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CIHM/ICMH 
 
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 '^. 
 
5S^* rv^'^ 
 
 5t. F/itrick 
 or 
 
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 WHUT LCD 
 TO IT 
 
 /IN 
 
 HISTORIC/IL 
 SKETCH 
 
 MW 
 
!»l 
 
 ^The PARISH OF ST.PATRICK 
 
 OFOTTAM 
 
 AND WHAT LED TO IT. 
 
 AN HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 OTTAWA : 
 
 The Mortimer to. Limited. 
 
 1900. 
 
 A«i 
 
%J 
 
 KI' 
 
TPIE RIGHT RKV. JOS. EUGENE GUIGUES, 
 First Bishop of Ottawa. 
 
I. 
 
 He told them of a river whose mij;luy current gave 
 
 Its freshness for a hundred leagues to ocean's briny wave. 
 
 —Jacijiies Cartier, hy Thomas D' Any McGee. 
 
 IT is not improbable that many people liave, at different 
 times, found a strong suggestion of the prophetic in 
 
 the notable fact that almost from the earliest date of 
 which our Canadian written annals preserve a record, the 
 site upon which now stands that buzzing hive of industry 
 and famous centre of political activity, the youthful cap- 
 ital of our beloved Dominion, our good City of Ottawa, has 
 been instinct with that heightened imaginary notion of 
 events so well calculated to engender the vivid imagery 
 which is, however, found too frequently accompanied b;-- 
 somewhat irregular logic, and which has been called Ro- 
 mance. Let prosaic people say what they please, romance 
 is the real spirit of history ; the warm, pulsing heart with- 
 out which history would be cold and arid ; the fairy prin- 
 cess before whose smiles the mists of earth disperse and 
 flee away, and this dull, commonplace world becomes a 
 glorious paradise. 
 
 No man whose mind is not as the withered fig-tree, 
 will qi.arrel with Macauley when he, with probably an eye 
 on his own leading characteristic as a writer, affirms that 
 history in its ideal perfection should be the charming com- 
 pound of poetry and philosophy which impresses general 
 truths by a vivid representation of particular characters, 
 scenery and incidents. But it is unfortunate that almost 
 all our Canadian historians have used one of these ingre- 
 dients to the almost total exclusion of the other. They 
 are prose poets, and use the romantic to excess, or they 
 are philosophers, and exclusively confine themselves to 
 
r 
 
 what they deem to be the real, apparently quite for;etting' 
 that the features of what is called the real seem different 
 to every eye that regards them. And wliether poet or 
 philosopher, whenever our historians touch upon that ro- 
 mantic element with which our national annals are satur- 
 ated, their failure has been, almost without exception, both 
 signal and dismal. 
 
 Perhaps the wiser of our historians would avoid this 
 treacherous matter altogether were they not almost con- 
 strained to deal with it by the very nature of their 
 undertaking. Around the spots they have immortalized 
 by their contact while in this life, the more subt!? spirits 
 of romance still linger, struggling as it v;ere against an- 
 nihilation, and like some parted soul, still fondly cling to 
 the scenes where, during their earthly pilgrimage, they ex- 
 perienced their most memorable moments of fervor and of 
 light. Especially do they bar the way of the historian, 
 and implaci.bly demand his recognition. They cry out to 
 him with voice so imperative as to brook no denial. And 
 be his task never so humble or circumscribed, the historian 
 must, whether he desires to do so or not, deal with those 
 immortals as best he can. To call back those imperious 
 shadows of the past — to give shape and vitality to their 
 dim and unsubstantial essences — and, by virtue of the im- 
 aginative powers by which he has been endowed by his 
 Creator, to reproduce them in forms resembling in some 
 degree the shapes which they had once borne, is, it would 
 seem, a duty, solemnly incumbent upon the historian, 
 whether of a country, a county, a cit>- or a parish. 
 
 The present writer finds himself powerful!}- influenced 
 by some such thoughts as the foregoing. He has assuredly no 
 desire to rush in where even the " angels " among our histor- 
 ians should "fear to tread." Equally certain is it he has abso- 
 lutely no relish for striving to emulate the exhaustive — and 
 
 ?• 
 
 
?• 
 
 I 
 
 exhausting — thoroughness of the man who, having to write a 
 treatise on " bridges," began his discourse with a lengtliy and 
 minute conjectural description of the bridge of Adam's nose ! 
 Venturing upon nothing more ambitious than a mere sketch 
 of a comparatively small territory, the present writer knows 
 full well he should be brief. But he also finds himself con- 
 vinced that, however small the picture which a painter under- 
 takes, perspective cannot be dispensed with. In addition, he 
 believes that description should take cognizance, not only of 
 places, but also of the chief associations which the sight of 
 them awakens in the memory, not only single events, but 
 somewhat of the train of which each of them forms a part. 
 Consequently, while desiring to tell his story as plainly and 
 directly as possible, he feels constrained to pass here and there 
 somewhat bejond the mere letter of his tale, and even to give 
 the chief subject of his efforts a generously broad setting of 
 history. Hence, instead of coming to the pith of his story at 
 once, not only has he ventured to refer at some length to the 
 brave and adventurous French naval offic-r who was the first 
 white man of distinction to penetrate into the Ottawa Valley 
 when it was only a wilderness, but he has not hesitated to 
 state some of the principal events which preceded the famous 
 journey of Samuel de Champlain, and which led up to his 
 great exploit. This is the plan upon which this paper is 
 to be written, and in compliance with it we must forthwith 
 take a lengthy backward step along the course by which our 
 country has advanced. 
 
 While the British, Dutch and Swedes were taking pos- 
 session of the soil, from the Penobscot in Maine to the Tom- 
 bigby in Alabama, the French, under Jacques Cartier, a master 
 mariner who was born at Saint Malo, in France, in 1494, 
 and who had already explored the lower Gulf of St. Law- 
 rence, and made a voyage to the large and picturesque bay 
 
vyhicli by reason of the unwonted heat there experienced he 
 called the Oolfe de Chalenr, entered, in 1535, the St. Lawrence 
 River, so called because Cartier had sighted land on the day 
 of August dedicated to St. Lawrence, and ascended it to the 
 mouth of the St. Charles River, near which on the present 
 site of Quebec, was situated Stadacona, the Indian town 
 w'iere Donnacona, an Algonquin chief, welcomed him. In 
 October he visited Hochelaga, an Indian village which oc- 
 cupied the present site ot St. James Cathedral in Montreal, 
 where r chief of the Huron Indians welcomed him. He 
 very soon afterwards returned to PVance, forcibly and wrong- 
 fully taking with him the chief, Donnacona, and several 
 of his people. In 1541, as second in command to M. de 
 Roberval, he for the third time visited Canada ; but having 
 met with many disasters from sickness and the provoked 
 enmity of the Indians, he returned to France, and died 
 vSoon after. 
 
 While passing Newfoundland on his way home, Cartier 
 met Roberval, with five vessels, on his way to Quebec. The 
 latter sailed up to Cap Rouge, where, much angered by the 
 bad conduct of his men, many of whom had been liberated 
 i! m prisons to go as colonists to Canada, reduced to the 
 severest straits by ths giving out of his provisions, and having 
 failed in almost all his undertakings, he was at length, in 
 1544, rescued from his perilous position by ships despatched 
 for the purpose by the French monarcli. King Fruvicis. Five 
 years after this utter failure, this truly unfortunate man, while 
 endeavoring to tike out to the banks of the St. Lawrence 
 another fleet, and aaothor set of colonists, perished miserably 
 at sea with all his people. Roberval seems to have been one 
 of those ill-starred men, too numerous in almost every com- 
 munity, who spend their lives in unsuccessful attempts to 
 spin the flax God sends them upon wheels, the mechanism 
 and governing of which they can never be got to understand. 
 
 . , 
 
 7 
 
wniu 
 
 HI 
 
 . , 
 
 I 
 
 From the time of the visits of Cartier and Roberval, with 
 the exception of one calamitous attempt at colonization, that 
 of De la Roche, famous for tiie terrible iragedy which attended 
 it, and which left scores of outcasts to suffer and many to 
 perish of exposure and famine upon the inhospitable white 
 dunes of Sable Island; Canada, owing to France having been 
 thoroughly distracted and torn by wars with Germany and 
 religious wars at home, was, for nearly fifty years, left to 
 her native savages and wild animals. 
 
 But it IS useful to remember that, although Canada was 
 thus seemingly forgotten by the kings of France, no less than 
 five of whom died within the period of neglect, yet French 
 traders did not cease to visit the St. Lawrence. They braved 
 the perils of the ocean to buy furs from the Indian hunters, 
 — furs to which fashion had given an artificial value in 
 civilized life. Canada was destitute of the precious metals, 
 at that time the leading objects of American enterprise, 
 but the rich peltries of the interior furnished a source of 
 wealth that almost rivalled the mines of Mexico and Peru. 
 It was the fur trade, in fact, which gave early sustenance 
 and vitality to all the older Canadian provinces. 
 
 We have seen how Cartier entered the St. Lawrence and 
 did very little more. To conclude that the veil was first lifted 
 from the face of our country by him, would not be correct. 
 Long before his time the existence of many parts of the coast 
 of what is now Canada was well known in Europe. The 
 voyage of Eric the Red and his Norsemer, in the eleventh 
 century may be dismissed with the remark that much 
 more additional testimony will have to be produced before 
 the general public can be prevailed upon lo believe that it 
 actually took place. But in 1497-8, only four years 
 after Christopher Columbus, in 1493, discovered San Sal- 
 vador and other islands of the West Indies, John and Se- 
 bastian Cabot, father and son, Italians in the service of Eng- 
 
8 
 
 land, sighted Newfoundland and touched at the Island of 
 Cape Breton and also at the mainland of Labrador. In 1524 
 John Verrazano, an Italian in the service of France, sailed 
 from Florida along the coasts of what are now the New Eng- 
 land States and the Provinces of New Brunswick and Nova 
 Scotia, and claimed the whole region for the King of France. 
 Furthermore, as early as 151 7, European fishing vessels fre- 
 quented the fishing banks of Newfoundland, the ocean Gulf 
 of St. Lawrence, and the waters around Nova Scotia. It is 
 also well authenticated that these hardy fishermen, for pur- 
 poses connected with their calling, or drive'*, by stress of 
 wind and sea, landed in many places on the Canadian coast. 
 Thus, while Jacques Cartier may justly be regarded as the 
 discoverer of the noble St. Lawrence River, it would seem 
 somewhat extravagant to allow his fame a much broader base. 
 With the return of peace in France, and the ascent of 
 Henry IV. to the throne in 1608, the spirit of adventure was 
 re-awakened. The fur trade soon began to attract attention 
 in the commercial emporiums of France, the markets of 
 Europe, and even with royalty itself. The king regarded 
 with great favor the opening up of such communications, and 
 entered into contract with distinguished traders whereby they 
 engaged to transport and settle numerous emigrants in Canada 
 in return for monopolies in fur. The first great meeting place 
 for the fur traffic was the storied Island of Anticosti, and 
 more latterly the scarcely less romantic Tadoussac, a little 
 Indian town at the m'.uth of the gloomy but impressive 
 Saguenay River. Here in exchange for hatchets, knives, 
 cloth and various iron and brass articles of no great value, 
 later on for fire-arms and brandy, alike inferior and deadly, 
 brought frotn over the ocean by the white man, he received 
 from the red man the skins of the various fur-bearing wild 
 animals with which the practically unlimited hunting-grounds 
 of the Indians then abounded. The furs, thus purchased for 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 

 a mere trifle, were borne away to be sold at fabulous prices to 
 the wealth and beauty of Europe. Thus, at the very outset 
 of our history, the guileless Indian was taught by severe 
 practice that everything a man acquires is at the cost of 
 something, and the pale-face perceived, though probably by 
 no means for the first time, as it certainly was not the last, 
 that exchange does not always mean perfect equality in 
 compensation. 
 
 II. 
 
 This Clifford wished for worthier niight ; 
 Nor in broad pomp, or courtly state : 
 llim his own thought did elevate. 
 
 — IVonhworth's IVhile Doe of Ryhione. 
 
 THE first chronicle wherein a reference to the Ottawa 
 River, and the region through which it flows, is 
 found, was written by a French nobleman in whose 
 character many seemingly divergent qualities were com- 
 bined in harmonious union, and he was at the same time 
 a man of thought and a man of action, a soldier and a 
 writer, an adventurer and a pious Christian — in a word, a 
 model of the complete man — Samuel de Champlain. 
 
 Born at Le Brouage, a village in Saintonge in the west of 
 France, in 1567, and developing at an early age a strong desire 
 to turn away from the vivacious, gay and splendid court of 
 Henry IV., where he was a prime favorite, in order to see 
 strange lands, he entered the navy of his country, and from 
 the first lost no opportunity of sharing in adventure and dis- 
 covery. Says Goldwin Smith : " The man would have been 
 a Crusader in the thirteenth century, who in the sixteenth 
 was a maritime adventurer and the founder of a colony." 
 Even when he entered upon his famous journey of 161 3 — a 
 
lO 
 
 ■''i' 
 
 journey which links his iHustrious name inseparably with 
 the earh- exploration of the Ottawa Valley, he had already 
 performed sufficient to render his fame secure. Prior to that 
 time he had not only fought on sea, and on land under the 
 leadership of the King, Henry of Navarre, but made in addi- 
 tion several voyages to the West Indies. Then, in 1603-5, 
 he assisted at the exploration of the coasts of Maine, New 
 Brunswick and Nova Scotia, and incidentally tne adjoining 
 seas. At the end of all this voyaging, the passion for roaming 
 still remained master in the breast of this modern Ulysses. 
 When in 1608, therefore, the King found some room in his 
 thoughts for his Canadian possessions, and the scheme of 
 founding a colony on the St. Lawrence was revived at the 
 Court of France, among the first to respond to the call for 
 pioneers, and to enter our great river, was Champlain. He 
 landed at Tadoussac, then, as we have just seen, a centre of 
 the fur-trade, but soon re-embarking, went up the St. Law- 
 rence to the spot visited by Cartier, on his second voyage. 
 Later he moored his vessel hard by that towering rock which 
 subsequentK- became one of the strongest fortresses in the 
 whole world, and landing there with his men on the third of 
 July 1608, proceeded without the least delay, to clear the land 
 and lay the foundations of the City of Quebec, and thus ad- 
 vanced an irrefragable claim to the title of the discoverer of 
 Canada. 
 
 Haunted by the scientifically correct theory of Columbus 
 and of so many other great navigators, which led them to 
 believe that, owing to the sphericity of the globe, they 
 could find a short way to the rich and glowing East, by 
 going towards the west, the founder of Quebec listened 
 eagerly to hints given him by Indians whom he had met 
 on the St. Lawrence, and who were probably from the 
 Ottawa, to the effect that if he penetrated the western wilds, 
 he could reach a great northern sea. He could not have 
 
 < 
 
i 
 
 VERY REV. A. McD. DAWvSON, LL.D., 
 First Pastor of vSt. Patrick's. 
 
11 
 
 concluded that the Indians meant one of the Great Lakes, or 
 Hndson's Bay, as both lakes and bay were unknown to him, 
 and consequently, he easily persuaded himself that tremend- 
 ious discoveries awaited him if he ascended the St. Lawrence 
 and the great northern river, the Ottawa, to its source. 
 
 Events favored his design, but, at the same time, led him 
 to commit an act which, to such as are accustomed to 
 apply the moral microscope to human affairs, must always 
 appear a serious ."-tain upon his character as a just and 
 humane man. From the first the Indians beheld with ad- 
 miration the presence of the stately yet gracious Frenchman, 
 clad in plumed hat and shining corselet, and armed with 
 musket and sword. They called him " the man with the 
 iron breast." His fire-arms were with them a fertile theme 
 of wonder. They beheld the weapons kill at a great dis- 
 tance, as if by fire and smoke. With an astuteness that tes- 
 tifies to the keenness of their intelligence, they soon desired 
 to secure the owner of the weapons as their ally, more espec- 
 ially as the Hurons and Ottawas were then at war with their 
 fierce hereditary foes, the Iroquois. 
 
 Of these Indian nations and tribes which we thus find 
 hungry for war and anxious to kill each other, much as if 
 they had been Christians of our own times, a word must now 
 be spoken. At the beginning of the sixteenth century, the 
 vast territories which are now called the United States and 
 Canada, were a wilderness almost untouched by the hand of 
 civilized man. The most of the eastern part of our continent 
 was thickly covered with what Longfellow calls " the forest 
 primeval," among the myriads of whose leafy growth all 
 manner of birds and wild animals flew and prowled, and 
 Indians lurked and lived. Through the great tracts of trees 
 lakes and rivers glowed and glittered, like a silver chain flung 
 about carelessly, which shines afar, catching the eye in many 
 a broken link. The western portion of the continent, beyond 
 
1 
 
 12 
 
 the great lakes and the valley of the Mississippi, was covered 
 with the limitless sward of the prairie ; level plains too wide 
 for the eye to nieasnre, a vast realm of fertility, of seeming 
 peace and eternal silence, bathed in an atmosphere which the 
 fierce summer sun filled with languor ; green undulations, like 
 motionless swells of the ocean, flecked with a foam of multi- 
 colored flowers ; abundance of streams, followed through all 
 their windings by lines of woods and rings of groves ; but for 
 the most part the country presented to the gazer a boundless 
 waste, covered with herbage and lovely blossoms, but without 
 trees. Those miles of matchless meadows were patrolled by 
 countless buffaloes, immense herds of which might often be 
 seen, moving across the distant profile of the prairie, like a 
 great army marching through a level country. 
 
 A thinly-scattered and uncultivated race was the only 
 human population of these vast tracts of forest and prairie. 
 They came to be called Indians, because when Columbus and 
 the early navigators first reached the islands and continent 
 of America, they supposed them to be parts of eastern 
 Asia, probably India, and the verbal error lived on, al- 
 though the physical mistake was explained. Tlie Indians 
 regarded the cultivation of the soil as degrading. War 
 was their most honored profession ; hunting and fishing 
 were their chief trades. When on warlike expeditions, 
 they painted their faces and bodies in the most hideous 
 and grotesque manner, according to the universal practice 
 of American savages. Another universal istom was the 
 use of the calumet, or pipe of peace, whicii did about the 
 same duties for the Indians that the " treat " does for the pale- 
 faces. When the Indians wished to deal in any way with the 
 white man, a fire was generally lighted around which repre- 
 sentttives of the two races seated themselves in a semi-circle, 
 when the pipe of peace was brought forward with due cere- 
 mony, by an official detailed for the purpose, and, after being 
 
 A. 
 
 •i. 
 
 ■; 
 
13 
 
 A 
 
 ' 
 
 *■ w * 
 
 lighted, was handed to the principal chief. The latter smoked 
 a few whiffs and then handed it to his neighhor, and soon it 
 reached each one sncccssively in the circle. When all had 
 smoked, it was considered that an assnrance of good faith and 
 amity had been interchanged. 
 
 The smoke of the Indian wigwams, and the fires of their 
 conncils, rose in every valley from Hudson's Bay to the farth- 
 est Florida, from Labrador and Cape Breton to the lakes and 
 the Mississippi. To use the words of Story : "The shouts of 
 victory and the war-dance rung through the mountains and 
 the glades. The thick arrows and the deadly tomahawk 
 whistled through the forests. The warriors stood forth in 
 their glory. Mothers played with their infants and gazed on 
 the scene with warm hopes of the future. The aged sat down ; 
 but they wept not. They would soon be at rest in fairer 
 regions, where the Great Spirit dwelt, in a home prepared for 
 the brave beyond the western skies." Although widely scat- 
 tered, and speaking different tongues, the reddish tawny skin, 
 the coarse black hair, the smooth, beardless face, the high 
 cheek bones, were common to all American Indians, and 
 served clearly to indicate the oneness of their origin. 
 
 The commonly accepted scientific theory is that the first 
 men reached this continent from western Europe. Human 
 nature has been found always and everywhere essentially the 
 same. The Indian character, like that of most other men, be 
 their color what it may, was a compound of bad and good 
 qualities. They were slack, careless and lazy. They were 
 keen of intellect and as tribesmen generally loyal to each 
 other. Fierce in war, in peace they were free from hatred, 
 envy and jealousy. The Indian woman was a degraded being, 
 a slave. In the words of Ch?.mplain, "their women were 
 their mules." The women did all the drudgery of the wig- 
 wam, raised the crops of corn, and in the frequent wanderings 
 of the tribe, bore the hravy burdens. 
 
14 
 
 As a whole, the Indian's religions belief was really a 
 ridicnlons medley of superstition and idolatry. Pnre, unmixed 
 devil-worship, is what the learned Dr. Shea calls it. The 
 Indians fancied " manitous " were in everything^ — men, ani- 
 mals, lakes, rivers, hills and valleys. They believed not in 
 one Great Spirit, but in a host of ^reat spirits. Despite all 
 this they were at heart fatalists. The one point where Chris- 
 tianity and the Indian faith touched was in the tenet which 
 has, l)y the way, been held with more or less distinctness by 
 every nation and every tiibe into which the ^reat family of 
 mankind is divided — a belief in the immortality of the soul. 
 
 The Indians were di\ided into certain great stocks, pre- 
 cisely as ByUropeans are divided into Celts, and Teutons, and 
 Slavs. They were generally grouped under eight families, 
 speaking different idioms of what was probably the same 
 language. Of these tribes we need concern ourselves 
 here only with three — the Iroquois, the Hurons, and the 
 Algonquins. The powerful and war-like Iroquois inhabited 
 all central New York, from the Mohawk River to the 
 Genesee, thus forming, what Parkman calls, an island in the 
 Algonquin ocean. The Algonquins were spread along the 
 northern shores of the St. Lawrence, the coasts of the Gulf 
 of St. Lawrence and the Bay of Fundy, and from Maine to 
 Virginia. The sub-tribe of the Montagnais was scattered in 
 the mountainous region from the Saguenay to the City of 
 Quebec. The Ottawas, who claimed to be lords of the Grand 
 River, were not much more than a tribe within the great 
 Huron nation, but they could, nevertheless, boast of various 
 minor families of Beavers, Bullheads, and Sorcerers, who 
 pitched their wigwams by Lakes Temiskaming and Nipissing 
 and on the Lslands of Allumette and Calumet. 
 
 When the City of Quebec was founded, the Hurons, 
 Algonquins and Montagnais, and other Indians of the north- 
 side of the St.. Lawrence, were, as we have already stated, at 
 
 
15 
 
 
 "wai witli the Iroquois. We have also seen that the Huron 
 freiiuentiy implored Champlain to accompany them when 
 they next raided the territory of the Iroquois. In an evil 
 moment he listened to them. Eaj^er to explore the country 
 he seized the opportunity thus afforded him to ^^ratify his de- 
 sire. Accordinj^ly in the spriuj^ of 1609, Champlain, accom- 
 panied by a few Frenchmen, cros.sed Lake St. Peter, and at 
 the mouth of the River Iroquois, now called the Richelieu, 
 met a large war-party of Algonquin and Huron warriors, who 
 gave him a cordial and noisy welcome. The allied party 
 then slowly made their way up the river, and often seriously 
 checked by the Cliambly Rapids, at length reached a wide 
 and most beautiful lake, which ever since that day has borne 
 the name of Champlain. Paddling briskly over the placid 
 surface of the great sheet of water, they, after many hours, 
 reached a spot where the lake became no wider than the 
 breadth of a river, but it presently expanded into that lovely 
 liquid mirror, framed by cloud-capped mountains and peak.s, 
 which a great Canadian missionary and martyr christened 
 Lac Sacrcment, and which long afterwards, and not without 
 a strong suggestion of desecration, was called Lake George, 
 after an English monarch. 
 
 In the gray dawn of a summer morning the party 
 landed on the western shore of Lac Sacrement. It is doubt- 
 ful if there be anywhere in history a more interesting pass- 
 age than that which describes how proudly the Mohawk 
 warriors stalked out from their fortifications to meet the 
 Hurons, the foes whom they despised. But they did not 
 reckon on the presence of the paleface, and they knew noth- 
 ing of the muskets whose fire-leaden tubes could belch forth 
 death. Champlain, advancing to the front, fired his arque- 
 buse rapidly, and two of the Mchawk chiefs fell to rise no 
 more. Thus, in an unprovoked contest the first Indian 
 blood was unwarrantably shed in Canada by the white man. 
 
i6 
 
 Very soon the remaining Mohawks, losing confidence in 
 the face of snch an unparelled happening as that of their 
 chiefs l)eing strnck down by fire, as if from the heavens, 
 turned and fled in dismay. The Hurons, according to the 
 custom of all Indian tribes, proceeded to torture the victims 
 who had fallen into their hands, and Champlain, sick at 
 heart, and disgusted at the sight, interfered on behalf of 
 humanity, but he waj obliged to exercise all his powers, 
 before his blood-thirsty allies would relinquish their demon 
 sports. After the victory, so easily gained, the Indians dis- 
 persed to their hunting grounds, but not before they had 
 exacted a promise from Champlain, that he would meet 
 them in the spring, and aid them in the war which they 
 would then renew. 
 
 Two years subsequent to his wanton attack on the Iro- 
 quois, an attack which, as we shall see, eventuated in dyeing 
 with blood the Canadian settlements of a later time, we find 
 Champlain at the ancient royal palace of Kontainbleau, amus- 
 ing King Henry with vivid stories of stirring exploits and 
 hair-breadth escapes in Canadian war and hunting. At the 
 same time he successfully exerted himself to secure a 
 powerful patron for his colony. While thus employed 
 one Nicholas Vignau appeared in Paris. The man was an 
 a'^iventurer who had served Champlain in Canada. Amid 
 vaporing and boasting he gave out that he had ascended 
 the Ottawa River to its source in a lake, and that he 
 had then followed the course of another river until he 
 reached a great sea. Champlain, as might be expected, 
 listened eagerly to this tale. If it were true, the great 
 question that had agitated discoverers since the time of 
 Christopher Columbus was solved, the way to the East from 
 the West was found. Vignau, under threat of death by 
 the axe of the headsman, in the event of its falsity being 
 proved, firmly maintained his story was true. 
 
 
i; 
 
 Chaniplain resolved forthwith to follow up this story. 
 When the tale first reached liis ears it was in the depth of 
 winter. Early spring- found him crossing the Atlantic. He 
 hastened on to Montreal. With Xij^nau and three other 
 Frenchmen, and one Indian, he left a little islet opposite the 
 south shore of the Island of Montreal. He had already named 
 the tiny spot St. Helt'ue, in affectionate remembrance of 
 his young betrothed, Ht-lene Houille, who, at the end of 
 eight years, was to join him in his adventurous life. Soon 
 he entered the mouth of the Ottawa, and thought it worth 
 recording that he saw its dark tide flowing through, with- 
 out intermingling with, the blue-green waters of the St. 
 Lawrence. Above the charming Lake of Two Mountains, so 
 called from a brace of high peaks on its northern shore, an 
 impetuous rapid was encountered, and the party was compelled 
 to drag the canoes through the thick, tangled woods. Beyond 
 this rapid the course was quite clear. They soon found that 
 the ree^ular rotation of cataract and calm was a d'stinguishing 
 mark of this river, which sometimes moves along with a tran- 
 quil and noi.seless course ; at other times, for miles and miles, 
 it dashes on in a thousand rapids, wild and beautiful to the 
 eye and stunning the ear with the awful tumult of struggling 
 and falling waters. They had now entered upon one of the 
 untroubled stretches of the stream. For many miles the river 
 flowed gently by level, wooded banks, and occasional verdant 
 islands. Over this placid link of water the canoes moved 
 rapidly After passing many minor streams, some of them 
 no bigger than brooks, they at length sailed in front of a 
 broad river on their right and on their left a rocky, wooded 
 bluff. Having rounded the latter, they found themselves 
 close to a lofty f?"' of white water, which shook and waved in 
 the sunlight like a wind-fanned curtain of snowy lace, a 
 characteristic that subsequently won for it the title of 
 Rideau, or the Curtain. But a great noise filled their ears 
 
i8 
 
 and attracted their attention to a spot higher up the Ottawa, 
 where a dense spray ascending high into the a'r and re- 
 flecting the beams of the sun, bespoke the presence of a 
 mighty water-fall. Approaching the latter as closely as the 
 great rapids stretching below it would permit, they could 
 plainly discern, only a short distance away, a voluminous 
 torrent that, leaping down a steep chasm, fell into a huge 
 and deep rock-bound abyss, where, frothing and bubbling, it 
 swirled round and round with an uproar louder than thunder. 
 This was the great Falls of the Chaudiere, which, unfortun- 
 ately contracted to meet t'le requirements of manufacture, 
 still flanks one side of the rocky throne upon which the Can- 
 adian Capital is seated like a young queen. The description 
 given by Champlain of the Chaudiere is too remarkable to be 
 omitted, but it should be explained that the islands mentioned 
 in the passage are probably those which have been removed 
 from below the falls, and the larger ones now so thickly 
 covered with lumber, mills and dwellings. Says Champlain : 
 " We went by a fall six or seven fathoms deep and about a 
 mile and a half wide. There are a number of small islands 
 covered with underbrush. In a certain part of the fall the 
 rush of water has worn the rock below to such an extent that 
 it has formed a natural basin, and the foaming of the water 
 caused the Indians to name it ' asticon,' which means boiler. 
 The noise made by that portion of the tall can be heard full 
 six miles off." Passing over the land at this point probably 
 on the south shore, to avoid such a formidable obstruction, 
 they found themselves surrounded by the trouble prover- 
 bially inseparable from a portage. " We had rather hard 
 work," says Champlain, " going up against the current 
 to reach the falls, where the Indians took the canoes, and 
 our Frenchmen and myself took the arms, ammunition and 
 so forth, to walk about half a mile, where we took again 
 to the water; but had soon to get out of our boats to- 
 
 
19 
 
 drag them over stones and through weeds and underbrush, 
 the hardships of such toil was more than one can imagine." 
 When this trying portage was completed, Champlain and his 
 adventurers found themselves on a pleasant afiernoon em- 
 barked once more on the waters ol Lac des Chenes, and next 
 day, arrivcu at the Chats Falls. As they continued to ascend 
 small islands divided the river at this point into numerous 
 falls. Champlain landed on one of these specks of land, and 
 erecting a cross bearing the arms of France, called it *he 
 He Ste. Croix. 
 
 Passing the Chats, the adventurers entered a wide and 
 beautiful expanse of soft and glassy water, but farther on it 
 was obstructed by the great rapids of Portage du Fort. 
 Here the work became very arduous again, and Champlain 
 records that the canoes had sometimes to be carried through 
 forests swarming with mosquitoes, and passed over or be- 
 neath huge prostrate tree trunks; and sometimes they had 
 to be drawn in the water, or towed by ropjs, near sloping 
 banks, whose slippery sides afforded but dar/jrerous foothold. 
 
 At length the little band reached the abi)de of Tessouac, 
 an old Algonquin chief, whom Champlain lad met on the 
 St. Lawrence. The chief regarded the \\hite man with 
 astonishment. He could hardly believe thi-.t with so small 
 a party the Frenchman had made his A^ay, through a 
 country so difficult and dangerous. But he received all 
 with every mark of respect and esteem. Champlain, through 
 his interpreter, recounted the story told him by Nicolas 
 Vignau. The Indians heard the tale in ominous silence. 
 But they looked at Vignau " as if they would have eaten 
 him," to use Champlain's phrase. Then the aged chief 
 broke out in fury, calling him a liar. Nicolas, he ex- 
 plained, had indeed, passed a winter witi his people, but 
 further he had not gone. If he had seen the people, the 
 country, and the sea he had spoken of, it must, therefore. 
 
20 
 
 have been in his dreaiii^. Chainplain, almost invariably 
 calm-tempered, was transported with momentary rage, when 
 he discovered that he had been made the dnpe of an im- 
 poster. The object of the latter requires only little thought 
 to lay it bare. Vignau had to the last persisted in his story, 
 hoping that the manifold difficulties of the way would stop 
 the expedition, while he would retain the reputation of hav- 
 ing made a great discovery. The Indians cried out, " kill 
 hini with torture," but the humane Champlain pardoned the 
 wretch after he had fully confessed his cruel falsehood. 
 There was nothing left for Champlain but to retrace his 
 weary footsteps over the same route he had come. On parting 
 with the Indians, he promised to accompany them and their 
 Huron allies on their next war expedition against the Iroquois. 
 On returning to the Chaudiere Falls, the Indian.-? per- 
 formed a strange ceremony, the particulars of which Cliam- 
 plain was at pains fully to note. After the canoes had been 
 drawn up at the foot of the portage, below the falls, one of 
 the Indians passed among his fellows with a wooden dish in 
 his hand, to which each one contributed a piece of tobacco. 
 When the collection was finished, the dish was set down 
 in the middle of the band, and all, chanting a tribal hymn, 
 danced around it. This done, chief after chief addressed 
 the assembly, ringing changes on how frequently they had 
 before done as they were now doing, and how they had 
 thereby secured themselves against the machinations of the 
 Evil One. A chief then raised the dish aloft, and amid the 
 shoutiii.^: of the multitude, cast it into the seething waters to 
 placate the perturbed spirit of the angry Chaudiere. Before 
 we smile at the performances of those poor Indians, let us 
 not forget that superstition is not yet extinct, and that even 
 in this enlightened era of schools and universities, steam and 
 electricity, the " fortune teller " is by no means without her 
 dc , ot-^es. 
 
 ? ». 
 
 I 
 
'If * 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 
 VERY REV. JAS. MCGRATH, O.M.I., 
 Second Pastor of St. I'atrick's. 
 
21 
 
 When Champlain reached Quebec, he lost no time in 
 sailing for France. Arrived in his own country, he found 
 before him a large accumulation of both political and com- 
 mercial trouble, which it was necessary he should settle. At 
 length, everything was quieted, and Champlain, with his 
 family, sailed for the land of his adoption, of which he was 
 to be governor. He carried out with him the first Canadian 
 missionaries, four Recollect, or Franciscan Fathers, the 
 Reverend Denis Jamay, Jean d'Olbeau, Joseph le Caron, and 
 Brother Pacifique du Plessis. Arrived at Quebec, the Re- 
 collets forthwith busied themselves in erecting their first 
 convent on the vernal banks of the St. Charles nearby. 
 
 Champlain, meanwhile, turned his attention towards ful- 
 filling his promise of returning to the Indians of the Ottawa. 
 Taking with him as his companion F'ather Le Caron, who 
 burned with holy zeal, he, in 1615, set out for the Huron 
 country. At Sault St. Louis, above Montreal, he found the 
 Algonquins of the He d'AUumette impatiently waiting for 
 him. However, imperative business calling him back to 
 Quebec, he exacted a promise from them that they would 
 await his return. But his fickle allies, taking with them 
 Father Le Caron and a few Frenchmen, were at the Chaudiere 
 Falls before he again reached Montreal. 
 
 The Recollet missionary, F^'ather Le Caron, is described 
 by all who knew him as a man most devoted to the faith. We 
 all know what delight Catholic priests find in performing the 
 duty and exercising the privilege of daily celebrating holy 
 mass ; of lifting up before the shrine of God the cup of 
 sacrifice filled with the Blood that washes sins away. Is it 
 too much to assujne that while Father Le Caron thus waited 
 in the vicinity of the Chaudiere Falls he celebrated mass? 
 Would not such a course be the natural one for him to 
 pursue? As a matter of fact, is it not precisely what every 
 Catholic would expect him to do? It is as certain as 
 
22 
 
 anythihg depending on historical conjecture can be that 
 Father Le Caron celebrated mass, not once, but many 
 times, and, let us hope, his humble primitive altar stood 
 on a part of the ground now covered with the streets and 
 houses of the Parish of St. Patrick. 
 
 Meanwhile, on the 9th July, Champlain set out, escorted 
 by ten Indians and two F'renchmen, to find his Algonquin 
 allies. When he discovered the Indians had deserted him, he 
 was mortified. His first angry impulse prompted him to 
 abandon the expedition. If he had followed it, it might have 
 been well for the future peace of Canada. But he believed 
 that he could not extend his discoveries, and so promote the 
 spread of religion and commerce, without the goodwill of the 
 Algonquins and the Hurons. His experience taught him that 
 he could not gain their friendship without aiding them in 
 their wars against the Iroquois. He could not foresee that in 
 forming an alliance with the Algonquins and alienating the 
 Iroquois, he was really sowing the seeds of bloodshed and of 
 ruin which the French and the Catholic missions were, in 
 less than thirty-five yeais, abundantly to reap. 
 
 This time, owing to its number, and the experience 
 gleaned from the previous journey, the expedition penetrated, 
 without great trouble, ?.s far as the Mattawa River. They 
 ascended the Mattawa, and arriving safely at Lake Nipissing, 
 were exceedingly well received by the neighboring tribes. 
 From Lake Nipissing tiiey passed westward by French River, 
 until they entered the waters of Georgian Bay and Lake 
 Huron, and returning by Lake Ontario, thus discovering 
 all those great lakes. As the direct connection of Champlain 
 with the Ottawa Valley ceased when he began to ascend the 
 Mattawa, we need follow him no farther, although his sub- 
 sequent passage through western Ontario and northern New 
 York, regarded from the point of view of the explorer, was 
 throughout most glorious. 
 
 -v» 
 
b 
 
 23 
 
 ■■-*/* 
 
 To speak of him as the first white man who ascend- 
 ed the Ottawa River would not be correct. Many wood- 
 rangers, like the imaginative Nicolas Vignau, and the bold 
 Etienne Brule, whose adventures would fill a volume, had 
 gone up the majestic stream long before Champlain. The 
 bush-rangers were, for the most part, outlaws, against whom 
 both church and state waged relentless warfare. They were 
 generally without morals, without caste, without creed, with- 
 out country, and even without language ; for they spoke a 
 jargon of mingled French and Indian dialects. The fact, 
 therefore, remains unquestioned that Champlain was the first 
 white man of mark and station who had made the perilous 
 journey, and when the historian of the future comes to recite 
 the interesting story of the Valley of the Ottawa, it will be 
 with a thrill of pardonable pride he will fire his imagination 
 with the marvellous adventures of Samuel de Champlain. 
 
 Assuredly the muse of history will seek in vain for more 
 heroic theme. Champlain was a man who gave away his 
 sacred enthusiasm to whatever in his world was great and 
 honorable. Mistakes he committed, it is true, but they were 
 not numerous, and of crime his career is absolutely free. 
 The Puritan Historical Essayist, Francis Parkman, after 
 affirming in his " Conspiracy of Pontiac," that it was an 
 evil hour for Canada when Champlain took sides with 
 the Algonquins against their hated enemy, the Iroquois, is, 
 however, careful to add : " Such was the first collision 
 between the white men and the Iroquois, and Champlain 
 flattered himself that the latter had learned for the future 
 to respect the arms of France. He was fatally deceived. 
 The Iroquois recovered from their terrors, but they never 
 forgave the injury ; and yet it would be unjust to charge 
 upon Champlain the origin of the desolating wars which 
 were soon to scourge the colony. The Indians of Canada, 
 friends and neighbors of the French, had long been harassed 
 
24 
 
 ll 
 
 l'\. 
 
 by inroads of the fierce [Iroquois] confederates, and under 
 any circumstances the French must soon have become 
 parties to the quarrel." Dallying in the ante-chambers of 
 palaces was repugnant to his high mettle. Roth frank and 
 sagacious, ardent and acute, there were iviited within him 
 talents apparently the most opposed. He united the ob- 
 stinate tenacity of the combatant to something resembling 
 the ideal sensibility of the scholar, if not the poet. Yet 
 his writings, like those of Julius Ctesar, were mere field- 
 books of his actions. He was quite as religious as he 
 was adventurous; and religion it was which gave unity 
 to the manifold and .videly different labors of his stirring 
 life. He was more concerned to gain victories by the 
 cross than by the sword, raying ; " The salvation of a 
 soul is of more value than the conqr.est of an empire." 
 The singleness of impression which his acts, so various 
 in their natures and objects, leave with him given to the 
 analysis of human action, results from the felt presence of a 
 nature always at one with itself and its duties, and always 
 communicating to others a share of its own wholesome 
 warmth and pure light. High above the nobles and adven- 
 turers, soldiers and fur traders, priests and merchants, by 
 whom he found himself surrounded, in Quebec, he, by the 
 matchless resources of his character, his abiding integrity and 
 tireless energy, towered like a lordly oak of the forest. Con- 
 sidering his chequered career as a whole, it presents him as a 
 fervent Christian and a devout Catholic, as a laborious as well 
 as daring genius, and as a man independent as well as very 
 able. 
 
 .+, 
 
 I 
 
35 
 
 III. 
 
 . ^' . 
 
 Thy walls are high in heaven. 
 
 Thy streets are (»ay and wide, 
 Heneath thy (owers at even 
 
 The dreamy waters glide. 
 
 — The City, by Archibald Lampman. 
 
 * I * 
 
 UPON the divine attribute of the imagination, that crea- 
 tive faculty of the soul, which apparently carries a 
 store of definite knowledge, based on observation, 
 reading and experience, out of which materials it constructs, 
 by a system of selection and discrimination, its inward 
 visions ; we must perforce depend for the conjuring up of a 
 picture — one which will of course differ somewhat to the 
 mental eye of each individual — of the Ottawa \'alley as it 
 appeared some two hundred and eighty-seven years ago, 
 when, as we have just seen, the adventurous prow of Cham- 
 plain first plowed the broad bosom of its deep rolling river. 
 Almost everywhere the virgin forests closely hemmed 
 the water on both shores. In the numerous dales the under- 
 growth was so dense as to render them well-nigh impen- 
 etrable. The ranges of rocky mountains, branches of the 
 great Laurentian chain, that paralleled the lower portion of 
 the stream were clad with dark pines, the very sight of 
 which tended to fill the mind with the gloomiest sugges- 
 tion. But lower down on the table lands that stretched 
 bet\\een the foot-hills and the water, verdant maples and 
 oaks formed a striking contrast witli the funereal pines above, 
 and, in late autumn, under the touch of frost, assumed a 
 variety of the liveliest colors. Here and there the leaves 
 and branches of the silver poplars shone among their darker 
 surroundings like veins of precious metal. Near to the 
 
26 
 
 m 
 
 water, where the sward was richest, giant ehns lifted their 
 massive trunks, and branched out at their tops into liberal 
 ramifications of gracious shade, and stunted cedars threw a 
 lace-like shadow over the ferny hollows at their feet. A 
 thousand blooms thickly dotted th** deep, solemn aisles be- 
 tween tlie lofty trees, and everywhere handsome wild-flowers 
 and graceful blossoms, that changed with the months, swung 
 thtir petal censers in the breeze, laden with a delicate per- 
 fume. In the shallows at the ends of the arms and bays, a 
 host of water flowers reflected their gay colors in the liquid 
 mirror. The forest was alive with bears, deers, beavers, 
 and all manner of fur-bearing wild animals, as well as birds 
 of every description. The water contained fish in abim- 
 dance, and carried on its surface innumerable flocks of wild 
 geese and duck. And in this vast region, so highly favored 
 by Heaven, the savage lived and loved, hunted and made 
 war, travelled extensively by land and river in the summer 
 time, and hugged the blazing fire of his smoky and ill-kept 
 hut during the winter season. 
 
 Through such scenes the river took its way, justly 
 earning for itself, by its great width and depth, the title 
 of " The Grand." A thousand streams, rushing noisily from 
 their cradles in the hills, lost themselves in its embrace. 
 At various intervals many broad tributaries added their 
 volumes to those of the mighty stream, but scarcely served 
 to increase its width. At intervals, also, the banks con- 
 tracted and the waters broke into immense rapids, or were 
 hurled over high falls, only to grow calm again and ex- 
 pand into beautiful lakes, studded with fairy islands. Thus, 
 from the height of land the Grand River flowed for almost 
 eight hundred miles, in a south-easterly direction, until it 
 joined forces with the St. Lawrence at St. Anne, the little 
 town immortalized by the poet Moore, in one of the most 
 beautiful songs ever composed. 
 
 
 ^ \K 
 
27 
 
 , 
 
 It is a well known fact that in all new countries water- 
 ways furnish the j^^reat means for travel. Rivers and streams 
 are Nature's own highways and byways. From the very 
 earliest times the Ottawa River had been used as by far the 
 easiest and shortest route to and froiu the French settlements 
 at Quebec, Three Rivers and Montreal on the St. Lawrence, 
 and the Indian headquarters at Allumette, Lake Temiscaming 
 and Lake Nipissing. It was, in fact, the chief path to the 
 interior of the Huron country. Before long an additional 
 reason presented itself for the use of the Ottawa route. When 
 Champlain identified himself and his people with the Hurons 
 and antagonized the Iroquois, he, as we have before intim- 
 ated, committed a grave strategic mistake. Irritated at 
 the continued alliance of the Hurons with the French, the 
 Iroquois, instigated by the british, in 1648, formed a scheme 
 for the utter extinction of the former. Before this time the 
 Jesuit missionaries, who came to Quebec in 1625, had been 
 introduced into the interior of Canada, and with their char- 
 acteristic energy and zeal for the conversion of the Indians, 
 soon so extended their explorations and labors among the 
 tribes, that religious interest in the colony was greatly 
 increased in France. Within a few years the principal col- 
 leges, seminaries and hospitals of Quebec were founded. 
 The city of Montreal which owes its birth to Maison- 
 neuve and other religious enthusiasts, was a result of this 
 period of spiritual fervor. But as an old chronicle affirms, 
 the French at Montreal and elsewhere, owing to the in- 
 increased hostility of the Iroquois, labored like the ancient 
 rebuilders of Jerusalem, with arms in their hands, and 
 were kept within their enclosures and behind their en- 
 trenchments. Nor was Montreal the chief sufferer from the 
 incursions of the savages. With incredible labor, the Jesuits 
 had founded several missions in the most populous and im- 
 portant portion of the Huron country, which v/as situated 
 
28 
 
 i :ii 
 
 between the great lakes itiAVesteni Ontario, mainly within 
 the territory now known as wu r r 'O^unty. Thronghout his- 
 tory the Catholic missionary has ever stood for peace. They 
 that take the sword perish by the sword, bnt the warriors of 
 God win sonls for Heaven. The Jesnits, by their conrage, 
 their calmness, and their patience nnder provocation, by their 
 great charity and tender care of the sick, as is testified to by 
 snch prejudiced historians as Parkman and Kingsford and 
 Withrow, won their way into the hearts of the children of 
 the forest. The people of their missions were the most in- 
 telligent and most prosperous of all the tribes. They had 
 a population of 20,000, distributed in thirty-two villages, 
 many of them occupying a broad stretch of country near 
 the site of the modern Penetanguishene. The missions 
 were in a most flourishing condition when suddenly and 
 almost without warning they were completely ruined. 
 
 Early in July, 1648, the Iroquois, who had been trouble- 
 some since 1642, began to enact on a large scale their 
 murderous scheme. They fell upon the Haro-.' settlement 
 of St. Joseph and destroyed the whole population, which 
 numbered seven hundred. They set fire to the church 
 and threw the mangled and bleeding body of Pere Daniel, 
 its pastor, into the midst of the flames. In the follow- 
 ing March a band of Iroquois swooped down like an eagle 
 upon St. Ignace and St. Louis, two Huron settlements near 
 the great lakes, and put to death four hundred of their inhab- 
 itants. At St. Louis the devoted Br^beuf and the gentle 
 Lalemand were put to death with excruciating tortures. 
 Each successive settlement was visited in like manner, and 
 with a like result. Soon, in self-defence, the hunted Hurons 
 stood at bay ; and for a time alternate success and defeat fol- 
 lowed each other with fatal rapidity, inflicting on them terrible 
 losses. At length, in a final struggle for their very existence 
 and for the possession of their homes and hunting grounds/ 
 
29 
 
 they were defeated by the unspariii}^ Iroquois. The unhappy 
 Huron.s were now utterly overthrown. The survivors were, 
 after the Roman custom, incorporated into the Iroquois tribes, 
 or, accompanied by their missionaries, fled to the upper lakes, 
 to the wilds of Michi^^an and Illinois, or, eastward to the 
 protection of the Ottawa Indians and the French settle- 
 ments ; in a word, they went wherever a prospect of safety 
 offered itself. 
 
 While this bloody warfare was going on in the west, no 
 part of the St. Lawrence River was secure from the constant 
 incursions of the bold but cruel Iroquois. The French gov- 
 ernors were helpless. No aifl came from France, and from 
 year to year after the conquest of the Hurons, the Iroquois 
 scoured the whole country. Consequently, the broad and 
 comparatively secure Ottawa became a greater avenue of 
 travel than ever to and from the Interior. The shores of 
 the river wc-e during this black period the scenes of some 
 of the most heroic incidents of our history, such as the 
 Spartan-like .sacrifice of Dollard to save Montreal. vSuch 
 incidents, tempting as they are, must, however, be left to 
 the general historian. 
 
 But the roll of time made the Ottawa the theatre of 
 scenes very different from those just described, though pic- 
 turesque in their way, and by no means destitute of heroic 
 achievement. The Hudson's Bay Company was incorporat- 
 ed in May, 1670, by the Royal Charter of King Charles II. of 
 England. It was given a monopoly of the fur trade in the 
 immense region now known as Manitoba and the North- 
 West Territories. Between this British company and the 
 associated French merchants of Canada, whom, more by 
 virtue of the money at its command than the superior energy 
 of its members, or servants, it supplanted, as might be ex- 
 pected, feuds and contests arose abcit alleged infringements 
 of territorial limits, and acts of violence and bloodshed oc- 
 
30 
 
 
 i I 
 
 ii 
 
 I r 
 
 curred bet wee i their agents. A great French-Canadian sea- 
 captain, D'Iberville, in 1696, attacked and captnred the 
 British posts on Hudson Bay, but after the French King 
 had, by the Treaty of Ryswick (1697) relinquished all 
 claim to the conquest, the Hudson's Bay Company remain- 
 ed in undisputed possession. Then, after seventy-two 
 years, the most of them devoted to wide-spread war between 
 France and England, came the capitulation of Quebec to 
 General Townsend in September, 1759, and the surrender 
 of the French army at Montreal, in 1760, an event which 
 was followed, in 1763, by the Treaty of Paris, by which 
 France ceded and guaranteed to His Britannic Majesty in 
 full right, Canada with all its dependencies, and in confor- 
 mity therewith, British rule in Canada began. 
 
 A few years after the Bourbon's lillied blue had given 
 place to the British tri-cross on the ramparts of Quebec, 
 certain merchants of Montreal formed, what they called, 
 the North-"Wcst Fur Company, for the purpose of trading 
 in the North-West Territories, and, as ore might expect, 
 a fierce rivalry soon sprung up betweeu their numerous 
 retainers and the army of servants belonging to the Hud- 
 son's Bay Company. The goods destined for the wide traffic 
 of the North-West Fur Company were put up in wareho\ises 
 at Montreal, and conveyed in batteaux, or boats and canoes, 
 up the Ottawa, and by other rivers and portages, to Lake 
 Nipissing, Lake Huron, Lake Superior, and thence, by 
 several chains of great and small lakes, to Lake Winnipeg, 
 Lake Athabasca, and the Great Slave Lake. The North- 
 West Company built posts along the whole course of the 
 Ottawa ; at Mondion, at Portage du Fort, at Colonge, and 
 along all the lakes and rivers leading to Fort William, 
 where they had one of their principal stations. The 
 Ottawa River was, in the spring, alive with their huge 
 canoes, going up freighted with the different cheap but 
 
31 
 
 gaudy articles dear to the Indian heart ; or returning in 
 autumn laden to the water-edge wilh furs of great value, 
 since an authentic old French account states that the pro- 
 fits of the fur-traders were at least two hundred per cent. 
 As the new company hired the men who had been train- 
 ed by the old company, the strange songs of the veteran 
 boat-men, made up of scraps of ballads breathing love and 
 war, first heard amid the vineyards of France, mingling 
 with the shouts of the younger sailors, scared the wild- 
 duck from their haunts among the high rushes of the 
 distant bays. Lively were the scenes at each portage, 
 wncn hundreds of men shouldered bulging parcels, or haul- 
 ed upon the ropes attached to the boats and canoes. Point 
 Mondion is the name of the neck of land which stretches 
 into the Ottawa a little below the village of Pontiac, and 
 if it had a tongue it could tell many an engrossing tale 
 of these lively times. 
 
 " Without pausing on the borders," says Washington 
 Irving, " thev [the fur-traders] have penetrated at once, in 
 defiance of difficulties and danger, to the heart of savage 
 countries : laying optn the hidden secrets of the wilderness ; 
 leading the vay to remote regions of beauty and fertility that 
 might have remained unexplored for ages, and beckoning 
 after them the slow and pausing steps of agriculture and civ- 
 ilization." There were two classes thac stopped at nothing 
 to attain their object — the missionary and the fur-trader. 
 Motive is the con.science of action, (jood actions are good 
 precisely because they are the result of good motives. Pur- 
 pose made and shaped the energy of the missionaries. With 
 them religion was a life mystical in its roots, it is true, but 
 practical in its fruits. It meant seivice and sacrifice. It was 
 their inspiration and they surrendered their being to its power. 
 They drank it, breathed it, bathed in it, spoke and acted it. 
 What the king is to the most intense loyalist their God was 
 
32 
 
 ', 
 
 ill 
 
 to them, and what the flag is to the soldier the sacred einbleni 
 of the cross was to the Catholic missionary. They basked in 
 its shade ; they longed to plant it everywhere ; they joyfully 
 gave up home and friends and comfort, and liberty, nay, life 
 itself, in its defense. The fur-traders, great and small, knelt 
 before an entirely different altar — gold. Their end of life was 
 money. Trade was their religion. It was the luxuries and 
 sensual pleasures whose other name is a large fortune that 
 enticed them into the wilderness. To speak of them as 
 " beckoning after them the pausing steps of agriculture " is 
 really to misrepresent matters. They were intent on keeping 
 agriculture and civilization out of their hunting-grounds ; 
 because such things were destructive of their trade. The 
 good they performed in exploring new regions was merely 
 accidental. Not a man among them shared any of the lofty 
 purposes of Champlain or the Jesuits. Their motive, viewed 
 side by side with that of the missionaries, seems so debased, 
 sordid and contemptible that comparison is out of the ques- 
 tion. 
 
 Prior to the conquest, too much attention was paid to 
 the fur-trade and too little to the cultivation of the soil. 
 They who perceived that if Canada was ever to come to 
 any thing it must be by the peaceful arts of the farmer, 
 were comparatively few ; being only the wiser of the French 
 rulers ::nd some of the Catholic clerg)- of the settlements. 
 But the change of flag ushered in an era of colonization. 
 The French colony was a child of state. The British 
 colony was the farmer who whistled at his plow with his 
 sleeves rolled up ready for work with spade or hoe, pick 
 or axe. In fact, many of the British soldiers who were 
 employed in the war, seem perfectly to have understood that 
 the true knight of modern times drains and harrows and 
 plows and sows. When they were allowed to do so, these 
 veterans hastened to drop the sword and musket and to take 
 
 
;mbleni 
 sked in 
 loyfully 
 lay, life 
 1, knelt 
 life was 
 ries and 
 ne that 
 hem as 
 ;nre " is 
 keeping 
 rounds ; 
 ?. The 
 merely 
 he lofty 
 , viewed 
 lebased, 
 le qnes- 
 
 )aid to 
 
 le soil. 
 
 ome to 
 
 armer, 
 
 French 
 
 ements. 
 
 zation. 
 
 P>ritish 
 
 ilh his 
 
 te, pick 
 
 o were 
 
 od that 
 
 ws and 
 
 D, these 
 
 to take 
 
 REV. J. J. COLLINS, 
 Third Pastor af St. Patrick's. 
 
(i i 
 
 ii ■ 
 
 li i 
 
 i:,, 
 
 II 
 
 r ♦ 
 
 • 'J 
 
up the shovel and the hoe. The American Revolution also 
 powerfully promoted the cause of early agriculture in Canada. 
 The War of American Independence, which began with the 
 memorable battle of Lexington, in April, 1775, resulted in 
 driving thousands of United Empire Loyalists out of the 
 thirteen revolted colonies into Ontario, Nova Scotia, New 
 Brunswick and the Eastern Townships of Quebec, where, as 
 an acknowledgment of their devotion to England, each one 
 of them received a generous donation of money and land, 
 as gifts from the Crown. These people, thus auspiciously 
 started in their nev/ sphere of life, settled everywhere along 
 " the front," or frontier, cleared the forest from the face of 
 the earth, tilled the fields, and laid the foundations of new 
 homesteads, towns and cities. 
 
 But for a long time, except a few Settlers who found 
 their way into the districts of Two Mountains and Argenteuil, 
 the beautiful valley of the Ottawa remained as a sealed book. 
 The North-West Company, who were the monarchs of the 
 region, were well aware that they had a good thing in their 
 fur trade monopoly, and made no haste in letting the out- 
 side world know that the land of the valley was fertile, 
 thus exposing their domain to the invasion of the bands of 
 industry. But, though the wilderness was mute, this secret 
 could not be preserved forever. It got out, and settlers 
 came in. Little by little the land was taken up by cour- 
 ageous people, generally in small patches and not far from 
 the mouth of the Grand River. However, in 1804, the Hon, 
 Joseph Papineau, purchased the well-known and beautiful 
 domain at Montebello, which is still owned by his descen- 
 dants. Four years subsequently a large band of Irish emi- 
 grants passed up the valley, and if the future stood revealed 
 to them, they would probably have stopped at Nepean Point, 
 which was later to become Bytown, and still later, the City 
 of Ottawa. No such revelation took place, however, so the 
 
 
34 
 
 III 
 
 Irish emigrants ascended to Portage du Fort, where their 
 descendents may be found to this day. Soon numerous 
 other settlers reclaimed from the wilderness stretches of suit- 
 able land at various points along the river, from above 
 Montebello to Montreal. 
 
 But the time which was to witness the advent of the 
 most important pioneer of all had arrived. In 1798 a man 
 ascended the Ottawa as far as the Chaudiere Falls, and after 
 examining the ground on the north shore, returned to his 
 home in faraway Woburn, in Massachusetts. Two years 
 subsequent he again set out, attended this time by many 
 neighbors, who made a band of no less than five families. 
 The month was February — mid-winter. They took with 
 them* many horses and oxen, and a long train of sleighs, 
 heavily loaded with pork, flour, grain, and all other neces- 
 sary supplies. After eight days of weary travelling they 
 arrived in Montreal. " Making a short stay they proceeded 
 on their route," says the historian of Carleton County, " ar- 
 riving at the farthest settlements, and end of all roads on 
 the night of the third day — having yet over eighty miles to 
 accomplish, through a forest where, had there been roads, 
 they would have been impassible from the great fall of 
 snow. After almost indescribable difficulties, cutting and 
 breaking roads, sleeping in the snow, etc., etc., they found 
 it impossible to advance tlirough the forest, and took to the 
 ice — guided by a strange Indian, whom they had met in 
 the forest, for six of the last days of their journey." Arrived 
 at last, on the seventh of March, at the spot their hardy 
 leader had already selected, on the north shore by the 
 Chaudiere Falls, chopping and clearing commenced at once, 
 and were pushed vigorously under the personal direction of 
 the leader of the expedition ; the man around whose enter- 
 prise sprung up in the course of a few short years, what 
 afterwards became an important manufacturing city, and 
 
35 
 
 vvliose notable destiny it was, materially to influence tlie 
 birth and growth of a yet greater city, for he was no less 
 than the individual who is known to both history and 
 tradition as the sturdy, broad-minded and energetic founder 
 of the City of Hull— Philemon Wright. 
 
 Mr. Wright was a lumberer and miller as well as a far- 
 mer, and employed a large nnmber of men in his flour-mill, 
 and saw-mill and on his farm. Among the latter was a 
 native of Wexford County, in Ireland. He saved money, 
 and purchased, in 1826, on the south shore of the Ottawa, 
 opposite to Hull, " Lot C, Concession C, Rideau Front," for 
 the sum of ^95 sterling. This done, the Irish emigrant lost 
 no time in clearing the land for the purposes of farming. 
 His homestead was a log shanty which stood on the north 
 side of Sparks Street, on the site of the present house No, 353, 
 near the site of the present Wellington market. This humble 
 beginning marked the founding of the City of Ottawa, for the 
 settler in question was Nicholas Sparks. Posterity is some- 
 times charged with Ijeing untrue to the memory of the great 
 pioneers ; and it is certain that the little log house of 
 Nicholas vSparks should have receivrd the care and vener- 
 ation which were bestowed on the hut of Romulus, by the 
 citizens of Rome. When he began the cultivation of his 
 lot, the prospects for a large settlement were not bright. 
 True, sister settlements were in existence at Richmond, 
 March, Huntley and other places, but they did not regard 
 Mr. Sparks' lot as their marketing centre. In fact, Mr. 
 Sparks was much more likely to witness Hull grow apace on 
 the other side of the river than to see any unusual stir about 
 his own place, did not some<^hing happen which changed the 
 whole face of affairs. 
 
 About the time Mr. Sparks was making his purchase of 
 land, the British authorities in London were considering a 
 scheme for securing a way of travel to the interior of the 
 
li ■ ! 
 
 36 
 
 provinces, which would, in case of war with the United States, 
 be more secure from tlie attack of the enemy than the exposed 
 St. Lawrence route. Once more the Ottawa River was in 
 high requisilion. As railways were >ct unheard of, it was 
 resolved to achieve the desired result by building a canal 
 from a point on the Ottawa to a point on Lake Ontario 
 at Kingston. The work was to be a purely military one, 
 and it assumed definite shape in the June of icS26, when 
 Colonel By, of the Royal Engineers, arrived in Montreal, and 
 after co;npleting his plans there, proceeded up the Ottawa to 
 carry them out. 
 
 Until that time the site of the City of Ottawa was 
 almost a wilderness. Besides the house of Mr. Sparks, there 
 was a store, and a tavern, and not more than three or four 
 other houses. Prior to this date the locality was some- 
 times called " The Point," from Nepean Point. When 
 Colonel By arrived at the little settlement, he made up his 
 mind to open the proposed canal into the Ottawa, at or 
 near the mouth of the Ridcau River. Subsequently, in 
 order to secure certain engineering advantages, he modi- 
 fied this plan by choosing the " deep-cut " route. But it 
 was definitely settled that the spot near which Nicholas 
 Sparks had made his clearing should be the eastern ter- 
 minus of the Rideau Canal, which was by far the greatest 
 public work yet undertaken in Canada. 
 
 Immediately large contingents of sappers, miners, and 
 engineers from the regular army, appeared on the scene of 
 operations. They were speedily followed by numerous bands 
 of laborers, to work on the canal, and many merchants and 
 craftsmen, anxious to exercise their callings at the new 
 sphere of activity. Before a year had passed, a settlement 
 had sprung up in Lower Town, almost entirely on Rideau 
 and Sussex Streets, while a number of houses had also been 
 erected on Wellington vStreet, and a half dozen on Le Breton 
 
37 
 
 I'Mats — so called after Captain Le Breton, a retired naval 
 officer. Barracks lor the regulars were erected by the 
 British Government on the site of the i)rescnt Parliament 
 Bnildino^s, and the locality was known as Barrack Hill. 
 The chief buildin<^s on Rideau Street were the barracks 
 constrncted for the accommodation of canal laborers. A 
 doid)le row of laborers' huts also extended northward from 
 the present INIaria Street bridge, and this outlying jxKtion 
 was called Corktown ; some say to mark the origin of the 
 inhabitants as b'ing from Cork, in Ireland, while others 
 affirm the title was meant to commemorate, for all time, 
 the prodigious 'uunber of corks which used to be drawn 
 from the necks of whiskey bottles in tliis locality. The 
 limited anti(juarian erudition of the present writer, unfor- 
 tunately, does not permit him to say which assertion is 
 the correct one. lUit, in the absence of positive testimony, 
 the coik-drawing story may, we think, so far as it applies 
 to old Corktow.i distinctively, be dismissed as a fiction ; the 
 more so, as a bara of our town, after naming no less than 
 six potent cordials which were very popular in those early 
 days, tells us, in effect, that all the ancient inhabitants 
 as well as the people of Corktown, could disjiose of vast 
 quantities of their favorite potations : 
 
 " Nor drean; of headachf, or of ills, 
 
 For naught killed ihcni but doclnr's pills." 
 
 Over against Corktown was situated another collection 
 of huts which were crowded with canal laborers, and called 
 Kilkenny. Legend has been busy with this remote era of 
 the history of our city. I\Iost of the tales are of roughness, 
 drunkenness and brawls. Let us lightly pass them by. In 
 all British countries it was, let us not forget, a time of 
 hard drinking. If the poor toilers about Ottawa were 
 really slaves to '' the cup that cheers " and inebriates, 
 their common weakness was not without its palliating 
 
n 
 
 3R 
 
 circumstances. What is now Lower Town, was then an 
 ahnost impenetrable swamp ; the IHats were the same, and 
 a great part of Upper Town was little better. The whole 
 settlement, at the outset, might be compared to hen-coops 
 clustered about pools and swamps. A surfeit of cold water 
 has, it is said, a strong tendency to drive people to seek a 
 change in other fluids. 
 
 By the .spring of 1828, the new .settlement, then known 
 as " Rideau Canal," contained no less than fifteen general 
 stores, eight .shoemakers' .shops and four bakeries; besides 
 the shops of tailors, tinsmith.s, harness-makers, butchers and 
 black.smiths. There were .also clergymen, schoolmasters, 
 doctors, but no lawyers, "as the inhabitants were able to 
 settle their quarrels tliem.selves," to quote an old chronicle. 
 In short, the hamlet that sprung up around the deep, muddy, 
 canal cutting, over which whole armies of men were scatter- 
 ed like ants, had assumed the dimensions of a good-sized 
 village, and had already, about 1830, been named Bytown, 
 in honor of Colonel By, its princii)al inhabitant. We who 
 reside in the Ottawa of to-day, and who walk along broad 
 streets flanked by .some of the proudest architectural piles 
 in the land, would do well at times to recollect that this 
 wonderful change can speak eloquently to sympathetic ears 
 of difBculties overcome, of trials patiently endured, of earn- 
 est purpose and ind.omital)le perseverance, and while we 
 smile at the faults and foibles of our ancestors, let us also 
 think with pride of their marvellous energy and solidity 
 of character, and resolve to avoid the former and emulate 
 the latter. 
 
 To trace the growth of the Capital, step by step, would 
 oe to write a large volume. Suffice it to say that whatever 
 doubt existed in the minds of the pes'^mists of the time as to 
 the future development and prosperity of Bytown, was most 
 effectively removed when, in 1858, to allay the jealousies of 
 
 ' ■ * 
 
39 
 
 rival cities, after the parlianieiit buikling^s in Montreal were 
 destroyed by an Oranj^a' mob, the qncstion of a permanent site 
 for the federal parliament was ])laced before the Qneen. The 
 choice of Her Majesty fell on Hytovvn, to which village the 
 sonorons title of Ottawa had sometime previonsly been ^iven. 
 To tell how the Parliament Ihiildin,t,rs were planned and built 
 after the foundation stone had been laid by the Prince of 
 Wales himself ; how the water-works were ushered into bein^; ; 
 how the principal educational institutions came to be built ; 
 how the chief municipal edifices were raised ; how the city 
 became a ^reat millin<; and railway center — in a word how 
 Ottawa came to be what she is to-day, is too long a story for 
 these pages, and its recital is hardly necessary, as its chief 
 points are generally well known by proud Ottawans, who 
 also observe more than one unmistakable promise of the 
 future greatness of their beloved city. 
 
 IV. 
 
 O friends ! wilh whom my feet iiave IroJ 
 
 The quiet aisles of prayer, 
 (ilad witness to your zeal for G-ui 
 
 And love of man I l)ear. 
 
 The Eternal Govdiicss^ by fohii G. IV/iiitier. 
 
 WHEN the Ottawa ceased to be a route for the fur 
 trade it became a route for the lumber trade. 
 The magnificent forests of Canada, which originally 
 clothed nearly the whole surface of the country, were the 
 admiration of travellers and the pride of the people of the 
 Provinces. "V\ e who live at a time when almost the whole 
 Province of Ontario is devoid of forests and given over to 
 agriculture, can scarcely realize their imposing grandeur 
 
■r^i 
 
 40 
 
 ;l 
 
 when yet they reared their heads in nnlvroken majesty, and 
 covered thousands of square miles of territory. I*or years 
 before Ottawa l)ecanie tlie Mecca of politicians, while she 
 was still only Hytown, her welfare was vested in the lumber 
 trade. .' placing of men and horses and sleighs at the 
 
 proper ^ >int in the woods for operations, and the accumu- 
 lating and forwarding of materials for their su))port during 
 the long season of felling and hauling, made old Hytown an 
 important supply station. She was also a place of manufac- 
 ture, although the greater of the lumber factories at the 
 Chaudiere and at Chelsea are growths of a later period. lUit 
 the huge slides, now little used comparatively, were then 
 taxed to their utmost capacity to accommodate the immense 
 " drive " that passed through them. Thus the great forests, 
 which, ""s we have seen in a former chapter, were once 
 esteen 'uly as the haunts of game prized for their fur, and 
 were tii^ ..ded only by daring adventurers in search of these 
 animals, became a mine of wealth to the people of Canada. 
 The lumber inc ry exercised a great influence on the general 
 prosperity of the country, employed thousands and tens of 
 thousands of men every year in wood-chopping, in the saw- 
 mills and along the rivers. Many of the employers amassed 
 great fortunes. However, it is not with the lumber-lords v;e 
 have to deal, but rather with their laborers. 
 
 From the earliest time the Irish, true to their instinct for 
 work, sought the lumber trade and flocked to the shanties and 
 the drives, precisely as the French trappers and fur-traders of 
 former years were wont to flock to the home of the fur-bearing 
 game. According as By town increased in importance as a 
 supply station and lumber factory, her Irish Catholic popula- 
 tion grew in number, recruited frou' the St. Lawrence cities, 
 Montreal and Quebec, and even directly from the Old Country. 
 According to the census of 1851, there were in Carleton 
 County 3,000 Catholics and 7,128 Piotestants. A special list 
 
41 
 
 prepared hy Hisliop (iuij^ues in tlie course of the sanic year 
 gives the total popiiliition of Bytown at 7,760, of which 2,962 
 were Protestants and 4,798 were Catholics, the latter being 
 sub-divided into 2,742 Irish "and others" and 2,056 French 
 Canadians, or Canadians as they are called in this document. 
 Her.ce, long before she aspired to her present sonorous and 
 dignified title, and while yet the politicians as a body knew 
 her not, Ottawa possessed a sufficiently large number of Irish 
 Catholics to form at least half of her total Catholic population. 
 This fact explains why the Irish took such a prominent part 
 in early church organization, a subject which must presently 
 occupy our attention. 
 
 That a great number of Irish would be attracted to By- 
 town by the enormous work of constructing the Rideau Canal 
 was to be expected. vSome of them left the locality when the 
 task was completed, some were laid in unmarked graves, but 
 others, not a few, settled in Bytown and prospered with it, 
 and their descendants are today among our wealthiest and 
 most esteemed citizens. It should be remembered that prior 
 to 1 8 19, the progress and extent of Irish emigration is deter- 
 mined only by such meagre evidence as the amateur statis- 
 ticians of the period possessed. Authentic information there 
 was none. The modern writers who have dealt with the 
 subject are scarcely helpful. 
 
 It has recent!}- been my fortune (or the reverse) to meet 
 with a very bulky and prolix if not important historical work, 
 wherein the author alludes to the primitive missionaries of 
 these parts in terms which he probal)ly meant for something 
 like innocent drollery, but which really sound to plain, 
 untutored ears l)y no means unlike irreverent mockery. 
 Several passages in the work could be pointed out where the 
 pioneer priests are held up to ridicule. The self-styled 
 historian criticizes these priests apparently because, in his 
 opinion, they were not all Rothschilds in finance, nor 
 
42 
 
 1^ 1 
 
 Briiminels in dress, and sometimes lacked even the suavity 
 of manner of the Onartier vSaint Germain, and the stately 
 repose of the caste of Vere de Vere. It is doubtful if such 
 efforts conduce to any sort of benefit. When the late blatant 
 infidel, Robert Ingersoll, was still in life and busy delivering 
 his lecture on " The Mistakes of Moses," an American humor- 
 ist was requested by a friend to attend. " No," was his reply, 
 " I would not give five cents to hear Ingersoll on Moses, but 
 I would give five hnndred dollars to hear Moses on Ingersoll." 
 Now, precisely how much we would be willing to give to 
 hv^ar a crude modern critic on the ancient missionaries need 
 not be told, even in a whisper, but we would willingly empty 
 our purse at any time — the task would not exhaust our 
 strength — to hear a pioneer priest on a smart, latter-day 
 amateur historiographer. 
 
 At the date mentioned Irish immigration was at full tide. 
 Between 1819 and 1825 "^ore than 68,534 Irish emigrants 
 came to Canada. Most of them settled in the cities of Quebec 
 and Montreal. During the next seven years, owing to the 
 misery caused by the famine at home, Irish emigration 
 assumed the proportions of an exodus. Some of the Irish 
 refugees who came to Canada. at this period settled in the 
 Province of Quebec, but very many sought the Ottawa Valley 
 and Upper Canada, as Ontario was then called. Several 
 townships, such as Carleton and Renfrew in Upper Canada, 
 and Hull, Onslow and Bristol in Lower Canada or Quebec, 
 received large accessions from Irish immigration. But it 
 must ue distinctlv understood that all these emi":rants were 
 not Catholics. On the contrary, many were Protestants, and 
 not a few Orangemen of the old Pope-hating type, ever ready 
 to use striking arguments against all who ventured to differ 
 with them as to the merits of the great course of experimental 
 theology which we call Protestantism. The Orangeman has 
 improved wonderfully since then, and the present day wor- 
 
43 
 
 shippers of King William arc not such bad fellows, once the 
 dog-days are over. It has been calculated that in 1824 there 
 were in Carleton County 2,307 Catholics and 5,200 Protes- 
 tants. From the best records and estimates attainable to the 
 writer, he feels himself justified in concluding that the thou- 
 sands of Irishmen who worked at Bytown during the con- 
 struction of the canal were Catholics, and many of the river- 
 men of the same period were also Irish and Catholic. 
 
 This generation of Irishmen who were born in Ireland, 
 brought with them from their native country that primitive 
 reverence for the church, and that filial affection for the priest, 
 which have always been the characteristics of the Irish at 
 home. A great deal has been said and written concerning 
 the lawlessness of old Bytown. A town made up of military 
 sappers and miners, of canal diggers, of shantymen and river- 
 men, could scarcely be as elegant and refined as Athens under 
 Pericles. Soldiers, canal diggers and rivermen are not the 
 stock with which a terrestrial paradise should be populated. 
 Yet, we doubt if the Bytown of the rough, hard-drinking, 
 duelling and brawling age in which it flourished, was worse 
 than an average mining town in our own century of refine- 
 nient, where nearly all the houses are saloons and gambling 
 dens, which run wide open all the time, and human life is 
 held of little account. But whatever the general morality or 
 immorality of Bytown may have been, it is certain that among 
 the Iri.sh there was a large element that woidd have reflected 
 credit upon any community. The suggestive saying of the 
 time, " There is no God in Bytown,"' did not apply to the 
 Irish pioneers. That much they made abundantly evident 
 by their actions. The portion of the population to which we 
 . llude had no sooner arrived and found shelter and eniploy- 
 1 .ent than they strove to have a church of their own. This, 
 we repeat, reflects infinite credit on the Irish people of By- 
 town, and testifies to their faith and morality with a convinc- 
 ing eloquence. 
 
44 
 
 Bytown was in the diocese of Kingston, which was then 
 administered by Bishop Alexander MacDonell, The parish 
 priest of Richmond. Kathtr Haran, used to visit tlie town at 
 stated intervals, and, so far as the limitations of this arrange- 
 ment allowed, looked E.fter the spiritual interests of its Catholic 
 inhabitants. Mass v/as celebrated for the first time in the 
 district which snbseqnently became St. Patrick's parish dnr- 
 ing the modern period, by Father Haran (or Heron) in an 
 npper room of an old brewery which was sitnate at the foot of 
 the hili leading down to the Ottawa River from the present 
 Supreme Court buildings. Previous to the occupation of the 
 brewery, services were held by the same priest at different 
 places in Lower Town, and notably in the hall above the 
 old market which stood at the head of George street, near 
 the Geological Museum. On the 7th September, 1828, 
 a committee was formed for the purpose of taking steps 
 toward the building of a cliurch. The names of the mem- 
 bers of this memorable committee were as follows : — Rev. 
 Father Haran, Charles Friel, Charles Rainville, William 
 Northgraves, Daniel O'Connor, Maurice Dupuis, John M. 
 Burke, J. B. Saint-Louis, John Joyce, William Tormcy, John 
 Pennyfeather, Thomas Hickey, John Mclnnes and vSamnel 
 Kipp. Charles Rainville was elected treasurer, and John 
 Pennyfeather, secretary. 
 
 The trustees were: Rev. Tither Haran, John M. Burke, 
 Daniel O'Connor, J. B. vSaint-Louis, and John Pennyfeather. 
 It was resolved to open lists for subscriptions, and Mr. Daniel 
 O'Connor was authorized to collect in Upper Town, while 
 Messrs. Northgraves and Kipp were selected for the same 
 duty in Lower Town. For three months frequent meetings 
 were held, plans made, and resolutions galore adopted. When 
 an Irish meeting " resolves " it is lost. They selected a lot 
 in Upper Town upon which the new church was to stand. 
 In fact everything appeared most promising for the speedy 
 
45 
 
 success of the wliole undertaking. But at this stage 
 something \vent wrong, precisely what it was the \' ^-iter is, 
 after careful research and inquiry, unable to say. Thenceforth 
 we hear no more of this early attempt at church-building. It 
 is probable these good people endeavored to make bricks 
 without straw, by striving to build a church without funds. 
 Aloney is not so much the " root of evil " as the foundation 
 of churches, hospitals and schools. Anyway, we should judge 
 the actions of those early inhabitants by their intentions, and 
 give them credit for desiiing n church, at a time when, if we 
 are to believe what we hear and read, such an institution 
 was in little or no demand by the great majority of the 
 citizens of IJytown. 
 
 Nor did the Irish relincjuish their desire for a church. 
 When luither Harau discontinued his visits to Piytown his 
 place was acceptabh filled by Father Paisley, of whose life 
 little is known, but he died a martyr to duty, attending the 
 fever-stricken Irish emig. ants in a quarantine at Ouebec. 
 According to tradition the first white child baptized in the 
 budding town was a daughter of IMr. Daniel O'Connor, 
 who still lives and is known by a host of friends as Mrs. 
 Friel. The ceremony took place in 1827, during one of 
 Father Haran's visits. Father Paisley was succeeded by the 
 Rev. Angus MacDoueil,a nephew of the Bishop of Kingston. 
 Under the guidance of F^'ather MacDonell the French and 
 Irish Catholics determined to build a church. Through the 
 courtesy of Colonel By, three lots, one on the north side of 
 St. Patrick street, one on Sussex street and another on the 
 corner of Church street, w^ere obtained from the Government 
 at a nominal price ; an additional lot on St. Patrick street 
 was purchased subsequently. The first meeting called for 
 furthering this work was for St. Patrick's Day, 1839. The 
 agreement entered into between the Government and the 
 Catholics bore the following names of citizens : — The Rev. 
 
46 
 
 I 
 
 Ancrus MacDonell, Charles Raiiiville, William Tonney, 
 Maurice Diipuis, Daniel O'Connor and John Mclnnis. They 
 were, almost without exception, the same people who had 
 already endeavored to build a church in Upper Town. The 
 proposed church was to be modelled on St. Patrick's of 
 Quebec. Father MacDonell was succeeded by the Rev. 
 William Cannon, who seems to have pushed forward the 
 work with energy. At his request the people formed them- 
 selves into a society which was called — not the Four Hundred 
 — but the Four Thousand, for the purpose of procuring funds. 
 The idea was tliat each member should contribute the modest 
 sum of one dollar. About half the Four Thousand really 
 paid up at once, and in this way was got together the money 
 for the beginning of a handsome wooden church. It was 
 built directly opposite the spot on which now stands, after 
 many changes, architectural and otherwise, the splendid 
 structure known as the Basilica of Ottawa. 
 
 The subject of the Shiners — so-called, we learn, from the 
 extraordinary brilliancy of their noses, almost all of which 
 bore a lurid lustre which was not water-color — is not a lovely 
 or engaging theme. Yet, to write of Bytown without a 
 reference to the Shiners would be almost impossible. The 
 society which went by this name was an organization of " old- 
 country people," chiefly Irish shantymen, banded together for 
 the purpose of intimidati ig French Canadians from seeking 
 employment in the lumber business and securing the work 
 for themselves. Men who could entertain such prejudices and 
 feelings deserve no respect. Race hatreds are national sins, 
 which provoke their own punishment. It is unnecessary 
 to describe here how the Shiners endeavored to execute 
 their design, nor even to inquire if they were, in some 
 instances at least, victims of provocation. Suffice it to say 
 that, as might naturally be expected, the Catholic clergymen 
 of the time, especially Father Cannon, v/ho was himself 
 
47 
 
 
 Irish, opposed the Shiners with laudable vigor and gratify- 
 ing success. It is easy to guess that only one class gained by 
 this society, and that was the tavern and saloon keepers. 
 When the Shiners cast a lurid glow over Bytown probably 
 the thought never crossed any of their minds that the prefer- 
 ence of employers almost invariably goes out to the most 
 skilful and amenable workmen. Aptitude for work, and 
 dexterity in its performance, are commodities that must 
 always command high prices in the labor market. The 
 workman who possesses these qualities need not dread com- 
 l)etitiou. Diligence and aptitude make their way against all 
 opposition. It was Carl Marx, a friend of the workman, who 
 taught that labor has no nationality, but he might have added 
 it has a caste, or order, the badges of which are readiness and 
 skill. 
 
 Father Lalor, who seems to have succeeded Father Can- 
 non, although we have found no means of making this point 
 clear, opened the new church on Sussex street in 1832. It 
 was during this year also that the learned and eloquent Bishop 
 James Warren Doyle, of Kildarc and Leighlin in Ireland, 
 replying to a question put to him by a member of a parlia- 
 mentary committee, as to the condition of his people, solemnly 
 replied . *' We die of hunger as is our custom." The terrible 
 words were unfortunately only too true. The Irish, young 
 and old, women and men, were indeed dying of starvation in 
 a country whose natural fertility, has never been questioned. 
 But v.'orse was to follow, as we shall see later on. F'amine is 
 the accursed forerunner of fever and the plague. As always 
 happens when famine falls upon Ireland, emigration from 
 that country enormously increased at this period, and many 
 of the emigrants left their country infected with the germs oi 
 fever. Probably this accounts for the fact that during the 
 previous year, 1831, Bytown was visited by the dread cholera, 
 which deprived sixty people of life. While his congregation 
 

 
 48 
 
 was thus afflicted, Feather Lalor proved himself a veritable 
 hero. This good priest left Uytown on the 2nd November, 
 1832, and was replaced by the Rev. M. J. Cnllen. Little is 
 known of the previous or subsequent life of Father Lalor. 
 His name bespeaks his nationality ; he l)clonged to one of the 
 greatest of missionary races. He came silently, acted the part 
 of an angel of mercy by the side of the sick and dying, and 
 then went away, undoubtedly to some other sphere of self- 
 denial and severe pastoral labors, as silently as he had come. 
 Frequently in the course of our preparatory study for this 
 scant and unassuming sketch have we met with similar 
 records. The pioneer priest was a man who went about 
 doing good. He seldom had a settled habitation, but directed 
 his footsteps whither opportunity pointed. He was, by force 
 of his conditions, a man of action. He knew his acts were 
 observed and prized by his Ciod, and more he did not desire 
 to know. The knowledge gave him strength to endure and 
 courage to essay. Of his deeds he kept no written record. 
 He left that task to the Recording Angel. But could he and 
 his confreres, by any possibility, have foreseen that a time 
 would come when the motives of the pioneer priest should 
 be called in question and his methods held up to ridicule, 
 and that, too, by one of his own cloth, we are positive the 
 itinerant missionaries of the period when the church lived in 
 a tent, or at best in a log shanty, would have kept each a 
 diary as copious as, and more valuable than, that of Samuel 
 Pepys himself; not indeed for their own sakes, because their 
 kingdom was not of this world, but rather for the sake of the 
 connnon humanity which justly feels itself grossly outraged 
 whenever the champions of its noblest attributes, piety and 
 goodness, are misrepresented and slandered. 
 
 Although the Irish of Bytovvn had taken a prominent 
 part in the building and maintenance of the cathedral, they 
 did not rest. The church on Sussex street was hardly more 
 
 « > 
 
 ii i 
 
49 
 
 111 
 a 
 
 id 
 id 
 
 than finished when the growth of the Irish population of 
 Upper Town warranted the construction of another church in 
 that section. Indeed, the Catholic community throughout 
 the whole town was rapidly becoming more numerous. Be- 
 tween 1 85 1 and 1 86 1, the Catholic population of By town 
 increased from 7,760 to 14,669, and the Irish Catholic popu- 
 lation during the same period grew from 2,742 to 4,623 ; 
 while the corresponding figures of the French Canadian 
 population showed an increase from 2,056, in 1851, to 3,644 
 in 1 86 1. The Protestant population for the latter year is 
 stated at 6,402. In 1847 By town was erected into a diocese 
 by his Holiness, Pious IX., and the good-natured and saintly 
 Very Reverend Joseph Eugene-Bruno Guigues was appointed 
 its first Bishop. 
 
 In the course of the year 1846, the Irish Catholics of 
 Upper Town had hired an apartment in the house of a Mr. 
 John McCarthy, then resident on Wellington street, the one 
 now bearing the number " 401 " on Sparks street on the slope 
 opposite Christ Church, where mass was celebrated for them 
 on Sundays and holidays by a priest delegated for the purpose 
 from the household of the Bishop. This arrangement could 
 not of course, be more than temporary. It is probable the 
 Irish would have built a church in Upper Town even before 
 they did were it not for an occurrence which, for a time, 
 threw all their plans into confusion. 
 
 While the Irishmen of early Bytown were occupying 
 themselves with schemes for a church in Upper Town, 
 something was happening in their motherland destined to 
 cause them no small agony. In the years between 1846 
 and 1848, both inclusive, famine afflicted Ireland with 
 much more than usual severity. Why does dread famine 
 hang over the head of Ireland like a Damoclian blade? 
 The question is a most pertinent one, since each recurring 
 famine is a source of grief to the Irish the world over. 
 
50 
 
 *i 
 
 Two chief causes stand out prominently from a whole 
 mass of subsidiary causes. English confiscation, carried on 
 with appalling persistency from the time of Henry II. to the 
 middle of the eighteenth century, deprived the people of the 
 land, and handed it over to Englishmen, or Irish traitors, who 
 became landlords. In order to support themselves in luxury 
 and sensuality among the European capitals, they constantly 
 squeeze cruel rack-rents out of their Irish estates. There is 
 no middle class in Ireland, and the great majority of the 
 people, cut off from the soil, or paying too great rent for its 
 use, are reduced to poverty, which makes them depend upon 
 the potato, a very perishable vegetable, for their staple food. 
 Landlordism is, in a word, the cause of Irish famine. Yet, to 
 bolster up this system, Ireland bristles with British bayonets, 
 paid for, not by the British landlord, but the British farmer 
 and the British artisan. The whole drift of modern Irish" 
 agrarian legislation made in London has been, owing chiefly 
 to the House of Lords, towards depriving the landlords of a 
 portion of their excessive power, in order to vest it, not in the 
 Irish people, but the Land Court, which, of course, plays back 
 into the hands of the landlords. Briefly stated, this vicious 
 circle is the only result of years of " concession " to Ireland. 
 It leaves the Irish people little more prosperous than it found 
 them, and the landlords scarcely at all less exacting. If the 
 wretched condition of the Irish tenant and farm laborer is to 
 be ameliorated and Ireland freed from the awful affliction of 
 periodic famine, it requires small observation clearly to see 
 that the changes must be wrought by a native parliament, 
 without which all the muddling of Irish affairs in the London 
 parliament will produce only what our great Irish Canadian 
 patriot, Edward Bkiie, aptly called " mere drops in the 
 bucket " of Irish discontent, want and miserv. 
 
 The landlord-manufactured famine of 1848 brought death, 
 in its most painful form, to hundreds of thousands of the Irish 
 
51 
 
 o 
 
 ;e 
 
 1^ 
 
 in Ireland. It crowded the emigrant vessels to suffocation 
 with suffering armies oi miserable exiles going out with the 
 four winds of heaven, to the north and the south, the east and 
 the west. It cast upon the shores of Grosse Island and the 
 3t. Lawrence, without so much as a line of previous notice 
 from the Imperial authorities, thousands of these forlorn peo- 
 ple stricken with pestilence as well as with famine. Many of 
 them died, leaving their children to be tenderly cared for by 
 the kind-hearted habitants^ and to grow up P'rench in all but 
 name, and even in that sometimes ; but some of them survived 
 the awful ordeal and went to swell the number of the Irish 
 already settled in the Province of Quebec, in Upper Canada, 
 and along the valley of the Ottawa. The useful work of 
 John Francis McGuire on " The Irish in America " tells us 
 much of what we should know of this famine, and the great 
 exodus that followed it, but the history of the Irish emigra- 
 tion, especially to Canada, has yet to be written. 
 
 At By town, two hundred Irish emigrants died of " ship 
 fever," by which term the concomitants of misery and ill- 
 treatment to which they had been subjected were known, 
 and more than a thousand others were ill of the fell malady. 
 The Government, taken completely by surprise, had sheds 
 constructed in great haste to serve as hospitals. Those 
 dismal structures stood near the southern end of Sussex 
 street, on the land now occupied by the Central Railway 
 Station and its outbuildings. The nuns from the convent 
 on Bolton street rendered constant and most valuable aid. 
 The good Bishop and his clergy, among whom was Father 
 Malloy, in his lifetime beloved by every citizen of Ottawa, 
 were tireless in their attendance upon the poor people 
 thus suddenly cast ailing at their doors ; indeed the Catholic 
 clergy of Quebec and Montreal, Kingston and Toronto, or 
 wherever the emigrants sought refuge, were, irrespective of 
 race, anxious to work day and night for the unfortunate exiles. 
 
52 
 
 i 
 
 We often think that instead of exhanstin^; themes calculated 
 to cause friction between people of different races in Canada, 
 our historians and writers should devote attention to the 
 scenes that took place in those terrible hospitals, those rude 
 emigrant Si.eds, where French priests and nuns imperilled, 
 and even sacrificed, their lives while carrying spiritual and 
 corporeal comforts to the suffering Irish. Furthermore, the 
 figure of a French Canadian farmer stretching out his arms 
 inloving welcome to the Irish orphan, would furnish, we 
 venture to hold, a nobly suggestive subject for a national, or 
 to speak more precisely, an international monument. 
 
 The excruciating excitement engendered among the 
 members of the Irish community in Bytown, by beholding 
 the sufferings of their brethren and kinsfolk, had scarcely 
 abated when Dr. Guigues purchased, for the sum of two hun- 
 dred dollars, a small Methodist church which stood on the 
 spot now occupied by the Parker dye works on Sparks street. 
 This wooden structure, once the meeting place of the pioneer 
 Methodists, was most solemnly blessed, renovated, and on the 
 31st May, 1852, dedicated to St. Andrew and the Catholic 
 faith. For the first three years this chapel was attended by 
 priests from the Bishop's Palace. The late Rev. ^neas 
 MacDonell Dawson was then appointed 1 rst resident pastor. 
 During the pastorate of Father Dawson :he church was fur- 
 ther enlarged, an organ and ornaments purchased, and the 
 general organization of a regular parish begun. After six 
 years of such efforts Father Dawson, in August, 1861, relin- 
 quished his charge and retired from St. Andrews. 
 
 Of all the books in the world the church register is 
 probably the most replete with human pathos. It is the 
 record of the three great events in the average life — birth, 
 marriage and death. Its conciseness and directness carry 
 with them an appeal to all life's pilgrims which is often 
 entirely wanting in more effusive and discursive compilations. 
 
 i.'i 
 
 « « 
 
 m 
 
I 
 
 1, 
 
 ■y 
 
 n 
 
 s. 
 
 THK MOvST RKV. JOS. THOMAS Dl'lIAIMUL, 
 Second Bishop and Virst Archbishop of Ottawa. 
 
 
I ^'" 
 
 jii 
 
53 
 
 Well might (ieorge Crabbe, " Nature's sternest painter, yet 
 the best," devote his simple bnt penetrating genius to immor- 
 talizing the Parish Register, for assuredly nowhere else could 
 he have found anything that so faithfully echoes what 
 Wordsworth beautifully terms " the sweet, sad music of 
 humanity." The register of the little primitive chapel of 
 Sparks street testifies that the first baptism took place in that 
 edifice on the i6th December, 1855 — " Michnel, son of Michael 
 Reddie and Margaret Wynne"; and the first marriage on the 
 1 2th January, 1855, the names of the contracting parties 
 being John Lahey and Margaret Anne Killeen. 
 
 From the same book we also append the following list of 
 some of the more prominent parishioners in Father Dawson's 
 time : — D. O'Connor, T. McDermott, J. Quain, J. Ahearn, D. 
 Egan, A. Duff J. O'Meara, J. Dunn, J. Esmonde, J, McCarthy, 
 M. Reddy, J. Hickey, J. Sinnott, M. Kehoe, P. i^eonard, J. 
 Enright, L, Whelan, A. McKillop, P. O'Donnell, M. Gleason, 
 W. Madden, T. Hanrahan, P. Kenahan, Jas. Wood, J. Albert, 
 E. J. O'Neil, J. Tobin, M. Rock, W. Cain, P. Holland, J. H. 
 Burke, J. Latchford, M. Young, J. F. Caldwell, P. Quinn, E. 
 Howletts, J. Egan, W. O'Meara. This list is not complete, 
 but it will serve, we fancy, to recall several names of men 
 who while in life had many friends in the parish and who 
 materially aided in building it up, and it will also serve to 
 remind us that more than one member of the congregation of 
 St. Andrew's are still among us, hale and hopeful, and pos- 
 sessed of most retentive memories for the lively happenings 
 of long-passed years. 
 
 F'ather Dawson was succeeded at St. Andrews by the 
 Rev. James McOratli, O.M.I. He had charge of the chapel 
 from 1 86 1 to 1866. He reduced the financial affairs of the 
 church to order, improved the building itself, and performed 
 the innumerable trying duties of a pastor of a struggling 
 parish, in a manner that won the admiration and affection of 
 
 i 
 
 1^1 
 .^1 
 
54 
 
 ijSI: 
 
 his flock. Long before the useful teuure of office of Father 
 McGrath came to a close, it was evideut to all interested that 
 the requirements of a rapidly growing parish called for a 
 much more commodious church than the little chapel of St. 
 Andrew. With a keen eye for the future, Father McGrath 
 purchased, in 1864, from the heirs of Colonel By, seven large 
 lots on Kent street, between Nepean and Gloucester streets. 
 Before parting with Father McGrath, we shall take the liberty 
 of a peep at his church register. The first baptism is entered 
 under date the 20th October, 1861 — "Anthony, son of John 
 Madden and Mary O'Donnell," and the first wedding under 
 date the 17th October, 1861, the persons being John Kenly 
 and Margaret Kearns. 
 
 Father McGrath was succeeded by the Rev. J. J. Collins, 
 parish priest of Pakenham, who was, in 1866, appointed resi- 
 dent pastor of St. Andrew's. But the lots on Kent street had 
 not been purchased without an object. As time wore on, the 
 necessity for a new church became more and more pressing. 
 The initial moves toward supplying this want may be well 
 passed over in silence. Suffice it to say, that in the month of 
 May, 1869, the work of erecting a new church of stone, of an 
 extreme length of 195 feet and a width of 76 feet, on the 
 Kent street property commenced. The plans and specifica- 
 tions for the proposed structure were prepared by the Messrs. 
 Stent & Laver, the architects of the Parliament Buildings, 
 and the style of architecture adopted was the Modern Gothic. 
 Had the plans thus prepared been faithfully followed out, the 
 structure would have reflected credit upon the architects, but 
 much against their will, and for reasons too numerous to 
 mention here, the specifications were more and more widely 
 departed from as the work proceeded, so that the final result 
 held little in common with the edifice which it was at the 
 outset proposed to build. Funds, at no time too plentiful, 
 gave out before much progress had been made. But by 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
55 
 
 « * 
 
 ; 
 
 > • 
 
 1872, ways and means were found for continuing the 
 undertaking. The contract for building was given to the 
 late Mr. James Goodwin, who pushed the work with energy. 
 
 The first baptism conferred in vSt. Patrick's took place on 
 the i6th December, 1866 — "William John, son of Patrick 
 Dunken and Elizabeth Stapleton, and the first marriage on 
 the 8th December, 1866 — Richard Welch and Johana Kennedy. 
 In 1877, P'^athcr Collins was succeeded by the Rev. John Lalor 
 O'Connor, D.D., a son of the Mr. Daniel O'Connor who, as we 
 have already seen, took during his lifetime an active part in 
 promoting every church built in Bytown. The ceremony of 
 baptism at which Dr. O'Connor first officiated in the new 
 church took place on the 25th November, 1877 — " Richard 
 Thomas, son of Richard Tighe and Anne Nash," and the 
 first marriage on the 23rd November of the same year, when 
 Delphi ue Carriere wedded Elizabeth Doyle. Dr. O'Connor 
 died, in 1880, deeply regretted, not only by his own parish- 
 ioners but the entire Catholic community. 
 
 Sunday, the 6th of October, 1872, was a red letter day in 
 the history of St. Patrick's church, because it was on that 
 date the ceremor)' of blessing the corner-stone took place. 
 The people began to assemble at three o'clock in the after- 
 noon, the entrance, owing to the unfinished state of the sacred 
 edifice, having been by a side door in the front part of the 
 building, and notwithstanding a dark and lowering sky, a 
 vast concourse soon assembled. On one side, within the half- 
 finished walls of the church, was the dais, or temporary throne 
 for his Lordship, the Right Reverend. Bishop Guigr.es ; oppo- 
 site was the choir composed of the pupils of the reverend 
 ladies of the Congregation de Notre Dame of Gloucester street ; 
 and at the extreme end of the building were the members of 
 the Union Band, of which melodious body the late Mr. George 
 Sutherland was the able leader. Before the people had all 
 entered a severe thunder storm broke and continued to add 
 solemnity to the naturally impressive scene. 
 
IT 
 
 56 
 
 
 At exactly four o'clock his Lordship, attended by a 
 numerous suite, among whom were the Rev. Dr. O'Connor, 
 and the Rev. Fathers O'Dowd of St. Patrick's church in 
 Montreal, Collins, Tabaret, Barrett, and other distinguished 
 clergymen, ascended the steps of the dais. There were on the 
 surrounding platform, which was profusely decorated with 
 Canadian and Irish banners and flags, the Right Honorable 
 Sir John A. Macdonald, K.C.B., First Minister in the Federal 
 Cabinet, the Honorable William McDougall, C.B., J. M. 
 Currier, M.P., the Honorable R. W. Scott, M.P.P., W. H. 
 Waller, Esq., Alderman John Heney, Alderman F. Macdougall, 
 and many other leading citizens. 
 
 A very able address was made by the Rev. Father 
 O'Dowd, and when this learned clergyman had resumed his 
 Seat, the Lord Bishop blessed the corner-stone, after which 
 Sir John A. Macdonald laid hold of the hammer, gave the 
 customary tap, and left a handsome donation in aid of the 
 building fund. The rain storm seriously interfered with the 
 due conduct of the ceremony, and continued until late at 
 night, thus threatening the success of the grand sacred concert 
 at St. Joseph's church wherewith the celebration appropriately 
 closed. But although the lightning flashed and the rain fell 
 in torrents, " a large audience of the elite of the city of every 
 denomination," to use a newspaper phrase of the day, was 
 present. Rosa D'Erina, the celebrated Irish singer, was the 
 leading vocalist, while Mrs. Kearns, the accomplished organ- 
 ist, gave her invaluable services, and the choir was under the 
 experienced leadership of the Rev. Father Chaborel, O.M.I., 
 while the musical and choral selections were from the works 
 of such composers as Hadyn, Rossini and Cherubini, all of 
 which classics were liberally solicited to crown the close of a 
 most memorable occasion. 
 
 The new structure was solemnly blessed and dedicated 
 by our present beloved Archbishop, his Orace, the Right 
 
 •' • 
 
57 
 
 Reverend Joseph Thomas Duhamel, and named for St. 
 Patrick, the great patron saint of the Irisli. 
 
 " 
 
 We have now glanced at the Irish emigrants making 
 homes for themselves in the Ottawa Valley, and have seen 
 that they carried with them some of the best attributes of the 
 people at home. The wide and very general success which 
 has crowned their efforts in this immediate vicinity awaken 
 thoughts to which we cannot deny expression. If the Irish 
 do not absolutely scorn money, they, as a rule, recognize that 
 its use is the only advantage of having it, and so they very 
 commonly make it an instrument of pleasure or of power. 
 The Irish know how to be rich. Their worst enemies — the 
 Irish, strange to say, have enemies — never accuse them, as a 
 people, of being parsimonious. This is almost the only defect 
 of which they have not been accused at one time or another, 
 justly or unjustly, by their foes, who have, as is well known, 
 from the time of Queen Elizabeth to that of Queen Victoria, 
 made a systematic effort to tarnish Irish character and 1 belittle 
 Irish reputation. This carelessness of money as nioi^ey in 
 the Irish is all the more remarkable, as scarce any other people 
 on the face of the earth have had to toil as hard as they to 
 put money in their purses. 
 
 It has become a custom to call the Irish "the fighting 
 race." That the Irisli can render a good account of them- 
 selves in a fight, it would be impossible to deny. Fortunately 
 it is as unnecessary as impossible ; for so long as man is 
 man, a mere creature of interest and imagination, and 
 not an angel ; the aristocrat amongst the animals, not the 
 harping leader of the choir invisible — so long as man is man, 
 we venture to say, and attached to this sinful world here 
 below, an aptitude in attack and defence is one of the very 
 best attributes he can pos.sess. Pugnacity, like virtue, though 
 

 M 
 
 
 i\ 
 
 58 
 
 clad in a beggar's garb, commands respect. Most things 
 come to him who knows how to fight. Bnt it is questionable 
 if the intelligent Irishman of the future will discern in the 
 fact that the bones of Irish warriors have bleached on every 
 battlefield from Cadiz to Hong Kong, from New York to San 
 Francisco, and Irish blood dyed every sword under the sun, 
 the cherished boast and crowning glory of the race. He may 
 see in the eagerness and faithfulness with which the Irish 
 have followed almost every known flag to victory or death, 
 one manifestation of their manhood, and in so doing he will 
 be perfectly right ; but it is probable, and to be desired, that 
 he will look further for a far different and nobler manifesta- 
 tion. He will probably put in a modest claim for the Irish 
 as " the working race," and assuredly not without reason. 
 Pugnacity is, we repeat, only one feature of the national 
 character, a single facet of the diamond. Another feature 
 which is scarcely a whit less pronounced, though much less 
 exploited, is that sterling quality which many scholars identify 
 with what some call genius — the capacity for unremitted hard 
 work, whether manual or mental. Tlie work-man's day is 
 dawning. Let us hope the time is near when the Irish talent 
 for work will in common with that of the other great toiling 
 nations of the world, be appraised at its just value, and 
 acclaimed as warmly as it deserves. 
 
 One likes to fancy the intelligent Irishman of the future 
 — the near future — turning away with a sigh from battle- 
 fields and the blood-stained trophies of widowing war, to 
 review the wide field of labor and find therein the honors of 
 his race which are most deserving of perpetuation. Labor is 
 the true test of the energies of men. It is in all its variety, 
 corporeal and mental, the instituted means for the thorough 
 development of all our powers under the direction and control 
 of the will, the soul. It is the duty appointed at the creation, 
 and provided for by the stout muscles of the arm, and the 
 
 ii 
 
59 
 
 ■ 
 
 delicate machinery of the hand. The faithful performance of 
 this divinely appointed duty is obviously the most real nobility 
 that man can share. 
 
 To this nobility the Irish can, we venture to think, lay 
 undisputed claim. The harvests of England are garnered by 
 Irish hands. It was generations of Irish laborers that chieflv 
 contributed to the peerless physical development of the United 
 States. From the hour when the banner of St. Louis disap- 
 peared from the ramparts of Quebec, from the very first 
 British settlement which was hewed out of the heart of the 
 Canadian forest, in field and street, at the axe and the plough, 
 the counter and the mart, the pulpit and the senate, Irish 
 energy has manifested itself through the length and breadth 
 of this vast Dominion. True, Irishmen of genius have leav- 
 ened the mass of bone and sinew by which the material pros- 
 perity has been worked up of the American Republic and our 
 own Canadian Provinces, But it is " the man with the hoe," 
 the Irishmen with a practically unlimited capacity for hard 
 manual toil who have found the ascending pathway which 
 the race, with some exceptions, are now following, both at 
 home and abroad. 
 
 We Irish have come to recognize that it is by work, and 
 not war, we must advance ourselves in the social scale. If 
 the Irish in the United States are today acknowledged as a 
 power in politics, in religion, and in society, it is because they 
 have toiled. Here in Canada it is work has won for us the 
 things best worth having. It is work that won for our race 
 no small portion of New England ; and the changes of the 
 Irish from the caterpillar condition of the helot, the hewer of 
 wood and the drawer of water for his master, to the butterfly 
 state of existence where they can suck the sweets of comfort 
 and bask in the sunshine of luxury, is indeed very significant. 
 First came from the hill towns and farms the sons and daugh- 
 ters of the Puritan, and then the Irish emigrant from Ireland. 
 
6o 
 
 The Irish came when the original stock became, in its own 
 estimation, too select for daily toil in the factory. Now that 
 the Irish are stirred by loftier ambitions, and have earned the 
 wherewithal to retire, they are rapidly making way for the 
 French from Qnebec. Well might the great poet exclaim : 
 
 " Peace hath her victories 
 No less renown M than war." 
 
 The Irishman who helps to bnild a honse in Dnblin or 
 London, in New York or Ottawa, does more for the trne wel- 
 fare and glory of his race than the Irishman who dies on a 
 battlefield, and the Irishman who builds a house for himself 
 in the Western States, in Mn litoba or in Ontario, infinitely 
 more. It is a thrilling thought for a man of Irish blood to 
 find what homes the Irish have made for themselves in the 
 United States and in Canada, by sheer dint of unremitted 
 manual labor. The heart swells, the pride of kinship rises, 
 as he sees that it is his own people who have done more than 
 any other race in the American Union and the Dominion of 
 Canada to replenish the earth and subdue it, to speed the 
 flying shuttle in the cotton factories, to control the gigantic 
 steam hammer in the foundries, to grasp the throttle- valve of 
 the engine and the locomotive — in a word, to act the part of 
 men wherever useful work is to be performed. Wherever 
 there is labor to be done there will the Irish congregate, and 
 so long as they so incline may the cunning of their hands 
 remain intact. 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
] 
 
 is 
 
 ^ 
 
 0"^ 
 
 ^r^jmtuK i ■ uWwn 
 
 VERY R1':V. J. L. (VCONNOR, D.D., V.G., 
 Fourth Pastor of St. Patrick's. 
 
. \: ' 
 
6i 
 
 V. 
 
 Glory of \irtue, to fight, to struggle, to right the wrong ;- 
 Nay, hut she aimed not at glory, no lover of glory she : 
 Oive her the glory of going on, and still "o be. 
 
 — Tennyson \s ' ' iVages . ' ' 
 
 A WRITER of one of the almost innumerable accounts 
 r\ of Bytown, who describes himself as an "old-timer," 
 somewhere alludes to the Very Reverend Dr. O'Con- 
 nor as "one of ourselves," and the phrase, though trite, is 
 sufficiently happy to be used for the purpose of indicating the 
 fact that Dr. O'Connor was, and his successor is, a son of 
 primitive Ottawa, or By-town. 
 
 When Dr. O'Connor took charge of St. Patrick's, that 
 edifice, regarded from without, appeared sufficiently imposing, 
 but within it stood in urgent need of many articles indispen- 
 siL^Ie from a well-furnished place of worship. A church is 
 like a dwelling-house : it always wants for something. Fur- 
 thermore, the financial condition of the parish was not in a 
 sr.tisfactory state, and held out no single inducement to a 
 clf^rgyman who dreaded onerous toil. Happily for the welfare 
 of the congregation, the newly appointed resident pastor 
 entertained no such dread, and he fronted his trying duty 
 without the least hesitancy. By unwearied assiduity and 
 skilful management he, notwithstanding the depressed state 
 of business which then prevailed, managed to place the parish 
 m such a condition financially as held out exceedingly bright 
 hopes for the future. 
 
 When, in 1881, Dr. O'Connor was succeeded by the Rev. 
 M. J. Whelan, who was born a short distance from the church* 
 the latter continued the important work of organizing the 
 parish and equipping the church. It was discovered, for 
 
62 
 
 it 
 
 example, that althou^li the pious fervor of the coiijjregation 
 was by no means without warmth, yet the old stoves, which 
 served merely to accentuate the cold in various widely separ- 
 ated parts of the sacred edifice, were altogether unfitted to 
 cope with the rigors of a Canadian winter, and they had, 
 consequently, to be replaced by an efficient system of steam 
 heating. The change in the heating apparatus was stoutly 
 opposed by a few gentlemen who had not only waxed portly, 
 but also wore heavy coats of fur during divine service. They 
 found themselves in a minority, and the watching them peel 
 off like onions at the very first contact with the hot fumes of 
 the new furnace, brought tears to the eyes of the majority, 
 but truth compels us to add they were tears of suppressed 
 laughter. It may not be considered out of place to repeat 
 here that had the original plans which were formulated for 
 the church been strictly carried out in its building, the struc- 
 ture would have been entirely of stone, and in addition many 
 of the defects, the remedying of which has entailed large 
 outlays, would never have existed. Unfortunately, owing 
 chiefly to periodic financial straits, the plans were clnnged 
 more than once, and never for the better. 
 
 When the church was built the bounds of the parish were 
 much broader than they are to-day. The large district ex- 
 tending westward from Division street to the confines of the 
 territorial jurisdiction of Fallowfield, which has since 1891 
 been formed into the Parish of St. Mary, then belonged to 
 St. Patrick's. Besides, the English-speaking portion of the 
 Catholic population of Hull and the county of Hull belonged 
 at that time to the ecclesiastical division of St. Patrick's 
 Church, from which they were afterwards severed. Yet, when 
 the church was erected it was considered sufficiently spacious 
 to serve all the purposes of the congregation scattered over 
 the wide district of which it was the conspicuous centre. 
 But in shower and in shine the parish went jauntily on in- 
 
t 
 
 63 
 
 crcasin<^ in people and prosperity. In the ji^ovvtli of both 
 these important items it outstripped most of the otlier parishes 
 of the city, althouj^h they all developed rapidly and j^rew 
 apace; and, notwithstandinj^ the^reat territorial curtailments 
 to which the parish had been subjected, the congregation 
 became too large for its church. 
 
 So early as 1885 an enlargement was unavoidable, but it 
 was hoped that by the addition of a chancel and sacristy 
 sufficient additional space could be obtained to serve for many 
 years. The changes were made and the appurtenances added. 
 They fdled every requirement — for a time. In 1898, how- 
 ever, the church once more proved itself entirely too small to 
 accommodate the congregation. Only one course could be 
 pursued to avoid the inconvenience inseparable from such a 
 condition of things. Again the church was enlarged by the 
 addition of transepts and a vestry, the pews re-arranged, the 
 all too liberal width of the (iotliic pillars modified, mainly to 
 procure more space for the pews and passages. True, the 
 latter were extremely narrow, but could, nevertheless, scarcely 
 be considered on that account the ways of salvation, since the 
 emotions crowding through them generally produced in the 
 average lay breast, at least, tended to lead very far away from 
 that happy goal. The edifi e was at the same time crowned 
 with a lofty and graceful steeple, that feature so peculiarly 
 Christian, since no pagan temple ever possessed it, no mosque 
 of the false prophet ever tolerates it, and it is only where wor- 
 shippers of the true God are wont to assemble that the loud 
 l)ut melodious tones of the bell are chimed forth to call them 
 together. 
 
 It is surely not too much to claim for these alterations that 
 the architect has succeeded in making them, both internally 
 and externally, not only wihout destroying, but if anything 
 rather increasing, the appearance and efficiency of the struc- 
 ture, and that is, we are told, one of the most difficult feats of 
 

 64 
 
 the architectural profession ; as, in general, a plan once 
 adopted cannot be niaterialh' altered or transposed withont 
 impairing its beanty and ntility. At this moment the good 
 old chnrch, so endeared to ns all by a thonsand tender ties, 
 is, we like to believe, qnitc comfortable, although, let ns hope, 
 that quality as it affects the pew-holders falls very far short 
 of in the least conducing to slumber. 
 
 The old church has, on the whole, reached that station 
 in life where her possessions and future proj^pects alike justify 
 her indulgence in certain luxuries of which new organs, large 
 choirs, and stained glass memorial windows may be accepted 
 as conspicuous instances, and, we learn, her complacency and 
 peace of mind would be complete if some one among her loyal 
 sons more than ordinarily endowed with a command over that 
 far-reaching instrument of power, which we call money, would 
 make her the happy recipient of a new altar. Fame is, we 
 are told by the moralist, the echo of action. The echo of 
 such an action as the piesentation of a new altar would be, 
 we think, the very sweetest music, who.'^e persistent cadence 
 could never die. 
 
 But, failing of a personal donation, the continued want 
 of a befitting altar must soon grow eloquently suggestive of a 
 public subscription. In view of such a possibility, an anec- 
 dote, which if it does not adorn a tale certainly points amoral, 
 is apposite. When the money to defray the expense of the 
 new organ was being collected, three unmarried young men 
 tf the parish took charge of a list each, and all the energetic 
 list-bearers met with gratifying success. Not so msny years 
 have passed since that time, yet the three collectors have all 
 been married, and to-day their families aggregate not less 
 than sixteen ! This greater than golden reward, 
 
 " More dear than gold, than silver more desired," 
 
 for a good act, should, one would think, serve as an irresistible 
 incentive to all unmarried young parishioners to go and do 
 
I 
 
 « ■ * 
 
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 Ible 
 do 
 
 65 
 
 likewise. Now that the secret is out, if the pastor is not 
 presently implored by dozens of unmarried people for blank 
 subscription lists for the much needed altar, he will forthwith 
 cease to believe that example is, as Dr. John.son, following St. 
 Augustine, declares it to be, more efficacious than precept, 
 and, consequently, ere long he may be compelled reluctantly 
 to resort to the latter. 
 
 The allusion to the Parish of St. Mary, which we have 
 had occasion to make, painfully reminds us that while these 
 pages were going through the press, a calamity befell that 
 erstwhile rapidly developing district that will not soon be 
 forgotten by the residents thereof. vShortly after eleven 
 o'clock on the morning of Thursday, April 26th, 1900, dense 
 black columns of smoke were observed rising from the north- 
 western section of the City of Hull. Ottawans who gazed at 
 this phenomenon at once reached the conclusion that another 
 great fire was taking place in the transpontine town, but as 
 the recurrence of such incidents in Hull have made them 
 almost commonplace, many of our citizens merely shrugged 
 their shoulders and went their way. At this stage a strong 
 wind was bearing directly on Ottawa, but we knew a broad 
 river flowed between us and danger, and so we deemed our- 
 selves secure in onr fools' paradise. Yet, it was evident to 
 every beholder that each moment added to the strength and 
 width of the flame, which swept before the steadily increasing 
 gale with a rapidity that almost baffles belief. Very soon the 
 raging fire had pai,sed over the whole space extending from 
 Wright street to the mammoth Kddy manufactory at the 
 Chaudiere. Having reached the Chaudiore bridge, the wild 
 flames entered the scores of lumber piles which stood at the 
 south side of that structure, and finding here material the 
 most inflammable shot high into the sky over the water, and 
 showered down a fiery torrent of living embers upon the 
 lumber piles on the opposite, or Ottawa side of the river. In 
 
66 
 
 an incredibly brief space of time the latter were possessed 
 entirely by the devouring element, which leaped thence far 
 and wide among the almost innumerable industrial establish- 
 ments which were once the pride of Victoria Island, and hav- 
 ing left them in ash^s, sought new strength in the lumber 
 piles further on, and thus refreshed it rene^ved its amusement 
 of sending out burning sparks to start new fires among other 
 lumber piles. The uncontrollable flames burned and blazed 
 with an awe-inspiring grandeur which once seen can never be 
 forgotten, and to describe which would require the inspired 
 pen of a Dante. Precisely at that moment, that is to say about 
 1.30 o'clock, the wind most fortunately for Ottawa changed 
 to the east. As a result, the mass of fire swept westward 
 towards Rochesterville, instead of climbing into Centre Town. 
 Meanwhile, in Hull the flames were driven from the direction 
 towards which they set out to the very heart of the city, 
 destroying in their way all the principal buildings, with the 
 exception of the Catholic church, and leaving an area of 
 about one square mile completely fire-swept. 
 
 H?d the wind, strong as it was between one and three 
 o'clock, continued from the west, the fire must lia\'e inevitably 
 eaten its way through Centre Town and Lower Town until 
 nothing of Ottawa that wor.ld burn was left. Tlie greater 
 portion of our city was thus .saved as if l)y a miracle. As it 
 was, the flames naturally followed the c i n of lumber piles 
 from the Chaudiere to the Kxperimental Farm, sweeping 
 everything not fireproof in their way and leaving the ground, 
 which they found covered with houses, fit for the plow. Even 
 then, had the fire not 1)een stopped behind the Dominican 
 Church in itseft"ortsto leap eastward, by the intelligent efforts 
 of the militia willingly aided by thou.sands of citizens who 
 formed themselves into a vast bucket brigade, the city would 
 probaby have been entirely .ne-swept from the west to the 
 east. 
 
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 67 
 
 By nine o'clock on that terrible riio;ht the whole of the 
 business portion of Hull was wiped out ; the portion of Ottawa 
 between the Chaudiere Bridge and the Kxperimental Farm 
 and between Division street and the railway track in the out- 
 skirts of Bayswater was in ashes, and practically the whole of 
 the Parish of St. Mary within the limits of Ottawa was wiped 
 out of existence, and in addition about one hundred families 
 of St. Patrick's Parish were left homeless. Had this fire 
 occurred at night we shudder to think what the results might 
 have been, and as it was eight people lost their lives, about 
 15,000 in Hull and Ottawa were I'endered homeless, and fully 
 7,000 were left destitute, while 4,000 in Ottawa and 3,000 in 
 Hull were thrown out of work by the destruction of hundreds 
 of industries. It is pleasant to be able to write that no sooner 
 was the misfortune of the sister cities made known abroad 
 than ample private aid flowed in from ail quarters, and much 
 of it was given by people in distant and foreign lands, and 
 our Government was prompt in arresting the public calamity. 
 Such no'^'-^ .ict'ons make some reparation for the evil to which 
 mankind is so prone. 
 
 Many estimates of the loss incurred by this lire have been 
 furnished, but we shall content ourselves by quoting here the 
 summary given to " The Journal " newspaper by Mr. Wm. 
 Young, ex-chief of the Ottawa Fire Brigade. Here it is : 
 '' Loss of property in Hull and Ottawa, $5,000,000; number 
 of hon.ses and buildings burned in Ottawa and Hull, 2,400; 
 number of people homeless, 18,000." Other estimates of the 
 loss go as high as ,^20,000,000, which figure;-, include the 
 enormous quantity of lumber destroyed. 
 
 While we write, an animated controversy wb.ich pronii.ses 
 to be interminable is taking place as to the comparative dan- 
 ger of fire which adheres 1.0 Ottawa from sun-dried Imnber 
 piles and smi-dricd shingle roofs, but, it seems to us, the 
 academic disputants might as profitably devote their intellec- 
 
i 
 
 68 
 
 tual energies to determining which of two rattle-snakes is the 
 more poisonous. While this idle talk is going on, both lum- 
 ber piles and shingle roofs are going up in the old places with 
 amazing rapidity, and in a few weeks we will be fully fitted 
 out for another illumination on a large scale. When that 
 occurrence happens, the wind may sheer about once more and 
 save the city, and it may not. The recent great fire was fore- 
 told many years ago, by an experienced insurance under- 
 writer, but nobody heeded his warning, so true it is that no 
 man is regarded as a prophet in his own country. As for 
 ourselves, we propose to waste no words in prophecy, which 
 occupation is not in modern times much more profitable than 
 that of sowing seed among rocks, but we shall wait until 
 the big fire for which we are busy piling up most choice 
 materials shall have performed its fell work, and then we may 
 be in a position to tell with accuracy whether or not the wind 
 will again shift to a safe point. 
 
 ji| 
 
 We have now reached a stage in our inadequate sketch 
 of the parish and church of St. Patrick so recent that we may 
 henceforth confine ourselves to presenting mere memoranda 
 of some of the leading events and leave each one experience 
 for himself the chequered memories which they cannot fail to 
 awaken. The following is a list of the retreats and missions 
 which have been held in the parish, and each of which has 
 proved very fruitful of beneficial results : 
 
 Ret'.e?.t for men one week, by Rev. James McGrath, 
 O.M.I., Lent, 1882. 
 
 Mission, two weeks, Lent, 1884, by Redemptorist Fathers, 
 Miller, Gates, Kautz and Currier. 
 
 Mission, one week, Lent, 1888, by Rev. Fathers Drum- 
 mond and Connelly. 
 
 Mission, two weeks, Lent, 1892, by Paulist Fathers, 
 Elliott, Doyle, Wyman and Hopper. 
 
*p 
 
 69 
 
 Mission, two weeks. Unt, 1896, by Paulist Fathers 
 Smith and O'Callaghan. fathers, 
 
 Mission two weeks, Lent, 1899, by Paulist Fathers 
 Menton, Burke and Murph)-. ' 
 
 And as we have allowed eacl, one to review for himself 
 he t o,,Hts which the mere enumeration of mirsio" 
 retreats must serve to conjure up in the minds of the faithful 
 so we leave those who, like ourselves, have benefited ty he 
 constant zeal of the assistant priests of St. Patrick' to ap 
 praise for themselves individual merit and desert, off rin. 
 only the assistance of the following list of curates' names :- 
 Assistant priests during Father Collins' pastorate • 
 Rev. W. H. Sneedy, 1871-1873. 
 E. J. Stenson, 1873-1874. 
 J. MacGinnis, June, 1875, to Oct., 1875 
 
 ; M. J. Whelan, Nov., 1875, to Nov., 1877. 
 During Dr. O'Connor's pastorate • 
 
 Rev. M. J. Whelaii, Nov., X877, to Feb., 1878. 
 _ B. Casey, May, 1879, to Jan., 1881. 
 During Father Whelaii's pastorate : 
 
 Rev. B. Casey, Jan., i88r, to August, i88r. 
 T. J. Cole, Nov., 1881, to Oct., 1884. 
 J. C. Poulin, June, 1889, to Nov., 1889 
 Wm. McKennon, Nov., 1889, to May, 1890. 
 J. T. Foley, Aug., 1892, to Nov. 1892 
 W^T. McCauley, April, 1894, to Oct., 1895. 
 
 J.T.McNally,Dec.,x897.toJaii., X900. 
 T. P. Fay, Jan., 1900. 
 
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 an Irish C,' " "°""' ""' ""^" "'^ -'"''-^ of 
 "r tl et ^=" ■°'";°»'-""">- '-ve once provided necessaries 
 for the.r I.vel.hood, and reared convenient places for God's 
 worsh.p one of the very neKt things they long for and !ook 
 after ,s tire school. The parishioners of St. Patrick's made 
 
 wm 
 
70 
 
 ii 
 
 no exception to this rule. Real education, as the word im- 
 plies, is " a drawing^ out " of all man's faculties — physical, 
 mental, moral and spiritual. It develops the whole man and 
 builds up his character by broadening, deepening, and bring- 
 ing out in symmetry, harmony and beauty, all his God-gi\en 
 faculties. The awakening of our best sympathies, the cultiva- 
 tion of our hi'];hest and purest tastes, the strengthening of the 
 desire to be useful and good, and the directing of youthful 
 ambition to unselfish ends — such are the objects of tnie 
 education. Consequently, education is the interest most 
 worthy the deep, controlliv.i.^ anxiety of every thoughtful 
 man. True education depends, we venture to hold, not so 
 much upon system, as up.ti competent, careful and con- 
 scientious teachers. Education stands for morality. Religion 
 stands on morality. Christian education moulds character. 
 The Catholic religion directs life. Education is, for a 
 Catholic, the spring of civil life : the Catholic religion is its 
 source. Education means thought, religion means life. We 
 Catholics need both thought and life, and we also need that 
 the two shall be in harmony. This indispensible harmony is 
 best provided by the competent Catholic teacher instructing 
 in the Catholic atmosphere of the Catholic school. The 
 combination of Catholic religion and Catholic education con- 
 stitutes Catholic civilization, by which term we mean the 
 recessional of passional and material life and the development 
 of the social and moral. Such, in brief, is the philosophy 
 which underlies our system of Catholic Parish Schools. Can 
 a Catholic controvert the correctness, or question the wisdom 
 of tlie Catholic position on education ? If he cannot, the 
 support of the Catholic school is for liini a duty — the com- 
 mand of heaven, the unmistakable voice of Ciod. 
 
 The separate school teacher does the work which, in 
 happier circumstances, should be performed by the Catholic 
 parents. Says the Right Reverend John Ireland, the Arch- 
 
 If 
 

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 -;;5r- *•' 
 
 LancetieM Photo. ^T. 1>ATRICK\S CHl'RCH, 
 
 View from ( Vloucester Street, showing Facade and North Transept. 
 
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 ■ill 
 
71 
 
 bishop of St. Paul : " The divine appointment is that nnder 
 the care and direction of tlie parent the child shall grow in 
 mind as well as in body.'" But, as the eloquent archbishop 
 takes care to point out. parents, even when they have the 
 ability, lack the time properly to educate their children. " In 
 ten thousand homes of the land," he continues, " the father 
 hastens to his work at early dawn, before his children have 
 risen from their slumber, and at night an exhausted frame 
 bids him seek repose, with scarcely time to kiss his little ones. 
 The mother toils all day, that the children may eat and be 
 clothed ; it is mockery to ask her to be their teacher." And 
 as it is thus left for the teachers of the parish school to per- 
 form a necessary work which parents themselves can in no 
 way accomplish, it becomes the manifest duty of the parents 
 to supply good school-houses and most efficient teachers. 
 
 It is exceedingly gratifying to be able to state that this 
 vital obligation has been nobly met in the parisli of St. 
 Patrick. In 1876 there was only one Parish School. It was 
 quartered in the lower part of a dwelling house in rooms 
 almost entirely unfitted for the purpose. In this humble 
 academy a single teacher was compelled to school no less than 
 one hundred and fifty boys and girls. At the present moment 
 the schools of the parish number six, and the buildings are 
 all commodious and airy brick structures. Thus, St. Patrick's 
 boys' school contains seven rooms ; St. Patrick's girls' school 
 contains six rooms ; St. Agatha's, two rooms ; Holy Angels', 
 two rooms; St. Agnes', two rooms; and St. Matthew's, two 
 rooms : making in all twenty-one well equipped and almost 
 invariably very large rooms, for the accommodation of eight 
 hundred and fifty pupils. These statistics, we venture to say, 
 prove that liberal provision has been made for the develop- 
 ment of the religious and moral as well as the intellectual 
 faculties of the young Catholics. If the average intelligence 
 of the parish is to be gauged by the number and effectiveness 
 
 , A Af.'i*'^ , (;f?*»it%;^»G^diy;\*( 
 
72 
 
 Pi 
 
 uii 
 
 of its schools — we know of no more reliable a standard — it 
 justly deserves to be rated high. In all trials and competitions, 
 such, for example, as examinations for entrance to the insti- 
 tutions of more advanced learning afford, the pupils of St. 
 Patrick's schools have, we are proud to declare, almost always 
 given good accounts of themselves. But the true test of 
 education is not success at examinations, nor the number of 
 subjects a pupil has studied, but the quality of character ; 
 that is, the governing element in life, wrought out by the 
 discipline, and measured even by this most exacting standard 
 the pupils of St. Patrick's schools will, we have good reason 
 to hold, be seldom found wanting. 
 
 To close a sketch such as this without a word concerning 
 the leading charitable institutions and general organizations 
 of the parish, would be to make an unpardonable omission. 
 " This I think charity," says that delightful old author, Sir 
 Thomas Browne, " to love God for Himself, and our neighbor 
 for God." It is that love of our fellow-men which disinter- 
 estedly, if not altruistically, induces us to sympathize with 
 him in his sorrows, to alle\ iate his pains, to relieve his wants. 
 It is founded chiefly upon that consequence or result of our 
 sensibility, or aptitude to feel, which is called sympathy. 
 From the very dawn of Christianity, charity to the poor and 
 sick was the very embodiment of that faith, the practical 
 evidence of religion. It remains the badge of Christianity. 
 It is religion in practice : it is prayer in action. Hence, the 
 vital doctrines of the Catholic Church demand works of charity 
 as essential evidences of inward faith. It is not strange, there- 
 fore, that the Irish, one of the most susceptible, sympathetic, 
 and religious of races, should be zealous promoters of charity. 
 
 The first noticeable effort of the Irish in Ottawa to 
 befriend the needy on a large scale dates back to the year 
 1849, when a St. Patrick's Orphanage was started in the 
 basement of the convent on the corner of Sussex and Bolton 
 
 I -it 
 
 III 
 
73 
 
 streets. In 1857, a number of Catholic gentlemen from each 
 parish in the city, formed an association for the purpose of 
 furthering- the interests of this struggling charity. At a 
 general meeting, a committee was selected, the members of 
 which were : Messrs. D. O'Connor, Matthew Keogh, J. F. 
 Caldwell, Alexander Duff, Timothy Kavanagh, Charles (ioul- 
 den, Wm. McKay, and R. H. McGreevy. From the associa- 
 tion thus formed, and which later on became a corporate 
 body, has descended in an unbroken line of succession the 
 executive body that now administers the financial affairs 
 of St. Patrick's Orphans' Home and Home for the Aged. 
 In 1872 the fine stone building on Maria street was completed 
 and occupied. Since then both divisions of this magnincent 
 charity have been under the sympathetic and competent 
 charge of the Grey Nuns. The charity, even as it stands, 
 would reflect credit on any community, but let this not 
 blind us to the fact that the aged need a home separated 
 from that of the young orphans ; and what our poor old 
 men and women need, within the bounds of reason, they 
 should be accorded. Here again is a grand opportunity for a 
 wealthy Catholic to perpetuate his name in an honorable and 
 blessed connection that no monumental brass or stone can 
 afford. To improve the golden moment of opportunity, and 
 compass the good that is within our reach, should be the art 
 and object of life. 
 
 Next in importance and extent to the St. Patrick's 
 Asylum charity comes the energetic Society of St. Vincent de 
 Paul, one of the most beautiful of all charities carried out by 
 lay Catholics. In this parish there are two flourishing con- 
 fraternities of St. Vincent de Paul, a junior and a senior one. 
 Very much might justly be said in praise of our noble St. 
 Vincent de Paul Society, but we must not suffer ourselves to 
 forget that its members, who are the most untiringly charitable 
 people in the whole community, desire to be screened from 
 
11 
 
 74 
 
 the glare of publicity, and sncli a noble deinand should always 
 be sacredly respected. 
 
 Another parish association, which busily occupies itself 
 with procuring and making clothes for the indigent, and 
 deserves more notice than it can be accorded here, is the 
 Parish Ladies' Sewing vSociety. There is also our Temperance 
 Society, which has just started out usefully to labor in a most 
 important field of helpful endeavor. 
 
 The powerful league of the »Sacred Heart, the Association 
 of the Holy Family, the numerous League of the Holy 
 Rosary, and the Young Women's Society of the Children of 
 Mary, are among the parish associations whose good work 
 cannot be expressed in arithmetical numbers. 
 
 ^Mutual Societyism was defined by the late great states- 
 man, Mr. Gladstone, as a means by which people seek their 
 own good through the good of others. Mutual benevolent 
 societies are founded upon the principle that by the contribu- 
 tion of the savings of many persons to one common fund, the 
 most effectual provision can be made for casualties likely to 
 affect all the contributors. We shall not pause to examine 
 this principle. Suffice it to say, if mutual benevolent societies 
 and friendly associations furnish good and beneficial fellow'- 
 ship, this parish is, indeed, rich in good and beneficial fellow- 
 ship. In it most of the existing Catholic mutual benevolent 
 societies have found sure footing and numerous adherents ; 
 but beyond the bare statement that the Catholic Order of 
 Foresters, the Catholic Mutual Benevolent Association, and 
 the Ancient Order of Hibernians, seem to be the most popular 
 societies here, we do not feel at liberty to particularize, as such 
 discussion might have a tendency to create invidious distinc- 
 tions. Anyway, the secrets of these powerful pliratries for 
 mutual assistance, union and brotherhood, are all so occult 
 that an unenlightened bystander, like the present writer, 
 would rqither speculate on the rites of Mizraim and Memphis 
 
 1 
 
 , 
 
 • • 
 
 i-:».')ttiij;ti;''-."tSia?. . -'.;-,:;' a^^vr.-, ^ 
 
75 
 
 than strive to penetrate the sli^litcst of thcni. And were it 
 otherwise, we should still hold our hand and refrain from 
 removing the veil, since to do so would be to deliver the 
 secrets of the societies to the ladies, who would, we doubt not, 
 forthwith proceed to di\est them of every particle of secrecy, 
 such is the unfailing ingenuousness of their exceedingly 
 candid hearts. 
 
 
 Our task is finished. We have endeavored to make our 
 historical margin as wide as possible without being profuse. 
 We have striven to trace with a free hand the trains of cir- 
 cumstances that directed immigration to the Ottawa Valley, 
 to describe the coming of the Irish Catholics, and to indicate 
 briefly the circumstances under which the parish and church 
 of St. Patrick of Ottawa came to be founded in the busy 
 centre and throbbing heart of the chief city of the Ottawa 
 district ; nay, from a legislative standpoint, of the entire 
 Dominion. How well we have executed it, we leave our 
 readers to determine ; hoping to find them far more easily 
 satisfied with the result than we are ourselves. 
 
 We have written a sketch, not a history. 'i*he work of 
 telling in all its interesting details the story of the Irish in 
 the Ottawa Valley and in the political capital of our Dominion, 
 remains for an abler pen than this " cramped, jogging steel " 
 of ours. We often think that St. Patrick's Day orations might 
 well be devoted to such purposes. But we venture to believe 
 enough has been written even here abundantly to demonstrate 
 that the past of our people abounds with subjects potent to 
 engender the only form in which pride is really laudable, and 
 of which no nation can possess too much — reference is had, of 
 course, to self-respect. False pride, or vanity, is the offspring 
 of self-love : true pride, or self-respect, springs from a realiza- 
 tion of our duty and privilege as one of (iod's children. 
 Hence, if a man be wanting in proper pride he must lack 
 
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 faith in God and in the worthiness of his mission. The Irish 
 possess an indomitable spirit, rising^ nnder difficnlties, and 
 buoyant in the darkest moment, that kept our tempest-tost 
 cause from foundering. This spirit we, Irish Canadians, can 
 justly claim as our heritage. Let us hold to it, and God will 
 send to our race its pillars of cloud and of fire. Without the 
 slightest assumption of racial superiority, a superiority which 
 whenever felt among the children of Adam is better displayed 
 in useful and noble actions than merely voiced in empty 
 words, we Irish do not hesitate to aifirm that in " this Canada 
 of ours," a country as free as any on earth, a commonwealth 
 which is one of the very best exponents of the principle of 
 Home Rule, and one of the most convincing examples of its 
 blessings, we have as a whole proven that our people are, 
 when not hampered and deterred by most adverse fortune, 
 and in common with their neighbors at perfect liberty to 
 work out their own destiny, characterized by religious devo- 
 tion, love of learning, energy, industry and thrift. The 
 members of our Canadian branch of the great "sea-divided" 
 family of Irish Celts can, therefore, justly hold up their heads 
 anywhere with the very best among their relations. Than 
 that no man should desire greater praise. 
 
 We require no special privilege, whether social or polit- 
 ical, nor do we desire it. But our right we know, and it we 
 shall maintain. Be the worldly position of the Irish Catholic 
 what it may, he will find, unless he lives in " Arcady," that 
 he has to make steady headway against more or less of preju- 
 dice, which is the lingering but slowly waning result of the 
 hatred of his race and creed inculcated by English literature 
 through long centuries. No matter what his employer may 
 be, whether a government or a railway company, a great com- 
 mercial company, or a very small local " venture," a bank or a 
 grocery, the Irish Catholic will, almost inv&-iably, receive 
 what his abilities enable him to grasp and firmly clinch his 
 
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 Luiicefield Photo. 
 
 ST. TATKICK'S CHURCH, 
 
 View from Ncpeaii Street, showing Rectory, Vestry, Baptistery, 
 
 and South Transept. 
 
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 ii 
 
 1 1 
 
grasp upon, but no more. Consequently, he must keep a 
 wary eye about, and so cannot afford to be intemperate. It 
 behooves him, then, to be always ready to fight his way by 
 some one of the manly weapons of honorable emulation ; 
 superior capacity, dexterity, and greatest of all, trustfulness. 
 Honesty has got to be the scarcest of all virtues. Since an 
 honest man is respected by all parties, honesty is a real 
 wealth which each one who desires it may possess. Let us 
 all continue eagerly to compete for a share of this invaluable 
 treasure while we sustain and honor the manhood that seeks 
 toil and honors it, regards whiteness of soul and purity of 
 mind and conduct as unfading glories of the race, respects and 
 obeys the law of the land, protects the weak, succors the poor, 
 and if necessary defends its own pure dignity. 
 
 No one who observes our people in the Province of 
 Ontario, in the City of Ottawa, in the bustliuj^ Parish of St. 
 Patrick — which important sub-division, we believe, could, 
 were it not too modest, put forward good claims to the proud 
 title of the workman's parish — will deny that the Irish have 
 endowed our young country, a country destined to become a 
 great nation, with many of the things hardest to be got and 
 best worth having, the rare possessions which poor John B. 
 O'Reilly, who was perhaps the most healthfully thoughtful 
 of all our bards, affirms in worthy language that the Irish 
 emigrant brings to the " building " of every country wherein 
 he rears a new home. 
 
 " No treason we bring from Erin — nor bring we sbanie or guilt! 
 The sword we bring may be broken, but we have not dropped the hilt. 
 
 ******* 
 What bring ye else to the building? O, willing hands to toil ; 
 Strong natures tuned to the harvest-song, and bound to the kindly soil, 
 Fold pioneers for the wilderness, defenders in the field, — 
 The sons of a race of soldiers who never learned to yield " 
 
78 
 
 THE RIGHT REV. .^NEAS McDONNELL DAWSON, 
 
 V.G. 
 
 
 THE career of a scholar and a thinker is said to be 
 generally nneventfnl, and Father Dawson was both a 
 thinker and a scholar. But he was also a pioneer 
 priest of the Ottawa mission, and though he loved the tran- 
 quillity without which there can be no such thing as scholarly 
 contemplation, he spent much of his life in active parish 
 work. 
 
 He was born at Red Haven, Banffshire, Scotland, July 
 30th, 1 8 10, and his parents were named respectively John 
 Dawson and Ann McDonnell, his wife. After successfully 
 studying at the grammar school at Portsoy, he departed at 
 the age of sixteen to pursue his ecclesiastical studies in the 
 Episcopal Seminary at Paris, in France. He also studied at 
 the Benedictine College at Douai, and returned to his native 
 place in 1835, whe.i he was ordained to the priesthood, and 
 appointed assistant in the parish of Dumfries. 
 
 Subsequently he was given independent charge of chapels 
 at F'ife, then at Kinross, later at Crackmannan and finally at 
 Edinburgh, until the year 1854, when in response to an invi- 
 tation from the late Bishop IMacdonnell, of Kingston, he 
 came to Canada. After a brief stay in the city of Quebec, 
 where he officiated at St. Patrick's, he came on to Bytown, 
 now Ottawa, and was appointed to the charge of the mission 
 in Upper Town. There was no railway in these days and the 
 the telegraph was unheard of. Travellers upon the Ottawa, 
 or Grand River, were obliged to go in the Union P'orwarding 
 Company's steamboats and stages. It is perhaps worth men- 
 tioning that the period did not favor rapid transit, and that it 
 
I 
 
 79 
 
 was a journey of seventeen hours to reach Pembroke, a dis- 
 tance now compassed in less than four. 
 
 Father Dawson was given charge of the little wooden 
 chapel on Sparks street. The work he was allotted was that 
 of formulating a new parish ; a species of ecclesiastical 
 "stumping and logging" which is a most wearisome occu- 
 pation. That he performed this trying duty with general 
 acceptance, testifies to his energy and ability. The new priest 
 was most patriotically Scotch and, we feel certain, he was 
 instrumental in having his chapel named in honor of St. 
 Andrew. 
 
 He spent five years as resident pastor of the Upper Town 
 mission, during which time he improved the church as well 
 as founded the parish, and he was then appointed parish priest 
 of Osgoode, as the successor to the well-known Celtic scholar. 
 Father O' Boyle. 
 
 After Ottawa became a garrison town in 1865, i^ was 
 Father Dawson, who was selected by the General Command- 
 ing to fill the office of Roman Catholic Chaplain to the 
 Queen's forces. It is said that some of the officers were quite 
 unprepared to meet in a little backwoods town a clergyman 
 of the polish and reading of their new chaplain, and we find 
 no difficulty in believing the story. He was very popular 
 with both Soldiers and civilians. 
 
 His golden jubilee as a priest was celebrated by elaborate 
 services at the Basilica in 1885 ; and in 1890, on the occasion 
 of his attaining his eightieth year, another celebration in his 
 honor took place, when he was made the recipient of a hand- 
 some present .from his many friends of every denomination. 
 On this occasion also he was appointed an honorary Vicar- 
 General of the Diocese of Alexandria, in Glengarry, and about 
 the same time he received from Queen's University his 
 doctor's gown as an LL.D., which was followed by Laval 
 University with the degree of Doctor of Letters. 
 
«l 
 
 80 
 
 ft 
 
 But, it is sorrowful to think, all these high honors were 
 showered upon a man destined not long to enjoy them. The 
 distinguished old pioneer priest died full of years on Satur- 
 day, 29th December, 1894, and his funeral from St. Patrick's 
 was characterized by every token of respect and esteem for 
 the dead. 
 
 The Church, with that solicitude which she has always 
 shown for the fine arts and their worthy exponents, often 
 stretclied a point to allow Father Dawson to follow his natural 
 tendency as a maker of books. He most industriously 
 acknowledged the favors thus extended to him, and his pub- 
 lished works in both poetry and prose are very numerous. 
 His " Story of the Catholics in Scotland " is a bulky tome 
 which it must have taken great labor and research to compile. 
 If our opinion in matters literary should count for aught, we 
 do not hesitate to pronounce his " Pop lus IX and his 
 Times" a most interesting work. As to 1. ^^oems, they are 
 very unequal, but all show that their autnor was profoundly 
 read in Dryden and Pope and many of the other English 
 classics, as his frequent adoption of the English heroic couplet 
 proves. Virgil was before his mind's eye while he was com- 
 posing his "Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra," but "The Last 
 Defender of Jerusalem " is a poem finely conceived and admir- 
 ably sustained. In the matter of rhymes he allowed himself 
 all the licenses which the other writers of lengthy poetical 
 efforts sanctioned, and sometimes, though not often, he made 
 additions to their list. On the whole, the poetry and prose of 
 Father Dawson are worthy of the priest, patriot and gentleman 
 — the three words whose sum composed the character of the 
 good priest whose leisure hours their composition served to 
 weigh with utility. 
 
 The friends of Father Dawson have erected a handsome 
 bronze mural tablet to his memory in St. Patrick's Church, 
 with the following inscription in English : 
 
8i 
 
 t 
 
 . 3n /ICcmoiiam . 
 
 Thb Vkrv Revkrend 
 
 .l^NEAS McDONNE!.!, DAWSOxV, 
 
 V.G.,I.L.D.,D.L.,F.R.S.Can. 
 
 Born at Redhaven, Banffshire, Scotland, 
 July 30th, 18x0: 
 
 Ordained April 2, 1833 ; Came to Canada, 1854. 
 After founding important missions in the Diocese of Edinburgh 
 
 Died at Ottawa, Dec. 29th, 1894, 
 
 In the Eighty-fifth Year of his Age, and the 
 
 Sixtieth of his Priesthood. 
 
 Appointed Parish Priest of this Parish, 1855, 
 
 Chaplain to the Queen's Forces in Ottawa, 1866 ; and for 
 
 many years in Charge of the Mission at Osgoode. 
 
 Distinguished for his Piety, Learning and Liberality, 
 This Tablet is Erected in Affectionate Remembrance 
 
 By 
 His Friends of All Denominations. 
 
 R. I. P. 
 
 "And now there remains Faith, Hope, Charity, these three ; 
 
 but the greatest of these is Charity." 
 
 I Cor., xiii, 13. 
 
82 
 
 REV. JAMES McGRATH, O.M.I., P.P. 
 
 i 
 
 NATURE never forms a universal {^a-nius, but deals out 
 her favors, in this world, with a parsimonious hand. 
 "AVw o))uiia possunms ^;////r.v," says Virgil ; no man 
 can excel in everything. lint when one is so fortunate as to 
 find a nail which his ability is fitted to hit square on the 
 head nud drive home, he has found the great secret of success ; 
 which useful fact is strikingly emphasized by the life of the 
 Rev. James McCirath, O.M.I., the first resident pastor of St. 
 Patrick's church. 
 
 He was born in a rural district of the County Tipperary, 
 in Ireland, on the 26th June, 1835. In the latter part of the 
 year 1855 he came to America, and to Ottawa, which tow^n 
 was then known, or to be exact, concealed from knowledge, 
 under the name of Bytown. After receiving his education at 
 St. Joseph's College, which is now the University, he was 
 ordained priest in 1859, and joined the Order of Oblates of 
 Mary Immaculate, and he was soon afterward entrusted with 
 the charge of the church of St. Andrew, the small wooden 
 structure which stood on Sparks street, on the spot now occu- 
 pied by the Parker Dye Works, a position rendered vacant by 
 the retirement of the Rev. A. McD. Dawson. 
 
 Though humble, this church was at the time the only 
 Catholic one in the whole of Upper Town. The newly ap- 
 pointed pastor turned out to be not only a tireless worker, 
 engrossed with the spiritual advancement of his flock, out 
 also a careful manager of excellent business ability, and a 
 strict though sympathetic disciplinarian. He had a 1 abun- 
 dance of that sense which is paradoxically called "common," 
 as it is of all intellectual qualities truly the most uncommon. 
 
M 
 
 'k 
 
 f^T 
 
 Lancejield Photo. 
 
 ST. PATRICK'S CHURCH, 
 Chancel and High Altar. 
 
w^m 
 
83 
 
 PVoiu the very fiisl he showed himself to be of a most practical 
 turn, and dnrinjr the three years of his pastorate at St. 
 Andrew's, he enlarjred and j^reatly improved that modest little 
 chapel itself, and furnished it with new vestments and pews ; 
 but his foresight enabled him clearly to perceive that a time 
 would arrive when the j^rowtli of the parish would necessitate 
 the construction of a more centrally sittiated, a more spacious 
 and pretentious parish church. Hence, he took measures 
 which were crowned with success, to acquire the fine square 
 of land abutting on Kent street, upon which the St. Patrick's 
 church and its rectory have since been erected. 
 
 He was rich in the early and provident caution, which 
 Burke calls the mother of safety ; and one of his most salient 
 traits was the unfailinj^ command of the thoughtf'il care and 
 good judgment which generally guard their usefully endowed 
 possessor from all sorts of serious errors. But the plow was 
 stopped ere it had traversed half the furrow that Father 
 McCirath was so successfully opening. He had barely time 
 to enlarge his little church, place the financial alYairs of his 
 parish on a more secure basis, and acquire land for a future 
 church, when he was commanded by the head of his Order 
 to go elsewhere. To hear such an Injunction was with him 
 to obey it, as another admirable quality that he possessed in 
 great and unvarying quantity was humility, imder which he 
 practiced the most devoted constancy and zeal. All who 
 knew him while he was at St. Andrew's agree that his execu- 
 tive ability was quite exceptional, and it was well that it was 
 exceptional, they generally add, as the affairs of his parish 
 when he took charge of it required his very liveliest solicitude. 
 He had endeared himself to all his people, and the announce- 
 ment of his approaching departure caused widespread sorrow. 
 
 When Father McGrath left Ottawa, he we. it, first, to the 
 Oblate House in Texas, and subsequently to the city of 
 Buffalo, where he made himself chiefly instrumental in laying 
 
;ii 
 
 Z U ■Iji 
 
 ^*'- I i 
 
 84 
 
 the foundations of the mission which the Oblates have since 
 made so successful. 
 
 In 1870 he was transferred to the city of Lowell, in 
 Massachussctts, where he built the splendid church of the 
 Immaculate Conception, and remained there for twenty-three 
 years, first as assistant pastor and later as its parish priest. 
 While here he displayed all through the gracious and useful 
 qualities of head and of heart which made themselves evident 
 while he was in charge of St. Andrew's chapel in Bytown. 
 
 He returned to the city of Buffalo in 1893, impaired in 
 health, to assume the rectorship of the Church, of the Holy 
 Angels, and here once more he used his raie talents unhesi- 
 tatingly for the welfare of his parish and its people. Indeed, 
 wherever Father McGrath went his work was remarkable ; 
 for he succeeded in l)uilding up feeble parishes, in getting 
 new church building erected, and in arousing interest and 
 enthusiasm in mission work. 
 
 In very many States, as well as in that of New York, or 
 Massachussctts, the pastor of the Church of the Holy Angels 
 was regarded by all Catholics, and very many non-Catholics, 
 as a man of note, and the esteem in which he was held by 
 his own Order abundantly confirmed this favorable public 
 impression. In 1883 he was elected First Provincial for the 
 United States of the Oblate Order ; an elective office which 
 is the highest in the gift of the Oblate Community. 
 
 On the evening of January 12th, 1898, while the Provin- 
 cial was at the Union Station, in the city of Albany, about to 
 entrain for Lowell, to attend a council of the Oblate Order, 
 he suddenly complained of severe pains in the head and chest. 
 He staggered backward, and was caught by several of the 
 priests who were at the station to see him off on his journey. 
 The sick clergyman was tenderly borne to a side-room, a 
 physician sent for, and the last rites of the Church adminis- 
 tered ; and scarcely had the hasty service been concluded 
 when Father McGrath was found to be dead. 
 
»5 
 
 By the death of this distiug^iiished churchman, the 
 Catholic Church lost one of its most able and zealous cham- 
 pions, the members of the Oblate Community a kind and 
 impartial Superior, the general clergy a wise adviser, and the 
 congregation of the Church of the Holy Angels a devoted, 
 cautious, yet warm-hearted pastor. May he rest in peace ! 
 
 THE REV. JOHN JOSEPH COLLINS, P.P. 
 
 vin- 
 it to 
 der, 
 rest, 
 the 
 ney. 
 m, a 
 inis- 
 ided 
 
 ONE of the most kind ard charitable of men, and most 
 devoted of priests, the second resident pastor of St. 
 Patrick's Church is remembered with the deepest 
 emotions of gratefulness by every surviving member of his 
 flock. 
 
 John Joseph Collins was born on i4tli March, 1824, at 
 Edinburgh, Scotland. He was the son of George Collins and 
 Jane Lamont. He began his studies at the Montreal College, 
 continued them at the College of L'Assomption and finished 
 them with the Oblates, in their College at Ottawa. 
 
 He was ordained on the 29th June, 1854, by the late 
 Right Reverend Bishop Guigues, and was immediately 
 appointed by his Lordship the Director of St. Joseph's Col- 
 lege, of which the late Rev. Dr. Tabaret was Superior, and 
 he was also delegated to attend the mission of Crreen's Creek, 
 on Sundays. In the former sphere of labor. Father Collins 
 by his great kindness of heart endeared himself to teachers 
 and pupils alike. It is pleasant to listen to survivors of both 
 these bodies bear loving testimony to his constant kindness 
 in terms of that profound sincerity which is the deepest of 
 eloquence. 
 
 At the end of the scholastic year 1855, he was appointed 
 
f I 
 
 86 
 
 iri 
 
 pa'ish priest of St. Eug^enc, in Hast Hawkesbiiry township, 
 where he remained about ten years, devotedly laboring for 
 the betterment of his people, by whom he was greatly beloved, 
 so true is it that kindness begets kindness in others. It is 
 altogether too frequently forgotten that kindness is as distinct 
 a powci as sunshine or any other physical agency, but, owing 
 to its purely spiritualistic nature, it is not easy to measure its 
 exact inherent force. " How much a man hath done is in- 
 quired into;" says St. Thomas a Kempis, in his incomparable 
 " Following of Christ," "but with how much virtue he hath 
 acted is not so studiously weighed. We ask whether he is 
 strong, rich, handsome, clever, a good writer, a good singer, 
 or a good workman ; but how poor he is in spirit, how patient, 
 and meek, how devout and internal, is what few speak of. 
 Nature looketh upon the exterior of a man ; but grace turncth 
 itself to the interior. Nature is often in error; but grace hath 
 her trust in God, that so she may not be deceived." And be 
 it remembered, true gentleness is a quality radically different 
 from, and even opposed to, the abject tameness of spirit which 
 submits, without opposition, to every encroachment of the 
 violent and assuming. This latter forms no part of Christian 
 duty, but, on the contrary, is destructive of general happiness 
 and order. It produces a sinful conformity with the world 
 which taints the whole character. It is cowardice, with which 
 fatal weakness Christianity never holds anything in common. 
 But the gentleness which belongs to virtue, while it renounces 
 no just right from fear, and gives up no important truth from 
 flattery, is obviously consistent with a firm mind, and must 
 be accompanied by fixed principles and a manly spirit. Such 
 was the gentleness of Father Collins; a gentleness which, 
 unlike some other virtues far more generally noticed, was not 
 called forth only on peculiar emergencies ; but was contin- 
 ually in action wherever he was engaged in intercourse with 
 men. 
 
^7 
 
 At the end of his prolonged labors at St. Eugene, Father 
 Collins was, by appointment of his Ordinary, placed in charge 
 of the large missions of Pakenham and Fitzroy Harbor, and 
 at the former place he purchased a presbytery, while at the 
 latter he finished the church which he found unplastered. In 
 these two missions he remained about two years, employed in 
 patiently instructing his people and captivating their hearts 
 by his pious example. 
 
 In November, 1866, he was, in the face of his own and 
 his people's protest, appointed pastor of St. Patrick's, in 
 Ottawa, where he authorized the commencement of work on 
 St. Patrick's church, and where his kindness to the poor and 
 sick, and his ever-ready charity, has made his name a synonym 
 for good nature and self-sacrifice. 
 
 About the end of the year 1877, liowever, he was trans- 
 ferred by his Grace Archbishop Duhamel to the parish of 
 Mount St. Patrick, in the County of Renfrew, where he 
 worked faithfully and fruitfully till his death, which took 
 place on the i6th February, 1887. . 
 
 His remains lie buried in the cemetery of Notre Dame, 
 at Ottawa, and his memory remains green in the tender 
 keeping of all who knew him as a faithful friend and church 
 worker whose natural kindness of heart was almost without 
 limit. 
 
 A magnificent double stained-glass memorial window, 
 having for subject The Sacred Heart— Tlie Apparition to 
 Blessed Margaret Mary Alacocque, and bearing the inscription, 
 "In memory of Rev. J. J. Collins, P.P., 1865-1877," has 
 been erected in St. Patrick's Church. 
 
B 
 
 * f. 
 
 \^\l 
 
 88 
 
 i ii 
 
 i 
 
 m 
 
 THE RIGHT REV. JOHN LALOR O'CONNOR, P.P., 
 
 D. D., V. G. 
 
 THE Rev. Dr. John Lalor O'Connor was born in old 
 Bytown, of pioneer parents, on 17th Jnne, 1833. He 
 was the son of Daniel O'Connor and Margaret Power ; 
 a couple who came to the place afterwards called Ottawa in 
 the month of May, 1827, where Mr. O'Connor started a mer- 
 cantile business which subsequently became quite extensive, 
 and also filled the position of Treasurer for the County of 
 Caileton. 
 
 The youth who was destined to occupy, many prominent 
 positions and receive high honors from the Church, began his 
 education in the ordinary schools of his native town, continued 
 it at the District Grammar School, and finished it at the 
 College of Ottawa. Of the latter institution he was one of the 
 first students, entering it on the very day it was first opened. 
 Having finished his scholastic course, he, during 1852 and 
 the following year, shared with his father the responsibility 
 of the mercantile business as well as that of the Treasurer's 
 office. 
 
 Towards the end of 1853, he decided to become a priest, 
 and on the 24th November of the same year, entered the 
 Seminary then conducted in the Bishop's Palace on St. 
 Patrick's Street, and at the close of the year 1856, finished 
 his divinity studies, having in the meantime received the 
 various ecclesiastical orders up to Deaconship inclusive. 
 
 He was then appointed Secretary to Bishop Guigues, 
 which position he held until the death of his Lordship in 
 1873. In 1858 he was elected Chairman of the Board of 
 Separate Schools of which he had been already a trustee for 
 
89 
 
 lies, 
 in 
 of 
 for 
 
 two years. About the same time he became the proprietor of 
 the '' Ottawa Tribune " newspaper, and conducted it until 
 1864 in connection with the "Union" newspaper, associated 
 with his brother-in-law, the late Mr. Henry James Friel, and 
 his brother, Mr. R. E. O'Connor, 
 
 In 1866, at the combined request of Bishop CTuigues and 
 the Rev. Father Ryan, O.M.I., then president of the Ottawa 
 College, he undertook to obtain from the old Parliament of 
 Canada a charter, giving university powers to the institution, 
 and after a prolonged and wearing struggle against bitter 
 opposition finally succeeded in his undertaking. 
 
 In July, 1867, he left Ottawa for Rome, where he at once 
 entered upon the revision of his studies, and followed courses 
 of divinity lectures delivered by the ablest professors in the 
 vSapienza and Roman Colleges, and in the month of May, 
 1868, he was ordained priest, receiving almost immediately 
 after, from the hands of Cardinal Barnabo himself, in the 
 chapel of the College of the Propaganda, the degree of Doctor 
 of Divinity. 
 
 After travelling on the continent and in Ireland, Dr. 
 O'Connor returned to Ottawa in September, 1868. Immed- 
 iately after his arrival home, he was placed in charge of the 
 English-speaking Catholics of the Cathedral Parish, and 
 appointed spiritual director of the St. Patrick's Asylum, then 
 situated in a small rented building on Church Street. 
 
 On the ist February, 1869, Dr. O'Connor received a letter 
 from the late Patrick J. Whelan, then confined in Ottawa jail 
 under sentence of death for the cowardly and brutal murder, 
 in the year previous, of the highly gifted Hon. Thomas 
 D'Arcy McGee, requesting him to attend and prepare his 
 unfortunate correspondent for the terrible fate that awaited 
 him ; an exacting request, which the good priest granted with 
 most steadfast devotion, and even accompanied the wretched 
 culprit to the scaffold. 
 
06 
 
 in 1 87 1, Dr. O'Connor look a leading and successful part 
 in a religious controversy to which he contrilnited a well- 
 reasoned pamphlet in defence of Catholic doctrine, and in 
 April, 1872, he had the pleasure of directing the work in 
 connection with the beginning of the new St. Patrick's 
 Orphans' Asylum on Gloucester street, an institution in which 
 he ever after took a deep and beneficial interest. 
 
 . On the nth November, 1877, the Doctor entered upon 
 his duties as rector of St. Patrick's Church, a position to 
 which he was appointed by Mgr. Duhaniel. To tell all that 
 Dr. O'Connor did in the service of his parish would require a 
 very large volume, but, fortunately, his innumerable labors 
 are not forgotten, and so hardl\' need to be enumerated here, 
 since non opuiis wortuns est^ and his grateful parishioners 
 have a vivid recollection of his greatest deeds and recount 
 them with spirit. He was a man known by many acts of 
 charity and of public feeling. With the leading men of all 
 denominations and of all political j^arties he was intimately 
 acquainted, and greatly respected by them. They admired 
 alike his sterling virtues, his warm liberality of friendship, 
 and his painstaking energy. As to the latter quality, it was 
 said of Cicsar that he was a general who used not to say to 
 " go " but " come," and that is how Dr. O'Connor led his 
 people on the paths of rectitude and of manhood. 
 
 Possessing the esteem of his townspeople, both Protestant 
 and Catholic, as a public spirited citizen, he had the confi- 
 dence of the heirarchy of the Church as a sagacious and de- 
 voted clergyman, a reliance which was made evident to all 
 when he was selected by his Grace, Archbishop Duhamel, for 
 the honorable position of Vicar-General of his Diocese. 
 
 The spark which was as a light to the people of St. 
 Patrick's suddenly went out forever. On the evening of the 
 iQtli January, 1881, Dr. O'Connor retired about ten o'clock, 
 with Father Duserre of Gloucester, to the St. Patrick's Asylum, 
 
 » 1 <• 
 
9i 
 
 where he lodged, and lay down on a sofa, where he was dis- 
 covered by his horrified brother priest, shortly after two 
 o'clock in the morning, in almost the very throes of death. 
 The rites of the Church had barely time to be administered 
 by Father Duserre, and a physician called who pronounced 
 the ailment to be apoplexy, when the soul of the pastor of 
 St. Patrick's stood before its Maker, and his flock was left 
 like sheep without a shepherd to bewail their cruel loss. 
 
 A marble tablet in St. Patrick's Church testifies to the 
 affection of the parishioners for Dr. O'Connor, and the follow- 
 ing is a rough translation of the modest Latin inscription : 
 
 1 
 
 t 
 
 . 3n flftcinoiiain . 
 REV. JOHN LALOR O'CONNOR, 
 
 DOCTOR OF DIVINITY AND VICAR-GENERAI,, 
 WHO, 
 
 Born on the 17th day of June, 1833, 
 
 Wisely ruled this church and parish 
 Until the date of his death, 
 
 the 19th day of January, 1881. 
 
S9 
 
 92 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 THK ARCHBISHOP OF OTTAWA. 
 
 HIvS Grace Joseph Thomas Duhaiiiel, Archbishop of 
 Ottawa, was born at Contreccciir, in the County of 
 Vercheres, in the Diocese of Montreal, on the 6th 
 December, 1841. His father, Fran(;ois Dnhamel, and his 
 mother, Marie Joseph Andet Lapointe, were both of the agri- 
 cultnral class, and richer in Christian virtne than in the 
 possession of the things of the world. This good couple had 
 eleven children, of whom the future archbishop was the 
 youngest. 
 
 When the latter had reached his second or third year his 
 parents emigrated to Bytown, and in good time he was one of 
 the first students of the College of Ottawa, entering it when 
 it was first opened, and remaining there as student or teacher 
 until he was ordained. 
 
 He succeeded in making his classical course with more 
 than ordinary rapidity, and having been intended for the 
 church from the outset, he began at once his theological 
 studies. He received the Tonsure, 27th June, 1858; was 
 made Deacon, 29th November, 1863, and on the 19th December 
 of the same year, he was ordained a Priest. 
 
 A few days after this ceremony the new priest was 
 despatched to Buckingham, where for six months he officiated 
 as curate, his parish priest being the late Rev. Father Jouvert. 
 
 In the month of August, 1864, Mgr. Ckiigues entrusted 
 the care of the important parish of Saint Eugene of Prescott 
 to the ere-now young curate, but as Father Jouvert had 
 left for Europe, F^'ather Duhamel remained at his post at 
 Buckingham until his return at the close of October. 
 
 When Father Duhamel was barely thirty-three, the first 
 
I 
 
 i 
 
 REV. M. J. WIIELAN, 
 Fifth Pastor of St. Patrick's. 
 
93 
 
 Bishop of Ottawa went to his reward in 1.S74, and the ((ues- 
 tion of selecting his snccessor was thrnst npon the hierarchy. 
 By a Hnll dated the ist of SeiHenibcr, the humble priest of 
 Saint luigene was appointed IHshop of Ottawa, and much 
 against his own will he had to tear himself away from a 
 parish where he was greatly liked and respected by all. The 
 ceremony of installation took place on October 28th, 1874. 
 
 On the nth July, 1S82, at the earnest entreaty of liishop 
 Duhamel, the Diocese of Pembroke was formed with the 
 Right Reverend Narcisse Zephrrin Lorrain, late Vicar-General 
 of Montreal, as its head. 
 
 On the 24th July, 1886, his Lordship was made first 
 Archbishop of Ottawa, and his people of all nationalities lost 
 uo opportunity to demonstrate how j)lcased they were with 
 his promotion. 
 
 The leading aspirations of his career from that time till 
 the recent hearty celebration of the twenty fifth anniversary 
 of his consecration can be accurately gathered from an eloquent 
 and emotional passage in his reply to the address of the 
 English-speaking people during the late festivities, although 
 allowance must, of course, be made for the characteristic 
 modesty of the style. Said his Grace : 
 
 " When 25 years ago I became your Bishop, I asked 
 myself how I. could best accomplish the important obligations 
 of my office, or rather I considered what rule I should lay 
 down for me, which would prompt me to work unceasingly 
 for the glory of God and the good of your immortal souls. 
 
 " I remembered what had been the mission of John the 
 Baptist. He was chosen to ' prepare unto the Lord a perfect 
 people.' (Luke, i, 17.) I understood that such also was the 
 mission of the Bishop in the Catholic Church. I began my 
 work with the sincere and strong resolution to ever and 
 strenuously prepare the zvay of the Lord and wake straight 
 His path. 
 
\i 
 
 ii 
 
 94 
 
 " The mission of those wlio rule civil society is no doubt 
 a great one, if they accomplish it according to the laws divine 
 and never against the rights of holy Church ; the mission of 
 judges and magistrates is verily worthy of honor; the mission 
 of soldiers fighting for their country is a glorious one ; but 
 any such is not the -highest, nor the noblest. Man ever stands 
 in need of (lod ; there are in his soul thoughts, desires, affec- 
 tions which tile infinite God alone can satisfy. The Hishop 
 has been appointed to so direct the priests of the Most High 
 that, by their spiritual ministrations, they may help their 
 fellow-men in coming to the possession of the eternal truth 
 and the everlasting happiness, and thereby realize their de- 
 sires. The Bishop is always struggling to prepare to Christ 
 — and even to the country — a perfect people. And when he 
 has labored according to his abilities and opportunities, the 
 Almighty fecundates his labors which become beneficent to 
 every soul. 
 
 " Notwithstanding the lack of ability in the Archbishop 
 of Ottawa, a great progress has been made by the Church in 
 Ottawa, through the energy and zeal of the priests, of the 
 religious communities, through the ever-increasing generosity 
 of the Catholics, yet, above all, through the power of Gcd. 
 
 " This progress is evidenced, as you have said, by the 
 erection of new and magnificent churches and educational 
 institutions, and the enlargement or improvement of others. 
 No less than fifty-seven churches, of which over twenty are 
 substantial, large, commodious, splendid stone churches, a 
 few costing less than twenty thousand dollars, the others 
 costing twenty-five, thirty, fifty thousand, and one seventy 
 thousand dollars. I need not mention the charitable and 
 educational institutions. You can form for yourselves an 
 idea of the amount spent to erect or enlarge them. I am 
 proud to say it to-day, these churches and institutions are 
 standing as monuments of the generosity and the large- 
 
' 
 
 ' 
 
 
 95 
 
 heartedness of our Catliulics. The city of (Ottawa has now 
 all the churches required, of which four are for the Ivuj^lish 
 speakinjj^ Catholics. I aui glad that you are pleased. It 
 proves to nie that I can safely say that uiy lal)ors have been 
 for the good of all confided to my care, whether their ances- 
 tors came from la hcllc Frnit((\, from tlie" Kmerald Island, or 
 any oMier country. I consider it a great reward to have 
 merited your attachment and your affection. A new stimulus 
 will urge nic to exert my best efforts towards the extension of 
 the kingdom of God, in this diocese." 
 
 That our beloved Archbishop has ever been true to the 
 high and exacting ideals he thus at the very threshold of the 
 episcopacy proposed for his own guidance therein, is f'.illy 
 and touchingly proven by the love and veneration with which 
 he is regarded by his own people, and by the respectful 
 esteem in which he is held by so many not of his fold. His 
 success in every department of his extensive administration 
 has been very marked. He is a lover of peace and wisdom, a 
 ceaseless exemplar of charity, one who enforces the Golden 
 Rule of doing as he would be done by in each of his under- 
 takings, and all who know him find themselves drawn more 
 and more irresistibly to admire the nice justice and magna- 
 nimity of his character. Ad moUos annos / 
 
■) ! 
 
 96 
 
 THE BISHOP OF BYTOWN. 
 
 A BIOGRAPHY of Bishop (Ungues, written to snit 
 popular fancy, and comprehensive enough to em- 
 brace lively descriptions of the general conditions 
 that obtained in the Diocese of Ottawa when it was in the 
 course of formation by that saintly churchman, would, one 
 may reasonably suppose, be eagerly read and dearly prized 
 by Catholics everywhere. 
 
 Joseph Eugene Bruno Guigucs was born on the 8th day 
 of F'ebruary, 1805, at the little town of Gap, in the Province 
 of Hautes-Alpes, in France. His mother was a member 
 of an old family widely esteemed for its charity, and his 
 father was a captain of cavalry in the grand army of the F'irst 
 Napoleon. Those who were conversant with the Bishop say 
 his own temperament was compounded of the compassion of 
 his mother and the more masculine virtues of his father. 
 
 He received his preliminary schooling in his native place, 
 and then made his ecclesiastical s^^ndies, having for companion 
 and guide Mgr. Guibert, subsequently Archbishop of Paris 
 and Cardinal. 
 
 Or the 28th May, 1828, he was ordained priest by Mgr. 
 Fortune de Mazenod, Bishop of Marseille, and founder of the 
 Congregation of Oblates of Mary Immaculate, which order 
 F'ather Guigues had already joined. 
 
 P'rom that time till 1844, the zealous young priest con- 
 ducted missions in the Diocese of Aix, in that of Marseille, of 
 P^'refus, of Gap, of Grenoble, and of Valence. 
 
 In 1844, Father Guigues, in obedience to the command 
 of his religious superiors, left his native land and on the i8th 
 August arrived in Canada, having been already appointed 
 
IP^V 
 
 ^1 
 
 Provincial of the Oblate Order. He had no sooner landed 
 than he tnrned his attention to the duties of his office, and as 
 the Oblates were in the country only since 1841, his task was 
 no less a one than that of installing a new religious order. 
 
 After seven years of such arduous labor he was, in 1848, 
 appointed Bishop of Bytown, having been consecrated on the 
 30th July of that year. 
 
 Two days after this event the new Bishop issued his first 
 mandamcnt^ wherein he proclaimed, among other things, that 
 St. Joseph was the first patron of the Diocese and St. Patrick 
 the second ; thus delicately affording official recognition to 
 the important respective positions occupied by the French 
 and Irish nationalities in his ecclesiastical territory. 
 
 The Bytown of that period was the busy centre of the 
 lumber trade, and the river was alive with log-drivers during 
 the summer. In order to meet the requirements of the situa- 
 tion, and reach the shantymen during the winter and the 
 log-drivers during their season of activity, the Bishop organ- 
 ized the " Missions of the Shanties." 
 
 Meanwhile he made every possible effort to provide for 
 the educational wants of his young people. What subse- 
 quently became St. Joseph's College and later the Catholic 
 University was founded and placed in charge of the Oblate 
 Fathers ; the Sisters of Charity, more generally called Grey 
 Nuns, were introduced into the Diocese, and a system of 
 Separate Schools was put in motion. 
 
 Under his administration was begun the great work of 
 church building which has been so persistently continued by 
 his successor in office, our present energetic Archbishop. 
 The following fanes were either commenced or commenced 
 and finished by the Bishop of Bytown : the Cathedral, and 
 the churches of St. Joseph, St. Patrick, St. John the Baptist, 
 and St. Ann. Needless to say, his Lordship was as busy as a 
 Benedictine. 
 
98 
 
 When the Bishop was consecrated the Catholics of his 
 diocese numbered only 35,000, attended by 15 secular and 
 regular priests, a few nuns, and 28 chapels and churches. 
 
 Like his illustrious successor, Bishop Guigues lived to 
 witness the celebration of the twenty-fifth anniversary of his 
 consecration, and on that day he could contemplate a diocese 
 made up of 100,000 Catholics, 53 secular priests, 24 monastic 
 priests, 88 churches and chapels, a college, a hospital, homes 
 for the orphans and the aged, and some fine district schools. 
 
 To say that Bishop Guigues was dearly beloved by his 
 flock is merely to state an undeniable fact. He made no 
 enemies. As he was universally considered to have attained 
 a very high moral development, and given innumerable 
 proofs of the spirit of sacrifice, of self-immolation, and of love 
 of humanity, people do not hesitate to call him a saint. It is 
 impossible here to enter upon a lengthy analysis of liis char- 
 acter, but we may remark that perhaps its leading ingredient 
 was tenderness ; a quality different from kindliness, affection- 
 ateness, or benevolence, a quality which can exist only in a 
 soft, but at the same time strong and deep nature. 
 
 Good Bishop Guigues died on the evening of Sunday, 
 8th February, 1874, having grown feeble beforehand, not so 
 much from the weight of years as the continuous strain of 
 work . Req 11 icsca t in pace. 
 
 Hill 
 
99 
 
 THE REV. MATTHEW J. WHELAN, P. P. 
 
 THE present Pastor of St. Patrick's was born on 23rd 
 April, 1853, at Ottawa, and within the limits of St. 
 Patrick's Parish. He was ordained in the cahedral of 
 his native town, by Mgr. Duhamel, 31st October, 1875. Thus, 
 Father Whelan is a thorongh product of the good city of 
 Ottawa. 
 
 When Dr. O'Connor was so suddenly called away, Fathtr 
 Whelan was chosen to succeed him at St. Patrick's. Shortly 
 after his appointment, Mgr. Duhamel delivered the parish 
 from financial bondage, and, with the benevolence and benefi- 
 cence for which he is justly admired, has ever since evinced 
 a fatherly interest in its headway, encouraging and supporting 
 the pastor in all his undertakings. It cannot be too generally 
 known that without his aid the reconstruction of the church . 
 would have been impossible. 
 
 During his administration, Father Whelan has also 
 received invaluable help from the several curates whose 
 names are mentioned elsewhere, from the Oblate Fathers of 
 the University, and the Capuchin Friars of the Monastery at 
 Hintonburg. 
 
lOO 
 
 VII. 
 
 A WORD AT PARTING. 
 
 A few short steps that onward tenrl, 
 Then, ere we know it, comes the end. 
 
 — Ebenczer Ellio. 'j ' ' Fancies. " 
 
 M 
 
 THIS little work was undertaken at the request of the 
 Rev. M. J. Whelan, and he it was who indicated be- 
 forehand the main lines which the narrative was to 
 follow. 
 
 Perhaps the easiest thing in all the world to make is — a 
 mistake. Typographical errors are like that mncli too familiar 
 pest, the housefly ; do almost everything one can and yet 
 blunders will find their way into the text. The screens of 
 carefulness may be spread across every door of the fair and 
 sightly chambers of authorship, yet mistakes will enter as if 
 by some malignant magic. The fly-traps of proof-reading 
 may be used even until the tired eyes ache, but, unless chance 
 be unusually favorable, some slip of the pen, the thought or 
 the vision, will lurk unseen behind or beneath the letter or 
 the syllable ; some ugly insect fallacy or buzzing blunder 
 will remain unobserved until the moment for removing it has 
 passed by forever, and be made all the more perceptible by 
 the regimental regularity of the printer's art to every gaze 
 except that of the unhappy searcher himself. 
 
 Next to submitting him to mentally or manually correct- 
 ing a typographical error, a task fit only for that pack-mule 
 of literature, the professional proof-reader, probably the worst 
 treatment to which the reader can be by any possibility sub- 
 jected by an author is to be compelled to wade through the 
 Slough of Despond of a formal list of errata. It is very like 
 
' 
 
 Uiniffit-ltf Photo. 
 
 ST. PATRICK'S CIU'RCH, 
 Altar of The Sacred Heart. 
 
lOI 
 
 sending him from Caiphas to Pilate. He gets small satisfac- 
 tion in the end, and what, perhaps, had been to him no more 
 than a minor misery is tlins converted into a formidable 
 horror. If the nsnal style of correcting typographical errors 
 had been followed here, the items would be somewhat like 
 these : 
 
 On page i6, 2nd line from top, read " unparalleled " for 
 " unparelled." 
 
 On page 45, 3rd line from bottom, read "1829" for "1839." 
 On page 49, 12th line from top, read " Pius " for " Pious." 
 On page 58, 6th line from top, read " sward " for " sword." 
 
 But, to return to the comparison of typographical errors 
 with house-flies, the larger " blue-bottle " blunders have been 
 thus almost unconsciously transpierced with the needle of 
 correction, and can no longer fill the air with their noisy 
 buzzing, and although the list could, no doubt, be somewhat 
 extended, to do so would be to waste time. Perhaps the 
 wiser course will be contritely to beg the reader's pardon for 
 the imwelcome presence of the mistakes, and for the rest to 
 rely upon his charity and generosity. 
 
 Besides manuscripts, procured through the kindness of 
 Mrs. H. J. Friel, the printed matter in the form of books, 
 pamphlets, contemporary newspapers and other publications, 
 relating to old Bytown and early Ottawa, we found quite 
 abundant ; and we believe we can safely say that nothing in 
 them germane to our subject of much consequence has escaped 
 us. The published and unpublished evidence relating to the 
 period we have described, has been read and collated with 
 care, and more than common pains have been taken to secure 
 accuracy of statement. 
 
 A passing reference has already been made (page 64) to 
 the fine memorial windows which have become so pleasurably 
 conspicuous in St. Patrick's Church, and even at this rather 
 
I02 
 
 late hour, when the curtain is all but rung down, a list of 
 such seemly ornaments already placed or about to be placed 
 in the sacred edifice, with the titles of their subjects and the 
 names of their donors, may prove of interest. It is as follows : 
 
 Already in Place. — Double window, " The Sacred Heart," 
 "Apparition to the Blessed Margaret Mary Alacoque." Erected 
 by the Ladies of the League of the Sacred Heart. In memory 
 of Rev. J. J. Collins. 
 
 " St. Michael the Archangel." Erected by Mrs. Michael 
 Kavanagh and children in memory of Mr. Michael Kavanagh. 
 
 "The Annunciation," errected by Miss Mary Doyle in 
 memory of Peter and Marcella Doyle. 
 
 " St. Hubert," erected by Emerald Court, C. O. F. 
 
 To be Placed. — " St. Aloysius," erected by Mr. Daniel 
 O'Connor in memory of Mrs. O'Connor. 
 
 It is good to see our Catholic people, as God favors them 
 with this world's goods, reviving the customs of the Ages of 
 Faith, and enshrining the memory of their beloved dead in 
 the sacred temple, where they serve to remind at the time of 
 prayer, rather than in monuments, which minister mainly to 
 the vanity of the living. 
 
 Only the other day some statistics fell into our possession 
 which enable us to compare roughly the number of the present 
 congregation of St. Patrick's with that which attended St. 
 Andrew's chapel at the time when the building of St. 
 Patrick's church was undertaken. In 1868, there were 148 
 pew-holders in St. Andrew's. At the time the building of the 
 church of St. Patrick was begun. Father Collins, the pastor, 
 divided the congregation into the following classes : 
 
 Families, about 250 
 
 Young men doing for themselves, about - 75 
 Young women " " " - 75 
 
I, a list of 
 be pureed 
 s and the 
 3 follows : 
 
 id Heart," 
 ' Erected 
 ti memory 
 
 3. Michael 
 
 Lavanagh. 
 
 Doyle in 
 
 F. 
 [r. Daniel 
 
 103 
 
 Father Collins did not state the number of persons in the 
 congregation. 
 
 At the present time there are in the Parish : 
 
 ^^""^ies 65^ 
 
 P^^«o"s 3292 
 
 Communicants 2667 
 
 During the mission of 1899, 3 112 confessions were heard. 
 
 In conclusion the author desires most cordially to thank 
 every one from whom he has received information, and to 
 whom he feels himself under a deep debt of gratitude. 
 
 MAURiCE Casey. 
 
 Ottawa, Ont., 9th July, 1900. 
 
 vors them 
 le Ages of 
 d dead in 
 he time of 
 mainly to 
 
 possession 
 he present 
 ;ended St. 
 ig of St. 
 were 148 
 ling of the 
 the pastor, 
 
 250 
 
 75 
 75 
 
I 
 
 m 
 
 ST. PATRICK'S PARISH. 
 
 IvlMlTS. 
 
 ST. PATRICK'S PARISH extends from the Ridt-au Canal on the East to 
 Division Street on the West, and from the Ottawa River, North, to the 
 Rideau Canal, vSoulh. Sick calls, Baptisms, and Marriages of Ivnglish- 
 speaking people only who live within the limits can he attended to. 
 
 REQUI.AT10NS. 
 
 Masses. — On Sundnys and Holy Days 
 of Obligation — Low Masses at 7.30 
 and 9,10 (Children's). Notices 
 and a short inbtruclion are given at 
 these Masses. High Mass and ser- 
 mon at 10.30. 
 
 Evening service with congregational 
 singing at 7.15. 
 
 On IVeik Days — I^ow Mass at 7.30. 
 
 CoNKiiSSroNS. — Confessions are lieard 
 every Saturday afternoon and even- 
 ing, and on the days before holy- 
 days of obligation, from 4 to 6, and 
 from 7 to 9 ; from 3 to 6 and from 
 7 to 9 on the Thursday preceding 
 the first I'Viday of each month, and 
 every morning at 7. Children 
 should not be sent, or allowed to 
 go to confession on Saturday even- 
 ings unless they have outside work 
 preventing them from coming at 
 any other time. 
 
 Baptisms. — Baptisms are regularly 
 attended to on Sundays at 4 p.m. 
 and on week-daj's by sjjecial ap- 
 pointment. The father of the child 
 should be present at his child's 
 baptism. 
 
 Marriages. — Marriage's will be cel- 
 ebrated by special appointment. 
 Parties intending marriage should 
 give notice to the Pastor about 
 three weeks beforehand, to give 
 time for the banns to be called. 
 
 SiCK-CaiJvS. — Sick-calls should be 
 sent in early in the day. The 
 l)riest should, in all cases not of a 
 sudden character, like accidents, 
 be sent for before the danger be- 
 comes urgent. Unless the case is 
 urgent he should not be called 
 after 7 o'clock iu the evening. 
 
 FuNERAT^S. — Funerals with Mass can- 
 not be attended to later than 9a.m. 
 
 Funerals without Mass will be ar- 
 ranged for up to 2 p.m Sundays, 
 and 3 p.m. week-days, 
 
 PKWS. — ICvery one should try to se- 
 cure a pew or seat for regular use. 
 IVws are hired for twelve months, 
 at the beginning of August. They 
 may also l)e engaged at otuti times, 
 but they mu.st always be taken up 
 to the next .August. Adults attend- 
 ing the Children's Mass are ex- 
 pected to ])ay at least <en cents for 
 the seat tlie)' occu])y, there being 
 no other offering at that Mass. 
 
 SOCIETY UIKI-XTOKY. 
 
 IvEAGUR OP THE SaCRED HEART.— 
 I'Mrst Friday of the month, Church, 
 7.15 p.m. Hymns, meditation, 
 prayers, benediction. 
 
 Promoters oe the I/Eague. — 
 Fourth Sunday, Chapel, 3.30 p.m. 
 
 The Hoi.y Family.— Second and 
 Fourth Sundays, Church, 3 p.m. 
 
 vSt. Vincent de Paul Society. — 
 Senior Conference. — Every Sun- 
 day, Chapel, after High Mass. 
 Junior Conference — Every Sunday, 
 Sacristy, after High Mass. 
 
 Sanctuary Boys' Society.— First 
 Sunday, 3 p.m. Rooms cpen 
 Monday, Wednesday, Friday, 7 p.m. 
 
 Parish Sewing Society. — p:very 
 Thursday, from October to April, 
 St. Patrick's Asylum, 2 p.m. 
 
 C.M.B., Branch 28.— First and Thii d 
 Wednesdays, Catholic Lyceum, 8 
 p.m 
 
 C.O.F., Emerald Court No. 213.— 
 Second and Fourth Thursdays, 
 Catholic Ivvceum, 8 p.m. 
 
 A. O. H., Div. I. — Second and Fourth 
 Sundays, Catholic Lyceum, 3 p.m. 
 
 St. Patrick's Temperance Soc'y. 
 — First and Third Sundays, Chapel, 
 8 p.m. 
 
the East to 
 orth, to the 
 of Knglish- 
 to. 
 
 i will be ar- 
 m Sundays, 
 
 Id try to se- 
 re^ular use. 
 elve months, 
 i}^nst. They 
 Lotuti times, 
 be taken up 
 dultsattend- 
 klass are ex- 
 ten cents for 
 , there being 
 lat Mass. 
 
 :tory. 
 
 Bi) Heart.— 
 
 onth. Church, 
 
 meditation, 
 
 r LKAGUK.— 
 ipel, 3.30 p.m. 
 -Second and 
 iirch, 3 p.m. 
 I, Society.— 
 -Every Sun- 
 High Mass. 
 Every Sunday, 
 Mass. 
 
 DCiETY.— First 
 Rooms c pen 
 .Friday, 7 p.m. 
 ciRTY. — Every 
 ober to April, 
 1, 2 p.m. 
 First and Thitd 
 •lie Lyceum, 8 
 
 URT No. 213.— 
 th Thursdays, 
 p.m. 
 
 and and Fourth 
 Lyceum, 3 p.m. 
 RRANCE Soc'Y. 
 undays, Chapel, 
 
Pi 
 
 f!i 
 
 i MM 
 
 !l 
 
 I'ln 
 
INDEX. 
 
 PAGtC 
 
 • 9a 
 
 .opp. 
 .opp. 
 
 12 to 
 
 3 to 
 ■••5, 
 
 52 
 
 96 
 
 13 
 
 49 
 
 51 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 i6 
 
 5 
 46 
 
 6 
 54 
 
 Archbishop of Ottawa 
 
 " Portrait of The 
 
 Bishop of Bytown 
 
 " '• Portrait of The 
 
 Bytown Diocese 
 
 " Ship fever at 
 
 Cabot's voyages 
 
 Canada diicoveied 
 
 ' ' forgotten 
 
 Canadian exploration encouraged o 
 
 " and Iroquois Indians 
 
 " historians 
 
 Cannon, Rev. \V 
 
 Cartier discovers the St. Lawrence 
 
 Collins, Rev. J. J., commences St. Patrick's Church . 
 
 *; " Portraitof ;; opp 3, 
 
 Biography of g^ 
 
 " Memorial window 
 
 : ' Pastor of St. Andrew's 
 
 Champlain and the Indians 
 
 Birth of 
 
 ' ' Early voyages 
 
 FIxplores the Ottawa River jj to 
 
 " Founds City of Quebec 
 
 , '! Resolves to explore the Ottawa River ..... 
 
 t • " ■ . , His character 
 
 Cullen, Rev. M. J. . .. . ' 
 
 Dawson, Very Rev. JE. McD 
 
 Portraitof ' • ■ ■ ■[ 
 
 ■' Leaves St. Andrew's-. ....... .^v.\ 
 
 " " Pastor of St. Andrew's 53 
 
 " Memorial tablet ....,., gj 
 
 Eric's voyage , ^ 
 
 Haran, Rev. Father aa -a 
 
 IJull City founded '.'.'.. .^. ....!!'*' V....^". .... 35 
 
 Irish as soldiers and toilers. 
 
 ID, 
 
 .opp. 
 
 87 
 
 54 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 24 
 10 
 II 
 
 23 
 48 
 78 
 10. 
 
 53. 
 
INDEX.— Continued. 
 
 Ill 
 
 : 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Irish Famines 49 to 51 
 
 Irish in Ottawa 40 to 53 
 
 Jesuit missions destroyed 29 
 
 Jesuits come to Canada 27 
 
 Lalor, Rev. Father 47 
 
 McGrath, Rev. James 82 
 
 '■ " Pastor of St. Andrew's Church 53 
 
 " •' Portrait of opp. 20 
 
 " Purchased site for St. Patrick's Church 54 
 
 Memorial windows in St. Patrick's Church 64 
 
 Monument suggested 52 
 
 O'Connor, Very Rev. J. L 88 
 
 " '* ■' Memorial tablet 91 
 
 Pastor of St, Patrick's Church 55 
 
 Ottawa called Bytown 38 
 
 * ' Named Capital of Canada 39 
 
 " City 3 
 
 " ' and the Rideau Canal 36, 37 
 
 " " Church built in Lower Town 46 
 
 •' " " " Upper Town. 49, 52 
 
 " Different names of its site 33 
 
 ' ' First mass celebrated at 21 
 
 ' ' Founded 35 
 
 •' Great fire at 65 to 68 
 
 " Irish emigrants in 51 
 
 ' ' Shiners in 46 
 
 River 26, 27 
 
 " as a lumber route 39. 40 
 
 " Fur traders on the 29 to 32 
 
 Valley 25 
 
 ' ' First settlers of the 33 to 35 
 
 ' ' Irish in the 57 to 60 
 
 St. Andrew's chapel 52 
 
 " " Parishioners of 53 
 
 St. Mary's Parish burned 65 
 
 St. Patrick's Church, Altar necessary for 64 
 
 Built 54 
 
 Corner stone celebration 55 
 
 Changes in structure of 61 to 64 
 
 Curates 68, 69 
 
 Memorials 81, 88, 89 
 
 View from Gloucester Street opp. 70 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 II 
 
 >i 
 II 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
INDEX.— Continued. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 J9to 5' 
 
 \o to 53 
 
 .... 29 
 
 .... 27 
 
 . . • • 47 
 .... 82 
 
 . . ■ • 53 
 opp. 20 
 
 54 
 
 64 
 
 52 
 
 88 
 
 91 
 
 55 
 
 38 
 
 39 
 
 3 
 
 ■36, 37 
 46 
 
 • 49- 52 
 
 33 
 
 21 
 
 35 
 
 65 to 68 
 
 51 
 
 46 
 
 . 26, 27 
 
 • • 39. 40 
 .29 to 32 
 
 25 
 
 33 to 35 
 
 57 to 60 
 
 52 
 
 53 
 
 65 
 
 64 
 
 54 
 
 55 
 
 , .61 to 64 
 
 ...68, 69 
 
 81, 88, 89 
 
 . .opp. 70 
 
 Page 
 
 St. ^Patrick's Church, View from Nepean Street ©pp. 76 
 
 " of Church and High Altar •< 
 
 "of Altar of the Sacred Heart " 
 
 St. Patrick's Asylum 
 
 Parish, Ancient limits of g^ 
 
 Map 
 
 Population 
 
 Register 
 
 Schools 
 
 Societies 
 
 Typographical errors 
 
 Verrazano visits Canada 
 
 Whelan, Rev. M. J 
 
 82 
 
 100 
 
 72 
 
 .opp. 104. 
 102 
 
 52 
 
 70 to 72 
 72 to 75 
 
 . . lOC-IOI 
 
 8 
 
 99 
 
 Pastor cf St. Patrick's Church gi 
 
 ^^'"^'•^^tof '^'""'"""opp! 92