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yZurre$s and Counfer-Currents 
 
 i 
 
 IN 
 
 Canadian Notifies ! 
 
 OK 
 
 A BlilEF ENQUIRY INTO CERTAIN FACTORS 
 
 WHICH TO-DAY DOMINATE POLITICAL 
 
 LIFE IN CANADA. 
 
 
 BY 
 
 D. R. MOORE. M. D. 
 
 FREUERICTON, N. B. 
 
 DAILY (tLEANER STEAM EOOK AND JOB I'KINT. 
 
 1898. 
 
^ 
 
 L 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 \ 
 
 1 
 
 K 
 
1^. 
 
 s 
 
 CURRENTS AND COUNTER-CURRENTS 
 
 -IN- 
 
 Garvadiarv politics. 
 
 From a cansnal survey of a decade of doniestio events it 
 would appear tliat in (Canada, to a large extent, the honora- 
 ble and dignified profession of politics has <legenerated into 
 a mere trade ; and success — as determined by the present 
 staiulard of emolument and profit, rather than by the criter- 
 ion of unsullied honor and trust, by which it was formerly 
 distinguished — largely depends upon the extent of individual 
 attainments in the arts of chicanery, insincerity and dissimu- 
 lation. 
 
 While this is, in a large measure, unfortunately true, there 
 is, however, a considerable body of worthy men engaged in 
 political life, who. Pericleslike, scorn the merely mercenary 
 opportunities of their profession ; who, by virtue of the high 
 order of their intelligence and integrity, adorn the sphere of 
 their calling, and ^' hose repute<l virtues exercise a salutary 
 influences over a large number of ambitious aspirants to legis- 
 lative careers. 
 
 In Canada the political profession is paramou);t: literature, 
 art and science seem (|uite subordimate to this widely pie- 
 vailing, popular pui'suit, and, therefore, it naturally connnands 
 a powerful influence in the formation of a national sentiment. 
 I'he ennobling effect exercised by our universities and colleges 
 upon many of our young men seems to become wholly lost 
 when they enter the assemblies of state; the rapturous impres- 
 sions formed from early acquaintance with the heroic and wise 
 of the world's history appear to fade; self-interest, association, 
 or prejudice, as the case may be, ministers to their case, in- 
 dependence is surrendered — often integrity as well — to the 
 
rrnnKsr^ a xd rorxTJ'jncrnn/'Jxrs! 
 
 (loiiiinfitioii of Toi'ies or Wliius, Conscrvativi's or UberaJs., 
 !uul ill the lij;!'^ "^ p^'i'ty interests alone lai'gcly conduct their : 
 (klil)eratiouH. 
 
 This (.'oiidition of iillaii's is, pcihiips, more fully illui-trated 
 
 ill our Federal than in onr I'rovineial aHsenihlies. At the 
 
 present time the transactions of Parliament are fr.'ely, though 
 
 seldom fairly, ])ul)lished in puhlic press, M'herelty tlie mass are 
 
 daily a(;(iuaintt!(l witii its deliix-rations. Solely from ])arty 
 
 .Npii'it these proceedings are fi-e^juently eharacti/,ed hy the most 
 
 ungenerous rivalry : and the fre«|ueney of the.se exhiliitioiis 
 
 has engendei'ed a i.:ommendahle indifference to many ti-ying 
 
 instances of ])ersonal aspersion, Mhieh, a century ago, would 
 
 doubtless have sought redress in pistols at twenty paces. If 
 
 a so-called ^shig promotes a n^easure which suggests the sligh- 
 
 est departure from the conventional methods of his IJritish 
 
 ancestors, his tory o[)ponents will proViahly charge him with 
 
 disloyalty. If, upon the other iiand, a tory advocates a 
 
 scheme in the light of the traditional lielief of his party, his 
 
 whig adversarys may im])each him with servile admiiation for 
 
 ancient examples and disrespect for the rights of the ])eople. 
 
 While We deplore the baneful conse(|Uences of modern 
 party ism the necessity for the existence of legitimate })arli- 
 amentar} divisions is fully apparent. No one can reasonably 
 imagine a legislative body, at once intelligent and serviceable, 
 which, under all circumstances, could exist as a unit of thought 
 and a unit of action. No, diversity of opinion and dissen- 
 tient discussion are the means employed for removing the 
 husks of dou])t and obscurity, in order that we may reach the 
 kernel of a just conclusion. It is the boast of the age that 
 nowhere to a greater extent than in our halls of state aluiund 
 the same privileges of liberty and freedom in discussion; and 
 nowhere are these same (pialities more elo(iuently exercised. 
 In no other field of pursuit of an equally honorable and 
 responsible character, does the legal standard of admittance 
 exa(;t of the candidate less stringent qualilications oi intellect 
 or estate. And nowhere do we find greater examples of per- 
 fidy and dissimulation, or the more frequent occurence of un. 
 fulfilled pledges and unredeemed obligations. Not that we 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 s, 
 
1 
 
 IX (WXA/ilAX ro/JT/f'S. 
 
 'A 
 
 I't'liictiintly coiidoiic tlu'se oH'cnce.s, wi-rc tlu-y uis tlii-y aic not, 
 meri-ly tlu* fuultsof iuiniiiii invsohition and liuniiin al)<.'n'iiti(>n. 
 But they jiro most frt'(|iu'nlly tlu* coni^eitMU'c oHriinj^s of tlie 
 high pill ty (Icvotc'i! npon the alter of nuxleru ])olitiual party- 
 icon. ThuH, in the dihi-haif,'*' of an oH'i(.'o of a most exalted 
 position of citizenship, in perfoiinance of the functions of a 
 ino&t Haci(jd appointment of state, we i-ontinually obseive politi- 
 cal nurslings, who i-ej^ard duty to the exigencies of paity as 
 primarily imjioitant, and concern in the measui-e itself <|uite 
 suboi'dinate. 
 
 The cardinal vices which, to-day, tarnish the i-eputation of 
 the once uohlest of vocations have heen ac(]uired wholly 
 through repeated occui-ences of party rapacity and i)arty cu- 
 pidity. Within the j)ast two decades, with hut few exce])tions, 
 the mo£jt nf)tahle exain))les of [)u))lie injustice and public ()p- 
 pressi<(n are traceable rather to party zeal than to defective 
 legislative sagacity. And in Canada to a greatei' extent than 
 elaeMhere within IJiitish dependencies can l.e discerned the 
 domination f)f this illusive ])arty influence If, for example, 
 we turn to the Ki'itish I'arliament, where partyism luul its 
 birtli, and wherein have beeii discussed the most nuunentous 
 subjects that evei* engaged the human mind, whei e, u])on broad 
 lines of intelligent an<l honorable procedure, the possible vir- 
 tues of partyism have been most freely exercised an<l enjoyed, 
 kve find that during a whole session of her national deliber- 
 
 S^tions, unless in bills of a pi-ivate character, stiictly party di- 
 isions have been unknown. If, during periods of incessant 
 utional activity, a salutaiy and harmonious spirit has so 
 haraoterized transactions of such vital import, why has party 
 in our land acipiired the [haughty dignity and sacredness of 
 i caste V 
 
 In Canada a so-called loyalty is the recognized standard, not 
 Ipf political, but of party fidelity, and, in political circles, pos- 
 sibly no word in the Knglish vocubulary has suffered greater 
 berversion of meaning, or acquired a more idiomatic 
 
 
 Wutation than this wo'd "loyalty." In the profession of 
 Ipolitics it has about become the monopoly of one party, and 
 
 1 
 
 in 
 
 dth a certain class, during an election campaign, its constant 
 
< 'i'/:/!j:.\'rs a xd i^ocsTFJi- ccl'/h-jxts 
 
 ifitt'iiitidii as a rally iiij.' niuasnri' is tnuiid to Ik* as t'tl't'ctive as 
 tilt I'anioiis Slu^Mii wai-ciy of the Scottish Hitililaii(l e-iiicfs. [ 
 Tln' \ jrissinnlcs of a rciituiy liavt' not yot suhdiicd the liaisli 
 la!i,miiiift' ^\itll wliii'li Dr. .jolmsoii oxprcsst'd liiiiiself coiicnu- 
 iii^' tin; (joMti'Miporary tiMnleiicy of tlu; terni "patiiotism;"' ami 
 u'»' a|)prclu'uil that the t'tiuliti; histoiiaii of uiiotluT cciituiy 
 ht'iicr, whilt! <lii'('i'tiii<,' his rt'scarchos into the politic-a! litera- 
 ture of oui- tinu' will 1m! no less ania/ed at tlu; niarvellons elii- 
 eaey of tin; eann)ai}rn ery of loyalty than at the credulity ot 
 an age that pern\itted the praetiet.' of such inipostuie. 
 
 In ])olitical ])arlanee, loyalty, as 'rh*)nias ( arlyle onee ol>- 
 served i!oneerning lil)erty,.re(juires a new detination. A gen- 
 eration ago Kii>kin told a j>iitish ainlienoe that the meaning' 
 of loyalty is faitlifnlness to law; but to-day we hear a gieatl 
 deal of another sort of loyalty peculiar to (an- own times, and^ 
 which is all very well, for loyalty, when wisely indulged in, is 
 under all circumstances a most connnendahle (juality. Hut 
 loyalty a])pears to West advantag(; at home, and with the in- 
 dividual, since whatever tends lawfully to enhance the inter- 
 ests of the individual and the connmniity tends also in degree 
 towar<ls the consuunnation of national prosperity. It is well to 
 exhort men to be loyal, as it is also to bid them be chaiitable 
 but these votaries of loyalty inculcate dogma and doubt befon 
 they ofler instruction, lint when homage to ])arty becomes' 
 confounded with devotion to country, and political sophistr), 
 has the credulous ear of the masses, we are no longer surpriseti 
 to tind the po])ular mind possessed of such heiesy. This ill^ 
 conceived notion of loyalty constitutes the cardinal vice oi 
 IKirtyism, and is eo-extensive with the-length and bi-eadtli o' 
 the country; and he who has once publicly espoused the juin- 
 ciples of a party and afterwards wanders from the faith of its 
 teachings is by its apostles hailed as a turncoat and renegade 
 and any attempt at independence of choice oi- of action is likeb 
 to win foi- him the re})utati()n of an ind)ecile oi- a coward 
 As with a Mahonnnedan dervish the more vehement his decla 
 mation and gestures the gi-eater will be his success an<l lenowi 
 so with the other fanaties, the more they extol the repute. 
 
 merits of their party the greater the distinction they will ac 
 hieve. •' 1 
 
IX CAXA/}IAX I'OLITK'S. 
 
 » 
 
 n 
 
 Tlius \v(j |)'3rc(!iv(! is (triiiiiuitud what is o>jtensil)ly rugiii'(le(l 
 lis a most pitiiotic uiid noMt' HoutiiiK'nt, l»iit one wliioli inaLso 
 iioMt ])iett'uti(m!4 and false. A stniliinent that proscrihos lih- 
 ii'ty and fiX'(!(h)ni, throui^di vvliiuh ah)Mu mankind isenahh'(l to 
 ittain its lii^host possihilities — asentinKMit, indeed, finding no 
 es|)(»nse Hive in the pernicions ideal vvhiehgave it hirth. Al- 
 ftno.^t every spyeies of political ort'eneo is traeealile to the ex" 
 '^cesses of "pii-ty loyalty," and thousands of the electors of this 
 <5ountry ai'e continually hecondng the .servile dupes of its 
 delusive innovations. 
 
 There is however another party method — an invention of no 
 modern date, hut one which has in recent times ac([uired notori- 
 ety for the infallii)le celerity with which it can accomplish the 
 Capitulation of the minds of the niasses. 'i he tactics which 
 we have ali'cady hrielly considere<l, if at all understood to 
 jirouse reflection, aj)peal to the reason, which, not unlike aoom- 
 ])lex mici-oscope or sextant, the uninstruct'Ml nuiss knows not 
 liow to advantageously emj)loy. lint patient instrnction may 
 ,^o l)urnish that (hu-mant faculty that it nuiy finally shed ;i, 
 Ji<H)L'fid gleam of intelligence and the error he I'cmoved. liut 
 mvlien an appeal is addi'essed to the j)assion and sense ? there 
 l^nay he kiiuUed a lieree flame whicli innnediately consumes 
 #in I extinguishes reason, and leaves its mortal temple dese- 
 ^reated and bereft of that humanity and sym])athy, which 
 JPire the divine pledges of man having been created in the 
 likeness of his ( Jod. 
 
 It has ]»een observed that all's fail- in war time; Init the truth 
 is, never was there a more dangerous axiom spoken. During 
 |)easous of national hostilities there may be pernutted a wide 
 latitude for diplomatif indul; "nee, but fliere also are lines 
 peyond which to encnoa^h won, be to i»ie»"' the gravest perils 
 I— the compact of interi atioual i.<'aties nn\- ^ be inviolate. To 
 mtonly invade the s- uctity of ti. it which ministers to tlie 
 ||^)iritual hope and the spiritiuil life of (,'hristia i num is to-day 
 %n offence that knows no ])alli tion. 'V) deliberately influence 
 iiyhe minds of fellow-men with a malevolent and acrimomious 
 spiiit of religious aversion and religious animosity is to under- 
 
6 
 
 CrRREXTS AXf) COUNTER-Cr liliKXTS 
 
 mine the institutions of society — to ilisclaini tlie monitions ol 
 conscience. 
 
 These calumnious reflections upon the adherents of the 
 Roman Catholic faith must no h)n^ei' contir.ue. Tlie institu- 
 tions of our country have fostered a democratic spiiit that 
 permeates every avenue of oui- national existence, and which dc 
 crees that moral and intellectual (jualitications alone shall 
 constitute eligihility to office or position, and depraved and 
 ignoble is the mind that fiom mere aversion of creed would 
 deny his feliowcitizen a position of honorahle trust. 
 
 A fallacious impiessira seems to he abroad among Protes-1^ 
 tants, which regards the appearance of a Catholic for public 
 position as a signal that some sinister object by his co-religi- 
 onists is about to be privately sought. Tliis misappi-ehension 
 is, in many cases, directly traceable to anotlier still greater. 
 There are in existence certain institutions which profess to 
 labor for the maintenance and dissemination of the Protestant 
 faith, and which, also, are p(t])ularly credited with entei-tain- 
 ing. at least, an unaniialJe attitude towards the op])osirt- 
 branch of the (•hristian religion. Thousands are possessed dt" 
 the o])inion that these societies thus constitnte the sacred re- 
 positories of the Protestant faith, and when the oppoilune 
 momont arrives to accomplish some important pnr])ose, their 
 less scrupidous adherents giid on the sword of sectai-ianism and 
 give the signal for batMe. 11iese become the willing vassals 
 of astute i)olitical manipulators : tj>jjir numbers ])ecome 
 rapidly swollen by additions of territied people, who, in the 
 delirium of excitement, otler insolence and repi-oach to their 
 unotfendiug Catlu.lie fellow-citizen and neighbors. 1Mie con. 
 sequence invariably is that society becomes <lisorganized : thr 
 amenities of friendly association become estranged, and aver- 
 sion and distrust are reinstated : and religion itself has been 
 made the scapegoat of disgraceful party jugglery. 
 
 When this matter is dispassionately investigated there will 
 be found liHle to M^arrant such fallacious conclusions. On the 
 contrary, it will be observed that the Protestant statesman 
 Mdio, in the discharge of his regular duties, with fair-n.inded- 
 
 ■K 
 
 
 u 
 
 ^ 
 
IX CANADIAN POLITirS. 
 
 r 
 
 ness and justice, seeks the legitimate interests and welfai'c of 
 the Catholic people, invaiia))le receives a full nieasuie of their 
 confidence and grateful esteem. Take, foi' example, a notable 
 case in Ireland. Possibly never in the history of Irish legis- 
 lation has there been an individual -though nursed in the 
 bosom of the church — who, by the Catholic people, was re- 
 garded with greater admiration and homage than Charle^^ 
 Stuart Parnell, who eningly fell by the way-side ere his great 
 battle was ended. Still more recently we have another illus 
 tration of tins spirit of confidence and faith which is being 
 manifested tovrards our compatriot, Edward Blake. 
 
 The vindication of the Roman Catholic element of the 
 population, in this relation, calls for no polemical discussion. 
 In the exercise of rights of citizenship they mu&t ever enjoy 
 precisely the same privileges of Protestants. Canada recog- 
 nizes all citizens as veritable peers of her realm, and ':he great 
 (juality which distinguishes the governments of to-day from 
 the govennnents of the ancients is tliat of IJenelicence, and 
 the intelligence and libertj' of the present will never again 
 ])ermit a test-act to opj)ress the statvte book of a nation. 
 Can it be Eho^^n that either the inlei-ests or the existence of 
 a faith, which, in devoted ministration to its ])eo])le, has with 
 such marvellous pi'ospeiity and vigor survived the \icissitudes 
 of nineteen centuries, would, to-day, be mater-ially aflfected by 
 any legislative favor or recognition \\hich might be accorded 
 it ? Or, can it be shown that the nund)er of her adherents 
 wouhl be lessened, or the secular endowment of her organiza- 
 tion be reduced, if the test-act of Charley II was restored? 
 Assuredly not one iota I " But," answers someone, " I am 
 still persuaded that the Catholic chuich, through appeal or 
 coercion, seeks advancement in restraining mental de- 
 velopment ; that it protests against the state education of its 
 youth, and is altogether intolerant of the modern public; 
 school education." This, if true, is certainly a most dis- 
 couraging testimony to the advocate of eciual rights. liut we 
 (]uestion the whole postulate, and in so doing we must bear in 
 
 mind the various factors which have operated in the social 
 and intellectual development of man. 
 
cr nines rs a xd co uxrEircrn ni'jxrs 
 
 !t is historically iulinitted that the himp of iiLstnuition. 
 which, tor fointecii hundred years, had, with clear solar liuiit 
 illuiniuattMl the Chri.stiau W(»ild, and which she ])erniitted none 
 to extinguish, was during several sul»se(jnent centuries, from 
 mistaken and ill-founded a])prehension, suffered to shed hut a 
 feelile ray of light within her ecclesiastical empire. \\\\\ 
 rhroughouV the record of mankind, from his earliest existence 
 fai- into the stag.; of his higliest civilization there also a])|)ear 
 countless exam])les of erroi', o])})i'essi()n — nay ])ai'l)arous inhu 
 manity, whicli like; a loathsome erui)tion on tlie surface of his 
 history, painfully rendnd him of what has ])een I 
 
 'The truthfulness of tiris ))rece))t isalumdantly illustrated in 
 the iiistory of all nations and communities of nuiu, and no- 
 wlierc more fully than in those nations which have ])een the 
 pioneers of intellectual anil religious freedom. 
 
 Tliib l>eing true, it becomes us to ascertain from jiroximate 
 sources the present attitude of the Catliolic Church in relation 
 to the matter of education; and this can alone l)eaccomplisiicd 
 hy seeking an accurate measure of her tolei'ation. However, 
 we nnist avoid the error of confounding with the toleration of 
 the church instances of individual narrowness and illil)erality 
 of r.'ind of mi-vi[>prchensi()ii uud doubt. In the civil govern- 
 ment of nations these san\i; (pralities have been ])roductive of 
 the gravest ill, and in ecclesiastical all'airs the consecpiences 
 liave been no les>5 disastrous. For example, in the sixteenth 
 century, we hml an arlntary standard of the chm'ch's toler- 
 ation in the illiberal treatment accorded Calileo^s discovei'ies, 
 in whieli,as one of h(!i'most devoted nu-mbers, Pascal obsei'ves 
 she exceeded her powei' in so doing. 
 
 lint an acciu'ate measure of lier present toleration can be 
 found in the famous Mount Handlton observatory, recently 
 erected in California, through the princely muniticence of her 
 zealous son, the late millionahe- James Lick. The welfare of 
 a eonununity is imperille.l in propo.tion as the light which is 
 .lawnmg upon all sides is resisted; and the light of the church, 
 which tor a period grew dim, now sheds abroad a brilliant 
 lustre rcrleeting the highest and most liberal culture of the 
 
 ''**-*«<te^. 
 
IX CAXADIAX POLITICS, 
 
 9 
 
 age. Wlio M'ill ventnve to assert tliat the f^eholarly attain- 
 ments of tlie late versatile NeNvinaii afforded an objection to 
 the Catliolic liierarchy (conferring upon him the most <listin- 
 guished lionors at lier connnand ? The large percentage of 
 (Catholics aniuially Hiteii<ling tiie nniversities and normal 
 s^chools tln'oughout tliis Dominion, their industry and eniin- 
 cnt success, is a sutricieiit refutation of this calunniy that 
 nndesei'vevliy rests upon them. 
 
 Within the early decades of this century, a most aiiimated 
 controversy was v.aged — memorably participated in and sup- 
 ported by tliat 'I'itian statesman, Mr. (Jladstone — in which it 
 was lield on one; side that the propagation of religious truths 
 is one of the principle ends of govermnent as government. 
 Nevertheless, the assumjnion to-day of a doctrine fraught 
 with such momentous issues may scarcely disturb the equan- 
 imity of many good ])<'ople, who f)ther\vise might experience 
 the greatest consternation over a proposition to introduce into 
 public scliools ihe rudiments of religious instruction. 
 
 With the state, however, should remain the duty of in- 
 structing the young in the elements of a purely secular edu- 
 catioji; fitting them thus indiscriminately for their future in- 
 dividual nuiintenance, as it would later train them for the 
 nation's defence. 
 
 All thoughtful minds have observed with deep interest the 
 recent deliberations of the Roman Catholic church in the 
 United States, with reference to attendance on the public 
 schools. For upwards of a year an energetic movement, 
 headed by Arcldjishop Ireland, in favor of Catholic children 
 attending the state scIkkiIs has been in ))rogress. As might 
 have been anticipated, this step towards having the Protes- 
 tant and Catholic childien who together play in the street, 
 also taught side by side in the state schools, has from many 
 sides within the pale of the church itself encountered the most 
 resolute opposition. Be this as it may, there has gone forth 
 from the Vatican at l^ome a decisive voice, which, while recog- 
 nizing possible remote ili-consetjuences therein involved, cord- 
 ially approves of and endorses this liberal movement. Previous 
 
10 
 
 curhexts axd couxtfju-cuurests; 
 
 to the settlement of this; matter a comn»iinicntion from apromin - 
 ent Catholic in New York city was athlressed to the Connnissiou- 
 er of the Bnrean of Education at Washington conceniing the 
 (|uestion of some mutually satisfactory arrangement between 
 Catholics and Protestants in regard to pnhlic schools, and it 
 may not he uninteresting to leani with what spint it was ac- 
 knowledged. In reply, the Commissioner of Edtieation in 
 conclusion obsen-es: — 
 
 "While I believe that the education in the public schools 
 fehouid be entirely secular, yet I feel, with the majority of 
 Americjins, that there shouhl be some anangement niade by 
 which the puldic schools should recognize in a formal manner 
 the importance of religions education, 
 
 "I can think of no better device than the one adopted in 
 the schools of St. Louis, where any parent may obtain a per- 
 mit for hischihh-en to be absent, on one or two occasions each 
 week, from the school for an hour or more each time, in order 
 to take lessons in religion at the neighboring parish church. 
 
 " Very many Catholics in St. Louis used to avail them- 
 selves of the privilege, and have aiways believed that the for- 
 mal recognition of the desirability of religious lessons tended 
 to a good result. Whatever may l)e the wisdom or unwisdom 
 of my personal views in the matter, I cordially agree.i with 
 you and with the views of the majority of the people of all 
 denominations in the desire that the Catholic children should 
 attend the public schools, and that some arrangement might 
 be made satisfactory to all parties. 
 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 W. T. Harris, Connnissioner. " 
 Who can fully estimate the future influence of such a frank 
 and lil>eral declaration, coming as it does from the chief edu- 
 cational officer of a nation comprising sixty millions of free 
 and intelligent people ? Whithin our own land this delicate 
 question seems not yet harmoniously disponed (jf, and while 
 as observed it is clear that an universal and non-religious cur- 
 uiculum should constitute the national standard for the educa- 
 tion of our youth, it is also within the range of possibility to per- 
 ceive that in the text of the official letter already quoted may 
 be found articles of agreement for the amicable adjustment of 
 a very grave problem. 
 
TX CAXA])IAX POLITICS. 
 
 11 
 
 From this biief and imperfect review of this feature of 
 party manifestation, it can no longer be reasona])ly held that 
 there exists on the part of Catholics towards Protestants this 
 antagonism in secular affairs. 
 
 But in their party devotion Idind fanatics would fain poison 
 the wells of the understanding, and drive out from their 
 murky retreats the monsters hate, revenge and oppression, to 
 feast on the sacred vitals of friendship. The enciuiry may 
 now he made why party interests should be permitted to so 
 -widly influence and inspire the politicial institutions of this 
 country. Why should the people of this young Canada 
 proudly seek in the character of either toryism or whiggish 
 — the productions of a byegone and revolutionary age — their 
 higliest ideals of political authority, and wisdom ? Or, why 
 exult in the measure of distinguishetl honor, which an alliance 
 and servile obedience to either confers, when we remember 
 that originally the name of the one party was held synony. 
 mous with the outlaws of Ireland, and the name of the other 
 with the rebels of Scotland ? Assuredly, that which was 
 formerly an insult and a reproach is now by a strange process 
 of political evolution esteemed an honorable distinction ! 
 
 The disposition in recent years to substitute for the older 
 names the distinctive appellations of Conservative and Liberal 
 does not in the least ameliorate the zeal with which the le- 
 spective parties yet pertinaeiouiily cling to the assumed 
 authority and traditions of the former institutions. 
 
 The origin of partyism in English History dates back two 
 and a half centuries, to the period when the two parties lie- 
 came respectively known as the Cavalers and Roundheads ; 
 later they became Tory and Whig, and which in their turn 
 have given place to the more familiar Conservative and 
 Liberal divisions. 
 
 Thus it may be observed that since the organization of the 
 two parties in British politics, upon three occassions from cur" 
 rent influences alone they have successively acquired new and 
 distictive names, while in themselves they have continued in- 
 trinsically identical in the arrogant assumption of rights — 
 
V2 
 
 crilRKXTS AXI) COUXTER-CVIiREXTS 
 
 cnc l);uty evtT ])i'()tesHing to rcniaia closo to the iii(Hi;u'cli iiiul 
 tlie tlu'one and the other to .stan<l hy the peoi)le. 
 
 'I'hese throe ))hasea corresY)oii(l to as many stages in theii* 
 res])eotivo ])erio(ls of the peculiar organization <)f .society and 
 thy iutellcctaal ntatus of the ])jople, and niiy not inaptly l)e 
 i'on\p;u('il to the three •ij|*i«»- stages in the life of man, vi/: 
 youth, manhood and old age — growth, maturity and decay. 
 It is ti) ])t! lioped that in Canada, at least, witli the j)reseiit 
 |)hu:so of piirtyisn>, shall cease the prevading rule of ai-hit- 
 rarily dividing the })olitical assemVdies of theconnti'y; sntlice 
 that the merits and issue of a measure alone det""niine a 
 division. 
 
 It will doubtlessly be claimed that this argument is im- 
 bued with the rt>sy tints of an ideal politml millennium, and 
 I'c regarded as merely idle speculation. Nevertheless it nuist 
 be ap])arent that in this country their is an entire absence of 
 the conditions and inllaences under which these ])eculiar ])ar- 
 lies were develoy)ed, and have thus far llourished: and if tliis 
 b^i admitted they can only for a time i-emain as a s-nddance; 
 things not real, delusions. Hopefully for the future of ( anada 
 belaud all this resides the powerful inthience of a widely ex- 
 tending franchise, connnanded by a peo])le free, intelligent 
 and untrammelled by prejudices of rank or birth, which, 
 when voluntarily and unitedly exercised for the common weal 
 sliall yet moderate and finally extinguish the stupi<l acrimony 
 of l)arty strife and party itself. 
 
 Canada shall yet be compelled to abjure her present politi- 
 cal creed; otherwise prejjare to surrender her hope of national 
 greatness. Nothing more certainly menaces the future of 
 this promising country than this blind adherence to party; 
 and it is also paradoxical to note that, although similar vices 
 nuiy be known to both paities, Canada thus far could possil>ly 
 have spaied neither. 
 
 The baneful influences growing out of ]jarty spirit; the 
 thraldom imposed upon the civil service: the unscrupulous 
 abstraction of money from tiie public treasury for the main- 
 tenance of electioneering funds— extension of the franc]:ise 
 
 '""W^^A 
 
IN CANADIAN POLITICS. 
 
 13 
 
 virtually multiplying the means of corruption— the insjilutary 
 issue to which all this conduces is certuinly to be <lephne<l, as 
 favoring the developtnent of national hereditaiy moral lepi-osy , 
 ^lesceuding from sire to son. Is it too much to hope for, that, 
 incoming time, from the ashes of tlie crumbling present, themr^' 
 shall arise a l)o<ly of Cnnadian representation Mhich will coura- 
 geously co-operate for the advancement and the preseivation 
 of her interests, «livi<led by noarbitary Iwumlary— individual 
 conscience an<l ju<lgment alone «lrawiiig the line ? History, 
 it has been said, repeats itself— not that lannan progress an<l 
 human intelligence continually pursue identiciil courses, but 
 rather, like the planets in the solar systeni, are governe«l by 
 in indestructible force which ever leads th«im on and fonrard 
 —and we know that among the ancient institutions of govern- 
 rsicnt in (ireece and Kome, the attjiinment of the subject's 
 protection and the conservation <»f his interests were deemed 
 the highest ambition of the statesman: and also, in Englan<l, 
 for centuries previous to the appearance of party, that nation 
 co-operated with such success as to merit the admiration of her 
 allies and the respect of her enemies. 
 
 Canada, to-day, extends to her people a system of manhood 
 suffrage, and once bi<l the electors honorably discountenance 
 the prevailing vices of election campaigns,and resolutely exer- 
 cise the preiogative which they enjoy, and soon the most astute 
 and rapacious poVitican will become inspired with a degree 
 of sterling loyalty and responsibility that has not hitherto 
 beeft dreameti of. Nor will the possibilities of this or any 
 other country ever be fully measured while the relo.tions «;f 
 the elector to the representative are other than these. Tlie 
 voter must sooner or later realize that he is in the arena of 
 politics something more than an animated pawn; that he too, 
 is a real intelligent actor; that from his relation to the stilt e 
 his office also involves a sacred right; though it consist Uierely 
 of an imitation of a rude act of ancient hero-worship, he is, 
 nevertheless, guided by an honorabk principle, a noble im- 
 pulse. Mankind cannot long run counter to the current demon- 
 
 ''1 
 
14 CCliUEXTS AND COUyTKIi-CUliREXTS 
 
 stratcd tenth and fact, and he who wouM follow the teaehingn 
 of philosophy ninst in mind be a free and Imive num. 
 
 Inci<lentally with this suhject occurs another pertinent and 
 vital (jucHtion, the destiny of Canada, In the light of recent 
 and prolix discussions upon this matter, there appear formu- 
 lated, at least, three distinct replies: First, union with tlu; 
 An>erican Repuhlic ; secondly, a closer alliance with iJreat 
 Britain as contained in the proposed scheme of Imperial 
 Federation, and, thirdly, the attainment of independent 
 nationhood. Without going into the elaborate details of this 
 profound subject, but, contining our attention more especially 
 to the tangible and proximate field of enquiry, we shall briefly 
 survey the several positions of the case. 
 
 i^/rs^ —Regarding annexation with the United States — 
 with high admiration for that energetic and industrious Re- 
 public—it is our opinion that such an arrangement is neither 
 desirable nor expedient. Canada abounds with rich stores of 
 natural treasures, far in excess of the frugal requirements of 
 her industrious sons, and spreads throughout forest and plain 
 the rare promise of a home for scores of millions yet unborn ; 
 therefore suffer not the impatience of our colonial youth, for 
 the immediate acquisition of a prectvrious affluence and ease, 
 to barter the lawful heritage of our remotest prosterity. 
 
 Nevertheless a pessinusm born of indolent discontent augurs 
 melancholy ill for the future. It declares that the large pro- 
 portion of our immigration virtually utiliiie C^anada as a halt- 
 ing post on the route to the United States, and that our popu- 
 ation is but slowly increasing. Whether or not this grim 
 recital be absolutely true need not engage our solicitude at 
 present: but if we accurately estin.ate the extent and re- 
 sources of Canada, it is fair to conclude that, sooner or later 
 tune will arrive when that great Republic itself shall, from a 
 plethora of population open widely the flood-gates of emigra- 
 tion that will find a home in this hospitable land. If possible 
 allow the foundations of our national character to be formed 
 from mherent and native influences alone, before we suffer 
 
IX CAXADJAX rOLITICS. 
 
 If) 
 
 alien and heterogeneous examples to tincture our national 
 instincts. A salutary innuigration is worthy of encourage- 
 ment; but unrestricted and indiscrimate innuigration of a 
 people impelled by a spirit of adventure, alone in (j 3st of an 
 imaginary 7iV Dorado, as an apology for indolence and vice, 
 offers a prol)lem not yet divested of all hesitation and doubt. 
 Wide as has been the experience of the American Republic in 
 this matter — marvellously indeed has her population thereby 
 been swollen, and rapidly have been nuiltiplied the industries 
 of her people -the wisdom and future consequences of such a 
 policy shall alone be found in the verdict of history. The philo- 
 sophic statesman should experience greater concern in the 
 character and standing of the individual citizen, and the fidel- 
 ity with which he administers his interests than in a lalmrious 
 attempt to swell the census. Like the Athenians, seek to. be 
 distinguished for our parts and our industry rather than for 
 multitude of souls. 
 
 But let imt Canadians be possessed of the notion that an in- 
 flexible system of regulated tariff constitutes the most certain 
 means for the discouragement of annexationist views. The 
 moderate aimenationist, the niost patriotic citizen may become 
 aggressively disposed if it can be demonstrated that with 
 mutual concessions the circumstances of the average Canadian 
 can be advantageously improved, but owing to erroneous in- 
 terpretation of national dignity and national duty that privi- 
 lege is denied him. This feature of the question has of recent 
 date been fully discussed, and which, if approached with the 
 tolerant spirit of a philosopher, instead of the prejudice of 
 statesmanship, is capable of an honorable and advantageous 
 adjustment. As an example of industrious activity and 
 national intelligence, freed<»m and wealth, the United States 
 stands formost among the mightiest of nations, and the deep 
 interest that Canada should experience in her national wel- 
 fare should be second only to that which she entertains for 
 the mother country. Thousands of Canada's sons and 
 daughters have there sought and found happy homes and 
 
 % 
 
I(> 
 
 CUIiliEXrS AND COUNTEIiCURliENTS 
 
 honorable lucrative positions ; and stoical indeed is the Cana- 
 dian, tiiongh himself an heir to the glorious liberty and free- 
 dom vvh( birth {)angs he knows nothing of, who, through 
 the haze and unrest of a century, can |)erceive no cause for 
 tliat noble struggle which wrested from (ireat liiitain the 
 brightest gem in her empire. But Canada to-<lay possesses a 
 gem of greater national beauty, which the zeal and devotion 
 of her sons are rapidly shaping into the signet M'hich shall 
 yet seal the imuuitable tlecrees of hec national unity an<l 
 national identity — forever inviolate. 
 Stroud/ y — Imperial Federation. 
 
 In dealing with this view we shall recognize two distinct 
 classes of (*anadian advocates, viz. : one a respectable body, who 
 believe the ideal f )rm of government to consist of a monarchy, 
 and that the highest degree ot intellectual, social and indus- 
 tiial capabitities are attainable only under the s*vay of the 
 British sceptre ; the other is represented by a contingent, who 
 despaiiingly apprehend that so long as we continue nierely in 
 the rude guise of colonists we cannot hopefully look forward 
 to all equitable recognition by the magnates who exercise and 
 control the decrees of British opinion and British society. 
 
 It hae also been urged that alone through a closer alliance 
 with 'v ireat Britain has Canada the assurance of her national 
 defence and protection. Upon reflection it must be apparent 
 that the United States possibly affords the most aggressive 
 «iuarter from which we might anticipate attack, but their war 
 drums have itab yet sounded no signal for battle. On the 
 contraiy their example in honorably settling by arbitration 
 the most momentous disputes arising in international affairs, 
 is most signifiamt, and shall yet connnand wide imitation. 
 A higher civilization and culture shall ere long expunge from 
 mankind this warlike instinct which still lingers with him, 
 and which indicates the barbarity which originally engrossed 
 his nature and his surroundings. If, during the coming de- 
 cade, the demon of war rouses not the slumbering armies of 
 Europe, then it will be safe to prodict that the great battles 
 
IX CAXAPIAX POLITICO. 
 
 17 
 
 of tlu' \vorl<l liiive heen fought. The practice of innilcni war- 
 fiiro must ceaMt) witli tins pcifcctioii of its tcirildc art; and to- 
 day no nation a<lcquatt'ly <'<nii])|ie<l can cn^^iim^ in prolonged 
 uction without draining the icHourccs of an cmjiirc. I'hu 
 intelligent world is alive to this vital fact and to-day the recent 
 e.\iini]»U! of eii^ranehised ( .'erinany is not wanting in a moral. 
 This nation of hriwtling wteel and imnunse i-nuares of camion 
 is now manifesting a decline of hei- Teutonic savageness and 
 fierceness, and leeently the courage and resolution of the 
 ])eoj)le- alrea<ly o))pressed with nnlitary exaction — haxc nohly 
 rel)nke<l the impetuosity of a <lusj)otic Kaiser in a })rol(tnged 
 resistance of his imperious demands for additional tributes for 
 military purposes. ( ana<la irhmI fintertain no anxiety in this 
 «lirection, though her consolo^and hojw be an assurance that 
 the will an<l the horoism of her sons will ever vindicate her 
 honor, an<l defy the hand that threatens her degiailation. 
 
 But we have no evidence that this des])airhig view is shared 
 in by Knglishmen themselves, and from a Canadian stand- 
 point it (iertainly betrays an atf'ccted sentiment of national in- 
 caj)acity an<l self-distru^t. However, since this fallacious 
 <loctrine has assumed such ]M)rteMtous character, involving as 
 it does the (juestion of infeiioiity in the lank of the Canadian, 
 and the superiority of his liritish kinsman ; of the intelligence 
 and ability of this country to adccpiately ])rovide for the needs 
 and to protect the interests of its subjects, it may not be un- 
 interesting to briefly examine its merits, 
 
 Taking intefllectual and moral worth as the standard of a 
 man, we enquire : Is the average Englishman in any respect 
 superior to the average Canadian ? Is he processed of creden- 
 tials certifying that he, by inalienable birthright, mherits 
 :'reater intellect, courage or industry ? A greater legacy of 
 gold and history alone, he undoubtedly has— the acquirement 
 of which has cost nmch suffering and tears— and this to him is a 
 source of inestimable delight. 
 
 But, my Canadian l)rother, what of our stock of gold? 
 True our purses have not yet suffered the distemper of plethora 
 
 y 
 
]S 
 
 rii!/!/:xrs .\xn ( 'ocxriin- crnnF.XTs 
 
 lull , oil llu- otlirr liiilnl, lliiH IKit \\\v liniillty r>f half ii coiitilR'Ht, 
 licli ill iiiitural icsoiii'i-es, iiiiiiistt'ii'*! liiu'rally t<> our >\aiil!>'' 
 llavi' tilt' ipaiily vi}:,or, moral iNcclIciu-y and industry of a 
 yoipisj; coiiiitvy to he coiiiputtMl hy a pilf of ;j;oM coiiiM? |)i<l 
 not a frii^yal tU'crcc (»f that t^o^ariouH lawj^ivci', I.yciir^us, 
 ci'utui ii's ago, attack the Iuxiu'Ioum lialiits of the Spartans - 
 loiij^f aci'iistoiiH'd to wealth- and prohihit the cuni'iicy of ;j;olil 
 and silver eoins, siihstitiitiiig' iron ; inunense i|iiaiitilieM thereof 
 represeiitiiii,' hut a trilling value ".' The eonditions whieh origi- 
 nated in this step k'd to Sparta ae«]uiiing' the di>tiii;j,uished 
 eharac'ter hy which xhe has suhse(|tieiitly heeii known to liin- 
 tory. Wealth far sur])assing the fahulouH treasure of ('i«enns 
 lies hidden, nay is disclosed, in the hroad surface of this laml, 
 and with a niarvellousnesM exceeding the pretentions alche- 
 mists of old, industry's hand needs hut touch the most worth- 
 less products when it hi'comes changed into gold, or into its 
 nearest e(|uivalent for human existmiee — bread. It is true 
 that the unseulptured creations of Canada's history, in the 
 main, yet repose in unhorn minds and unwrought deeds, hut 
 centuries hence those characters shall, life like, lea|) f(»rth to 
 posterity, hewn not hy the sword and thel)attle axe of a Itai- 
 harous and rude age, hut hy the cunning hand of intelligence, 
 industry and national eijuality. 
 
 The pillars of the im])erious temple of Canadian history 
 
 already tov';r aloft, and if yet tlie superstructure, contains 
 
 no glorioiu cene emulating the eoiupiest of an India, it is 
 
 also spared the sad memory of an inhuman Hastings and a 
 
 tale of widespread woe. If as yet it remains unadorned by 
 
 the distinguished presence <.f a T.acOn, a Chatham or a liiirke, 
 
 it is also wanting in exjunple ^he raracity of a Marlborough, 
 
 the barbarity of a .Ictb-eys; and the i)er(idy of a Charles 1. 
 
 If yet it cannot exult in the claim of ancient and illustrious 
 
 nobility, it knows not the reproach of denying the title of the 
 
 meanest citizen to a fair apportionment of this country's life 
 
 •■s^ustaining domain. If yet it remains unhallowed by the 
 
 iwemory of fierce finc> of intellectual and religious thraldom. 
 
IX CAXADfAx ro;jTins. 
 
 If) 
 
 mwMHa 
 
 I lil) 
 
 its portals uri; l»iitlu!<l in thv jl,'I<)| iojis ilnwii of u 
 t'lty iiiN( |niialilo from ciH/i'iislii]) ilHcIf. 
 
 H.utvvliy Ki'ck fiiitliiT (o iniilliply iiiHtaiu'iM (lisprovinj,' tin- 
 illu,vioii of Canadian inf<'iioiityHii(l ilia(U'<(tiac;y ? \\'(!all ln-ai 
 
 towards that vt-ncralile and iioltlf inindi-d woni 
 
 lan who wc'i 
 
 hU 
 
 Kn^dand's .screptro, tlm sinci-irst clh'ttion and cstooni ; and for 
 her ishiiid home a rt'spcct becoming the hind of oni- fathers. 
 Wo <U;lit,dit in thi iccolh'ction that tlie Kn^jlish, if not the 
 <jarli(!st, hnA'c! at h ast hetai the; sinuercst cham])ions of frei.- 
 <h)m ; tliat if not lio ni()st liberal aeeordinji; to oni- ideal, they 
 have at least, been the jnstest aceoiding to their own. We 
 adnui'e the valor of hei- heroes ; tlm wisdom of herbages ; the 
 sagacity of her statesmen ; the culture; of her institutions, 
 and the antiejuity of her history. Ihit the gloiy of the ])a8t 
 is the lawful heritage of the j)i'esent. Jieiieath the suiface of 
 the Canadian Hows the rich blood of the Anglo-Saxon ; deeper 
 «till, thiough successive intermediate races — side by side 
 with the (irtek an<l Konian — pulses the nonuidic blood of the 
 
 piN 
 
 diist 
 
 oi'ic Aryians. 
 
 It is not theiefore possible for Canada to pros])eronsly exist 
 
 •»t 
 
 as a nation wholly freed from alliance and dependece of 
 IJiitain ? As a recollection of the soirovvs and misfortunes 
 of the parent fi'e(pie);tly ])uiities and ennobles the character 
 of the chihl, in like manner may the exam])le of England's 
 errors and short comings serve this the latest and most prom- 
 ising of nations a wise and cautious monitor. 1'he royal 
 presence in Kiighmd connnands not the awe which it inspired 
 a century ago, and at that date, its power was infinitely more 
 relaxed than it was in the reign of Henry VIII. Hundreds 
 of thousan<ls of wise and orderly citizens of Europe are, to- 
 day, seriously computing the enexpired remainder in 
 the lease of hereditary rnle. During the past the se- 
 curity of English rule has consisted in the faith reposed in 
 the sovereign ; in the future it must depend upon the faith of 
 the people in themselves. Among free people their is a grow- 
 ing desire and impulse towards the popular establislnnent of 
 
•20 
 
 CUniiEXTS AND COUXTER-CUIiUKXTH 
 
 the nation's chief, and the enfranclii^ed voice of Gre<at Uritaiii 
 will yet nnilennine lier system of hereditary rule, and who 
 shall ir^ay for the worst ? For the destinies of a nation are 
 linked with the social and material devehpement of its suh- 
 jects, and the attempt to })er])etnate an exclusive and ancient 
 system of national rule, would he as hazaidous and ini})ract!- 
 cahle as an undertaking; to substitute for the present methods 
 of education the mcdi;eval system of monachal teaching. 
 
 Inheriting as we do the re-olution, wisdom and courage of 
 our ancient sires ; possessed of a vast country, nearly c«jual in 
 area to the continent of Europe, with '\ soil rivalling in ferti- 
 lity the great sead beds of the world ; whose |)arallels of lati- 
 tude interpose hundreds of thousands of tqiiare miles between 
 the gra})e-]>r<)ducing vine of the south and the frost-bound 
 lichens of the north ; whose territory abounds in an immense 
 wealth of natural resources, locked up in the seclusion of the 
 forest and the dark chambers of the mine ; endowed with in- 
 stitutions of learning of the highest order— and a system of 
 connnon school education whose cuniculum is the culture of 
 the most advanced nations of the age, need C'anada waver in 
 an opportune claim to " iiidepnnkuf. nafionlwod '^ " Time will 
 come, when hei- sons, faithful only to the obligations of their 
 sacred trusts, will car^- «.^ide the fetters of the past, and, con- 
 secrating the liberty of the citi/en and the freedom of the 
 nation, shall wisely sway half a contii\ent. 
 
 The birth of nations: the convulsion of revolution; the de- 
 cay of kingdoms, the fall of empires— what are these but cycle 
 peals from the great horologe of Time, which ever solemnly 
 tolls the fleeting epochs of mortal and)ition and mortal exist- 
 ence, and in the great future when tyrant tin)e may in the exu- 
 berance of civilization depopulate the teeming nudtitudes of 
 London, and may behold the stately pile of Westndnster 
 crund)le in unheeded decay; when the revered silence of that 
 great sepulchre of liritaiirs illustrious dead shall by day give 
 place to the echoing footstej)s of the foreign traveller, and by 
 night to a melancholy hoot of the owl that seeks a perch in its 
 
 # 
 
/jV (lANAiJAiy rohirics. 
 
 •i\ 
 
 btoke,. m„.s.j;,.„w„ ,va!l: wi.en the «a„nt .pcctres of !,„„„«■ 
 and a„„„e »hall fovove.- have ficl tl.e g.^eon sl.ccs of J e .k, 
 ancltho ,„c,„„,.y of Let- .ov.w. l,as fa,le,l f,.,,, the , M rf 
 
 an t Mce shaU liave cease.l «.i,|, the .lecline of her ambition, 
 olnl. .-en ; when the pe.„»al of the ,lin, tale of Ch 
 erneay an,l .Siberian snfTering shall have blanehe.l the c eek 
 ami .„ffnse,l the eyes of the .lecen.lants of onr ehih e , ■ 
 »he„ a solitary renmining eo,p., of (Jern.an sohliers in tattered 
 umfonns shall langnish by her parks of abandoned art' le ^ 
 when perchanee the fierce strife of adverse ..ationalities, „n,l' 
 
 hos ,le n,teres.s of an aheh^peopled and erovv.Icd nlti 
 ' o! ^''™, ■;."'"--' '''-'■«'-■ an,l the segmentation of that 
 g.oatRep„bIioly,ngtoour south, then will the glory and 
 bonor of Canada's nationhood be achieved- not by the spoils 
 of foreign cotK^nest, or by the ignoble barter of inherent ri»ht 
 but by nulnstry's invasion of the solitary wastes of the land 
 seattonng- along her triumphal march the abode and sustenance 
 of ntereasmg „,i|lio„s ; secure only in the imitation of those 
 nmnortal examples which down through the checkere.l history 
 ot our race have at all times commanded the admiration and 
 esteem of the heroic a.id the wise of all enlightened natio.is '