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//^J (^^^^^^ J^^ ^
]|llllj|K9lfi0quOf
Le S6minalre d» Qw^badJ
3, rue de TUniversitA,
Quebec 4, QUE.
Prom "The Canadian Journal" of November, 1889.
ON THE CHANGES OF BAROMETRIC PRESSURE, AND
PRESSURE OF VAPOUR THAT ACCOMPANY DIFFERENT
WINDS, AT TORONTO,
FROM OBSERVATIONS IN THE SEVEN YEARS, 1880-66 INCLUSIVE.
" BY 0. T. KINGSTON, M.A.,
OIRECTOH OF THE ICACNETIC OBSBBVATORY, TORONTO.
The object in the following paper is to shew the connection which
subsists between the direction of the wind and the rapidity of the
changes, whuther of increase or diminution, which take place in the
pressure of air and of vapour.
The changes considered in the investigation are limited to those in
which iihe direction of the wind did not vary between two consecutive
observations by more than 22}° on each side of one of the eight prin-
cipal points; and as such comparative constancy in direction will
usually occur only when the interval is short, it was found convenient
to employ only the differences between 6 a.m. and 8 a.m., between
2 p.m. and 4 p.m., and betweau 10 p.m. and midnight.
The total change in the reading between two consecutive observa-
tions being first diminished by the change due to diurnal variation, the
remainders were then classed according to the direction of the wind in
the interval, and their averages in each class taken^^i^nricfaeryiar collec-
tively as well as separately for the two half-yearsf v "^'-'i^'
The average changes of barometric pressure ^hich take D]a(i^ir
hours, and found in the manner just described, are gjjltiw^elaw
each of the principal eight point of the wind's direotron. .; J^ ]% \
Lin'
fi,
■ \
'k
f-l.""
^-t
2
+•0086
CUANOKS OV BAROUBTRIC FBESBUBB
APRIL TO SEPTEMBER.
W.E. B. S.B. 8.
• 0048 —-Oil? —'0057 — -0084 -
•0041 +^0182 +•0166
N. ».E.
+•0087 —'0160
OCTOBER TO MARCH. *- •
E. 8.K. 8. «.W. W. H.W.
• 0884 —•0818 —-02254 — 'OoST +-0168 +^020»
• '■' THE YEAR. " "- - -■■'^'''- 'i"'"' 'r^^ ' ■'■■-'•^■''
N. N.B. «. 8.B. B. B.lf. W. H.W.
+ •0086 —•0108 —^0216 —•0164 -^0129 — "OOS* +'0156 +'0180
The most probable values of the changes corresponding to interme-
diate direottbna of the vibd aria given bjr th^ fdllOwing formulie,
Tfhere ^f, ?Kj ?P3 represent tlie ohangies for thfe tWoO^alf years and year,
and e the angular distance of the pdnt from vhioh the wind blew,
measured from the North towards the East> end expressed in degrees.
APRIL TO SEPTEMBER.
*, = + • 0004 + • 0116 Bin (9 +. HI" 29') + • 0044 Bin (2 6 + ISft* 29^
^ ^ ■ + •0026BJn (8 + U'aO
OCTOBER TO MARCH.
^a = — •0076 + •0281 sin (© + 148* 14') + ^0024 Bin (2 + 160' 49)
+ •0014 8in(3e + 80°16')
^3^^'^k4
'" ittE'TEAlt.- ■ •
Bin (0+ 148°20 + •06i'0Blti(^'i!)+ l'r4<»lY'>
+ •002lBin(8«+ 10" 47)
PRESSURE OF DRY AIR.
The ayerago' dangles in the pressure of dry oiir iii twb hourd with
difl^reut winds, and the oonr^spondiiig fomulte of ittietpoktibu, an as
fbllows. '^^-y
APRIL TO SBPTBMBBtt.
^mii
+ •0110
+ 0128
-•is
N.B.
•0182
N.K.
•0091
If. 9 pi. B. B-W. ft, B-W.
•^•0123 —•0088 —•0122 --•0046 +^0196 +'0219
OdTOBBR TO kAROH
K. B.B. B. SlW. W. If.W.
—•0871 —^0842 -^0240 —•0026 +'0196 +^0240
THE tEAR.
«, 8.K. B. S.'W. N. H.W.
»_.0a48 —•0194 — ''>160 — '0084 +"0196 +^0229
APRIL TO SBPTEMBEB.
*,=:+• 0021 + '0182 sin (« + 188« 1*0+ '0048 sin (2 0+ 198" 1(J')
+ •O084 Bin (8 fl + 10« 18')
6CT0B]^R TO MARCH.
^*» a — '6611 + •0817 Bin (9 + 149"' 4') + •0080 rin (2 + 186' 2')
+ 'OOieBia (8 9 + 217' 290
^«-— ■
!«ii!
mmm
mmmm
ipmiiHiP
AND PBBBSUBS 07 VAPOUR.
THE TEAR
♦s = — -0021 4- -0237 9in (9 + 144° 46') + -0040 sin (2 + IW H')
+ -0026 sin (8 + 16" 89')
PRESSURE OF VAPOUR.
The average cluiages io the pressure of vapour ia two hours that
accompany wiada from the eight principal points, and the formula: for
finding the most probable change, with the wind blowing from any
intermediate point, are given below :
APRIL TO SEPTEHOBR.
-'•QOA.T TT-'0O34 4- -0020 +'0035 4--0042 -^r-QOai —'Oois — -0069
OCTOBER TO MARCH.
—.•0026 4--0()0» -lr-003t 4--o631 -\--0i)X1 —•00(13 — -0032 —•0039
THE YEAR.
If V Ea E. & E! S fl IT WT If VT
—•0041 —•0012 4-^0026 +^o63.4 ■^•QOU -r-^OOth^ ■:r--Q04« — -0064
APRIL TO SEPTEMBER.
*i = — •00160 4- •00607 Bin (0 + 305° 49') + • 00096 sin (2 + 88° 48•'^
4- •00110 sin (8 4- 181° 2')
OCTOBER TO HARCH.
«» — — •00018 4- •0OSS6 sin (0 ■\- 330° 26') 4 •00034 sin (2 4- 287^ 6')
-f •0QO22 sin (3 4- 243° 26')
THE TEAa
♦a = — -00084 -f -00479 sin (0 4 312° 43') 4- •000S6 ^in (2 0+ 86° 44')
4 -00087 sin (8 4- 216° 16')
If in the nine foregoing formula), the variable angle (&) be made
equal in succession to 0, 11" 15' (11® 15')X2, (11'' 15') X3, &o.
&q. ...... (11* 15')X31, the changes of pressure will be found which
would most probably qccur if the wiqd were to blow steadily for two
hours from each of the thirty-two points of the compass.
The results are given iu the annexed Table.
mmmm.
CHANQKB 07 BAROMETRIC PRSSSCRK
Table shewing the changes in Barometric Pressure^ Pressure of Dry Air
and Pressure of Vapour, which take place in two hours, during winds
from each of the Thirty-two points of the Compass.
Barometric Pressure.
1
Fressdre of Dry Air.
Pressure of Vapour.
April to
Sept.
Oct. to
March.
Tear.
April to
Sept.
Oct. to
March.
Year.
April to
Sept.
Oct. to
March.
Year.
North
+ •0083
+ •0088
+•0083
+ •0144
+ •0110
+ -0127
—•0067
—•0026 ■
—•0042
NbE
+ •0058
+ •0035
+ •0044
+ •0117
+ •0046
+ -0083
—•0056
—•0019
-•0037
NNE
+ •0029
—•0026
—•0001
+ •0082
— •0C27
+ ^0032
—•0052
—•0010
-•0030
NEbN
—•0005
—•0092
—•0060
+ •0040
—•0105
-•0027
—•0045
•0000
—•0021
NE
—•0041
— •0158
—•0100
—•0007
—•0182
—•0088
—•0034
+ •ooio
—•0011
NEbB
-•0074
—•0220
—•0146
—•0064
—•0262
—•0146
—•0020
+ •OOIO
•0000
EKE
—•0099
-•0272
— 0184
—•0093
— •0309
— •o:96
—•0005
+ ^0027
+ •0009
EbN
—•0112
—•0310
— 0208
—•0120
—•0349
—•0228
+ -0009
+ •0033
+ •0017
Eabt
—•0118
—•0334
— 0218
—•0131
—•0372
—•0244
+ ^0020
+ -0036
+ •0024
EbS
-•0103
—•0343
— 0214
—•0127
—•0379
—•0243
+ ^0028
+ ^0037
+ •0028
ESE
—•0086
—•0340
— 0199
—•0114
—•0373
—•0230
+ ^0032
+ -oosv
+ •0032
SEbE
—•0068
— •032P
—0180
—•0098
—•0359
—•0211
+ -0034
+ •oose
+ •0034
SE
—•0055
— •0312
—•0160
—•0086
—•0341
—•0192
+ •0035
+ '0032
+ •0036
SEbS
—•0052
—•0293
-•0147
—•0084
—•0321
—•0178
+ 'OoaO
+ ^0029
+ •0037
SSE
—•0058
—•0273
—•0132
—•0093
—•0298
—•0170
+ ^0039
+ ^0025
+ •0037
SbE
—•0071
—•0250
—•0134
—•0109
—•0272
—•0166
■► .0041
+ ^0021
+ ■0036
South
—•0085
—•0222
— ■0131
—•0124
—•0239
—•0161
+ ^0042
+ •OOIO
+ •0033
SbW
—•0093
—•0187
—•0123
—•0131
—•0199
—•0149
+ ^0040
+ •OOIO
+ •0027
saw
—•0090
—•0145
—•0106
—•0122
—•0149
—•0124
+ ^0032
+ •0003
+ •0018
SWbS
—•0071
—•0094
-■0077
—•0093
—•0090
—•0086
+ •ooio
—•0004
+ •0007
8W
--•0038
—•0037
—•0036
—•0044
—•0027
—•0033
+ •OOOl
—•0012
—•0006
SWbW
+ •0005
+ •0022
+ •0014
+ •0018
+ •0038
+ -0028
-•0021
—•0019
—•0019
WSW
+ •0052
+ •0079
+ ■0066
+ •0084
+ •0099
+ -0091
—•0042
—•0025
— •0030
WbS
+ •0096
+ •0129
+ •0115
+ •0146
.+ ■0152
+ •0148
-•0060
— •0029
—•0040
West
+ •0131
+ •0168
+ •0164
+ •0195
+ •0194
+ -0194
—•0073
-•0033
— •0047
WbN
+ •0153
+ •0196
+ •0181
+ •0225
+ ■0223
+ •0224
—•0079
—•0035
—•0052
WNW
+ •0162
+ •0211
+ •0194
+ •0237
+ •0241
+ ^0239
—•0079
—•0037
—•0054
NWbW
+ •0160
-. 0214
+ •0194
+ •0234
+ ■0247
+ •02S9
—•0075
—•0088
—•0064
NW
+ •0151
+ •0208
+ •0184
+ ■0222
+ •0242
+ .0230
—•0069
—•0038
— •0053
NWbN
+ ■0137
+ •0191
+ •0167
+ •0204
+ ^0227
+ ^0213
—•0063
—•0037
— •0051
NNW
+ •0121
+ •0106
+ •0144
+ •0186
+ ^0200
+ •OlOO
—•0059
—•0035
—•0049
NbW
+ •0103
+ •0132
+ •0116
+ •0106
+ •OlOl
+ .0102
—•0057
—•0031
— •0046
By examining the table it m\\ be seen that on the average of the
"year the barometer rises with a wind from any point between S Wb W
(measured from left to right) to N b E, and that it falls with win da
AND PRKSSURE OF VAPOUR.
from NNE to SW. The same rule also holds (within a point) in
summer and winter separately, and is true also with respect to the
changes in the pressure of dry air. The pressure of vapour increases
with a wind between E N E to SW b S and diminishes with a wind
between SW and NE.
On the average of the year, and during the winter half-year, both
the rise and fall have an uninterrupted progression ; and the same is
true in every case where the change is an increase ; but in the summer
half-year, besides the maximum rate of barometric fall which occu/s
with a wind from E, there is a second inferior maximum fall when the
wind is from S b W. There are also two maxima in the rate with
which the pressure of dry air diminishes during the summer. They
are of equal magnitude — '0131 and also occur with winds from
E and S b W.
The most rapid changes, together with the winds that accompany
them, are shewn in the following tables :
B.VROMETRIC PRESSURE.
Most rapid rise
Most rapid fall < ~.
SUMMER.
Change ia
2 hours.
-f -0162
—•0113
0093
Wind.
WNW
E
SbW
WINTER.
Change in ^. .
2 hours. """"•
+ .0214 NWbW
— •0343 EbS
YEAR.
PRESSURE OP DRY AIR.
SUMMER.
Change in
2 Iiours.
Most rapid rise +-0237
Most rapid fall j~".2}3}
Wind.
WNW
■p
SbW
-f-024Y NWbW
— •0379 EbS
Change in ^j^^j
2 hours.
+ •0194 NWbW^W
— •0218 E
YEAR.
Change in ^j ,
2 hours. "'""•
+ •0239 NWbW^W
— •0244 E
PRESSURE OF VAPOUR.
Most rapid rise
Most rapid fall
SUMMER.
Cliange in „. .
21iours. ^^'^^'
-i--0042 S
—•0079 WbNJN
Change in ^. ,
2 hours. "'""•
+ •0087 EbS^S
—•0038 KW^W
Wind.
Change in
2 hours.
+ •0037 SSE^E
— •0064 NWbWiW