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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la methods. 1 MCMCOrV mOUITION TBT OMtT (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) A -^ff=>PLIED IN/t>lGE Inc t65J Eoit Main StrMt Rochmttr, N*i> York 14(09 US* (716) <" - 0300 - PhonT^ (7I«) 208 - 5989 - Fa, Ou vit/c aC- -^ 'j# tbe "6lorlott$ enterprise" j^ j^ ^ tiK Plan of campaign for m eowivttt of new fratcc) 1t$ OrlglM, Witory ««« eemitctlM witb tbt ma$lOM$ of €4MdA* «••« • •■»•• 01. D. $c»ivlcr-£l0MlMin* m. Hm f . K. 1 Ct Vlce-P*afclent erf the Nianlmutlc fc Anttquarian Sodety of Montreal, flcc. Ji J^ ^ €. n. marchand to tiK nwiitMtk «id ]litki«triai Sodtty 3t $t. DiMbcrt PI moatml. \ 1 0. Ja/! 7C«ww 6'Xi^ <«•<( ft f^^ ,„»/u A JV"»v r.i^ol T3.4^. 1 NAfKlVAI. IIBfiAav ^ j CANADA I \' ■ \ f^ J / \ ClK **6loriou$ emerpme" j^ ji j^ tbe Plan of eampaigti for tfte eoNum or xm frmcci fti Orlfli, KMory «mi ComHctloi 01. D. IdMykr-CiglNMn, m. Jl., f . R. l c» Vkt ftm t iuk ci tht NumtouMc lb AaMmuilaa Soetel7afiyio«itMal,ftc J^ J^ J^ €. }l. marcband PrMtr tt IN BNtfiMMfc «M JMMiMrin SicMy 3$st. ciMNrtmn moMital. A Fc 3«^* »■*♦• ^•^-•» J I Mtncr. 1 of Balbvut 30L.PSTBR CttMna MARGARST ■.CoUPhiLi 3cdSquln COL. JO»H n. EUuMh Sluts 4a«i. Hon. Ik. StMli -and S olhw cfaaJna twoolwtMa dMyottflg ol OUvcr TcadcU HalmM, Chkl JwtlM Srmll.«te. Col. joha Jr. m, CoriMlU VutCoftUad L PHILIP CtUl' nuMATor COiyiw OBN, nkCtthcflM Gor.c VarRtMMlMr oici.v fkfu-' ChtIi MWMMl m. GmSltphMi -VaaRMiMUMr GcB.S Patroon ' n. Cath. Livinnton dau. of Philip L. GEN. STEPHEN YA 8th patroon m. Magaret Schuyler m, 2nd ROBERT LIVINGSTON lit. Lord of Livingfton Manor I Undcol .. SIR ▼m JOHNSON PhiUp lodLord Robert 3idLard Major Phil, Robert Mart Lord of Qermont m. COL, 1 RoirertR. jr. Chancellor nap itaff o Chief of itaff oi ^J*^.,^ Nicholson & Vetch m. GEN. RICD 1711; Accompanied MONTGOMERY Vetch to Que. 1705. On his »ta« were Col. KiUar I (Bro.ofGen.GerritVis Sarah iton,reIatiyeof Montgoti m. Lord Stirling SUemo: ARENT VAN CORLEAR, founder of the aflhnce wtth the Six Nations, was cousin of K. Van Rensselaer, 1 == '- TABLE SHOWING RELATIONSHIPS OF NEW ■■^s^'ipiSA-iiKK.fA^-^- ■ RSEN VAN SCHUYLER OF THE FLATTS. IHORST, (Uughtefof r .-GOV. PETER 2nd Squire, [aril Van RcnaeUcr CoLPhiUp 8rd Squire m. Margaret S. CoL Peter 4th Squire Barcnt Van S. director Renaclaer Maocr. i i Bnnt CoL a4fent m. CoeaeBa Van CortUnd of Beilevue nroN inor MtLrgaret m.CX>L,S. VETCH Two other Sons m. daughter! of K.Van Renaelacr 5 Patrooo COL. JOHN tn. Elizabeth SUats dau. Hon. Dr. Staatt _and 5 other children two ol whom died young ancestress of ^ver Vendell Holincs, Chief Justice SeweU,etc. COL. PETER CattieriDc m.EariofCaisilis MARGARET (The Am. Lady) m. CoL Phil. S. 3rd Squire I Col. John jr. m. Cornelia Van CortUnd GEN. PHILIP m. Catherine Van Rensselaer I CaUlyntje m. Mayor CCuyler Margaret nu GenlStephen — ^Van Rensselaer I. Elin nu Gen. Alex. Hamilton Gov. C of Cape Breton Gen. Sir Cornelius, Bart Gen. R.VAN. RENSSELAER Cousin of GEN. SOL. V J^ m. Jas. Stevenson I m. Gen. Napier Burton-Qiristle of Canada SsSKJaSf'jWicelSo-ofChief Justice™ SMITH. Sen. r "jA, Kilian Van Rensselaer, and Cd. J. Vistcfaer of Oavetack, Serrit Visscher of British Gren. Guards) and CoL Jas. Living- 1 Montgomery's wife, commanded a Regt. nsselaer, 1st patroon. NEW YORK DEVISERS OF INVASIONS OF CANADA i FO CV( th( VQ dai wa we TW THE '' GLORIOUS ENTERPRISE '' ^ j^ j^ THE PLAN OF CAMPAIGN FOR THE CONQUEST OF NEW FRANCE, ITS ORIGIN HISTORY AND CONNECTION WITH THE IN- VASIONS OF CANADA BY ▼. D. SCHUYLER-UGHTHALL, M. A„ F. R. S. L. Vicc-Pkoidctit of tbc Numianutic be AntlqiMrian Sodety of Montmd. L THE QUESTION AT ISSUE HE greatest event in the history of the New World, (except its discovery by G>Iumbus) in the opinion of the writer, was the conquest of Canada, for that event decided the fate of North America, as respects the dominance of races and institutions. The Re- volution, it is true, was a momentous occurrence but it was in essence a development rather than a fun- damental displacement. The conquest of Canada was the result of that long historical struggle bet- ween England and France for the control of thi ThJfd SeriCT.- VoL ffl. No. 5 2 " THE GLORIOUS ENTERPRISE " continent, the ** Seventy Years War ** In which so many noble spirits had taken part on both sides and such remarkable deeds d enterprise and daring had been done. We are apt to look at its decisive incident, the taking of Quebec, by itself and unthinkingly to attri- bute the entire credit of the bng process to the dying hero James WoHe, and to the British forces under his command. The process however was much larger than the finale, and the toilsome footsteps of not one but many actors are imprinted on the long path of the movement, and contributed to its result. It is true that authorities such as Parkman and Kingsford, have perceived part of the proposititm, and describe the taking of Quebec as the culmina- tion 01 two generations of scattered and ineffective strife arising out J the inevitable conflict of two ex- panding populations. But even by them the stiife is r^arded as disccMinected and void of unity d pur- pose. The object of the present paper is to show, and I believe for the first time definitely, a rcmaifcabic and significant family and social connection between the personnel of the chief actors on the British side dur- ing the successive stages ; to trace the course of a pertinacious adh«irence by them to one coherent plan of conquest from first to last, a plan which in sub- stance was the one that finally attained the result ; and to indicate a connection of associated events of historical importance before and after these seventy years of war forming a preface and sequel to tiicm. THE FLAN OP CAMPAIGN 3 which cover a much longer period comprising in all nearly three centuries-from about 1560 to 1838. Though an inheritor of the history of these per^ sons, I have sought to set forth their claims and the facts as impartially as I could, and to adduce the Tptods, n. CAUSES OF THE INVASIONS The war against New France derived its origin from the fall of Hochelaga, an aboriginal event which took place about J550-60* Somewhere about 1400, the Hochelagans, a Huron-Iroquois people, had established themselves on the Island of Montreal and in the surrounding country, having htoken off from the Huron race, then or soon afterwards centred on the eastern shore of Lake Huron. They had for- gotten their ancestry, were established on good terms with the surroundbg A%c ikin peoples and were visited by Jacques C^er in J 535 at their palisaded town the site of which is opposite the present Mc- Gill University grounds. About 1550-60 trouble arose with the A%onkins, who seem to have called in the Hurons to their aid. The latter, coming from the west, besieged and burnt the town of Hochelaga with the result of driving out the Hochelagans altogetfier fran the valley of the St. Lawrence towards Lake Qiamplain (1). Thus was kindled the strife which was the be- ginning of the terrible Iroquois wars of New France. (I) See HocheUgans and Mohawks, by the writer in the pfocecdings of the Royal lodety of Canada. Vtd. IV, Second actio. 4 "THBGUKUOUS ENTERPRISE" The Hochekgam, next known under the name of Canlengas» Agniers or Mohawks were driven Into an alliance with the other tribes thereafter known with them under the names of the Five Nations or Iroquois, and Qiamplain on his arrival took up the quarrel of the Hurons and Algonkins with them thus launching the French upon their lasting feud with the Fh^e Nations, which finally brought about the wars with the British Colonies. One invasion stands entirely apart from the others to which this paper refers, namely that by Kertk, of 1629, the cause of which was the conflict for the con- trol of the fisheries on the shores of the GuK and Newfoundland. m. THE INVASION OF 1690-1 The commencement of active trouble between the colonies arose in 1689 when Frontenac, incensed at the British for protecting the Iroquois and allowing their traders to sell them firearms and ammunition, organised three expeditions : — the first against Albany or Orange, starting from Montreal, the lead- ers of which were LcMoync de Stc. Helenc and lyAillcboust dt Mantcth; the second against some point between Boston and New York, and which struck a blow at Salmon Falls, New Hampshire, its starting poi: t being Three Rivers ; the ^hird against the New England coast, with Quebec for starting point. The whole idea was apparently a form of Callicrcs' proposal of 1689 to the king for the taking of Albany and conquest of all New York. i. ' li ' .? THB PLAN OF CAMPAIGN $ The result ol the first enterprise of the three was the sacking: and midnight massacre of Schenectady, then a small hamlet 12 miks from Albany, in which sixty-three inhabitants were slain on the 9iu of February 1690, and a number ol otho>s were carried off to Canada. Blows of a similar kind were struck by the other tu -> expeditions and the whole proceeding aroused, enraged and fused in a common sentiment the British colonies, hitherto self-centred under their separate governments. It was the blow against Albany which produced by far the most dedsive consequence. TTiat place was then, and remained long afterwards, a post of comparative importance, though the population of the town and county would now seem insignificant Callieres (1), estimated that the city in 1689 con- tained 150 houses and about three hundred men bearing arms. The white population of the dty and county were estimated at 1014. (2) A few years afterwards the dty and county of Albany had come to contain nearly as many persons asandin 1756more than the dty and county of New York, so that its relative importance was consider- able. Its strategic importance certainly was jrcat. The colony of New Netherland had been founded by the Dutch 'lation in 1609. Its chief object at first was trade With the Indians. The Dutch claimed as included in it a large area comprising roughly Doc.: (J) Hht, N. Y., I, p. 288. (2) Doc p. 690 at tOU. ! « "Tm GLORIOUS KNTIRPIUSB " the present states of New York, Vermont, New Jersey, Delaware, and parts of Connecticut and Pennsylvania. In 1630 (!)» the settlement of Albany had been undertaken by KilUan Van RensMlaer, a wealthy IXitch nobU who named it Rensselaer- swyck. The boundaries of his possession, which he himself never saw, were twenty-four miles square and inckided the territory of tlie present cities of Albany, Troy and other large neighbouring towns. Being at the head ci the navigation of the Hudson, and on the borders of the Five Nation country, the settlement was well situated for the fur trade with the savages of the West. In 16M New Netherland became English, and was granted by King Qiarks n, to his brother James, Duke of Yodc and Albany, after whom the province was styled New York, and after whose second title Rensselaerswyck was thence- forth named Albany. When James became king, New York was attached as a permanent appanage of the crown, and being styled ^The Royal Pro- vince,'' was ever afterwards more directly controlled by the Oown than any of the other colonies. English man<»ial law was introduced and the creation of large manors and estates became a characteristic of New York policy, until the Revolution. It was said, about the middit of the 18th century, that in passing from Albany to New Yoik (a distance of about one hundred and sixty miles) the traveller crossed the land of only thirteen proi»ietors. Parkman puta the matter as it stood at about the same period as follows. (I) N. Y.. Doc. 1, 85. 1> I THB PLAN OF CAMPAIGN 7 ^ Li New Yoric, the oM Dutch feudality stiO held ** tway, 4tnd the manors ci the Van Renaselaen, ^ Van Cortlandts and Uvtagstoni, and the great ** estates and numerous tenantry of the Schuylers ^ and other leading; famiUes, formed the basis of an ** aristocraqr, some of the members of which had '^ rendered good service to the State and wens dea- " tined to render more. Pennsylvania was feudal '^inform but not inspirit; Virginia, in spirit but not in form. New England in neither and ** New Yodc in both (I)/' The existence of a poweiful aristocracy in New Yoric had a great in- fluence on the military history of the invasions of Canada. The results were afready in evidence at Albany, in 1689, at the period of the massacre of Schenectady. At that time the andcnt social dis- tinction between the ffeniry and the people which had been imported unbroken from Europe during the period of the Dutch patroonships, and was confirmed by English customs, was in fuD force, and the un- questioning respect shewn to persons of gentle class placed them in a position of natural leadership and gave scope to the hereditary qualities which no doubt distinguished some of them. ITie institution of noblesse or gentry produced some of the same cha- racteristics as in New France;— an active, far- iightcd spirit of military enterprise, and at the same time a repellent force to the progress of immigration. Albany had received a city charter from the crown in 1686, and its first mayor was Peter Schuyler. (I) laontcalm and Vdie, VoL H. • •"niiaLOIUOISINTIRPIUSB'' The usual Indkatloiis of coti-§xmat, nuurlage, echica- tkxvand rqputc show that Schuyler'a father belonged to ^ petty nobksae o{ Holland^ and hia afchak fal- coner escutcheon Indicated that the line was andent. He had come out to Rensselaerswyck In 1650, was well received, and married the dau^^iter of the Direc- tor of the G^kmy the same year, luid soon oc cup ied some of the most Important portions of ^ place, being commander of tibe mllMa of ^ district and a commlssarls or magistrate. His wife Margarita was of a markedly proud aiid even wariike disposit i on* Of didr eleven children two died young and the others — n urt u red in plain, hardy, truthful fashion, — married members of the prlndpal manorial and military families cf the Province* Through their descendants the plans for the conquest of Gmada were originated, were perpetuated anid finally carried out He possCTicd large tracts of land and particular- ly an estate a few mBes north of Albany, then and afterwards known as ** The Flatts,'' one of the many eztensive landed possessions which afterwards were heU by his family and which in time became oi large value* Peter, the Mayor of Albany, was the eldat of his sons. The Mayors were appointed by the Gx}wn; and there were included in Peter Schuyler's powers those of Chairman of the Indian Gxnmissioners ; Chief Ji.^ of the Common Pleas and commander (rf the militia of the District — posts including altogether the principal administrative military and judicial powers over an enormous extent oi country. The importance of the THE PLAN or C/MPAIGN f FWte Nation Indl«iu» (ktcr the Six Nations) with thdr hoit at lomc 2»800 active warriors, made the post of Chairman of the Indian Gxnmissloners In some degree the most essential part of his duties. In those days of small numbers and vast opportunities, this chairmanship constituted practical, Jie control of an alliance of the separate milttary powers con- trolling the heart of the continent. On receipt of the news of the massacre of Schenec- tady, consternation was the first feefing at Albany* WaUam of Orange had just come to the throne of Great Britain after a sanguinary struggle; no Go- vernor of his appointment had as yet reached the Province. Tie Qty of New York and with ii the lower region of the Province were under the power of the usurper Jacob Leisler, who had been elected Lieutenant-Governor by a fanatical mob, and the authorities at Albany were unaUe to act upon thdr own initiative. Thdr portion of the Province was bdng managed by a simple convention of the Albany officials and in their weakness and distress folbwing tlie massacre this convention fdt obliged to call upcm the other cobnies for help. It was then that Peter Schuyler, refusing to Usten to the many who were for deserting the town, pursued and attacked tide Invaders and devised that fundamental scheme for the conquest of Gmada which was the basis erf all the plans leading to final success, and departure from the lines of which was ever followed by failure and defeat. Its features were : — first, co-operation of all the British colonies ; second, a fleet attacking Quebec; 10 'THB CL0R10U8 BNTIRnun < third, an «raiy nuildng « mpportinf attack on Mon- treal by way ci Lake Champlain; and fourth, the aadftance of the Fhre Natkm Indiana. Smpk through tt appears, tubeequent events have proved it« d^th ci calculation* Let us inquire into its origin. (1) Parkman says t ** The plan of the eombtoed attack on Canada ** seems to have been first proposed by the Iroquois," an(' it is true that Schuylor in his appeal to Massa- chusets, Connecticut, New Jersey and Pennsylvania quotes a remark of the Five Nation chi^ which will be given below as to the necessity of unity and the sending of ships to Quebec, but it is evident that any suggestion of this ktod couU scarcely originate with an inland savage peo^ but rather that they had approved of plans to that effect which had been re- presented to them by their &Msh friends as possible. Such subjects had doubtleu been disaissed many times bet w een the Indian Commissioners and this various councils of the Five Nations. The position of Schuyler in these joint councils was not alone that of Chief of the Whites, but what appealed far more to their sentiment and customs was that they looked up to him as the great white Warrior their ally. For immediately after the massacre of Schenec^ tady he had taken up their cause against the French; had gone at the head of two hundred militia and Indians, fought the enemy and taken fifteen prisoners. Ever after this tai^ble proof of comradeship with them he was considered one of themselves and affec- (S) Ftoatciiac, p. 255. i I, TIB PLAN OP CMIPAIQN II tWuiteljr referred to fay the Five Nations as '^ our brother Quider.'' (1) Again and again he is addressed in the formal addKsses at their meetings with the New Yoric Go- vernors, and his name was r^;arded fay than as of more importance than that d Oie nominal adn^- trators. On one occasion they strenuously demand that ''Quider'' be sent to them and refuse to be padficd ezcqpt fay their brother who ** never told a lie and never spoke without thinking.^ This podtkKi of influence with the Six Nations he poss es s ed in a kind of succession from the ^ great white chief,'' Arent van Corlaer who had been the first Director of the ccHoay of Rensselaerwyck and afterwards founded Schenectady* Van Gvlaer was a rtaUku adventurous gentleman, a cousin of KiHian van Rensselaer, the first Patroon and was thus of the same family dfcle »» Schuyler, two of whose sLvters married Van Rensselaers. Bdng a man of fearless, generous nature and athletic presence, he was very h^hly thought of by the Indians and also by the French. As practically Governor of Upper New Ne- therland he had accepted an invitation to visit the Mar- quis de Tracy, Governor of Guiada, when he perish- ed on the way in a storm. The Governors of New York were always known in after times by his name and the same title slightly corrupted (Kor;^ continues to the present day to be that given by all Iroquois to the sovere^;ns of Great Britain* Van CorleAt (t) The name wu farmed by thdr attempt to pconouiice hit nunc Peter, there bein( no letter P In the Iroqtioli vocebulery. 12 ' THE cuxaaus enterprise " was the true founder of the long Anglo-Iroquois alliance. To return from our digfression^ the letters to Massa- chusetts sent on the part of the Albany Convention were signed by Schuyler and by two otihcrs,— Wessels^ the Recorder, and KiHian van Rensselaer the second, representing the manor, but Parkman rightly attributes the terms of the message to Schuykv alone, as subsequent events proved. These letters were in the same terms to the various colonies. That to Massachusetts was dated J 5 February J 690, six days after the Schenectady attack, and in its course relates the remark of the Mohawk chiefs to which I have referred : ** Write to alt them that are in covenant with ** us, namely New England, Virginia and the English ** Planters of America, to make all readiness to '* master Canada early in the Spring, tttith great ** ships, else yoa cannot Uve in peace. Now ** gentlemen, ** (the letter proceeds) '* the Indians ** speak welt yet we are satisfied by all their actions "that they will side with the strongest and the ''Indians that are amongst the French are all of *' our Indian relations, and it cannot be imagined that ** they wiD destroy one another, therefore, if their ** Majesties' subjects do not rise like one man against ** the French, their Majesties* interests in these parts ** will be destroyed, and they once being rooted out, " all your evils which spring from them as a fountain ** will be quashed. The longer we stay the worse ** it will be, for we must cb it at last. Make all THE PLAN OT CAMPAIGN M ** readiness in the Spring to invade Canada by water. ** We beg an answer with aH speed." HaK a year previously on the 23rd. of July J689, Colonel Nicholas Bayard, having fled from Leiskr at New York ** to the protection of the great care, con- duct and prudence of Peter Schuyler, Mayor" of Albany, (I) writes to Captain Nicholson, afterwards the nominal commander against Canada in 17U. ** I find the inhabitants of Albany stiU inclined for some exploit; and if a war with France, they would not be wanting to contribute verry much to- wards the subduing dt that Government." A few days later, on the 5th. of August, he ex- p^-ins their project exactly to Nicholson : (2) ** It is therefore most certain that these English Colonics will never be at rest or safe till those iU designes of the French be stiffled. By the subduing and irOtading of Canada, tbhkh easily might be accomplished 'tinth some smalt assistance from England, by ttater from New York and by land from hence, in which we may have a sufficient number of Indians for assistance/',,,, we have various reports, (3) that the war is proclaimed bet- ween England and France, which if so I humbly conceave it would be the only time to make that attempt this very next Spring, yet leave the conside- ration thereof to better CouncelL" (t) N. \ . Doc. m, 675. (2) Colonel N. Bayaid to Cipt Nichobon, from Albany, 5 Aug. I68». (3) In April IM9. U THE (HX>RK>US ENTERPRISE ' The proposition of the Iroquois proposed by them to Governor Dongan in Feb. 1688, (1) was only to remove the French from Niagara, Cataraqui and Ticonderoga, not a general plan 61 conquest. Nor was the plan that of the loyal and able Don- gan, as he freely avows himself while a true and active Briton ** a better friend to the French King's subjects than he thinks I am ", and his view of their relations was simply that each nation should keep to its own proper territory* Twenty years previously, the conquest of Guiada had been thought of and dismissed* By letter ci Gov. jjohn Winthrop to Secretary i Arlington it appears that royal letters of 22 Feb* 1666 to the Governments of Massachusetts, Nova Scotia and Gmnecticut ordered the conquest of Gmada, but it was ** the unanimous apprehension of us all that at present there could be nothing done by these G>Ionies in reducing those places at or about Canada." In }687 we find the situation being considered. Peter Schuylcf writes to Dongan, 7 Sept J 687: The various reports that come daily makes us con- soler in what posture our place is off for defence, we know now what design the french may have, and it is certain this place must be the general Ren- de2-vous of the county.** (2) The Albany Convention acted independently of the usurper Leisler. They at the same time stirred (}) p. 536. (2) P. 482. I h THB PLAN <» CAMPAIGN 15 up the Six Nations; and then sent as envoy to Connecticut and Massachusetts Schuyler's brother- in-law Robert Livingston who was urged to go on account of his readiness in the EngM tongue. Though two others were with him, he was really the agent (J) His memorial to Massachusetts aniains the follow- ing: (2) " 8thly, to come to the main business, which is the **^ subduing of Canada ; this is not so difficult as is rc- **^ presented to people here. We conceive it of that ^ importance that all true Protestant subjects ought ** to join together, .... and understanding your ** Honors are equiping of vessels and sending of men *l to ^oy our enemies at Port Royal yt>e are ** of opinion that such an expedition will not obtain ** oitr aim, and therefore if it can possibly be effected "the only Ttay is to strike at the head by taking ^ Quebec, and then all the rest mast follow .... ** We, by making a good appearance of Christians *^ and Indians by land Unll draw the principal force **^up to Montreal and so facilitate the taking of ** Quebec.'* They were also to blockade the St.- Lawrence, shutting out all succour from France. ^^ The characteristic answer of Massachusetts was ' that they were fitting out an expedition under Sir *^ WilBam Phipps against Port Royal, the object of which was to clear their own coasts.'* In the end however the combination was formed. By the ad- (J) N.Y„voI.3,|>.699. (2) N. Y^ Doc 3, p. 697. f« ' THE GLORIOUS ENTERPRISE " vice of Connecticut, a peace was patched up with Ldsler and all joined in the enterprise, Winthrop of Gxmecticut being agreed upon as general New York was to furnish four hundred men; Massa- chusetts one hundred and sixty ; Ginnecticut one hundred and thirty-five; Plymouth sixty; and Maryland one hundred* In thanking Connecticut, Livingston said: **l hope your honors do not lode upon Albany as Albany but the frontier of your hcMior^s Colony and of all their Majesties' coimtries.'' In the operations Schuyler \mdertock specially the management of the Six Nati(ms and he visited them, and afterwards went to Wood Creek, which led northward to the foot of Lake Champlain. At the creek he made canoes anrl other preparations for the little army. &naItpox and a bad commissariat broke up the expedition that year— 1690. But in order that an impression should not be lost, the Colonel's brother Captain john Schuyler, then aged twenty-two, - ..antfeercd to lead any who would jdn him, in ;" .ad upon Canada. About forty British and one hundred Iroquois (1) volunteered, at the head of whom he penetrated the wilderness to La- prairie opposite Montreal The place was surrounded by miles dt open meadow land, and he could not get his Indians to attack in the open. They however destroyed the crops, killed six French, and carried off nineteen prisoners. The raid very naturally appears in French annals as an Iroquois incursion. It was m reality the first (t) Jourtul ol John Schuyler, N. Y^ Doc. THB PLAN OF CAMPAIGN 17 attack upon Guiada by land* Jdm's brother Arent Schuyler had previously in May of the same year kd a scouting party ci eight Mohawics along the sanie route. Durii^ the season Massachusetts captured Port Royalt (which was however afterwards returned to France by Great Britain). The next year the cokmies carried out the enterprise in a manner more ap- proaching comi^teness. Sir WiUiam Phipps made his celebrated attack upon Quebec and in combina- tion with him Peter Schuyler invaded Gmada by land, following the same route as John and strikii^ a severe blow at Laprairie, which is described by Ch-^rlevoiz, by the French Engineer c^cerG^d^ de Gitalogne, by Frontenac^ and also by Schuyler himself in his Journal, in the New York documents. His force, carefully counted by each man putting down a small stick, consisted ci two hundred and sixty-six men, ci whom one hundred and twenty were whites. The failure ci Phipps rendered his movement unavailing except in its effects upon the Five Nations, whom durii^ the subsequent years he several times inspirited by energetic movements of a similar character. For many year^^ also his brothers, G>kmels John and Arent Sc<>uyler were actively en- gaged in the British service on the frontier. TV. THE INVASION OF l7(»-n The Plan remained dormant until early In the next century, when a man of immense energy took it_up anew. This was G>loneI Samuel Vetch, who i It ' THE GLOMOUS ENTERPRISE < bom In 1666 in Scodand had fought bravely in several European battles and had takien part in the ill-fated colonization scheme of the Isthmus of Darien. After the failure of die latter he went to New York. In 1700 soon after arrivii^ he spent some months in Albany, and there married the daughter of Robert Livingston and niece of Peter Schuyler, being thus drawn into the family group in question, with all its activities, recollections and access to ardhives of the past war. In 1702 his name appears at a meeting of the Governor and Indian Coounissioners with the chiefs of the Five Nations at Albany. He engaged in ti.e wholesale fur trade into Gmada from Albany, and traded by ship to Quebec from Boston. Being experienced in military matters and darii^ enterprises he took up again the scheme of 1690 for the conquest of Canada, and in pursuit of it examined carefully the approaches to that country both by Quebec and Montreal- He gathered all particulars about the previous expedition with a view to its re- newal In 1708 he went to England with the scheme; obtained favor at court ior his plans and in 1709 was despatched to New York with instructions to several Governors of Provinces to take part in what he terms " this glorious enterprise.'' The phrase was a repetition of the ^ Soe glorious an enterprise'' used by the Albany agents in thdr Memorial to Massachusetts of the 20th. d March 1689 which he must have read among the archives kept by his father-inrlaw (1) and was repeated at a (1) N. Y^ Doc. m, 697. I' THE FLAN OT CAMPAIGN 19 later day tsy Pownafl in relation to the final and successful form of the Plan described hereaiter. He had obtained the valuable adherence of Q>IoneI Francis Nicholson, former Governor of New Yoric, and now of Massachusetts, the same to whom Bayard had described the idea in )689, who was to assist in the attack, with forces to start irom Albany to con- sist of 1500 men contributed by the united colonies whik provisions for three months were to be pre- viously deposited at Wood Creek. Vetch, with rank of colonel, was to accompany the fleet to Quebec, and it was specially stipulated that Colonel Peter Schuyler was to be secured and given the practical command ci the land ezpedttion; as Nicholson was no soldier. The fleet iikd to arrive that year, so in J7J0 (I) Schuyler proceeded to Et^land at his own expense and took wtth him to the court of Queen Anne five ol the principal Five Na- tion chieb in order both to strengthen their all^iance and especially to arouse interest in Britain for he held and expressed the firm conviction that, through their predominance over all other tribes, they held ''the ba- lance of power in North America." He was comple- tely successful References to the ''Indian Kings" and "Mohawks" in the Spectator, show the popularity of the visit, and it had substantial results in military aid. Queen Anne became personally very friendly to him, presented him with his poiirait, a set of silver plate, and one ci diamonds for his wife, and repeat- edly urged him to accept knighthood, which however (1) Smitb't HiA of N. V. Sec post. St "THB GLORIOUS DmRPmSB" he itfuacdy for various qudnt reasoni. Fmt he Mdd that he had farothen not lo well off aa himaeK ^^ would fed humtk by compariion. Afterwarda hir reply was that the honor mi^t make the ladles oi his Camlly vain 1 Probably he was not without some humor* During the xame year Acadia was permanently conquered by Vetch (with Nicholson as nominal leader) and Vetch was made first Governor of Port Royal and ol Nova Sc(rtla. The name of iht town was changed to Annapolis Royal In honor of the Queen, h 17U» the British fleet, commanded by Admiral Sir Hovenden Walker, came out bearing an army under General ** Jack ** Hill, a wortfiless court favorite, and sailed from Boston iot Quebec* Vetch had stipulated that In case of success in redu- cing Canada and Newfoundland he might be left Gmmander-^n-chief of Gmada. (1) The story of the shipwreck on tfie Hes auz Oeub in the GuH Is familiar. Walker, who was incapable and headstrong, refused to be warned that he was runnii^ on the rocks, while Hill, the General, fell into a monstrous fright and retreated* Vetch, jJans were thus frustrated, to his intense chagrin. Schuyler meanwhile, as Ueutenant-General, received the levies of the colonies at Albany, arranged for the Indian alfiance, and commanded the Albany regiment ; but the land expedition being by its nature au3dliary oaifyt was given up on the failure of the fleet* The connection of this expedition with that of 1691 is (I) N.-Y.DocnV. p.79. THB FLAN OF CAMPAIGN 21 evident in detail ; not only from the drcumstances end persotmel, but from the expretaions in Uie New- Yirk Documents. (1) The close connection of Co- lonel Sch^jykr with the land expedition is obvious from the Governor's instructions (2) and from the examination of certain Lidians (3) in which the Go- vernor of Quebec teHs them ^t he expected the first blow from Quider* Vetch had told Walker, in remonstrating: with him about discontinuing tfie inva- sion, that he considered Phipps' voyage in 1691 -^s beii^ his exemplar for the navigation to Quebec in ihc one in Iiand* (4) While the names to which large military move- ments were officially attributed were frequently those of governors and commanders from Britain, such as Nidiolson and Hill, the true sources of credit were wen known in the Province itself. William Smith Jr, the earfiest historian of New-York, whose father had been Qiief Justice, and whose marriage to a Livingston of the Manor gave him full access to the personal and other information possessed by the ruling group, reflects the general opinion in his his- tory as foOows : (5) ^ As we had not a man in the Province who had more extensive views of the importance of drtvii^ the French out of Canada than Cokmel Schuyler, so neither did any person more heartily engage in the (J) V. 73. (2) Do. p. 73. (3) P. 83. (4) Kinpferd, 2»p.465. (5) P. J96. ' THB GLORIOUS OmRPRBB " ;s kte expedition. To preaerve the frlcndiliip of the Five Nations, without which it wouU be impossiUe to prevent our frontiers from becoming « &dd d blood, he studied all the arts of insinuating himseK into thefr favor. He gave them all possiUe encou- ragement and assistance and very much impaired his own fortune by his liberality to tlieir Qiiefs. They never came to Albany hut they rescx^ to Iiis house and even dined at his table ; and by this means he obtained an ascendency over tfiem which was attended with very good consequences to the Province. Impressed with a strong sense of the necessity of some vigorous measures against tlie French, Coiontl Sdiuyler was extremely discont- ented at the late disappointment ; and rescued to make a voyage to England at his private expense, the better to inculcate on the Ministry the absohste necessity of reducing Guuda to the Crown of Great Britain. For that purpose he proposed to carry home with him five Indian Chiefr. The House no sooner heard of his des^ than they came to the resolution, wliich, in justice to his distinguished merit, I ought not to suppress. It was this ; Resolved, nemine contradicente, that tlie humUe address of the Lieutenant Governor, Gxmdl and General Assembly of this G>Iony, to tlie Queen, re- presentii^ the present state of this plantation be committed to his charge and care to be presented by himself to Her Sacred Majesty ; he being a person who, not only in the last war, when he commanded the forces of this G>Iony in Chief at Canada, but THB PLAN or CAMPAIGN It «]io In the present, has performed (ahhful services to this and the neighbor^ Colonies, and behaved himself in the office^ with which he has been en- trusted, with good reputation and the general utis- {action of the peopk ci those parts.'' Regarding Veteh, Smith refers to his achievements as follows; (1) ** Colonel Vetch, who had been several years be- fore at Quebec and sounded the River St Lawrence, was the first projector of this enterprise. The Minis- try approved of it and Vetch arrived ki Boston and prevailed on the New England Colonies to join the scheme. After that he came to New Yoik and con- certed the plan of operations with Francis Nicholson, formerly our Lieutenant-Governor who, at the request of Governor Ingolsby, the Council, the Assembly, Gurdon Saltonstall, the Governor of Connecticut, and Charles Gookin, Lieutenant-Governor of Pensyl- vania, accepted the Chief command of the Provincial forces intended to penetrate mto Canada by t!ie way of Lake Champlain." Peter Schuyler at length passed away at his estate of the Flatts, fuU of years and honors, having been thrice Lieutenant-Governor and for a long time Pre- sident of the Executive Council of the Province, of which his brother Colonel John Schuyler was also a member. Poor Vetch fell into obscurity and tcuil neglect after the failure of his entreprise, and died in a British prison, incarcerated for debt In the next generation, the traditions of Peter and John Schuyler (1) P. 173. M "THEOLC^iouiiNnRnkai'' were euMfy ct . on bjr PMcr't ten Phdip, the third Hdrc ol ut. HfttU and bjr hit rcnuuluUe wtfe MargarlU, who wsf « daughter ol John. Thitpcr- aon, ^(rftoee fife it ghrcn in the celebrated work of Mn Grant, of Ltggan, entitled ** Memoin of an Ameri- can Lady ** is now heneU known to historiana, as ** The American Lady,'' from the title of the work. 'Hie extent to which she and her husband were r^arded as depositories of military information affect- ing Gmada is shown in the same book ; (0 Various evidences of the persistence of the enter> prise are found among tiie members of the G>uncil as weU as in the chief manor-houses <^the Province, among the descendants of Peter Schuyler. New strongholds rose in the way, and new details became necessary. *^ As a rupfure with France seems to us at this distance unavoidable " writes Lieutenant- Governor Quke to the Duke of Newcastle in 1741, I humbly beg leave to lay before your Grace my present thoughts ** and he pioceeds to explain a plan for the conquest of Canada, which he takes tor granted to be a current object of Provincial thought. He would subdue the forts of the Upper Lakes, and at Crown Point, take Louisbourg by a fleet from EngUmd and then by blockading the Gulf of St. Lawrence against French shipping open the way for a land expedttion by ChamUy to Quebec The lat- ter expedition would probably have failed, and with it the whde campaign, for reasons which in the end (1) Vidt Pill. 120>}-24. IM-US-li-n-aiM, 27t-2, 281. BImidl ad. (2)NY.Doc.VI,l>2-3-4. M TW PLAN or CAMPAMN « jwevcd II to be nceaiMnr thit Quifae should bt •ttadwd br « fket ; but tht wliak w«< nam tht kn an cdw ol tht original flan. Cbika ra-lt«nitod hiivkwa in brief to tht Urdi ol Tmdc, (1) and fcpcatad them at ''^. doae ol tht aamt year, (2) ncntloninf tht operienctt ol KJ^ WiOiam'a War and Quttn Annt'i War ''and our udbrlunatt ecptditlon against Canada." (3) In 1745, Louisbourr was taken bjr a NtwEi^land ^usadt undtr PtppettO, with tht assistance da British fleet under Cnmmodore, (afterwards Vice- Admiral) Sir Peter Warren, the original idea having been suggested to GovenwrShirlef ol MassadMtsetts bjr one William Vaughan, a fish-trader. (4) Shirlejr was so elated (5) that he prapoaed to attack Canada, a scheme which he pushed energe- ticaOjr during the next year, but which was spoiled through neglect ol the Home Government to send the necessary fleet ''As usual in the English attempts against Canada," remarics Parimian (6) " the campaign was to be a double one. The main body ol troops, composed ol British regulan and New England militia, was to sail up the St Law- rence and attack Quebec, while the levies ol New York and the provinces further south aided, it was hoped, by the warriors ol the Iroquois, were tt> ad- (t) p. tu. (2) Da. p. 207. (3) Vkf..22SaE226>dailhrkttminl743. (4) PatiEinu,Ha]f<:(alar7olCoafllel 11,83. (5) Da. f. W. W D». p. t69. u THE GLORIOUS ENTERPRISE " vance on Montreal by way of Lake Champlain. The squadron was to be commanded by Warren. In New York an order was given in 1746 (1) to Governor Qinton, ** touching an expedition for the immediate reduction oi Gmada/' to wit Shirley's ezpediticm. CliPtm however, who quarrelled with the militia and prominent men, and Shirley, who, though active, was unpractical, proved incapable of organizing the expedition ; (2) and, on the 18th of August 1748, they unite in reporting to the Lords of Trade the ** uneasiness ** oi the Six Nations on account oi the disappointments since they entered into the war with Gmada after ** the assurances we had given them of a much greater force of Regular troops and Ships of war to attack Quebec by sea/' The lords 61 Trade overlooked of course the delin- quency of the Home Government in the matter, but rightly held the bad handling of the Six Nations by Qinton to be ** very serious ** and hence wrote Sir Danvers Osbom — whom they sent to replace Qinton as Governor, and whose secretary was the celebrated Thomas PownaU, — to hold another interview with the Six Nations as soon as possible and that the governors of other interested colonies are to send commissioners ; and he, (Osbom) is ** to have a regard to such as are best acquainted with the Indians, and not obnoxious to them,'' (3) so as (1) lb. p. 310. (2) lb. t pp. 39M03. (3) n*. 800. THE PLAN OF CAMPAIGN 27 to ir -"kc ** one general treaty in His Majesty's name ** for all the colonies. On October 14, 1753, Pownaflreplicclto them from New York, informing them that »% hi^m^n Osbom had died suddenly, and that >;ries DeLancc) the Lieutenant Governor had enterc i upon the gfovem- ment In DeLanccy and Powm.!; -«.- nownave a combination of ability to whom the conquest of Canada is reafly due, for by means of Pownall, Dc- Lancey's ideas, and the inherited store of experiences of the Schuyler group were to receive a most brilliant support and development. It was through Pow- nall's influence that the expedition against Quebec was finally ordered. Whether he acted as Secretary to DeLancey as he had come out to do for Osbom who was his friend does not appear, but any rate he was welcomed heartiiy by the Lieutenant-Governor and given a prominent place in the Government counsels ; in part for the reason that his brother William Pownall occupied the influential position of Secretary of the Lords of Trade. Of James DeLancey, hitherto the Chief- Justice, it need only be said, in order to trace the inheritance of his views, that he was a grand-nephew of Peter Schuyler and well acquainted with his plans and campaigns. DeLanccy's first move was to turn the trivial idea of a small and ordinary mission to the Six Nations into an event conceived in the spirit of statesmanship and thus he became the author of the great Convention of J754; **for,'' he writes to the Lordson November 2nd 1 753, ** hearing of the above 31 *THB GLORIOUS ENTERPRISE ' proposal, I offered another, which was that some person should be sent to Onondaga, (the capital ol the Six Nations) to bury the hatchet and prepare them for a meeting early next summer at Albany.'* During the winter he perfected his arrangements, and on the 19th of thefolbwing June the Gxivention comm e nced. It was attended by del^ates of iitt first rank from the principal colonies. Benjamin Franklin was there from Pennsylvania and read his celebrated ''Plan of Union,^ the forerunner of the Congress of 1775 ; (1) Sir William Johnson contri- buted ** Suggestions for defeating the designs of the French ; " DeLancey proposed a plan to build two forts on Lake ChampI^ and three towards Gxywn Point, which ** would make us master (2) of the two great passes by water to Crown Point and thence to Montreal ; ** PownaU read ** Gxisiderations towards a general plan of measures for the Colonies.'' (3) There was also a plan for a general co-operati(m for defence. One of the Commissioners, Sir William Jdmson, was specially connected with our narrative. He had arrived at a particular prominence in the affairs of New Yoric, having acquired an influence amongst the Six Nations which reflected that of Peter Schuyler. He was in fact the successor of Quider in ^t respect, and ,was in time appointed the first Superintendant of Indian affairs through the advice of ** The American Lady " and her hus- O) lb. 889. (2) lb. aM. (i) lb. 893. THE PLAN or CAMPAIGN 29 band. He first went o the Mohawk Valley to manage the estate of his aunt Susan DeLancey, frand-ntece of Peter Schuyler, who had married at New York Sir Peter Warien, Johnson's unde. Lady Warren was sister to Lieutenant-Governor James DeLancey. Of the five representathres of New York at this Convention, three —DcLancey, Johnson and C2jief- Justicc Smith, father of the historian of the province, were of the rufing family connection, for Smith's daughtcr-in-Iaw was a Livingston of the Manor. So largely was this group a custodian of public affairs and traditions that the list of governors and administrators of New York up to the Revolution shows that persons connected with them governed the province no less than fifteen times. The Schuylcrs of the Flatts rendered special assistance to the convention in connection with entertaining the Indians and giving their advice. (I) We now arrive at the 9*- -pts to carry out the final conquest One of these was Abcrcro - ,.w s advance of J 757, an expedition regarded with great misgivings by the Schuylers and undertaken contrary to their advice. (2) A'wrcrombie was not a brilliant comman- der and the real Chief was Viscount Howe, one of Pitt's discerning appointments. But DeLance/s first suggestion and Pownall's recommendatfcxi of it, which I am about to recount, * * not yet been put in (S) Mcmoin of an Amctkan Laiy. (2)IUd. 30 " THE GLORIOUS ENTERPRISE " practice. The army advanced up Lake George towards Ticonderoga where Montcalm was fortified at the foot of Lake Qiamplain. Lord Howe» who has been called ^the earlier Wolfe,'' was unfortunately killed at Lake Geotfi^c, and Abercrombie suffered defeat in the foolish attack on Ticonderoga, the whole proving the advantage of an attack by way of Quebec* If Howe had lived the result was expected to have been different, but it is evident that the task of reaching Guiada through the forests would have been Herculean. Howe was to a certain extent the military pupil of the ** American Lady *' who regarded him as a son, and by whose advice he reformed the equipment and tactics of the British army ; for instance causing the unwieldy coat-tails to be cut off ; the shining rifle- barrels to be deadened : the camp equipment to be vastly simplified ; and the provincial troops to be copied in many other respects, changes which had thdr influence on the sequeL VL FINAL FORM OF THE PLAN OF INVASION On the ^ih of August }755 (1) DeLancey, in writing to Secretary Robinson, says, referring back to a letter of October 26th J754 : ** There are but three ways to distress the French in Gmada. Tlfte first by a fleet and army up the River St. Lawrence to Quebec, with which I shall not meddle, because a force for that purpose must be sent from Britain, and even then should be assisted by the strength of the (l)N.Y.Doc.VI,p. 989. THE PLAN OF CAMPAIGN 31 Colonies to make a diversion at MontreaL The second is through this Province, by the way of Crown Point, and thereby open a passage either by land to the River St Lawrence opposite to Montreal, or by water through the River Sorcl quite to Mon- treal, whenever occasion offers for attacking that place, and till that place be destroyed the Colonies will not enjoy a lasting peace. The third way of distressing the French is by way of Oswego. From Oswego we may take our course North Eastward to the head of the River St. Lawrence and remove the French encroachment at Cataraqui or Fort Fron- tcnac, or if occasion offer, proceed down the River St. Lawrence to Montreal, to join a body of troops sent by the way of Crown Point to take that place." On the 9th of August, he wrote in substantially the same terms to the Lords of Trade. When we consider his words, we see that he places first impor- tance on the old plan of a naval attack en Quebec, assisted by a united Colonial diversion against Mon- treal, although, while suggesting it, he fears to meddle with what would imply the asking of a fleet from Great Britain a request which past experience con- nected only with failures. Several authors (I) have regarded Pownall as the creator of this plan, but he we here find It previously stated by DcLanccy. Pownall's real service was to have directly procured its adoption, which he urged some two years later. The entire recommendation of DeLancey was in the end assumed by Pitt* s government, and General (1) Hawklfli, Dawiofi. etc a "THE GLORIOUS ■NTBRFRBB" Amhent who was ordered to eonsuh DeLanoqr (verjr probaUjr by PtownalTs recommcndatkn) adopted and carried out all the three portions of the Lieutenant-Governor's sketch above shren. Towards the end of 1756, PownaII» dJssartiftrd with the poor progress made up to that time, returned to Enj^Iand and wrote a memoraUe letter to Lord Haltfaz which revolutionized the conduct of the war. He pointed out '^ that after the Engfish had been repeate(U)r disappointed in their attempts to penetrate the country by the way of Crown Point and Lake Champla^ and had k»t Oswqp and the command of Lake Ontario ; considering the reason there was also to expect the defection of the Indians in consequence thereof ; there remained no other ittemattbe, hat either to make peace or to change the object of the tuar, by making a direct attack up the River St Lawrence, upon Quebec itseK ; ui>gcd to a radical destruction of Canada.'' ''The writer of these papers ; ** he says (I) ** came over to England in the latter end of the year 1756 to propose and state tiiese reasons, nearly in the same form as afterwards repeated by the paper that fdOows i particularly the necessity of two fleets and two armies ; one army destined for the atteck ; the other undo* orders to invest Canada by takingpost somewhere between Albany and Montreal so as to cover the Eng&sdi Colo ni es ; one fleet to escort and convoy the army up the River St. Lawrence ; and the other to cover and protect the sea line of the Cokxiies. The object (O AdmitiirtntlooofthtBcttiihColoqlabApiMadixIX. THE PLAN or CAMPAIGN 33 was adopted Why nothing was done in the year 1757, and why no more was done in the year J 758, than the taking of Louisbourg, will be explained on a future occasion ; the ideas contained in the follow- ing paper lead to the rest : "IDEA OF THE SERVICE IN AMERICA FOR THE YEAR 1759. BOSTON DEC SUu 1758. " If the point disputed between us and the French be determinately and precisely understood, the man- ner of conducting it may soon be fixed. If we are stifl, as we were at the first breaking out of the war, dis- puting about a boundary line, and for the possession of such posts, communications and passes as may be a foundation to our possessing of a future Dominion in America, we are still engaged in a petty, skirmish- ing war. .... If we have changed the point and brought it to its true issue, its natural crisis ; whether we, as Province of Great Britain, or Canada as the Province of France, shall be supreme in America, then the service to be done is a general invasion of Canada in conjunction with the European troops and fleet ; then is our natural strength employed and we must be as naturally superior. This being fixed the n^ point is, where the real attack must be made. The same reasons that show the necessity of such an attack, show tfuit it will never effectually he cuned on dber Und, Experience has now shown that the possession the enemy has of the posts of strength would render the passage to Ca- nada by land the work of a campaign, even with 34 -THB GLORIOUS BNTIRPRBB'* success, but finally also the succcu doubtful (The going to take possession of the country in 1760 after Quebec had been taken in 1759 proved ** the work (rf a campaign***) ** The road to Quebec up the St Lawrence, was poasessed by the superiority of our marine navigation. There is neither danger nor difficulty, nor do I see how tha« can be any opposition, to hinder the fleet getting up to the Island of Orleans ; and a superior army in possession of that may by proper measures command the rest of the way to Quebec (1) If our army can once set down before Quebec it must take it ; if Quebec be taken, the capitulation may at least strip Gmada of all the regulars ; after which the inhabi- tants might possibly be induced to surrender. .... ** But although this attempt on Quebec by way of the St. Lawrence River may be the only real and wiH be the only ^ectual attack on Canada, yet one other if not two faise attacks will be necessary, one by way of Lake Champlain the other by way of Lake Ontario. That by way of Lake Oiamplain, may, as far as Gown Point, be offensive and ^ould then change into a defensive measure.** .... As to action on LjJce Ontario, an appearance of an attack by that way must greatly alarai the enemy at Montreal ** (and serve other purposes.) (2) PownaQ, in claiming to the first proposer of his measures, evidently refers to being the first in England and in c^cial quarters there. (}) Did not the event lUerAQr jwtify thli ? (2) P. 249. THE FLAN OT CAMPAIGN |f ^ The flfit paper " he iayi (I) ** was Written at « time when the subject was entfatJy new; scarce ever broupht forward to consideration here in EngUndt and ./hen authentic accounts d the true state of the country, as possessed by the English and French w»e with great difficulty, if at aH to be obtained ; and I may venture to say, uttc V unknown to our military." In his dedication to his papers which he first pubtohedin J764,he (rccly attributes the source of his ideas to the men of experience whom he met at the Convention of 1754. (2) "When If *^ad an opportunity of conversing with and know..ig the sentiments of, the commis- sioners of the several Provinces in North America convened at Albany ; of learning from their expe- rience and judgment, the actual state of the Ame- rican business and interest ; of hearing amongst them the grounds and reasons of that American union which they had under deliberation, and tran*- mitted the plan of to England ; I then conceived the idea and saw the necessity of a general British union. I then first mentioned my sentiment on this subject to several of those commissioners and at the same ttoc first proposed my consideration of a general plan of a British union." (1) Sm Ui a|>pradlz No. Vn. (2) DwUatton P. Xm of The AdmlnWraUon of the Brittah Colonlest In cUef "a Vice Admiral of Hli Majerty't Province, of MuMchusetti fiwSlto.^ "^ Lk««en*nt Goveraof of New Je»«T. London, M "THB GLORIOUS OmRPRBB" Powiudl't ulttaute proposal we tbus see, was the oU general movement bjr fket from England against Quebec ; and by land from Albany and Lake OnU- rio. The whole as adopted was now to be com- mitted to the command ol Sir Jeffrey Amherst as Gmeral, with WoKe as Majo^General under him ; and Gage and Johnson as Brigadiers. In the in»^ tructions from Rtt to Amherst the connecUon ol De Lancey is marked by a special order to the Gene- ral to confer and work with him, particularly in fitting out WoKe for the conquest of Quebec (1) Louisbourg was taken in 1758 as a preliminary '♦ep by Amherst and WoKe. The final out come is well known. In 1759 WoKe took Quebec ; Amherst Ticonderoga ; Johnson, Fort Niagara j while Gage operated against Fort Frontenac Amherst in 1760 captured Montreal Of the commanders under Amherst, the Schuy ;f group were represented by four ; Generals Gage uid Johnson ; G>k)nel Schuyler of Schuyler's (New Jersey) regiment, and Cokmel Oliver DeLancey, brodier of the Lieutenant Governor. Amherst particularly conferred also with the ** Ame- rican Lady " and was influenced in his details by her advice and optoion. (2) At a somewhat later period she also suggested to him a course of dealing with Pontiac which he did not f oOow until his neglect to do so resulted in the celebrated conspiracy of Pon- tiac, following the conquest of Canada. DeLancey died in J760. Lady Warren after his (1) N«wYofkI>ocfc,VII,35«,359. (2) Mem. Am. Lady. THE PLAN OF CAIISPAIGN ff death ezcUimcd to Pitt : " I hope Mr. Pht, you have had reason to be latiaiied with the brother I have k»t I"— ''Madam/' was the answer, ** had your brother James Hvcd to England, he would have been one of the first men to h.'* (1) So at length was carried out the ** glorious enters prise." Its history had been a great school of ability and character, and the foundation of many a per- manent historic name on both sides; while the ktodly personal relations of some of the leadtog contestants, their consideration for and admiration of the deeds of, each other were well worthy the pen of old Frojssart. It now only rematos to examine the genealogical tabk showing the connection between the personages of the above movements. It speaks for itself . It also shows the personnel of three later tovasions, — that of Generals Philip Schuykr and Richard Montgo- mery to 1775, of Generals Stephen and Solomon Van Rensselaer to I8J2 ; and last and least, of the courageous, if misguided " General ** Rensselaer Van Rensselaer of Navy Island to 1838. These were forms of tfie same idea, persistent to their connection with the same social institutions, but dwtodling to less and less force. In real greatness none among the chivalry of the long and fateful struggle looms so tall as the figure of brave old Qulder, the original author of the ** Fall of New France.'* (I) Doe.H«itN.Y.IV.J05«.