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THK following pages are dedicated to those seeking a solution of the "seicafje di'^j^osal" |>rol)lein, and are offered in the hope that the several matters herein set forth may induce Health Officials, Jnspectoi's, Municipal Authorities, Engineers and others having sanitary aHUirs within their jurisdiction, to seriously enquire into this most iniportant subject, and to ascertain by persuiial investigation, the grand sanitary results which are before us. Not oidy is water-car ried-sewttije t;ffectually and permanently disposed of, no matter how the city, town or local institution may be situated, but all garbage, house-refuse, .tc, is ahsolatebj des- troyed, and the sanitary condition of the district so perfected that no feeding ground is retained for the collection, propagation or distribution of disease germs. A saleable, and easily handled fertilizer, technically known as Foadrette, is the product of our sewage precipitation proces.«, and we Jisk your careful perusal of the following facts and statements, a large proportion of which is from actual experience, and the remainder compiled from standard authorities and scientific data: " Sanitas Sanitatis, Oninia Sanitas." F. STRAITH-iMII,LER, A. B. HARRV, President. Engineir and Secretaiif. Toronto, 2nd Deceml)er, 1889. TMK SANITARY ENGINEERING CO'Y OF TORONXO, (MMITHD). " Sanitary EiigineeriiiL;' lias been defineil as that l)raneh <»t" " en,<,'ineeiinerimented extensiv(;ly with it, but the results did not justify its continuance or the expectation of the promoters, some of whom promised all sorts of impossible things, amongst wdiich n.ight be mentioned "that it would efrectually prevent oi- destroy sewer gas," a<>-ain, " that it virould destroy such a large proportion of the sewage matter that very little sludge would remain," etc., but al- though, as is well known, certain salts of iron act as splendid disinfectants, yet something more than this is necessary to per- fectly purify water-carried sewage. For a long time an attempted solution of the sewage dispo.sal difliculty was practised on the Continent of Europe, and also in many parts of England. Tho.se who have visited Belgiuin, Hol- land, Germany and France cannot fail to have noticed the long rows of ditches through which the sewage was conducted or allowed to flow. In .some places the whole process consisted in permitting tlie sewage to filter through the intervening land, or that which was raised between the ditches ; in others the trenches were scooped out by manual labor, and the muck thrown over the land ; then again the sewage was discharged from pipes or drains laid beneath the surface, the idea being to prevent an PBHil SKWAOE AND CAHHA'iE DISPOSAL. actual cotitact lietwcen >^ir and .sewaj^'e; the latter, being dis- c'liar<;ed in tlie sulisoil. au.setl a certain amount of u[)waid filtration before reacliin;^ tlie .surface, and tlieiehy it was thout,d\tJ perfectly freeing tlie sevva<^'e from all sources of danj^er ; hut sub- .se(iuent ex|ierience proved that, altiiough filtration throu<;h soil will arrest the suspended particles of matter containcMl in tin- sewage, that in chemical condjination was not touchecl and still pos.ses.setl, uj)on reaching the surface or finding its way down- ward into wells, etc., its full jtowers of decomposition," and was still a carrier of di.sease germs. This was conclusively demon- strated in the " Swiss village of Lau.sen, near Ba.sle, which was "supplied with water from a .spring, situated at the foot ot a "mountainous ridge, called the Stockholden. In this village, " where there had not been a single ca.se of fever in many years, " an epidemic of typhoid fever broke out, which struck down "seventeen percent, of the whole population. 'Hw ca.ses of fever "were pretty evenly distributed among the families in the village, "with the exception of six. As the six families which escaped "did not u.sc water from the spring, suspicions were aroused con- "ceining the water, and investigations were made. It had pre- " viously been noticed that when the meatlows in the Furlerthal " — a little valley on the other side of the Stockholden ridge — " were irrigated, the volume of watei- in the spring was increased, "and l)y the sinking of the .soil in one of the meadows in the " Furlerthal, a vein of water was discovered which, it was sup- " po.sed, led to the .spring in Lau.sen. It was found, upon investi- " gation, that a pea.sant, living in the Furleithal, had i-eturued " home from a distant city sick with fever, and that the brook in " winch his clothes had been washed, and into which the slops " from the house had been thrown, had been used to irrigate the " meadows. The water thu.s spread out over the fields and then " filtered through the ridge, a distance of a mile, still carried the " germs of disease in it, and brought death to the un.suspecting " inhabitants of Lausen. " To prove, conclusively, that the spring was supplied from the " Furlerathal, and to deterndne whether the water passed through " an o|)en vein or was filtered through porous material, the fol- " lowing experiments were made : — Several hundied weight of "salt was dis.solved and poured in the hole in the Furlerthal, " where the vein wa.s discovered. In a few hours the water of " the spring became very salt, and the connection lietween the " water in the Furlerthal and the spring at Launsen was estab- " lished beyond a doubt. "They now mixed two and a half tons of flour in water and " poured it into the hole, but no trace of the flour could be found THE SANITARY EN(irNKKUI\(i CO'v OF TORONTO fLlMirED ■in;^' di.s- tipwanl thought) Imt suh- iii^li soil «l in tin- and still ly down- iind was (leinon- lich was 'oot ot a 1 village, ly years, ck down i of fever le village, I escajied used con- hat I i)re- 'urlerthal a ridge — increased, ,vs in the was sup- n investi- returued brook ill the slops igate the and then ft,rried the uspecting from the J through ,1, tlie fol- weight of 'urlerthal, water of bween the vas estab- water and I l>e found " in the spring ; proving that the water was so thoroughly tiltcred ' as to remove the minutest particles of tlour, and yet it still " retained its infective properties." " Cady Stalky iV: (.ikokok S. Tihrson, ('. E." When a district has lieen properly ilrained and the sewage sciontifically disposed of, a visible eHi-ct upon the I'ublic Health and a marked diminution of the death rate is observable. The experience, for iiistance, in Southampton is astonisldng. I'rovious to adoption of the " Carl»on " system of sewage precipi- tation, the annual mortality was 21 90 per 1,000, but trlfhii) a 1/enr after the system was in operation, the death rate had fallen to 14.20 per 1,000, oi' a saving of over 300 lives yearly. ( 'Om- nient is unnecessary. The result of scientific investigation and prolonged experiment at last pointed towards a much more practical and sanitary method, and that was the use of such an agent that would cause perfect separation of all matter held both in chemical and me- chanical suspension, and to act not only as a precipitant, but as an oxidising agent. This idex of course necessitated the collec- tion and retention of water-carried sewage in suitable receptacles until the desired action was accomplished, the partial chemical treatment in sewers not having proved at all satisfactory after many 3'ear.s' trial. In fact, under date l+th October, 1SH}>, the London St (indard re\)orted that " The (Juildford Rural Sanitary "Authority spent some time on Saturday in discussing the i)ollu- "tion of the River W^'c and the best means to adopt to prevent " it. Last month the state of the river was so bad, that on one "(lay cartloads of poisoned fish were taken from it," and although this town is the residence of the "Condor System" inventor, who has had it before the j)ublic for so very many years, yet the authorities had to look elsewhere for relief and actually peti- tioned the County l^oard for " information, advit-e, and assist- ance." Of course there hav^^ been many patents taken out for chemi- cal precipitants and several .systei'..' placed on exhibition ; ])ut it was not until the city of SouthaTi.pton, in Kugland, took the lead and became the first to demonstrate the jiractical solution of a (juestion which had etit'ctualiy ebided the grasp of scientists for generations, by adopting the Patent Caibon piocess, vmder the direction of the well-known KiKnneei- .Mr. Ijeiinett, that a positive success was achieved, and "results, upon a scientific, practical and sound financial basis, wei-e fully demonstrated. The true principle of sanitation is undoubtedly to return to the soil the chemical constituents oiiginallv contained in it, antl SE\VA(iK AM) (JAIUIACK DIM'dSAi-. •whicli lintl boon exluiusUd and al)s<)il)(!tl hy crups, fruit, vci;e- taliU's, jiastma;^*', etc, uinl also to iimkc that iftii n in a nianiicr neither iniiiiiou.s nor (jtl'on.sivi; to the sin roiintliii'' inhitants. In the first |ihice, a suitable system of ;^fhi/.e(l le, the change of direction being aeeomplisiied by long bends. Tiie pipes should be of such a caj)acit}' that ani|ile provision is made for storm water, unless tiie separate system is contemplated, when the wewei', being confined to the conveyance of sewage pioper, need only be of a capacity to convey a percentage above tlie maximum water supply of" the district ; the storm water sewer taking care of rainfall, street detritus, etc. Whenever possible, brick drains should never be used for con- veyance of sewage ; but should this lie unavoidable, then tlie inside course or lining must be of glazed or imj)ervious brick, to prevent the saturation of li(|uid matter into and through the walls of sewer, and thence to the soil, wliere it would accumulate and form a dangerous nucleous of decom[)osed matter. Ordinary building 1 trick is so porous that it really absorbs sewage matter, and becomes converted into a foetid receptacle of death-dealing ga.ses and disease germs. Take for instance a brick from one of our ordinary sewers, and the result of a Biological examination ■will reveal a state of decomposed tilth teaming with micro- organisms of sucli a character that the abnormal ]»revalence of sickness, and the high death rate is no hmger a secret. Tiie time is not far distant when cement, iion, or steel sewers, will be universally adopted for diametins of 24' inches and up- wards. Tiie former are now made in England of large oval sec- tions, and when the fall is propeily arrangc, th(^ j'osult heinj,' the prcxhiction of a thor(jUf,ddy prac- tical piccij)itatin<,' »'nd oxidisin;,' agent known as Patent IMvcipi- tatin<,' Oarlton, the action of which up(jn sewage is as follows : — First. Hy its coagulent projterties it collects all solixy<;fen in rfiil oxi- c matter rified by a similar lospheric 1 streams ,ed. , ami de- na, mag- e, in fact, iroperties id sludtre ng action .nv other tent, and Amongst id, is the tlie iron, contains 'eatment " In virtue of its romarkalile porosity and riehties-! in carbon. " it acts as a carrier of atmosplinic oxygen, bringing that powt-r- ' fill purilier in its most acti\e coinlitioii on tin- suitaco of its " pore.s, into intimate and actual contu<'t with the oxidised mat- ■ ters in the st-wago, and in virtue of its specific i,Mavity, nearly " twice as great as water, its particles act as little weights, which " Ix.'coming entangled in the chemical coagulum, the wlioh' niass " is (|uickly dragged down, leaving an effluent of good tpiality." its useful oMices are not even now completed, for the same chemical properties which aid so much in ])Uiifyiiig the sewage, add, in a most imp<)itant degree to the workalile anaron Liebig, perhaps tlie best au- thority on such matters, stateil that town .,c vage was worth fis. S00 pounds wheat and 900 pounds barley. By reference to the Pentateuch, it is interesting to note the sanitary law laid upon the Israelite-i, vi/, that excrements should not be permitted to lie upon the ground, but must be dug into the .soil, as Slater jiistly remarks : " This commanil evidently im- " plies a knowledge of the sanitary efficacy of the soil, possibly " also of the danger of exjwsing f;ecal matter to be washed into the " river, or to be the pabulum of flies, which then settle upon " liumaii beings and their food, and thus propagate disease." The weight of dry sludge or " Poudiette" per 1,000 population, can be taken at CO tons ]jer annum, two-thirds of this is voided matter, the balance consisting of chemical c(;iupounds, soaps, etc., kitchen sink and factory refus^,.. This (juantity will of course be materially inci^'ased, should there be many manufacturing estab- lishments drained to the sewers. Another decided advantage of " Poudrette " is that like guano, it can be drilled with the grain into the soil, thus .saving the farmer tlie extiu time and cost of Inuling and spieading the 1(» SEWA(iE AND (iMiV.ACE Dl^l'OSAI,. oidinaiy Ijuni-yiird nianufe, besides placing the fertilizer exactly where it is wanted. Owinj;; to its poioiis nature, the Patent i'ai'lion possesses the property of Ix'int,' able to occlude, condense and store away within its poies many limes its own hulk of cer- tain <,'aseous bodies, which it retains thus compressed in an other- wise unalteivd condition, and from whieli the}' can be withdrawn as reijuired like as fioin a reservoir. The followinif analysis (rives the absorbti ve power of one volume of the Patent Precipitatini; Carbon : VOLUMES. Ammonia 00.00 Hydrochloric Acid Gas 80.OO Sulphurous " " G5.()0 Sulphuretted Hydrogen 55.00 Nitrous Oxide .\ 40.00 Carbonic Acid 3-'. 00 " Oxide 9.42 Ox3'gen 9.25 Nitrogen 6.50 Carboretied Hydrogeii 5.00 Hydrogen 1.75 Taking the above figures it will be seen that one cubic foot of patent carbon is capable of storing without mechanical conipies- sion a little over 9 cubic feet of oxygen, representing a mechanical pressure of over 12(i lbs. per s(juare inch. Thus it will be seen that whilst its absorbtive powers are so great and manifest, it also po.ssesses discriminating powers of selection as between these gases, for whilst the atmosphere contains niti'ogen 4 times in excess of oxygen, it has been found that the mixed ga.ses cap- able of being extracted from it, contain over (JO per cent, of oxygen. It is owing to these inherent properties that the pre- cipitating carbon is so eminently valualtle in the treatment of ^ewage and other foul li(juids, and enables it to not only remove organic impurities, but also to destroy or render them of a harm- less character. We beg to append a few official anon' is €(iual to the best animal charcoal, and superior to the others. The decolorising pro^terties of the ' Patent Carbon ' being, for sew- age effluent, very nearly equal to animal charcoal, and greatly superior to all others, this njust be of the greatest value in the treatment of waste dye refuse." (Signed.; H. C. Barilett, Ph. D., F.C.S. Repoit of J. W. Gatehol'se, Esg., F.l.C, Public AnaXjst of the City of Bath. The City ANALvricAL, Laboratory, ,']G Broad Street, IJath, March KJth, 188."). 1 have to report with reference to the properties of the Patent Carbon, that an extensive .series of experiments shows it to ])0.i Carlton an oxiditln;; ngent of the kighcd qaality, and oneu'hicli, unlile Animal Charcoal, may mfdy he used fur the filtration of acid HijiLi(l''.as the mineral ihatter con- tained in it is i>ractically insolable, (vhil^t Anluud Charcoal readily yields its Phosplmte of Lime under similar conditions. It vjasthis acid xtate of the sewajje n-liich caused it in the experi- ments alioce taladated to contain more mineral matter after fil- tration thruvgh Animal Charcoal than before its use. For water filtration this Carlton is highly preferal)le to Animal Charcoal, for whilst possessing equal filtering and oxidizing powers to this esteemed medium, its freedom from phosj)hatcH and soluble matters will eheck the growth of those minute organisms so fre- quently found in ordinary ( 'harcoal Filters ; Signed.) J. W. Gatehouse, F.I.C. Fablic Analyst for fit,' City of Bath, itc. Subsequent Memorandum. — "A sample of sewage efHuent " filtered through the Patent Carbon has remained in my " Laboratory perfectly free from sediu)ent and odour since the " date of its filtration on Cctober ti7th, 1884, up to the present "time (April 16th, 1885). (Signed.) J. W. Gatehouse." REPORT UPON THE PATENT CARBON POWDER AS A DEODORANT. I have subnutted this powder to an exhaustive examination, \^ith a view to ascertain its properties as a deodorant. I find that its porosity gives it a very powerful action upon decompos- ing matter, both animal and vegetable. It is an active absorbent 14* SEWAGE AND GARBAOK DISPOSAL, and deodorizer of foul gases. These properties, which it possesses in si remarkable degree, qualify it as a valuable material for covering up Cholera, Typhoid and such like dangerous evacu- ations ; also for entrapping and destroying the noxious propeities of sewer gases, and emanations from dead bodies. It is useful in dry closets, and for general application where a deodorant is needed. For the |)urpose of conifiarison with " Patent Carbon " 1 have chosen -pure Animal Charcoal of the best (|uality I coidd obtain, and have made my experiments side by side, and under exactly the same conditions and circumstances, so that the results ob- tained may be relied upon, and the value of the trials easily esti- mated. Expt. I. — Absorption of Gases (over Mercury)— Animal Carbon comparative value 100 Patent Carbon " " OH Expt. TI. — DiSCOLORlZATION AND DeODOHIZ.VTION OF FoL'L Lk^uid (Millowner's VV^aste) — Animal Carbon comparative value 100 Patent Carbon " " 100 Expt. III. — Removal of !Soap from Solution — Animal Carbon comparative value 61 Patent Carbon " " 100 Kxpt. IV.— Oxidation of Sulphuretted Hydrogen in Sou'- tion — Animal Carbon comparative value 100 Patent Carbon " " 100 Expt. V. — Oxidation of Nitrogenous Organic Matter,s — Quantitative experiment on ' Millowner's Waste," containing 448 grains per gallon of Organic Matter, mostly in Solution — (1) Before Filtration — Grains per gal. Comp. Val. Saline Ammonia 28.00 3 Organic Ammonia 33.00 G.8 (2) After P^iltration through Powdered Patent C'arbon — Saline Ammonia ..." 3.G40 100.0 Organic Ammonia 2.128 98.7 (3) After Filtration through Animal ( 'harcoal — Saline Ammonia 3.78G 90.1 Albuminoid Ammonia 2.101 100.0 Mean Results : Patent Carbon 100.0 ; Animal Carbon 92.!.). Or leaving out of our calculation the results of the experiments on the removal of soap (not of much importance in most cases), we got — Patent Carbon. . . .99.1 ; Animal Charcoal. . . . 100.0. I THE SANITARY ENQINEEiaNCi GOV OF TORONTO (MMITED^,. 15 wliich it e material >u.s evacu- propeities I wliere a I " I have Id olitain, iv exactly jsults ob- isilv C'^ti- 00 F F(»UL 30 )0 ]1 )0 N SOLIT- )0 10 lTTERH — Waste,"' ; flatter, mp. Val. 3 G.8 )0.0 )8.7 1(3.1 10.0 92.9. irinients t cases'). These results sliow that the Patent r'arbon is a verv powerful oxiciiziriL;- ai^ent ; in fact equal in its i)roperties as a riltraiit to the Best Animal Cliarcoal, and being free from phosphates, it is pre- feral)le for water fdtration. I enclose sample of prepared sewage sludge, obtained liere by the use of the " Patent Carbon," as a precipitating powder. This powder contains only 9.G5 per cent, of moisture. Such a powdei' cannot fail to be of value as a manure, especially that it is easilv manipulated and applied to land. A very important property in the Carbon, when used as a pre- cipitant for sewage, is itif specific ijraritij, ivhick hehu) 1.09 as com- /Kireil with water, is so very much heavier than sewage, that it assists in dragging down quickly and thoroughly the coagulum formed by the chemical reaction. It also forms a denser shidge, which leaves a better marked line between the etHuent and tlie sludge : the former, therefore, can be run otf tlie more pei-fectlv. Yours truly, Arthur Anoell, Ph.D., F.I.C. Memher of the Council of PuUic Anal ijdn. EXTRACTS FROM REPOllT OF DR. C. T. KINGZETT. London. Sept. \Oth, 188.5. [N.B.— It may be mentioned that the opinion of Dr. Kingzett in this instance was sought by a gentleman who was anxious to safeguard his own inter- ests before investing capital in the Patent Carbon Company.] I was at considerable pains to determine the comparative value of the Patent Carbon as a deodorising and discolorising agent as applied to sewage, putrid extract of meat, and so forth,''and from the results which I obtained I am satisfied that tlie Patent Car- lton, in the form of powder, is, as nearly as possible, e([ual in action to animal charcoal when reduced to powder. When in the form of powder, the Patent Carbon absorbs sul- phuretted hydrogen and ammonia freely; it discolorises red wine, and putrid extract of meat, and it removes the unpleasant odour from sewage and many other evil smelling mixtures. In fact, I regard it as equal in value for these pin-poses with Animal Char- coal, over which, foi- use as a filtering medium of water, it has the decided advantage of being free from the presence of phosphates, which afford food for many forms of bacterial life. (Signed) C, T. Kingzett, F.I.C., F.C.S. Vice-President Society of Pahlic Analysis, Post Member of Coiincii Institute of Chemistry, Author of " Nature 8 Hygiene,'' (i-c, d:c. Hi StWAOE AND GARBAGE DISPOSAL. Borough Analyst's Labohatorv, Rochdale, ]!)th Nov., 18S7. SEWAGE AND EFFLUENT WATER FEOM SOUTHAMPTON. Note. — This t ffluent water was obtained by means of Carbon as now in use at Southampton. {The figures refer to Grains per Gallon.) Total Soli Is Loss on ignition Non-volatile matter Combined Chlorine . . Chlorine calculated to common salt Free Ammonia Albuminoid Ammonia Hardness in Clai k's deorees The Effluent is clear and bright. — It gives off no smell, and complies tvitli the requirements of the Standards of the Hirers' Pollution Commissioners. (Signed) Thos. Steneouse, F.C.S. Sewage. 1)9.2 . 36.0 G3.2 IG.l 20.53 5.D51 0.237 21.7 Effluent. 55.6 8.3 47.3 10.4 27.02 0.!>ll 0.050 20.5 A REVOLUTION IN THE TREATMENT OF SEWAGE- [Reprinted jroni "Invektion," Odoher ^Oth, 1886.] When we consider that the important question of the economic and sanitary disposal of the sewage of our great towns, after numerous fruitless attempts, and the utmost thought and labour expended on it by our scientists, sanitary engineers, and inventors, had uj) to this day remained unsolved, it is good news indeed to be able to announce that at last a process has been discovered which effectually meets all the difficulties of the case, and, most important of all, has been proved to do so by practical experi- ments of considerable duration. Thursdaj' last week, in fact, marked the end of the experimental stage of the sanitary works belonging to the Corporation of Southampton, in which the new process has been successfully carried out during the last six months, for on that aay a number of scientists and engineers from THK SANITARY ENGINEKUINO CO'Y OF TORONTO (LIMITED). 17 r., 18H7. IMPTON. of Carbon itHuent, .55.6 8.:] 47.3 1G.4 27.02 0.!>ll O.OoG 20.5 suiell, and 'he Rivers' , F.C.S. 86.] economic ,vns, after nd labour inventors, ndeed to liscovei'cd and, ni0.st al experi- :, in fact, iry works the new la.st six leers from the metropolis, and surveyors of corporations from all parts of tlie country, were invited by the directors of the Patent Cartion Com- pany, whose chemical material may be r^aid to form the most im- portant, in fact indispen.sable, feature in the new proce s, to pronounce upon the merits of the invention. That venlict wa.s em[»hatically favourable, and it was agreed on all hands that the system introduced by the Corporation if Southampton pro.sents the complete solution of the piobleu), and will produce a revolu- tion in the treatment of sewage. The conviction so generally produced amongst a most influential and competent as.sembly fully justitied the course adopted by the inventor of the " Patent Carbon," in conjunction with the borough surveyor of Southamp- ton, who carried out the scheme for the Corporation, of giving publicity to the process only aftei' it had been tested by practical application during an adequate period. Not that the .scheme was a secret, for the Metropolitan Board of Works have taken the deepest interest in the development of *he works, with the view of adopting a similar system in some parts of the metropolis ; and so widespread has been the interest felt in the carrying out of the experiments that the (ilerman Embassy recently sent down one of their scientific attaches for the purpose of preparing a special re- port to be sent to the Government Bureau at Berlin. The new works, the foundation stone of which was laid in December last, are over a mile from the " [)latform," near the Town (iate, whence the effluent is passed in iron tubing beyond the limits of low- water mark. The site was a swampy space, upon which the re- fuse of the town was formerly carted, and formed a serious nuis- ance. Here has been erected a Destructor, with six furnaces, in which all the combustible refuse from the town is burned, giving steam-power to a 30 horse-power engine, which is mainly u.sed for compressing air for the removal of the sludge collected in the two settling tanks at the " platform." These tanks are each 100 feet by 00 feet, and over 20 feet deep, and before the sewage reaches them it is mixed with a novel clarifying material denom- inated " patent carbon," a material which ap[)ears to exercise a most remarkable iniiuence in the main sanitary purposes of de- odorising the sewage and oxidising the organic matter it contains without fermentation or putrefaction. The effluent is non-alka- line, or only exceedingly slightly so, and vegetation will, it is said, grow in it without any further or secondary chemical change. The use of the two tanks, ono filling and one discharging alter- nately, allows the flow through the sewers to be constant without interruption ; and by the application of compressed air to an ejector the sludge is forced in a five- inch pipe from the " plat- form " to the works, where a valuable manure is made. The B 18 SEWAGE AND (lARBAGE DISPOSAL. sewajc^e thus dealt with (at ])resent) amounts to .')0(),000 gallons per (lay ; the etHuent is inodorous and purer than the estuary water. The sludge — which hitherto has been intractable with tlie lime and slum-cake processes, as being neither able to be con- sumed witliout offensive emanation.s, nor being able to be com- pressed into properly solid cakes — is by the carbon produced in a granular state, and can either be dried naturally or artificially by heat, when it is, without further treatment, tit for application to the soil, ot which it will thenceforth form an integral and per- manent portion. We have already stated that the most important feature in this new process is the chemical medium with which the sewage is treated. To the discovery of this medium the inventors had for years applied themselves. It was the question of discovering a material which should not only solve the problem, but also be obtainable in sufficient quantity and at such moderate cost as woujd make the process thoroughly successful. This material was, after the most exhaustive research and experiments, discov- ered in the deposits of lignite in Devonshire. Tlie " carbon ' is an artificial product made from this lignite, and contains such per- centages of alumina and iron as rendered it of about twice the specific gravity of water. It thus acts like lime as a precipitant, whilst, by means of the porosity of the carbon, oxygen is abun- dantly included. This carbon is ground to a fine powder, and, mixed with water as a flux, is run into the sewage as it flows along. The fine division of the carbon brings the oxygen into close community with the fine organic particles through the entire mass of the sewage, so that oxidation is effected in the most com- plete manner. What is all the more remarkable about this discovery is, that this lignite was well known to our geologists and scientific authorities, but that it has until now been a wast,e product for which no use could be found. Nor did the inventor discover the peculiar properties of this substance until all his manifold experiments with other materials, for which he em- ployed chemists and analysts in all parts of the country, were exhausted. The preparation of the compound constitutes a pro- cess which is protected by five patents. Here then is one of the most remarkable instances of nature working for mankind, and achieving much better and at a nominal cost what could not be done by the most consummate skill of modern chemistry. On these lignite deposits we find an interesting article, entitled " An Ancient Lake Bottom," by Grant Allen, in Longman's Maga- zine for June. 18S4. This geological monument lies in a remote corner of the Dartmoor district, just below the twin granite peaks of water- worn Hey Tor. According to the geological account of THE SANITARY ENGINEEUINO COY OF TOUONTO (MMITEDj. 19 100 gallons he estuary le with tlie to be con- to be coin- (luced in a ificially by lication to il and per- lUre in this sewaufe is 3rs had for covering a :)ut also be ate cost as IS material its, discov- bon ' is an 3 such per- twice the )recipitant, sn is abun- )wder, and, as it flows sygen into 1 the entire most com- ibout this ■ geologists en a waste le inventor itil all his eh he em- ntry, were utes a pro- one of the nkind. and luld not be ry. le, entitled ins Maga- n a remote mite peaks account of the 8upj)0sed-formation of these deposits in the above article, there is reason to believe that the Dartmoor ranges which skirted the " Bovey Lake " were much higher in those remote times than now, and closed the lake in with rank tropical vegetation. Through subseciuent climatic changes this vegetation becami; dis- integrated, and was worked down into the lake, there being formed a basis of silicate of alumina and iron, which is well known to V)e a |)rime ngont in the precipitation of sewage They cannot, however, by artificial means be, at the present day, assimilated with carbon, as in these lignite deposits, where nature has per- fornied the process. It is precisely this blending of the charcoal with the chemical agents which make« this carbon so valuable for the treatment of sewajje. The experiments made have proved finally that an artificial combination could not effect what nature has in this case accom- plished. It is therefore a result which it is not possible to imitate by art. It is precisely the maximum of porosity attained in the.se deposits which gives the oxydizing effect in so perfect a manner. We nmy here state that the early experience of the ex- perimenters was that they could not prevent a pulp being formed when the material was placed in the liquid, and that the attain- ment of that firmness of structure maintaining itself in the liquid which has now been obtained by the inventors appeared for many weary months a hopeless task, ft is a curious circumstance that nature should have produced in this lignite precisely that sub- stance of a body just a fraction under double the specific gravity of water, which thus fulfils the purpose in so remarkable a degree. After the success achieved in Southampton there can be no doubt that the process will be introduced on the widest possible scale throughout the country, and we may therefore consider the prospects of the company which has just been formed to work the invention as most favourable. This company has a .share capital of XI 00,000, and purposes extending the present means of pro- duction and working the material on a greatly enlarged scale. The whole of the patent rights have been acquired. 20 SEWAGE AND OARJIAOK DISI'OSAl... Gopn of Tedimonial from Dr. Autiiuh Anuell, I'li.l)., F.I.C., Public Analyst, County Laboratory, Houfhampton. ON DEODORISING CARBON. The County Laijohatorv, Soutiiamcton, 4, Portland Terrace, April Oth, 1887. Report on the Examination of a Sample of Deodorising Carbon received from the Patent Carbon Co : This Powder I tind to be an excellent deodorizer by oxidation. Jt immediately robs the most tilthy gases of their odour and of their deleterious properties, and at the same time is perfectly innoxious and inodorous itself. It is well adapted for use a.s an antiseptic in ca.ses of zymotic diseases, or where dangerous putrescant matter needs immediate disinfection. I hereby certify that the above is a statement of the result of my own Analysis, As witness my hand Oth day of April, 1887. Arthur Angell, Ph.D., F.I.C, Public Analyst for Hainpsliire, Newport, Guild fon^, Basingstoke, Winchester, and Andorcr. Extract from Report of W. B. G. Bennett, Borowjh Engineer, Southampton, dated V, th Oct., 1888. The works have now been in operation over 2| years without Intch, and the Corporation are so extremely satisHed with their success that they have instructed me to prepare the plans and estimates for the extension of the system to the remainder of the Borough, at once, upon which work I am now engaged. The treatment of the sewage with the carbon which we have been using since the commencement of the work.s, is still giving the same satisfaction. When the system is extended to the whole borough, we shall treat about four million gallons in the 24 hours. The object of the works was to prevent pollution of the Solent, which prior to their introduction daily received the sewage in its crude state. THE SANITARY ENTitNKERfNG CO*Y OF TORONTO (LIMITED). 21 h.l)., F.I.C, lACE, Ith, 1887. sing Carbon Y oxiy which the sewage diffic No. 3435, lldtk June, 188!), Page 1.'318. WATKR POLLUTION AT ENFIELD. Considerable anxiety prevails amongst some of the resi(U'nts of Enfield, owing to the occurrence of a recent pollution of the pub- lic water .service, and to the absence of projier assurance that such action has been taken as will prevent any such recurrence. The pollution appears to have been due to percolation into the well from the neighbouring sewage farm, and public notices have been issued warning people not to drink the water except after boiling and filtration. This is naturally an alarming state of affairs, and the local board owe it to the public forthwith to state what is being done in the matter. FLIES AS CARRIERS OF DISEASE. The conclusions reached by Messrs. Maddox, Orassi, Manson, and Doraine on the anti-.sanitary action of files (Slater's Sewage Treatment, pages 02, 03), have been recently re-examined and fully confirmed by M. G. Alessi, Revuo^ Scientifique. He under- 24 SEWAQF AND GARBAGE DISP()SAL. took to examine if these creatures can collect the microbes of tubncular consumption and take part in their distribution. After having collected the matter expectorated by consumptive patients, and fed flies upon it, he examined the intestines of these insects under the microscope, and discovered in them the tubercular bacilli in plenty, as also in their extractions. The bacilli, aie alive and active. If inoculated into living animals, they multiply and produce the ordinary well-known .symj>toms. Tlie microbia of cholera, of typhoid fever, and splenic fever, likewise, are absorbed by flies, and after passing through the bodies of the latter, retain all their vitality and virulence. The following are a few short extracts relative to different .sys- tems now and formerly in use : " Amongst the other methods tried at the Platform was the " ordinary process of precipitation by lime, but this utterly broke " down in consequence of the foulness of the eflluent. Samples of " the eflluent by the Carbon Process, taken from the tanks are pra- " tically colourless and inodorous." " Bennett." " Nothing is more certain than that the discharge of crude sewage into a river is inadvisable. It is, in fact, a method of shifting a nuisance from the nuisance producer to his immedi- ate neighbour. The evils arising from such discharge depend mainly upon the su.spended matter in the sewage. This, first of all, floats about near the outfall, certain portions of the organic matter combining with aluminous compounds from alluvial mud raised by tides and steamers. In time deposition takes place. In the course of flow the various ingredients are found to deposit more or less in the order of their specific gravity. " The first deposits are mainly mineral with small quantities of organic matter carried down at the same time. The later de- posits are mostly finely divided organic matter, along with a small quantity of mineral matter. Thus there occurs, as the resulU of flow, a natural starting of the matters in su.spension. " The organic impurities of the sewage in this manner collect in tlie bed of the river and ultimately putrefy. The gases de- veloped and bottled up in time render the solids sufliciently buoyant to rise to the surface, where the gases of putrefaction (sulphur and phosphorous compounds for the most part) are given ofl", the solid matter again sinking to undergo fresh putre- factive changes. Thus the nuisance from the discharge of sew- microbes of lution. After iive patients, these insects B tubercular illi, aie alive nultipiy and )lenic fever, throuffh the lence. lifferent sys- )rin was the tterly broke Samples of nks are pra- NNETT." ge of crude II I method of II lis immedi- (1 rge depend II ["his, first of II the organic <■ liuvial mud II akes place. II d to deposit II uantities of n le later de- k^ith a small ii he result! of {( iner collect II 11 e gases de- tc ^urticiently II utrefaction II ^ part) are 1: ■esh putre- 1. ■ge of sew- TUK SANITARY KNGIXKERING COY OF TORONTO (LIMITfiD). 25 age into the river (or waterway) may be far more offensive at a short distance from the outfall than at the outfall itself. " The River Pollution Commissioners admit that odors do arise from land irrigated with sewage, day after day, for years. The Craigentinny meadows, near Edinburgh, can only be described as filthy, emitting a stink hardly endurable. The surgeon to the barrack adjoining the me? 'ows, described the stench (1868) as 'sickening.' Of the < -yden sewage farm at Beddington Dr. Cressy, surgeon to the orphan asylum, stated that ' typlioid fever had been in every cottage on the estate ' — every disease in fact assuming a particular type, accom- panied by what is called a ' sewage tongue.' In fact, the stink of sewage-irrigated ground and the malarious effects of the sewer gases evolved, are matters of frequent complaint and litigation. Dr. Clouston traced an outbreak of dysentery in the Cumber- land asylum to the efHuvia of a sewage farm. " There is, too, a remarkable statement by Copland, that the effects of sewer gases are nevei- so bad as when emitted from sevvage spread out upon the land. This statement is worthy of consideration. Solid matter is given off" during evaporation. As the turpentine in lead paint is evaporating, solid lead carbonate is carried into che air, and produces lead poisoning amongst the inmates of the freshly painted house. This cannot result from any volatility oi the lead, but merely from the mechanical dis- lodgement of lead particles during the evaporation of the vola- tile constituents of the paint. For when the smell has gone, the danger has passed. The sanitarian recognizes the importance of defecating the excreta of the typhoid patient, as soon as evacu- ated, and of removing it from the sick room without delay, and why ? to prevent the viateriea viorbi being carried into the air during the evaporation of the liquid portion. It must, there- fore, ^e an unscientific method to spread the sewage of a mixed poprlation over the land, thereb}' increasing the area of evapora- tion. Mr. Hawksley's words may be quoted here : " They are the record of one whose unique experience is only rivaMed Ijy his acute powers of observation: ' Water irrigation carried on in M-arm weather is exceedingly unhealthy. I can speak positively to it from repeated observation ir\ dith.-rent places, that the odor, particularly at night and upon still damp evenings in autumn, is very sickly indeed, and that in all these cases a great deal of disease })revails. The sewage forms a de- posit on the surface of the gro.ind, that deposit forms a cake of organic matter, and organic matter when it is in a damp state, as it usually is, gives oti" in warm weather a most olious stench. " The grass covered with sewaj-e, cten as it is with rapacity by 26 SEWAGE AND GARBAGE DCSPOSAL. " cattle, infects their ])odies with the larval parasites. Thus the " meat is measly, and measly meat, except for etticient cooking, " means tapeworm to the human subject. "Dr. C. Meymott Tidy." Ml'. Slater, in his celebrated work on sewage treatment, states that experiments were tried by Mr. Smee to test the result of feeding cows on sewage-irrigated gra.ss as follows : '■ Two cows wore set aside for exiteriment. The one, which " we may call A, was fed on sewage irrigated grass, and the other, " B, on grass from an ordinary meadow. The milk obtained from " each cow was kept separate and examined. It was found that " the milk of A became not merely sour, but it putreHed and stank " much sooner than that of B. It was noticed that a favorite cat, " exceedingly dainty in its tastes, entirely refused to lap the milk "of A. The butter from A's milk became rapidly rancid as com- " pared with butter obtained from cows fed on ordinary pasturage. " Cream from the milk of A required, in three successive lots 1^, " 1\ and 'li hours to churn, and the butler was soft and smeary. " Check samples ot cream from cows fed on normal food required "only 3o minutes, 1 J, hour, and i| hour to churn, and the butter " was firm. So far, of course, this experiment is open to the objec- " tion that the bad quality of the milk and butter from A was " due to some morbid condition in herself rather than in her food. " To meet this doubt, Mr. Smee reversed the experiment, feeding " B on sewage grass and A on normal herbage. He also tried " other cows, still the results reached were practically the .same, " the milk from every cow fed on sewage grass was notably more " prone to putrescence than that from cows fed on conmion meadow " grass, "Mr. Smee made further experiments on the grass itself. He '* found that the juice of sewage grass became more quickly and " more offensively putrid than that of conunon grass. Hay made "from sewage grass, if kept in a vessel of water in a warm place, "quickly set up a putrid fermentation, whilst hay from ordinary grass treated in the same manner behaved (juite difierently. " It should be remembered that when it not lonff ago seemed " probable that the cholera might visit Paris, the inhabitants were " formally warneil by the sanitary authorities against consuming " vegetables from the sewaL'o irrijration farm at Gennevilliers." The ancient city of Chichester has long had the ([uestion of sewage dispo.sal in the hands of an expert committee, and has at !S. Thus the lent cookinor. )TT Tidy." tment, states the result of ! one, which id the other, )tained from s found that id and stank favorite cat, lap the milk icid as com- y pasturage, isive lots 1|, and smeary, )od required 1 the butter o the objec- froni A was in her food, ent, feeding [e also tried y the same, )tably more ion meadow itself. He luickly and Hay made varm place, m ordinary rently. igo seemed itants were consuming villiers." i[uestion of and has at 4 THE SANITARY ENGINEER'NG CO'Y OE TORONTO (MMITKD). 27 last adopted the patent precipitiiting carbon system in preference to any other. After personal investigation, the Committee stated their decision as follows : " That the}'^ consi'ler the Southampton system to be the best they have seen, and furthermore find that " by drainage the sanitary condition of a town is materially im- " prove.], the health of the inhabitants benetited, and the death " rate reduced. " That the value of property in such towns has been thus in- " creased. " That the extension of tov\^ns is so facilitated. That it tends " to commercial prosperity. That beyond the other more impor- " tant considerations, drainage is an economical measure, the ad- " ditional rate being more than compensated by the saving of the " continual outlay requiretl in connection with old cesspits and " defective sanitary arrangements. " The consulting Engineer reported (1 1th Sept., 1889) the special '* process I should use for the treatment of the sewage is the ad- " mirable one now in use at Southampton." The city of Salford, near Manchester, has lately tried the Carbon process and a report just received states : " The effluent is as cleac as the best drinking water, absolutely free from smell, and there is not the least trace of anything to indicate that it was anything but ordinary water; the authorities were astonished with it." Hastings, Parkhurst Barracks, Coventry, Brentford, Richmond, Shirley, Worcester (at this place the "Condor" system was rejected by the War Office authorities and the " Carbon " system adopted), and many other j)laces all use " Patent preci|)itating Carbon." The system has been on daily exhibition in this city (Toronto) for nearly eleven months past in the basement of the city hall, where by kind permission of the city hall otlicials, it has been visittMl by large numburs fi'om all parts of the country, the result being so highly sat- isfactory and the eiitiie process so .simple showing the crude sew- age as daily pumped from Jarvis street sewer, converted within a short time into bright, cleai', inodorous, effluent water, and a precij)itate of dense, peitVctly di>-enfected sludge, many visitors actuall}' drinking the water and pronouncing it devoid of all taste and practically e(pial to oui water sui)ply. This exhibition is now closed owing to the works at the (iovernment College at (juelph being on a larger scale and performing the work in a high- ly satisfactory manner. There is not a city, town or village in this country to-day but which stands badly in need of sanitary puritication ; our larger cities and towns which drain into the lake are gradually but surely polluting that magnificent body of water, the rippling 28 SEWAOK AND GARBAGE DISPOSAL. action of running streanis does not here apply, and as shown hy scientific men who have made such matters a life-long study, and notwithstanding statements made by interested quasi -scientists to the contrary, the j)roof is observable in the ever increasing dearth of fish from around, and, in fact, within several miles of the respec- tive sewage outfalls. Sewage matter may be diluted, and certain portions, ])rovided they drift away, may not be detrimental to health, but the microbia voided from patients suffering from in- fectious deseases or the bacterial life developed during decomposi- tion, are not destroyed and remain to be taken into our systems, either in the water supply, in ice, or, having been expelled into and diffused through the air by the buisting of gas bubbles on the water and emanating from the fetid deposit below are inhaled, and so reproduce the diseases from which they were originalb' derived. Some situations are of course better adapted for .sewage disj>osal than others, but there is no place on this continent where a perfect and every-day working system cannot be established, and the object this company has, is to undertake all such work, and by the long practical experience of its executive officers in many countries, to apply the knowledge so acquired to the perfect deve- lopment and final completion of this class of sanitary engineering. The destruction of all garbage and house-refuse is as much a necessity as the proper disposal of sewage, and by using a proj>er- ly constructed furnace, fitted with the patented attachments which have proved so satisfactory in England, the total destruc- tion of all refuse is not only carried on without smell, but suffi- cient of the heat is utilized to raise steam in boilers, built into the " destructor " to furnish all the power necessary for the different operations of this process. /' THE SANITARY KNGINEKUINC Co'V OF TUllONTO (LIMITED). '21> as shown by ig study, and .-scientists to Basing dearth )f the respec- I, and certain itri mental to ing from in- g decomposi- our systems, jxpelled into ibbles on the inhaled, and lall'' derived, ^age disj)osal lere a perfect led, and the i^ork, and by ;ers in many perfect deve- enorineerinof. IS as much a ng a proper- attachments )tal destruc- iU, but suffi- 's, built into iry for the USEFUL INFORMATION. Weight and capacity of different standard gallons of water. Imperial ... United States . New York . . . Cubic inches in. Weight of a gaX a gallon. | Ion in poiinii.s. 277 .--'74 281 221. Silt 10. 8.;«1 8. Gallons in a culiic foot. (i.232 7.4.S 7. 'J Weight of cubic foot. 1)2.321 To find the 'pressure in pounds per square inch of a column of water, multiply the height of the column in feet by .434. To find (approximately) the jioiv of ivater from circular pipefi, nmltiply the area in inches by .0434, the result will be Imperial gallons discharged pej' second, at a velocity of one foot per second. Doubling the diameter of a i)ipe, increases its capacity four times. % Friction of liquids in pipes increases as the square of the velocity. The mean pressure of the atmosphere is usually taken at 14.7 lbs. per square inch, .so that with a perfect vacuum it will sustain a column of mercury 29.9 inches, or a column of ivater 33.9 feet hiojh. TABLE OF RELATIVE CAPACITIES OF PIPES, BY J. T. FANNING, C. E. The following table of approximate relative discharging powers of pipes, will facilitate the proper proportioning of .systems of pipe distributions. It .shows at a glance the ratio of the square root of the fifth power of any diameter, from 3 to 48 inches, to the square root of the fifth power of any other diameter within the same limit. In the second column of this table, the diameter 1 foot is assumed as unit, and the ratios of the S(|uare roots of the fifth powers of the other diameters, in feet, are given opposite to the respective diameters in feet written in the first column. 30 SEWAGE AND GARBAGE DISPOSAL. ThuH the approximate relative ratio of dischargino; power of a 3-foot pipe to that of a 1-foot pipe is as 15.588 to 1 ; and of a .5-foot pipe to a 1-foot pipe as .176S to 1 ; also the relative discharging power of a 4-foot pipe (= 4S-inch) is to that of a 2-foot pipe ( 24-inch) as 32 to 5.057; and of a 2.5-foot pipe to the combined di.scharging powers of a 2-foot and 1.5-foot pipes as 9.859 to (5.G57 -f 2.75()). The last vertical column gives the diameters in inches, as doe.^ also the horizontal column at the head of the right-hand section of the table. The numbers in the intersections of the horizontal and vei*- tical columns from the diameters in inches give also approximate relative discharging capacities. For instance, if we select in the vertical columns of diameters that of the 48-inch pipe, and desire to know how many smaller pipes it is ecjual to in discharging capacity, we trace along the horizontal column from it, and find that it is equal to 15.59 sixteen-inch pipes, or 5.65 twenty- four- inch pipes, or 1.58 forty-inch pipes, etc. ; also, for other diame- ters, we find that a 24-inch pipe is equal to 32 six-inch pipes, or 2.05 eightcen-inch pipes, and a 12-inch pipe is equal to 5.65 six- inch pipes. ' THE SANITARY ENGINEKlUNf; CO'y OF TORONTO (LIMITED). .'U iche,s, a.s does hand section (I] Pu X h O O (/) p tu o < < u o z 1-4 X u > r 5 z; X -: -■ o X -f o -.r re c N. -r T) ~ x -.r T ri s X -c f « •"T -r -r rt .e re M M r 1 r 1 ri ,-1 r-i r-. rH 00 f-i 1 ■* 1 rH rJ ? 1^^ . 1 rH i-H iH ^ 1 i.e 10 -.o o -c^ J^l I C-i rH rH rH ?? ! 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";pj W 2 r5 " Cl Ol X rH (N 1 inXrHOi»»^ iri -^ re' 5-i s^ rH r-i r: M e) rH rH H 9 M 5 .WO It ce t~ ee t-re © re i^ rei- r^ to re '^' fC ?^ ^ C^ CJ S^ N r-i rH rH r-i iH r4 j 1 j^:r:eij^s oip oii?.oi-.es. ADVANCING BY EIGHTHS. 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