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'vJ k , *, ^ to I U >' ' THE CONDUCT OF THE FRENCH . ^.v With refpeft to the Britifli Dominions in America, ' particularly Nova Scotia. S I R, '-'A .,:■ .'i:..i./ TH E prefent encroachments of the French upon Nova Scotia^ one of the moft va- luable Britijh Colonies, is a matter of fo extraordinary a nature, and fo injurious to the nation in general, that every true friend to his country ought to be fully acquainted with Ic. For this reafon, as I have mad6 it my bu- {inefs, tho' a private perfon, to enquire into the motives of their daring conduct, I thought ic my duty to communicate to the public my ob- fervations thereupon ; in which I propofe to make appear, that the proceedings of the French^ on this occalion, is one of the moil flagrant infults upon both the majefly and underftanding of the Britifl} nation that ever could be atempted. Their defign is nothing lefs than to Wrefb from us i^l a fpaclous province, which was originally our own *, and which, not many years fu.ce they had given up, and confirmed, to us, by the moft lolemn treaties. With this view they have entered and fettled in the very heart of it, in defiance of all our remonflrances •, feizing above two parts in three of the whole. To juftify this invafion of our territories, they pretend that we are entitled to no more than the fmall (hare they have left us, which is at moft the peninfula or fouthern divifion of Nova Scotia \ and fup- porting their injuftice by force, have a61:ually built forts at the entrance of that peninfula, where we remain, as it were, penned up by them, till fuch time as, by a due exertion of our power, they (hall be obliged to withdraw beyond the river of St, Lawrence, . , They have ftuck at nothing to give a colour to this open infradlion of the Utrecht treaty, and violation of the faith of nations. Their geographers and hiftorians have been influenced to proftitute their pens in the moft fhameful manner, to ferve the injurious caufe ; and their principals, who fet them to work, have not been aihamed afterwards to make ufe of fuch cor- rupt evidence, confifting of the loweft chicanry and moft barefaced falfifications, as the chief, and in efFedt the only arguments on which they ground their pretenfions. In fliort, their rea- lons are fo confummately fallacious, inconfiftent and trifling, that their defence of the injury ought to be taken for fneer, and is no lefs pro- voking than the injury it felf. The Englijhy by right of difcovcry of the CahotSy in 1497, claim all North America^ ivom ;»» 1 ave in t3] ^4 to 66 or 67 degrees of north latitude; to ^vhich they gave ho name or names, only that of the Newfoundlands : but ncgledling to fettle in thofe partis, the French^ conduced by James Cartior, in 1534, went into the river of Canada or St. Lawrence^ and took pofleflion. After- wards, in 1562, they made another fettlement In Florida^ as it was then called, in the latitude of 34 degrees, which fell in South Carolina, To thefe fettlements they pretended a right by the difcovery of Ferrazzano, in 1524, from 34 to 50 degrees of latitude, altho' it was 27 years pofterior to that of the Cabots •, to all which extent of country they gave the name of New France* After a Ibng interruption of near 100 years, the French^ in 1603, began to renew their voyages to' Canada ; arid not content herewith, in a few years more made fettlements in the country then called La Cadid^ not only on the fouth coaft of the pen- infula, and at Port Royal, but alfo on the coafts to the north of the bay of Argalor Fundy (called by them Baye St.Francoife,) at the river of Pen^ tagoet 30 leagues fouth-weft of the river St, Croix. All this while they met with little or no oppdfition from the Englijb : but in 161 3 the governor of Virginia finding that the French had not only intruded northward, within the Englijh difcoveries, but had alfo encroached Within his limits, the place above mentioned ly- ing below the latitude of 45 (to which the grant in 1606 from King James I. to chief juftice Popham and others, extended) fent commodore Argal with 3 (hips, who demolifhed their forts, ruined their colonies, and carried away feveral of them prifoners. • -' v^' . ■• B a ■■-'^ To i [ 4 ] To fecure this country more effcdlually ta the crown of England^ a few years after, Sir Ferdinando Gorges being governor of New Eng- glands perfuaded Sir fVilliam Alexander^ fecretary of ftate for Scotland (afterwards earl of Stirling and vifcount Canada) to obtain from King James I. a grant of all the country to the north of the Virginia patent, or beyond 45 degrees, and to the fouth of Canada^ under the name of New Scot^ land» Sir TVilliam accordingly applied to the King, and in 1625 obtained a grant of the lands bounded on the weft by the river St, Croix \ on the north by the great river of Canada *, on the caft by a line drawn through the gulph of St, Laurence to the eaft of Cape Britain iiland, which therefore became a part of it ; and on the fouth by the ocean : which country (confidered before under the common name of Virginia) whofe bounds are "with great minutenefs and preciOon afcertained in the faid patent*, the King ap- pointed * The words of the patent, fo far as relate to the fubjeft in queltion, are as follow. Dedimas, conceiTimas, et difpO' fuimusy teneroqae prsefentt chartae ncftrae, damaSf concedi- mus, et difponinius pra:fe£lo domino WjlHelmo Alexandro^ hxredibus fuis vel aflignatis quibufcunquc hsredttarie, omnes «t fingulas terrav!, continently, ac 'infu1as,ficuatas et Jacentes in 'America, iciter caput feu promOntoriutn, communiterCap.de Sable appellatum, jacens prope htitudinem quadragihtt trium graduum, aut ab eo circa, ab equiaoxiali linea verfus fepten- triohem, a quo promontorio verfus littus maris tendentis ad. occidentem, ad ftationem Santas Mi^rise navium (vulgo St. Mary*s bay) ; et deinceps verfus feptentrionem per dire£(sftn lineam introitum five o(^ium tnagMe illius ftationis navittffly trajiciehtem, quae excurrit in terrse Orientalem Plagam, intfet regionis Suriquorum et EtechemmOrum (vulgo Suriquois «t Etechemines), ad flitvium Vulgo nomine Sani^ae'Crucis appef- latiim, et ad fcaturigenem remotiflimam, five 'fontem ex oc- cidentali parte ejufdem qui fe primum praediflo Auvto im- niifcert unde p^r imaginariam dire^am lineam, quae pergere . per [ 3 1 pointed for ihp future fliould be called New Scotland, And King Charles I. created after- wards for this new kingdom an order of Baro- nets, which dill fubfills. As this country is naturally divided by a great gulf or arm of the fea into two parts *, to the north the main land, and to the fouth a large peninfula; Sir William^ purfuant to the power which he had by his patent, divided it accord- per terram, feu currere verfus feptentrionem concipietur ad proxinjam navium ftationem Huvium vcl rcaturiginem in magno fluvio de Cannada fefe exonerantem. £c ab eo per- tendp verfus orientem per maris oras littorales ejufdem fluvii e Cannada, ad Ruviuin ftationem navium portum aut littus communiter nomine de Gachepe vel Gafpie notum et appeU latum ; et deinceps verfus Euronotum ad infulas Bacalaos vel Cap. Briton vocatos, relinquendo eafdem infuias a d^xtra, cc voraginem di£li magni fluvii de Cannada, Ave magno ftationis navium, et terras de Newfoundland, cum infulis ad eafdem terras pertinentibus a fmiftra : et deinceps ad caput five pro- montorium de Cap. Briton prsediftum, jacens prope latitudi- nem quadraginta quinque graduum, aut eo circa. Et a di£to promontorio de Cap. Briton, verfus meridiem et occidentem ad prsediflum Cap. Sable, ubi incipit perambulatio, includenda et comprehenda intra di£)as maris, oras, littorales, ac earum intra didlas maris, oras, littorales, ac earum circumferentigs a mari, ad omnes terras continentis, cum Humipibus, torrfsi)- tibus, finubus, littoribus, infulis aut maribus jacentibus prope infra fex leucas ad aliquam earundcm partem, ex occidental], borealif vel orientali partibus, orarum, littoralium, et pras' cinfluum earundem. £t abeuro noto (uti jacet Cap. Britton) et ex auftrali parte ejufdem ubi efl Cap. de Sable omnia maria ac infulas verfus meridiem intra quadraginta leucas diftarum orarum littoralium earundem magnam infulam vulgari- ter apellatam Ifle de Sable, vel Sablon, induden, jacen- verfus carban (vulgo fouth-fouth-eaft), circa triginta leu- cas a dido Cap. Britcon, in mari, et exiilcn. in latitudine quadraginta quatuor graduum, aut eo circa. Quae quidem terrx praediftae omni tempore a futuro nomine Nonja Scotiee in America gaudebunt ; quas etiam praefatus dominus Willielmus in partes et portiones, ficut ei vifum fuerit divi- der, iifdemque nomina pro beneplacito imponet, una cum omnibus fodinis, turn regalibus, auri et argenti, quam aliis fodinis, ferri| plumbi, cupri, ftanni, aeris, &c. B 3 ingly .en ingly into two provinces, and gave new nances to almoft all the rivers and ports, and even tranflating the names of thole given by the fettlers into Englifo^ that no traces, if poflible, of the French might remain in the country ; as appears by the map of Nova Scotia *Jlill extant^ which by his orders was made and publifhcd. Thefe then are the ancient or rather the moft an- dent bounds of New Scotland : but not all which the Englijb, under that name, claim by the treaty of Utrecht, Charlevoix^ whofe late hiftory of New France. is the fund of falfehood and error, from whence the French on this occafion draw all their argu- ments, acknowledges, " That in feveral treaties *' he finds the name of New Scotland afcribed " fometimes to the peninfula, exclufive of the " fouth coafl + [or country lying to the fouth " of the river] of Canada^ and fometimes to ** that coaft, exclufive of the peninfula ;" but fays, " it cannot be proved by any authentic me- " moir, that they both went by that name at the '' fame time." Here is now an authentic memoir : I mean the patent granted to Sir William Alex- ander^ corroborated by his map, in which that re- quifite is found. And this fingle evidence is fufHcient to (hew the vanity of all that author's fuggeftions. To take away the force of the obje^lion which might be brought from his confeffion, that the name of Nova Scotia has been given * This map is inferted in Purchas's colledlion of voyages, Vol, iv. p. 1872. •f By fouth coaft is to be underftood all the country fouth of the river St. L:urei:ce, fee p. 410. par. ^. of CJbark- voix Hift. Gen. de la Nowv. Franc, tho' he ufes the ambiguous expreffion, in order to miilead or deceive his reader. ledion :ffion, given [Oyages, [country Charle- [ibiguoiis [7] m treaties to the continent as well as the pen- infula, he fays they are modern changes ; where- as the difpute between the Englifh and the French is about the ancient bounds oF Acadia or Nova Scotia, he ought to have faid of Nova Scotia or /icadia ; on which occafion he affirms, that what the Englijhjirft named Nova Scotia, was no more than the coafiof ho.z.'^xz.^from Cafe Sable (or Cape Sandy ^ as 'tis called in Sir PFilliam Alexander % map) to Camceau *. Now the falfity of this is proved from the above-cited evidence, by which it appears that the firft time the name of Nova Scotia was ufed by the Englifh^ it was given by them to all the country in cjuedion fouth of the river of Canada, This is fomething de- cifive : there was nothing then to be done, but either to allow this evidence to be good, to deny its validity, or elfe produce it in favour of his aflertion. The firft he would not do, the fecond he could not do, but the laft he ventured on ; accordingly he has the front to affirm, that in England it felf the name of Nova Scotia is given folely to the peninfula : for that^ adds he, " William *' Alexander earl of Stirling having received a " grant of what had been taken from France, in this part of Canada, divided the Jame into two provinces, calling the peninfula New Scot- land, and gave to the reft the name of New Alexandria." For this he quotes Be Laet, a very eminent author, who has, as he fays, in- f^rted the grant it felf. Here the jefuit is guilty of great prevarica- tion -, firft, he fuppreffes what appears from De Laetf, that the general name of the country, * Charlev. Hill Gen. de la Nouv. Fran. torn. i. p. 113. f See his Novus Orbis, L. ii. c. 23. B 4 which IC (C cc (( i !| ! m which was fo divided by Sir William Alexanderi was called New Scotland, 2. If D^ Laet had faid the contrary, yet he knew, by the words of the patent it felf, inferted by that author, that the name of New Scotland was ordered from thenceforth to be given to the whole ; and therefore could not be given by the Englifh only to a part. 3. Be Laet calls the peninfula New Caledonia^ not New Scotland, into which Char- levoix has changed it, that his readers fhould think the fame name being given to a part, could not be given to the whole •, altho* this is a com- mon cafe. 4. Charlevoix has fupprefled the mention of the map of New Scotland^ from whence De Laet fays he took thofe particulars, that the reader might not look after this map i whence it may be concluded that Charlevoix had himfelf feen it. Ought any credit to be given to fuch an abandoned writer as this ? Or any ufe made of his authority ? The map referred to by De Laet, who wrote in 1631^, was no doubt the fame we have already men- tioned 5 for he fays it was but lately pub- lished, and that befides changing the names of provinces, new names are given to other places, conformably to what hath been already oblerved. In that map, the names of the two provinces of Alexandria and Caledonia are engraved in fmall roman letters, and that of New Scotland in large capitals, diftributed into both provinces. "Whether Charlevoix faw this niap, or not, he muft have been either wilfully or ignorantly blind to excefs, in affirming that the Englifh give the name of Nova Scotia folely to the pe- ninfula, fince the contrary may be feen in their maps; and even in the maps of the French themfelves, at leaft, thofe made when the country I 1 in lot, he )rantly Inglijh ^he pc- their \ French lountry [9] was in Englijh hands. In a chart of the gulph of St. Lawrence and Canada^ made by Le Cordier^ at Havre de Grace^ in 1696, and publilhed by authority of the admiral, the name of New Scotland is given to the North Main^ or that part called New Alexandria^ in Sir William /Alexander's map. But, fuppofmg him ignorant of this, and many more inftances in maps made before his time, how could he be ignorant of what is in- ferted in his own work, and pafled under his own eye ? I mean the map of the Eaftern part of New France or Canada^ (as it is intitled) made in 1 744 by Mr. Bellin^ for his hiftory of that country, wherein the name of Nova Scotia is given to the North Main ? On this occafion, it may be obfervcd as a common rule, that they who confefs againft themfelves, are more to be believed than thofe who deny/cr themfelves. But, in thus oppofing onQfrench authority to another, I do not quote one of their ordinary geographers : for Mr. Bellin is hydrographer to the marine, as well as cenfor royal j and his contradidling the author whom he was employ 'd to illuftrate, gives a double force to his authoiity. — If therefore, in a fubfequent map of the fame country, he hath omitted the name of Nova Scotia, it was not, as may be prefumed, in confequence of being better informed, but becauie he was othcrwidig directed or inclined. Having reduced the ancient bounds of Nova Scotia to one of it's fouthern coafts, it was neceflary to make thofe of Acadia tally with them ; that the EngUJh might not be intitled to more, under one denominaticnj than they could claim C( o appeal : fince Champlain having been 27 years jn thofe parts, and for a long time governor of them, cpuld not poffibly be miftaken in this point ; and as he went over with the firft dif- coverer De Monts, in 1603, muft have been ac- quainted with the ancient bounds of Acadia^ which it may therefore be prefumed are thofe which he mentions. * II ne fera hors de propos de defcrire les defcouvertes de ces coftes, pendant trois ans & demy que je fus a PJcaJis, tant a I'habitation de Sainte Croix, q'au Port Roya/, ou j'eus moyen de voir, et defcourire le tout, comme il le verra au livre fulvant. p. 48. Thefe words confirm what is lef* explicitly delivered in the page foregoing, where he fays that ** fince De Monts would not fettle on the river St. Lnnjorence, he ought to have fought out a place not fo liable to be de- ferted as was St. Croix and Port Roml."" He adds, that in cafe De Monts had taken fuch precaution, the people ** would not have abandoned the country in three years and a f* half, as they had done Acaiia,'' namely St. Croix and Fort Royal. If «< (( t* V I II [ 12 ] If it fhould be faid, the paiTage only proves^ that the river St» Lawrence was the northern boundary of Acadia^ when he wrote, but not that it was the ancient or moft ancient boundary : we fay that is begging the queftion, and will be of no avail, unleS they can fhew, from exprefs authority, that before his time it had a different boundary. ' ^ - •i 1.- But this cannot be done from the authority of any contemporary voyager to the fame parts : for neither the author of De Month voyage, nor Lefcarbot^ afcertain the bounds of Acadia, The reafon is, becaufe they do not enter into a geo- graphical defcription of it, and only fpeak of it's limits occafionally ; which is the cafe indeed with Champlain himfelf: for altho' he men- tions the northern bounds of Acadia^ he does not tell usprecifely what the weftern were ; we can only gather by inference in general, that it was bounded on that fide by the province of Norim- hegua^ from the circumftance of the river St. Lawrence waftiing the borders of that province «s well as thofe of Acadia, ' However, the defed here may be fupplied from the authority of Count D'Eftrades^ who ia his conferences with King Charles II. relating to the bounds of this country alledged, " That in ♦' confequence of the treaty of St, Germain^ in 1632, reftitution was made to France [of all the country] from ^ebek to the River of Noremherg [or Penobfcot'] where PentagoU is built, which, fays he, is the firft place of Acadia*'\ > 4C iC * See his letter of March 13, 1662, to the king, in his Ambair. et Negotiat. torn. ii. p. 368. It )roveS4 >rthern ut not ndary : will be exprefs ifFerent ithority I parts : ige, nor 2. The I a geo- peak of i indeed e men- he does ; we can It it was I Norim- •iver St. )rovincc fuppUed who in ating to That in main, in e [of all liver of 'entagoU Iplace of bg, m his It f 13] It is plain therefore, that this objcdlion is of no force. Neither can it be pretended, that becaufe this edition of Cbamplain*s voyage to New France ■ was publiflied in 1 63 2, the year in which the treaty of 5/. Germain was figned, therefore Champlain fpeaksnot of the original bounds oi Acadia, but of thofe eftablifhed by L^jXIII. after that treaty : for the grant to Razilly, which firft afcertained the bounds of Acadia, by regal authority, was not made till the year following. Befides, by Lewises grant Norimbegua was incorporated with Acadia, as being comprized under that name ; whereas Champlain fpeaks of it as a diftind pro- vince, feparate from it. It is more likely there- fore that Lewis followed the authority of Cham* plain for the bounds of Acadia^ than that he followed the king's. Let us now return to Chadevoixy andafk; whe- ther is it more likely that thefe things could cfcape his obfervation, or that he wilfully over- looked them? This hiflorian of New France thought it better, it feems, to let authors appear to differ in their accounts, and leave the bounds of Acadia undetermined, than produce the tefti- mony of Champlain which he knew would at once overthrow all his fcheme ; as he is revered and ftiled by the French, the father and founder of their fettlements in Canada. But what could be his view by fuch condud ? Nothing fure but to perplex the caufe for a time : for he could not but well know that this paflage as well as others of Champlain, which .he had fuppreflfed, would e'er long be produced againft him, out of that author's voyages. As for Be Laet\ opinion, about the bounds of Acadia^ it mull be confidered that his Nova Orbis w^ '" • i ^ ' pi f- f f ■ ' 1^ 4J1 ?-4 » i * 1 : i! Or^/V was printed before he faw the edition of Champlain^s voyages pubhfhed in 1632, al- though his own work was not publiihed till th^ year after: this appears from hrs own words, I. 2. c. 22. where he fays he had made ufe of Cbam^ plain's memoirs, but could find no account of the French affairs, after the year 1616; confequently* the voyages he confulted were thofe printed in 1614, or in 1 61 9, in 8vo. Had he feen the others he would never have limited Acadia to the penin- fula, but have fix'dits northern bounds at the river St, Lawrence. But, fuppofing he had not ; his diflent, tho* a learned and judicious Writer, yet would not in the leaft have alter!d the cafeorlelTen'd the authority of Champlain. For, after all, quef- tions of this nature are to be decided folely by the relation of travellers. The opinions of geogra- phers are not to be regarded farther than as they appear to be fupported by the authority of fuch per- fons i from whom they ought to take their infor- mation. But to proceed : if Denys then is of the fam6 fentiments with Champlain.^ with refpedl to the ancient bounds or extent of Acadia^ as Charle- voix affirms ; thofe fentiments muft be widely different from what that candid author affirms they are, for he fays Denys alfo reduced them to a bare coafl. After fo many flagrant inllances of his want of truth, it may be prefumed that the reader will not take his word for any thing ; and we might be fpared the farther trouble of giving any of his aflertions a formal refutation : but as it mufl have cofl him no fmall pains to broach fo many glaring falfehoods, it would be doing injuflice, both to his abilities and la- bours that way, not to make the public tho- roughly acquainted with them. the edition n 1632, al- fhedtill th^ wotds, 1. 2. fe of Cham^ count of the :onfequently fe printed in n the others :o the penin- s at the river ad not J his 5 Writer, yet afeorleflen'd ter all, quef- folely by the 1 of geogra- than as they yoffuchper- e their infor- of the fam6 ^fpe6t to the 3, as Charle- be widely thor affirms ced them to inllances of ned that the any thing; er trouble of refutation : lall pains to it would ities and la- l public tho- [ «5] To fupport his faid aflertion, with refpeA to Denys, he has inlerted the following paragraph^ in his hiftory. " This perfon (Denys) divides " into four provinces, all theeaft and fouth part *' of Crt;Wrt, which in his time had four proprie- *' taries, who were lieutenant-generals for the *' king. The firft (extending) from Pentagoet to ** St. John\ river, he named the province of the *« Etechemins^ and is that which was formerly call- " ed Norembegua : to the fecond, from St. John's ^'' river to Cape Sable, he gave the name of *' French Bay : the third, according to him, is " Acadia, from Cape Sable to Camceaux\ and *' that is It which the Englijlo at firft named Nova •< Scotia, on the occafion which I fhall men- " tion p efently : the fourth, which was his own " property, and government, from Camceaux to " Cape Rofiers, he called Bay St. Lawrence^ *' which others have called Gafpefie*, Now taking things as Charlevoix reprefents them, this was only an occafional divifion of the country, made by the proprietaries ; in which, for diftindion*s fake, the name of Acadia was given to one of the provinces : but he does not make Denys fay that the bounds which are here given to it are the original bounds of Acadia \ nor does it follow from the divifion itfelf being fo made, that the name of Acadia did origi- nally extend no farther : for in the partition of countries the bounds of provinces are frequently changed, contracted or enlarged ; of which Charlevoix furnifheth an inftance, with refpc6l to Acadia itfelf. For in another divifion, which he mentions elfewhere f , of the country into three * Hill. Gen. de la A'sav. France^ vol. i, p. 113, edit. 1744. t P. 4'0- parts. I V I *— . i ;■•- I ^=*^ [i6] parts, and in which alfo Denys was concerned* the lecond, which was given to La Tour, con- tained half, or perhaps more, of the peninfula : for *' he hady fays the jefuit, Acadia^ properly fo *' called, from Port Royal to Camceaux :'* that is, as it mull be underftood, by a line drawn from one place to the other ; fo that all to the fouth of it belonged to La ^our. That there was fuch a divifion as this we fhall not difpute : but fuppofing this to have been the carlieft of the two divifions (which we are at liberty to do, fmce there is nothing faid in the place which requires the contrary) it overthrows Charlevoix's aflertion, that Acadia was only a bare coaft ; much more his afHrming that it extended only from Cape Sable to Camceaux, It goes farther, and, from the expreflion Acadia proper^ implies, what we have above fuggefted, that this was only a part of a larger country, which went by the name of Acadia^ in general, according to a known rule in geography. It is not at all unjuflifiable in us, to fuppoie this to have been the firft divifion of the two i fmce it was in the time of Razilly^ to whom it was granted in 1633, and Charlevoix does not tell us which was the firft. But the truth is, that the quadrupartite divifion was a forgery con- trived by that jefuitical hiftorian, only to cor- roborate his mifconftrudion of the words of Champlain, and fupport one falfehood by another : for Denys mentions no fuch divifion of the country, much lefs under the name of Canada^ sjs Charlevoix jaffirms ; nor indeed any divifion at all of it, eitheir in his firfl book, or the map pre- fixed II t( ri :onccrnedf tour^ coa- penin(ula : properly fo lUx:" that irawn from he fouth of his we (hall ive been the we are at ; faid in the [ overthrows i only a bare t it extended goes farther, per, implies, hiswasonlya vent by the g to a known ^, to fuppofe of the two i ;, to whom it ix does not tell truth is, that forgery con- only to cor- the words of od by another : vifion of the Tie of Canada^ any divifion at r the map pre- fixed [17] fixed to it. In the body of his book he never, to the beft of our recollection, mentions Canada, nor ever Acadia, except it may be in the fixth chap- ter of hi:, firft volume j where he fays, i\\^x.Long IJle makes a paffage trom French Bay to the land (not the coall) cf Acadia -, and that at the Forked Cape, 12 or 15 leagues thence, there is more cod than in any other place of Acadia*. But it does not follow from thence, that Acadia begins there, or extends no farther northward ; much lefs does it prove that he fpeaks of any fuch province as is mentioned in this pretended qua- drupartite divifion, for either Long IJlandox the Forked Cape, He many leagues to the north of Cape Sable, where Acadia, according to the faid divifion begins. Neither does this imperfed: ac- count of Denys agree better with the bounds alligned by Charlevoix to Acadia, in the tripartite divifion recited hereafter : for they were to be- gin at Port Royal', whereas the Forked Cape lies many leagues fhort, or to the weft of that place. Nor does Benys mention where Acadta ends, much lefs does he fay it terminated at Camceaux. But fuppofing he had fpoken of Acadia, under any fuch contracted bounds as are found in ei- ther of the aforefaid divifions, it could only have proved, that there was in his time another couniTy oi Acadia, stnAcadia-proper, or province fo called: fince, in the patent granted as afore- I laid to Razilly, a cotemporary governor with him in Acadia at large j and yet more exprefly in that of the fedentary or fettled fifhery grant«d to himfelf January 3CX, 1654 ; the river .S/. Law- rence is declared to be the northern boundary of Acadia, and Kinibek river the weftern. * See Denys Defer Geogr. & Hilt, des Cotes de rAmerl- qucfe|:ten. p. 56. &6i. C Lenys [ i8 ] Denysis fo far from faying, in his defcriptlon ■ of the coafts, that the name of Acadia was limit- ed to any part of the peninfula, or that it was a part of Canada^ taken in a proper fcnfe* •, that in his dedication to the King, he not only con- fiders them as two diftindl provinces into which New France was divided, as Champlain before him feems to have done ; but alfo, under the name of Acadia^ clearly comprizes, conformable to the faid grants, all the main-land to the fouth of St. Lawrence river, and eaft of New Englandy which he bounds with the river Pen- tagoet or Penohfcot, For, after telling Lewis XIV. " it was owing to his, (the King's) care, " that Canada began to breathe again, and that *' Acadia was no longer in the hands of their *' neighbours," he adds, " that the country *' which he defcribes, made the principal and *' moft nfeful part of New France,''* Thefe laft words are quite unfuitable to a piece of coaft. Befides, as the country which Denys defcribes comprizes the north-main, as well as the penin- fula, and both had been in the hands of the EngliJJo but a little before, till ceded by the treaty of Breda, in 1667, it follows, that he comprizes both parts under the name of Acadia ; and confcquently, that he confidered Acadia as the general name of the whole country, even fuppofing it had been given fpecially to one of the three provinces. If he had done otherwife he would have adtcd inconfiftently, and in con- tradidion to the king's grants, by which he held his government ; and which it. was no more in his power to alter, than it was his intereft to alter it, if he could. * That is taken as a part of A'irau France; not as fynony- mcui) with the whole, as iome authors take it. With Jefcriptlon • was limit- hat it was nfe* i that only con- nto which lain before under the >nformable nd to the (l of New river Pen- ing Lewis ing*s) care, 1, and that ds of their ^e country Incipal and Thefe laft e of coaft. s defcribes the penin- nds of the ed by the /s, that he of Acadia 5 I Acadia as ntry, even ' to one of e otherwife and in con- which he ^as no more J intereft to lot as fynony- With t 19 ] With regard to the quadrupartlte divifion which Charlevoix fo formally and fo falfely fa- thers upon Denys^ we (hall only obfervc far- ther, that this author's book does not afford the lead room for fuch a partition ; on the con- trary, if our jefuit had grounded it on the other's manner of dividing the coafts, or his defcrip- tion thereof, into parts, he ought to have made lix or eight provinces, inftead of four. It muft be confeffcd that this difhoneft jefuit, thorough -paced in the arts of deceiving, has ftuck at nothing, on this occafion, to ferve his caufe : but with all his cunning he could not fee, that in employing fo much chicanry and fraud, to do injuftice to us, he has been only labouring to undermine himfelf, and overthrow the very point which he intended to eftablifli ; as what he alledges from authors differing among themfelves, concerning the bounds of Acadia^ ferves only to prove that originally it had no determinate bounds ; and confequently that none of thofe which he trumps up, in cafe they really were to be found in the books which he refers to, could be confidered as its ancient limits. He was likewife blind to ano- ther point of importance, namely, that the whole country to the fouth of Canada river, called by the Englijh Nova Scotia^ and a great deal more, went under the name of Acadia^ at the very fame time in which he was reducing its bounds to a bare coaft : for, all that country was, i, (which La Tour it of Gi- Lawrence forming, )y the re- ive up to ia^ or all day in its e country ppointing where he :alled the 7va Scotia. both Kirk iriBced to ; inglori- >arent rea- lat is ftill I of Nova Scotia^ tit 3 Scoiia^ as far as the river Penobfcot : as hath been already fhewn from the letters of Count D'Eftrades ; altho' Canada only was infiftcd on, according to Charlevoix ; who feems to wonder at the eafinefs with which Acadia was yielded by the Englijh *, as if they wanted to get- rid of it. Sir William Alexander, forefeeing what would happen, in 1630 fold his right and title in all Nova Scotia, excepting Port Royal, to Claude de la Tour (who by his permiflion had fettled at St. John's) to be held by him of the crown of Scotland, Two years after, the 1 7 th of March 1632, a treaty was figned at St, Germain en Laye, be- tween Lewis XIII. King of France, and Charles I. King of Great Britain, for ** yielding up *' all the places poflcfled by the fubjcdls of " England in New France, Acadia and Canada ;*' of which places only Port Royals Fort ^ebek and Cape Briton are mentioned ; nor does it ap- pear by the grant that there were any more to be delivered up. By this treaty it feems mani- feft that Nova Scotia was comprehended under the name of Acadia, for New France was the general name under which Canada^ Acadia, and all their other poflefllons in America then went, as they do at prefent. But if there could be any doubt on that head, it would be removed by the paflages above cited from Champlain, and Count lyEJirades \ v/hich make it evident that Acadia was at that time bounded by the river St, Lawrence, on the north, and Penohfcot, pn the weft. Hift. Gen. de la Nouv. Fran. vol. i. p. 176. In . f 1 Kr 111 :l^ P [ 22 ] In the opinion of Lewis XIII. Acadia had yet much larger bounds ; at leaft he was re- folved they (hould have fuch. That prince, not content with thofe which cuftom, before his time, had given to it, and which had been yielded to him by the treaty of St. Germain^ pretended that they reached as far as the borders of New England \ and prefuming on the eafinefs with which fo much had been given up to him almoft unafked, took upon him to extend them fo far. Accordingly, in the patent and com- milTion by which he prefently after confirmed the purchafe of Acadia to La ^cur, the boun- daries are exprefsly mentioned, and fixed *' to *' begin at Cape Gafpe^ or the mouth of the ^' river St. Lawrence^ and to extend weft as far *' as Cape Malabar •," now Cape Cod, in New England : fo that not only all Nova Scotia was included in the patent, but Lewis had extended his grant over one third more of the Englijh dominions than by the treaty was given up. According to Count UEJlrades (who was am- baflador in England, after the reftoration) Mr. De Razilly was fent to take pofTefTion of all Acadia, in confequence of the treaty of St. Germain, and appointed lieutenant-general of the province*-, probably becaufeL^ Tour was a proreftant. This, according to Charlevoix, 'Wi^.s in the year 1635, when, to ufe his words, " Aca- " dia was granted to the commander Z) brother the Duke of Tork, it took the name of the Duke of Torkh land : and on his afcending the throne, the King's land. It has fince been annexed to the province of Mnjfachujea bay \ and is by fome called the province of Sagadahok, > of (( cc (C y to the towards '^awrence t people little re- 's giving on *, and furping a n by the agreed to I (which :o 48 de- :he gran- r William lent from indary of bounding thence to St, Law- s natne of wa Scotia > bounded zillyy two partite di- nuft have account, he Englijh ^hbouring nd before, 1 that part 663 by King 00k the name g the throne, the province e province of «f [*5] _ " of New France was divided into three pro- " vinces, the government and property of " which were granted to the commander De " Razillyy young La Tour and Mr. Denys. The " firft had for his fhare Pert Royals and all to «' the fouth, as far as New England ; the " fecond had Acadia properly called, from Port " Royal to Camceaux •, and the third had the *' eaftern coaft of Canada from Camceaux ** to Gafpe *." This tranfaciion is ^related by our jefuit in a very impcrfedl, confufcd and fal- lacious manner, conformable to his impofing fcheme. Thofe v/ords the eaftern coaft of Canada are inferted, that it might not be thought the name of Acadia was given to the country fouth of St. Lawrence river ; altho* it was the pro- vince oi Acadia which was then fo divided. It was doubtlefs with the fame view, that we find, at the beginning of the paragraph, a diftindlion made between Acadia and the North- Main^ under the denomination of the Northern ■ Coaft, In which he would infinuate two falfities. I. That neither in the grant which was made to Razilly fingly of Acadia^ nor in that which was made to him and his partners, ^if they were different grants) was any part of the North-Alain^ comprehended under that name. 2. That fo much of the North- Main as fell within his government, was only the coaft, as far as New England. If in either of thofe places that author had mentioned the time of that grant, or the bounds of the province affigned to each of the three governors, as he ought to have done, it would have been eafy to decide the queftion j but he 5 Charlev. ubi fupr. p. 4[o. hath •I I f: [26] hath taken all the pains imaginable to perplex the cafe, and keep his readers from coming at the truth, by jumbling things together. How- ever not fo entirely obfcuring them, but that we may be able to bring light out of darknefs, and refute him out of his own mouth ; for elfe- where, fpeaking of the chev. de Grand Fontaine^ three years after, he fays, " The bounds of *' his government extended from §uinfehque *' to the river St. Lawrence^ conformable to the *' poflefljon taken in 1630, [it fhould be " 1633.] in the name of JJewts XIII. by the *' commander Tie Razilly *." From whence it is plain, after all his fhuffling and cutting, that Acadia^ which he fays was granted to Razilly^ comprized not only the fouth coaft of the North Main, but alfo what he calls the eaftern coaft of^ Canada ; and, in fliort, all the country in quef- tion to the fou^h of the river St. Lawrence. I (hall not ftay to fliew how inaccurately our author has defcribed the provinces or fhare? be- longing to the three proprietors, efpecially the. firft and third 5 the laft of whom, by his account, muft have had much more of the country than the other two. What can one underftand by his faying Razilly had Port Royal^ and all to the fouth as far as New England ? fince the country which lies to the fouth of Pert Royal., is the part of the peninfula which fell to La 'Tour^ he ought to have faid the lands to the north weft on the continent •, and to have afligned, after Denys, the river Pentagoet or Penobfcot^ rather than New England, for its weftern boundary. But perhaps he did not care to have it thought that • Ibid. p. 417. Lewis [*7] Lewis XIII. had granted to that commander more than the Englifh had given up. ' I have taken the pains to trace our jefuit thro' his long windings and doublings, not fo much to prove the point in quell ion, as to expofe the fcandalous arts ufed by this dilhoneft hiftorian (if one fo ill qualified, and who fcldom quotes his authors, fcarce ever regularly, can be called an hiftorian) for we are in poffeffion of the commiflTion granted to Grand Foptame^ which will be produced prefently. After Razilfy's death, Charles de Manou^ Cheva- lier Sieur Daulnayy or Daunay de Charnefey, took pofleffion of his property, by an agreement made with the brothers of the deceafed •, and in 1 647 obtained a grant for the government of Acadia : but this, fays Charlevoix^ " muft, in all likeli- ** hood be underftood only of that part of the *' peninfula which more properly bore the name *' of Acadia,^ as I have already often remark- " ed." Here is another flagrant inftance of this author's falfehood : for we are able to pro- duce the original grant or commiffion to Dau" nay^ under the fign manual of Lewis XIV. which confirms him governor and lieutenant- general in all the countries, territories, coafts, ^nd confines, of La Cadia^ " to begin from the river St, Lawrence^ including as well the fea-coaft and the adjacent ifles, as the inland parts, as far as the i^irgines" meaning Virginia ; and in another part of the fame com- mifllon he is impowered to traffic with the In- dians^ '* throughout the whole extent of the '' lands and coails of Acadia, fron the river \^ St. Lawrence to the fea, as far as the Firgines." In «c -r^' [ 28 ] In the preamble to the commi/Tion, the rea- fons fpecified for granting it are, his having expelled the foreign religionaries from Pentazoet fort, which they had feized ; that he had taken St. John^s fort from Charles St. Etienne de la Tcur, who held it in rebellion, in favour of foreign religionaries ; and had built four forts againft them. However, La Tour finding that • to be a protcftant and a rebel was the fame thing, made his peace *, and changing his religion in 163 r, was made governor oi Acadia^ in as ample a manner as Charnefey had been before, by the King of France, who in the fame commiflion coniirmed him his pofleiTion in that country. From what has been faid, I think It is clear to a demonllration, againft Charlevoix and his followers, that the relations of the firft dif- coverers are fo far from confining Acadia to the peninlula, much lefs to a fingle coaft of it, that Champlain^ who was the chief and moll eminent of them, on account of his having long refided, as well as been governor, in thofe parts, exprefly declares that the river St. Lawrence was its northern boundary, and that of Norembegua or Penohfcot the weftern : whence it follows. 1. That it not only included all Nova Scotia, but extended weftward above 20 leagues farther. 2. That the firft time the government of Acadia was granted, or its limits afcertained by royal authority, the river St. Lawrence was, according to Champlain^ information, declared to be its northern boundary, and the river Ki- nibek its weftern : confequently it comprifed, according to the ideas of the French, all the coun- try fouth of 6V. Lawrence river, lying between s rea- laving ttazoet taken de la )ur of • forts ig that thing, ion in ample )y the niflion s clear md his ft dif- to the of it, I moil g long : parts, nee was mbegua oUows. ia, but arther. nt of ned by xe was, eclared vtr Ki- prifed, ; coun- etween th^ C29] the gulf of that name and New England. 3. That as the fettling of thofe bounds by Lewis XIIL was antecedent to both the divifions men- tioned by Charlevoix^ which confine Acadia to part of the peninfula, confequcntly the country or countries whi^h fince that time have been alledged by the French writers as the whole of Acadia^ ought only to be confidered as a part or parts thereof bearing the fame name. - We ihali next (hew how careful Lewis XIV. and his minifters were, to aflert and prefer ve thofe limits, on all occafions of difpute or treaty between the two nations, from thence down to the treaty of Utrecht^ when he was obliged to give up Acadia to the Englijh, In 1654, Cromwell^ difapproving of the alie- nation of iVi^v^ ^r^//V7, and moved by the injuftice done the vidorious Kirks ^ who in vain applied to the court of France for the fums which were agreed by treaty to be paid them, fent Major- General Sedgwicky who with the affiftance of New England, recovered almoft all that coun- try to the Englijh dominion ; diflodging the French^ who were fettled in and about Port Royal, St, Jean and Pentagoet. The French minifters at Paris made prefling folic! tations for the reftitution of this country : but he would not fuffer his ambaflador to give the leaft ear to fuch inftances, infifting that it was the an» dent inheritance of the crown of England (which word Ancient refers, perhaps, beyond King James I.'s grant to the time of Cabofs difcovery). This he thought fo undeniably clear, that, by the 25th article of the treaty concluded with Lewis Xiy. in November 1655, he made no difficulty m fWH^^ r"** ^ .J'l- [30] difEculty tofubmit the right of the Englifh crown to the three forts above mentioned to the decifion of three commilTioners, who were to meet in London^ and determine it in fix months, pro- vided the French fhould think fit to proceed in that affair ; but they never did, -i However, Crcmwell afterwards granted to Mr. St, Etiennede la Tour^ in confideration of his father Claude's purchafe, Colonel Temple and fFil- liam Crown, for ever, " The country and terri- tories called Acadia, and that part of the coun- try called Nova Scotia, from Marlegajhy on the eaft, to the port and cape of Heve, lead- ing along the coaft to Cape Sable to a certain point now called La Tour, heretofore named Lomney*; thence following the coaft and ifland to the cloven cape and river Ingogen ; following the coaft to Port Royal, and then following the coaft to the bottom of the bay ; and thence along the bays into St. John's^ to St. Jchnh fort ; and thence all along the coaft to Pentagoet and the river St. George, unto Mufcongus, fituated on the confines of New England, on the weft -, and extending from the fea-coaft up in the land, along the limits and bounds aforefaid, one hundred leagues ; and further, unto the next planta- tion made by the Butch or French, or by the EngliJJ:) of New England, With all and An- gular the lands, territories, iflands, rivers, feas, pifcaries, woods, i^c. jurifdidlion of admiralty, Gfr. and alio thirty leagues into iC C( tc t( I unds of ,'cr both anted to notice of b much : 1 to the fo •, and lis ufual conceal- ';/ Temple chevalier :o France pe Breton le whole da, under he neigh- )rehended nder that id not be- other au- )Ove *, and • WilUam^ iva Scotia rved, can ey infixed furrender- which, as under that is farther [ 35 ] fcen in what he relates prcfcntly after, ** That " the commifTion by which the 77^;;^/?' governor, ** Grand FovtahiCy took pofleffion of that place *' [Pe»tagoet] is dated March the 5th 1670, *' and marks the bounds of his govern ir.ent from '* the Kiniheki to the river St. Lazuraice, confor- *' mable to the pofTefilon taken thereof in i6jO *' [1633] by the commander De Razilly, for " Lewis Xm*." Here Charlevoix, to prevent contradidting what he aflcrts jud before, fupprefles the name given to this country in Grand Fontaine^ commif* lion : but from the circumftance of Razilly it is plain it muft have been Acadia •, fince it was granted to Razilly under that name, and alfo to La Tour his afTociate, as hath been before fct forth. In fhort, this author (who has falfified, mifre- prefented, and miftaken f > many things in his relation, that it may be faid to be a hifLory (^f his own invention, rather than of real fuels) pretends that Acadia, with the forts of St, Joh:i and Pentagoet, retaken by Ibme EnglifJj in 1674, having been furrendered to France a fourth time, not long after about the year 1 680, " Mr. Chcim- " bly, who was made commander after Grand Fontaine, built a little town at Fort Royal, which from this time became the capital ot that government -, wb''^H, over and above Acadia, comprehended an the fouthern coaft of Fiew France i'." Here then, at lafl, we meet with the province or government to wh ch he will have thofe Forts to belong : but then it «( (C (C 9 * Tom. 2. p. 236. What .^ „A^. Ill ii ' ll ■ [ 42 ] What this author would iinjuflly conceal, viz. that the country fo bounded by St. George's river, and which he denominates the fouth coaft o[ Nczv FrariCC^ was Acadidj appears from the alternatives !'proporcd, /Ipril the 9th, 1700, to f^crctary Vernon, reL^tiii^^ to AwcricaH limits. 'Pile iirtt article has thcle words : " In this cafe '" the hmits of France^ on this fide of Acadia^ " fliQuld be reilraincd to the i iver St. George.''^ Durir.g (IXjcen Anne'^^ war with France^ feveral attempts were made to recover Noi-a Scotia j but at length-, in 1710, general NuFolfon \vd.s fcnt, who reJiiced Fort Royal ^ and brought Nova Scct'id once more under the obedience of F.ng- land. On examining the commiffion of Suher- (tijje-j the governor from Lewis XIV. it was found to be addreO.i'd thus, '' To Daniel Auger de *' Suherc^jfc, Knight of St. Lewis^ governor of *' Acddio.y o\ C^pe Breton., the iflands and lands " adjacent, from Cape Rcjier of the great river " ^SY. Lazvreneey as far as the eaft parts of ^ini- *' bee.''' And, in an obligation for fafe con- dud to the EngUfJj., who v.ere to convoy him to Fra7ice, he itiles himfelf governor of Acadia^ (yc, in the fame terms with his commiffions. From hence we fee that, notwithftanding the formal agreement in 1700, which fixed the bounds of Acadia at the river St Croix, the French, in their commiffions given to the go- vernors of Acadia., ftili kept up their claim to the ancient bounds affigncd it by Lcjiis XII [. after the treaty of 6"^. Germain : As if they made fuch agreement only to ferve a prefent turn, without any defign of keeping it longer than they thought it for their conveniency not m onceai, h coaft )m the 30, to limits. his cafe rge. . , feveral 'a i but IS fenf, if £;zo- ' Siiher- s found '//^fr de irnor of id lands iat river fe con- oy him Acadia^ niffions. ing the xed the ?f.Y, the the go- claim to if they L prefent It longer veniency not I 43 ] not to break it •, and their condudl fince has verified tais remark. Not long after this, negotiations for peace were let on foot \ and on June the loth, 1712, Leivis XW. propofed to give up " Placcntia *' Fort^ ail Newfoundland and its fiihery, the " ifles of St. Mnrtin and Bartholomew, if " Queen Anne would confcnt to reltore Acadia^ *' of which the river St. G>(^rg-^llioald thereafter " be the bounds.'* But Queen Anne, rejecting that offer, infilled that all Nova Scotia Ihould be given up, and its name inferted in the treaty, as well as that of Acadia ; likewife that Port Royal, lately taken, fhould be exprefly mention- ed : which things were accordingly done in the i?th article ot that treaty, in the following terms •* " Art. 12. The mod Chriftian King " (hall take care to have delivered to the Qiieen * Dominus Rex Cl.riflianinimus. eodem quo pads prefen- tis rati habitioncs comnuitabunrur die doniin:e rt-gir.ffi Viagiia: B itannia; literas tabulafve, folenncs et auihenticas tradendas' CJrabir ; quarum vigr)re iniulani St. Chnltophoii per fub- diro.-; Eritannico?, fi^il!atim de hinc polfiJendam, Novam Scotiam quoque five AcadiaiTi totain, iimitihus Jui< antiquis comp\henfi.im, ut et poitus rcg'i urbem, nunc Annapolia i'^egiam dii^am, caifeiafqiie omnia in iiii- regionibus quae ab iiiJeni terris ct iniali pendent, unaciin earundem infularum terrarurrt et locorum douiinio, propticia'e, polTeiriorie et quO' cuh'IHi; jurf, Jive per pa,Ua, fi'ue alii mod') qui^fito, quod Rex ChrillianiHimab Coioiiae Gallis aut ejuiclem labditi quicunque ad diftas infj'as, ter'as et !oca eoiomqae incolas ha<^enu9 habuerunr, Reginx Magnse Brirannis ejuTdemque coronas in pe p tuum cedi confUbir ettraribfcrri, proviteadem omnia nunc cedicac transfeit RexChrillian'iiimu-, itlo le tarn amplis modo et fb ma, ut Regis Chiiftianifiimi labuiiis in ditHs maribus finubii?, aliifqiie locis ad littora Nova^ Scotias, ea nempe quae Eiiriim refpiciunt, intra triginta leucas incipiendo ab infula viilgo Sable dida, eaque iuclul'a et Africum vcrfus pergendo, omnis pil'catura interdicatur. « of (( «( (( cc c< cc cc c« cc cc cc «c cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc [44} of Gre^i Britain on tlie fame day tliat the rati- fication of this treaty fliall be exchanged, I'olcmn and authentic letters or inftrumints, by virtue whereof it Ihall appear, that the ifland of St, Chrijlophers is to be pofTefled alone hereafter by BritiJJj Suhjetls •, likewife all Nova Scotia or Acadia^ with its ancient boundaries ; as alfo the city of Port Royal^ now called Annapolis Royal^ and all other things in thofe parts ^ which depend on the faid lands and ijlands ; together with the dominion, pro- perty and poflefllon of the faid iflands, lands and places : and all right ivhatfoevcr by treaties^ or by any other way obtain' d^ which the mofi Chrijlian King, the crown of France, or any the fubjeSis thereof have hitherto had to the faid iflands, lands and places, and the inha- bitants of the fame, are yielded and made over to the Queen of Great Britain, and to her crown for ever, as the moft Chrijlian King doth at prcfent yield and make over all the particulars above-faid •, and that, in fuch ample manner and form, that the fubjefls of the Mofi Chrifiian King fliall hereafter be ex- cluded from all kind of fifhing in the faid feas, bays, and other places on the coafts of Nova Scotia •, that is to fay, on thofe which lie towards the eafl, within 30 leagues, be- ginning from the ifiand commonly called Sable, and thence ftretching along towards the fouth- weft." It was thought now, by a treaty fo ftrongly worded, and in which the name of the country ufed by the Englifh, as well as French, had been inferted, that all pretence for cavils or difputcs would have been prevented : but in 1719, the French the ratl- :hanged, rumt^nts, that the polTefTed Ukewile i ancient r/ Royaly her things ''aid lands ion, pro- ids, lands y treaties^ the. moft e, or any ad to the the inha- ind made n^ and to ijiian Kijig er all the in fucb fubjedts of ter be ex- 1 the faid J coafts of lofe which agues, be- nly called g towards "o ftrongly lie country , had been or difputes 1719 the French [ 45 3 French began to raife objeflions about the bounds of Nova Scotia^ and conimiflioners were appointed \ but thofe on their fide did not meet. The reafons why, are not mentioned : but we fuppofe it was, becaufe they were afliamed to offer the obje6tions communicated to them, if they were fuch barefaced falfehoods and ridi- culous quibbles, as thofe mentioned by Charle- voix and his followers : for France^ to be fure, has men of honour, as well as other countries. However that be, it may be prefumed that Mr. William De UJJle, the King of France's principal geographer, had inllrudions to curtail the limits affigned by the Engliflj to Nova Scotia ; for in his map of //;«mc<3, publiflied in 1723, he re- ftrains the name of Acadia to a little lefs than the peninflila, which, in his maps of North America and New France^ publifhed in 1 700 and 1703, as before mentioned, he had extended over more than one third part of the North Main, I This condu(Sl: is not to be w^ondercd at in Mr, De VJjle^ who took all occafions to defraud the Englijh^ fo far as he was able to defraud them, of their rights. In the two maps laft cited he hath exhibited Acadia two thirds lefs than he ought to have done, according to the authority of Champlain, and the fubfequent grants of his Kings, corroborated by treaties. But I'uppofing this to have been owing more to want of car- rying his refearches deep enough, than to dcfign, we have not room to think fo favourably of him, wich refpe6t to his map of Louifiana^ pub- iilhed in 171 8. For he has there transferred all Carolina to his ov/n nation, by inclofing ic within the green line, as part of Louijiana^ altho', .-^-^ m I J 1:46 ] altho', in Ms map of Mexico in 1705, he places it among the EngUjh territories. '1 o luppoit this bold geo^',raph!cul cie{)redation with a co- lour c>t juitice, iindtr the name of Carolina he writes •■' Tlut it was ib called in honour of *' Charles IX by the French \ who dii'covered, " took p jfleirionof it, and fettled there, in 1 5 ." By the defect in the date, Mr. l)e Vljle lecms on this occafion to have depended tor the whole on his memory, w'hich doubtlefs had deceived him. In Laudonniere^ voyage we meet indeed with a fort built by him in 1564, at the mouth of the river May^ which he named La Caro- line \ but not one word of giving that apptlla- tion to the country. Our neighbours are very dextrous at either expanding, or contrading ; for, whenever they pleafe, they can turn a fingle fort into a large country, and reduce a large country into a piece of coaft. The author of the late fix flieet map of America^ has taken notice of his infinrerity in fupprefling the king- dom of ISlew Albion on the weft coaft of Ayiie- rica^ and changing the name of Bay Sir Fran- cis Drake, into that of Si. Francifco. I fay of "mceritv : for in his map of the countries map fjuatedto the north weft^ made in 1696 *, he in- ferts the country of New Albion, and gives to the port the coun name of Francis Drake, The condudl of other French geographers, fince the treaty of Utrecht, with refpe(5t to the country in queftion, is no lefs repugnant to the preceding authorities than that of Mr. De Uljle. Mr. Bell.n, in his map of New France, made in * It makes the third of the particular maps publifhed by his brother Jos. Nicholas de L Jjle^ the aftronomer, in 1752, on occafion of jhe difcoveria to the n.rtb of the 'South Sea. fmw TJTS-' iu '■ Atrr aggs-v ray, a^^r ^ s^ r ; - ■^im.m .:^ c places luppoit h a co- 'olina he nour of covered^ ni5 ." lie recms le vvbole deceived t indeed le mouth M Cnro- apptlla- are very Tading j 1 a fingle : a large .uthor of as taken :he king- ; of Aine- Sir Fran- I fay of I countries \ *, he in- gives to ►graphers, 5t to" the ant to the Be VlJIe. , made in publifhed by !ei, in 1752, Quth Sea. [47 1 1 744, for Ckirlevoix^s hiftory, gives to the pe- ninfula the name of Acadia^ and to the Ncrlb Main that of Nova Scolia : whereas he ought to have given to the whole eithtr one or both of the names, in order to make his map agree with the accounts of the earlieil voyagers, and the rej^Lilations of treaties. Mr. Bti/i/i, in his map of the fame country which he puWillied the year following, detached irom Churk-voix^s, hiftory, has omitted the name of Nova Siotia, and left the nothern main without any name, or without fupplying it, by extending that of Acadia over the whole. Nor does Mr. Danville on this occafion ap- pear to be lefs perplexed and at a lofs than Mr. Bellin. In his map of America^ publiflied in 1 746, he divides the country fouth of St. Law- rence x'lwtv^ by a pricked line carried north from the well bounds of New England^ to 46 degrees of latitude, from whence it runs near eaft by north, through the country to the gulf of Sl Lawrence, where it terminates about lo miles to the north of the ifthmus of SbegniktOy and Green Bay, The country to the north of this line, which contains above two thirds of the whole, he allots to France, by colouring \t green : but gives it no particular name, only by intruding into it the laft letter of the name of Canada, he would poflibly confider it as part of that country ; which yet originally was, he knows, confined to the north fide of the river St. Law- rence^ and only one of three provinces into which that country was divided. Fie does the fame by the country fouth of it, aflign- ing to it the name neither of Nova Scotia nor Acadia \ which laft he confines folely to the peninfiila, H 1] Mf. ll I [48 J jicninfiila, but afcribes both to the En^hjh {\o^ inhiioiis, by colouring them red. This repVcfentatlon of the country in que- flioii, is lb very inconfiftcnt with the authori- ties above mentioned, that one woukl ahnoll imagine Mr. B^Anzille had truftcrd to Cbarlcvclx's report of things, inftead ci^ having had recourfe to the original authors. 'I'his is the more proba- ble as he has not given the name either ot Neva Scotia^ or Acadia^ to the north- main or any part of it •, and by this means the portion which he allov/s to the Engi/fi), becomes tlienamelefs pro- vince to be found in Charlevoix, as hath been before obferved. Our remark feems to be farther confirmed by the alterations. Hill more inconfiflent with thofe authorities, Vv'hich he hath fince made, in the late impreflions of the fa ne map *, having twice contracted, inflead of enlarging, the bounds of the Engliflj poircilions in Nova Scotia or jicadia. The firfb time he rellrained them to the peninfula, by drawing the red line through the ilthmus of Sbegnikto : by the fecond caltration he reduces the Englijb pretenfions to little more than one half of the peninfula; by drawing the partition line from Shidahtiktu ox Milford^ through the country Ibuthward of Minns bay, to the north v/eil coaft. But, as thefe alterations are marked by pricked lines, and the firft pricked line is not erafed, who knov/s but they are miftakes in the colouring .? or if not, that on the better information, Mr. D\4nville may reftore to Englip^ by a third ftroke of the pencil, ib much as he has deprived them of by «-he two firft, if not to all Nova Scotia^ or the coun. v fouth ef 'TTTHiLr-.-^-r ST. ^7 :-^— }ghjh do in que^ author! - i almolt arlcvcix^s . recoil rfe re proba- • ot No^-a any part which he elefs pre- ach been :onfirmcd [lent with mack, in I •, having he bounds Scotia or em to the ough the caitration ittle more awing the ^, through ly, to the rations are •ft pricked they are that on the ^ reftore to 1, lb much r two firft, jn. V fouth /[ 49 ] of St, Lazvrence river ; as from his known cha^ rader of integrity I am ptrfuaded he would have done, had he met with the pafTagc of ChamplaiH fo often mentioned. As he has not done ir, I take it for granted, that it did not occur to him : nor can 1 other- wife account either for the bounds afligned by him in the firlt imprefllon of his map, oir for the alteraiions made in the fecond and third. For if he was acquainted with the limits given to Acadia by Cba?nplain, or claimed by France in all her treaties with En^ldnd, in confequence of the treaty of Si. Germain^ I cannot cdnceive how he could have afcrib.d to Acadia no greater extent of country in the firft imprelFions of his map; and if he had judged the objec- tions darted againft the treaty of Utrecht to have been «>f any weight, I am as much at a lofs to conceive how he came to give it fo much. On the other hand, if he was not fenfible of their weijht when he firft publifhed his map, I lliould be glad to know upon what grounds he came to be better fatisned fince ; and how it happened that he was not made fenfible of his miftakes all at once, but was obliged to alter his map twice upon the occafion. Thefe confidcratlons induce me to believe that it was for want of fulficient information ; for whether he made ufe of Denys^ or depended on Charlevoix^ he could not find his doubts re- folved by either : for the firft, as hath been ob- fcrved, did not meddle with the bounds or divi- fion of Acadia into provinces-, and the bufinefs of the latter was to puzzle and miftead, not to inform. In fhort, without confulting Champlairij E fo I I >\ b [50] fo as to cUfcover the palTage in view, he could not decide with certainty, touching the ancient limits, or rather the mod ancient liiiiits, of th& country in queftion : for this reafon I will not charge the alterations with vi(^(;6iio Acadia^ made in the feveral editions o\ Mr. UAnville'% map, as done with a finifter view, to injure the Britijh intereft in that country, by diminifhing its bounds •, altho' perfons whofe enquiries go no farther than the maps, may be induced thereby, on the opinion which the world has juftly entertained of his knowledge and abilities, to believe the late encroachments of his nation, in that part of- A^nV^ atleaft, to be juft. '. ■ ' 'Tis true, that Mr. D^Anville, in anfwer to a charge of marking the bounds of fome Britijh dominions in America amifs, exprefles a fur- prize " That any body ihould imagine a thing of this kind done by a geographer, could be either of prejudice or advantage to the rights of crowned heads*." I am furprized at it, no lels than he -, for it would be ftrange in- deed, if the bounds of kingdoms, any more than the Rtuations of places, were to depend on the arbitrary will of the geographers : that would' be to have kingdoms at their difpofal. But then, 1 fee it has been the cafe ; and at this inftant the maps but juft now mentioned are produced as arguments, to fupport the French allegations. 'Tis hoped however, that for the future, thofe things will not be offered as proof, which fo eminent a geographer has declared to be no proof; and has demonftrated to be none, by varying in a few years fo often, and every time * See Mr. D anvil U\ letter, fur unc copie de la carte de I'Air.er. St-pteiit : aji. Mem. Franc. Mars. r;5i. p. 135. fo tc t( 4( : could ancient of the will not I, made nap, as ; Britijh ing its go no -eby, on ertained ; the late part of- wer to a e Britijh \ a fur- 2 a thing :r, could I to the prized at ange in- ny more epend on lat would But then, lis inftant produced legations, jre, thofe which fo to be no none, by very time I la carte de p. 135. fo [5t] foconfideraDly, from himfelf. In cffe(fl, to? Hedge the authority of difcording geographers, forafcer- taining the bounds of Acadia^ would be as ri- diculous as to undertake to do the fame from the triangular form of the peninfula, which I have been told fome have adually done. Nor is it at ail unlikely : fince, after what has been re- marked of Charlevoix and his followers, there is no extravagant demand or aflertion ; no iiiconfillency or chicanry, within the compafs of invention, which the French may not be capable of having rccourfe to, when they have any favourite point in view. But to proceed, Other late geographers have gone farther ftill in this pradice of curtailing the Britijh territories. Mefs. Jos. Nicholas de VJJle^ hxo- thtr o( PFiUiam^ and Buache the latter*s fon-in-law^ who fucceeded him in the poft of premier geogra- pher, in their general map of the new difcoveries to the north of the fouth fea^ publifhed in 1752J feem to follow the tripartite divifion mentioned by Charlevoix, as before cited ; and Mr. Robert, in his late map of Canada 1753, the quadrupar- tite divifion, lathered by the fame author on De- nys, orelfethat wild conftrudlion which he would fo abfurdly^ as well as falfely, fix on the words of Champlain : for that geographer confines the name ot Acadia to the fouth and we - coafl only of the peninfula*, with the addition how- ever of Port Royals to make it, as he thinks, conformable to the treaty of Utrecht. But why ihould he follow the opnion of two authors only (fuppofing it was their opinion, for wc have fhewn the contrary) when his guide in- formed him, but a little before, that Acadia, in the fcntiments of all the geographers and hifto- E 2 rians I i L I ■■'"f^ ■^jJt^^xaesiUMt 'I. ' w ■ I [ 50 rians who have written with accuracy, ir.cluJcs the whole peninfula ? muft I, on this occ^ilion, liippofc that he rejeds authority to obey orders ? Or, muft I apply to him the words of a certain author, , which were thought to have wanted an application : *' Whit difcoveries might not be *' made, it people would copy lefs, and give " themfclves the trouble to draw from the foun- " tain head* V* Had Mr. Robert followed that rule, and confulted Champlain himfelf, he could never have erred fo (hamefully as he has done in this fmgle inftanc^. But however confiderable this depredation may feem, it is but a trifle compared with ano- ther, which Mr. Robert to fignalize himfelf, we prefume, for his addrefs in geographical flight- of-hand, has committed in the fame map ; for by the title of it, he has made a feizure not only of that whole province, but of all the Bri- tijh territories in general. It runs thus, A map of the countries known by the name of Canada ; in whicl are difiingtdfloed the poffeffions of the French and Englilh. Mr. R. being an enter- prizing gentleman, was refolved to ftrike a bold llroke at once, and diftance all the other French geographers to fuch a degree, that it Ihould not be in the power of any of them to go beyond him. He was certainly in the right of it, when his hand was in, not to mince the matter : for the French may as well lay claim to the whole as apart. As to his afcribing the province of Ca- rolina to Canada^ which Mr. IFiUiarti de VJJle afcribed to Loiiif.ana^ or the impropriety of ex- tending the Name of Canada over all the BritijJo * See Journal CEconomioue, Zc^'t. i7;3, p. S8. dominions i53] clominions in America^ which in its original ftatc was but a fmall province in the neighbourhood of i^uehek^ as will be fhewn lower down ; they are but trifling inconfiftencies, which the French geographers think no impeachment of either their knowledge or integrity, any more than their contradiding one another fo enormoufly about the bounds of yfif^^/<2. Charlevoix forged feveral kinds of erroneous bounds for them, without declaring for any of them himfeif •, and they by adopting every one a different party, contradidt or difagree with each other. On this occafion, I may obferve, that, at the f^ime time they fecm to drive who fhall deviate from the truth, and curtail the Engliflj pretenfions mod, they, by their wide diiagreement fhew how much at a lofs they are what to fix on, and how little grounds they have for what they do. Their difagreement, which in reality at once difcrcdits and overthrows their fyllem, is a Suf- ficient refutation of what they would advance ; as well as a fufficient anfwer to thofe who would build their demands on fuch feeble and preca- rious authority. However that be, there is no doubt but Mr. Buache (who is fo fond of every produdlion of his own brain, that he will not part with one of them, however monftrous or deformed, when once his imagination has brought it forth ; and has aflually fallen out with his brother de Vljle for correcting fome of his errors) will, with due acrimony, refent this impeachment, of his father-in-law's inte- grity or (kill, by Mr. Robert^ (with whom alfo he is at variance on the fame occafion as with his brother,) and oblige him to reftore Carolina to l^otijfmna. In this, perhaps, he may have E 3 more ■m r. 54 ] more to fay for himfeif than he has faid, in his difingenuoLis and ridiculous defence of the bkin- dering fituation which he has given to the Rio de los Reys*^ and other places, in his map ot the ncw'difcoverics to the north of the South -lea. But it is time to return from whence we digrefied : Mud it not feem furprizing to every body, that notwithftanding by feveral treaties we gave Vjp No-va Scotia to the French^ when only Acadia was mentioned ; yet now they refufe to give back the fame country, tho' it was ceded un- der both names by the treaty of Utrecht ? But X\\t pretence for fuch Itrange redudtions is dill more furprizing, as it is taken from that very treaty which was made on purpofe to prevent any fuch pretences ; and from words which ab- fokitely deftroy them. The words, according to the original Latin^ are, " Novam Scotiam five *' Acadiam totam, Hmitibus fuis comprehenfam, " ut-et Annapohm •, that is, AW Nova Scotia ov *' Acadia with its ancient hmits, and alfo Port- " Rcyal." In thefe words, it feems, they have found out two forts of arguments, properly called ^ihbles^ by which they pretend to prove, That England is by the treaty intitled to no more than a part of the peninfula of Nova Scor tia, or the whole at moft, ..-.;. ^:^'^\ « \ ...!,■ : * For he places the moiitii of that river in rhe larjtude of 63 degrees, inlkad of 53, contrary both to the journal aicribed 10 De Fcnte, and the cxprefs defign of the vo.agc ; which laft objedioii, found in the Remarks before ina.ii- Ciicd, he for that reafon never takes notice of. _ -. 1 . . ! ' - . . « T| < , ' -, • The ], in Ills he blun- tlie Rio map of ith-iea. cnce we y body, we gave Y Acadia to give ded un- ht> But sis ftiJl lat very prevent hich ab- xording iam five henfam, Scotia or fo Port- ley have properly prove, d to no ^ova ScQ,' he latitude the journal e vo . ag(.- i ore niciiti- The . i 55^ . _ The firl^ is extorted from the words, All Nova Scotia^ or Acadia^ with its cmtient boundaries. The fccohd from the words, And alfo Anna- polis Royal. With regard to the firft argument, they pre- tend, that " the words Ancient limits refer fole- " ly to Acadia, whofe bounds originally being '* very fmall, thofe words were inferted by *' France to \\u\\t Nova Scotia."* ' v Now this allegation is made up of feveral falflioods. Firll, in affirming that the words ancient li- mts were inferted hy France ; whereas they were inferted at the inftahce of Mr. Secret^try St. John (afterwards Lord Bolingbroke) to Mr. de ^orcy. Whence it follows that they could not be in- ferted to limit Nova Scotia -, for the Englijh mi- nifters did not want to lefTen the Britifi pre- tenfions : r.or would France have futfered the v\2^xt\t o^ Nova Scotia ou\y, to be inferted after- wards, in the part which relates to the fifhery, if they had inferted the word Acadia here with any fuch defign. ., The fecond fallhood is in affirming that the ancient (by which are meant the original) li- mits of Acadia^ were very fmall ; fince, accord- ing to Champlain himfelf» the father SLud founder of the fettlements in Canada, as the French call him, they exceeded thofe of Nova Scotia in their firft eftabiifhment by King James I. in 1621. And fince that author, the firft who hath men- tioned the limits of Acadia, hath declared the river St. Laurence to be the boundary of that country, this river muft be confidered as its ( E 4 ancient f II Br I It! I [ 56 ] (incient^ or rather moft ancient limit, whether it had any other before his time or not. And here it muft be obferved, that the pof- feflion of this tedimony of Champlain is of great importance in the queftion •, as it will be a perpetual bar againfb the French claims, and a decifive anfwer to all objedions which may be grounded, on the words antient limits^ or any other found in the treaty relative thereto : fur what are a thoufand inferential arguments ^gainft one pofitive voucher ? Such arguments indeed, when the cafe will admit of no other, may be confidered as fair reafoning ; but muft be looked on as mere chicane and quibble, when fei; tp oppofe abfolute proofs. As therefore a clear teftimony or fa6l like this, is not be difputed, and is more eafily un- derftood than a courfe of arguments, we might fpare ' urfelves the trouble of dwelling any longer on this topic : but being defirous thoroughly to expofe thp injuftice and fallacy of the ob- jedion, we fhall undertake to Ihew, from thp obvious meaning ot the words themfelves, .^^ 1. That the words antient limits do not refer {oXtX'j to Acadia, ' v- 2. That in cafe they did, yet they would not limit or reduce thofe of Nova Scotia, I i 'i* • > ' J I 3. That fuppofing they did limit or re- duce Nova .^cotia, and the ancient bounds of Acadia were as fcanty as the French pretend, yet the Englijh pretenfions would not be leflen- cd thereby. . ' """' I. That bcr it e pof- is of ill be s, and 1 may or any ereto : iments iments other, t muft nibble. a like ily un- might longer oughly he ob- )m thp ot refer uld not or re- inds of retend, leffen- I. That [57] I. That the words ancient limits do not relate to Acadia only, or more to it than to Nova $cotiay is clear from the form of expreflion, and natural conftrudion of the words. For as the country of Nova Scotia and Acadia^ however difFerentordiverfified by fituation dimen- fions, or otherwife, before their union, become, by the words of the treaty, not only infeparably united, but alfo identified, or one and the fame ; Therefore nothing can be applied to either, as in their feparate Itate, but what mud relate to the whole in their united rtate. I. In like manner, the names Nova Scotia^ and Acadia^ however different before in their fig- nification, on account of the countries which they denominated, in virtue of the words of the treaty, become fynonimous, or fignify one and the fame thing : So that whatever is ap- plied to one is applied to the other, or equally affects both. And thus the words ancient limits, as well as the adjunct ally do not relate more to one than to the other. .. A In efFed, the words have the fame force as if they had flood thus. All Nova Scotia^ with its ancient limits^ and all Acadia with its ancient limits ; as they muft have ftood, had the coun- tries ceded been different in fituation : But as they were fuppofed to have been co- extended before, or at leaft one included within the bounds of the other, therefore the prefent form of ftile was ufed, which faves the repetition of the ^prds in queftioa, V , ;'' . V "i y ,1. I ;i--- ■■ ..,'» It Iri t 58 J It is for this reafon, that wc render the paf- fage l^ova Scotia or Acadia^ iviih Us ancient //- nitts^ rather than vjitb their ancient limits ; tor the Latin will admit of this way as well as thfe other -, and thus it mull be rendered, if the countries be confidered in their feparate Hate, as the French J on this occalion, would have them. ,,.... - , "^ II. It is evident then, that the ^orA^ ancient It- ffiits da not relate to Acadia only ; but in cafe they did, they could not limit or reduce Neva Scotia : It would only follow that Acadia^ according to its antient bounds, was equivalent fo Nova Scotia •, for thfe whole of both countries being ceded, as before fet forth, there could be no fuch reduction. But in cafe Acadia had been lefs than Nova Scotia^ that would make no alteration in the <]ut(lion : for the words unite or incorporate the two J they do riot curtail either in order to make one country equal to the other, they operate not by reducing Neva Scotia to the diminutive fize cf Acadia^ but by enlarging Acadia to the full extent of Nova Scotia. Where two countries of unequal bignefs afe unitedy will any body pre- tend to fay, that by the uniofv the iarger is re- duced to the dimenfions of the fmaller, unlefs fuch redu6i:ion had been exprefly fpecified in the article ? Let them produce an inftance of foch an abfurdity, if they can. The words taken feparately alfo declare in the llrongefl manner, againft any fuch meaning, with "Which they are wholly incompatible. On one hand, to apply the word all to either of the countries in queftion, under fuch fcanty dimen- fions the paf- icient It' nits -, lor II as th6 I, if the lie ftate, uld have - » ancient U- •, but in or reduce It Acadiny iquivalent countries ere could han l^oua on in the operate the IV to maice )perate not lutive fize o the full juntries of body pre- •ger is re- ler, uniefs ^'Gifted in inftance of :lare in the ming, with On one ler of the [nty dimen- fions I 59 3 fions as they are reprefcnted with by the French, looks more like jeft than earnclt. What moc- kery or nonfenfe is it to declare, that the whole of fuch extend ve countries is yielded, when only a piece of fea-coaft is yielded i not the hundredth part of the whole : A mighty all, truly 1 Rifum teneatis ? To fay all Nova Scotia or Acadia, that i , only a part of Nova Scotia or Acadia •, or elfe, all Nova Scotia or Acadia \ that is, all Acadia, and only a pare of Nova Scotia, is a contradidion in terms •, and yet one of thefe muft be the meaning in the fenfe ot the French, if they mean any thing. On the other hand, if no more be ceded than a bare coaft, or the peninfula, how can all, or the whole of both, be faid to be given up ? — And if all, or the whole of both be given up, how can it be pretended that only a part is given up ? It cannot be pretended, that Acddia, under fuch contra6tcd bounds, is equal to Nova Scotia \ or that, if only Acadia was yielded un- der thofe circumftances, all Nova Scotia was yielded. ' ... . ..; /.-v-. .'?:!■'. ^ The article being worded and fufferod to pafs in the prefent form, is a plain indication that the French minifler$ never intended to li- mit Nova Scotia, as is pretended. That all fhould be mentioned to be ceded by them, and only a fmall part intended, feems impofTiblr. If they had intended to limit, or reduce one country to the other, they would have taken fome other method, confiftent with fuch a de- fign, and not one fo very repugnant to it. They would not have faid, all Nova Scotia, or Acadia, with its antient limits, Ihall be ceded ; but, fo much only of Nova Scotia fball be ceded, as an- fwers % !•! 1 1 - m [ 60 ] .. . fwers to Acadia ; not in the mojl ample, hut in the mofi contracted manner^ according to its ancient limits^ which bpunds likewife would have been fpecified, nor would the expence of either words, or thought, have been much greater in one cafe than the other : but to fup- pofe things were intended in a light fo con- trary to that in which they appear, is to fay, that the French minifters thought one thing, and wrote another j that they did not undcrftand Latin or Grammar ; that they were afleep while the article was drawn up and fign- cd 5 or clfe, what will feem altogether as in- credible to the world, that the Englijh had for once outwitted them. , - ■ This confideration, likewife, would be fufH- cient to overthrow the credit of the aflertion, that the words Acadia^ with its ancient limits, were inferted at the demand of France^ if we had no other authority to prove the contrary, as before fet forth. In (hort, the only way to reduce Nova Scotia, by the treaty, to the limits they aim at, is to make appear, that, accord- ing /to its ancient bounds,it was no larger than Acadia, according to its ancient bounds j fup- pofing them to be fuch as they pretend. Charlevoix probably was aware of this •, and to obviate the difficulty, took it in his head not only to fupprefs one paflage of Champlain^ which makes the original limits o^ Acadia equal ar leaft to thofe of Nova Scotia, and corrupt another, in order to reduce Acadia to a bare coaft, but alfo to affirm, that Nova Scotia ori- ginally was no more than that coaft. But this, we prefume, none will be found hardy enough, like [6i] like the jefuit, to venture upon •» and, bcfidcs, the pretended limiting words are againft fuch a modification, as they fuppofe iVip^'<2 Hcctia to have been greater than Acadia. III. However, fuppofing, in the lall place, that we fhould grant Charlevoix, and his followers, all they contend for, and allow that the antieni bounds both of Acadia and Nova Scotia were no more than the fouth coaft of the peninfula ; yet it would avail him nothing, on his own prin- ciples, as fuch bounds would be quite out of the queftion : For by antient bounds they all along underftand moft antieni bounds ; therefore, to ufe his own way of reafoning on the fame occafion, cited at the beginning of this memoir *, ** Thefe are the fnofl antient limits j whereas the *' difpute between the Englifo and the French *' is about the antient bounds of Acadia or Nova •* Scotia:* Now it mufl: be confidered, that fince the time of thofe fuppofed fcanty limits, Acadia has often changed its boundaries. In Champlain^s time they were the river St. Lawrence^ and that of Pencbfcot. In 1632, Lewis XIII. ex- tended them weft ward to the river Kinibeki: By the treaty of^r^'^^^in 1667, they were re- flrained to the river Penolfcc} -, and by the treaty of Ryfwick in 1^97, inlarged again to the ri- ver St. George. So that the antient bounds of Acadia muft be one o\ the firft three determina- tions, any of which will give to England all which file lays claim to. Thus, by a blunder committed in the capital pomt, r.T well as in the reft, he renderi abor- tive * Fi-e 7, i f ! Ji- H M [62] rive his own iniquitous fchemf ; and lofcs all the advantages which he proiJofcd by the many ficrificcs which he had made of both his under- flanding and confcience, to bring it into the world. . , We have now, I prefume, refuted all the principal arguments raifed by the French on thefe words of the treaty under confideration ; but we muft not quit this head, without let- ting our readers fee, how ftrongly the Kr,glijh claim is fupported and enforced by the reft of the article. That the treaty fuppofes no fuch fcanty bounds to be ceded, as that author and his iollowers alledge, nor any thing lefs than the whole, both of Nova Scotia and Acadia, in the ampleft manner, and with their moft ex- tenfive limits, will appear from the extraordinary circumfpeftion which is fhewn in wording the article in general, more than is to be found in any preceding treaty on the fame occafion. England was not barely content with the men- tion of Acadia, as in the treaty of Breda, but, befides the addition of the name of Nova ^ctia, caufed to be infertcd every thing elfe v.hich could be thought proper for convevi.ig anJi fe- curing to her fubjeds the whole, without omit- ting any thing which might give occafion to future cavils. For France is obliti,cd to de- liver up all other things in thoje parts 'usbicb depend on the /aid lands and ijlands ; tog::ther 'with the dominion, property, a?id pojfej/ion oj the Jhid lands, ijlands, and places -, and all right what- foever, by treaties^ or by any other way obta'.ied, lihich the mafi Chrijlian king, tbe crozvn ^/France, cr any the fubjc^s thereof, have hitherto hr ' to the ijlands, lands, and places, or inhabitair of 4 the lofcs alt he many is iinder- nto the all the 'encb on eration : loiit let- t Etiglijb ! reft of no fuch ;hor and efs than adia, in [loft ex- ordinary ling the found in xcafion. le men- ic.^ but, 2 v.hich anvl fe- ut ornit- afioii to to de- 'J 'Ujbicb tog-ther n oj the obta:;ed, France, 9 he J to iiah" of the [ 63 ] the fame ^ which are yielded and made over to the ^een of Great Britain, f.nd to her crown jot ever. Now let me afk any unprejudiced foreigner, even a French man hiirilelt, whether it can poffibly be imagined, that lb much care was taJcen in drawing up this artic'e, fo many diffe- rent kinds of right as well as pollcffion men- tioned, and fo many llrong words employed tho more firmly to convey them, only to fecure to us a piece of coaft, or at moft the peninfula of Acadia^ which is not above one filth part of the whole? For it is clear, from the exprcfs words, that not only the whole of both coun- tries is to be delivered up •, but likewife all the lands, places, iflands, of each country whicli at any time the Frc^^xh were ever in poflefTiOJi of, by virtue of treaties or otherwife. Now, as it is notorious from the articles of feveral- treaties between Englaiui and France \ from the grants of Lewis XIII. and XIV. as well as other authentic atts, as before mentioned in thij memoir, that the French have at various periods, claimed and been in adlual pofleflion of all the country to the fouth of St. Lawrence river, from the gulf of the fame name to the river Penoh- fcot^ or St George^Sy what manner of doubt can be made but that England is intitkd to at leaft fo much by the treaty of Utrecht ? I. < That this is a true ftate of our claim, appears to be confirmed from the following fadts. On June the i oth 1712, Letais XIV. offered to yield up Newfoundland and other iflands to Queen /inn^ provided flie would confcnc *' to reftore Acadia^ of which i\\^ river St. George fhould C( (C iC i( ►-^ 'i; V% 1 ■1 '; ' r r ; [64] '^ Ihould hereafter be the bounds," as btioit mentioned : but the Queen being refolvcd that all the country between New England and the gulf of S(. Lawrence^ which (he was then in poffeflion of, fhould be formally yielded up and relinquilhed by France^ rejeded the offer : and is it likely that by the treaty of Utrecht (he Ihould give up yet more ? At the treaty of Utrecht all, and much more than what Lewis XIV. wanted us to reltore, was in our hands ; and It appears from the tranfadlions during the negotiation, that France efteemed Great Britain to have been in adlual poffeflion of the whole country of Acadia, By one of the preliminary articles of peace, figned in 171 1, " Each na- *' tioh was to keep, what at the publication there- *' of in North America they were poiTefTed of." Is it not ftraxige effrontery then, to pretend that no more was yielded up to England by the treaty of Utrecht than the peninfula, or part of it ? The French may as well fay, and in effed it is faying, that inftead of France yielding up all Nova Scotia or Acadia to us, we yield it up to them, by that treaty. In fliort, it appears from the tranfaftions of this affair, that the whole of Nova Scotia was infilled on by the Englijio minifters, without the lead redudiion i and by the treaty it appears that the whole was given up : and yet the French pretend, that by the whole is only to be underftood a part< contrary to the faft, and contrary to reafon. The fecond argument or cavil, alledged by the French^ is taken from the infertion of the words, rt«^ aljo Annapolis Royal: but to give this ar-* eument its full force, we fhall (late it in the words of [ «5 ] of their falfc oracle Charlevoix, who, after re- citing the quadrupartite divifion of the country Ibuth of the river St. Lawrence, by which Acf^dia is reduced to the fouth coall oi the pcn- infula, " Would not one fay,'* adds he, '• thac " the treaty-makers had in viewtheopinion of the " two moft ancient authors,in relation to Acaduiy '• [meaning Champlaln and Denys,- as he hath " falfely quoted them] when they declare, in " the treaty of Utrecht, That the mojl chriftian " King cedes to the Qiieen of England and her *' fuccejfors for ever^ All Acadia or Nova Sco- *' tia, conformable to its ancient boundaries, as " alfo the city ^/Port Royal noiJ!) called Annapolis '* Royal, and in general^ every thing which dc- " pends on the faid lands and iflands cf that ^'^ country? For fince this treaty adds Fort *' Royal to Acadia or Nova Scotia, it feems from *' thence to follow, that the whole peninfula *' was not comprized under the name of Ac ad: a ** proper or Nova Scotia *." To this it is anfwered, that what he would fallacioufly infer, does not follow, for the fubfe- quent reafons. i. Becaufe he fuppofcs, the plenipotentiaries took only Acadia or Neva Sco- tia, according to his own imaginary fcanty bounds, under their confideration ; whereas it appears from what hath been faid in the preced- ing article, that they had both countries r.. large in view. 2. Becaufe, if this argument be of any fignificancy. Port Royal was not comprized under the name of either Nova Scotia or Acadia j and then he furniflies a reafon why it ought to have been exprefly mentioned. In eifedt, as ♦ CharJtv. Hill. Njuv. Fran. Vol. I. p. 113, aad Vol. 2P 374 F It ^ I ] II' i II: if; ^1 tc C( C6 if [ 66 ] It was fomctinies annexed to the government of the North-main (particularly that name- Icfs government mentioned by Charlevoix) it might be confidered as a feparate diftridt from the peninl'ula •, and by virtue of this ceflion we arc intitled, by that author's own ihewing, at leaft to fo much of the North Main ?s fell within that nameiefs government of which Port Royal was the capital. 3. Becaufe Queen Anne di- reded Lord Privy Seal and Earl Strafford to demand, " that the French King fhould give up all claim, by former treaties or otherwife, to New Scotland^ and exprefly to Port RoyaU now in our pofleflion." This, I hope will be deemed a fufficient reafon for inferting the words, and alfo Port Royaly if there was no other. On this occafion I muft obferve, that in all difputes of this nature, which concerns the meaning of treaties, v.^hen any difficulty or doubt arifes, recourfe ought to be had to the tranfac- tions during the negotiation, as the mod proper way for removing or explaining them. Unlefs this method be allowed, France herfelf can Ihevv no title that ever fhe had by treaty to the country in qucftion, call it Acadia or Nova Scotia : which evinces how unfair it is to pre- tend to take advantage of fingle words in the treaty of Utrecht^ contrary to the obvious mean- ing of all the relt, and tenor of the whole. Having confidered the objedtions of our ad- verfary, I fhall make bold to point out a it\f corruptions, which may be called forgeries, which he has committed in the above citation from the treaty of Utrecht, The firft corrup- 2 tion [ f 7 ] t4on is in writing all Acadia or Nova Scotia, in- ftead of all Nova Scotia or Acadia. By giving Acadia the preference, he would infinuate, that the country yielded up was properly and llricft- Jy no other tha."v Acadia, and not Nova Scotia, farther than wha: might be comprii'ed of it in Acadia : that thus the words ancient boundaries became appropriated thereto ; and the bounds of Nova Scotia are governed by thofe of Acadia, But as the contrary is the caie, and ]^;cva Scotia is placed firll in the treaty j thofe advantages which in that fituation would have accrued to Acadia, muft be afcribed to Nova Scotia', and thus his fraud turns a^ainil himfelf. I I ; I' 5 was no Secondly, after the words Lands and IJlands, he has added of that country •, which words are not in the treaty. And vvhy has he done this ? Doubtlefs, becaufe he perceived the word lands might have reference to more than one country, that is, to both NovaS cotia and Acad.a, confider- ed feperately as didind countries. And in reality, altho' it was nerelfary, as thofe countrys were then united or fuppofed to be co-extends d, that the words fliould run in their prefent form, viz. All Nova Scotia or Acadia, yet, they might as properly be read all Nova Scotia and Acadia, as hath been already remarked, and as we find it exprefled in Cromwell's, grant to La 'Tour, &c. And therefore, fince by the treaty every thing was to be delivered up to England, which at any time had appertained to either of tlioie countries i withcut doubt tl¥)fe words, the faid Lands, three times repeated, refer to them, both jointly and feparately conlidered. For ochervvife, we ftiould only have found the words, the urid Land j which in ftrid propriety of fpeech, I ; t I- pgrce M I in hi ( ( 'I ill .1 > [ 68 ] agree better wiili the words Neva Scotia or ylcadm. I h;\vc yet one remark more to make on this occalion. In the inference which he draws tVom the words cited by him, he ufes the term Acndia p'ofcr^ which implies that there is an Acmiia in ^enerd^ or at large^ from which the IcfTer is dillinguiflied by the ysovd proper^ as it is ullial in books of geography, when a pro- vince bears the fame name with the kingdom, as we have aheady obferved. This Acadia at large, which our impartial author never fpeaks of, ii; Acadia in its ancient and moft extended Hate, as it cxifted from the firft -, that is, in the time o\' Cbamplainy or was fettkd by Lewis XIII. It is with this general Acadia that Charlevoix, and the French geographers, ought to have joined Nova Scctia, initead of the proper Acadia^ as he has done in confequence of two very falfe aflertions, viz. *' That the name of Nova Sco- " //^, in E^igUmd it felf, is given only to che " pcninfuhi ; and that it never extended over *' both the peninfula and continent at the fame " time." But as we have proved the contrary beyond exception, this alone ought to oblige them to retract their errors and corre<5t their maps. il! w iii< There is yet another claufe to be taken no- tice of, in the J 2th article of the Utrecht treaty, which contributes not a little to confirm all which we have faid with relation to the hounds and extent of hlova Scotia or Acadia, as deli- vt red up by the treaty. It is, that which con- cerns the filhery : tor by it the French are oc- cluded from all kind of fi/hing, within 30 leagues of Scotia or ke on this he draws , the term ere is an vhich the oper, as it en a pro- kingdom, Jcadia at /er fpcaks t extended t is, in the aCwis XIII. Charlevoix^ t to have per Acadia^ o very falfe Nova Sco- only to the ended over at the mme le contrary to oblige )rre<5t their taken no- ^echt treaty, confirm all the bounds ia, as deli- which con- mch are e^- 30 leagues [69 ] df the Jhore^ in the fcas^ bays, and ether places [that is rivers, ports and banks] 071 the coaji of Nova Sc{ii\2i^ ft retching along to the S. IV. of Sable (or Sandy) ifland. Obferve firll, that the nam(i of Nova Scotia only is iifed here, wliich plainly indicates what has been already innlled on, that the country or countries comprized under that name, was the obicdl which the Ircnch as well as EngUftd miniflers had chiefly in view. Secondly, the French are prohibited to fiffi not only in a fingle fea, fuch as waflies the coalt of the peninfula between the c.pcs Sabk aiid Canfo^ but alfo in all the fcas nidciiniccly, to the VV. or S. W.of the Ifiaiid S:ib!c : Among which is included that ot bJo'va Scoti..^ extc^nd- ing wellvvard from Sable ifland to the borders of Nc-:v England In like manner to Nova Scotia, within thofe aforefaid limits, belong the bays, not only ot' all iflcs. La Have and the like, which are found on the faid coail ; but alio the bays of St. Alary, Jnnapclis, Minas, Shignek'o, St John, and <^t. Croix, (all excepting the Hrft contained in the great bay of ylrgal or Fuifd) together v/ith that of Pencbfcot m.ore to the weit. Laflly, the words, on thofe 'whirh Jjc towards the eaft, imp'y that ti^cre were other coaits belonging to Nova Scotia, befides thofe under confideration. Now, as thofe referred to by the words above cited, include all which lie along the feas and bays to the W. or S. W. of JJle Sable', that is, all the coails both of the peninfula and the main, to the borders of New England, as hath been proved in the fecond remark -, confequently the implied coalls muft F 3 be w ! 1 W '. ll. t. B'. )■ m [70] be thofc within, and out of, the 5/. Lawrence bay. extending from Cape Canfo to Cape Rojiers, In cflfcdt the French^ by the claufe above-cited were tacitly p.rmitted to fifh along this coaft of Nova 'dcctia^ as not being prohibited from hilling in the feas and bays to the call or north of IJle Sable-, but abfolutely excluded from exercifing that bufinefs on any of the coafts of Nova Scotia to the weftward of that ifle, within 30 leagues of the Ihore. Having now done with the French demands on Nova Scotia •, it can not be improper, in our turn, to fet forth the more juft pretenfions which the Engiifi have to Canada. This I ftiall do on much better grounds than thofe on which Mr. Robert^ has ventured to comprize the Britijb dominions, under the name of C^«^^^^ without al- Jedging any authority for his innovation or inva- fion : nor can he, Tm fure, produce any good one. Some authors indeed have called the fame ex- tent of country New France, from FerazaMi*s difcovery, real or pretended, in 1524, which yet was 27 yf-ars pofterior to that of thit Cabots : but I do not remember that the name of Canada was ever given to it by any judicious and equi- table French geographer before Mr. Robert: and this I may venture to aflert, that his na- tion has no right of conqueft to thofe domini- ons, as the Englijh have to Canada, We ground our claim to this country firft, as being the prior difcoverers of all the north part of America^ from 34 to ^fS degrees of latitude under the Cabot s, in 1497. Secondly, in the intire conqueft of it in 1629, by Kirk, Thirdly, on the grant gf Cromwell in J 655, to De La Tour^ Sir Thomas Temple^ Lawrence e Rofters. ove-ciied ;his coaft jrohibited \ the call excluded \s of the rd of that ? demands )er, in our fions which 1 ihall do ; on which : the Britijb ^without al- ien or inva- ly good one. tie fame ex- 1 Verazani^s 4, which yet Cabots: but e of Canada us and equi- At. Robert: that his na- lofe domini- We ground IS being the t of America^ lertheC^^o/J, » conqueft of on the grant r, ^ix Thomas [ 71 ] Temple^ and others •, wherein a confiderable part, if not the whole, of Canada, is made over to thofe proprietors. If the French fhould fay, that Canadi was given up to them by the treaty of St. Germainy in 1632 •, we deny it, and infift, tiiat the places only were given up, and not the lands : for which we quote the authorities before menti- oned, of both King Charles I. and Crom'-jucU. Befides, in cafe both had been ceded, yet as the conditions ot that treaty were never tulfilled, particularly with refpeit to the fums of money made payable thereby, for that reafon, the whole is void. It is void alfo by the trefpafs which the French have new made on Nova Scotia^ according to the tenor of Queen Anne'*% manifeflo, difperfed in Canada in 171 1 •, when the expedition for the redudlion of it was on foot: wherein it is laid, " that C^;7^'i^ belonged " to the Engl'ijh, by priority of difcovery ; and *' that what the French poflelfed there, was by " grants from the Englijh, and confequently ** hold it only as a fief-, and therefore where " the pcfit^ffors turn enemies, it reverts.'* Now for my [>art, I know no greater fign of inimi- city, than to come and lettle in the midfl of their neighbour's country, not only without their content, but even by downright force. The French cannot pretend that the above recited realons arc weak or infignificant, who yet alledge as very folid ones, others which are not near lo (trong. But, in cafe they were as frivolous as theirs, they can have no objedion to them on that account. Nor ought they to F 4 have !■ Hfl'l bi y' ■I t --'ft [ 72 ] have Ids force than fclid arguments, if they vere not fuch, bccaiiic in reality the French are not intitkd 10 any : for with thofe who life chi- cane, chicane mufl: be taken for argument. Nei- ther can they pretend to alledge the fenfe and meaning of the St. Gamain treaty, againft the letter ol it; fince, altho' both fenfe and letter of the treaty of Utrecht be clearly for us, they will allow neither. . 'Tis true, altho' we all along were apprized of our title to Canada^ yet we fuflPered it to lie dormant, thro' a defire rather to lofc fome- thir.g, than to have difputes with our neigh- b(uirs : however, fincethe French have not only feizcd on the greater part of one province, and invaded another with repeated hoflilities, but begin by indired methods to lay pretenfions to the wh.ole Britijh empire in America •, they have fliewed th.e Englijh^ that it is high time for them to look to their interefls, and at the fame time put them in mind to revive their antient claim to Canada, Nor is this claim a noveltv, fiurted on the prefent occafion, but is a claim which England has always kept up, as appears from theclaufe \\\ Queen Anne\ manifello above recited. 7'hefc reafons I think, are fufficient to juftify our pretenfions to Canada, What fol- lows will fliew the vanity and impropriety with which Mr. Robert has included the BritifrJ do- minions in America, under that name. I therefore, in the lad place flia'l perform my promife, made p. 23 to refute thefalfe aflertion of Charlevoix \ *' that from the earlicit times the favages gave the name of Canada to all the cc 4( if they rench are o iil'e chi- hent. Nei- fenfe and gainll the and letter r us, they c apprized d it to lie ofc Tonie- our neigh- 'enot only vince, and ilities, but tenfions to they have 1 time for at the fame leir antient a novelty, is a claim as appears t'ello above "ufPiCicnt to What fol- priety with Byidfi do- )errorm my Ife aflertiori rlicll times ifiadii to all " the [ 73 1 ** the country on both fides of the river [of *' Canada or Si, Lawrence] particularly from its *' mouth to Saguenay" This the hard-mouth*d writer ventures to affirm, without the Jeaft proof to fupport his words; on occafion of Cartier (or the writer of his voyage, who was with him in 1534) faying, that the country does not begin to be called Canada, //// you come to she ijland " of Bacchus [now Orleans'] near ^ebck. In this he fays the relator " is moft certainly wrong ;*' and having proved it with a moft im- pudent ipfe dixit, above recited, then drops it. Indeed that was all the beft of his play, nor durft he enter farther into the queftion : for Car- tier exprefbly fays, that Canada was a country or kingdom, lying between thofe of Hojhelaga (where Mont Real, now is) and Saguenay -, and Mr. Roberval was afterwards appointed by the King of France governor of them, as fo many different countries. From hence we learn two things : firft, that Canada was originally fo far from being the ge- neral name of the country, on both fides the river, or even of that at prefent focal led ; that it was no more than a fmall part or diftridt of it, on the north fide of the river only, whereof Kebck was the chief town : fccondly, ihdiX. Canada ^ inltead of lying from the mouth of the river 6"/. Lazvrence to Saguenay, lay to the weft of the country of Saguenay (fo called from the river which ftill bears that name) which therefore lay between it and the mouth of the river, 250 miles dirtant, if it did not extend f) far. What abandon'd principles muft the m i\ be of, who can afiert fo miiny glaring falfehooas, as we have expofeci, which may be lo eafily confuted ? But .9 it I r 5 ple think ' zeal, lb t i which fourbcrie early to the river :h might )f Canada ver, they Lefcarbot er, " that es fhould about he or Cafpe'] ailed La- hat name, at a vaft 60 miles, n, would nk of the r Cartie}\ the fame of Cana- mbtlefs a icicnt tra- nong the t certain ' Chaleurs 'iier^ and often re- >, here is Ince then rencbmetty 29- thefc [ 75] ** thefe latter concluded that Canada was the <* name of the country*." On this talfe foundation fome geographers give the name of Canada to the country, which in De Months patent of 1603, is termed Gafpe or Gafpefta^ as it has been generally called ever fince. fViiliam de UJJle obferving the incon- fiftency of placing a colony of Canadians at fuch a diftanci^ tiom Canada ; and on the other fide of the river, with other nations of Indians and countries between, in his map of New France^ or Canada^ publifhed m 1703, reilores Gafpcp,a to it's ancient place, and tranfplants Canada from the eaflern to the weflern corner of Nova Scotia^ fouth of ^ebek : which, tho* ' more confidently fituated than Lefcarhot\ Ca- nada^ is not, for any thing that appears, at all more real. Thus, we think it is fufficlently clear from what has been faid, that the name of Canada was never given to the country fouth of the river St. Lawrence, or to any part of it ; neither was the whole river it fclf, any more than the country to the north, called Canada from the firft, even by the French : for as Canada was ori- ginally but a part of that country, fo the river was called Hojhelaga from the country of Hofbe- lagay before it took the name of Canada. In a word, the country fouth of the river Si. Laiv- rencey being inhabited by different people, the feveral parts of it took names according to the nations among whom it was divided : but it is clear from the teftimony of Champiain^ that from the firft the whole went under the denomi- nation of Accdiffy whether given to it by the * CbazUv. Hift. de la Newv. Ftun. Vol. i. p. g. Jndiaiu »M [ 76 J ' Indians or French. This name was confirmed to it, and its limits cllablifhed by Lewis Xlil. in 1632 or 33. From this time we find the name of jicadia conilantly given in treaties to the country yielded to the French \ and as both the main and peninfula were always given up, tho' no other name was ufed ; hence 'tis plain all Nova Scotia was comprized under that denomination, unlefs the French can fhew that, under the name of Jicadia^ nothing beiidcs the peninfula was given up. • In fhort, there needs no plainer confutation of Charlevoix^ aflcrtion than this, that the coun- try fouth of the river St. Laurence does not at prefent go by the name of Canada among the Frenchy nor is it fo denominated in their maps, or indeed by any general name ; neither has that author told us when the name of Canada (if it ever had fuch) ceafed, or what name took place of it. .. With regard to my ftri-flures on Charlevoix^ I prefume no reader, who is a friend to truth and juftice, will think me too fevere on a man who proftitutes the two facred characters of di- vine and hiftorian, to ferve the caufe of impof- ture ; and is capable of forming the infamous defign of violating treaties, and defrauding a nation in amity with his own, of a confiderable country, by the groflcft falfehoods, quibbles, and prevarications which perhaps ever polluted hi- llory. The French themfelves have reafon to execrate both him and his legend, (which hence- forth they ought to fufpcd in every thing) fince firmed to Xlll. in f Acadia country nain and no other va Scotia 1, unlefs name of as given ■ ^ ■: [77] •. • . fince his defign was evidently to embroil them with their neighbours, and draw them into an unjufl war •, without the Icaft real ground or colour on their fide. By inventing fuch palpable falfehoods, he betrays their caufc inftead of de- fending it : and eftablifhes the evidence of the treaty of Utrecht in favour of the EngUJhy by the means which he hath employed to defeat ifutation le coun- s not at long the ir maps, :her has Canada me took I N I S. arlevoix^ to truth I a man s of di- impof- ifamous iding a iderable >les, and Jted hi- :afon to 1 hence- thing) fince ERRATA. p. 3. 1. 5. for Cartior r. Cartier. p. 4. 1. II. for 162; r. 1621. p. 8. 1. 2. dele called. p. 13. 1. ult. for Nova r. Novas. p. 46. 1. 20. after has r. in his Remarks, p. 48. remove the from the end of 1. 31. to the end ofl. 32. p. 50. 1. uk. for Mem. r. Merc. p. 57.!. ^. for Country r. Countries. p. 58. 1. 20. after eithr put a full ilop^ I',' I V '0 jfujl publiJJoed by T. JePFERYs, Geographer t6 His Royal Highnefs the Prince of IVales^ • I. 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