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KINGSTON, M.A., OIRECTOH OF THE ICACNETIC OBSBBVATORY, TORONTO. The object in the following paper is to shew the connection which subsists between the direction of the wind and the rapidity of the changes, whuther of increase or diminution, which take place in the pressure of air and of vapour. The changes considered in the investigation are limited to those in which iihe direction of the wind did not vary between two consecutive observations by more than 22}° on each side of one of the eight prin- cipal points; and as such comparative constancy in direction will usually occur only when the interval is short, it was found convenient to employ only the differences between 6 a.m. and 8 a.m., between 2 p.m. and 4 p.m., and betweau 10 p.m. and midnight. The total change in the reading between two consecutive observa- tions being first diminished by the change due to diurnal variation, the remainders were then classed according to the direction of the wind in the interval, and their averages in each class taken^^i^nricfaeryiar collec- tively as well as separately for the two half-yearsf v "^'-'i^' The average changes of barometric pressure ^hich take D]a(i^ir hours, and found in the manner just described, are gjjltiw^elaw each of the principal eight point of the wind's direotron. .; J^ ]% \ Lin' fi, ■ \ 'k f-l."" ^-t 2 +•0086 CUANOKS OV BAROUBTRIC FBESBUBB APRIL TO SEPTEMBER. W.E. B. S.B. 8. • 0048 —-Oil? —'0057 — -0084 - •0041 +^0182 +•0166 N. ».E. +•0087 —'0160 OCTOBER TO MARCH. *- • E. 8.K. 8. «.W. W. H.W. • 0884 —•0818 —-02254 — 'OoST +-0168 +^020» • '■' THE YEAR. " "- - -■■'^'''- 'i"'"' 'r^^ ' ■'■■-'•^■'' N. N.B. «. 8.B. B. B.lf. W. H.W. + •0086 —•0108 —^0216 —•0164 -^0129 — "OOS* +'0156 +'0180 The most probable values of the changes corresponding to interme- diate direottbna of the vibd aria given bjr th^ fdllOwing formulie, Tfhere ^f, ?Kj ?P3 represent tlie ohangies for thfe tWoO^alf years and year, and e the angular distance of the pdnt from vhioh the wind blew, measured from the North towards the East> end expressed in degrees. APRIL TO SEPTEMBER. *, = + • 0004 + • 0116 Bin (9 +. HI" 29') + • 0044 Bin (2 6 + ISft* 29^ ^ ^ ■ + •0026BJn (8 + U'aO OCTOBER TO MARCH. ^a = — •0076 + •0281 sin (© + 148* 14') + ^0024 Bin (2 + 160' 49) + •0014 8in(3e + 80°16') ^3^^'^k4 '" ittE'TEAlt.- ■ • Bin (0+ 148°20 + •06i'0Blti(^'i!)+ l'r4<»lY'> + •002lBin(8«+ 10" 47) PRESSURE OF DRY AIR. The ayerago' dangles in the pressure of dry oiir iii twb hourd with difl^reut winds, and the oonr^spondiiig fomulte of ittietpoktibu, an as fbllows. '^^-y APRIL TO SBPTBMBBtt. ^mii + •0110 + 0128 -•is N.B. •0182 N.K. •0091 If. 9 pi. B. B-W. ft, B-W. •^•0123 —•0088 —•0122 --•0046 +^0196 +'0219 OdTOBBR TO kAROH K. B.B. B. SlW. W. If.W. —•0871 —^0842 -^0240 —•0026 +'0196 +^0240 THE tEAR. «, 8.K. B. S.'W. N. H.W. »_.0a48 —•0194 — ''>160 — '0084 +"0196 +^0229 APRIL TO SBPTEMBEB. *,=:+• 0021 + '0182 sin (« + 188« 1*0+ '0048 sin (2 0+ 198" 1(J') + •O084 Bin (8 fl + 10« 18') 6CT0B]^R TO MARCH. ^*» a — '6611 + •0817 Bin (9 + 149"' 4') + •0080 rin (2 + 186' 2') + 'OOieBia (8 9 + 217' 290 ^«-— ■ !«ii! mmm mmmm ipmiiHiP AND PBBBSUBS 07 VAPOUR. THE TEAR ♦s = — -0021 4- -0237 9in (9 + 144° 46') + -0040 sin (2 + IW H') + -0026 sin (8 + 16" 89') PRESSURE OF VAPOUR. The average cluiages io the pressure of vapour ia two hours that accompany wiada from the eight principal points, and the formula: for finding the most probable change, with the wind blowing from any intermediate point, are given below : APRIL TO SEPTEHOBR. -'•QOA.T TT-'0O34 4- -0020 +'0035 4--0042 -^r-QOai —'Oois — -0069 OCTOBER TO MARCH. —.•0026 4--0()0» -lr-003t 4--o631 -\--0i)X1 —•00(13 — -0032 —•0039 THE YEAR. If V Ea E. & E! S fl IT WT If VT —•0041 —•0012 4-^0026 +^o63.4 ■^•QOU -r-^OOth^ ■:r--Q04« — -0064 APRIL TO SEPTEMBER. *i = — •00160 4- •00607 Bin (0 + 305° 49') + • 00096 sin (2 + 88° 48•'^ 4- •00110 sin (8 4- 181° 2') OCTOBER TO HARCH. «» — — •00018 4- •0OSS6 sin (0 ■\- 330° 26') 4 •00034 sin (2 4- 287^ 6') -f •0QO22 sin (3 4- 243° 26') THE TEAa ♦a = — -00084 -f -00479 sin (0 4 312° 43') 4- •000S6 ^in (2 0+ 86° 44') 4 -00087 sin (8 4- 216° 16') If in the nine foregoing formula), the variable angle (&) be made equal in succession to 0, 11" 15' (11® 15')X2, (11'' 15') X3, &o. &q. ...... (11* 15')X31, the changes of pressure will be found which would most probably qccur if the wiqd were to blow steadily for two hours from each of the thirty-two points of the compass. The results are given iu the annexed Table. mmmm. CHANQKB 07 BAROMETRIC PRSSSCRK Table shewing the changes in Barometric Pressure^ Pressure of Dry Air and Pressure of Vapour, which take place in two hours, during winds from each of the Thirty-two points of the Compass. Barometric Pressure. 1 Fressdre of Dry Air. Pressure of Vapour. April to Sept. Oct. to March. Tear. April to Sept. Oct. to March. Year. April to Sept. Oct. to March. Year. North + •0083 + •0088 +•0083 + •0144 + •0110 + -0127 —•0067 —•0026 ■ —•0042 NbE + •0058 + •0035 + •0044 + •0117 + •0046 + -0083 —•0056 —•0019 -•0037 NNE + •0029 —•0026 —•0001 + •0082 — •0C27 + ^0032 —•0052 —•0010 -•0030 NEbN —•0005 —•0092 —•0060 + •0040 —•0105 -•0027 —•0045 •0000 —•0021 NE —•0041 — •0158 —•0100 —•0007 —•0182 —•0088 —•0034 + •ooio —•0011 NEbB -•0074 —•0220 —•0146 —•0064 —•0262 —•0146 —•0020 + •OOIO •0000 EKE —•0099 -•0272 — 0184 —•0093 — •0309 — •o:96 —•0005 + ^0027 + •0009 EbN —•0112 —•0310 — 0208 —•0120 —•0349 —•0228 + -0009 + •0033 + •0017 Eabt —•0118 —•0334 — 0218 —•0131 —•0372 —•0244 + ^0020 + -0036 + •0024 EbS -•0103 —•0343 — 0214 —•0127 —•0379 —•0243 + ^0028 + ^0037 + •0028 ESE —•0086 —•0340 — 0199 —•0114 —•0373 —•0230 + ^0032 + -oosv + •0032 SEbE —•0068 — •032P —0180 —•0098 —•0359 —•0211 + -0034 + •oose + •0034 SE —•0055 — •0312 —•0160 —•0086 —•0341 —•0192 + •0035 + '0032 + •0036 SEbS —•0052 —•0293 -•0147 —•0084 —•0321 —•0178 + 'OoaO + ^0029 + •0037 SSE —•0058 —•0273 —•0132 —•0093 —•0298 —•0170 + ^0039 + ^0025 + •0037 SbE —•0071 —•0250 —•0134 —•0109 —•0272 —•0166 ■► .0041 + ^0021 + ■0036 South —•0085 —•0222 — ■0131 —•0124 —•0239 —•0161 + ^0042 + •OOIO + •0033 SbW —•0093 —•0187 —•0123 —•0131 —•0199 —•0149 + ^0040 + •OOIO + •0027 saw —•0090 —•0145 —•0106 —•0122 —•0149 —•0124 + ^0032 + •0003 + •0018 SWbS —•0071 —•0094 -■0077 —•0093 —•0090 —•0086 + •ooio —•0004 + •0007 8W --•0038 —•0037 —•0036 —•0044 —•0027 —•0033 + •OOOl —•0012 —•0006 SWbW + •0005 + •0022 + •0014 + •0018 + •0038 + -0028 -•0021 —•0019 —•0019 WSW + •0052 + •0079 + ■0066 + •0084 + •0099 + -0091 —•0042 —•0025 — •0030 WbS + •0096 + •0129 + •0115 + •0146 .+ ■0152 + •0148 -•0060 — •0029 —•0040 West + •0131 + •0168 + •0164 + •0195 + •0194 + -0194 —•0073 -•0033 — •0047 WbN + •0153 + •0196 + •0181 + •0225 + ■0223 + •0224 —•0079 —•0035 —•0052 WNW + •0162 + •0211 + •0194 + •0237 + •0241 + ^0239 —•0079 —•0037 —•0054 NWbW + •0160 -. 0214 + •0194 + •0234 + ■0247 + •02S9 —•0075 —•0088 —•0064 NW + •0151 + •0208 + •0184 + ■0222 + •0242 + .0230 —•0069 —•0038 — •0053 NWbN + ■0137 + •0191 + •0167 + •0204 + ^0227 + ^0213 —•0063 —•0037 — •0051 NNW + •0121 + •0106 + •0144 + •0186 + ^0200 + •OlOO —•0059 —•0035 —•0049 NbW + •0103 + •0132 + •0116 + •0106 + •OlOl + .0102 —•0057 —•0031 — •0046 By examining the table it m\\ be seen that on the average of the "year the barometer rises with a wind from any point between S Wb W (measured from left to right) to N b E, and that it falls with win da AND PRKSSURE OF VAPOUR. from NNE to SW. The same rule also holds (within a point) in summer and winter separately, and is true also with respect to the changes in the pressure of dry air. The pressure of vapour increases with a wind between E N E to SW b S and diminishes with a wind between SW and NE. On the average of the year, and during the winter half-year, both the rise and fall have an uninterrupted progression ; and the same is true in every case where the change is an increase ; but in the summer half-year, besides the maximum rate of barometric fall which occu/s with a wind from E, there is a second inferior maximum fall when the wind is from S b W. There are also two maxima in the rate with which the pressure of dry air diminishes during the summer. They are of equal magnitude — '0131 and also occur with winds from E and S b W. The most rapid changes, together with the winds that accompany them, are shewn in the following tables : B.VROMETRIC PRESSURE. Most rapid rise Most rapid fall < ~. SUMMER. Change ia 2 hours. -f -0162 —•0113 0093 Wind. WNW E SbW WINTER. Change in ^. . 2 hours. """"• + .0214 NWbW — •0343 EbS YEAR. PRESSURE OP DRY AIR. SUMMER. Change in 2 Iiours. Most rapid rise +-0237 Most rapid fall j~".2}3} Wind. WNW ■p SbW -f-024Y NWbW — •0379 EbS Change in ^j^^j 2 hours. + •0194 NWbW^W — •0218 E YEAR. Change in ^j , 2 hours. "'""• + •0239 NWbW^W — •0244 E PRESSURE OF VAPOUR. Most rapid rise Most rapid fall SUMMER. Cliange in „. . 21iours. ^^'^^' -i--0042 S —•0079 WbNJN Change in ^. , 2 hours. "'""• + •0087 EbS^S —•0038 KW^W Wind. Change in 2 hours. + •0037 SSE^E — •0064 NWbWiW