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 BRA OF THE FORMATION OF THB HISTORIC LBAOUB 
 OF THB IROQUOIS. 
 
 BY j: 
 
 r 
 
 N^^Bf'H 
 
 EWITT. 
 
 In his " Systems of Consanguinity and Afiinity of the Human 
 Family," page 151, Mr. Lewis H. Morgan, speaking of the league 
 of tlie Iroquois, says: "As near as can now he ascertained the 
 league had heen estahlished ahout one hundred and fifty years 
 when Champlain, in UKM), first encountered the Mohawks within 
 their own territories on the west shore of Lake (leorge. This 
 would jilace the epoch of its formation ahout A. I). 1459. . . . 
 According to their traditions, which are confirmed to some ex- 
 tent hy other evidence, they had resided in this area [the present 
 limits of the state of New York] for a long period of time hefore 
 the league was formed, and had at times made war upon each 
 other." 
 
 This deduction is based mainly on traditions obtained from 
 the Senekas and the Tuskaroras. In 1875 Mr. Horatio Hale* 
 was informed by the Onondaga chiefs resident in New York 
 state that " it was their belief that the confederacy was formed 
 about six generations before the white peojde came to these 
 parts ; " they had met to explain to Mr. Hale their wampum 
 strings and belts. Reckoning twenty-five years to a " genera- 
 tion " and assuming the " white peojjle " to have been Hudson's 
 men, in 1609, Mr. Hale reaches the identical date obtained by 
 Mr. Morgan. Considering, however, how untrustworthy tradi- 
 tion is in matters of chronology, such exact accordance in results 
 unsupported by historic records does not materially strengthen 
 the probability that the date reached thereby is the correct one. 
 
 It is very doubtful that " twenty-five " years were ever consid- 
 ered as a " generation '• by the Iroquois in computing time, but 
 it is certain that they did reckon by the " length of a man's life," 
 which may be assumed to be about 60 or 70 years ; and it is not 
 unlikely that the Onondaga chiefs in 1875 put forth a mere con- 
 jecture, not wishing to be thought ignorant of their past history ; 
 
 *Iro<iuoi8 Book of Rites, page 178. 
 
62 
 
 THE AMERICAN ANTHROI'OLOOIST. [Vol. Vlf. 
 
 I 
 
 HO that 3r»0 or 420 years more nearly meet the requirements of 
 the Onondiixan Htatement than does Mr. Hale's 150, and of 
 oourHc an epoch for the formation of the leaf^ue aiitedating 1(K)9 
 hy 3<)() to 42>) ye:irs is not to ho oonHidertul. It was evi«lently u 
 blind gnesH of the genial chiefs. 
 
 David Cusick, the so-called historian of the Iroquois, who was 
 undoubtedly conversant with the traditions of the Iroquois as 
 well as with the so-called wampum records, says, in his " Sketches 
 of the Ancient History of the Six Nations," that the confederacy 
 was formed " perhaps one thousand years before Colunibus dis- 
 covered America;" but of course his reasons for this belief, as 
 Mr. Hale aptly says, "do not bear exaniination." 
 
 It may be worthy of remark that the linguistic evidence found 
 in (^jsick's work shows conclusively that practically all the his- 
 torical and traditional information put forth by him had come 
 from the mouths of the annalists of the Five Nations or Iroquois 
 proper, and not from Tuskarora sources. This is what Avould 
 be expected, for the reason that the Tui^roras, being an extra- 
 limital people with regard to the Iroquois proper, could have 
 had only a very general idea of the genesis and history of the 
 league and its constitution and of the post-ethnic, mythologic, 
 and legendary lore of the northern branches of the Iroquoian 
 linquistic family. 
 
 Events which are known to have occurred between 1650 and 
 1656 ai)peared to Cusick and his informants to have been syn- 
 chronous with the discovery of America, for he tells us that the 
 Eries were conquered " about this time." Cusick wrote in 1825 
 and the defeat of the Eries occurred in 1656, or 169 years before ; 
 hence, Cusick by making the latter date synchronous with the 
 discovery of America in 14'.)2 places it 1()4 years too early. Here 
 tradition with its wampum records is more than 160 years 
 astray regarding an event so recent, comparatively speaking, as 
 the overthrow of the Eries. In other words, the defeat of the 
 Eries occurred 169 years before the time Cusick wrote, and yet 
 he and his co-annalists err bj' 160 years regarding the date of 
 that event. What then must be the confusion in tradition con- 
 cerning a transaction which occurred perhaps 75 years earlier 
 than the defeat and dispersion of the Eries? 
 
 It is thus seen that the dates of the formation of the league 
 deduced by Morgan and Hale from oral tradition alone are un- 
 
 U . Marcns Baker 
 ©. O. 'OL 
 
[Vol. Vlt. 
 
 Jan. 18«4.] KOKMATION OK THK IROtil'OIS LEAOl'K. 
 
 iiirement« «>f 
 
 150, and of 
 
 edatiiig 1WH> 
 
 J ovideutly a 
 
 lois, who was 
 ) IroquoiH aH 
 litt " Sketches 
 i confederacy 
 olumbu8 dis- 
 ;hi8 belief, as 
 
 r-idence found 
 ly all the his- 
 lini had come 
 18 or IroquoiH 
 I what wouhl 
 sing an extra- 
 jr, could have 
 history of the 
 [', niythologic, 
 the Iroquoian 
 
 veen 1650 and 
 lave been syn- 
 118 us that the 
 wrote in 1825 
 ) years before ; 
 »nou8 with the 
 
 early. Here 
 lan 160 years 
 ly speaking, as 
 e defeat of the 
 wrote, and yet 
 ng the date of 
 
 1 tradition con- 
 5 years earlier 
 
 n of the league 
 1 alone are un- 
 
 tru.stworthy. Tradition alone cannot fix it with any degree of 
 probability. The socalled wampum records arc mnemonic but 
 not chronologic, and ho are not to be truHted to crttablLsh dates. 
 
 In con.sidering traditional Htatements a distinction must be 
 made between the tradition relating to fact or doctrine and the 
 tradition relating to rites and cerenumies ; the tradition c(»n- 
 cerning fact or doctrine, being handed down by word of mouth, 
 is oral, and the tra<liti()n of rite antl ceremony, depending largely 
 upon observation for its preservation, is ocular. Tht; relation of 
 the most simple fact, as it passes from mouth to mouth, is dis- 
 torted, and after a time becomes so changed that it has scarcely 
 any oemblance to its first forn). Hut it is different with cere- 
 monial observances. These are seized and retained by the sight, 
 the most faithful and accurate of our senses. They are imitated 
 until imitation becomes haViitual ; and habits when once formed 
 are changed or eradicated with difficulty. Nothing is more cer- 
 tain than that many customs prevail among nations and com- 
 munities for which they are wholly unable to account, their 
 prevalence l>eing due solely to traditional observance which does 
 not concern itself with nnitters of chronology. This, then, is the 
 difference between oral and ocular tradition. The fact or doc- 
 trine may be oljscured or lost in the current of time, while the 
 ceremony or outward observance of it is transmitted nearly or 
 quite unimpaired. 
 
 The first mention of the Five Nations or Iroquois proper is 
 probably that made by Jaoquea Cartier in 1535, when he men- 
 tions in some manuscripts the " Trudamani " or " Toudamani." 
 and " Trudamans," who wore evidently no. other |)eople than the 
 well-known " Tsonnontowanens " of later writers. The latter 
 was one of the names given the Iroquois by Huronian tribes in 
 later times. Of the " Trudamani," Cartier asserts (in 1535) not 
 only that they " do war continually among themselves," but 
 also that " they allowed us the skins of five men's heads spread 
 upon boards as we do use' parchment. Donnacona told us that 
 they were skins of Toudamani, a people dwelling toward the 
 south, who continually do war against them. Moreover, they 
 told us that it was two years past that those Toudamans came to 
 assault them ; yea, even into the said river." Again, at Hotih- 
 elaga, he was informed that " there be Agouionda, that is as 
 much as to say, evil people, who go all armed even to their 
 
64 
 
 THK AMKKICAN ANTIlRoroUMUHT. [Vol. VII. 
 
 u^^^. 
 
 fingor entlH. . . . Thoy gave uh alno to underHtiiiid that t»i<»Ht^ 
 AKouionda do coiitinually war one iinaiiiMt anotluT." Tlif wonl 
 "Attouion«la"iH evidently tho Iroquoirt " oftkhiyo»thil'," wliich 
 Hij?nifieH Ififn xtrike uh ; luiiico our imnihintH. It Ih prolml)!*' that 
 on(f and tho same people waH desi^'iiated }>y tlie wordn " Touda- 
 mani " and "AK<>"i<>"'''i." i^""* ^'"^^ t*''** •""*••'•' ^as the Iroquoiw. 
 He dewTibea a Htate of deHultory warfare between the people 
 living on the St. F.awrenee and the " Toudamani, a peoph* dwell- 
 ing toward the south." There is, however, no hint given of the 
 existence of a league. 
 
 No league or confederation of peoi>loH wan perhaps ever formed 
 without a sufHcient motive in the nature of outside pressure. 
 That the Hurons were in possession of the St. I^awrence watcTshed 
 above and below the Saguenay river is evident from Cartier's 
 narrative, for he met two hundred i)ersons speaking llunm- 
 Irofiuois fishing at(Jaspey. It is probable that the Irociuois 
 Avere constrained t!> form the league to withstand the assaults of 
 the Hurona and their Algonkin allies, for it is more than likely 
 that such raids of the Iroquois as that mentioned by Cartier 
 would provoke and incense the Hurons and their allies to seek 
 means to avenge their wrongs; and we should find evidence of 
 the existence of the league in a more aggressive policy of the 
 Iroquois conseiiuent upon their political union for self-preser- 
 vation. 
 
 In lfi22 (;hamplain was informed at a peace ci)nvention com- 
 posed of Hurons, Algonkins, and Iro(|uoi8 that these i>eople 
 were tired and fatigued by the war which had then lasted for 
 " more than fifty years." Lescarbot, believing that " the change 
 of language in Canada" was due to " a destruction of people," 
 says, on page 170 of his Nova Francia (London, lOOt)), " For it 
 is some eight years since the Iroquois did assemble themselves 
 to the number of 8,0()0 (eight thousand) men, and discomfited 
 all their enemies, whom they surprised in their enclosures;" 
 and again, on page 290: " By such surprises the Iroquois, being 
 in number eight thousand men, have heretofore exterminated 
 the Algoumequins, them of Hochelaga, and others bordering 
 upon the great river." 
 
 Thus it appears by the quotation from Champlain that m 
 lfi22 the war of extermination had then lasted for more than 
 fifty years, going back to ir)72 and perhaps 1560 as the date of 
 its commencement. 
 
[Vol. VII. 
 
 1 tlmt thoHe 
 The word 
 hit'," wliich 
 •olmble that 
 *Ih " ToucJa- 
 he IroquoiH. 
 1 tlie poople 
 eoph; (lw«fll- 
 jfivon <)f the 
 
 ever ft)rtried 
 (le proHMure. 
 i<e watersljed 
 ■om ("artier'H 
 i'xwii Huron- 
 the IroquoiH 
 10 assaults of 
 ; than likely 
 id by Cartier 
 allies to seek 
 I evidence of 
 policy of the 
 jr self-preser- 
 
 vention com- 
 these i>eople 
 len lasted for 
 " the change 
 n of people," 
 609), " For it 
 le themselves 
 d discomfited 
 enclosures;'' 
 rotiuois. being 
 exterminated 
 ers bordering 
 
 plain that in 
 for more than 
 18 the date of 
 
 .Ilill. mn] KORMATION ((K TMK IIUKiCOIH MCAdll':. 
 
 6S 
 
 The exaggeration as to th(> numlicrs of the Iroquoian warriors 
 reconlfd by [.cscarbot was evidently put forth by tlh van- 
 quished peoples, who consoled their vanity by assigniiiLr the 
 cause of their defeat to the overwhelming luunbers of their 
 enemies rather than to a lack of courage on their part. 
 
 The foregoing citations, denoting a serious state of war, it 
 setiins to me, are indicative of a newly formed league, and make 
 it probable that its formation was subse(|ucnt to the middh; of \ 
 the sixteenth century (lo')!)). This inference is supported by 
 tradition, and, small as is tlu; value of tradition as a basis of 
 Mcienti.'i'' research, it is by no means to be despised as an A 
 adjunct. The Rev. (". TyrlaeUH, who was formerly (about 1744- 
 17''>0) a missionary among the Mohawks, who lived long with 
 the lro(|Uois. and who was well acquainted with their language, 
 is (juoted by Heckewelder, in his "Account of the History, 
 Manners, and ('u.stoms of the Indian Nations." as follows: "The 
 Rev. {'. I'yrlaeus, in his manuscript book, page 2;^4, says: 'The 
 alliance or confederacy of the Five Nations was established, as 
 near as can be conjectured, one age (or the length of a man's life) 
 before the white people (the Dutch) came into the country. 
 Thannawage was the name of the aged Indian, a Mohawk, who 
 first proposed su(;h an alliance.'" It is not an easy matter to 
 a.ssign a <lefinite number of years to the expression " one age " 
 in the foregoing citation, but, taking all things into considera- 
 tion, I think that (M) years will be within ten years, one way or 
 the other, of the historical value of the mooted expression, and 
 we may assume, I think, 1G09, in which year both French and 
 Dutch were met by the Iroiiuois, as the probable date when the 
 " white people came into the country," and by this reckoning 
 we obtain lo-TO as the most probable date of the formation of 
 the league, which is deducible from the precarious factors now 
 at hand. 
 
 Connnenting on the identification with the Dutch of the 
 " white people " mentione<l in the citati(»n from Pyrlaeus, Mr. 
 Hale (Book of Kites, i)age 179), says that this "is probably 
 wrong. The white i)eople who first 'came into the country' 
 of the Huron-Iroquois nations were the French under Cartier. 
 . . . The presence of this expedition, with its soldiers and 
 sailors of strange complexion am' armed with terrible weapons, 
 must have been known to all the tribes dwelling along the river 
 
TIIK AMKKM'AN ANTIIK(>l>«)MMi|HT. 
 
 [Vol. VII. 
 
 .^# 
 
 nixi would imtunilly nmkt^ an «'|HH-h in th««ir (-hronolo^y." lUit 
 it iH floulitftil wliftlitir tliu Kivo Niitii>nH Icncw arytliin^ doHnito 
 iihout tilt! Cartior oxiuMlition wliich luid viHiUni tho turriioriuH 
 only of tiieir mortal enoniii'H, tor HUch knowlodKu could liav« 
 conio to theni only hy the va^uo licarHuy of oaptivuH, and it '\h 
 not prohahl** that HUch prucariouH infortnatiun " would naturally 
 make an epoch in their chronoloji;y." 
 
 Tho inforenco from the prcrtuniptivo evidence in tnir poHHCH- 
 'Hion in that the " white people " mentioned hy PyrlaeuH and 
 either hy him or hy Ileckowclder identitied with the DuUh, 
 were only a part of the " white people " wht) were firHt met dur- 
 ing the year UM). 
 
 Again, on page IHO of the volume cited, Mr. Hale sayH : " If 
 when the Dutch tlrHt came among the lro(|Uoi8 the confederacy 
 ha«l exiHted for only ahout eighty yeant, there nniat have heen 
 many pornouH then living who had personally known some of 
 itH foundorn." But we have no proof that there were not 
 " many " such personw " then living," for the early Dutch were 
 far more solicitous ahout profils of harter than f(»r ethnologic 
 data, and so it is not in the least strange that they have left us 
 scarcely any trustworthy evidence regarding the institutions of 
 the people with whom they traded. 
 
 " It is,'' he further says, " (piite inconceivahle that the cloud 
 of mythological legends which has gathered around the names 
 of these founders . . . should have arisen in so short a 
 term as that suggested hy Pyrlaeus." But, in the first place, it 
 is overlooked that the founders of the league were all men re- 
 puted to he skilled in the arts of sorcery and the supernatural, 
 and, secondly, that their language of statecraft dealt very largely 
 in metaphor, allegory, and in striking symholism, and, lastly, 
 that common tradition, unhampered hy written records, would, 
 in attempting to eulogize the achievementa of their heroes, in a 
 short time transform such material into confused mythologic 
 legends hy c()nfounding the acts and sayings of their heroes 
 with those attrihuted to their gods. 
 
 Mr. Hale believes it improbable that in the brief period 
 which bas elapsed since the date suggested by the tradition 
 recorded by Pyrlaeus " a fourth part of the names of the fifty 
 [original, forty-eight] cliiefs " forming the first council would 
 have become " unintelligible or at least doubtful in meaning." 
 
[Vol. VII. 
 
 Lgy." Hut 
 
 n^ doHnito 
 territoritw 
 loulil have 
 H, ami it Ih 
 \ imtumlly 
 
 lur {HMHeH- 
 rlnuuH nixl 
 the Dutt-h, 
 it met dur- 
 
 Jan. 1804.] FORMATION OP THK IHOgUOfS LKAOt'E. 
 
 er 
 
 9 says : 
 
 If 
 
 confederacy 
 have heen 
 WW some of 
 e were not 
 Dutch were 
 ■ ethnologic 
 have left us 
 ititutionH of 
 
 it the cloud 
 I the namea 
 
 8o short a 
 irst place, it 
 
 all men re- 
 upernatural, 
 very largely 
 
 and, lastly, 
 ords, would, 
 
 heroes, in a 
 
 mythologic 
 their heroes 
 
 In the lirHt place, there \h no evidence that many, much Ichm a 
 '• fourth ■" part of the namcM nicntionc<l have conic to Im> iinin- 
 telligil.lc or doubtful in meaning, and. in the second phu-c, it 
 i« very unlikely, though upon thi,H point direct evidence is want- 
 ing, that a .single name was Mpccially coined at the time of the 
 eHtahliHiiineiit of the league ; no that it i.s quite prol.ahle that all 
 the namcrt may have long antedated the coimtitution of the con- 
 federacy, and they may have aluo inherited the prestige and 
 tales wpringing from the heroic or other acts of their former 
 possessors. 
 
 liHstly, in the legend nn-iting the events contemporary with 
 the con.wititution of the league and leading up to its formation, 
 the different tribes of the Inxpiois art( represented as dwelling 
 in the same relative local positions which tln-y held one to 
 another when they first became known to transatlantic people, 
 it does not seem probable that they could have held these same 
 relative positit.ns had the le.-igue existed since the mi. Idle of the 
 fifteenth century. Successive migrations necessitated by their 
 environment would have changed much the relative situation 
 of tribal habitats one to another. 
 
 This examination of the argumentw for and against the date 
 of the constitution of the league suggested by the tradition 
 recorded by Pyrlaeus makes it probable that this date was 
 between looO and 1570. 
 
 brief period 
 ,he tradition 
 i of the fifty 
 uncil would 
 n meaning." 
 
■•g m^t4( ' i'^ ' ^MjMii !i siiMm ii s^ m', 
 
 .IfMi^ ' H ' - ' ' '