w \r ^ > IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) h i 1.0 t^^ 1.1 itt B2 B lit ^" £ la 12.0 IL25 m 1.4 I 1.6 3s. ^>. v^ y Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MSM (716)873-4503 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHIVI/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes tachniques at bibiiographiques Tha Instituta has attamptad to obtain tha bast original copy available for filming. Faaturas of this copy which may ba bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked b^low. D Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur I I Covers damaged/ Couverture endommagia Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaurde et/ou peliicui^e Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque X y D D D Coloured maps/ Cartes g^ographiques en couleur Coloured init (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) r~~| Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Reii6 avac d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La re liure serr6e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge int6rieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajouttes lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela dtait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6t6 filmias. Additional comments:/ Commentaires supplimentaires; L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-Atre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la mithoda normale de filmage sont indiqu6s ci-dessous. I I Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommagias □ Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restaur^as et/ou pelliculies Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages ddcoior^es, tachet6es ou piqudes □ Pages detached/ Pages d6tach6es K Showthrough/ Transparence r I Quality of print varies/ Quality in^gaia de I'impression Includes supplementary material/ Comprend du materiel suppl^mentaire Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible T y Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont M fiim^es A nouveau de fa9on d obtenir la meilleure image possible. T P o fl b tl si 01 fi si Ol Tl s» Tl w M di er bi ri| re This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film6 au taux de rMuction indiquA ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X Th« copy filmMi h«r« hat bMn raproducml thanks to tha ganaroslty of: Library Division Provincial Archives of British Columbia Tha imag M appaaring hara ara tha baat quality possibia consldaring tha condition and iaglbility of tha original copy and in Icaaping with tha filming contract apacif icationa. Original coplaa in printad papar covers ara flimad beginning with tha front covar and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or lllustratad Impras- sion, or tha back covar whan approprlata. All othar original copias ara flimad beginning on tha first paga with a printad or lllustratad impras- sion, and anding on tha last paga with a printad or illustraCad Imprasslon. Tha last racordad frama on each microfiche shall contain the symbol — ^ (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol ▼ (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: L'exempiaira film* fut reprodult grice * la g4n4roslt* da: Library Division Provincial Archives of British Columbia Lea images suivantea ont 4t* raprodultes avac la plus grand soin. compta tenu de la condition at de la nattet* de l'exempiaira film*, at en conformit* avac las conditions du contrat da fllmaga. Lea exemplalraa originaux dont la couvarture en papier est ImprlmAe sont filmte en commenpant par la premier plat at en termlnant solt par la darnlAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'iilustration. solt par la second plat, salon le cas. Tous las autras axemplalras originaux sont filmis an commen9ant par la promiira page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'iilustration at en terminant par la dernlAre paga qui comporte unu telle empreinte. Un des symboies suivants apparaitra sur la derni*re image de cheque microfiche, seion le cas: le symbols — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE". le symbols y signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent Atre fllm«s A des taux da reduction diffArants. Lorsquo le document est trop grand pour Atre reprodult en un seul ciich*. 11 est film* A partir da I'angle supArieur geuche. de gauche A droite. et de haut en bas. en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Las diagrammas sislvants illus?^«nt la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ary eroD oOth Congress, ) '2d (SV'»»/on. s Si:^ATE. Ex. Doc. MESSAGE FKOM THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, TKAN.SM1TTING Report on the houndary line hettrcen Alaska and British Columbia. Makcii 2, 1.S89. — Rend and referred to tbe Coinniittee ou Foreigu Relations and ordered to be printed. . • '! To the Senate and House of Representatives: I herewith transmit a report of the Secretary of State, and accompauy- iug documents, relative to the undetermined boundary line between Alaska and British Columbia. Grover Cleveland. Executive Mansion, Washington, March i', 1880. li V To the President: The Secretary of State has the honor to submit herewith for transmis- sion to Congress certain documents and maps relating to the undeter- mined boundary line between Alaska auO British Columbia. During the session of the fisheries conference of 1887-'88 in this city, it was suggested that an informal consultation between some person in this country possessing knowledge of the questions in dispute and a Canadian similarly equipped might tend to facilitate the discovery of a basiu of agreement between the United States and Great Britain upon which a practicable boundary Hue could be established. To this end several interviews were held in this city between Prof. W. H. Dall, of the U. S. Geological 'S ''vey, whose geogxaphical and geological exidorations in Alaska have associated his name with that Territory, and Dr. George M. Dawson, an eminent Canadian authority on the same subject. Professor DjvH's and Dr. Dawson's accounts of these conferences is herewith submitted, together with other documents, including a letter of Dr. Dawson to Sir Charles Tapper on the boundary (question, a memo- randum by Professor Dall on the same subject, and also a supi)leinent- ary memorandum by him on certain views of Maj. Gen. D. R. Cam- eron, as submitted in the letter of Dr. Dawson above referred to. These documents are considered of value as bearing upon a subject of great international importance, and should be put in shape for publio information. a55^i ALASKA AND HKITISH COLUMBIA BOUNDARY LINE. Accuracy being essential in the renrotluction of the maps now inclosed, it is respectfully recommended that it be accoiuplisLed by photographic process. " Itespectfully submitted. T. F. BAYA3D. Department of State, Wfifihiiujton, March 2, 1/^89. 1. 2. '2a 3. 4. 5, 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. la. 13. 14. 15. IB. 17. IXCLOSLKI'JS. Mr. Dull to Mr. Moore, .liiunarv 3, 188S. Mr. Dawson to Sir Charles Tujtper, February 7, 1888. . .Same to saiiitf, FoUniary 11, 1888. Mr. Dall to Mr. Ijayard,* February 13, 1888. isttine to suiiie, December 19, 1888. Memorandiim on the AlaHkan bounilary, by William II. Dall, A. M. Supplementary nieinorandiim on vLe views of General Cameron as submitted in the letter of Dr. (ieorgo M. Daw«ou to Sir Charles Tapper, by William H. Dall. Convention between United States and Russia, April 5-17, 1824. Anglo- RussiiMi treaty, 1825. American- Russiitn treaty, 1867. Two tracings by the Coast Survey showing the features of the region on the north shore of Portland Inlet near its mouth. British Admiralty Chart, No. 2431, showing the latest British survey of Portland Inlet. Chart3of French edition of Vancouver of 1799; covering region north of the 4.^th parallel of latitude. Chart 7 of same, covering territory between parallels 54^ and 57^ north latitude. Oilicial Canadia)! map of British Columbia, 1884. Dawson's Canadian map, 1887. Dawson's Canadian ma|>, 1887, showing conventioLal lines proposed by Canada. Canadian map, January 23, 1888. valu( The niinel tiie p| IJppc few ji wheni value large! port l| It withe ideasJ existil and u A 11 No. 1. Mr. Ball to Mr, Moore, Third Assistant Secretary of State. Smithsonian Institution, WashiiifitGn; J). G.j January 3, 1888. Dear Sir: In pursuance of your request for suggestions bearing on the question of the Alaskan boundary, I beg leave to submit the fol- lowing facts and observations upon them. The coast of southeastern Alaska is the valuable part of that region. It has a climate modified by tli<% ocean so as to be comparable with that of Ireland, water-ways reaching all parts of it, and making accessible its mines, flslieries. timber, and remarkable Alpine scenery. The "sea of mountains" eastward from the general line of the coast is broken by rivers, giving passage to the interior only at the head of Lynn Canal, at the Taku and Stikine Rivers, and at the head of the Portland Canal. West of Lynn Canal, the Alps form an impassable barrier until we come to the Copper or Atna River, which heads west of the one hundred and forty-first meridian, in American territory, and is therefore outside of the limits necessary to be now considered. The country even 2 or 3 miles inland from the coast has a totally different and subarctic climate, and is of value only for its rich but very limited placer mines. There are doubtless quartz mines, and there is timber, but commercially inaccessible, and therefore practically ALASKA AND HRITISH COLUMHIA BOUNDARY LINK. 3 valueless. The placers of the Stikiue basin are uow about exhausted. The Taku basin is small and very alpine. The present attention of miners is chieHy devoted to the jilacers reached near the Yukon by tlie portage from the head of Lynn Canal. ]3oubtless the basin of the ITpper Yukon, though larger than tie others, is limited, and will in a tew years be exhausted of its placer gold, as the others have been, when for all ])ra(5tical juirposes this interior region will be entirely valueless, as it affords few furs, and not game enough to support a large body of hunters. Even explorers have found it ditheult to sup- port life there, in parties of less than a dozen. It has seemed to me that the neeessities of the case, either with or without a treaty, would be well met by a plan embodying the following ideas, it being perfectly well known that the boundary specitied in the existing treaty was formulated on a mistaken assumption as to facts, and is impossible to determine by survey. A line N\hich can be most easily surveyed, and which the average prospector could recognize without f'itticulty, and which wouhl follow the spirit of the old treaty more nearly than any other, while modify- ing its expression, could in my opinion be obtained in tht^ following manner: Let a point be determined on each of the four i>assage ways into the interior — Chilkoot, Taku, Stikine, and Observatory (or Portland) Inlet Kivers — at ten marine leagues (or any other mutually satisfactory) dis- tance from the coast. Then let the territory drained by branches com- ing into these rivers seaward of this point (which should be shown by a permanent monunient) belong to the United States; that drained by streams coming in eastward of the monument be British. The bound- ary would follow the water parting, between the two. At Portland Inlet and at the head of Lynn Canal the divide between the interior and coast water sheds should form the line. This would be easy of definition, as the pass is narrow and the ridge sharp and distinct. It would give the United States a little useless territory on the head- waters of the Chilkat River and take a little away from them on the Chilkoot liiver, judged by the present theoretic boundary. This would reduce the positions requiring careful astronomical determination to three, namely, the inception of the boundary line at the head of Port- land Inlet, and the two monuments on the Taku and Stikine respec- tively. This reduction would probably save a season's work, and corre- sponding expenses, as the climate is unfavorable for astronomical work. The advantages of the above plan are, first, any man can determine for himself on which side of the boundary he is without any instrument except Ids eyes. There can be no question as to the water jtarting in the sharply broken topography of the region ; it will speak for itself. As the rivers and their valleys are the sole roads, no man can plead ignorance of the fact when he reaches the boundary monument, and any doubt, away from the river, can be solved in an hour by following the nearest brook to the stream of which it is the tributary. In general, I suppose that the survey which would be necessary could be mucli more easily carried out than in any other project, as the whole could be done by a meander of the streams, and by very few streams, except fixing the monuments. If the methods in use by the Geological or Coast Survey parties on reconnaissance work were adopted, and the practical topographers of either organization put at it (and the Dominion Geological Survey is equally well prepared), the whole line from Chilkat to Taku, Stikine and Observatory or Portland ALASKA AND HUITISH (OH'MHIA BOlNDAKY LINK. i Inlet could be run in two or three seasons, at most, by about four partii'S, and at an expense to the I'nited States (existinjj aj»eneies beinp: utilized) of ])robably not more than )j! 1 L*r>,()(M) in all. liy military methods and men the work would take twice as long, and would cost at least half a million dollars. In regard to this matter of expense, J speak advisedly, having regard to estimates already furnished by ndlitary authorities. The United States, if the river monuments were fixed at the i)resent treaty limits of 10 marine leagues from the coast, would ])robably lose territory theoretically, since the 10 leagues line carried along as on the Coast Survey map «>f Alaska (1884) juobably extends farther inland than the headwaters of many of tlie inlauf;r)^ de longiindt'oncKt, h*> trnnvt'railii la diMtunc'ede])lnH do di\ lienesmarineH de loccan, la limit*' eutre lea possesHions ltritanni<|iiHft la liHiin; de <-t.t<* nieutioiD « ei dcHHiis, coni- iiie (levant a|i))artenir a la KnsHJe, bera toinH'e par nu:- li^ne ]taralli-le anx Hintiusites du la cote et i|ni hv ponrra Jamais en itie < loign* e <|ne dedi\ liencH marines. The use of the expression liHthr, de la rote, it is submitted, shows thut nothing: more was stipulated for than a point tfappui for Kussia on the nuiin land coast, and the known circumstances which led to the conclu- sion of the convention att'ord additional evidence that this was all that iJussia desired or (Ireat Britain intended to jjive. The detinition of the lisiere oy a line following la crt'te ties montaiines tiituveH paralliivment a la ro/t, is pre<;i8el.v that whi(;li would be ao8sibly be a reasonable foundation for arguing that they involve an increase of the breadth of the lisiire of which they are comi)onent parts. The limits of the lisiire are by the convention expressly dependent on the relative i)ositions of ocean line and neighboring mountain line. The only reference to inlets in the convention (Art. VII) is in a fornt almost rovided for by the convention, it may be stated that the contention has been advanced by the government of British Columbia, that the woids "dite Portland Channel," in Article III, are palpably erroneous, and not in conformity with the detailed description of the course of the line, on the following grounds : The portion of the article in question reads: A jtartir (111 ])oiut U> pliiN iiioridioiiAl (le Vile (lite /'n'ore o/' in./f^M » « * la «lite li^ne retnoutera an bor«l le lony; «le la passe dite t'ortlaud r/jnwHW.jnsqn' an point tie la terre ferine o.\ elle atteint le 56"'' (le;;rc de latitude uord, etc. ALASKA AND HKITISH ("OUMBIA H(H'NI)AKY LINK. Now to reacli the eiitniiice of Portland Cliaiiiiel from tin* point fliHt iletiiied the line mnst run about ."lO miles eaHt instead of north, and, moreover, by ascending I'orthmd Channel itean not Htrike the main land ill hititude ')<> decrees north, as the channel terminates before reaching this latitude, and was known so to terminate at the time of Vancouver's survey. If, however, the name oidy of Portlanned, be considered as more authoritative than the single mention of Portland (Miannel. Apart from the above contention of the Hritish Columbian govern- ment, it is at least certain that if the line of boundary was intended to follow Portland Channel it was the channel so named by Vancouver, the lower part of which channel passes to the north of Wales and Pierce Islands of recent charts. The line has been erroneously shown on many maps as running to the south of these islands along i>art of Observa- tory Inlet of Vancouver, in consequence of a confusion of nomenclature in the region which, it has been ascertained, first occurred on an admi- ralty chart published in 18r».'i, and which has thereafter been followed and copied on other charts and nnips. It would a])pear. in view of all the facts, that some interchange lead- ing to p consolidation of territory would form a mutually advantageous solution of the boundary question; but that if this can not be agreed upon it is probable that a conventional line following as nearly as prs- sible the descrii>tion of the treaty might be arrived at. I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant, George M. Dawson. No. 2a. ]Jr. Dawson to Sir Charles Tapper. Washington, D. C, February 11, 1888. Sir: Having had, as arranged, several informal conferences with Mr. W. H. Dall on the subject of the boundary-line between Alaska and the neighboring part of the Dominion of Canada, with the purpose of arriv- ing, if possible, at some conventional line which might be recommended as advantageous to both countries, I have the honor to make the follow- ing report on the result of my conversation with Mr. Dall: On previous careful consideration of the subject, which I had investi- gated to some extent on the ground, it appeared to me probable that some reciprocal <;oncession in respect to territory tending toward consolida- tion of the regions under the respective Governments, would afford the most satisfactory basis for the selection of a con ventioiml line of bound- ary; the advantage of such territorial rearrangement being particularly apparent in regard to the development of the region on both sides and the facility of its administration. I found, however, that Mr. Dall was not disiiosed to regard with favor any suggestion which would involve the cession of any ])art of the coast line of Ahiska, and should this view be maintained it must entirely prevent a fully satisfactory rearrangement of boundary, how- I ff •1 asijagi ^n, 8 ALASKA ANI> KUITISII (OLTMHIA BOUNDARY LINK. » f' ever desirable it miglit in other respects be to botb coiiiitrieH, as the actual coiulitioiis render it inipoKNible forthr United IStates to otter any other territorial cjiuivalent which wouhl be of value. Failing any su(th re-arraii{j:enient ot territorial rights, it would seem (and I believe 1 may say that Mr. Dall and myseltare in agreement on this point) that a conventional line mif;ht be adopted, whicii, while nearly a^nceing with that described in the treaty, would prove more convenient and leas costly of survey than it. The divergence which still exists between .Mr. Dall's views and my own on this subject arises, I believe, entirely from a dilVcren(;c of opinion as to the meaning of the wording of tlie treaty itself, and this divergence does not so much affect the character of a conventional line as its distance from the coast, which would require to be regulated in conformity with the interpretation which may be given to the treaty with respect to its definition of the width of the coast strip. Conventional lines of two kiiuls in particular have been discussed by us at some lengtli, and while there is much to be said in favor of each, and either might be ma would be portions of arcs of great circles. The tixed points wo'tM re to revert to the treaty boundary winch, thoup:h no doul)t requiring expensive surveys, is not ill possible of realization. Additional surveysof the region through which the boundary nuist run m'\ lit possibly result in enabling some liiieof greater iimtual advantage tu.iU either of those above outlined to be indicated, but 1 believe that a line which wouhl luactically meet tin re(|uiiements of the case might even :io\v l)e adopted, while delay will ad(>wer from the citizens and vessels of the other; thus materially curtailing or render- ing nugatory the conceded right to navigate tlie navigable rivers which extend beyond the boundary into British territory, for Great Britain, and obliging vessels of the United States, bound for jwrts f ; Alaska, to take tiie exposed "outside passage" between the Straits of Fuca and the territorial waters of Alaska. (.?) It would be desirable also that the transit of British miners from the coast over, for instance, the Chilkoot portpge for the purpose of mining in British territory, where the passage has to be made by land, should not be impeded by the levying of customs duties on their outtit and provisions by the United States at the coast, nor should a like im- pediment affect American goods passing through British territory on the Uppe] Avest <; reel to bri| hold StateJ Ct'liiul be col To shouM <»f th« have tory) convel Stateif gestetl interii and Nv kan b Fro ALASKA AND BRITISH COLUMBIA BOUNDARY LINK. 11 Upper Yukon in their transit from the coast to tliat part of the Yukon uesf of tlie one bunched and lorty-lirst degree of west lonj;itnde from (ireenwicb, for use at American trading luists in Alaska Territory. (4) The right of Canadian sheriffs (or e<|uiva]ent ott1( ors of the hiw) to bring alleged criminals from tlie IJritisli territory in the interior and hold them in custody through the coast strip belonging to the United States and in the territorial waters of Alaska, while \n transit to British C'(»lumbia for trial, is one which {un miles wide.* Waiving these fundamental ditierences in lonstruction of the treaty. Dr. Dawson suggested two alternative methods of ol)taining a bound- ary line: (1) A line starting from certain siiecilied fixed i)oints on the natural routes between the coast and interior, such as those to be later referred to; the territory drained by streams debouching seaward of the fixed points to belong to the United States, and that drained by streams debouching on the opi>()site or inland side of the points to Great Britain. * The views of General Ciimeron an- to he fbnuiliii the aci'oiiii>aii,viii^ copy ofa letter to Sir Charles Tupper (printed aliove aH Document No. 2), ni08t coiuteoMHly fiir- uiuhtid nie hy Dr. V)aw80ii, in order that these viewa should boiharly put on reeord. . ^ « h. 12 ALASKA AND HRITISPl f'OLUMKIA BOUNDARY LINE. It being, however, provided that in the event of the boundary line above determined reaching a certain apecitied distance from tlie coast, it shall then follow a straight linr with a prescribed course for such distance as the sciiward streams may be found to lie on the British side of such line. A boundary thus i'orined would practically be found to follow the crest of mountain ranges for the greater part of its entire length, while it would be prevented from attaining an inconvenient iidand ex- tension by the prescribed limiting lines. The courses of the latter might be stated with sutlicient precision from our present knowledge of the region and siiouhl be in each case approximately parallel to the main trend of the opposite coast. The preceding parngraph, practically in Dr. Dawson's own language, agrees with the plan suggested in my memorandum of January .i, 18^8, except for the limiting proviso, a proviso which I would cordially ac- cept, it would seem, tlierefore, that in essentials we practically agree, when the mode of getting at a line in this region is concerned. (2) Dr. Dawson's alternative proposition suggests that certain jmints on the natural routes cutting the coast mountains should be settled upon, and that straight lines should be drawn between these points, believ- ing these straight lines would be little more difllcult to survey than the water-shed determinations suggested in the previous paragraph. In either case the line as actually surveyed, marked, and accepted by the boundary commissioners who might have it in charge should forever remain the legal boundary line, even though it proved by more refined surveys at some later period to be slightly at variance with the theoretical line which it was intended to represent. As to the situation of the points where these lines should take their departure, it was agreed that this would depend upon the interpreta- tion to be placed on the treaty of 182r>. But in regard to the Chilkoot ])ortage where there is no navigable river anj;ested the hmguage used in the delimitory tlansesj as well as the nieaniu}>' that languajte was intended to convey. As the subject is full of ditticulties for any one who has not had the opportunity for special investigation into the circumstances, I have felt that perha])s such a discussion might be of use to all parties concerned. With this document are submit*^' d the following maps, more or less necessary for a clear understanding of the discussion : (1) Two tracings by the Coast Survey, showing the features of the region on the north shore of Portland Inlet near its mouth. {'2) British Admiralty Chart, No. 2431, showing the latest British sur- vey of Portland Inlet. If these i)ai)ers are to "be printed it is very desirable that in the same collection should appear an otticially revised copy of the American- Kussian treaty or convention concluded in 1824. A similar copy of the Anglo Russian treaty of 1825; A similar copy, with both the English and French versions, of the American-Kussian treaty of 1807, by which Alaska was ceded to the United States; A reproduction, from the atlas of the French edition of Vancouver of ITIMJ, of so much of chart 3 as covers the region north of the tifty- fourth parallel and that part of chart 7 which lies between the i>aral- lels of 54 and 57 degrees north latitude. If there are any additional geographical data forthcoming from the Coast Survey, during the last year or two, it would be desiiable to Lave them represented on a chart by thenivselves. The second document submitted is a criticism in the light of the pre- vious memorandum of the singular hypothesis regarding the boundary line which have been emitted by General Cameron of Canada, and which are formulated by Dr. I )aw.«on in the accompanying letter to Sir Charles Tupper, of which a copy was courteously furnished by him at the time of our informal conference, already reported on. This is accompanied by a copy of an official Canadian map on which General Cameron's hypothetical boundary line is depicted, which it would be well to reproduce as far as it relates to the Alaskan region. I have the honor to be, very respectfully, yours, VVm. II. Dall. No. 5. • ■ Memorandum on the Ahislan borauJary, by William Jf. DalU A.M. 1. It is admitted by all that the language of the treaty between (Ireat Britain and Russia of February 1(5-28, 1825, in so far as it attem])ts to define the boundary of the southeastern portion of Alaska Territory, then Russian America, is, from the modern stand point, insuthciently precise to render misunderstanding impossible. Leaving political or national preference aside, as far as possible, it is obvious that, to arrive at a true understanding of the intentions of the contracting parties to that treaty, it is necessary to consider the situa- tion and historical circumstances which led uj) to it. 2. By reference to the publication entitled " Pai)ers relating to the Behring Sea Fisheries, U. S. Department of State, Washington, 1887," it will be seen that Part ir is composed of documents relating to the 14 ALA8KA AND BRITISH COLUMBIA BOUNDARY LINE. I bouiulary disciissiou covering tlie i)erio(l 1822-1838. A perusal of those documents will indicate to the tair-niinded reaarallel of latitude rather than of such a group of islands and such an area of the continent. Russia knew better than any one else the value of the fur trade on that coast, in the preservation of which the imperial family and many of the court were directly interested through the ownership of stock in the Russian- Amer- ican Company. I ( M^ 10 ALASKA AND HKITISH COH'MBIA BOUNDARY LINK. \'r it Slio desired to exclude all forei.Tneivs from sipproacliinjj the coast and attempted to bring tliis about b> the ukase of l.Slil. The pretensions to control of the North Pa(;itic assamed in this ukase were inadmissible in internationi)) law and were the subject of immediate protest by the maritime i)()wers, (Jreat liritain and the United States. As the citi- zens of the LTnited States were t he tirst to explore and to establish tiade in many parts of the region, and a naval ollicer of (ireat Hritain was the tirst to adeipiately cliart the greater part of it, as both had traded with little molestation on the coast for more than thirty years, it was intolerable that such a (juestioii shouhl be treated by ukase ami settled by the edU-t of but one of the parties concerned. 7. in the end Russia was obliged to recede wholly from the false i)0- sition into which she had advanced, and the fur trade was for ten years thrown open in tlie Alexander Archipelago to all parties, an(! during that period practically destroyed, so far as sea otters were concered. The only cimipensation which Russia received for this mortification was a recognition of her sovereign rights over the coast 8outh\\ard to 54° 4(»'. This was really a great gain and probably wortli more to her in the end than that part of the fur trade which she lost. But in the state papers which have been published there is little or nothing explanatory of the minor details relating to the territorial de- limitation, as linally agreed uixm. It is certain that the form used was essentially the work of the Russian negotiators and expressed as closely as they thought necessary tl>e boundaries necessary to secure to Itussia the control of the trade and tisheries on the islands and shores of south- eastern Alaska. The "line of 54° 40"' was then, as for many years, the central idea, and later became a campaign slogan in the United States when the northwest boundary was in question. The Russians wanted every inch of the coast to avoid the planting of competitive trading posts in their midst. But they were obliged to yield to the British de- mand for free navigation of the livers by which the traders of the British interior country could bring their furs to the sea and carry their goods to the interior. This privilege, however, was never used. The settlement of a number of minor disputes later, by leasing to the Hudson Jiay Conjpany the trading privileges of the Alexander Archipelago, put an end to a good many matters of controversy; and the practical extinction in this region, somewhat later, of the sea-otter, the object of all this controversy, left no particular occasion for further discussion. 8. There is, fortunately, one source of light on the St, Petersburg negotiations which helps us materially to understand the motives and interests at work. This is the " Political life of the Right Honorable George Canning, from his acceptance of the seals of the l^'oreigu De- partment in September, 1822, to the period of his death in 1827. By his ])rivate secretary, Augustus Granville Stai>leton" (second edition, '3 vols. 8vo. liondon, Longmans ^: Co., 1831). Both the writer and the subject of the memoir were in and of the things of which it treats, and, apart from an official governmental record, no testimony could be more reliable and authentic. The part relating to these negotiations will be found in Vol. iii, pp. 114-12(>. The quotations which follow are verltailm et Uteratim. 9. After stating that the territorial claims of the UiMted States, and a sui)posed "secret partiality for the Russian side of ihe (juestion," rendered it undesirable for Great Britain to join with the United States in negotiations about this subject, and that Sir Charles Bagot, am- bassador to Russia, was instructed by Mr. Canning, then foreign secre- tary, to thus de Tlio pr Ami tliei l,l't\V«M*ll wonld li dimivowi On the therel'on territory Hhoitld l> by both tlieir uni ])08tH ou such riv( biinks ot secure t« niul the 119-120. AN UNEXPECTED CALL 17 of this modest housekeeper as she fancied. He meant that she should be none the poorer ulti- mately ; but now, when he thought of that pictured face which brightened those cottage walls, he took more interest than ever in the welfare of the little family. Meanwhile he felt a curious sense of helplessness, as well as anger, that a young girl's picture should work him such unrest. Among his possessions he had photo- graphs by the score of elegantly apparelled women, some of them reckoned beautiful by the severest canons of latter-day taste. He tried to assure himself that it was because he had not seen a lovely woman for so long a time that this girl's face had appealed so strongly to his love of beauty. He locked his door, and exhumed these half- forgotten pictures ; but he sadly confessed to himself that not one of them could touch that inner chord this girl Aimde had so easily reached. He was waiting with more impatience than he had ever felt before, for the letter from this unknown country girl. It might be several weeks before he would hear ; for in those slow-moving provinces in the East they were seldom in a hurry about any- tliing. Sometimes he was tempted to leave all this great business concern in the height of the season, and go " East" and settle the matter himseK. His confidential clerk remonstrated with him as the days wore on, so eagerly was he rushing into great business enterprises. " You will wear out before your time if you continue working at this rate ; and, besides, what I i I !' 18 ALASKA AND liKITISH CkH'MHIA »(M'NI>AKY LINK i)lenip(»t«'ntiiui«H Nlioiild ooiitiimc to lie (lisHiitisCiefl with IIm- piojumitioiiH of (Jreat Jiritiiiii, Mr. Stratlord (aiiiiiiiy; whh Xn be iit liltcrty to Jiyit-e tonn jiiticlo Htijiiilatinn to ncfjdtiiit*' hcicjiltor rcsiicctiiii;; llu' tt'rriloriiil liinitH; hut Mr. [(M'or<;«f j CiiiininK considered it eKsentiitl that Jfimsia siionhl in .sonn' way rcjH'al " her nn.justiliahle airo- j;atii>n ol" cxclnsivf inriNdiction over an ocojin of nnnieaburvd extent;' which, if the KinsHian (iovernnient wonid not do, tiien (iniit iSrifain wonhl n-sort to sonic mode of record! ii;j in tlie lace of the worhi licr ]>rotesi aiyainst tiu'prctttnHions ot the I ka/c of IH'JI, and of etl'ectuaily Nocnrinj; I'cr own intercuts ajfainst the possihility of its Intnre openitionH. For snch protest, however, there wan fortnnatcly no occasion. On the 2sth of Feh- rnnry, 1ML'.'>, Mr. Stratford ('annin4 40 N. latitnde, between the I'Mut and llJI^ru decree of W. .on^itnde, and to ascend to the intrtli alon;ue9 from the coast, then the boundary was to be formed by a line drawn parallel to the ■windings of the coast at the distance of ten marine leafjues. The nth Article l»ound the two contractin<; parties not to form establishmeuts within the limits resi)ectivelj' assiyne\;. 120-125.) The expl.inatory words in brackets have been added by the writer to secure clearness. 12. It torins an interesting confirmation of the little weight laid by Great Britain on the matter of territorial limitation in its minor details to find, in the Life of the Kight Hon. Stratford Canning by Col. Lane- Poole (London; Longmans, Green & Co., LS88, 2 vols., 8vo.), a work which, besides embalming greater things, fairly teems with the trifles of petty diplomacy, only the following paragraph in regard to the nego- tiations alluded to : The object of this instrument [the treaty of 1825] was a good deal more than a mere question of boundary, though the latter was made to cover and mask the larger design. A Russian ukase of 1821 had advancsd claims to exclusive maritime rights in the Pacific, and some public repudiation of this inadmissible pretence had to be made on the jiart of Fngland. This was to be accomplished in a friendly smd inno- cent manner by the first article of the new boundary treaty, in which our maritime and fishing rights in the Pacific were clearly maintained. The article was debated by Nesselrode and Poletica, but the treaty was finally agreed to 28 February, with- out any material concessions on the side of fingland. (Opux cit., Vol. i. p. 863.) 13. These extracts show conclusively that so far from entering into a detailed study of the rainutiai of the line suggested by Eussia, the British negotiators paid but little attention to it and its geographical relations, their desires and intentions hinging almost exclusively on the repudiation of the principles involved in the ukase of 1821. 14. It is also sufficiently evident from the above citations, as it is from every scrap of written evidence historically available, that liussia's object was to secure to herself the control of the "islands and shores" ALASKA AND KKITISH CnLrMIUA HorXDARV LINK. \\) the northward of latitude 54' 40', and, as the wordinj; of the deliinitory t'hiuses appears to have been that sn^^gested by the Kiissian nepitiators, that she supposed that wordinj;' to be sulllciently precise* for the pur- pose. Nor was she ah)ne in this opinion. Whent'ver by British author- ities any reference is nnide to this subject dnrinj? the succcediiiji;' half centurv, the Kussian position and construction of tlie treaty is not only not opposed, it is taken as a matter of course. One citation, aniong the many which might be made, to i)r()ve this, will suffice for present purposes. Sir (ieorjic Sim])son, governor of the Hudson JJay Territory and a director of the Hudson Bay Company, an astute nian of aifairs, and who focused in his own i)erson all the interests which might profit by any insecurity of Russia in the generally received construction of the wording of the treaty, made in 1841 a voyage around the world, it is believed with diplomatic as well as other jiurposes in view. He visited southeastern Alaska, of which the fur trade was then under lease to the Hudson Bay Company, and the coast of British Columbia, etc. He ]>ublished in 1.S47 an account of his travels in two volumes. In the second volume (p. L'OD) we tind the following observations: Kiisaia, as the rentier is of coiirsi; awnre, possesses on the nituuhinil hetweeu lati- tude 54-^ 10 and hititnde (iO degrees oul.v a strij), never exce«'dinsen<-e of such an arrangement as has jnst been mentioned [the aforesaid lease], renders the interior comparatively nseless to England. 15. It does not, in the writer's opinion, require further argument to enforce the conclusion that whatever construction be placed on the wording of the treaty to conform to the historic evidence and practical international usage of the two parties most interested, that construc- tion must assume: (1) That the parallel of 54° 40' north latitude was the dominating factor. (2) That the coast and islands north of that parallel and excepting the right of river navigation were wholly and entirely conceded to the sovereignty of Russia. (3) That the geographical basis upon which both parties rested their delimitating description was based on the charts of Vancouver, of which the edition used was probably the French translation of 1799. 16. We may now pro(!eed, using the officially-revised copy of the treaty, to discuss the wording in those points in which it concerns the boundary. According to Vancouver's chart, as already herein stated, the south- ern headlands of the body of land called by him Prince of Wales Island were supposed to graze the jiarallel of 54^ 40'. 1 heir position has not yet been oflicially determined within the limit of accuracy now possible to geodetic surveyors with the best instruments. As Vancouver's lati- tudes depended on the use of the sextant of those early days, there was an evident possibility that the position of the headlands might finally prove to be a mile or two north or south of the accepted parallel. To avoid a wording by which Russia (in the event of the headlands being shown to project south of that parallel) should be deprived of sover- eignty over the few acres concerned, the proviso was made that the island called Prince of Wales Island should belong wholly to Russia. This conclusion seems quite self-evident, and is in harmony with the rest of the treaty. We have seen no other explanation worthy of con- sideration so much as suggested. 17. It having been decided after years of controversy that the paral- lel of 54° and 40' should constitute the essential part of the boundary line, it probably did not occur to any of the parties concerned that 20 ALASKA AND HKITISII ('((Ll'MIUA ItiMNDAUY F-lSlK, I Ir before stating where the boundary line shonhl (liverj»e from it, they had omitted to Htate that the said boiuwhuy line shouhi foHow the parallel to the point of diver;«ence from the point on that parallel where they specified tlie boundary lino should begin. Nevertheless, as we have already shown, there is no other conelusion in harmony with the prog- ress of the negotiations, and it has been tacitly accepted tor half a cen- tury by all concerned. We therefore hold that the intent of Article III of the Convention of IH-T) is to be taken as if the interpolated words in brackets formed part of it: CoiiimenciiijL; l"r(»m the soutliernmost point of tlie island called I'rinco of Wales' Island, which point lies in the ])aruilel of .'>! (te;ri-t')'M tO niinutrs north latitndc, and butw(>(M) the ll^lstand ll^lird (li'^ri-es of \v*-Ht lon^itnde (meridian of Ureenwich) the said line [proceeding; alon;; tlie said ]»ar:illel of 54 -lO ] shall UMcend to the north along the channel called Portland Channel, (etc.) 18. At this point we couie across another difficulty, or, rather, one Las been suggested very recently, liy a careful study of Vancouver's text it is evident that there is on this point a certain discrepancy be- tween his charts and his te.\t. In reading over his wlude account of the survey of this inlet and its branches (Vancouver, oillcial English edition. Vol. II, pj). 321), MiO, .VU, 33 1— > K>, and 371), he seems to have va- ried a little in his notions, but his tinal treatment of Observatory Inlet extends it to Points Whiles and Maskelyne, while in another [dace he seems to regard it as beginning at l*oint Kamsden (cf. «>/>. vit. II, p. 375). On the otlier hand, he treats Portland Inlet as continuing to the sea behind Wales and Pearse Islands. So that, if the treaty is to be tried by Vancouver's text, it will residt in giving to Great Britain the above- mentioned islands and some other small ones. But on \'ancouver's charts the names of Portland Canal and Observ- atory inlet are not extended southward to the main body of the inlet south of Point Kamsden. They are attached to the two bifurcations extending northward of which l*ortland Canal is the longer and most important. This is eKi)ecially marked on chart 7, where there is abun- dance of room for extending the names southward if that had been de- sired by the cartographer. On the other chart, that of the northwest coast in general (No. 3, French edition), which is on a very nnich smaller scale, the names, especially "Entree de I'Observatoire," do extend some distance south of Point Ramsden ; but w hen com])ared with the larger artd much more detailed chart 7, where this is not the case, the inference by a non-critical observer would be merely that tliere is not room for the name on chart 3 alongside the inlet northward from Point Kamsden, and that the extension was merely accidental. At all events, the larger and more detailed chart would be likely to produce the strongest im- pression on the minds of those examining both, and we may be quite certain, in view of the education at that time in vogue, that none of these gentlemen were geographers or qualified geographical critics. There will therefore be little improbability in the assumption that the longer northern part and the broader southern part were regarded as one inlet, under the name of Portland Channel or Canal, to which Observatory Inlet became tributary at l*oint Ramsden. This on the same principle, by which of a newly-mapped river the largest and most important ramification is selected to bear the river name from its source to the sea, while others are regarded as tributaries. This is tlie natural view to take, as nobody would mouse out the minutia' of Vancouver's text when they had, as they might justly infer, the resultant of it in the graphic form of his detailed chart. This view I believe to have been taken by the negotiators, as it certainly has since after 1^ l5iL= ALASKA AND I'.RITlsri (oMMinA HoINDAKY I.iXK. 21 have piOff- 51 (!tMl- iH'iMi taken by the Ilritish At »'ontroversy. v.). It will hardly be 'tlemen, after tiie manner of auti(iuaries or ])hiloh);;ists, nnide searching investi- gations into Vancouver's nomenclature or inicroscopii; comi)arison8 of liis charts one with another. The uu)st reasonable, indeed, we may fairly say, in view o\ all the evidence, the only reasonable concluHion is that they took as a basis for their discussion, without research or special com]»arison in details, the two charts (Nos. H and 7, I'rench edition) in Vancouver's atlas which related to the region concerned; that they assunu'd their essential cor- rectness for the purpose and were well aware that no other charts ex- isted to which a higher grade of {u;curacy could be assigned. I may add that there are to be found in Vancouver's text, when care- fully com i)ared with his charts, several instances of such diacrei)ancies. No one can be surprised at this when aware of the melancholy circum- stances under which his life was terminated just as his report was issuing from the press. 1 may adhers have followed the charts rather than the text in their use of the work. 20. We conclude, then, that an unpartisan survey of the circumstances would lead to the acceptance, in this instance, of the usage which has obtained among geographers in general, and those of the IJritish Admi- ralty in particular, since the negotiation was concluded, and against which no single objection has been raised until the present time, lie- sides the fact that it has been adopted, the line drawn through Port- land Inlet has the obvious advantage of being the nsitural as well as the conventional way northward of the boundary departing from the parallel of r»4^ 40'; and that this was the reason it was selected by the Russian negotiators I have not personally a particle of doubt. The i)a8s«ge behind Pearse and Wales Islands is very narrow and obstructed by rocks. It also has several entrances at its southwestern extreme, whicl ' (udd lead to new difiiculties of selection. Pearse and Wales Islands, though not small, are very n.irrow, high, rocky, bold islands, valueless for any i)urposes as far as now known. The general features of this viidnity are indicated on the U. S. Coast Survey recon- naissance charts reproduced herewith. 21. As we are confronted by a hiatus in the wording of the treaty, which jumps from Cape Muzon {" the southernmost point of Prince of Wales Islaiul") to Portland Canal or Channel, so, as we i)roceed in order, at the head of the inlet we are met with another hiatus in the wording: Tli«> said line shall ascend to t'le imith alon<>' 1b«' cbniiiicl called Portland Chanel as far as the point of the continent where it strikes the r>(!th dej^ree of north latitude. Now by Vancouver's observations Portland Canal dovs not reach the fifty-sixth degree of uorth latitude. I>y the most recent IJritish survey, even including the estuary of a small stream at the head, the inlet falls short of that latitude about '6 miles, but on Vancouver's chart about tive times jis much. Vancouver is ]»robably wrong in the latitude, but this IS of no help to us. Furthermore: From the last mentioned point the line of demarcation shall fcdlow the summit of the mountains situated parallel to the coast (etc.). i F i'! I i ; mi ^B . I ' ^m * i& MiiKiiii 92 ALASKA AND HUITISH iuUMIlIA H(UNI>AHV LINK. Now, if the cliuuiiel did rmcii tlio latitude of 5(> dcKtees north, there woiihl nuccHSiU'ily be a hiatus lK>twi>eii it tiiid the ''siiiiiniit of the mouiitaiiiH*' for which no provision is made. The rational ren<* dejrrees. That this is the correct explanation is con tinned by Stapletou, who says: The line ' was ' ' " to ascend to tlie north alonn Portland Chan- nel as tiir as the point ut' the continent where it would o/nAc the Titith degree of north latitnde, etc. This is obviously the interpretation which common sense would sug- gest in the absence of sui^h historical contirmatii/U. L'L*. As the '^ summit of the mountains'' and the waters of the channel can not be conceived to ])hysically coincide it is obvious that their inter- section was not inten«'ed. It was perfectly a]>parent that the channel and the tifty-sixth degree of north latitude were separated on Vancouv- er's chart by some 15 geographical miles, consequently an intersection of these two could not have been intended, lint the only remaining con- struction which can be i)ut upon the wording is that the line ofdemarka- tion and the tifty-sixth i)arallel should intersect, which is in accordance with common sense and the historic record, as well as the sub8e(|uent usage of the parties interested, and must therefore be adopted. 23. We now come to the "crest of the moun'ains situated parallel to the coast." What could have suggested this expression? We turn to Vancouver's charts for a reply. There we find the area behind the sea- level on the mainland covered with the conventional signs, which, in the cartography of those days, signified uumntainous oi- broken country. The area so treated varies in width on different i)arts of the coast and is bounded on the interior by a much higher and, for the most part, con- tinuous range of mountains, indicated in the conventional manner. This range is separated fiom the sea by a distance which, in some places, does not much exceed 5 miles, while in other places, measured at right angles to the axis of the range, it is over 40 miles. We have already shown that a mean position for the crest, taking charts Ji and 7 into consideration, is very close to 5t> degrees north lat- itude, at the intersection of the produced *' line of demarkation*' north of Portland Channel. In logic as well as trigonometry, one intersection of two iMoJected lines gives jirobability to the correctness or its location, but a third coinciding with the first amounts to proof positive of the correctness of the joint intei'section. We may fairly claim, then, to have established in thi« manner the following first principles: (1) That it was the "line of demarkation" which was'to intersect with the fifty-sixth parallel. (2) That the "summit of the mountains" was the crest of the range represented on the chart as coinciding practically with the above inter- section. 24. Furthermore, though there are numerous spurs and short ranges of less importance indicated more or less scattered over the conven- tional mountainous area, the above range is the only one which pre- serves, together with a general parallelism to the coast, a fairly con- tinuous domination over call other mountains represented on the chart ALASKA AND HUITISII COI.I'MHIA MnlNDAKY LINK. L>3 , there of tlio 8Ug. h«>t\veun I'ortiaiul Canal and the iiu'iidiaii of 14L iIc^K'ch west of ii\vifh. It was (assuminpf its exiHteiicc, an thr )u>p>tia oi>> iniiHt liavo (h)iu>) the (il)vioiiH and only natiiml line of dcinarcarun poMsiblo under the circumstances There are, however, a few breaks in this natural rampart as indicated by Vancouver; the most marked on the f^eiieral chart is at the hca HinuoHitieM «)f tho coast iiiid wliicli hIiuII iu-vit t>x('et>(l the iliHtiiiKM; of tt'ii.iiiai'iiii^ loii;;uus tlit*retroiii. !'.">. Had the topojifraphy of the mainland been really what the nego- tiators su]>posed and what Vanf territorial of a fresh As far a the ocean, mention vt: < ( )n the ( tory, or b them, is at Nothing serve to n Kussia we parcel of t ilatiou for they are c The lim positions in the con doctrine c Thoug lies at tl Civilij the watc the sove poses as By a territorii fiction. Now ( and pro by a dec phrase, 5. A]) proceed {V li; si an col( my "mt iieedlesi sis. It of the I right of was ne> (2) B the islr not at s tinenta applies It will solid lai t'ontinei ALASKA AND HKITISH COLT'MHIA B«»rNDArvY LINE. 2: lYoni the sea water's edfje, wherever — in inlet or elsewhere — it outlined the continent, ami tiiat this beinj;' the eoast-liiie, where no nioiintiiins exist within It) leaj^nes, is e(|niilly the coastline whence to deterniiiie the mountains iirmrst lo the nxtnl. I)Ut. as said iihove, inlets in either alternative, the occurrence or non-occnrrence of mountains within 10 leagues, are not part of the coast linedeternuning the boundary. The last pjiragraph is again purely aimuuciatoiy: But to proceed: None of the inlets between l'ortlan 26 ALASKA AND HKITISII COLUMBIA HOINDAUY LINE. Under the treaty uot over 30 miles from tbe ocean could be possessed by Russia wbeu not mountainous, and as tbe mountains come to tbe sea nearly all tbe way from Cape ^luzon to Cape Si)encer, tbe only prop- erty possessed by llussia in tbe arcbipelayo would bave been (1) Prince of Wales island, wbicli in tbe treaty is absolutely jjiveu to ber, and (-) a strip a mile or two in average widtb on tbe ocean sbores of tbe most seaward of the islands. It is perfectly easy to verify this if one would take such trouble, and it is ceriainly absurd enough for anybody. There are other ways, if more were needed, of puncturing this hypotb- esi.!, but the above will sulbce for tbe present. (i. There is a pouit in (leneral Cameron's next paragraph which illus- trates bow remarkably the line of contention adopted by him lends itself to argument in any direction. The paragrajdi is as follows: If tlio so\ erei;:iity over inlt-ts does not pass iu accordiince with tbe doctrine that they are i)iirt and parcel of the sniToimdinj; territory there was no occasion for the reciprocal concession made iu the seventh article for rijj;ht to navigate these inlets. Those who bave followed tbe historical data of my memorandum will not need to be told that tbe concession in Article VIJ, which allows ten years' free trade in tbe archipelago, was given to (Ireat IJritain because it bad been given to tbe I'nited States one year before, and was given to tbe United States as a sort of soj), to (juiet tbe cry for permanent rights of trading there, owing to tbe fact that xVmerican vessels bad traded there freely for nearly tinrty years. Moreover, if by General Cameron's hypothesis the heads of all the inlets were British territory there was no need of any concessijn by Kussia for ber to reach them. She would bave had tbe right of access, without any treaty, to ber own ports, by tbe most ordinary principles of law, an . any such coiicession as that of Kussia would bave operated to diniinisb and derogate from those rights rather than increase them, unless it distinctly stated in set terms that the right of trading and navigation through tbe arcbii)elago was in addition to tbe rights of which Great llritain (by that hyi>othesis) Avas already in possession. 7. It is, of course, in view of all the facts, nothing less than, prepos- terous to supjiose that Ivussia would have accepted a treaty which cut ber "strip" of main-lanil into several portions, or that Great Britain, having the right to occupy with trading posts the richest fur region of tbe archipelago, and represented by the Hudson Bay Company, the keenest cor|>oration of that period, should nevertheless not only not assert and use tliese rights, baton tbe other iiand pay money and otter skins for these very jtrivileges to a foreign and competing corporation. 8. General Cameron continues: Kej^arded frmn this ])oint of view rivers and inlets are identical. As reasonahlo, then, wonld it be to hold that nndertiie convention tlie breadth of the /(«ioint If plus meridional de I'ile dite I'rince of Wales " * " la dite ligne reniontera an uord le lonjf de la passe dite I'orthind Channel jusqu'au point de la terre ferme ou elle atteint le ufinie dfj^ro de latitude nord," etc. Now, to reach the entrance of Portland CIia;inel from the point first defined the line must run about l>() miles east of north, and, moreover, by ascendin;^ Portland Clianuel it can not stril the contention is that we ninst construe the treaty, not by the details of Vancouver's text, which were insutliciently represented on his chart, but by the facts which the negotiators supposed they had before them in his charts and the subsequent usage of geogrsiphers. The sticklers for the a(h)ption of the ideas found in Vancouver's text msiy safely be challenged to lind a .single map or chart published be- fore 18(K) in which the name of i'ortland Canal or Channel is applied to the waters behind Pearsc and Wales Islands. Tnless they can tind a majority of the charts and maps expressing that view it maybe safely denied that those waters are or have been, at any time, to geographers "known as Portland Channel." Even the oUicial maps jmblished iii lS8f under the direction of the Hon. W. Smithe. chief commissioner ot lands and works for British Columbia, and on which General Cameron's new boundary line is inserted, still retain the names of Portland Canal and Observatory Inlet in the places where Vancouver charted them and where they have by the common consent ol cartographers ever since remained. No. 7. i Conrenfion hetneen the United States of America and His Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias, relative to navigatinf/, fshinf/, etc., in the Pacific Ocean. , [Coutliuled April 17, 1824; ratiticntious excban}>o(l January 11, 1825; pioclainied .Jauuaiy 12, 1825.] lOrisiiiiil.l [Translation.] An nom de la tris Sainte et Indirisi- In the name of the most holy and in- hie Trinite. divisible Trinity. Le Pri'-sident des Etats Unis d'Amcrique, et Sa Majestc I'Em- pereni' de toutes les liussies, vou- lant cimenter les liens d'amitie qui les unissent, et assurer entre eux le maintien invariable d'uu parfait accord, moyennant la prcsenteCon vention, or^t nomni*'? jjour l«;urs Plenipotentiaries a cet etfet,savoir : Le President des I'^tats Unis d'Am^rique, le Sieur Henry Mid- DLETON, citoyeu des dits Etats, et leur Envoye Extraordinaire et Ministre Plenipoteiitiaire i)res Sa Mnjeste Imperiale: et Sa Majeste rEmi)erenr de toutes les IJussies, ses ames et f''aux les Sieurs Chakles Kobert Comte de Nes- SELRODE, Conseiller Prive ax^tuel, Membre du Conseil d'Etat, Secre- taire d'Etat Dirigeantle Ministere des affairesetrangeres, Chand)ellan actuel, Chevalier de I'ordre de St. The President of the United States of America, and His Majesty the Emjjeror of all the Kussias, wishing to cement the bonds of amity which unite them and to se- cure between them the invariable maintenance of a perfect concord, by means ot the present Conven- tion, have named as their Pleui- l^otentiaries to this effect, to wit: The President of the United States of America, Henry Middleton, a citi/en of said States, and their Eiivo> Extraordinary and Minis- ter Plenipotentiary near his Impe- rial Majesty: and His Majesty the Emperor of all the Pussias, his beloved and faithful Charles KoHERT Count of Nesselrode, actual Privy Counsellor, Member of the Council of State, Secretary of State directing the administra- tion of Foreign Att'airs, actual ALA Alexandre de I'ordre c Ire classe, I'aigle blan Croix de I d'Uongrie, i St. Esprit Grand Croi d'Uonneur Grand Croi noir et de 1 de Tannonc Charles III dinand et d I'Elephantt Polaire de de Wurteni Hanovre, c Fidelite de tin de Pa Poletica,< Chevalier c de la Ire el I'ordre de seconde; ecliange 1 trouves en arrete et siiivantes. ARl II est coi partie du g munement I du Sud, les spectifs dei I tractautes i iii genes, s( soit dans l'( soit dans h cotes sur di pas deja 0( commerce i toutefois le tions deter tjui suivent ART Dans la droits de i exerces su] citoyens et sauces cont le pretext( il est conv< Ktats Unii ALASKA AND KRITISI COLUMHIA BOrNDARY LINE. 29 Alexandre Xevsky, Graml Croix de Tordre de St. Wladimir de la Ire classe, Chevalier de celui de raigle blaiic de Polojiiie, (iraud Croix de I'ordre de St. litieime d'llongrie, Chevalier desordresdu St. Esprit et de St. Michel et Grand Croix de celui de la Lcf^ion d'iJonneur de France, Chevalier Grand Croix des ordres de I'aigle noir et de I'a gle rouge de Prusse, de Tannonchule de Sardaigne, de Charles Hi d'Espagne, de St. Fer- dinand et du uicrite de Najdes, IE. Sont toutefois exceptees de ce meme commerce accorde par Parti- cle precedent, tontes les liqueurs spiritueuses, les amies a feu, armes blanches, poudre et munitions de guerre de toute espece, (jue les deux Puissances s'engagent reci- pro(iuement a ne pas vendre, ni laisser vendre aux Indigenes par leurs eitoyens et sujets respectifs, ni par aucun individu qui se trou- veroit sous leur autorite. II est egalement stipule que cette restric- tion ne pourra Jamais servir de pretexte, ni etre alleguee dans aucun cas, pour autoriser soit la sort to any point where there is a Russian estabiishment.without the l)erniission of the governor or com- mander; and that, reciprocally, the subjects of Russia shall not resort, without permission, to any estab- lishment otthe I'nited States upon the Northwest Coast. ARTICLE THIRD. It is moreover agreed, tiiat here- after there shall not be fornied by the citizens of the United States, or under the authority of the said States, any establishment upon the Northwest Coast of America, nor in any of the islands adjacent, 1o the north of lifty-four degrees and forty minutesof north latitude; and that, in the same manner, there shall be none formed by Russian subjects,or under the authority of Russia, «owf/i of the same parallel. ARTICLE FOURTH. It is nevertheless understood that during a term of ten years, counting from the signature of the presentconvention,theship8ofbotL powerSjOrwhich belong to their citi- zens or subjects respectively, may reciprocally frequent without any hindrance whatever, the interior seas, gulphs, harbours, and creeks upon the coast mentioned in the pre- ceding article, for the purpose of fishing and trading with the natives of the country. ARTICLE FIFTH. All spirituous liquors, fire-arms, other arms, powder and munitions of war of every kind, are always excei)te(l from this same commerce permitted by the preceding article, and the two powers engage, re- ciprocally, neither to sell, nor suffer them to be sold to the natives by their respective citizens and sub- jects, nor by any person who may be under their authority. It is likewise stipulated that this re- striction shall never afltbrd a pre- text, nor be advanced, in any case, to authorize either search or deten- tion of the vessels, seizure of the Lorsqu diiement des Etat seiitemei de I'autn reiir de t ficntions Washing raois de h si faire se Plenipote signce, e cachets di Fait AS de I'an de quatre. Henry I^e Comte Charles Pierre ; [Sigued at SI In the Nan Uu His Maj( Tnited Kin and Irelant l^niperor of tlesirous of Ties of goc ALASKA AND BRITISH COLUMBIA BorNDAKY LINK. 31 id forty ulthat, iUall be jects,or ia,so«f/i lerstood I years, re of the sofbotb neirciti- sly, may ut any interior creeks the pre ■pose of natives visite on la drtention des Yais- seaiix.soit la saisiede la inarcluui- dise, soit cntin des nit'sures (Hiel- cdiKiuoa do contrainte envois lea armatcMirs on les t'(]uipa{ies qui feioient ce (roniinerce; les hantes rnissances coiitractantcs s'ctaiit rcciproquemont ri-scMve de statiier siir les p('in(!8 u cncourir, et d'in- llificr lesamendes encouruos en cas (locontravention a wliidi unite tliein, by means of all Af?iPti">**"t wliidi may .settle, upon a basis of reciprocal coiiveiiieiM:e, din'creiit points con- nected witli tlie(Jon;merce, Navi{ia- tion, and Fisheries of their Snl)- jects on the Pacific Ocean, as well as the limits of their respective Possessions on the Xorth West CoastofAmerica,have named IMen- ipotentiaries to conclude a Con- vention for this ]>urpose, that is to say: — His .Majesty The Kinjr of the United Kinjydoni of (neat Brit- ain and Ireland, The Right Hon- ourable Stratford Canning;', a Mem- ber of His said Majesty's ^lost Honourable Privy Coun(il,\c.,an(l His Majesty The ICmi)eror of all the Eussias. The Sieur Charles Robert Count de Nesselrode, His Imperial Majesty's Privy Councillor, a Mem- ber of the Council of the Kmi)ire, Secretary of State for the Depart- ment of Foreign Affairs, »S:c., and the Sieur Pierre de Poletica, His Imperial Majesty's Councillor of State, «S:c., Who, after having com- municated to each other their re- spective Full Powers, found in good and due form, have agreed upon and signed the following Arti- cles : I. It is agreed that the respective Subjects of the High Contracting Parties shall not be troubled or molested, in any part of the Ocean, commonly called the Pacific Ocean, either in navigating the same, in fishingtherein, or in landingat such Parts of the Coast as shall not have been already occupied, in order to trade with the Natives, under the restrictions and conditions speci- fied in the following Articles. TI. In order to prevent the Right of navigating and fishing, exercised upon the Ocean by the Subjects of The High Contracting Parties, from becoming the Pretext for an illicit Commerce, it is agreed that the Subjects of His Britannic Majesty shall not land at any Place where there may be a Russian Establish- au moyen d'un accord ipii n'-gleroit, d'aprcs le prln<*ipedes convenances rt'ciproipies, divers j)oints relatifs au Commerce a la Navigation, et aux IVcheries de leurs Sujets sur rOc«an Pa(;ili(|uc, ainsi (jne les limites de leurs Possessions res- ]>ectives sur la Cote Nord Ouest de I'Amcriijue, out nommc des Ph'nipotentiaircspourconctlureune Convention a cer cfl'et, savoir: — Sa Majestc le Roi du Ifoyaume Uni de La (Jrande liretagne et de I'Irlande, le Tics Honorable Strat- ford (.'anning, Conseiller de Sa Ma- .jest('' en Son Conceil Privc, &c. Et Sa Majeste I'Fmpereur de toutes les liU8sies,le Sieur Charles Robert Comt(^ de Nesselrode, Son Conseiller Privc actuel, ]\Iembre du Conseil de I'Eujpire, Secretaire d'Etat dirigeant le Ministcre des Affaires Etrangcres, i^v.; et le Sieur Pierre dc Poletica, Son Con- seiller d'l'tat actuel, &c. Lesquels Ph'nipotentiaires, aprcs s'ctrecom- muni(iu(' leurs Plein pouvoirs res- pectifs, trouvt's en bonne et due forme, out arrt tc et signc les Arti- cles suivans: — I. llestconvenuquedansaucune partic du Grand Ocean, apjiele com- munement Ocean Pacifique, les Su- jets respectifs des Hautes Puis- sances Contractantes ne seront ni troubles, ni genes, soit dans la navi- gation, soitdansl'exjdoitation de la peche, soit dans la facultcd'aborder aux cotes, sur des Points qui ne seroient])as deja occupes, afln d'y faire le commerce avec les Indi genes,sauf toutefois les restrictions et conditions determinees par los Articles qui suivent. II. Dans la vue d'empecher que les droits de navigation et depeche exerces sur le Grand Ocean par les Sujets des Hautes Parties Contrac tantes, ne deviennent le pretexte d'un commerce illicite, il est con- venu que les Sujets de Sa Majeste Britauuique n'alaorderont a aucuD Point oil il se trouve un Etablisse- nient, wi Governo tlu' othei jects sliji mission, nient on III. Tl tween th Contract of the C( of Ameri' be drawi iier: — Commi most Po; Prince c Point liei grees 40 and betv Degree o iau of G shall asce Channel as far as iieut whe gree of l!' last men demarcat mit of thJ allel to point of Degree o same Me] the said said Meri gree, in i the Froz limit bet\ ish Posse America IV. W demarcat ceding A 1st. Tl f>/ Wales to Russia 2d. Th of the mc a directi( from the tude to t the 141st tude, sha tance of leagues S. ALASKA AND KRITISH rOLUMBIA B(U NDARY LINE. 33 ment, without the permission of the Governor or Oommandnnt; and, on the other hand, that K'ussian Sub- jects shall not land, without per- mission, at any British Establish- ment on the North- West Coast. III. The line of demarcation be- tween the Possessions of the High Contracting Farties,upon theCoast of the Continent, and the Islands of A.meri"atotlie North- West, shall be drawn in the following man- ner: — Commencing from the Southern- most Point of the Island called Prince of Wales Island, which Point lies in the parallel of 54 De- jfrees 40 Minutes, North Latitude, and between the 131st and 13.'M Degree of West Longitude (Merid- ian of Greenwich), the said line shall ascend to the North along the Channel called Portland Channel, as far as the Point of the Conti- nent where it strikes the 50th De- gree of North Latitude; from this last mentioned Point the line of demarcation shall follow the sum- mit of the mountains situated par- allel to the Coast, as far as the point of intersection of the 141st Degree of West Longitude (of the same Meridian); and, finally, from the said point of intersection, the said Meridian Line of the 141st De- gree, in its prolongation as far as the Frozen Ocean, shall form the limit between the Kussian and Brit- ish Possessions on the Continent of America to the North West. IV. With reference to the line of demarcation laid down in the pre- ceding Article it is understood; 1st. That the IwSland called Prince nf Wales Island shall belong wholly to Eussia. 2d. That wherever the summit of the mountains which extends in a direction parallel to the Coast, from the 5Gth degree of north Lati- tude to the point of intersection of the 141st degree of West Longi- tude, shall prove to be at the dis- tance of more than ten marine leagues from the Ocean, the limit ment liusse, sans la permission du Gouverneur ou Commandant, et c|ue, ri'ciproquement, les Sujets Kusses ne pourront aborder, sans permission, u aucuu Etablissement i»ritanni([ue,surlaC6teNordOuest. III. La ligne de demarcation en- tre les Possessions des Ilautes Par- ties Contraetantes sur la Cote du Continent et les lies de I'Amerique Nord Ouest, sera tracee ainsi qu'il suit: — A partir du Point le plus meri- dional de I'lle dite Prince of Wales, leijuel Point se trouve sous la pa- rallele du 54ine degre 40 minutes de latitude Nord, et entre le 131me et le 133me degrt' de longitude Ouest (Meridien de Greenwich), la dite ligne remontera an Nord le long de la passe dite Portland Channel, ins- qu'au Point de la terre ferme oii elle atteint le 5(;me degre de latitude Nord : de ce dernier ;)oint la ligne de d«'marcation suivra la crete des montagnes situees parallelement a la Cote, jusqu'au point d'intersec- tion du i41nie degre de longitude Ouest (meme M6ridien); et. tinale- ment, du dit point d'intersection, la meme ligne meridienne du 141me degre formera, dans son prolonge- ment jusqu'a la mer Glaciale, la limite entre les I'ossessions Eusses et Britannitiues sur le Continent de I'Amerique Nord Ouest. IV. II est entendu, par rapport k la ligne de demarcation deter- minee dans 1' Article precedent : 1". Que Pile dite Prince of Wales appartiendra toute entiere a La Eussie : 2". Que partout on la crete des montagnes qui s'etendent dans une direction parallele a la Cote depuis le 56me degre de latitude Nord au point d'inter section du 141me de- gr^ de longitude Ouest, se trouve- roit a la distance de plus de dix lieues marines de I'Ocean, la limite = entre les Possessions Britanniques S. Ex. 146- -3 ■ VHlteVW. ■HMlMlii •If! 34 ALASKA AND IMilTISH CnH'MHIA lUUXDAHY LINK. A between the IJritish INtssessioiis and the line of Coast which is to belonj; to HuHsiii, ns above men- tioned, shall be foiiiied by a line parallel to the windinj^s of the Coast, and which shall never ex ceed the distance of ten nnirine leagues therefrom. V. It is moreover agreed, that no Kstablishineut shall be formed by either of the Two Parties within the liujlts assigned by the two i)re- ceding Articles to the I'ossesaions of the Other: consecjucntly, Brit- ish tSubJecits shall not form any Establishment either upon the Coast, or upon the border of the Continent comprised within the limits of the Hussian Possessions, as designated in the two preceding ArticVes; and, in like manner, no Establishment shall be formed by Russian Subjects beyond the said limits. VI. It is understood that the Subjects of His Britanuic Majesty, from whatever Quarter they may arrive, whether from the Ocean, or from the interior of the Continent, shall for ever enjoy the right of navigating freely, and without any hindrance whatever, all the rivers and streams whicli,in their course towards the Pacific Ocean, may cross the line of demarcation upon the line of coast described in Arti- cle 3 of the present Convention. VII. It is also understood, that, for the si)ace of ten Years from the signature of the present Conven- tion, the Vessels of the two Powers, or those belonging to their respective Subjects, shall mutually be at liberty to frequent, without any hindrance whatever, all the inland Seas, the Gulfs, Havens, and Creeks on the Coast mentioned in Article 3 for the purposes of iishing and of trading with the Natives. VIII. The port of Sitka, or Novo Archangelsk, shall be open to the Commerce and Vessels of British Subjects for the space of ten Years from the date of the exchange of the Ratifications of the present et la lisii're de Cote nuMitionnce ci- dessus conimc devant appartenir :i La Jiussie. sera fornn e par une ligne paralh'le aux sinuositcs de la Cote, et ([ui ne ])ourra .janmis en rtre «''loigii('e (luo dedix lieues nm- rines. V. II est convenu en outre, que nul Ktablisseinent ne sera forme ])ar Tune des deux Parties dans les limites (pie les deux Articles pn'-cc- dens assignent aux Possessions de I'Autre. En consequence, les Su- jets lUitanniques ne I'ormeront aucun Etablissement soit sur la cote, soit sur la lisicre de terre ferme comprise dans les limites des Possessions Russes, telles (ju'elles sont designees dans les deux Ar- ticles precedens; et, de meme, nul Etablissement ne sera forme par des Sujets Busses au dela des dites limites. VI. 11 est entendu que les Sujets de Sa Majeste Britanni(]ue, de (pielque Cote qu'ils arrivent, soit de rOcean, soit de rint«h'ieur du Continent,Jouiront a perpt'tuite du droit de naviuuer librenient, et sans entrave quelconque, sur tous lea tleuves et rivieres, qui, dans leurs cours vers la mer Paciflque, traverseront la ligne de demarca- tion sur la lisiere de la Cote indiquee dans I'Artide 3 de la prdsente Convention. VII. II est aussi entendu que, pendant Tespace de dix Ans, n dater de la signature de cette Con- vention, les Vaisseaux des deux Puissances, ou ceux ai)partenans a leurs Sujets respectifs, pourront reciproquement frequenter, sans entrave (juelconque, toutes les Mers interieures, les Golfes, II avres, et Criques sur la Cote mentionnee dans TArticle 3 atin d'y faire la peche et le comnjerce avec les Indigenes. VIII. Le Port de Sitka, ou Novo Archangelsk, sera ouvert au Com- merce et aux Vaisseaux des Sujets Britauniques duraut resi)ace de dix ans, a dater de I'echange des Batifications de cette Convention. Conventi extensioi being gr.i rli«' like e also to G !X. Th of ComuK trade in s arms, or ( other v\'ai tiactingl ing not t tinned a: ered, in i the Nati^ X. Ev< sel navig which mji orby acci Ports oft beat libe vide itsel audtopu iugany o house dui as those In case, li Vessel si sity of d mercham ex])enses tothelfej Place wL XI. In on accou: Articles < the Civil of the I] without 1 any fore an exact i of the n Courts, 1 same in ; cording t XII. ^ shall be tions sha within tl sooner if In wit tive Plen ALASKA AM) nUITlSH COUMIUA HOINDAHV LINK. 85 I Convention. In the event of an extension of this term often yejirs beinj; granted to any other Power, rli»i like extension shall be granted also to Great Britain. ! X. Theabovenientioned liberty of Commerce shall not apply to the trade in spirituous liquors, in tire- arms, or other arms, gunpowder or other warlike stores; the High Con- tracting Parties reciprocally engag- ing not to permit the above-men- tioned articles to be sold or deliv- ered, in any manner whatever, to the Natives of the Country. X. Every British orlJussian Ves- sel navigating the Pacific Ocean, which may be compelled by storms or by accident, to take shelter in the Ports of the respective parties, shall beat liberty to refit tiierein, to pro- vide itself with all necessary stores, and toput to sea again, without pay- ing any other than Port and Light- house dues, which shall bethesame as those paid by National Vessels. In case, however,the Master of such Vessel should be under the neces- sity of disposing of a part of his merchandise in order to defray his ex])enses, he shall conform himself to the Ifegulations and Tariffs of the Place where he may have landed. XI. In every case of complaint on account of an infraction of the Articles of the present Convention, the Civil and Military Authorities of the High Contracting Parties, without previously actingor taking any forcible measure, shall make an exact and circumstantial Keport of the matter to their respective Courts, who engage to settle the same in a friendly manner, and ac- cording to the principles of justice. XII. The present Convention shall be ratified, and the Eatifica- tions shall be exchanged at London within the space of six w^eeks, or sooner if possible. In witness whereof the respec- tive Plenipotentiaries have signed Au cas (|a'une prolongation de ce terme de dix ans soit a(H'ord«''e i\ queh|ue autre Pnissan(;e, la nj«'me prolongation sera t'galement ac- cordt'C a lia (Irande Hretagne. IX. La susdite libertc ro- quement a ne laisser ni vemlre, ni livrer, de (luehjne maniere que ce puisse etre,aux Indigenes dn pays, les articles cidessus raenti(mn«''s. X. Tout Vaisseau Britannique ou Kusse naviguant sur POc^'an Pacifique, (lui sera forc('' par des tempetes, ou par quehjue accident, de se rcfugier dans les Ports des Parties respectives, aura la libert»'j de s'y radouber, de s'y'pourvoir de tons les objets (|ui lui ser(mt neces- saires, et de se remettre en mer, sanspayer d'autres Droits queceux de Port et de Fanaux, lesquels se- ront pour lui les niemes qne pour les Batimens Nationaux. 8i, ce- pendant, le Patron d'un tel navire se trouvoit dans la nccessitt' de se defaire d'uue partie de ses mar- chandise pour subvenir a ses de- penses, il sera tenu de se conformer aux Ordonnances et aux Tarifs de TEndroit oil il aura abordo. XI. Dans tous les cas de plaintes relatives a I'iufraction des Articles de la prt'sente Convention, les Autorites Civiles et ^Vlilitaires des deux Hautes Parties Contractan- tes, sans se permettre au prcalable ni voie de fait, ni mesure de force, seront tenues de faire un rapport exact de I'aifaire et de ses circon- stances a leurs Cours respectives, lesquelles s'engagent a la rcgler ti I'amiable, et d'apres les principes d'une parfaite justice. XII. La presente Convention sera ratifice, et les Ratifications en seront echangees k Londres, dans I'espace de six semaines, ou plutot si faire se pent. En Foi de quoi les Ph'nipoten- tiaires respectifs I'ont sign^e, et I I II * s ,1 ' f 34""' degre 40 minutes de latitude nord, et entr^ le 131'"*' et le 133""' degre de longivude ouest (rorridien de Greenwich) la dite ligne remontera, au Nord Ic long de la i>asse dite I'ortland Channel, Jusqu'au point de la terre ferme on elle atteiut le oG""" degn* de lati- tude nord; de ce dernier point la li^nede d<'marcation suivra la crete des montagues situces parallMe- ment a la cr>te jusqu'au point d'iu- tersection du 141""* degre de lon- gitude ouest (mt'me.nu'ridien), et finalement, du dit point d'intersec- tion la nirme ligne mcridienne du 141'"" degr*' formera, dans son pro- 'on<>ement.ius4|uVi la merGlaciale, la limite entre les possessions Kus- ses et Britanni(iues sur le conti- nent de I'Amcrique nord ouest. " I V. 11 est en tend u, par rapport a la ligne de d«''niarcatiou detevmi- nee dans Particle prect'dent: '*1^. Que Pile dite Prince of Wales, appartiendra toute entiere a la Russie;" (mais d«*s ce joo ca vertu de cette cession aux "'> dts- Unis.) " 2^. Que partout on la ere e des montagnes qui s'etendent dans nie direction parallele a la cote, depuis le 50""* degre de latitude nord au point d'intersection du 141""^ degre de longitude ouest se trouverait a la distance de plus de dix lieues marines de Pocean, la limite entre les possessions Britanniques et \c lisiere de cote mentionnt'e cidessus comme devant apparteuir a la Rus- sie" (c'est a dire la limite des pos- sessions C('d«^e8 par cette conven- tion:) "cera formee par une ligne parallele aux sinuosities de la cote et qui ne pourra jamais en etre TI 38 ALASKA AND BRITISH (OH'MHIA IKHNDAKV LIN?:. J, and which shall never exceed the distance ot ten marine leagues therefrom." The western limit within which the territories and dominion con veyed, are contained, passes through a poiur in Behrings straits on the parallel of sixty-tive degrees thirty minutes north latitude, at its intersection by the 'r.orulian which l>asses midway between the islands of Krusensteru, or Ignalook, and the island of Katmanotf, or Noonar- book, and proceeds due north,with- out limitation, into the same Frozen ocean. The same western limit, beginning at the same initial point, proceeds thence in a course nearly southwest, through B eh ring's straits and Behring's sea, so as to pass midway between the north- west point of the island of St. Law- rence and the southeast point of Cape Choukotski, to the meridian of one hundued and seventy-two west longitude; thence, from the intersection of that meridian, in a southwesterly direction, so as to pass midway between the island of Atton and the Copper islaii \ of the Kormaudorski coujjlet or group in the North Pacific ocean, to the me ridian of one hundred and ninety- three degrees west longitude, so as to include in the terrtory conveyed the whole of the Aleutian islands east of that meridian. Article II. In the cession of territory and dominion made by the preceding article, are included the right of jiroperty in all public lots and squares, vacant lands, and all public buildings, fortification."^ barracks, and other edifices which are not private individual property. It is, however, understood and Agreed, that the churches which have been built in the ceded territory by the Kussian government, shall remain the property of such members of the Greek Oriental Church resident in tie territory, as may choose to worship therein. Any government archives, papers, and documents T'loignce (|ue de dix rines.-" lieues ma- La limite occidentale des terri- toires cedes passe par un point an dt'troit de Behring sous la parallMe du soixantc cin(|nieme degr*' trente minutes de latitude Xord a son in- tersection par le mcridien qui sti- pare a distince egale les iles Kru- sensteru ou Ignalook etrileRjitma- noft'ou Noonarbook et remoi te en lignedirecte,sanslimitation,versle Nord, jusqu'a ce qu'elle se perde danslamerGlaciale. Commencant au mcme i)oint de depart, cette limite occidentale suit de la un cours presque Sudonest, a travers le de- troit de Behring et la merde Beh- ring, de njaniere a passer a distance «''gale entre le jKunt Nordouest de I'ile Saint Laurentetle point 3udeat du cap Choukotski Jusqu'au meri dien cent soixante douzieme de lon- gitude Quest; de ce point, a partir de I'intersection de ce meridien, cette limite suit une direction Sudouest de manicre a passer a distance cgale entre Pile d' Atton et rile Copper du groupe d'ilots Kor- maudorski «laus Tocean Pacifique Sei)tentrional.iusqu'au m«''ridien de cent quatre-vingt trei/e degres de longitude Quest, de maniere a en- claver, dans le Terriloire cede toutes les iles Aleoutes s'tuees a I'est de ce meridien. Article II. Dans le Territoire cede, par Par- ticle precedent a la Souverair»ete des Etats-L^nis sont cor.ipris le droit de propri«''te sur l^ous les ter- rains et places publics, terres inoo- cupees, toutes les constructions publiques, f* rtifieations, casernes et autres edifices qui ne sont pas pro[)riete priv«''e individuello. II est toutefois entenda et convenue que les eglises construites par le Gouvernement Russe sur le Terri toireced*^ resterontla propriete des membres de TEglise GrecqueOrien- tale residant dans ce Territoire et appartenant a ce culte. Tous les archives papiers et documents du relative t ion afore existing possessio United h cated CO] be requii jiivGu by Russian Kussian < may appl The in I I'itory, ac reserving May retui years; bii remain in with the native tri tlie enjoj a(ivantag< zeusof the be main ta free enjoi ]iroperty iiized trib /aws and i StJites m? I adopt in re 'of that CO His MaJ the Russia venient tl agents for delivering agents ap] rnitedStti ion, proper pui'tenanc and for do maybe nee But the ce immediate less to be c solute on t tious, wit] <'ii lual deli Imniedia "f the ratil tion, any f< posts whic ^ ALASIv'A AND 15RITISH COLUMHIA Hol'NDAKV LINE. 39 relative to the territory and domin- ion aforesaid, which u^ay be now existing' there, will be left in the possession of the agent of the United States; bui an authenti- cated copy of such of ilienj as may be required, will be, at all tinses, jjiven by the United States to the Kussian government, or to such Russian otilceis or subjects, as tliey may ajiply for. AllTICLE III. The inhabitants of the ceded ter- ritory, according to their choice, reserving their natural allegiance, may return to llussia within three years; but if they should prefer to remain in the ceded territory, they, Avith the exception of uncivilized native tribes, shall be admitted to tlie enjoyment of all the rights, advantages and immunities of citi- zens of the United States, and shall hemaintaineropri<'te et religion. Les tribus sauvages seront assujeties aux lois et reglements (pie les Etats Unis pourront adoptei- de temps en temps a IVgard des tribus abori- genes de ce pays. Article IV. Sa IMajest** I'Empereur de toutes les Kassies nommera aussitot ' ."fcnr de toutes les Eussies d'une >: r et par le Pivsident des Etats-Unis avec I'avis et le con sentemeut du Senat de I'autre, le ratifications en seront ^changees ;i Washington dans le terme de troisi mois, a compter du jour de la signa |^ ture, ou plus tot si faire se peut. En foi de quoi ies plenipoten i; jiies respectifs out signe cette I'un i»ntion et y out appos«'* le sceau iiir 'eur armes. Fait ii Washington le 18-30 jour de Mars de Pan de Notre Oeigneur mil huit cent soixante sept. L. s.j Edouard De Stoeckl. L. s. William H. Seward. o I I ill . ~^''K tr""3" it « N ■m I 1 ,. •\^ No, 10— Tracl No. 10— Tracing by tlie CoaA Survey, showing the features of the region on the north shore of Portland 1 nlet near its mouth. o a ^Ji 11 H'^ »pobtl/nd -^^^^^^3^ 1>^-^^'- si*--. "'.... .v. •.,■!:.,»%;. » PO B T U A ^/' V w ■■^^ Pf m^ U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY EM. THORN, Supenntenaetit HORE OF PORTLAND INLET ALASKA Surveyed by Lt Comd. H.E.Nicliola U SN A»«t. Scale 40000 1888 • J*. * /» J 1 Stat MtLr. .»- \ Trouudb framj tht, Original, Survry* of the 1 Survey for Prof W U DaJL Aaav»t 4 .ET f^athinaton Jt.C F»h 2o'/Bea. Ou, Ort^iniU. Sxirwft of tht US.Cotteb and' GeMtUtic f UHaJL J^^^yh^^ Ataiittant, in ChM.rgt. of Office.. S Ex /i/i^ 50 2 ipn vpsipawi I i^anma i^i^w^'^^f' ^ i I •■! k> r I :rjr ,, , i, i ! ! . t Vn. 10 — Tracing by fh< S6' JOL-- hJL I 7^.. U38 12 2 " V - Shftrji Mt loai 5-^^v« -i O >' -^ ^^., '0>r,H 9 ft l.i3'i ^ ;?:. ' „o. i"'u.* 4^ — -^~ w &6a ]0.V^ ,., -M. X-i'i^ Ui^^ \\ r I / I / ^y. HiU /■ Thistle |l..H-,l<_ ■' i9 ^ ^9 Lord Rock No. 10— Tracing by the Coast Survey, sliowing the features of the region on the north shore of Portland Inlet near its mouth. .'V' V y S^ \ rortUiid It. I,ii.i..l P-r /] ■ '■X \ O/M ?. \ y ?/, \ \ \ y ^ r y /7 / / / / ^ \\' \> ^ \» \^ o ./ '.5' 55\o t .^\M \^\ \, 108 20M Thialle Hur\ '•' •^a^. / / ■'. I \ \ \^ X ^^ jaa s J!.' 322^ >• n-n. Lord Rock, y loa i 7l(»ce R 1^6 155 I'. S. COAST AJSTT' (3-EODETrC SURVKY FlVl THORN , S 1 jpen-iiitendent. Portlurul In hi 16 "^ ^)Tslana Ft Id 88 180 " A 102 r^ # Zi6 It ^ 115 i%u^. AA'i^ S Ex /t^(r 50 2 r 1 t ^, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) // ^ >i 1.0 l.i 11.25 •allll 125 lis ^ ^" E fa ^" 141 Photographic ^Sciences Corporation ^ 23 WeST MAIN STMIT WnSTn,N.Y. I4SM (7I«)«72-4S03 O^ ^' No. 11— British Admiralty Chart No 2431. showing the latest British survey of Portland Inlet • ttoof* ^ '•tin, •»u. \ Jkht^Ji / mi mil \ int,RRivcT. Rl'Bock. )>; rf'ii.// , st.^o/uv. Moffnitic fbrUULon in, 1880, chereasintt about j'aniataXfy. SOUNDINGS IN FATHOMS. mma M. So' 30' to' .^ ><^ CAPK CHOS.>-;V^ , iV- • Hitnua H* ^v" ^m2 •-»•„ KU;»*s ^= / ivd'A**'*^! ('<»*/ >M>rfA.JJlv*, nr T .1.' »r JkJ^*' ■^ FuTh, Soil «l.ai7drKlolDuijiJf t)** "c..^" '^^ SMatwtto|)lMt- .^\^' J)erp. I ShelikovttB '-' I or P Mary PXhmtity Xrthann B BAR AN C^ •L.>" .:i^''" ,i»* ~ *f "e t^^ ^<> 'V4'* A » Hunua H' *' .f^^ RJ*>W y 5 / iv^itA*^*/) (<»* ■• jEasOPV / Un(M4( '1 '.-^ >v :. \-oi. ADMIRAL T Y v?,, »i«ff» Tfh*- Fl.rh.rv P*A ■ KtuiU- BJuiTit }e hS^ frjn>f**t "l « Tin' Ar«»>*p»l«t«» * JL /iAVui'».ij' I Houd Bay \ .. DiHiint ef letuiibaui H ( I Oia JCnMmutlUM ry-* .f lOlJtrf / L4fj??C e* L/-' 5*1? 4 lV»rt B AR AN O V Secfy'ff KiiaMianHf. '■ -^. .«j/rl "'"'"r^r. J^'^' it<»? ■^/'^^ '•.y- p,-* • , J vPort Sa«>tbchai.n Si I'l iO0»f? t4"'ii*?c!. p.* IV»rt r TAl'K KA.".;illAW 4?i-^ '♦•"t'-^-, jHoUfl^t* W XA ■w •J6 '" ** '6 24 ,A 3 JO « H a » w 'J w *v^- Xinipnoff Id. 6^3 -fc 4»' JO p 9 9 » 9 ti is JO 13 13 13 jS IS «i «i tt JO 16 i; J& •• . ' ,- '' Auchora^r off ,. ' vol jrr H 1 OH FI ELU lfMSPr\v.>Uitu'i,t862. " Hisr til' tide al--ut /» >Vv* SOUNDINOS IM TATHOMS .'^^^ ^^"^^'V, ..,j-"^ ^V O, l-v .... 7 (.■'■- >:.jN^/--^.. "v. . , j.« Viu .1.-V" .'V 'V»*t f7Jttm.iL \ h '■.. »hi»r« '"■•'A £ ,^ -tni r^(t fiiiftur ,sr» "-, r :■. ■^^?^' 30 37' ^>* i'ettehaiKw Bay (Sand) r.C«nc]ii«>on c^^^ JL T .N E N B {■. f ; > . KUPRIANOV ISLAND Mxii n<* r^j-- v/ U-^ P'Gtintf nr' TJarriit I' Malmi's (T' on" . P. .'--V^ 1.......--. -r-__ .■•tfs ,r!i.v I '1' < : "■ /■ ■ ?5 C.P **«»''«-" Iiaiyl*«^ • S' 1 4>r 1 ( "'wl«*'<:.w«. • • S ^f { 1 , •en I. «« ^r^j^ '- Island N JJ Sea Ottev L■So^^' V -'' /favrtUc !• ' , .'•7 ■■ -^ : ^ ^•■-''' 'v., 1 J" L I N D E N B T. R iS" Pf. NINSV LA a ) ■ } s -^ ..., i...l.x.l-l TT^ y '' ft (' \ *^ ^ ■■ (7 ■^jY; "''^^' ^ V v^, . ^'&. \ MihinMui lY ', ys\ V* V. \ 'A c^-.-'j .,'• • ■..■If • ■ ) /■■. 7J ) /(■ tU« ttihrJ^I ( Moutltnf Ow 1 RWer Staohiai* > « tgHrthur 7ARRMBO I. • ti NckiTWonofvl Pi 1. ^ ■■-~,-!=' ,.. t, iBliuhUiJ. TO LI If 1. r "4. (--rltT^^ '^ A .y (P 7 |v Vrt/' Mjt. fl'V /? / w so !>• UH .rtuVu 135 ^** ,•"<• w .u 111 lentmmef /* «0 _ M> ■<<»' ao' to' 70' A> »7 ^'^^^CWq 1^' P.Ste* j^/rYirtCMi'*' <^ Mufi {Jljvw. l^EVUfcA «rvnt:rfcA:>> ■;oi*iiE|>e' ^ so' Mil u.y4,j UN LLLLU I " ' mag ^gjjjjj,.mgg^-^-:^^gSH^^3HiH Ir'UtU' con-o^cns Xfl8 MS \ 1 * CO- ''r^ • '■•■> ■,•«»• ^ R«,uib..l Hay /.- .^^c^ , ,^,^,^ m ■■'./ laf&M^y. -We.t. from G.ce^'gch >Z>u,./.. ^T^./ Jr«,«,>..«ft 'iU^, iiJ.-^tf.-W'- HT , iii ii..Luy ' "^ ^tj-^tS? ^^^^^^3E^ aa* so' laa Lomipn iiOjye forrscaiMW ^«/r,v< ii>fitJ'dyii>»6. Fw,ymy. Lin ittl' TUviikl (atmspiuji 1- »:.* >in r ISVookWmio gfii^tmiiit' "V •■"' ' - ... ■^7 ^ A -^v ••■ CORDOVA 7 bi'ii.i. 1C3 ^. "S. ^ Ki- _y X? kI'^C - ■'■^i.'^/r •^*. 11'..; iVv^i:-^*' *ir'»^' •9rcH iOl-S \ riS^ w^j^ (lilt *• VBitfrvrt/, auowj& "'Ji'sr- * I* JDIXON '"U mf ■to' aif 3£2 lU I«« ■*■ (f »1 '•^fssif'® MO I I I I I I ' AO' ■♦o" w tlyJiiM6 F^y]88S ■•^^js^f^® m m 7' ""^ja CHATHAM Sf '!' T r t " i Mill LL^^^jjjjL^^, 3^ 11^^^ XCE iOj ii 5o 12 cr *c 4« 1- S Ex /M& 50 2 ir. I « I- I 4 *! ^ S ^^ 55* 14*0' TtTTTTTTTT Long?itiul(> Occidenfale ;y.Roc1>v Plunploaa o V Crot< Sonuif— J ^•'V"^*^^ '"■ • i3o' du Mcridien d<* Gi*c<»«i\^ch. <- .t> CARTE ^si^ >en ^eCO^^^^Jit^aeNord^ »44°3 »9 ^« > 0^ c^^' .dantles Etes de 1792, i^g^ ^^,^oriei>^44. 55:^ Longitude n '^^^ ,^ 58" 5»'. ^ Latitude ^ ^07% , '^^ra/ ,^.r/ti> laDecouverte e^ I Aveo '««.r. -^ ^^^%' ree f ar ^^V'^-' le Lieutenant JPiUfr^j^j^ ^O^^ '^^*V7^ ^ ^' '-^^A ^<'- ^1*'*^ 60? 5o«: o h a a; CO ►-1 4.5JP, ^ C £ A C •^tamm^ ■••VJ,, A "'^i.T-'Xf^ \ /. Av/iwiivvl, £ A N •IMg^^^*^ N v /^ Q u :e S Ex J^L 50 2 i« I ^ * 4 i I Ml i Ji»' iS' ^^s r 4^' Jo' jS' 108? Vl :^r^** COTE NORD DE L'AMERI RECONIS Parle Cap? VAN IV.^ Part De^iiitf Si'^^d' de Zali/ii^ Sep tent jS' 108? 4S' io' jS' >27? NORD^OUEST DE [ERIQUE ECONNUE 'apf VANCOUVER. IV.^ Partie /i/iu^ Septeni "^ et ids'. S^de^Zon^ilu^leJ \ ■^' *^' M \ ,.n*7-;> >J\ KS ^,- ^^1 ''<^^(/\r\ V i^j ^ ;f li^*.?m^ate 1 '^/'.rV.V'ia'^'"*' '' _. ^^^ -^ ifon /»« Tt'-^'J' i/r i'Vlw^: Cap do Cliaroo ,J^. >M^' V-^^ -.. --■ K ?v A -^ ^i H 6 J- ■ : I i IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) LO II I.I 11.25 ^MM. 125 lis 2.2 m U 1^ I 2.0 y Biotographic ^Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STRUT WiBSTER,N.Y. 145S0 (716) S72-4S03 l\ iV •\ \ c\ '^ % •X No. 14.— Official Canadian Map of Bril al Canadian Map of British Columbia, 1884. S Ex /¥6> 50 2 jfj, '^^"UBjff^^ I !i 1^ 'I * ,»,, 7 ! ' i No. 15. — Dawson's Canadian Map, 1 64 65 ''•53Sf^ 62 Dawson'6 Canadian Map, 1 887. 64 63 62 1 xn i"« ,'.!» /« lift ^ fomTumr c.'.r^t tew»in r^ '■V„. 136 ~n yjkf' I o llrr^ ar/iTurt M/Les 3p 4c je *» ' S 10 30 MAI/T/CAL TO I ■ «• rv C4^C 0«M4. >?^ SOURCES OF INFORMATION ano AUTHORITIES fwt posmoMS Afve/Kco to /'/ha/cipal po/mts ok this map compiud by UtJ JimitSTOH.Cmcr DRArrSKAN, OIPAKTUEUT or TM£ IHTCHIOP DOMINION OF CANADA 1887 COASTS *iu ISLAMOS.— Bedyctd fnm 'PImHs'in USPtcific Coi.it htt* -/♦/<»*«. F^rt / lUS FOPT WHAM6ELL.- Ut Si' Z» 15' ft Lonj. m'tilS'W Fr,m USCo^st ni»t, FSi NOTt •■ Qn M* U-Sfltcf.c CM,t fthf »*'*, Ht» /untimn of forf Wrmnftll ^ots n»t ^ecistly a.jnt mHi H>tl- iisigneJ H I/- fy dr nutr^t* UhtuJ* lutil UnjihMli ti, ^. t3, frntt^y^nHy rh, plowing oftkt cttt and hfAnds *d/dfnh /» Ar/- t»w>fe//, ctintchftf w/M /*• Shiimt, dr* nt^ /t fi/$ irufi fi/Ht Cin.umHrtnftr *"rf lUclfn Microm,!^. Ttltjrmfth Crmk h, D*Af UM, J. 'M*£it C—t/n^t Aitd/uum^ jLltnj trtul. - L^-Hlvdn ml 6U»»m . TrItjrAfh Cruk 4utJ DttA* LlJt*(/ y-tnch tvhtj,!: Ltngihudu tf ftlyn^ih Cntji tj^i/ Z7«m« ^i>« ,''***yy fftntftrr*^ from Wr^jtH hy /n«^< of t^o chrittmthtrs Thi mMjurtJ jist-»Jtc*s iLjrt i/try Sihoft/Uonly w.Hi l4%t ruulhs o/M* oiitrv».hont. TCU6PAPH CP££M NOItTHweST£PLY ft Uh. tO'N - from T^hgrfh Explor*.h.n (Bymit rw/.. /ter) ■ Thi tnwor.o t, m^p.J fy Hm txflort^on it oMJuoM <• u /■ cm>ntU Ttkjnft, Cnt* wA* 'Tnkko' or Tofiok LaJi* ».ccorJ,nj fo M« ^m/ «k«//U/« m/ormahon rttfi,if,nf eonnmchnj tvA/trj, */i: (•?.'-fS' So ' fi/ , Lena liy'2Z'4rS'>V (^ifftroni*. in J:ftonct Aof^ot" Mt hro lonjilujt, oLiout 4-#4j/«/v/« milts' The pell Y RIYEP i»/»w OU F''SeliiA IS filon fnm Mips Accarrl< mo.,,, punt, f.Mtd i.%tTonon)ita.ily ^^ j^ £l oofo* V ^ /^lltyt/-: ad-CyZ^c/^ ^<*rf, S 93 NOTC : Qn fh, USfAc.*,,. C«,* ni,t P/a', CO** V Z'CfjfJt'l ^^*"^* ^d/icnf ho fort ttf*»j;hua„ ,f 6/,«,«t T,l,,r^S Crttk sj,J Dt*.t* 14lA* (A,^) »i'.rytJ iy C M_0^tM w.th y;r,ch *«/»«A. Ur,y,^uJu ,f T,ly,^l, Cr„A t^J Ot*.,e. U.kt (h^) f-r*n\Urr,4 fr^ Wr^.,H fy „,„. ,, fj„ 'VZTi'2'2 '"' "'♦*""■«*' "^a/ineM t^rt ^vy nJ^,fiU.t<>r,ly -/M M. rtMi/h, of hht oiitrv*h,ns. T£Le6RAPH CHCIK NORTH WESTCHIY /, Uh tO'N ~ from Ulfjf^h ExpUr^hon ( Byr^,,', r^U. /te?J ■ T/,, fr,»r,. ^ m^i,.J fy M. txfhr^,,,, „ „JJy,f,r.iu,r„d -I, bf fiirly ,.iyrr^t.t D£ASE RIVCR tn, roult i, FrAns.t!, La.kt ~'M PlUy Rl.tr aio^, Ojd fStlkirk Accorjimj H ^r*ck-tur,tt iyGMO* PELLY fflVeff i»fe ? rfnff r Tina iihrono.lu ..jl'!^ Oailvit's BiSit.on far •"son (I8$7)'"fl> mur, piinf. S Ex /W^ 50 2 o \ ^;--'^iSH r^ '^ \ '• -^^A \ .•JUi-**" '• " '** ■^, — ^.. .vi^^^tvr.lk -1 % ■•«i UMON « \ « ( ^. ^ fX^'^ n I ft c c 'WfMNGEr 135 •A cof ^. •U' ^ I..' ■';\ -4 -w ^^ ■■^a &*»< AtawtrtH ( yj^.V.- PRINCE. OF WALES '^' ° ■^J A'."r'^> T'^'U' avf »r lAHTottm '%A 34 f»»9tSTH* \ USiMt 1 R c;:h...i p e l a g ci7 i. ^\^! i<^y ^ . ^ k <• '-.A k' - ^' «;yi, A»r 'M\ ] <^ < 57 56 l««n«i6J'<'"' ^.»i --y,55 ..V fo»rTO.'<'-"- '%„,.. *'^" ^^« 198 132 19 1 ^'^"^ n'MVnRT Sl^M P SON ^^.,.. ,3Q i I f-i •' : ! !>. It sBsssaa ^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) k // // ^ ,.V ^ ^ ^o %* 1.0 1.1 11.25 l^|2il 125 12.2 lit lit b ^ Wteu 140 2.0 U 11.6 Photographic ^Sderices Corporation 23 WBT MAIN STRUT WIBSTM.N.Y. 14SM (716) •72-4303 ^^d <^ '4flk -V 147 146 (45 (44 (43 69 Sot/R Ces OF JN FORMA TION R...r^y V.^..,^yfr^ Al^Ui^^.r', Mup .n Jourr,. R.y.i G^S^mS. R^rcu^.n. R,..r a^^cer. o^M. R.^s.n Bmj C- R,s,,,.n of Of^ F^Y.-kon ^coni,„, H. R.yrr,.nJ. ,87,. My m^tr from Mmpt *ccomptiny,ny ScAwmMAi IftftoH-. ,88S. NAUTICAL k, , L £ $. \*- R \l No. 17. — Canadian Map, January 23, 1888. S Ex mio .b^ 2 140 139 138 137 136 135 J K : II