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Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — ^> signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmds d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clichd, il est filmd d partir de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7:H'):.>(; .'% / A . N.- MANITOBA bl ; 13 AND THE CANADIAN NORTH-WEST AS A FIELD FOR SETTLEMENT. A Plain Statement of Facts for Intending Emigrants. V By C. CJLIFFE, Ei»noR OK "'I'he Mail," Brandon, Manitoba. I'RINTKI) AT THK y[KU, STE.\M BoOK AND JOB PIUNTIN(; ESTABLISHMENT. ¥ (/■; I- CA^ A -- '-^ ■'.''. *.'■■ A Plair 4 y m ^tv'fv.-- PRINTE -(•..■. • >,,u I ■ .f -^ '. i)t, ," ■. <'■;■■'-. MANITOBA AND THE J ANADIAN NORTH-WEST .1 AS A FIELD FOR SETTLEMENT. A Plain Statement of Facts for Intending Emigrants. ^1 By C. CLIFFE, Editor of "The Mail," Brandon, Manitoha. f % , PRINTED AT THE MAIL STEAM BuOK AND JOB PRINTING ESTABLISHMENT, 18 8 4. iyi 1' PREFACE. It vniuin's out veiy li'w observations lo introdiuv this lit- tle work topnrties in i|Uost()f inloniifiti..!. on the Canadian Northwest ; l)nt at the same time a word may not l)e ont ol idace. The writer lias carefnlly examined most works al- ready written on the resources developed and otherwise, of this great country : and from his knowledge of the onco -lone land," irom a re«idence of several years, censiders something ul a more practical turn necessary, to properly inform ilu' classes of immigrants nn>st desired in the country. There are several nomvvvhiinAy^ works in exi^tence from the pensol" very eminent men; but many of these are too voluEiinous and of too sciontilica turn to be of that service to the classes ol peo- ple most likely to emigra^.e. that is most desired. ')n the other hand, again, many of the works broadcast intended to supply the necessities of the times, were compiled when the •petulative fever was rampant, ind before the country had set- tled down into that(iuiet business groove that characterizes it to~day, and that must direct its course in the future ; while again many others hnve been issued by interested parties tor purely personal purposes. The o))ject of this little v ork is to >vl..> i- hM,ur,si (>| M,l,,st..u.t.;tl inlormaliun, liee In.iu all clour- iii;^- ori-iuMin- liom sfllisti aims. We l.aveM.spired al nothin;; elscj.,,! to this end lu.v.^ ...a.Ir everyeilun tobrlMi.Un.l in ..pin, and i,, letter. TiM.,stin;r, tl.e,., that it will serve the purpoM. tor whirl, it was de.igi.cd' and give t.. the intendin^r emiorant, that class ot inionnation ' o mneh desired hetore leaviii^r hi, ,,,a\v^ countrv, to sp.:,d his remaining days in providing Inr th. future of his lamily we cheerfully place it without any ..ere.nony before an anxious public. TlIK AUTIIOB. f] EMIGRATION. THE NJCrESSfTY FOB EM Id h' AT /OX IliOM Elllorh:. rllOM A GENE It A I. VIEW. While tbe stateauien of Great Uritai'i n-id Ireland, and the whole of Europe, for i.>dt matter, are grappling with the dilUcuUios in the w.y of restoriug contentment in the over* populated districia of the Old World, to a disinterested spectator on the American con- tinent, the path is clear enough. Legislation that abates the price of rents, that occasions a diviaion of lauded estates, among the ten m- try, that encouiages the growth of minufjic- turea and industries in general for wiiich there may be a spasmodic demand, may b. iter the condition of the poorer classes of the Eastern Continent, and paliate suflerin^' for the time, but all agencies comMned oan afford no permanent relief. The&e countries are ovor-populated, and emigration is the only permanent cure. In Europe, with its 3,800,000 square miles of territory, inclu ling its great area of northern inhospitable cliiaate and unproductive soil, there are no lass than 300,000,000 of living beiaga ; or after mak- ing an allowance for bad land, lakes, rivers, townsites, etc., about 150 souls for tvery square mile (640 acea) of arable soil, and taking all th^ circumstances into account, those who have given the subject any measute of attention must conclude, the agricultural area is too limited lor the consequent drain upon its resources. But wlile this is the •^ase with Euroite in a general way, it u more parti>:ularly truu of tho.se [lortioiis ot it, Great Britain and the couutriis on the Atlantic in wnosc welfare the peoplj of the Western continent are more particularly interested, in this connection, a comparison of areas and population of the BritisLi Isles may not be out of place, Ai;e\ in For. M,'. MILKS England and W.ileH. . . .22,700.000 .^.8,320 ;,cw.tiaud 3,360,t)0() .30.685 Ireland 5,450,UUU J 1,874 Total 31,510,000 120,879 After deducting for bad laud, !ik' s, rivers, towusites, roids, etc., it will be seen from thi.4 table there are upwards of 100 pc pie in I thv'se countries for every 640 acres uf arable : soil, or one to every six acreb- It is tiuo that in England a large per centage of t!i.' popH- ' latioH is supported by imports* paid loi by the ' proceeds ot manufaclurt-s, but the s^m ■ can- ' not be said of the other i-slands const itutiug j tbc Kingdom of Great Britain. ': i:e tablf ! furnished shows that in Ireland, \>:.c:e ih.) p;'ople are most essentially agriculliuMi, there are but two acres of land for ev^ry living being, and unless emigratitu is encouraged iu every laudable, practicable way, this .statu of thiii<'8 must grow worse ijsUad of bet:tr. B I>y tlic natufp or tliiiiKi t1irnU)(1i i'ou<|Uciti<, ciiKUic* of lortmii'— iho nntural pnulf- of time — the hiHtorj" t)f th« worl.l has r»|ieati'il itttiil It Irehinii, aud all of the real |)rii)i)Tty of the island Iirm ^ilit^n into thu h.iiiijH of a few; ami lli(iu;;li the Iiu|HTiil (juVi-rnment wvp- to iiibitriirily juss an A"t tliiil woul.l Ji»» VOtM'SS the liiiKllorils of all their eHtntnti, Hp- |iortioii them wiUiuiii pricp nuiong t] »• pu|)U- liiti')ii of th'JMi' couiitrif., and t' 'h uiort- than fuiiy meet tliii drniands luid t ..pri lalions of (d (tiititiu enthiuiHslic, pu|Hiliir IcadorH ; t-vi-n these doMputio meaHurcH cculd all'did nu per« loiiiH'nt rHJiff The chanjiP ini^^ht relieve the suHVnuKs of tlu' jio irtT ciah.sfs for iho litno, hut in t!i" uiiturul run >(' i vents, Uif lauds would again ginvitatc iiito estates, uud the nnwdth i:: a '.'eneratioii or two wuiild lie iio oetlrioll' than ttiO'i ' of this u^e. Ir l.abituutH. If then the removal of tliut per centnf^ has UHneued the niincries of the lovser clanaeH of tin* east, uud locitod many in prosjiTous nations of tiin west, abstractedly speal . -, the removal from the east and the settle \ in the west ot ud additional large peri , i^f, would give thoHe removing a favorable chance to better their loi, aznl |»ave llui way to furtunu f)r mniiv emijjratin;^ who should o'.liernise speud their days in j enury. An hau been said above, th«re are but 3,800, > 000 of Kjuaro inilea of teiritory on thu Kuiviieau Coutiiu'iil for its present extensive population, whilo the Amerii8 less than hall of the poptiUtion offoring in a special way induoements in the propor- tion of eight to one. CANADA. TJ/j'-: AD VAyiwaKS of BRrrisjf ross^jss/oys in America UyE(^U^{LLED AS A FIELD FOR IMMIGRATION. h uij'y b.! said, and truthfully, tha: uo , Had the Co.;tiuent of America remaint-'d an couuay iK-comes over populat-^d while the impoiter of I'ritish wares, without mnnufao- natural uxi)oits can iitd u ready sale in other turing on its own account notwithstanding countries, and whi!'5 tlit popnluion o.iu tind steady cuij'ioym''at; at rciuuueia;ivt» figures. the limited urea of the Islands, there woiila no!; bo the necessity for emigration frem thtJ old countri"*'' Jdmit there licau Conti uf act lire a.l can b- reuli the country ceceeHitien • Great liritai for labor, ai iubsistenca projiortion. uellas Hi;ri( build up a carried on ii they are in developi'd ii ber, miiier;i useil in mil period are u Govermneii fostering 1 1 cost of the thus -jnaVil on as pr. fi country oi yeir, for local demar many m«i 804. iig»ii which, for jXhibitiou Globe. Wil of the Am* square niili whole ot E neis men, of the c^n Dominion homes f?r or even u: on the faci The fish em CO. St coal, gy] Nova Sc exyorlatii building t of America liis da)', tli»? liviii|Toii the 0,000,000 of JlK)rlioimt«ljr H prt-stnt iu. of tliiit \ntr ri>'s (if th« tt>(l many in iib«tr«ctfj(lly ast and tlio ilioaul Jargt; rtmoviiig ii H| u;'d jitve KUtiti;^ wlio I ill I enury. but 3,S00,s >ry on the It flxtensive Continl almoiit i'.liuttable ah to tim- ber— i)roductionii of Ontario, in ita Hereral Uicalilie.s ; the mineral wealth and agricul- tural productions of British Columbi'i ; an-i the uulimitetl field for t:.e agriodturist ui his varied tastes ; the uumuracturer, the laborer, and tho industrious immigrant, of wiiatever incliriatiou, in Manitoba and th'- Northwest, a', once open u}) a fi'ld of " unlimited posgl- bihties" in which the present .iiid future generations can operate with unlimited scope and with unlimited general advantage. The country without exception is healthy ; tho longevity of Canadians taking foreninst rank iu vital returns ; the form of Ke — the educational institutions being h^rgely supi)orted by the state, aud the remaindi r made up by tax on rateable property — viriually free to tfios'^ who de-iirr eiiucaticn and aro olherwihe without tfie menus ol' obtuining it. In religious matters the greatest of freedom is allowed, every citizen being permitted to worship as lie plea es, the clergy are in spiisely hettled portions of the country being su[iforted, for the most part, from a general fund, and chnich edifices are erecttd wherever tl ey are required. Location anil Climatv, llotli Favorable. The f-omhrn boundary of Manitoba and tho C.madiau Northwest is the 49lh parallel, or the name latitude as the extreint* south point of E::g:anu, Paris in France, and BrufseN in Germany ; and as thu territories run almost iudeliuitely north, they embrace, geographically speaking, the latitiules of the m st tavor.:d countries of Europe, those m ! which agriculture and its kindred industries are carried on with the most succcissful I results. They fexteud westerly to the Rocky ! Mountains, and the ta^t-ra limit* are undo- !8 finf'ii, landing tlie settlement of a difTercuci! I t"ll the near approach of these storms, very rpijueE between Oritiuio and the Dominion Govern- i little damage to life or property every hap- fifteei ment, but they will ))robably extend to Lake ; pens through their agincy. As a matter, (consider t Superior, at longitude 90, and thus embrace a block of territory nearly as large as the course, in the clear invigorating air of thiountry 1 country contagious diseases and epidemics ar'yom the whole of Euroi»e. In the western and nor- ' unknown, and rheumatism and lung diseascn tjje ab thern portions, the climate is colder than in | except when brought to the country in Uuou to t the same latitudes of Europe, probably be- j advanced stage, are rarely heard of. ,0^1 moii cause the territories are unaffected by sim ; The winter may be said to set in about thmflicieiit breezes ; but in the westeru parts which are 15th of November, as a rule, tisough verj^y weiitl favored by the breezes from tlie Pacific after often the rigors of the season do not comniencmd Julv crossing the h'ocky Mountains, the freezing antil a month later, and the season usualljjiowers 1 in winter is lerfs intense, although winter rains j lasts until the middle of March when sleighj^itb am: nre much more prevalent in the valleys of the ! ing, which is steady up to that time, affordinf|enerally Bow, lielly, Saskatchewan and Ked Deer 1 every opportunity to njarket, get up firewoodiaished c Rivers, extending a distance of about 300 miles and make every preparation for a busy season jjg iw gei easterly, t-'e snows and frosts are so light that , breaksupafewweeks later. Those unfriendly tifowir^g < cattle live out ♦he whole season, and afttr ' the country and their agencies liave done niuclfjobt in becoming acclimatized, appear healthy and fat I to misrepresent the winters of this country ground, i in the sjiring. I a the east the frosts of win- They have painted them aj boing sn severtijl done ter ara more inte:jse, but snow is never to a ' that cattle cannot be cared for properly, ancias a resn depth to impede travel, and larcly falls to ! travel is at a standstill. But this is all tln^jme ren more than eighteen inches on a level, while result of jealously, if not something worse^ctivity, the past winter t'le average depth war, much ' There were not more than six days thcLast seas below that. Although in the eastern and ' past xvinter in which man and beast could notiome dai northern portions of the country, the fro.sts of i be out half a day at a time without any dan-wid the winter are more s'vere on the whole, but b*- ■ ger to life or liberty ; and the writer han seeunumber cause of the cootimied uniform dryness of the ; beef killed in the mouth of April thut wascry of " winters, they are fdt no more keenly than in | fed on prairie grass alone the whole winter, assideiabb the more favored portions of the eastern ' excellent an article as if f.id on grain in theand da.u Provinces. Very oft^n there is scarcely a | other provinoca. sarily t 1,1 eak in the c]"ar, frosty weatli(!r of the ^ij, ter months, except in an occasional day f-,(. , snowrftotm. As the people expect this stouu;', f-eezing weath.T tlioy dress for it, and gc: ., .,„. iit loss of life and accidenti through *rosf &r,. , '»* ^"1'- rare occurrence than in the <^tlu 'ni: '"««'^ of the Dominion. There are ' " '.f'-ioual H "^OJ^^'f known as blizzards, which are nothing ™°''® *^'"^" ^^'^' 'drifting of the fine snow in ^^ frosty weather btfore the wind on the ope, ^ prai'i''^, j'lst such storms as would been in > '^nt*"") if the country was level and ilear of h "^^' ^"'^ ^° winter thavvs to occasion suhseiju, As, however, a resid. '°*^ "' ^'"' ^''^^^^^y ^^" invariably from the feel it crusts on the snow at of tlui country cai ing of the atmosjjhere The spring commences about the middle of rains of March, when the fields begin to lose their threw t winter garb and don tliey grey — soon to be later the green— appearance, and very often seeding'is ning na' begun the latter days of the month . Thin much ea seaS'in, for instance, j^run ^^'•- bi-,eu sown on the rou the 20th of the month, in many parks of the before, country, and the entire crop was in by the Many ol 20th of May, ten days earlier than in the reaping Province of Ontario. As Machinery is u.sed have be extensively the business of tha season is many ol attended to with despatch. Summer speedily follows, the warm buns '' being experienced about the Ist of June, and j lasting till out in September. As a esult vegetation is very rapid, and it is not an V \ 9 tnose storms, vory rp(juent occurrence to sfc wheat harvested i altogctiicr uuaccjuaiiit^'il willi tl'.e sfasoiiM, propLTty every hap- fifteeu wet-ka after beiii^' sown. Some j expccttd anything of th,! kind; but |ncy. As a matter, t^nsider the wintir frosts an evil, hut iu this this will be all averted this season. and it is to be hoped all seasons of the future. When tlie ground is all prepared in the fall and tiie crops put in as soon in the spring as the snow is off, am was the ease this j'ear, there is little to feiir from early frosts in the fall. vigorating air of th^untry they ar? a blessing, as in coming asesand epidemics ar^on, the ground until out in .lune, they keep, ism and lungdisease-Q ti,e absence gf the frecjULnt rainfalls com- to the country in Unou to the other Provinces, the deep, rich ely heard of. ^^^ ^^-^^^^ i^^^^j vegetation has attained , „ ._ |ai '0 set in about tli,0^j]ci,.„t progress to withstand a season of j In fact many i'.irmors lind that hard sainpl s a rule, though verj|^ ^.^nt^tier^ if such should ha]>pon in June of wl.eal can be sown in tlie full just late eason uouoL commencmj July; but usually there are plentiful { enough to prevent germination before the le sf^ason llsualljJ^Q^^,era j^j,, y„ mouths that advance growth frosts set in, aid the seed presiTves well and aci wnen sleigh^ijlj amazing rapidity. Harvesting begins has a s'.ait of from ten days to iwo weeks in to that time, afforUin<|enerally in tlie latter part of August, and is the spring. Of this, old residents who have r et, get up nrewoodjaiahed early in September As the plough- spent tiieir lives in the couiitjy, are fully ition for a busy seasoning is jrenerally all done in the fall, and haj- ;er. Those unfriendly ttowirg can frofitably be done also as the enciss liave done mucl&obt in uo way disturbs the level of tiu. Iters of this country ground, as in the other Provinces, seeding is m aj boing sn several done in a hurry in the early spring, and red for properly, and^ a result the crops ripen nearly at the same • But this is all thtimie rendering the harvest a season of great lot something worse^ictivity, lasting only from ten to 20 days, than six days tluLast season, a frost on the 27th of August did an and beast could notiomo damage to late crops in a few localities, :ime without any dan-Mid the faet of there being an insullicient id the writer ha^ seennumber oi wheat buyers on the market, the th of April thiit wascry cf «' frozen wheat" militated very cou- i the whole winter, assideiably against the prosperity of the farmeis f-id on grain in theand da.naged severely but altogether unneces- sarily the reputation of the country. The 9 about the middle of rains of last summer were late coming, which b'Jgin to lose their threw the ripening sea-son about ten days ;y grey— soon to be later than usual, and a slight frost in the evo- vcry often Needing*i.s ning named succeeding the rains, at a season f the month. This much earlier than had been experienced in I'l 1- be.en sown on the eountry for more than a dozen years » many parts of the before, was the cause of aJl the trouble, rop was in hy the Many of the crops affected were fully fit for uirher than in the reaping before that frost occurred, and could i Machinery is u.sed have been safely harvested had the farmers, of tha season is many of whom were new in the country and • '8, the warm feuns »e 1st of June, and ^-_ ■"iber. Asa esult and it is not an assured, to mature all kinds oi grain neces- sary for succe.ssful farming, and to render this eventually the grain growing' enuiitry for the consuming centre.? of the nifiinifacturing coun- tries o! Kurejie, it is but necessary to sow and reap in the proper seasons as in other countries. The autujnn as a matter f.f course begins with the commencement oi hiuveht, ant4 lasts till November. j\Iany consider this the mobt beautiful season of the year — a clear, dry atmosphere, agreeable and invigorating sun during the daytime, and cool but ji.eadaut nights. The wet season of this eountry is of very short duration . Very often the spring passes over with uo more than asUcweror two, and it is seldom that rains are more frequent in the fall, and winter r.dns arc an exceeding rarity. It is only in the summer setusou, by a wist arrangement of Providence wiien rains are essential to the growth of crop.-*, thnt they fall to any apj'reciable extent. The seasons continue in this manner yeir in and y^-ar one, affoiding Manitoba and the Noitliwest the most uniform weather enjoyed by any country on the f.ice of crention. 10 i MANITOBA AND THE N011T1IWE8T. A FIELD FOR FORTY M I L LIOXS OF /XDUSTIifO US SFTTLF/^S. J In the preceding sections we dwelt upon the advisability of ciuigratini^ from the over populated portions of Europe, aud upon the advantages of looutiug in Britis.h North Ameiica ; but in this section aud tlio re-« maiuder of the pamphlet, we intend to show the especial advantages of locatint; in the Canadian Northwest. From frequent conver- sations the writer has had with residents of the country, who have made visits tn the old countries, to tiie scenes of their younger days, it is evident that the ignorance in the east us to the advantages and otrerings of this coun- try is alarming, Very little, notwithstand- ing all that hns been written on the su>»ject, is known in a practical way of the euormous resources of this country, of its producing powers, of its comparatively mild aud uudis- patably healthy climate and of the general advantages it offers to the industrious imii- graut who comes to the country wit i a dfter* mination to take off his coat, endure the drawbacks of pioneer life, to earn a C'juii)etency in the future such as cau bo secured with the Kuue labor and capital in no other cjuntry on the face of God's creation. The writer of ttese pages is in no way asso;!iated with rail- way companies ; has no connection whacever with land companies ; is under no instructions from the Goveaument, and under no auspices c/thir than his own free will ; and from ; Ittugthy residence in the country where he has been a careful observer of all pausuig events aud in daily coutact with all classes of tlu aouimunity, he writes from a purely ]>ractical point of view, and with a d-sire to show things as they are to those ia (juest of coun- tries and localities in which to better then •onditiou in life. In many instances, during the past thr. < years, since the progress of the CanadiaL Facidc Railway gave new life to this country aud practically commenced its career of pro- gres.-i, many came here exptcting to make iDituues up in the thousands in a yoar or two, without capital and with the intention ol eujoying them in the east the rest of their (iays ; others again carae with the expectation erf securing land in the vicinity of cities and tipwnu to spring up on railways yet to be kcated, as if by magic, aud to seizL» a mine ii wealth in that direction. Another class « imn to the country witli means too limited for their ambition ; they put in greater areafl of crops than their resources would enable them to handle, uuder the least adversity ; •ind 80 on of a hundred and one different olasses whose expectations were out of all reasonable nop) of ])roper fulfilment, and bijcause many of these have been disappointed ;V( the pict boo darl SSoveral made m bors, joying I east BpeculB ; thoBe •omfori 'aouest tlie old Provu howc^ and wl been k wUo ci Bot in miuati pionee with t Provii immei for hi! been goose •oV.ai specu less their ■bad' 90 w real, bont bu(>: meu bilil seni ty moi ma Pi i 11 'IIWE8T. ^srnrorH fc will ; and from i country where h« hn,' f all j)a>-'.sitn( events '> all classes of tlu '"1 a purely })ractica! fi a (l-sire to show 56 in rjiiest of coun- ''Jiich to better then riiiK tfie past thr> < « of the Ciiuadiau Ji'o to this country ^ its career of pro- RXpectin^' to make dsiuayuar or two, tlie intention of ; the rest of their ith the BXpectation 3iiiity of cities and iilwaya yet to be i«i to seizL' a mine »• Another class iiuaiis too limited ut in ^reater area^i ces would enable ' leant adversity ; uJ ono different were out of all fulfilment, and Jeen disappointed the picture of the country can not be painted too dark to avenge their dii<8atisfied feelingii. Several of these speculative adventurers have made money out of their less fortunate neigh* bora, and either remain in the country en« joying it, or are spending it at leisure in the east ; but as the stories of the disappointed speculators travel much more rapidly than those of their successful neighbory, it is a •OMfort of the effect of the former that the liouestAiauitoban finds the most difficulty in the old world as well as in the more vastern Provinces of the Confederation. There in, however, one practical argument available, and wherever it has been applied, it has never been known to fail — the industrious emigrant who comes to this country with expectations aot in excess of his purse, and witli a deter- mination to bear with the disadvantages of pioneer life, which are as nothing compared with those of the early settler in the eastern Provinces or the United States of America, ioimediately meets with a handsoiua reward for his labors and industry. As there have been in this countrv all manmr of wild goose speculation.s, such as have exis''' 1 and •ollapscd in Australia, California, a; aher speculative scenes, known to fame, i use- less to spend space and time in following their shadows and fighting the marks tht se shadows have left, andare still leaving, behind, so wo content ourselves dealing witli the real, and representing the true resourees and bonafide opportunities in this country of buoyant atmosphere, vigorous climate, im- mense natural resources and unlimited capa- bilities, trusting that a practical common sense representation of the facts supported by the testimony of several of the oldest and most reliable residents will bear their legiti- mate fruit. T1I£ HOI I. iPre-eminently Adapted for Aicrivul* tare and Ntock-KniiiiuK. It could hardly he expected that in a terri- tory the si/e of the Canadian Northwest, em- bracing an area as large as the whole of Europe, there should be no bad laud, liiara- ble tracti are here ; but unlike those of some other countries they are found to be a valu" able possession in other directions. F'rom a meridian about a degree east of Winnipeg, and easterly to Lake Superior, a distance of about 90 miles, and north of the lake, the face of the country is very rough iuul and uninviting,e.\ .ept for its beautiful .scenery. It is covered v i-h many beautiful hikes, rivers, muskegs ^^deep mire holes in plain language), hills and rocks. In many ^^uctions there are valuable forests, and tlie uneven- ncss of the country occasions many wuterfiiils, which as time rolls on, will be utiiizjd for water power for .several pur(M)S('s. Already, from a few exneiiments made, tiiis countrv is found to abound in minerals, and may yet produce the elements tor making Manitoba and the Northwest a great manufacturing country. As exploration has been made but to a limited extent, it is premature to specu- late upon the hidden wealth of this great belt of country. To the west of this meridian and to the I base of the Rocky Mouueains, a distance of ' about l,4uu miles, and extending northerly ; to an average distance of say 350 miles from the boundary, lies the great wheat growing district of tin; Northwest. Ag you proceed : westward from Winnipeg the wheal growing ! belt extends more northerly, reaching as iar I as 650 miles from the Air.eri ;..u boundary at the base of the Rockies, in the neighborhood of the Peace River. Liks an isotherniil line its boundary is uneven being generally deter- mined by the altitude of the jilace, the strata ' of the surface, river basins, slopes and otlirr natural circumbtances, constituting a territory 1400 miles in length, with an average breadth I of 360 miles, and comprising 490,000 M(iuare miles of territory, or 313,600,000 acress. To the average reader this is almost incompres hensible, and to simplify, we r«^mark, it would constitute two million farms of 1*30 12 ncres ccnh and locate ten millions ot a farm- ing; cnniramiity — ('Oinputing five persons to a family located on every 160 acres. Although crops are found to mature and yield a ])ountiful harvest in nearly every part of this great area, the tract is dotted with patches of small extent, as in every other country, where it will require the hand of industry to produce a paying rfturn. lu ranuy of these sections drainage is rp(|uired ; and other tracts that are, in the face of such great areas of easily worked land, considered unproductive, will in the future be converted to goo I accftunt, as pastures for herds of cattle or large floeks of sheep. ■\Vith the two exceptions named these patches of high and low lands, this gnat great stretch of country ia> one expanse of prairie, in some parts low and level and in others undulating, but in all sections a fertile soil awaiting the labor of millions of people who are at present dragging out a precarious existin-e in the crowded and unhealthy cities of the wast. The extreme fertility of this expanse of country is attributable to three or more causes. In the first place scientists have con- cluded it .s for the most part of vegetable formation, the accumulation of decaying vege- table matter for agiis in the distant past. Added to this the ashes of frequent aud peri- odically recurring prairie fires destroying trees, shrubs, and grasses in their march, aud but for which the country would be as well timbered as the eastern Provinces, and there is sufUcient to form the depth and richness of soil peculiar to the couutry. The remains of animals roaming over the country for past centuries have also added their quota to give the surface its great depth and exceeding fioinnaia The opcratioDs of the numerous mi.i I inals to be found in the prairies oi 1.11 u- '. iind squirrel species in burrowing through the surface, have done much to mix the soils and render them as productive as they are . Throughout the length and breadth of ti i" nrca, the surfp^'c is for the most part a black loam, sandier on the higher grounci^dvancer than in the valleys and basins of rivers, rest-umbia afj ing on a tenacious clay varying in depth froml Navif two to one hundred feet. Scientists agretlections that nitrogen is the princ'pal elsmant of fer-J per ^^m tility in soil, and while this in most of thege, fromj richest fields of England does not exceed 0.2r being found in the lower districts, and the finest of June grass at the greatest elevation. Years MANITOBA'/^ OROWTH. A Marvel In ItselC Nothing, we fancy, to the careful reader can riore satisfactorily show the develope- ment of a country from year to year than its growing trade witb the outsideworld, as that trade is invariably in proportion with the rate As the 60., used ^ere free ;hey, d\; ;hese figv more. 1 thousand "Walsh, I and adj For the the east 114,197 Butt with t •wholes! through neut •moun The i1 teas Franc Germi 13 m on the higher groundwivaucement wifiin. The trade of British basins of riveri, rest-umbia as shown by the Canadian Trade jmtf IB depth froml Navigation returns, showing customs Scientists agretlections for the past year as a fraction over pal elejDant of fer_3 per head of the population, may appear this in most of thege, from the simple fact, that from its afo> does not exceed 0.2«tphical position it is compelled to do nearly made from surfaces its business with the United States, and f ' "'^d Winnipegll until interprovincial business springs up 1^ or nearly double the completion of the Canadian Pacific Iway. But the same is not true of of 8ili(3a found by initoba and the Northwest. By means of ' ubt that ttie soil e Canadian tariff, which is lapidly develop- to the growth of (( the hidden resources of the country in •rj quarter, a heavy interi)rovincial as tncse prairies are jU as a large international trade in experi- arieties, and all iced year by year. Our imports from the Pese grasses unlike nited States for the four last years aie as Provinces, are com- Hows : Ps or stems ; or, in stem is well decor- y cases from ten to three of the eastern aformed, obseiving nee of this cannot oncfi indicates that ' digested, exceed- Plies the fattening IS to be fed in the Years. Dutiable. Free. Total. «0 J81 $ 784,865 1,381.683 3.699,249 6,368,849 $ 49,1 :8 115.3f3 807,371 1,868,360 i 83,'^,923 1,496,986 «3 «4 4/)0b.92li 8,237,209 The FxporlN. Tlie exports for the past year as reported by the American Consul at Winnipeg, were as follows : To United State? S 402.828 00 To (ireat Britain 504.935 00 To Kajtern Canada 935,718 00 Total. I.S43.418 10 A large portion of the item for eastern Canada is made up 400,006 bushels of wheat, (value, §351,848); 40,000 barrels of Hour, (viilue, $239,534). Of the export to the United States ?72,490 represented furs, $41,- 636 hides, and ?27.191 wheat. Nearly the entire shipment to Great Britain was of furs by the Hudson's Bay Co. A full statement of our trade an reported by the American Consul is as below : these grasses are rass or wild vetch, b gJ-ass— a great y- It is scarcely u size and growth 'e lower districts, IS at the greatest careful reader the develop*} . year than its 'world, as that Q with the rate As the lumber, locomotives, animals, coal, CO., used in the construction of the C. P. R. urere free and unenumerated, it is safe to say, ;hey, during that peiiod, would augment ■ ;hese figures by something over four millions \ more. To these figures may be addtd several thousands entered at Fort McLeod, Fort , Walsh, and Wood Mountain from Montana and adjoining American districts besides, i For the vears 1882 and 1883, our trade with the eastern Provinces was $11,034,839 and 114,197 077 respectively. Countries. Imports. E.Kports. Total. Canada Inited States... (Treat Britain. ... France ,•514197.677 H.4^'5.98») 1,5-^9.2-JO 26.228 12.251 5.51(1 4,392 3' 71 4 $ 93';.7.'',8 402 .8 VK 504,935 $1()'131.705 8,898.813 2.044,175 2H.22H Belgium ,. . Spain 12.251 5,.'500 (iorniany .Japan 4.391 3,704 China 1,721 1.7-'0 Holland Portugal vV est Indies Australia Prussia 1,857 1.707 SiA 500 383 1.877 1,757 851 5('(t 383 Bohemia 1:01 60 60 201 r>witzerland British (iuana. . . Total GO 60 24,291,767 1,843,481 26,135,248 Adding to the revenue about $52,000 as \ collected in the Northwest, and supposing the population of the country to have increased : froaa 1881 to 220,000, the rate of revenue of But the trade of the country does not end ' , .. . »• tv • • r. •' the country to tiie Dominion Government figures. """" ' '" "" ' with these figures. Our merchants and wholesale firms have done a considerable through importation from the eastern conti- nent besides these figures, in the total •mounting to $658,017, aud $1,604,679. The items constituting these iigures b«ing teas from China ami Japan, wiaes from France and Spain, and earthenware from Germany, for the most pait. would be about $14.50 per soul against the , $4.18 of Ontario. To complete the statement showing the comparative growth of the country, we can do no better than give its entire imports, ex-. ' ports and customs from 1872, when provincial 1 institutions were first estiiblished, down to I the present tim« : I j 1*"' ; ^"P«'-'«- I Exports. 1872. . J873. . 1874. . 1875. . I87rt. . 1«77.., 1878.., 1879. . I88(i .. im. 1882, . ; mi. Tf>tal. Revenue « |.4 ;^.585 l.i'SS.L',')? ■ 2.4 3 990 l.'*6.'5.t7^ 1.87fi,7,V< 2..'545.4y] 3.422,375 16.199 77'^ 24,291767 256,324 5(.S5.3 s fS7M7 672,f)fitJ 69.") 97(1 849.7V5 .537,57.r 518,665 636.197 , F^.«14 1.843,481 SI."' 9, 37 l.''544,.580i 2.980,,'^la i;.453.1y6 i;!91,0.-,7 2,572,720 3,395,1461 3.959.647' 5.3,56,,S33 17,071,386 ^ti,135.243; 47,8'i9 I 48,074 I «7,473 ' 171,42" ' 2.5,^.04,5 -'65.M25 2"8.287 , '137„590 ].074„5.58 1.816,790 "ithslandi .„>.,.• «>u«rj., not- '■"'■•■•.■ed j„6b. I ''^."'" "V '•««"> by Tie general reader an,l ,1, «™t JooJcinj. to„.»r«• ^«cc„pied";L ;:;'■:'■.''."-- - tb.r advanced f„,. L ", T""°" " '"' -i »ines of the „ t 7'?""°' "' '" tb. Government ,"?„ '??•■'««""» f-tbere,„i„,me„,.„;;^,:S„P™';* have withheld the, *• ^ ' '^"-"ers, The 'k-ive« a L7r„r '""' '""""■• "yed,hemi„,„t;„r2„ a '"'""' «« for sale .t S5 r!n, '"" ""''• "bic! ". Whose h„L!te'fd'dr:r*° '■°°"-"- '"i^fag ."d\ttrti:;e:rr it- °' 'P™ce, m.„,e. cofon^ood?' "rr °' P»'' *c., all useful wood, i„ ,v : '™»««. of Rainy Lake fT' "''S'-borhood A»faibo^ne..^-tb:;;:if.i:-V^'" west of Winnin^^ settlement, south- -r.h-westernJ^./^'V'-^—d other Pa"oftbewh„le:rr:::-«>«re.t ea-xr-i^'b^fat;":""'-^'- branch roads Will be h, -^ " J""''""', oonn„ywhe.JU„:/;';'^'««ded 'u'ldfag timber fu.is'hed .'a? Ltl' "■" as wiJl procure it in m ^^"^^^ •ther Provinces. '"^ i^°^''°"« °f the Leaving the question of wood out of f K sideration altogether p,7 , *^^ '°°' directed a, uelCly for Jh-""'" "^^^^^ ««"ntrv. It is nnJ ' northwestern ^s now ascertained that the i 15 e, fed by the long, uat., ritory would be as w' Provinces of Canada. these fires Las been inu «ntion of hills, riveri at of timber alluded to a and these are, the coijt ' bulk to serve the peo[ 'Dg material for a lor. e area few plains, in « perhaps from fifty i >Dg, and from forty t width, m ,vhich bi: emet with, but the^ nnmber, and need nc until provision is fur le devfclopmeut of ih try. In homesteading very wisely provide of the .settlers. The- bered lands borderiu" •om general sale, sur 20 acres each, whic! >er acre to homestead > not possess sufficien: requirements of thf immense forcits of >rs, the best of pine, 'i poplar, tamarack, the neighborhood ng distance up the settlement, south- the Bow and other covering a great country. Pacific is complet- two years' time, into the wooded i be erected, and at as low figures y portions of the ofi out of the con. i^nce has wisely lis northwestern 'lined that the ^»hole of the Souris countryis underlaid with thick seams of a good lic;nite coal. It is not, of cours*, a.s durable an article a3|,the anthra- cite specimens of England, Nova Scotia, or Pennsylvania, but burus^readily, makes a good heat, and is in every way a very desira- ble article of fuel . Wheu the South-Western railway is extended to that section which will doubtless be within a year, Winnipeg should have coal from these mines at $5 or $8 per ton, Bed.s are found here eight lest in thick- ness, they underlie an area of about 130 square miles, and consequent)}' contain iu a rough estimate about 900,000,000 tons, a sufficiency for the country tor many ye:irs to come. Already nn almost inexhaustible supply of lignite has been discovered and developed to a considerable extent at Medicine Hat about 530 miles west of Winnipeg, on the line of the C. P. 11. The past winter these mines have supplied Winnip.'g, Brandon, and several points along the road with the priuci- pie portion of their fuel supply, and it is so near the surface that it can be dug aud |)laced on the cars at about $4 per ton. Jn short, in- vestigation proves tbat a great; portion of the whole western country from the 11 0th murid- iau to the Rockies and back to the 60tli par- allel ia dotted with large seciionBot coal-bear- ing strata, while very valuable seams of the best of anthracite have b<»en fouad in the Cascade range west of the Eockifs. Then ou the Pacific slope again tfie most valuable forests and coal mines are known to exist in almost illimiiable supply. Jn the vicinity of the Belly and Bow Rivers seams are known to exist in great breadth, varying from 4,000,000 to 10,000.000 tons to the square mile. These facts, which have 1 11 been de- monstrated by actual experiment, prove that the coal supply of the Canadian Northwest is no longer a matter of speculation or d^ubt. The river and lake banks provide sufiicieat timber for fuel lor locul purposes, for the present generation ; the vast timber forests when pierced by the visits of the iron lioise will yield sufficient buildiLg timber for gen- erations yet unborn ; and the immense coal- beds will furnish fuel for the deuizetis of the citits and towns, for the manr.factoriea yet to be develop«-d, for the use of the steamboats and the railways for all time to come. There IS no longer ground for doubt in th-ise direc- tions, it only requires the events of time to satisfy the world Manitoba and the North- west are inexhaustibly supplied with these essc-ntials rf progress and prosperity. TKi: wati<:k MJi»FrY. Next to fuel, the water fcupp'y of any country y. a matter of vital importance to the intending settler. Without an ample supply of good water for man and beast-, a country is undesirable for settlement no matter what may be its advantages in other directions. A glance at the map of the Canadian North- west must convince the observer, even in the absence of other information, that this coun- try is sjiecially favored. The uumeroua lakes and rivers of the count' y to be found every where at easy distancds from one another, and most of wiiich are fed by springs a.lord ample assurance of a nlentiful supply in this extensive country. There arn areas in which well water of the best cannot be conveniently obtained because of alkaline substances|in tbe soil, *nit thr«e aiv very rare ; and it ia found that even in these a plentiful supjdy of an excellent article can be obtained by boring to a depth. Tlie surface water in lu". vicinity of Winnipeg is found to contain more or less of aa unsavory ingredient, but from a short dis- tance west until you reach tlie plains near Ref.,'ina, except in an occasional small patch, water of thf! bebt and purest can be found at a depth of from ten to twenty feet. At Regina deep shafts have to be sunk, but by their aid an excellent article can be obtained. To the west of Moosl> Jaw, for a distance of a few miles, and in another belt to the east of .Swift Current tjcod water is not readily obtaineii, the nature of the soil being the 16 dirfct caii-.'\^^Iu that district there are large deposits of t(Di»cioii8 t:lft,v,] iilmost pure alu- minuiii, that is clay without poroBity, lying near the surlacl^ The undnr currents of water in these fi(H;tion.s are, therefore, forced to foU low the underlyiug strata of gravel beneath. Where these clay beds are thinnest, and the gravel uearest the surlace, water is, as a mat' or of course, more easily obtained. Tlii;i diffi- culty, however, although readily overcome, is confuieil wO a small tract of central Assinibnia; westerly and throughout the whole of tiie Province of Albertu, between that and the Kocky Mountains, there are some of the clearti est and most beautiful streams, fed by springs, and ruuuicg through ceurses of gravel, that are to be met with iu any portion of the ( x- plored world. Iu these streams, at a de))th of from 10 to 20 feet, lish cat. be seen playing at the bottom ; and those wiio have made more particular observations assert they can see a ten cent silver piece at that depth. Of ocurse no one can doubt the healthful ness and advantage of such extensive supplies of the acqua I'UUA, surrounding an country. agricultural Tbe FarmerH' A|f Itntlon. Nearly every one in the east has heard of the Farmers' agitation league of last autumn, which reached its zeuitU in January and Fob. raary, and which has gradually subsided un til t lere is now nothing left but the smould- ering embers covered by piles of ashes of various hues. This movement had reacoed such a height during the winter, that from reports sent east, many in the other Provinces who did not know the circumstances, believed the country was on the verge of rebellion, so inflammatory were the articles written for the Press, aiiQ the letters sent to personal friends. The fever has now, however, subsided and but for the injury it has done the country abroad there would be but little cause to re- gret the results. Many who hare been lead- ers in the upturning seeing the rashness of their course have settled down to business again, and will become the better and mori g co; industrious citizens from tiie experience they^Q to| have ^i.ined. «ountT To the outsider, but little was known oi^y^ve the origiH of the movement and less of thej^pifi^J fuel that fed the flames. With these, snp- ^^y^ a positions and conjectures had their way, and^^^ t' it is for this reason so much injury has been geli done. Many in eastern Canada, the Ignited ^i^ich States and England, from the information ptighed' they received, arrived at the conclusion the ^pc^ Government were intentionally persecuting ^jomple the people for some unexplained reason, alter ^y^^ Un the manner ol some Asiatic potentates ; others ^ompa thought that the natural productiveness of gumme' the country was so ranch misrepresented that ^f.^ che thousands had been brought here and forced importi to the verge of starvation because of the de- lines vr' ficiency of crops. But neither of these con- clusions is founded on fact. It may be true that every feature of the Land Kegulations of the Dominion Govern- ment is not just perfection ; but the aim of the Government is to make the whole as near it as possible — to establish such laws as will locate as many bona fide settlers in the coun- try in the most comfortable way compatible with the condition of things, and at as little expense to the settler as possible. To ac- complish this requires a great deal of thought and a little judicious experiment. The prin- ciple in men to speculate is so great that in a new country, with the promise of Manitoba and the Northwest, the efforts of the Govern- ment to defeat that object and to protect the real settler have to be well and skilfully ems ployed. It often turns out that the object of a regulation of to-day is rendered partially inoperative, because of the ingenuity of a schemer, in sometime afterwards, and a change is found necessary in the interests of the country. But that such is the case in this country is not at all to be wondered Jat, as the American Government who have been ex- perimenting with their homestead system for the last fifty years, find it in a crude state still, greatly inferior to that of Manitoba, inan> pioposti lar?e machiul pectatil iinanci among' tion las the gn^ and fit took a contei cal pr sowin whea in de it, ci with vege farn sell thei pati wei hea _r V)l tb( ha be 1 17 ,. . *' ™'"^' a conajtariscii in the sequel will show, ami - ce tncy^jj ^^ fiK.her revuion. The changes in this . !•.., country though all for the country's welfare m,„»* . , °°^'' °'have disturbed the calculations of some snient and less of fh Yy. , aapinintB for wealth without labor or indua- „= i. J .. . ^''^' *"•'" try, and hence their cry ol dissatisfaction -hadthcrway. andj^ .^e Government. f Canaj°"'"t^ '''^, *!""" ^^^^^^^"S *^"*' ^'■°" ^^'^ rapidity with > e nited ^|jjgij ^he Canadian Pacitic Railway Company rom t le information «o8hed through the construction of the main « the conclusion the itionally persecuting plained reason, after ic potentates ; others productiveness of misrepresented that ght here and forcefi because of tlie de- aeither of these con- ery feature of the Dominion Govern- 'U ; but the aim of ? tlie whole as near such laws as will ;tlers in the coun- e way comDatible s, and at as little possible. Toac. t (leal of thought nent. The prin. ' so great that in iiise of iManitoba s of the Govern- d to protect the d skilfully ems that the object Qdered partially ingenuity of a rwards, and a he interests of is the case m i^onderedjat, as have been ex- 3ad system for a crude state of Manitoba. line, whieh is fouud necessary in order to complete their own eastern connections with the lines in the eastern Provinces, to give the company their own outlet winter as well as summer to the Atlantic seaboard, to guaran- tee cheap freights for the exports from, and Imports to, the Northwest, projected branch lines would be constructed with equal spirit, man} took up land on the line of the proposed roads, went int» grain raising on a lar?e scale, going heavily into debt for machinery, and failing to realize their ex- pectations, find themselves in an undesirable financial condition. These people were among the first to kindle the fire of disaffec- tion last fall, and the ])olitician3 opposed to the government, to bring grists to their mill, and strengthen their party in the country, took advantage of these peoples' spirit of dis- content to help them along with their politis cal project. Had these settlers, instead of sowing from forty to three humlred acres of wheat the first year «f their settleiLent, going in debt for the machinery to sow and harvest it, cropped simply what they could mannge within themselves, raised pork, dairy products, vegetables, ic, — in short gone into mixed farming — the products of which would readily sell to advantage, and spent the remainder of their time improving their farms, and w; it patiently for a year or two until the railwn s were built, the eastern world would have heard cone ot their complaints. The parents Ci many Canadian settlers who were among the disapi>ointed Manitobaus referred to, had to exercise years and years of patience before they secured the railway and other Hhipp'.ng ficilities the Manitobaus hoped to secure in a twelvumonth afier settlement. NjtioiH do not, as a rule, grow with such rapidity, and they are none the lesa desirable outs to live in because, they are not blessed with what many Manitoban agitators desired a mushroom development — an expanded flrwer in a night. Thuse cries of discon- tent have done so much to damage the credit of the railway Company, as well as the natural resoni>:es of the ccuntry i* the Kng- lish money market, ttiat instead of hastening the construction of branch roads, they are only retarding their pre ess. It is mainly upon the value of the lands the Company liave' received from the (loveninn'nt, that they secure credit abroad to build the r«ads, and every cry raised to damage the credit of the country only delays the realiza» tion of local railways. The country will bear any amount of hontst and impartial criticism, but misrepre^entarions damage nations no matter what may be their resources. As we have said the Goverrment is, however, giving large grants of valuable laud'* iid extensive subsidies in money to con'truct these railways, and they will be built and that too in the near future. As has already been stated the Company are exercising most commendable energy to ' complete their eastern outlet, back of Lake ■ Super'or. During the summer they are able to '' make their own connections, by three of the i finest steamers that ever navitrated the lakes, ; but last winter thej were, and the coming win- I te.r they will be, at the mercy of American lines for an outlet. In about two years from the ' present (June, 1834), the eastern end oi the i railway will be completied, but till then they i will not be able to give the rates in the win- ' ter, though every body is satisfied with those ! of the summer, they much desire to give. There being on this account a slightly higher : price, duiing ths winter months, for wheat ' in the northern St.ites than there ii in this I country, the comparison again disturbs the mind ol the impatient, unreasonable settler. 18 Cftnaiii wlint thn riiiteJ States Iihv bononie thrnui,'h th^ (Miforceineiit of tin- same jujlicy, Tlip (Joveriinrnt, too, with a Hpirit of I of thn reports thut wont liorn hoi e two year-' ,■ ' 1 , , . ' . ^\OUftl| moBl r.iiiinienilablo patriotiRin, and to iniikf iigo df tlie fortnncs maile by Hpeouiati«{» in town lot,'', pxpfCliTig to n'alizo (Mmpct"i.cii.s ill fainiing in a year or two, without tht bavi' U'lojitPil 11 tariff leading to the growth hlightost knuwlLMlyc of the biniiii'HM. They ^^^ -^ of raanufAPturtH in fvpry conceivabh' branch espi-cted they eonUl wear kid tlove.s, when ^ ,^^^ of induHt! y in thf country. Previous to thf tli. y «!iouUl be out to b^ in thr tiehls with tlifir ^^.^.j^^ J jTe will )W •ho o| .rioo n thf' enforcpmciit, of this tariff th(! Americans had Hle.'vcs roll-.l up, shoot prairi-' chickens four to tho whole run of Canada eniployiug Cauadiau artisinsiuid niechaiiios to manufacture tioods to huyiply the Canadinn uiiaijet airain. 1' > chang" this unlenirable stite of afifairs anolitico- AsTnintit. naturally I e expected, then, until ! ili»iH'P''t«'- piles of money. Thoit) who stepped aside with their receipts, were the lucky ones, and those who stuck to the gambling, as no other name is so ap» propriato, found thfl halter tighteu about Uieir necks until they became financially choked, and during the dianffection of the the Manitobans got at reasonable figures, favnrrs they readily joined in the fray. If further oij in tin's work, from a comparinon we add to these causes of dissatisfactiou, or of tariffs, we will convince those who f»re i rather sources of disappointment, the unrea-. cpon to conviction, that, taken all in all, liv- 'ny 10 a Manitoba f.umor is cheaper than it Honably low price paid for wheat by the two or three grain buyers in the whole country. is to his neighbor acro.-s the line. The poli- | thrr ugh a combination among themselves. tici.iu arid the soured s<>ttli"r, who mot with mifcfortunps because of his own mistakes, the remit of inexper.enc or greed, however, do not coiiS.d.T matters carefully in all thtir bea'iugs — they junr,) at conclusiowa, and cen- sure ( vtrybcdy and everythiisg as a cau'^ie of ilieir nils fortunes. OuiL-rfj again came to the couuiry, because using theory of frozen grain as a jiistificatiou for their let;ali^ed robbery, the whole position i.s fully explained. We have men- tioned in another section that a slight frost had occurred last year on the 27 th of August, which did somfi da-nage to tl.e late crops of •^he whole of western America as fjr south as thi' BCiUthern part of Illinois, and east to the ntial, al her bad I •,toTy >li^ fernmPil aed led >d in ^c e countrl their al bor with! \y leaclj •Ofit bV tj The grij mntry Jul )r no favl ijury M rhether it] Tht re ai i'ederil ( uat wouh )ut as th( lirectly n jy the ire. Th their clos the couD ingto g stitutioii The a the ada placed i ,iiti:t U PfOVUO they w 8e8>ion flclal t Goven I 19 it fiorn hpie two year "'^ portion rf Ontario, wfiich was most | homesteailH ; anil if tlin Province posiMsed uIh hy «p(',.'ulatinir ' "'^""'^W ^^'^ the uiipriiicijile'l dealers | them, to defriy th* . -stH o\' udiuinistration " realizo (Miiipot"i ci *"" *^'* ^^^^ circuniHtatio to keep down ' it would hnve to s'll tln-m at sonie fi;,'ure, and or two, without tl «'''**" of grain. Had th" outside world this would retard rather than encourage imiui- the t)UsiiiP8« Tl . '"" ^^'*' M""'^^'*y "^ Ko*^'^ grain there was gration, ind nioro e.-ipecially so if it bore the ar kid tloves wh • **'" '" '^*^ I'lunfy, there would have pxi)enHes of immigntion that ar»< now de. 1" the (iel.fs « it), m ,.• ^ plenty of buyers in the market to create frayed l>y tlie Federal authorities. Hut this is ruirit' chickens fonr t ^^''''"^ competition to offer proper prices, as I making a demind whose righteousntss is not r. rido in oanjai; jre will be fornll time in the future, and Huppnrteil by precedent or history. When ?■> in each .i.-.-ujoa that '* ^"""^^'^ vinM have been averted. | in 1792, f.r instance, the Province ot < )ntario rices—that the farms ^'^ ^^''^'^ causen, which are i.urely eircum- ' was first clothed with independent authority, or two spring into 'I ill this ___ ;tory . limate, unsuitable »en.son8, or other ] Imperi-.l authoriti-'s Iiad given the local gov- Ttrumental or natural deficiencien, corn- way make I short time. Theg^ <'i 'Ji'<"ppointm»nr, Jittlecja-vin^'t^in.' "Iblii/g in town lots. At tJi,'it time town- maps wor« sprung '^^s- the country »P of tilt; railway, 'cks ri.s« i„ an ^^l "Je piif^s of money, fir receipts, ntial, and are in no way attributable to the best Lord Sinicoe couM ;iii lonnce at tho her bad government, inferior Foil, unsatis- ' Hrst Pnrliament, at Niagara, was that the ernnu n: one-seventh of the public domain oed led to the dissatistaction whicli culmin- ' within its b'liindiries. The Home govern- ;d Ml accompli'»hing so much injury for nient retained the balance as compens.ition to e country Many have since seen the folly ('. t;. Loyalists, rewards fer distingishud their actions, and by settling down to ' services &c. &«■., and from the ruveiuus aris- bor with the increased c ire experience natur- ! ing from this, ami tlie s'.endei receipts of ly teaches, are individually likely to i customs and ,i fw niiuui resources, the L'gis- ."Ofit bv the results. The gre.it aim of all who desire to do the mntry justice, and its n.itural resources call lature was conipelleil to make itself self-sus- taining. Tlif f,:et, li"wever, that the Dominion nuthorities have within the last few ith th hose who stuck to r name is so ap* r tighten about cam.- financially snffection of the in the fray, if lissatisfactioB, or meut, the unrea. heat by the two whole country. oug themselves, "< a justification y, the whole We have men- t a slight frost 'J'th of August, e late crops of as far south as und east to the irno favois, is ti endiavor to correct the ; j.iyg g^j^j .^uoiher two hundred thousand dol> ijury done by dishonest representations | i^^ ^ y^^j. j,,^,,^ p.-„yin.;.>a subsidy, to aid in rhether in public or private correspondence. | ^j,^ continuation of ilumcip.d inipr'.vements, Th. re are a lew minor ir.atters in which the 1 the encouragement of sciioois and the advance- .^edeial Government might effect changes I^^^ ^j ^^^ ^,,^^j„,^,. g,„e,allv, is evijence dat would result in the country's advantage; jjijyy^^^, stulyxig the .nuntry'M wants with )Ut as they could only serve the country in- j g,.^,^, consideration. We have se.id the produc- lirectly no great iaconvenieuce is experienced jy the operation of regulations as they ire. The Government are, however, giving :heir closest attention to the requirements of the country and the people, and are endeavor- ing to give justice to both through all con- stitutional avenues. The agitating farmers, for instanse, wanted the iulmiuistration of all tlij public lands plared in the hands of the Provincial govern^ proper start in any thing pertaiuiug to agris metit 10 become a source of revenue to the culture in the country, to eiisure succeaa in Pfovuii-- ; but all s'-insible people must see if i much less time than must be spent in any they >v •! • disposed of in this w^y their pos- | other country to ac(iuire the same competence 8es>i(in would bo prejudicial rather than bene- | and the same .-tanding in the profession. Per- ficial to the country. As they are, the Federal ! sons desiring to kcate in this great country Government cr^abes the one«.haU into free i m^y rest assured that^everything that »an be lirectly no great iuconvenieuce is experienced | i^^, powers of the country are unsurj.iussed, if indeed they are (qualUd on the face of the earth ; the climate is heallliyaud salubrious; the seasons are eujoyable from n^ost jioints of view — in short the country is all that an in- terprising, iudustrioui peojde, willing to bear with the inconvenienties of pioneer life, can look for, and it only requires the experience readily acquire.l, and the caj.it;il to make a 20 done by tin? ;;oT»'rnnuriit will be dune with nil f)OH.siblt' ilfH(mtch, tn ili'vclo|ic itH natural re- Hourcos ; to tiiiik<> it attrftctivc ami convenient for BettlefN ; mill jtrof^rt-Msiv and itroHt;il>lf for every clas.'* of the cotninunity. A flOtlPiltlHOlV. n<>ddMlly FMvoittbln to .Vaiillohn. Nothing v.iiu nt any time more lutiat'Hclori- ly show, to a luiml oj)i'u to conviction, tin- natural dev<-!()pin;j {wwers of any country, under fair circunintanc^'.s, tiiau an impartiul conij)arison of its inst with that of another country who,*- growtli is >,'('nerally acicjiteil a« hisjhly Natisfactory, from every reusonahle point of vi«iw. For our preheat ])urpose, to represent Manitoba abroad as its interests demand, wu make a brief comparison of its history with that of th'i rioviuce of Ontario, the nioit projjresHive of the other six sinters of the Dominion C mfedoraoy. Although the old city of Kingston wns founded by Frontenac in 1672, beforo Niagara sometime, and several other settlements were made about the same time, the >.rowth of Ontario made but little :rcKre83 until after the Treaty of Paris in 1763, by which the greater portion of the French possessions on the American continent was ceded to Great Britain. During the wftrs of four ycur-i before, the country was devastated in every direction, and the few settlements that had been made were either destroyed or so badly deranged that it took severa. years to eir«ct a recovery. Tl;e last acts in the historic drama c that period, however, were the sur render i.. Moutcalm on the plains of Abraham, and the entire capitulation of Canada co Briti.sh rule. On that memoiable thirteenth of Septein^ier morning when the gallant Wolf encountered the no less gallant Mont- calm to decide the fate of the nation, the future of British rule hung tty a slender hair, B3 the blood of about six hundred English and perhaps a thousand French, Canada, however, passed into the hands of (.Jieat Rritxin, aiid, for auKhr the prcarnt kni/if^^ j.,. forever. Hut as " the paths of glory lead :|oba to the grave," the victory wai won by jnipe death of 'wo (»f the bravext generals the y.\ i^y ^^ has fver seen. History does not rank il -ui^U with the CVusars, the NelsonH, and the V • j lingtons, but they were gallant none -.yg^ I 1ms. The jealousies ,ind peculiarities of ' races for a time, and the subnequent difl", ' ties with the Indiana, led by such eloipit i chiefs as I'ontiao*, retarded settlement f p"riod ; Bill the American rebellion a I years iifterw.irds, in which Canada beci the battleground, kept back the growtli buildil j the country by several years. I The lack of wisdom of theCominonwerl; I and the repression of Charles II. seemed I have been adopted by their 8Ucces8or.s. T I colonists of American tenitory were tax ' uiihout thiir consent; iu commerce th shipping was discriminated against, a; when the ei.durance cf the colonists con bear blundering and incapacity no Ioiil^' they struck for lit)erty and gained it, by t: loss of many valuable lives. Whether the country could have been i taiued as au appendage of the I3riti.sh Crow under more favorable consideration, for a time, is a matter of mere spcfcuUitiou ; hi the blundering of the British rulers of tho; daj's, was none the Isss a serious detrimta to the Canadian colonies. At the close of this war about ten thousaii U. E. Loyalibtj settled in Ontario (tht Upper Canada) and greatly augmented ti. population of that period. The coustitutioL al act of 1791 gave Upper Canada its bourn: arie.^,and established a form of Piovincial Go emment. The first Parliament convened Niagara, which had then about 500 iuh tants. The year following, Lord Si'i co opened it with much eclat, British law civil and criminal, and freehold tenure wer introduced, with two houses, one selected bj the Crown and the other chosen by the people lusteaJ, however, of handing over the wholt? of the laud to the Piovincial Government five-sl tbougl Kriw the I'l five y| move. the re In 18 the? Bttaci great Const undei and ii of thi pie, V and : the ti \ince the b the ( a Pr( Al tke< been eiab peac hapi and in t este troi I be I esti in sqi vo LM aiiRhr the pregpnt kn. the imtlis of glory le,ul vict.iry wai won by bravest geucralH the Wi ifltory (Ions not rank i| he NeIsonn, and the V ■ were gallant none 8 and pcculiurities of 1 the subjiequent difli «, led by nwrh ahqyu •ctarded Nettloincnt f mericun r.;b<;llion a ( which Canada beca; ept back the growth il yoars. " of theCoHimonwur!; 3f Charles II. seemed y their successor.s. T 1 territory were tax It ; iu commerce th iminated against, a: of the colonists coi; incapacity no lou". and gained it, by t; lives. could have been i !of the liritish Crow consideration, for a oaere spctcuhitiou ; bi British rulers of tho; !s a serious detrimti. 'ar about ten thousan d iu Ontario (thi reatly augmented ti. d. The coustitutiui. •er Canada its bounc; irm of Piovincial Go iament convened en about 500 iuh •wing, Lord Si-i co ECLAT, British iavf freehold tenure wer> ises, one selected bj hosou by the people ding over the whole -'incial Goverumeut ibr nvenu** purposen, as th«' agitatnrs of Man- loba cliim is the right of this rroviiic*', tin- Imperial autUoritifs nft-r providing '"tutis for th.- r. K. I.oyiiliHtH and otli'T distin- guished people, gave but one-seventh of the residue to the Troviucial Government, '■•t'l « seventh to the clergy, and retained tlie otlier flve-seventiiH to be apportioned as thty thought prapi-r aff rwanis. li. timt year the Kew-rk (Niag'irii) Gazette, the first paper in the Province, made its first appearance. Li five years afterwards the Parlianifut w:is re- moved to York (Toronto) wtieu the firdt loi; building in the plice had Vt be erei;t«'d for the reception of the peoples' representatives. In 1806, the Guardian the secomJ pajicr in the Proviin-e, was publish,*d, whi li, from 's attacks on the j.;overnment was driven ,.o fjrpater straits for an existence, ; 'laii is a Conservative paper in Manitoba, though even under the ban of tlie " Fiirnuu' agitation," and in 1809, a census showed the pr jmlation of the Province lo be seventy thous^nil peo- ple, with a revenue of i;7,000 from customs And similar sources. There was nothinj: ut the time but wooden buildinjis in the Pio- \ince, no road.", but blazed tracks thro\'^'h the bu^h, and but four resident clergytnei' in the country. This was in twenty years a" ;er a Provincial government was established. Although during the war of 1812-14, to the equal of which Manitoba has fortunately been a stranger, the country suffered cons-id- eiable privations, bv the Treaty of Ghent a peace was restored which the rountry has happily tnjoyed unbroken to the preseut ; and which it is likely to enjoy for generations in the future from the experience both in'er- ested nations have gained ttirough the troubles of the past. At the close of the war manufacturing may be said to have taken its rise — a bank was established at Kingston and immigration set in and swelled the population to 7 souls per square mile of the territory so far taken up. In those days (1851) but $10,000 was voted to defray the expenses of civil govern* ment, thmig'i the populati mi wis 120,000 people, and vvit'i K-hh tl:*!i 200,000 people the I'niviuci' of Muiiitoiii is »1>!<' to appropriate live fiiues that am'Uiit t > defray tlie i .vpiini's of gov'Ttiment. And whil* »tome in M nito- ha eomolnin li«oaute tlie Canadian P.uihc Kti'way (")., and tlie Government hold lands that are not h.ible to taxation, as militating agaiiHtH-'ttli'Mient, yet th'* sami' ,statM)f tilings i'xisted iu i»nt.irio until nui in 1.S40, and witli a vestige remaining until the pr.'seiit. In 18:fO tlie cry in Cntario was aaaiiisr the • lergy ri.servis. ono seventh of the wild lands, as impeding st-tlleuient, defrauding the rev- enut s, and espetially uiijun as contril)Uting to the sup,)ort of but one church alone to the rxclusi.in if tie others e.jually desrvinv. la those day« too another grievince wai iha outgrowth ot th- dis'rihu'iou of customs. As a matter, of eourte, tlie greater part of tho revenue.^ ot the entire Canadian territory was collected at Montreal an ! t^ichei-, and (->ntario raceived Imt on«»eiyhth of the lutal, and .suffered through tliis inequality till th>j time of tho Trade Act in 1832. No provision was made !o'- .i ■school .systi-ii till 181tJ twiji* ty-four >ei;s aluer the esDi'i is'unent of ;i h.eil govfrnmeiit, though Mauitoi)a has Ijad one since the first day it became a Proviue, aided by government. I'ntil within forty years ago, the jwople of Ontario suffered from an ina^iility to express tlisir own couvicicnf. at the polls. The governors selected their own eouncillori", who were generally govern- ment officers, sheritl's, judges, &c., besides, and thus virtually ignored the wishes of the people, while from the firit Manitoba has been favored with) responsible government, arul all the consequent advantages eiijoved by the people of Great Britain npou their highly favored Isles. If thH,ipeople of Mani- toba do not like their laws or their law makers, they have an opportunity every four years to select repiesenratives, constituting the governraeut, who will carry out their wistier, and annually they have'iu their own hands the constitution of their tuunicipal C 22 b 'Ivf, whosi. ri'^uliiii'iiiH afTfct Ih'iu more d iitly. 'I'l.i.-if icldiii] i \v( ic tlFi clcil i:; tlic t' Irru p40viiic(.'S llin.ti^li 'Jic lo.s., of ••loml I' , Ui/ ivl.cli;, n (if 1837, bill in lliU; .ut-y I I y were f,'ii •null It! liy tliu fcirni nt' Vciii- •i.l pi'. I II i; (' ■ ( ((|.1(' Willi l!.c ai.l,;ii. my of thi I'lw^ iiici:. Ill IHI'K, llilii- yciiH li^l I'.' Ulc UUin.i ((I li.<.' I'i(iviiu:i t^, L)i(! ^ji/iiu'.atiua ol Uic iiaiiitry ic'.K liiil (i.ui mil. •;[(•(» i;iiil liiiy ti-uu.'.iuil p < - )l,t, 1)1 (iolllilr l!ii,', (,i Mujlllolja ill lil>! ])r»'M»!lL il;.;, ; air' ilw n vi nil' s, loniii .i: iniitlin-ry <'l L; I' }^<>vrliilin 111, .Slljiji):L >.(,liOij!.«, p.'iyill rfcliil.Mii lu .s ,s, &i,'., (lid iioL cx'fi"] $!,'!^i>,ouii, Jiiiicli li-s.i lii: II tiial of Maiiitolm wilii ii.s 1I1■^ cri'ii.-i' U.i olInT il.^y, aihi \vl.;t:l.' i.i m i-.d^iUfil II .mo\vii liom !(),<, no HI 1870. at (Oiilc Ut'iatioii fo 2<»0,()00 i(-(lay in l.aiili'ii ycais, wliilr it uaik liom 1 7',i2 d, ]?i3' , < r tliiri y. ('l;'lil \rais, Ic Ilialcc i.l;i- wili i: iiiclfbK" llitln. lai:o,;iii i u toi/l. fort", i wo yiaisol (^overimn-iil - rxi.-'^'iii (• ill 01 r hislfT I'rovi'c.c lo r;iisc Ihi; ]iii)ni:i 111 iiviiui.i [.oRscftscd liy Maiiitolj.i al II, .s Hi iLciit,, l! I'ol:, iiio, i.o i.ssliiiiii sixly yt'iiis I I (ip'Viiicini liU' to (i( v('i(j]i a siiiyie i mil'- of railway in Oiilari' , winlc Manitil^ii with ii'iricfii }«ui'ci's>-l;!i orji ratioi.', rdnviyiii;^ all li.i' prodii,:!.-! « f 'In- laiin i ' ex;'.''. I'-iii. iiiiirkcL.i in t.l. ami .muiIi lircum- stauce-i into coiisideialio:.. Ti," f,;l is tli;;t M.miiola ii'ivai i;.n ju n.ii;;! in oi i; yi ar ii.s any of tii' o:lri j'nivincc f, ('■) in livi; tiiius tlial jcii'd. 'I' (• fouii' iiLions of all n.iiiii- oipal inifiiovciiK Ills arc iiii,:l, to Ik; exUndcd aH K' ttli'iM'nr jn'.ccfd.s ; ■m cxi I'llcil, .sy.sti'iu for colleges, and liijdi and coiniuon K'houiH has bii'ii u'.ioiK'd, to tic npn-nd a.s iln^ r. i{iiiii - meiitH of ll'." loiiiilry call f(ir if, chu'rlua an; on an iMjiiality, ami ari; iiidtvl by tl. proli dcrjoiiiiMation.s in tliii other Provyice.s i.n;ii«jovv all ajui pintmcnls an^ aolf-.nstaininjf- in f ".ffe*-/, tlitit; is jolliin;^ wanting liiil, llic. iniiniKrali ol an induitiimH and inloi|iiisiii)^ j/fujili taki' jio-.si'.-sioM of tin; laii'!, ^;iveii away lioini stfiuis l.y till; Douiinioii (lovfriiini-i and so.d l)V,,coiri|jaiiit'H at a unri: noini: liL'iirc, with till! m-Cff-siiy cajtital to s-t;lf a; inaki' _ impi'ivrmcnix, as cnli'iiiiisi- ami m Idtioii Wwuid naliir.illy ; iij^j^e.sl. Fit II IT. tbi; •l>t*il grow nnlaN Maui not thai t'riiill of ll . ; |).i liic ]iiii ii I'l incoii vciiii'iKu; ixiici, , tol>.i, (;nii:d liy i.Ij!' srt.lii'! in this (jotiiuiy, wli> Im ,j »»'.V''r| li(;i-n tiilly ui'(;u.sLomcd to tiic. advanla^cs i< aiivaiiciiiMiil 111 tilt; oM oounti.fs and ti> oltii'i- rroviiiors, is lilt; aliH'-nci; of liuil. 'I'lr .sous and (l;.ii;.',l;t';f.'i. rcsidcnl here, of jiaroil will) jilaiiU;! and cull iv;;U;d lar^i; orcini.rds r ollicr jiiii.'iiil llii- Vii'ild, ('(Mi.sidfi' ii (|uilf , liardsiiiji lo iu- dciiiivitl of tin; jncductB i- tlit; i.lctiiii',1, aMl^vainly try lo Hnaymc, nioii puiti -ularly in^iiiLj^.iin^ iliioii;j;ii li.t; couiit,', on liaiiis, iliaL iiic native ink and iioj< far cAjK.nmeul.s wiih the ajiplc, i;. Maiii' '.'i.i. Iiavi; ihjI proved a .'iuc'is.s, ulthougi iticcrdi II .uri.ske.s, ami hevi lal vaneti(,4(.; till' liaidi.r kimis of the larger Iruit ufi glow • v.ifh partial shci'cs.h in many pt-rLs o. the rroviiM;t;. .-)ijn.e horLicultuiist.s advaiie the urgiiiiiiil Ilia;, on aeci mil oi the rapiditv With which lliri warm .'•uns of summer «uc- cecd th<' Ir H!h ol winter thi; sip stuta earlici in ill' trunk than it i.s p'Tm.lted to do m th' roots;, and pr 'gre.'i.s is hindereil Ix cause t.i ihi.- di.HCiej aney ; i>.it ti,i re i.s m.i tin; In, si il evidenci; lo w^irant that iheoi v. 'I'.he n,' iv conn of th| will tory sue ''jniini()i. Oovermnc. growing laiiiy MKxr.siful, ev.'ti in Mii; ino.st !•■« at a iji.ri; noiiii; untavoiabifi iiorvion.s ol' tl. • I*.(.\ incc oi' ,fiil e illivalion of the a[.|>le in ail parts j of Alanilooa At i.n!M!rjt th.! fruit is grown ill almost unlimited .-uitldn'S in Ihit sh ! (Joluiiilda, aiid cxinTinieiitH [irove ttiere is but little iroiihle ui rd>iiig it su ciSiHilly in that Ixill of couiiiry lying b.itwee.u Fort Walsh and th" liocky iMounlains, so tliat from wesli!rii sources, as well as from llie rroviiK!- to ;,he eiiHt (r)ntirio), a siijiply ciin readily If ]iiociued .il rer.s.nnihle jiric-s as soon .IS t.lif! railway is eompletd east and UlT. lIKJonvejiieji,;,. , ;jp^.| this eouiui,-, v.ii> J.. •-<' tile adviuiiji^cs , 'I'i <;ount,,<..^ a:id li, idwnee offrmt. 'J ,„ *"i'-:iL here, of ,,are,ii "t.f;d large orciiji.nls ,• 'd, (:(;nHidur ii iinayi,,,., „„,,, '"■'J>'A;ii li..; couiiL.', '*■•• "-dv and |,oj,i;,, ty thi; ordiarLH tin} « accu,s!o/nnl u> jr v..rie'i"s of gooseberries aro grown ii all ad- v.iiH!.' I /.' irdens in f i..- IVoviin*', atid yi.'M retiinui liiglily .«atisfa';tory in ev.-ry ingtanee, ami the siiii" nmy Im Haid of rinladelphi.i r.'.l and black cap ra.si)beirie8. Strawb-nies too ar« roadih r.iis.id and wrll repay Iho-:.' who give their ciilturt! reasouablu att.'iitioH. W. Urigliaiii, o. Winnuieir, last s.'UHon, for instance, put in an aei.' and raised ovi r f),000 <|uarts i.s a reliiiii, wh cti ln! readily di.spose.l of at an averaei- pne.. of ;jr» .'.'iits per .|uart. The Amerieaii and J"'r. .ie (iran.le, and the Hartleit art! foiPKi to re tin! most successlul varieties. As lim hifii already s'at-i, tin- (! nuitry is yet t.n young to give any pionoineed opinion on iiow it, may .sneceeil in fniiL gmw.iig ; bu', enough is idready known from exi-t riment.M made, that sntlhiient varietna < an be iai« .1 for all ordinury purpose^, aiid wh-n je ope settle down to stu.ly comf jrts an I I'onv.inien^ CIS, fither than He.iiring larecr properiies, it is (juite npi>ari!nt fruit, raising can bt; ma.!.; a Hourc<' of ]>rolit with the cither natural j):.>- ducliiiiis of the country. 1 ; hut th '- 'Jn.igiiia- upc l.s i,ot ;o U: rca; "iiprolwhie that, c.v- 'lesntc.'.s.sfulgrowtl "!ta;itki|j.;.s of fini; "'iliniitcd (.apahili-. h Willi tlie ;,],|d.-, i; " iniiysH, fllthougi fcv. ;a; vanetH.s ..; f! larger /ruit an * i/i many p,.,ts <,, (^ultiuists ailvun.' mil ui tiie rapidifv '■•^ "f .summer buc- <• ^n> stills ear lir. n.tted to do in t|: '■' hfeanse ,,| [J,,, "'■t tl/e 1). .St, . I |coiv. 'J'he „,Mv WcSl. As has ''ceii stated, '.owever, the ci'ab does well, ant! ni'sl of the si.ialh r f nits are raised as ea'dly an.l in :is large qn iiitities ds in any other ]ifrtion of 'he Cannilian territory. Thnv is a sjee'es of iiHtive rd I'lum growing wild .-rloiig tin: l),!nkH of stJiMiiis and lakes, in bhilf.-, Lc , which yndds a very d!'iicif.UH fruit, ami wliic,h experience jiroves can b'- don;estir.ited with excHll.tiit re.'ults. Curriints of sev.-Ml v.jri(ti'.H such us Red Dutch, lied Cherry, arid Les Pr.ililic have long exccedoil exjifrimont, and are now g'i,ir- Blly cultivate.l, with results ..[ual to the mot Hiiccessfnl gro.vthH in any of the ollni I'ro- vinccs. The Downing and Iloughton Kt(>«!jc KikiNiiiU'. Although fri.m a I'.irming point of vh'W the (Jdiiadiaii NoritiW(!st poHsi'ssess many a.l- vant.ige.s, it i.s, n :xl, nfuv wtieat and oit.H growing, as a sto(;k ra Hing counliy it must taky liiHi, rank among nations.. Home litile diliicuily :ii experieuced, as one would natui'ally expect, in getting horses and grado c .ttie accliii.,itii:ed, and the h.ct, ih.it ihcy are fed n]ioii iiati/e grass may have some thing to no will it;; but aft(!t a time sl.ick of all kinds, with the excepiiou of sheep, succind belter licre, and yield hau.l.sumer r-- tiiMiH for till ir iai-,iiig, than in any other c un'.ry known to tlie modern agriculturist, Mi;d ( v-'ii sheep thrive admirably on the l'ig".er g'ounds. llanching, a custom [ireva- leiit m the \Vejt,ern .States, is ( arricd on ex- tdisiv.dy in <.ur wiwleru country, where the cattle are not housed froiu oue eud of the year i 24 .ki X! to the other, but procure thjir sustenance the year round ou the open prairie. As the winds known as Chinook, from the Pacific Oci an, crossing the Rocky Mountains through cuts and passes, rarely allow the snow to remain to any depth, more than a few hours at a mands ready sale in the summer season ■**■ ( ents per lb., and double that amount cents — is not an uncommon ])nce in the*^** die of winter, ■while from 30 to 40 cor always available for a fair article any tii:^* the winter. The usualTweight of a four ' ^^ time, the grass is, ot course, readily reached I old beef animal is from 800 to l,00(j all the time, and the melting snows and run- i dressed weight, and that readily comiii ' nin^ streams furnish an ample supply of irom the bucchers 10 to 11 cents per •*^ water the seasons through. There are on these large plains upwards of fifty ranches varying in extent, the largest being owned while they retail at about 50 pur cent.' "^ vauce. About 9 tons of hay costing farmer from $20 to $30, with the expen^ e bi by the Cochra;u: Co., 1. G. Baker & Co., the } feeding and watering during the wi Muirhead Co., &c., and the stocks of these viry in extent, some having at present up* wards of 25,000 head under their control. Although tho product is considerable, ^with the present rate of the increase of population, I the estimate at confederation in 1870 being »,600 whites, against about 250,000 at the present time,] it will yet be sometime before home demand in the west is fully met. More easterly, too, where farming is carried ou in mixed form after the fashion of the Eastern Proviuces, cattle raising is no less successful and art3 grazing ground is in profusion, and hay, to the farmer, for winter use, rarely costs morn than $3.00 per ton. The care of stock in the winter season, when farmers have but little else to do, is, then, the principal expense in their protection, and the returns are something enormous. It is true that if expensive stables are built, their care is quite an item ; but as lumber^is rapid- ly coming down in price, even [excellent frame stables can shortly be built at a moderate outlay, while many have found structures made of straw and timber, or tim- ber and sods, to be cheaply constructed and an admirable protection from] winter cold. The roofing is of but little moment, as winter rains are almost unknown. To give t'le eastern farmer a more practical conception'^of the profits of stock raising we give a few figures. Good butter always com- tted,| irketJ stMsou, is the only expense of such an anini the farmer, and he readily realises from to §100. Good milch cows in the sprin- the year readily bring $70 on the mari > while yokes of oxen can rarely be proci; ' for less than $200. Horses are equally pr able ; but, of course, require more car,- the winter season. In this country the per are fast drifting into the raising of the I breeds, Clydesdales and Percherons be favurites, as they find it costs no mortr-|-/'\ raise a good animal than it does an inft O-^ one, while the former meets with a ready ■ ': at handsome figures. Prices, of course, va but $400 for a span of working hot is perhaps an average J figure — roadste ot course, run higher, ^fancy in many ca^ alone determining values. These figu: should at once couviace the agricultur seeking a location that the Canadian Non west offers inducements unexcelled in a; portion of the globe. Although 8neep have b-AU raised in t: country for upwards of 40 years, their kei mg has not attracted the attention the i; dustry demands. But this is "easiiy "accoumi outsii for. The main objeci. of the farmer, so i.i the v has been grain growing to meet the requir ag^^ ments of incomingl^population, and as shet whicl thrive more readily on high, broken groutu to vrc wliile grain grows most sucsessfuUy on U 8^""^ deep land, the average farmer has been unab! othei to give che raising J^of the termer prope attention. Enough of the business is, how 4 i i ♦ f iti 25 , known to assure the settler sheeprais- ; only supply the old country with its dt-ticiency of whe;it, flour, and Oiit iiuiil, but its supply of beet, pork, mutton, dairy and poultry aa well. This is no matter of mere sppculaation , everything is tending towards its accomplish- minit, and that too at no distant day. The soil is everything that an entirpri.^iiig, indus- trious people could look lor ; the climate and producing powers are un; urpas-scd by any country known to civili/ation; its tacilities for opening up convenient and suitable commer* cial highways are of tlu* tirst Drder, and no- thing is wanlina but the industrious settler with energy and capital toaccomplisli the aim ofhis most laudable ambition. f ^^ ^^^ summer season loay be madt; a very profitabl« business. and double that amount ^ atmosphere of the country is espt^cial- 1 uncommon price in the »Torable— so much, that diseases in flocks ^vhile from 30 to 40 c '•'"^^y lizard of— fleeces grow thick and r ^°'" ^ ^'iir article any tir^» ^""^ mutton, in proportion with beef P'e Usual^woiffht of a four ■ P*''"'^ always commands a paying figure, ^1 i-s from 800 to i QOd'® "^^ ^''"^'^ ^^^"^ * '^^^^^ 'i'^°''**^"^°' and that readily comn ^ coarse grains, oats, peas, barly, &c., jher.s 10 to H cp^g j grow luxuriantly in the country, it follows P'^ at about 50 j)er ce • '* V^^^ raising should become a very profit- 9 tons of hay costinc * b^^^intss. It is quite safe to afsume, to $30, with the Pvr.^^ *t when the Hudson's Bay railway is com- . . ^Apen> tenug duriurr ^^^ w -**^' ^^^ * short, cool route opened to the expense of such an ani "^^''^ ^^ Great Biitain, Jlanitoba must not he readilir r^oi...... , from ,« sprin<' ti on the mari * ^ea can rarely be proc.^ • Horses are equally p. ^ ''!' 'T'''' '"ore car.-n IS country the pec* le readily reah'ses frc ni'ch cows in the bring ^70 In thi '^to the raising of the f^ «** and Percherons be ■ find al tha ic oosts no morer , -^^^oesan infHOW TO SETTLE K THE XORTllW EST. »er meets with a ready . Pf'ces, of course, va 4 pan of working hot ^e'-age: figure^roadste 'er,4'fancy in n^any ca,. ^«'"es. These figu ^^-oe the agricultur 'at the Canadian J^ori '^ts unexcelled in a: EVIBEM'ES OF THE AD VAXTAGES OF THERE. uwafim; 7^ ^ ^^" J-aised in t; ' ^ ^« years, their kee j.jj. -.-^.^'^^ii^fi,^^: It IS only within the last few years that the asilyaccountf outside world began to form an estimate of 'e tarmer, so r,, the worth of the Canadian Northwest. For ^eet the requ;i ages it had been regarded as a country in " * '"'>» and as sher which the few beings that inhabited it liad ' ^''■'^Ken groum to wallow through mud and mire during the -essfuliy on ]oi snnimer season, in pursuit of the bufTaJo, and . '^'" *^ been una b.' other animals vahuiblo for their furs, to ike tie termer pro,,. 'he business h, ho. out a precarious existem t\ and walk to their waists in snow durmg tlie winter with the thermometer registering a ii^uii' indicating luisat'i'ty^to men accustomed 10 tlie climate the civili/ed world. The Hud.soirs liay Co. remained the almcst undisturbed '.u'ers of the country, and because of selhsh aims, a mou- o[)o!y ot a rich fur trade, it was to their inter- 26 est to keep the world iu ignorance of the vast though altoi,'yth(^r hidden worth of these extpnsiv(! pl.-iin'^, n. world of territory iu tlieni- selves. Becausi) of the Areerinan Northwest cBJoyiuf,' ji m'.re soutliern latitude,^ in the absence of information ou the resources of our own territory, and of the extraordinary efTorts put forth hv AniPriean railway', com])aiiioH, whose hread and butter lay in the settlement of the country to the south, immif,'ration, was attracted thither, to the disadvantage and absolute loss of onr own noble country. It was only with the development of a means of traT;s]>ort, with the opening of our vast (T.inscontinental hijihway 'thpt the at- tention of CT])it'ilists and men of industry bej^an to be attncted hitherward, and when it is more eener.Mlv known that the F.urop'^an can leave his native shores on a given day and find hims^K hn led in British Columbia in three weeks, as tr.ivellint,' facilities will now .idinit rf hr-inr:V double that fiojure view of the .£,'rowth of the country will be I for shipment abroad. These facts carry nior ia .the Northwest as tt.ey^were in the other portiojis of Ame!ic;i we have named, and that a sucecssiou of good crops, of an extra yield is eveu more certain in the Canadian Northwest than, it is in other parts of the American contiuent. Once the country was Qverrun with grasshoppers, a visitation with which o r eastern Provinces have never been aillicted, but owing to the increased area noff under cultivation, it is more than probable the like may never occur again; and ouce or twice in the period mentioned slight early frosts hav(; visited the country, but the injury done by them was comparatively trifling, and but for the cry of unprincipled grain buyers, who used the result to keep down prices, but little would have reached the ears of the out« Side world. There is one thins Vertain the injuiy done was magnified, and no better evidence is reiiuired of this than that the wheat for which but 30 cents was offered last the natural result. P>ut while the nnt-^ide world may be readily assured on th^'-e noints, the countrv has yet weight than anything that can be pat in words. As we have said in other articles the ab.surd one prejn'lic,^ to overcome— an opin'on that i notions concerning this countrv are now suece.s.swe crons ore not a certaintv. With | being cast to the winds. It is becoming this ]ioint ,^THl the certain produCion of the ,nor'- generally known the climate of the country settled, ])"rnnne!t and .'uhst^intia | Northwest, though subject to'a high degree rrcf»r"ss will be th'' result. It is »io secret to of heat in the summer and of cold during those who have piven the subject attention i the winter, is one of the most enioyable that Inst ye.ir's frosts .'lid more damage to j under the sun, and extremely healthy in crops in th" nor^'iem and westrrw States and every sense of the term. It is also living Ontario than they did to those of this coun- i down the erroneous ideas concerning its un- try, the loss to Ontario being estimated at certain] resources, and rut of the way jocality ^25.000,000. The results have done but little with the growth of steam and rail navigation to inju'-e the eredit of the«e older parts abroad, while l>ccau«e of the youth of this count-y. facilities and the intending emigrant is only in search of better information as to the local tl.ey stand to its serious detriment in the I re(\uiretnents and ofTeriugs of the country, outside world The old saying that "the and in our explanation of these our remarks man who has the name of early rising can i will be practical and pointed in every partic- sleep as lonj,' as he likes " is fully a]ipli!iab!o uhv. In the first place it may be necessary iu illustration of our point. I to mention that the only possession an immi- Men who have lived and cropped in this \ grant need bring to this country are means, country for upwards of thirty years, know pluck and energy, or if we may be permitted that last year's frosts were fully as exceptional ; to mix the phraseology of a sentence, we may 27 y, were m the other jd ag much livestock as he can secure the I pec pie to follow other bran''lip!= ^•('industry 'Vo h.ive nanieil, and means lo manag.'. Any other effects are ] and skill. |""T'*. of an extra gimply a burden and niuuy them a drug in 'iiii in the Canadian the market. In female immigration, the ) th ** 8'"^*'' 'If""!*"'^ '^ '"'■ servant girls, and tnese ^ conn ry was jg^dily find positions in towns, vill i^res and t'i«, a visitation with ^j^j^ f.^rmers, with w;iges from $8.0(i a month nces have never been upwards according to cipabilities. There le increased area noiv oceisiomilly are demands for female help in more than i)robable other directions — as teachers, sahfswomen, '■'^'aui; aud once or and oiievativea in A'arious lines, but they i.re itioned slijfht early generally supplied wi;hout; much ellorc. intry, but the injurv Manituba is the field for a Iftrge number of ratively trifiing, and servant girls willing to lean; the ways of the cipled grain buyers, ep down prices, hnt t'"'i'' positions. There is at times a lair demand for uiivviis, when railway construction is being pushed ahead r.ipidly, but as branch lines are not making the progress this summer many ex- pected they would, the demand this season is not as great as it has teen the past two sum the ears of the out. p thing Vertain the ■''d, and no better ''i** than that the nts was offered last • ^louble tliat figure s« facts carry mor ^'it can be pat m firticlps the absurd country are now "^ is becoming ' climate of the to" a high degree ^ "f f-nld during most enioyable "'ely healtliy in t i» also living acerni/igits un* tfiP way j'ocality rail navigation migrant is only J '^'f 'o the local f the country, se our remarks n every partic- 7 be necessary 'sion an immi- y are means, ' be permitted ience, we may As we hive .said the gre;it demand is for farm settlers ; and these nnt'lit e me if they only have the necessary means to start, w'lich we fnlly dn.scrilie 'iter on. u* the rate of two millions a year for the next ten y ars to come. Of eonrse, with their arrival a just proportion of s^^'lesof oth'^r callin<."^ sb">nld follow, but they hould be in p'npor'-.ioii . The farmers ^ om other parts r{ Amer'ca should bring all the live stook, nc'ii'"ing hor.ie.s, cfttlc, sh^pp, pijs and ])o-,iltry he CHU procure, and he nei'(! nrvr 1 c nfraid of country aud adapt themselves to the du;i>s of i^'""«'''!^ f'i« '"'^t he can obMin, tVr .-v-n Manitobans have learned it cfsts as nuicli to feed and care for an iuferinv aniiiial as it does superior one, with certain -ales and i'ood prices always itp fivor of tlip latter. Ii! ntliej respects the industrious farm , T!ii;.;h1 i ine empty handed. We cannot too strongly ad- vise the immigrant of wliat'-'vi'r cnlling ,, . 1 ■ . 1 ■ 7 • ' against bringing a load of other cumbersome mers. rarm help is, however, alwavb in fair j " " J J • r o.,r\ -.-.rv 'effects, as all kinds of clothing, provisions, demand, wages rai-^ing from $15 t^ ""20 a| . ,, J J- ., • birm implem'nts, hon.seluild etFect'-, &c.,kc., montr. upwards according to the cai ties i ^ ,. , , . , , can be inocur'-d in this country for less monev 01 the employee. As may be ui > ood j '■ men accustomed to the work .f the eouutrv, j ^''»" ^hey can be bought for iu Ontario or where known, are always prefeired. ! elsewhere and imported. Tn M.initV,,a there are busiut'ss men representing every line of commercial life who buy in the cheapost market and import by the carload ; and this In certain localities, at various times, according, us points become unusually active, there is a good demand for mechanics, mostly carpenters, aud artisans, but it is just a ques^ tion if there is not at the present moment enough of all these classes in the country for all requirements for a year to come. Men of any calling with means to carry them till thi^y secure what suits them, or those who fiave arranged for situations in advance of their arrival may come at any time ; but un- der other circumst.inces it is not desirable to advise the influx of mechanics,clerks,&c,,ic., at: the ])re.sent. Of course, as the country grows the demand for all these classes will increa.se, but the great demand is for farmers with suUicient means to make a start, and one fact ought to throw all the Ut/ht required on this point. We do not advise the Ontario farmer who hns these effects to sacriti e them before coming here, as it would be to his in- terest to fill a car and shi[i iu that way rather than do so and purchase atrain cm bis arrival. For the man who can do it, it is always better to visit the country and .'^elfct his fuUire Iccition before shiiiping his eifects and moving bis family ; but when this is not ))racticab!'^ with the expense attendin:: a few delays, the intending settler can a'w.iv- obtain whatever iaformniinn hp is in search of in the country. With the pn sent growth of the country nearly every Canadian or with them might come a just proportion of American who seeks a location in the North 28 west has aciuaiutanccs settled here who can furui-h HI advauce through corrcspoiulenco, sulficieut iiiltirination to be a reasonable guide ; and intending settlers from the old country can obtain all itarticulars from thi- immignition agents, at the immigratioti bu'ld- ings at convenient distances along tht; line of railway. In later articles further inform- ation will be given ou these |»articslars ; but we now proceed to give infornntiou every intending' settler ought to be possessed oi beltre leaving his native country for the far west, yome writers are in the habit of stal- ing, in fact persist in naming the sums of momy farm immigrants ouglit to possess ou leaving home ; but this is very misleading for exjerience proves that one family wili starve in three months on a sum that is con- sidered sulHci-nt to cany anotiier of the same number of members through a twelve month. Instead, then, of naming spccilic sums as necessary or suhicient, we give the cost of articles necessary to commence life, and jdccieLi, leaving the intending imiui- granl lo make his own calculations as he pro- ceeds. (For passage rates see a later section). If the settler arrives in the "early fall or at a seasonable time iu the spring, say the last days of March, there is no trouble in erecting an inexpensive canvass tent will serve all purposes u.uil a suitable home can ba erect- ed, which, if the arrival be in the fall, should be the first thing done, together with ♦« breaking," th;U is turnim^ the sod for the first time, before freezing sets in. The next building should be a shelter for his stock, and with these completed he has nothing to do but provide tor^^the necessities of man and beast uutil plowing and sowing season iu the apiin*.', which .should be, in so far as sowing ia^oucerned, as^soon as tlie snow leaves the ground bare. Nothiug ueed be feared from ]■•:■ '■■■•''-'*, If the arrival be iu the early , I'A ., .o no breaking can be done until the frost leaves the ground but a partial crop can h'i put in that season. When the backset- ting, that is re-turning the sod after break iug, is done it is rather late for wheat, unless the frosts should hang off well in th« fall ; but oat.s, potatoes, and other vegetablrii can be raised to advant- age. Indeed good cropsi ot potatoes can be raised by planting under the breakirg, and many kinds of vegetables do well at later seeding. Of course, protecting and canng for the growing crops is the only occupation of the farmer during the season. The most advantageous settlement is, however, that sutlicieutly early _ in the fall to admit of breakiug and building before the cold weather sets in, as then the settler is iu a fair position to have a full crop next year, and enjoy all the advantages of an old residen ter. Some have found the sowing of the favorite seed wheat «« Red Fyfe," just sufficiently late in the fall to prevent germation before the frosts sets in — to be advantageous ; but as many usuages in the country are as yet merely tx- perimeutal, every settler will have to acquire information on these points with residence only. As the particulars intending settlers are most anxious to know are purchasing prices, for the sake of giving acurate in- formation on this matter we have consulted the best authorities and annex the figures. In every case we give the prices that rule at easy distances from important points on the Canadian Pacific Railway, say for instance within 20 miles of the road between Winni- peg Pud the western boundaries of Manitoba. At points further east, near the lumbering regions of Rat P«rtage, lumber being cheaper, buildings are chtaper, and at points farther west ami more removed from the railway buildings and heavy articles are more expens>« 've because of the additional charges for freightages and overland carriage, A house 16x18, one storey, shirigled, and built in a substantial manner for winter S 600 800 1,100 1,300 100 use One 18x24 with upstairs One ],sx24, upstairs, kitchen 10x10 One 20x30 •« «< •« Stable for team and one cow Yoiv", of good oxen, in spring, 150 to 200 iof •ness , aggon . t«»king| tnbble i| ,et ol ha leigh . lowiug teW-biudl "We sh(| jeotiou, tl mbstautil ip ou an ' Itisi^u f^ 3ttUdiuss| iimensioij anBNvr wl excellent I we may merciug.j sons the; the exceJ the work well as a The ?e course, nl plow witl and th reaper au ing, as h reaping money, portion? for the i meuls, on the > In ti vastly 1 bor, foi mower a littl latter oheape has go neighl mortg paten 29 er late for wheat, i o[ good tarm hnrs-s, from 3n0 to 400 rxeinption laws of the couutry are so exten- 2;' sivc, ihe denier has no security for credit 70 ; give 11 unlei he gets it from outside sources. 25 ' The settler there who cau pay cash as he goes 20 [ is all right ; but others are at a decided dis- 14 advantaj^e, uo matter what reports may he 20 , to the contrary. In a seasci of low prices 100' or short crops, settlers across the lines are "Id hang off well 'iK'Ss for hor>.s potatoes, and other . aggon 5n to ^'l'sed to advant. mking plow « of potatoes can be tubble pl^w the breakirg, nrx] et ol harrows '"■'' Jo well at later leigh f''cting and canng fowiuh' machine 80 to "le only occupation Jelf-bimling reaping machine 226 driven to desperatiou. As their etlnts are season. The most We should have mentioned in the foregoing | exempt from liability to seizure for debt, the s, however, that leotion, that the ligures quoted are for good, I merchant has no security for credit, and con- ** to admit of jubstautial buildings such as would be put i 8ei[ueutly gives none to men who would be ne cold weather ipon an improved farm in other rrovinces. ^ it} a, fair position [t is an ^asy matter, however, to lait up loij year, and enjoy all auildings in most sections, of the samt rpNiden ter. Some iimensions at about one third the cost, which cours', buy as he likcs in this country, but ^ favorite seed answer well for several years and then make the settler of limited capital will tiud the suflSciently jate in excellent stables for horses or cattle. And ; opportunities for credit of great service. " I'efore the frosts we may also t-.dd that an ox team, in com- ; "^^'itli these purchases, hy will find himself ^s; but as many meteing, is preferable to horses, for the rea- ' lace to face with the expenses, it in the fall, sons they cost less, are easier kei>t, and witii i of living for u t^velvemouth ; and. If in the the exception of difference in tra- elling do , spring, with the cost of living for eighteen considered good by tne Manitoba dealer. We desire all iule:uliug settlers to make a note of thehc facts. The man of means can, ef as yet merely tx. I ^ave to acquire s with residence "tending settlers "re purchasing •^ing acurate in- have consulted ^px the figures. ;es thnt rule at t points on the y for instance >etween Winui. « of Manitoba, the lumbering being cheaper, points farther ■ t^e Tailway ^ote expense charges for . Y) shingled, er for winter •• S 600 800 1(> 1,100 1,300 100 50 to 200 the work of the first year or two , qually as well as a more fleetfouted team. The settler who locates in the lull, will, of course, need Imt the sleighs auu breaking plow with his team and harness '^ill spring ; and then he cau defer tlio purchase of reaper and binder, till he advances in farm- ing, as iie can geutially hire his mowing and reaping done at less than the interest on money, till his business grows to some pro- portion?. Even then when credit is re(j[Uired for the greater part of the cost of the imple- ments, he can readily get it troiu tlie dealers on the -ecurity of the implements of alone. In i: -i respect the MauiioOa settler has vastly t- e advantage of his Americ.in tieigh- bor, for A'hile the latter may get his rea2)er, mower aud breaking plow, and these are all, a little cheaper than our settler, limugh the latter can get all the other implements cheaper tlian ti e settler across the lines, lie has got either to pay cash, or get re!,pou8ible neighbors to go security. He cauiiuc give a mortgage on his real estate till ho gets his patent five years aftf settlement, aud the months, less the value of the partial crop he may realize from spring breaking. As we ixave said elsehwere, the cost of clothing, gro- ceries, &c., except in weighty imports, is very little dilVerent from those obtaining in the eastern Provinces, if indeed the competition and over importation has not actually thrown goods on the market at lower prices than pre- vail in the eas'^eru Provinces. The other expenses of living here will then be a-; fol- lows ; — Wood, the cost of cutting and hauling for the most part only. Hay, for teaai aud cow, at an average per ton iu the country , $4.00 Oats, iu the fall 20 Oats, in the sj^ri.jg 30 Wheat, average per bushel 75 Flour, her cwt 3.00 Potatoes, fall 25 Potatoes, spring 60 Butter, summer 25 Butter, wiuter 35 Beef, per quarter $10 to 12.00 Pork, accoruing tu season and quality from 9 cts. to 12 cts er lb. 30 ,\ J expect til o :,and '<> ^1 2.0' BliEt Any British rniigrant couiiiing tho uumber | nothing, ami is within areasomible distance of of his family, ami f'HtiniallM^ '-'5 emits to the i a lailway. If l.e does tlie work hims-lf, he, ehonil Hhilling and livp dollars to the £, can readily ! of course, earns these wages and realizes original ^1 naiculate the cdar, of .settlini,' and living in \ his crops the .-anie. If the crop be oats, th (}o still the country, while to a Canadian thu task is figun s will stand tlius . — rftttt, onl "1"^^ *'''«i*''"- Plowing, per aere $ 2 j >ouH, w. This, however, is but tho glojmy side of .Seed and sowing, per acre... . farming in the Nortliwest, and for the sake jij-j-cwinL' " of contrast, we now proceed co sP''cify the ,^^.^j,.^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^.^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ profits in a way that will at once enable the 'I'l.r ,uhi,,j. »» farmer to see the advantage's of taking uj* a \ J^Iarketing', •• prairie farm in the British passessions. The | settler in every instance finds some uninipov- i Total ^12.2' tant expendituies. though there are many , As the average yield of wheat, for the pa.: sections of the ..ouutry in which live dollars ^ ^.,,j^^ ^^^^^ ^^..^^ ._,r, bushels per acr,^ withHiK"* a year is not laid out on farms of 320 acns. • ^'^-^^^ '^^ ^^ ^,^^^^,^^ g^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ,^.^, lliar| Breaking, then, as atones and .tumps are un- ^^^^^ j^.^j^^,. j,^ ^,,.,^^^ j,^^,^^ ^^^^^^ ^.^^ugh wa. not raised to meet the growing wants of tlu Rev.' country), the gross receipts are $23 20, and net ^jj-ed liil profits $10.60. of tlu' < For the same period, the average yield Acti'l*^''| of oats ha: been 57 bushels to the acre, resii^> which at pn-seut price, 25 cents, nets the ^"^ farmer over a,! 1 expenses S2. 05. The price of ^®^ . ^ penend known in iniUs after miles of the great prairies, is the only expenditure to bring the farm under improveJ culivatioa. This costs in parts of t!ie country were teams are reason- ably ])lentiful $4 per acre, a:id then all the improvement is made that it has cost the i'lTefathers cl' many a Manitobau a lifetime of drudgery and labor to male, in the eastern Provinces. It is generally estiaiated that the cost of clearing a bush fariu of timber, stumps, stones, &c., iu Ontario, is not less than $40 per acre, and here an outlay of ^i brings a prairie farm und t t! e same state of cultivalicn. As breaking has to be done but once, It, being exceptional, cannot be taken into account in estimating th'^ rost of croji- ping in this country. After that the outlays to a man who has all the work done,_are pre- cisely as follows, estimating all expenditures and returns at prevalent figures : Plowing'- per acre, stubble $2.00 Si-rd (wheat) and sowing 2.00 Harrowing, per acre 50 Keapmg and stacking, per acre. ...... 2.50 Thri.s linr, per acre 2.10 ^larketing, when distance is not mere ten miles 2.40 Total cost .■?12.G0 This is provided the farmer hires all the work done on his homestead which costs him oats a year ago was about 60 cents per bushel. dunnu" wiis tl CatiiHl the T The figures of this year are most unprecedent* xl ^ (.(-), edly low because of the large acreage sown gOOniil in 1383, and the heavy yield of that season, all tlii^ About 35 cents may be taken as an average sinfljlc pi ice for past years, and that would s'low ^"*-^ ^"^ a net profit of .S7.74 per acre without turning a hand for its production. Our figures in wheat will s'.iow to better advantage when compared witli the average yield of other countries for the same eight years as follows : Manitoba, yield per acre 29 bushels. Great Britain and Ireland 28^ " Minnesota 14^ *• United States 12^ Ontario 11^ South Australia 8 When estimating the piofits of farming in these eountrif's, however, it must not be for* gotten, n.n allowance must be made for interest on money sunk in land worth from $40 to $100 per acre, while the land to the Xorth- << (i III a vor ■west( doxil evici! nipe h(tut' <;iliz whe nilU in I seal I tl I w.,uvu, ne^ tj homesteader ;;'°'-'' and r.ali.H, .^j^^^, ,,,.,,,,4 f tne orop be oats, tl 1^ ,,iii „.rthe: pt*r urre , '''•easnnuMe distance of J » the work hiuis,.lf, he, Bhome.st.-ader costs but the $4 paid for tlie aud the feuciiig. rther assure the iiiliBding emi- rant, on iiuittei.s ot whicli he mij;ht liave $ 2 (lOUbt, we subioin tlic annexed evidence to ;»rote the superiority of the country in every ■egpect that jjoes to constitute a desirable o.ijfWld ^0 live in. 2.i . i^BKJECUi: R OV THK XOKTIl- $12.2: -iVKST. Jf wheat, for the past ^ hels per acrn withHlKliiy c;4»iii;)>jiine«taa'y te cents, (and it was lliarl*l«» irOBll tllt^ Fly MUMlth 't, when enough WW i l-'rea.<'lie' . i-jvving want.^ of tht n it w i i. i i i- -a are ^^3 -0, and ni'* i i • i , . /i ' ^'"'•ereil Ins new Icctm-e on '- Ji Circuit of the CoiitintMit." in (ho Brooiclvn 31 son'sHay Company's storo siir|»as.scs Slowurl's aloro, New York, an I they wore on the p.jinl ol' (h)iiltiin<; iis cupncily wlicn 1 was ihoic. All that 1 !>:iw, all Ihul 1 loarnoii, filled nie with MU|)iisu as well as ;^iati(ic- ali(o of wlusat on thi-^ Jobe, and iiowIuto else in our own land and nowhere elso abroad aio there any sutdi wheat tields as those . which iindudt^ tho teri'ilory on thoiiorlh and on the south ol the fjjreat I'aeitie llailroad. A NOin.K TVI'Kor CIVJI.I/ATloN ( OMlNd it is destined to he oeeiipii'd by j)i"(d)ably ten niillii.ns of people beloi'o tiio end ot this eeiiuiry. The suininer is tioni tour to five months in duration. The winter there is wintoi". It is eunsliiered a warm day when the thermotneter is ten dei^roes above xeio. It is a wholo- sonie ami retreshiiiL!: lime when tho thermometer i;'oes down to from the average yield Academy of music on a leeent Wrd isheJs to the acre, nesday ovoninii-. lor the benefit ot 25 cents, nets the the Home of Consumptives. The [205. The price of lecture was a description ol his ex- 60 cents per bushel, perienco, ol)Sprv!ition and reflections ? most unprecpdentv ^"'■'"- '"'^ '"f^eei't extended tour over arffe a- n- ' the continent, when lie travelled 18- . J ' "' ^"^^'^ COOmiles. and was absent lli2 d.'n's. In j luvi iiiwiin_Lui i;"^;:^ u-.^vu i«. n.^m that ."reason, all this pcrioil he encountered not a ' f'U'ty to sixty deii;rees below zero. '"0 as an average 8in! nouulation, l)UL I am intoi'me,' portions of h\^ lecture t hose iivinij theiii \''ho have como • Our figures in was t he f'o!Iowin<^ reference to t;)c ! from New S'ork, that they do not advantage when Camulian North-We.- 1 reported ly E^ yield of other the Tribune; — years as follows : '^'""^ I'AKAJiisfc; of wheat ... 29 bushels. ... 28^ u sufr«r in their winters half as much rs the\' used to in New Voile eitv. 14i m Hi << - .. „ , TliJit was also (he testimony of It lias been supp.-sed, even uj) ""to ' Minnc-otfi. I)alvota, and Montana. a voi-y recent period, that the ?sorth ! On account of the iricat dryness of western portion of our continent . i iie atmos]->heie at 40^ bcdow zero, tnust be uiver. up to winter and to they do not iecd so cold as they u^^ed desolation. We have very few Am- to in New Yoik city when the ts of farming in aust not be for* lade for interest th from $40 to f to the ]S"orth- erican towns (hat can surpass Win- nipeg, whetlieryou view its business houses or residencies of its weal lb v ■citizens. J recos^nizcd hardly .''iiy- where else in the West such ma<.;> niticent houses and homes as are seen in that new city in the wilderness scared v ten years o'd. The Ilud- mercury was a lit lie below freezini^ point. The jjopulation of this lii-it- isn possessi(jn is mainly Scoicli and I'jUij,! ;sli, with a scat leriii^- of Scan- dinavian people, and is destined to carry Mtii^^lish civilaiion with it on our e;reat Northern lundiir. Shut as 'hev are. toi' nearly eight up, liey 32 monlhn l>y wintor, what must n -, tioii :- It seems tliat om- romiiik Hult ? Moro oi- less sociiil I'oliixalion I respi'dini^Mlu' fVc(|iu'n( rociirrenc and homo liTc . cntci'tiiintiu'tus mik! ' '>l tVostH in Manitoltn hiuI the Norlli- j^eii amii m somt'iits that do not turn on I west at a period of the year wiuii yjtii- ere roamiti^r and passions. Th-jj wheat wart liaijle to he Iro/en ain |^ (';ii' best eivili/.atioiiH on the i^lohe are consoquenliy injured, wore peihaj)- futuie those in which the ]K)ptilalio!is a re i too hioud. judyin^^ from the denial- ig the shut up for a considoruhhj ))eiiod of i made hy the Canadian press. M\ that i the year an(i ai-e ohli^ed to find their Kenneih McKenzie, of JUwnHide ^ould| enjoyments in dome^tie relations and .Maiut(d»a, has tarmed in that j'rov. pUiee domeHtie life. I have heen aeeiis- 1 inee since 1H(j1> and he writes to thv grain tomed If) say, tldnUini^ of California. I Nor'- West farmoi- and Ma.iitohr, his u that no people w.)uld. through a ! Miller that there have heen no sum- forth period ofMiverul <.renerations, tail to j nie! tVosis in .Manitoba since 18T-, will ^1 run out more or k-ss in a climate a period oi eleven yean du nil'' keen w here ihcy hail no cellars to dinri which the land has heen ble^scl levs o and no to liuiid ; that Darns lo iiuiiu ; tiiai is to '■vitli hounliful crops. Mr. McKenziv say. wh(>rt! nature is so ))rovident adds that he reside(i foi- twenty- that man is not obliged to look for-jseven years in Wellington county, ward and maUe provisions for the I Ontario, and that summer frosts future. The British jiossessions are. ' were far more trequent thure than HI the near future, going to develop they have been in Manitoba. Our a very noble typo of civilization after th(^ method of o.jr ideas, for the Gov«. ernment of the Dominion is su^,. Hcantially ro])ublican. Xominallv it is a colony of (ricat Britain, bin in the management of iis own aff> ail's it is almost absolute. statement as to '-perennial frosty" was, we believe, drawn fi'om a Can- adian source; anc wo had not the slightest desire in the world to speak ill of the heai ty voung Province that has grown up s > rapidly. Her wheat ib confessedly the besi spring Great J^ritain has learned lo ma; I wheat in the world, and we are glad 1 I . A I.I . * . . " . 1 age iior colonies ; namely, to pay very large sums of monev for their inti;ni;u impiovemonts .'uul then leav(^ them alone. li that policy had b((en pur,->ued toward these col- onies of ours before we learned our trade, I know n(jt but what we should still bo under tiie Crown. If we had to be under a crown, I do not know of any that I should prefer to that which is worn by the illustrious Queen of (ireat Britain. (Applause). 9kAXITOBA WHEAT. (115-4.) — Srii, — Am much obliged to you for the sample of Red Fj'fo wheat you have been pleased to send mo. It is certain!}' the finest I ever saw, pos.sossing both strength and colour to a W')nderful degree. It The following from an American I is very gratifying to think that so publication carries its own explana-l many of our own countiy-men have to make the correction ijiat the wheat crop there is not threatened hy .sunimor frosts, and that frozen wheat is the cxc-eption and not the rule, as we were led to suppose. — American Miller. COKKKNPONDEMCK IS ** THE MLIL.I.EK " liOIV- HO^% £]VG. time tl)o year ^yj *'« li'o/en jteti fortunate oiiough to select for "" ^i«ii' tiKuio liotiie ,>j^raii(l a cutitili'V "'" «B (':ii)iula, which certainly is the If ''''l^" future wheal bell ot the woiM. It '""1 the (leui,, ''•■*ii Jjreas. \[ of n Wore IB there vvithout a shadow <»t doubt, IS since 187'> y^'«''--, duriiM. been hles^cii ^>Ji'. McKenzic '':J f''>'' twenty. '",i,'ton county ■^iiinmor frosts ;';^ .t''«'-e thai, •»i'''iiitoba. Our I'cnnial frosts ■ ^'" 'ioni a Can. ' ''ixi not the ^vo.-ld to speak *""g Province .'■'^P'^'y. Her '!<> best sp,.i„p- "/' ^ve are glad ^'o» that the ^t tlireatoned J I 'Kit fj-ozen '*nd not the to suppose.— u^'i obliged Bed Fyfo :i«ed to send nest [ ever ■c"^^th and egvee. It '^'^' that 80 nien have will stem the tide of Aineiican keen competition. I trust the iniK lers of this country vvill loose no time in providing means to obtain direct from the groweis and choii-est qualilieK. asdoubtlet^s erelong giant mills will spring up in thai country as in America, furnishing us with a greater competitive power Ihan ever, and unless the millers of this country are on the spot we shall in years to come get nothing but secondary qualities ; and as fastidious John Bull has a great liking for bread in which strength, pungency and flavour are combined, it behoves our native millers to bo on the alert, and not be driven out of their own market by millers from any part oi the world. Yours truly. ■" P. JioOERS. Stoke-on-Trent, Feb. II, 1884. MANITOBA WHKAr. (1155.) — Siu. — Many thanks lor the sample of lied Fyfo wheat from Manitoba which [ received on Mon^ diiy morning. Tuesday being our market day, f showed it in the Ex change, and it was a source of gre :( interest to millers, merchants ainl farmers alike. Th^re is bat one opinion concerning it, namely, that it is of splendid quality. Mr. (iird- wood, who is the principal baker in Ayr, and who still follows the old practice of buying his wheals, said that if we could only get plent}- of that wheat at a reasoiuible price, ' millers would have little to complain ! of Anu'rican C(jmj)ctif ion. The question is bow toijct it. Thd'o is plenty of it, and evoi'y year will add to the su])]ily. but it is in Maiiit »ba and 1 am surprised at the supineness of 'ef in India, Australia or Amerii.'a, there would be a rush for sliares as soon as a fiauiing prospectus was published, and Mome of our capitalists do not take up a thinii so certain as this is more than 1 can imagine. In my younger day I took a notion to see the American mills ; these were the days when Free Trade was but in its iufaucv and the flour imported was mostly from the Genesee Valley, the foundation stone of Minneapolis had not then been laid, and the chief milling centre, was Rochester, N. V., and there I went and soon got eniployment in a mill. I did not stay long in one, but becoming ac quainted witli the details of one I removed to another and so on. By-anl-by I crossed the Niagara river at the ferry below the Falls aud went through the mills on the Welland cunal, and Dntario in the same way, and would likely have ^one further (being a rolling stone) but 1 was brought up by an accident. But this much I learnfd, that the grain trade of the country was entirely in the hands of the miUers, and that even when they were determined to have the milling of of all the wheats they considered were worth milling that were grown in the country. They purchased all the wheat from the farm- ers, the best lots they milled • a'l that was inferior, even the weakest^was bought, but it was put in store till as much had been gath- •M er»'il iiH W'»ul'' liii\>l a hcow whon it v.»s nhot into iiiir iiinl si'iit 1)11" to Ni'w ^'lnkn^ .»! )iiti<'ijl for Hlii|. lilt lit til till!* cc.uiitfy . I iit v«r huv »ny Am iiciM xvhr«ts on tlin niwrkft'* in tliM Cfuiitrv at ull iniinl t(i wliat I H.tW milltd lli-if. nun llif KM^oii is tint tnr to hf k ; ami tlif mil iili (111 tl f iiiarki'ts lnic us Am* li'im apniiK wiieut u AH uiiliku the Nitiniilp of l! I Fyfe wiifit 1 o,-.i(lf iiif lis it iH poHHittl-" to coiict'ivi', I liivt' always lu.il tlie id a thaw ilVi' li;iil wliiatH of till- iiuiility the Ani: r. iCHii nullfrs Work, we inid tcir none of i c conii"iuion. Tlif piii't- j^oi for hran and otl'i here \m;| more tt.an in ikf uji tor tli" tl'lltr- enoe in fic'f^ht of the wlnin i <1 t|.)\ir, .m )eavrt u ^o Ml pn lit llt•^ilies, aud every dny more ami niore oo itirms ihat, iiha. Tlic wtieil is i;i MiUiitoliii, ui't t will couk' hce ; if not a« wliiat it will c ne aa Hour. !• ts*s witli I ursflvc to say in wiiut sMall coniH, ami v i ther it is to brt atlvaiituj^e or disu ivanl'ige ut tlw iind Irisii niilltr». I am, ymits truly, W.M. Wilson". 22, Cariiuk Str-et, Ayr, Fri'inary, 188 i. Ml t!iiH otllpp, and diatribnti'd |ier«nnal!v this exchainff. Tin« iitiivei-iil vtrdict it iiuM it IH one ol the ht'sc Hamples that . ver ri'.iib(.| A'l 81 m ply form it for the Btititi'i AN I«IH.%IITIAI. 0(*i.\ll>.\ I'KOn \N uni.>'K.\T IIKITISII AmiOKI rv. this(( imtry. The ciKiniry iia'mally f.. . wh'ti' can we obtain tnis wheit in tiiis ri trv, and at what price ? 1: Hpoeais that this spli'iidid ile.scriptif • wh»'at is «'it to brt purdiasul here in • country. I sliould lie, therefort', very ^ . indi'Sil, if you would kindly k»c|» nie p( - up as to till' facilities existini{ fur ohtaiM ' this wheat in hulk, and any sui,'gt suon )) rticnlarH in addition to that you may fu nti'with, I 't linti.Hh Milii-is, and iu fact tiie iei.clmf,' uullii.t; jounial ol the United Kingdom : — Dkau Sin, — 1 n nhno my leru-r of 15th December, wherein 1 stated that the sample of lied File wliat \ou meii.ioned had iioL yet reael.ed me, 1 have now the ]»kasuie to inform yi.u that on the IGlh ot January 1 received half a bushel oT this ma.nificent Rampl- of li d Fyfe whfat, yrtwn ui tlie Province of Manitoba. I immc'iiately cause. l a paiM^'uph to be in- SL'rted ui llie weekly isiue of tlie Miller, stnt- iv^ rlie fact of your bavin;,' lav();etl me with a iiJilf bushel sample ot this splendid wheat, some ol the best I had ever srten, and that I should be very pleased to forward a sample t-j any miller on receipt oi t'A-o j euiiy stamps to cover tliL' poitaue. I had a great many applications, aud this morning I have live Jrom variOiH puts of the countiy, aud I have ihe pleasure lurther to state that the tampie has been inspecied by a ^reat many millers ir4NITOBA WHEAT Th) London, Eng., Milier. tiie organ < t\v National Asso'iati'in of British Mille'> ill its issui of February 4th, bin the t'dlowii leferencH to a sample of wheat shown by M; .). H. Hiirtney, ot S^uris, at the t'rovinri Exhibition, which can ied oil" all '- fir prizes there : " We have to ackuowledi' the receipt of a sple did sample— tialf a bu liel of Manitjba Ked Fyle wheat— liom tl. iJputy-Minist'r ot Agriculture for the Pv< vince of Mani'oba, in the Dominien of Cai, ada. We. are much obliged by this furtii aclof courtesy, and arc g'ad to re-tort tha these samples of the besij wheat of the:*' vir-;n lands are all t.iiat c >uld bo wished fo; even from a view-poin;: of fxpcMtj. An; miller who may desire to have a sample i this hue wheat cau do so by sending to tli l»tiic9 of this journal two stamps to cove: no^tnge. Ill another part of our presen' impression will be found some iuterestin;. facts regarding Alanitoba which as a whci producu g region of considerable perform- ance aud of very great promise, has already justly attracted the careful notice of so mauv of our millers," John pix. ^■'■' 1189. Idtb'-ll triH ill ines-i 111 pl^c■i■•a| thai Ml COllie III •IDC' 1 Hfiii.'il iOcb ex^ Old ci. gualny • i»b'Mi- to.i'>, ' -^br.ii. 1 get iu I ^8oU pxtMi*. m count to ad no m modi «« fiO Man a crc Oiiti vboi 7,0< 1.1 II dep ap tob the I ■m 'i'stribntr.I pH'Nonar ""'y'-'l v.rlint 1.' 'Pi I "> tlu.r..».,r,., Very ,. •*"""/ '<••.•{...„.?,,: '""y nckiio'.vl(.,| r,. "'"7 '■''•"tiCnn^ to , •''I'i'ly .iirect ln„a »'« iMu,ien>eIy u, ^ ^ 01 coii)i.,.titioa „. "1 you a copy or , yn obMHi-VH then, 'f Alanitohi wi.oat "y, ^ WHEAT :;" "[ ^rj^ish AIi]j,,, wheat shoivii by 31 ■•S at tlie Provin,,,- ^^« to ackmnvJed. sauij,!e_half a bi" ♦^ w/itat— (,on, t" i*^u/l;uro for th«/>n H" Dominieti of Cat .e-i/'y this mni; 'a ' >u.'ii be wished Ur °^ f-^peitj. All Javo a sample , by sending tu th stamps to cove; t of our presen- some interesti.i which as a who.' JerabJe perform- fi'sp, has already notice of 80 many •/ 35 I'l. YiATi-iff: pitoPftiRro': of tii»: John S. MiirHimll, S.:.iic i luk-ry, Winni- P« .VH ; - *• I h.tv»' het-n i\ 'uiker Hincc 1189. From t'l.it yt'fir iiiiiil I8rt() I mrriivl OB Ml" I'U.^iiiHHH III Sc'itliiid; from 18)10 1 WBH ill hiitiiiu-ti.s ill Toruiit>*, Ontario, until »)lK)'Ii- 'wo yt'iUs u^o, Whi'ii I .•^oiiiiiii'nu-cl !iiH- inem in \Viiiniin'i(. 1 I'rm ctTtuinlv siv as a pfi<';i"a! liiik' r if overiortv y-iirs .Iy work«'il imii conn- uptiihi) nvifri^" '|ii iliiy I iiavo got »lD(r I (iiiii't.i t!)i' (.'iui:iili:ni Northwest. Kciihir hive i b.'eii ii'd' loiluiin l.re.id of Mich t'XC;'ileiit qiiaity lu I c.ui hake here. OKI OMiutrv ti lUis (; ill I guilty ihi- pruiiiicL of onr Wll'Mt . Th.! Il s' I I'Ollill JociV, itf L'-itii, hui th ' ihiii i. I wor'^»'(l the lieHl br.iud-i i eouhl get iu Oiituiio for my Toioiit" trade, a
    iir m MiniieipoliH, hut I ciiuld not buy it in Tiir.'uto. If our fa^nuT^ will Htiok to Reil Fyb> wh'at, we have the best Hour maiiuf .eturinj? Country in llie worid 1 have bt>ll^'llt from ii!i th • roih-r milN lore 'I'Ih' (>;,'ilvie Mill, Mi\Miil lU's Cu> Mills, an I the .\ siiiihoin,! Mills at I'ortitj,'' 1 1 l''airi". I want nothing lielter thaw tli'S' tnills ci" turn out, UeiMUsc I dont think if pss>ilp|e to impiove upon their ht'st nullities. F'lr color, stn-nittli, stveetne^^ ami yield in brad 1 yive M;iiii'.ot(,i Ijuii;- Hrst plm ", and I .im sure if only tustjrn CinailiiUi and ol 1 cmiutry hik Ts knew ih- nuiiiiyol our Hour, th"v woni I bak • nothm,' els'. Wiien till- i|iiility ol Ml itoha tloiir fioni Inrd wheit becomes known, tliere mu^t; Im- i lar^e increase in lai liii^; oiipimty in thii I'lovince t ) mc't ttie hireii,'n di'inand. .n ^ VEGETABLE rilODUCmoXS. vi':Gi:TAuif.B'>. Aliliough it is IS a :'r aiu aiid cattle laisiuif couutrv, the (. Miifdian Nu-thv,tst mubt shine to advitiitagr- its i:u.tnr 1 jirodiiitious ar-' by no n.ciui-. co.'.tiricil 'o Ihen' two lines of com- modities. Jjtist jeu-, although the cry of " ficzeii r,'rain '' was Uicd to its detriment, Manitol>:i was ♦h,- only Province tlia*^ raised II crop for e.Kpnrt. Comnitntions .show that Ontario's crop was 22,000,000 of bushels short cf the av-rage, and, therefore about 7,000,000 less than what was required for huiic c .iiisumjition. It has in part, then, depci:dpc; on this much abu'od Ni.ttiwcst for a jiiM o. .is supplies, and i obtainiig al toh', about half its deficicuc}', and receiving the reii ainder from a latitude to the south of u>. Even in adversity, t!iis eouiury is certain for all time to have wheat for export, whi''h will go far f^ >• cine t'or it ii standi;);,' that must ultimately be envied by o'lier parts of the world that are supposed to be by nature more highly favored. It, howuver, simply lequires observation at some of our agiicultural shows, to cohvuh-.^ even the most skeptical, that as a root and vegetable pro iuciiic; .■■nnitry Manitoba and the Xorthwi st are altogetleT urn ipi.illed. In our deep, black loam, moistened until an advanced date in the summer by trosts removing from the ground under a strong s'"Dimer's sun, heavy tlews and occasional shower-s all vcgf tables grow at a rate hur[iris^ ing to the man accustomed to the more mod- erate growth cf more eastern latitudes. It is 36 no uiicommon thing to sec cabliages weighing from 40 to 50 lbs., turnipH :50 lbs. ninl u] - wards, s(|uash from live to six i'lH'X in circuiii ferencp, cnrrotH from 10 to 12 Iba., citrons 14 to 20, nnd beets and mangolds glowing to the proportion of lart?o sved stumiJS, To the south of ns the force of the sun brings tlio potatoe crop to fructification before ttie loots have had time to devi^lope ; but this state of forced maturity is altogether unknown in tliis country. Five hundred bushels nnd upwards of this esculent have been grown to the acri; ; four hundred is a very common crop, and 2!>f) bushels have been the avera;^e for the past eight years. All other vegetables known to the eastern horticulturist, such as cucumbers, celery, onions, tomatoes, ki.\, kc, grow witli proportionate yield and net lian.Isomo n;- turus. W'Mi the rapid growtli of our cities and towuH, ind tlie steady increase of immigration, the ffiarket for all these products is excellent and ertain to remain so for luuuy years to co!jic. In short, so keen has been the desire lor speculation, that enough attention lia.s not been jiaid to the cultivation ( f these crops for local consumption, and they have always commanded enormous prices, and lu: tunes can be made for years to come, by /; j« I s;)ns who go extensively into their eultur athei GENERAL VAIPKKCEDENTED CJROWTH OF THE COITNTRY. Notwithstanding tlu!2'dis.v.Uantage8 under whi..h this country has labored since settle- ments wen begun, through misrepreoentatious from outside interested sources, the prevailing opinion of its ioho^pitality because of its northern latitude, and long occupancy with' out agricultural growth by the Hudson's liny meet the L'rowing demands of tlie couir . , ^ '^ exporil With our iHiiiulalion increasing from !•, L ' ' ° on ; ail in 1870, to 2.^)0,0(10 :>' 'Jio present, and v . ^1 tlie ])rogress of railways, a still more r'' Ameri' immigration, guaranteed for the 'ii*-"'"'! taring I re(juirps no argument to assure p'*beooaiil ac()uainted with market gardening that tii^,>{Qm,l is a rich harvest in the country for several ^j^ in J them, for many years to come. beConuL In many countries the cultivation of : denutuJ siigir beet has grown to a valuable branch oiherw industry, lu France and Germany its pr ^ith || diictiou through excise regulations, i eepeeial becouK! a greav leverage in reducing t f lom 1 1 national debt, but in no country can it Ai l| grown to better advantage than iuthe Nort (ij„ase west. It can b;; suwu early, and is but lit: f^]^, nvcI alfected by slight late or early frosts; its c. f^j tlistl tivatioii reipiires a deep rich soil, and a wai ^i^,, \\'\ summer's sun, for both of which this count; mtret n:| is especially noted. There is not a doubt In I'lje J that the future will lead to its cultivation > at a las an extciisiv(^ scale, and lead to the deVel.j are ovi ment of a valuable manufacUiring iuduslr;. nieuu iigrtc u1' bou, ' — rr— - . - . : little, thu « easteri GROWTH. India: cUuse oiigin his sri ly, ^i' nieiit, the Z home outfit a CM cow < reupt croj) Company, for fur- trading purposis, the pn gress it has made, from an agricultural poin of vi„w, is something astonishing ; and shoiil be ample evidence to convince those of tlu outside world, who are open to conviction an ; not! inllneuced by otherwise interestec motives, that the Canadian Northwest h par rrc"llcncc the agricultural country of tlu world, and the one whose growth and devel- opement should attract the special attentioc euoruiouK prices amir-"''" ''"'"^'""'"i^' ""''''"'^ "*' '''•^ ''•'• <'oii'i. ( to f'lc mi,', uDd i K.l.ihly i cts ten cents a .lay for vpnrv; fr, ,,r... * I "" '•• ''"'"' "''"'" <"''"1'''^ of Kiisterti < " iiiiula loi' liiH (.\vii laliDf iilliT iiil (Iniiiis ate sutisfii (1, i"i jTuih lo come, iiy I, , lively into their fulti •^''■"' ""' '■^''''''"■''' '''"'^ ' *"■" '^''^"«h all U'lMi ii^^e, hr win, d' courM-, I. am tlie way.s lemaiius of tlie ■....'^*^*' '""'"''''*"'"' ^'*''''' ••'Voi.iMe, a cerliiiu ! of civilization ; hut while !).■ nmy cvfiitimlly ;;oiiii 111 increasing froui ' i" liie present, an.l v export of wheat is not always u> \w ilepeiidid | em|iloy the most improvcii iiiichiii'rv. he will 'on; and as that i)i>rtioii of ( niadii fellows : a so Ifiirn to cliar^'c lor hi^ services i.i tho , ^.,, the e.\;ini(il.' of ili.^ New Ivi^.iUi.l S;a;.es of narvest lii-ld us well, and, then lore, leive the iways, a atill more ra . , , , . . , ■, Aiueri''.i, and devehtpes more mlo inuniilac- i i,,.t, j,,-, |us of a croi> tuiiiing cut twelve ti or e '"*•"''". tu rill K' lor tiie west, its yield of wheat must i liiieen lnishels of .>.o!t, inl rior wlieni to th-? , assure pi' l^ooome corresi-ondiii^'iy dniiinislieil. The | ni-re nnjiiolitahle cfinipnie.i wiiiithe f,"*""* eniHg that t): jjgm^iiijj^ (d' Souluei n lMiio|ie l),'in<.' also on tion of the Canadian Northwest. the country for several the incrc.M-, l;,. wneat fienls ul i^ussiawiU jirodiK - become niDie iiud more taxed lo sujiply home ■8 the cultivation of ' deniaud ; and even if the tircuinsiances were I to a valuable branc), otherwise, the reuiru fnide -.f (In-.u liritam ieand Germany its pr ^jjli i;,„,i;i „ .^,, ,i,„it,a Uiat there is no xcise regulations, i especial iiice.avc for purchasing su|)pli s Tago iH reduciu- l from that .pouter ol the world. n no country can it ^s the i„,.rch ol r-,anulacuu.s and in- 'tagethan in the N.,r; ^^^^,. ,,, ,,o|,aial,ion of tl.c l-niied Stales aie 1 early, and is but lit: ^,, wcluai.! at a rapid rat*', th.. tinv, is noi « or early frosts; its a f^j ^j^.^,,. ,,;„.„ i,„, j,,,,., j,,„wim^; lielus of '■p rich soil, and a wai tij,j W, siein Suies will he iuliv t:.x.d lo h of which this count; ^.^t native dem.-.nds. hero is not a tis may lie attributed to that very (act. In the cinir.ie of a few years, huwevr, wd,h the c(instriir'tinn of cnr Miidson Hay railway, and consi ipient siioit, eleiip and convenient niciins of lr,tnsp<>vt lietween the two cMiitries, and the ra]rd growth oi' ai;r> cnltnral, and oth'TWis- indiiHtriil p pnlaf.iou ill the Nnrthwes', which might cinveiiicntly he in (x —s of 4<),00i),0l)C s n's, clos-r trade rclatini.s of every deseriptmn are ci rlaiii to The c,i;ruii.;i,,ns io,)on iUi,]).!. s froui indii, j y^„.^, i„,t^veen the e-UMtries tlian ev, r existed, iU to Its cultivation , ai a lasi nsoit, exceptm,; our own lerrUoiy, nd lead to the devclo: are overdrawn and niusi r.'sult in disnppuiiu- mulaciuring iuduslr m«Ll. i.ly custom and iialiit the iiativ.; Indian iigricul'.nriiji-- ill- ryot — is a sort of Bour- bou, who forgets iK.tuiug and learns I ut little, bill, tti.it liltle mii-,1 imlitate against thb deV(lupiuunt of iigriciillure lu t.,ut eastern cLunliy. His laiming is done on a or ever can exis , l)etwr;Ti (Ireat H itain and Asiatic Indiii. We will reipiiie imniense - (inantilies of ihe pr.idm'ls of Great Britain's looni'', we will recpiiie her irr n nianutac turcs, her silks, her jirint-*, her jiroducls of every lievcriplion, even her coals Inun Newcastle. To snine this lalH'r may a^ipear e*irrying coals to Newastle ; ii.:f when it i^ ui-.di'rstood "g purpo8(s, the {.i, m agricultural poii, »nishing; and shoul ivitice those of tlu 'Oil to conviction an: orwise interestei; idian Northwest is ural country of thi growth and devel- le special attention HUiail t,cah, and nevr did a Norih Ameiicaii ^^^,^^ (,,.,,,,y Kiig.ish coal hroimht over as bal- indian .!.iiig mure leiiacioiisly to a iil-" o; I ],,,,^ j„j,,^ ,xm..,,,ni, duti.'S, and finds its way chuse than lioes his tastei n namesake Lo l.i.s j,, larg • ipiaiiliues into llie I'liatern Slates, OligiHiil iiiethoii ot liiinmif^. lie ciillis le.s n, will be fully nuderstootl it ciiii, when bis bmail patch ot tin it lifle'U adi.'s aiinmii- hronghl to I'oit Cuiuc all also as ballaist, tn; ly, umlci a high reiitdl hum llic Goviin- j,.„,l,|y forwarded to points on the, (M*. K., nieiit, and another laige iieroentai^e going ti the /ennnder, llie l'»rahmin or priesc. H'.s home is a inn I o,' ha'nboo hut ; liis faviuing on acconnl of Us Mi|>eriority, and sold to houseki epers in jl^Ahuntoba. Knuland coii- siiii-es iiOU.OUll.ouo of tmsluds of wheat annu outlii II pair oi smii II bullocks, rt wooden Cart, I .illy and raises hut 75,ObO,OUU, ami the a cieoked steel jiointed stick for a plow, a | delicieiicy I'2r),i)00,u00, des|(ite of the force cow or two and a few goats; he sows by hand, reup.s with a rude Kleklc, and ihraslios out his crop yielding about ten bushels of soft wheat of all prejudice to llie contrary, has yet to'be snpplie'l by the Canadian Northwest. But ttiis is not all, we have shown in other articles 38 4S that pcrk, beef, cheese, butter, and all dairy and poultry products can be raised in this country as profitably as wheat, if indeed they cannot be made to yield handsomer returns ; and these from this country will yet supply through our northern, short outlet, the con- suroing millions of the eastern world. For uatural causes, which any one considering the whole posiiioa impartially will readily under- stand, these events will speedily be brought about, and ihoae who early commence the work will early be handsomly rewarded for their labor and their outlay. With a ready marke'; aiid with all the other imported neces- saries of life laid down at low rates, as they can be from England, and Eastern Canada with the completion of the Hudson Bay out'* let and the Canadian Pacific Railway, wheat can be raised in the country with a profit at 65 to 70 cents a bushel, beef at eight cents a pound, butter at twelve cents, &c., &c., which is a showing that can be produced by no other country on the face of the globe, t then requires but the outlet, proper trade relations, plenty of help and capital to develope the country, the territory and re- sources being here by nature, to bring about a state of things that will be the admiration of all other communities on the face of the globe. These are the possibilities and the capabili- ties of the soil, let us now mors closely examine the growth of the country, with the ovidences of the past, as assurance for the future. In 1870, when the Province entered confederation, the entire population, white and half breed, did not exceed 10,000 souls, and these subsisted, to a large extent, on vege^* tables and the proceeds of the chase. As there were no mills at that time except such as were to be found at great distances apart, of the most elementary construction, but little was done in wheat growing for a few years afterwards. In short, but little headway was made in the growth of grain, literally none but what supplied home demands, until the B^ in 1880 ; and last year, three years afterward allvaJ with a population of but about 200,000 : WT^'' the whole Northwest, notwithstanding t: **■ *^ seven millions of a deficiency in Eastern Car work I ada, and the damage done by frosts in tt ""^^^ Uniied States, after providing for all tt •^^*'| requirements of consumption and seed, thi country exported close on to 3,500,000 bushel, and this year the acreage is 54 per cent greater. This unmistakably is something t be proud of. It is to the natural capabilitie of the country this must be wholly attribut' ed. In the Eastern Provinces and a grea portion of the eastern and more southern o: the United States, there is so much tillag. 7*^**' required that it requires a lengthy experienci to succeed in husbandry ; but the native o: the British Isles who has been brought up t( farm tng, readily falls into the ways of th* ind'jstry in these portions of the world. In this country, however, the uiicamstances art somewhat different, and though the soil wants but little cultivation, the ways of living be^ ing primitive until the country becomes more developed, but pluck, energy and capital are required to, in a short time, " make the wilderness blossom as a rose,'' Already with its slender resources, and the many drains, peculiar to organization, uj?'^'" its exchequer the Provincial Government is giving annually handsome assistance to a department of agriculture, which encourages the development of agricultural societies in all parts of the Province of Manitoba, at whose meetings and exhibitions there is a free interchange of thought from which many advantages naturally result ; and it is not im- probable that ero lou^, — in shojt, the cer- tainties point that way — an agricultural college, combined with a model farm iKrill be established in the country, in which yeung people from other countries, and with out practical experience will be taught the the ways of successful agricultural life, by thoroughly experienced men, before going on to their homesteads or purchased farms. This opening of the Pembina branch of the C. P. R. | for a new country will be a rapid stride in 30 sar, three years afterward of but about 200,000 'est, notwithetatiding t: deficiency in Eastern Car ■ge done by frosts in ti 3r providing for all tl sumption and seed, th; le on to 3,500,000 bushel., acreage is 54 per cen: istakably is something t the natural capabilitie Bust be wholly attribut Provinces and a grea ^ and more southern o ;here is so much tillagi res a lengthy experienci dry ; but the native o: has been brought up tc into the ways of the ions of the world, h , the uiicamstances are d though the soil wants the ways of living be- he country becomes ick, energy and oapital rt timcj "make the rose,'' ier resources, and the organization, uj?-" ncial Government is mp assistance to a "e, which encourages cultural societies in ce of Manitoba, at hibitions there is a ht from which many It; and it is not im- in shojt, the cer- f^— an agricultural ^ a model farm country, in which lountries, and with ill be taught the Ticultural life, by Q, before going on )ased farms. This 1 rapid stride in advance. It is only about ten years since the exferimeiit was begun iu Ontario with all of its age on its head, and is doing an excellent work. In the school acclimatising trees, fruit.s, seed, &c., could all be taught to good advantage. RAIIiWATS, ANI> TU£:ili PlfOGKKSM. Nothing Vears greater evidence of the sub- stantial progress of a country in this age of commerce than the rapid construction of rail- ways, and when attention is given to the length ol roads being built in this country at the present, the observer must conclude Cau^ Ada's western possessions take no ordinary fank. Notwithstanding the fact that settle- ments were made in the EastemProvincesih the early part of the 18th century, and that they had their provincial autonomy, which Mani. toba received but fourteen years ago, nearly :& century before, nothing was done towards the construction of railways until the days of the Hiuck's administration, in 1851. At that time the population of Upper Cauada was about four times that of the Province of Manitoba at the present. It had its cities and towns in numbers, and its trade and com- merce in a high state of advancement, but all was done through the waterways o! the summ^i' and by the slow and expensive pro- cess of teaming in the winter. Kailways had been for years in existence on the eastern continent, and in the country to the south ; but as the Provinces were left to their own resources, and were possessed of but a portion of the public domain, they naturally thought many times before iavolving themselves in debt eve for the boon of railways. How* ever, in 1852 the Grand Trunk received its Act of incorporation, and with it a loan of $16,000,000, which constituted a large portion of the national debt at the time, and, of which, by the way, nothing has been re- paid either in principal or interest. Abo at the same time the Northern and Great West' ern lines were begun, but neither of chem was to any extent aided by Imperial sources. The circumstances are, however, vastly different in this great country of ours. The roads are tor the most part built by the Dom- inion Government, which bears the same re- lation t Manitoba and che Northwest that (-Jreat Britain bore to the Eastern Provinces in the days of which we write. Whcu, even at the present time, the other Provinoei require additional lines to develope their '■esources, the people have to build them by municipal taxation with a per centage of assistance fr'^ni Lholr provincial treasuries. As many of our readers are aware, the Canadian Pacific Railway commenced under an obligation entered into with the Provinces at Confederation, to chain the continent from ocean to ocean, is now constructed to a length of upwards of 1,600 miles all told, and with regular traffic on most of the length. The distances for better instruction may be men- tioned as follows : From Port Arthur at the head ot Lake Superior, which is connected with Colling-wood, Sarnia, Windsor, and aU important points in the western part of Ontario, by the finest lines of steam boats in existence, to Winnipeg is 430 miles. This section was opened last fall for regular traffic, and is now, daring the^summer season, the inlet and the outlet for moat "of the trade of the country. Great headway is being |made with the section of line from Port Arthur eastward, north of Lake Superior, and the connection with Ottawa will 'be^made in the course of another year, when there will be direct communication with*the ea»t, winter and summer, over -Canadian territory, alto- gether iudependant of other lines and outside agencies. From Winnipeg westward, the road has already been finished a distaacii of 960 miles, and is well into the RockyJMountaiusj From the Pac.Jic, iir. Onderdonk, another contractor, is working his way jeast ward, and the connection will be made in^a few months. It is safe to say that in the course of eighteen k ■V/ 40 n;oiii.!is .1 pnssfiiger can load his elFccts at j City, and thence across the fertile plains t Halifax, boa;il tbo trun, and ridi^ to Port I the west. Brandon also ha< its north west«'ri: Jl'^ody on thf Piicifio without over ;^<'tiv.\rk on branches. They have -diat arc vir- : money. They are for the most part cou. tuaily two main lines from t!ie sontdern «truci •! from Dominion resources, and with- bouu'iary, connecting with American loals, > out V 'neial assistance. The cities, towns and which tl ey use more especi.Uy in the j fi»'* ' --aes of the other Provinces have sad- wiiit.T sciison, the one from Gretna to Win ' <^1''J ttiems/ives with liabilities., such o. nipe- 70 miles distant, and the other IVom St. '"»'»y ^f them will never <;tt over, to secu:c Virxint GS miUs to the same city. Besides | t''«ir railways ; and altogether a half million thpse they have s'loit spurs to Ston- vai! an.i of dollars would cover all the railvay bonuses West S:d! way given to a Hudson Bay Railway Company, self has a branch south-we.steiiy into tiie fcr. | ,„,a §100,000 put in the estimates to make a tile belt in t'.iat dinetion ; Porta-e la Piairie complete exploration of the Bay and Straits; haa the Manitoba & Korthwestirn, now in aperation over 50 miles, ;ia 1 which will be extended to Prince Albeit, e:iei;uig up the best wheat giiiwint^ c.Hintry under tii^' aun. JTjliis town also lias projected line.", U)it!i. easterly to t^elkirk, and southswes*. tly to the SoHris eofd hvlds ; and will eveuL . liv be one of tiu! greatest railway centres au one of tliij most important business point."j in >i e Northwe.'^t. Auother local line is prcjt eteci — the Souris and IWky Alountai's from ti.e C. P. 11. at Me:bourne, about 100 west ot WiMupog, iiorih.w. iierous, and the good e being built every ry, by the Provincial 'al funds, this coun- 'ears of its existence iway than the other 'ntury. But this is 'n of the Dominion liberal land grant 'Railway Company, sti mates to make a 'e Bay and Straits; we write, being lie money to finish ^d ft-oni Winnipeg, ) Foit Churchill, and constructed tapped by other ts on the C.P.R., e country call for ', our teiiH, cdi'pps ^rom China an i the Pacific „n.l our EnglisJi im- be Hudson Bay, % 41 cmd all of our exports tlirou>i;h the latter ohannel, the country will be favored as it i:o other country ou the Arauriean continent. With the tWnlity witli which all kinds of grain, cattle, siieep, dairy, and pultry pm- ducts can be produced in the Northwest as detailed elsewhere, this country can unders.Vl »ny other in the English markets, with ship- ping via the Hudson Bay outlet, and make money ; and with our necessary imports laiu down from Great Britain as cheaply as th^'V are at Montreal, Manitoba and the North- west will be in a position to df;f'y the world. These circumstances tell their own story and furnish accumulati^d evidence fur l!ie mind open to conviction, thac this country offers advantages to the industrious settler, that are not equalled by those of any othtr !and on the face of the globe. It only re- quites a little reflection to fully comprehend the advantages of the ones •* Great Lone Land." We subjoin a table which can be utilized to show the distance between auy two points on the entire length of our coustruc'od rail- ways which must I'e of advantage to persons seeking locations. WAI!ir.. Gilbert .' Parry wood Sununit Hawk Lake I^i-aver IJossland iJl.S 160.6 169.9 179.7 189.9 202.1 209..H 221. a 231.3 241.5 249.3 2.'i.').8 264,9 272.4 282.6 288. 4 l!at Poitage 206..') JIAT I'OJvrAGE .sKl'JJON. lliiz i'ortage, '^(HWMtin. . . n<<'ersn'!d. . 20';. 5 3ISTV>il 4^^ I'ORT Stations, Port An bur. . . Fort William.. Murillo Kaininistiiiua. . Finmark Buda AKTHUn .SECTION. MiL' u 6 17 27 36 43 s. Deception 312.6 Kilmar :!19.6 In^olf :!27.4 ''rossL'ike 33:^ .' THford 337 6 Kennie 348.1 Darwin 358.5 Whitemouth 36S Shdly 378 Monmouth 383.8 Bf^auspjour 394.4 Tyndail 4t»l. Selkirk 409. Gnnor 41. "1.1 Bird's Hill 422.2 ^Vlunipeg .let 428. 4 Wi;iuipeg 429.9 3i Nonllanil 54.0 JNordland Y 58.7 Liukoopuig 64 Sa vaunt' 75 Ufsala 85 Carlstud 93 Bridj^e River 103 EnglLsh Uiver 115 Martin 123 Bonlieur 133 i^'alcou 144 Ignac^ 151 lUlAN'DON Winni|)eg Air Lin ' Junction. . . . Winnipeg West Rosser Meadows Maniu-lti.' Rcul'Urii Poplar i'oint Hi!.h Blutr Portug" ia Prairie I'oitnge la Prairie. . . . Burn:~id^' Bngot McGregor .\ustin Sidney Melbourui' ■iECTION'. 1.5 7.4 15 1 22.2 20. 35.2* 40.5 48.7 56 56 63.5 71 77.4 84.6 02.8 98.5 V 42 Carbprry . Sewell..., Douglas . . Chater . . . Brandou . , Broadview section. Brandon Kemnay Alexaniier Griswold Oak Lake Virden Hargrave Elkhorn Fleming , Moosouiin Red Jacket Wapeila Burrows Whitewood Porceral Broadview KEGINA SECTION. Broadview Oakshela , Grenfell Summerberry Wolsely Sintaluta Indian Head Qu'Appelle McLeon Balgonie Pilot Butte Segina Grand Coulee Pensp Belle Plaine Pagqua Moose J aw SWIFT CURRENT SECTION Moose Jaw Bobarni Caron Mortlach Parkbeg Secretan Chaplin Erntold y<^r" n H ^l WaltV:.- Aikins Swift Current MEDICINE HAT SECTION. Switt Current Levbu Goose Lake , 105.7 114.3 121.8 127.5 132.6 132.6 141.1 148.7 158. 166.5 180.2 188.3 196.8 211.1 219.3 226.5 235.4 243.1 249 4 256.3 263.8 263.8 27i.l 278.9 286.4 294 1 302. 312. 323.6 332. 341.1 347.8 356.4 36.^.8 373.2 381. 390. 398.1 398 1 406,2 414.2 423 2 432 4 442 8 451.7 461.1 471.5 483. 488.9 496.4 404.4 510.5 510.6 619.3 528.6 A . 1 rocNivei^ Antelope 5-3S g^ <^'ull Lake .. ^^*8t.B CALGARY SECTION. I Gleichen 784.9 ^h Naniaka 79S.7 1 Strathmore 801, ^^^ Cheadle 809.3 f»vor« Langdon 819.3 aoon i Shepard 829-7 ^ Calgary 838.9 r* Keith 848-3 ™°' Cochrane 861,7 the lladnor 872 ^teen Morley 880 6 Kananaskis 893.1 "O" TheGai, 900.9 ably Conmore 906.3 xnan MOUNTAINSECTION. _^*.. Duthil 913.8 ^, Bajff 919.2 »*^ Castle Mcuntain 926.9 Ofthe Silver City 937.6 tioD Eldon 945.3 ^^ Laggan 955.2 Stephen 961.7 »o*^ EMER.SON SECTION hal St. Vincent ^jjg Kmerson 2 Dominion City 12 "*J Arnaud 20 - Dufrost 28 Otterburne 37 tio 43 5.3S 44.6 56 65 66.5 ox SECTION. SKCTION. iECTION. CTION 660.: 660,: 6G.S. 676. 686.: 695.i 704. 713.i 723. 733. 740,6 749.8 757.4 765.9 776.5 784.9 Niverville 44.6 previous year, and that of this, all told, will psrhans be the sarao as in 188'2. To people who are accustomed to estiraat-* ing the population of more thickly settled countries, this increase may not appear large; but it_must be considered as the coutribation to an entirely new country, and presents a most creditable contrast in comparison with the settlement ot" the States of the American Union. For instance, the increase of the State of Illinois was but 375,297 between the BoBenfield 56.2 years 1830 and 1840- Taking into account 54,, St. Norb» ad, be in excess of anything heretofore known on the continent. In round numbers the immigration of 1882, could not have been less than 45,000. Of this number •bout 10,000 were from Great Britain, prob- Otber Canadian Iiovinces. The best informa- tion goes to show, the effects of this addition in money and other valuables were The farmer, with a large family and with reasonable means can locate his household in comfortable circumstances around him, to not less in value than ten million dollars, one better advanage than he can in any other half of which was owned by Canadians, and country in the world — the land is to be had the remainder fairly divided among the ether for the taking, and all that is necessary to in- nationalities. i sure future success is enough capital to put In the following year, 1883, the immigra- ' up whatever buildings the occupant may tion was somewhat in excess of that of the ; i'0(iuire, buy a few implements and feed his nr 44 * care for a twelve m t] ' M, pn. ■ — ^ "°*''''ty to withh,.],« fi • towar ^'y «"•! tile cause of '"' ^^'^ ^"ouu - aminutious anT r ''"'' ^''^"^ ^'"^"^ ^■■ *'°"''M-^ in otir ' : "'"''^^"^^'^'duca grants "', .r'^"^ '^-'^^ .ovh-.^,, tition that of th. p "'"'' "^'" ^°'""^- 'Jo one nL '"'''' °^' *^« ^^"n. «''^' f«% alive to tL'"''"-*^"^'-"'^'^'' this system n ^ ' <^ou.try, u, ^'^^ 3-th Of tlr :;;7^7;^ ^^"-un^ ^ r-ficie..,, .,.ia ^ S"Periofitv of ,, ''^- '^"'^ «M1« thiJized school, n '^'^' ^"-^t r-fe'uhn'v or..,.. -'--oato,her""'T^ ^"■^^^^•^^--^ is --theu;o:r""""''°^^^^ ^Viaail. ^- ve,. .is C^ ; ^ ^-^«^ provision up ^ I^^"'~^"'^ "'°" ^'''''^ ^^ 1^; t^-u-holo of the ' r^^'^^'^^^'^^the '^^'^'^ i^ t,, ,, J^';' '^ ^'^ >-r 1870. an..I to^dav ^"•^b-nuaenioLr^'^^^-^-t'-vest. As all to f / , "' "^""'^""'^- ''^'^^^^^^ «t t»cli,r,, T,,i, ,„H ^"""""""-Muc.- l-mtDtliesm.Il '"^ '» interrupt it. «'-'y ■!.»«.■..„ ,.■':';:"''""»- 1'.- teacher, illC"': '*'^ ""'' '" "^« "^ *"• in the rural diss if. If. 46 >' Hie comniunit}'. u to say tiiat it is as -«' upporters of the sys;, IS at lease a ^'uarantw t extensive .sense of t ^ides that where [U,u,- "r district think vvhert they can tta; h Hfniiiiir studi-s, th- liold their sii|,,,ort JV,. Pfotestant scljools, t. 'Urpose, hire their ow to pass high class e: 'ivo iheir ^overuuiei tlifir Protestaut felJo' atees liberty of cot t sense of the term, -il with the facts, th ■"i ii' til ! couiitry, m. M'oficieney, w^.tild I • hrst regularly oryi:; U!-ncj(l aj Wiuuip.o '1 Hiyu Biuir, a poiu' y ahi.ut50 miles Wes; ■^r 1870, and to^ia; arvellous. Theieare, izeJ districts of tiie 11 about one-.thir(l o! :^<-'cau,eiu4fiiffieien, oi'g'Hiized rapidiy ■bout 25,000 jjupili y«ars 5 and 16 fittendan-" or about The cities and ot the population, urse, a much larger teudauce than is wJiere storms and to interrupt it, ueut of I wo teach, iif now increased viiom are engaged ording to the size ers of school pop. ^ry paid to male Ds is about $755, in the rural diss tricts the teachers are scarcely as fortunate, j the balance of purcha^<;-money from tiuu to the males receiviuR but about §500, and the ' time remaining unpaid : Wmalf's aho.it SI 00 lesn. W« have not the i , ,, ■ ■ i i .i * n c 4. I'rovided also, that all money n from Wtoct figures at hand, but estimating the ♦;,„».• ^ ^ l- ^, i i- i i ^ ' " I time to time rcilized trom the sale ol school •tatchers in both towns and country districts a le at L'ar. i d half niah's, the entire amount paid out in ines is not less than $215,775. As last year the Government contributed $35,00n towards this amount, the remainder, §180,- landsshall be invested in Dominion stcuiities, to form a school fund, and the interest arising therefrom, after deducting the co.st < f niau- angeuunt, shall be paid aiiiuMlly to the < ijv- crnment of the Province or '''erritory within 775, was raised as we have stated by a tax , which such lands are situated towards th« on the land properties of the country. support of public .schools therein,— the money Already from the small comraeU'ement of I «" P»i*l to be distributed for that purp 'se by 1870, there are school buildings in the couii« tty after the lapse of only thirteen years, to the (Jov'Tnuient of such Province or Territory in such : I inner as may, by it, ije deemed the value (if $411, r>96, or nearly half a million | nio.-t expidient. dollars, the cities and towns owning about ' This provision, it will be seen, applies to three-fifths of the amount and the country ' the territory outside of Manitoba, as well as districts the remainder. So much for the j to that within its bo.-'iers, so that the emi- •tatistics. Let us now look at the promis-i of ' Jirant stttliag anywhere in nur Northwest ■the growth and maintenance ot t!ie system in j will feel that the education of his cliildren the future. 1 and his children's childn^ i for all ages in the When, 111 1870, the country received its future is amply (irovidtd for no matter how Provincial autouomy ihe Government of the i governmeuts m;iy rise and iall. Tiiis legis-. Dominion of tiiat (iay, which i.s, iu so fa:- as ' ij^t^^Q f^i,,jy interpreted means tl;at two sec- its leadership is concerned, the same us it is ' ^ous in every township of 36 sections [the •tthepresnt. saw riie desirability wiiile land t^.^j^hj^g ^,, ..^n the .same siz, six sections sipiare], or the onc-eighieenta of the r;:tiro territory is set apirt as School [iUnils. A.s there will be just 90,000,000 of acres iu the I'rovince, as it will stand, when its boundary dilFereuces have been settled, the one eight- I eeuth iieing School Lauds will give the Pro- vince 5,330,000 acres for the maintenance of common and grammar schools. After cteduct- was cheap, of setting apart a rtsonable pro- portion of the 'hool lands shall be administered by the Governor in Council, through the Minister of the Interior : C Provided, all siles of lands shall be by public auction, and an upset price fixed fiom , -^^^ ^^y one-tliird for waste and bad land",Tb\ time to time by the Governor in Couucil; but in I, ^.^^^i^ J, r^ ^^^ 3.000.000 of acres, disposed no case shall such lantr-; be put up at an up- ^,f ^,^ .j^^, ^^^^^,,.y j^^^^.^^^ improved would set price less than the fair value of corre- ,., , • ^ n ' , readily bring an upset figure, to use the sponding unoccupied lauds lu tli3 township i !,•.., . ^ c c- ,>^ ^ ^ '^, , . * I words ot the statuce of ijio.OO per acre, or in wliicli such lands may be situate : ' . , „ ,,.,,, ■ , ,1 , - , net in round numbers .?15,000.U00. This 3. 1 rovided also, that the terms of sale i ' ' of school lands sh.ill be at least one-fifth in . '""^ *""^''^' ^° ^^^^"' ^""'^ ^'^'^^ ^ «''* cash at the time of sale, and the remainder ' ""^""^"^ ""^ «75O,O00 a year for the mainten- in four eipial successive annual instalments. • ^nce ot siihools. With the country fully witu interest at the rate of six per cent, per organized iuio districts and as thickly .settled annum, to be paid with each instilment on , as it wili be for a c.-itui'v tf> i;ome, this sum 46 would pay halt the salaries of the teachers of ^ b«8t principals and teachers the Dominion Canada can ad"ord, granting degrees in Dic;.^* the Province. In no other Province of the Dominion, and in no other country of the world for that matter, has such a provision been made for the education of the young. In Ontario with all its advantages and privileges, any cine, arts, kc„ and in standing fully uji r ^ ^^ the rank o< those of the Eastern Proviiin:L»i^ ^ and the Government is very desirous iL.,2iirv they should go on in an advanced spheri: turawnj usefulness. In the late correspond) ntid •veij aid to education beyond that of the annual between the Provincial and Federal authorOgthe tax on the rateable property, has to be made l ties the Government made a grant of 150,u 'W***'! out of the general revanue of the government. Generally speaking, the government grant of Ontario, to rural schools is a'uout half a million dollars, or perhaps two dollars to every pupil acres of laud as an endowment for their sui'" **"' ' port. If the management only sees that \i proceeds of these are projwrly husbanded m' judiciously applied, the colleges of the conn •_ of average attendance, so that the grant ol i Uj will be placed on the same iudependt-.^^^^ -^ Manitoba, from a special fund, and independ- ent of any further aid the Government may Bee lit to grant, will be fifty per cent, in excess, of that of our sister Province. But while the government, at the inception of Provincial rule, was mindful of the interests of rural schools, that of the present day is equally i^onsiderate for the requirements ot the higher educational in.stitutions. In addition to the collegiate departments f city and town schools, Manitoba now has 8 colieyes under the management of the P' A COMPARISON OF LAND LAWS. At the present time and for years past larf.e landed companies, who expect to reap ricli harvests out of the sale of lands in the Western States of America, and rail- way companies who find themselves compelled to unload the heavy quantities of American soil forced upon them as part payment for railway constiuction, and to in- duce settlement to make their railways pay when built, have been flooding the countries footing as that enjoyed by our common schouh^. .^ As is intimated by the legislation above, tli . . whole advancement of our schools rests wit; __jj„„ , portion" the Provincial Government, who, of course .^-^.j^ from being closer related to them, know^^^j^^^ what is what is best for their interest. Tht ^^,^, ^^^^ lands are there for their support exclusively,, and it only remains for the Provincial author v^^^ ^ ities to dictate their management and ^''^^ ^^yijice] application oi the proceeds, so that in the^^^ ^^ matter of education, as well as in other ^g^ciefe respects, the Canadian Northwest is truly a ji^^ i)een highly favored country. The res ,( autumn abroad t agricult territor; tween t pliahed througl intryii dabblii manne; York, sufficie their has be during honest worke debte, duties of Europe, the railways and thoroughfares of Canada, and more particularly their own lines of road through w hich settlers bound for anj portion of Western American were compelled to pass before the opening of the Canadian lake route in spring last, with literature set- ting forth the advantages of settling in the American States, in language at once capti- vating and ^nticing in the extreme. Their circulars are all beautifully lithographed after w 47 teachers the DomimV,,: jrantiug degrees iu Hi,.,/* 'whion of bank notes, th« scenery as iu standing fully up- ^'*'*'^ "'^*" ^^^ fashion of parlor decora- f the EaHtera I'rovujl"^ **'" *'''''^'' ^*"" ^°^'^^' '*°'^ **'^°*'' °^ nt iH va«, 1 • '"**'■ ^" '"*'■'" *'^* portraying the ease and nt IS very desirous t.l ._- ,,. , , • , , J^ ... , "MtBly of Topping an old homestead with an advanced «I>her.. jM^n^ds of dollars to back up the operations late coriespondi nmd every other feature of the literature, giv- lal and P'ederal authotOg the unintiated the impression it is only made a grant of 150,u '•OtiMry to settle iu American territory to idowment for their sm* <•■** ^"^^^ *" elysian held where hardship uient only sees that tl* ''^**'''^ °*» '"^o*" ^^^ exception rather than pro|)erly husbanded bc^* ''^*' *"^ "^''^^'* P^**^'' ^^^ contentment he colleger of the coiin''^'^"'^ ^^^^ ^^^^^" "° ^^'''^ ^**"^- ^'^ ^^ 1 . , , the same iudependw?*^* ' "^ ^^ opening of our own lake by our common school ■°"'* ^"^ ""^^^^ ^^^' ^^'^ Americans have had e legislation above, tt** advantage of the Canadian people, as all our schools rests wit *"^®^ "^^^ necessarily from the western meut, who of course ''"*°'^***^"**"°' "'^ '^™®"''*°^'°''*'' ^^^^^^t lated to them, knot'^*"'^*'' territory. With the aid the their interest, xh^'^"*"*^*"'* received, of a highly deceptive r support excluaiveiv**"**^^'"' ^^"^ resident, of this country, who the Provincial authJr *"^* ^'°^^'^ themselves failures iu every nanagemeut aud the*^^*'^ °^ ^'^^' '^'^'^ «''^°«« o^l^ »'•" ^ow is the :eed8, so that in ^j^^ •jl^"»''ement of political interests in oppo- „„ „„]! . ,, Mtion to the Government, it is only to be »» wen as m other j j . ,■ . . . _,, wondered at that the work of dissuasion has Northwest is truly LAWS. id thoroughfares of arly their own lines ttlers bound for any 3an were compelled of the Canadian 'ith literature set- of settling ia the ge at once capti- extreme. Their lithographed after 'not been more successful than it has been. The residents of this country, who last autumu did the most to damn its prospects abroad and to condemn it iu the eyes of an agricultural people about to emigrate to our territory, are men who never stood be- tween the handles of a plow and who accom> plished t) "ir own misfortunes iu this country through greed and ignorance — through greed in trying to make themselves millionaires in dabbling in town and village lots after the manner of the gambler on Wall street in New York, and through ignorance in not having gnfficient capacity to guage the absurdity of their attempted speculations. Money there has been lost in this country, by the handful, during the buom ; but in no case can an honest, industrious farmer be fonnd, who worked within his means, kept out of heavy debts, and attended to hia general routine duties, instead ot aimicj;' fu local < is auction a politician or a political^ agitator who is not satisfied. And nothing | else should reasonably be looked for, as 'a farmer who has attended diliyeutly to ^his own business cannot be found iu the whole country, who, taking the cost of his land into account and the natural growth conse- quent upon improvements, has not made more upou the capital invested than ho could make in agriculture than any other part of tlie known world. He may not have, and very likely has not, mucli money to show for his time, but he has improvements about him that mark a very handsome return for all his investments. In other articles wo have shown that the producing powers of this country are uueiiualled on the globe ; in this section, we will show that the land regulations are vastly superior to those of the L'nited States, and in later pages wo will convince all who are open to conviction that, as regards markets, school facilities, expenses of living, &c., &c., Manitoba and the Northwest are highly privileged countries. We do not profess to say the laud laws of this country under the present Federal (Government, are the essence of perfection, but we do know they are infinitely superior to what they were under the late government, and almost beyond comparison with those of the United States. The single aim of the present Government is to have all of our un- occupied lands whether owned by themselves, land companies, or by the Railways laken up by iioNA FIDE settlers, at the earliest moment possible. Where arrangements have been made with land companies, the maiu couditiou is that they be given to actual settlers n the most favorable terms, and on the best conditions of settlement. In fact some of the compan- ies, in addition t» selling the lauds at low figures, aid the settlers by cash advances to forward improvements, othej» give the land to settlers at merely nominal prices to assist in enhancing the value of the remains der of their trac ts. The railway companies, 48 on the other hatul, in n-Milioii to srlling at however, this work is not doHigned to oni.v'^^^l low prici'H, givt! a ri'duclion of from oii('»thircl the ciiinioiiH of (li.ssiitiHliod reHi, i^rlOU^j to two^thirili of the cost iiri>'..) to thosa who inerely to furnish iiifotmatiou to jxioph' ;»b:ilUlP make improvi'iiicntH mid hriii^' their propfr- nginding tlif superiority of our lawv, ^ ' ; tics speedily under culliv.iti<)ii. The settle- those ol the United States, we take tLi iif oibi'l meiit then n( the liiid retjulat'oiis at present elleetual me ins of setting nil questions i^r Wb' 'I in force in the Cmadiaii Northwest only rests and nuote section hy Hectioii from the [ i*y *' with the imagination of entics that no lished regulations of both countries. ^^^ i| government can ever hope tx sntisfy. As, rUtRt; n ftCl'il .rHt*ui ■ () Wll>' I. Any person, mull' or fem^ih', who is the 8')lt; head <•{' a lumily, or nuy male who btis airtiued ttif: jiiri^ >'i i iLjinceu \eir8, ahull, iiti iiiiikuig >ij)iilica!'()n in the lorin A in the sclunlul'.' to ths Act, l)e eutith'd to obtain iiomestiiU entry t' .r any quantity of land not cxcciding one t|Uarier si^cfuja and being o the cia'-s of hi.id open, uud:!r the provisions ot thiS A'", to ii')inestead entry : 2. Such piirson shall ^Lso, in cooneoiiou with such lioniesiead entry, In,' tntiihcl to the privilege of obtaii'ini:^ at the same time, but not at a later date, a pve-einptiun entry lor an adjoining uuo.-cupied quai- tei hLClion or p.irt of a quarter-s.clioa of laud of the ya:d class: 3. The entry for a homestead and ior its attached pre-euiptiou, if any shall entitle the recipient to take, occupy and cultivate the land entered for, and hold possession ot the same to the exclusion of auy other person or persons whi m:-oever, and to bring and maintain actions for tres&pass committed on the said laud; the title to the iand shall remain in the Crown until the li-sue of the patent therefor, and the said land shall not be liable to be taken in e.\ecutio:i before the issue ot patent: I riWlTKD NTAT£S' RRC)VLATI'»^'II I 1. As aliens cannot ncquire valiJ iji . . , ■ i to real estate under the pre-emption, lioi;"' ' »U\iA ami otiier I'lWJ, itie pi iviicg ■• *°*P " ■ whi.;h are lo.trice I tocitizin-^ or"i!i ®^^"' ' who have declar (1 tutdr intenfio i ^*'''J\" . become such, it is i/up irlantthat foreiuii "*"*' "' Mckiiig ident ticalion wiili the Amir i"^""**^ i'()nim.inlly s:iouM be advised of ibe !• .'*'*^'' '^.- , steps neceH-Miry to acquire c'ti/, :'nsh!'^'**'y J Any free white alien over the age ^* ,il, twenty-one years, may at any time al '"°° /" ■ arrival declare before any court ot rei'j r^'®"^":', ' having comtn on law jiirisdiclion (wiili '^^^ .''''J clerk or prothonotary and L^eal) his inter®^*'*'^ * tiou to become a citizen, and to renouri^."''P|"'J|' lorcvtr all lor- gu al'cgiaucc. sUan after n< 2. A parly cannotflle nnderthe praMnp given I tioM and ttie homestead law at the sa n kide sl"' time. ilemeni 6. To necessa to appt Loc-il i E, in >! hii 'cam St a .3. Where a pre - emptor tenders dcedaratory statemen;; foa a tract of laiiiiji ^m_^ before another preemptor has fully com nm\ on pieted his 'v, by making payment I"' ^^^„ ,(, the same tract, je declaratory statemeu; ,.,,^.^.;;, should be received and the party allowed ^(,p \' . a regular hearing before the local offlcer? ^nd ?< «i.ir>, uli'aii la^d I ^. i 40 rk is not do.signed to , 'lis-satisliod ruHulnti wiiormatiou to jx-opl.. periority of „„r lau- •l Ntiit.-s, WH take tin «'*ttiN^all .|ii..s(tioiis by section from thr of both comnrif-'s. ,,„ 4. TiK I'rivmj^i' dl In iih.' oml autl pri'- ' iplloii t u'ry mihI i nly iipi Iv to surviietl • griOUltuiH. iHtiith: n> |ri>(iii tliH). lie ib.-jttUel I" MK'li l:intl \ .'tliialilf tnr il^tirn er, or Im hny IhixI, or t<>r i mil on which mo i.i n HioiM' m niHi''U' (|iuirry, or coal "^Olhcr mineral lotv ill >: 1 niiiierciHl vnlue, i^r wb» ic:ii till It' IS Hny u iler p 'wer wh h I ity si-.M In lirivr niMchiiK ry, or lor Inni., /hich l)y uHaoii it i'!- pi Hition, Mich 118 t)VDfi it;(' Hhorc ot Hii itupoi't»rii liHrhnr, riilge H'U', or ctinnl hiic, or l;«Mn^ nlhtr ri actuiil I r prif^pi'ciive railwMy leiiniuuH r bUti )ii, It uil! lie in tlie public intertbt wlililiola Iron: huch enity- ES ' KEOUf,,tTpi »XS '"I't acquire v«li,l „. I'lc pre-emption Imii 5. Wlnnf^vd' tlic survey of any town- '•■^s itie pnviU'ir, , thip hn^ l)(cii Hnullj conlir.niii timl HUch to citiz jii-i, or i.'i OWlif-liip ojiciKd tor lionici-tcud entry, any f' tiK'ir inri-nrio ) JM*' i» who iuii i; na km)K st-llicii and "P >riHnt that foreiyn "•**'*' i"M"'< vciucirs before buch confirmed '•" with the Aincr,( 'urvf y on '"i*' '" *■'"'' lovviihhip, bhail '♦t-' advised of .),,, j, tiiiVe "a prii r riiilii lo oliim i liouie.-teud . "cqnire c-fiz ',;sir^'n*iy Itr the land si > sen lea on, provided 'en over ^^]^. ^jre ■'iicb ligi.t If.' »\Hr.iH-(l witlun tnree •'**y ul any iiiii,/„( months alter Uie l;u d is < pen tor teitle. " 'iiiy court oi ru,., ,uiewl; and pn-vided iiiai such land has ' J'ir.'sdicijoM (ivit|i QOi heeu ns'.rved or the right to home- ■^ "nd :;rit,feil "> any 'itlur pertou in respect of .-ucii land uniii iliive monlhs etindenl alter ie.il;co in writing t-hall have i»een c'ad i.w ?^''"-'"^''gi^6Q ''y 'li'- ■L'>c;!^l A^ent to bUch noNA ' ^^ '"'-' sa n FIDE settler th it. bach laud is open for act- tlement. "nptor tenders hi^ ^a a tract of la,,; "'.has fully CO,. «KiDff payment li.- Jaratory statemeii: the party alio wet: • the local ofllcer* 6. To obtain homestead entry it shall be ne<;esr.e!( of the cisu require. Upon liduy; ;MU' 1 afflti ivit wi'h the L 'cal Ai^er.t, and on !)a_vnun! to him of an ofllcb' tee ot ten doMOj, such jitrson shall receive a receiri* Irnn the Local Ai^enl according to tlie t I > i' in the scheilnh; to this Act; and s ■ ], .■•1 eipt shall be a certificate ot Hi.trv, i,,..! sliali bi' auth irity to the person oliiaiiiin;,^ it ;o ^o into pogsfssion of the laud described iu it. -I. A pari V ."( Itled un cnsii. vtyi il laiul : When a certain t, wiibhip was burvt yeil, u |)art < f hiH claim was toutiil tin rein, the balance btine in an aljoininir nnsurveyed township I he settler tlleii lor ihc poMJou oi hiH eiiiim whicli whh siiivcvmI, and I gave 11' lice th>it be (laimnt land in thf I adjoininn iinsnrvev d 'ownship. 'I ho timp ! within wliicb, by law. lir was r((|uired to I nrnve up his claim was aoout to expirr, ' HI d Ih, other townshij) bad no* been sur« I veyed ; it was lield l)y tliP Laml Depart- ment that alter the othi r township should i oe surveyed, and tlie plat thereof returned, the setti.. - should be allowed xlw usual I time within which to til.' his declaratory Kiateiiunt anil pinvc up and pay lor hid entire claim. r>. No setllernen*, on unsurveyed lands acknowledged iu honu steading. a. Total fee for liorae.'«tendinir in first class isl'^'O, and taku atinexed oath: I' f of , h;iv;ntr fi'tfd my application, No. — , fur an entry under Section 2289 ot the Ilevised Statutes ol ih<; United htatcs, do t^olenml} swear that jhere state win th« r the apiilicMuit is ih'' iiead ot a family, or over twenty -one years of age : whether a citizen ot ihe l'nit.;il States, or has lihd his d^ clara'ion of intention ot becoming such; or, if under iwenty-ono years if ape. that bchaKserved not less than fourteen days in the Arua or Navy of the Uniled States during "ctual war; that said application. No. —,' is made for his or her exclusive benefit ; and that said entry is made for the purpose ot actual settlement and cultivation, and no^- M ^^Sworn_to^and^sub3cribed. this ~ 50 aplnLSra'ndobtains':i^h'^ '^'"^^^^^d pre-emption entrv \?« l^? ^^'"^ ^^'^e a Local Atfent a ^,'rth '^^^ P*^ »« the dollars, anS shal !J5 "®'?"^ ^^^ ol ten him a receTpt in Urr ^^ ^^^'^^''' ^^om iike ettect To that nr/"''?'.*"^ ^^^^^g stead entry ^ Prescribed for home *o^n P ^*^' ^^"ch wil cost HI 2i i°l imS^^altsofott''^ ^*«« °f ^-'«-d- to Settle together ,h:^^'"'''°' P^"P°«i°g Interior or the Srf ^S^ ^>°i8ter ot tlif signed bv them mavfmhn ' °°'-^q"'«ition - they name to obtaki Z^'l'^^.^'^y P'^^on emptioa entri« t„r t'^'^'^JI'^/^d P'^~ arrivalin the territc '"• ^'?^^ ^.^^i'" they desire to occupy is suuu... ^"''°*^ them^may 'obt'airio^ ^^°^ ^^"^'d by homesteacf and pr'eemT'"'^ ^°^''^. «r case may be fo? tn^P^"'^. entry, as the open ior such em T buM?''^r?« ^^'^ds of land so entered 'fihW^ the whole extent quarter-section as a hl°? ^/''^"^ ^^^^ quarter.sections L a 2?''*®*^' <^r two preemption, a^th'c^se'ryT^*"^ ^ comi^trrandTu^rj?^^"^^ «°^^y for affidavit prescribed fo; hnl° "^^^^ing the also describe the? fn'thete^^ ^°^^^- lives upon; and his re8idJn^o^°'^°'*"d cultivation of the whole «hon "P°° ^^'^ be of the kind and for th- ♦ »^«r«after by the provisions of Thiflif^- ?u'^''''^^ ot ordinary homeflfUrt . * ^'^ *he case shall be entitleSTpatent l'^,,^'^^'^ ^^ entered for; Provided tEL"" l^® P*'"^ so and cultivation may be unn''"''V"«'de^ce the land oricinall?no!."P''^.^mmg and residing o .may enter other lac reto, which Shall no ceed ,0 the aggregai ^f^'try Of thisclass affidavit, describiDj ns and upoa ^hici nai farm. •cts to examine the s^ by him under 8t suffer the con- •e allowed to make 13. In case a certain number of home- Itipad settlers, embracing not less than twenty families, with a view to greater orri^enienee in the establishment ot aohc Is and churches, and to the attain- ment ot social advantages of like charac- ter, ask to be allowed to settle together in a hamlet or village, the Minister ot the Interior may, in his discretion, vary or dis pense with the forgoing requirements as to residence, but not as to ihe cultivation of each separate quarter-section entered AS a homestead. 14. At the expiratioL of three years from the date ot his perfecting his home- Stead entry, the settldr, or in case of his death his legal representatives, upon prov- ing to the satisfaction ot the Local Agent, that he, or they, or some of them have resided upon and cultivated the land dur- ing the said term of three years, shall be entitled to a patent for the land, provided Bnch proof is accepted by the Commis- sioner of Dominion Lands, or the Land Board: Provided also, that the patent therefor shall not issue to any person not tuen a subiect of Her Majesty by birth or naturalization : 15. Any person proving that he has resided on the land for which he has homestead entry for twelve months fn m the date of his perfecting his entry the' ^^- for, and that he has brought under culti^ a- tion at least thirty acres thereof, may, be- fore the expiration of the three years defined in sub-clause one of this clause, obtain a patent by paying the Government price at the time for the land. 12. The "three months "time required within which preemption filings on un- otlered land may be made, is three calendar months, not ninety days. 13. Residence in a double house, built on the dividing line between adjoining homesteads, is residence in compliance with the law. 14, After a homesteader has completed the term of five years, a further residence is not required to entitle him to patent. 15. No such allowance in American Laws. P'''-eMunion . ^^^"^; . ^"'='" '-'J in surf ^""■•'^•'■i; bur surh n, , ' .^^ ^t^'"'; M„. 52 Id. I «-^"^'^AS^il^^:;^;^^forpr..em Pt '•'^'Hi'Md.,^^"'' «;^.^^7e^bereinbdor. <«'• H l.o,n,.,tc.a ,' or ^ ".'""i";-' h p«r,.m, ^^''^-"'!"",n, , ,, "' ' -'''"^^"^'eacl and ;':"'" proving tha rh'V'"'-'^^ tb^'rem, P«rin,| iH'tween It, .•'^^"^- ''^'i'^ f"r the !,^''^'^i-n.e.te;W :.1r\;=''i'-'P-vid;; iiQ'i flit- comuu..n 'P^''"^''''!i8.-„tri '^V ^'■^"' '^ox.k" ;", !'^^'<>",es.ead,|.r '^'"''"« '>n«'„ miles f^.^^"^ '""''i" H "" ''^ ■■'-'«-'' M^^""'"''''P""'I-'^s ^.^^'^'-ppdu.J; '„^;V""^^--'-'-^ «"' Pr3...-,iv,1 rM-rm; ^^.''''^^^''d |,n>Ue„ ^'■■'■''•' ■•":l')iHo„ii'J: ' ' ' "^ l''"^-^ than (Ifu-,, "^'•"^■^ «■!•' broke 'V*-''«^'"J '^^•■"^Vfiv' "''':'/^'>'rb.u. ,;f^'^..'«% fulfilled if' ;^ oi^evear:- °" ^^^^'° ^lv months w, anv ^^•^ ^'--f' of tie- si.. 17. ri.'side «hpre A p^rfy whi ucc on ilia c habi ' tbit It by 'the I lines nd Cv«?p;( Dou 8tlUl< )me o y the 18. I Jucbe Id cas( • then ktnilie }eciHl i^n achr.iay, in woik tlstf tioie people a icw weeks u twent idice 1 D gran 19. A omesit ence, u 'ommit le nt-xt ae add 'ten t,h nolber 20. if utboriz •lace iui anda in fries, tr he Gov he expf )y such Tiooey (I mmigra iu bis li( 3attlf, (; grain i'i>\ ihe pan I homesu-t nich ra.- M behal together satisfied 1 patent sh 31. The direct tha which coi i;;m,ui,ed for p,e.emp, 53 vi:i>)(i r. quireii , '•>.! i;iJrrobi)rKleil i '. -v ".iKsuilciffete,! I I ' C )ill:Ul.>.81();icr j habitrti) « h');;se t\n'\ v\\ ■ thib chiij.-,-- hJi.i.i !•!• ,;, It by rtrti'.dvit Huil an.t i itneaso.-, icbideiit in i,i nd Kfl'^cU'd by iliei, ■C«p;ed rtssuHlcitMU \>y : Douiinioii Lmds or l.i Lmd Boarf • i JCU HfliaavK yuall be .>\ViM/i aiiM i,.(Mi ! 8tiin()n> tjivcn helonj the Jx.chi A-erjc or j )me other p<'i«on rinmcd !■ i thai iruroose y the Miuisttr of the Intcnoi-. 18. Provided that in c;is> s of ilines^ Duchew lur by sufflci.u.t ex.,:e„oe, or ih le cases ot immigrants requi.ijg lo return ' lUeir native Jand to bring out ituir .milies I., tbeir bomst. ad«, or in otljer jecml oases, the Minister ot the [nterinr an achj.iay, in nis discre.ion, ^rant au f xiensm,, ?"ple a /.:;;. ^° . elscfUme during which a sniivr m>iy b- ]itai,v/ weeks at .bwnt trom lus homestead, without pre- idice to his right ttier<.!n; but the umu D granted ahah not count as residence. 18. Continuous rei idence recjuired. •it) Laviucf 19. Any person who has obtained a omesiead patent after ttiree yearV reai- _ence, or Hceriirtcatecouuie;si»;uea by the .ommissi.iM-rot Dominion Liud.-- as in ae next, piec. (hug clause memionMl, wiih ae Hddui.nial statement that tucre has 'ten tlue.' yeitrs' residence, may obtain notber ! ori.esiead an j preemi,;,. u ,,niry. 20. if any person or personF. thd'cunto uthonzed t)y the Miinster ot ih:; inter:, r dace immigrnnis as ^eulers oii i.umes'ead anda in M,u)|tol;u or the Norhwi-.i Terr) orie^. tree <.t e.xpen^:. ;■.. the (J .v..n,m.^nt. he trovernor \n Council may order thai he expfmes, or any pait there. •;; incMrred )y such person or i).is.)as, for ih- n^ivs^cr. nooey ortut)Ki:-t-nce m bnnj^iug '..i! Tn mmigrant, t for aid in erecMii.r buih^in-rs ^n his hoaiL'H-ead,. r in Dn.vidinir , or-e's •attJe, cattle, f,„ui iiupUmentV or M-e.i ?rain l..r hvu, icay.. li so aiireed m on by ihe panies, b.; ra;,do a c:^;;:,^' uj^oti th^ homeHeai ot sueh in.miuian, ; a, d in Mich - .. -. in togerh satistied b-'ore a paten r (,r (•< rtitk-ate patent shall issue for the land : 19. Xo s( co:.i(! entry for either home- stead or ptv-emitioa allowed. 30. A ir- ment cnn: e' -(in, be > ^t'0;i Dedaratory State* li-riied by an a'K.il. n ra^'; tbe claim lor ex-ens,, i; eurred Dehad .1 SUCH imnrgrahi, as ab jv ■ "]'!,'■ u'''^'' if'ft^t^s; tnereon. .iHi,t be f. r 31. The Mini5t'r direct that in the su "I the Interior may n\ V sion of townships which consist p^rdv ( 1 pmiriu and p'iutJv ^J^^t'i"^^''. " 'i 21. Xo provi,' for providing i( ulois American L'iws. 54 of tioiber land, the tini^er lanfis shall be diviilid into wood lotsct t\ol lessthnu ten, and liot more than f weniy acren t»i;h, in sucli iaiuin(;r us to ^iVird, nb tar as priictic- able oi:c sucIj wood loi to each quarter- secti >:: (ii prairie fiirui. Tin; following ara the Forms referred to in Clauie of the Canadian Regulalions: of al soevi to, i| ot SCHEDULE. FouM A. APPMCATION FOR A HOMESTEAD KNTHY. I- ot do l;(F< by api>';' i"V H l,omt-.s!('fa1 citry, under the provi--io:is ot llui " Doiiiiiiutri L^uios Act, " (lU'iilc r secliou 18^0 " ;■•!■ ttU! of 8*- ; .m; I umlxT tow. ',ii|', iij tlie tht ni' r dian. I the esse may be) thai I am over eiphi \ yt'rtrs of agt ; thai to th(; best of my kiii ledge auvi l>elief the land in rchpicl ' which my applioeitiou is made is oi I (?.lassopi.'n for homesicad and pre-tmiii! jeniry; that there is no person residing' I the suid land, nor aie there any luipoiT men's thtreou, and thai this applicaiion AfflJ I, ft iLc range mnile for my cxclnsivo use aud beuir, the o( wiih the. iott-niion or residing upon FoKsi B. A.ffidf)vit in suppoii ot claim for home- stead entry by a peison who lus bona tiiit- Settled and made improvements upi'M iHPd in Hdvaifce of eurvey: I, A.B., do solemnly s-wcar (or affirm, as the C'ii^e may be) that I ato over eighteen fearri ot air'- ; that to the bi.-stot my know- ledge und bf'iief the| land in respiot of which my application is m?i{ie is of the clasb open for'homestead (uid pre'^emption entry; that I became resident upon and beg;ui to cultivate the said land on the t! ay of , 1^ t before the game, was surveyed ; that I have resided upon anil cull iv.^ted i tie said laud continu- ously ( vrfr since; that there is no other person residing, or having improvements upo'i it, ii'ul that jliia applicaiion is made tor my exchisive n«e ami benefi?, with the intentio;) of residing upon und cuitivating theKHiil land, and U'l ditt-ctlycr -auiiiecily for tlie us^' or lieiK tit ot tmy mher p rson or persons whomsxver; and tlini. 1 have not iieie ofor<' olitaim cl nn ( ntry lor a homestead on Dominion lane's. Subscntied and s*orn j (SigiiaUire ) to, this (*!iv [- of 18 , bef re m-. \ Local Agent. FOHM C. Atridnvit i:i support o!' claim for liome- t-'end entry by a p('r>on who has nnt iirivioa.-ly obauicil h'Mhestead entry. I |I, A. B , dosoUmnly swear (i>r affirm as culiivrtling lln,' said land, and not direci or indiiecily for the use or benefit ol ci. other person or persons \\homf- of 18 , before me. ) Local Agent. FOBM D. Affidavit in support ot a claim for hone s;ead entry by a person who has jim. viou.sly obained.ttud has forfeited, li homestead entry, but is permitted b; the Minister of the Interior to obiuit another homestead entry. I, A.B., do solemnly swear (or affirm, n the ca?« may be,) that I am over eighteet y('ar8 of age; that to the bojt (tf my know ledge anii belief the land in respect >: which my application is made is ot tli- class opeti for homestead ai.d pre.emplii l *'ntry; ttiai (here is no person residiijge: the said land, n'T are there any improvt- munts theieon; that I otuaiued homestea day of 18 . qiu*. A-.i tei'iirn ot stc township rnn^e the meridii", but forfeited the same; that by order <; the Minister ol liio Interior, wtiich I now prod nee, I hnve been permitted to mr.ii application for and receiv. another hr>nii stead entry; and that Miit; adplication • made for luy exclusive Ur-e and bcr.elii \vi;li the intention of residing upon ani cn'tivating the land applied for, an.i not, directly or indirectly, for the use or bouefii year] ledg'l whiel «lass| enir: Upoi impil tiou bene] and diroq of ai ever lUiry on tho t'>r the tion of towr the resit thre has cate Age sign Lan S to, I of I w\l qu ate qu ev 01 A .cc 55 Canadian Regulations: that I am over ci^hu (Ho the best t)i my kL, ttje land in ichp(c( <5(itiou is madf is oi mestead and pre-taipti 13 ni> i.ersnn residin;; i- are ihcre any iui|j,„t a thai iLiis applicaiioti ^inaivo use aud bemr. n or residiiig upon a, Id land, and not dinfi ne use or beneilc ol hi ^mmswlionjsoevej ; ar heretofore obtained >. '«^ad on Dominion ]>uh. 3Worn ) (Signature). day >• e me. ) ^cal Agent. KM D. «'l a claim for Jioir^ person ^ijo iii^s jii., .and haafijrfeiied, h ^ but is permitted t., the Inferior to obtaii iad entry. lyswear (or affirm, h; »t 1 am over eighteec the bfl^tot' my know '■ Jand in respfot ' »o is made is of th- uad a.,d pre.en.pti, i. o person n.sidii^Cd; itlwrn any improvt- oDitiined homestea I'iV n. I, A.B., d:) solemnly swear (or affirm, as the Cdt>e may K) thm 1 am over eighteen {rears I it age; luut to lue beslot myku(»v\- edgf and beliel the laud in rc.-jpcct of whieh my applicaiion ,8 raaiie i.s ot the -cUss open f'lr tioiue.stead and pre (-mptiun «lltry i Uiiit ilieie is n.) person i. .-siJ ..>.. upon the said laud, nor an- th re iui\ improvements tbereou: that this .piilic-.- tiou is made tor my (exclusive use ami benetit, with the ini-ution ot residing upon and e-uilivcitiug lu^j ;-iiid i?i.ud, and not, directly or indirectly, tor ihtjuseor benefit of any o;her •)ersuti or pt-rsot'.s whorubC- .ever;"that 1 obtained entry for the quarter Becliuu ol seciiou township rauge ol liic tneridiuu, aj a hnmesti.'a i, en ihe day of 18 ; that L resided upon and cultivated tiie same tor three years. And tiiat my said houu:stt.i. d | has been ri-Ci)mmeiided tor paten;, ci-iiil; i Cate ot whii-ii tai-r, iiignel hy the iiroi) . ! Agent ot Dominion Lanix, '»nd coiniif signed tiy in« Couani&sioncr ot DuLuijiou Lands, 1 uow pr.)Jucc!. Subscribed ami sworn to, this oi 18 d ami sworn 1 (Sign day >• , b^iore me J atarej Local Agent. "^' ■'•■' i <■■'•( irn ^.t Htc ''^'P ran^. . m er id i ■•..■, ^«; that by order c terior. which I n.)ff l' ibiii. !-.-s are lli« l.uid a(!j ii/!.ii-r, wo,;:.i 1 ke b> i,ike Uj) as a hom*.',-tend, i^ t .liju up t)y aniiiher, au ; U s homis'eal uiid pre-.-mp'.iou mny ilien be miles apu-i In Cana'la l;»e seuh-r cm take up b )ih at onre. and is not required I" pay for his pre-emption til: Mire.' ye^rs after settlenH'iit, lo- whieh tniu-. i!" e.'onnm- ii'.il, he will h ive e i.-uf(l -uiHcuMir piv f r th:; holihiig. Even residents of America wno nwn '620 are not allowed to either homestead or pre-empt, whicti. of c 'Urse, debds secimd entries, vvijile Canadians are allowed to do t>oth uo matter wu-it iau 1 tliey hold, 'Old to aiakt; entry !dl>.'r < ni IV, a.! tni-y eouiii: ^a.. t!." tUiii; y(.;u.s' itsuleu ■,: ill! !uipi\>v.-.,ii II , ..I; lii.si Illa- tive >ears in L.^e suites. It is no;, alwdv!? onveuient 'or setlle-s to appear iu pjiso.i, .i,;d for wnich in- laws of Ca lai.i maki; a w.ovi-iion, euabli.ii; one settler '■■> lUik:; eutrifs for rolativii.H or acQuaiiuaiices, wUo lii ly have decide i oj emigrating in a short time afierwarda; but the lavvs ut the United Siates reader entry by proxy imi)o»3.b!e Enough will be s-ea in th j foregoing comparison to couviace one I'u; Canadian laws are liberal in the extreme. They permit any immigrant, who make; up hi.'i mind to farm, to secure 330 acre i of the very be>3t farming land in the woild for $;W0 (or tlGl); and wh-'u'tlK; terms of s"itlement, which all must admit are e.vireniiily moderate, on this are completed, which c\n be d ) le in three years, he is 56 peniiittf d to himRc Uie simui, which will secure «s much land >is hiR family, '•(' it ever so InrLC will lu'ahlc to m8Tnii>e, when hp has iJTiEs. To 't'f uihahitant of Great IMtain a w irk lik' this is not complete, without a word on cu.stntns' duties, or a - thi y are more propifly calcd tl:e " T'lriff Question " in all T^arts of Am' ri'':v. In rJiiat Britain, 1h" treHt b p is created by int'-rri'il Mii-'iici* .s, — I'xci.-e on liqu'TS, po.=- tai anaMtrt nienlP, irivoiec Riamp*, bill stnmp", tobacco and ciujir coiilribu'ion!-', &c , &c., 'h>' customs' rluties at, seaport ♦owns bi;i;i; but, nominni e niif-ired v,i;h the :m''5» <'.!irtfL'' d at Ainericni! ;; onr-i ( f iIi.'r(•^--. .'Vnd tb.is f"r severfi! couses, i.'^ quitiMi I'ui-'l. Entrhind ip. properly speak- iiiji', the mother of mRMuf;».'"urr;;, ns she i- the pa:int < f civilizMlion and t'enernl pro gresB Gciitr.ries aero she had all marui- fsjctutinc; and producin ' niHchineiy in a eluded it would beto their interest, as tl were no longer national ties exlM.njttsI between themselves and the mother roof tr! try. to shut out all imports of British ^'(v cettt. or, at least, suck portions of them as vrWtBf* be produced at home, and the course ti J£i adopted was the levying of high dniii- sitiotl the import of all foreign goods. This wa re effectual, and manufacturing grew uf) - rates verv extensive scale, and conlinuci! afte: flo -^li until the rebellion of 1860-1 whlc| T' ■ "■. ult of that misfortunate strut'i: t^*® amongst our neighbors to the south, » rapU toparalyzr-bufiine8s,and introducethat-v. QttA of affairs, 6ub.*< quently, that proved ru.: serval ous to a great many capitalists and cdi; P^*^^ mercial men in general. After the ^ •f ^^ because of the difference in values of tf> courdi and paper money, while the latter w Tftw considered as good as the former, as a ( ■• COCo culating medium at home, there wm- wher t;iea.t plethora of "capital" across i ^ P line — every man hfd his pockets full ol ; tte i Hid all sought fields for investment; als^ ■^^ because of the late stagnation in miniv ^® facturin< interests, also the result of tht cipall war, there appeared a scarcity and «: ^® ' unusual demand for munuf^ctnres. Th- capitalists did the m st nntural thing it the world, — they commenced manufactir- ing, and soon more than fully supplied it natural demands of the country. Manu- facturers began to tott* r in turn, and tin text thing was to find a market at any I rieeti. All eyes then turned towni>:.- Car; ad a until goods were sold at such hiih ftatc of improvement, and v-as, there- ruinous prices as to actually destroy nearly fore.in a pi'Sitiot! to supi ly m' I the yout'L'er ' ''"' the manufaduring firms in ihi^ nati'TS, and more especially all countries I <^'>Liri;i} . of Americ . With her ahuridauce of At that time the Canadian duties, on capital at low rales of interest, eh- in\ or 1 'l^' -■t- lines of imports, at an average, wen and the facility with which conl and iro;i | l>'if 15 per cent. It will readily lie seti: —the two principal elenunts in extensive I that 'lie American who was overloaded mainilactir, irii.; — •■iw hi' brn\ig-!t, tcL'ethor without any high freiirhs, slie has long been in a position to di-ly the vvold in competition. Shortly at'tr i!.c Americjin reyolutioa of 177G, the Americans con with g(iods, and had to rea'ize to save in- srlvency, could readily afford to pay that rate ot duty to get rid of his surplus stock, realize on it, and save his credit. The late, or Reform CJovernment, acknowledged the noiat ■vrini whic virtt man in e tool win mei mu tUii nu XJOi we lb .0 c ii "^ 57 be to their interest, as ti er national ties exiM^^justice to Uandians, by Uiis unlHir^suT^ J ves and the mother coof trade, whea they advanced the 15 pciP II imports of British /.rn- cent tariff to ore of 11%; but even this portions of them as hwm found inautlicieat. However, 8ir.Iotiu »ome, and the course uMt^dcmald, then the leader of the Oppo- Jevyin^ of high dijtj*. sition in the House of Commons, suggebted foreipngoods. This wa remeUy— ihe adoption, in p*rt, oi ihe niifacturing grew up r rates of duties the Americans adopted scale, and continued after securing their independence, Hud e rebellion of 1860-t: which was virtually the cau=e of giving it mistortunate stniL't the country the stait in its subsjiiueui rhbors to the south. « rapid bui natural growth; and in the gea-' s^and introduce that -serikl elections of 1878, his party, tht^ Cou- lenti}', tliat proved ri;;: servatives, were returned to office, oa tliat Ry capitalists and o.r. pUtforn, by a vote of nearly iw^lhirib ?enera). After the n> ef the electors. The tariff' was not, of Viti^ erence in values ofi:, % while the latter v, as the former, as a cir >it home, there ^"capital" across •J his pockets full of: 'sfor investment; a.'s- stagnation in mmii. also the result of nn ^ a scarcity and m miinufMctures. TiV St njitunil thing k menced manufacmr- lan fully supplied i, the country. Mam,- 'tf'r in tun., and tli, ^d a market at tuv- tn turned towai,:". ^•p'-e sold at sucfc fually destroy nearly Off firms in thi'. auadian duties, on at an average, wen 111 readily he seen »o was overloaded rcH'izetosavein- afford topaythaf bis surplus stock 8 credit. The late, ' acknowledged the course, uaif.)rm; when n mi; free .ilii,'.?.;lbjr, raw in iterials are put in at lo-v rates ti< encourage manufacturing at home, and where imposed, the rates vary Iroui 5 lo 40 per ceat. according to the liiiture iA the import. As ihii tariff' is the piiucipal iasuu in the elsclii)ns, it followi thu it is tlie prin cipal cause of the division ot parais, and the more immediate cause of ail the noise and agitati( .> in this count'- • i?t winter oy iht; so called F?;rm ^rs' I' n, which is a body of men leJ, own- ■■ .d virtually controlled by ward p')liti..ieia8, many of whom proved themselves failures in every liae of business they ever under- took in their lifetime. During the past winter, aad to the preseat, th« chief argu- ment or facse agitators, who have done so much to deter emigrants from coming to this country, is that the Northwest larmer is overburdened by the tariff, same of the number going so far as to say that for a - ing time talking to others. We confine ourselves to a plain ci.mparison of the jjuhlished returns of the Canadian Govern- men: tar the year 188IJ, with those ol the United States for ihe samo yu.ir in that year the total uuporlalioa ot Canada was #132,234,()i3, and ou which the enlire duties, were but |2;),172,:508, or in even figures 18' 2 per ceiu. in !he snine year the total importation ot the United States was |700,829,<)7;i, and thtt toiui u.iiies on wliich were |20!i ()r)!),W)9, ora traction over 2!) per cent. ^\ hen then the Conadiaii pays .i!18 -iO on imported goods, his Ameri' cm aeigabor pa} a fraction over $2'J, or |IU mote. This .-> one tact we want all iiiunding t uiigi .ats and all rt-sidents to p iUvier (^ve;, wheu cjnsideriug the nature or I heir lot. For ; he s ime year the Americnns import* ei! w nil ;i'kI v/o(dey good* t ■ t i • vi'ue of |r,l,044 444 and paid ou the same $32,- 220,892, or (J2 perc-ir. Now estimating r)0,000,000 of people -.n the United States, every head ot a family every farmer with five children, would pay a tax of $1 Gt) a year on woolen goo'^.s alone. But this IK not the most prominent feature of this disadvantage of the American farm- er. As tho Americans are annually import- ing wool from Canada paying this rato of duty, all woollen goods in the United States are just 62 per cent, higher in value than an; woollen goods produced in this country. The English tweed worn by the American co.-ts him 62 per cent, more than the Canadian tweed costs the Manitoba settler. The argument uf the Manitoba political agitator, yclept Farmers' Unionist, is that because the Government liave placed 35 percent, duties on agricultural implement*, the Northwest farmer has to pay 36 per cent, more for his machinery than tike Ontario farmer, and 35 more than his DakotJi neighbor. The absurdity of the first contention is declared in a moment, and that of the latter may be seen with just a^ little difficulty. Ontario machinery, for iustanee, is sold by the manufacturers to the Manitoba wholesale dealers for precise- '7 the ftaroe prices thoy soil •/ ,, «««««, contains 1/ .f. '^ ^f. for in- ii whii/.^ '™'" " '» ' 5 por cent, t^ ftiAi «■» Ontario "«r: /" r'°'' """'■ '""" wm:!"'^ f""^'"'- °'»'«. »« ™ »=J^ " then it w„» a"! ; T ,T' " ■="■"• ■°'>'=. w 7 " "'''""■ "^ <"""" '""oi SSJi •■^nop,,,: : ;';;M-i>oh,i„,p„.„ W--)^^^^^ high rate, of ...^ 'he American mZl^!' "■"'■ '!'">■ <»' bntr.K"" "'"'""' good., 4e , j Ch"S -'<' ko pS ;: °°' «>« "ae, he :°° ""°- *"««n't„b.n pa,» ,in,p,: cSS te-i.'lil of th. Amer '""' "■"• '<>' ">« th.rK J '"'° '""' <"'"'« » pound ,„, 5Sd get j„stasg:od w:rr """ "^ l.«con,d i'^"'"0'"»"-o»o,ghbort„ obWn t Sffi '«W". Next a. toll: """ "' P'-r'" J "'"'"" »ome feature, of .he tarrilT. "^i Ttt' writer ha, ,l°^wT " '""""'•^tnres "" » liminnlion of rate« on rood, e O'"^" A»"iea„ n.a fa :: : "r" """ '™- ''^"^ '"'^ '" '"^ »or.hwe t Che: P'' •*"e.he, give 6^3". Ltn't ? ''''' ''°'''''"' '°'""' butasonrow J^ home man. The,, i, ,J '■ '" "'c ^er and other resources «„ „ , .,.»»" -»«*" .!>.■« redo t 1 .0 . e:. """ ""^ '"« ""» -^.nd, e™ eTth e ^ ^t '°"" 8^^'" -:r:;:eafr- - -^^^^^^ -- '-■ I- ''"•" ^at-iJoguotj af «)f.n r^. 8 ail readers of this littu ^ i Syp« • American whole«;iI..,. ,^^^^00. The desir,. f« x,. ^ ^°'''^) ^iif Tol^^c off »'• *50, and „av "^ '" "" ^■"'- J, I "" """^ "'°" conclusively th. ""^ " .ctualpril,, ,:,.;tf"7'- "•"^•"•hc :^,l";f «^^°f 'he Canadian GoC "r, .. v-wrtrui reader will sp<. +k ^ .. . States Oiffertuce iu price «h. '^** ^'^J" ~ — — ^ *.r » < i« the United T. "" ''^ ^«^ '"a^'iine ' amkrican! " ^'^'^ * < united States, is scarcely J2 , ' ^ _______f^^ADiAN^ to mu ^-- ^^- JarwLnt ''" '"^^ Manitobj;;^;A;^^p-'^;:-;5|Percent. 30,. cent. «»« «^ products whirh ''-^"^"«'on of Canadian w&''' TY* '«' ^ ctP. per ft, «« «« want woMT more particularly to jt/'^^' ■■ 11'''''^''''' ^ p'^l cent. *^^^^^ «nive8.. 46 per cent. 35 «- 5i^ e minds of intendi "S AKBnirAM. , *"'"* Maiutol. ott per lb A 3?, percent Bolle»iron 45 " BolU for door < Ao... l") - ,. 25 '• , . 30 Araerican machirien m 12 to IC percent, to Bobtr. ^ns who must have w./g22::'ri'e%ccH i« «very man, woma,uBff;,Vnov: i:::::: H ntory open for sf>tfl..n, Braces and IJits — 45 cent, of a tax, as conina-BrMB 45 ices to oh^ain *K ' Mnwhes. all kinds. 30 ' ^^ oi>tain them. Carpets Bruseeis. ») are high rates of dm „«'«,P«'"y"'* *"'*• !'l canned goodK 4c i Chains, all kinds... .tf. IJ nrnHii..flri ;„ i '. Chandeliers china.. Hi) produced m abunduc China, porcelain .. . 5.5 initoban pavs fiimniv,. Ciwrs, .$a.tO per ft A 25 i'tt/s simply I with additional In- 1 iwo cents a pound mt **«>d Revenue tax. eighborto obtain theroftS! oiV.:;.:::;:: M atures of the tarriff s. "^Z. av^^r^K^e'"". 40 r rates on goods ex.i gSfe'"'':'?."-. .V.V I " Northwest Inrnhnr i Fences, iron, per tb :-5 of a cent ' """Oer, i- |j^,_ maaulactures 4i) per cent CANAOIAX. 2(1 25 .Tj l^ 30 35 .•V) 30 a'i a-") 25 5 eli per yd. 35 per cent. 5 " 30 •• 25 " 20 " & [•?0 cts. per ft. .SO per ''ent. 30 " 30 av. 30 '.0 25 /() 50 eta per bbl. o Ota per ft. 3i per cent. ;jo " 25 " av. 21) 3(1 (acco 48 Steel maLuiactures, 45 l."> 0. •^ biHh. '■if) per cent. iO '• \2\ •' A [20 cti. ¥ to. 35 per cent. uifled ior the benefit, fc- :•;,•■ ^-' „_ , , gWlits. jellies 3) Lr, out as our own tin «wrn>tur«. cabinet- _„ Ware 30 rces are now fast m.'oi. QjUes dis-hes 45 »n thn^^ „ j.^ Hats ot wool, 10 CtH 'n these modification per to and 3.5 be mnnairi^ _i ludla Kubber.s, avo ^5 ue considered unia Into manufactured.. 4ft Jappanned goods... 40 , Wiiuat, i-er bushel.. 25 Os ver, or better inform ^*od manutaoiure.'* 45 per cent this little worlc, wh^ IX '' '" ntages of the tariffs o fullj, we quote tk ng imports, trom the 1 Grovernments. ost conclusively tha: ie Canadian Goveru. 'ter native industries ^ v«rnment has been ^idititional tax of very neariy §3 per capita. |Ome, and absolutely Altogellier the taxation of the United ' ^ ^^^^ ' Stotes IS then over J7 a head or $35 a year for a family of five, before; it comes down to municipal or school assessmentfv, against the f5 75 of the people of Canada. The exemption laws of the United Strifes are so extensive that it is next to impossible for a poor man, or a man of limited means, to get credit. A man can be well off over there, and none of his effects can be seized for debt. To the wealthy man, this, of course, makes no difference, as he can pajr as he goes ; but tli-! privilege of cr (lit, which any lionorable man can get Id this country, t(» a poor man is ofti-n a source of great benefit. In the SUites in a pcriixi ef adverse times, as is the season in which we write, the poor man is driven to (bsjiiTa- tion to know what to do. Withoiil cash, liiti family may be on the verge «f starvation, and no one will trust him except tliiough confidence in his honesty, as tin- leniency of the law preserves all his effects aiiaiust claims of cieditors. In the Canadian North- west, where the farmer wants niaeliiaery, though it is nevei advisable to pun base what he can do without, he can always get it, pledging the security of the uiacliiuery .alone in turn as payment for the lialiility. To the enterprising industrious, S( ttler thi« is a boon he cannot fail to appreciate What wo want particularly to show is that if proteition is injurious to this louutiy, as its enemies .say it is, ii is v<'ry inconsistent for them to recommend settling in the States whei'e the duties a)e 50 per cent, iu excess of those of (_ anada. And sn on of all the other imports. But this is not all. Last year, the Inland Rev- enue (dl! vitions of the United States were $144,720, :{66, against the $6,260,116 of this country ui 150 per cent, greater making an JMIAKKKTi!^. cent. cent ;ent ient. .it. Bnt. (Canadian. |Opei cent. 20 " 2 ctF. per ft, ^ per cent. Free. 25 per cent. 30 35 •- It cannot be denied that to the iiirni- grant in any country an assurance of good markets is of primary and unlimiteil im- portance. It IS very necessary that he should be .sati.slied befo)e removing to a country that all the necessaries of pioneer life should be readily available and ready sale, in return, should he haii at remim i-a- tive prices for ih" first fruits of his labor. Previous clia|ilii > iiave already given ^ood evidence on tli •< points, but lest this volume should fall into ti)e hands of par- ties who arc still doubters, a word of special advice may not be altogether out of place. We may say, from the nature ot things, that the markets of this countiy arc one of *^« ^vvo form u, ^;."f '■^'«' "«P«--aHy the "-^ «^tij::^j-'^^-' to the .,..:, ^-/- '--'->;-;;:n::'. ^'^^^^^^ ^-. rt As J8 a nahif..) ■ r Aayr RcLWn... «, ' ^*'oo.somm. (.)„. V ,. /annua/ ;^-. Mound, Virder"''u '''^''""•^' -^^'^^on, Pij^t / '^ "' ^^ « mr--^^ irom ' o' rrf"^'i-P"iHtion« '^-^'i^ Pnces. ^t t" t '""""^ ^'-'^'--' P-^-i>«8.000.souJ ;, ;T' - in ai,N«^)ia«tvear'«err;oi;T "^* ^^'"^^'^ (J- ^^- '^-' entire hrl d ""' '""'^ -ottered -"^"d -e scarce "to'^ '' ^^^' ^-'^^-r tow. ^*«-- and vi,h.,J tm?'; «^t eeit,;.,/ ^-^; dairy an i imi ar '''':;'" ^^'^^^*^^'^- ^^-^^-n 50,000 ;:,;;:; """^^- -^^-m "^ ■" --onabie ; ;r^^*« «-tob.. ^^^•^"ti'-e ponul-u. ' "ne.fourth of P^'^re the wiut.r ./'''"* ^'^"^ %'n. f «, -^./r ::;" ;;;^ ^'- -unt,^. ,, i;ne« ,o „p to Zu^^ :;, '-^ ^^«-- ^ha. ; ^-tb.roh«e,..,,,^ ;.^^^^ -ione. without f^^ "^tii the next La "n"' ^^"^ --- -'** -- one 'of ti mo'f''^' ^^' '^^^ ^^^orth. f *^-^« -tii the id r 'i^r^'^^^ -^- ^"'«erous advtnt.. "^''^'^*^«^' of it J ^'"^^''^ "^^^Y time« the , "' P^P^'atio. Ti.-.s iar j;r,^:^^!^' ^" ^^-' -■ttier. ' '^^^ -^ci annuaiiy Ir""'"^^'-' tc ti. ^^'^n ampie ,,„,.,; :«\"^ *"^^» Population l' '' ^«^« '^^ "resent rt^^"^"'^*^"" *^^ -^"-.ci: : 7. ^^^^ --i-cition : ,r^ «^ ^-«le com,,,/ ', ,.,^ ^^^7 ^'- iar,. ^^*- all impo ed ^'^ '^"^--^iy keen to "'^"""^ """« ^iii not'b f. ; ""'^■'' '''* ""^ J'^^'-^- was a time i "^'^''^"^ ^'^' Pro/it . ^"''"^'^'- ^n^portunt mat . ^««atry ,vh.n ... '" '^'^' ^i«to..v of.,... '"^f emigrant fn r...."/''^'- ^'^'^ pio/it ^^^^--notaiieon C^^^^^^^^^^^ "^ t^-' countzy Winn ''^'^^•^^'P"'"'- , {jrth prisin Alt oultui be mil there manu and r< acter try be Wii large tories, Portai turnir; a bis planir 8ho{>s, grJHt Ac, & their t shops ment 1 oonsei ducts trj. - advan ▼anc'e( .r^'*- "•ft'i 'inesof import.,1 >^ ^l>ut with tln> „.,; - P. K. iiiid water in|, ^;if tllliaeaof Ji^^ht, 108, dry goodH and cImi^ "1 Manitobaand th"\ r^ in any of the Ka. addition of freig,,,, 'y WHIVS, in ,,„otat„ ; fJi JJio same goods in „• m erica. '■nfereuce the cai,8,..s - ' of imporfed good.s l ^t'veproc,uct8,anda« ;'-<^"^- T',c- g,,at l.„lk at'on, which at L.,st ^ but small in pro,,,,,; recent arrival, aad l,a •^«t^, except wheat i ^^/ i-equire for their',.. next year's seed Ti. population, with alar, !* '" b« supplied hy f «Ia settlers, and tt '•«e occasions extrem. ' ^''ne we write (J„. o^'potatoes^ringsj-., Hs of the Jarger town ''^' ^^^^ at tha. year all vegetal,],. products aretoU ^"tities at fair lig„r.. '■n> I'Ut after that a Pnces, and remalL '-'ason'scropmatnn. ^ the unfailing order ^'«iclent population proportion u. tlh ■'•'■''i^ populati .n.s, ^' 'king the lar-. '"■ '^^'"le,] up into ^''' '"'luy years to ^f'l- for the intenj- '■ J« tliat tlic niMr. t^' 1 with a larger nitio of agricu'turists with lying districts ; but as the t;ther towns and ; tapiUil to developt! the natural reaoureen, to villages are at respectable distance,-, from make this country the iionn' of many one another and as settb ineiit is being millions of a prosperous and contented made in every corner of this great domain, people. aotlve demand for th<' natural products of the Boii. and of agriculture in general, is met with in every corner of t m; country. Al well as in agriculture, there are fortunes to be made for the next half century to oone in horticulture, fruit growing, dairy products, poultry raising, large foundry and wooden ware manutac- ed the claims of tlie hall-breeds, as ret tories, breweries, impi'ment shops, &c.,ifec. Portage la Prairie, has a large paper mill turning out builling and wrapping papers, a bisiiiit manufactory, breweries, three planing mil's, large flouring mills, wagon shops, &c., &c ; Brandon has extensive grist mills, planing milLs, wagon shops, Ac, &c., and all the smaller points have their grist mills, planing mills, and repair well as the resident whites, and to the former about 1,400,000 acres were given at once, in fee simple, and a fur:her grant made at a later date, to fully extinguish the native title in every reasonable particular. In addition to the ^300,000 sterling given lo the Hud- sou's Bay Company, to extinguish their title, which waM a lease of all the territory drained into Hudson's Bay, a block of almost unlimit- shops of tfvery description giving employ- j eJ extent, and, as will be seen by a glance at merit to large numbers of people, and, as a | the map, which virtually included a portion consequence, affording markets for the pro- j of the Tnited States already ceded to the ducts of the surrounding sections of (oun- i American Union by treaties, fium Charles the try. In short, the country is in every way j II, of England, ta>t comj'auy obtained a advanced that any other Province is ad- i gram, also iu fee simple, of 2,400,Ui)U acres, ▼anced, except in point ofscide, and it tions of ttic world, where laud is held by parties in tee simple, A late Act of Parliit. meut permitting second homestead entries, that is allowing those who liave completed their terms of homstead entered into with the government three years before, to sell and homestead new properties again, has thrown a greater area of partially improved land upon the market. It will be seen by the careful observer that every proprietory interest is of a character to cultivate sales, and treat most liberally with tlje actual settlers. The n>>jp"t- of the railway companies is rather >.) n^uivu uoney out of settlers, through trafiBvi on their lines, than to hoard up their lands awa.titig ad ran - price. In short settlemeut ivud them, Self interest also prompts them to iiur ' the best terms with settlers. In sot instances they have estublished villatjei ' ^ their colonies, erected mills and other inili; tries for the convenience of their settler handle machinery and other goods in whol sale quantities to give their people the bei- " fit of low rates, and eveu advance money t 4. • ^ *u * .. make la some cases to assist in the erection ' buildings and other improvements. As tL companies who do the best for the immigraut- . effect t-ettlements the most satisfactorily, an get the greatest consideration from the Gov •^ ernment, it will be readily understood, it i •▼•'J to the interest of all to treat their purchasn 't***^ most liberally. ■><"^*^ As we have said the ranch properties an ciiMe simply leased for a term of years, and by vit »"*'"'* cue of their being used foe i-asturage exrlu ®'®'^ sively, will be enriched thereby, and tlie bette: *•"" so 1( they then barg legi fitted for the production of crops, years hence when they revert to the Government, au become offered for sale to private individuals It is with the Hudson's Bay Con.p.uy a 68 or fiolonizition cora|iani<-M. Thooo who vinit to t«i»t M»e caniitry fi»r thpiu'^flvcs lipfore jiurchftHiiitf cm rt'adily Ihuho latxls alnvvly uniler cultivfttion ; tind thosti who have jili-nty of r«pita1, nn'{H)rtitM f(ir they arc offeriujj the i, /d^MicinK' itriceM. Tliis CoinpHiiy, though 1 wttlers. The Can uidtriio ohligation to th« lioverniuau*, bh aic Manitoba and Northwo^ ^* other companies, as tr, sale and sBttleiiient, companios that liave as '*^* •torts, with an imtUHuse wholeHale » on the market are otr, •'*"*•* ^" Winniptg, and n-ni t•^tat.o dottingthe I Hay Coinpniy. In Hhort, ii"ce«sities, meana, o$10 per aero acconii "f*^*^ ^^''^ from one end of the country to | tastes, wishes or ambition ran resdily he met f soil 4c., and arc oiF r '^^ ***^*^''- '^'"'y exp''<'t to make money out | in thiH country, and a cTtnia H.iti«la' tory le-half to a greater jktiv'' ***• "*'* ^^ ^''*'''^ goods, and for that rea- reward awaits ; he exercise of energy in the im. ) thoso who make siin '**'» i* •'' ^^ *^'"'''" inter^Ht to hee the conntrv raigrnLt in iiiiv circuinstanre in life, wh 'h is lich are no more than '•*''**^' H<'sides,as they sellouo poitiouof thiir , a story that iviniior b- toll liy any other ir who wants to make ^^^ *^" ^^^*'^ grows in value, ami «o on to j couufry known to civilization. ae, would naturally II jj'^ ^^^ transaetion. Their lands are all I It. olMSified according to the field tioten of the I Jompanies by the tiTn - '™'^*y"'"''» *°^' ^^^'^ *'' P'"''"*'*' ran>{i"g from $5 ith the government *® ^^^ l"*'" "'''''» *^cordiug to quality and •^rge percentage of h tj®®**'""- forfeit tlie (payments ; ^^ other pages we give the Government Government, and as t 'W'***""** "' '*''' *^ ^" '■"■ *" ^''^J' ^'''"' ^'^^ settlements as they nn.*^* settler, and from them all manner of ilso prompts them to nu!^^'°"°"*'^"" '"'^^ '"•"^'^ily '"' obtained. As ith settlers. In sot""*' ^^ these proprietors have agencies m e established viliaL'ii England, and the Kasteru Provioces, all in- d mills and other in.ir foJ^nation the intending settler may desire nieuce of their settle- **"* wa^ii'y be obtained before making a start d other goods in whul^ '^^ ^'^^^ country. AD, however, liave paui- their people the hei- P^*** **'^ their own setting fortli all their Teu advance money t **"'''^ °^ "*'^' "'"^^ other infoimatiiu, and to «»t in the er»*ctiou > m**^" thu work more complete, we give the improvements. As t' *'^<^'^'*^^** of many at the closi^ of this book best for the immicrauti ** * naeans of assistance to all who wish for (ortner information. most satisfactorily, an eration from the Gov eadily understood, it i Ab V e have also remarked, there are in trtry section of the country, lauds in various treat their purcliasr,' •tatesot' cultivation, and poss sdiiig improve- Bients difTeriug iu degree that ciabe pur- ranch properties an C^uui^ti or rented from one to a term of years, of years, and by vir ^^^ the private owners. There is, then, for i^asturage exi k ^^ery form of opening for tue industrious lereby, and the bette: '•nner in this country. Those who are poor, of crops, years hence ■* ^^ng as they have the means with what they can earn from their neighbors, to carry themselves a twelvemonth, can readily make bargains they will never have occasion to le^et, with either the Govern re ti«^, railway 16 Government, au private individuals on's Bay CoiLp.ijy a COMCKIt^l^U p%^sn-i: TO MAIVITOIIA. All persons desirous of obtaining inform- ation, whfthi r of rates of passage, or otiior wise pertuiiiiti!,' to Canada, ciiii maki: appli- cation to tln' following Agi nts : Canadian (Jovki'.nmknt Agkncik.s. /)i th'' rnitcd Kingdom. London. ... Sir Chiulcs Tuppir. K('.,M.O., Ac, Hi^li Cce has isiness [these the ould and than true adily the 65 '\ fire,'' so the banking institutions are influ. j thoso fiiends thought sovoral times bofon- ^ enced more by the history of the past th.m^ giving up their holdings to encounter the by the necessities of the present and the cer- | privations their relatives had undergone, tamties ot the future. The neceosities of and still were undergoing, to make a leap the country call for the establishment of a in the dark. It was (juite natural they a purely Manitoban institution with branches | should pray for " patience to bear the ills at all the business points, that in no Wd,y ; they had rather than fly to those they knew subjected to eastern prejudices, could consider not of." securities from a Manitoban and, therefore, a The story <>1 the pioneer settlers of the more reasonable point of view. „i,i^,r provinces, told at this day, is indeed Much, then, as has been the banking an interesting recital ; and when conveyed business of the country in the past, with a ; to the relatives in the old countries, who, full knowledge of the resources of the coun> ; though living from iiand to mouth with no try carefully measured, there is much more \ brighter i)rospects for the future, was for the immediate future to unfold ; and we '. not calculated to inspire them with any look foiwtiid to the time when all prejudices g,e;it desir.' fur a change, and tiie same may as to the Canadian Northwest, and ignorance be said of the tenant on tha improved farms of its resources, will have withered before Jn the older Provinces. the light of daily experience, and pave the This wcst.'rn world, however, has corn- way for a changed order of things that will ni-nced witli a history of its own ; and, result in the general benefit of all interested thougli to the pioneer witliout means, the parties. immediate future is not promising, to those ' who have the wherewitii to carry tl'.em WHY SHOUIjI> FARMKRS selves '.ind families a twelvemonth, the way is opened tor peace and plenty in a few years after. Tlic pioneers of this country know no- thing of cuttiiig down the forests, and wait- ing until tlif rots of the stnni[)s decay be- PAY REXr 0» INTEREST? There was an excuse up to a few years ago, for old country tenant farmers and ten- ants on improved farms in Ontario to con- tinue paying tiie heavy rents they were pay- foiv they can i)Ut in grain of any dcscrip- ing annually to the " lorils and niasters' of; tion with anv degree of satisfaction. They the soil, as there was not sullicient known experience notliiiig of plowing among about tho Canadian Northwest to establish j stones, and draining swamps befon; they for it a desirable history abroad. When the i get their land in a s-liape tor cultivation — pioneer settlers of Ontario and the other , all they have to tlo, after they erect a Provinces of Canada wrote to their fri'snds suitable dwelling for their families, is put at homo full descriptions of the hardships i their pl«w into the green sward that invites they had to endure, and the difficulties they | it in belts of miles and miles in area, with- had to encounter in clearing forests and | out a stone, stump or swamp to impede its making the soil yield a return; and the . rapid progress. Neitiier have tht'se sfcttler> further diiiicultics in the way of turning the , at the present age nf the country, to carry proceeds of the forests anil their earliest | their grists of wheat on thuir liacks or on fields into cash, to meet runvnt ixi)endi- j yK,jgl,j5 through a bush with blazed trees tures, and the still furthei' hardships in alone to mark tliii way, forty to fifty miles getting to markets, grist mills, [lost ollici'S, to a mill, as mills and all the other conve- ne, &c., it was not to be wondered at that nienccs (>f a progressive people ina progres- I vijv'i \ : 66 * BJvc age are to bo found in every settlement of any pretentions. Stores and post offices, schools and churches, are everywhere dott- ing th« prairies over in easy access to every Battler who wends his way hither from the overcrowded lanus of his forefathers, and casts his lot with us. To the children of the parents who saw the other Provinces in their primitive stat« and shared in their early liardships, this is indeed a changed ag(;, and this country presents a difierently puint>'(l i)i(ttire. It has cost the pioneers of the other Provinces their lifetime to got their proper- ties, barring their buildings, orchards and fences, into thw .s-inie state that this country is mist with in its prinitlve prairie garments. These are the siin[»le facts, and as sueh we give them to the wor.d. There is nothing the industrious husbandman requires, in this country, but a twelvemonth's patience and sufficient resource.^ to bridge him over that brief period. The great majority of tenant farmers in Great Pritain and the oiher Provinces are Sjber industrious men, and yet many of them after ten years' labor are no better ofi than when they took up the business, and the cause of it is not far to seek. Many of them rent but for a short period, aud time is wasted in going from propL-rty to propur- ty and money is los: in dispos- ing of effects to enable the changes to be madi'. Farms rented in this way are again highly impoverislied lands, as the object of every tenant is to get tiie most for his time regardless altogether of the i ecessities of the place for future crops. Tliere is then with a succession of tenants the greater uncertainty of crops with the increased cer- tiiintii s of high rents and taxes. The out buiUlingg are, as a natural consequence, un- comfortable for horses and cattle, and leak- ages occur in this way, to .•-ay nothing of sickurss and pcrhaijs deatlis in families through uncomfortiible residences. "With the proj„.rty his own, the settler endeavors to make all his surroundings the most suit- able for the present and the future ; but with his holding a lease of shoit duration as little is done as the tenant can possibly drag throngb with. The tenant says that improvements are for somebody else's bene- fit, and are therefore made as slenderly as possible . The man who rents in the old country, aud the older Provinces is likely to remain a tenant as a long as he lives, for since there grows annually no improvement in his lot, he is rarely able to make a first pay- ment on an expensive, improved property, — he, however, grows older, and continues to do so, wasting his time and accomplish- ing little for his waste of years. The sum of S400 is a common rent for a farm in Ontario ; and as, after putting in five years of the best of his life, the tenant has made no improvement in his condition, he has wasted a sufficient sum to locate him com- fortably on a farn: of 320 acres in this coun- try of which he might have the title on record free of mortgages and all other en- cumbrances. It is a misfortune that up to the present so much misapprehension exists in the east as to the future prospects of this country and its present opportunities for affording comfortable homes for so many people of the east, who by remaining ten- ants are virtually life long slaves to the land owners. The mist, however, is clear- ing away, and the true state of things in this country is being better understood, and more generally appreciated by the classes of people so much required as settlers. In this little volume we have endeavored to put the facts in their true light without the least show of coloring, as we have no inter- est to serve, and a knowledge that the work will in a measure accomplish its purpose will be a fitting reward. PIJSTAH. FA€la.iTl£M. From the tvideuces of tiie progress ot 67 most 8uit~ iture ; but duration a possibly : says that se's bene- nderl y as country, to remain for since ement in first pay- operty, — itinues to iomplish- The sum i farm in ave years has made , he has :iim com- liis coun- e title on ither en- at up to n exists of this Ities for !o many pp: l-en- to the clear- ings in >d, and .sses of Irs. In red to ut the inter- work rpose less ot this country, or which wn Ijave male mention in other pages, the intending emigrant can at once see the Canadian Northwest is no longer a wilderness, but the home of many seitlerii enjoying many of the advantages enjoyed in older coun- tries, and building up interests that in a few years will leave them in mostcomlort- able financial circumstances. Little is, therefore, left unsaid, that to n careful rend- er appears necessary, in order to term a proper idea of the rapid growth of this vast cast country of North America Aij outline, however, of the growth ( f postal faciiuies cannot to sucn fail to iae i>\ interest. As we have said elsewhere it was not, un- til the year 1870, luat the territory was handed over to the Canadian Government, and it is trc/m that year progress propeily dates, iu pDstHl l^cilitits liS well Hi? in a^ri culture and othu-r hues of iuUuslry lUat are fast earuiug fir the couniry an cuviatile reputation Hl)ruad. Betore the year 1853 but three miils were despatched annually lo ttiis cotiu'.ry. One (if these wa^ brought iroui England in iiudsou's Bay vessels employed iu the : tur traiie— brinj^ing out the nececsiries tor : the company ar.d taking back lur.i as re- \ turn cargoes, — the destinalion Ijcing York Factory, ou the souih-westtrn shore ot Hud=on'a Bc.y. Tae oiher \>\o were ('es- patcned Irom M(jiitreal vu'. Lake Superior and the Ottawa llivcr. It ULiUally took, about 40 anxious days to compitte the; trip to the Ked Kivir. Alih-uign interpn,- 1 vincidl trade was hot \u tLa: advnnced state, to call f.r the .spoidy de^pittch ot the present peri' d, tlie aoxlety ot tlu; I'evv sett- lers of Assinibuiu, whilt; wa.tlug tars.' ; long months for tidings from the out.-iile worl'.. may be readily iiniungiued, especi'il- ly by the neitler ui' the Xoitliw.'st, of t!io presi-i.t dny, who expecis his mail even in ' the m'lfct remot'j corner at le.tst, ; ncc a week. In the year referred to, 18.")3, a montaiy Uiiiii was e.sla!j!ibli((' bftiM'.-n Fort Ripley, the nearest American olBce to to this country, an-^ Winnipeg (then Fort Garry), which, it will be understood, relieved the anxiety of the settlers in an almost unmeasured degree. The distribution of the mail matter fr )m Fort Garry over the country, depeniJed altogether upon the favors of the settlers one lo another. This service was carrii d on unchanged for four years — un- til! 1857 — when tlie American Government optned an office at Pembina on the In'er- natioiiul bouBd>iry, near Emerson. A ma-l route was then ooened through the energy of the citizens of Fort Garry, with Pembina, making connections month- ly, which with the Governmcnt'.-i monthly service via the lakes, in the summer season, .still f'^rther increased the conveniences ot the C'lonist.^. In a short time this latter service wan increased to fortnightly, the stage fare tor the lound trip being fO 25. Iu 18G2, the Americnn Government iucrea.sed their service with Pembina t > vvt;ckly, and sUojtly after to tri-weekly, and not to be behind iu enterprise, tire resideiits of Foit Garry increased their connecti(Jus to the same frequtncy, travel- ling often iu the summer on horseback and by dog train in the winter; but, of course, a large conveyance was not r> (juired to carry all the matt;,'r coming mto the c:>untry that way. As the service was all volunteer work, it had to be made up by a local postal t-ix, and all tiir mail mattn- going out hid to be stamped with Ameri- can stamps, Hi it mailed at Pembina The ofilc'e at Fort G^rry was kept in a s-nall log house abor.t twelve feet square, on what If. now called Post Office street, with Mr. A. (t. Baauatyue, poot master. There vcre up to that time, three or tour other iul)-officc-8, one at Portage la I^rairie, and the others also a dirtin. c out, whlt:h were served on the volunteer system, but not wi-'i much regularity. As v\c have said the cour.try passed into tlif; haiids of the '.'anndiau G >vorcraeiitin 08 1870, and in the following year it (•.niue und(ir the (Janndian postal laws There were then twenty-one offices opened, in- cluding those already in existence, and served semi-monthly, weekly, &c , as was considered necessity- Closed bags were then made u|) at Windsor, Ontario, lor Fort Garry, an(i a tri-weekly stage rout;; opened Jrom St. Cioud, Minnesota, th this ( ounty. Itt)ok seven days t') com p'/ttj thu over- land distance, 421 Uiiies. As the Amc-ricau line, the St Paul, Minneapolis «k JManitoba R. R,, neared the Manitoba boundary, the staging becHiue less, and the mail service more frequent and more regular, till on the ir)th of January, 1875, the railway reached the boundary, and a daily line was o-^ened with Winnipeg. In 187G a mail once every three weeks was e&tib- lished with Edmonton, 90') miles west, and serving fiveintermediht loflias. The Iftte Hon. Jumea McKay was paid $10,000 annually f(>r the service, and he maih^ the trip in tAcnty-one dnys- In 1880, Mr. J. W. McLean to >k the contract, and was paid at the rat'; ol $24,250 for the work, the mutter beimx many times heavier than a year or two bifore, and the number oC offlcts to be served many timismuUipiied ; bl>t as the iftihvay pr ic-ede 1 %ve>t\vari, his trip Slowing hhoiter, his pay merit grad- Uill^.- (iei;liu(d. In 1 882, tliere were 207 oflloes in opera^ tioo n Miiditibi and the Noith've.-:t, bringiiii; in a revenue i f .'J44,y75. In 1875, the money order sy^tJlTl v.'as m- troduceil, and the tit i! Hm')n:it is-wed liiid pail figured up to if!5;i,:{2(), .ir.d vvhJoh item uicreMseJ t > $4:52, 27:5 in 1883. In the mo;.th ot ()ct)')er, 1883, there were 201 < flics in oi)erat;o:i ; and during the year etidin- Jane, 188;5, tie net revenue ; was |i:!2 704,7!), with an o.x.M'nditare of $148,()88.57. In thi. latt^ir year there were , nine money order offices i;: oj-erutio;) from; wh'cli 20,0:U) ord'-rs v\ere i u d for ;'. sum amounting to $2(!1 lliS. In June of that year, also.'there 1.478 miifs of mail route served by rail- wa>«, tmi-'ioymg nine mail clerks. In that yi ar the cntTri poctil rtvenu* (.f the Dominion was $1,800,;jU0, and the expen- dit ire-t 2,17G,0S9, so t lat .Manitoba con- tribut'.'ii about the one-fiurreeuth part of the entir ! revenue, and added but on< -fif- teenth ))artof the expenditure to the cost of s; rvice. Ini't^ad of the post il service ( f tie country being a heavy bill of ex» pense on the Dominion, it very nearly covers itself, — a showiiitr that is n(it made by some cf the other Province?. At the timf writing, July, 1884, the R -p it of the p. stni9Ster general h^s not r.'ached us, so we are witbont sta'isrics fo;- the last fiscal ytar; but as theli$-t if offices opened has increased to upwards of 400, and IS tile country is in one tt^ady rrarch of progrmnna' mcoiu", in exc'eca of fxpenditur,' s, thn sorvieji of this country comes within a few thorsands of covrrinff copt, the averfg.^ render will nn- (ierptand tliat t!):> country is one of pro- rress that cannot be checked r,r impeded by J'Tiytliinfr th it may Iib said by natnril b'Tii g"nrablers or intercptod partic'-. TH^ «¥STEM OF SUStVliY. strange the m; Intl that th ing thr tween and th( a chec rivers, The system of survey of the lands in the Canadian Xorthwest is at once most siniple and comi)lete, — in short it is so nnich so that in half an hour's study of the niaj) any man with ordinary faculties, although an entire 6!1 stranger to the country, Clin place liis tini;cr wii »'^'"' '"- linger up tlie sido o: tlie map he the ma]), on any property he may desire. enumerates to\vnsliij)s from ■'i' up to the In the first place we may mention the fact ' "oithern boundary ol the rroviiuv, and it he that the 49th parallel of nortii latitude, except- j t'l*" '""'^ liiseye alon<; the boumlary line trom ing through the lakes, is t'.ie dividing line be- [ ''^e meritlian named, east or west, he will fmd tween the American and Ci.iiadiau territories, | the numerals increasing unti! he reaches the and the \vhole territory is cut into blocks like number he is in search ..f. If lie wants town- a checker board without any reference to lakes, i^hip 10, range 12, west, all he ha^ to do is rivers, or hills, from this. Tiie meridian line fo"""' the numerals on the side of the map passing north and south from a point se%cn until he comes to (township) to. then take mi miles west of Kmerson is taken as the other starting point, and all division; ;iie made villi respect to these two lines. At i'\ery six niile> east and west of this meridian, throughout the entire breadth of the countrv lines are run due mcrals on the Ixnmdary until he comes to (range) 12, and where these lines, projected westw;iid aiul northward, meet is hi> objective point, or the township he is in search of. As we have said, these townships are again .suli-- m)rtli to separate '-ranges "on the sides ; and ' fl'vided into miles square or secti- n , and ;l.ese and at each six miles north from the 49111 i)ar- sections uniformly numbered, the greatest allel on this meridian, a hltle to the we.t of sf^nger can have no dillicully in rm,.iMg the ICmerson, other parallel lines are run due east and west dividing the entire face of the coun- try into blocks of six miles sciuarc. There are slight discrepancies in tliL- measurement because of the convergence of the meridians northerly, on account of the convexity of tlie earth, but as these are corrected ca Ijase lines every 24 miles north from the 49lh parallel on what are known as "correction lines," for all i)ia<;iical purposes, we may take it, the country is blocked into squares ot six miles on each side. These bhjcks are called townshijis in statutory parlance, and are subdivided again into bli,ck> of one mile square — -known a.s "sections." There are, then, 36 sections in every township, and these sections are again subtiivided into cjuarters known as quarter .-icctions, am! con- l?ain exacely l6o acres, which may he taiu 11 as the size ot farms in the Canadian Xortliwcst, the whole section containing 640 acres. As the to vn.-liip.^ are thus laid out into tiers for convenience sake, each, tiei northeily from the 49th ])aralle i.-. called a '• tow nship," and numl)ereo mall' ca-t and we.-t fror,i ti;e principal meridian named, the ran;_;es are iuimi;ercd east ai.>l we -t f:on. tiiat point al.-o, comnienc in": ^''Uli the numeral " 1." ff, the;., a maul exact locality sought. When the section is found, the niirth east, the iioiihweNt, the southeast or the southwest ([uarter will lie the exact fa: 111 the land hunter ma\ i..- in search of, and he can. therefore, make "'ikj mistake in locating himself. As these ranges and townships are marked and designated by post> and mounds un tlie otherwise trackless pairie, by the surveyor.^ tlie land hunter can drive across t!)e plains in :iiiy direction, and besides (inding tiie exact property in search of, ean always locate himseil" with respect to any niher j.wint in liie c(juntrv as the se.iman can on the wide ocean b\- thf aid of the compa-s. These ]iosts and township and section out lines may b; fartl er utili/eil in deiermininr distances between any two points on the face of the prairie, if it is borne in memor\- that the townships are ju-t six miles square, and the .sections one. To the immigrant from other countries the-: terms, ot .Northwest tiom. enclatr.re, may a])[)ear Strang.; f.ji a time, but with a little attention he will readily master all the ( etails of survey, and then readily conchnle as we have .said ai the outset, it is most sji, ,.,],. aii<'i most complete. For the Vjetter information of our readers wf n:.'; mer.tioii liie luni.ei facts that the Ifurlsoi/b 70 Bay Company's lands «re sections 8 and 26, •nd the school lands are sections 1 1 and 29 in every township. As the Government has given the Canadian Pacific railway all th.^ odd numbered sections, fi)r four townships (24 ailes) on each side of their main line, as p y nent lor construction, in those parts of the country unsettled, when the line was run, or virtually for its entire length westerly from a point thirty miles west of Portage la Prairie, the uninitiated with a little study can readily locate all the principal inter- ests in the country from an unfolded map be- lore him. f We hp^ 8uid suffic fair idea country, i form a fi we have natural 1 of people are olden and for n most dcs are not e globe. \ emigrat* years in 1 vise the located a up associi western But there the limit and for t an unlim settler of of Amori vided fo but little days of I country 1 others ag sufficient of life w not cons advice, i more ca r 71 CLOSING REMARKS. We have already, in previous chapters, suid siifficient to give the average reader a fair idea of the general advantages of this country, with Bufficient data upon which to form a fair conception of its future. As we have shown, the country has its natural drawbacks, for certain clasi; s of people, when compared with tiiose thsit are older and more advanced ; but for others and for natural causes the classes who ar«! most desired, it ofl'ers inducements such us are not equalled in other quarter of the globe. We would not advise the aged to emigrats hither to spend their declining years in luxury and ease, nor would we ad- vise the resident of other countries snugly located and without parental care, to brcuk up associations, and seek them anew in this western land of unmeasured rcsoun s But there are classes who have not reach d the limit of their ambition in other climrs, and for these the Canadian Northwest oflVrs an unlimited field for occupation. The r)ld settler of Great Britain and other portions of America, who has his family already jiro- vided for in various callings of life has but little more to hope for the remaining days of his allotted time, and for him (his country has no special charms. There are others again, who, although unsettled, li.ive sufficient means to provide every comfort of life without exertion, and to these we do Hot consider it a duty to offer a word of advice, although if their aim be to ania^s more capital or tn aecure solid investments for the future, to develope into the greatest value as time moves on. there an- openingg here for their ambition unheard of and un- known in any othev portion of the world Except in a few isulatod caseii, where tlie very best of speculative tact has been employed, tlie wealthy inenand the wealtliy families of the otlier portions of Canada are those who settled on their holdings when th(! fi(.ttlements in which they located were in their infancy. The rise in tiie value of property gave tliem tkoir fortimes. The history of other countries will repiiat itself here, so that the immigrants who now take up the eountry are those who will leave thiir children and their children's children in peace and pl^^nty in tlie tulure. The matter of breaking up old associa- tions is, to some, one of grave moment — attachments bearing more lioavily than re- sponsibility — but after all this is mere sen- timentality, and aliould iiavo hut little weight with the average parent. Duty t^o self and family are the first obligations on the race, and all sensible people should see that it is fully discharged. The associationu of youth, the attiichments of scliotil day memories and the r.-lationahips formed by the ages of manliood are all important in their way, but should never stand in the road of duty ; and the principal feature of duty is the betterment of (jur condition. TUere are tUonsands ujion thi^usaiids of peo- [)le in England und other countries of Europe, working upon rented farms and 72 eaniiiifr just Kudicient to keep houI aiiect in this country is put clearly aud concisely before the reader. We will, there- foie close by putting a few points in an abbnviateil form, and suggest their careful perusal. EiRltt K****®"* Why theCAnsuiinii ^nnli West Should be l'li«t!!>cn by th- i tiii'> Krant in Preference li» ^cJSier 3»-ix- ti«>n» of the AiuerU-iin < <»iit>iirii :. 1. Manitoba and the Northwest have a jnucli larger yield of wheat per acre than anv other country of the globe; and lunf cattle ciin he r.iis.d at a less expens(> tbiin in anv o tier land under the sun. 2. The Nortl.crn portions of Minii'sotii and Dakota, which Sia'.e. alone ot all of America pretend to be as good wlnal grow- iij» countr'e'i as tlic Canadian Northwest, are sub'ect to hiuher winds, more violent I storms and great(>r extremes of cold than this country. In jiroof, we may remark ! that while the thi'rmometer registers 59 * ! below z(;ro in these States it seldom goc^ below 46® at Winnip-'g, one of the coldest points in this country. The reason of this is that our Northwest is ir a basin, tiie height of land being in Minnesota and and Dakota. Anotiier reason is that the Ro 'v Mountain- are b .vei in Ibitish Aril 'ca than tin tire ir iuc Di.ited States, \\ nicu allows a i.[,i ■.:<.!':> ■ "'valence ot the warm wave from t!' i'aciu • striking this country. 3. Owing to our now having cheap car- riage for grain and other products to the Atlantic, via the Canadian Pacific and ib- water connections ; and the certainty of the opening of the Hudson's liay outlet to Kng- land at an early day, which will bring tlie central part of our country as near (J rat lU-itain as New Yorlv or Doston, |)rices of farm products must, for all time, be better in our J^orthwest than they will be in the country to tlie south. 4. We have the freest form of Govern- ment, and tiu! best constitution in tlie world. We know nothing of revolvers or bowie kniv(,'s, or of troubles >vitli tlie Dulian.s, such as are of fretiuent occurrence in the United States, because of the harsh treat- ment meted out by the American (Jovern- nient. Life and property are perfectly safe even m the most remote corner of this country. C). The compariitively free intercours.-, and the certain chea[) transport between this country and Great llri-ain, and tlie great demand via the Hudson's liay for our exports will give us cheap British goods in return cargoes ; anil the completion of the C I'.R. will give us cheap teas and > dilecs from tiie I'.acific L'oast. G. Our excellent: sup[)ly of wat.;r, as niiiy be seen from thi- nuiin'rous rivers and stre;ims ramifying the country, by n !;l:uice at a map; our amiile stock of tiinber, referred to in other pages ; and our inex- >l(l than ^- remark tcrs r.9 ^ loni s,yw.^ e coldc'sl \ of tlii^ asiii, tlic •sotu and tliat the I IJiitisli L>d States, I' ot tlUi kiiif^ tliis oap car- ts to th'.- c and it.- ity of the t to Kng- briii.L' the lar Ui'at priccjs of be better be ill the F Go von 1- :hu world, or bowie Indians. e ill the •sli tri'at- Goveni- t'ectly suf(^ r of this tercours.-. t between , and the ay for our 1 goods in ion \>vtu the adt vuutuges offered by Maiiituha unu the North— I west. Although I say it (•cquires more means to commence here, 1 mu-tt not brt undL-r.siood us meaning it requires a large amount of oapi- ' tul for a start on a small scale. Young men willing to work, ftiid without families, can nlmost invariably Kud situations on tarma without trouble, where in a year or two, if ; economical, they can lav by enough to make : a commencement ; and there are viiewjcies of frt-quent occurrence in which men with their wivi s. when both arH willing to work, can find situations onJfarnH, tiie man to work ou ' the hirin and the woman to k ■«[) house and care for the other employees ou the plice ; but, ( f course, these witu*tions are not to be I met with everyday. Again, if man and wife are willing to work, there are larni-. to b«* rented in almost evdry corner of the country, wiih buiidiugs upon them where coinmMice- : nunts can be made without the citpital nee ssary to undertake a new jtliice, erect huildings, furnish team and proce- I to business. In any event, iiowever, iJu^ man who cAu land without a heavy family and with from $500 ufiwards in his pocket, e»u if iiuluslriotis and can tul, make a .sturr that will in the course of a few years en.ibl • him to occujiy a position that would be enviel by settlers ui other p^irts of the world who :iave liad twice the capital, and many iiwies the same residence ; but the Hettler must imc be a grumbler, he mu:jt be willing to un lergo the jjrivations of pioneer life, and even they are nothing compareil with the diflieulti s our forefathers encountered in settling the ivilds of the othi-r Provinces. Stock raising is an industrv that p;iys par- ticularly well, Tae cilf, for instance, in lour years tune, that costs the faini r iiciliing hut a little of his time, ami any one man can care for a number of such, is WDrh for l)e.f from 880 to $100 Potalu.-s tnai grow almost spontaneously, 300 tiu-.lMl,s to the acre, are commonly plowed in, [)low>'d icstead ot hoed once after up, antt turn out this yield, and bring in the spring time an average ot 5U to 75 cents a busiiel. Of eoui.se Liiey are cLeap'r io the fall, but the man (;1 means need not ,M 1 t: ici able prices are availaole. 1 .^settled f):i h y I'lvsent farm, a homestead and pre»e!iip;i u uiih a syiio'i ate .siciioul pur:lia.sed, ntar Uri.>iWol(l, in the summer of 16S1, cuinmenced breaking that (all, and put up .small buildings. Next spring 1 had 25 acres in crop, the yield being about 700 bushels of oats, worth 50 cents per bushel. Thtt sunuiPT I broke and back flet 160 H'Tf-H I more, atid |mi it in crop with tlif oilur 'ifi m the Hj ruij,' u{ 18M3. (Jt th.s 150 ncr.., w r • ! in wheat (ictllyfc), wliic'i averugi") 31i biis»i« | eU t(. tl:c i.cri', .,r I.72r) all tu!(l, wliicli F sol'l I for HO ri la, jiiT 1 i|,ii.| ; 15 acri'M < t' hurlt-y, at 4r» l)i.sb. is to til" iiciv. worth .'15 rents ,\ \ buHJu'l, !■ !. "vliicii I t'til to jiigH II steul ; 100 ncres cf ( rj, „t iilK u' 5r> b';stii'ls to tlic Htm- "Wha' I ^ . il t;l tiii.i! i.'.iiiz (i 2i cents n buBiici ; V \hv otlier 10 aun i 1 raistil homic flax sti(l, j»i)|at() H, iuid ()th(r Vfgu'uheH, nil of which uirci'd i)U' ;i. liaiiilaoinc vi«M. Tl e total ot tilt' crop, if s 'Id, woulil have netft-d .some 'Sa/J'jr, bnt, of cu-s, I <'onKuiutMl a quantify ot each product on tlif farm, and retained aiiother portimi of each r)r s.-cil In liilp 1 liu 1 but two men and niy>(' f and son (Inriiij,' ilip hunimer montl'.H, wi'h ii liltl- extra in the harves', and dur.ng the suinmer as time !•■ nnited we broke and backset 115 aoros in re for the j)r. sent yeai'.s crop. Tliis will leavf 21)0 ucr.-s for this year with the ex- ception (f ahdut 25 iicres for siiniiner fallow- ing. To n-iiih these r'-sults I hatl an amount in i uildin>.'s, hut this might have l^ei) either moe or less without •Ihcting the yeld re8!*lon jH'roiM PraueiM Clej^K* Keeve «1' Klloii Miiulcipallly. I have been a resident of Manitoba three yeais ; have been wor», I h.ivc hud ccws to calvH every nnnMi in winter and rais" tlndr ci ves As to the i^rtns-i and hay of ManitolM I liaV'! to siv I'Olli ae lief, r than lame grassiH HoMi for milk and fitt' ning pirpis-'s ; al o for k-epiii;.^ block thmns^li wi'itcr, H;iy CiU be 1 ut and .-tark'd t'.!§l pi-r ton. < attl** cm fed out fr ini tiv'^t of April to rhe middle of Novenber or llist of 1) c 'Mil)'r ; ttiev have douo !-o in this vi inity for ill'- la^r three years, Tho acrual 'osti f hteakinyaiid bmik- S'tting land is l$6 ii i a'Tf ; "-e d an I puttinur it in ifi2 per . ere ; h.irvi siing and .sta king $2 per acre; thnshing $1 p'r n'c; coh' of marketing will dep n I on dut iiK--- from rail, wav. Timothy grass orows wll on li^nvy in f.f all kiiidt do well with ail oidinary season ; in lact fhey excel aiy thing I ever saw in any oth r country. I th'S.MS>;i of 1883, tlm m)ath of ,luui? wa- dr, and h<»r, a d undur the same climatic intiuenif's in Oi't ano crop-i wou d ha»e been a total failuTf', or nearly so, yer, in this eoun- fy wlier' griin was sown early and piO;erly put ill, au'i li;irvest(d in tmi', th' yndi was good and the simple excellent, fciarly and lr."st' .s /;i pric s were good. My opinion ot of th s country is that itsroil iitni e'imale are well ad.i(ittd hir mixed tarmmir, and any practic-1 fanuf'r with sulHcicnt ineans to stJirt, and u^e the •neigy and Ciiut'oa that are reijuired in any other e lunfry can su'.-ceed iu tuw. As to the ciy of di.sconteot iliat waa gotten up and spieid hroadciSt 'ast winter, it may be attributed co dilferent causes, viz; Lsi, ill xpiii'Miie 111 ilirt >ounj( men who thoir^iit to have a fortune m one n ason ; 2nd, to tiie ellort of middle agt d nnd oiU men who had failed in nearly every busiatss undi r the sun, and had come to Mailtoha aiid ihn Noitliwfst v,i.' retUoni tin ir li..st tor ■ tunes ill a year or two ; 3r.i, t > rhe wlii ns > I at^itators and sp culitois a',u w.intf.i to iiavi- a g'.od time, and make .- me .i.unty uu, of th- mno:ei.t seiner; Ith, |>ilitu;ii a-'pirants ami tricksi"is w;.uwinti'd to ni'-e (■a|tital fo'' themsf-lvt s i. ..i mods pjli.oa L. Most (d' the pr.icii^ iii t iruic.s.inl ixpeii c d bubinesi men viewnl th" s.i,..Miion lu a b.isi- ue.«slike way, known g tiiai, a. I coU'inirs nav.' their climatic chnug-s and si >it e.ops c.iisirg lessor luore depfe8;-iou, iii '.vdci tlu-y ih- - ' selves sliare. lint these ii iv.- ki'yl o.i i ■ * ^ ■ i even tenor of tt eir w;iy, and are u-j^ with ami ^nnd ^('iis|i..i tN Idfkii'ff forwiinl to i K. ii-iti'ul | in-ln'-'r n. wll vtvsui li m1 Mint hi-ic'sli liniViNt ihis yiui. l'iMj-»', ill iiiv otiiiiixi, j i-* II inly u 111" or i|iiiti' kd, an I wi i vi-ry v/h> Km iiiii cmm to .Ni.uiitu itttiKl Urn NkiiL- I li III- t". Hliotv r.if ir. TUM IU.lll «lt.l tll** OHnil la , I ; 'liiii , A ^ii'tit uil^Hiit.tij'- ; iMit (i<'04UH«< li" III' »; 'tisid'Tii'il" iij Miey III' 'It'll li> ^'' t« thH I' \i nil mil to all t.'ini,;<, li m in 'ii-y pi- clii IimI H>- I>iivh 1111(1 liir.'H iHiior lu a Ufk** hxifia, anil tin kiii^ hims'-li above iiiaauil alior, l)t|()rij (hi- ciiil nf lliier ••'lUs li< is iii ■, A'lil vf-y idt^n iIomh cuim! tli " ko^'**** WrUt an- t'lIIIIMIH' HOiiH Wl.O Hl»' able •»! WcilK f'Tiil sMiliiiv to uiti;^'*! ir 'or a wbi'c ; t'i"y i iv;i Tiiak"' lioiiitH tor tl ciiim'Ivi m im h Iimv xcai't 'tVmui laiiiifiH WHO iir« hiippi'ssliii i<\ ()iii>iiio Wiih a ti am iinil twn rokvs, soui" voiiiiy Mi.ii;k, ariit |.ii,M Mini loulirv, wr.'i §riO'i i i iiioiics ft'i' iiiioii^; tliH j.'ipf lor tips lOHitry •^ariUtT"! HliO liHV»^ HIUIS to }H')VU|" I II in < im ; Mil) uaii brirg vtick ut.ti Imni $50\) lu {(l,itUU that w.ts irady unU VVilltu»{ U) lay tl>i; ^oMeii juoiildniiii'. F.iriin:,-i w ill li.ivi- 1 Mi^f a.i.iUf.i ij,',', iin'viiUn^' iin lia in Maiiiluba. ' I ra > a-isii r von ami ikiuic cuu (.ireat Hii mil witli tiom jtOOU I" jtl Uuo rout r.nlii'.r, tin- Hl.iiiMiieiit, ill i! w.i mim' Ir HU wouldj I'o well to rt-'ttii' 1 I (J r.aiio ami buy ' Ju t > 40 Imdiuls ol vvlUMt |«;r acre ; oatn Ironi o It ();.tiiio r.riiHH r.'.lnr t'nin <; mn' Id 4ii 'hGh, und |in nUies "iid otht^r liro) K tliat Alaiiifoha. .Mv iH,i>,ons aic no' thai tht-y will ompeic witli any tint ran I'n r.iiMid a wonld not do wi-ll m iMi»iiiioba hue lliat tlin (.'innait' vMiiiil b<- m.i ol tiips wnuhl be inou' t'linil-.a- : tuitt fn'V w..n!l b »vi' buililm^x uiid larni'* inrcady, iUi I wiuiM hi-. come a rn-toiifd to thn cuuniry miuh soont-r ttii! woild. ThiH, I thuk, IS .Miliii'.i«int proof tiiat WH bavH just tli • ciiiiia;(! tor lliu jinleoi, •^ owth of farm iiroiuci- CattU- nr- hfiiliiiv, liiirx's not k> imu'li ho; UiH oxcii lor the lirst l.-w years, niurs. you have some lush 1 1 tbio* away. Buy a youn>; and niak- money Iroin ttie .sr lU. 11 r^ ilit'y native yokfl ; do not, buv old us».'d u|i oxen ; liave eveiyt,' i i; to p'ovid'-, ind llliii^-aiM ll-e them kimllv, (ecd tSieiii well, and Llieu UHaye aie .-o ddli'ieiiL Imiu tii(,»i (.1 t ,h «i!d ! >oi>. win tind ilnm to be by l.ir thu mo I pro' cmniry, tliat u* a rule their money is wa t-d ' fi'a'ilu tenn you can procure. In a laiuiiy, bftori! t' ev get the exjierieiice. On the utlier . COW.'. ai« a uecet-sity ; l)Uy thivw or toir — t ha; d ih;- (hiiiiiio liiv.n. r i» i e>tef ndapte I 10 new Ifginner never r a le a lieM^ r 'nveiini- ut. this ei iiii'iy. j'.s I h.' I !i;iiiy. s hie uioie {^ruiJiial ' Do it, you Will not regret ir, lor vurj.iua and be e 11 do i.i.s ' wii I uildin^ and 'oii'jinK; ' reasons, in tact lie 1.x th" lu.!.! pi. neer lor ihi-. coniilry. 1 In conclusion, let inc say, ilie niin, r.ch or Vouis truly, i''KAM.ii LLKCili. poor, who eai' woik and is willini; to, ind at tlie same tune take caie ot liH ••ainin..s, need nor, lie in llic leuat aliaid lo come, but uudts and tops we do not want. I Our Governnient, although verv liberal, to g ve all men over (18) year.i old I'Ju acres f land 'or a iiome, at a cost ol §10, and nave Ir'ser ■'\ 1,230 aciv.s out of every .'■ix miles 1 liu-,. i.,.ea a r. sideiit for eig'at.ea j.ais : «'l'i'i-, b>r the suppon. ot sc.nool.s, tiave auM a fwiiiei duiiiig Hi;; purii d I: i-v^e|l k'lowii th.-ie i.s pl-ntyof room for iiu.i i.^rant.'i, pruNiiiiOg Itiey hiiVc plenty id' •' biiekltut' and di; not leel h).ah to "peddle A \«'<>Kn f Kitn !»IK. liirM»-«!, OF! iiL'u\>i]>t^:. tlii-ir own lanoe " 1 Cite very little \v;.ethir he I r cli or poor it tl e io'iii grant will only w< rk, eiO'Oiiii>e and Keii> out oi d-fd. A 1 oiir iiiiiii by iioiiig .so I ill. I I a tew years hi - <.\>ni • v->, i Xl' "i he le ' verv wisely, in my i'lei, made no special rc-^ci'vaii .1 for id'ers an I lumi of lushioii laiuer ilian energy uud hkiil. I remain yours truly, ^VlLLIAM Kri'SON. 78 / > « TUFF «"1 P (^ETII KK'N OPINION west, may bo summed up aa follows : Early in April tho hot sun dissipates tlK- slight June 22, 1884. Dear Sir, — At your request I send you a brief statrment of facts, cancrniuf^ the re- sourcfs of the ecu itry, as a fwld lor immU gratioii. I hr.ve been a iarmer here hince 1858 ; have j/rown wheat, oits, barley, rye, buclcwheal, all kinds of rootnaud vegetabhs; also currants, crunberries, rasjiberries, rhu- barb, asparagus, red and yellow Tiberi;iu apj)les, bur. ht»v« not been so successful v/ith larger vari«>ties of the latter. It is not because the climate is unfavorable, but on account of the trees hax'ina; been brought from a latitude hundreds of miles »outh of tliis. Out of nine varieties, I suc- ceeded in growing six successfully, of as good sanifiirs ns any of the kind grown elsewhere, viz : Transcendant, Hislop, Marengo, and two or three other vrrietie-*, of improved crabs ; also Totooske, a real apple. They produc'd fruit for six or eight years, and gradually die<1 of black heart. I feel saii^lied that if we can intri)duoe trees from North Ru sio, where they grow 25 bushels of apples to the tree, as far north as .55 degree'^, and so plentiiully that they are wortli only 25 cts. per hustial, we can i!o the same here. It is unnecessary to state that the country cannot he surpassed as a grain growing te)ri- tory. The wild grasses are most uutriiioua for stock. Taking everything intv> considei- ation. 1 think the Northwest the most favorable part of his cotitinent fcr settli « ment, notwithstanding nur cold wini<-r.\ We are I'r. e from summer frosts ; tliere are uo grain jiests ; we fiave a good market for pro^ duce of ail kincts ; a liberal government, and liglit taxation ; and last hut; not least, uo cyclones such as prevail to the south of us. Yours truly, W. B. Hall. 'I'he Hermitage, Headingly. IVO-HTHWKN'l' < a.IMATK. BtatiHticH IVhicli Di«*proTC €nr rent Falla«i«^N. Manitafen as rompart^l With n(>rniany and KiiMNla. [From Manitoba and the John Macoun. ■"• (3 rent Northwest by \.. r" T,.,s.j The progress of th- -■,ca^ull.•^ and the labors of the husbandman tinoughout the North- covering of snow, and almost immediately, ploughing (lomujences, as a/'er the fro.st is out six 'nehcs, spring work may begin. Seeding and ploughing go on together, as the ground is quite dry, and in a few days the seed germinates, owing to the hot sun-* shine , the roots receive an abundance of I moisture from the thawing soil, and follow- i ing the retreating frost thr ugh the minute I pores opened in it, by its agency penetrate I to an astonishing depth (often two feet), all I the time throwing out innumerable fibres, ! By the time the rains and heat of June have 1 come, abundan'^e of roots have formed, and ! the crop rushes to quirk maturity. It is just fis much owing to the opening power I of the frost as to the fertility of the soil that the enormous crops of the Northwest are due and, as long as the present seasons ! continue, so long will the roots [)enetrate into the subsoil, and draw ricli food from the inexhaustible reservoirs which I know are there. After the middle of August the rains almost cease, and for ten weeks scarcely a shower of rain falls, giving the farmer time to do all necessary work before the long winter sets in. These general character- istics apply to the climate of the whole North wcKt and the same results are every- when; observed every tract embracing 300,- 000 square miles of territory. One important result of this peculiar climate is the hard- ness and increased weight of the grain caused by it. Another, equally important, is the curing of the natural hay. Uur ex- perience ofOctober and November has been that the horses and cattle do better to col- lect their own food on the prairie than to be fed by hay. All stock raisers know that it is not cold that injures horses or cattle, but those storms of sleet or soft snow that are so frequent in Ontario and the Eastern I'rovinces. Such storms are not seen in the Northwest, and the cattle are i never wet from November to April Many intelligent persons are afraid of I the wintiTS in the Northwest, as they meas- ure the cold by the thermometer rather than by their own sensibilities. It is not by the thermometer that the cold should be be measured, but by the humidity of the atmosphere. All through the fall my men never noticed a few degrees of frost, and it was no uncommon thing to sec a man riding in a cart without a coat, when the thermometer was below freezing point. J. 79 A. Wlioflook, Commissioner of Statistics for Miniiisota, A'rf)ti! as follows concerning, the ntmospiiere of that State, over twi^nty years njro : " Tiie dryness of the air in Min- nesota permits a lower range of temperature witdoiit frosts than in moist cliniatce. The thermometer has frequently been noticed at 20 (l'fi;rees without martial injury to vepetation. In the damp summer evenings of Illinois and (Jhio, for example, the heat passes off rapidly from the surface of the earth and from plants Frosts develop under such circumstances at a comparat- ively hiji^li temperature. Tin' coiistant bath of moisture nas softened the delicate covering and enfeebled the vitality of plants ; and thus a fall of tint thermometer which in Miimesnta would be as harmless as a summer dew, in Ohio would sweep the fields like a fire." What Wheelock says of Minnesota is equally true of the Northwi'st Territories, and more so, as they arc certainly drier. Dry air is a non-conal Vl**w» on the /%Kri- (MiUui-itl lieMOiireeM ot the Pr<»viii<'«5. The following letter from Dr. C. J. Alio-, way appi'ars in the Montre.il Herald: — Almost d:iiHy we are ui receipt of eheeriag words regarding the briglit outlook for the cotnina h-itvestm Manitoba and iurther we.«it aloni? the line of the Ciinadian Pacitii Kdl- vvay. The crop in npresented as not only hping nearly double inciuantity, but as good or better in ipixlity than that cf fcimcr years. This is utidoubtodly a fact, and it may fairly be supp )sed thil su(;h a eir umstanre will r.ot bi; noticel from year to year. Ikd sea- sons may and undoubtedly will, occur in t'-.e Northwest, but lain iuclimd lo tiie bidief that It will be no more, DOs.sibiy not so luu ;b. the seat of reservc'i us more southern ehaiea. History tells us that the peopling of a diss trict is instrumental in many ways in bri.'igmg abou' impoit.Ant climatic cuan<^cs. This has been markedly the case re;^rtrdiui/ M>i!iUoba, many of the i>Ul settlers tlfclanng that tlie c imiite of tvday is vastly dilfeient to that of half a century ago. The growth of ti|.viis, tilling of the soil, planting of tree-s artdicial irrigarion and other results of civiliza'jon have been active ag-'.nts in bringing about such a change. Each year Vrings with it the exper ■ iences of the past. Where errois oivurred before, the wise will not rej)e.it theiu. " Kx- pHrienci! is a hard master, but it teaches Rood lessons," and the pioneer must be jKiask.ssed of sufficient perseverance to be undaunted hy obstacles and to profit by hi> own mistakes, thus making stepping stones of his failures to rise to effic:enivy in his ciliing— the nature, productiven- .-ss andinexh>\ustibility of tfie vir- g'useil reducing thepos^i'^iiity of afailur>( to a luiiumum. Now ttiat the speculative fever has abated and the conie(iuent. u ihealthy Stat"; (f excitement has disippared, llie tiller of the acil Will have ample tioi'^ to atteod to his legiMmate duties, and a brilliant ai d pros- jterous future may be safely predi{t;d hr this most fertile section of the American loijtin- eut. 80 Let luf her.j point out to t'ii' ' intoadiiig settl r aciivuiiisUiuc' woi'rhy ofcouxuliMMtion. Tliciiios: casual nyKci' •-,'!■ ci:!ir)t'>ut he stnirk with the scarcity Mt'livc, stock 1:1 the I'roviure. Fully niiietv I'l'" ci")!. lif those tnii/ii^fed in fiiri':ing JVVi' si hly eii<^ige ! i;i t-'i'"'' i '-k ^hftit, a corn|iar.itiv. 1 .■ limiti-.l luimh-r lurniiifr tiieii iitlentiwii \o the ovhcv t>rai cues of hus bamiiy. Those jn'i po-iug to aiiopr, thiscemi- try as liieir luture huiiu; wouid do well to take with them as lia'j<« a [I'OjioUk 11 ot all kiua.s of live atockas their lueaas will ud'.'.'it of. The cliiuati'! is better suited fir th- rai». ing ofhorses, cattle, pigs, sheeji, r'lwi, &o , than i^ eitfier Ontario or Quebt;i;. Hoibes do wtU (HU all winter, and while cattle have to he hi u-ed the ]);!rio 1 is from six ws-tijs to two mo'iuiii shorter than it is with us. The abundance ef fund t-viables the farm 'r to allow his s o: k 10 ruT- as late as the middle or latter part of NuVi'njh"r, and turn our. again in the .sp;ing about the middle ot Ajtrii, ;:n 1 some St asons even prior to tliat 'irativi' certainty, a'td no fiirmer s'lould ifc wicaout a fair proportion of ih.Mu "CIm- season of 1883 clos.'d rather disas'.r.uly otlie produ- cer of (crea's, the results of unexpectediy scvir*' frnsts early in September. Ha 1 tncre been even a moderate (jnantity of livn stock scattered thiou<,'a tiie i'rovii.C', the so-called " fiQZcn wheat" could have eiisiiy been con- verted into beef, etc , for which a ready m«r- ket ean always b ■ Irid at paying pricfs It has he-n a matter 01 some sui pdse that this subject: ha.snot received ^ore ait-n;ion from the better class or well -to-do ftnners of Man> itoba. Taking th3 necessaries of lile, lieef is by III) means the least of opiniou that otli-rfirni piodiii't'-, mo-e '\i;pcinallv live -tcck, wilMft fiu'id -I Mi.lir, I'll' .I'juii'v, and one I'loinentiy won iv tli* ."Mi-ia nii m u lue intelligent atiriculturist of tiie Northwest. In reply to yours of u hite date asking for my experience and opinion of Manitoba as a field for immigration, I b( iU'' to say that ] am, as an immniigriint of five year's resis deuce, perfectly satisfied with my success, feeling coiilideiit that I could not have done better in any part of America. With your permission I will cite a few of the reasons I liave for this confidence. Ill the first instance, upon conducting to emigrate, I visiti-d Vanitoba via the West ern United States and tboroiighly informed myself as to the land regulations res[)ecting the ac(iuisition of hon'osteads, and I found those of Manitoba much more advantageous than the Americtan. I hiive visited most of the States of the Union, and I have found no soil super. or to that of Manitoba, and I know of none at all approaching in it excellence exc(;pt that of ilic valleys of the Genesee in New York, Shenandordi and Lnray in Virginia and a few tracts in the valleys of the Ohio, .Mis- sissii)pi and Missouri rivers. While we have an ample j)roportion of (day in our subsoil, wo ahso have the reciuisite dash of silica to insure easy working and hence sundried clods are unknown. I may say en passant, that in my o{)inion Earl Dufferin's famous simile " Tickle the ground with a straw and for h laughs a gol- den harvest," tends to misleads m iiiy ama- teurs who come to us full of faith in that noted utterance, only to find that good cul- tivation is quite as much a necessary here .as in other countries It has been clearly demonstrated in ?/Ian. itoba that good and thorough cultivation is the chief clement in achieving success as in other climes The best of water is readily obtained in most of tiie settlements by digging from 12 to 20 feet, and numerous flowing springa abound in the vicinity ot the c.eeksand rivers. 81 1 have several such on my propeity that •'o not freeze enoutih to prevent catth- wateriufT themselves all winter loimd. As to the eliniMte, I can truly say that I am asiieiahly disttjiiiointeU; 1 Jiave vet to see a storm more dittieiilt to face than many f have eneonntend in Ontario and the Western States. DnrinK eaeh of tiej fine wint'-rs 1 have passed in Jhmitoba, I liave travelled (piite half o the time, 1 have worn only the oidinary elothintr f was ae ■ customed to wear in (Ontario : J have sle[)t in the snow niorr than on(.'e. when the therriionurter s ood Ho - hidow zero, and I have never yet lie. n frost liiifiii. During the winter I winided six hnlloeks and thr.c young < attle i> a close roofed shed, oiieti to the north-east from wl ieh (piarter winds are vury rari;. In t r spring these eattle wer.' in much het- ter (o.uiition ilian the stalded [)Oition of mv lurd. To continue the experiment dur- ing- Ihr following winter of 1881^-4 I stabled no cattle but the milch cows, working bul- locks, a short horn Imll and the young cilvi's. and as hi t'oic the Mutside animals, with one exception, were m the brsts])ring condition. 1 tiiid tiiat he low mercury will nor injure the stock, f proicetvtl from the winds and the wet Notwithstanding the foregoing 1 believe that where i^'va i< scarce and timber is pUn- ! tiful it is bi!tter to hous.; the stock, as those ' outside will consume more food, but where I we have the bay lor the cnrin ', tnat item | is nii. i in re spring and auluinn Irosts, 1 havv' ' not lost ten dollars by fro.->ts in the five j years. Idy cereals have never bei-n injured, j and in tlie garden ( have only twice seen I the ( lb ets of frost, dn luu occasion my : tomato s w( re cut .lown. an. r>[.oi)(jKrr said : ''The basin of the lied Riv:r and its tributaries istlicseatoi the greatest average whea jiroducts of the American Continent, and piobably of the world." Lmuj DiFKEiuN' said : " This undreamt of Dominion, whose illimitable dimensions al ke contbund the arithmetic of the siu-- veyor and veritii the half breeds." Kkv. G. M. Grant said : The soil is almost everywhere a peaty or sandy loam resting on clay Its only fault is that it is too ric.i ; crop after crop is raised without fallow or manure " Of Urain Kcqiiiretl U* ISiipply the iHarketM of JKnKlaud. Tlic IVorthweMt Will Comuiandi the tiraiii Tratle q»t theui^ui World. Mr. M. M. Cope, of Monmouthshire, Eng- land, was for many years engaged in the grain trade and grain shipping business. In the interest of his business he visited all the principal grain growing countries in the world. In July, l88i, he visited the United States and Canada. lie came here to satisfy himself, by personal inspection, of tb.e correctness of the ideas of the Scottish and English farmer delegates, as given in their reports at home. Mr. Cope travelled through all the wheat pro- ducing States of the Union, and especial at> tention to Dakota and Minnesota— the rival grain fields of Manitoba ; and then came on to Winnipeg He was recently in that city. In conversation wUli a reporter, he said : That part ot the Red River Valley running through Minnesota and Dakota is the best wheat country in the United States, exce,jt, perhaps, in the valleys of Sacramento and San Joachim in California and Oregon, 1 arrived here in September, l88i, and spent two months in this country, visiting the Qu'Appelle and Pipestone rivers, the Souris, Pembma. the Mennonite reserves, Gladstone, Minnedosa, Shell River, and the Shoal Lake districts. I saw a great deal of grain, both in sheaf and in stack, and obtr.ined much inform- ation from settlers in all parts of the Province. I took samples of wheat from dilierent points, rubbed out of the ear by myself. It at once be-, came evident to me that the weiglit of this Scotch fife wheat, the quantity of bushels per acre, and its special adaptability to the new process of milling by rollers and purifiers, would command the trade or the world. It simply became a questi' a of tlie cost of trans portation. Any surplus of wheat raised in this country would command a ready sale in the English markets at the highest prices. But I could not fail to observe the carelessness amd indifference on the part of the sett ers gener- ally to the necessity of harvesting their grain in good condition, and afterward in protecting it in the stack. It was also to be regretted that they attached little or no importance to the quality of the seed, there being many varieties of wheat grown in the Province that are quite unsuitable for this country and climate. I impressed upon one and all, "where I had the opportunity of doing so, the absolute necessity of confining themselves exclusively to the Scotch fife, and pointed out to them the importance of properly cleaning their wheat and keeping it in good condition. But as matters stand at present, it reflects very much upon Manitoba and the Northwest when its illconditioned grain comes to be graded at the various shippmg points. After traversing about 1,000 miles of the Canadian Northwest, I visited Ontario and Quebec on my way to England." " How were you impressed with those Pro- vinces ?" "My experience was different from that of most people. An attempt was made to im- press me with the fact that Englishmen could do better to jump into the ready-made farms in those Provinces than by becoming pioneer settlers out here I came to the conclusion that English farmers, if they made a ciiange at all, would do far better by coming right out to the Northwest. Here they have maiden soil to cultivate that will not require fertilizing for a generation ; and the amount of capital required would be far less than in the older eastern Provinces On the whole I concluded th?." I^tiglish P'armers would not benefit them- seKes t;r^v ri-n,:', by voming out to Ontario, True, they ii.i<;;ht be f.irming their own land and have niorc h'eedom ; but the profits would harf'.ly ue -iufi :;i«i,i to justify th^^m in >naking til' chiji^e, exc. laing sue exceptional in- stancc;^ tlic -.ufi;!!''! farmer, who h;'s been the pioneer in e^ory j^art of the civilizcke his way out on the pral Ihf pral praj oni eral| ted appl the> of offti the the catid Engl port! sami alsol Cha whe; 88 prairie as successfully as any Canadian farmer. I have met settlers of all nationalities or the prairie ; but have never yet met an intelligent practical man who was dissatisfied with ins lot or jM-oposed to return home. But I met sev- eral young fellows who were altogether unfit- ted for hard work, but wiio nevertheless appeared to be happy and contented, although they did not seem to have very brigi.t prospects of making money. Others again, had shaken off their old ideas, and had settled down to the new order of things, and evidently realized the necessity for hard work and its close appli- cation. In December, l88i, 1 returned to England and visited all the chief shipping ports and commercial centers, and exhibited samples of the products of the Northwest. I also read a paper betore the Monmouthshire Chamber of Agriculture, entitled "The future wheat supply ot (ireat Kritain," and took oc- casion to especially bring be'bre the chamber the wonderful resources of this country," "What proportion of that 200,000,000 bush- els comes from India ?" " Probably 10,000,000 The supply has increa.sed wonderfully during the jiast two years and is likely to make wonderful strides in the future, as the cost of production is so small. They get labor there for a mere song. Indeed it is India that Canada must hereafter fear a.s her keenest competitor in the supply of the British markets." •'How does our wheat compare with any other article on the English market ?" " With the exception of the finest quality of Australian, and the highest qualities of Baltic wheat, it would at the present time command a higher price than any other article. And when the new process of milling becomes gen- eral in El gland, which is only a question of time, Northwest wheat will be more appreciat- ed as it wil be better known, and will then command the highest prices paid for any wheat." "When did you arrive in Canada the second time?" " In May last. I spent the summer and autumn in visiting parts of the Dominion not taken in in my first trip ; and have since laid up in Winnipeg. It is quite probable that I shall locate permanently in Winnipeg." " What will be the probable result of your visit here ?" " I hope it will result in bringing out a large number of settlers " "How do you like our bracing winter weather ?" "It agrees with me splendidly. I like it far better than English winter weather. In- deed, it is indefinitely preferable to English damp and fog. I have enjoyed the weather here. It is alarming to read of 40 and 50 below zero on paper ; but I would far so(jner have the weather we have had here this winter to the winter in Ontario, (^)uebec or England. I felt the cold in Bismarck, Da., in Decern - l)er, 188 1, far more than i have felt the cold- est day here this winter. All tiiat people need do is to keep themselves sufficiently clothetl and an even temperature in their houses." [|»TOC*ll R41SiiINO IN JUJL'SV Prize Kitmay by 5l«Jiir Boalton. of Hliell K(v«>r. In at attempting to write an essay upon the raising of stock in this Province, it fcliould, in my opinion, contain practical advice to intend- ing settlers, or the practical experience of resi- dent settlers, rather than the scientific or experi- mental knowledge of older countries. It is worthy of note that tliose wlio emigrate to a new country, no matter to what part of the world they may go, will be wiser to imitate the best experience they can find in that coun- try rather than apply the knowledge they bring with them— the requirements of the country in which they obtained that knowledge bemg so widely different from the altered cir- cumstances they find in their new home. If they are self opinionative and secure in their acquired knowledge they will pay dearly for it betore they succumb — such has been the ex- perience of old colonists. I propose, in this paper, to deal with the question, not as it will present itself to us in the future, when the lands of tlie Province are in a high state of cultivation, but as it appears to the newly arrived settler desiring to take ad- vantage of the capabilities of the country in its primitive state. Manitoba is especially adapted for stock raising, on account of the salubrity (;f climate, the lu.xuriaiice and variety of itb natural vege- tation, and the presence of alkali in the water, which possesses the saline qualities so essential to the healthiness of stock. Animal life feeds upon oxygen, and oxygen is the exhalation of vegetation —therefore, where vegetation is so luxuriant as it is in this country, we have an abundance of that elixer vitae, for all >. ..sses of stock Again, in older countries meadows are prejjared with a view of providing a variety and succession of nutritive grasses, wliilst here we have them in natural 84 and wijiidrous profusion, (irasses, herbs, vege- tables, plants, Howers, fruit, and lowland and upland vef,'etation are so abundant that cattle can provide lliemselves with as fjreat a variety in their feedinj.; as the most noted ei)ieure can secure in liis luxurious home, but with this ditlcrence that tlieir instinct teaches them ai)- stemionsuess w hich often times his reason fails. The late Lord Heaconstield has described this as '"a country of illimitable possibilities" aud in thus attenijjting to flescribe the founda- tion of the stock raiser's hopes, I in no way exceed his prediction or the entlni-iia^tic enconi- ums heapetl uj^jn this country by distinguished and practical visitors. A:anitol)a has tw(j distinct cliaracteri.-^tics in its formation ; one portion of it Ijciniy; low and flat, the other undulating and rising toward the Rocky Mountains. I he low ground in the Red River Valle\ and surrounding Lake Mani- toba, is al)out 700 feet above the level of the sea, and for about loo miles there is little ele- ration, but from that point the country begins to rise until it readies, in tiie north-\\'esierly part of the Province, an altitude of about 2,000 feet. This low part ot the Province, which may jiossibly have been the bottom oi a lake at an early jieriod in tiie history ol the country, receives tii,; drainage ol an enormous extent of country from the south and west, through the Red and Assiniboine rivers, and an all'ivial dejiosit of s-^'veral feet in dejith has accumulated, which produces an abundance of wilil liay, that can be cut in unlimited (juanti- ties, oi'ering no impecHment to the 'nowor. and jiractical men can save a large amount ! it at a nominal cost per ton, and the ripening pro perties ol t!":e sun being so great, havmakers can genera 1 1 y cv.[ one di\ nd stack a day or so after withuul the dange.' of heating, so that the lands of this pan of the I'rovince will no doubt beoomc of great value toHieir own- ers in tlie near future. 'I"he p.irt of the coun- try of which I feel more pri\ Hedged to ..peak excels in the pasturing qualities befme re'o Ted to, the bottom lands being only occasional dt'liressions in the surface. Looking into the future, wc might describe the country in the west as the grazing lands and in the east as the meadows of the Province for the vast amount ot stock that will no doubt be raised in it, when by the occujiation of tlv: couiilrv economical principles will have to be applied to their care, although cultivated gravies will gn^w equally well anyv.hcre. There is no .cr ^..rap'g io i eroiM' tli'-ir lu'fit (■jnii''iii( s ; a" rii^" e'l'-rief r if tiie soil will samp ti nuji, '•■ s lip 'M ivji'k and iuiprovi,' Oi" ■('I) ■. eijite; ttnir (piaiitL.s by iis juxuiiuu.e if the re\ti"ic. I h.v.: uUaimd mi fj.: Iror. par- ticu'ariziu,fr auv c Tt^si of '^h ck, bs I b lii've that all kinds of denu'sti'^. auiiuiils and poii'try eui if. rca td ui lids ecuiiLty to *o,i.b ae ihe ' iiilnst jief c utayt! if in- r.'ase with the low- nl' Lr-t; 'rorri di-v^a"', it or.lin- "ii'i ' arr- HI' liougiit to he'll' I'liose who iuo Un^^^irous of ii.du .!_)• , nu lapi.ai l.* .i.e , 'I 1 ■' . M M h I'l I lirlievif tv '^ ' vry ;-:\e mM;r"eiit to embark, owinj that \J po;,es- Of lab(| niix-dj enconj ahoul. range kept u| responJ most si West.'il poll,-(l High! selves 11 CS T pf (■ Tt !■•(' arv I" ii-MRi ci^ 1.1 I f.l we l,>it ;/ p.i'y 11 .; i 1 I'.r v) •.;■•. .-l u !• 'h k 8ft owiii^ to the lir^C! nuioun!, i.f uiuiccuitieil l.mil I l)rtti'r flass oT miittuii 'I'lir t.iult o' tha that will btf availcible tor : era bay au.i jiastu i ( )ntari(> br ril is that thfv run lui. ininli to ago, should si'li'ut a breed su'uly lor otimk pur- j fat, a most iindsiraldt' (iiiably tor miitton, po;,es — tli> si'iir;ity and m) i I'liuiit hig'i pri.'<' | so tlial a cross must hn s-'curni wbirh will of labor ^iviiif^ the mouop iy of dairy in j^; to i-iMitic thai propriisity, 'iln- cobiiuss and mix>(i l.viumg or co-Mptra:iV" laclonca. To} dryness of tlio climate will iii'piove the encoui'iijii' r'juching in thi- I'lovuic.- a liiw texture of the wool. In the wesieni |>art of ttie Province there is a siijeiidid up abonl.l lie (Ta/ted that call • hal! b.ive a fiei rauge on ml uid't-LCf'd land, ^.r.ividid t' o: .ii. kept under control, and thei • owncis nvnik- responsible for dauiigf done lo crojiH. Tlie niofct suitahh' hreeds for raiiching are the Western Hi.'ldand cattle, the 'iillow.iV o; polled AbirJcei, und ih" D irhaii!. Th for shicp laisini:; Mr. lilij^h, out le .\ssini. boine between Fort Kllice and Siiell biver, killed two lai;bR on the 1st of Movi'nilR'.r, weinliin.,' respectively (>>) und 0.') lbs net. I here is little dania^,'e from frost in the lamliini^ season, und siieep thrive wi II on Highl. uil Ciitile, I think, wow I I'oeil ihini-jtiie prairie hay. 'I"he cmintry is us well Helves for a lar^e portmu of ibe "intfr, j^tali- j adapt- d for the breedimi' of imrses as any biug tlieir living with their muz/Us, iind the\ j otiiir cdass of stock, and it has been proved would increase m siza oil our p.iHtnre. Tl'..i; beef is. lii^^hly prized in the Eiuilish maria t The black pulled c lit Ic ait> u's J a very hardt breed, atid for a portion of .t' e wiiii.r wi u'm suppert thf msclvts - they are very weij^hiy and of a docile temper. Tlie DurlDims aiti a good Ir ed for all pnrpos(r,d:» well u thi'- confitrv, iiiid en i^e nK>re i jiyily dl.ta nd t'^ar. ritJier of the otlier breeds. A u-eful annua lor the (ountry (an bi» bred from the cominoi: Ontaiio (uiv wilh ilie Durha'ii or polled Abt'i- deen Inid, an-i I may utre state that it is of beyond (iiR[iMte tiiat horses will not only endure the rif^^onrs of the north-west sto ms, iiiit wi 1 also winter theiusi Ives and keep fat on the prairie, niuared for by iii n. I consider that a horse, rai.sed on ilie pra'rie, is worth more tlian 25 per fH'nI. mor, lliari an iiiii»oit<(l liorst;, as lie i.-< acidimat izcd, and, what is of luor': importance, le- !■- at- ( nstomcil to the water, whicii is i^eiieruHy jiiipr. gnnted with alkali and S' e :,s to atf rt iiijurionsly the kiilney of bfUHes iinii.s' il fco it Horses brought from (»iitari>> leipiirt' the uuno-;t iuip:;tanc ', ail s'.ock nus'-rH and : great car- ami attention, uumlieis dying ii»nners shcubl te ure none but the bist bred ; ,;vory year from want of uttentioii and bulls (or me qurlities they de^irfi their stock ; from injiidicions treatment, wherea/^ tht to pus.'.ess eittior in ni.lkinf.' or b.< f. We have Eu ope, frjiada and America to dr/iw our siock 'ron;, witn excellent ]eri'^d!: ai:-. and bo.k*. to c.uide us -'■ rhr.t: it i-^ ii eirly a ques tiou or'cipit.u, iinti it is wed f r euv farmeis to realjz ' iha' u is liertor to i.iive ti\e c-a'.s with 11 good hull than ten co^s wit'; a acrn'.. There will b^ a demand for thorougb- brod stock in this country, at advanced prices, so that ther..> is a good o,.^'ninK for a number cf herds of that class, and it is v.-ell natives thrive ami do well. Thi,- home niiirket ;s the market w mare would make a most usetul animal fer this CO uilry. The mares should have ^^ood boll'", good sizi', auj,. ijj^laiid, which noiloubtwiil In- our third the time, with less breeding power , forej^rn market, a different class of horse than for ordinary stock, it will pay to devote I niust be bred A good siz-'d, r, omy, and careful attention to the Siighest staiKlard of | iiony mare from Ontario, w tb a thorough- perfection, or, in othf-'- words ten thorough- l,r.d stallion carefully selected for his sijit bred covvs, costing the same as forty ordinary i ;, rid qualities, will turn out a valuabk- «nes, will realize as much, with lesf- ex jionse ' j,o|.f,,. fdi- export, and when t e Hudson'^ in breeding. The same policy in re.!.,'ard to i j^ay route is f»pened out. thus ensuring tis .^beep will meet with the same result I i cheap transport, nothing will be ablo l«» think that tne Liecester r the Cotswoldr j compete with us in horseflesh. A very ua*- from Un^arK. ar Under, or the Oxford Downs to prcduci; a| (leeure size and bone: we shall then get a 16 beaflt that, will ft'cd himself anywhere, itand any amount of hanlfihip and which will not lag on tli<' road Experience will teach the lnyrscb (M'dcr the best mode of treating his stock, but I would recommend hira not to throw away the advantages which the coun- try confeiK upon h^m in the ability which the liovHf disjiIayM of caring for himself 4uring tbi' winter from a feeling that a warm stable would bi; better than the cold blasts of wintir. It must be borne in mind that »fttur<' provides a covering to the horse com- anensurate with tlie dejrroe of co d that he has to withstiind, and that there is no i)urer •tnaospheri' for tlie young animal to breathu than th unnduit rated air ol heaven, which will nive tJKiu health, life and hardihood and as it saves feed and labor in the cost ef their keep, tlu^ country should have a fair trial in the native leethod of rearing horses. Pigs will form an important item in the farmer's profits in this country, as the cos^^ •praising food for them is small. The breed that we want is the on(> which will mature rapidly an ! fatten easily, and I do not think we can improve upon the Berkshire ; they will live on the grass and will make nice pork in six or seven mouths with proper feeding. Pigs particularly wfit warmth, dr/ness, cleanliness and and pleiuy of feedt stint them in any one of these and you are losing profit Care should be taken of them 4uriD'.' breeding time and a warm p ace pro- vided, and they should not be allowed to breed befon> April, except under special a4vantages for their care, for if your litt(;r escapes freezing, there is a danger of the sow's tsats freezing, in which case ycur litter is left motherless. Avoid the 4anger of frost and nothing will repay you so well as the care of this useful iinimal. Unless you have a good warm house for them and plenty of feed, it is not wise to let your litter come in autumn, as there is a long winter to face, and the labor and oOBt of feeding them will take away the yt«Ata. Poultiy does exceedingly well in this coun- try, especially turkeys, the climate being so dry. Manitoba is the home of the wild duck, jjoose and chicken. A neighbor of Biit»e had a cliicken hatched on the 8th of July, and before the 8th ot the following July she had hatched out 25 chickens in two broods ; this is rather the rule, than th« exception. Looking to foreig,n export, we have a most profitable market for poultry, easily trans- ported in the winter, and any ons devoting his lab(»r to their care is sure ot a rich ra- WMrd 8uggestionH have been ttad* to do- mesticate the buffalo and to import tks reindeer, but these are experiments that had better be left till we have more leisure and wealth to warrant them. Lab r and capital are scarce in a new country, and we aaunot spare either from the development of the most useful industries Mules are a very useful and liardy animal, and wi I suit the wants of this country very well, but as the market for them is limited, and they do not multiply, it will pay better to keep to the beaten paths of ordinary farming for the present at any rate- As we make hi.story while the world goes roiidn^ there ujust be a history to the stock raising of the past ten years in tiiis Pro- vince, which it is one of the objects of this essay to make known, but to collect the . terials for such a history, where the pre«- euc means of communication are slow and the popuhation are comparativi' strangers to one another, is a difficult matter, so that a history of stock-raising in this Province, since 1870. must be imperfect and cannotbe a complete record. One of the first importations of superior stock was made by Mr Kenneth MciCeuzie, of at Creek, a few miles west of Portage la Prairie, who brought into the country, ia 1870, some fine horses aid cattle. Mr- Mc- Kenzie's Durham Hulls have iu'used a good strain through a large section of the coun- try, and he has now two or three competit- ors n ra him in a th rough-bred stock. Mr. Lynch, a brother ot Dr- Lynch of Winnipeg, is one ■ f tlie most neauriful]y situated farm of 2000 aores, "Glei.coe,' im tlie valley of the Assimboiue, near Foit Jillice. He hhs now about 80 hcid in charge i^f his irother from Aigyleshire, Seolkud, '"tia home of tile Wesst Highland cattle, and purpasea improving his breed. Mr. Daws.;n, from Lis- I •87 icer, year I with itev ^eb a liuter Mr. Bay Ifally im llice. his loma hcKset) Lim- I colnshir;>, England, \\&a a faria of 2000 acres on Siiuktt Creek, ueur Kort Ellioe, with about 100 UMid of cattle on i*. He iniijorted iv a 8mHU herd of pure bred Galloways, and uses ■othiiig hut a Galloway bull. He is pursuing his stock-raising ia thoroughly practical mau- ner, rearing hi« stock to teed themselyuft as much as possible, and wintering them iu optu sheds. Until the Ist of January, lie feids them hay at night only, sending them otT to the prairie for their morning meal, and they oome back iu the evening with full pauuclies, and drink no water the sQow tlioy get suffic- ing. After the 1st of January, he feeds them i altogether on hay. He will not part with a j female, and in u few years he will have a val- mable herd of polled Galloways, thoroughly acclimatized iUid reared largely to cure f r themselves iu tlie winter. The Messr-.. Bligh, on the Assmiboine between Stiell Kiver and Fort EUice, from Nova Scotia, have ;i s:na!l herd which they are breeding to a Gallow ly bull. They killed, last fall, a steer two a 1 a half yuirs old, fed ou nothing but [.rit e graao and prairie hay. with very liti!e shtli. :, which weighed 758 lbs. Their cable, at ti;i8 date, December 2 1st, feed out all diy iu the Talley of the Assinihoine- Mr. Gumming, of Birtle, brought up a hundred head of grade «owb from Ontario this year, with a celebnt- ed prize winner of the Durham bread at their head. He purposes taking advantage of !.he valley of the Bird Tail for his winter feeding grounds. In the Shell Kiver district there are tk mumber of small herds. Mr. Gardiner, fr Jui Brighton, England, has commeuctid witi a herd of 25 good grades from Ontario, ar i a fine thorough-bred bull He li wedded to ht method pursued in tho old country, otgi- ng bis stOi k the very best care, and housed i ra •ally this autumn. Mr. Dupre, Mr Field, ^ad Mr. Whit ford brought up ahout 90 head ttom the neighborhood of Westbourne, good grades from Mr. Lynch and Mr. McKenzie's stock. Mr. Denmark brought ia a hard from Minne- sota this summer. Me killed, iu November last, a steer two years and a half old, fro a a good common cow, which h« raised hiruaelf ou prairie feed, with poor shelter ; w tiioh weigkedSOO lbs.. With regard to horses, I haT« not hatn-d of much beiog done. Fort Pelly wai ^telect' i by the Hudson's Bay Go'y as a stock farm, >>. hero under the supervision of Mr. MuBeth, th^' ui tive bretd of horses has beun much impioved and this sto«k (lommands goad prices ou ac- «ouut ot their usefulness for prairie travell- ing and their hariliness. Mr. Fletcher im- ported up a car load of mare« tor tiie purpose •f bleeding fi«ui them, but had threed of horses very much and was very suntvssful with them. He also .'aughf and tam"d a small hrul of Muffal. oe.s, which, at his death, was purchased by Mr. Uedsou, Warden ot the P.-uitentiary at Stony Mountain, and th.-y form an intfrest- ii!g sight tj all passengers on llie trains, which pass that w.iy, wiiere these butfahies pasture on the prairie along with the caitle. It in satisfactory to feel that a very short ref.-r'moo to the dis-a-es of stock is necessary l),c iu.se few countries hav- .-lucli an immunity fro i* them as this Proviu>". H )rses ,so<:ra t; b« more subj ct t) attacks tha'i auy oth-T diss { .stock, ivsultiag uo donhi tiom h i.d f.irc;, hard word and ('xpesuie. Pink (yr is .in iul fectious disease which attacks Ontario horses, and intlammitiou is al.so common, which 1 at^ tiibutf' to a iler,int,''menl of the .system, hrjught on hy diPiicuigth' aUali w iier to •A-hich imported horses are unaccustninf^d. Mange attacks thi' iidtiv.' UJiiii's md h vory i;ifectiou.s, and unl.'!-s tli.'y are in' it ■! for it (an ajijiiication ot .-uplmr, i;iri»,)li acid, lard or coal oil is very (tfective) and cared for,' they will die. Worms are also anoth r form of disease, from wiiich native horses sulfr .• a table-spoonful of ashes, mi.xed witli their feed eytry day tjv a fortnight, will rid theti of tiie pest. I have Uut heard of .mv disease that attacks c ittle or sheop. Poultry have to be protected from the vtrmiu of the prairie. th»* conutry b-^comes fully stocked, as the clraite iSfiucli thacyou cm, by builhug m store house, kill your 'lenf cattle oil' the graa« on the first of November, freeay and store the carcasses and ship to market through the win- ter, at your leisure. There a few feedinf stables, in the old country, that cau put qk)i« weightand fat to an animal, with three I think the best mode of treating the .sub*, ject ot wintering slock iu this country, ia to give a detailed method that a newly arriyed settler should pursue who desires to make stock-raibiug hi* jpecialty. "Kxoeneatift docet" should be bourne in mind by all set- tlers in a new country, and a picture from Punch comtjs to my mind, which is most ap\i plicable te a man who invests his money, without any experience. JONKS AND EOBUI.SON LOUUlTok. Mo^iruou.—" aaUo Joned, into another uartaar ship? Ithouifht that you had had enodgh mt partnerehins.' Jon**.-' Ah ! but you see, circumstances alter oases ; before. J had all the capital and my part- ner had the expeneaoe, now I h*vo the experi" •nee and my nartnor has tho capital." Ail men liave to buy their experieuce, %nd the eheaper they buy it the belter it is for tbeui. A iDuu uiuy invt.st $20,0CC, and from waut of «'X|ieii.f ic to ^ali> IB exp. ritnce by. reserving the n-st to av d the ueu'ssitr of ii partu"' Thero an; « AG c asses o' filming m tins aiiitry which are profitable— grain and atock— the former rennu(S phvsiciil powers to endure tl.(! labor- ■" the soil, and the laltr leijuires snioke. Tne cittLi very s ion apprecintf the valni! of a smudfji.' and will not leave ii a} ni^ht. About the rai'ldle of J ti y the ground for wint.Miiig on shuul 1 i)e sele.;tt'd, huviug r gard (» h ly anda o.ufr of timber for Hhelter and to get logs in for stub es. Tiore are largo (juant'ties of unoccupied lnud, owne't by non-resident speeulator-i, who are hoMing it until the develtjpnieiit of the cMi'ilry caus'S it to rise in \alui', so thit fnr years thert; •„'iil be plent- of rconi for tht* purpose of p.istur> ingr. ' wintering on, and im limit as to ehoL-c thou) ricrhnp; 111 ^o:ne cases ]ieriMis9ioii may ha'' !• obtained. Tne jionies aid mower will . t oiiC" tif brongh' into rciiuisuiiMi, an I of cu tivatin, Cttpital to puichyse the stcek. Tliere are ct^nis a-sufh ieney of hay s:ivod tov winter eonsmnp- iijg to this country a Class if yi'Ung nie I who tion, allowing about 3 Ions foi ows and 1 have iidi, been brought up to labor, but who ton for calve.s and sheep, per heap ; tliis is a bring with them a small amount of capita:, Hber.il allowance. The h;iy can be sticked and to them 1 wtuld give the following -vhe.e it is cut. or hiuled to the site of tha advice, warning tlu m thai ;i ol"-i- and cons* ."-table. After tlie hay has bicn Mecured logs tant ajiplicaiion of their indu-^try is a 'ways would require 1 1 be out for a stibh',] and as it essential to .'^iieces.s, ny. well as t'CononiizinK is only to le- tenip"tirv, if i lie Iocs ate not the piofits (if '!:ouiig men to club then- resou^ce^, Miy i?400 Ciie!', iiud uii ihtir anivi.liiJ \VinuJ|.eg, in Mny or Juni-, ji.ichiS 2ri common cowh et ^^12 each, (the.'e conid also be obtaintd at Poriage la I'rairie or Bran- don) and, in Ontarir, as tlie\ |a.-.s inn.uui it, afur ci nsuitmg With the iiu;horiui'> 'f th.; mangel-, fitt-d into the logs aa ttie building isr.ti.sed, ,ind one more for the ridge polf. Fit one lound on the top of another by notch- ing tiio:oi;s at tiich end ; uolch the mangev lojLs in. put on theridije pole acios.s the cmtie (.f the Imil'ling t.) siijiport the roof, then jiut oiia number of small poles from the ridge pt le to r. ach each side of tiie building for the roof, and your bui dini,'is up. .\fter having put uf» both building.s, )lice iluee loi.:.s from ^oce. Faimiu Guelpb, or somn oilier wei tone to the otln^r, lo support th" riof of ycur known iiUblic souice of information, a tboi- Ulicd, srr- 1,-)i po es acroHS tlvsr* for your roof ougu b'ed bull of the eliss ti.ey fiiiicy most, anilem t 'niniber .igninst the back part for at, .sav,2'fiO,a flo(;k of 41 s'leep, ^35, 2 iniTive I ilv> back of the sh-d, tl>ea chink in Uia logs ponuf, wi;,'i harms , capable niowti, i.'45, a s. dole pny, trained do^-, :flO, a mower ami carts, £[2;a camping < utlit, 'and ecniiinicall;- purchased i:; lit drnwiug a I (f y. urbuildiiig.i witn pieces'if split woiilaud £l&, a well ; plist 'r rh" e,' ack.s witli mud . Cut a di or ou' £26, 2 : of each stabb- l-adin;.; inti tlif si.i il, then .suitably i haul your bay, pile it on the roof as high as ccuntry you like, stack it behind your stables and yow rak ', Uioli- tl-,s than ehewht^'c, .£10, ; nd sundiie.s iri2, leay- ! will fheu havers csmforcib:!^ a place for yi.u- ing, £-25 for piov.sion> for two y-am. With j stock a.-' yru cne by lua.iiig asmall fire and turning sods over it to can-e it to smoulder and make 89 •bit! wintcrwith just eaou.?h work to keep i the t'litTprU* .if stock riii^r^, with th'* fnnU- you busy. A ft'T your first yeiir jour ex|»i!r. tMt possiblrt outlfty ofc'\)»iriil Thoo )st of pro- ium'c of thv countrv will tsach you wlu'tln'r i ilnctiou dF stock iu tliis miiuuHr is liiaitfd to to pursut' a noamtiir cxistcrn'O for imotlur ' the aiu unt of hbor you havo t^ (Mutiloy, with year or to seltM't a hoiui'stiad not too far ttio iiii'rt^ast) of your hfnl, iu siivin ; hay for from some good hay laid, wliicli will be theia and tend! u^j thtMn, and thw cusi of any availabl(( for your use, for tho increase of land you m\y root or purcha'**', that voii wish your lit,' rd. Pursue the practice I have bi;- to piriniii^'ntly occuipv, hut as land is at % lore advocated of rearing your herd to pick their living um far into the wint(.'r as possi- Ul(!, and not bouse your young stock, as the shelter of sheds is sutKoieiit, and they wi 1 thrive widl U'ltlcr that treatment ; care for your calves during till! winter and in rais- ing them do not let theiu run with the c )ws, but fence t!iem in and tin cows will coin' homo to tiieui as regularly as clockwork, your calves will b.- contnted nil day iiml they will grow up tame and accustomed to handling, :i most important feature to cuUsid'T, and you preserve the udders of your cowa in good milk ing order, so that in SeptemV>er, if you wisn, you can make a couple or three mouths butter from them, and they will not wandn- far from their calve-i, thus ac({uiring leas attviitiou iu pasturiug. After a year or two's cxperieuce you can elect whether sheep or cattle are b^st suited to your taste, cr continue c imbining the two. Any one pursuing the plan i have sketched out, wiih intelligence and industry, will gain valuable experience at no cost, and will lay the foundation of a future fortune. It ia claimed we have 250 million acres of agri- cutural land in ihit ountry, and I bn"" no reason to doubt the fact, so that, for ■ or two generations, there will be ample fe " for minimum value today, and will increase and advancH steadily by the oci'upation of the country, it will bear its own profit and need not nt>cessirilv be cturgiMl against the cost of pro In ing your stock. As tho cost of secur- ing land iucreas'"<, mo a!sothe cost of produc- ing your stock will necessarily advance. It is unnecessary t invest much capital in buildinys, as t'le iss of atible I have de. scirbrtd is sulficie i for the care of stock, un- til the wea'th of the ownet enables him culti- vat-i his ta^te and j)ridi! in more perfect ar^ rangements for his nurposes. For som/ i? /a / ^. Photographic Sciences Corporation 4^ ,\ s \ V ^>u; and shall with n thn spcondyeir cop the said ten aore^, and break ^nd prepare f er 4fic)p fifteen acre.o aJdiiional : m'lkine tw-nty five acres; and withia the ih rdyear after the date of Us home-tead entry, he h II crop the said w-mty fi/e *firos aid briik an 1 nrepire for -ak and i>rt>i>:iru tor cop tlfreen ftOres additional— making twenty-live aoroj; .tnd within the third year after tlio dat<- <>f his nome- atead entry he shall crop the said twon'y fivo a^res md broik ;ind pr'*i'R'-e fnr '•'• p li"''«'i iicres additional, so thit within three yeirs oi the d>-' of hi8 homestead eiury hr y<>a.l h' vu umI ie.-f< than twent:f-five acres croi>ped : and snail ha e orejiod on the laud a habitable hou h i,i w)iic-ii tie ibali have lived during the three months next preceediug his application for homestead patent. In the event ot a homesteader desiring to secure hi" patent within a sh'irter poru)] thin the three years provided by liiw he will ba pe''iuittei to purchase his homextead ou turni-hiiiiK i>root that he has resided on the land for :it lenst twelve uouth'* subsequent t) dat" of lio ne t«;i I entry and fln ease entry was made after the 2dth day ot May 181i) has cultivated thirty aore.-< thoruot. to for In the case of a homesteader being entitled to receive his homastead paten* f)r Ian I e-upied by him for the full period of three yeirs. Ue will on proiluctiou ot a oertitijite to ihir elTjot from the Commissioner of Dominion Lands be permitted to uiake a seoond entry. PRE-E3LPT10NS. th« Any homesteader may at the same time as he mikes his homestead entry, Hut not at a later date, should there be available land n lioiniat; the h > no^toad. outer an a idition.il qui and as a pre-emption on payment otlan otSce fee ot ten dollars. i.irter .se Uion ot .■: J •II .,^ tM nd six six rst )»< for of or all for i'lHThe pre-emption right entitlei the homesteader who obt viri' iittr. fo.- ii pre-emoi.n 1 1 riurcha'»e the landso pre-om->ted on bee )inin« e'lti hilr) I's louj'.oil pitoit: tiit shouU tlie lions wt i.ider^ fiiil to fulfil the homestead conditions he forfeits ill claim to h's pre-ojoption. jj . rm -:'« «. Tbe price o^ pre-emptions, not includ 'd io t .wo sit vs re-torres, is two doll-irs a id fafy cent.s am aere. Whore land is north of the northerly limit of the land grant along the inatn iino .f ttl« Canadian Pacific Kai'.way and is not with! i cwe.i'y-f -ur miles of my brinh o' 'tiit K*uway or twelve miles ot any other Railway, pre-emptions m ly bo obtained for two dollars per acre. 92 TIMBEit. r Unmestfiad settlors whose land Js destitute of timbsr may, upon payment of an oflBco fee of fifty aentfi. procure from the orowu timber iigent a permit to ..ut tho foUowing quantities of timber free of rues :— 30 cord' f.f wood. l,8ro lineal feet of house logs, 2,000 fence rails, and 400 roof rails. In cases where there is timbered land in the vicinity, availab'e for the purpose, the homestead set- tler, wluwo land is without timber, way purchase a wood lot, not exceeding in area, 20 acres, at the pnrc ol fiv ilollf.rs per acre (viah. ■" L'censos to cut cut timber on lands within surveyed townships may be obtained. The lands oOTPeJ by .-uih licenses are thereby withdrawn from homestead and preemption entry and from ■ale. oibe depc trrar loca ( loca of n by & entii may olaii Asei the ( SALES. Th»> odd numbered sections, exoeotintr eleven and twenty-n'ne, north of the northerly limit of the land Krant of the CnnHdian Pncific Railway and rot included in any land grant or Reserve may e purchasied at two dollars per acre. tiuni PAYMENTS. Payments for land may bo ia ouh, scrip or Police or Military Bounty warranti. COAL. 2. 4. f. Toal Listricts have been set apart as follows : On tbuiSouris hivcr. south of ' oose Mountain. Ou the >*outh Siiskuu-hcwan River, near M«-dicine llaU On tl e North '"Saskatchewan River, near Edmonton On the Bow hiver On the Belly River, The price per acre is, fcr laud oontuiaiug lignite or bituminous coal, ten doiU Olte c<>iil, twenty dollars. When two or more parties apply to purchase the samo land, lenders will be invited ani lot jb uhr-A- I r 9.'} MINKUAL LANDS. f fifty rfree Any person may explore vacftnt Dominion lands not appropriated or reserved by (}iivornnni>nt for oiher purposes, and lUdy search therein, either hy surt'ii^e or siihierr.moan pro^pectiii? tor inin«ril depositf, with R view to nbtnininn a ininini Incatio:. lor the sX. Full information respeetiug the Und. timber, codl.and Mineral Laws, and copies of the reguU- tiuns may be obtained upon application to TIllC MINISTEtt OF IHE INTEKIOH, Ottawa, Ontario. THE (jOMMISSrONER OF DOMINION LANDS, Winnipeg, Manitoua. t.)r to any ef Tat DoMiN us Lanj> Acints, in Mui.toba or the North West Territories. A. M. BlKGilS ihr-A- LEi'. MlM.-lMiK -.;;• IXi:,..lOR. 94 BTA€iFM IK ]lf4!VITOBA AIVI^ IVOKTHIVKHT. CABRTINO MAILS. Assiflsiopi to Ft. £llic(>, Wtsdneaday, 7 a.m., leave Ft. El lice Friday 3 p.m. fiird'a Hill to Spriugfifld, Ouk Bank and Cook'8 (.'rt'ek, Saturday 9.30 a.m. Leaves Cook's Creek, 2.30 p.m. Birtle and Elkhom vii Benlah. Leaves Elk horn, callinit at the Elkhom Hotel, Tnesn day aud Tl>ur.sd>iy morninK-*. Leaves Birtle WpdiifNday and Friday m >rnint(H. Birtle to Fort E'lice, Beaver Rapids, Wel- wyn and Moosoniin, Monday aud Thursday, 7 am. Lfttives Moosoinin, Tuesday and Friday 7 n m. Bir-le to Tuddburn, RossVmrn and Oak- buru, Weilne8(iay, 7 a.m. Leaves Oakboru, Thursday, 9 a.m. Births t ) Warleigd, Saturday 6 p.m. Leaves WarleiL'h, Saturday 3 30 p m. Brandon to Rapid City, Mondav, Wtlnes day and Friday, 2.45 p m. Lftuve Rapid City, Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday, 7 a.m. Brandon to Beresford and Souris, (Plum Creek), Friday, 7 a.n Tuesday 2 p. m Leave Souris, Monday, 7.30 a.m , Thucuday 7 a.m. Brandon to Rounthwaite, Wawonaissc, Milltord and Two Rivers, Monday and Thurs^ day 7 a.m. Leave Two Rivers Tuesuay and Fndav 7 a.m. Biaudun to Hazlewood, Carroiltowu, Snep- pard's Ferry, Shepf>ardviile, Turtle Mduntaia aud Deloraine, Friday 7 a.m. Leave Delo raine, Tuesday 6am. Brandon tu Beresford, Monteitb, Melgund, Napinka and Mennta, Friday 7 a.m. Leave Menota, Tuesday 1 p.m. Brandon to Peudennis, Friday 3 p.m. Leave Pendnnnis, Fiilay 7 p.m. Broadview to Crescent Lake and Yorkton, Friday, 6 a.m. Leave Yorkton, WednesJ y, 7 a.m. Beulah to Arrow River, Tuesilay, 1 p.m. L^ave Arrow River, Tu^'sday, 9 a.m. Calgary to Midnapore, Sheep Creek, High River, the Leavings and Fort McLeod, eviry Thursday 9am Leave Fort Mi:Le A every Monday at 9 a.m. Arrive Calgary, Wed- nesday 4 p.m. Carherry to Fairview, P.'trel, Wellwood, Oberon, Neepiwa and Salisbury, Tuesilay and Friday 7 a m. L°avo " > -' ik , , Wednesday and Saturday 11 30 . .a. Carman to Pomeroy, Wednesday, 4 p.m. Leave Pomeroy Wednesday 1 p.m. Clandeboye to Selkirk, Saturday 12 nMUi. Leave Selkiik, Saturday 3 p.m. Clare to Carlyle, Saturday 8 a.m. Leaw Carlyle. Saturday, 12 noon. Clearwater to Cartwriffht and Wakopa^ Monday, 7 a.m. Leave Wakopa, Tuesdaj 7 a.m. Clearwater to Cartwright (extra), Wednes* day 8 a.m. Leave Cartwright, Wednesday 2 p.m. Darlingford to Calf Mountain, Wednesday and Saturday 7 a.m. Lea v.) Calf Monnto*', Wednesday and Saturday, 8 30 a.m. Deloraiue to Lennox, Monteforeand Was- kada, Monday 7 a.m. Leave Waskada, Taes> day. 7 a.m. Elkhom to Benlah, Friday 7 a.m. LeaTt Beuiah, Saturday 8 a.m. Emerion to Gautheier, Wednesday and Saturday, 1 p.m. Leave Gauthier, WedneS" day and Saturday 9 a.m. EnaersOQ to Ridgeville and Green Ridge, Saturday 2 p.m. Leave Green Ridge, Satnr» day, 8 a.m. Fort Alexander lo Pequis, every alternate Monday. Leave Pequis every alternate SaU Fort Elliee, to Assissippi. Friday 3 p.m. Return Wednesday, 7 a.m. Fort Eilice to Binscartb, Silver Creek, and Shell River, every Wednesday. Leave Shell River every Tuebday. Fort EUice to De Clare, Thursday 1 p,m. Leave Ue Clare, Thursday, 7 a.m. Gimli to Claude boy and Pequis every altera ua:e Tuesday, leave Pequis every alternate Saturday. Gretna to Blumenort and Rheinland, Toes- day and Saturday 1.30 p.m. L^ave Rhein- lanl Tuesday and Saturday 8.30 a.m. Gretna to Pembina Mountain, Tuesday and Saturday, 2.10 p.m. Leave Pembina Moon* tain Junction, Tuesday and Saturday, 12.60 p.m. Gladstone to Golden Stream and Welling- ton, Monday 1 p.m. Leave Wellington, Motiflay 7 a-m. Gladstune to Blake and Richmond, Monday, 7 am. Leave Richmond 12 noon . Griswold to Lothair, Wheatland, Oak River ami Viola Dale, Friday 6 a.m. Leave Viola Dile, Siturday 8.30 a.m. GrisAT M to M.uskawata and Uillview Tuesday, 2.30. Leave Hillview, Tuesday 7 a.m HHadiiigly to Blythfield, Friday, 2 p.m. Leave Blythfield, Friday 7 a.m. ludiufi Head to Balgarres, Friday 2 p.m. Return Tiiursday 9 a.m. r r 9ft I^LanK^ale to Wawonaissa, Alcester, UajM ield, Fairburn, Ninga, Rillarney, Rowland, Alcester, Langvale, Wawonaiaaa and Lang* ▼ale (round route ) Leave Langvale, Mon- day 9 a.m.; Wawonaissa, Monday 2 p.m.; returning via Langvale and arriving at Wa< wanaiasa, Thursday, 2 I'm.; leaving for Langvale again Thursday, 6 p.m. Manda to 21m Valley and Woodworth, Monday, 1 p.m. Leave Elm Valley, Monday 4 p.m. Maniton to Silver Springs, Pilot Mound, Preston, Crystal City and Clearwater, Tues- day and Saturday, 9 a.m. Leave Clearwater Monday and Wednesday, 8 a.m. Manitob to Kingsley, Swan Lake, Norquay BeacoDsfield, Summerset, St. Leon and Man- itou (round route). Leave Manitou, Tuesday and Friday, 7.20 a.m., returning next day. Manitou Pembina Crossing, Ruttanvilie, Tuesday and Saturday, 9 a.m. Leaves Rut- tanvilie, Tuesday and Saturday, 9 a.m. Leaves Ruttanvilie, Tuesday and Saturday 7 p.m. Manitou to New Haven and Lome, Tops- day7a.m. Leaves Lome Tuesday, 11.30 s.m. Marney to Serai thclair, Wednesday 12.30 p.m. Leaves Straitbelair, Wednesday, 7 a.m. Meadow Lea to Hanlon, Saturday 12 noon.' Leaves Hanlon Saturday, 6 a.m. Medicine Hat to Fort McLeod and return connects with C.P.R. trains. Meuota to Sourisfora, Buter6eld and Ant- ler, Tuesday 7 a.m. Leaves Antler, Monday 7 a.m. Millbrook to Richland, Thursday 6.3S p.m., Saturday 4.36 p.m. Leav s Richland, Thurs- day 4.30 p.m., Saturday 2.30 p.m. ttMillford to Glenboro, Monday, 6 p.m. Leaver Glenboro, Monday, 12 noon. Mi'lford to Ninette, Tuesday 1 p. m. Leav. d Ninette, Tupsday 8 a.m. Minnedosa to Clanwiliiam and Murchisou, Satuilay 2 p.m. Leaves Murchison, Satur- day, 7 30 a.m. Minnewashta to Mountain City and Stod oarville, Monday and Friday 3 p.m. Leaves Stoddarville, Monday and Friday t) p.m. Moosomin to Fort EUice and Birtln, Tuess day and Friday 7 a.m. Leaves Birtle, Mon- day and Thursday 7 a.m. Mooson^in to Fort EUice, Silver Treek, Binscarth, Russell and Shell River, Frida\ 8 a.m. Moosomin to Moose Mountain, Carlyle and Alameda, Thursday, 8 a.m. Leaves Alex- ander, Monday 8 a. m. Moosomin to flilbura, Rocanville and Red* path, Saturday 8 a.m. Leaves Redpath, Fri- day 8 a.m. Nelson to Miami, Lintrathen, Campbell* ville, Carman and Salterville, Thursday, 7 a.m. Nelson to Warrington, Wednesday, 12,80 p.m. Leave Warrington, Wednesday, 9 a.m. Oak River to Hamilton, Cbamuh and CarU ingville, Fiiday 3 p.m. Leave Carlingvilla, Friday 8 a.m. Oak River to Tatonka. Leave on arrival of mail from Griswold every Wednesday, returning same day. Otterbourne to Joly, Tuesday and Friday 8 a.m. Leave Joly, Tuesday and Friday 10..30a.m. Plt-asant Forks, Ellisboro, and Wolf Creek, Monday 8 a.m. Leaves Wolf Creek, Tuesday 8 a.m. Pilot Mound to Marringhurst, Gleaora, Ro-'eberry and Glendennine, Weduesday, t p.m. Leave Glendenniug, Thursday 11 a.m. Portage la Prairie to Indian ford, Treherne, Olive, Camillu and Littleton, Friday 7 a.m. Leave Littleton, Wednesday 7 a.m. Portage la Piairie to Uaklaud, Wednesday, 7 a.m. Leave Oakland, Wednesday, 12.80 a.m. Prince Albert to Kinistino, every three wi-eks each way to connect witU mail from Troy. Rapid City to Newdale, Marney and Shoal I>ike, Tucbdiiy, 8 a.m. Leave Shoal Lake, Thursday 8 a m. Rat Portage to Beaver Forks and Fort Francis, 1st and ISth of each month. Leavu Furt Francis, 8th and 23rd. Reaburn to Lake Francis, St. Laurent and Oak Poiut, Tuesday, 7 a.m. Leave Oak Point, Monday, 7 a.m. Reab'irn to Meadow Lea and Woodlands, W?dne«day and Saturday each way to con> uect with Winnipeg traias. Re(^iua to Car»dale, Friday 2 p.m. Leave Caisdale, Friday 7 a.m. Silisbury to Edom and Orange Ridge, Thursday, 7 p.m. Selkirk to Dynevor and Pequis, Tuesday and Saturday, 2 p.m. Leave Pecjuis, Monday and Wednesday, fl a.m. Seweli to Montrose, Brookdale, Oreeford aud Gleiidale, Fridiy 7.30 a.m. Leave Gleiidale, Sa:urday, ».30 a.m. Siioal Like to Orrwold, Weduesd!»y, It uoou Lav/! Orrwold, Weduesday 8 a.m. Stonewall to Arjiyle, Saturday 1 p. m. Leav Argyle, Saturday 8 a.m. Stonewall to Balmoral, Greenwood and 06 Foxtor, Siiturday, 1.30 p.m. Lmvc Foztou itbturdiiy 7 a lu. Stonewall to Balmoral, extra — (Se? Stooe- wall to Balmoral, Grecuwooil). Leave Stone- wall, Wednesday 3 30 p.m. L^Hve Balmoral Wednesday, 12 noon Thorn hill to Alexander, Tuesdny, and Saturday 10 a.m. Leave AUxaiid«.", Tuesday and Saturday 8.15 a.m. Touchwood Hill to Wishart, Thursday, 12. 80 p.m. Leave Wishart, Thuisdiiy Sam. Troy to Fort Qu'Appelle, 7 30 a.m. daily. Ltave Fort Qu'Appelle, 1.30 p.m. daily. Tr»y to Qu'Appellee, Toucliv^ood, Butoche, Stohart. WiUou^bhy, Kirkpatrick iind Prince rtlbert. Tuesday, 7 a.m. Leave Prince Al- bert, TuesJay 7 a.m. Troy to Qu'Aptpclle, Touchwood, Stobart, CaritoD, Battleford and Fdmonton, January 7, and every alternate Tuesday, 7 a.m. [ieave Kdmonton every alternate Thursday. Turtle Mountains to Dbsford and Wakopa, Monday, 8 a.m. Leave Wakopa, Tuesday, 8 a.m. Virden to Man da. Wood worth, Pipestone, Belleview and Virden (round r«ute) Leave Virden, Monday 7 am. Leave Bellview, Monday, 4 p.m. Anive Virdun, Tuesday, 11,30 a.m. Westboume to Totogan, Wednesday and Saturday 12 noon. LeavoK Totogan, Wed- nesday and Saturday 3 p.m. Winnipeg to Middle Church, St Andrews, Lower Fort Garry, Selkirk, Tues lay, Thurs* dny and Satunlav. 7 cm. Leife Snlkirk, Monday, Wednesday and Friday 8 a.m. Winnipeg to Sunnyaide, Plympton, Mill* brook and Dundee, Saturday 8 a.m. Leaves Dundee, Friday 7 a.m. Winnipeg to St. Charles, Headiugly, St. Francois Xavier at'd Pigion Lake, Tuesday and Friday 7 a.m. Leaves Pi^coa Lake Tuesday and Friday, 7 a.m. Winnipeg to St. Norbert and St. Agathe, Wednesday and Saturday 8.30 a.m. Leaves St. Agathe, Tuesday and Friday 7 a.m. Winnipeg to Sc. Anne's Prairie Grove, Clear Spring, Lor^tte and La Broquerie, Sat- urday, 8.30 a.m. Leaves La Broquerie, Friday 6 a.m. Leaves Medicine Hat to Fort McLeod every Wednesday morning. Leaves Fort McLeod for Medicine Hat connecting with C. P. R. expretM going east, every Friday morning. / Lmi(i 91 ^i^fTJ-x:fir-\ POST OFFICE ADDRESSES. SIU ]). I,. MACPHERSON, Minister of the lutcnor, Ottawa, CauuiU. A. M. BIHGESS. Esq., Deputy Minister of thp In lerior " '• A. WALSH, Esq, Dominion Land Colnmi^'sic'l)t•r, Wiunipcj;, Man. DOMINION hX-S'O AOtXT »« U II «l <,AN.\DIAN PACIFIC LANDS MANITOr.A AND N. VV. LANDS , HUDSON r>AY CO. LANDS . CANADIAN A NORTH WEST CO. Ca:)y!e AariinihoiH. Ke^iua *i Toat;hvtoo(l Hills. (1 Swift Corrent (t Prince Albrrl S ibUMt ;he\Vii) Battlf n r.l " Calgdiy An)."i:i E".lin>.Dton «i Wiuuipsg Man it >b!i. Bracdou <( Nelsou • 1 Birtle »4 Delo;atn< «• M^i'laMiXa •••<•«■ $1,500,000.00 . 050,000.00 HEAD OFFICE-TORONTO, ONTARIO. 8. Howland-Pres. D- R. Wilkie-Cashier. 13I^-^iTCHE:S liT OiTT-A-I^IO: St. Catharines. Welland. St. Thomas. ^Voodstock. Port Colborne. Ingersoll. Fergus. MvmMGhem in Manltatiat IFiyyfPEG—C. S Hoare, Manager. 2BRANDON—A. JUKES, Manager. AGEJSTTS LN' EMGLAJ^B-LloycVs BarneWs S' Bosan- (fuet's Bank, Liniited, 73 Lomhard Street, and its Branches, with whom Moneys for transmission from' Great Britain to Ontario and Manitoba may he deposited. Letters of Credit, Bills of Exchange, British Bank JVotes, Drafts, etc., negotiated. Deposits received, and Interest allowed at current rates. Drafts issued on principal points in Canada, Great Britain and' United States, Prompt attention given to Collections payable in Man- itoba and Ontario, ^\^ 'i 99 • » 00 00 er. I* >'i DAVIO ilflAXWE Li., itmi '.▲.CTTTRSXtS OF u\.l^Tr> SX:.^Xuniha»ini/. Smtdf»r flhtttrmnd Cataloom* ana Pvm* lAtt, 100 A^LLA^N LINK. Under Contract with the Covernment of Canada nnd flew foundiand for the Conveyance of the Canadian and U 8 Mails . ^ :(i; — HI .M>ii:it .vit-irA:xcii<:>iK>.^i"s. 'I'lr- ''(lii'f ttir'." f.»ni«.x a- -• ."o; 'iiitii «■•(! oi' .'(III)!,, e-'«i'i«' 1 i'lr«l«i-biiilt O INT S Ti"" :E3 jSL IVC S H I Tin- 'rn »>iiilt in wiitiir liirhr, c uriDnrtmo itx tirf iinsuri'in^cil f r STKI'-NCiTII, SIM<:i:i> AND (OMTOirr, re flttoil ui» with !ill ffl i mndfirn iinpr »v.«iionii* V'.i'x' r-racticil oxpHrionco en "nxiru^t aid linvo >lAI>i: TIIK FASTIOST TIMIO ON l«i:(<)UI>. Thn Stcini'Tii of the liiveriiool Mi-il Line "ry Tiursliv un.l iro Qiiobt'c evjrv SatiirJft cillinir ;»' I,oiiKh F ivle to ro 'oivo c>;i ^dutiI it ul :uri..l Mills junl Pt-Jo/K to iind t'r'in Irohi <1 and *c -ilii d, ur-i intc iditd t.> l)o dcfluutoho I rjKiiluly on th'« urriviil ,it ui froiD »ho Wc(> (All Rail Koiiti'.) via QiM'hcc sr'ltoro'-iin.] IlVTKUMFIiIATE — fcTO.gT) -S12rt. 51 .r, ,..n.l iViri f.)cc irding to loct- r'AiiiN— 5il'-'f). Jill", and SlOCi [accordMU t • I citi .n < f STKr.RACiK— •4.').'^i<'. Friin Wiin'pen via I'ort Ar'hiir: I'Hhi"- fion o' >^faforooin). Int Tineili ito "jfiT.ri Stoor ute— •;48 V^, -Cft" J'rei aifl Pn>n )re < ortiiic.ito" t > britiif (rieni- .itnl i>i ifivr .■ from the Id cmritry to an;> railwny ndifio" in fhn •> estern Sta-«'', .Miinitolii and ''•' W. rprntiirio*. (Jrc.if Keductixn in I1l•!<^iaflle ' niMfnn I'aoific New I.hIkc ilontc T>r-niid '"eriificafe<. 1 iverp (il or (Jiiis'ifow to Witinlpet', i8:»ucd a" ili« ex niorlinnry low rnt't of *I0 Int'-rimcdiate. iinl i* 7 SiunriiKc Now iH 'he t ine to >«• d for vDii - Iro' di Hat«< quoted to all (>. 1'. K. cfationR. Fir full p irticulars and Tickets ai«ply toanv ol 'lie Atrento. 0»§tm»»90n»Mt»f«a»9" «##««««««• »•»» 9»m»mmtm»»0*»» •«***•#« # * 9009 999909 •99999 9^90099999 »9090»m00009t r0009 9000009 99009*990 009909 00009 90009 900999 9 » 09999* [mki t liiway &] a II along the mnin linp, »ncl r T Ju .V :x^ T> It !<: €i^ IT T , Thf roiiipany otfn- lands within th« ILiilwRy licU a Soiithorn Manitolxi. at prices ranging from upwards, witli conditions re(|uirin};r cnltiration. A rcbati- tor cultivation of from $1 'i& to ?3 ."iO PEll ACUK, according to price paid tor the land, allowed on certain conditions. The Company also oflor iands Without Conditions of SettUment or Cuifivatiou. The Iteservcd Srctions along the Main Line, /. f., the odd-nutnlc-red sections witluH one mile o. tho railway, are now ofTercd for sale t>n advuntai^eous terms to pnrti«« pre- part'il to nndortako tluir immediate cultivation. TERMS OF PAYMENT.— Purchasers may pay one-sixth in cash, and the baUnc in live annual instJihnenfs, with intcr.-st at SIX PER Cf^NT. per annum, payable in ad- vance Parties piin^hnsing without conditions ol cultivation, will receive a Deed ot Conveyance at time of purchase, if payment is made in full. Payments may he made in LAND GRANT BONDS, which will be accepted at 10 per cent premium on their par value and accrued interest. These bonds can be obtained on application at the Hank ot Montreal ; or anv of its agencies, h OR PinCES and CONDITIONS OF SALE and all informatiun with r-sp;et t» th. purchase of lands, apply to JOHN H. McPWISH, Land Commissioner, Winnipeo^ Ry order of the Board . CHARLES DRINXWATER, Secretary. t I w ■.^'^ •1 ...w i E. W. A. CE4MBBE & CO., LAND AND STOCK BROKERS, — AND — FINANCIAL AGENTS. P.O. BOX 146. 3>ur jLyrrro-fi i^ Farm Lands and City Praparty Valuad. EfiTATES MAJ^AQMD AKD REJ^TS dOLlECTED. All enquiries ref ftrding the Invefiment of Fuads, Furchaie or Sale of Propertj or Mortgage Security ^ Debentures/ Ac, will be cheerfully and promptly answered. First Mortgages on the very best property are now bringing from 8 per cent, to 10 per cent, interest. uriBiKOBi omv nmi or oaitasa ob muoxo. H Vy.,A. CHAM BR E & CO. } ' PHSNIX FOUllil PHENIX Plow Worlis. '»*■";. i?.oc M