by ferry across the Hudson to Jersey Gity), sev- eral times each day. Distance, 87 ipiles; time (express trains), four hours. STATIONS. Nbw York — Jersey City,l mile ; New- ark, 9; Elizabeth, 16; Rahway, 19; TJniontown, 23; Metuchin, 2?; New Brunswick, 81; Dean's Pond, 89; Kingston, 48; Princeton, 47; Tren- ton, 67 ; Bordentown, 62 ; Burlington, 68; Gamden, 86; Bristol, 70; Goru- well's, 74; Tacony, 79; Kensington, 86 ; Philaoelphia, 87. This route, lying as it does, between the two greatest cities on the continent of America, is an immense thorough- fare, over which floods of travel pour unceasingly by day and by night. The region is populous and opulent, and necessarily thronged with towns and villages, and viUas ; for 20 or 26 miles from each terminus, over which the two cities spread their suburbs, the crowded trains are passing and repass- ing momently. Leaving Jersey Gity (see New York and vicinity), the track over which we pass for two miles, is that used also by the great Erie Railway, and which is traversed by all the thousands daily voya^g from every part of the Gana- das, the New Enghmd States, and New York, for any and all regions of the wide South. Perhaps no other two miles of railway in the world bears such prodigious freights of men and merchandise as this. Newark, 9 miles from New York, and 78 from Philadelphia; settled in 1666; population (in 1856) 60,000, is upon the right bank of the Passaic River, 4 miles from its entrance into Newark Bay. It is built on an ele- vated plain, regularly laid out in wide btreets, crossing at right angles. Many portions of the city are elegantly built, and in its most recherche quarter, are two charming parks, fiUed with noble elms. Among its most imposing public edifices, are the Gourt House, an Egyp- tian structure of brown stone ; the Market street Railway Depdt ; and the Library Buildings, also in Market street. Among tiie chief literary institutions of the city are, the Library Associa- tion, the State Historical Society, the New Jersey Literary Association, the Wesleyan Institute, and the Association of Teachers and Friends of Education. Among its forty churches are many ?#' *5^ many natural bathing and PhUadelphia. ly Hook, Ab> lat and sandy ; rith charming irsey, forming D, and Second le Mountains, re usually the sh and leave er are in this suburbs, the ig and repass- ee New York Ter which we I; used also by and which is ousands daily I of the Cana- ites, and New igions of the ,0 other two world bean of men and New York, settled in |») 60,000, is tthe Passaio itrance into on an ele* lout in wide ^gles. Many tntly built, ■quarter, are 1 with noble jsing public B, an Egyp- ptone ; the and the Irket street, institutions ry Associa* Viety, the pation, the Bociation Sducation. ■are many u ^ '^■■■Wr." i^^^m^^'^^^J. ^^^&0^AM 'Mi «■ tlmrtS., ULDi-J fow\ Hnunsf '^^. I I J "-471 '^5 '■**•* ttletoiX [>ixar \ ^ /v/ Dhor" /a/ fc // lilt, ^ Marsh :i"."':'h v/ V EUJMOllOin ►>'' 7/7 WITBL OTHEB. BAEERflADS tj'l//.. Sccae of Kiles. lO ao 30 »1iark,. g^^^ t^ %: L.- %• f ! .♦"^^ ^iiiU '.^.P^?'/ .^Wjifc^^ louer :/<7Jo ovc t^K V :f« v. II >'U ^ mtj "•♦.^ ^ -v-x' OT XEOC IIKII j^ *-#■ tTOgg OMBP TI0I.KiUIT»8 - ■■ 'if*' I W: 1 !.*^ ,<•.' ^\ . (. »•< '* ■■»■ ■ H«w TMk to tr 1% ^ tt» thmlmrnfMMwy. m ir«wwk,V6wJaw7. ▼ery imiKlMti|( edtflees. Of inese, pw tiouUr nwntioA BMir be mde oJ^e Oftth^, , on Wuhington street ; the aew rteibTterlui clmrehee—one iie«r the Lower Park, xa^ the other in ffiffh ■treet ; j^d the JfethdcHit b Mir^t street. Ofher elegwit church rtrnctoieB Me now in progresg. In ewsh of the eeTen wwda of the oit^ there Is a fine Eablic^ fldhooi, with depftrtments for «*° !^^ •*** * *o*»* anmber of pn- inb of 8,100. ■ Newark is distinguished for its mantt- faotures, Which are hurge and proepM^. ous. StMmlNMits, as weU lUi taUw^ connect it with New Totk. It is 4e wstern lerminqs of the Morris and gMx Bdlroad and of the Morris i®*±l5^ ' " ""1* ftSSwToif^ cJr?2?-.«P**'Jj^. BBMbethtowi; greek, two miles tnm its eatr«nee into S*»*f» %d Sound. It was once the SJS HiS"* ""^l^"^ J?' ^ State. Here difeiges the N. J. Central B. B.. 61 mUe^honce, into the interior, at Easton, Fenn., on th»Belawm^ riWr. ,o^^^» ^' '•—Population (in IW: •^«* W 1 19 mUes fromNew York ; His upon both sides of the Rah- way Riw. The Bahwaj Female In- ■titute m a ilourishing establishment and so th^ Union School and a Ohuwibal BoaiJbt.schDOl for boy^ Rahw^fa noted for its mattofootiires of caniams. fsg^if^ **'««»''"•• •*«• sss 8,000^hides are annuidlysent hence to fte Sonthem maricets. * ^J^ff fcwMrtrloikil— PopuUtfon ffai WWX 18.000, is at the he£d of S»aS bMit navigation on tiie Baritan Blver. TUs Is the SMt of Butgen CoUege and School, founded in 1770. The Streets on_the ri?er are narrow and crooked and the ground low ; but those on the Wg "•»*=^*w wide, and many of the ^^*™*g ^ iwy »iw»t and elegant. nuT^ded by ihie gardens. Prom the |Ste of Btttgers Coli%e on the hOL there is awide prospect, terminated by moon- Uins on the nwth, ind by Baritan Bay ^n ^e east T^ DeUwire «nd Bariten ^gmsi extends from Kew Brunswick to ^wdentown, on the Delaware Biver, 48 B^ This canal is 76 feet wide and rfeet deoR and u n|tyigated by sloops Md steamboats of UO tons. This fine work cost $2,500,000. The raOWAy he re cro sses the Baritan Biver. RlBMloiLr— Population, 2,600 ; built Oh an elerat.^ ridge ; Is ^pUasait tt^ ?« towi^of Hteriry ani l&torioal 4. terest. It is the seat of the Princeton CoDege, one of the oldest and most fkmous educational establishments hi .^'- •^/> 1 Sr" 176 irSW iXBSBT. N«w Tofk to PlllbdelphU bjr th* Cundon nd Amhoy Bonto. the countj^j founded by the Presbyte* rians at ^ubethtown, 1746, and re- mored to Princeton in 1767. Here, atflo, Is the Theolorioal Seminary of the PreebTterian ohurdi, founded 181S. In tills Tiolniiy was fought the memorable battle of January 8, 1777, between the American forces under General Wash- ington, and those of the British, under Lieutenant-Colonel Mawhood, in whidi the latter were ranauished. Trantoa, the capital of New Jersey ; population (in 1850), 0,460 ; is on the left bank of the Delaware, 80 miles from Philadelphia, and 67 from New Tork. The city is regularly laid out, and has many fine stores and handsome dwell- ings. The State House, whiW TOKK TO PHILADKI.FHIA. Steamboat for Philadelphia, via Cam-, den and Amboy route, leave Pier No. 1 North River, New York, daily (Sundays 1 fi r o t I m o it ai ai VI SI te til iin Now Totk to PhUadolphUi by tho Oundoa ud Amboy Bonto. HIA. a Gam-. No.l iindays •zoepted), at 6 a.x. and 2 r.M., for Sooth Amboy, 27 milci, and thenoe bv rail. Fare by morning line is |2 26; by the afternoon (JFcpr«M) line, |8. Oamden atut Ambojf BaUroad from 8o¥tk Ambojf. — Statiohb: New York, South Amboy, 27 miles ; South River, — ; Spotswood, 88; Jamesbuiw, 42; Prospect Plains, — ; Cranberry Station, 46 ; Hightstown, 49 ; Oentreyille, 68 ; Newtown, 66 ; Sandhills, 68 ; Borden- town, 68; HammePs Turn, 68; Bar* lington, 71 ; Bererly, 77 ; Ranoooas, 78 ; Palmyra, 88 ; Fish House, 86 ; Camden, 89 ; PhUadelphiei, 90. In the summer season, no more de- lightfiil journey can be made than the firat twentynseyen miles of our present route across the lovely Bay and Harbor of New York, to South Amboy, past the viUaed and villaged shores of Staten Island, and the Raritan River. The scenery of this re^on is described in our chapter upon New York City and its vicinity. Booth Amboy is the landhig place, and also the terminus of the Camden and Amboy Railroad. Upon our arri- val there, we are transported, in a short space of time, from the steamboat to the railroad cars ; and after a slight de- tention, we proceed on our journey up the steep ascent from the river, and soon enter a line of deep catting through the sandhills. The road fi thenr continued through a barren and uninteresting ref^on of country, towards the Delaware at Bondtnlowiif 86 miles from Amboy. Here are the extensive grounds and mansion formerly occupied by the lat« Joseph Bonaparte. ex'King of Splin, which are aqiong tne most considcuona objects of the place. Bordentown is dtuated on a steep sandbank, on the east side of the DeU- ware. Although in a commanding sit- uation, the view is greatly obstructed from the river. This is a nlvorite resort of the Philadelphians during the sum- mer season. The Delaware and Raritan Canal here connects with Delaware River. A branch road, running along the canal and river, unites thb town with Trenton. Population, 8,000. Bnrliagloii, settled in 1670, and with a present popidation of about 6,000, is a port of entry on the Delaware, 19 miles from Philadelphia. Burlineton College, founded bv the Episcopauans in 1846, is located here, and there are besides, upon the banks of the river, two large boarding-schools, one for each sex. Burlington is connected with Philadelphia by steamboat, and is • place of great summer resort thence. Tho Paaaalc FsUa, New Joney. Q* # 178 Valli of the pMMle-Oap* Msy-Sflbootojrt llooBtala. i-e^p^- ^^;«^ ww^' s^iPfas^iii^*^ i'." rmw^ ,t " US ' ff >>-.,-.- Oreenwood Lake. N. J. Btvwij, bidlt on the banks of the Delaware smoe 1848, has now a popu- lation of from 1,000 to 1,600. It is a suburb of Philadelphia, distant tUrteen miles. Oandan is at the termmns of our route, upon the banka of the Delaware lUver, immediately opposite the city of Philadelphia, to which we now cross by ferry. For nirther mention of Oamden, and for hotels, etc., see description of PhiladeMiia. Tha FaUi of tfa* FammIo occur in the town of Paterson, 16 o^s from New York, on the route of the Erie Bailway. This bold passage on the Passaic, though it has of late years lost much of its ancient bemty. Is sUll a scene of great attraction, partienhitly when the stream chances to be gener* Ously swollen after hearv rains. Peter- son itself is an agreeable town of Tory considerable importance. It has a pop* ulation of some 20,000. Oapo Sfayi^— This fiushionable sum- mer resort is at the extreme southern Kint of New Jersey, where the Delaware y enters the sea. The hotel and bathing accommodations here are ample and excellent. Oape Mav may be reached by steamboats, through the season, from New Tork and PUladel- phia. BCHOOLETV MOnNTADff, N. J.-^UDiyB LAKB. SotaodkjVi M onnteiii, in New Jer- sey, is a convenient and popular summer resort and residence of the citizens of New York. It is readily reached from New York by the N. J. Central R.B. to White House, or by the Monis and Essex Railway for Haoketstown, and by stage cUrect to the Mountidn. Boutl^ emers proceed via Philadelphia and New Bmnswick, tonneeting with the New Jersey Central Bailway at Bound Brook, and itom this line as aboTe. The height of the mountafai is about 1,100 feet aboTe the sea. The spring is near the summit. It contdns muriate of soda, of lime, and of magnesia, sul- phate of Ume, carbonate of magnesia, and silex and carbonated oxide of iron. The principal hotel Is the Belmont HalL 170 Badd** Lak*— OrMBwood Taka matt «l IMfwtn, where Uut drMmed of. fiuoh t^'un- expected Tieion ii Lake Meoopln end the larger waters of Wawayandah.— SoddHi Xtaka^ a mountain water, deep and pure, and supplied with flah, li seren mikp from the spring, and may also be reaened direct by railway. QBlUrWOOD LAKB. To Soatsburg, 86 miles from New Tork, by the N. T. and Brie Hallway, and thence IS milea (trl-weekly) bv stage ; or from Newburwi on the Hud* son to Chester Station, Erie route, and from there eight miles by stfM. To Qreenwood Lake, sometimes called Long Pond, is a rery screeable Jaunt from the metropolis, whether for the pure ahr of the hills, the pleasant aspects of nature, or for the sports of the angle and the gun. Greenwood Jies half in New Tc^K and half in New Jersey, In the mUNt oC * ^T l^otnresque moun* tain ttgjioii. Ik b a Deautlftil water of seven awM in extent, and all about it, in every ^^stiton, are lesser, but scarcely less chaml^, lakes and lakelets, some of which, as you ride or ramble over the country, delight your surprised eyes. This last mentioned lake is situated on the Wawayandah Moimtains. about 8| miles fkrom the New Tork and New Jer> sey boundarv line. The word Waway« andah signifies winding stream, and is very characteristic of the seiiMntine course of the outlet of this lake towards the WallkilL Wawayandah is ahnoet divided by an isbmd into two ponds, and thus gets its komt name of '* Double Pond.** It is very deep and abounds in fine trout This varied hill and Uke neighborhood jpresenta in Ita general air an admirabm blending of the wild ruggednessof the great mountain ranges and the pastoral sweetness of the fertile vaUey lands: for it possesses the fea- tures of both, though of neither in the highest degree. TlMre Is a comfortable summer hotel at the head of Greenwood Lake. An excursion thither from New Tork would require two or three days' time. re. about DELAWARE. DiLAWAMB is, after Rhode Island, the smallest State in the Union— 4ier great* est length and breadth being, respectively, only 96 and 8*7 miles. The first settlements here were made by the Swedes and Finns, about the year 1627. In 1660, the country fell into the possession of the Dutch, and in 1664 passed under British rule. It was ori^nallv a portion of Pennsylvania, and was governed by the rulers of that Colony, until the time of the Revolution. The landscape of the northern portion of Delaware Is agreeably varied with modest hills and pleasant vales. In the central and southern portions of the State the country is level, ending in marsh and swamp lands. The only consid- erable waters are the Delaware River and Bay, on the eastern boundary. The Brandywine is a romantic stream, famous for the Revolutionary battle fought upon ita banks near the limits of tUs State, September, 1*777. Lords Comwailis and Howe, Generab Washington, Lafayette, Greene, Wavne, and other distin* guished English and American leaders took part in this memorable conflict. The Americans retreated to Germantown with a loss of 1,200 men, while the British remained in possession of the field, with a loss of about 800. BALTIMOBS-FBOM PHILADELPHIA. The direct routes between Philadel- phia and Baltimore, are : the Railroad lAnSy and the Steamboat and Railroad alternately. The distance by the former route is 97 miles. Jhre, $8.00 : time, ing-mills in the United States, to wMoh vessels can come drawing eight feet t^ water. It contains also uip and steam* boat yards, a jfbundry for the manufte* ture of patent car-wheels, whidt ire used all over the country, and a num- ber of large manitfacturing establidi- ments of various kinds. . It is the seat of a Catholic College, and is genendly distineuished for its Acadeimes and Boardmg-schools. . It is connected with New Castle, Dover, and Seaford by rail- way ; and via Dowitingstown with the Columbia Bailroad, from Phikdelphia to Columbia. Havxie-d»<3!raoe is in Karyland, at the head of the Chesapeake Bay, on the Susquehanna Biver, 86 miles norUi-east of Baltimore. The cars cross the river by a steam ferry, sometimes passing in winter upon the ice as in 1851-2. Havre- de-Grace is quite an old town. It is the southern terminus of the tide water canal. Stkaxboat and Bailboab Bovn rBOM Philaoklphia to Baltimobb. — ^A steamboat leaves from the foot of Dock street every afternoon, and proceeds down the Delaware to Jfeu Ctuile, 86 miles ; thence by the cars over the New Castle and Frenchtown Baihroad to lirenektoOn^ 17 miles. At the latter place, again take the steamboat, and pass down Elk Biver and Chesapeake Bay, and up the Patapsco Biver to Bal- timore, 60 miles. 'V »> FENlfSTLVAinA. 181 Oenenl mentioa of PornqrlTHiiai IL PENNSYLVANIA. FnnreTLTAiOA is, in point of population, the B«e aenofthiiState* The landscape of Pennsylvania is extremely diversified and beautiful. One- fourth of her great afea of 46,000 square miles is occupied by mountain ranges, sometimes reaching an elevation of 2,000 feet. These hills, links of the great Alleghany chain, run generally from north-east to south-west, through the east* em, central, and southem portions of the State. The spur of this hill-range is called South Mountain, where it rises on the Delaware, below Easton. Next, as we go westward, come the Kittatinny, or Blue Mountains, and the Broad Moun* tain, south of the North Branch of the Susquehanna. Across this river is the Tnscarora. South of the Juniata are the ffideling HiUs, and, lastly, come the Alleghanies, dividmg the Atlantic slope fh>m th<) great Misrissippi Valley ref^on. West of the Alleghanies, the only hill-ranges hi the Sta^ are the minor ones called the Laurel and the Chestnut ridges. This belt of mountains extends over a breadth of 200 miles, enclosing numberless fertile valleys, many charming wai- ters, and the greatest coal fields and iron deposito in the Union. RiYKse. — ^Pennsylvania cannot boast the marvellous lake-scenery of the Em* I^ State', indeed, she has no lakes, if we except the great Erie waters which wash the riiore of the north-west comer of the State. For this want, however, the oharms of her many picturesque rivers well atone. 182 PENKBTLYANIA. The Biyen of Peniu7lTaDl»--The City of Philadelphia. The Susquehanna, the largest river of Fennaylvania, and one of the most beautiful in America, crosses the entire breadth of the State, flowing 400 miles in many a vinding bout, through moun- tain gorges, rocky cliffs, and broad cultivated meadows. See Susquehanna River. The Juniata is the chief affluent of the Susquehanna. It comes in from the acclivities of the Alle^hanies in the west, through a mountain and valley country of great natural delight. See Juniata River. The Delaware flows 800 miles from its sources in the GatskiU Mountains to the Delaware Bay, forming the bound- ary between New York and New Jersey, and afterwards between Pennsylvania and Delaware. It is one of the chief features of the varied scenery of the New York and Erie Railway, which follows its banks for 90 miles. (See N. Y. and Erie R. R.) Lower down, its passage through the mountains forms that great natural wonder of the State, the Delaware Water Oap. The rocky cliffs here rise perpendicularly to a height of nearly 1,200 feet. (See De- laware Water Gap.) The navigation of the Delaware is interrupted at Tren- ton, N. J., by falls and rapids. Phila- delphia is on this river, about 40 miles above its entrance into Delaware Bay. The river was named in honor of Lord De La Ware, who visited the bay in 1610. The Lehigh is a rapid and most pic- turesque stream. Its course is from the mountain coal districts, through the famous passage of the Lehigh Wa- ter Grap at Hauch Chunk, to the Dela- ware at Easton. Its. length is about 90 miles. The Schuylkill flows 120 miles fh>m the coal regions north, and enters the Delaware five miles below Philadelphia. We shall review it as we call at the towns and places of interest upon its banks. The Alleghany and the Monongahela Rivers— one 800 and the other 200 miles in length — unite at Pittsburg and form the Ohio. The Youghiogheny is a tributary of the Monongaheltu PHILADELPHU AND TIOINITT.» This great city is, in extent and pop- ulation, the second in the Union. Its people' number about half a million — ^as many as any of the capitals of Europe (London and Paris only excepted) can roow. It was settled in 1682 by a colony of English Quakers, under the guidance of WiU^am Penn. The soubriquet of the City of Brotherly Love, which it now bears, was given to it by Penn himself. No striking events mark its history down to the days of the Revolution, and its part in that great drama was more peaceful than warlike. The first Congress assembled here, and subse- quent Congresses, during the continu- ance of the war. The Declaration of Independence was signed and issued here, July 4th, 1'776. The Convention which formed the Constitution of the Republic assembled here, May, 1*787. Here resided the first President of the United States, and here, too, Congress continued to meet until about 1797. The city was in possession of the British troops from Sept., 177*7, to June 11, 1778, a result of the unfortunate battles of Brandywine and Oermantown. Philadelphia lies between the Dela- ware and Schuylkill rivers, six miles above their junction, and nearly 100 miles (by the Delaware River and Bay) from the Atlantic. The site of the city is so low and level that it does not make a very impressive appearance from any approach. But the elegance and sym- metry and neatness of its streets — ^the high cultivation of aU its rural comers, and the picturesque character of the higher suburban land to the northward, fully compensate for this want. The most thronged portion of the city is near the apex of an an^le formed by the meeting of the two rivers, between which it is built. Streets extend from river to river, and are crossed by other streets at right angles. Public Squares. — Weuhington ♦See "New Jersey" for rontes to New York, and "Dekware" for routes to Balti- more. \ th e- pa its at or ed of en on he ia- ». ts la e 1 f -" ' ""—-''■'" ■■tifilK^> E P 2;5r«4,fl«»r*hj w^orangr^,. i^^y^rlSiS. 4 W WUk^jru. ut O^^S^^^^^^^J^^^^^S^ •/ jnter«2.aMerfld«^ ta-A^tafOmyf^f, inA*yar2St8, 6} a[ r^m V ■J I FBRKSTLYiJnA. Scenes ud PImm In PkOadelphl*. 188 f '1 **»i^ *»W»^ Th* Btato Home, or Independence Hall, Philadelphia. ^buof^ a little flonth'west of the State fioiiM, is finely ornamented with trees andcm^Ued walks, is surroonded by a mudsome iron railing, with four prino^sal entrances, and is kept in ex- cellent order. Jndependmee Sguart, in the rear of the State House, is en- clooed'^tiy a solid brick wall, ridng three or fbur feet above the adjacent Btreeis, sanbounted by an iron railing. Tho entire area is laid off in walks and gtHvi-tlSbtiBy shaded with nugestio trees. It ViaXttittiin this enclosure that the PecUtstion; of Independence was first prdQiu%ated, and at the present day it is freqiuently used as a {dace of meeting forpolittcaland other purposes. Frank- lin &iuanf between Race and Vine, and oxth and Franklin streets, is an at- tractive promenade, with a fountain in its oentre, surrounded by a marble basin; it is embellished with a great variety of trees. Penn Square is at the intersection of Broad and Market streets, now divided bito four parts by outdng Market and Broad streets through it; Logan Square is between Raca and Vine streets ; and Bittenhoute Square, between Walnut and Locust streets. PiTBUO BciLOiNOS. — The State House fronts on Chestnut street, and including tiie wings, which are of modem con- atruction, occupies 4iie entire Mock, extending from Fifth to Sixth streets. In a room in this buUding, on the 4th of Jtdy, 1116, the Declaration of Inde- pendence was adopted by Congress, and publicly proclaimed from the steps on the same day. The room present* now the same appearance it did on that eventful day, in fiimiture and interior decorations. This chamber is situated on the first floor, at the eastern end of the original building, and can be seen byviritors on application to the person in charge of the State House. In the Hall of Independence is a wooden sta> tue of Washington, and some pictures. Visitors may overlook the city and its surroundings admirably from the cupola of this buUding. The Oirard CoUi^gelB situated on the Ridge Road, in a north-west direction from the city proper, about two miles from the State House. It was founded by the late Stephen Oirard, a native of France, who died in 1881, and be- queathed $2,000,000, for the purpose of erecting suitable buildings for the edu- cation of orphans. '^The commanding dte of the edifice occupies an area of about 46 acres, left for the purpose by the founder of the in- stitution. The centnd, or college build' mg, is 218 feet long, 160 broad, and 97 high, and is a very noble marble struo- Uure of tbe Corinthian order. The 284 FSDnffBYLTAMIA* Tk« Olty of FUUdtlpUa. oiher baUdingfl, six in nvmber, rar- round the mun edifice. TIm MtrtlUmU* JKdsAoimn*, iltiuited between Dock, Welnitt, waA Third ita., is of white marble. It ie a beaatifiil ■tnibture, end of ita kind, one of tlie flneet in the oovntry. The Vnittd 8Mm Mint ia in Ohea- nut atreet, below Bond street, and fironta on the former atreet 122 lieet. It ia built of white marble, in the style of a Greoian lonio temfde, and oomnriaea aevend diatinet apartiinenta. Ckdning ia among the most interesting and attrao- tire of processes, to those who haTO never witnessed sQoh operations. Yia- itora are admitted during the morning of each day^ untU one oxlook, on ap* ]dioation to the proper officers. The Areadt is in Chestnut, bbtween ^th and Seventh streets, and extends through to Carpenter street, 160 feet, fironting 100 on Chesnut street. On the ground floor are two aTenues, extend- mg the entire depth of the buildins, with rows of stores fronting on each. The second floor, which is reached by flighta of marble steps at each end, is Prided into stores nmilar to those on the ground-floor. The ibivd story was origmally prepared for Peale's Museum, now kept in the Masonic Hall in Chest- nut street. Tho Chutom Sbut€, formerly the United (States Bank, is located in Chest- nut street, iMtween Fourth and fifth atreets. It ia a ohaste specimen of the Boric orditi^ of architecture, after the Parthenon at Athens, with the omismon of the colonnades at the sides. It was oommenced in 1819, and completed in about five years, at a cost of half a ndUion of doUars. The United States Naioy Fori is lo- cated in Front street, below Prince, and contains within its limits about 12 acres. It is enclosed on three sides by a high and substantial brick wall ; the east tdde fronts on and is open to the Belaware Urer. Its entrance is in Front street. The Yard contains every preparation necessary for building ves- sels of war, and has marine barracks, tdth quarters for the officers. Many of the bank ediflosa of Fhila* delphia are very elegant, and impoa* tng, built of marble and other rich material The OhnrolMi of the city are about 800 in number, of all denominationa, and new onea are continually making their appearance. The CathoUe Okmth of St. Peter and St. Pout, on hoguk Square, ia buUt of red stone, in the Roman atyle. It ia crowned with a dome 210 fbet Ugh. The C^^weh of St. MarVe {miaw palX ia a beantiM edifice of light-red sand4itone, with a tower and steeple of admirable mce. Oftrut** C9bMreA, with ita soaring spire, is a very interesting object in its an- cient and quaint aspect. The Church of Calvary (Presbyte- rian), and the Baptist Church in BriMd and New streets, are also of sand-stoM^ with imposing towers and sfina. Mb may also mention among the churches of the greatest architectural interest : St. Stephen^s (Episcopal), the Catholio Church of the Assumption, St. Jude^s, the Presbyterian Churches, upon Arch and Eighteenth streets, and upon Arch and Tenth streets ; the Church of the Nativity, the Baptist Churches on Cb^ nut and Fifth streets. In the tcwers of St. Peter*s, St. Stephen's, and of Christ Church, there a 'e oiimes of bells. The American Baptist Publication Society is located in New street; the Presbyterian Board of Publication is at 266 Chesnut street Besides they re- ligious associations, there are the Juner* ican Sunday School Union, the Penn- sylvania and the Philadeli^iia Bible So- cietioL andthe Female and the Friends' Bible Societies, with numerous others. BuHivotiNT IvtmnriONS. — ^The coun- ijAhntkoutej situated on the west eide oi the Schu^kill, opposite South street, is an immense structure, consisting of four main buildings, covering and enclosing about 10 acres of ground^ and frtmting on the Schuylkill River. The site is much elevated above the bank of the river, and commands a fine view of the city and surrounding country. — ^The Penn$ylvamia Ho^pUai^ hi Pine street, # VMSSUYL'VAXlAk lU TiM ottr or PhUnadpUiL ro- between Eighth and Ninth itreeta, la ui •duLribie Uistltntion. It omtidne u ftnatontf eel mnsevm, end • Hbrary of more then 8,000 Tolmnei. In the rear •f the lot frontfaig on ^nuoe itreet, li • imeD bniltfng which eontilns West*i eelebwted plctm« of Oliriflt HeeHng the Bisky presented to thia inetitatlott brite author.— The United Btatet Marine Mm- fital or Natal Aa^um h»» a handsome idtaation on the eaet bank of tlie Schnvl* kill below South itreet. It Is for the OM of inTdId seamen, and offleers dis* abled in the eerrioe. — 7%ePenn^Avth nia luttUuHonfor the Deaf tmd Jfvmb is situated on the comer of Broad and I%ie streets, having extensire buildings adapted for the purposes of the estab- liflbment. — The Fenntjflvania IntHtu- tkmfor the Imtruetion of the Blind is rftuated in Race street, near Schuylkill Tlfrd street. ' 'JM» Soounrm. The Pennajfivdnia Aeadmjf of line Arte, an old and moat imjitorfalat institution, has a fine build* bigi idth a noble suite of galleries upon OMSCnut atreet, between Tenth and IDetenth atreets. It possesses a very TahiaMe and permanent collection of pletures, and makes an annual exhibi- ndtt of new worlu. Among its old gjctures, are Weat'a Death on the Pale orse, iand Alston'a Dead Man Restor- ed. No citizen or stranger should ne> gledt to Ttrtt these nJleries. LmOUKT AMD SOISNTIFIO IKSTITV- TtOMS. The Ameriean PhUoeophieal Soeietjfirt* founded in 1748, principallj through the exertions of Dr. FrankHn; itshiS is rituated in South Fifth street, below Ohestnut, and in the rear of the State House. In addition to its library of 15,000 volumes of valuable works, the society has a fine collection of mine- rals and fosaUs, ancient relics, and other inte«eating obiecta. Strangera are ad- mitted to the hall on application to the librarian.— The Philoaelphim library iB aituated inllfih street, below Ohestnut, on the north comer of liberty street. It was founded in 1781 by the influence of Dr. Franklin. Tfais ioatitution, to- gether with the Loganian, which occu- ^es the same buikung, possesses about 66,000 Tolumes.— The Alhmmum, fai ^Hxth. belpw Wafanit street, containa th« Seriodical Joomals of the day, and a brary eonaisting of aeveral thouaand voth aexea. — The Hietorietd Society of Pennayhama, in fifth street, below Obestnut, was founded for the purpose of difltaring a knowledge df local history, eipecially in rekition to the State of Pennsylvania^ It has caused to befpubliahed a large amount of infoimttion on aultfecta connected with the eariy hiatory m the State, and ia now activeW engMed in irimilar pur> suits.— The IHende^ ZUrary In Bace street, below fifth, has about 8,000 volumes, which are loaned, ftee <«Af ^NM iM- t0«/ OoUtgt hi dtiwted in Ttath etreet, below Oheilnut ; it wei ofijRteaUjr eon- aeoted with the ooUege at Canonebiliip, bat it is now en Independent iui^tntion. The nnmberi eCjpu^ ftTenges. fbout SOOeanueUj. Tne enetoniicM mufleum of thie inetftntion ie <^n to TiMtori.^-« Ptnnt^wuuaMkHeal Oolltg$t bk Filbevt street, above BleTenth, is e floaiiehing inatituUon of recent origin; the first lectures hsTing been ^dSV ered in the whiter of 1889-40.— The C<9<%w <^ Phjfneimu is an old institution, having existed before the BeTolntitml Jt is one of the principal sources from which fvooeeds the Pharaiaoopceb of the United S t a te s T he M$dkal ImtitvU, in Locust street, above Eleventh, is where the elementarv branches of med- ical adenee, in all uieir relations, are taught.— The PhiMtl^iia ColUf* and to eultivate a taste for the sciei^ces. PniaoMS. The JBart0m PemUtnHerv, in the northrwest part of the city, is situated onCSoates street, west of Broad street, and south of Girard College. It covers about 10. acres of ground, is sur- rounded by a wall 80 feet high, and in arobitMture resepUesmbaropiial castle of the middle ages. It is constructed on the principle of strictly s<^tary con- finement in separate ceUs, and is ad- mirably calcukted for the securitv, the health, and, so fiv as consistent witii its objects, the comfort of its occupants.—- The Countjf PrtMvsitnsted on Passy- nnk Boad, below federal street,, is a spacious Gothic building, presenting an impoong appearance. It is appropri- ated to the ; confinement of persons awaiting trial, or those who are sen- tenced for short periods. The Jkbtoi'* Primn^^ a^foining the above on the north, if constructed of red sandstmie, in a style of massive J^jptfam arohi- teeture.'— The ^oms ^fSffiun hi at tho comer of Coates.street and Bidge roadb near the FonltentUury, and at Bush fflU Ui the iTeifas ^ GvttMt^nm. Cmiannuna. The beanUfiil cemetery iAUmniWU is situated on the lUdgo road, three and a half miles north-west of the city, and on the east bank of Uio Schuylkill, which is devated about 90 feet above the river. It contains about ao acres, the surfiuM of whiflh is undo- lathig, prettily diveiaified hy hill and dale, and adorned with a number of beautiMi trees. Theirregnhufityoftbo nound, tomther with the fdiage, shrubs, and fragrant flowers, which here abound— the finely-scuptured and ap- propriate monuments— with an extfn- dve and diversified view, make Um whole scene highly hnpresrive. On entering the gate, the first ot^ject thftt presents itself to the mse of the viritor u an exceUentplece of statuary, repce- senting Shr Walter Scott convenmw with Old Mortality, executed fai eanl. stone by the celebrated Thorn, ^o chapel, which ip. situated on high ground to the ri^t of the entrance,!* a beaudfiil Ck>thic building, illumjnaled by an immense window of stahied g|a>e* ifonMRSfU Cimwtey, another beautifid endoeure. is situated on Broad street, in the viofauty of Turner's Lane, in the north part of Philadelphia, and abcut three miles from the State House. It wsti opened in 1888, and now contdns many handsome tombs.— JSonoMmi's CifNMftry, in Shippen street, betweeq Wnth and Tenth, occupying an entire square, and surrounded by an ircfn rail- ii^(, is very beautifiiL It fonperiy be- longed to Kr. James lUmaldsbn, from iriiom It takes its name, who divk^d it hito lots, and disposed of it Ibr its pres- ent purposes. It contains a kige number of splendid timibs, and is adorned with a great variety of fiowera and ffi^age, whose fragrance and beauty make this an attractive dthough a moumfid spot Plaobs or Amjssiaire. The Aca^ i a C ii i w e: SI L tl n tl t€ fr tl m ci \k «« •*■, 18t Plilliiddpblik-Th«itN»-HoUl»-PlMM la the YldBltr. netery Ridge h-west of th« oat 90 i«boat londo* lUuid iber of OftiM Ridbge, Bbhevo ad »p- in 0f* ».' , (» >vMtior I Ugh acoTu tfnaled ktttifid let^in lin the ab MUfge d is •wert »uty :h ft tmjt^Mutte or Optra Hmut^ on Broad and Loooft itreetfl, is a grand wtabliih- ment, with a front of 140 feet, and a flank of 286. The flnt story ia or brown stone, and th^ rest of BE***^ hiAck with brown*alene drassii^ The Aa- ditorium will seat 8000 persons. The WtUiwt 8tr»ei Thtutre is at the oomer of Walnut and IRnth streets. Ardi Btrtti ZVo/iw is in Aroh street, aboTe Sixth. The ifiMUia/ Ftrnd H«U )» \a Locust street, between Eighth and Ninth streets. The OUti JAMtAm, Oil- lowhiU, below FifUi ; TFUoA't National Circut^ Walnut street, above Eighth; Ooneert JfftM, CSiestnut, below Thir- te«nth; NatUmal Batty Market street, bekiw Thirteenth ; Santom atrett Hatt, »8aMoiD, abOTO Sixth; the At$einbtjf JSuUding$, Ohestnut and Tenth streets. Boteu. PUDadelphia is abundantly supplied with excdlent hotels of aU grades. Among the largest, most sumptuous, and most fkshionable are, the 6Hrard Houu, on Ohestnut street, comer of Ninth street (the '* Broadway** of the city); Jonea* Hotel, the W^Mt^ ton JS(oiM0, the 8t. Laimenee, the Amer- tMin, the United Statea, the Jihrnklin, and the Markoe Houtee, all also upon Ohestnut street; the Union, and the Aifdand, on Aroh street; La Pierre. in Broad street, and the Merehantr ifofe/jin Fourth street. The Marketi of PhlUdelphia are worthy of especial notice, in their great extent and admirable appointment. OmnUntaee to all parts of the city and suburbs are earily to be found. The Yicimitt or Philadblphia. Laurel Rill, and other cemeteries, and the Girard College we have already mentioned. Oamdan is upon the opposite side of the Delaware, in New Jersey. It is the terminus of the Camden Rsilway Route firom New York. The FatmuKnit Water Works, which supply the city bountifully, are on the east bank of the Schuykill, about two miles in a northwest cBreotion from the city, occupying an area of 80 acres, a large part of which consists of the "mount," an eminence 100 feet above tide>wster in the river below, and aboat 60 IbtVnbOTe the meet elevated gronnd hi the city. The top Is divided faito four leservoiis, oapable of containfaig 9i,000.000 mllons, one of which is df vided loto three eeotions for the pur* pose of filtration. The whole bp sur^ rounded by a beantUU nravel-wa^. from which may be had a fine view of the city. This reservoirs contain an area of over rfx aerae; they are 12 feet deep, lined with stone and paved with brick, laid in a bed of oby, in strong lime cement, and made water>tight. The E>wer neoessarv for forcing the water to the reservoirs is obtained by throw- ing a dam across the Schuylkill ; and by means of wheels moved by the water, which work forcing pumps, the water of the river is raised to the reservoirs on the top of the ** mount." The dam is 1,600 feet long, and the race upwards of 400 liBOt long and 90 wide, out hi solid rook. The mUl-house is of stone, 288 feet long, and 66 wide, and capable of containing eight wheels, and eadi pump will raise al)out 1,260,000 nllone m 24 hours. — ^The ^rinr Garden Watei^ works are dtuated on uie SohnylUDS, a short distance above Fslrmount. The Falk of th« Bdnnrlklll are about four mfles above the my, on the river of that name, ^ce tiie erection of the dam at Fdrmount, the fdls have almost disappeared. From the city to the falls, however, is a very pleasant drive ; and they nujt^t be reached in a return visit to the WissaHiokon. The SohvyllilU Viedoot, three miles northwest from the city, is 980 feet in lenzth, and crossed by the Columbia Railroad. It leads to me foot of an in- clined phme, 2,800 feet Ions, with an ascent of 187 feet. The phne is as- cended by means of a stationary engine at the top, which conveys the cars from one end of the phme to the otiber. It is a pleasant and cheap excursion. * WiewaWolrm Oraek, a stream re- markable for its romantic and beautiftd scenery; iaOs into the Schuylkill about six miles above the city. It has a regu' lar succession of cascades, which in Uie aggregate^ amount to about 900 feet. 188 FJOf MB I LTAXIA* TlM TMnltjr of PhlkdtlpUit. FalnnoQat Water Worki, Phllad«Iphia. Its banks, for the most part, are ele- Tated and precipitous, covered with a dense forest, and dlversifled bj moss- ooTered rocks of CTery rariety. The banks of the beautiful Wissahickon afford one of the most delightfyd rides in the vicinity of Fhiladelpliia, and are a great resort for the citizens, picnic parties^ and Sunday schoohL VUamyvu^k^ eight miles from the city, has become a laige manufitoturing place. It is indebted for its existence to the water created by the improvemebt of the Schuylidll, which serves the double purpose of rendering the stream navi> gable, and of supplying hydraulio power to the numerous ftctodes of the village. O«niuuito«ii, six miles north of Fhiladelplda, conusts of one street only, compactly built, and extendbg for about four miles, in a direction from south<«ast to north-west. A railroad and numerous stages afford a constant communication between this place and the city, of which it is a suburb. Cars leave the depot in Philadelphia, comer of Ninth and Green streets, four times daily. Fair® 16 cents. Sals^'a Point, a short distance below Oamden, Oreenwieh Point, three miles below the city, and Ghuet§t«r Point, directly opponte, are favorite places of resort during the summer sea son. Steamboats run many times ddly from Philadelphia. Fare to the former place 6 cents — to the latter, 9^ cents. BnmdywiiM SpcingB. Visitors to this celebrated watering*plaoe take the cars at the depot in Philadelphia, corner of Broad and Prime streets, (to which omnibuses run from the office fan Li- brary street), and proceed to Wilming- ton, where carriages wiO be ready to convey them to the Springs. Fare through, $1. OapeKbyi an attractive pstering- pUoe, and now much fi«quenied by the citizens of Fliiladelphia, and^by others, is situated at the mouth of Delaware Bay, the extreme southern ponrtion of New Jersey. The accommodatim Phila- delphia, on tike Reading Ridiroad. It Is an agreeable phuse at tbe mouth of the Littie SohuylkilL flohnyUdUlxUTen also on tbe banks of tbe SobuTlkill, bi tbe midst of a Terr Intorestfaig landsoape region. A branch road e delphia and Reading route, is 08 miles fli>m PbOadelpbia. It is upon tbe edge of tbe eoal basin, in tbe gap by which tbe Schuylkill comes tiiraogb Sharp's Mountain. AIliiito«% 61 milai from Philadel- ^da, is iqwn the railroad from Baston, Pa., to Maueb Chunk. It is built upon high ground, near tbe Lehiffb rirer, at the Junction of Jordan and Little Le> high creeks. The mineral springs here are biffhly prised bj those who bare tried tiie efficacy of their waters. A yisit to "Big Rook," 1,000 feet bi ele- Tiik>n, a short distsAce from tbe village, WW amply npay the tourist, by the ex- tent and richness of the scene there airead out before him in eyery direo* on. DotMohom is upon the Lehigh, near 61 miles from PhiUdelphia, and 11 from Easton, Pa. May be reached firom New Tork and PhikdBlpUa by railway. Yalley Foifs. 100 FSNMBTLTAIIIA. Phtlwlriphte to FltMmtg by fh» rvaimjrhnadt Bdlwsy. Sontes to Ruton, and thenoe 12 mites by Lehigh TaXey Baihroad to Mauch C&unk. It is tbo principal seat of the United Brethren, or MoraTians, in tb* United States, and was originaQ: settled under Count SBnsendorf^ m If^'.l. The Tillace contidns a large stone church of GotUc architecture, 142 feet long and 68 wide, and capable of seating 2,000 persons. From the centre rises a tower, surmounted by an elegant dome. Nasaroth, another pretty Moravian village, is situated 10 miles north firom BetUebem, and 7 miles northwest from Easton. Manoli Ohnak, Pa., is in the midst of the great Pennsylvania coal regions, 48 miles from Easton by railway, and 100 miles from Harrisburg, tli^ State capital. It is upon the Lehigh, in one of its wildest and most romantic gpw- sages. Mount Pisgah, a short distance ndrth, rises 1,000 feet along the river. A railway has been constructed, 9 miles, to Summit Hill, down which the ccal- laden cars come by the force of their own gravity. We are here in the vicinage of the beautiful scenery of the vidley of Wyoming and the ^isque^ hanna river, which we shall -neit in another chapter. PHILADELFHIA TO PmSBUBG Ain> THE WEST. BT TBI nunrSTLTAinA BAILWAT. This route is (ttfe of the great high- ways from the Atiantic to the Mississippi States. The Pennsylvania Central Road, with some competing links, eitends {t63 miles, from the city of Philadelphia through the entire length of Pennsyl- vania to the Ohio river at Pittsburg, connecting there with routes for ul parts of the South-west, West, and the North-west. Through tridns (18 hours to Pittsburg) run mondng, noon, and night. PhUadelphia station, southeast comer of Eleventh and Marltet streets ; entrance on Eleventh street. XianoutWi a city of more thtm. 16,000 inhabitants, is npion the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad, near the Cos- tenega cre^ek. It was at one time the principal inland town of Fenhsylvania, and was the seat of the State govern* ment fit>m 1799 to 1812. In popdi^ tion it now ranks as the fourth in the Stete. It is ptoMantly rittaated in the centre of a very rich agrieoltuiml region, well built, and has many fine edmces, public and private. It is the seat of Marshall College, organised in 1808, in union with the old establishment of Franklin College, which was founded in 178*7. Fulton Hall, an edifice for the use of public assemblies, is a noteworthy structure here, as are some of the score of churches. The oldest turn- pike road in the United States ter- minates here, 62 miles from Philadd- phia. One of the sources of the pros- perity of Lancaster is the navigation of the Costenega, in a series of mne locks and slack water pools, 18 miles in length from the town of Safe Harbor in the Susquehanna, at the mouth of the Cos- tenega. With the help of Tide-Water Canal to Port Deposit, a navigable com- munication is opened to Baltimore. Whoatland, the seat of the Hon. James Bucluman, the present President of the United States, is at Lancaster. BanfalMUf , the capital of Pennsyl- vania, is upon the east bank of the Sus- quehanna, 106 miles fi>om Philadelphia. From the dome of the State House, a fine view is obtained of the wide and winding river, its beautiful islands, its interminable bridges, and the surround- ing ranges of the Eittatinny Mountains. The Cumberland Valley road diverges at Harrisburg for Chambersburg, a flour- iddng town 62 miles distant, on the south-west, and the Dauphin and Sus- quehanna Biulroad, 69 miles to Auburn, on the Philadelphia and.Reading Rul- road. The North Central Road is to Baltimore, Md., 86 miles : the Columbia Branch to Columbia. About 14 miles beyond Harrisburg, the route crosses and leaves the Sus- quelumna river, and thenceforward fol- lows the banks of the Juniata for about 100 miles to the eastern base of the AUeghanies, the canal keeping the road and river company most of the way — of the Juniata part of the route we shall speak directly, — sending the traveller /■ ' t M'j.-^. ..-..■».:,-t^-i..>;..^-.../r-.».;.;...--.^.'.'.'..i i rf-V.-..fii--».ii.'a»^-,'.: .....f^-^L^.j,. ,.1. .. „i-. ■,;^»ri-fM-,-ti.«MM,tiVa»8iittataail 1i '{ :-'' }fsck / »< ow 0|JL,^5?n^j^v -J. L ^ I? CASTER „ - • , — Soua^pyb — ._._.J1. fr-\v\ /M^ (til Z,^^^ ^'^^^ '^^i^* d-T-T — To ^^ CONTUTUJTKOr Of^ mojufHHA^ .ulBO to MflLlJE WTTH PART OF THB ROUTES TO pithmui i I A C E xni BOBO' E''iXtrt/Jafc(n-Sin^a>-4ccofCon.g^exsi>Lrhey^jrlS*8T3y WJWlunns t-rtthi tXinks Oi^ cce ofth^J}isz>ixT. CcnaToftlie Souxf\j»mJhtoi.et 6l^ SoiiA t-au .^ ! I '► 16T.\ I , I'F . 1 m fv,. ■■;5i1 ' ■ i ■i 1 {? IK ?»^-«l fcjt;l.',B 'f>m^ rii WU «»«lj ♦ 1 ^E I*|J| 2^ '''!■'■!? ; ir. fcc^oi ^0! Wi ^ s^ jR V ^ ^ W \ V' Wm WhrnUti idMS V Wdnc, are-. ^^"v^Jt J" y».«.iyv^ ' -^'-^ i ^ \./9un V ' w zy^j^ 1 E\E r k\ , L 'A tySiSthnviA ■^ SQ S^f 4 i~y. 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"'^ttiit'ii lit #- w»''S!s«»r^ :>r.y.if.}r , 191 Flttobvrg, Pa. on if he ii in haste, to nttsburg, over the AUeghudea, by the help of the wonderflu ipecimens of the power of the engineer's art, wliioh wiU interest him on tlie way : ibo tunnel, 8,618 feet long, in which he will pass through the Alleghany mountains, 3,200 feet above the sea ; the great inclined phmes of the Portage Bimroad, and other marvels of art and of nature. Fittaboii^ P«^ is upon the OUo river, at the confluence of the Alleghany and thelfonongahela. It is situated in a cUstrict extremely rich in mineral wealth, and the enterprise of the peo* pie has been cQreeted to the develop- ment of its resources, with an wergj and success seldom paralleled. The city of Pittsburg enjoys, from its ritua* tion, admirable commercial facilities, and has become the centre of an exten- (dve commerce with the Western States ; while its vicinity to inexhaustible iron and coal mines, has raised it to great distinction as a manuflutturing ]^ace. The Monongahela House here is one of the finest hotels in the Union. The city was tud out in 1765, on the rite of Fort Du Quesne, subsequently changed to Fort Pitt. It it rituated on a triangular point, at the confluence of the Alleghany and MonongaLsla rivers, which here form the Ohio. Pittsburg is connected with the left bank of the Monongahela by a bridge 1,600 feet long, iniich was erected at a cost of |i0a.000 doUafs. Four bridges cross ihe Alleghanv river, connecting ntt»> bmrg wi& Alleghany City. l%ere are se'iratal plaoes in the vicinity of Pittsburg,^ which, as they may be conridered parts of one great, manufiw* turing and commerdal city, are entitled to a notice here. Alhahany CUff^ op- porite to Pittsburg, on ue other ride of (he Alleghany river, is the most im- portant of them. The elegant reriden- ces of many persons doing buriness in Pittsburg, may l>e seen here, occupying commanding rituations. Here is loc»> cated the Wetttm UuoUtgieal Seminary of the Prttbykrian dmrdi^ an institu- tion founded by the Qenerid Assembly in 1886, and established in this town in 188?. boated on a lofty, insulated ridge 100 feet above the AJleghany, it affords a magnifleent prospect. The Theologieai Smtnany of the As$oeiated JU/ormed &uireh, estebHshed in 1826, and ibaAUtffhai^Thtoh^cetlAtstitfae, organised in 1840 by the Synod of the Bttormed Presbyterian Church, are dso located here. The Wettem PenUtm^' tiary is an immense building in the an- cient Norman style, situated on a plain on the western border of Alleghany i,:l : .£tt«S)«Wb.«U<.MIIIlA. 102 PKNNSTLTAinA. PitUborr-nM JanUU Rirmr. Oitj. It wu completed in 1827, at a OMt of $188,000. The UniUd BtaUt Ar$»tuU ifl located at LawroneeTille, a ■mall but prettj Tillage two and a half miles above Pittabnrg, on the left bank of the AUeghanj liTer. Birmingham ia another considerable snbnrb of Pittsburg, lying about a mile fVom the centre of the city, on the south side of the Monongahela, and connected with Pittsburg by a bridge 1,600 feet long, and by a ferry. It has Impoitant manufiMtories of ^bss and irgn. Manehe$ter Is two miles below FittS' burg, on the Ohio. The XJ^B. Marine Hospital is yet below. It is usud to speak of eztenstye manufactories as tHBing in Pittsburg, though they are not within the limits of the city proper, but are distributed OTcr a cirde of fire miles' radius firom the court-house on Grant's HilL This space includes the cities of Pittsburg and Alleghany, the boroughs of Bir- mingham and LawrencevQle, and a number of towns and villases, the manufacturing establishments m. which haTC their warehouses in Httsburg, and may consequently be deemed, from the close connection of their general inter- ests and business operations, a part of the city. There are within the above compass about eighty places of religious worship, and a population of not less than 100,000. The stranger In Pittsburg will derive both pleasure and instruction by a visit to some of its great manufacturing es- tablishments, particularly those of glass and iron. Ihiring the summer season Pittsbuig is an immense thoroughfiure, large numbers of travellers and emi- grants passing through it on their way westward. The population of Pittsburg is about 111,000. TIm Jnainta. This beautiftd river, whose course is closely followed so many miles by the Pei^sylvania By- road and Canal, rises in the south o«n- tral part of the Keystone State, and flowing eastward falls into the Susque- hanna about 14 niles above Barrit- burg. The landscape of the Juniata Is in The Jonlats. THE Wewi PXNIVBTLVAIIU. it' The JoBiato— Th« Goal Baglon— The Bntqaeluuuuk the hi^heat degree piotureaque, and muiy romantic lummer haunts will be found, by and by, among Its vaUeys ; though at present very little tarry Is made In the region, from its attractions being unknown, and the comforts of the traveller being as vet unproTlded for. The mountain background, as we look continually aoroi s the river firom the cars, is often strikingly bold and beautiful. Our picture is a scene in the upper part of the river, near Water street, a point which the railroad leaves some miles to the south, or left. The Little Juniata, which with the Franks- town branch form the main river, is a stream of wild romantic beauty. The entire length of the Juniata, as well as its branches, is estimated at nearly 150 miles, and its entire course is through a region of mountains, in which iron ore is abundant, and of fertile limestone valleys. THB COAL BEGION. iVom Philadelphia. The Philadelphia and Beading BaU- wty extends 98 miles from Philadelphia to Pottsville, in the heart of the great Coal regiont of the State. It passes through Valley Forge, Reading, Auburn and other places, for which see Index. The CotototMo, Willutnuvort and Erie Bailway, connects Philadelphia with the Erie Railway at Ehnira, N. T., and by other routes firom that point with Niagara Falls and all the lines from New Tork to the great West and NorthweiA. It leads to the coal beds of Pennsylvania at Catawissa on the Susquehanna, and thence up the west branch -of that river to Williamsport. The entire passage of this road is amidst natural scenes of great variety and beauty. The North PMmsylvania Railroad ex- tends 88 miles, to Doylestown, Pa. The Belvidere, Delaware and Flem- Ington Railroad extends, via Easton, Pa. (60 miles), to Belviden), 64 miles. THE SUSQUEHANNA AND ITS TICINAGB. We will now look at the chief scenes 9 and pUoes of interest in Pennsylvania, lying upon and about the great Susque* hanna River and its tributaries, and at the railways, canals and other highways of travel which communicate with and intersect that part of the State. a The Susquehanna is the greatest of the rivers of Pennsylvania, traversing as it does its entire breadth from north to sobth, and in ita most interesting and most important regions. It lies about midway between the centre and the eaatem boundary of the State, and flows in a zig-zag course, now south* east and now south-west, and so on over and over, foUuwing very much the windings of the Delaware, which sepa- rates the State from New Jersey, "nie Pennsylvania Oanal accompanies it In all its course, from Wyoming on the north to the Chesapeake Bay on the south. AU the great ndlroada intersect or approach its waters at some point or other, and the richest coal lands of the State lie contiguous to the borders, The Susquehanna in its main branch rises in Otsego Lake, in the S. E. ceni* tral part of New Tork, and pursues a very tortuous but generally south-west course. This main, or North, or East Branch, as it is severally called, when it reaches the central part of Pennsyl- vvania — after a journey of 260 miles — is joined at Northumberland by the West Branch, which comes in 200 miles firom the declivities of the Alleghanies. The course of this arm of the river is nearly eastward, and, as with the North Branch, through a country abounding with coal, and other valuable products. It is also followed by a canal, for more than a hundred miles up. The route of the New York and Erie Railway is upon of qear the banks of the Susquehanna in southern New York, and occasi (Great Bend, and thence southward by the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Road, via Scranton, and stage to Wilkesbarre, in t^f Tailey of Wyoming. This railway continues on to Lehigh and Easton (Delaware Water Gap) and Elisabetii- port, back to New TorK. The Gatawissa, Willialnsport and Erie Railway, connects Philadelphia with Catawissa in a beantiflil part of the main arm of the Susquehanna below the Wyoming region, and with Wil- liamsport, in the finest part of the West Branch, continuing on through Ehnira, N< Y., to the Falls of Niagara. From Philadelphia, via Port Clintony on the Reading Railroad, to Catawissa 146 miles, to Williamsport 197 miles. By this route passengers may* go through from Philadelphia to Buffalo in 16 hours, to Niagara Falls in 18 hours, to Detroit in 26 hours, to Chicago in 86 hours, to St. Louis in 48 hours. Day express from Philadelphia breakfasts at Port Clinton and dines at Williamsport. The Great Pennsylvania Raiboad, •Hbl Pittsburg to the West, follows the Susquehanna from the vicinity of Har- risburg some 14 miles up to the mouth of the Juniata. The Northern Central Road from Bal- timore, touches the Susquehanna at Harrisburg, 85 miles distant, where it connects with the Pennsylvania Rail- road for Pittsburg. A branch road from Harrisburg fol- lows the river down 28 miles to Co- lumbia. A {feasant route from Philadelphia or New York to the Valley of Wyoming, is by riulway from either city to Easton, near the Delaware Water Gap,'thence by the Lehigh Valley Road to the coal re^ODS at Mauch Chunk, and thence to Wilkesbarre. The entire length of the Susquehanna (or Crooked River) is about 600 miles, and the country which it traverses is of every aspect, in turn, from the gen- tlest pastoral air to the wildest humon of the stern mountain pass. The re- gion most sought, and deservedly so. by the tourist in quest of landscape beauties, is that around and below the Valley of Wyoming. From this poi^t down many miles to Northumberland, where the West Branch oomes in, the scenery is everywhere strikingly fine at brief interval ; but the best and bold- est mountain passes extend from five to ten miles below the southern outlet of Wyoming ; around Nantiooke and Shickshinney. This is the region jtar exeeUenee for the studyof the artist. Portions also of the West Branch — though not yet very much vidted — are remarkaMy fine. The vmUmy of Wyoudag and Wilkesbume^— At Wilkesbarre, in the heart of the Wyoming Vali3y, there is (near the rivisr } a most excellent hotel. The village is beautifully placed upon a plain 20 feet above the river. Prospect Rock, three miles distant, overlooks the Valley most charmingly. *' Wyoming,** says Mr. Minor, in a pleacant history of this vicinity, " though now generally clewed and cjiltivated, yet to protect the soil from floods, a fringe of trees is left along each bank of the river — the sycamore, the elm, and more especially the black walnut- while here and there, scattered through the fields, a huge shell-bark yields its summer shade to the tweary laborers, and its autumn fruit to the black or gray squirrel or the rival plough-boys. Pure streams of water come leaping from the mountuns, imparting health and pleasure in their course, all of them abounding with the delicious trout.-— Along these brooks and in the swales scattered through the uplands, grow the wild-plum and the butternut ; while, wherever the hand of the white man has spared it, the naUve grape may be gathered in unlimited proAvrion.** • <« Wyoming is a classic and a house- hold name. At our earliest intelligence it takes its place in our hearts as the label of a treasured packet of absorb- ing history and winning romance. It is the key which unlocl^ the thrilling * The Author in Harper's Magazine for Uo- tober, 1868, voL vii, p. 61& jnOXKBYhYANlk, 195 The Yallej 9f Wyoming. landflcspe below the this poi^t mberUnd, nes in, the igly fine at and bold- irom five to lera outlet tiooke and reg^ jsar the arust. ; Branch— Hdted^-are niaf and >arre, In the lay, *^«re ^ ellent hotel, aced upon a r. Prospect k, oveilookB f. Minor, in a ,ity," though d cyltivated, pom floods, a ig each bank ,re, the elm, Bick walnut — ered through rk yields its txy laborers, ihe black or plough-boys. lOme leaping ijrting health le, all of them ious trout.— 1 the swales plands, grow »mut; while, ) white man ipe may be forion." and a house- ,t intelligence hearts as the fot of absorb- romance. It the thrilUng recolleotions of seme of the most tragi- cal scenes in our national history, and some of the sweetest imaginations of .the poet. Every fimoy makes a Mecca of Wyoming, Thus ^gs Halleck— When Wh we* In tU bnd sad bloaaomtng; And weten gashing from the foontsln spring or pnre eathnslest thonght, dlmm'd my Tonng eyes, As by the poet borne hn unseen wing, I hrsethed In flmoy *nefth thy doadless skiee, The smnmer's air, and heard her echoed hat- monies.* "The pen of Campbell and the pencil of TnmeiF have taken thdr loftiest and most unbridled flights in prdse of Wy- oming, and though they have changed, ^ey have not flattered its beauties. *Vatan bath made thee lovelier than the power ' EtAi ti Campbell^ pen hath pietored.* ** Again, Halleck says of the mythical Gertrude, the fair Spirit of Wyoming, and of the real maidens of the land — *Bnt Gertrude, In her lovellneas and bloom, Hath many a model here ; for voman's eye In eonrt or eottage, whereso*er her hotna, Hath a heart-spell too holy and too' Ugh To be o'erpntis'd, even by her woiahlpper — Poesyr" The terrible Battle of Wyoming— which has been so often the theme of the peacil and the pen, occurred on Jidy 8d, 1*778. Few of the ill-fated people escaped. Prisoners were grouped around , large stones, and were muraered with the tomahawk, amidst yells and incan- tations of fiendish triumph. One of these stones of inhuman sacrifice may yet be seen in the Valley. It is called Queen Esther's Rock, and lies near the old river bank, some three miles above Fort Forty. The village of Wilkesbarre was burned at this time, and its inhabi- tants were killed Or taken prisoners, or scattered in the surrounding forests. The dte of Fort Forty & across the river firom Wilkesbarre, jMst the oppo- Ate village of Kingston, and nearly west of Troy, five miles and a half dis- tant. At this spot, where the slain were buried, there now stands a monu- ment commemorative of the great dis« aster. It is an obelisk 62^ feet high, made of granite blocks hewn in tiie The Bosqaehaaaa. f^' 106 PXMNBTLYAinA. Boenes snd PImm on fhe Biuqiuhuiu Birer. i;' I .-■ li m neighborhood. The names of those who fell and of those who were in the . battle and survived, are engraved upon marble tablets set in the base of the monument. This pndseworthy work was done by the isxertions of the ladies of Wyoming, Nantiook* and WMt Nantlooke are little coal villages, at the southern extremity of the Wyoming Valley, where as we have already intimated occur some of the boldest passages of the scenery of the Susquehanna. This point, as others upon the banks of the river below, must be reached by stage, or by the slow and heavily laden canal boats, for nulways do not yet traverse the way ; and neither are there any better accommodations than those of ordinary village and wayside inns :, at least not until we reach Gatawissa or Northum- berland, where the West Branch comes in. A beautiful view of Wyoming is seen looking northward from the hills on the east side of the river, near Nan- ticoke ; and the scene below, from the banks of the river and the canal, are most varied and delightfuL The coal nunes of this neighborhood may easily be penetrated, and with ample remuner* ation for the venture. jMsap*! is a very cosy, lone inn, upon the west shore, two or three miles below Nanticoke, from whence are seen striking pictures of the river and its strong mountain banks both above and below ; Ihe hills in all this vicinity are impres^vely bold and lofty, making the comparatively narrow channel of the river seem yet narrower, and italieixing the quiet beauty of the many verdant islands which stud the waters here. BMokshiimiiy and WapiwoUopaii, yet below, are little places, still in the midst of a rugged hill and valley coun- try. Back of Wapwollopen, on the east shore, is the barren peak of its namesake mountain, and the wild waters of Wapwollopen Creek. Oatawiasa is on the line of the railways from Philadelphia for Williams- port, on the West Branch, and thence to Elmira and Niagara. It is connected also by railway with the coal district of Mauch Ghunk. The scenery of this vichiity is of great variety and beauty. From the hm-tops— for Gatawissa U buried between picturesque hills — ^re- markable i^otures of the winding of the river, and its ever-present companion, the canal, are to be seen — ^now at the base of grand mural precipices, and, anon, through little verdant inter- vales. Northninherlaiul*— -The west branch of the Susquehanna imites here with the main, or north arm, and the village, the pleasantest of all the region round, is built upon the point formed by the confluence of the two waters. The quiet, cultivated air of Northumberland, and its excellent hotel, will be very likely to detain the not over-hnnried traveller awhile. Snnlnuy is a prosperous town amoss the river. The Sunbury and Erie ^.R. connects here with the route from Philadelphia to Williamsport and Elmi- ra, and with the Philadelphia and $un- bury route. WlUiamsport is the principal town upon the west branch of the Susque- hanna. It is a pleasant place, delight- fully situated, and much in vogue as a summer resort. The west branch of the canal passes here; and here, too, the railway routes from Philadelphia and from Niagara Falls meet. The town is also connected with Northumberland by the Sunbury and Erie Bailroad, via Gatawissa. Liverpool is a lively littie town upon the Susquehanna and the Pennsylvania Ganal, below Northumberland, and 29 miles above Harrisburg. The Juniata River comes into the Susquehanna, 14 miles above Harris- burg. See Juniata in "Pennsylvania R. R. route." Harrisburg, the capital of Pennsylva- nia. See "rennsylvania R. R. route." OolumUa, Pa., the western termi- nus of the Philadelphia and Golumbia R. R., is on the left bank of the Susque- hanna, 28 miles below Harrisburg, and 12 west of Lancaster. A part of the town occupies the slope of a hill, which rises gently from the river, and the PEIfNSTLyAlIIA. 197 PImm on the Buqaelumii*— The DelAwan Water Chip. rof tUs beautT. iin»— !«• igofthe apanioiif r at the 168, and, it inter- stbrancli lere with le village, )a round, d by the n. The nberland, be very sr-horried iwnawoBS Ene 4B« lUte ^om uidEimi- . and dun> [cipal town le Sugque- e, delighi- ogue as a branch of here, too, ladelphia The town [umberland road, via town upon Innsylvonia id, and 29 into the Lve Harris- ^nnsylvania business part of the town lies along the level bank of the river. The scenery from the hills in the vichiity is highly fdeadng. The broad river, studded with numerous islands and rocks, crossed by a long and splendid bridge, and bounded on every side by lofty hiUs, makes a brilliant display. The junction here of the State railroad from Philadelphia with the main line of the canal, the railroad to York, 12 miles long, and the Tide-watier Canal to Mary- land, renders Columbia a busy place. The main current of travel, which formerly passed through here, has been diverted by the construction of the Harrisburg and Lancaster lUulroad; but the emigrant travel still goes by way of Columbia. A. fine bridge crosses the Susquehanna, more than a mile in length. YotIl Pft., ia ten miles south-west of the Susquehanna, upon the Codorus Creek, 28 miles S. S. E. of Harrisburg, 48 miles from Baltimore, and 92 from Phila- delphia. With all these cities, and with yet other points, it is connected by raUways. The Baltimore and Susque- hanna R. R. unites at York with the York and Cumberland, and with the York and Wrightsville Railroads. The Continental Congress met here in 1777, during the occupation of Philadelphia by the British troops. Port Deposit is in Maryland, on the east bank of the Susquehanna, at the lowest falls, and five miles from its entrance into the Chesapeake Bay. Fifty millions of feet of lumber are an- nuaUy floated down the great river, and received at Port Deposit. There are extensive quarries of granite in the neighborhood. Havre de Chaee is at the head of the Chesapeake Bay, at the mouth of. the Susquehanna, 86 miles northeast of Baltimore. It is upon the line of the railway from Philadelplua to Baltimore. . See that route. Oarliale, Pa., is a beautiful and in- teresting town, with a population of 6.000, on the line of the Cumberland Valley R. R., 18 miles below Harris- burg, and 125 miles west of Philadel- phia. It lies in the limestone valley country, between the Kittatinny ^|id the South MountiUns. Dickinson College (Methodist), which is located in Car- usle, is one of the most venerable and esteemed institutions in Pennsylvania. It was founded in 1788. Carlisle is connected by the Cumberland YalleT road with Harrisburg, on the one hand, and with Hagerstomi^ in Maryland, on the other. General Washington's head> quarters were here in 1794, at the time of the Whiskey RebelUon. Some yean before, Miuor Andri was a prisoner of war in Carlisle. DBLAWABE WATER GAP, PA. The bold passage of the Delaware River, called the Water Gap, is easily and speedily accessible from the cities and vicinage of New York and Philadelphia, and a pleasanter excur- sion for a day or two cannot be well made. The Delaware River rises on the western declivity of the Catskills^ in two streams, which meet at the vil- lage of Hancock, a station on the New York and Erie R. R. At Port Jervia (Erie R. R.), after journeying 70 miles, it meets the Kittatinny or Shawangunk Mountain, and next breaks through the bold ridge at the Water Gap. At this great pass the cliflb rise perpendicularly, from 1,000 to 1,200 feet, and the river rushes through the grand gorge in mag- nificent style. It afterwards crosses the South Mountain, not far below Easton (from which point the Gap is generally approached) ; next falls over the primitiviB ledge at Trenton, N. J., grows by-and-by into a large navigable river, skirts the wharves of the city of Philadelphia, and is lost, 100 miles be- low, in the Delaware Bay. The whole length of this fine river, from the moun- tains to the bay, is 300 miles. From New York, take the New Jersey Central road to Eajston, Pa., or go from Philadelphia to Easton, in the vicinity of the Water Gap, and thence by other railways. From Great Bend on the Erie Railway, take the Delaware, Lack- awanna, and Western Road to the Wa- ter Gap. 198 ICABTLASD. TIm Bute of Marjlaad— The PotonuM and PatepMO Btrm, C': MARYLAND. Thi first settlement In Marjland wm made by Leonard Calrert, brother of Lord Baltimore, in 1684, at St. Mary's. It was one of the earliest of the colonies to grant entire freedom of religious faith ; an act tolerating all creeds and sects having been passed here in 1689. Maryland was not the theatre of any of the great battles of the ReTolatlon; but some important scenes of the war of 1812 took place within her borders. The territory of the State was at that period twice invaded by the British troops. They were bravely met and repulsed at the battle of North Point, in the Ohesa* p^e (see Battle of North Point), Sept. 18, 1814. The country which now forms the State of Maryland, was granted to Lwd Baltimore by Gharles L, and was named in honor of Henrietta Maria, Queen of that monarch. Maryland is one of the most northWm of the slave-holding States, and the most southern of the group distinguished as the Middle States. It is one of the original thirteen. Much of the comparatively small area of this State is covered by the waters of the Chesapeake Bay, which extends within its jurisdiction 120 miles north- ward. The country upon both the eastern and western shores of the Bay is generally level and fandy. The long narrow strip which extends westward is a mountainous region, crossed by several ridges of the Alleghanies. These ranges, with their intervening valleys, afford charming landscape passages to the travel* ler, on the route of the Baltimore and Ohio Railway, and make that highway one of the most attractive of the many leading from the eastern cities to the great west. This hill-region of Maryland abouncU in rich mineral deposits. The coal lands, though not very great in area, are extremely productive. Copper mines are worked in Frederick and Carroll Counties. Besides the culture of all the grains, fruits, vegetables, and other products of the Northern States, Maryland grows large quantities of tobacco. The State ranks, in the production of this staple, as third in the Union, and, measuring by population, as second. The Potomao Biwv forms the boundary line between Maryland and Virginia. Along its passage of 860 miles, from the mountains to the Chesa- peake Bay, there is much beautiful and Taried scenery. The landscape at its con- fluence with the Shenandoah, near Har- per's Ferry, Yirginia, has long been famous among the chief picturesque wonders of America. (See Harper's Ferry.) The Falls of the Potomao, about 14 miles above Georgetown, B.C., will repay a visit. The principal cas- cade is between 80 and 40 feet perpen- dicular pitch, and the rocky cliffs on the Yirginia side of the river have a very imposing air. < The Patapioo Riv«r flows, 80 miles, from the north part of the State to the Chesapeake Bay, which it enters after paadng Waterman, and 14 miles below that city. It is navigable as far as Baltimore for large merchant ships. It is a rapid stream, and is much util- ized as a water-power. The Baltimore and Ohio Railway is built along its banks, from Elkridge Landhig to the mouth of the western branch. Tfa« Suaqnehaniia Riwer enters the north-east comer of the State, not far from its debouehere into the Chesa- peake. The Elk, Choptank, Chester, Nanti- coke and Pocomoke, smaller rivers, are all more or less navigable. Baltimore from Philadelphia. By Philadelphia, Wihnington, and Baltimore Railway, 97 miles, via Wil- mington (Del.) and Havre de Grace (MdT), or by the Newcastie and French- rert. brother of It of the colonies Breeds and sects theBeTolatlon; bin her borders, le British troops, nt, in the Ohesa- Ented to Lmrd is, Qneen of re-holdiog States, States. It is one id by the waters 120 miles north- ss of the Baj is is westward is a 8. These ranges, ^8 to the travel- :hat highway one ties to the great >osit8. The coal Copper mines ther products of icco. The State id, measuring by m, and 14 miles navigable as far merchant ships. uad is much util- The Baltimore built along its Landing to the •ranch. Utw enters the le State, not far nto the Chesa* Chester, Nanti- naller rivers, are ble. hiltuklphia. Tilmingtou, and mttes, via Wil- lavre de Grace stle and Freaoh* HAND BOOK OF AMERICAN TRAVEL Scale of Miles. 10 20 30' 40 50 100 t LlM ILX1 0\Loa.K^ £tra»niuu)liiiawi lifi l.iiiif. VVi'Hl N]r>rraiiii:iTniwiclt 1'li!J | i|-l!B£a^ % ^ •trVx^u ft k'"'.! "«i afCimfrus.vithry;.o.r2SU.h} Wimiar'Ui i^-tht OarTtisOmca, atth*7njmct Onez, of^iaStul^ii^Thjtruxtrfir* TO^Tifl i^..-,iiiii'i']: UUTIIIORB m ii W t ii i" "'" li xAxnusii} 190 * TIm City of BdtbBor*. town route, ware. See chapter on Dela- BALTDCOBB AND yiOINITT. ^▲iTiMORB, one of the four great Eastern oHies, with a population of over 200,000, is impodngly irituated upon the Patapeeo Uver, 12 miles firom its en- trance into the Chesapeake Bay, and about 200 miles, by these waters, from the sea. Built, as it is, upon hill-slopes and terraees, its appearance is, perhaps, more picturesque than that of any other city in the Union. As seen fit>m the water, the climbing streets, crowned, at last, by dome and spire; and, soaring yet, above all, from the crest of the loftiest eminence, in the heart of all, the tall marble column of the Washing- ton Monument, the effect is exceedingly fine; and not leas so the look-down upon the city and the surrounding land- scape, from the summit of this lofty pileio proudlj[ placed. Hie Wtuhington Ifonvment, chief among the structures of this kind, from which Baltimore has won the name of the Monumental Oity, is a very graceM work, standing upon a terrace 100 feet above the water, in an open area, at the intersection of Charles and Monu- ment streets. Its base is 60 feet square and 20 feet high, supporting a Doric shaft 1761 feet in height, which is still sunnounted by a coloBgid statue of Washington, 16 feet high. The total elevation is thus 812^ feet above the level of the river. The work is con- structed of white marble, and cost $200,000. The ascent is made by a wib The total number of churoti^ilt 9allimore is some 125. The «|^ is well proTlded, too, with educattiKW, bencTolent, and Uterarj in* stitutMli The mivtnitjf of MairyUnA is at tli# iatersectiidn of Green and LomlMf^breets; the Wa^infftonMed' ieal C wfayy is vpon Broadway; tiie College of LojfoM is at the comer of Ifedison and OalTcrt streets. The Athenamny which is at the comer of Saratoga and St. Paul streets, is oc- ou|ded by tho. MereanHh lAbniTy Aato- dtmakiite SaUimore Library, and the Btait mOorieal Soeietjf. It is in the giJMtf of the Historioal Society that rae ItaKnoal exhibitions of pictures are held; iRiO St. Mar^e CcUtgt^ an es- teemed Catholic institution, is at the coi'ner of Franklin and Green streets. JSTKimml^t JVm School is under the coh- trol of the Society of Friends. The Marjftaiid So^ital for the Intane oc- cupies an eminence m the western part of the ciiy. Mount Mope JSToMifa/, <$ohducted by the Sister^ of Charity, is in Madison street. Near the UniTcrsity, in Lombard street, is the BaUiinore Infrinary, also under the control of the Sistiers of Charity. In the westem part of the city is the Aged Widowf Homt^ a new and elegant edifice. There are also two Orphan Asylums, a House of Befitge, and Almshouses. YbMitres. The Holiday etreet is In Holtdky near Fayette street ; the Uroni etreii theatre and circus are In Old Town, Front street, near Jav ; the Mu- eeum is at the comer of Baltimore and Calvert struts; the OhaHee etreet thea- tre is at the corner of Charles and Bal- timore street; and Carroll Hall is at the comer of Baltimore and Calyert streets. BoMi. BammCt, or the City Hotel, corner of Fayette and Calvert 9* streets; the JButmt^ Hotue^ eofner of Baltimore and Butaw streets ; tla» Fimit>- ttdn Hotel, Light, near Baltimore street^ (a vvnerable and ftrorite establidi- ment), are amoi^ the krgest and most fashionable of the many hotels of tiie city. The Gilmore Bouse, a new and elegant hotel, was msened in 1866. GHiMe EmtwoemBm, IM Baltimore street; and the HamrdHmmm, Howard^ near Baltimore street hig rand spot, about a inile and a half from Batue Monument; entrance at the loHition dT BeMdisre street and Torlt Avenue^ The gateway Is a fine stone strnotur^ ; and within the grounds is aa elegant diapel of brown stone. Baltimore was first settled in 1739| and it recelTed its name in 1*740. Its growth has been rapid, and It is mf^iSsf increafling. Plaeee and Seeftee nuar BaUimen, Korth Fointu at the mouth of tht Patapsco, was tlie scene of a memo* rable battle, September 12th, 1814t be> tween the Americans, under General Striker, and the British, under General Boss, in which the former were defieat* ed, and the latter lost three c ers. On the fbUowing day, September 18th, Fort McHenry was bombttded for ^iWenty-four hours, by rixteen stos and a land fbrce of 1,200 mcii. The as- sailants were repulsed, and tiie fortress left in the possession of its defenders. This enngement at North Point and Fort McHenry, is duly celebrated in Baltimore on each recurring anniver* sary, and the Battle Monument was erected In commemoration thereof. " mUooUHi BHHIi is miles from Bal- timore, on tiie Baltimore and Ohio Bait road, is an ezceedin^y picturesque little place, in a bold, rocky passage df the Patapsco. (See Baltimore and Ohio Bailway.) SbapM^ Fanry, ▼«., and Its won- derful scenery, may earily be reached in a few hours by railway fh>m Balti- more. The ThoauM IHadnot, a magnificent granite structure, 880 foot long 66 foet SOS ]B4BTLAin>. Town*— Ok«Mq^Mk« Bi^-^Mtna Vbon. Ut^h, with rnsny arches, Is nine miles from the city, cm tiie railway to Wash* ington, where itbranblies off from the Butlmore and Ohio road. Anii»pftH% the capitid of Mary- land, is a IriMe of the greatest inter* est, from its antiqiuty, and its many historical assodations. It is reached fifom BalUmore by the ndlway from Washington City as far as Annap- oUs junction, and thence 21 miles by the AnnapoUs sod Elk Bidge Branch. The citjr is upon the Sevem RiTer, two n^es team the Ohesapeaice Bay. The State House is an interesting edifice. Here is the seat of St. John's College, founded in 1784 by the GathoUos, but at present supported and controlled by the Protestants. At Annapolis,' also, is located tho United States Naval Acade- Dty, established in 184S. Aiknapolis was founded in 1649. It was fltat call- ed Providence, next Anne Arundel Town, and lastly, when it received^ a city charter in 1708, AnnapoBs, in honor of QueenAnne, who had presented an organ to one of its churoheis, and be- stowed upon it other acceptable presents. Many important events occurred in Annapolis during the period of the Rer- oltttton; and here, at the close of the eoolllct, occurred the memorable scene of Washhigton's resignation of his oommlsrion. Fradarioli^ one of the largest towns of Muyland, after Bal^mom, is reach- ed from that city by the Baltimore and OUo BailwAy, 69 miles on the main trui|k of that route to Monocaey, and ^ence three miles by a branch road. Frederick, with some 7,000 inhaUtants, is'the ^1^ city hi the State, in: popula- tion, and In wealth and commerehd Im- portahce ranks as the second* Some popidar Gath<^ educational establish- ments are located here. Hn gftowii , with a popvdstion of about 4,000, it a prosperous place, 36 miles north-west of IVederick, from wUch it may be easily reached by stage. The Oumberhuiid Valley RmI- way, at present in operation fh>m Har- rfabui^. Pa., to Ohambersburg, is to be extended to this point ; also the West- minster branch of the route from BaM* more to Hartisburg, now termim^^; at Westminster. V> Om^berlMMl is on the Potomeo Riyer, the Chesapeake and OhiOt.^!anal, and the line of the BdtinuMre and Ohio Railway, 179 miles from Baltic more city. This is one of the lai^gest and most prosperous towns in» Mary- land. \tiiB in the mountain region of the narrow strip which forms the western part of the State. For an account of the hmdscape attractions hereabouts, and of other places and objects of interest in Maryland, see description of the BaHimora and (ttiio Rwlway. THE OHESAPEAKE BAT. The Chesapeake is the great highmiy from Baltimore to the sea. it liKthe hurgest bay in the United States, its length being about 200 miles, wi^ a breadth rarying from four to forty miles. Its depth permits the passagi^ of the largest ships, nearly to the moD^ of the Susquehanna, at the uj^r ex- tremity. Its shores are profuse^ in- dented with arms Or estuaries of tiie oddest shapes, and with the mouths of tributary rivers and creeks. Tho I|Mt«m Bhoro of MaxyUatA and of VIrginin.— The waters of the Chesapeake cut off a large portion of Maryland, and lower down a little slice of Virginia on the east, known as the Eastern Shore of Maryhmd and of Vh> ginia. These districts, in the aside position which they thus occupy out of the great current of the national life, invite the traveller b^ their unique specialties of social habit and character. As railway enterprise, city lot mania, and other '* general orders** of the day, by which the thought and manner of the country is dragooned into unlveml uniform, and hurried along at forced maroh, have not yet entered these by- places ; there may still be found in them, intact, the feeling, opinion, and life of the '*01d Dominion ** of a cen- tury ago-r.genuine "first fiunilies,** with awral ped^reeSjhung up in the weather- n fCk* Ckmyrnhb—yrtUi Fowl Shoottag. SOS •taia«d halla of uitedihiTlui home»— BUuuHrfail houiM, with big doora CTer open, Mid sarroondedwHh lordly aores, •ad*stteDded br retinoM of hereditary depe&detita, wmoh Ae elsTe popaktkm maintaini. Here li yet presenred the tAA exploded idee, thet the present hour, •8 WW •• the fiitare, is worth the oar- ing for, and nfe is oonridered a thing ^to be ei^yed, not in antidpation alone, ihnt as it passes, day by day. Let the eare-wom and wearied sUp into one of the uinoticed way-steamers of the Great Bay-^et him hnd htdly at ancient Acoomac, or thereabouts, and forget a little while the wrinkling perplexities of cabinets and commerce, m the quiet {deasnres of simple domes- tio life withfai doors, and the genial recreations to which he win be bidden without. Wild Fowl of Um OlMMpoalDe.— These waters, with their tributary streams, are the most fiunous resort in the IMt^ States, for every species of •qwitie game. Birds of idl feathers are drawn luther in marvellous numbers by the abundance of food found on the great flats or shoals along the shores and upon the river inlets. ** Above aromd la aameToiu floeks ure seen. 'LABg liatft of daoks o'er .this their fkv'rite aoene." "There is," says Dr. Lewis, in his American Sportsman, **no place in our wide extent of country, where wild- fowl shooting is followed with so much ardor as on the Ohesapeake Bay and its tributaries, not only by those who make a comfortable living from the bunness, but also by gentlemen, who resort to these waters from att parts of the ad- loining States to participate in the en- joyments of this fkr-famed ducking ground. All species of wild-fowl come ere in numbers beyond credence, and it is really necessaiy for a stranger to visit the region, if he wishes to form a just idea of the wonderftd multitudes ind numberless varieties of duck» that darken these waters, and hover in inter- minable flocks over these famed feed- faig-grounds. It is not, however, the variety <^ extraordinary ntn|iben of ducks on the Ohesapeake thhtl partictt- lariy attraota the steps of so ihany shooters to these parts, as there are other rivers and streams equally aocOs- rible where wildfowl also abound. But the great magnet that makes the shores the centre w attraotionu is the pre*- enoe of the fitf>fluned Ounr^as-BAOX, that here alone acquires its peeuHar delicaoy of flavor, wnUe feeding upon the shores and flato of these waters. It is in quest of these noble ducks that so many repidr annually to the waters of the Chesapeake and its numerous tribu- taries, regardless of the myriads of other ducks that are seen around on every side. The diooter taxes all his enerpes for the destruction of this One species alone, regarding all othwa with contempt, as hardly worthy of powder and shot." ** The canvass-baoks," says Dr. Sharp- less of FhiladelpUa, in a paper conteib- uted to Audubon's Birds of Ametiea, ** pass up and down the bay, from river to river, in their morning and eveidng flights, giving, at certain localities, neat opportuniUes for destruetion. They pursue, even in their short pas- sages, very much the order of their mi- gratory movements, flying in a line or baseless triangle ; and when the wind blows on the points winch may lie in their course, the sportsman has great chance of success. These pointa or courses of the ducks are materially affected by the winds; for they avdd, if posuble, an approach to the shore ; but when a strong breeze seta tfiem on to these projections of the land, they are compelled to pass within shot, and often over the land itselfl " In the Susquehanna and Elk riven there are few of these pointa for shoot- ing, and there success depends on ap- proaching them while on their feeding- grounds. After leaving the eastern point at the mouth of the Susquehanna and Turkey Point, the western ride of the Elk l^ver, which are both mode- rately good for flying shooting, the finit place of much celebrity is the Narrows, between Spesutio Island and the west- 204 lUSTLAXD. Wild Fowl of the O hiw p tai M Y oy ing route, also, to Blchn^ond, tumiiw at or near Norfolk, into the month Of the James River, and following the many devious mfles of those winding and picturesque waters. The points of chief interest seen in the passage of the Bay, are the em- bouchure of the Patapsco Biver and the battle-ground of North Point, new Baltimore, and referred to in our men« tion of that city. The Bodkin, threo miles distant; the harbor of Annapolis, 16 miles still below ; and, in the dis- tance, the dome of the venerable ca{ri- tol hi which ** Washington, the grMt and good, set the seal to his sincerity, and finished the edifice of his glory, by voluntarily surrendering his conquering sword to the civil authority of hii country. At the lower end of the bay are the famous fortifications of CHd Pohit Comfort and the Rip Rqts, pro- tecting the entrance to Hampton Roads and James Rirer. See chapter on Vfav gfaiia for Norfddk and the James River. THB BALTDIOBB AlTD OHIO B. B. In extent, commercial importance, and pictorial attraction, this great route is one oi tiie most hnportant and inter- estfaig in America. It unites the dty. m^ M UAMTUJm, 905 TlM BalttiiMi* aad OUo Ballfnqr* of Baltimor* with the waters and TtUey of the OUo, at WheeUng, 807 milei away, making one of the pleaiantcat and^4q>eecUe«t of the great highwaya from the Atfamtio to the Himiflripiii States. Its wh<^ course is through a region of the hij^est piotnresque ^uie* tv and beauty, and it is itself a work of the litest artistio adiierement in the continual and extraordinary display of skill which the dnndar difficulties of the way hare called forth. It claims, too^ especial consideration, and reflects the greatest honor upon the State of Mamand and its beautiful metropolis of Baltimore— «s the first railway in America which was buUt by an incorpo- rated oanpany, and with the assistance of the pIio purse. The conier-stone of the road was laid at tiie Tery early period in the his- tory of nulways of July 4, 1828, and on ^ 80th or August, 1830, the first section was opened by steam-power, 14 milesi from Baltimore to fiUicott's Milhk The trial of the first engine was made on the 2Sth of August of that yeaiw Oa the 1st of June, 18S8, the entire route, of nearly 400 miles, was completed, and on the 10th of January a formal opening of the road was made by a through excursion, with great pub- lic f^tcs ahd rejoicings. The following picturesque description of the journey to the West by this no- ble highway, is from the pen of William ,Preseott Smith, Esq., of Baltimore. Its graphic interest will easily excuse its bngth. LttaTing the city, we cross the Qarrcmton Viaidiiot, a fine bridge of dressed granite, with an arch of 80 feet span, orer. Gwynn's FaUs; after which, the road soon reaches the long and deep excavation under the Wash- ington TumiMke, which is carried over the raUroad by tiie Jackson Bridge. Less than a mile farther the " deep cut " la encountered, famous for its difficul- ties in the early history of the road. It is seventy-six feet in extreme depth, and nearly half a mile in length, and the traces of the slides and gidleyings of twenty odd years are to be seen upon its fhrrowed rides, tinted with ivftrious ochrous colors of the richest hue: Be- yond thfai, the road cros ses the deep ravine of Robert's Run, and, skirting the ore l>anks of the eld Baltimore Iron Oompany, now covered by a dense forest of cedar trees, comes to the long and deep embankment over the valley of Gadsbv's Run, and the hei^vy cut through vinegar Hill imme^tely fol- lowing it. Th* Beibiy Bowe, eight miles from the inner station, is then readied, where, as the name imports, there was a change of horses dunnx the period in which &ose animals funush^ the mo- tive power of the road. At this point the open country of sand and day ends, and the region of rock begins at the entrance to the gorge of the Patapsco River. In enter- ing this defile, you have a fine view of TOB Thomaa Vladnot (named after the first Prerident of the Oompai^X a noble granite structure of eight eui^e arches, each of about rixty chords spanning the stream at a height of sixty-six feet above the bed, and of a total length of some seven hundred feet. This bridge belongs to the Washingt ing the summer, tempted by the beauty of the spot and the fhdlities of access which the railroad affbrds. The road now pursues its devious course up the river, passhig the Avaloa Iron Works a mile l»eyond the Relay House, and coming in a couple of miles farther, to the Fttttersoa ViadnoL a fine granite bridge of two archei pf , fifty-five, and two of twenty feet span. This bridee crosses the river at the D- chester Mill, rituated at a very rugged part of the ravine. The Thistie Ck>tton Factory appears immediately beyond, and soon after Gray's Cotton Fac- tory, and then the well-known and flourishing town of IDUoott'B MUli, fourteen miles from Baltimore, covering 900 BomM «Bd Mum M «h« BdttinoN tad Oblo BftUinqr. the bottom tacl dopes of th« itoep hlOs wHh dweUngi, and tholr tops with ehttfohss and other pabUo s^BlIees. The VIrederiok Tnrnirfke road passes tiirondi the town here, and is oroJNed bj t&e railroad upon theipUwvr Viadoet. a handsome stone bridge of three arOhes of twent J feet Span. Just beyond this bridge is the Tarpeian Boole, a bold in- sulated mass of foranlte. between whioh and the body of the cliff the railroad edges its way. Half a mile fbrther, we see the extensiTe buildlnn of the Union CrOtton Faotory soattered orer the op- posite hill dde, and ftom between two of the mills a fine cascade, pouring inces- santly down from the race into the rirer. The road next comes in sight of the Elystille Factory buildings, where at a drouitous bend it crosses the rirer upon a "riaduct of three timbef arches, each of one hundred and ten feet span, and almost immediately reoroSses it upon one of two arches of one hundred and fifty feet span. Thence it follows the windings Of the stream to the Forks, twenty-five ndles from Baltimore, where, by a deep cut through a narrow neck, it turns the western branch of the river, and thus crosses its former channel twice without a bridge. Passing the Harriottsrille limestone quarries, the road then crosses the Fatapsco by an iron bridge fifty feet span, and dashes through a sharp spur of the hill by a. tunnel four hundred feet long in mica slate rock, which forms a substantial roof without other support. For a milei or two beyond this the road runs along pretty meadow lands, but soon re-enters a crooked gorge, which it fol- lows with many diveraons of the stream fit>m its oriig^al bed, as fiir as Syke- ▼ille, a Tillsge prettily dtuated at an opening in tne valley, and showing a mill and cotton fkctory. This point is thirty miles from Baltimore, and the road after leaving it encounters some rough outdng through points of hard rook, after which it again emerges upon a comparatively open countnr, and afteir passing one or two rocky hills at Hood's Mill, it leaves the granite re^on and enters upon the gentle slopes of the date hills, among which the river mean ders until we reach the foot of ftia^ B|dffs^ dividing the waters of the Fa- tapsco ft«m those of the Potomao. The road crossed this ridge at first by four inclined planes, (two on each sMe of the ridge,) intended to be worked by stationary power, whioh was, howevei% never applied, as before the trftde of the road would have iustified Its use, a new location was made in 1888, and a grade of eighty-two feet per mile with a cut of fifty feet at the summit was sub- sUtuted for the planes, the steepest of which had upon it an inclination of about three hundred and dxty feet per mile. The new road of about five miles in length, crosses the ridge north of the old, and is but little longer. From the summit of the ndge at the Mount Airy Station, forty-four adles from Baltimore, is a noble view west- ward across the Frederibktown Valley, and as far as the Gatoctin Mountain, some fifteen miles distant. The roaa thence descends the i^ey of Bosh Creek, a stream of moderate curves and gentle dopes, with a few exceptioiis, where it breaks through some ranges of trap roclu, which interpose them- selves among the soft^ shales. The Monrovia and IjamsviUe Stations are passed at Bush C&eek. The dates ter- minate at the Monocacy Biver, and the limestone of the Fredericktown Yaliey commences. That river is crossed by a bridge of "three timber spans one hun- dred and ten feet each, and elevated about forty feet above its bed. At this point, fifty-seven miles from Balti- more, the Frederick Branch, of three miles in length, leaves the Main Boad and terminates at the city of that name, the centre of one of the most fertile, jm^u- lous and wealthy sections of Maryland. From the Monocacy to the Point of Bocks, the road havinar escaped from the narrow winding vaSevs to which it has thus fkr been counned, bounds away over the beantiftil champaign country lying between that river and the Oatoctin Mountain. This rolling region of rich limestone land is the garden of the State, and contains tho 90Y rftermean Df tb« P«- M>iDM. The nt by foar «h ride of wdrked by a, howerer, M tiAdeof id Its use, & 1888, «nd ^ r mile with ft ait was rab- steepeitof slimUon of zty feet per at five iDilee ■fi north of iger. ridge ftt the ^•four aiilee eTtewwest- owtt VeUey, m Monntkin. • . The roM »y of Bodi e cnrres and exceptious, ome nmgeg rpose them- ibalee. The Stationi are B (diites ter- ver, and the town Valley crossed by a ins one bun< nd elevated iB bed. At I from Balti- ih, of three tin Road and it name, the iBrtile,ix)pu- Mar^nd. he Point of . iped from to which it ted, bounds champaign river and This rolling land is the Bointains the The BaMnoN aad Ohio Ballwa^. across their bed. the length] of the bridge is about nine hundred leet, and i oslebrated OarrolUon Manor. The line finr vpirards of eleven miles consists of loQg straight stretches and fine sweeping emwes, aiMi Ues near the gently rolling sprface of the ground with little eutting or filUn^. On approaohing the Point of Bocks, it passes bv a cut of some ex* tent through the ridge of breoda mar* ble, fh>m which the beautifhl material of the columns |n the Senate Chamber and Hall of RepresentaUves of the Cap> itol at Washhigton was obtained. The Point of Booha, celebrated in tile contest between the Raihroad and Canal Companies, is formed by the bold profileof the Catootin Moimtain, against the base of which the Potomac River runs on the Maryland side, the moun- tain towering up on the opposite, Vir- ginia, diore, forming the other barrier of the pess. Here, sizty-nine miles from BalUmore and forty-eight from Washington, the Canal and Ridlroad first came ride by ride, and a village hiks arisen. There is also a bridge over the river, which is about a quarter of a mile wide. The Raihroad turns the promontory by an abrupt curve, and is partly cut out of the rooky precipice on the light, and partly supported on the inner ride of the Canel on the left by a stone wall of conriderable length. Two miles flirther another cliff occurs, ac- companied by more excavation and wdBng. From hence the ground be- comes compMratively smootl^ and the Railroad, leaving the immediate margin of the river to the Canal, runs along the Iwse of the gently doling hills, pasring the viUages of Beriin and Knox'rille, Imd reaching the Weverton Factories in the pass of the South Mountain. From this pdnt to Ebapac*s Fanyi the road lies along the foot of a pred- I^ce for the greater part of the distance of three miles, the last of which is im- mediately under the lofty clifb of I^ Mountidn, forming the north ride of this noted pass. The ShMinndonh Biwer enters the Potomac immediately below the bridge over the latter, and their united currents rush rapidly over the broad ledges of rock which stretch at its western end it divides into two^ the left hand branch connecting witii the Winchester end Potomac BaUroad, which passes directly up the Bhenan* doah, and the right nand carrying the Main Road, by a strong carve in that direoUon, up the Potomae. Th^ ji>ridge consists of riz arches of one hundred and thirty and one arch of about seven- ty-five feet span over the river, and an arch of about one hundred feet spaa over the canal ; all of which are of um- ber and iron and covered La, except the western arch connected with the Winchester and Potomac Railroad, which is entirely of iron, exceptingjthe floor. This viaduct is not so remarii- able for its length as for its peculiar structure, the two ends of it being curved in opporite directions, and m- lEVircated at the western extiemity.— Harper's Ferry and all its fine points of scenery are too well known to need de- scription here. The preciintous moun- tains ^wluch rise from the water's edge leave* little level ground on the river margin, and all of that is ocoupied by the United States Armoir bimdings. Hence the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad has been obliged to build itself a road in the river bed for ibwards of half a mile, along the outer boundary of the Oovemment works, upon a trestle worik resting On the ride next the river, upon an insulated wall of masonry, and upon the other side upon square stone cot umns placed upon ^e retaining wall of the Armory grounds. After passing the uppermost building, the road runs along upon the outer bank of the canal which brings the water of the river to the works, and soon crosses this canal by a stone and timber bridge one hun- dred and fifty feet span, nience the road passes up the river on the inner ride of the canal, and opposite the dam at its head, about one and three^uar- ters of a mile from the mouth of the Shenandoah, pierces a i»(^ecting rock by a tunnel or gallery of eighty feet in length, ilie view down the river through thie 808 HMOMN Md (Hdo Bdlinqr. pcr^Bntion Is lingtdMly plotar«M|iie, •ad praaenta t)M paai (hwragh tha mooii* tain aA the eonfloeno* of the ilTen In one of Ite meet remarkable aipeota, A ihort distance abore the tonael, where the rirer sweeiw sradually round to the eestward In the oroad smooth sheet of water created by the dam, the railroad learesthe Potomac and passes up the ravine of BOk Bwnohi which presents itself at this point In a &TOrabie direo* tion. This rsTlne, at first nurrow and serpentine, becomes wider and more dinoi until It almost loses Itself in the rriUng table land which characterises the "Valley of yirginia.** The head of ffik Branch is reached in about nine mfl^ and thence the Une desoends gradually orer an undulating oham* pugne country, to the croasbg of the ^'Opequa" Creek, which it passes by a stone and timber Tiadoot of one hun- dred and fifty feet span and forty liMt aboTO the water surface. Beyond the orossiiw the road enters the open ral- ley of Tusoarora Creek, which it crosses twice and pursues to the town of Mar- tin(rt»urg, eifAiteen miles trom Harper's Ferry. At Ifartlnsburg the Tuscarora Is apUn bridged twlM, the crossing east of the town being made upon a tiaduct of ten spans of forty-four feet each, of timber and Iron, supported by two abutments and dghteen stone col- iVnns In the Doric style, and which Imtc a rery agreeable architectural eflbct. The Company haTC erected here large engine houses and work- shops, and haTo made it one of their prindpal stations for the shelter and repidr of thdr machinery, a measure that has greatiy promoted the prosper- ity of the town, which like many of the old Vir^nla TiUages had previously been in a stsgnant state for an ahnost immemorial period. Westward flrom Martinsburg the route for eight ndlea continues its course orer the open country, alternately ascending and descending until it strikes the foot of the North Monntidn, and crossiiu; it by a long ezoavation, sixty-three uet deep, In slate rock, through a depres- rion tiierein, passes out of the Valley, having traTcrsed Its entire breadth wpon a Ihie twentynriz stiles in leiglk The soU of the vslley Is Umestone, irittk slight exceptions, and of great fertility. On iearing these rich snd well tilled lands we enter a poor and thinly settled district, corered chlefiy with « foresi In which stunted frfne preralls. Tho route encounters a heavy exeayatknt and embankment for four or five nUlea firom the Korth Mountain, and c ro a e s ^ Back Creek upon a stone viaduct of* single arch of eighty feet span and .fifty- four feet above the stream. The view, across, and of the Potomac VaUey Is mag- nificent as yon approach tibe bridge, sod extends as fiur u the distant mountaio> range of Sideling Hill, SS mllea to tha West The Immematenuurdo of the river Is reached at a point oppoiite Fort JMk crick on the Maryland side, an ansiiBni stronghold, erected a hundred years ago, and still In pretty good preservatloa, From this pR tea miles to Hancock. The only ceoaider- able stream crossed in this diatanoe is Sleepy Creek, which is passed bja via- duct of two spans of one hundred «^ ten feet each. Hancock is in Marybnid, and although a town of no great sise or importance, makes some show when seen across the river firom the statioa at the mouth of Warm Sprii:^ Bon. ; The route firom Hancock to Ciunber- land pursues the margin of the Potomao River, with four exceptions. The first occurs at Dm OuUey, eighteen miles above Hancock, where by a tunnel of 1,200 feet in lensth a bend of the river is cut oll^ and a {Ustance of neariy four miles saved. The second Is at the Faif Paw Bidge, where a distance of nearly two miles i» saved by a tunnel of 860 feet hi length. The third and fourth are with- in rix miles of Cumberland, where two bends are cut across by the route with a conriderable lessening of distance. In advancing westward from Han- cock the line passes alons the western base of Warm Spring Bidge, appiOM}^ 909 BdittaOT* aad Oilo Irihn^. Iiig wlthlii a oonple of uUm of the B t rtwi oy Wipria^ whioh an at the OMtorn fiMt of that ridge. It then iweepe wound the termination of the Oaoapon Moantein, oppoelte the remnrk- Able and Inaoleted enoinenoe oalled the "Bound Top." Thenoe the road proeeedi to Uie eroMing of the Great Oaoanon Rirer, nine and a half milea abore Han- eook, whieh la croMed by a bridge about 800 feet In length. Within the next mfle It paseee dam No.||' of the CheflapMke and Ohio Oanal, and soon after, It enters Uie gap of Sideling Hill, that famous bug-bear of the trareller, which on the JTational Turnpike opposes such a formidable barrier to his Jour- ney, but which here is unnoticed except in the fine profile whioh it exhibits on each ride of the river, as it declines rapidlj to the water leveL In the gap of this monntdn are the ooal Tefais which the late R. Oaton, EM}., with that zeal which always dis- tinguished his researches in this branch of praetioal getrfogy, endeavored to turn to profltalfle account. The slack water of the canal dam extends some two miles above Sideling HIIL The next point of hiterest reached is the TamMl at Do* Ckdloy. The approaehes to this formidable work are very imposinr, as for several miles above and berow the tunnel they cause the road to occupy a hi{^ level on the dopes of the river hills, and thus afibrd an extenrive view of the grand moun- tdn scenery around. The tunnel is, as before mentioned, about a quarter of a mfiie In length, through a compact slate rock, which Is arched with brick to pre- serve it flrom Aiture disintegration by atmospheric action. The fronts 'or fa- cades Of the arch are of a fine white sandstone, procured from the summit of the neighboring mountain. The wid
  • posite the ancient village of Old Town, in Maryland. These are tiie finest bot- tom lands on the river, and from the upper end of them is obtained the first view of the-Snohhr Momitsiiii, that remarkable range which lies in a line with tbe town of Cumberland, and is BO singularly diversified by a profile whioh makes it appear like a succesrion of artificial mounds. Dan's Mountain towers over it, forming a fine back ground to the view, ^on after, the route passes the high cHflBk known by 910 MMMTJJJnK M4<»leB«ati«f. the iwn« of Kelly's RooIm, irh«i« Umm MttafMBhi Onik, tight biUm from OonberUnd, Is next NMhadL ImoM- dUtelj Mow thif stNui Is • loftr munl pneiplo* of UmMtone And Muia- •tone rock, ilngalarly porforAtod In ■O0M of th« MgM bj opealnn which look Uko Gothic loopholM. The tsI- 1*7 of thla crack !■ VC17 atraldht Mid bor> dcred bj bcAOtlM fl»tc. The yteduct OTcr the atream la 150 fact long. Lcaa than two miles above, and ox mUca fk«m Oambcrland, the north branch of 'the Potomac la crossed by a Tiaduct fOO feet long, and rising in • saoces> sion of steps— embradng also a cross* Ing of the Ghesapcake and Ohio Canal. Tms extcnslTe bridge carries us out of Ylrvlnia and hmds us onoe more Into Old M aryhmd, which we left at Harper's Ferry, and kept out offer a distance posite to them, on the Virginia riiore, Immedlilelv below the " Stock Oak Bot- tom," a celebrated fiurm embracing 500 acres in a sbgle phdn, between moun- tains of great height. TIm OhiauMsr Hoto Roek^ at tho termbation of Fort Hill, a «higidar crag, through the base of which the Railroad Company have driven a tunnd under the road to answer the purpose of a bridge for several streams enttffaig the river at that point. The crossing of the Potomac, ftom the Maryland to the Virginia shore, 21 miles from Cumbcrlano, where thi railroad, after paasin§. through n long and deep excavation, spane the river by a bridge of timber and iron, on stone abutments and a pier. The view at thb point, both up and down the river, is very fine. The bridge is n noble structure, roofed and weather- boarded. It has two spans of 160 feet each, making the total length 820 feet. Tho BnWs Band Book, a ibile be- yond this point the railroad, having out through the neek, haa left the head standing, a bold block of rock breasting the river, which dashes hard against it. Immediately on the other side of the cut made by the railroad through the neck, rises a conical hill of great height. The mouth of New Creek, where there is a beautiful plain of a mile or more in length, and opposite to which is the long promontory of Pine HiU, terminat- ing in Queen's piifP, on the Maryhuid side of tiie river. The profile and pass of Dan's Mountdn is seen in bold relief to the north-west, to which direction the road now changes its course. The road skirts the foot of Thunder Hill, and winds along the river margin, bounded by Dan's Monntahi and ita tit rMT«n nUM, op to fti^ moot. The eamnt of (be ri?«r ii ni««li mora rapid hero Uum bolow, tad iiknds ara mora ftvqout. VtodMoat, a U( of Umltod ostont, rMlto tiM MBall bill aaolont fiUago WMloraporl, at (bo bmm^ of Oeorg«*s Oraek. Wm( of Piodmont (bo raad aaoondi 1? mllM bj a grade, of wblob 11 milee le at the nto of 116 ibet per mile, (o (be AKamoiit Summit. Tbe poinia wortby of notlde tai (ble die(anoe are— Tbe ■(OM Tiadae( of (bree arabee, of 66 feet span, orer (be Potomae River, wbera (lie road rec ra we e io(o Marjbuid. I( ia a iobe(an(ial aod bandiome struc- (ura, and eloTated 60 fee( abore (lie wa(er. Tbe road (ben windi, for five milea, vp (Im Talley of SavaM Ri?er, pambig (be Brarat( Tunnel, of 800 fee( in length, and 82 miles from Cumber- land. Tbii (unnel hi lecund by a brick arob. Tbe winding of (be road up (be inoun(aln aide, along SoTage River, gradually Ineraasei i(8 elevation until i( a((aina a belgb( of 200 fee( above (be wa(er, and fMaoing ua far above the (ops of (be (rees growing in (he valley, or ra(her deep ravine, on our rigb(, pra- aen(s a grand view. Tlie mou(b of Orab«Tree Greek, whera the road turns (he flank of (he Qraa( Back-bone Moun(ain — ^from (his pobi(, the view up Savage River to the north, and CralHTree Greek to the south-west, is magnificent ; the latter presenting a vista of several miles up a deep gorge gradually growing narrower ; tbe former a bird's-eye view of a deep, winding trough bounded by mountdn ridges ous arms wUch make charming ezpan^ sions of their valleys, and afford beau- tiful vistas in manv directions. Thefar verdora is peouUaily bright and firesh, and tbo streams watering them era of singular clearness and purity, and abound in fine trout. Oaklands is a promising village 64 miles west of Gumberland. It is newly laid out, and ahready shows a respect- able number of good frame houses. From this point a magnificent view of the broad Olade eostwa^ and the moun- tain beyond it is obtained. The crossing of the great Toiaghio> glieny Biwor is by a viaduct of thnber and iron — a single arch of 180 feet span resting on stone abutments. The dte of this fine structura is wild; the river runnine hero in a woody gorge. The orosnng of the Maryluid and Virginia boun&ry line is 60 miles ttom Gumberland. 218 XABTLAin>. BflltlmoM and Ohio Bailwijr. Tb* Falls of BnoiTf Onek, where the road, after skirting a beautiful S'ade, enters a saTage-looking pass rough a deep forest of hemlocks and laurel .thickets, the stream dashing over large rocks and washing t,he side of the road but a few feet below its leveL The forks of Snowy Creek, where three branches come together, making a broad valley west of the pass just described. The Cranberry Swamp Summit (68^ miles from Cumberland) at the head of Snowy Creek, falling into the Toughi- ogheny, also of Salt lick Creek, emp- tying into Cheat River. A village shows its beginnings here. The grouad on the- margin of uie toad is flat (ua its name imports) yet its elevation above tide water is 2,660 feet, afad but 76 feet lower than Altamont Summit. The descent of 12 miles to Cheat Biver presents a rapid succeodon of very heavy excavations and embank- ments, and two tnnnels, viz., the McGuire Tunnel of 600, and the Ro- demer Tunnel of 400 feet in length, secured by heavy timbers preparatory to arching with brick. There is also a stone and iron viaduct over Salt Lick Creek 60 feet span and 60 feet high. The creek passes through a denee forest of fir trees in its approach to the river. Ohoftt Riwor is a dark rapid moun- tain stream, whose waters are of a curi- ous coffee-colored hue, owing, it is said, to its rising in forests of laurel and black spruce on the highest mountain levels of that country. This stream is crossed by a viaduct consisting of two arches 180 and 180 feet span, of timber and iron on stone abutments and pier. The masonry, built from a fine free- stone quarry close at hand, is remark- ably substantial and well looking. The ascent of the Cheat River HiU comes next. This is decidedly the most imposing section of the whole line — the difficulties encountered in the four miles west of the crossing of the river being quite appalling. The road, winding up t^e slope of Laurel Hill and its spurs, with the river on the right hand, first orosses the ravine of Kyer's Run 'TB-ftet deep, by a solid embankment ; then, after bold cutting, along a steep, roclcy hill-side, it reaches Buckeye HoUow, the df pth of which is 108 feet below the road level, and 400 feet across at that level; some more ride cutting in rook ensues, and the passage of two or three coves in the hill-side, when wei come to Tray Run, and cross it 160 feet above its original bed by a line of trestling 600 feet long at the road leveL Both these deep chaams have solid waUs of masonry built across them, the foundations of which are on the solid rock, 120 and 180 feet respectively be> low the road height. They are crossed on elegant cast-iron viaducts. After passing these two tremendous clefts in the mountain side, the road winds along a precipitous slope with heavy cutting, filUng, and walfing, to Buclchom Branch, a wide and deep cove on the western flank of tlie rnoun* tain. This is crossed by a soUd embank- ment and retaining well 90 feet high at its most elevated point. *Some half mile further, after more heavy outs and fills, the road at length leaves the de- clivity of the river, which, where we see it for the last time, lays 600 feet below us, and turns westward through a low gap, which admits it by a moderate cutting, followed soon, however, by a deep and long one through Cassidy's Summit Ridge to the table land of the country bordering Cheat lUver on the west. Here, at 80 miles from Cumber- land, we enter the great western coal- field, having passed out of the Cumber^ land field at 86 miles from that place. The intermediate space, although with- out coal, will be readily supplied from the adjacent coal basins. Descending somewhat firom Cassidy's Ridge, and passing by a high embank- ment over the Brushy Fork of Pringle's Run, the line soon reaches the King- wood Tunnel, of 4,100 feet in lenjgth, the longest finished tunnel in America. Leaving Eingwood Tunnel, the line for 6 miles descends along a steep hill- side to the flats of Raccoon Creek, at Simpson's. In this distance it lies high ICA&YLAND. 218 Baltimore aaid Ohio BaUwsy, ent ; then, teep, rocky lye HoUow, feet below It aerOH •! > cotting in ;e of two or e, when wei^ roM it 160 by a Une of s road leveL hare solid . BS them, the on the solid (Mctively be- r are oroased ts. tremendous ie, the road I slope with I wa&ng, to ie and deep of the moon- otid embank- > feet high at • Some half lavy cuts and aves the de- vhere we see )0 feet below rough a low a moderate wever, by a igh Oasmdy^s I land of the liver on the •om Guraber- restem coal- the Cumber- 1 that place. though with- ipplied from om Oassidy's igh embank- ofFringle's is the King- it in length, in America, nel, the Une a steep hill- on Creek, at te it lies high above the valley, and crosses a branch of it with an embankment 100 feet in elevation. There are two other heavy fills further on. Two mUes west of the Kingwood Tunnel is Murray's Tunnel, 260 feet long, a regular and beautiful semicircular arch cut out of a fine solid sandstone rock, overlaying a vein of coal six feet thick, which is seen on the floor of the tunnel. From Simpson's, westward, the route pursues the valleys of Baccoon and Three Forks Creeks, which present no features of difficulty to the mouth of the latter, 101 miles from Cumberland, at the Tygart's Valley River, where the railroad to Parkersburg diverges firom that to Wheeling. The distance to these two places (which are 90 miles apart on the Ohio River) is nearly equal, being 104 miles to the former, and 99 to the latter. Fetterman, a promising-looking vil- lage, two milea west of the last point, and 108^ miles from Cumberland. Here the turnpike to Parkersburg and Mari- etta crosse^the river. The route from Fetterman to Fairmont has but one very striking feature. The Tygart's YaUey River, whose margin it foUows, is a beautiful and winding stream, of gentle current, except at the Falls, where the river descends, principally by three or four perpendicular pitches, some '70 feet in about a mile. A mile and a half above Fairmont the Tygart's Valley River and the West Fork River unite to form the Monongahela — ^the first being the larger of the two con- fiuents. A quarter of a mile below their junc- tion, the railroad crosses the Mononga- heUi, upon a viaduct 660 feet long and 89 feet above low water surface. The lofty and massive abutments of this bridge support an iron superstructure of three arches of 200 feet span each, and which forms the largest iron bridge in Ameriea. The road, a mile and a half below Fairmont, Ie ives the valley of the ocau- tifiil Monongahela and ascends the winding and picturesque ravine of Buf- falo Creek, a stream some twenty-five miles in length. The creek is first crossed five miles west of Fairmont, itnd again at two points a riiort distance apart, and about nine miles farther west. About eleven miles beyond Fairmont we pass the small hamlet of Farming- ton, and seven or eight miles fiirtherui the thriving village of " Mannington," at the mouth of Piles' Fork of Buftalo. There is a beautiful fiat here on both sides of the stream, affording room for a town of some use, and surrounded by hills of a most agreeable aspect. Thence to the head of Files' Fork, the road traverses at first a narrow and ser- pentine gorge, with five bridges at de- ferent points, after which it courses with more gentle curvatures along a wider and moderately winding vdley, with meadow land of one or two hun- dred yards broad on one or other mar- gin. Numerous tributaries open out pretty vistas on either hand. This part of the valley, in its summer dress, is singularly beautiful. After reaching its head at Glover's Clap, 28 miles beyond Fairmont, the road passes the ridge by deep cutSf and a tunnel 860 feet long, of curious shape, forming a sort of Moorish arch in its roof. From this summit, (which divides the waters of the Monongahela from those of the Ohio,) the line descends by Church's Fork of Fish Creek--a valley of the same general features with .the one just passed on the eastern side of the ridge. The road now becomes winding, and in the next four miles 'we cross the creek on bridges eight times. We also pass Cole's Tunnel, 112 feet, Eaton's Tunnel, 170 feet, and Marten's Tunnel, 180 feet long — ^the first a low-browed opening, which looks as if it would knock off the smoke-pipe of the engine ; the next a regular arched roof, and the third a tall narrow slit in the rock, lined with timbers lofty enough to be taken for a church steeple. The Littleton Station is reached just beyond, and Board Tree Tunnel is soon at hand. Leaving Board Tree Tunnel, the line detsconds along the hill-side of the North 2U DISTBIOr OF COCDICBIA* Routes to WMhlogtoa Oltj . Fork of Fish Greek, orostiDg ravines and spurs by deep fillings and cnttings, and reaching the level of the flats bor- dering the Greek at Bell's Mill; soon after which it crosses the creek and ascends Hart's Run and Four Mile Bun tQ the Welling Tunnel, 60 miles west of Fairmont, and 28 from Wheeling. This tunnel is 1,260 feet long, and pierces the ridge between fish Creek and Orave Greek. It is through slate rock like the Board Tree Tunnel, and is substan- tially propped with timbers. From the Welling Tunnel the line pursues the valley of Grave Greek 1*7 miles to its mouth at the Flats of Grave Greek on the Ohio River, 11 miles be- low Wheeling. The first five miles of the ravine of Grave Gre^k is of gentle curvature and open aspect, like the others already mentioned. Afterwards it becomes very sinuous, and the stream requires to be bridged eight times. — There are aiao aevertd deep cuts throueh sharp ridges in the bends of the creek, and one tunnel 400 feet long at Shep- pard's, 19 miles from Wheeling. The approach to the bank of the OUo Bivwr, at the village of Mouuds- ville, is very beautifhl. . The ^ line emerging firom the defile of Gi-are Greek, passes straight over the "flats" which border the river, and forming a vast rolling plain, in the middle of wmch looms up the *' great Indian mound," eighty feet high and two hundred feet broad at its base. There is ateothe separate village of Elizabethtown, half a mile from the river bank, the mound standing between two towns and look- ing down upon them both. The " flats" embrace an area of some 4,000 acres, about three-four^ of which lies on the Vir^^nia, and the remaining fourth on the Ohio side of the river. The soil is fertile and well cultivated, and the spot possesses great interest, whether for its agricultural richness, its historic monu« ments of past ages, or the beauty of its shape and position as the dte for a large city. About three miles up the river from MoundsviUe, the "flats" terminate, and the road passes for a mile along rocky narrows washed by the river, after which it runs over wide, ricU, and beau- tiful bottom lands, all the way to Wheel- ing. THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. The IMstrict of Columbia is a nti generis tract, neither State or Territory, but ■et apart, oro bono publico, as the seat of the Federal Government. It was ceded to the United States for this purpose by Maryland. It occupies an area of sixty square miles. Originally its measure was one hundred square miles, the ad- ditional forty coming from Virginia. This part of the cession, however, was re- troceded in 1846. It embraced what is now Alleghany County, Virginia, in which the city of Alexandria is included. The present cities of the District are Washington the National Capital, and Georgetown, close by. Maryland lies upon all sides, except the southwest, where it is separated from Vir^nia by the Potomac River. The District of Columbia is governed directly by the Congress of the United States, and its inhabitants have no representation, and no voice in the Federal elections. Xoute from Baltimore to Wtuhington City. The nulway firom Baltimore to Wash- ington, 40 miles, is over the Baltimore and Ohio route, to the Reky House, nine miles, and thence by the Washing- ton Branch Road, 31 miles. Immedi- ately upon leaving the route «»f the Bal- timore and Ohio Road, the traveller passes over the Thomas Viaduct, a grand structure across the valley of th« DIBXBIOT OV COLUMBIA. SIS Waahingttm and Yleiiilty. Fatazent. The Branch route for An- napolis, the capital of Mainland, leaves the Washington road at the Annapolis Junction, 18 miles. Pasrine Bhtdens- burg, and approaching witbui a few miles of the city, the grand walls and domM of the Oapitol, upon its lofty ter- race height, make a magnificent feature in the luidscape. The terminus of the road is :aear tiie foot of the Capitol HiU. WASHIN6T<»r AND VIOINITT. Washington City, tho political capital of the United States, is in the District of Cdambia, near the banks of the Po- tomac River. It is 40 miles distant from BiUtimore, 186 from Philadelphia, and 226 from New York, with which cities, as wdl as with all the chief towns of the Union, it is connected by ndlway. When the original plan of Washington shall be realized in its tall growth to the proportions it was designed to reach— M may yet happen — ^it will be in its own right, and without the idd of its offidal position, one of the great cities of the Union. It would be difficult to invent a more magnificent scheme than that of the founder of Washing- ton, or to find a location more eligible for its successful execution. Its easy access from the sea gives it every facil- ity for commercial greatness,^ and its varied topography ahnost compels pic- turesque effect and beauty. The site was chosen by Washington * himself, and it was he who laid the corner-stone of the Capitol. This was on the 18th of September, 1793, seven years before the seat of government was removed thither from Philadel- phia. The scene from the lofty poidtion of the dome of the Capitol, or from the high terrace upon which this magnifi- cent edifice stands, is one of unrivalled beauty, and it gives the visitor at once tnd thoroughly, a clear idea of the natural advantages of the region, and of the character, extent, and possibiU- ties of the city. Looking eastward, for ^e Sf ace of a mile or more, over a plain yet scarcely occupied, the eve fhlla upon the broad and beautind waters of the Potomac, leadins by Alexandria and the groves of Mount Vernon, to the sea. Turning westward, it overlooks the city as it at present exists, upon the great highway of Penn- sylvania Avenue, to its obstruction, a mile ofi^ by the white walls of the Pies- ident*8 House, the Avenue dropi^g toward its centre, as ahammock might swing between the two elevated points. Around, on other firing grounds, the various public edifices are seen with fin» effect ; and, turning agdn to the left, the view takes in the broad acres of the new national Park, in which are the many unique towers of the Smith- sonian Institute, and the soaring shaft of the Washington Monument; off, in the distance, across Bocky Creek, are the ancient-looking walls and roofs of Georgetowti. After a very hasty general peep at the city, the viritor wil^ of course, turn first to the public edifices, which form its especial attractirith the united strategy and cruelty of the French intruder, and the revengeful red- skin, she gives us chronicles which, while scarcely yielding in dramatic interest to the incidents of earlier periods, rise higher in the force of moral teachings ; while yet again, onward and later, there opens to us the, still more thrilling and more lofty story of her mature life, in the proud deeds and grand results of her participation in our eventful Revolution. The be-all and the end-all of that achievement it is not our place now to ask. Much as the world has seen, and much more as it hopes, of mighty consequence, the stupendous efiTect is not yet * The **Boiiuuioe of American Landscape." YntonfXA. 819 Eminent M«n— 'Natonl BaratlM. fUt. nor yet dieamed of, perham ; but, for wlwt ium o roe, of Lee and Wirt, and of a host of others, whom but to^mention would be a fktignfaig task. Yetlinere remdns unspoken, though not forgetfully, one other name, the first and greatest — not of Virginia only, not of this wide Republic alone, but of the world itself— a name which may well, and without other laurel, glorify the brow of a nation — ^the immortal name of Washinoton i It is a pity that Virginia, while no less smgularly interesting in her physical than in her moral aspect, has thus far won so little of the attention of our land- sbapists. Despite the extent and variety of her scenery, from the alluvial plains of the eastern dividon, through the picturesque hills and dales of the middle region, onward to the summits of the Blue Ridee, with their intervening valleys and mountain streams and water-fallt- —the white cotton umbrella of tiie artist has scarcely ever been seen to temper its sunshine, except in a few instances of Eirticularly notable interest — as the Natural Bridge and the grand views near arper's Ferry. The landscape of Virginia is every where suggestive ; and even in the least varied regions continually rises to the beauty of a fine picture. There are the rich valleys of the James and the Roanoke Rivers, said to resem- ble, in many of their characteristics, the scenery of the Loire and the Garonne ; and, fhr off among the hills, are the rushing and plunging waters of the great Kuiawha, and the beetling cliffs of New River. In the very heart of these natural delights, and superadded to all the political and historical associations at which we have hinted, Virginia attracts us by a wealth of health-giving waters, in the form of mineral springs, in number and nature infinite, where people " go on crutches, looking dismal, and come away on legs, with their faces wreathed in smiles— go with limbs stiffened into pot- hook^-and-hangers, and leave endowed with a good jointurt — go like shadows, 220 TIBOIinA. BtUw»7»— Bl«hmond. but do not 80 depart." Ma{ric Wsten which, u Peregrine Prolix says, according to popular belief, cure yeUow jaundice, white swelling, olue dcTiU, and black plague ; ■oarlet fever, spotted ferer, and fever of every kind and color ; hydrocephalus, hj' drothorax, hydrocele, and hydrophobia ; hypochondria aitd hypocrisy ; dyspepsia, diarrhoea, diabetes, and die-of*any>thing; gout, eormandizing, and grogging; liver complaint, colic, and all other diseases and bad habits, except eheirinfft Mmoking, epitting and ewearing. For your health or pleasure, dear traveller, we shall conduct yon, anon, to these high and mighty uu^es of Hygiene, the Yirj^nia Springs. ^ BAILWATS IN TIBGINIA. The links of the Great Northern and Southern route, from Acq lia Greek, on the Potomac, to IVederioksburg, 15 miles; to Richmond, 60; to Peters- burg, 22 ; to Weldon, N^O., 68. The Seaboard and Roanoke, in the south-east comer of the State, 80 miles from Portsmouth and Norfolk to Weldon, N. 0., on the New York and New Orleans route. The Richmond and Danville extends 141 miles southwest from Richmond to Danville, on the North Carolina bound- ary. The Petersburg and Lynchburg road extends from Lynchburg, 128 miles, to Petersburg, on the Great Northern and Southern line, and thence, 10 miles, to City Point, on James River. It inter- sects the Richmond and Danville road, about midway, at Burkesville. The Virginia and Tenn see Railway extends from Lynchburg, 204 miles, to Bristol, to be continued to EnoxvUle, Tennessee. The Virginia Central Rulway extends westward, 178 miles, to Goshen, pass- ing through Hanover, Louisa, Gordons- viUe, Charlottesville, Staunton, and other places. Route to the Virginia Springs, Weir's Cave, etc. The Orange and Alexandria Rulway, from Alexandria, D.C., to Gordonsville, 88 miles. Station*. — ^Alexandria to Sprin^eld, 9 miles; Burke's, 14; Fairfax, 17 ; Union Mills, 28 ; Manas- «iM, 27 (junction of Manassus Gap Road) ; Bristol, 31 ; Weaversville, 88 ; Warrenton Junction, 41 (Branch nine miles to Warrenton) ; Culpepper, C. H., 62; Orange, 0. H., 79; Gordonsville, 88 ; unites with the Virginia Central. Manassus Ch&p, from luinassns (Orange and Alexandria road) 88 miles to Stras- bure. Winchester and Potomac Raflway, 82 miles from Winchester to Harpers Ferry (Baltimore and Ohio Railroad). Roanoke Valley road, 22 miles, from Clarksville to Ridgewi^, on the Raleigh and Gaston Railway, N. 0. The North Western Railway (north- west, comer of the State) extends from Grafton, on the line of the Balti- more and Ohio road, to Parkersburg, on the Ohio River. The Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 897 miles from Baltimore to Wlieeling, is partly in Maryland and partly in Virgi- nia. It follows the route of the Potomac River, the dividing line for a long way between the two States. See Maryland for Airther account of this road. Bichmond, the capital of the " Old Donunion," as Virginia is fiuniliaily ci^ed, is in the eastern part of the P ate, directly on the line of the great rxilway mail route from New England tu New Orleans, through Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Wash- ington, Charleston, and other cities, about 100 miles in a straight line south by west of Washington, from which city it is reached by steamboat down the Potomac River to Acquia Creek, and thence through Frederickiiburg by railway, or, more leisurely, from Balti- more and from Philadelphia, every Wednesday and Saturday, and from New York every Saturday, by steamer, outside sea voyage, except from Balti- VIBOnflA. SSI Slohiaond— Tlw OftpltoL more, whence the way leads down the Ohenapeake Bay, and then (as from New York and Philadelphia) up the Jam«s River. Richmond, ae first seen approaching, by the river, is a city seated on a hill, says a traveller, and has the imposing aspect of a large and populous capital. It owes this, its first dignity, in some measure to the happy and elevated po- sition of its Oapitol, which stands on Shockhoe Hill, and aJar off has a hand- some and classical appearance; when, however, you approach within criticis- ing distance, it loses some of that en- cuntment which distance ever lends the view. Though Richmond is not a great cafdtal,^ it is, nevertherless, -a flourishing and interesting city, and now prol^bly contains nearly 88,000 inhabitants, two-thirds of this number being white, and the rest black, free or slave. It has been the scene of some historical events of great dignity and importance. The Capitol stands — ^we atiU quote the traveller, whose words we have, with some variation, used in the last sentences— on an elevated plain, near the brow of Shockoe Hill, and its front looks towards the valley of James lUver, and over the compact part of Richmond. The view from the portico is extensive, various, and beau- tiful. It is a GriBco- American building, having a portico at one end consisting of a colonnade, entablature, and pedi- ment, whose apicial angle is rather too acute. There are windows on all sides, and doors on the two longer sides, which are reached by high and unsightly double flights of steps placed sidewise, under which are other doors leading to the basement. Entering by one of the upper doors, an entry leads to a square hail in the centre of the building, surmounted by a dome which transmits light from above. The Hall is about forty feet square, and about twenty-five above the floor; has a gallery running round it, in which are nine doors, communi- catinewith various apartments. There are eight niches in the walls, in one of which is a marble bust of La Fayette. Virginia could now, easily and honora- bly, fill six of the remaining seven. Patrick Henry/Thomas JelTerson, James Madison, James Monroe, John Ran- dolph,* and JohnMarshaUf would almost complete the octave. In the centre of the square hall above described, there is a marble statue of OEOROE WASHINGTON, on which the sculptor's legend reads: "Faiipat Houdon CUojfen IVanpaiB^ 1*788." The statue is mounted on a rectau' gular pedestal, four and a half feet high, on one of the larger sides of which is the following honest and affiBCtionate inscription : "The Ctonenl Assembly of the Common- utealth of Tirginls, have caused this statue to be erected, as a monument of aflbetlon aad gratitade to GSOBOS WASHINGTON; who, uniting to the endowments of the Hero the virtues of the Patriot, and exerting both in establishing the liberties of his Coantrj, has rendered hia name dear to his Fellow CItlsens, and giren the world an immortal ex- ample of true Glory. Done in the year at CHBIBT One Thousand Seven Hundred and Eightr- Elght, and In the Year of the Ck>mmonwealth the TweMlh." The simplicity, dignity, and truth of that inscription are worthy of the great original commemorated, and of the young and chivalric State, whose ready gratitude so early erected this lasting monument, and overfiowed in language so beautiful and appropriate. The statue (like the inscription) is an honest Christian statue, and is decently clad in the uniform worn by an Ameii- can General during the Revolution, and not half covered by the semi-barbarous and pagan toga, with throat uncovered and naked arm, as if prepared for the barber and the bleeder. It is of the size of life, and stands resting on the right foot, having the left somewhat advanced, with the knee bent. The left hand rests on a bundle of fasces, on which hang a military cloak and a small sword, and against which leans a plough. The feet are plunged in whole boots, which are strapped to the knee- SS3 TntOINIA. BldnBond. trattOM of the lHre«che^ which are lur- mount«d bj ul old-fhahumcd waiitooat, fortified with deep flaprand moit oapt- doufl pockets. MlUtaiy man defend the heeli, and a capital pur of Wood- stock gloves the hands. The head wears no hat, and has the hair in the flMhion of fortr years ago, and looks Jnst like his, when he raised his hat in answer to the salutation of some hnm- ble feUow-citisen encountered in his morning walk in Ohestnnt street The attitude is natural and easy, and the likeness to the great origind is strons. The same generous and patriotic S]4rit which so early enriched Virginia irith this fkmous work of Houdon, will soon be yet more strildngly seen, in the grand bronze sculpti^s from the attlier of the eminent American artist, Crawford, which are to be erected upon tiie noble terrace-height surrounding the Gai^tol. This new and magnificent contribution of Virginia to the art of the country, will be a colossal equestrian statue of Washington, elevated upon a grand pedestal or base, which will be embellished with historic scenes in bas- relief, and supported at each angle by statues of other illustrious sons of the State. Besides the Capitol, the City Hall, the Penitentiary, the Custom House, are note-worthy edifices. The CSty Hall is an elegant structure, at an angle of the Capitol Square; the Penitentiary has a fkfade of 800 feet, near the river, in the west suburb of the city. The estimated cost of the Custom House is nearly half a million of dollars. Among the churches of Richmond, over 80 m number, is some architectu- ral skill worth observing. The Monu- mental Church (EiHscopal) stands where once stood the Theatre, so disastrously burned in 1811, at the sad sacrifice of the life of the Governor of the State, and more than sixty others of the ill- &ted audience in the building at the time. Rxekmond CoUeffe, here, was founded by the Baptfnts in 1882. St. Vineetie» Cofleffe is under the direction of the Catholics. The Medical Department of Hampden and Sydner College, wMh lishea in 1888, occupies an attraetive building of Egyptian architecture. The Rai^ds or Falb of James River, which extend six mOea above the dty, and have a descent of 80 feet, aflRord valuable water power. The navigation of the river is opened above the dty by the assistance of a canal which over^v comes the rapids. The city is supplied with water from the river, by means of fordng^mps, which (yimish three re- servoirs of 1,000,000 of gallons each. Richmond is connected by mree bri«^l.west 141 miles, to the u|^r boundary of North Carolina ; and con- nects with the railways of Tennessee, Georgia, and the Carolinas. The city is connected with Lynchburg by rail- way and thence by the Virginia and Tennessee line (through all the southern part of the State) with Knoxville, Ten- nessee. This last route is completed (as we write) 204 miles from Lynchburg south-west to Bristol. The James River and the Kanawha Canal extends westward between 200 and 800 miles. Richmond is the great d£p6t for the famous tobacco product of Viiginia. It makes also large exports of wheat and flour. TIBAIinA* 8S8 Noifclk— Petonboq^— Hupw^t Fcrrjr, eto. aUractiT* store, aei RiTer, 6 the dty, bet, aflbrd n»Ti|(atioii ibe dty by hioh orer-^ la BoppUed J mcMU of \ throe re* Qonfl euoh. ree bfi«'l.f the State u Springs. 8 miles to irlottesville ) continued andotte on fine route, East to the and other lie RaHway > the upper , ; and con- Tennessee, . The city pg by rail- irginia and le Bonthem KTiUe, Ten- completed Lynchburg Kanawha tween 200 )At for the Virginia, of wheat MoxfollL Portnaoiitli and Ooaport. From Baltimore daily, by steamboat down Obesapeake Bay. From lUoh- mond, by steamer down James Rirer. From Weldon, N. 0., (on the great Northern and Southern Bdlway route,) by the Seaboard and Roanoke Railway 80 miles, and from Phikdelphia and New York direct by regular lines of steamers on the Atlantic Ocean. Norfolk is upon the Elisabeth lUver, eight miles from Hampton Roads, and 82 miles firom the ocean. It has some 17,000 inhabitants, and is, after Rich- mond, the most populous city In Vir- ginia, A canal comes in here through the Dismal Swamp. Norfolk is a very Kleasant town, irregularly built upon a irel plain. The Harbor is large, safe and easily accessible, defended at its entrance by Forta Monroe and Calhoun. It is a great market for wild fowl, oysters, poultry and Tegetables. The city was laid out in 1706. In 1776 it was burnt by the British. In 1855 it was visited by the ybllow fever, which carried off several hundreds of its inhabitants. Mr. G. P. R. James, the distingidshed EngUsh novelist, resides here, in the capacity of British Consul. - Portsmouth, directly opposite Nor- folk, is a naval d^pOt of the United States. In the Navy Yard upwards of 1,000 men are employed. The build- ing occupied by the U. S. Naval Hos- pital is an imposing-looking affair of brick, stuccoed. The Seaboard and Roanoke Railway comes in at Ports- mouth from Weldon, N. C. Ferry boats ply between the town and Norfolk. Oosport lies just below. The United States Dry Dock at this suburb, is a work of great extent and interest. P«ton1inzg, the thurd town m Vir- ginia in population (about 16,000), is a port of entry situated on the Appo- mattox lUver, distant by railway from Richmond 22 miles, firom Fredericks- burg 82 miles, from Washington City 162 miles. It is on the great route from New York to Charleston and New 'Or- leans. The South %de Railway comes 4- in here flrom Lynchburg, 188 miles dis- tant. The Appomattox Road connects Peteraburff with CHty Point, 10 miles away, at the entrance of the Appomat- tox into the James River. The roman- tic ruins of the old church of Bkndford are within the limito of this borough. AUmandria is upon the Potomac lUver, seven miles below Washington City by steam ferry. The Orange and Alexandria RidUiway extends hence 88 miles to OordonsvUle, and the Man- assus Gap Road 88 mUes to Strasbura. This city, until retrooeded to Virginh by the ffeneral jgovemment, was inclu- ded in the District of Columbia. Ebap«v*i F«rnr is on the line of the Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 82 miles from .Baltimore Citv. The Win- chester and Potomac Railway conneote it with Winchester, 82 miles distant. This place, famous for ita beautifhl scenery, is at the confluence of the Potomac and the Shenandoah JUvera. Thismeetinff.of the waters is immedi- ately after their passage through a gap of tiie Blue lUdge, which was thought by Jefferson to be " one of the most stupendous scenes in nature, and well worth a voyage across the Atlantic to witness." The place was formerly called Shenandoah Fdls. A National Armory, employing several hundred hands, is located here. See Baltimore and Ohio Railway. Winoheitar is 114 miles from Bal- timore and 82 from Harper's Ferry by the Baltimore and Ohio and the Win- chester and Potomac Railways. It is in the midst of a pleasant and pictu- resque country in the north-eastern part of the State, west of the Blue Ridge and within the limhs of the great vu- ley of Virginia. TIm Ruina of Jamoatown. This spot, in its history one .of the most romantic on the continent, is upon an island near the north bank of the James River, 82 miles above its entrance into Chesapeake Bay, passed in the voyage from Baltimore to Richmond. The traveller must not neglect the oppor- tunity to recall its varied story of the early colonial adventures and sufferings 8f;4 TISOINIA. Fradcrtoluborf— TlM Blrthplaoe of WMhington. Harper's Ferrjr, Yirginta. —the gallantry of Captain John Smith, and the gentle devotion of the Indian Princees Pocahontas. Its revolutionary history, too, may be recalled with in- terest; its battle fields of 1781 — and many other memorable localities and material remembrances of all the tra- ditionary past — in the ruins of its an- cient church and other relics which time has not yet quite obliterated. Fredariokabiirg is on the line of railways from New York to New Or- leans, 70 miles below Washington City and 60 miles above Richmond. It is an agreeable ancient-looking town, sit- uated in a fertile valley on the banks of the Rappahannock River. The Blrthplaoe of Washington. It was in the vicinity of Fredericksburg that Washington was born, and here hc) passed his early years ; and here, too, reposC) beneath an unfinUhed monument, the remabs of his honored mother. The birthplace of the Father of bis country is about half a mile from the junction of Pope's Creek with the Po- tomac, in Westm<)Riland countv. It is upon the " Wakefield estate,'* now in the possession of John E. Wilson, Esq. The house in which the great patriot was born, was destroyed before the Revolution. It was a plain VTrginia farm-house of the better class, with four rooms and an enormous chimney, on the outtide, at each end. The spot where it stood is now marked by a slab of freestone, which was deposited by George W. P. Custis, Esq,, in the pres- ence of other gentlemen, in June, 1816. '* Desirous," says Mr. Custis, in a letter on the subject to Mr. Lossing, "of making the ceremonial of depositing the stone as imposing as circumstances TIBOUnA. 896 IIlBtor<'^1 MfliBorlM of f radwrlelubarf— Habotw mhI WIlllMiMbnrg. woald permit, we enveloped it in the * Star-Spengled Banner ' ot our country, end it WM borne to iti retting-plaoe in the arms of the deaoendanta of four reTolutionarjr patrioti and aoldlera. * * We gathered together the briclce of the ancient chimney, which once fortned the hearth around which Washington, in hii infancy, had played — and con« Btructed a rode kind of pedeital, on which we rererently placed the First Stone, comniendinff it to the respect and proteetloB of the American people in general, Mid of thoee of Westmore* land in pwtionlar.'* On the tablet is this simue Inscription — "Hcbe, thi 11th of jhHiraABT(0. 8.)lt82, OlOBOl Washinoion was Borm.'* TIm tjumh off tlw BlothMr of WMhinflea. The remains of the mother of Washington repose in the immediate vlelnage of Fredericksburg, on the spot which she herself, years be- fore her death, selected for her grsTe, and to which she was wont to retire for private and devotional thought. It is marked by an unfinished yet still im- posine monument. The corner stone of thu sacred structure was laid by Andrew Jackson, President of the United States at the time, on the 7th of May, 1838, in the presence of a grand concourse, and with most solemn cere- monial. After the lapse of idmost a quarter of a century the monument re- mains still unfini{|hed. The mother of Washington resided, during the latter part of her life,in Frede- ricksburg, near the spot where she now lies buried. The house of her abode, occupied of late days by Richard Stirling, Esq., is on the comer of Gharies and Lewis streets. It was here that her last but memorable interview with her illustrious son took place, when she was bowed down with age and disease. Hanovvr Ooort House, memorable as the scene of Patrick Henry's early triumphs, and as the birthplace of Henry Clay, is near the Pamumky River, and 20 miles above Richmond. The Great Southern Railway passes close by. 10* Tho Blrthplaoo of B«ury Oimj ii between three and four miles from Hanover Court House, on the right of the turnpike road to Richmond. Tb« flat, piny refrion, in which it is situated, is called the Slashes of Hanover ; hence the popular »obriqu$t familiarlv applied to the great sUtesman, of the " MiiU boy of ty Shwhes.*' The house is • little, one-story, frame building, with dormer windows, and a Urge ouUitU chimney (after the universal fashion of Southern country-houses) at each gable. In this humble tenement the Immortal Senator was bom, in 1777. PKteiek EtowwHi Baily TMvmphi «t BaaowMr. B[anover awakens pleas- ant memories In its stories of the patri- otic ardor of Patrick Henry assemblins his volunteers and marching to Wil liamsburg to demand the restoration of the powder which Lord Dunmore had removed from the public magaiine, or payment therefor — a daring demand, which he soeeeeded in enforcing, as, the Governor, aUrmed at the strength of his cortege, which grew as he went along to IM in number, sent out the Recmver^eneral with audiority to com- promise the matter. The young leader required and obtdned the value of the powder, 880 pounds, and sent it to the TreasuiT, at WUlismsburg. This in- cident happened at Newcastle, once a prosperous viUage, but now a rain, with a single house only on its site, a few miles below Hanover Court House, on the Pamumky River. WUUanuilNUgi the oldest incorpo- rated town in Virginia, and a place of extreme interest in its historical associ- ations, is built upon a plain, betwecQ the Tork and James River, six miles firom each. This was the seat of the Colonial Government anterior to the Revolution, and the Capital of the State until 1779. William and Mary College — ^the oldest educational establishment in the United States, after Harvard Univerdty — is located here. SUtne Of Iford Botetourt Of the numerous mementoes of the past which this venerable town contuns, the most interesting aro to be found in the maip ■treet, a broad, pleasantly shaded, and rural-looking atenue. in the centre of the lawn, fronting the edifice of the Ck>llege, is a mutilated statue of Lord Botetourt, one of the most popular of the old colonial govemors. This statue was placed in its present .position in 1797. Palace of Xidrd DdiiiiiorBi The remains of thb ancient hnilding, the home of the last of the royal governors pf/Virgioda, is at the headof a pleasant broad court, extending from the Main' itreet in front of the my HftH It w«» built of brick. The tSbntre Edifice was accidentaUjr destroyed by fite, while occupied by the French sdldiertf, just after the surrender of Obrhwaihs at TorktowD. Here th^ stately old Got* emor lived, or attempted to live, in royal splendor. All tliat no# remains of his pomp are the two littie6iit-build> ings or ?dng8 of his ^lace, yet to be seen by the vintOT at WiUiamsbnig. Brwtim Ohurchj a venerate edifice of the early part of the 1^ century, stands on the public square, nearPalftoe street or Court. It is a cruciform building, surmounted with a Bteejde. 'ThoOld BCagaxliie. On the same area as Brenton Church, is an old mag- azine, an octagonal edifice, built during the administration of Oovernor Spotts- wood. The Old Oapitol stood on the site of the present Court House, on the Square, opposite theMagasine. It ii^' t TXBonnA. 88t Torktown. 'AV' ^ «>% Ufloewaa «, while ierS,jtist waltis «t old Gov- Uvc, in remains ifUt'build- et to be ibnrg. e ediltoe century, sarPtlftoe iradform eeple. the same old mag- It during )r 8potts> the site on the destroyed by fire in 1882. A few of the old arches lie yet around half buried in the greensward. It was in the " Old CapitoP that the Burgesses of Yir^nia were assembled, when Patrick Henry, the youngest member of that body, presented the series of bold resolutions, which led to his fiunous speech—" Gtesar had his Brutus, Charles the first his Cromwett, «iid George the Third '^•— oonohided by those master-words of rail- !eiy, when the excited assembly inter- rupted him with the cry of " Treason I treasonl ** -»** may profit by their ez- an^ple. If this be treason make the most of it!** I%« Apollo Soom of the RaUigh Tuvttn is an apartment in another time- honcu^
    uts its deep^- ored outline, kretching to tin north- east and looking down upon the mountain-like hills that here and there rise firom the {dain without its Western base. To the east, the eye rests upon the low range of mouatains that bdunds the view as far as tiie virioii can ex- tend north-eastward and south-westward along its slopes, except whel« it is in- terrupted directly to the east by ahHly but fertile plain, through wmch l3w lUvanna, with its discolored streak, flows by the base of Monticello. To the south, the view reaches far away until the horizon meets the plain, embra^ng a region lying between the mountidmi on either hand, and covered witii forests interspersed with spots of ko«M viBonnA. d3i» llie Bpriags— Boata*. •Bd now the tomb of Jefferson, is about four miles west of Charlottesrille. — *'Thb renermted mansion,** says Mr. Iioraing, in his Field Book of the Rero- Itttion, '* is yet standing, though some* what dilapidated and deprived of its former beauty by neglect The fumi* tore of its distmguished owner iis nearly •U gone, except a few {uotures and miiTors: otherwise the interior of the house is the same as when Jefferson died. It is upon an eminence, with manjt aspen trees around it, and com* uands a view of the Blue Bidge for 150 miles on one side, and on the other one of the most beautiful and extensive landscapos in the world. Wirt, writing of the interior arrangements of the house' during Mr. Jefferson's lifetime, reeotds tibat, in the spacious and lofty hall, whioh opens to the visitor on enter- ing, 'ho marlu no tawdry and unmean- ii^ ornaments ; but before, on the right, on tbt teft, all around, the eye is struck andgn^ed by objects o^ science and tMte^ so classed and arriuiged as to produce their finest effect. On one side spedmens of sculpture, set out in sudl ord«r as to exhibit at a c •r's art, and from its windows opened ft view of the surrounding country such as no painter could imitate. There were, too, medallions and engravings in great profusion. Mouticello was a >p(^i m Baltimore Gity, 897 miles), is on the OUo Wver, on both rides of the Wheefing Greek. It la 92 miles below Ftttsbnrg, Pa., and 860 from Gindnnati. The city is built in a S;len between bold hills. It Is the most mportant {dace in Western Virginia in population, trade and manufactures.— Railway Unes from the western States meet the Baltimore and Ohio route at Wheding. THB YIBOINIA SPBINOS. WIKB*8 OA.JM — THB HATOBAL BBIOOB—- THK PBAKS or OTTBB— -AND OTHBB BCBHBS. Routes to the Springs. Fivm BaUi- more to Washington, 88 mUes — to Alex- andria, by steamboat on the Potomac, or by stsge, 7 miles— 4o Qordonsville, by the Orange and Alexandria Railway, 88 nules— Whence to the present tenm> nus of the Yiri^nia Gentral Road, and thence by stage. From- Baltimore to Harper's Ferry and Winchester by rail- way, and thence by rdlway and stage ; < a pleasant but not the most expeditious way. Or frd, tlienoe by the Yirj^iiia Central Railway, as far as it at present extends, througli Char- lottesTifle, Staunton, Goshen, etc. Ap> proaching from the South, travellers dbould diverse from Richmond. From Ricbmond one may also go by railway to Lynchburg, and thence via LexAigton, the Natunil Bridge, etc. IVoM M« Wuty passengers should leave the Ohio River and route at 6uy> landotte, thence by stage. -< For still other routes, and to pohits without the Central Spring regicm, see each in Index, or farther on in this chapter. AdTiM to lBvalkb«-Before we let our health-seeking tourist loose at the Springs, it may not be amiss to give mm some general counsel touch- Sig the life it wiU be well for hhn to lead therCjSo that his virft may end hapi»ly. We, perhaps, cannot do this better than in the words ot Dr. Burke, fai his admirable volume i^ut this re- gion. The prescription may be used by visitors at any and all the thousuid watering-places in the Union. When the patient, under proper ad- vice, has selected, and arrived at the Spriiiig where he expects reliei^ there are some observances so essential to his success, that in a work profesdng in some degree to serve as his suide, it woidd be improper to omit ct^n^ at- tention to them. If he has Erections fi«m his Ikmily physician, the first question that suggests itself, is, Is he in the precise condition in which that physician saw him f If he be not, what change has taken place, and what new symptoms have occurred f It will readi- ly be understood^ that if the Journey has been tedious and laborious, as In virfts from the distant States, the faiva- lid may have sulfered ft>om a change of water, he< may be in a state of over^x- citement, or exhaustion, from want of deep, fktigue, or want of accustomed eomforts. He may, from exposure, > hav^ taken cold and be in the incipient sti^ of catarrhal fever. His liver may have hMB. deranged by tho journey. His arterial and iwrveus system may be abnormally excited. He may have headache, fhrred tongue; or he may be constipated, or in other respects " o«f Now is a man in any of these condi- tions to plunge into the Warm, Hot, or Sweet Spring Bath ; or is he to drink «, deep draughts of White, Salt, or Red Sulphur water f Assuredly, nol It may be necessary to administer some agent to improve the diseased secretion, or to give a brisk purgative, or to prescribe rest and regimen for two or three days, or even to deplete by general or local bleeding; If the derauffement be a slight oncj he may possibly be able himself to administer the necessary preparatives, but if it be more serious, he should inrocure medi- cal advice. It will be the wisest and safest plan, and may save him in the end time and money. I know there are tarious rumors cir- culated to the disadvantage of {Aysi- cians resident at the Springs. In MSt times there may have been impodtions practised in regard to charges; but I have made some inquiries ou this sub- ject, and believe they are now mtider^ ate and uniform. They are necesssrily, however, somewhat h^er than those of the family physician at home, as the expenses are also greater. I have touched on this subject, be- cause I have seen persons absolutely lose all the chances of benefit from the waters for want of judicious , advice. Distant physicians — at least many of then^-^now nothing of the Virginia Sprinn, except as a group. Very fre- quently, they do not know the differ- ence between the White Sulphur uid the Red Sulphur; and often confound the ktter with the Red Sweet. When, therefore, a physician, thus ignoraikt of the distinctive characters of those wa- ters, undertakes to prescribe them, he is as likely to be wrong as right ; and, indeed, we see, eveij season, many in- stances of such unfortunate mistakes. I spent a large portion of last season at the Salt Sulphur, and was consulted in several isases in which serious mlstakei • 3 ^!fni/QiaFLk, 8M 'ONl l>1ltl ; SUb- mcider* tbo«e TIm BfiriiigtoAdTlM t» laraHdi. of rlhli kiii4 iMkd b«en made. In every ivitenoe relief rewdted from sending iA» paUent to tlie water adapted to liis Wtietlier he employs a phyrician- or not, let me say to the invalid: "Be in slow haste." Survey the whole ground ««eordin£ to the suggestions I have laid before you. Do not gulp down large quantities of water to expedite a cure. It would be about as wise as the |}oiiduct of a man who eats to repleti sfawDcea admit, rise about 6, throw your olot^ on your shoulders, visit the %liru)gr, take a small-sized tumbler <^ water, move about in a brisk wak; jdiink again at 6^, continuing moderate exercise— «gidn at 1 ; bres£ftst when jrott can get it, (generally it is about 8, and. that is early enough,) but let it be moderate and of suitable quality. In ihost cases, a nice, tender mutton chop, or a soft-boiled eg^, (be sure it is freui iand not preserved m (mw.) or venison, or beef-«teak, if admisdble. Eat stale bread, or corn mush, or hominy — the latter a delightftil article to be found at ao^e of the Springs— a cuf^ of black |»li. not strone, or a glass of unakitmud milk. From, the above articles you may make a breakfast Kood enough for a king-4f such an ammal must live bet- ter than othera of his specie?. Ton may well dispense with buckwheat cakes floating in butter, omelets of stale ieggs, strong coffee, hot bread, and all the other a^ioncts of an ei^ourean table. iilter breakfast, if you can command a eaniage, or a horse, lake a drive .^r ride^ or amuse yourself as best yon maj until 19. Sat no hmeh«o». At IJjl, takes a glass of water, walk in the shade, drink again at lSf«-»again at 1. IMnner is usually about 8. Eatfor«o«ir> iahment and not for loxury. Avoid bad potatoes, cabbage, beets, tomips,onions, salt meat of every description, pastry, fruits, either cooked or in thdr 'atunU state. Though innocent elsewhere, they are pot usuafiy «o at Mineral Waters^ Amuse younelf in social intercoanw OT gentie exercise until 6, take a glass of water — ^walk or ride nniB supper—* take a cup oif black tea ginia Bows, Gewgia, Wolf and Badie* lor's Rows, Broadway, the Cohumade, Virginia Lawn, the Spring, and other specialities. The cottuies are baih of wood, brick, and of logs, one story high; and, altogether, the sedal ap* rangement and spirit here, as ai aU the surrounding Springs, has a pleasant, quiet, home sentiment, very much mora desirable than the metropolitan temper of mora accessible and mora tiironged rosorts. It is sud that the rite of these Springs was once the favorite hunting-gronnd of the Shawnees, a tradition sufqwrted by the romains found in various parts of the valley, in the shape of imple* ments of the chase and andent gniv,e8. It is not known precisely at what pe* riod the Spring was discoverad. Tbouffh the IncUans, undoubtedly, knew ito 'dr* tues, there is no record of its bdng used by the whites until l*il8, when Mrs. Anderson, wife of one of tilie early settlers, was borne hither on a Utter, from her house fifteen mUes ofl^ for the relief of a rheumatic afleotion. Her re* covery, fit>m the employment of the water in bathing and drinking, noised abroad, and in succeeding yean other visitors came, pitching tents aesnr the Spring in the absence of all kind of accommodation. Log-cabins were first erected on the spot in 1784-6, and the place began to assume something of its present aspect about 1820; ^ce then, it has been yearly improved, until it is capable of pleasantly houataig some 1,600 guests. The Spring bubbles up from tiM The Spring 3«Stoa* -H- itss earth in the lowest part of- the valley, and is ooTered by a pavilion, formed of 12 lonio eolumns, supporting a dome, crowned by a statue of the bweom lauU Hygeia. The Sprhig is at an elevation of 2,000 feet above tide-water. Itb temperature is 62° . Fahrenheit, and is uniform through all seasons. It yields about 80 gidlons per minute, and the supply is neither diminished in dry weather, nor increased by the longest rains. We shall not occupy our little space with the record of the analyris of the water here, or elsewhere, as the visitor may easily inform himself in that re- spect on the spot. One of its most marlced properties, says the waggish Peregrine Prolix, whom we have alnady quoted^ and may perchance again— 4s a strong infusion of fiuhion, an animal substMMe, the quality of which cannot be preeiady ascertained, but is sup- posml to contribute greatly to its effi- cacy. This esteemed and magic ingre- dient, when submitted to the ordeal of BXUitpkt, Is found always to vanish in smoke; There are less erudite, thouf^ not more merry doctors about than oar most sage friend Prolix. Tliir Salt Buifhur Springs, three in nvndlMr, are about twenty-four miles firom the WUte Sulphur, near Union, the capital of Monroe Oounty. Like the WhiCie Sulphur, they are beautifoUy nestied in the lajvof mountain rouges. Tlie Springs are near the eastern base of Swepe's Mountain. On the north, the Alleghany rises, while Peter's Moun- tun extends on the south and east. The Salt Sulphur was discovered in 1805, -by Mr. Irwin Benson, while bor- ii^ fbr salt water, which he was led to hope for by the ftct that the spot had formerly been a favorite ''lick" for deer and buffalo. The hotels and cot- tages at the Salt Sulphur will accommo- date some 400 guests. Every reason- able wmt may be satisfied here, whether it regards the interior creature com- forts, or the exterior seekings for the beautiful and curious in physical nature. If one is artistical, he may sketch for- ever ; or if he is geological, or botanical, or conchiological,hemay fo8dlize,or her> barittmise, or cabinetize, to all eternity. TIm BhM Salplinr Spttng , u Qreenbrier Oounty, is another sweet valley nook, 22 mlMs west of the White Sulphur, 82 north by east firom the Red Sulphur, and 18 from Lewisburg. It is upon the turai^ke road to Ouyandotte, on the Ohio. The Blue Sulphur, 26 miles from the White Sulphur, was known long ago, first as a "lick," frequented by vast herds of deer and buflUo from the neighboring forests of Sewers Moun- tain. Its geographical position is with- in the mi^c hill-circle of the great group of the Western Sprines, eqoying ulthe healthfhl climates of that most salubrious of regions. There is, besides the oaMns, a large brick hotel here, 180 feet long and three stories high, to which is Mded, on either side, a wing of two stories, and 190 feet ,&5}ade, with piasaas through the entire length. The foan> tdn is in the centre of a charming lawn, and is crowned, as usual, with a temple-shaped edifice. Here, as in the homes narrow gs. The Deabkf as td, ii not sbramoda- re as ad- M waters are at the AS Moun- iprmgik )hur, and ey of ^e 000 acres, IeClung*s Bhayer's the Piney i by Little SpringM the mun le Warm and 23 Tha Sprlag ^agloa. 9M ■Hr from the second point. The ralley in mhieh they are found lies below the North Mountain on the east, and the If ill Mountain on the west. TlM FKoqalHr White Aa^^hnr, in Flauqider County, are 86 miles mily firom Washington, and about 40 from Fred* erioksburg. Take the Orange and Alexandria Railway from Alexandria, 41 miles, to Warrenton Junction, thence, nine miles, by Branch to War- renton, and you are dose by. Take the Virghiia Central Railway from lUch- mond, thence deflect at Oordonsrille, on the Orange and Alexandria road to Warreikion Junction ; thence, as before, to Warrenton, by Branch road. Dis- tance from Richmond 182 miles. Joidnn^ White Salphar. These Springs are in Frederick County, five imles fkioin Winchester, and one mile and a half fr^mi Stephenson Depot, on the Winchester and Potomac Railway. Distattise from Harper's Ferrr 28i, from BaHlmore (Baltimore and Ohio Railway to Harper's Ferry) 116^ miles. The Bhnnnondnle Sjpriiigs are in Jefferson County, five mues and a half from Charieston, a point on the railway frbm' Harper's Ferry to Winchester. Distance to Charieston Arom Harper's Ferry, 10 miles ; from Baltimore (Bal* timore and Ohio Railway) 92 miles, Th» BiriBelay IS^piiaga, hi Bath, Morgan County, are two miles and a half firom Sir John's Depot, a point on the Baltimore and Ohio Ridlway, 180 miles west of Batlimore. This is a very ancient and distinguished resort, esteemed and frequented by Washinffton before the Rerolution. Strother's Hotel is a house to Hnger at as long as ponible. 0*Far- rell's Hotel is another and a good house here. Thn Onpoa Sprinfi are 28 miles south-west of Winchester, at the base of the North Mountdn. Take the Baltimore and Ohio Railway, from Bal- timore to Harper's Ferry, 82 nules; thence, th« Potomac and Winchester," 82 miles, to Winchester; thence by stage i or take the Orange and Alex- andria road, from Alexandria, 27 miles, to Muassas Station and the Manas- Stts Gap Railway, 01 miles more, to Straa* buiw. Spflngil Bath County. These thermal waters lie in a pleasant Tslley of eight or ten miles extent, be» tween the Warm l^ng Mountidn on the east, a&d the VaUey Mountain on the west In the neighborhood is th* fine easoade, from whidi this loealitv of the southern group <^ the HeslinK Springs (here j^irticulM^ referred t<^ derires its -name of nulling Spring VaUej. " ^ Dinrall'i fljpciag is on the nudn road frum Lynchburg to the White Sulphur, 19 miles west, by a dlreot road from the Natural Bridge, or 28 miles thenoe, via Buchanan. It is in the extreme norths western part of Botetourt County, tO miles east of the AUeghanies, and «k the base of Gordon Mountain. RnwkyHi Springi are in Rooking- ham County, upon the soutiiem dope of the North Mountain, 12 miles frMi Harrisburg, and 120 miles north'Oast of the White Sulphur. Ofarayaon^Sal^phar are west of tbn Blue Kdge,in Carroll County, 20 miles south of WytheriUe, on tiie New Rlrer— a region of remarkable iatnnl beauty. Th* AUsghaay BpKla§» are in Montgomery County, On the south fork of the Roanoke Rirer, 10 railAs east of Christiansburg, on the Virginia and Tennessee Railway. From Rich- mond to Chrisliaxisburg, 210 miles west'; from Lynchburg, 86 miles. PnlMkl Afana Spriasr, In Futadd County, north-west, on Little Water Creek, 10 miles from Newbem, and seyen nules, in a direct line, from the Yir^nia and Teunessee Railway. New XiOndon Alnni la in the Ooanty of CampbeU, 10 mOes south-west of Lynchburg. (See Lynchburg, for route thither.) Th« Hngnwot G^ciags is a water- ing-place in Powhattan County, 17 miles fr>om Richmond. Take the Richmond and Danville Rdlway to the Springs Station, about 10 ndles, thence by gOM omnibuses or stages. A pleasant ex- cursion fh>m Richmond. . S86 TZBOnilA. Tk« Nttonl Bridge. There are many other mineral foon- tains in Yireiuia (uaoorei^d and undis* oovered. We have mentioned in our eatalogne ail of much reeort ; and many more tlian the Tidtor can ex^riore in one short ranuier. TIm Natonl Bridg* is in Rook- bridge Oonnty, in Western Virginia, 68 miles from the White Sulphor Springs. From Washington, ih» trareller hitMr may take the Orange and Alexandria RaUwaT to Qordons^e,on the Yirf^nia Central and the Central to Staunton; and tbenoe, br Stage, 08 miles, via Lexington ; or he may take the railway from Biohmond to Lynohburs, and Alienee by stage, 86 miles. In the jdeasant book w Viigihia Lettera, upon which we have already ft«ely drawn. Peregrine Prolix thus records the story of his visit to the Katiiral Bridge. « Every bodv in this vicinity wiU teU yon that the distance from Lexingtmi to the Natural Bridge is 19 miles ; but the shortest route is 14 ndles, tix of which being supposed to be impossable In consequence of the superabundance of rain. The driver of my hack, by name Oliver (a mthmikrope of great •kill Ul his art), jmrsued » route uiree ndles longer. Not being awftre of the inconceivable badness c? the road, and being naturally averse to eariy rising, I did not leave Lexington until nine o'clock. Oliver soon horrified me by turning into the road we travelled last evenii^, and informing me we mu&t pursue it for six miles, and then take a cross road for three miles to get into the direct route. This was bad news ; for in a rerion of bad roads, the cross roads are tiie worst, and are as bad as the cross women. And indeed, until within two miles of the bridge, the road is so pre-eminently abominable, that it has won to itself the title of purgatory, and like that uncomfortable place, when once in, it requires much whipping to get yoc out. " Not withstanding the difficulties of mud aid mire, rut and rock, hill and hollow, the skilftil Oliver luided me safe f.t the house near the bridge at two y. H. A melanthropic guide con- ducted me immediately down a winding rocky path to the bottom of the deep chasm, in which flows the little stream called Cedar Creek, and across the top of whibh, from brink to brink, there sUll extends an enormous roclcy stratum, that time and gravity have moulded into a ffraoeftil arch. The bed of Cedar Creek is more than two hundred fiset below the surfiuse of the plain, and the sides of the enormous chasm, at the bottom of which the water flows, are composed of solid rock maintaining a posinon almost perpendicidar. These adamantine walls did not seem to me to be water-worn, but suggested the idea of an enormous cavern, that in remote ages may have been covered for miles by the continuatioB of that stratum of which idl that now remains ia the ardi of the Natural Bridge. I do verily bdHeve that this stupendous ob- ject is the rui» of a mm, one of those antres vast, in which our limestone re- gions abound, and which perhapa existed previous to the upheaving of our conti- nent, and was tenanted by Naiads, Tri- tons, and other worthies of the deep. ** The flrst sensation of the beholder is one of double astonishment ; first, at the absolute sublimity of the scene ; next, at the total inadequacy of the de- scripitions he has read, and the futures he has seen, to produce in Us mind the funtest idea of the reality. The great height gives the arch an air of grace and lightness that must be seen to be felt, and the power of speech is for a moment lost in contemplating the im- mense dimensions of the surrounding objects. The middle of the arch la forty-five feet in perpendicular tidck- ness, which increases to sixty at its juncture with the vast abutments. Its top, which is covered with soil sup- porting shrubs of various rixes, is two hundred and ten feet high. It is r'xty feet wide, and its span te almost ninety feet. Across the top passes a pubUo road, and being in the same phme with the neighboring country, you may cross it in a coach without being aware of the interesting pass. There are several forest trees of large dimensions grow- TIBOOriA. TiM Peak* of Otter. 987 -r-r • winding the deep tie stream M tlie top Inlc, there 7 stratum, moulded lofOedar ndredfoet n, and the n, at the flows, are itaining a ir. These »m to me csted the a, that in a eoTered m of that w remains Ige. I do ndous ob- I of tliose Bstone le- ipB existed oar contl- aiads, Tri- te deeoi I beholder 1 ; first, at le seene; of the de- efrfetores I mind the The great ' of grace sen to be 1 is for a g the im- rronndiog s aroh £ ilar thiclc- cty at its ents. Its s

    tbic. A little above the bridge, on the western side of the creek, the wall of rock is broken into but- ress>like masses, which rise almost perpencUoular- ly to a he^t of nearly two hundred and fifty feet, terminating in separate pinnacles which overlook the bridge. It requires a strong head, (perchance a tiiick skaU,) to stand (m one of these narrow eminences and look into the yawning gulf below. ** W hen you are exactly under the arch and cast your glances upwards, the space appears immense ; and the sym- metry of the ellipsoidal concave formed by the arch and the gigantic walls from which it springs, is wonderfully pleas- ing. From tluis position the views in both directions are sublime and strikng from the immense height of the rooky walls, stretching away m various curves, covered in some places by the drapery of the forest, green and graceftil, and in others without a bramble or a bush, 4Mure and blue. *' Header, do not allow the coolness of the neighbors, or the heat of the weather, or the badness of the roads, or the goodness of your equipage, or the inertia of your disposition, or the The Nfttond Bridge, Yirglnls. gravity of your baggage, or the levity of your purse, or tiie nolition of your womankind, or any other creature of any other kind, to prevent you from going to see the Natural Bridge ; you never saw its like before, and never will you look upon its like, again." The Feaka of Otter. These fa- mous mountain heights are in the same region as the Natural Bridge. They lie in the County of Bedford, 10 miles from the village of Liberty, and 85 miles from Lynchburg — ^railway from Bichmond to Lynchburg, and thence by stage. The summits of the Peaks of Otter are about two miles apart. The north- m ▼nMiitiA. TkcPMktoTOttor. •ni mountain rliM 4,S00 feet abofe the pkUn, and &,80f aboTe the ms. It ia the ■otttbern or conical peali wUcli ia moat often aaceaded. ** After ridinff about a anarttr of a mile,** saya a tlaitor to tbeae pealia, ** we came to the point bevond which horaea cannot be taken, and diamoont- ing our ateeda, commenced aacending on ibot ; the way waa Terr ateep, and the day ao warm that we nad to halt often to take breath. Aa we approached (he aummit, the treea were all of a dwarflah nowth, and twiated and gnarled by the atorma of that high re- gion. There were alao a few blaclt- berry buahea, bearing their fruit long after the aeaaon had paiaed below. A few minutea lAnser brou|(ht oa to where the treea eeaaed to grow ; biit a huge maaa of rooka, tiled wildly on top of each othW| llnlahed the termination of the peak. Oar path Uy for aome dia- tance around the baae of it, and under the OTorhanging iMttlementa. and rather deacending for a while, until it led to a part of tiM 1^ wMch could with aome oflbrt be acaJed. There waa no ladder, nor any artificial atepa, and the only meana of aacent waa byclimbing over the aacceadve rocka. We aoon stood upon the wild platform of one of na- tnre*a moat magnificent obaenratoriea, iaolated and apparently aboTe all thinga else terreatrial, and looking down upon and orer a beautiful, variegated, and at the same time grand, wild, wonderAiI, and almost boundleaa panorama. In- deed, it waa literally boundleaa, for therv waa n considerable haze resting upon some parts of the 'world below/ ao that, in the distant horizon, the earth and sky seemed insentdblr to mingle with each other. I had been Aere before. I remember, when a boy of little more than ten year* old, to have been taken to that spot, and how my unpractised nerrea foraook me at the sublimity of the scene. **0n this day it waa aa new as erer ; aa wild, wonderfiil and sublime aa if I had never before looked from those iaolated rocks, or stood on that awAil gnrnmit. On one dde, towards Eaatem Virginia,'* lay a comparatively level country in the distance, bearing atrong reaemblance to the ocean ; on the other hand were rangea of high moontainft tntaraperaed witn cultivated apota, and then terminating in pUea of mountaina. f<^owhig in aucceaaive rangea, un^ they were loat also In the haze. Abova and below, the BIm RidM and AHe- rtaniea run off 'in long Unea; aome- timea relieved by knoUa and pealu, and in one place above ua making a .grace- ftd curve, and then again runmag off in a different line of diraction. "Yerv near ua stood the toonded top of the other peak, looking like a auUen sentinel for ita neighbor. **We paused in rilence for a time. We were there almost cut off ftxmi the worid below, standing where it waa fearftd even to look down. It waa more hazy than at the time of my last visit, but not so much ao aa to dealroy the intereat of the scene. " There was almoat a aenae of pain at the atillnesa which aeemed to reign. We could hear the flamdnga of tlie wfaiga of the hawlca and the buaaards, aa they seemed to be gathering a new im petus after sailing through one of their circles in the air below ua. North of us, and on the other side of the Valley of Virginia, were the mountaina Mar Lexington, just aa aeen from that . beautiftil village — the Jump, North and House mountuns succeeding each other. They were femiliar with a thousand aa> sooiations of our childhood, seeming mysteriously, when away from the apo^ to brine my early home before me — not in imaf^tion, such as had often haunt* ed me when I first left to find anotlier in the world, but in substantial rMtlity. Further on down the valley, and at a great distance, was the top of a laige mountdn, which was thought to be the Great North Mountain, away down in Shenandoah County. I am afrdd to aay how far off. Intermediate between^ these mountains, and extending oppo> site and fer above us, waa the VaUey of Virginia, with its numerous and highly cultivated farms. Acrosa this vaUey, and in the Stance, lay the re- TttQUnA. 9H -i-i- moM nngM of the Alleghanj and moontalu about, and, I lappoM, be- yond th« White SolphurSprinM. Nearer w, and leparating Eaatem and Weatem yii|(lnla, waa the Bloe Ridge, more than oTor ihowing the proprietjr of ita oononten of the * back bone,' and on wueh we ooold diatinctly aee two lig^ sag tumpilcea, the one leading to Fin- eaStle and the other to Buchanan, and OTer which hitter we had trarelled a few dari before. With the ipy-glaM we could diatinguiah the houaea in the Tillage of FincaaUe, aome twenty-flTC or thirty milea off, and the road leading to the town. Turning towarda die di- rection of our moming*a ride, we had beneath us Bedford County, with its amaller mountains, &rms and farm- houses, the beautiM viUage of Liberty, the county roads, and occasionally a mill-pond, reflecting the aun lilce a aheet of poUahed aUver. The houses on the hill at Lynchburg, twenty-fire or thirty milea distant, are distinctlr visible on a dear day, and also Wilus' mountain, away down in Buckingham County. The towist may take a carriage from Liberty or at Buchanan, to the Peinkfl. A fine well-graded turnpike leads thence and a good hotel is at the base of the monntMn. Wolrti Onw*. This wonderful place, scarcely inferior in its mysterious gran- deur to the celebrated Mammoth Cave of Kentucky, is in the north-eastern comer of Augusta County, Va., 1*7 miles from Staunton (o)a the Central Bailway), 10 milea from Waynesboro', 8 miles from Mount Siclney, 14 miles from Har^ risburg, and 82 from CharlottesTille and the University of Yiivinia.— Take the Central Bailway from fiichmond, or the Orange and Alexandria from Washing- ton City to GordonsviUe and the Cen- tral Railway onward to Staunton : thence by stage VJ miles to the Cave. Weir's Cave (sometimes written We^$)j was named after Bernard Wever, who discovered it in 1804, while in chase of a wild animal who fled thither for escape. Many of the count- less apartmenta in tjuis grand subter- ranean oastle are of ezqu&te beanty — others again are magnlflcent In their grand extent Washington Hall, tho brgeat chamber. Is no less than 260 feet in length. A traveller viaiting tha cave on the occasion of an annual illu- mination, thua deseribes this noble apartment : ** There Is a fine sheet of rock-work mnninff Up the centre of th|s room, and l^vbg It the aapect of two separate and noble galleries, till you look above, where you observe the partition rises only twenty feet towarda the roo^ and leaves the fine arch expanding over your head untouched. There is a beau- tifVd connection here atanding out In the room, which certainly has the form and drapery of a aigantio atatue ; It bears the name of tne Nation's Hero; and the whole place is filled with these pri^ections— «ppearanoe8 which excito the Imagination 'by aucgeating resem- bhmcea, and leaving them uminished. The eeneral eflRtct, too, waa perhapa In- deacnbable. The fine perspective of this room, four times the length of an ordinary church ; the numerous taperSi when near you, so enonmbered bv deep shadows as to give roce8s of the gathering Of the sap of the pines, for those &mous sta|de manu- factures, 'Har, pitch and turpentine." " The Coast, too, of North Carolina is one of the most celebrated on the West- em borders of the Atlantic— the one most watched and feared by mariners and all Voyagers, that upon which the dreaded capes, Hatteras and Lookout and Fear are found. iKOXtB. OABi&LtSA, i 248 jr. There at Its yrtfy it 600 feet the rock0 e surprise lition, iraa [locks, be* he Cataw- and it is Bd of the deed, the place ex- ile fact. — s between along the 60 to 70 eved that taped.** Mineral Prodneto BlTWfc blio mind, of the Old 7 brilliant f — as long e engaged 3 Stat^ did- iblicly and ;he famous lan a year lolly desti- pography, Ing forest ifare from I very late I inland, is Tet this irist, more nfc marsh, b1 Swamp, kl Swamp, watch the i|demantt- the West- iriners and t and Fear While the innumenMe bays and shoals and islands are thus cautiouisly ayoid- ed by fhe passing mariners, they are as eagerly sought by the fisherman and the gportitnaiu Immeuseqiaaiitities of Ihad ud herring and other fish are taken line, uid the dstwiries of the rivers and tiie bays are among ithe &Torite resorts of wOd fowl of every species ; making tiiis ooast seoroely less attractive, to the sportsman, than is the Ohesapeake Bay and the shore of Long bland. The Interior of the State is a rude, hilly coontry, which, though it is not at present, may yet be, softened into the bloojning beauty of New England. Be- yond tp.the Westward, lies the great mountain district, which, when it comes to be better known, as the r^lways now approaching it from all rides promise that it soon will be, will place the State in public estimation among the most strikingly picturesque portions of the Union. Two great ridges of the Alieghanies traverse this grand region, somie of their peaks imng to we noblest heights, and one of them reaching a greater altitude than any summit east of the Rocky Mountdns. W?; 1 brks innumerable and of the richest beauty^ water^falls of wonderful de- tgh> onrl valleys lovely enough for loveliest dreams, are seen in this, yet almost y.'"<' ( land. We shall lead our traveller thither anon; after a tfttle longer gi' , V ?.i the general characteristics of the country; at the fptdlities for loco* mokiou which are at command, and after a brief vimt to places and scenes in tiie eastern and middle sectioius of the State. Mineral products of great variety and value are found in Nortii Carolina, as in the neighboring mountain districts of South Carolina and Georgia. Until the ^covery of the auriferous lands of California, this was the most abundant gold tract in the United States. The mines here of this monarch of metals h^e been |Hrofit»biy worked for many years. At the branch mint at Charlotte, in the mining re^on, gold was coined, between and including the years 1888 and 1868, to the vidue of no less than |8,'790,038 ; the highest annual product bebg $1196,734, in the year 1852. The Copper lands of the State, says Professor Jackson, are unparalleled in richness. Goal, too, both bituminous and anthradte, is found here in great abunduice, i^nd of the finest quality. Iron ore also e:dsts throughout the moun* tain districts. Limestone and Freestone may be had in inexhkustible supply. Marl is abundant in all the counties on the coast, and rilver, lead, manganese, salt and gypsum have been discovered. The rivers of North Carolina haVe no very marked picturesque character, except the mountidn streams in the west, where, berides other charming waters, the shores of the Beach Road for forty miles, are unsurpassed in bold and obangeM beauty. The greater number of the rivers run from 200 to 400 miles, in a south-east Erection through the State to the Atlantic. A few small streams empty into the Tennessee. The Roanoke and the Chowan extend from VirgiiUa to Albemarle Sound. The Cape Fear Kver traverses the State and enters the sea near the southern extremity of the State. Travellers by the old steamer rbute from Wilmington to Charleston, will remember the passage of this river from the former place, 26 miles to its mouth at Smithvitte. "(Q«(«2 6«attjMiy«rexpldmed a visitor from Guadaloupe, as he entered this stream from the sea, and looked out upon its white sandy i^ores luxuriant with the trailine foliage of the live-oak. ** * Quel oeau pays ' 1'* echoed the captain of the incoming barque, in surprise ; " do you, just from the grand mountains and valleys of Guadaloupe, caU this miserable flat re^on a beautiM country f^ "For that very reason, mon ami. It is exactlv because I have so long seen onlv mountuns and valleys that these beautiftdly wooded [dains, so new to my dght, and in such direct contrast with all I have ever gazed upon before, charm me so much. Mon Dleu, quel beau ]paysl** * S44 irOBXH OABOLIK A. BaUmyi—Baleigh— Wilmington. The reader will understand our anecdote according to the teachings of his own experience. The Neuse and the famous Tar Rivers come from the Jiorth to FamUco Sounds The Yadkin and the Oatawba enter South Carolina, and are there caUed, one the Great Pedee, and the othe^ the Wateree. These and the other rivers of this State are so greatly obstructed at their mouths by sand banks, and above by rapids and fiilu, that their waters are not navigable for any great distance, or by any other than small craft. Vessels drawing ten or twelve feet of water ascend the Gape Fear River as far as Wilmington, and steamboats yet beyond to Fayetteville. Steamboats sdl vip the Neuse 120 miles, to Waynesboro', up the 1^ 100 miles, to Tarborough, the Roanoke 120 miles, to HaUikx, and up the Chowan 16 miles. Railwnyfc— The Wilmington and Weldon road, 162 miles long, traverses the entire breadth of t!he State, in the eastern portion, from Weldon through £Dilifax, Brattlel>orough, Rocky Mount, Joyners, Wilson, Nahiiata, Goldsboro' Mt., Mount Olive, Faison's, Strickland's, Teaohey's, Washhigton, and Bordeaux, to Wiuoington. It is a link in the great mul route from the Northern to tiie Southern cities. Railways also di- verge from the above line to Raleigh. The Raleigh and Gaston road from Weldon, 97 miles, and the North Caro- lina road, from Goldsboro*, 48 miles. This road continues on from Raleigh, through Hillsboro', Graham, Greens- borough, Lenngton, Salisbury, and intermediate stations, to Charlotte, 1*76 miles beyond Raleigh. At Charlotte it unites with the railway system of South Carolina. The Raleigh and Gaston railway ex- tends (with connecting Unks) from Weldon, on the Great Northern and Southern mail route, 97 miles, to Ra- leigh. The Roanoke Yalley road deflects from the Raleigh and Gaston, and unites with the Virginia routes. The North Carolina and N. C. Cen- tral Railways extend from Goldsboro', on the Great Northern and Southern route, to Raleigh, 48 miles, and thence north-west via Hillsboro', Graham, etc., to Greenboro' ; thence southwardly to Charlotte, uniting with the South Caro- Una rdlways. Distance from Raleigh to Charlotte 176 miles. Other routes are now in progress, which will traverse ail the western parts of the State, and unite the eastern and middle districts, at many points, with the railways of Tennessee and the Great West. Raleigli. from New Tork, by the Great Southern line of ndlway, through Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, and Richmond, to Weldon, N. C, thence by the Raleigh and Gaston Railway. Distance from Washington, 286 miles ; from Weldon, 97 miles. From Charles- ton, S. C, by the great mail route, to Goldsboro', N. C, on the Wilmington and Weldon link ; thence by the North Carolina Central Rulway. Raleigh, the capital of North Caroli- na, is situated a little north-east of the centre of the State, nb^r the N^use River. It is a pleasant little cUy, on a high and healthf\il position. Union Square is an open area of ten acres, oc- cupying a centre, on the sides of which are the principal streets. The State House, which is on this square, is one of the most imposing of the Capitols of the United States. It is built of granite after the model of the Parthenon, with massive columns and a grand dome. The former State House was destroyed by fire in 1881, and with it the cele- brated statue of Washington by Cano- va. The State Lunatic Asylum is here, and the North Carolina Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. Pop., 6,000. Wilmington, the largest, and the chief commercial city of North Caroli- na, is in the south-eastern extremity of the State, upon the Cape Fear River, t 84 miles from the sea. Reached from JL VOBTH OABQLnrA. 245 Towns ud TtlUges— The MonntalQ Begton. New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, etc., by the Great Southern route, upon which it is a prominent point. Travel- lers from Gharleston and New Orleans formerly took the steamer here for a coast voyage aa fkr as Gharleston ; now the route is oondnued by the Manches- ter and Wilmington railway to Einss- ville, on the Columbia Branch of the South Carolina road. A. more direct way to Charleston will be opened by the North Eastern railway, to deflect at a convenient point from the Wihmngton and Manchester Une. This is a busy plaee, foil of manufacturing and com- meroiid life. It oflfers, however, no very great attractions to the traveller in quest of the picturesque, though it play- ed a part in the drama of the Revolu- tion. Mfyor Craig took possession of the town in January, ItSl, and occu- pied it until the surrender of Gornwal- lis. Population about 11,000. Nawbflm, »» pleasant old town of about S,000 inhabitants, is at the con- fluence of the Neuse and the Trent Rivers, midway on the Atlantic line of the State, 60 miles above Pamlico Sound. It may be reached from Golds- boro* or other stations on the Wilming- ton andWeldon link of the main southern line of railway. A railway is in pro- gress from Ooldsboro* to Newbern. Distance from Raleigh, by railway, about ICO miles; from Goldsboro' it will be between 60 and 60. Fayettevills is a thriving place of some 8,000 people. It is at the head of navigation, on Cape Fear River, 60 miles south of Raleigh, and 100 miles above Wilmington. Reached at present on plank roads from Raleigh, and from the Wiknington and Weldon railway. Charlotte is one of the chief towns in the western part of North Carolina. Reached from Raleigh by the North Carolina railway, 1*76 miles, and from Charleston and Columbia, S. C, by the South Carolina and Columbia Branch, and the Charlotte and South Carolina railways; from Columbia, 109 miles; from Charleston, 237 miles. A plank road, 120 miles long, connects this town with Fayetteville. Charlotte !s in the midst of the gold rej^on of the State, and is the seat of a United States Branch Mint. Some in- teresting historical memories are awak- ened at Charlotte. It was here that the patriots of Mecklenburg County assembled in convention, in I'T'TS, and boldly passed a series of resolutions, de- claring themselves independent of the British Crown ; thus anticipating bv a ?ear the Immortal Declaration of '^e. he British troops occupied the town in 1780, and for a little while il was the head-quarters of the American forces. Here General Greene took the command of the Southern army .from General Gates, fifty days after the departure of Cornwallis. Battle of QoilfiEirdl Oonrt Bouae. ^The scene of this interesting event in the history of the American Revolu- tion, is in the County, of Guilford, in the north-western part of the State. THE MOUNTAIN BEOION. No section of the United States is richer in beautiful landscape tiian is all the western part of North* Carolina, tra- versed by some of the noblest spurs of the Blue Ridge. Turn, here, which way you will, every varying point presents a picture of new aitd wonderfU charm. Blaok Mountain, 20 miles north- east of A8hville,^ises to the magnifi- cent height of 6,476 feet, and is thus the loftiest peak eosi. of the Rocky Mountain ranges. The scene from its crown is of surpassing grandeur. The Swannanoa Crap is a magnifi- cent mountun pass, between Ashville and Morgantown. The Falla of tht CcUauba are hard by. The Biokory-Nut Gap is another grand clove on the giant hills, rich in wonderful pictures of precipices and cascades. Pilot Mountain, in Burke Coun- ty, is a bold peak, almost isolated in the midst of a comparatively level re^on. In the olden time it was the landmark of the Indians in their forest wander- ing; hence its present name. The BawVa Bill, in Burke County, is a stupendoos projecting difT, looking 346 NORIB OASOUXTA, The Moootdn Beglon— Fnnoh Broad BiTOi. • t ., < Scene in the Bine Bidge, N. 0. down 1,600 feet upon the waters of a rushing river. ' The Talda RocAe, a few miles below the Hawk*s Bill, rises, oone-ahaped, 2,600 feet above the valley of the Ca- tawba River. * Tb» Oingwr Oake Book, also in Burke County, is a ^i^gular pile, upon the summit of the Ginger CiUce Moun- tain. It is a natural stone structure, in the form of an inverted pyramid, 29 feet in height. It is crowned with a slab 82 feet long and two feet thick, which projects half its length beyond the edge of the pyramid upon which it is BO strangely poised. Though seem- ing just ready to faU, nothing could be more secure. A fine view down the dark ravhie below is commanded at this point. ThoFrenohBrottd Riv«r, in its wild mountain course of 40 miles, or more, from Ashville to the Tennessee line, abounds in admirable scenes. It is a rapid stream, and in all its course lies deep down in mountain gorges — now foaming over its rocky pathway, and now Bleeping, siQlen and dark, at the base of huge precipitous cBffs. A fine highway follows its banks,and often tres- passes upon its waters, as it is crowded by the jealous overhanging olfiBk. Near the Tennessee boundary, and close by the Warm Springs, this road lies in the shadow Of the bold mountain precipices known as the Painted Rocks amd the Chimneys. The .P^iuted Rocks have a perpendicular elevation of between 200 and 800 feet. Their came con^ from the Indian pictu-es yet to be wim upon them. The Chimneys are lofty cliffs, broken at their summits into detached piles of rocks, bearing much the likeness of colossal chimneys, a fancy greatly improved by the fire-place-looking re- cesses at their base, and which serve as turn-outs in the narrow causeway. The picture embracing the angle in the river, beyond the Chimney Rocks, is especiaUvfine. The Indian name of the French Broad is Tselica. Under this title, Mr. Simms has woven into beautiful verse a charming legend of the river. ** The tradition of the Cherokees,^' he says, '* asserts the existence of a siren in the SOUTH OABOLINA. 247 Route to the Warm SprlngB and the Hill Begion French Broad, who implores the hunter to the stream, and strangles him in her embrace, or so infects him with some mortal disease, that he invariably per- ishes." The Wkrm Sprliigi, across the river from the vicinage of the Painted Books, is a very j^easant and popular summer resort. The excellent hotel here occuides a fine pUteao, very grate- ful to the dight, in its contrast with the rugged character of the wild landscape all around. Rmitair— To reach the mountun re- gion of North Carolina, from tbo north, follow the railways to Raleigh, and pro- ceed thence by the Central Railway, 182 miles, to Salisbury (station), thence by stage to Morgantown, 81 miles, to Ash- ville, 66 miles. From Charleston, S. C, take the South Carolina railways to Spartanburg, and thence by stage to Ashville ; or railway lines through from Charleston, via Columbia, S. C, and Charlotte, N. C, to Salisbury, on the North Carolina Central route, and thence, as before, by stage to Morgan- town and Ashville. ■?% tiTIIC«- MCtn II •> < Tho French Broad River, N. G. SOUTH CAROLIKA. SocTH Carolina is one of the most interesting States in the Union, in its legendary and historic story, in its social characteristics, and in its physical aspect. Upon its settlement by the English, in 16*70, John Locke, the famous philos- opher, framed a Constitution for the young colony, after the pattern of that of Plato's Model Republic. Later (1690| the native poetic humor of the people received a new prompting from the influx of French Huguenots, driven from their own land by the Revocation of the Edict of Nantz. This chivalric spirit was fostered by the wars which they shared with the Georgians, under Ogle- thorpe, against the Spaniards in Florida, and by the gallant struggles in which they were perpetually involved with the Taniasses and other of their Indian 248 SOUTH OABOLmA. !■ CKnienl BenMrk»— Bailwayn neigbbora. Next came the long and painftil trial of the Revolation, in which these reaolate people were among the first and most ardent to take up arms in the cause of Right— the most perastent and self-sacrificing in the prosecttUon of the contest, under evisry rebii^ and the last to leave the bloody and devastating fight— « storr now told undeniably and gloriously everywhere through her romantic territory, upon the battle-fields, from the mountains to the sea. The geinerons temper, from which all this brave history grew, has been ever rince nourished and developed by the social circumstances of the people; the kindly and benign influences of a pastoral or agricultural life, cementing, en- dearing, and perpetuating, through a thousand links, family love, associations, attainments, and possessions. These characteristics have been yet further brought out by the climate, by the physical nature of their home, and by the domestic dependence of one portion of the community, and the ennobling effect of the consciousness of power nnd the obligations it imposes upon the other. The physique of the Palmetto Staters exceedingly varied. Here, on the sea> board and tiie so«^, broad savannas and deep, dank lagunes, covered with teeming fields of rice, and fruitftil in a thousand changes of tropiotl vegetation ; in the middle districts great undulating meadows, overspread with the luxuriant maize, or white with snowy oarpetings of cotton ; and, again, to the northward, bold mountain ranges, lovely valleys, and matchless waterfalls. ** The mnny land, the sonny hmd, where Nstare has displayed. Her fUrest works, with Uvish hand, in hiU, and vals, and ghide ; Her streams flow on in melody, through lair and froltflil plains; And, ttma the monntains to the sea, heanty with plenty reigns I " BaOwtcyn, The South Carolina Rail- way traverses the lower portion of the State, 187 miles from Charleston to Auguista, Georgia. There are muoj sta- tions but no important towns on this route, excepting Aikin, a semi-watering {dace, lir miles from Augusta. The North-eastern Railway will ex- tend north from Charleston to Florence, where it will tap the great highway, from Boston to New Orleans, which now leaves Charleston to the eastward. The Cheraw and Darlington extends 40 nules to Cheraw from Florence ter- minus of the North-eastern road from Charleston, on the Wilmington and Manchester. The Columbia Branch extends 66 miles from BranchviUe midway, on the South-eastern road to Columbia, the capital of the State. Stations — ^Branch- viUe, on the South Carolma Railway to Rowe's, 9 miles ; Orangeburg, 1*7 ; Jamieson's, 34 ; Lewisville, 28 ; Fort Motte, 86; Kingsville, 41 (Junction of great Mail Route from New Tork via Wihnington, N. C.) ; Gadsden, 46; Hopkins, 64; Hampton, 60; Columbia, 66 miles. The Wilmington and Manchester ex- tends 172 miles from Kiiu^svillc, Colum- bia Branch of South Carouna road. Sta- tions— Kingsville to Wateree Junction, 9 miles (Camden Branch Road diverges here) ; Manchester, 16 ; Sumtervule, 26 ; MaysviUe, 84 ; Lynchburg, 48 ; Timmonsville, 62 ; Florence, 64) North Eastern Road for Charleston and the Cheraw and Darlington, for Cheraw, diverge here); Max's Bluff, 70; Pee Dee, 76; Marion, 86; Mullen's, 92; Nichol's, 99; Fine Bluff, 108; Grist's, 118 ; Whitesville, 127 ; Flenungton, 187 ; MaxweU's, 144; Brinkley's, 164 ; Wilmington, 171 miles. The Camden Branch extends 87 miles from Kingsville — Columbia Branch of the South Carolina Road. Stations — Kingsville to Clarkson's, 4 miles ; Man- chester Junction, 9 ; Middleton, 11 ; Claremont, 18 ; Hopkins, 28 ; Camden, 37 miles. The Charlotte and South Carolina Rulway extends northward, through :li»i: ■> II :; n, in which up arms in owcution of derastating hrnugh her sea. I been ever people; the tenting, en- tssociations, yet further and by the )bling effect le other. , on the sea- overed with regetation ; le luxuriant I northward, ; Columbia, nchester ex- rille, Colum- kroad. Sta- Be Junction, >ad diTcrges SnmterriUe, hburg, 48 ; ), 64) North ;on and the or Cheraw, BT, 10; Pee alien's, 92; 08; Grist's, Flemington, kley's, 154 ; nds 87 miles Branch of Stations — nUes; Man- ileton, 11 ; 3; Camden, Ith Carolina through rl 'Ji'O'f.'^titt^:-. , ..*ri*i*i3t,- mmmmmt -rmie^0$i^^ .^^y^tili^jii^'. ^^mm^- *'Wp>*^ !%>^m4'^i^^.:MMm^sii I .-3 (; I ■s •V s 3 A BOrra OABOUKA. 240 ObwiMton and BoatM Thither. I ij I the mountain region, 106 miles, from Oolumbia to Gliarlotte, North Carolina. Tlie principal places passed are Winns- boro and Chester. At Chester a rail- war direrges for TorkviUe. King's MounMn Railway extends 28 miles from Chester (Charleston and South Carolina Road) to TorkTille. The OreenTilie and Columbia Railway extends northwest, via Newberry C. H., 148 miles from Columbia to Greenville, with branches and connecting lines to Bpartanborg, Laurensville, Abbeville, and Anderson. The Spartanbnrg and Union Ridlway deflects at Alson, from the Greenville and Columbia Railway, 65 miles north- west of Columbia. When finished to Spartanburg it will be 67 miles long. The Laurens Road extends 82 miles from Newberry, C. H. (Greenville and Columbia Railway) to Laurensville. The Abbeville Bn^nch of the Green- ville and Columbia Road deflects at Cokesbory, 19 miles to Abbeville. The Anderson Branch (Greenville * and Columbia) deflects at Belton, 10 miles to Anderson. From this point and from Spartanbnrg other roads are in progress to connect with the rail- way routes of North Carolina and Ten- nessee. Charleston from iTeto York. From New York daily, by railway, to Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington City, Fredericluburg, and Richmond, Ya., Welden and Wilmington, N. C. ; thence by Wilmington and Manchester Railway to Kingsville, on the Columbia Branch of the South Carolina Road; thence by Columbia Branch to Branch- ville, from Branchville to Charleston — Great Mail Route from New York to New Orleans. The North Eastern Rdlway, now in progress, from Florence — a station on the Wilmington and Manchester Road -!-will be a more direct route to Charles- ton than by the Columbia Branch. From New York, every Wednesday and Saturday, by ocean steamers. Time, by land or sea, about 50 hours. Steamer passage, $26. . From N«w Orleant to ChiatUalon. Steamers dally to Mobile and to Mont- gomery, Alabama; thence, by railway, to Atlanta ; thence, by Georoia Road, to Augusta ; thence, by South Carolina Road, to Charleston. From Savannah to CharltHon. Steam- ers every Monday. Thursday, and Friday. OharlMtoii, the metropolis of South Carolina, is picturesquely situated at the confluence of the Ashley and Cooper Rivers, which combine to form its har- bor. This harbor b deep and spacious, drawinff 17 feet of water. The wup d^cM is noble, broad, impodng, and highly picturesque. Though the grounds are low, hardly more than 12 feet above high water, the elTect is good ; and the city, like Venice, seems, at a little dis- tance, to be absolutely rising out of the sea. The bay is admost completely landlocked, mudng the harborage and roadstead as secure as they are ample. The acHuncts contribute to form a tout entmmt of much beauty. Directly at the entrance of the city stands Castle Finckney, a fortress which covers an ancient shoal. On the sea-line rises Fort Moultrie, famous as Fort Sullivan, in beating off, and nearly destroying, the British fleet, under Sir Peter Parker, in 1776. On the eastern extremitv of the same island (Sullivan's) on which Fort Moultrie stands, you may trace the outline of the fortress, which, under Colonel Thompson, with 700 Carolina rifles, defeated Sir Henry Clinton at the very moment when Moultrie drove Sir Peter Parker away from the South. Within the harbor you are arrested by the imposing battlements of Fortress Sumter, which covers the channel with a foitddable array of cannon. This fort, with that of Moul^e, constitute the chief defences of the place upon the sea. On James Island you are shown the ruins of old Fort Johnson. On the opposite headlands of the Haddrill you may trace the old lines which helped in the defence of the city, eighty years ago, but which are now mostly covered by the smart village of Moont Pleasant. These points, north, east, and south, with the city lying weB>t of them, bound 250 90UTH OABOLmA. Charleston snd Tloinlty. the harbor, leaving an ami^e circuit of bay— coursing oveir which, from south to north, the eye gladly pursues the long stretch of Cooper River, the Eti< wando of the Red men, along the banks of which, for many miles, me sight is refreshed by noble rice*fields, and in many places by fine old structures of the ancient and present gentry. Steam- ers ply up this river, and return the same day ; aflfording a good bird's-eye view* of the settlements, along a very {icturesque shore line, on either hand, t was up this river that Mr. Webster distinguished himself by shooting an alligator, or rather shooting at him — the alligator diving at the shot, and leaving the matter sufficiently doubtful to enable an old lawyer and politician to make a plausible case of it. , Standing on James Island, or on the battlements of Fort Sumter, the eye notes the broad stream of the Ashley, winding from west of the city, round its southernmost point, to mingle in with the waters of the Cooper. The Ashley was anciently a region of great wealth and magnificence. It is still a river of very imposing aspects — Abroad, capa- cious, with banks of green, through which you may still behold some antique and noble edifices. Within the harbor, if you can appropriate a couple of days, jon may find them agreeably employed, especially in the summer months, by a trip to Fort Sumter, to James Island, to Mount Pleasant, and Sullivan's Island. The two latter places are favorite and healthy retreats for the citizens of Charleston in mid-summer. The " Mount Pleasant Eotel" is ample, cool, and well kept, with the usual adjuncts of bowling and billiard-saloons. The for^ estb in the immediate neighborhood afford fine drives and ^cturesque rambles. You pass in twentv minutes from Mount Pleasant to Sullivan's Isl- and. The Moultrie House, at this place, is one of the finest watering-places in the southern country. The sea-bathing is .cure ; the beach— one of the most ;;apacious — affords hard drives, along the line of breakers, for nearly three miles, to the eastern end of the island. where the sea, angrily Struggli&e with shoals, to press into the estutkriss be- hind Sullivan and Long Islands, keeps qp a perpetual, and not unpleasant roar — exhibiting its passions in a way to inspire no terror. Charleston was orifi^ually founded about 1670. It was suL lequently laid out on a plan fomished Irom England, which Was then conridered of very magnificent scale ; but the streets were narrow, though regularly laid out, and no provision was made for public squares. In this respect, the city is still very deficient. But the general style of building, which gives to each private dwelling a large court Of its own, with trees and verandahs, lep-dera the want of piiblic squares less sensibly felt. Originally built of wood, and ravaged by frequent fires, Charleston has become, in a large degree, a city of brick. Its public buildings are some of them antique as well as noble edifices. St. Michael's Church, the State House (now employed for the Courts of Jus- tice), and the Old Custom House, are all solid and imposing structures, raised during the Colonial period. St. Michael's Tower is held in great admiration among the Charlestonians. The Custom House has a traditional character, as distin- guished by the British in the Revolution as the prison-ho'use of the patriots. It was in this building that Hayne, the martyr, was kept in bonds ; and hence he was led out to execution. The New Custom House, of marble, Is making rapid progress, and promises to be one of the finest specimens of American architecture. The several churches of St.Philip's (Episcopal), St. finibar (Cath- olic), Citadel Square (Baptist^, Central (Presbyterian), are all fine edifices; the towers of St. Finibar's, of St. Philip's, and the Baptist's, being more than 200 feet in height. Among the objects of public curiosity is the Orphan Asylum — a magnificent structure, capable of accommodating some 800 proteges of the city. Its number of ^rls and boys (orphans) may range from 160 to 200 young men — one half of them being benejiaaty stu- SOUTH GABOUNA. 251 Ohwleaton and Yidnlty, dents, or elevetot the State. The plan of education is borrowed, in part, from the system at West Point, and in part from UiePoljfteehnigue School of France. Its graduates are among the most dis- tinguished and successfm perhaps of all our colleges, and are more thoroughly grounded in the lueful pursuits than any other. To exanune these two in- stitutions will afford the stranger very grateful employment for a day. The envicons of the city afford a variety of very pleasant tbrive$. The Battery, which is the Charleston Prado^ PlazOf Alameda, Carroutel, is of great resort on pleasant afternoons ; thronged with curiages and pedestrians. Its gar- dens are, on such occasions, crowded with happy cldldren. But take a coach and drive to the Magnolia Cetnetery^ — a beautiful '* city of the sUent ^ — the Greenwood and Mount Auburn of Charleston. Ton will find this a lovely retreat ; well laid out ; min- gled woods and waters — loking out on the Cooper, whose streams find their wajr into its pretty lakelets, over whidi the live oak hangs its Druid masses. From this scene drive across to Ashley River ; cross this broad stream, here a mile in width, and find yourself at once in the eonmtty, among cotton plantations and love- ly farmsteads. If you have time, continue your drive a few ndles fiarther, to the " Old Parish Church of St. Andrew,** one of the most antique churches built by the early settlers under the Anghcan regime. The great avenue from Charleston into the country, was pronounced by Arch- dale, one of the Lords Pro- prietors, such an avenue as no prince of Europe could boast. This was due to the noble oaks and magnolias, the niyrties and the iessa- mineS) which lined it on either hand, making it a cdvered way, embowered in shade, grateful in green, venerable with moss, and giving out a perpetual fragrance from a wurid of summer flowers. Returning to the city you w*l* find yourself interested in numerovs public buildings and institutions, all of which are of interest to the traveller, who is either studious or simply curious. Charleston is especially rich in her pub- lic charities : — ^the South Carolina, Fel- Ibwslup, Hibernian, Hebrew, German, and a variety besides, all of whom have large endowments and fine buddings. She has a Literary and a Medichl Col- lege in prosperous exercise. The Col- lege Library contains some 10,000 vol- umes; the Charleston Library, some 80,000; the Apprentices*, 12,000; the College Museum is second to none in the United States. The Hotda are numerous, and among Entrance to the Magnolia Gemeteiy, Charleston, 8. 0. 262 BOXITH CABOUNA. OhartoBton— The Sesboud and Lowlands. the most stately edifices in the city. They are usually kept in a style which will ranlE with any in the country. Among the most consinouous of these are the ** Charleston Hotel,'* the "Mills House,** the " Oalder House,** the " Pa- Tilion,** and the "Planters* Hotel." The charges at these houses range from $1 60 to $2 60 per tUetn. The " Charles- ton Hotel,** the "Mills House,** and " Pavilion Hotel,** are particularly good specimens of Charleston architecture. . The commerce of Charleston, once equal to that of any city on the Atlantic, has undergone many fluctuations. It is now reviving, and gradually increas- ing in extent and profit. She is slowly buHdfaig u^ a marine of her own. Her chief exports are rice, cotton, tobacco, lumber, tar, pitch, and turpentine. Her farms now contribute their spring sup- plies to New York and other Northern cities. The quantity of rice raised within the State, and exported through Charleston, exceeds that of any other State and city; and the enterprise of her merchants and dtizens in the con- struction of railways to the Appalachian Mountains, is adding largely to her im- portance as a depot, and place of trade and tranrit for the great interior of the West. She has steam lines to New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Havan- na, and Florida. Her popidation is now estimated at 60,000 inhabitants, of whom 20,000 are daves. We have indicated Fort Moultrie as a spot distinguished by one of the greatest battles of the Revolution ; but the chronicles of Charleston show, be- sides, a long series of gallant struggles withpowerfiil enemies. She has been threatened by the Red men, who, in formidable alfiance, brought down their numerous tribes to her very gates. She has been assidled by fleets of the Spaniards and the French. Her colo- nial existence was one long struggle with the Spaniard and the savages. In the revolutionary contest she took a first and most distinguished part against the Crown; was thrice assuled by the British, and only succumbed findly to their arms, after a leaguer of two months, and when half the city was in ruins, and the people were sq^ering from famine. She has contributed some of the most able and patriotic men'to the Republic in arts, arms, statesman- ship, science, and literature, ^e is the birth^ce of Christopher Gadsden, William Moultrie, Charles Cotesworth and Thomas Pinckhey ; Henry Middle- toUf Arthur Middleton, Thomas Lynch, John and Edward Rutledge, William Lowndes, Joel R. Poinsett, Stephen Elliott. Hugh Legar6, Holbrook, Haynes, (R. Y.) and scores besides, who have left honorable memorials, national as well as sectional, of which she may be justly proud, and to which the Confeder^ acy itself is happy to do honor. The descendants of these great men still survive, and serve to ^ve character to society, and to add to the attractions of the city. Let the traveller, if he can, give a week to Charleston, and he will find its scenery, its society, its characteristics, quite suflScient to exer- cise his curiosity and thoughts dtiring that period ; but if he can appropriate two days only, we have shown him how these may be profitably spent. The Seaboard 'and Lowlaiid towns, villages, and plantations, may be reached by the steamboats which ply between Charleston and Savannah, or by stage or carriage from the line m the railway. The traveller wUl not see them in their own peculiar beauty, be- cause the climate in bummer time, when the wonderful tropical vegetation cov- ers the rank earth, is not to be braved by the unanclimated. The planters themselves, indeed, remove, with their families, at this season, either to the uplands or to the little sandy pine- covered elevations with which the coun- try is dotted. The negroes, alone, can bear the summer airs of the lowlands without ill results. In the winter, though, life may easily be made enjoy- able in the villages here, under the balmiest and most healthful of temper- atures, and in the midst of genial and refined society. Beaufort, in the extreme southern part of the State, 16 miles inland, on a SOUTH OABOUKA. 253 ** Woodlands," the Home of W. Oilmore Simms. small arm of the sea, is a pleasant littk TiUage, where one might winter quietly and healthfully. The steamers (inland route) from Charleston to Savannah call here. Ths Xiowlanda of OaxoUiuu— The journey on the South Oarolina railway will gire tiie traveller some inkling of the lowland features of the southern landscape, though not in its strongest or most interesting character. Since much of the way is through extensive pine forests, which makes the rhyming sneer bestowed upon this part of the country not altogether inapt : "Where to tho North, pine trees in prospect riso * Where to Ihe East, pine trees assail the skies ; Where to the Wes^ pine trees obstrnot the view; Where to the Soat> , pine trees forever grew T Bat a second glimpse will reveal, amidst all these '* pine trees," the tower- ing cypress, with its foliage of fringe and its garlands of moss — the waxen bay-leaf, the rank laurel, and the clus- tering ivy ; and, if you are watchful, you may catch, in the rapid transit of the cars through the swamps, glimpses of almost interminable cathedral aisles of cypress and vine, sweeping through the deeper puts of the boundless la- goons. But a railroad glimpse, and es- pecially at the speed with which you travel here, is quite insufficient for reasonable observation. At Woodlands, a mile only south of Midway, the centre of the road, lives the distinguished poet and novelist, Simms ; and, as he is al- ways upon hospitable thoughts intent, we will pay him a flying visit, not doubting of our welcome. Yonder, in that wide and spreading lawn, stands our author's mandon — an old-fashioned brick structure, with massive and strange portico. The ranks of orange- trees and live oak which sentinel his castle, are the objects of his tenderest care — ^true and ardent lover of nature as he is. Mr. Simms has a particular fondness for the especial grape-vine, depending in such fantastic and number- less festoons from the limbs of yon ven- erable tree. He has immortalized it in h's song ; and, ad it is a goo|d specimen 01 its class— ^ class numerous in the South — ire will pay it an humble trib- ute in our prose. It is strong-limbed as a ^nt — and, but for the grace with which it clings to the old forest-king, would seem to be rather struggling with him for his sceptre, thtan loyally and lovingly suing for his protection. The vine drops its festoons, one beneath the other, in such a manner that half a dozen persons may find a cozy seat, each over his fellow, for a merry swing. On a dreamy summer eve, you may vacillate, in these rustic couches, to your hearths content ; one arm thrown round the vine will secure y6u in your seat, while the hand mjtjPhold the favorite book, and the other pluck the delicious clusters of grapes, which, as you swing, encircle your head like the wreath upon the brow of Bacchus. If the rays of the setting sun be hot, then the rich and impenetrable canopy of foliage above you will not prove un- grateftd. A stroll over Mr. Simms* plantation will give you a pleasant inkling of almost every feature of the Southern lowlands, in natural scenery, social life, and the character and posidon of the slave pop- ulation. You may sleep sweetly and soundly withi% his hospitable waUs, se- cure of a happy day on the morrow, whether the rain holds you prisoner within doors, or the glad sunshine drags you abroad. He will give you a true Southern breakfast, at a very comfort- able hourj and then furnish you abun- dant sources of amusement in his well- stocked library, or suffer you to seek it elsewhere, as your fancy listeth. At dinner, yon shtdl not lack good cheer, for either the physical or the intellec- tual man, and then you may take a pleasant stroll to the quiet banks of the Edisto — ^watch the raft-men floating lazily down the stream, and interpret as you will the windings and echoes of their boat-horns— -or you may muse in the shaded bowers of Turtle Gove, or either of the many other inlets and bayous of the stream. Go where 3'ou may, you must not tail to peep into the 264 SOUTH OABOLINA. The Lowl«ftdt— The BwatDpe. Bwamp Scene, 8. OL dark and solemn swamps. Ton may traverse their waters on wild bridges of decayed and fallen trees ; you may dream of knight and troubadour, as your eye wanders through the gothio passages of. cypress, interlacing their branches, and bearing the ever-depend- ent moss, which hangs mournfully, as if weeping over the desolation and death wMon brood withi|i the fatal pre- cincts. If you fear not to startle the wild-fowl, to disturb the serpent, or to encounter the alligator, you may enter your skiff, and, sailing through the openings in the base of ttie cyi>re88, you may penetrate at pleasure, amidst bush and brake, into the mystic chambers of these poisonous halls. Mr. Kmms has beautifully described these solemn scenes in his "Southern Passages and Inures:** ***I1fl a wild spot, end hath » gloomy look ; Hie MM sings never merrily In the trees, And the youig leaves seem blighted. A, ruk growtJi Spreads polsononsly round, with power to taint, With blistering dews, the thonghtless hand that dares To penetrate the covert Cypresses Orowd on the dark, wet earth; and stretdied at length. The eaymaa— • fit dweller In saoh home — Slumbers, half burled in the i . Beside the (rreen ooze where he'shelters him. A whooping crane erect)* his skeleton Ibrm, And shrieks in flifpits. Two snmmei^aou aroused To apprehension, as they hear his cry. Dash up fjrom tba lagoon, with nutrvellons haste. Following his guidance. Meetly taught by these. And startled bv our rapid, near approaeh, The ateel-Jawed monster, ttom his grassy bed. Crawls slowly to his slimy, green abode. Which straight receives hun. Tou behold him now. His ridgy back uprising as he speeds. In silence, to the centre of the stream. Whence his head peers alone.'* Rambling, once upon a time, through the negro quarters of Mr. Simms' plan- tation, we amused ourself in studying the varied characters of the slaves, as shown in the style of their cabhis, the order in which they kept them, the taste displayed in their gardens, etc. ; for every man has all the material and time at his command to make himself and his fiunily as comfortable as he pleases. The huts of some bore as happy an ur as one might desire ; neat palings enclosed them; the gardens were full of flowers, and blooming vines clambered over the doors and windows. Others, agun, had been suffered by the n sours OA.BOIJNA. 2ffff The Lowlands. the as idle occupants to £aI1 into sad decay ;- no e^dence of taste or indaatry was to be seen in their hiageless doors, their fallen fences,