IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^€<^A^ LO I I.I 11.25 l^|2£ 12.5 |J0 "^ ■■■ Ui 1^ 12.2 u ■36 K ■UUi- 1.8 U IIIIII.6 V] n ^v 7 V y ^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716)872-4503 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may bo bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method ot filming, are checked below. n n n Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur I I Covers damaged/ Couverture endommag6e Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaurie et/ou pelliculAe D Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque Coloured maps/ Cartes g6ographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue cr black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Relii avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La reliure serrie peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge intirieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajouties lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas At6 filmAes. Additional comments:/ Commentaires supplimentaires: L'Institut a microfilm* le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-Atre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui p^uvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuve>it exiger une modification dans la mdthode normale de filmage sont Indiqu^s ci-dessous. T t( I I Coloured pages/ D Pagos de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommagies Pages restored and/oi Pages restauries et/ou pellicul6es Pages discoloured, stained or foxei Pages dicolories, tachet6es ou piqu^es Pages detached/ Pages ddtachies Showthrough/ Transparence Quality of prir Qualiti in^gale de I'impression Includes supplementary materii Comprend du materiel suppl^mentaire Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible I I Pages damaged/ I I Pages restored and/or laminated/ I I Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ I I Pages detached/ I I Showthrough/ rri Quality of print varies/ I I Includes supplementary material/ I I Only edition available/ Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been rsfilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure. etc., ont M filmAes d nouveau de fagon A obtenir la meilleure image possible. T P o fl C b tl si o fi si o T si Tl M IV di ei bi "1 ra This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film* au taux de reduction indiqu* ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22 7\ 12X lex 20X 26X aox 24X 28X 32X re I6tail8 IS du nodifier ir une ilmage 18 The copy filmad her* hat baan raproducad thanks to tha ganarosity of: Library Division Provincial Archives of British Columbia Tha imagas appearing hara ara tha bast quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All ot^iar original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with e printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol ^^ (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Maps, plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed at differen: reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate tha method: L'exemplaira film* fut reproduit grAce A la ginArosit* da: Library Division Provincial Archives of C itish Columbia Lea images suivantes ont AtA reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compta tenu de la condition at da la nettetA de Texumplaira film*, et en conformitA avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Las exemplairas originaux dont la couvarture en papier est imprimAe sont filmAs en commenpant par le premier plat at en terminant soit par la darniire page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration. soit par la second plat, salon la cas. Tous les autres exemplairas originaux sont filmAs an commandant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la darniAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la derniAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE". le symbols V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film^s A des taux da reduction diffArents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est film* A partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche i drolte, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nicessaire. Les diagrammas suivants illustrent la m^thode. errata to pelure. >n A n 32X 1 2 1 — 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 J\ Chukchi and Namollo People of Eestem Siberia. 857 {From the American Naturalist, November, /SSi.) ON THE SO-CALLED CHUKCHI AND NAMOLLO PEOPLE OF EASTERN SIBERIA.^ BY W. H. DALL. THE natives of that portion of Asia lying east of the meridian of 180° from Greenwich, and between Behring sea and strait and the Arctic ocean, have always been regarded with particular interest. This interest arises partly from the fact that they alone of all the Siberian tribes have maintained their independence of Russian authority, and partly from the idea that these people form a link between the races of Asia and America ; a thorough knowledge of their ethnological position being supposed to be all that was required to confirm or disprove certain theories of migration. Another source of interest is the confusion that has always existed in regard to their division into different stocks, and which is still far from being cleared away. The forthcoming work of Lieut. Nordqvist, of the Vega Expedition, will doubtless afford 'Read before the Ame.ican Association for the Advancement of Science, Cincin- nati, I $81. / 85 S Chukchi and Namollo People of Eastern Siberia. [November, means of rightly locating a part of these people and tlie rest will doubtless be cleared up before many years by new investigations. F. von Stein, in Petcnnaiuis Mittlieilnuiien} has recently given an interesting resume of the information in regard to these people contained in articles by Nordqvist and Hovgaard in the Isvestia' of the Russian Geographical Society ; among others who have contributed some information on the subject, most of whom are referred to by Stein, are VVrangell,' Neumann,* Maydell' (or Mai- del), Kennan,^ Bush.'Stimpson,^ Professor Asaph HalP and Dall.^° Others, to whom I have seen no reference made, are Shismareff^^ and an unknown writer in the Journal of the Interior Depart- ment''^ of Russia, both articles being in the Russian language. In a summary of our work for the season of 1880 (being an abstract of a letter from me describing my third visit to the coast of Northeast Siberia), contained in the January number of the Royal Geographical Society's Proceedings, this paragraph oc- curred : " It was remarked that the proper name of the people on the Asiatic side described by Nordenskiold and his companions, and previously by Hooper'^ and Mr. Dall, is Yu'-it, a corrupt'on or shortening of In-nu-it (Eskimo), of which they merely form one tribe. They are totally distinct in language, race and manners from the so-called Reindeer Chukchis (Tsau'-yfi-at), who are a mere tribe of the Korak nation." To this somewhat ambiguous and not literally exact statement, Lieut. Nordqvist has taken exception in a communication to the > 1881, Heft H, pp. 41-45. "Band XVI, Heft 11, 1880. 'Narrative of an expedition lo the Polar sea (Sabine's ed.). 8vo. London, 1840 (p. 126). Cf. also The Telescope, 1835, No. 26. ♦Hist. Ubers. Tschuktschen Exp.; Isv. Sib. Abth. Russ. Geogr. Soc. Vol. i, Nos. 4-5,11, No. 3, 187 1. 'Antworten der Tschuktschen Exp. ; Isv. 1. c. n, Nos. i and 2, pp. 60-70; 1871. •Tent Lifein Siberia, etc. i2mo. New York and London, 1870. (p. 120.) ' Reindeer, d();;s and sn()\v|i, 37-|-jS5. Alsa, Cotur. Id Am. Eih- nology (J. W. I'owtl ), I, pp. I '-15, 95-10^1, 1877. AUo i'roc. Roy. Geoiji. Soc, Jan.. I SS I, pp. 47-19; Sept., iSSi. pp. 56S-570. "Zipi^ki llydr. Ujpt., x, |)p. 17S-J00, 1832. •' Zhurnal Minist. Vnulr. Diel, 8vo, St. Peterbuorg, 1835, XVI, 5, and 1851, Nos. 6-7. " Ten months among the tents of the Tuski, etc., 8vo, London, J. Murray, 1853. 1 88 1 ,] Chukchi and Namollo People of Eastern Siberia. 8s9 Imperitil Geographical Society of St. Petersburg,^ wliich I have not seen, but which is summarized in a note in the Royal Geo- graphical Society's Proceedings for June, iSSi.' According to the editor, Lieut. Nordqvist's observations arc as follows : " According to Lieut. Nordqvist the stationary and nomad Chukchis both belong to the same race, and call themselves in the singular ' Chau-cliau,' and in the plural ' Chau-chau-ate.' These people, he says, live to the north of Cape Chukotsky, and must not be confounded with the true Eskimo who live to the south of it, chiefly on the shores of the Gulf of Anadyrsk, as far as Cape Oliutorsky, a fact which Lieut. Nordqvist urges, is incon- testably proved by a comparison of the idioms in the languages of the two peoples," While not holding Lieut. Nordqvist responsible for the literal words of the above note, it was evident that some misapprehen- sions entered into his suppositions concerning the people on ^hc coast referred to, a? well as some errors of my own to be cor- rected. This called my attention to the subject, and induced me to overhaul my notes and look up the Russian literature of the subject, trusting that to Lieut. Nordqvist's valuable investigations in regard to the people on the north coast of Siberia, west of East cape, some facts might be added in regard to those on the eastern and southern shore of the same great peninsula. On the Siberian coast south and west from East cape, the Vega spent less than a day at St. Lawrence bay, and little more than a day and a half at Konyam bay, a length of time insufifi- cient to give to the members of the party more than a cursory glimpse of the people, without affording any ground for positive statements ; as indeed is frankly admitted by these gentlemen (according to Stein's digest of their publications), who express themselves with due reserve in regard to the ethnological prob- lems of this section of the coast. The summary of the season's work was written by me while on the voyage home having then seen only Palander's narrative, which appeared in the Scientific American Supplement, Nos. 231 and 232. There being little doubt that at some former time the Eskimo had occupied the north coast of Siberia as far west as Koliuchin bay; the description of the manners and customs given by Palander of the dwellers on that coast agreeing precisely with ' Published in its Bull, fascic. Ii of 1881. M. c. p. 36. 389UO 86o Chukchi and Namollo People of Eastern Siberia. [November, those of the Eskimo tribes further south ; and the few words given of their lancjuap^c bclonfrinfr. at least in part, to the jargon spoken by both I'^skinio anil Kmak (or Chukciii) in communica- tion with the whites and with each other, it was not all unnatural to suppose that the winter neighbors of the Vega were Eskimo (or, as formerly distinguished, sedentary Chukchis) similar to those with whom I had had personal intercourse.^ The observations of Lieut. Nordqvist must be taken as conclu- sive in relation to the people with whom he was brought in con- tact. Hence we must conclude that at the present day the inhab- itants of the region on the north coast of Siberia, west from East cape and as far as Cape Shelagskoi, belong to that branch of the Korak nation which form the original genuine Chukchi of the early Russian explorers. They are, however, not the wandering or reindeer Chukchi, but that part of the nation which gain their living by sealing and fishing. The Vega party were visited by reindeer Chukchi, during the winter, repeatedly; some from the vicinity of Behring sea appearing on two occasions, but in Stein's paper no reference is made to any comparison between them and the fishing Chukchi, by which the differences in life and manners might be made clear. The names Chukchi, sedentary Chukchi, etc., have been used in such a confused manner that they no lon- ger have any clear signification, and it is desirable that they should be discarded entirely. For instance, in speaking of sedentary Chukchi, T should refer to the Eskimo of N. E. Siberia, to whom that appellation has generally been misapplied, but Lieut. Nordqvist would understand the north coast people of his wintering place, to whom it more properly belongs. It will, therefore, be advantageous to preface any discussion of the differ- ent branches by a synonymy which will show what is meant by any particular name. For the real, original wandering Chukchi, who live by their reindeer and by summer fishing, the name of *Of the twenty-three words given in Palander's accDunt (as printed in the cited worlt) three were Eskimo or corrupted Eskimo; seven were recognized as similar to words having the same meaning of the Chukciii (reindeer men) of the viciniiy of Plover bay; one (certainly, and prohaliiy two) is of Hawaiian origin, and is in use on both sides of Behring sea among all the people who have had intercourse with whalers and traders from the Sandwich islands; another is a corrupted Rus- sian word ; the rest were not recognized, but were pretty certainly not of Eskimo origin. Several apparently were roots reduplicated in a manner characteristic of the jargon, bat, to the best of my belief, not so formed in the language as properly spoken among themselves. 1 88 1 .] Chukchi and Namollo People of Eastern Siberia. 86 1 Tsau-yu' may be adopted ; at least there is no doubt that such as live near Plover bay so call themselves. TsAU-YU'. Keinrieer Chukchis of authors. Chiikchis (variously spelled) of authors, in part. Reindeer men of the adjacent coast dwellers in conversation with the traders and whalers who know them best by this name. Tsau-eha of Erman, in part. Tschekto of Maiiushkin, in NVrangell, Sabine's edition, p. 120 (meaning " people "). Tsutsin of Stimpson, quoted in Alaska and its Resources. Tchukcfius of Bush, 1. c. Ts(iu'yu-at, Dall in R. Geogr. See. Proc, 1. c. Kugh-fikh-tuz-u-mtit of the Diomede Islanders. Wandering Chukchis of authors. Koy-ee'-khit of the Asiatic Eskimo (Cape Chaplin). Lieut. Nordqvist tells us that the termination at or ate is merely a plural inflection, and that the first part of the word has the collective signification, and in this I have no doubt he is correct, though until his criticism was made I had not looked thoroughly into the matter. There is, I presume, little doubt that these people adopt slight distinctive changes in their national name according to their native habitat, or that they are in some way divided into clans or tribes, since competent explorers give slightly different names as the tribal name, yet all with a fundamental similarity. Thus Matiushkin on the Kolyma found Chek-to ; Erman from some source derived Tsaii-chn ; Stimpson, on Seniavine strait, near Konyam bay, obtained Tsu-tsin ; the writer, near Plover bay, Tsau-yil ; Nordqvist for the " sedentary " branch on the north coast, Chau-chait, and Shishmareff for the same at Mechigme and St. Lawrence bays, Chau-chil, for the term " people," meaning themselves collectively. I am inclined to doubt if the Ch should not be more properly Ts, as in many American tribes, for instance, Chinook and Chehalis, which we know should be written and pro- nounced Tsinfik and Tsilialis, but which have become per- manently crystallized in the language under the former erroneous spelling. Nevertheless, as no one is better qualified to pronounce on this subject than Lieut. Nordqvist, his spelling will be here adopted for the people of the Korak race allied closely to the Tsau-yU, but who live as the Eskimo do, along the shores, and possess no reindeer, but derive their subsistence from the sea. 862 Chukchi and Namollo People of Eastern Siberia. [November, Chau-chau. Chau-chiiu, Nordqvist 1. c. (north coast). ChiiU'cfiu, ShishmarefT 1. c. (St. Lawrence and Mechignie b.iys). Sedeiitijry or Fis/iiiti^ Chiikchis of authors, in part only. Namollos, Pritch.ird and other authors, in part. Ciukci of Lieut. Dov6. These people, according to Nordqvist, live along the Arctic coast from Cape Shclagskoi to East cape, and are of the only race represented by living inhabitants on that stretch of coast. So far as the accounts yet published extend, their mode of life, manners, customs (except some of those relating to religious matters), dwellings and implements, differ in no distinguishable manner from those of the Eskimo of Plover bay or the Asiatic shore of Behring sea. The full account which Lieut. Nordqvist will doubtless publish in time, may afford some discriminating features. In regard to the people at and south-west from East cape, Lieut. Nordqvist seems to be in some doubt as to their exact status, while maintaining, so far as we learn from Stein, a certain reserve on this point, he nevertheless is represented as asserting that they are not Eskimo and that these Eskimo do not occur north of Cape Chukotsky, but reside chiefly about the Gulf of Anadyr. On the other hand he seems to hold that these people on the west coast of Behring strait are composed of a hybrid mixture of Chau-chau and Eskimo blood which is not recognized as their own race by the former, at least not by such as dwell on the Arctic coast. The synonymy of the Eskimo tribe or race found on the Asiatic shore is the most complicated of all : Yu-IT. Yuit (people), iheir own name for themselves, a corruption or shortening of Jn-ya-U or InnUit, the universal name of the Eskimo stock except of the Aleuts. Aamollo of Pritchard and other older writers. Tchotiktchi Asiatiqtus, B.ilbi, Atlas Ethn, Tusii, Hooper, Markham and Dall, 1. c. provisionally. Perhaps a misapplication and corruption of Tsft-fsin which belongs to the Tsau-yU race. Chuk'chi (variously spelled) of various authors, erroneously. Chukluk' „.:^., Stimpson MSS., Dall, 1. c. This is a local name of the tribe or local population of Chuklfik island (Ittygrane or Tchirklook of Rodgers' chart), Seniavine strait, and has been so used by me; cf. Contr. Ethn., I, p. 14, 1S76. Sedentary or Fhliiiig Chiikchis of authors (in part only). / Onkilon, VVrangell Journey to the Polar sea. This is, according to Neumann and Maidel, a corruption of I i88i.] Chukchi and Namollo People of Eastern Siberia. 863 An^-kali or sitzunde Tsthukiihen, or Anf;-k(idli, iiieaiiinjj dwellers by the sea, cf. Neumann, 1. c, or Slein's article. Aigtian, N<)r(li|vist, aceorillnj; to Stein, 1. c. Aiguian, Maitlel. 1. c, iip. 67-68 ; all of the five preceding hcing names stated to be a|)|)lied to the Yii-it by the C/uiu-c/iaii, and meaning; dwellers by the sea. Kbkh'.Ut-initin, partly, of the American Innuit, according to Dr. Stimpson. U-ti-nt of the St. Lawrence bay Chau-cliu, accorciipj{ to Shihhmareff (? corruption of Innuit). Ein-Kiiii-ka, K(ilia-ing-wir, RliA-rlia-fit and Un-ivee-ven (= Inniiin ?) of the Mechii^tne bay Chaii-chu according to Shi-mareff. The third of these names has a local Eskimo termination and the fourth is prol)abIy a corruption of the plural form of Innuit. "Afatsiitka" men of the tr-iding jargon, meaning "gotid" men. Those living at East cape (Nrnvfikh) are called by the Diomede Islanders No-givali-mut' . Those living at the Chukluk village in Seniavine strait call themselves Chfik-iuk-mfit. We have then four groups of people to consider and refer to their true relations, namely, the Tsau-yu, the Chau-chau, the Yu-it and the dwellers between Cape Chukotsky and East cape. With regard to the Tsau-yu' and Chau-chau we may accept Lieut. Nordqvist's decision that they are mere branches of one people, the differences between which, it is to be hoped, he will eventually make clear. Both are, without doubt, branches of tliC Korak (or Kariak) stock, and correspond essentially to the divisions of settled and wandering Koraks described by Wran- gell, Erman, Bush and Kennan, the last two of whom — having had more intercourse with both the Koraks and " Tchukchi " than any other explorers for many years — unite in the opinion that there is no essential difference of any kind between the two people, either in life or speech. As to the region occupied by them, it extends from the Koly- ma to Behring strait. Even the Chau-chau, or sedentary branch, as attested by Nordqvist, resemble the Innuit in their more or less constant movement, to and fro, between different points, as well as in almost every other respect except language and race. Only the Tsau-yu, by reason of their self-transporting susten- ance, the reindeer, are able to make long interior journeys. The relations of the Yu-ii to the Innuit ^xre not doubtful. No one questions their identity in race and language, though their manners have changed in many respects since they migrated from America to Asia. Their hunting grounds are confined to the coast like those of the 864 Chukchi and Namollo People of Eastern Siberia, [November, Chaii-chau, and about the south-west limit of them, at least, there is little or no doubt. They are slowly migrating southward along the Kamchatkan coast. In 1865, and for many years previously, their visits to the Anadyr river mouth were few and far between, probably not more than once a year on the average, and they had no village there up to 1866. In 1879 a colony had reached Cape Oliutorsk (according to Capt. Owen of the steam whaler Mary and Helen), and planted themselves and sent word for more to follow them as they " had found a good place." These migrants came from Plover bay, where seal were no longer plenty, and had paddled some five hundred miles. The northern limit is more uncertain, Lieut. Nordqvist puts it at Cape Chukotsky, which is too far south. On the authority of Capts. Redfield and Smith, traders of many years' experience and who understand perfectly the difference between the races, their languages and the trading jargon in use by both, I placed it at Cape Serdze. The Chan-chn of Mechigme and St. Lawrence bays informed Shishmareff, in 182 1, that an Eskimo tribe were living on the Arctic coast who wore labrets. One old man at St. Lawrence bay told how he had traveled to the River Amiluk not far from Cape Chavaka (Shelagskoi), from a point beyond Koliuchin island, without seeing any people. At the cape and on this river were people whom he called Chavaki, who wore labrets like the Americans. At Mechigme bay the same people were alluded to as existing on the Arctic coast, and were called Eg-liil-nok. Shishmareff saw at both St. Lawre'^ce and Mechigme bays, peo- ple of the Yfiit race ; whom the Chau-chu said, lived by them- selves along the sea coast, obtaining their living from the sea, kept to themselves, spoke a different language and knew nothing about reindeer keeping. Stimpson, in 1856, obtained a nearly pure Innuit vocabulary at Chukluk village in Seniavine strait. In nearly every year from 1870 to 1 880, Capt. Owen and other whaling masters have obtained Innuit whale fishers from St. Law- rence bay, who stayed by the vessel until she left the Arctic, when they were landed at their homes rich with accumulated stores of salted whale meat and "black skin" to keep iii.ii during the winter. In 1880 Innuit came off to my vessel Ircra Cape Chaplin where they have a large village. Their languar^e was almost identical with the Mahlemut of Norton sound. i-' 1 88 1.] Chukchi and NamoUo People of Eastern Siberia. 865 of them spoke Hnglish well. He said, in response to questions, that they had little intercourse with the Chau-chn except in trade, that their lan^iiaj^es were entirely different, but that they com- nuinicated by the trading jargon: that the "deer men" were rich and the " matsinka men " ( Yil-it) were poor. They did not intermarry as a rule; sometimes an Innuit girl would marry a " deer man " chiefly because she would always have plenty to eat and little or nothing to do; but the Chan-chit wo.ii' n never mar- ried Ynit, " they would have to work too hard and ;;i.bmit to sea- sons of semi-starvation." On the other hand, Cornelius, a native of Plover bay belonging to the Eskimo stoc'v. spcakuig Eiiglish with g-c a fluency and correctness, informed me that his people had only a commercial intercourse with the T^au-yfl, that the shamans of the former had different practices from their own, and that they never intermarried. I asked him what the "deer men" called themselves. He said Tsau-yfl'-at. But, said I, at Cape Chaplin they said Koy-ee'-kliit. " I have heard many names given to the * deer men,' " he said, " but the only name I have ever heard them call themselves is Tsau-ya'-at. The name you say is for making fun of them, it is not their own name." I tried to find out what the meaning was, but he evidently was unwilling to explain, and it is evidently some contemptuous appellation, such as the American Innflit give the Indians ( In'-ka-lik) which means "children of louse eggs." This Cornelius had lived a number of years in the United States, had been in Washington as well as New Bedford. The native of Cape Chaplin who boarded me in the strait had also spent a winter in San Francisco, and was very outspoken in his disgust at i.iie white men who were willing to eat turtle, which he had seen at the restaurants, and which he described as " American Hevil." Their travels are made as mem- bers of the crews of whaleships, where they do efficient duty, but I have yet to hear of a Chan-chau who has left his native shores. I have shown that Yilit (Eskimo) extend to St. Lawrence bay. For their extension to East cape, beside the authority of several whalers and traders of great experience, I had a pure Eskimo vocabulary, obtained for me at the NuwQkh village on East cape, by Capt. Smith, about 1872, which is now in the collection of the National Bureau of Ethnology. This, I think, settles the fact of the existence of Innuit at that point as late as 1872, and I see no reason for doubting that they still exist there. That occasional VOL, XV.— NO. XI. 60 866 Chukchi and Namollo People of Eastern Siberia. [November, parties at the time of the walrus hunt (June) proceed along the coast as far as Cape Serdze, I believe, though the only informa- tion I have is derived from several whalers, notably Capt. Owen, who was boarded by them in the autumn of 1879, ^"^ nearly the time that the Vega was frozen in, and not over fifty miles from that vessel, which was reported to Capt. Owen in such a way that he suspected it to be the Vega, and sent a letter by the first party (whom he paid with a large quantity of hard brea 1, etc.) offering assistance if needed. This letter, however, some time afterward was brought on board his own vessel by a second party of Innfdt, who demanded large pay for its safe delivery. The possibility, or probability, of parties of Inniiit making their way along the Arctic coast at certain seasons does not affect the fact asserted by Lieut. Nordqvist, that the generality of the inhabitants, and perhaps the only permanent inhabitants of that coast, are Cluiit-chau. We know that there are large numbers of the latter at St. Lawrence bay, and doubtless there are also at other harbors on the west shore of Behring strait, including that at East cape, living on perfectly amiable terms with the Yfi-it. At Plover bay they do not inhabit the same spot, though near neighbors. I saw an old Tsaii-yu shaman in 1866, who had come all the way from Anadyr bay to perform certain rites of sacrifice on some of the ovals of upright stones on the hill near the an- chorage. He was accompanied by several of his compatriots, while the Yfi-it clustered round, interested spectators of a rite they did not join in. Several Chau-chau were residents of Cape Chaplin, though most of the natives there were Yil-it. Old " Enoch " was one who received each year until his death, a number of casks of strong liquor from the traders, for which he faithfully accounted the following spring. A word may be said as to the jargon of which I have spoken. It is similar in some of its constituents to a jargon used on the shores of Norton sound and at Kotzebue sound. That is the corrupted Russian, Hawaiian and English words are nmch the same, but on the Asiatic side there is a large admixture of words of Korak (Chukchi) extraction. Kau-kau, corrupted Hawaiian for food, " grub," eatables generally, is in common use on both coasts. Shazvak or Chopak, corrupted Russian for dog (sabak) is in use on both coasts. Many of the words consists of a redupli- 1 88 1 .] Chukchi and Namollo People of Eastern Siberia. 867 cated Korak or Innuit root which is used with little or no inflec- tion, while in the original tongues reduplication is extremely rare and the roots are always inflected. Many of these words have an abstract meaning which does not exist in the native dialects, as for instance " kau-kau," food. In the dialect of Chau-chau and Inm'iit alike, there is no abstract word for food known, but there are special names for each kind of food, which are always used in speaking among the speaker's own people. This jargon was in use, I have reason to believe, in some shape between the Innuit and Tsau-yu, long before the advent of the whites, but when traders came it was soon amplified by new words for things previously unknown, almost always modified from their original pronunciation by the unaccustomed native tongues (as 'Myr-kan for American ; chopak for sabak ; tawfi'ka for tobacco, etc.). The confusion can only be cleared up by trained linguists. Ordinary explorers cannot be expected to be qualified for the task. The vocabularies obtained by them will almost certainly be infected by jargon, if indeed not wholly composed of it. Even with the great care doubtless exercised by Lieut. Nordqvist and his companions, I should feel little hesitation in predicting that their vocabularies will be found to contain a certain admixture of Eskimo words, which could be picked out by an expert. Now if this be the case (and we shall doubtless learn in good time about it), since the mode of life, the general features of physique and the jargon used by both races differ but very little, according to the reports from the Vega and the experience of others, how can we say dogmatically tb"*: the Innuit are not at any time to be found on the Arctic Siberian coast, until the sev- eral villages and their inhabitants have been examined in greater detail than has yet been possible ? I will conclude by noting that the Innuit of the American and Asiatic shores of Behring strait are not on good terms with each other. They are not actually at war, as in the time of their dis- covery by Popoff and Deshneff, but they cherish a mutual con- tempt. The " Matsin'ka men " of Asia despise the " Nakii'ruk c en " of America. The inhabitants of the Diomedes, who do most of the intertrading, warned us, in 1880, against the "bad men " of East cape. The Plover bay natives (Yuit) were out- spoken in their contempt for the American Innuit. The long journeys fr ra Asia to America formerly performed 868 Chukchi and Namollo People of Eastern Siberia. [November, by the natives, are now unnecessary on account of the visits of traders to both shores, and are seldom or never undertaken. The Diomede people, however, visit both shores and carry liquor from Asia to America. The increasing scarcity of food is im- pelling a southward migration as previously mentioned, and it may not be many years before the native Eskimo population of Asia may be located where Lieut. Nordqvist at present has some- what prematurely placed them, namely, to the south and west of Cape Chukotsky. *