BEAVER LIN] THE CANADA SHIPPIKG COMPAMY'S LINE OF STEAM to Canada nn0: ]>. McGregor & co., 59 rorertj^on st , glasg^ A. A. WATT, 3 CUSTOM HOI SE SQUARE, RELFAST. N. G. SEYMOUR & CO., QUEEXSTOWN. \ 1 R. W. ROBERTS, Manarjer Canada Shipping 21 Water Street, liiverpoaj H. E. MURRAY, General Manager, ^ 1 Castom House Square, HontreA i BANQUE DU PEUPLE ESTABI.ISITEk> 18S5. INCORPORATED BY ACT OF PARLIAMENT. ITAIi PAID-VP, ....... 81,600,000 ST. JAMES STREET, MONTREAL. BOARE OF DIRECTORS. Cberrier, Esq., Pres. O* S. Brnsli, Esq., Tice«Pres. main FraneiM* Esq. A. Provost, Esq* A. Eeclaire, Esq. J. Grenler, Esq. P. M. Galarneau, Esq. { A. A. TroUier, Casbier. ints: — London, Glynn, Mills, Currie & Co. ; The Alliance Bank, Lim. ; |ORK, National Bank of the Republic ; Qc'kbec, Bank of Montreal. aE MOLSON'S BANK. INCOPPORATED BY ACT OF PARLIAMENT 1855. i^D OFFICE, - - - MONTREAL. t ^AID-X^P CAPITAL, - - - - 82,000,000 iiEST FUND, • 8500,000 Board of Directors: Thos. Workman, Preauhnt. J. H. R. Molson, Vice-President. it. VV. Shepherd. 8. H. Ewixg. Hon. D. L. MacPherson. Miles \yiLLiAMs. A. F. Gault. WoLFERSTAN ThoMas, General Manager. M. Heaton, Inspector. 'icAes :— Aylmer, Ont., Brockville, Clinton, Exeter, Woodstock, London, rd, Montreal, Morrisburg, Owen Sound, Ridgetown, Smith's Falls, Sorel, »mas, Toronto, Trenton, Waterloo, Ont. ^ Banque Jacques-Cartier. { . ^AL A UTHORISED, ^ - - - $500,000 'TAL SUBSCRIBED, - - - . - $500,000 DIRFCTORS I ALPH. DESJARDIXS. Esq.. MP., President. A. S. HAMELIX. Esq., Vice-President. !ASSIDY,EsQ. LS. MOV AT, Esq. AUG. COUILLARD, Esq. J. 0. GRAVEL, Esq. LIOIEX HUOT, Esq. i A. L. deMARTIGXY, a«/WIOfirr, President. General Manager. ESTABLISHED 1834. JOHN HENDERSON & CO. FURRIERS. Visitors to Canada are cordially invited to visit our FUR ^V^^i^REHOUSE The Fur collection of Canada is so extensive that we are enabled to show an assortment of ^™S AND — ^ MA/\/UFAGTURED FURS. which for variety and beauty canuot be excelled elsewhere. It will afford us much pleasure to exhibit these Furs to visitors at any time, and a half hour devoted to their inspection will be both pleasantly and profitably spent. JOHN HENDERSON & CO., 1677 NOTRE DAME STREET, MONTREAL. l HE MEDICAL HALL, 129 ST. JAMES STREET, Next the Post Office, MONTREAL. IMPORTEI^ OF Genuine Drugs and Chemicals, Frencli and Englisli Perfumeryi rERFUMERY DEPART MENT. English LavenJer Water, Ea.. de-Vie Ag Lavand de Lubin, Lubin's Genuine Perfiunej*, Atkinson's Choice Perfume?, Farma'8 Jiilichs Piatz Cologne, Bailey'.s E-s. Bouquet, Es.«. Marachale, Ooud ray's Parisian Perfuniee, Lotus Water, Orange BlosFora Cologne, Genuine Bay Rum. TOILET REQUISITE DEPARTMENT. Military Hair Brushep in Leather Cases, Fine Ivory Hair Brushes, Kent's London Hair Brushes, French Hair Brushes in Rose and Sat'n-Wood, Clotli, Tooth and Nail Brushes in great varietj. English and French Toilet Soaps, Tortoise Shell and Ivory Combs, Celluloid Combs and Brashes. A LARGE ASSORTMENT OF Wooden Hand Mirrors, Bevelled and Plain, Richly- Gilt Smelling Bottles and Ladies' Dressing Cases, Toilet Sets, Jewel Cases, Odor Cases, Sponge Bags, Turkey Cup Sponge, Honey Comb Sponge, &c., &c. PDBLICATIONS OF TBE6AZETTE PRINTING Ou THE GAZETTE, ESTABLISHED 1778. 8 Pages Daily-Cut and Pasted-Well Printed-Good Type. Sobscrlption, $6 per Year. Weekly Edition, 91 per Year. At once the oldest and best p:iper in the Dominion. As a Bosiness Joornal, its comi>rehonsive and thoroughly reliable Financial, Com* mereinl, Sbippini; and Market Re|»ort*t are recognized as the standard Canadian autliority on those !»ubje('tj<, and as a General News* naper, its full telegraphic and other information includes the latest news, Dot D Foreign and ]>ome?tic, Rot up in an aumctive form. In addition to a very large local circulation, TbkGazktte circulates freely in the public cor- porations and in.xtitutions, and throughout the commercial community of the Dominion. THE ONLY WEEKLY LAW PAPER IX CANADA. James Kirby , LL.D. , D.C.L. , Editor. Subscription, $4 a year. Invaluable to the Profession. |, CANADA MEDICAL AND SDRGICAL JOURNAL, The oklej^t and most influential Medical Journal in the Dominion. Published Monthly. GEO. ROSS, A.M., M.D., and T. G. RODDICK, M.D., Editors. SUBSCRIPTIOX, .S3.00 A YEAR. Taken by the foremost Physicians in the Country. THE EDUCATIONAL RECORD, Published every month under the ."luthority of the Protestant Committee of the Bard of Education, and containing the official announce- ments of the Board. SUBSCRIPTION, - - - _ _ $1.00 A YEAR. An excellent medium to meet Teachers and i^chool Com. niissioners. BOOK AND JOB PRINTING DEPARTMENT. The best appointed Job Printing House in Canada. ^ Estimates given. All orders by mail or telegraph promptly attended to. ^ RICHARD WHITE, Man.-Dlr., „._..^ - 6?a2e«g Printing Co., Montreal. bo >.-! 4 i i i hi a ? 0S fi'- .1 CO «< -J o 6 p ■ IJLJJ ,£3 m' S'' (1 ^ Q Ij.'', i *^-* ^ o ^?^ >» s r^ ARE the C » It CO s o z w p ilSO aged i a a Li-; >» Bvf'i'j , K' u--'" ■2 1*9/' -- 1 S m. '-J^ ;3 P" o !»?■'■ I J — t. s %■ L 1 "2 h=, 3 "§ ,_3 ■r-t ex. ■ " - 1 1 A SELECTION OF BOOKS ON CANADA PUBLISHED IN THE DOMINION. Hemorios of Canada and Sicotland. Speeches and Verses by the Right Hon. the Marquis of Lome ; $1.50. Eng^land and Canada— a Summer Tour between Old and New West- minster, with Historical Notes, by Sandford Fleming, CE., C M.G. ; Fossil Men and their Modern Representatives— An attempt to illustrate the character and condition of pre-historic men in Europe by those of the American races, by Principal Dawson. 12mo , illustrated ; $2.00. The Dawn of Life; being the History of the Oldest known Fossil Re- mains, with illustrations of Eozoon, by Principal Dawion 12mo., illustrated; $2.00. Acadian Oeologry — The Geological Structure, Organic Remain?, and Mineral Kesources of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island, by Principal Dawson, with many platC' and maps ; $.^ 00- Ufe of Nir William Logman, F.R.S., First Director of the Geologic il Survey of Canada; illustrated by Sketches from his Note Books, by Dr. Bernard Harrington. 8vo. ; .§300. History of Canada under French Kesrime, I533-I763, with Mai s and Plans by Dr. H. H. Miles. 8vo. ; §3 00. A School History of Canada down to Coii federation, by Dr. 11- II Miles ,•^0.50. History of Acadia, by James Uannay. $3.59. The Butterflies and JHoths of Canada, with Descriptions of tlieir Color, Size, Habits, «fec., by Dr. A- M. Ross $1.00. The Birds of Canada, with description of their Plumage, Habits, Food, Song, Nests, &c., and times of Arrival and Departure, by Dr. A. M- Ross. $1.00. Our Birds •►f Prey ; or, the Eagles, Hawks and Owls of Canada, by Henry G. Vennor, F.G.S-, with 30 Photographic Illustrations; $5.00. Grammar and Dictionary of the Ojibway Ijangrna{;:e, by R- R. Bishop Baraga. $3.00- Chansons Popnlalreei dn Canada, with Music, by Ernest Gagnon. $1.50. Picturesque Quebec, by J. M. Lemoine. $3.00. The Intercolonial— A Historical Sketch of the Intercolonial Railway, with Maps and Illustrations, by Sandford Fleming, CE. .$3. 00. The Ijoyallsts of America and their Times, by Rev. Egerton Ryerson. 2 vols.,8vo. ; $5.00. Mountain and Prairie— A Journey from Victoria to Winnipeg by the Peace River Pass, by Rev. Daniel M. Gordon. $1.75. Hlstolrede la I.iitterature Canadienne, par Edmund Lareau. $1.25. Si'Instruction Pnbllqueau Canada— Precis HistoriqueetStatistique, parTHon. P. J 0. Ghauveau $1.00- True and Genuine Description of New France, commonly called Canada. Translated from the French of Pierre Boucher, Governor of Three Rivers in 1664. $1.00- Manual of the Constltu ion of Canada, by John Gooch- $1 00. Canada on the Pacific— A Journey from Edmonton to the Pacific by the Peace River, by Charles Horetsky. $100. Manitoba; its Infancy, Growth and Present Condition, by Prof. Bryce. t*)^. ou« Red River, by Joseph T Hargrave. $150. Toronto of Old, by Dr. Scadding. $3.00- The Works of Francis Parkman— 8 vols. $12.00 The Publications of the Oeologrical Survey of Canada— Cata- logues on application. The above are a few of the Canadian books in our Stock. Any book not on and can be procured at short notice. PUBLISHERS AND BOOKSELLERS, 233 ST. JAMES STREET, MONTREAL.. .J- JOHNSTON'S FLUID BEEF not like Liebig's and other similar extracts, a mere stimulant. Like them, it imparts a stimu- lus to the system, but adds, what they have no power to supply, nourishment for brain and bone and muscle. OFFICES : 27 ST. PETEE STREET, MONTEBAL. !t)Q bQ Visitors will find a very choice and large selection of the following goods: Electro Silver Ware, Polished Brass Ware, Lemaire*s Opera Glasses, Mantle Clocks, Faacy Goods, &c. Bisque & Parian Figures, &c All at reasonable prices. WHOLESALE AND METAIL. ISrSPECTIOir IXTITED. 83 IMPORT£RfS, ST. SULPICE ST., MONTREAL. Near Notre Dame Church. [Canada Paper Company (LIMITED.) Tlioiiias Loiran, President. Jobn Maefarlane, V-Pres. & Man. Dir. Manufacturers and Dealers in every description of PAPER, AND IMPORTERS OF STATIONERY. Hills at Windsor Mills, P.Q. and Slierbroolce, P.^. Office and Warerooms : 374, 376 & 378 St. Paul St, Montreal. Western Brancb : 11 Front Street West, Toronto. IMDDSTRIAL AND COTTON CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION — OPENS AT — DECEMBER 1, 1884, AND CONTINUES SIX MONTHS. THE ILLIIOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD owning and operating a line from Chicago to New Orleans, have placed in their equipment Pnllmaii Bnffet Sleeping Cars of the latest improved pattern, built expressly for this line to run through from Cliicago to Wew Orleans without change. These Cars are models of excellence and contain ten sections, drawing room, smoking room, and Buffet. The passenger can press the button on the electric bell in his section and order from the menu : Raw Oysters— Stewed Oystere — Sardines — Ham Sandwiches — Tongue Sandwiches — Boiled Eggs — Cheese, Bread and Butter —Crackers— Tea — Chocolate —Coffee —Iced Tea — Milk — Cream — Mineral Waters — Lemonade — Cigars, — and have the same nicely served without leaving his seat. The Buffet Cars le e Chicago every nig^ht at 8.30 p. m., reaching New Orleans the second morning.— liOW Rates for the Round Trip to visit the Exposition, and Tourist Tickets to Texas, Mexico, California, and Florida rto New Orleans, with stop-over privileges to visit the Exposition. — For full particulars address THOS. BORWIX, Gen. North. Pass. Agent, Chicago. A. H. HANSO]^, Gen. Pasp. Agent, Chicago* THE Sun Life Assurance Company OF CANADA. HEAT) OFFICE, MONTREAL. Tlie only Company in Canada wbicli issues absolutely unconditional liife Policies. / / POSTAL INFORMATION. PRINTED BY AUTHORITY. 1. Rate of Postagrc* to be prepaid by stamps, is as follows :~ On Letters addressed to places in — Canada or the United States 3 cents per half ounce. United Kingdom or Newfoundland. 5 " |* '* '* European countries generally 5 '* " ** ** 2. Printed Matter, including Newspapers and Periodicals (other than Newspapers from oflBce of publication) addressed to places in — Canada, United States, or Newfoundland — 1 centfor each4ounoer UnitedKingdomand all European countries! " " 2 " Postal Cards are issued for transmission to places in — Canada or the United States, at 1 cent each. United Kingdom, Newfoundland, and all European countries 2 " " Mails are despatched from Canada to the United Kingdom, once a week, via Rimouski, and three times a week via New York, the rates of Postage being uniform by both routes. 5. Money Orders. The commission charged on Money Orders drawn in Canada, payable within the Dominion, is as follows: — If not exceeding $ 4 2c. 3. 4. vei ■$4 t» 10 i( 10 t( 20 (. 20 .( 40 (( 40 «( W (( 60 (< 80 (< 80 (< 100 5c. 10c. 20c. 30c. 40c. 50c. And on Money Orders paj-able in the United Kingdom and United States :— If not exceeding $10 10c. Over SIO " " 20 20c. " 20 " " 30 30c. " 30 " " 40. 40c. " 40 " " 50 50c. Money Orders may also be had, at the same rates, on most of the countries m Europe and the principal British Possessions abroad. Table showing the amonnf in Canadian Money fo he paid hy reminera for Money Orders on the United Kingdom, where payment will be made tn bterlmg Money. " £ «. d. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 S c. £ 8. d. $ c. 24 1 4 87 49 2 9 74 73 3 14 61 97 4 19 48 1 22 5 24 35 J f' 6 29 22 1 71 I 34 09 1 95 8 38 96 2 19 9 43 83 2 44 10 48 70 1 1 l|SS4 HAND-BOOK FOR THE DOMINION OF CANADA. PREPARED FOR THE MEETING OF THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION FQ:i THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. AT MONTREAL, 1884. BY S. E. DAWSON, ONE OF THE LOCAL SECRETAKIES OF THE ASSOCIATION, ' ' ' .:0 III MONTREAL: DAWSON BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS. 1884. '■{y^w Entered according to Act of Parliament of Canada, in the year 1884 by S. E. Dawson, in the Office of the Minister of Agriculture. • GAZETTE PRINTING CO., MONTREAI.. PREFACE. This book has been prepared at the request of the Citizens' Committee of the British Association for the purpose of giving to the members attending the meeting at Montreal an outline of the main facts of interest concerning Canada generally, and, especially, concerning the place of meeting and its immediate surroundings. Although, in a general way, the committee has approved of the book, the writer alone is responsible for any opinions which may incidentally be expressed in it and for the accurac}^ of the facts set forth. The statistical information is, for the most part, derived from documents published by the general or provin- cial parliaments. Some of the chapters have been contributed by gen- tlemen specially conversant with the subjects treated in them. Mr. A. T. Drummond contributed the chap- ter on Forestry at page 21, and that on the Botany of Labrador, page 272. Mr. Thomas McDougall, that at page 24 on the Lumber Trade. Music is treated of by Mr. Joseph Gould at pages 38 and 222. Dr. Harring- ton contributed the chapter on the Geolog}^ of Mont- real and its environs at page 232. Dr. George M. Dawson supplied the chapter at page 323 on the Geology of the country between Owen Sound and the Eocky Mountains, Principal Dawson wrote the geo- logical itinerary of the Intercolonial Kailway at page 84, and Mr. D. A. P. Watt contributed the chapter on the Salmon Fisheries of the Labrador Coast at page 279, and that on the Botany of Lake Superior at page 322. CONTENTS. THE DOMISION OF CAS ADA. Introduction, p. 1.-— Political Future, p. o. — Physical Features, p. 4. — Extent, p. 7. — Census, p. 8. — !n.— Tslaii'I of Orleans, p. 259.— St. Thomas, p. 2i2.— liivicrodu Lnun, p. 2>»2.— Cacouna. [h 2(53. Tadousac, p. 2<)3.— I'rince of Wales at Ta. 2<)5.— Ha Ha Day, p. 208. To the Bnii Chahur, p. 2<)8.— Bi(\ p. 2«)8.— Rhuouski, p. 2(V.).— Mataiie, p 2<)*.>.— Gaspf', p. 27.— . p. 278.— Salmon Fisheries, p. 27i>. THE PROVLXCE OF OXTARIO. History, p. 281.— U. E. Loyalists, p. 281.— Newark, p. 282.— York, p. 282.— War of 18i2, p. 282.— Area, p. 283.— Climate, p. 284. — Resources, p. 284. — Census, p. 280. — \.auufactures, y p. 286. CITY" OF OTTA\VA. Description, p. 287. — Chaudiere Falls, p. 287.— Parliament Buildings, p. 288. — Society at the Capital, p. 288. — Hotels, p. 289. Montreal to Ottawa h^i Canada Atlantic Railwa'/, p. 289. — St. Anne's, p. 290.— Vaudreuil, p. 290. Ottawa to Montreal hq the River, p. 291. — The Riyer Ottawa, p. 291.— The Gatineau, p. 291.— The Lieyre, p. 291.— The North and South Nation, p. 291.— Grenyille, p. 292.— The Rapids of the Ottawa, j). 292.— Carillon, p. 293.— The Cana- dian Thermopylie, p. 293.— The Sacrifice of Dollard, p. 294. The Lake of Two Mountains, p. 295.— Rigaud, p. 295.— The Deyil's Garden, p. 295.— Oka, p. 295.— St. Anne's, p. 296.— Lake St. Louis, p. 297.— Lachine, p. 297. CONTENTS. X[ THE UPl'EK ST. LAWRENCE. Kvigftoi) to Montreal hji thr Ilivir, p. 2!>7. — Kin<«'ston, p. 207. — Frontonac and LaSallo, p. I'I'T. — lioyal ISlilitarv Collogo, [>. 21)9.--i^UM'n'.s ( olleiro, p. 2!>!)— Tlio TlioiisaiKf Islands, i). 20*.). — ])i('k«'iis and IMarniier, p. 300. — Tliousand I.slan00.— ( obourg, p. 300. TORONTO. llistorv, p. 307.— Aleanini; of Name, p. 307. — Trade, p. 300. — Hotels, p. 300.— Kaihvays, p. 300.— Parks, p. 300.— Public Buildings, p. 310. — Clnirches, p. 310.— Educational Institu- tions, p. 311.— Libraries, p. 313. — Newspapers, p. 313. Toronto to Xiagara, p. 313. — Niagara, p. 314. I'he Peninsula of Ontario, p. 315. — Hamilton, p. 315. — London, p. 315. Toronto to Lake Svprrior, ]\ 31(>. — Lines of Travel, p. 310. — Georgian Bay, p. 318. — Lake Simcoe, p. 31S. — Owen Sound, p. 31'S. — The Destruction of a Nation, p. 310. — Collingwood, p. 310. Lake Superior, p. 310.— The Ojibway fbuntry, p. 310.— The Isles of Huron, p. 320.— The Inside C hannel, p. 320.— Sault Ste Marie, p. 321.— ^lichipicoton, p. 321.— Nepigon, p. 321. Thunder Bav, p. 321.— Port Arthur, p. 322.— The Land of Hiawatha, p. 322.— Botany, p. 322. Geological Sketch of the country from Lake Huron to the Rocky Mountains, p. 323. MANITOBA. History, p. 327. — La Verendrye, p. 328. — Area, p. 328. — Phy- sical Features, p. 320.— Soil* p. 320.— Climate, p. 330.— Pro- ductions, p. 330. — Coal, p. 331. —The Provisional Districts, p. 332.— Tlie Hudson's Bay Route, p. 332. XII CONTENTS. BRITISH COLUMBIA. General Description, p. 333. — Climate, p. 334. — Resources, p. 334.— Coal, p. 334. -Gold, p. 335. MAPS. Sketch Map of the Dominion. Map of the Grand Trunk System, to face p. 28. Geological Map of Montreal and its Environs, to face p. 232. General Railway System of Eastern Canada. HAND-BOOK FOR CANADA. THE DOMINION OP CANADA. Introduction.— To those fortunate people who are endowed with intelligent curiosity and quick percep- tion, travel in any country is pleasant and profitable ; and it is doubtful whether, in comparing other coun- tries with their own, the differences they observe or the similarities they recognise interest them most. An Englishman visiting Canada for the first time will have abundant material for both these classes of observation. He will see a people of his own race and language w^ho have adapted themselves to a totally new set of conditions. He will be able to trace poli- tical principles, with which he is familiar, worked out into new forms ; unchecked by the resisting force of institutions venerable by the traditions of long pre- ceding centuries. In Canada, he will see the youngest nation in the world ; and he will be able to converse with those who assisted at its birth. He will see institutions in process of construction, and a people, without a leisure class, busy working at them. Much of the political energy of the old world is, properly enough, spent in destructive modification of old insti- tutions ; but, in the new world, the same energy is fully occupied in constructive adaptation of principles. 2 THE DOMINION. Hence Englishmen are often sui-prised to find that Canadians, of all political parties, are more conserva- tive than they themselves are. and they will soon learn that party names have not always the same political contents in Canada as in England. Some of the provinces have interesting and event- ful histories going back to the discovery of this conti- nent, but the Dominion dates only from July 1, 186*7. Upon that day the Imperial Act, known as the British North America Act, came into force and inaugurated the present political status. That Act was passed at the request, and upon the petition, of the Legislature of Canada which then consisted of, what are known now as, the provinces of Ontario and Quebec. The other provinces accepted the Act as each entered the Dominion ; and, in this manner, each legislature laid down its former powei'S to resume anew that portion which fell to its share under the distribution of the Imperial Act. The end the founders of the Dominion sought could not be attained in any other v^ixy. With the warning of the great civil war of the United States before their eyes, they resolved to avoid the semblance of a delegation of a limited portion of pro- vincial rights to a central government. Therefore the different Provincial Legislatures practically resigned the aggregate of their political powers into the hands of the Imperial Parliament, which, in turn, re-dis- tributed this total imperium in the manner laid down in the Act, and thus formulated the present Constitu- tion of the Dominion of Canada. One most essential point must be borne ever in mind, namely that, in Canada, the residuum of the undistributed imperium was given to the central government ; whereas, in the United States, the residuum of the undelegated imperium of each sovereign State remained with its own legislature — a distinction most important, and vital to the political constitution of the Dominion. As might have been anticipated, questions concerning the interpretation of the British JS^orth America Act POLITICAL FUTURE. 3 are constantly arising. These are settled by ultimate appeal to the Queen in Council. The political student who desires detailed information as to the distribution of political power to the various legislatures will find it fully set forth in the Act in question. Political Future.— This is a subject apparently of unfailing interest to many who are not natives of the country. The native Canadian is not in the least degree exercised upon the question. Experience has shown that the Canadian people have hitherto been equal to such emergencies as have arisen in the past ; and the Canadians of to-day are too much occupied with practical questions to discuss the various hypo- theses which speculative politicians delight to pro- pound. Young nations, like young men, are not addicted to introspection. Canadians will, however, be found tolerant of political advice. They are accus- tomed to it and therefore have great capacity for receiving it with equanimity. They will listen with complacency to the same mathematical demonstra- tions which failed to convince their grandfathers, that their country must inevitably be split up, or swallowed up, or r^nnexed; or to any other theory which ingenious strangers may cherish. They have observed that in the regions of political and moral forces the laws of arithmetic have only a fitful ap- plication. History teaches them that the nations which have in the past become great, have con- cerned themselves more with doing the work which lay ready to their hands than with speculative poli- ties. Even the "fishing-rod argument" fails to move them. For, in truth, other nations have passed through the "fishing-rod" phase. The Prussians were never disturbed because their provinces stretched out end to end along the Northern seas ; or because the Ehine provinces were separated by foreign States from the main body of the kingdom. !N'or were the Italians disturbed because Metternich considered Italy 4 THE DOMINION. to be merely a geographical expression. The old thirteen colonies were a fringe of English settlements along the Atlantic coast; while the French occupied the valleys of the St. Lawrence and Ohio. There is more in common between the Manitobans and Nova Scotians, than between thePiedmontese and Sicilians, or between the Ehenish and Polish provinces of Prus- sia. The political outlook of these countries was not encouraging one hundred years ago ; but they worked out their own problems in their own way, as the Canadians propose to do, undeterred by the meta- phors of political weather-prophets. There is an over-carefulness in such matters, which is morbid, referred to by the Hebrew sage when he said, '' He that observeth the wind shall not sow and he that regardeth the clouds shall not reap." Physical Features.— A description of Canada is not easily given in the limited space available in a guide- book. To characterize in a few lines a country cov- ering more than half the continent of North America, and reaching from the latitude of Constantinople to the North Pole — a country whose circuitous coast-line on the Atlantic measures 10,000 miles, and whose western shore upon the Pacific, studded with islands and indented by secure harbours and deep inlets, attains almost an equal length — a country where maize and peaches are staple crops, and where vegetation fades out upon the desolate and melan- choly shores of the Arctic Ocean. To characterise such a country by a few general phrases is evidently impossible. If we look at the eastern portion alone we see the greatest forest region in the world. If we consider the central portion, we are regarding the great prairie country, but if we cross the passes into the Pacific province we enter upon that "Sea of Mountains " compared with which the most mountain- ous country in Europe is of limited extent. And yet there are aspects in which, when British PHYSICAL FEATURES. 5 Columbia is excepted, this great country may be apprehended by a vnde genbralization. It is a country of broad lakes and llowing waters. A country where the abundance of streams and the regularity of sum- mer rains preclude the possibility of drought, and secure the widest area of vegetable growth. It is a land of grass and forest. A country containing by far the largest portion of fresh-water upon the globe ; where, 2,000 miles from the ocean, the traveller may lose sight of land and be prostrated by sea-sickness. A land containing the most extensive water-ways in the world J where thousands of miles of navigable rivers may conduct commerce into the remotest corner of the continent at its widest part. The slope of the land from the Eocky Mountains is so gradual that the rivers flow with an even stream, and their sources are so certain that thej' flow in a equable volume. The only abrupt fall of land from Edmonton to the sea is the terrace at Niagara. That fall, and the minor rapids of the St. Lawj-ence are overcome by the most complete system of canals in the world, and, with one transhipment at Montreal, goods can be landed at the head of Lake Superior in the centre of the continent, 2,384 miles from the Straits of Belle- isle. Of this distance 1,500 miles are in fresh water; but, if we turn farther noj-th and enter Canada by Hudson's Bay, the ocean ship will reach, at Port Nel- son, the outlet of a river system stretching out with few interruptions to the very back-bone of the conti- nent; and draining an interior basin, remoter than the St. Lawrence basin, of over 2,000,000 square miles in extent. This profound penetration and permeation of the country by water-ways is the great character- istic of Canada. Fj-om Port Nelson to Liverpool is 2,941 miles — from New York to Liverpool is 3,040 miles. It is difficult to realize the fact that there, in the very centre of America, an Englishman is ninety- nine miles nearer home than at New York. 6 THE DOMINION. Not only in these greater instances, but in many- others, the Dominion is intersected and irrigated by myriads of streams which interlace their sources and open up the country to its remotest bounds. In the prairie region the Saskatchewan alone affords 1,500 miles of steamboat navigation. Close upon the north of it commences the Mackenzie Eiver basin, extend- ing over 550,000 square miles. This great stream, with its tributary lakes and its chief affluent the Peace Eiver, affoi'ds with trifling obstacles, upwards of 2,000 miles of waterway navigable for steamboats. Down this mighty river in 1^93 went Alexander Mackenzie, the Montreal fur-trader, and, first of white men, stood upon the shore of the Arctic ocean and " felt the breezes blow From wastes that slumber in eternal snow ; And waft across the waves tumultuous roar The wolf s long howl from Oonalaska's shore." We have excepted British Columbia from this gen- eral description ; but there are remarkable correspon- dences between the extremes of the Dominion upon the eastern and western oceans. Nova Scotia, with its magnificent harbour of Halifax and its abundance of coal, corresponds with Vancouver Island, with Esquimault the best harbour on the Pacific and its wonderfully rich coal mines. Half-way between, upon the prairies, crop out upon the surface at Edmonton, at Bow and Belly rivers and elsewhere, coal seams which set at rest for ever any question as to fuel and motive power for the interior of the conti- nent. The fisheries of the Pacific coast are fast rising into an importance corresponding to those of the Atlantic. All these things, and such as these, occupy the minds of the busy community of Canadians. The present generation are called to do a practical work. They will pass away and their remote descendants, who inherit their labours, may have leisure for hypo- thetical politics. It was in the decay of the republic AREA. 7 that Cicero found leisure to write out his speculations upon the theoretical Commonwealth. Douotless, also, the Canadians have their limitations ; but meanwhile " necessity is laid upon them." Extent— The area of the Dominion is 3,470,392 square miles, or about forty per cent, of the aggre- gate area of all the British possessions throughout the world. Upon its Atlantic coast, Canada, compared with New York or Philadelphia, reaches one-third of the way across the ocean to Europe. The ocean nar- rows towards the north to such a degree that, more than three centuries before Columbus, the Northmen were able to visit the coasts of Cape Breton and Nova Scotia in theii* little vessels. Of this vast area much no doubt is unavailable for culture, but, as the North and North-west are opened up, enormous tracts of good land are revealed, astonishing the Canadians themselves by the magnitude and extent of the resources of their country. In Canada there is no area desert from drought. In the far North-west, where the isothermal lines rise high under the influ- ence of the Japan current, the forest reaches the shores of the Arctic ocean. The area of agricultural and timbered lands in the Dominion is estimated at 2,000,000 square miles. From the returns of the census of 1 881 it is ascer- tained that the area of land occupied in the Dominion was 45,358,141 acres. of these there were improved : — In crops acres 15,112,284 In pasture 6,385,562 In gardens and orchards 401,335 The remainder was unimproved. As the area of land suitable for the cultivation of wheat is over 1,000,000 square miles or 640,000,000 acres, it will be 8 THE DOMINION. seen at a glance that no one who is willing to work need want for food in a country where so much land may be had for the asking. Census.— The last census of Canada was taken in 1881. The papulation by Provinces, compared with the previous census, is as follows : — Province. Nova Scotia New Brunswick Prince Edward Island 1871. 1881. 387,800 440,572 285,594 321,233 94,021 1 108,891 In- Rate crease, per ct Quebec il,191,516jl,359,027 Ontario 1,620,8511,923,228 302,377 52,772 35,039 14,870 167,511 Total, older Provinces . . Manitoba British Columbia . Territories Dominion gjrand total. . 3,579,782 4,152,951 573,169 18,995 36,247 65,954 46,960 49,459| 13,212 56,446 13.6 12.4 15.8 14.6 18.6 16.0 247.0 36.3 3,635,024 4,324,810 633,341 : 18.98 Out of the total population 403,491 persons were owners, occupying their own lands. The holdei-s of ten acres and less were 75,286. Those who held lands of eleven to one hundred acres numbered 249,997. From 101 to 200 acres the number of holders was 102,243, and over 200 acres 36,499. Indians.— An account of Canada would be very incomplete without some reference to the Aborignes whose destiny it seems to be, sooner or later, to pass away before the white man. The dealings of the Canadian Government with the Indians have always been marked by the strictest equity. In the North- west, before lands were laid out for settlement, the INDIANS. 9 Indian titles wore cxtinfijuished b}' treaties of purchase conducted with councils of the tribes intei'ested ; and concluded in the most foi-mal manner, and by methods fully comprehensible to the Indians. These treaties have been relii^iously olbserved. The last Indian war in Canada was that of Pontiac, in 1763. The whole North-west has been kept in the most per- fect order by the Mounted Police, a force of 518 oflftcers and men with headquarters at Regina. Small squads of these men will ride into the largest camp, and arrest and bring to trial any Indian who has com- mitted a crime. The most foimidable tribes of the North-west are the Blackfeet. They respect and sub- mit to this admirable body of men, for they have con- fidence that justice will be done to an Indian as righteously as to a white man. Last j^ear in the whole North-west 386 cases were tried. One only was for murder. Ninety-seven were simple disputes about wages on the railway. Twenty-nine were for gambling. Twelve onl}' wei-e for being drunk and disorder!}', for it is absolutel}" forbidden to carry spirituous liquors into the North-west ; and the Mounted Police will speedih' deal with any white man they catch doing it. A few years ago when Sitting Bull with his Sioux, red-handed from the war with the United States, took I'efuge on Canadian ter- ritory, two men of the Mounted Police rode into his camp and arrested one of his '' braves " who was charged with murder, and carried him off to trial. The whole Canadian North-west is more orderly and more absolutely safe for man, woman or child than an}' city in Euroi)e or America. There is, in the Department of the Interior, a special stall' for watching over the interests of the Indians throughout the Dominion. Industrial schools are provided for their children and farm instructors are appointed to teach the adults to till their lands. Grov- ernment provides seed, animals, and implements; and, in the North-west, the Blackfeet (a most intelli- 10 THE DOMINION. gent tribe) are settling down to work. In British Columbia many Indians on the coast find regular employment in the fish-canning factories and many in the fisheries. Very little improvement appears in the extreme east in recent years among the Micmacs of the Maritime Provinces, but the Indian settlements in Ontario are doing well. These consist mainly of Iroquois. They are commencing to increase in number, and are not only cultivating their lands, but keeping their roads and bridges in repair. The Oneidas came from the United States and bought their own lands. The Indians of the Iroquois stock generally do w^ell, while those of the Algonquin stock are not so pjromising. The Government severely punishes any one who sells liquor to the Indians. It 8upj)lies them with medical assistance and protects them in every possible way from the cupidity of white men. The total number of Indians in Canada is 131,137, including the nomadic tribes as far as the Arctic coast. Of these 36,483 are in British Columbia and 34,520 in the North-west. In Quebec there are 11,930 and in Ontario 18,121. The mimber of children actually attending school is 3,248. The present value of the property held by Indians, or in trust for them, is 811,007,914. Militia.— The total expenditure last year in the Department of Militia Avas $760,354. The force con- sists of 37,000 men and officers. A small arms ammu- nition factory is carried on at Quebec by the Depart- ment. The officer in chief military command, under the Minister of Militia, is always an officer of the British army. Thei-e is at Kingston a Military Col- lege where the highest education is given for officers of the staff or for the scientific services ; and there are schools at Toronto, St. Johns (near Montreal) and Frederic con, where all regimental infantry officers must in future qualify before joining their regiments. A cavalry school is being organised at Toronto. The COMMERCE. 11 force consints of voluntcerB with the exception of two batteries of artillery and the men in training in the military schools who are regularly enlisted. It is composed of seven regiments and six squadrons of cavalry ; three companies of mounted rifles ; two regiments, five brigades and eighteen batteries of garrison artillery ; one half-battery of mountain artil- lery ; three companies of engineers ; and ninety-four battalions of infantry and riflemen. COMMERCE. The Blue-books published by Government must bo consulted by anyone desirous of detailed information. We have space to show only the leading facts which will, even although crudely put, give an accurate idea of the trade of the Dominion. The value of the chief staples of export are given separately, for from these a ready induction can be made concerning the indus- tries of the country. For the year ending June 30th, 1883, in the whole of the Dominion The total imports were $132,254,022 The total exports were 98,085,804 The aggi^egate trade, including imports and exports, was apportioned as follows : — With Great Britain $99,19^,682 With United States 97,^01,056 showing that, close as Canada is to the United States, the larger volume of trade is still with Great Britain. Upon the total value of imports the Customs revenue amounted to $23,172,308, being an average duty of 17*52 per cent., and an average of $5.26 per head of the population. The exports of the produce of Canada, exclusive of 12 THE DOMINION. products in transit, shipped at Canadian ports, are thus classified : — Produce of tlie mine $ 2,970 ,88() fisheries 8,809,118 " " forest 25,370,72(> Animals and tlieir proers 554,328 White pine timber 2,852,908 Oak 976,330 COMMERCE. 13 The trade in animal products was alwayH largo, but the export of live stock has assumed much imj)ortance of late years. The chief items in this group were : — Horses $1,633,291 Horned cattle 3,898,028 Sheep 1,388,056 Butter 1,705,817 Cheese 6,451.870 Furs 1,087,523 Hides 460,983 Bacon 43(),973 Wool 280,530 Great efforts are being made to improve the manu- facture of butter and cheese to the highest possible point. This class of exports, and the export of live cattle are capable of indefinite extension, as is evident from what has been previously said of the climate and rainfall. Of agricultural products the chief items were : — Barley 86,293,233 Peas 2,161,708 Wheat 5,881,488 Flour 2,515,955 Hav 902,105 Malt 1,136,700 Potatoes 1,048,954 Besides the above, wheat, in transit from the West- ern United States was exported to the value of $5,821,886. The chief items of manufactured goods exported were: — Extract of hemlock bark $305,418 Iron and hardware 319,217 Leather (sole and upper) — 271,140 Boots and shoes 96,815 Ships sold in foreign countries 506,538 Manufactures of wood 540,875 14 THE DOMINION. The number of sea-going vessels entered inwards during the year was 10,781. The aggregate of tons register was 4,004,35*7, of which 2,121,954 were of steamships. The inhxnd trade of Canada, upon the rivers and lakes, is shown by the fact that during last year there were 17,012 arrivals at inland ports. The volume of the coasting trade is indicated by a total of 38,244 arrivals in the same peiiod, of which 17,782 were of steamers. These are the leading items of the commerce of Canada taken from the latest Blue-books for the year ending June 30th, 1883. Inland Revenue.— This amounted last year to $6,878,- 259, of which $3,902,867 was raised from spirits ; $405,023 from malt and $1,886,302 from tobacco. The total amount of spirits manufactured during last year was 4,281,208 proof gallons. Of tobacco, 9,558,952 lbs. were manufactured, of which 454,922 lbs. were exported. National Policy.— In times gone by, it was the policy of the British Government to foster trade with the Colonies by a system of differential duties, both in the Home and Colonial tariffs, against the products of foreign countries. A wide spread delusion exists that this was the cause of the American Eevolution. The real question at that time, if the British people could have risen to it, was formulated by ex-Governor Pownall, then a member of Parliament, (who had served as Eoyal Governor in South Carolina, ISTew Jersey and Massachusetts) in a work published in 1768 and dedicated to the Eight Honourable George Grenville, of Stamp Act notoriety. He said "It is " therefore the duty of those who govern us to carry "forward this state -^things, to the weaving of this "lead into our systum, that Great Britain may no "more be considered as the kingdom of this isle only, NATIONAL POLICY. 15 " with many appendages of provinces, colonies, settle- " raents, and other extraneous parts, but as a grand "marine Dominion consisting of our possessions in *' THE Atlantic and in America, united into a one *' Empire, in a one center where the seat of gov- *'ernment is." The capitals are Pownal's. He thought highly of his plan. At that moment the Sibylline books were offered in full tale ; but the fates were against their acceptance and the opportunity passed. After the revolution, some abuses of the restrictive system were abolished in the remaining colonies ; but differential duties w^ere still continued, and the theory of an Imperial policy was retained. In 1846, however, England adopted a national policy suited to England, and, as business in the colonies had grown up under a different system, a general crash and utter collapse of trade in all the colonies followed. As business revived upon the new basis, the colonists observed that, w^hile their tariff on imports was low, the United States tariff* struck with heavy duties all their exports, but .>s soon as they com- menced to apply the method of differential duties the British Government interfered. In Sept. 1850 the 'New Brunswick Legislature sought " to impose differ- *' ential duties on importations from the United States *' to the extent of those imposed by that country on *' importations from New Brunswick." That is, the colonists, retaining some vestiges of the imperial idea, soui»:ht to have a British tariff* for Britain and a United States tariff for the United States. This was refused in a despatch dated N^ov. 1st, 1850, and the policy was laid down which has been adhered to ever since. That was the national policy of England. The National Policy of Canada was not, however, clearly formulated until 1878, when the people, by overwhelming majorities, manifested their will that a complete and radical revision of the tariff* should be made. Whether they were wise is not a question to discuss here. They had been somewhat ostentatious- 16 THE DOMINION. ly requested to settle their own affairs, and they did BO. As unmistakably as the E. _,lish people in 1846 declared for a fiscal polic}^ suited, in their opinion, to the needs of England, so the people of Canada declared for a fiscal policy suited, in their oj^inion, to the needs of Canada. These needs could not, when the imperial idea was abandoned, be identical ; because, in the case of Canada, the proximity of the United States render- ed it necessary to take into account the fiscal policy of that great country. The essence of a National Policy as understood by Canadians is that it shall be adapted to the whole conditions of the country for which it is framed ; while the prevailing school in England think that a policy which is suitable for England is also suitable for every other country. This is a theory held only in England, and, in diverg- ing from it, the Canadians are in agreement with the practice of all other nations. They do not believe in a policy universally applicable, either in finance or legislation, any more than in a universal garment, or a universal diet, and hence they have incurred much criticism. But, in fact, a IN'ational Policy does not necessarily involve a high tariflp. The tariif may be high or low, or free on certain articles, as it was for many years under the reciprocity treaty with the United States. It simply means that policy which, in their opinion, shall best promote the interests of the ]3eople by whom it is framed. Manufactures.— It is beyond doubt that owing to the National Policy the manufactm^ing interests of Cana- da have been very greatly developed. Tables are given in the census which show the aggregate amounts of the manufactures for the years 1871 and 1881, but it is doubtful how far reliance can be placed upon these statements. They are only valuable rela- tively for comparison ; because the same tendencies to error owing to the mis-statements of individuals, would likely exist at both periods to the same degree. VOLUME OF TRADE. IT The number of persons employed would, however, be as nearly absolutely correct as census figures can be. Manufacturing Industries. 1881. $ Amount of capital invested. ... 77,964,020.00165,302,623.00 Value of raw material used. . . . 124,907,846. 00^179,918,593. 00 Aggregate value of productions. 221,617,773.00309,676,068.00 Aggregate wages paid i 40,851 ,009. 00 1 59,429,002.00 Number of persons employed . . ! 187,942 Average wages for each person, adults or children 254,935 233.11 It is abundantly evident that, although 1871 was a most prosperous year, the increase has been large. When the imports and exports for the same years are compared, there will be found a large increase, viz. : — 1871. Imports $96,092,971 Exports 74,173,618 1881. $105,330,840 98,290,823 $1 70,266,589 $203,621,663 Mi\ Patterson gives the following percentage analy- sis of the imports for a series of years : — Year. Imports from Great Britain. United States. Other Countries 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 Percentage from (( (( oliey of Enghmd whieli took ])lace in 1840, tlie trade in lumber commenced to change its direction towards the United States. Between the years 1821 and 1832 the total export of productions of all kinds to that country averaged 83,257,15.3 annually, while in 1882 the trade in lumber alone with the United States amounted to 810,192,033. This further change also ensued that whereas in former years the lumber was exported to England in the shape of large pieces of square timber ; under the changed })Olicy, sawmills of larger dimensions and increased capacity sprang up and the lumber was exported to England as deals and to the United States as boards. Thus employment was provided for an additional number of hands in Canada. The figures of the total amount of export are given elsewhere. RAILWAYS. The Confederation of the British North American provinces in 1867 opened up new problems and re- vealed new duties. The summer communications by waterways would no longer suffice. The existing railway system w^as sufficient for old Canada, but new Canada stretched out to the Pacific, and required that its winter outlet on the Atlantic should be on its own teiTitory. Then followed, soon after, the introduction of steel rails and a complete i evolution in trade com- menced. In the limited space at our disposal it is im- possible to do more than to indicate the greater features of the system as it has shaped itself in the minds of Canadian statesmen. The railways of Canada may be divided into four classes. 1. Those roads which may be called local^ contained within the limits of the separate provinces. These 28 THE DOMINION. have been aided by the various provincial govern.- ments and will not be considered here. 2. The Grand Trunk Eaihvay and its branches which may be called the system of Central Canada. 3. The Canadian Pacitic Eailway which, although it has its own communications with the sea and has its own system in Central Canada, may be called the system of the new AVestern Canada. 4. Those roads reaching from Central Canada to the sea eastwards and from Centi-al Canada to the Pacific system westwards which are considered as public works necessary to the consolidation of the Dominion. The elassitication is not very exact, but it is conve- nient for obtaining a general notion of the Canadian system. Grand Trunk Railway— This was the first great sys- tem in oj-der of time. It was originally designed as a trunk line i-unning from Montreal to Sarnia, with a branch to Portland as a winter port. The Portland branch had already been built and was purchased by the company. The road has been of enormous benefit to Canada. It runs through the most po2:)ulous and fertile parts of the country. It was built by English capital, under English management, although the Gov- ernment of Canada contributed fifteen millions of dollars to it. Many and serious mistakes were made in the inception, building and early management of the road ; but the country was new and the problems were strange. The I'oad has now absorbed a large number of smaller roads until it reaches from Chicago to Portland and Quebec, and has attained a total mileage length of 4,534 miles. It owns or controls three of the most remarkable bridges in the world — the Victoria Bridge across the St. Lawi-ence at Mont- real, the Suspension Bridge at Niagara Falls, and the International Bridge across the Niagara River. From Montreal, as a centre, the Grand Trunk Eail- way has a line to Portland with a branch to Quebec. R T H v>N nRTHERN_ Bozeman on Tallow. Jackson Loi ^at^Ua ^j^\pOFTHt -ooo- faEd-niim r ■aiwa [BATlNlS gH ^hHas? B R.>^ L T M B \ S Kmlenay La '♦« .New Westminster L.Cktla% C'"v.,,,V* WASHI NGTO OLYMPIA Teninoj Kalamai Portland] Tacuina ^><[sij)>kane FJllI»]t[ Carbonado Ainsworth i WallulaJc, Columbia ^*V^-<^j- o. R.w. * N.c ;WalfaWallan^ J ^tilla Dee 0) wlLeland L'Anse ^/ Felch Mountain L A K B s u r B n I o Ji Klamath Lake Baker City • BOISE CIT G N i \* , 8ta(^shono jc- I. Uamey Lake .^o^*' JSS^' •%."< y>,»<> :^i ^Redding ^ Tehama ^C^^^ 7 ^Re^jrCarmm Lake y / A\ D g; ^W^i ,d« ° "Eureka CARSON Austin DET. MAC. •T.JOSEPH'S ISLAND ^orth Channel **^^\^Taim% GRAND MANITOULIN I8L. / 'Escanaba 4 PUSt.Agnace\ » Mackinac Mackinawr..^^^ / >4pheboygan ORUMMOND ISLAND vr^ o riTZWILLIAM MUMO V \ J Hawthorne ^ Alanson. ^ ■^ ^lepworth V-llenford Meaford -V \ Traverse City CJ Green Bay IE r Two ^Manito- ^ woe Ludington Manistee Waltonj Mantonl Elmira rMancelona 'Kalkaska Iliggint L, IGaylord ! Forrest I Grayling ,St.Helens Cadillac 15 lo- co Houghton Lake q. ) Tawas City '^^^^est Branch -prtl/ SOUTHAMPTON - Port Klgfn\ Tuniere% Paisley •^ KINCARDIN E ^'"^ci'^lK r,!^Z\ DuTkeldV V Whitechurch V" *''""''°"^4. * >^^ Wlnjliam/V Mil-linaX ^ f Belgrave/ 7Vw Clifford VI #. Tara ^^\ »■»♦; .d^NAv**** >v*f" Hobart ^/xouth , Pentwater *^ "* Ri\o» ^eed City standish\ 6,' A^' *' GODERICH ^ HolmesvlUe .v«* Belgrave/ ^ Vw «"^'iN'!*4f>^t_- ^<*^"> ?^;<^".<^ itjj> HeosaUg V^^*^<.^ V ^Exeter 1 ^ *^\^A«* ^e^H., Stfx : '«' "^ TOLEDO . Crosse i^ kFreu: lOPI V^/ :n\ ^^^.^<^ 3V>\*> ]N^>^ \Delt»ht)K^ ", tiler ^Luipsic / ml Careyl %*^' w;elUngton^ :^helby Warre] / Youngstown *^~*^ ji •388 . V CANADIAN it* ^\ N R T H \ W EST PACIFIC T E R. B ON T A ^issoula Ft.Lewis^ , HELENA ?. EnglUU Rfvaf^ '•y* HUNTCHS IftLANC . rj A. nU HCTALl ^ ^'V Ft.Keogh ^ . NOR. PAG. ' -T ■; Ellendaitf K .__J Jtoreau Rirer Jackaun Lake ^IPocat^Ua jW Y M Ft.Mc Kinney Deadicoado Jblack HILLS c*«»«' !»« B. • A>>erdeen Redf:U Pierre Chainb«rUin I N G 9f^ ^.e^^ Fi.Laran Valentine Logan Barne* n ■ / ■ ^ 'v. ^ iBrainerd ' M»nk*to /^ |oy "^^J^^. _ mnspt'tiiV- "^ Athbnd ^V" Ma^'etttf- PbUlIp* Menomlne*/"* S^ I Is. A p._ Great Salt l\f ^ I ^«*« ^ ' T CUeVENfikf >-^ SALT LAKE t ^^! gl oH I tlTY \ ^** I p^ La Salle ! / jS^ i c L»ia Salina c^<^ ^ | Gunnison •^^, 505, DENVER North Platte W. % IN Ht5^ Omah^ IMcil BlMfh Frisco v^. Akroa| trar^W*"""^ — ^-j ,Kli>s" I "°''ll *«'/l- """ UN. 4 IJPAC.S X *'* ^'^latin- *■ ■/o^^^.AST. Quinc: e^^'^V^To?' PuebloT^^. ■jrtonoioj'"'' K 'A " '^■*1 Cooks i't.KnhiiwwC ■ Staui; i»»i3w.llMid Jc, yc. -^k^. Daas V BOSTON O ^ l^in kEldred Norwich *- \watkins LAKE I o^^>^^Sidney inghamion usqudThan n^^^ ^"^ Stamford ; 5 Elmirar KiDgstou Erie rarren ^Girard ila OU City Franklin I Emporium , Driftwood N\ Newcastle \ Beaver (Red Plttfiton Williamsport Lackawaxen ^Scranton i^Tn-*' ^^l * JerseJ^*- prinqfipjdl ; I •«/ lliRTIOf I / tall River • 0- r^y ^Qreenport 'Sag Harbor Kx li A ^^:i^ i*21entown' Reading , Long Branch ^ If o c , Seaside Park M' T§BURGH / ENG-O BY AMERICAN BANK NOTE CO. NEW VORX r r , \ ' bid RAILWAYS. 20 It controls the Vermont Central line to Boston and N V London, connecting with the New England .system. By a branch to Eouse's Point it connects- with the New York roads; and by a branch to Dundee it is reaching out to the system of Western New York. At Coteau a little west of Montreal, it has a bi-anch to Ottawa; ai Belleville it branches out into the Midland system ruuiing to Georgian Bay on Lake Huron with several sub- branches. At Toronto it has annexed the jrreat Western system of roads of which the most important termini are Detroit, Buffalo and Niagara Falls. At London it spreads out into a net woi-k of roads touching the lakes, north, south and west, at many points, and connecting at Buffalo eastwards with the great roads of New York and Pennsylvania, From Port Huron it has built the Chicago and Grand Trunk Eailway by which it reaches that most import- ant city of the Western States, Chicago. It is an enormous system of railroads rather than a railway ; and lv2) manager has an important position among the railway kings of the continent. Th«^ Canadian Pacific Railway.— This gigantic enter- prise vvas a necessary coroMary of the confederation of British America. It is also the shortest route across thf .tinentand the one by the lowest passes of the Rocky Mountains, and lastly it is the road which opens up to the English emigrant the greatest amount " "^ "" i-tile land available for settlement at the least dis- tance from his native country. This last consideration, at the time of a great outbreak of land hunger in the ')^ . world, gives a social importance to this railway tqual to its commercial and politici^l importance. In 1871 the Dominion Goveniment commenced the preliminary surveys. In 1872 the first charter was granted, and at the close of that year the ministry resigned and the charter fell thi^ough. The new ministry resolved to continue the enterprise as a gov- fernment work. In 1878 a change occuiTed and 30 THE DOMINION. Sir John A. Macdonald again became premier. Par- liament decided that it was advisable that the rail- way should be constructed by private enterprise, but in the meantime work was continued upon certain parts of the road. At last in 1880 a contract was entered into with the present company who assumed all the work done and undertook to complete the road by the year 1891. From the first this railway was considered a national work and parliament gave large assistance to the company both in money and land.. It was stipu- lated that for twenty years no other railway should be chartered to run to the south or southeast, nor to within 15 miles of the international boundary. Other- wise the enterprise might have been strangled by United States lines and the elfort^^ and sacrifices of the ^ Canadian people would have been rendered fruitless. These sacrifices had been enormous and the country is still spending large sums, in many ways, to de- velope the vast resources of the great Northwestern TeiTitory. The company set to work with amazing vigour, and now the road is open from a point 100 miles east of the head of Lake Superior to the summit of the Eocky Mountains far eaj-lier than the date agreed upon. On the Pacific side it is built from Port Moody to Lytton, and is advancing rapidly to Kam- loops. From Montreal the line is open (beyond Sud- bm*y) 105 miles west of Lake Nipissing, and, by a branch, to Algoma on the north shore of Lake Huron. The intervening section on the north fehore of Lake Superior is being pushed on rapidly and will probably be completed in twelve months. Upon the least reflection it must be evident that an enterprise of such magnitude could not be dependent upon any other corporation, or have its policy con- trolled by any other railway which might possess the main issues of commerce. In short it could not be bottled up in the interior of the continent. At Winnipeg, as a centre, all the interior roads RAILWAYS. 31 converge. A glance at the map will show that until the line north of Lake Superior is completed all com- munication in winter must be by waj^ of St. Paul, Chicago, and Detroit through the peninsula of Ontario. Montreal, from its geographical position, is the centre and the ideally most diiect and nearest point through which westei-n traffic can pass to the sea-boaid. The Company made Montreal and Winni2)eg therefore their chief centres of operation. But Toronto could not be ignored, tirst, because it is the political and business centre of the most populous and influential Province of the Dominion, and second, because during the summer season, until the road north of Lake Superior is finished, all the trade between Ontario and the North-west is most conveniently carried on by steamers (jonnecting jjorts on Geojgjan Bay north of Toronto with the head of Lake Superior. The Company therefore found it necessary to occupy Toronto and Detroit. A Canadian system of railways omitting Toronto would be like the play of Hamlet with Hamlet omitted. Consequently the road which they have built to connect Montreal and Ottawa with Toronto is open now to the public. To connect with Georgian Bay, the Toronto, Grey & Bruce system of roads was purchased, and thus a complete summer con- nection through Canadian territory with the far west- ern Provinces w^as secured. Pending the completion of the road it was necessary to make the connection as complete in winter. For that purpose the Company purchased the Credit Valley Railway from Toronto to St. Thomas where it connects with the Canada South- ern, and is now building a more direct line from Inger- soll on the Credit Valley road to Detroit and thus securing an independent winter connection with the plexus of roads south of the lakes w^hich centre there, and providing an outlet for business from the western and south-western States by way of its Toronto and Montreal road. In summer Montreal is the sea-board — there remains 32 THE DOMINION. now to consider the route of the great trans-continen- tal line in winter. By the purchase of the South Eastern Railway, communication with all the New England ports was secured. But the people of Cana- da had made too many saciiiices to be content with any but a Canadian winter port. Therefore the Com- pany are now building a line from West Farnham to Sherbrooke. There it will make friendly connection with the International Railway directly east (over the Ashburton surrender) to the New Brunswick roads — to the sea-board at St. Andrew's or St. John — or per- haps when the visions of its projectors are realised by the Gi'eat Short Line to the long wharf of America at Louisbourg, wiiere nine hundred years ago the North- men landed from their little vessels, and where fishing craft from western Europe congregated one hundred years before Cham plain founded Quebec. This is the main outline of a great idea which is on the eve of realisation. It has come gradually into the minds of the Canadian people. It is one worthy of their parentage. The dreams the fathers dreamed ai-e waking realities to the children. These things are possible in a new country. There is no land-hunger. Every immigrant arriving, settling, and doing well pays the cost of a detinite portion of the railway which carries him to his farm, feeds him while he is struggling and canies his surplus to market when he gets strong. This is a condition of things peculiar to a young country and which cannot occur where the land is already occupied. So long as the country opened up is fertile and easily obtainable by settlei's all other questions are of minor importance. Great social questions are being worked out here without the aid of dynamite. The main line, wiien finished, will be about 2,899- miles; the portion at present completed and oper- ated is 2,105 miles, of which 144 miles is on the Government section from Port Moody eastward. The following is a summary of the total mileage of the RAILWAYS, 33" Canadian Pacific system and branches up to June, 1884 : — Eastern Division — Main line— Miles. Miles. Miles, Montreal to point beyond Sudbury. . . 470 Branches — Brockville 45^ Aylmer 7 St. Jerome 11 St. Lin '. 15 St. Eustache 8 Atlantic and North- West. . . . b} Algoma 96 AVestern Division — Main line — Nepigon to summit of Rockies . Beyond summit Branches — Emerson Pembma Mountain Gretna South- Western Stonewall Selkirk Emerson and West Lynn ... . Ontario Division — 102 14 51 18 22 20J • • • • St. Thomas to Toronto (C.V.R.) Streetsville to Orangeville (C.V.R.). . . Church's Falls to Elora (C.V.R.) Owen Sound to Toronto (G.T. & B.). . Tees water to Orangeville (G. T. & B.) Toronto to Smith's Falls (0. & Q.). . . 122 35 27 121 70 211 188 1,458 35 658 294 1,787 586 Grand Total 586 3,031 Government Roads.— These roads are mostly in the east and extend from Halifax to Quebec with branches to Pictou and to St. John, under the name of the Intercolonial Eailway. The Prince Edward Island 3 34 THE DOMINION. Eailway runs throughout that island in its whole length. These two roads are worked by the Govern- ment. But certain other roads, important as links in uniting the vaiious systems, have been subsidised, such as the International from Sherbrooke in Quebec eastward to the boundary line. A railway to connect the Canadian Pacitic at Callander with the Ontario system at Gravenhurst and several minor lines with similar general objects have also been subsidized. This necessarily short sketch must suffice. A stud 3^ of any good railway map is the best method of learn- ing the intricacies of the great railway system of Canada — a system as bold as the canal system and which shows that the statesmen of Canada of the last and present generation possess that most impoi'tant qualification of all — faith in their country. SCIENCE, LITERATURE AND ART. Under the Confederation, by the provisions of the British North America Act, the subject of Education was I'eferred to the separate Provinces. Each Prov- ince has its own system with its own Superintendent and Normal Schools, and even its own Colleges or Universities. These are in no way interfered with by the general government. There are, however, some Dominion institutions which properly should be considered here, as dealing with scientific matters. During last year the Depart- ment of the Interior spent $5*7,83^ on the Geological Survey of Canada.— This survey was com- menced in 1841, and, fortunately for the country, was placed under the care of an enthusiast in geologi- cal science, a gentleman of private means, trained to business, a Canadian, well known in after years as Sir William Logan. Mi*. A. Murray, who afterwards directed the survey of Newfoundland, was appointed assistant. Mr. T. Sterry Hunt, who had been trained SCIENCE AND ART. 35 under Dr. Silliman, was appointed chemist and mine- ralogist ; and, later, Mr. E. Billings, who had been trained for the Canadian Bar, but whose whole soul went out towards science, was made pahi3ontologi8t. These men, all endowed with special natural abilities, and all enthusiasts in science, soon won for the Geo- logical Survey of Canada a brilliant reputation throughout the scientitic world. Since then, the field of work has widened and the modest grants of early days have been increased largely. The museum and the offices have been removed from Montreal to Otta- wa where a large staff is engaged in inquiries which are now extended over all the natural sciences. The reports published contain a mine of information con cerning the Natural History and Geology of the coun- try, and the museum is one of the chief attractions of Ottawa. Meteorological Service.— This is in the Department of the Minister of Marine, and upon it $42,294 were spent last year. The telegraph and signal stations along the coasts of the seas and lakes are worked by a numerous body of skilled men under the superin- tendence of Mr. Cai*pmael whose headquarters are at Toronto. Storm warnings and weather probabilities are posted in stated places all over the Dominion and, as the telegraph stations extend across the continent, the information is most valuable to the community. Mr. Carpmael is also Director of the Magnetical Obser- vatories in the same ministerial Department, upon which government spent $9,696 last year. The chief observatories are at Toronto, Montreal, Kingston, Quebec and St. John, N. B. Royal Society of Canada.— This association origin- ated in the mind of the Marquis of Lome, who, dur- ing his administration, never ceased to interest him- self in the intellectual and artistic advancement of the country. It was organized in four sections : — 1st, 36 THE DOMINION. French Literature, HiHtory, and Ai-clueology ; 2nd, English Literature, History, and Archaeology; 3rd, Mathematical, Chemical and Physical Sciences; 4th, Geological and Biological Sciences. Each section has twenty members, including a President, Vice-Presi- dent and Secretary. A President, Vice-President and Secretary are also elected for the Society. The tirst members were nominated by Lord Lome and the first meeting was held in May, 1882. Meetings are held annually, when papers are read and elections held for officers, and for new members when vacancies occur. The Society has published a large quarto volume of transactions. Royal Canadian Academy of Arts— If the Marquis of Lome has left in the Koyal Society of Canada a memento of his interest in the intellectual advance- ment of Canada ; the artistic leanings of II. R. II. the Princess Louise have left their mark in the foundation of the Academy of Arts. It consists of 31 Academe- cians and 55 Associates ; and embraces the Arts of Painting, Sculpture, Designing and Architecture. Under the supervision of the Council of the Academy annual exhibitions are held in the chief cities of the Dominion in rotation, where pictures painted during the previous year by Canadian artists are exhibited, and prices are affixed in the catalogue to those which are for sale. Several young Canadians now studying in Euroi)e send pictures to these exhibitions. The President, Mr. L. R. O'Brien, is a painter in water- colours, whose works take probably the highest rank, and at Ottawa Mi\ Harris' painting of the '' Framers of the Confederation Act" will show what has been done in historical painting in oils. Mr. L. P. Hebert's sta- tue of Sir George Cartier will answer for an instance of the best which can be done in sculpture, and Mi*. Bourassa's frescos at Montreal may be taken as spe- cimens of what has been done in religious art. These names are given not because there are no others of LITERATURE. 37 equal merit, but because there are probabl}' none of Muperior merit in each branch, and from their work a stranger may furm a judgment an to the present state of art in ('anada. There has been a markeublished by the Nova Scotia Govern- ment in 1869. It is entitled " Selections from the Public Documents of the Province of Nova Scotia," by Thomas B. Aikens. In this excellently edited volume the documents themselves are allowed to tell the story. The notes are few and merely explana- tory — mostly biogra2)hical. The poem of "Evange- line " is, however, a ver}^ beautiful one, and the des- criptions of sceneiy are true to nature. The Acadians were very deeply attached to the soil of Nova Scotia, and many wlio w^ei-e expatriated returned aftei* their wanderings. Some of them settled in Gaspe, in •Canada. The settlers who came from France to Canada were mostly Norman or Breton ; but the Acadians were fi-om the south-west — from Saintonge, Eochelle and adjacent places. In 1719 there were about 500 families in the province. In 1755 there were probably 8000 or 9000 Acadian French, of whom not more than 3000 were expatriated by the British -Government. At present there are in Nova Scotia 41,219, in New Brunswick 56,635, and in Prince Edward Island 10,751 persons of French descent. They form a most valuable portion of the population. 64 ACADIA. Cheerful, contented, polite, and laborious, they ai-e everywhere respected. They do not intermarry wi h the English, and, at some jjlaces such as Chezzetcook, they had until lately retained the peculiar dress of the peasantry of Old France. A study of some of these settlements, in the middle of an English community but with cure and notary of the old days and with man- ners, customs and religioii so different, is interesting to a speculative politician. There is nothing in conser- vatism like it on this continent. The Acadians were strongly attached to the Eoman Catholic Church, as they still are. They came of the same stock which, as Huguenots, so obstinately resisted the dragonnades of Louis XIY. But no question of religion caused the deportation by the English, for the Acadians enjoyed the most absolute freedom of worship. It was not in Acadia as in Canada. There were no schools nor col- leges of any kind, and the people were very ignorant and entirely in the hands of their political leaders. Many of them were peaceable and harmless, but many would not even sell supplies to the English. At Grand Pre 1900 persons were collected by Colonel Winslow, a Massachusetts officer, who was in command. He burned the village — houses and barns, "^hurch and grist mills — and broke down the dykes. The troops on this service were all Massachusetts men of hard Puritan stock. They belonged to a regiment raised for special service in America. The men of the Aca- dians were collected separately and ordered to embark. This they refused to do without their families, but they were driven on board at the point of the bayonet in the sight of the weeping women and children* The women and children followed in other transports, and no care was taken that the families should be re- united. For this there could be no pretext of excuse. That was in 1755. Twenty years later and the whole family of Winslow were hunted out of Massa- chusetts. Proscribed royalists, they shared the fate of the Acadian loyalists. Their own property was con- WOLFVILLE. 65 iiscated or destroyed, and they had to make new homes upon the rocky shores of the St. John. The Winslow stock was the oklest and staunchest of the original Plymouth Rock settlement and had filled the highest offices in the Commonwealth. Many of them were rewarded by the British Government with grants and some with pensions, but the poor Acadians, scattered homeless and penniless through the English colonies among a race of alien tongue, found no sympathy from their heartless monarch or his frivolous cour- tiers. Every American loyalist had in King George III. a personal, sympathetic friend. If any one in the American colonies is at any time heard to speak slightingly of King George, he will turn out not to be colonial born. Wolfville. — After leaving Grand Pr^ the train passes through \Yolfville, where is situated the University of Acadia College, founded and supported by the Baptist denomination. Then the valley of the Cornwallis River is reached through a beautiful countjy. From Windsor, up the Cornwallis and down the Annapolis valleys, is the garden of Nova Scotia — rich in soil and mild in climate. The road now continues in the depression between the South and x^orth Mountains, referred to elsewhere. At Kentville is a flourishing town of 3000 inhabitants, and a succession of pretty villages is passed until Bridgetown, on the Annapolis Eiver, is reached, which is a place of some importance as the head of steamboat navigation on the river. If the tide is out, the tourist will not see any river. The water may be away down the bay, but it will come and make the valley look charming in its setting of parallel, hilly ranges ; and, what is better, will float any vessels which may be sitting up waiting for it. One of the oddest sights to a stranger is to see a little steamer sitting up in the mud, blowing off steam and whistling with haste to get her freight aboard, as if she were going straightway overland, while there is 5 e6 ACADIA. not watei" enough to float a chip. But in Ave minutes up it comes, and she is oft*. Passing down the left bank of the river the train arrives at Annapolis, tlie ancient and venerable capital of Aca- dia — the oldest town [north of Florida] in America, and it would be difficult to find one prettiei*. The beauty and security of the situation struck the eye of Champlain — the clearest-headed Frenchman who ever trod the shores of the New World. It is the quietest, the most restful place which can be ima- gined — a very sanatorium for a shattered nervous system — quieter now than even 150 years ago when there was a garrison, sometimes French and some- times English ; and w^hen the English were always burning out the French, excepting when the French were entrapping the English and the Micmacs were scalping them — quieter even than in the winter of 1600-07, when the clever, light-hearted Parisian law- yer, Lescarbot, and the Baron de Poutrincourt, and Hubert, the apothecary, who represented science, and Champlain, who organised the " ordre de bon temps,'^ and their friends, Catholic and Huguenot, had such an excellent time in this Acadian "Forest of Arden." There was no scurvy there, for game was abundant, and the lively Frenchmen exhausted their culinary skill upon it — before the Cavaliers had founded James- town or the Puritan Fathers had set up their ecclesi- astical tyranny, called by a vivid metaphor a "theo- cracy," at Salem. Then was " le bon vieux temps" of Henry lY., before the revocation of the Edict of Nantes had set Frenchmen at each others' throats in France. In Acadia, as in Canada, no man was ever molested in the name of religion. It was not quite upon the site of the town, however, that the first fort was built ; it was on the opposite side, a little further down the Basin. The town of Annapolis Eoyal contains 2,833 inhabi- tants. It is almost sui'rounded by water, for it is YARMOUTH. &J built on a peninsula projecting into the basin which lies tranquil among the bills protected from all winds. The water is deep and the shores bold. The IN'orth Mountain range protects it from the fog and wind of the Bay of Fundy, and the opposing range protects it on the east. The fortifications still remain, picturesque and ruinous. Far up the valley are seen the dyked meadow-lands of the Acadians, and down, towards the south, the high lands round Digby are hazy in the distance. The railway ends at Annapolis. It is to be contin- ued round the Basin, 20 miles, to meet the Western Counties Eailway at Digby, but meantime the travel- ler must take the steamer which makes a daily trip to that town. From Annapolis there is a regular steamer leaving for St. John, New Brunswick, U2:)0n alternate days (distance 45 miles). It is a very pleasant route, A weekly steamer leaves also for Boston. The short trip down the Basin is enjoyable. Digby. — A town of 1,879 inhabitants, occupying a picturesque site opposite Digby Gut, which is the name of the naiTOW opening in the precipitous trap cliffs through which the tides rush in and out from the Bay of Fundy. It is a favoui'ite summer resort, being free from fog and sheltered by the hills. This town has given its name to the celebrated Digby herrings. The Western Counties Railway to Yarmouth runs along the coast of St. Mary's Bay through the town- ship of Clare. This township is settled by Acadians who returned after their exile, and, finding their old locations on the Basin of Minas occupied, took up land here. It is a most characteristic community. Long- fellow's description, in " Evangeline," will apply to them to-day as fully as it does to the Acadians of 120 years ago. This unchangeable conservatism is a phe- nomenon in the western world. After a run of 67 ^ ACADIA. miles the train arrives at Yarmouth —the jumping-off* place of Nova Scotia. The interior of the country is a hunting and fishing region — wild and studded with lakes. It is broken and unfit for farming. Yarmouth is a city of 6,200 inhabitants — the most maritime town perhaps in the world ; for it is doubt- ful whether a single person can be found there who is not, directly or indirectly, interested in a vessel. The instinct for maritime enterprise here amounts to genius, for, though the harbour is poor, the soil rocky and stej'ile, and there is no back country to depend upon, the people are rich and thriving by their foreign com- merce. The tonnage owned in this small place amounts to 118,922 tons. There are 3,469 persons who are owners of shipping. Eetired sea captains find here a paradise, for the proximity of the Gulf stream makes the weather very changeable, and speculation upon that subject is always in order. FROM HALIFAX TO PICTOU Travellers take the Intercolonial Eailway, and at Truro the Pictou branch diverges from the main line. If all parts of i^ova Scotia were as charming as the North West Arm or the Annapolis valley the effect would be too monotonous, and so, in going to Pictou, the aesthetic sense is allowed a short period of repose. There is nothing specially to remark upon until the ti'ain arrives at Steliarton, forty miles from Truro. The Albion coal mines are reached at this station. The population of the place is 1,881, all connected in someway with the mines. Two miles further on is New Glasgow. Population 2,595 — engaged in manu- facturing and shipbuilding. A Siemens' furnace, be- longing to ine Nova Scotia Steel Company, is at piCTOu. 69 work here making steel plates. There are also rolling mills and glass-works. The Nova Scotia Eailway (formerly the Halifax and Cape Breton Eailway) branches off here for Antigonish and the Gut of Canso. The train now continues along the East river (8 miles) until Pictou Landing is reached, from whence by ferry the traveller crosses to the opposite side of the harbour to the town of Pictou. Population 3,403, is situated upon an inlet of Northumberland Strait into which three rivers — the East, the Middle, and the West rivers fall. It has by far the best harbour on the northern shore of Nova Scotia, sheltered and commodious — from five to nine fathoms deep and with 20 feet of water over the bar at low tide. Unlike the harbours of Halifax and St. John it freezes over in the winter. The coast is low, but the scenery up the valleys of the rivers is pretty, and the bathing on the beaches is good. There is much good farming land in the vicinity but, as the meadow lands on the opposite coast of the Province, were more inviting, the French never made any settlement here. It was first settled in 176*7 by six families from Philadelphia, but the immigration which stamped a peculiar character on this part of the Prov- ince was the band of Highland Scotch which arrived in 1Y73. They landed in full highland array in kilts and with bagpipes in full blast. Never had the like been heard in Acadia. The Micmacs, who had pre- viously been hanging i*ound for scalps, fled, terror- struck at the sound, and from thenceforth gave no trouble to the settlers in those parts. The ^' medicine " of the ba^-pipe subdued them. The immigration continued from Scotland and the great majority of the people are Scotch and Presbyterian. This ener- getic stock has made Pictou county one of the most productive farming counties in Nova Scotia. The town has made great progress in manufacturing, and does a coasting trade by vessels built and owned 70 ACADIA. there. Education is very carefully looked after, and with academy and schools and museum, and library and newspapers, the people of Pictou are admirably provided with educational facilities. Steamers leave Pictou regularly for Charlotte town, P.E.I., for Port Hood in Cape Breton, and for the Magdalen I-^lands. The Gulf Port line of steamers to Quebec leave from here, touching at all the principal ports in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Pictou is, how- ever, chiefly remarkable as the outlet of one of the most important coal fields of Nova Scotia. Pictou Coal Mines.— These mines first began to be worked in the year 1807. As explained elsewhere, in 1825 all the mines in the Province passed into the hands of the General Mining Association of London, which commenced in 182Y to raise coal on a large scale and with scientific appliances. This monopoly continued until 1856, when the Company abandoned all their claims and were allowed to select four square miles where they pleased. They chose the locality known as the Albion Mines at Stellarton, and event- ually sold out to a new company called the Halifax Company. The area of the coal field at Pictou is 35 miles, but the beds are so thick and so accessible that their importance is out of proportion to the area. At the Albion Mines there is a section of 2,450 feet of coal measures holding 100 feet of coal. The thickness of the seams of the lower group are as follows in order of depth :— 34 ft. 7 in., 22 ft. 11 in., 5 ft. 1 in., 3 ft. 6 in., 3 ft. 3 in., 12 ft., 5 ft., 11 ft., 10 ft. There are sixteen seams known but these are the chief. It is the main seam of 34 feet which is generally worked. In the neighbourhood are ako the extensive mines worked by the Intercolonial, Acadian and Yale Com- panies. The total sales of coals last year from the Pictou mines were 4G1,809 tons, of which 260,980 tons were consumed in the Dominion. TO CAPE BRETON. 71 NEW GLASGOW TO THE GIT OF CANSO. This is the usual route to Cape Breton. A train leaves New Glasgow on the arrival of the train from Halifax. The country is uninteresting, and has been only recently cleared. At Merigomish are mines of coal and iron. Forty-one miles from New Glasgow is Antigonish, a thriving town of 3,500 inhabitants, nearly all Highland Scotch in nationality and Roman Catholic in religion. Here the tourist may enjoy the noveltv of healing sermons in Gaelic from the cathe- V CD dral pulpit. Many of the older people speak no other language. Tall, strong people they are, and their vil- lage is one of the prettiest in Eastern Nova Scotia. The streets are clean and planted with shade-trees. The houses are tidy and bright. This town is a bishop's see, and all the saints who have it under charge are good old Scotch saints, without any Saxon mixture — St. Ninian, St. Columba and St, Margaret, Queen of Scotland. The large college is named after St. Francis Xavier, perhaps because the older saints were not so strong in scholarship as in the more use- ful arts of clearing up land and reducing a wilderness to order and civilization. The countrv around is an unfailing resort for hunting and fishing. The high land of Antigonish Mountain gives it variety. The harbour is shallow and at a distance from the village. Cattle, butter and gypsum are exported from this place. The road continues on through a thinly settled country to Tracadie, an Acadian French village, situated in a fertile district. There is a monastery of lifty Trappist monks here, who are expert farmers. At 39 miles from Antigonish is Mulgrave Wharf, on the Gut of Canso. Here is the ferry to the Island of Cape Breton. 72 ACADIA. HALIFAX TO QUEBEC BY THE INTERCOLONIAL RAILWAY, For nine miles aftor leaving Halifax the railway skirts the shores of Bedford Basin. Completely land- locked and hidden from any but the most careful search it was, in old times, a noted haunt of bucca- neers; and, to this day, it would not surprise any resi- dent on its shores if Capt. Kidd's hidden treasure were dug up. Th*8 treasure is in several other harbours also on the coast. It is one of the myths cherished by this otherwise practical people. At Bedford the road turns inward to Windsor Junction.— Here divei'ges the Windsor and Annapolis Eailway. At Shubenacadie, the river of that name is reached. In the early days of Haliftix a canal was projected to connect this river, which falls into the Basin of Minas, with the Atlantic at Halifax. A very feasible scheme, if the cost had been provided for, because of the many intervening lakes ; but it fell through. To the east is a broken countrj^ frequented by moose-hunters and anglers. The road continues through a good farming country, although from the cars it may seem rough, until it reaches Truro.— He^-e the branch for Pictou diverges. This was an old Acadian settlement, and the dykes in the meadows date from the French times. It is the centre of a rich district, and possesses the attraction of being an educational centre as well, for the Provincial, Normal and Model schools are here. There are also many manufactures carried on, and these, added to the exceeding beauty of the site, make Truro the most important place after Halifax in the province. The town has a population of 3,463. It is situated at the head of Cobequid Bay, a part of the Basin of Minas. It is 62 miles from Halifax. THE INTERCOLONIAL. 73 After leaviner Truro the train beo'ins the ascent of the Coboquid Mountains, following up the valley of the Folly Iliver, which it crosses on a viaduct 600 feet long and 82 feet above the river, until the summit is reached at Folly Lake, 607 feet above the sea. At Londonderry is a railway to the Acadia Iron Mines, where are situated the works of the Canada Steel Company, who have blast furnaces at work aud who n^.anufacture pig-iron, bar-iron, sheet-iron and nail- plates; also railway axles and wheels. There are several varieties of ore found, but that worked is chiefly limonite. From this point to Folly Lake, or Folleigh (if thei-e is time to spell it so), are the heaviest grades of the line. Long snow-sheds testify to the severe winter storms upon the moun- tains. The rock cuttings and the curves are numer- ous, but many glimpses of picturesque scenery may be had from the train. The Cobequid Mountains are 100 miles long and 10 miles wide. They rise to a height of 1,100 feet. The train now descends the northern slope. At Springhill Junction branches off the road of the Cum- berland Coal and Eailway Company to Parrsboro', on the Basin of Minas. The mines are distant about five miles from the Intercolonial Railway. Three separate seams are being worked, and the present out- put is 1,200 tons a day. In the year 1883 the total output was 200,000 tons. The operations of the com- pany have of late been largely extended. The three seams now being worked are of 13 feet, 11 feet and 11 feet respectively. In a width of 1,018 feet there are eight seams and an aggregate thickness of 62 feet of good workable coal. The analysis of the 13-foot seam is as follows : — Carbon, 78.51 ; hydrogen, 5*19 ; oxygen and nitrogen, 5.98 ; sulphui*, 1*12 ; ash, 5*20. The coal used on the Intercolonial Railway is from this mine. 74 AC.M)IA. The owners are enlarging the works so as to attain an output of 2,000 tons a da3^ The area of the Cumberland coal tleld is 300 squaj'c miles. From thivS point an excursion can be made to visit the celebrated Joggins section ol" the carboniferous series of rocks. The railway runs from Springhill Station to Parrsboro', on the ]3asin of Minas. There a party could easily arrange for a steamer to go along the coast, and the Intercolonial Eailway could be reached again at Amherst without turning back upon the route to (Quebec. The South Jogg^.— Sir Charles Lyell says the finest example in the world of a succession of fossil forests of the Carboniferous period laid open to view on a natural section, is that seen on the lofty clitfs called the South Joggins, bordei'ing the Chiegnecto channel. Sir Charles visited them twice. They are abundantly illustrated in all his works and in Dr. Dawson's Aca- dian Geology. There is a continuous exposed section ten miles in length. Sir Charles counted nineteen seams of coal and he saw seventeen trees in an upi'ight position, chiefly Sigillariir, occurring at ten distinct levels, one above the other. The usual height of the trees was six to eight feet, but one trunk was twenty- five feet high. The action of the tides exposes new fossil trees from year to year and a continuous interest thus attaches to the locality. The whole i^round is classic to geological science ; and it would be as unpardonable in a geologist to omit a visit to the South Joggins as for an Egyptologist to go to Cairo without seeing the Pyramids. Parrsboro', the terminus of the branch road, is a beautiful place. The scenery is most diversified. In the i-ear is the bold mountain country and to the south east is the Basin of Minas, bordered with beautiful meadows, and set in a distant circle of hills. Opposite is the bold ciitf of Cape Blomidon, the northern end of THE INTERCOLONIAL. 75 the barrier of trap rock which skirts the western shore of Nova Scotia — columnar trap restinp^ on new red sandstone, itself worth a visit. The bold points of Cape Split and Cape d'Or are also visible — all con- tributing to form in one locfility a total of geological attractions unequalled in the woi'ld. Eeturning to the Intercolonial route ; after leaving Springhill the train passes one station and arrives at Maccan.—From this point stages run to the Chieg- necto coal mines and to the South Joggins. Travel- lers who wish to visit these places may reach them conveniently from this point. This is the usual point of stoppage for that purpose when a party is not made made up. Eight miles further is Amherst— A flourishing town of 4,457 inhabitants, depending upon a rich farming country for its trade. The tourist who is fond of colonial history stops here to visit the ruins of Fort Cumberland and trace out the localities of many deeds of daring in the old days of struggle in the French and Indian wars. Five miles after leaving Amherst the train crosses the little river 3Iissiguash, the boundary between Nova Scotia and New Brunswick — a little stream very important in old -^olonial history and about which the French and English wrangled for thirty years. At the ti-eaty of Utrecht, France ceded to England ^' that all Nova Scotia or Acadia comprehended within its ancient boundaries." The English expected and claimed L'Acrdie as known in the French maps and . books ; but the Fj-ench insisted that the peninsula of Nova Scotia alone was meant, and claimed this little river as the boundary of Canada. Commissioners had been appointed, under the treaty, to settle these boundary questions ; but the}^ did nothing but pro- duce documents and write memoirs, and, at last, in 1750, M. de la Jonquiere, the new Governor of Cana- da, sent down the Chevalier de la Corne with a *76 ACADIA. detachment who ai'rived in time to prevent fj-om landing Major Lawrence, who had been sent with a detachment to occupy the head of the Bay. La Come informed Lawrence that the Missiguash was the boundary, and, as war had not been declared, Law- rence landed south of the river and subsequently Fort Lawrence was built by him at the village of Beau- bassin. The Abb^ Laloutre, who was the evil genius of the Acadians, set tire to the church as the English entered the village. He had comedown on his errand of mischief to lead the Acadians to their ruin, and he took this measure to force them to abandon their lands on the English side. La Corne erected Fort Beau- s^jour on his side and from that point as a centre, regardless of the reproaches of the Bishop of Quebec, the insubordinate and unscrupulous Laloutre car- ried on his political plots until he brought upon the Acadians their cruel fate. The ruins of these forts still exist. Fort Beausejour was an important work, built for a garrison of 800 men and armed with 30 guns. The French had a continuous chain of forr^ from here to the St, John river. The English main- tained a garrison of 600 men at fort Lawrence until 1755, when they captured Fort Beausejour. A few miles further on, the railway crosses a wide extent of rich marsh-land which, fertilized by the muddy tides of the Bay, produces enormous crops of hay. The first important station in iS"ew Brunswick is Sackville.— This is a town of 4,882 inhabitants. Mount Alison College, a Wesleyan institution, with 200 stu- dents, is one of the most important educational estab- lishments in the Province. Near here will be the outlet of the Bay Yerte Canal, projected only as yet, to unite the Bay of Fundy with the Gulf of St. Law- rence. When it is remembered that the tides in the Gulf are ordinary ocean tides while those of the Bay rise sixty feet, the difficulty of the undertaking will suggest itself. A railway to Cape Tormentine, to con- THE INTERCOLONIAL. 77 nect with a short ferry across Northumberland Straits, is nearly completed. The next station is Dorchester, an important town. Then follows Memramcook— containing the large Eoman Catholic College of St. Joseph, with 100 students, among a flourishing population of over 1,000 Acadian French. The next station is Painsec Junction.— From here the tourist may go to St. John, to Quebec, or to Shediac. At Shediac the Gulf Ports steamers call, connecting with Pictou, N» S., with Miramichi and the Ba}^ Chaleur ports, and with Quebec. There is also a daily steamer to Prince Edward Island. The next station is Moncton. — This is the centre of the Intercolonial Eailway system. It contains 5,032 inhabitants. A sugar refinery and a cotton mill with other factories are located here. These and the machine-shoi^s of the railway are the life of the town. This is the place to witness the great tidal wave of the Bay of Fundy. At low tide nothing can be less interesting than the wide expanse of slippery red mud with a little stream trickling down, far off in the middle, which marks the bed of the Petitcodiac river. The tide comes in with a "bore," six feet high, and speedily rises to a height of seventy feet. Then, when the water comes, and the vessels which were lying over on their sides are straightened up and the banks are full, the river is a pretty sight enough ; although one is always afraid that the water will suddenly run away again. The tides of the Bay of Fundy are very remarkable. The tidal wave sweeping along the American coast to the north-east is caught in the broad funnel-shaped entrance to the Bay and compressed. As the opposite coasts draw together it increases in height and speed all the way up to the remotest points of Chignecta and Cobequid Bays. It attains a speed of six milesan 78 ACADIA. hour and a height of seventy feet. Into the narrows of the estuaries it rushes with a " bore *' or foaming wave sweeping along with it a flood turbid with red mud. From Moncton the road passes through a very unin- teresting country until the Miramichi is reached. The coast is low and although hirge streams are crossed the road has been taken well inland to avoid bridging them at their estuaries. The T^iehibucto is an import- ant river with a flourishing town at its mouth. The settlements are all upon the shore, and, although the land is good, the country from the train seems unin- viting. Land requires to be more than good to tempt a New Brunswicker away from the charms of ships and saw-logs. They are a maritime people and love the water, of the sea first, and, failing that, of the rivers. At Chatham Junction there is a branch road to Chatham, but the main line goes to Newcastle, where it crosses the Miramichi River, for there is no town or place called by this euphonious name. Miramichi is a generic name for the settlements upon the river. The road crosses the river above the forks. The length of each bridge is 1,200 feet. After crossing the north-west branch, the road turns ofl" the main line by a siding into Newcastle. The two chief towns on the river are Newcastle and Chatham, between which a very active rivalry exists. Newcastle is a town of 4,209 inhabi- tants, it is at the head of deep water navigation. Chatham is the older settlement, it is on the opposite (south) side of the river six miles lower down. It has a population of 5,672. The business carried on is the same at all the towns of this coast. Lumbering, ship- building and fishing. Canning lobsters and salmon is an important industry. The Miramichi River is 225 miles long. It falls into a wide bay — a very favourite fishing ground. The low coast extends out in spits of sandy soil, densely THE INTERCOLONIAL. Y9 wooded. It was at Miraniichi Bay that Jacques Cartier first landed on Canadian soil, and the locality was a favourite one in early French times. In 1642 Basques were settled on the river, but they quar- relled with the Indians and were succeeded by French. An extensive concession was granted there to Nicho- las Denys, Governor of Acadia, and he had his chief post on the Miramichi, with forts at Miscou and on the Gut of Canseau. The first establishment at Miscou was made in 1610. This region became celebrated b}' the immense fire which raged over it in 1825. Newcastle was destroyed and a large number of the inhabitants ruined. Above 200 j)ersons were supposed to have perished in the flames. Such a fire was never known befoi'e nor since. Over 8,000 square miles of forest were destroyed and $1,000,000 worth of property. The fire swept rapidl}^ on, cracking and roaring along a blazing line of one hundred miles front. Many ran to the river and plunged to the neck in the water. Others sought refuge on rafts and logs. The roaring of the flames — the sci'earas of the perishing — the cries of the ani- mals — the volumes of smoke and sparks contributed to make up a scene of horror which no eye-witness could ever forget. The lumber from this region was exceedingly good. Masts and spars for the Eoyal Navy were exported thence in large numbers. Chatham is the seat of a Eoman Catholic bishop, and a large pile of ecclesiastical buildings form a leading feature of the to^wn. The Miramichi is the gateway to the sportsman's paradise — the forest wilderness of New Brunswick. From the fringe of settlement on the coast to the St. John River extends an immense unsettled territory permeated with streams and lakes, and everywhere, by short portages, accessible to light birch canoes. Beaver, moose, cariboo, lynx, sable, mink and bears inhabit this primitive wilderness, and the streams are 80 ACADIA. full of fish and abound with salmon in their season. The land in the valleys, when cleared, is exceedingly good farming land. After passing three stations the train arrives "at Bathurst, a flourishing town of 4,806 inhabitants, formerly called Xepisiguit, a name still borne by one of the four streams which fall into the basin. This place was first settled by a Basque named Enault, who married an Indian woman, but, after clearing the land and raising cattle and starting a fishing and lumber- ing establishment, he was impolitic enough to have a misunderstanding with the lady's brother, who toma- hawked him incontinently. There is a good business done at Bathurst, and the farmers around it are pros- perous. The great falls of the Nepiseguit, 105 feet high, are distant 25 miles. This is a good place for boating, for bathing and for fishing. Altogether the most desirable spot for summer sport along the coast. Miscou Island, the extreme north part of the province, was much dreaded in the adventurous old days before science exploded all the monsters, because of a female demon who resided there, up to whose waist the mast of a ship would scarcely reach, and who would pocket a stray Jndian or Fi^enchman for an occasional meal ; besides rendering the place unpleasant with terrific roaring. Is it not so written in the books of the early voyagers ? But a demon worse than the Scylla of Miscou lurks not far from here on the desolate sandy shore of Tra- cadie — a demon who baffles the power of nineteenth century science — " The nightmare life in death is she That thicks men's blood with cold " — the demon of leprosy — the true leprosy of the white shining spot and decaying limbs. Its origin is obscui-e, but it would seem to have originated about THE LEPERS. 81 1758 when a Fi'ench vessel, which had been in the Levant trade, was stranded near the Miramichi. The sailors were hospitably treated by the poor lishermen, and shortly after this dreadful plague appeared. Many died, and the people fled to other places along the coast. In process of time the disease appeared at Caraquet, Tracadie and elsewhere, until, in 1817, the death of 3Iarie Landry drew the attention of the government to the subject. But it was not until 1844 that a law was enacted under which all the unfortu- nate lepers were collected at one place, Sheldrake Island, at the mouth of the Miramichi. From thence the establishment was moved to Ti-acadie. Everyone found touched with this fell disease was sent there. Forcibly separated from house and home, from parent, wife, or child, what horrible anguish must have torn many a heart on joining that loathsome band of human beings in the lazaretto ! And for many years they were uncared for — objects of teiTor to their fellow creatures — separated and accursed. At last, in 1858, application was made to the nuns of the Hotel- Dieu of Montreal. True spiritual daughters of Jeanne Mance, these devoted women feared nothing and shrank from nothing. They took charge of these poor desolate souls, they brought order and cleanli- ness into the lazaretto, they separated the sexes, they washed the bandages, they dressed the dropping limbs, and kindly and patiently, without a shudder of disgust, they still labour to solace these weary souls with the consolations of religion as well as by the kind offices of the hospital. The lazaretto is under the care of a superioress and eight nuns. A visitor in 1873 counted 23 patients, and it is beyond doubt that the disease is disappearing. All the innrates are French, and no doubt the practice of continually marrying " in and in," necessary in such small and separated commu- nities, would intensify any disease which happened to take root among them. At Bathurst the traveller comes out upon the Bale 6 82 ACADIA. des Chaleurs, so callcfi by Jacques Cartier on account of the excessive heat he experienced there. The i oad now runs along the bay, which is 100 miles long, with a breadth of 20 to 30 miles. Leaving Bathurst, the train crosses several large streams and passes five stations until it reaches Dalhousie, a beautiful town of 2,353 inhabitants, situated on a commanding point overlooking the estuary of the Eestigouche Eiver. The harbour is excellent. It was in this estuary that Admiral B>Ton, in ITGO, destroyed the French squadron which came out too late to relieve Quebec. The next station is Campbellton, on the Eestigouche Eiver. Here the traveller will take leave of Kew Brunswick, for that river is the boundary of the Province of Quebec. It is the head of navigation on the Bay Chaleur, and here the steamers call from Quebec, Gaspe and the Bay Chaleur poi-ts. It is very central for shooting excursions, is near many important salmon rivers, and is pleasant for driving or boating, or sailing or bathing. In short, it is a delightful summer resort, in proximity to much beautiful scenery. Leaving Campbellton the train follows up the Ees- tigouche until opposite the mouth of the Metajiedia, when it crosses to follow the valley of the latter in its course through the mountains. The Eestigouche is a noble stream, broad and deep — famous for salmon ; draining an area of 6,000 square miles, with bold shores, and navigable for 130 miles further. It is crossed by a skew bridge over 1,000 feet long. The scenery at the junction of the river is very pretty. After crossing the bridge the train arrives at Metapedia Station.— This is headquarters for salmon. Here is ''Fi^aser's." What salmon-Usher has not heard of it ? And there are pools belonging to that great institution where guests, who cannot afford to lease a METAPEDIA. 83 whole river, may try their luck. The road follows up the valley of the Metapedia to the summit of the divide of the St. Lawrence. Several streams fall into the Metapedia, notably the Assametquaghan and the Oausapscal, and, as Fluellen would say, " there a?*e sal- mons in all " — for was it not at the mouth of the latter euphoniously named i-iver where H.R.H. the Princess Louise caught the 40-lb. salmon ? No doubt the dinner earned that day by the quick eye and steady hand of the Royal lady surpassed the sumptuous feasts of Kensington Palace, for camping out in the clear mountain air, and exercise, and pretty scenery give a sauce not to be had from Crosse & Blackwell. Here also abideth the mosquito, no respecter of persons, a creature whose providential function it is to dwell at such places and become the one sole cause why the better-disposed Americans do not take to the woods permanently. The raismi d'etre of this mean sneak of a fly is to drive mankind into the thorny paths of civilization. The winding river, with its hundreds of rapids and falls ; the beauty of the placid lake, which is its source near the summit ; the abundance of fish ; and the wildness of the scenery make this region a very paradise even if it be not quite cleared up. After leaving the banks of Lake Metapedia the road still rises until Lake Malfait is reached, which is at the summit, *750 feet above the St. Lawrence. Then the traveller will begin to see spread out before him the sea-like expanses of the River St. Lawrence, his ears will thenceforth be greeted with the sound of the French tongue, and the names of the stations will com- memorate so many Saints that the Acta Sanctorum of the Bollandists in 54 volumes folio, with the continua- tion to date, would be required to enlighten an in- quisitive stranger as to their merits. The remaining stations of the road, until Quebec is reached, will be noticed in another place in the des- cription of the Lower St. Lawrence. 84 ACADIA. Principal Dawson has prepared the following geo- logical itinerary of the whole route. NOTES ON THE GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY FROM HALIFAX TO 3IONTRE.4L. At Halifax the geologist lands on the quartzites and slates of the Coast series or Gold series of Nova Scotia, believed to be of Lower Cambrian age. In the vici- nity of Halifax it contains auriferous quartz mines, which are situated at Montagu and Waverley. At North AYest Arm and other places may be seen gra- nite, which traverses these beds as chick dykes or intrusive masses, and produces contac : metamorphism. At Waverley Mine, the obscure fossils named Astropo- lithon may be found in the quartzite. At Windsor Junction, the branch to that j^lace di- verges (about forty miles). Windsor has excellent exposui-es of the fossiliferous Lower Carboniferous limestones, and of the great beds of gypsum, char- acteristic of that formation in Nova Scotia. Beyond Gay's Elver, the railway enters into the carboniferous country, and in some places quarries in the Lower Carboniferous limestone may be seen near the road. At and beyond Truro the railway traverses a por- tion of the Triassic red sandstone of Cobequid Bay. The sandstone may be seen in the cuttings, and the red colour of the soil is characteristic. In approaching the Cobequid Hills, a more broken countiy and beds of grey sandstone and conglomerate indicate the Carboniferous beds, which here reappear from under the red sandstone. At Londonderry Station the road enters on a belt of highly inclined slates of olive-grey and dark col- ours, which, at a little distance west of the line of railway, contain the large and productive veins of iron ore worked by the Steel Company of Canada. This vein or aggregation of veins is primarily of car- GEOLOGY. 85 bonate of iron and ankerite, with some specular iron, but has been changed in many pLaces to a great depth into limonite, which is the ore principally worked. Beyond this place the slates are seen to l)e pierced by great intrusive masses of red syenite and by dykes of diorite and diabase. At Wentworth Station these rocks are overlaid by dark-coloured shaly beds, holding fossils of the age of the Clinton or older part of the Upper Silui'ian. The grey slates holding the iron ore are obviously of greater age than this, but how much greater is uncertain. For reasons stated in "Acadian Geology," they are regarded by Dr. Dawson as Lower Silurian. Crossing the Colxequid Hills, conglomerates are seen belonging to the southern edge of the Cumberland coal-tield, on which the road now enters. At Spring- hill Station is a branch road leading to the mines of that name, the most important coal mines on the line of this railway. At Maccan Station conveyances may be had to the celebrated South Joggins section, on the shore of Chiegnecto Bay, about 12 miles distant. To see this satisfactorily, the geologist should lodge at the Joggins Mines and spend two or three days on the shore. Details of the section will be found in "Acadian Geology." From Maccan Station to Moncton the railwa}^ passes over carboniferous rocks, mostly of the lower members of that series. Near Dorchester there aj-e good sec- tions of the Millstone Grit formation, and at the Albert Mines, Hillsboro', the remarkable bituminous shales of the Lower Carboniferous, holding albertite and remains of fishes. This part of the railway also passes over some fine examples of the alluvial deposits of the Bay of Fundy, more especially the great marshes of Amherst and Sackville. At Moncton, the railways from St. John on the one hand ar^"" ^hediacon the other join the main line. By the fir t + e traveller may visit the Huronian, Cam- 80 ACADIA. bri«an and Devonian loeks of St. John, and by the second and steamers from Pointe du Chene, may reach the Permian and Triassic rocks of Prince Edward Island. From Moncton to near Bathurst the railway passes over the low Carboniferous plain of Northern New Brunswick, showing scarcely anything of the under- lying rocks. Beyond Bathurst is the varied and interesting country of the Baie des Chaleurs and the Eestigouche and Metapedia Rivers, of which it is possible only to note some of the more interesting features. By stopping over at Dalhousie or Campbellton, or at the one place and proceeding to the other, the fol- lowing localities may be visited : — At Cape Bon Ami, near Dalhousie, is a tine section of Upper Silurian shale and limestone, abounding in fossils, and alter- nating with very thick beds of dark-coloured dolerite. Apparently resting on these are beds of red porphyry and breccia, forming the base of the Erian or Devonian beds. On these, a little west of Campbellton, rest agglomerate and shale, rich in remains of fishes (Cephalaspis, Coccostevs, etc.,) and traversed by dykes of trap. Immediately above these are conglomerates and dark, hard shales, the latter full of remains of Psilophyton and Arthrostigma, — and at a sandstone quarry on the opposite side of the Eestigouche are similar plants and great silicified trunks of Prototaxites. All these beds are Low^er Erian. At Scaumenac Bay, opposite Dalhousie, are magni- ficent clitfs of red conglomerate of the Lower Car- boniferous, and, appearing from under these, are grey sandstones and shales of Upper Erian age. They contain many fossil fishes, especially of the genus Pterichthys, and also fossil ferns of the genera Archce- opteris and Cyclopiem and of species characteristic elsewhere of the Upper Erian. Beyond Campbellton and on the Metapedia River, the rocks exposed are principally slates or shales GEOLOGY. 87 witli marked slaty structure, and of Upper Silurian age. Fine exposures of these are seen in the cuttings on the Meta])edia. Fossils occur in calcareous bands associated with these slates. Passing Lake Metapedia, at tlie head of the river of that name, the railway cuts through s«)me limestone, pj'obably of Hudson Eiver age, and then passes into Lower Silurian, and probably in part Cambrian, shales, sandstones and conglomerates, of which the greater part are referred to the Quebec grouj). Crossing over these, the raihvay passes at a high level from the val- ley of the Metapedia to the River St. Lawrence, here 30 miles wide, and which breaks upon the view sud- denly after leaving the Metis Station, the cuttings near which are in slates of the Quebec group. From this point the raihvay follows the strike of the Quebec group all the w^ay to Levis, opposite Quebec. On this line the conglomerates near Bic are espe- cially worthy of notice, and are well seen in the cut- tings. At Levis there are cuttings for a new connect- ing line of road near the village of Levis, and about a mile from the railway station, which expose some of the beds holding GraptoUtes. The citadel of Quebec affords a fine exposure of the Quebec group rocks, though w^ithout fossils, and a traveller who can stay over will find instructive sections at the Island of Orleans. The Falls of Montmorenci, near Quebec, are of great beauty, and show in the gorges Utica shale resting on Laurentian gneiss, which at the Natural Sc'^2)s above the falls is overlaid by Trenton limestone. Half way betw^een the city and the falls, at u mill in the village of Eeauport, is a bank of shining boulder clay, overlaid by fossiliferous sand and gravel (Saxi- cava sand) rich in Saxicava rugosa and other shells. Clays with a somewhat richer fauna (Upper Leda Clay) occur in the bank of a brook a little farther from the I'oad to the north. From Quebec to Montreal, both the Grand Trunk 88 APADIA. Eailway and tho Xorlh Shore Railway pass for tho most part over a flat Lower Silurian country, with no exposures of importance. But the traveller w^ho ascends the river by steamboat ma}' see, after leaving Quebec, tine sections of the Quebec group, overlai its interest. For a time it was a separate government, then it was united to the Province of Nova Scotia. Louisbourg was dismantled, the fortifications were blown up, and now it is easy to trace their contour among the grassy mounds of its deserted site. Yet, as the harbour of Louisbourg is the only one in the island which does not freeze in winter, upon the com- pletion of the new short line to Europe this Carthage of Canadian history may once more, under the rule of the children of both the combatants, wake up to a life of nobler enterprise and to a career of success in the peaceful rivalry of commerce. Area.— The Island of Cape Breton is 110 miles long by 80 in breadth. It extends over an ai-ea of 4,375 square miles. Not only is it indented by manj^ har- bours on its extej'ior coast, but it is penetrated throughout by the sea, which forms a beautiful sheet of water in the heart of the island covering an area of 450 square miles. The country is exceedingly diver- sified. The Bras d'Or divides it into two parts; of v^hich that to the north is largely composed of a table land 1,000 feet in height, with bold cliffs steep •down to the sea. This table land, of 1,100 square miles in extent, is unsurveyed and unexplored, save by the sportsmen who follow the moose ani caribou which abound therein. The southern coast is lov^', rising towards the interior. Fi-om Scatari to the western table land the coast is a little bolder, but the -cliffs do not anywhere rise higher than 100 feet. CAPE BRETON. 95 About one-half of the area of Cape Breton is fit for cultivation, and in the river valleys there is much fer- tile land. The population is 84,500, employed in the fisheries, in ^oal -mining and in agriculture. They are chiefly of Highland Scotch or of Acadian French descent. Climate.— The climate of Cape Breton is like that of Kova Scotia, but fi-eer from fogs. The winters are not so cold as in Canada ; but spring is delayed longer, for the driit-ice is often packed in upon the coast. The summers are not so warm, the heat being modified by the sea wHthin and around. The Bras d'Or.— This is the crowning beauty of Cape Breton. By two narrow but deep passages the sea enters the island and spreads out into two broad lakes connected by a narrow^ strait. These lakes ..earch out the recesses of the land in an infinitj^ of bays, creeks, lagoons and inlets of every conceivable variety of size and shape. The water, whicl-. is remarkably clear, is everywhere deep enough for vessels of con- siderable size. The variety and beauty of the scenery is inconceivable to those who have not visited it. Mountain, hill and valley, steep rocky escarpment, grassy acclivity and solemn, w^ooded hills contribute their special attractions. Then there are innumer- able isles and islets and winding, tortuous channels, where the silver sea steals in among the bold and sombre woodlands. To these charms add the abund- ance of fish and proximity of game, and a sylvan paradise is the result, where any lover of nature or sport, who is not a thorough Sybarite, may luxuriate. But one isthmus, a half a mile wide, connects the two halves of the island together at the southern end. The St. Peter's Canal cuts through this. Steamers run daily through the lakes from Sydney to Port Hawkesbury, on the Gut of Canso, connecting with the railway. 96 ACADIA. Coal Mines.— Cape Breton is remarkable for its coal mines. Diirin,^ last year 612,614 tons were raised. The centre oi' the island consists of carboniferous rocks, and coal beds crop out on the west, east and south shores. On the west coast, near Port Hoed, a bed of 6 ft. thickness has been opened. At New Campbelltown, on the Great Bras d'Or, a bed of 4 ft. 6 in. has been worked ; and in many other places out- crops occur. It is, however, on the east coast, at Sydney, that the most important beds are found. This is supposed to be a segment of an immense coal basin extending* towards the coast of Newfoundland. The area of productive coal-measures at Sydney is 250 square miles, and to the geologist the exposures are second only to those of the Joggins in interest. In one section near Sydney, of 1,860 ft. there are 34 seams of coal. At Boulardarie Island is a section of 5,400 ft.. Of the 34 seams there are four of sufficient thickness to be worked, being 4 ft. 8 in., 6 ft. 9 in., 5 ft. and 3 ft. 8 in. respectively. It is a free-burning bituminous coal yielding on analysis 26*93 per cent, of volatile matter, 67*57 of tixed carbon and 5*50 of heavy reddish ash. Full details of this important coal held will be found in Dawson's Acadian Geology^ which every geologist who visits Acadia should carry with him. Sydney.— This is a town of 5,484 inhabitants, selected by the British government to be the capital when Louisbourg was destroyed. It is upon a very fine harbour easy of access, deep, commodious and safe. This is the headquarters for a geologist. The Sydney Mines are on the north side of the harbour. At Bridgeport, 13 miles distant, are the International Mines. The Victoria Mines are nine miles distant. The Lingan Mines are near Bridgeport, but 15 miles distant. The Little Glace Bay Mines are 18 miles dis- tant. These are the largest mines. There are eleven in all being worked at the present time. They are CAPE BRETON. 97 connected with Sydney by rail or stage and are easy of access, for in many ])laces the coal ci"0|)s out of the cliffs on the sea shore. Sydney is a good place to stay at and convenient for making excursions from. Louisbourg is 24 miles distant, and is reached by a railway. A small town has sjn'ung up on the oppo- site side of the hai'boui*. Cape Breton, I'rom which the name of the island is derived, is its easternmost point and lies between Sydney and Louisbourg. The town in Gascony, whence the name was taken, has dwindled into insignificance since its hardy sons commenced to frequent those coasts, owing to the drift of sand having changed ihe mouth of the J-Jiver Adour. Baddeck.— This is a village on the Little Bras d'Or, and is the central point of these lakes ; it is I'eached by steamer from Sydney or by steamer from Port Mulgrave, the terminus of the Nova Scotia Railway on the Gut of Canso. In the first case, the route is through one of the two natural openings to the sea; in the second, the steamer passes through St. Peter's Canal, cutting through the narrow isthmus to the south. This village is headquarters for the sports- man; it is close to the wild northern imexplored region where may yet be found m >08e, caribou, bears, wolves, foxes, beaver, minx and l i:sk-rats, by those who like such rough work. It is the headquarters for the tourist in search of the picturesque, for it would not be easy to find another place central to so much and so varied beauty. The valley of the Mar- garee, with its fine fishing and scenery, is easily reached from Baddeck. Port Hawkesbury, a village on the Gut of Canso. This remarkable channel is 15 miles long by one w^ide. The shores are high and bold, and there are several good anchorages in its length. It is the entrance to the Gulf for all coasting vessels, and is available for all classes of shipping. This village is a 7 98 ACADIA. I ort of call for the steamers plying' between Prince ^]dwanl Island and the