/^RJ U/OF(l\ 
 
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 MONTREAL 
 
 CANADA 
 
 
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 Published in Tuielvc Parts. 
 
 
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 WILLIAM H. CARkI: 
 
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 iKiiM ill-- smnmil iif Mo, ml Rnv .il llir (,1>s>t\ .r suima -, ,, |,rns|„., t .liltK nil Ki ri\ al. |{«- 
 iHMili lu^ I'.ri sinidi.-, .1 \.i^t .M.iii 1)1' ,it\. uitli iiiiirmin.il.lf ->tic(ts. u lii( li In ilic 
 n|i|)i r l.A. Is ,iii- Ir.urd i>iii in Mimnitr li\ ilic iiitiil;u in;; fulia^rt- of ili.ir \vv>. Hcvuiid, 
 t;l<-.ini> .1 n\.r. !«.. nnlfs wi.lf. s|,.,nn.Ml l.y twd yiK'.mli. I.iid^i.s. .mil in tlic .nljoinin-; liarlmr mhI 
 i.in.il iM-Jns li,- .lo/.n- nl n.'ss.K tr.Mn ..\.r mm .md tli.- uppi r lakes. \)„\m- and .spin-, Ini^r,- 
 clrvatc.rs and l..u.iinu Liisinrss l,lo, ks l.r.ak ilir sk\ !i!i<' nf ilir , ii\ . u hilt- on ex it\ hand is a 
 l<rliic plain, duii.-d uuh (owns and liainliis and .in m . .issinnal snliiatv muiiniain. 
 
 Dcs.tnditm into thr (iiy. tiir ol.scrvtr is nsually l!'-<t iinprcss.-d \,\ a >«'ns<- of its 
 soli.iits. Ihrrc an- ffw . (.Itant-s or \ illas, .vcn in ilir snlmrl.s. .\n liii,-, luic line displa\s no 
 lli^lil of urar. fill fan(\. .All is solid h<-un stonr. uii), |,ui ., slight I. \ -ii of !,rii k. an.l artisri, 
 
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••{Tt'cts ar«' ii>ually si-curi-d l)y flaWorati- larviiij^-.. 1 In- lum^i-. an- a^ a riilf plaiiicd i luif ti> tlic 
 stuet.aiKl if tlu.T«.- i-^ room U r a fence at all. llun- will a fpiin* in- found, plainly informing tin- 
 world dial lure is forl>iddi-n ground, tht- Kiinlislunan's lastU-. 
 
 I 111- I'tfci t of ma-.si\ ciii's^, soliditv. pi nnaiirin •■ and ill' ,di-^«-nn- ot i;r.in--- ilfp< iidin^ 
 upon color or form which tlw i-xtt-rior of the city ha-, upon the \ isiior. is perhaps a f.iirly a<( urate 
 iniliiation Jif the n.ilure of tin- pi-ople. .Art, indeid there is in the cil\. and of .1 \er\ liiKh ;;rade. 
 I'.iintinjx^ !>> the most celei»rated men of tlii-. or any other time adorn the w.ills of the meri hant 
 prmcos. Literature llr)u'ishes, and Montreal is the home of oin- of the le;Jdin^; sculptors of the 
 daw whose works lKi\e frT|uentl> adorned the Salon at I'aris. Hut .irt, literature and scieuce ^jo 
 (orwaril in Mo'itreal without \ihiMneiii i-. j'hr < ii\ is iiiierprisiuti \\ ihoui enthiisiasui. .\ 
 forceful proxies-., a self i ontaiued energy h.ive dexeloprd the meirnpolis from .in Indi.iu ii.imlel 
 on the Iianks of .1 lie.uer ixmd to one of the couimerc'.d powers ut liic vvestern iontin<'nl. 
 
 From ihc be^jinnin^; of limt? Nature was working to prepare iln- site i>f this le.idinjj 
 Canadian city. Dtjstin) placi-d her tm^^er upon the map and said "there shall arise Montreal.' 
 In the midst of a fertile plain, at the head of ocean navi^jation, at the fool of inland na\iu.ilion. 
 when; for the last tim*- in its llow the St. Lawrence affonis a ui^antic water power. Montreal is 
 so circumsi.inced tiiat w«rre it to lie ie\«lled with tin dust .1 lu w i it\ wouM pcrfone arise like 
 Ph<uni\ fii>m its ashes. Mefore the comiui; of the white ui.ni a city was .ilnadv estalilished 
 here, a ciij v\liirh w.is a (iimm<-n i.il centre .md whusi- peopli- were a power in ilu- kind. I lu-ri 
 ■■fik «.i-iil<jtif.i..; ili-tt tlii.t fri.1...l .^ f k f ..... t tt... M: ..: . :• :. 1... .1. . .1. .„ 1 1 .. 
 
 - "...... f. ... *. i-<ii.fi iiii^iii in iiitiiii iin iiiiiiiu.i- 
 
 tion of the present city. 
 
 Hut tlw roman.e which lies at the h.art of all men lea.ls Monlrealers to date the l.irlh of 
 their city fnun the iSih M.i\. lOjj, when a company of devout souls taking their lives in their 
 hands for the tjlorv <if < lod took possession of the isl.iml .ind founded \ ille M.irie to lie .1 mis- 
 sion. ir\ centre tor the ..in\ersion ol the Indi.ius of the Ott.iw.i .md lonti^uous p.irts of New 
 France. IIk- stors of d<- Maisomieuves life is reiorded in iniperish.dile !;;..;• 'e \,\ I'hillipe 
 Ifehert on IM.ice I)' .Amies when- is thui>;h, ,,, |,.,,,. i.ik-n pi, 1... the hero's nu-.nor.d.l.- ronili.t 
 with the Inilian chief. 
 
 Ih.' New lln^l.ind st.ites properl> Ixust of their pilyrim fathers. |i is somewh.ii lemark- 
 al.le th.il two cities sr) much alike in inner life as Boston and Montre.d should h.ive h.ul for their 
 f.um.lers men whos,- r,-li^,Mous faiths thou-h differin- wi.lely as the p,.les ^rav,- then .. sturdiness 
 ..f . h.tr.uter, .1 contempt of d.iuu'.r ..nd h.irdship .,„d ,, determine.l energy which c.im|u.r<-.l all 
 obstacles ami laid the l,;,sis of the soli.l prosperity of today. " Ihe lirst colonists ,,f Mo,,. red 
 
 i-osperity of today. Ihe lirst colonists of Montreal 
 
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 fomul it :i v.istic (l;mK'''i<'ii-> 'irlvvfc n it .nxl ilic inwii of Oiicbct ihr w.inr-. of the Kit ln-licii 
 joiiud the St. l.avvrcucf. and nftt-n pmiriil Jown |),i>t it. uinlirantoii-. .mil luaiiiitiil l>ank> i 
 >anniiitiar> tide of Iroquois, liciit upon >laii;ilui'r. Uiit. like the Mo-.U!ii-n, the Montrt-alt-rs had 
 dn lari-d a ImK war. Dtatli \va>totl»c. i the dout to hcavrn, and tortur<- w.t-. to l>«- repaid l>y 
 urt-aicr ioy> in cicrnity. The nun \v«'ri- ••nrolUd. in KX).; into a ror|..> styl'd ih>- Tonirad'-, ol 
 tii< I lol\ laniiiy. and l..inil<trt (lo^^i- who had conn- out to Canada to die. as hf dr. land, in tlw 
 cause of I'hrisi iiad hi-, wisii j^raniid nnlv too .oon. 
 
 A-> tile town prospered, however, rehnious zeal wa-. not .dw -. share<l eipially liy all. and 
 nuult fri( tion was < aused. Wlien the yoiin;; hidies. for iiistaare. Ixj^an to feel rea->onal)ly sun- 
 ih.it lliev w<ndd waken in the morning witli ilieir tresses still on tlu-ir he, ids and not at the hell 
 of sonii- t.iwny sa\a;ie. they Ix-^jan also to indul^t; in ci.it.iin stvies of h.iir dres>iii<». a;;ainsi 
 which the priest ihnndered in vain from his pnlpii. ( )n this one |)oini alone dissension was sown 
 so strongly tiiat the coninuinion was refusnl in WMineii wlio wor • .1 ■■fronia^,'e." ant;Ii(e a haii^;. 
 A yoiin^ military olticer. la 1 Ionian ii.is lefi us a ^jossipy acconrt of Montreal in the seventcmth 
 ciiUnrv , "Miiniii; a ])art of ilie winter." he sa\ s. "I was hiiniintr with tin- .AI^oiKjuiiis; the r<-st of 
 it I spiiit here (at Montreal 1 \er\ iiisa;,'re<alil>." Dne can neiUvr ^o to a ple.isure party, nor play 
 a ^ame of < ards nor visit the ladies withinit a cure knovvinv; of it and preaching about it piililicly 
 fnnn his pulpit. I he priests e.scoinmnnicate mas()uera<Iers, .ind <-ven ;;o in seauh of them, to 
 pull off ilieir masks. 'I iie> watch more < Ios( |y over the women aiiil >iirls than their hushands 
 anil fathers. ■ The lourse of true love did not run smooth in (. .maila in those d.iys. fur not only 
 seeniiil the priests opjiosed to lourtiii^. Imt on the oilier h.ind th<- kinu vv.is trvinii his h.-si to 
 encoiiraLte marriage, and a younn olticer couM not pay attention to a pretty vjirl without the 
 whole mattir liein;.' at once chronicled in ot'ficial documents, which reail not unlike the diarv of 
 a farmer who has interest in his stoi k. 
 
 l.a Mott<- Cadillac, the founder of I)eiroit, has left us a furtiier .ik oimi of (onduii. in 
 early Montre.d. whu h will !»■ rea<l with interest |>\ ihe Montn ders of todav with their "Sohmer 
 r.irk and iheir Sun<lay hall ^aines. He savs ihat the gentlemen of tlie Seininarv kepi a 
 "Jericho' ill the shape of a house Imilt to shut up, as they said, jiirls who « aused sc.mdal. The 
 priests anil Count Iidiitenac fell foul of one another because the Count would not .illon the 
 tlu'olouians to take soldii-rs at midnight and carry off wives from their husbands .md whip them 
 till the blood tlovved. for having been to a ball. 1 he cures were wont to ^o the rounds on 
 summer ni;;hts ami order all women and ^irls into the house at nine o'l lock, the <mly cool 
 portion of the il.iv outside, and the hottest inside. Hut to do justice to the i,'entlemen of the 
 S«Mninary. whose order still exists ami does a ^,'reat and jjood work tod.iy. it must be a< knovvIedjje<l 
 that l.a MotteCa<lillac ha<l no love for tin priesthood, and that when the st.iiue of M.iisoiineuve 
 was unveiled in iSos, the Seminary threw op<-n to women for the tirst time in several centuries 
 their charminu'nanlen in the very hiart of Montreal, a fact which indiciu-s that the Montreal 
 women of today arc re^jarded by the priesthood, as by the laity, as free from any t.iint of 
 ori^inid sin. 
 
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 riif social lif«- «»f Montreal today i>» <>ni- «>f tin- hriuluc-i «>ii tin- « Mntinciit. It may intrrrst 
 iliis It.iir HuiKlrr.i t.. r«\ul the rv>mnunt of a (irifst. \vritt<.-n iimirr «lal<' 1\;1j. »tli. 107;. in 
 reforciicf to the lir'^t l)all in Canatia "Ckm! urant tliat noihini,' fiirtln-r roim-s of it." a commi-nt 
 whiih would Mar(<l> liavi- |.ltas<-<l a matron will) inarria;,Mal>l<- il iiii,'lit«-rs. And whrn tin- 
 larK Moiitrraitrs indiilni-d in a i>la\ wliit li partook notliini; of tin- liallci of today, somctliiiiu 
 M-ry like a|io|.l«-xy «'xlul>it«Hi itself, as physicians say, in thr luirari in ( )f a truth, riiii-s w<r<- 
 founded liy lain, and in their prosperity show the hereditary taint. 
 
 In M)<x)a few i iti/ens of .\!imtri-.d performed a deed i-f iu-roisin in kind and result eipi.il 
 to that of I.eonidas .ind his .Spartan tomr.idcs. In May of that year a captured Imlian 
 revealed a startling plot to annihilate Now IVam c. .\ jiiiu lion was to lie formed Iwtween ei'^lil 
 hundred Iroipiois on tiie St. Lawrent e Itelow Montreal and four hwndrt-d w ho wire to descend the 
 < >ttawa. and the united forces were to attack the French settlements. .A younjj man. comm.ind- 
 .1111 I'f tile ;,'.irris()n at Montri;al, .\dain I >.iulai or Dollard li\ name, resolved to prexeni llie 
 union of ihi two forces, and having enlisti-il the enthusiasm of a number of others, the party 
 secured the 1 onseni of Mais«)nneuve and set out. Kntrenchiiivj themselves ui)on the Ottawa 
 jnst helow the 1-ong Sault rapids, the seventeen I'renchmen aided hy live Indian allies success- 
 full> held at hay some seven hunilred enemies for several <lays. hut their rude fort was ultimately 
 • .irried li\ ass, lull, anil of .di the hr.ive hand hut one w,is cirrieil awa\ alive, ami he was d\inn. 
 rile lro<|uois. howeser. li.id enouiih of li);htini{. .ind re.isoiiin^ that if s<\<-nteen I'renchmeii 
 iiehind a few loj^s c mild make so hr.ive a li^jhl. there w.is no ho|>e of suicess in attacking the 
 fortified towns. ihe> ali.indoned the coniemplateil i,inipaiL,'n. Nine ye.irs .ifiirw.irds. howxer. 
 took plai e the terrilile mass,icre <)f Lachine. .ind for m.iny \tMrs the histor\ of NUintreal is ihe 
 history ot fri^hiftd hloodshed. .unid which tin- i olonists displayed e.\traorilinar\ prt)wess. 
 
 One of the reasons why Montreal took so important a position in the Indi.m wars was its 
 ex|)osed position, which made every lM)y a warrior when in his teens. Another and almost more 
 important c.iuse was the f.ut ili.ii the town did not lon^ remain devoted entirely to mission work. 
 I>iit ent;.it;ed in the f;ir ir.ide, prodiu iii^,' a hand of \enturous. intrepid men well fitted hy traiinn;j 
 .md blooil to cope with their savavre enemies. .As early as 1659 d'Arycnson. (iovernor of Quebec 
 complained that the Montn-alers were seeking; to monopolize the fur trade, and although every 
 effort was made to prevent this tr.ule from p.issini,' away from Oueliec, the natmal .idvaniaK''s of 
 Montreal were not h)n;,' in settling the iiuestion. Montreal lies at the junction of the C)tl.iwa 
 and St. Lawr«-nce rivers, a hiKdiway to the interior, and the only highway of the kind with the 
 excc-ptioii of the Sajjuenay. which was for many ye.irs ,ni important stream for this reascm. 
 
 The most severe liws were enacted to restrain the tr.idin^r iiistin.i of the (."anadians. not 
 merely to keep Montre.il in a siiix.rdinate position hut because the priesthood w.is opposed to 
 the life of fri-edom. or r.ither license, which the courier de bois made his own: but the condu.t 
 of the K'overnment nullilieil all these enactments by making' beaver skins a staple of trade with ,1 
 hxeil price, like jjold. If one consi«lers what a temptation would lie for tin voiith of my 
 
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Louiiliv in ihf knowlfilm- that within urtaiii cor.lines. not far nnn.ii-. thtn- lay. awaiting lH<' 
 1,'atlierinn. an alniONt iinliniiti-il Mipp!} of iIk' |>ri-cious mt-tal. tlx- value of which woiiM ii«\.t 
 deciint, no matter how >,rfat tht oiitiMit. ont- can «ot a fair idt-a of ihf tt-mptatinnN which ai onr 
 time Icil op.c tt-nth of thi- pnjiiilati«)n of Canada to \« nttirc into the wiiiK. If one a(lil> »hal at 
 home the habitant wa> Mirroiin<l<(l with wotse than paternal novernmeni. that his walk in life 
 was mapped o 't lor him not only hy stale but by church, until he could starclv call his l.oily, 
 much less his soul his own. whil« he well knew that, ome witiiin the s!i idow of the woods, a 
 totally different cod.- of «-thics prev.iij. d. a liberty of thi- in<lividiial. for example tliat has no 
 parallel in histor>. ii is not dilticuli tn realize that tlie most comlivin punishment couU' not 
 prevent an exodus from the setilemeiiis. It may be said without nnu h exa.meratitin that the 
 North-Amerii an contiiieiil was overrun liespiie all earthly and heavenly anathema. 
 
 Ihe Inilians hunted in winter chii-tly, and in the sprint,' brounht their pa^ ks down to the 
 s»"tti< nients. Ihe consequence was that the towns that l.i\ upon tii<ir route were most ad\.in- 
 tajjeoiisly situateil for liie peiirv trad<-. Montrt m1 shortlv estal>lished a yearly fair, to which the 
 redskins llocked in larm- numlK-rs. and their orgies were often so extrava«ant. that it soon 
 became necessary that they should Icj lucked outside the walls of the town each ni^iht. I he 
 fair w.is held on the common between ih<- river and what is now St. Paul street, and was 
 inau^urat«-d b\ st.iie ceremonials, at which the * iovernt)r was usually present, liui there was a 
 constant tendeni\ amonc the trailers to meet the Indians hijjher up the ri\«'r on their way to the 
 l.iir .iiid i>\ ntf(rin'.4 tin in lire water, whith ii<> Indian (ould resist, wheedle their furs from them 
 .It .1 Injure f.ir below their market \alue. Ami to make matters worse, the traders who most 
 contravened the law wt-re usually protected by dishonest uo\ernment oilicials who h.id an 
 interest in the venture, and whose income was frequently vastly auymente<l by winking at such 
 irans^jressjons. One ^o\ernor of Montreal whose salary was only one thousand crowns |>er 
 annum is reported to have accumulated hfty thousand crowns within a few years from this source. 
 
 |)e .Maisonneuve retire<l in 1664. bein« succeeded by de la louche, commandant at Three 
 Rivers. In i()f)7 the p(>|)ul.iiiiin nf the town w.is 7<)'). already three hundr-d in excess of the pop- 
 ulation of Ouebec. I, .1 Tout he was succeeded bv I'errot in Ki^x), under whom the lirst re^ul.ir 
 survey nt Montreal took plan- bv the siir\eyor Beninne Hasset. who laid out the streets. In 1'k»4 
 took pla(c the lirst play in the city, a number of amateurs producing' Nicometle and Mithridate. 
 urired thereto by a successful venture in the fur trade by which a valuabh- accumulation of furs 
 at Michillimackinac was diverted to Montreal. 
 
 Marguerite de Mourneoys. founder anvl lirst su|)eriores of the < onyre^ation of Notre 
 Dame died in 17-X). the same year in which de Casson. sui>erior of the Seminary, closed a 
 contract for the construction of the first Canatlian canal, that of Lachine. a project whi. ii fn-in 
 that year onwani was never to entirely sleep until by its accomplishment Mimtreal took her 
 lirst step towards becoming the metropolis of the Dominion. In that year also the fortifications 
 were improved and peace was made with the Indians, who in the following y.-ar visited Montreal 
 
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In t li<' i\ 1 1 111 lie I III ihirifcn I) 1 1 111 In -I I aiiil lu-M .i -.uli'inii ((hiIitimu «• u ii li liir < ii>\ iTiimmi . I )iirmi,' 
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 \H'ncv. 
 
 MiMiiic.il li.is <-viT l)i-i-ii ail i'\|)(iscil I it\ 111 tlir I'Miu iif war. .iltlioimli imi uillidiit imaii^ 
 111 <l<'fiMi-.i-. I'lif k'-\ III llir I iiv lifs in lln- cunluiii uf lli<- smTDimdin^ <(>iinir> as has jpn-ii 
 sliiivMi III scM-ral I aiii|iaii;iis. aiiil in i7ik» wlvii ilir ISritisli ('iMit(-in|ilat(-(l an atf.ii k, <lf \ aiiilifnil 
 \vis«'l\ tlircw forward 1 roliiiiiii of tilifcn IiumlrctI im-ii wliiili clu-i kc<| tin- advaiuc. I In- 
 r nit I'll Slatfsiaiis wrn- siniiiari\' foilrd t)y di* Salaliiir\ i>\ i-i a 1 ••ntiirs l.ili-r, ai ( liaiiMiiL,'iia> . Hut 
 ill tin- iarl\ i\a\-^ III luaiikiiiil. anil iirforr lin' si ii-m r of artilliTS iiad il''\ ili>|iril. >ionr walls 
 v\i-n- .III al'Most iiii|irf4naiili' liffi-iisc, an<l in iSi;. atl<r tin- ii<-al\ of I'irciiii ihr wniiilcn 
 p.ilaisaidi's, whi'li had ( oiisiitulrd ilir di frn is win- 1 nnsidtrid inrltn ii-ni .\ni\ iln kiiii^'s 
 rn^»in«*iT. M. C'hausscijrns dr la-ry was cniriistt-d with tin- lask of n-iilai in;; iln-ni witiisionr. 
 
 Vhr funds wit«' sii|)|ilird li\ liir kiiiLj. .iiid tin- works as < iini|i|i'(rd. willi thirtiTii liasiioiis losi 
 44s,'»i livrcs. rile work was lii';^un in 1717. disidiitinMrd, and lii'^nn oni c morr in 17JI. Iii-iiiv; 
 roinpliiid only twralv \i-ars iati-r. IMu-st- w.dU wcri- a solid mass ol masonry surroundrd li\ 
 a moat. 
 
 I In- \far 17.M was howiM-r. marki'd li\ a ^iimI'i im ni rvni ilian thi' rfsuni|>tion of work 
 upon till- fortitirations. Thi- ciiv w.is visili-d liy a disasir.ms hn-. wliiih lid to morr siriil rri;ula- 
 tioiis rr;;ardin^ the st\li- of Iniildinns and thrir ni.iti-ri.d. In that vi-ar also a n-i,'ul.ir mail was 
 osiaMishi'd l)i-t\\frn Montrial .uid *_>url>i-i . A di-si ripiion ot ihr lily wrilli-n in i7pi, ^^iM's a 
 pirasant iilra of tin quaint old town. " ! hi- town ol Moninal sa\san old voinmi- "has a \i-r\ 
 |>li-asant aspi-i I. and is also \i-v\ i oiu rnii-ntU siuiatid. liu- sirn-ts arc will laid out. and tin- 
 iiousi-s wril In nil ! ill- ln-,iul\ ot tin- i oimlr\ around it and its prospii ts inspiri- a i i-rtain 1 iii-i-r- 
 fnliii-ss. of w liii h i-\rr\ oiii- is |)irti-i il\ si-iisilili-. It is imi lortilii-d. lia\in^ oii!\ a simpli- pal- 
 aisaidi- with liasiioiis.' In 1741) I'l-li-r Kalni tin- > i-li-liiatid Swi-dis|i natmalisi, drxriln-s 
 Monirrai as lii-inn wi-II fortitird. and iharai trri/i-s its wonii-n .is handsonn-. a Mail ilii-\ iiaxi- 
 r\idi'ntl\- traiisniitti-d to tlu-ir dannhti-rs. 
 
 Mraiuvhih- l-r-iiui' and (ifral liritain wi-n- ilosiii;; in a di-.iih ;4ra|ipl'- fm ilii- m-w world. 
 and whil'- litlh- ol liu- ^lor\ of ihi- sirn'.;;,'lf i .111 In- rlaiiui-d tor Montri-.il, tin- ■ it\ did not i-siapi- 
 
 till- sirrn hardships w hi< li a | pi'- i-Npi-rii-iii i- w inn a \ irlorious fm- is >|owl\ dri\ in'4 t hi-ni lia. k 
 
 and lii-mniini; tln-m in. I )i' l.i-\ is was for a linn- in « ommand at Mont n a I. and from In-, lonrnals 
 \\r nathi-r tiiai umuiiI i-\i-d lamiin- stalki-d tin- stri-i-ts. ihat mutiny wasimmiiuni .imoni4 tln- 
 soldirrx. and that tin- inlialntants wrn- ndiiird to i-atiiiv; horse tli-,h. and that imi of ili, lust 
 
 riiis was in 17^7. rin- SI riir I han;.;i-d whin j-'orl William lli-nrx was 1 aptun-d. Indian allu-s 
 pound into till- town hrinumw with lln-in tln-ir iinfortun.ili' rajitivi-s somr of whom win- slain in 
 tin- strri-is and rooki-d as food for tin- sluiildi'riii;; surv 1 ors, a ri-lmi-nii-nt ol Indian rruilt\ . 
 Auain tin- sii-nr 1 iian;;<'il. wlii-n (_)ni-ln-i lia\ini; siirn-ndi-n-d to \\'olf\ \iitorious arm\. ih- 
 N'.iudri-uil rrtri-atrd in Montrral, iln-ri- to In- pi-nl m li\ Xmln-r^i .iinl lo sij^n iln- rapituiation 
 
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several thousand victims. In 1S47 the ship fever carried off six thousand ;lnnu^;rants who 
 had been quartered in sheds at I'oint St. Charles. On all these octassions the scenes of misery 
 and suff<rin^ were frc'iuently heartrending. Init the citizens were not backward in deeds of kind- 
 ness and heroism. In 1885 smallpox was brought to the city l>y a Tullnian car porter, and its 
 ravages were very serious, although tlie advance of science now afforded a weapon to the 
 physician in the practice of vaccination, which enableil tin- city to stamp out the plague, not 
 however, without some rioting on the part of the lower classes who did not approve of vaccina- 
 tion, and whose passions were stirred by race troubles arising through the rebelling that had just 
 been put down in the Canadian Nortii West. 
 
 Montreal has been a frequent suffenr from tire. Ihe lirst extensive lire tiiat rax aged the 
 city was in 17J1. In 1765 two himdred families were renderetl homeless by a tire the loss 
 amounting to one himdred and scxcnteen thousand pounds sterling'. Xiiotli'i- lire i:i 1768 
 destro\eti ninety houses, two churches and a charitj school. .About .1 century later. 011 15th 
 lunc. i.S^o a tire broke «iut in a shop at the corner of Ottawa and Nazareth streets and before it 
 was suijdued two huntlred and .seven houses were destroyed and tive hinulred families nmdered 
 homeless. Two months later, on j;,r»l August, another tire began in a livery stable on Craig 
 street and spread rapidly up St. Lawrence street, devouring one hundred and fifty houses. On 
 the 7th June iS^j a third tire l)roke out in a carpenter shop on St. Peter street, and caused 
 a loss of eight hundred tlioiisand dollars. lint tlie must tlestructive tire the city ever 
 experienced was in July 1S5.:, when eleven hundred houses were burned, the entire heart of the 
 city being de.stroyed. 
 
 l"or many years .Montreal was a city prone to rioting. Here were congregated French 
 and Mritish. Irish Roman Catholics and Irish Orangemen. .National and religious feutls were 
 either importetl or readily engendered on the spot, and the history of the city until comparatively 
 recent years is in this respect not one the self r' specting citizen cares to dwell upon. In 
 Montre;il look place the first skirmish of the rebellion of 18^7 and for days afterwards the 
 city was an armed camp. Klection riots were very common, for in olden times it was a customary 
 thing for the strongest part\ tn take possession of the polls. The orange riots of more recent 
 times ap" still fresh in the memory of the pre-.ent generation. Today, however. Montreahrs of 
 all sects and races have come to know each other l)<-tter. to ap|)reciate «-arh oth'-r's characteris- 
 tics, and to unite in every good work for the progress of the city and the development of her 
 destiny. 
 
 It is lot within the purpose of this short sketch to give any detailed account of tiie 
 history of Montreal. Two hundied and fifty years in .America carnot be condensed into a para- 
 graph. But it is hoped that sufficient has been given to sho.. the origin of the city, the influences 
 which were about its cradle, the trials and conquests which ilrew lort'-'ther its heterogeneous pop- 
 ulation, producing a broad tosmopolitaii tolerance rare in a new land, and to show also how- 
 began the develop! ment of ocean and inlai.d commerce which has now reached so vigorous a 
 

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KN I K ANU-: l() \nlKi: DAMl-, I »i:> \ Ki« .K>. ( l.\l 1. 1 l.KN 
 
 
 KNIKANC !■; lO MOINI koN Al. ( »• \I l. I l-.K V. 
 
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MACKAN Dl Al AND I »l Mil IN^IIHII-. 
 
 I'Kori'SI Wr ORI'II AN ASVI.l'M. 
 
Ill if 
 
>..iilli and promises •><• maKni»ic<MU .1 lu.itiiriiv. Moiitrral has s.-t-n Ikt fur trade wax till it 
 r.uemk'tl t(» tin- Arctic oceai. ..ml iIk- Mirf l.catcii strand ol ilw racilic; and slu- has sf«-n it 
 wane. Hnl fn.ni tin ttrritorits where t)nc«- she hrouyiit the skins of the bison and others of 
 i;r<alrr \aliic. sli<- now l.rinvrs the n«>lden w!uat l>y inillii>iis of l.iishils; and does not f.-.l Ikt loss 
 Sh.- suffered from plague, earthquakes, famine. tiut>ds and tire, sold slaves in her market places, 
 llon^ed women half luide in h«-r streets, and was the epitome of her old world contemporaries. 
 Ihe pla^Jlle she alleviat«-d h\ science. Ikiods she defied by extensive embankments, lire she 
 subdues by the line-.! bri«atle in the world, if not the best equipped, slaves she lonn sinc«r 
 tieciaretl free, and tli<- beauty, physique .mil iKMlthfuliUs-. of her wi.men >iu>w ih.U here a-> eUe- 
 wiitre in .AnK'ii a the fairer sex is ^heltcK d and <lef<iideil. ( )ne erro- of iier >oulh however, 
 Montreal cai.not recall, the burning of the Parliament liuildinjrs. l)f all places in the Dominion 
 none ..as or is so lit to be the capital as this inlaiui seaport. Here the waves of tlivers races 
 meet and minj^le. heie lommene is concentred, and here is the terminus of .very important 
 railroad in the country. Hut when, on the JSth of .\pril i.S4<». an insensate m«)b which never- 
 theless many still hoM to have been ri^ht in their oi)inion respectinj{ the Rebellion Losses Hill 
 set fire to the parliament buildings and Jiuule the honorable members scurry like rats for their 
 lives, she lost forever her position as the political (eiitn- of the Dominion. 
 
 I li<- Moutri-.i! of lodas is a \iry complex or^j.iiiisni. As a ( il> of brii k and stone it 
 extends colloqui.dly east and west .ilony the i)anks of tlu- St. l.awrenctr on the island of 
 Montreal, and is hemmed in on the north b> Mount ko>.d. .iround the tlanks of which it is now 
 sie.ulily ^jrowinu. Aci»)rdinti to compass th<' city really runs northeast and southwest. Its 
 streets fre(|uet>tly traverse ahnnst the entire lenj:th of the city, with others crossin^j at ri^dil 
 angles, .ind the stranger fimis little ditt^culiy in making his way about. The streets were once 
 narrow. i,dooniy .in<l ill pavecl. but of recent years ami ; ^ter the expenditure of much money, 
 miles of house fronts l)a\c been torn down, the streets w ideiied and asphaltvd until thi- main 
 thorou^;hfares arc now quite equal to those iti any other city of its population. One character- 
 istic of the city is its density; it covt-rs less j^round than any other .\merican i it> of the same 
 number of inhabitants, but this result is attained not so much by cheap and towering apartment 
 houses as by a kind of ec-onomy. accentuated by hi^jh taxation which tloes awa> with law^ns and 
 si«le (gardens suili is liciiitifs IHronto.ind ()ttaw,i. liw cit\ is not well pro\ idi d wiili parks, but 
 su( h as it posstssts are usually very line. Victoria .Squari-. in which is the bron/e statue of tile 
 yueen. is in the h<-art of the city. Dominion Si|uar<- is on .1 hijfhcr |>l.iteau. opposite the 
 Windsor Hotel, and here is tht; statue to Sir John .\. .Macdoti.dd under the shadow of the vast 
 iloine of St. James, commonly known as Si. Peter's from its resemblance i«> St. I'eters.it Rome, 
 after which it is ilesijjned. Richmond Square, now lost amid the busitiess int<'rests, was ome the 
 fashionable square of the city. Place Royale. overlooking the harbor is perhaps the most 
 interesting to the antiquary as, according to legend, it was here that (. hamplain landed in lOii 
 and I )i- Maisonneuve laid out thi' site of Montreal ni loj.'. Pl.ice D'.Xrines s()uare. surroutided 
 
s 
 
 liy torporatiuns reprcst-ntiiiy Im.iilri'tls of luilliDiis of dullar^ i> occupie*! I)y thf Statue ol «lr 
 Maisaniunivc, ami i> also lii>lorii Nor will history forget ihe Lhaii p dc Mar> wlicrc formally 
 «l<»a«l«'s tin- troops havf «lrilU-il aiul tin- excited politician has harraiiniii-d the swaying' trowtl. 
 
 liiil the two iirvnX parks of Montrtal are those of Mount Royal and M. Hilens Islaml. 
 ill. in whii h no other in the worltl is superior, not exceptinu the tainous lioisde Houlonyue. St. 
 Helen's Island is the p<jor man's park, whereto on hot summer tiays he may repair by a short 
 water journey and lin<l himself in the pun- .lir t)f an almost \ ir^'in wootllaiid. somewhat marred 
 to other tastes, it is true. 1p\ nuKlern fauns I'ans, dryads. an<l s.ityrs m the miisv of merrv-«o- 
 roumls. pedlars .ind //cf tv«//.> i'w//( . Mount Royal, ho-vever. is still f.iirlv free from these, 
 .md in its winding drivts. its vales, knee deep in fern, its nuirmurinjj proves and (lower 
 panjileil meadows nurses .md ihildr<'n anti those older rhrdren whom the «ods love may Imd 
 <leli^jhtfid ri'tnat. Irom spur and cra^ are to l»e seen landsiapes ecjual to those from Arthur's 
 .S<at. and in the hollow of the hills, when- the call of the peacock or hoars»- cry of the raven 
 alone hre.iks the sili lue. lies th«- ^'re.iter city ot Montreal, the city of iis dc.id. with countless 
 niiinuincni-. I o tliis « iiy of r<>t. on ijuiel summer Sundays lloi k l.irj^e numliers ol tin- populace, 
 some to ponder upon ilieir loved and lost, some in the fulness of lif<- to murmur soft nothiiijjs, 
 perhaps up >n tiie v;r.ive •)f an erstwhile crusty old ljacheli>r. 
 
 The liuildin^s ol Montreal afford a theme of interest to the simlenl of .irchitecture, 
 particular!) churi h architecture, for as Mark I wain (tnce huni'jrously remarketl. "one cannot 
 throw a stone in Montreal without hittinjj a church window.' lirst in importance is probably 
 " St. I'eter's" already referred H). ;,oo feet long. 225 feet wide, and .'>u feet hl^;h to the top of the 
 dome, lis interior decorations are white and ^ioU\. Next is the Roman Catholic I'arish church, 
 of .111 oldir si\le, tlorid within, massive without, with two towers jj; feet hij^h. It is capable of 
 seating ten thousand people, and in one of the towers lianas liros Uounlon. the largest bell in 
 America, wei^jhinj^ 2().4<ti) [>ounds. In its rear is a little chapel, a masterpiece of wood carvinji. 
 Notre Uame de Lourdes and .Notre D.ime de .Na/areth are interestin^j as «-xampI«'s of .1 school 
 of Canadian church decoration, under Mr. Hourassa. 
 
 The linj^'lish C"ath«'dral is usually considered the tinest church in the (it\. so far as 
 interior architecture in concerned. .\ series of alternately orta^fonal and rounil columns, ela- 
 borately carved at the capitals, and supporting tiothic arches forms the main feature of a cruci- 
 form edifice, whose delicate yet severe beauty is heiyihteneil by the white s.mdstone employed. 
 The same stone is used with effect with Montreal lime-stoiu- for the exterior of the church, but 
 has not proved satisfactory in the Canadian weather, bein^j too porous and apt to weather away 
 through changes of season. St. j.imes's Methodist church, on the same street. St. Catherine, is 
 also a magniticent building, but in this case it is the exterior rather than the interior which is 
 impressive. The Presbyterian churches of the city, which have a large attendance, are also 
 handsome. 
 
 The business buildings of Montreal show very plainK thi- trend of architecture in 
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Amtrita. HtTt- uiul tlun- an- to lit- found the oKI stylr, narrow window*;*!, v>lid t-diticcs that 
 art- ol>vion>l> rrlits of a Hrili>h epoch. Tht-n ih<rf i> tlic Ijciiiiiful simplicity of the Hank of 
 Montrral with its I )oric portico, rflievc-d by an alU-tforical ^ruup at the top of the an h. .And 
 iihiniaiely one sees n>any e.xamples of the fully linhteil modern i>l<Ml;. tow. rini,' to heaven, all 
 windows, with l>in enough stone or irtin to support the edilue. I he Itell I elephone Comp.my 
 enjoys the distinction of a huildinu l>uilt of artificial stone, a kind of lirelirick. in a land wh-re 
 stone is ainindaitt. I'rominent amoni: the business buildin){s of the cit> are the New York l.iff 
 builtlinn, the Canadian Life lUiildin^. the Hoanl <>l I r.ide. Canatlian l'a« ilic Stations. V. M.t'.A. 
 .ind \. W . I . A Uuildin^s. The buildings of Mctiill University, especially the Library and the 
 science buildings, an- mavjniticent examples of nuulern architecture, .is also are many of the 
 private houses, some of which have cost upwards of a <|nart«rof a million dollars. Lhe residen- 
 ti.il portion of the city includes I'ine .\venue. on the slope of the .Mountain, Sherbrooke street, 
 on a lower level, Dorchister street, with a number of cross streets such as Park Avenue, Crescent 
 Street ami llutdiinson. 
 
 The hospit.ils of Moiitre.d .ire reputed amonn the best etjuipped in tlie world. lhe 
 Royal N'ictoria Hospit.il on Pine avenue is an elaborate pile presentetl to the city by Lor<ls 
 Nbmiit Stephen iiid Mount Royal. The (.leneral Hospital yrew. as most civic hosi>itals ^row by 
 donations from tinu- to tim<' from generous citi/ens. The Rii h.irdson wiiij^ was erected as a 
 monument to thi- Hon. |ohn Ricli.irdson. lhe Hotel Dieu is the le;,'itimat<- successor of the 
 lirst hospital of the city, when Jeanne Mance tended the sick and wounded colonists. The Notre 
 Uame Hospital is«-astward. near the wharves and Place V'i^jer. The Western Hospit.il eniovs 
 a fine airy situation on I )orihester west. Thiri- .ire .iKo tlie usual hontes an<l s.im.iritan hospitals, 
 which <lo much to alleviat*- the mis<-r\ of tin- poor antl unfortunate. 
 
 Montreal natur.dly contains the best hotels in t'.ui.ida and the tourist traffic of the city is 
 very larj^e. it beiny estiin.ited that travellers spend oni- or two millions here per annum. The 
 best hotel is th«' Windsor, opposite Dominion scjuare. Others are the historic St. L.iwrenc<> 
 Hall opposite the Post Ottice on St. James Street, the (Juecns. Balmoral. Pl.ice X'ij^er and 
 Carslakes. the last l)ein;; on the Luropean plan. lhe rotunda of tin- Windsor is e.xceedinuly 
 wi II liesijjned .md ornanvnti'd. and the men who maybe seen in the rotund. i of the St. L.iwrence 
 ii.ill during business iioiirs. generally minr.tte m liu- Windsor in the evt-niny. 
 
 Of theatres Montre.d has not had too yeiierous .i supply since the da\(>f the first pl.iy 
 held here in i'x»4- I he lirst theatre in Montreal w.is built in 1S25 on a portion of the site now 
 occupied by the Honsecours market. It was burned in the fire of 1S51 and in thv same year the 
 I'lieatre Royal was erected. Since then the Acailemy of Music, the Queens, the Theatre 
 Francais and the Monument Nationale have affordeil entertainment t<> the playnoinu pul)Iic. 
 and the new Her Majesty s theatre on (iiiy street was «rpened by th<' h,illi-t tiiri on November 
 7th of the present year. Troop managers tliffer as to the enthusiasm of Montrealers. Some 
 complain that they are cold, others declare themselves surprised with their (ordial appreciation 
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 u\ till- protluctions. I In- cxpl.inaiioii lies |>rol>al.l> in tlit- l.t«t ili.it MoiitK-.ilrr-. art- \iTy m>o<l 
 rritics. and h.ivi- niuth paticnn- l)iii no applauM- when a |Hi«ir proiliiction is inllicinl upon tlu-ni. 
 I hose who have mcii .1 Montnal aiulifncc- riM- to its fci t in a tumult ol applau^r. a!«. for 
 ••\amplf when I'lanton saiiK. or Alliani, will never a<cuse Montreal of toUlne«.>. 
 
 In addition to the th<alri-> Montreal is very citvoteti to nnisic. pos-^iMy th«' re>ult of the 
 highly choral service-^ of the Roman ihurthe-.. Iltr church choirs IVote^iant as well as Roman 
 an- excellent, |)urin^; the winter on Iriilay afternoons the Symphony concerts attract a iarye 
 ami fashionable, as well as .ippn i iaiive autiiente. while the I'hilharmonic with its hundreds of 
 traineil voices and imported priino- .in- a distinct feature in Montreal life. ( )ri;aii music has also 
 attained a hitjh state of de\<-lop<in<iii. .md the or^jaiis of ih»- « it\ an ol the Ixsi « l.i-,s. .ittrattinif 
 at titnes organists from lain>pe. who ha\«' .1 world wide fame. 
 
 Hut Montreal is not alone i-iiamored of indoor .imusements. I'iie city po-.se-.ses tin- finest 
 ktiin< Is in America, and the best hunting'. It has Neveral fine ^olf link>. is tiie home of adept 
 lacrosse clubs, football clubs, an»l has recently imported bas«- ball. In winter the roaring; game is 
 in fi'll swin^'. skatin>{ either in the open air oil the M. .\. A. A. ^rouiul- or in tin- Nutoria rink 
 with its immens«- roof is a popul.ir ainusem«iit. with its natural corrollary of hockes. the li^hi- 
 ninjj jjaiiie. loboyjianinti was fonmrU .ill the raye, but bein^j carrie<l to e.xcess. w.is preache«l 
 against by the cleryy. and fell fnun Krai<-. the mighty slides over which humanity was wont to 
 be carried at the rate of .1 mih- a minute beinj; removeil or permitteil to moulder \u dei .i\. 
 
 Snowshoeinn is />iit ivn/Zi/Kt the winter sport of the youn;; men of .Montreal. 1 hey have 
 siuril> muscles, thesi- yount; men, and in them lies the spirit of tht'ir ancestors, who were wont to 
 traverse the desert wilds for months at .1 time in pursuit of j^Mme. The Kn^lishman jjirns at 
 (."anadiaiis in tii.it tlii\ prefer riding; to w.ilkin^'. but the Canadian lives and uses his lejjs for his 
 personal coiuenienre. whereas the ,i\fr,i;;e I'Ji^lishman seems to use himself for tiie pleasure of 
 his leys. Hut let the Knylishman try to keep up with a .Montreal snowshoer. anti he will find 
 that his head has an insane desire to do ih«- walkini;. Montreal can easily turn out over two 
 thousand expert snowslujers, who couhl ^ive a nood account of themselves if needs were, as tlid 
 the Capotes Mleue in de I rary's day. and in the \orth West Rebellion of 1.S.S5 the marches of 
 the Canadians were plu-iionieii.il for iroops of .my nation. The ni^jht climbs .imid tin- piius of 
 .Mount Ri>>.d were no! t,ikeii in v.tin. 
 
 riie social life of Montreal does not differ greatly from that of any other important city. 
 It is however, perhaps drawn more in upon itself that is usual in .Anu-rica. Ihe outsider is not 
 entertained just because he is an i>utsider. nor is there much lioni/ini;. One feature of Montreal 
 social life is its I*"rench Canadi.in society, tt) which beloni^s almost all that is di^jnitied by years of 
 local ancestry. One ma\ meet in it descendants of the victors over Mra<ldock. Mere are thos*- 
 with the blood of the Le.VIoynes, who ^;ave four ^reat warriors to I-rance. Scores of names, 
 haloed in Canadian history are borne by youths as gallant .md maidens ,is bewitching as their 
 ancestors were famous .\nd so, as one of a contemplative mind moves amiil such a throng. 
 
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yliosts j^Iiilf iiUi> tlif <h.Miil»«T, llw <<Mirtlv niimiii M'cm-. ill li.irinonv aixl imr f\\Hk\> tin- i.inl 
 t.il'U'N III !>'* *<<'l out ill tlif ali'ovcs lor Hi|{i*t .imi M.nl.iiii I'l-.tn .tmi others to ^.iiiililc .it ami (.irr> 
 on thrir .iiiioiirs. Not that the MiiKlish mm iri\ i> new, but it is m-w l»y »om[iarison. It is solid, 
 Irs, witt\ ami vi\a«'ioiis, I'jiylish, rfs<T\iii, Imt likr liic l-'mjlish if oik r one is ailinitti-d lo iln- 
 1 li.irnicii nn lr a wiioji -.oiiiiil (ourti'sy is (lis|tlav<-il. 
 
 I 111- I liil) lit< ol Moiiti'tMJ i-% on a s< .lit I oiisisti-iit v\ iili ilu- uciltli .mil iiiautiitii(l<' ol tin- 
 iii\. Si. I.imcs's (liiti is |iroiial>l> the most fashioiialilc I In- lish and < laim rhil) is im|>ortant. 
 
 Ilii- iiitcilci'tiial life of Moiitrra! is dis|ila\cd i'l i's iiuiiicroiis i-diu ational institiitioii-o .ts 
 Will as ai ihr i>ar .iiul liv tin* < l<ryv and tin- | p-ss. \'hv l»ar of Moiitr«*al Ixiasts several or.itors. 
 nini who cm win .i had raiisi- l>\ inakiiit; tin- jury wt-i-p' It hoas's inori-ovi-r nu-n of .ilinost 
 Miiro|KMn f.im«" as jurists. I In- ■ Irru'V of ih<- <ii\ ari- ii<>i «,o rcni.irkalili' lor oratorv as for a 
 Itroad rhristi.initv pnxliicrd l>\ tin- ioinminijlini» in daily life of di\<-rs -.ci is. ( >ii one occ.'ssion 
 a t>reshyt«'rian I'oiinrt'^alion \voislii|)|K-d in a Koni.in (!atholir < hunh. and on dcpariiiii; to a 
 (liiirch i-ditiii' of its own |)rcscntrd < andh-sticks and loinniiinion wim- to its former host-^. it is 
 not iiiuommon for .ill s(( 1-. to share in doiim honor to some disiinmiisheil divine. Such < liris- 
 tiaiiity is (lerhaps more edifying that tlikthts of rhetorit . llie pri-ss of Montreal will l>e referred 
 to later, hut it may he said ht-re that tiie luii^lish pres- is a solid not very seiis.itional l)o<l>. while 
 the French press is ch.iracteri/ed as in France hy f>einu usnailv the ori;an of one man or a small 
 p.iiiy. wiiifh ihar.icter nive-. a pi(|ii.tncv to 'he ediiori.il colutniis ih.ii comes in no oihi-r w.iy. 
 
 In literature M<mtre.»l enjoys no -.mill di-tiiiction. rhm- is a Sk.iki-spe.ire (luli. an 
 .\ntiquarian Si>ciety, a I'olk lore Soi iei\. .1 Monteliore C"hil» .ind dehatinLT societies. There is no 
 literary clique, liach author si-ems more or less affected by the business atmosph«Te of the city 
 and seeks fame by e.irnest efiorl. In some few cas»'s a re.il f.ime has come. I l«'a\ ysaye. the 
 author of Saul lived here, a journeyman printiT. wh(»se work i ompetetit critics have pronounced 
 the best drama since Sh.ikespeare's time. Sir \\ illi.nu |)awson\ Mientitic works have secured a 
 wiile I in le of readers. He is one of tin- lew remaining .inta^ionists of tin- Darwinian tlu-orv aiul 
 a firm believer in thi- f.ill iiisle.id of the rise of m.iii. a tenet which his wurks abl\ support. Dr. 
 Sterry Hunt, who forecast many rei eiu developements in chemistry lived here, a^ .ilso did Sir 
 William Lonin, f.ither of the t leolo^ii .il Survey. John Re.ule. ( ieor^ie .Murra\. W . McLennan. 
 (.eo.Marlin. \V. I), l-iiihlhall. !•.<•. Scoii, |. M. ( )\ley. "Kob W aiiloi k. " S. .\. Ha\lis: (.owan I ea 
 and others uphold the diyniiN of Montre.d .is a literary c«"iitn-. while a special mention must b»' 
 m.iile of Di . \\ . II. Drummond whose verse in IVeiich di.ileci li.is had a vvon<l<r!ul \0.4ue both 
 l«)c. illy .mil abroail. I'rench Canadian liter. iiun- is well developed, ami ai its he, id >i.iuds Dr. 
 Irech«-tte. 
 
 riie most interesting newspaper in Montreal from an historical point of view is the 
 
 (i.i/ette, which owes its orij^in to lieiij.imin Iraiikliii. Wlieii I ranklin and his companions 
 
 endeavored to incite the C'.madians to join in th«- Revolution, they were ;ic« onipanied to .M«>iitrcal 
 
 by one F'leury Mesplet, who set up a printinjj press in 177S and .ilthoukjh he w.is not able to 
 
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imliKi- til'' ( anailiaiis ti> sccrdi-, tin.- hiwim-ss vi-nturi- \\a> ~.iu(i-s>ful, ami tlu- iiapcr, p.issin^ 
 throuuli various IkiikIs, i> still virile, ili^nilifil, if partisan, f-ntirt'ly curi'd ot it>. hert-ditary taiiil, 
 and a stamuh supporter of l^ritish institutions. Other ne\vspa(>ers are Ihe Star, the Daily 
 Witness. The ! leralil, e-,tal)lishe(l in iSo.;. and an K.xtensivi- l-'reiKJi pre-.M, chief anionyst which 
 is I. a l*ri's-.e. I'he newspa|nrs of Montreal are much more decent than those of New \ ork or 
 C'hicauo. pulilii opinion luiiiL,' still fortunately stron^fiy averse to sensationalism. On the other 
 li.ind thev cannot < onip.ire with tiie pre>s of some cities of a smaller population. I he reason is 
 prol);il>!y that Montre.d is one of tlv very few citie> where the one cent rale obtains. Commer- 
 cial weekly papers abound in Montreal, the most iinportant Ixiny; the Journal of Commerce. 
 
 MiCiiil lMii\ir>it\ -.i,in<ls easily first amon^r the educ.itional institutions of .Montrt-al. It was 
 foundid i>y lames Midill, who died in iSi;. bequeathinij .m estate valueil at ,/,';o.oooto found a 
 colle<;e under the recently estal)lisiietl Institution for the .\dvancemeni of Learning. Litigation 
 with the iieirs expectant followed. ,iiid the colle^je wa^ not ini orporated until iSji, lieini,' opened 
 in liurn-idi- 1 1. dl. the residence of tile founder, m iSjc). lln- .Montrr.il Medical Institute had 
 liien es,t,iliii--iieil ill iS-'4 by doctors Holmes. Stephen-.(>n. Robertson and Calilweji, and it w.is at 
 once affiliated with M<<iill. formiiij; the oldest faculty in the University. .\ new charter for the 
 university was MTured in iS:;:, smci when it has pro^resse<l in a wontlerful manner under the 
 prinripalship of Sir William Dawson, and recently that of Proi. !Vter->on. The MoUons, Reil 
 paths. an<l quite recently Lord Strathcona and W. C. .Macdonald added e.vtensively to the 
 hiiildin^js of the I'niversity. which has still further been favored i.v .i bequest from William 
 Workman. These Ixiiefaclors probably j^ave collectively about live millions to the college 
 wliich h.is toda\ .i scientific e(]uipment unri\.illed i.u the continent, a medical school univi-rsally 
 n-tojjnize<l, a library and museum of rare excellence, and a department for the academic educa- 
 tion of women that h.is few equals. The museum contains the unique collection of the Carpenter 
 shells. Sir William Dawson's Laurentian. Devonian and carboniferous specimens. un<;qualled in 
 the world, and a tine collection of antiquities from Palestine and the east collected by Sir 
 William Dawson tlnriiiji one of his tours. The anthropolojjical collection is also very complete, 
 which is due l.iru'ely to Dr. W. Hell D.iwson. director of the (ieolo^jical survey. 
 
 Morrill College ((Juebeci St. Ir.mcis College (Richmond) the W esleyan ColIe;;es of 
 Stanstead and Montreal. The I'resbyterian College. Congregational College .hkI .Anglican 
 College are all affiliated with McC.ill. 
 
 IJishops College is also an important educational institution, the medical faculty of which 
 is situate in Montreal. The l"ri-nch colleges are Laval, the Seminary. St. Mary's and the \'ille 
 
 Marie. 
 
 The school system of Montreal is under two Hoards of (."ommissiontrs. |)rotestant and 
 Kom.m latholic. and e.xcellent work is done in training young men for business or college. 
 There is also a business college. 
 
 The libraries of Montreal are fairly extensive. The IV.iser Institute is a public- libr.iry 
 
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with .iImiuI forty thoiisaiitl vnlunii-*.. I'lu- M<-( li.tnir- lii»iitiiti' li.is .ilxiiit tiftccn thuiisaml. Ilu* 
 Redpaih Lilmiry at Mi(iill is uImhiI tin- si/.v of tlw I"ravr Insliiutc liljrary. but th«* biiihlinn in 
 tapalilcnf arromoilutin^ i so.cxx) volumes, Ihr mcilical and stienci- faculties at .Mc(iill have 
 -.oiiH- t\\> l\c iIumi-^.iikI \«)hiin«'s ailditimial in ih<ir <>\mi luiildinys. I'lir fmjrthousc has a law 
 library cxicfdinn i^.txxi. I h«"r«- is |>robal>l> J5,i>jo voIumus in ihi- I iiion Catholique and 
 iS,oix> in tin- lit>r.ir\ of ilu- |«-.uit->. inan\ (»f tin- latter bcinn rare (lanhments. valuable records of 
 i.irK ("an.ida, some of \vlii( h. sin h as tin- Relations «if tiie Jesuits, have seen the li^ht. 
 
 The larvje and urowinu ( «»ininene of Montreal centers round the Hoard of Trade which 
 has -^ertions represent inn almost e\ery important local in<lu>.tr>. I'nder the I'rench re^jinii- il 
 was not consid'-rerl safe to allow men iiants to meet toiit^th-r tt> discuss their business, and not 
 till 1717 w.is -^iiili . I tl)inu permitted. I he H«»ar<l of Trade is the natural successor of tin- Com- 
 mittee of I" ratle. ist.tbli-heil in iS.'.:. with Johti 1 tirs\th president. This C tunmitte tlid nood 
 work until i>^\o when ihe Mo.ird of I r.ide was oryani/ed, and elected .Mr. .Austin Cuvillier 
 president. The Corn e.xi han^e. established in iS(i», w.is atViii.iteil with the Hoard of Trade in 
 iS,Sfi These two institutions in their time have done much to develope the trade of the city, in 
 iS.S<) tin- meudrt-rsltip had vjrown so lar^;e that it was decided to erect a n«'w building, the corner 
 stone 01 which was lai<l b\ Sir Donald Smith (now I.onl Strathcona and Mount Royali ii)th 
 Mav. iS().'. Ihe (io\ernor ( leiier.il opene<l the new buiidin;^ J7th Septentber, iSo.;. The cost of 
 the liuildiiiv; exieeded Ssoo.uuo. and it contains ii)»i oltices. 
 
 rile first bank in Muntn ,d w.is ii)>- h.uik of Montre.il. est.iblished in 1.S17, followed by the 
 City Bank in iSji, |,a H.imiue du I'euple in iS.Vs, as j-'raser de Witt & Co., the H.ink of British 
 North .Auu-rica in iS;/>. the MoKons in iSs;. the Merchants Hank of Canada in iS()i. La Haixiue 
 lacques Cartier in iSo.'. the \iile Marie Hank in 1S7; and I. a Hanque dTiuchela^ta in 1874. The 
 original capital of ihe Hank of Montreal was only S7. 500 pounds currency, or S.VSO.cxxD, increased 
 during a lonn term of adx.incemeni until it is $i2.cxx),cx», with a reserve fund of $6,coo,ooo and 
 other undivided profits of over Sqoo.ooo. Ihe total banking capital of Montreal, exclusive of 
 branch banks is SiS.txw.ooo. their publii deposits exceed SS^.coo.ooo. their discounts are 
 $S2,ooo,cx>i. anil their note circulation Si.vooo.ooo. All this vast sum is not, .. course, used in the 
 city itself. Ihese banks have chise u()on two hundred aijencies scattere<! from one en<! of the 
 Dominion to the oiiur. while they lend vi-ry matevi.ilK in the I'niied .States in connection chietly 
 with the southern lotton crop .md the western whe.it crop. 
 
 Ill .idilitic.n to the lo( .il institutions then- .ire branches of eleven other b.mks in Monire.il. 
 making; .1 tot.d of eit,'hteen banks represente«l at the C'learinn House, which is the ninth larjjcst 
 clearing house in .America, its dail\ average for iSc)7 havin^j been Si.Qiccxx). On exceptional 
 occasions the day's dearinns have exceeded $4,(X«.i,oaD. 
 
 The more important industries of the «ity are sujjar retining. cotton mills, rolling mills, 
 hanlware. dry goods, shoe making, wholt sale clothing, tlour milling and shipping. Ihe shipping 
 trade is a very extensive «)ne including a number of important steamship lines for transatlantic 
 
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service sucli as tin- Allans, 1 Joniiiiiim. IJiaver. UoHiildsdii. Iliompson. il.iinliiirn American 
 I'acket Co., and others. Some of these \essels considerably e.xceeil a l»iirden of tiv<- thousand 
 tons. The total ocean tonna>;e entered at McMUreai last yiMr. 1 897, was i,;,07,c)oo tons as (om- 
 pared with 7Sj,47,^ tons in iSSS. and t'),is<> tons in 1850. The imports of merchandise at the 
 port last year were valued at S47.oy).oo< >, .is coinp.ireil with S1.744.77j in 1.X50. 1 lie wliarfa^^e is 
 marly seven miles as compared with . I mile and 1 h.ill in 1^47, and one little wharf on the 
 opening; of the Lachim- canal. When the '^'raiidsires of the pri'sent i,'eiieratii)n debarked at the 
 port, they stopped from their little sailing; vessels into carts that drove them ashore. Thus rapid 
 is the pro^jress of a city on this c(jntineni. Ihe «;.\ports of the city are on a scale ecjual to the 
 imports, but to quote them is only to <|uote tij,jures which !n a sketch of this nature would be old 
 and out of date in n brief period. I lie bulk i>f Canada's foreign trade passes through the city, 
 ami that is sa\in^' much wlien tli<- immense de\ fjupment of the i^raiii and ranching pro\itices is 
 considered I !)<• <-\port^ of cheese ah>ne afford employment to a lar^e inimi)tT of shijjs and 
 merch.iiUs. 
 
 I'p to recent years the enormous water powers in and about the city were permitted to 
 .un almost to waste. .A number of mills it is true, have taken advantatje of tiie |)owpr derivable 
 from tiu- Lac hinc canal since the opening of that work; but the rapids of Sault St. Louis have 
 only recently been dammed by the Lachine Hydraulic power, which devtlopes electric encruy 
 thereby sufficient to li^jlit the whole < il\ .md supitly a lar^e portion of its horse |)ower. .\t 
 Chambl\ sdiiir miles from the cit\ .1 ri\al corporation is completing similar works, ihe two 
 companies can reailily supi)ly iwentv liiousanil horse power, without utilizing tin- full power at 
 their disposal. It is oidy a matter of time and reasonable prices when electric power will dis- 
 place the steam en^jine in Montreal. 1 In- Street R.iilways adopted the overheail trolley system 
 some years a^o. 
 
 The shi|)i)iny interests hav»- as a natiir.il corrolhirv a wist network of railways, and .111 
 e\lensi\e inland navijjation to ilistribute tiie im|K>rts .uid tj.ither up the proiluce intended for 
 export. Of the sixteen <uld thousand miles of railwa\ in tin- Dominion the head offices of t>ver 
 ten thousand miles are in Montre.il. The (irand Trunk system has a mileage of 4,iSb, of which 
 _^.5ij beloniis to iIk' ( ir.ind Irunk proper. The Canadian I'acitic has a mileage of 7,^51 miles. 
 The Intercoloiii.il K.iilway lii^; recently been extended from its former terminus at Levis, op- 
 posite (Juebec, to Montreal. .\s to inland navijjation, over $sO,(.>JO,ooo has been e.vpended in im- 
 proving the St. Lawrence system of canals which connect the ^treat lakes with the inetropolis 
 and the sea. These canals will shortly he completed to a depth of fourteen and a half feet, .in 
 achievement which cannot fail to divert a large amount of traffic from the Krie canal, thereby 
 augmentinK still more the trade of Montn al. 
 
 '! he history of Montreal has be<'n written in a more or less able manner in volumes 
 almost encyciopa-dic, ami was by no means exhausted in these. It is not to be expected, there- 
 fore that so brief a sketch as this can do it justice. Wherv is there space to record the names of 
 
• 
 
 I 
 
 ! ! 
 
 i 
 
 H 
 
ihf Ri. hanl^nii^, ih< Allan>. the liobislu r->. tin L<- M..\n<--. ili.- \<|sons. tli.^ I'.ipm.Mus. ih.- 
 Urcys the Aulcljos and the host of im-ii all famous in tin- aiinal-- of Montrtal' Wlurr is then 
 space to note the art K'allfric-s of incal( iil able valiu. liic |.rivatc i,Mlltrirs cxt .-.•.linn in importance 
 thr fxcellrnt .nllfction of tiic Art A-so( iation' Wlinn- i^ ilu-n- ^]>.iir to speak of ili<- Mil.iirl)aTi 
 r.-sorts ..f the .iti/cns. of l.arhinf tlir nl.l \ovantMir <l.-pot. I>orxal. St.-. Ann.. lial.K-.l l.\ 
 rhoma> Mo..r. , St. hruno. St. A^atlic, tin- Canadian Adiron. larks. Hflot-il. Roniifnu-nt, Si. 
 Hilart-.'' How .an one speak of the \asi antl no\el fields opening for ihe tonrist from ih.' 
 wharves or liepois of Montreal, .uu\ \vh> should the ^eolo^jiial . iiriositi.s of the loiality he 
 nenlerted' ''ompeii ii.is no stranger site than this, the crat<-r ..f an .xlin. i vol. ano. Hereon.- 
 linds forks .1. mimiaU usually hid.Un in the v. rx howeU of th. e.,ith. Iler<- the ujlaciers ol 
 prehistori. tim<- ha\.- I< ft th.-ir deep sital.hes upon th.- ro. ks. 1 h.- \<-rv lal>or.-rs in th.- str.-ets 
 won.ler as they .-\.a\ai.- boulder drift, an.l shudd.r with su|.erstiii.)Us liorror asthev un.ov.rth. 
 r.-mains of sonn Indian warrior whet.- ..nc<- was Ijoi h.-kma. .\n.l «ho <lare sa> that the 
 ..implex I (inditions ol modern times when .vers n^^^\ is .1 spe. iaiist .an he urasjjeil hy on.- 
 writer iti tlte Ireattn.-nl of the life an.l piilsati..ns. tin- i)oi)es. fears. struj,'«les. failures an.l 
 triumphs of ,. . ii\ of ov.r three hun.lred thousand souls of iliv.-rs faitiis an.l l)l.)od. unit.-.l o;d\ 
 in a tirm faith in their own land and a d(-t.-rminati.>n to lea\.- no stone untiirn.-.l that ma\ lead 
 t.) the uphuildinu in this ureatest of Mritish . oloni.-s of lh<- i;reat.-sl . ity that it possessi-s.