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i I 
 
 in 
 
GEOL(J(aCAL SURVEY OF CANADA 
 
 UOBERT BELL, MI)., D.Sc., LI-.D, F H.H. 
 
 NOTES ON CERTAIN 
 
 AEdl.fiAX ROC KS 
 
 OTTAWA VALLEY 
 
 A. OSAN.V, Ml LIIAIHEN. AlHAOE. 
 
 ( Translated from the tierman by Xfinil Xorlan Evana.) 
 
 OTTAWA 
 
 PRIXTKD HY S. K. DAWSON, I'KINTKH TO TKK KIMiS MOST 
 
 KXiKI.LKXT MA.IKSTY 
 
 1902 
 
 12 o 
 
 No. 7«3. 
 
NOTBS ON CERTAIN 
 
 ARCH.EAN- ROCKS 
 
 OF THE OTTAWA VALLKV. 
 
 Hv A Os\N\, Ml LHAV8RN, AlkaCK. 
 
 (Tr,n„l.<l,,l l.uStnl X.,rt.,„ Knin,.j 
 
 In the autumn of 181it», in cornpliume with a request from theKi.li f 
 OeoloKical .Survey of Ciiimda, I nmdf a spries of geoio^iiciil pxcurHion-" ''^' "'"">'''"• 
 extending over five weeks, in that part of the province of (^ueliec 
 north and cast of Ottawa, and in thisi I was assisted in the most 
 obli"in« manner by Dr. Dawson, then direitor of the .Survey. Further, 
 upon many of these excursions I wa.s ably directed by l>r. U. W. Kils 
 and by Mr. E. D. Ingall. It is a pier ure in this place to express 
 my warmest thani<ti to the-te gentlemen. 
 
 The object of thew excursions was, on the one liand, to become N.tur. .,f 
 aoiiuaintfd with some of the principal types if uneisses and their *'"'* 
 associates, and on the otiier, mid more espt'cially, to study the technically 
 important r. inerals apatite, mica, and graphite. Naturally, on accmnt 
 of the great variety of the gneisses and the inormous area covered by 
 them as well as on account of the short time at my di8p<j<al, it was 
 necessary to select certain charaiteristic types. Their further geologi- 
 cal study, and the determination of their relations, .nust wait for a 
 special mapping of this highly interesting' district. Helatitely the 
 longest time was given to the study of the apatite deposits. 
 
 CERTAIS r;!fEISSEs FROM IIIK NEKiHHOURHOOI) OF 0TT.AW.4. 
 
 On the right bank of the Ottawa river, south of Montel«llo, a .station k.i.. .. < t,. 
 on the Ottawa and Montreal branch of the Canadian Pacilii- rail., ty, °' -""" 
 a very tine section has been opem-d up in the gneiss. The gneiss is 
 here interstratified with quartzite and granular limestoni', the gneiss 
 
 ti 
 
4 o 
 
 OTTAWA VAI.nV 
 
 MiH*rtt#i'oi't*- 
 ill" ri|iliMri. 
 
 Fi'M«|'ur ill.' 
 niii'ii alttiti- 
 (lunt I'lm-ti 
 linnt». 
 
 beiiiu Iwlow ami the limMtonti nUive the quBrtzite : the pritici|«l «trike 
 UN. 70 E., »nd iho <Iip :iO 40 Ui tht« i.outh. Tho «nri«>t in vrry 
 mui'h l«nt •nd ttiUM, im may U- eMily observed on the lurlacoH which 
 huvf lnH-n highly polishinl liv i<i>. Thf miicnwcopic character of thf 
 gni-i"! ri-niimls one »troniily of the horniel* tineiM in ihenouthern Oilen- 
 wttld iiiiii of ii.any xocallwl llfrnK gneiitMi t'l. Blivck Fon>»t ; in hand 
 upe.inn'n'* it in oft»'n iuijxMnilil.' to di«tinKuiitii it from thew. Charao 
 fJii-lic »ign« ftr»« the fiillowiiig : modiTately tine and very even grain, 
 (jreiit abundance i>t' inifii, and a niii'ii schint habitui caunetl tliereby. 
 Further, lack of flivn-r or augen utriutui.! ; the oonstitueiitu are very 
 unit'oimly diMlril.ul' d, the mira plates are all arranffed parallel, iO that 
 th«> iiK-k liroakH fairly well in this din-ction. The retfularity of the 
 MniL'turc is only intirferrd with by nunicroiin (juarti: veins anil mxlulei 
 whi.'h are trf.|upntly as thick n» one'n tinker and thin out to 
 noihinK in Oiort diitaiiceH. Tl*- mica of the normal rock 'i» a re«ldi*h. 
 brown hiiitite, l>ut in many of the IkhI* tlierc occurs also a white mica 
 on thi' whistose iturfacfn ; this is not unit'oriiily di»tril)UteJ but forms 
 rosette-like iij<gieKBtloii.s. Many of these latter exhibit n roughly six- 
 sided outline, m. that in all probability they are pseudomorphu after 
 Hiaurolite or conlierite. In all oIIk r respects the rock neems to lie per- 
 fectly fresh. 
 
 Under the microscope, the gneiss is seen to bo very rich in feldspar. 
 Bv far the larger number of the sections of feldspar exhibit the crossed 
 twimiiiig of microcline frequently in one grain the 'crosshatch- 
 ii.f,'" passes over Into undulatory extinction and uniform orientation. 
 Sections free from lamellie do not differ in refraction or ncicro- 
 Htructure from the striated s and belong in all probability to the 
 same feldspar or orthocla.' 
 
 Mica occurs in quantities almost equal to the feldspar. In sections 
 parallel to the lamination it exhibits irregularly rounded and ragged 
 forms, and in sections at right angles it is often bent and opened up. 
 The pleochroism is very characteristic, the colours varying Ijetween a 
 bright reddish-yellow and dark reddiiih-brown : basal sections exhibit 
 no marked differences in absorption. The inclusions in the form of 
 small colourless rounded grains and small crystals of high refractive 
 index and high double refraction aie zircons : around these there is 
 generally a dark non-pleo';hroilic area. 
 
 A further constituent occurring ii. considerable quantities and which 
 may often be seen with the inagnifyinsjr ghiss is tour'iialine. It fo.'ms 
 short stout columns, 01— O.l-'i niui. in diai, iter and 0'3 — 04 mm. in 
 
"] 
 
 OMKIIMKJt fKOM THR NKUillUOl'RIIOKIt OV OltAWA 
 
 IsQgth, l>ut tlie ilinennioni flncrpa-oe fnmi tlii)i iluwii to nxtmiie Humtl* 
 nMi«. <) it brownUh'Ki'«an : K, coluurli-ii with a touch <>|f rml. 
 
 ColourloM mien, at Alreiuiy ttnttMl, !» I'urittiDil 'tlnuixt entirely t<i ef>r- 
 tiw' little itgKrf)i(ntiim'« : in th<* iioniuil nxii it i'l very rirs itml iiiiiki>K 
 up liiru'>'r tliike« in poilciiitie interKniwth witli th<t oth<>r conitituentfi 
 o( the fnck. 
 
 Quartz, with the uxunl llui>l iriulusiDriN, iMiurs much iinite N|iitrinuiy 
 than fe'dtpiir mill iniiu. Apntiie nnil nrei ar'i ritre : «ii<l rutile •• 
 well M ;{raphitp utid ftiher cm hou'iMmt iimterinU are uluti'nt. 
 
 The Htructure, eip'-cirtlly in thnse piirtH poor in rni'-n, i* „it •>£ ii Tvpiciil h ,,> 
 typical hornfoU ; in p'irtioiit rii-h in luinii, enpecially in m-.tions cut '''' "'""'""' 
 vertical t" the H<'liii«t'mity, it it iimri- or Ic" liiililen .. the |iiiriillel 
 arrangement of thin iiiiiienil. The uniform !<i/e of the urniii iiml the 
 extreino freKhnem of all the conHtitupiit.« of the rock under the mioro'- 
 cope )» remarkable. The wh ile m»i'r<wcopic anil iiiieroseoplc rharacler 
 of the rock in that uf a typical parui;iiei)e<, tliat hui U-eii t'orme<l liy 
 the metainorpho^iit of ii Hedimetiiary rock, pruhahly a clay slate. An 
 analyMin waw made by l>r. l>iitrii;h, and i* ;;iven under I. 
 
 .tid... 
 
 Tin, . 
 
 Al., < );, , 
 I'., II, 
 I'll II. 
 
 Mk<» . 
 Cull . 
 X11.J ( I 
 Ka II . 
 I', " » . 
 (' O, . 
 H,0.. 
 
 1. 
 
 II. 
 
 .Vl liM 
 
 .'.: Ml 
 
 im 
 
 — 
 
 tdU 
 
 33 Ki 
 
 l-IIH 
 
 — 
 
 R-60 
 
 7 74 
 
 3 71 
 
 .l-.Ml 
 
 I) .'HI 
 
 1 111 
 
 1) Xi 
 
 M lilt 
 
 K IM 
 
 ■ » 7« 
 
 »1 
 
 _ 
 
 11;-, 
 
 151 
 
 01 
 
 Totttl. 
 
 urn 
 
 For comparison there is given undi r II .n »*-«»lyHis of h silliraanite- .\iuilv* • 
 
 bearing gneiss, rich in biotite, from Treinblii 
 
 to wtiom we owe very vnhiiiile in -eM 
 
 from a large area north of Montreal. 
 
 similar except in the larger i|uantitv of al in.. 
 
 alkalies in No. II, a peculiarity which i.s e.xfjU 
 
 the occurrerce of the pure Milieate of alumina, *v. fnnnite. in the gnei.'i* 
 
 from Trembling lake. No. I show.s the same |*i i\iP <4 -;ilic!), lint 
 
 •onlii . I,) Ad-imii, "-..ihikimhI. 
 
 ' the gnei-'.ies 
 
 1* ilysps are verv 
 
 .Her quantity of 
 
 iianeralogicttlly by 
 
 * liO.H i.ii i^riiitiui). 
 
• e 
 
 OTTAWA \ ALLEY 
 
 ! 
 
 ml 
 
 14 s 
 
 \» puorer in ulutiiin.* and richer in r»ll«i»liw, eorrefipomiing to iu «»n' nl 
 ■>t touriiialini'. Ill given tin- ni'lt^ulnr |>n»twrtiim •>( I rt-tluce*! to liK), 
 «>xi-lu(iinK the w«t«<r iiid curbon dioxide nml oslvitUting kit iron 
 M protoxide. 
 
 rhiiriictiTi 
 rt-Mfiiitilalii 
 
 AnRly-*-* 
 Kiven fir 
 i"iiiliiin"i.i). 
 
 
 
 Ill 
 
 IV 
 
 N 
 
 
 VI. 
 
 Vil. 
 
 SlU, 
 
 
 (.7 IM 
 
 1.; Ml 
 
 •)«■ Ki 
 
 Kt :i.t 
 
 I.M VI 
 
 TiU. 
 
 
 1 ft 
 
 10 Ml 
 
 Xl 
 
 l» II.*! 
 
 II 
 •1 
 
 i;i 
 
 II ',11 
 7 -.» 
 
 
 Al.ii. 
 
 
 1 1 Ml 
 
 r. o. 
 
 
 .; H3 
 
 .1 71 
 
 :i 
 
 lUI 
 
 1 •-'.• 
 
 '.' til 
 
 Mif n . ... 
 
 • • t ■ ■ • • 
 
 .. a.'i 
 
 7 11(1 
 
 .'i 
 
 INi 
 
 
 11 II 
 
 <'» n 
 
 ■ • t » . . . 
 
 •1 ST 
 
 :t .M 
 
 .'t 
 
 .V. 
 
 II X< 
 
 II 4.x 
 
 N», o 
 
 
 !n.> 
 
 11 411 
 
 1 
 
 • •l 
 
 .■1 !C, 
 
 111 |-. 
 
 K," 
 
 
 ti «•.' 
 
 1 i;i 
 
 :i 
 
 IJ 
 
 ;i 41 
 
 :i ,'4' 
 
 »•,«' 
 
 V. 
 
 VII. 
 
 with 11 
 o 
 II 
 
 WItll II 
 
 II II.'. 
 
 Ii» Mull. 
 I'J Itit 1 1. 
 ii7 Sr tl. 
 "7 Miitl. 
 
 II 
 
 l.-l 
 
 
 
 .1,1 For both aniily-cH I iind [I the Mimll i|U tntity of lime in prop irtion 
 '' to the Urge i|)inntity of iDii;:neiiu and >iiiiill i|aanttty of Hilii-n in cliarau- 
 teristic Further, the total idknlien and lime are far from duHiiient 
 to form with the alumina the nioU-ciiU's ( K. Na), Al., <>, mid Cn Al.j 
 O,. .Miiieraloaically thin i» expliiineil bv tin- compU-ti^ly unaltered 
 charactei of thi- riKk, and by lh>- sili Hteii of alumina being free from 
 or |Kmr in iilkalin, Hui-h ax Hillimaniti- and tourmaline. A glaiii-e at the 
 
 anidytii'iil tablen of plutonic rwka arranged uccording to lecular 
 
 proportion.s (2) whowi tliat sui-h u Miiiili ■ intent of liu:« us tlx-ie iii in 
 III only (Kours in the cam- of highly iioidic granites and a few el.folite- 
 syenite^. In the former ciin^ the .'^i O, (in molecular profiortions) in 
 over HO , in the latter iiluminii iind ulkulii-s are dfciledly higher. 
 For r'liiipurison the following iir • j-iven : — 
 
 IV. .\iialy"i" "f KiiiiiiiiKramfi' Viiu.m n. 
 
 V. Syiiiiti' frmii Viiifii I'l'iik. Montana. 
 \'!. ,. (fraiiiti- fnnii l'a|ii' Ann. Ma..«. 
 VII. Klauliti' "Vfiiiti- fMni Litclititlil, Ml . 
 
 < If thfse, IV. and V. have atjout the xaiw proportion of Si O.^, Al.^ 
 {) ., and alkalies) as III. ; on the other hand the pniporiion of lime ia 
 considerably higher. VI. has about the siime proportion of alkalies 
 and lime ; but alumina, iron and magnesia are lower and silica con- 
 siderably higher. In VII. silica and lime are as in III., tiut alumina 
 and alkalies are more plentiful, magnesia and iron Kuch lower. Uosen- 
 buscli first pointed out that such a small proportion of lime with rela- 
 tively large quantities of iron and raagnrsia are characteristic of normal 
 
oilKliwta rHOW Till !IRI<>'l)i<il .:Hu<>I> ■■»' i>IT,\u ( 
 
 I o 
 
 cUjr »l«t«a, MX i» iil«<> uounlly th>' {irrnuunL't'il prviiimilfriinrii of ixtttmh 
 
 ovur Hoiln. Fro\i<imi timt iluriiik' Uw iiii'tiiiii>ir|>liu-<iii nf lurli Nluti>it, 
 
 their chfrnic*! cmiipiMitum i» ».'»,»tJ ' oiil> nliKhtly < Iihiikp<I, m 
 
 likx bi<f>n >>lMH>rve<l nt Imnt in tna i'»-'i f^ '•n*>'v't iiictntiioi |>hu«i« on 
 
 Mvi-rnI iM'Cii«ioii«, thn itupiMwitiun that rii< Mil ".'IipIIu Kiipiit'< tins lirt-n \|.,tii.U.||ii 
 
 foiinml !>• Ill • cl»v >.liit«< !■. <|uit«' iiiharmniy with it» rhi-iiiinil ii.iii i"'ii'm.'im,iv 
 
 IMiKition. It iiiuMl noi luiwuvir Iik fi>rK»tl«ii, thnt im hn« iHrn ofti>n ■ f'""' 
 
 oljiwrvril in thi- rune of |ilutoiiii' nM'k«, hy nnrumi iltct iii|ui>.itiiin u rnpiil 
 
 rpiuovnl i)f liiiiti niiil ■unIii ih'<'ui'-<, licri' iilno liui ixiiit' I'lu'inical cimr- 
 
 i».ai r r«'»iilt' Mmt of tht- olij l'iilif<i/i.ir anil Anhi'nn cliiy n\»tf> 
 
 utitnini'il ' 'imteriHl iiiHiniy tniiii fru|iiiM' riM.ki and iTuptivp 
 
 gnfii-M-x. . ' It » U'«iliini{ out of lime kihI wkIh liy the wcnthirinK 
 
 'luriiiK l! i.'iiiii>|»>rt /iik! i.'riiiiliii]u' up i.f tlio oiitfinnl iiutti-iinl inuxt 
 
 havf taki«n place, wliili- in tlic out ni iilutoiuo rncki lliut havi- iu»l 
 
 ixTn mil innchaiiicjilly liiHiuti'urati'il. iliis i lieiniritl priHcxH will haw 
 
 taken plare much iiiorf slowly anil Ii'kh I'liinplfti'ly. Tlit' ((tnenil pri)- 
 
 ce»» i«, however, the naim- in l«JtH rajti-.. The alMnn nnalywH tliiTefori> 
 
 furniiih merely a certain prohahility of tin' m (liim-iitaiy diaracter of 
 
 the Montebello ifnoitn. 
 
 The ijuartzitu fnini Mouteliello, lon^i t- for the niont part of a coarx- r.,iii|.-.iii..ii 
 «KK'"«"K<»t«'"' nuartz ({rains, which al.ui ii-«iii»t onHanotiiiT wiihirri'Ku )'l/,l"'\l"',''... 
 larly angular and txithtd innrgin*. No iiidicaticn.i whatever of ilaxtir '"H" 
 origin or ..t" later orientateil ifrowtli, ilrc, can lie recoxnizitl ; a ceni''nl 
 In also wantini;. Wiih-iy iliittributed, however, art- the well known 
 evidences of prexsuie such a- umiulose extinction and the lireakiiii! 
 up of larger ;;raiM into a iiuinlier of iinialler oneM of approximately the 
 winie optical orientation. Further the ntnakeil appearance, so ot't«'n 
 de»cribed ns suggestin;; twinning lamellie, is not uticouiuion. 
 The .streaks can lie reeogni/eii in unlinary liijht : in part they are an 
 clear aH water, in pirt dull and tilled with inter|)ositioiis Uniking like 
 dust. Some of these, upon --trong magnification are found to lie ttuid 
 induitions. 
 
 Among accessory constituents may lie inentioneil somw inuscovitc .•cif»«.iy 
 and graphite, ixith vigilile with the magnifyinp glass, gran f a triclinic "'""''""'""• 
 feldspar, small i|iiaiititieg of carbi>nate8, prol>a)ily rich in iron judging 
 from their brown colour, isolated j-latc of biotite and titanite in 
 rounded grains and elliptical sections 
 
 The granular limestone of the Monteiiello section is rather coarse in 
 grain, of a dirty grey green colour and characterized by a considerable 
 content of chlorite. It also con lins microscopically some quartz and 
 .eldspar, in part mierocline. 
 
 ill 
 
8o 
 
 OTTAWA VALLBV 
 
 Different type 
 of pieiss. 
 
 Micf' 
 ile8crii>lioii, 
 
 |»c 
 
 • I 
 
 Structure 
 similar to a 
 plutuniu iiK-k 
 
 Not far from Montebello, at a place called L«faivre, an opening was 
 made a short time ago in granular limestone in the search for 
 graphite. The limestone is here snow-white, much more coarse- 
 grained (grains up to 1 cm.) and contains light brown mica, some 
 muscovite and rounded plates of graphite (up to 2 mm. diameter). 
 
 A type of gneiss entirely different from that already described I found 
 north and north-west of Lachute station (76 miles east of Ottawa). 
 Between Lachute, T^kefield, and the mass of syenite which covers a 
 part of Grenville and Chatham Townships (see geol. map accompanying 
 Annual Report Geol. 8urv. Can., vol. V^III., N.S.) this gneiss appears 
 to cover a considerable area. Hand specimens were taken from a num- 
 ber of points and were found to correspond with one another macros, 
 copically as well as microscopically. 
 
 The uniformly medium-grained rock shows on the cross-fracture 
 a typical stratified structure occasioned by reddish layers composed 
 mainly of potash feldspar and som8 quartz, alternating with layers 
 rich in hornblende and mica. In other specimens this alternation is 
 more or less indistinct and a granular striped structure appears 
 which passes over one almost completely granular. Under the micro- 
 scope the rock is seen to be composed essentially of feldspar and horn- 
 blende with decreasing quantities of quartz and mica. The hornblende 
 is green and transparent and exhibits in .sections parallel to the prism 
 zone a maximum extinction angle (5 : C, 18-20'. Absorption and 
 pleochroism are strong ; 31 is light greenish-yellow, "8 and 6 approxi- 
 mately equally dark grass-green. The outline is in general irregular, 
 but many grains are much elongated in the direction of the (5 axis 
 and sometimes rough crystal outlines are observed corresponding, not 
 only to fac&s of the prism zone but also to terminal faces. The much 
 more rarely occurring brown mica sometimes exhibits six-sided 
 outlines. The allotriouiorphic feldspar is to a small extent pla- 
 gioclase but chiefly orthoclase and microcline. Extremely common and 
 very various in appi'aiance are the microperthitic intergrowths. The 
 orthoclase contains spindle-shaped inclusions or irrejrular patches of a 
 feldspar characterized by a higher refractive index and double refrac- 
 tion. Further the orthoclase grains are sometimes peripherally sur- 
 rounded by a narrow edging of more strongly double-refracting feldspar 
 substance which is certainly of later growth. Apatite and zircon occur 
 as accessory constituents in relatively large quantities. 
 
 The microscopic structure of the gneiss reminds one strongly of 
 
 . that of a plutonic rock. This impression is produced particularly by the 
 
 tendency in the amphibole and mica to regular outlines, their frequent 
 
 il 
 
■•] 
 
 ONEIRSES FROM TIIK yEIOIIHOURIIOOri OF OTTAWA 
 
 9 O 
 
 bunchy aggregation and the difiPerence in age of these two niinerals 
 
 as compared with that of the feldspar and <]uart7. On the otlicr hand 
 
 the ragged development and fre<{uent inter$;rowth and interpenetra- 
 
 tion of the contituents so common in other gneisses is entirely wanting. 
 
 At any rate one may express with great probability the supposition i'r.>l)iiip|y nf 
 
 that this Liichute gneiss is of eruptive origin ami this is supported ,', 
 
 by an analysis made by Dr. Dittrich which gave : — 
 
 riiptivi' 
 
 SiO,. . 
 Ti( ), . 
 Al.lK . 
 
 K.-,l >: 
 
 F.o 
 
 M)f«i.. 
 
 Cal). . 
 
 NajO 
 
 K.(». 
 
 I'.O,. 
 
 H,l>. 
 
 CO.. 
 
 !tr>i 
 
 71' 
 
 1 .-)i; 
 
 II. 
 
 •i7 I'.i 
 
 II ,sl 
 
 11 ti.s 
 
 4ir 
 
 S ()4 
 
 i; s! 
 
 4 17 
 
 O (IN 
 
 w;-2 
 
 Under II the corresponding molecular percentjiges are given, neglect- 
 ing the water and COj and calculating all iron as Fe( ). One is struck 
 upon first glance by the distinct difference lietween this and the 
 Montebello gneiss, although both analyses show almost the same 
 content of silica and alumina. The soda iind lime are however 
 quite different. The whole composition of this Lachute gneiss cor- 
 responds with that of an eruptive rock, and for it may be give_ .^ — 
 
 111 40 
 
 (■ 
 
 1 L'S 
 
 K 
 
 s .W 
 
 til . 
 
 This formula tits in very well with tho.se of syenites rich in liiif.pMiic 
 
 alkali between the types Umptekite and Hedrumite. There is n ,,'.i'„"'i,7:ii'i(i"" 
 
 remarkable similarity between its composition and that, for example, l-idnitr 
 
 of the syenite from Red Hill, New Hampshire, (Analysis III) in 
 
 molecular proportions. 
 
 III. 
 
 Sifl 
 
 lili 21 
 
 TiO 
 
 OILS 
 
 ALO:, 
 
 !•_> INI 
 
 VM 
 
 4 7'.l 
 
 MiiO 
 
 o;', 
 
 Mk<» 
 
 l-7« 
 
 C:lO. 
 
 2 Wl 
 
 Nu.jO 
 
 :m 
 
 K,<) 
 
 3 Ki 
 
l 
 
 i 
 
 
 : J 
 
 ' 
 
 1 
 
 
 ^1 
 
 ■ ^ 
 
 
 -■ 
 
 i ' .|j[ 
 
 10 o 
 
 OTTAWA VALLEY 
 
 Eruptive 
 ffiieiaH from 
 Treinbliiik 
 iiinuntain 
 Laketi.M. 
 P. <;. 
 
 Ull) 
 
 Mic-roHwtpi 
 Hection. 
 
 tiieiitH. 
 
 The high value of Na.^< ) can here be explained only by microscopic 
 and perhaps also cryptoperthitic int«'rgrowth of urthoclaae with a 
 swla feldspar. The average plagioclai^e has a composition Ab, An,, 
 and is therefoi-e an acidic oligoolase ; probably there are present in the 
 rock albite and a basic oligoclase. 
 
 Adams, in the investigation above mentioned, gives the analysis of 
 Jin eruptive gneiss from Trembling mountain. This rock is more 
 acidic to the extent of about 10 per cent of iSiO.j, and corresponds in 
 its cumposition to a granite. At a place called Laketield, Argenteuil 
 Co., P.Q., a gneiss was collected that does not difl'er essentially from 
 the one just descrilied. It is decidedly more fine-grained, and 
 contain.s " Augen " of feldspar, 5 — 1 cm. diameter, whereby the 
 strwture is rendered somewhat more "flaserig.' The cleavage 
 surfaces of these feldspars are much bent, sometimes are ijuite 
 crushed. Cleavage plates parallel to oP are in some cases without 
 twinning strise, and as tar as their strong undulose extinction will 
 allow of a determination the extinction is parallel. Other cleavage 
 faces exhibit the cross-hatching of microcline. Under the micros- 
 cope the grain is seen to l)e distinctly coarser than that of the 
 gneiss fro-ii Lachute. The principal part of the section is made up 
 of a mos;aic of little feldspar grains, of which the striated and not 
 striated are present in about e<iual parts. Quartz is present in much 
 smaller ([uantity than the feldspar ; its quantity may easily be over- 
 estimated, as many grains, which on account of their great clearness 
 and high double refraction appear to be quartz, are found upon higher 
 magnitication to he covered with fine twinning stria?. This aggregate 
 of colourless grains in large spots shows a quite irregular structure ; 
 in other places a parallel structure is clearly seen, all grains being 
 elongated in one direction and arranged parallel to one another. The 
 outlines of the grains are not lenticular but approximately rectan- 
 gular, resulting in a layer structure. 
 
 The dark constituents are green hornblende, pyroxene, some garnet 
 and ores ; mica is apparently entirely absent. These constituents 
 lire always aggregated together in narrow bands. The hornblende is 
 apparently the same as in the syenite gneiss. The pyroxene is in 
 part rhombic, as is evidenced by the weak but distinct pleochroism, 
 parallel extinction, lower interference colours, i^'c. Along with it, 
 and in smaller quantities, there occurs a light greenish-gray monoclinic 
 augite, with scarcely perceptible pleochroism. While the hornblende 
 is always irregularly bounded, the pyroxenes, especially the rhombic 
 ones, are in the form of columnar crystals, sometimes with rounded 
 ends. The g.irnet is r.ire : it is transparent, of a very light-red 
 
'■] 
 
 APATITE AND MICA XORTII OF OTTAWA 
 
 11 O 
 
 colour, is completely isotropic, and shows rounded or rafj^etl forms ; 
 it is always tilled with vermiform inclusions of the lisht-coloured 
 constituents. Frequently a -.irnet grain will have at its centre an 
 opaque raetallio particle, tlie verniiforni inclusions radiatini; from 
 this. Any regular arrangement of the other constituents around the 
 garnet is not observable. This gneiss also is probably of eruptive 
 origin, and possibly is connected in some way with thf neiglib')uring 
 anorthosites, which in part carry garnet. 
 
 Near the house of Ilev. Mr. Pierce this j.!neiss is cut by a dyke about coi.i^s cut by 
 0-5 metre thick of a black rock rich in mica. E.xaniined micro- '■ '^'' 
 scopically, it is found to contain a good deal of reddish-brown mica, 
 almost colourless pyroxene in narrow columnar crystals, and serpen- 
 tine pseudoinorphs after olivine. The interspersed mass is too much 
 decomposed to be determined more exactly. [ri all probability it is u 
 lamprophyre dyke-rock belonging to the .Minette-Kersantite class. 
 
 Certain other gneisses will be m>'ntione(l in the description of the 
 occurrences of apatite antt graphite. 
 
 Os THE Occurrence of Apatite am> JIua north of (jttawa 
 
 :J4I 
 
 fji 
 
 Apatite in large deposits of economic value was known in the dis- vir-t <1U- 
 
 alKitlti-. 
 
 trict of the Lii'vre river as early as 1829, but was soon forgotti'n. In 
 
 ihe year 1H4", r»r. Sterry Hunt' descrilied similar occurrences in the 
 
 province of Ontario, between Kingston and Ottawa, in the counties of 
 
 North find South Burgess, Lanark, Frontenac, Renfrew, Addington 
 
 and I^eeds. A regular exploitation was begun in the sixties and was 
 
 carried on till the beginning of the nineties. .\t this time the 
 
 Canadian ipatite industry succumbed to the enormous development of 
 
 the phosphorite industry in Florida, Alabama and neighbouring states. 
 
 It was mainly in the two districts indicated, one north of the < »ttawa 
 
 river in the province of Quebec, and one south of the river in (Jntario, 
 
 that the mines were situated. The observations here recorded refer to 
 
 the first of these districts, and the principal mines on the Licvre and in 
 
 the neighl)ourh(H)d of the (iatineau river were the only ones visited. 
 
 The area in which apatite occurs and is mineii, extends ove.- a Ana cf 
 
 large part of the townships of Buckingham, Portland East, Portland "l«tit'- '"•ir- 
 
 West, Templeton, Wakefield, Bowman and neighbouring townships. i.r(.\incciif 
 
 From the copio s literature upon this subject, it may be said that it was 
 
 very early rec lized that the apatite was generally associated with 
 
 rocks which w. e entirely or for the most part cim posed of pyroxene, 
 
 * >nelM'C. 
 
 • S \ 
 
I 
 
 \ 
 
 V > 
 
 Starry Hunt 
 on I mU' I if 
 < iccuir»'n(.'f. 
 
 vatioHM ctiii- 
 tiniied. 
 
 12 
 
 OTTAWA VALLkV 
 
 .1. \V. I)a«.* 
 un lutMle of 
 occurreiicv. 
 
 and which Sterry Hunt"' called ' pyroxeniie.' Concerning the origin of 
 ••his ' pyroxenite ' and of the apatite, opinion is still very much 
 divided. 
 
 Stprry Hunt* described in the year 1863 the apatite iis occurring in 
 the Lnurentian rocks, lioth distributed in crystals through carlwnate 
 of liinc and in ' irregular beds running with the stratitication and com- 
 posed of nearly pure cryslallinp phosphate of lime.' In North Burgess 
 the mineral occurs in ' several parallel betls interstratified with the 
 gneiss. 
 
 Tn the year 1866, the same author says', 'the presence of apatite 
 seemed characteristic of the interstratified pyroxenic roeks, the apatite 
 marks ihe stratification.' Simultaneously, ' true apatite vein-stone* 
 ct'tting the bedded rocks of the country ' were mentioned. These were 
 ' well-defined veins traversing vertically and nearly at right angles the 
 various rocks.' In the year ls84, Hunt" says : ' I have within the 
 past few months exairined with some detail many of the apatite work. 
 inj;s in Ontario, which have served to confirm the early observatiuis 
 and to give additional importance to the fact that the deposits of 
 apatite are in part bedded or interstratified in the pyroxenic rock of 
 
 the region, and in part true veins of posterior origin The 
 
 bedded dep<j8it8 of apatite which are found running and dipping with 
 tliese (above mentioned gneisses, qup.i tzites, limestones and " pyroxenite 
 layers,") I am disposed to look upon as true beds deposited at the 
 same time with the inclosing rocks. The veins, on the contrary, cut 
 across all these strata, and in some noticeable instances inclu'te broken 
 angular masses of the inclosing rocks.' Further, ' in rare casus what 
 appear from their structure and composition to be veins are found 
 coinciding in dip and strike with the inclosing strata.' 
 
 In the year 1885, after another visit to the apatite mines in the 
 Lit'vre district, the same author remarks' : ' The large mining operations 
 lately undertaken in the Lievre district show that the crystalline 
 phosphate of lime or apatite belongs to lodes of great size which 
 traverse the ancient gneis.s of the region. These lodes include a 
 granitoid feldspathic rock and a pyroxenic rock with large miwse> of 
 quartz, of carlwnate of lime, of pyrites and of apatite. All of these 
 often show a banded structure not unlike that of the gneiss to wiiich 
 they are evidently posterior and of which they often contain fragments.' 
 
 J. W. Dawsoi., in 1876, says" : ' It appears from the careful strati- 
 graphical exploration of the Caundian Survey in the districts of Bur- 
 gess and Ainsley, which are especially rich in apatite, that the mineral 
 
ir,Afi-. 1 
 
 APATITE AND MICA NORTH OK OTTAWA 
 
 occurs l.ii'gely in beds interstnvtified with tlie other mcuiliors of tht- 
 geriea, though deposits of the nature uf veins liiccwUe occur. It also 
 appeiirs thuc the principal beds are contin- i to certain horizons in the 
 upper part of the Lower liaurentian, abo\i the limestones containing 
 Eozuou, though some les4 important deposits occur in lower jKisitions.' 
 
 Fu.'ther, he says of the veins ; ' Since these veins are found princi- V.in^ ■.. 
 pally in the same members of the series in which the beds occur, it is )"7ni'Iut "n 
 a fair inference that the former are a secondary formation, dependent 
 on the original deposition of apatite in the latter, wliich must belong 
 to the time when tlie gneisses and limestones were laid down as sedi- 
 ments )ind organic accumulation-.' Dawson further points out that in 
 the Primordial time animals 'with phosphatic crusts and skeletons' 
 predominated, and the calcium fluoride, contained in the apttitu, 
 also occurs in bones e'^jeoially in m.iny fossils. }io lays especial value 
 upon the face of the occurrence of phosphorite r.o<lules in Cambrian 
 and Siluriaii strata along the Si. Lawtcnee river and south of the 
 Ottawa riv_'r, and which .Sterry Hunt, in the Geology of Canada, con 
 sidered tc be coprolites. 
 
 Harrington, in 1871^, saya ' ; 'That many of the apatite deposits of H;,viiin.'t.>ii 
 this region (Templeton) are not 1 -Is, is plainly shown by the mani.er i'"''"'- 
 in which they cut across the strik of the rocks containing them.' He 
 turlher mentions the opinion of Bmgger an i Keusch as to the 
 eruptive origin of the apatite veins of Southern Norway, and remarks . 
 ' This idea of an igneous origin cannot bo adopted for our veins, ' points 
 out the fact that the ' pyroxcnite often contains grains of apatite, and 
 adds • no doubt they are the strata from which the apatite of the veins 
 has Ix-en chiefly derived.' 
 
 In 1883, J. F. Tiirrence'" exprcs.ses the opinion that the apatite de j j-. Xurr<-nci 
 ptisits of Portland and Buckiiisiham are irregular seiireaations from the '".' "ccuriiiui- 
 country i-ock, and that these belong to one or more rock /one^ I'.utl.md aii'l 
 more or less strongly iioprcgii;Ued with (ipiitite which follow a N.N. W. '"' "'^' """' 
 direction along the course of the Lii'vre river. He further remarks ; 
 ' During the past, season I often i>oticed in tlie same pit, patches of 
 apatite ''.it might easily be taken for the contents of a fissure vein 
 if ther ■ ar,y casing rock on either side of it to separate it fiom 
 
 the cou rock, and patches of tlat-lying apatite that might easily be 
 
 called befided, if they were of any ,reat extent or approximately uni- 
 form thickness and if the country rock showed any planes of bedding 
 par,il!el to the longest ones of such patches ; or else it might easily Ije 
 assumed that the country rock hafi been more or less tilted and over- 
 turned sit>i-e «he deposition of the apatite and that the vertic;U patches 
 
 ; il 
 
 m 
 
 
14 o 
 
 OTTAWA VALLEY 
 
 M 
 
 Oth>riii.iiiiii 
 un niiidt' nf 
 (Woiirrt'iK't-. 
 
 SllliIKWHrl 
 
 cit-ar fvidei 
 of HruptiM' 
 
 were interbedded and tlie horizontal onea were veins >f their relations 
 to the country rock were Huch as veins and IiedM respectively are wont 
 to maintain, liut unfortunately I failed to perceive these conditionn. ' 
 Further : ' In by far the greatest nunil)er of ''a»es the containing rock 
 of apatite is pyroxenite ; the veins are very irregular, consii^tin^ of large 
 bunches or pockets of ore, yielding hundre<ls of tons, which suddenly 
 pinch out, but soon reappear when followed on their course.' 
 
 In \!*x^), VV. K Dawkins" expresses the opinion that apatite occurs 
 ' in veins '. ' They occur in bright crystalline massive schists composed 
 "'. ^'yroxene, mica, orthoclase, t rid inic feldspar, and apatite, which if not 
 bedded would pass for an eruptive rock ' ; further, that these accom- 
 panying rocks as well as the veins themselves have obtained their 
 material 'from some common deep-grated source uf hydrothermul 
 action.' 
 
 In the same year, Kinahan says' ^ : ' It is possible the present Cana- 
 dian apatites were originally limestones or allied rocks, the change to 
 apatite being due to paramorphosis, which at present cannot be satis- 
 factorily explained.' 
 
 Moreover, in \8X4, <!. M. Dawson'-' and F. T. Falding'* are of the 
 opinion that the ' l>edded apatite ' is of organic origin and that the 
 Laurentian strata in which they occur are altered sediments. The 
 ' vein apatite " has Ijcen formed from this by a ' process of segrega- 
 tion.' 
 
 (»n the other hand, in 1S86, R. Bell'"' says that the apatite comes 
 principally out of the pyroxenite and there are no indications of orga- 
 nic origin. The pyroxenite is jiossibly ' derived froDj igneous sources.' 
 
 E. Coste' ", in 1887, attributes iht- formation of apatite and a part of 
 the iron ore.s occurring in the Laurentian to eruptive agencies. He 
 says : ' We Iwlieve that we have gathered year after year strong and 
 clear evidence to show that our deposits of irtm ores in the Archiean 
 rocks are of an jruptive or igneous origm, but also that our deposits of 
 phosphate are e.cactly similar and have also the same origin.' Further, 
 ' in the region north of Kingston, in the counties of Frontenac, Leeds, 
 Lanark, Renfrew, Pontiac, and Ottawa many deposits of iron ores and 
 many deposits of phosphate were observed also in the same association 
 with igneous rocks, and both cutting through the Archn'an rocks. In 
 the cose of the phosphate the igneous rock wos often the rock termed 
 by Dr. Hunt " pyroxenite, " but at other times it was a pegmatite or a 
 mica syenite or a pyroxene syenite. ' He further points out that in 
 many localities the iron ores and the apatite occur in the same veins, 
 
APATITE ANK MICA NORTH OF OTTAWA 
 
 19 O 
 
 thu« at the filoasington mine in nine different pits ; in tlie summer of 
 1886, 500-tiOO tons of iron ore and 1,500 ton* of apatite were obtained. 
 ' We should conclude that the iron ores and phosphate to be found in 
 our Archn'an rocks are the result of emanations wliich have accompanied 
 or immediately followed the intrusions through theie rooks of uuiny 
 varied kinds of igneous rocks which are no doubt then.|uivalent of the 
 A'olcanic rocks of to-day. ' 
 
 Penrose (1888)" verified the freijuent vein nature ..f th- .ipatite iVnrcM- 
 
 deposits. Concerning the ' pyroxonites ' he says : ' The pyroxrnic rock ''"'• 
 
 u never found <li»tinctly bedded, though occasionally a seri.s of parallel 
 lines can be traced through it which, whili" possitily the remains of 
 stratification are probably often joint planes. ' Further, ' the gneiss 
 in come placen has no distinct line of separation from thf pyroxene 
 but seems tfl have been ini])regnated « ith some of it, forniin<; for a 
 few feet from the line of contact a more or less pyroxenic gneiss.' 
 With respect to the origin of the apatite, Penrose does not gixe any 
 definite opinion. 
 
 A. U. C. Selwyn'- in 18M9 says : 'There is absolutely no evidence 
 whatever of the organic origin of apatite or that the dejxisits have 
 resulted from ordinary mechanical sedimentation processes ; tlu-y are 
 clearly connected for the most part with the basic eruptions of Archean 
 date. ' 
 
 W. B. M. Davidson' ' remarks in 1892 : •Thf pockets ot apatite occur 
 in bands or beds of pyroxene of varying thickness, but considerable 
 regularity and which are conformable with the bedding of th.' gneiss. 
 Mo.st of the ablest Canadian geologists airree that these strata were 
 deposited conformably in the pre-pala-ozoic sea and that they have been 
 subjecte<l to heat and pressure which has metamorphised the primitive 
 character of the rock. Some writers, however, have considered the 
 pyroxene to constitute lodes or dikes in which the apatite occurs as an 
 acces.sory mineral, tilling the crevices by plutonic action and lience of 
 eruptive origin, which I take to mean that they think the aj.atite came 
 to its present position through sublimation or through intrusion in a 
 molten state. I am certainly of opinion that this theory is far stretched 
 and without scientific corroboration. ' Then he says : ' I believe that 
 the phosphate was more or less regularly deposited in the varying beds 
 in the Laurentian sea and that afterwards during the time of ineta- 
 morphism phosphate of lime and other minerals crystallized out of the 
 mother-rock in the most convenient positions that they could find. 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 "p- 
 
 \V. H. .\t. 
 
 
 haviflHuirH 
 
 
 X \VWH (III 
 
 
 tillKiii- 
 
 r 
 
Iti O 
 
 OTTAWA VALLEY 
 
 R. W. Kll. 
 
 <|U(ite<1. 
 
 , i 
 
 ()ri|{in •liie to 
 rhciiiii'al 
 iiKcncy rutlH-r 
 
 apatite 
 rt-^ionN i*\ii- 
 iiiiiuil tiy 
 
 Aclilllis. 
 
 |)i\-»'rsc 
 npinii'iif* hi 
 
 •1.1. 
 
 R. W. Ell»"", who in recent ye»r« has examinetl for the Oeological 
 Survey that part of the province of Quebec which contuinw the apatite 
 deposits along the Lit'-vre river, comes to tlie cuncluvion that the 
 pyroxenites arouf eruptive origin and tliat the occurrence of the apatite 
 iM essentially connected with the boundary of the pyroxenite and the 
 gneisM. In connection with this he says : ' From many analyses we 
 know that all pyroxenes contain a very considerable amount of calcium 
 ranging from twenty to nearly thirty ppr cent. (Since then the pyroxene 
 in its intrusion with the gneiss must have ascendetl along lines of 
 fracture or leastt resistance, it would be reasonable to infer that vapours 
 charged with phosphoric acid ascended along such lines rather than 
 through the mass of the dike and that in cer'iin positions in proximity 
 to the .iiargins of the dike, these vapours impregnated the softened or 
 heated mass from which os a result of chemical action upon the cal- 
 careous portion the phosphate of lime was produced. The mineral 
 would therefore appear to owe its origin to chemical agency rather 
 than tu organic, ' 
 
 In closing this reference to the literature of the subject, an investi- 
 gation by Adams- ' must l)e noticed, which deals with rocks from the 
 apatite region of Quel>ec anti which therefore is of interest. Starting 
 out from the spotted i^'abliro of Norway as apatite-liearing, Adams has 
 exantined certain pyroxenites with respect to their containing scapolite- 
 The specimens came from Lot 35, Range V., of Portland West, from 
 the McLaurin mine, Templeton, and the Emerald mine. In none of 
 these was scapolite found. Further, two rocks collected by E. Co?ite 
 at the Star Kill mine, Portland West, and the Blessington mine, (»nt., 
 were recognized as granular eruptive rocks and designated as mica 
 syenite and augite mica syenite. On the other hand, Adams found in 
 a series of rocks from Arnprior on the Ottiiwa river, a rock consisting 
 essentially of pyroxene, hornblende and scapolite and which he called 
 scapolite iliorite on account of its granular structure. Snnilarlyin the 
 Museum of the Geological Survey there were some scapolite-bearing 
 rocks from Ont.irio, liesignated as plagioclase scapolite diorite and 
 plagioelase scapolite amphibolite. Apparently these occurrences, as 
 Adams remarks, are not connected with the apatite deposits. Lacroix 
 later examined the same rock from Arnprior--. 
 
 Unfortunately I have been unable to consult the greater part of the 
 Canadian literature, but it is evident from what has l>een quoted al)Ove 
 that the views with regard to the Canadian apatite are very diverse. 
 
 Davidson and perhaps a few other geologists deny the occurrence of 
 
 apatiti; and pyroxenite in true vein.'--. According lu tht-tu the pyroxe 
 
APATITK «ND MICA NORTH OK OTTAWA 
 
 17 o 
 
 nite iti of the Mine age hh the gneiitii and atrntit. il conformalily with 
 it. The Apatite has been derived from iin original phosphoric ncitl 
 content of the Laurentian depotitit ; l)y their inetamorphoHis it cryttal- 
 lized out from the ' plantic mafpiiii.' 
 
 The ureater numljer of Canadian ((cologisti are agrc. I, howevor, A|«iiir. Stth 
 that both 'bedi' and veins of apatite occur, wliich cut the gneiMM th.. itii.i«». 
 strata in all possible directionM. Thfy rejrard the former a« deii I 
 from phosphoric acid in the rocks due to organic remains, the veins 
 being formed from a leaching out of this material, ».»•. by lateral secre- 
 tion. In connection with the organio urigin of the phosphoric acid 
 much weight is laid upon the occurren-'e of graphite in tho neighliour- 
 hood of the apatite and also (the graphite veins in the neighbourhood 
 cf Duckingimm on the Liivre river contain green apatite in compact 
 raa.sses], on tho occurrence of Eozoon fanadeiise in the Liurentian 
 limestones, and of certain iron ores in the Laurentian, the origin of 
 which is also supposed t4) l>e connected with the action of organisms. 
 
 Selwyn, Cost*', Mis, and also Hell, bring the formation of apatite <;''i.tii ri|»- 
 into genetic relation with that ot baste eruptive rocks {t-.i/. pyroxenite). ,„„| ,,y,,,x,.. 
 Ells speaks directly of a fumarole action which accompanied or fol- """■ 
 lowed their formation anil throui{li llie .iction of which upon the lime 
 of the pyroxene the apatite was formed. This view is very similar to 
 the theory put forwanl liy liroj.'t!er and Vogt to explain the formation 
 of the apatite veins of southern Norway. 
 
 Unfortunately the opportunities for the study of the occurrences of ivnimiu-cs 
 
 , , , , , , . II..W (litti( lilt 
 
 apatite are very much less a<lvanta;;eous than they were at the time tn-tii.l.v. 
 when the indu.stry was in a flourishing condition. Mo.^t of the mines 
 are under water and are inaccessible so that one is in many cases 
 contined entirely to the mateiial in theilumps. Kurtiier, most of the 
 works are in thick w(xxls, Sruugh which it is diflicult to travel and in 
 which exposures are rare. Certain favourable opportunities are found 
 where mica occurs in the neighbourho<xl of the apatite in quantity and 
 ([Uality, sutficient to justify mining operations which are now being 
 carrietl on. Such a locality is the Vavasour mine, which on account of 
 the very useful opportunities it offers for certain conclusions, will be 
 described somewhat in detail. 
 
 The Vavasour mine is situated al)out 14 miles from Ottawa. It is \'ava»our 
 an old mine which was originally worked for apatite, but at present 
 only for mica (phlogopite.) Roth minerals here occur in the same 
 veins and owe their formation undoubtedly to tho same process. A 
 
 12_o— 2 
 
18 o 
 
 OTTAWA VALLEY 
 
 numlM'r ol vein* were being wurkrd, which, with » itt-ep dip and » 
 strike »lmMt N. and M., are all no ne«r one •nother th«t the wh>iie 
 mine oocupiee but a very Niuall itren. The principal vein ha* boen o|>enMl 
 up hy cutting! to ii length of about 700 feet and in platen to a il»ptli 
 of about 50 feet. 
 
 u<oi<inwl 
 
 rrlatiuun. 
 
 li 
 
 h 
 
 The beitt iniiight into the gmlogical relationn in obtained at an open- 
 ing nt the wiuth-eiist kide of the mine property. Here there i« u 
 partially exhaunted and now alwndoned cutting in the gnei»H. The 
 gneiiN conaitts of light and dark layer*, the former conaiitinx in part 
 of red orthoclaMe with very much bent tleavage faces und iiiuih 
 <|uartz. In the darker layers the magnifying glaHS reveals much biotite, 
 some hornblende and quite sporadic.illy a grain of red garnet. The 
 strike of the gneist in N. and 8., the dip .'JO \V. The apatite vein par- 
 tiolly exposed by «iuttrrying has the same Ntrike, but dips, steeply to 
 the east so that the dip of the gneiss layers anil of the apatite vein 
 are almost perpendicular to one another. The thitknoNs of the v.-in 
 is about 1 ni. Its bonlcrH show up (juite sharply against the i ountry 
 rock ; in the gneiss no alterations due to contui't were oljserved. (\.t 
 the bottom of the exhausted cutting; and on remaining f rugnientK of the 
 iKirder of the vein one seex that directly upon the l>order plane pyroxene 
 crystals have formed, prismatically developed up to 6 cm. thick and 
 twice an long. The prism zone is almo.-4t perpendicular to the plane of 
 V.iii iiiij er.»l« contact. A second vein mineral is reddiNh-brown phlogopite.aUo usually 
 well crystallized, but sometimes in scaly aggregates filling out the spaces 
 between the pyroxenes. Everywhere one can discern that the pyroxene 
 is the earlier formed and the phlogopite the later formed mineral. In 
 places the two build a regular net-work the interspaces of which are 
 either empty or filled with a coarse-grained aggregate of re<ldish-coloured 
 calcite. The central main mass of the vein consists of the same cal- 
 cite and of gret>n apatite, the relative quantities of the two vary, the 
 former generally predominating. The apatite either exhibits the crys- 
 
 Ulline form a P | 1010 I P | 1011 [ with rounded edges and 
 
 corners, oi' forms large irregular lumps. The richer the vein is in calcite 
 the better is the apatite crystallized. Calcite crystals are entirely 
 absent. The sequence of the four vein minerals here is therefore: 
 pyroxene, phlogopite, apatite, calcite. The same relations appear on 
 the opposite edge, the vein is laterally symmetrical. 
 
 From this vein a narrow vein branches off into the gneiss 
 having a thickness of about 5 m. Its edges are alsi perfectly 
 sharply defined against the gneiss. The vein is symmetrically formed 
 
APATITK AWI) MHA NORTH Or OTTAWA 
 
 19 
 
 anil confiuu an the Mccompanying H«ur»« »ln>ws of two latural /unwi 
 
 n and l> alinoRt pi|ual in thiilcmxa 
 r"^.- "nd «' a coiilral part < alwiut 23 
 
 cm. thick ; (/ ix tlie gneinn. The »wo Ifc-riMii i, 
 lateral zones con,.«t of a verj- ',",',1.1.""'' 
 unifoi'iuly Krnnular iiiixlure of 
 ■ pyroxene, jihlogopite and apatite. 
 The iii/e of the grainii i« alioiit 
 4^/f-^^-;^i,^_* ♦ t- + ►. ♦ I " 1 — -niui. ry;oxfiieiitii| luirH 
 T "-;:"- -^-^---^^ -_ - present in about i<|uiil <|uiiM 
 
 "■■"■"" " apatite ii ihown unilt-r the i 
 
 »co\tti to lie (leridttUy Ics- in . 
 tity. Kvidentiy it ix a uut 
 agtjrejjate of tiniilar origin to that of tlif lateral p<jrtion8 of tlf •■^.' 
 vein, only the iiiineralM have lieen Hiniultaneously and lu-.rf ,, , 
 formal. The centra! portion .onsists of rmneU .irystaiiine »Ji„. 
 pure reddish and greenish apatite. 
 
 In other parta of the projH-rty th.- apatite bearing veins do » . at 
 gneiss, but pieces of country rock rollected from the dump (m-i ,!^. 
 directly from the mine are found to l>e typical scainilit.. gHl,)«,, i„ 
 tin- case of medium and ctmrse-grained varieties, it is a rock of i ! .iraljv 
 massive structurr and con8ist> of ulx.ut e<iual.|uaiititiesMf pynj.v ne — 
 partially uralitic- and of «-apolite. L'|K)n a first ijlunce it is sw, , ,#. « 
 
 iMwic Plutonic rock, and distinctly different from the -neis.. vioiw «* -i 
 
 with the irregular granular structure there i.s .i streaky ,re i *""' 
 
 m.my blocks, a.s is of very frc.|Uont occurrence in ^.'..l.bros. ,. j^tr 
 
 graphical description of thes." rmks will be given later. ) < li. count ot 
 the very few exposures and the short time spent in the districi. nothing 
 further can be said with respect to the distribution of the gal.l.ro. l" 
 certainly seems to be of no very great extent. It could not lie detei 
 mined whether it formed a little stock or a vein. 
 
 The vein consists essentially, as was described almve, of the periphora! 
 p<irtions made up of pyroxene and phlogopite, and the central part 
 cmsisting of apatite and calcite. Mining operations are confined to 
 those portions in which the pyroxene is in smaller quantity and the 
 phlogopite occurs in plates up to a square foot in size, and sometimes in 
 thick crystals. 
 
 From the relations observed in the \'avasour mine it may be con- 
 cluded that : 
 
 1. The apatite here occurs in true veins. That together with other mi. Ai«tite.K:our» 
 nerals it til's Gssures which cut through the gneiss and through a plutonic "' "■"" '*''"''• 
 12— o— 2J 
 
 
30 
 
 OTTAWA VALLKV 
 
 rock l«Iongifi« to the family of the gHbl.rtw «n«l that it i-xhibit. with 
 Himilnr nl» nmotct to the gneiwi »ii intrunlve chiir»cter. Thi» fact h«« imn oUer 
 MrRtn.i„... ved alMin many oth.r pUc. «. i« «vi.lent frou, th« lit«r.iture -.uoud 
 nbove. ElU mention the wnw relation* M occurring at the MaclUe 
 mine in Templeton town»hip, »t the Little Itapi'U mim and tay. fur- 
 ther 'At Crown Hill (mine) the great ma«w. of pyn.xfi.e have thrown 
 the gneJM .-ntirely out of ita nonnal nfMn.' HurrinKt-n ».»yH ; • A» 
 •xaniplea of ihii may Iw m«»ntiomil nn iiiip.rtant vein on the »e\<nth 
 lot of the rtmt ranti'' of Port, ml, th.- course of which i« N. !» W., 
 while the strike of thn country rock is N. 4.V W. On the nineteenth 
 lot of the ninth rantje of Templeton iho r.K.ks strik.- N. 40 K. and ne 
 travprntHl nearly at rijiht angles U> their strike by a vein of apatite. 
 AKain on lot fifteen of the eighth range of Templet..n are three veins, 
 whose courses are respe.tively X. 40' W.. N. fiO W.. and N. 67 W., 
 while that of the county r..ck is N. --'O" W. In «ome instances de|H.Mts 
 which look like interHtratine<l ls-<ls ii> plac- are here and there seen 
 to give off lau-ral l.i, inches which cut directly across the strike of these 
 rocK. . An example of this wa» notic <l at Mud Hay on the twelfth lot 
 of the eleventh rai.Ke of Templeton, in the case of an apatite vein 
 occurring in yarnetiferous gneiss.' 
 
 I niyi«lf have observed similar relations in a numl)er of (lif?erent 
 mines. AUve the London mint the garnetiferous gneiss is cut by a 
 large nun.l«r of pvrnxenite veins with very .lifferentstiikes. forming m 
 fact in some plac.-s a perfect net-« ork. In the lower openinK "t tlie Lon- 
 don min« the gneis. may be very clearly .seen thrown out of its normal 
 position along the apatite vein and bent over nearly at rinht angles. 
 Here, as Ells isiinted out above, in . ounecti.m with the formation ot 
 the cracks there seems to have taken piac no inconsiderable disturl;- 
 nnce of the position of the gn.'iss. The fact that the pyroxenite veins 
 cut through thegnoiH-s nl.nost at right angles is also, in the North Star 
 mine, very plainly visible. At the Emerald mine, a.s v.-;" be pointed 
 .mt later, gneiss and gabbro are cut by pegmatite veins, and these last 
 in their turn undoubtedly by apatite vein';. 
 
 That similar conditions exist in the apatite region. n.)t \ isitod by me, 
 
 south of tho OtUwa river in Ontario is seen by a profile, given by 
 
 Penrose, of the Foster mine, Frontenac county. Here aUo we have 
 
 cases of apatite veins having dips almost at righi angle.- to that of the 
 
 gTieis?!. 
 
 .\|atit.. v.ii,., 2. At the Vavasour mine tho apatite veins occur along with a 
 
 HUuy»accon.. gp,p^ijti,,ed gahbro. As many authors have statetl and as I was also 
 
 liyZ'' Jt...' able to prove without exception, the apatite veins are always accom- 
 
 I.imiliiii .mil 
 
 Ivillt-I.llll 
 
 ii.inri-. 
 
 M 
 
APATITK ASK MICA UOHTII v» OTTAW* 
 
 !l O 
 
 |NiniMi liy io caIIikI 'pyroxmltf' ; th»y •«*m to •• f"nri«l*.l with U« 
 
 ocurrancr, und th<> lint i|ut^liiin 
 <iH>iiiii to Im- A' to wh»i th««e 
 ■pyroxraitM' Ml'. 
 
 A portion <>f th«'in iin- <Joul»t 
 IvM ilitruxnf mkn of plUtnllll- , , 1 1 , 
 
 rijfiii Hwl iH'loriK in tin* f«iiiily ""•••" 
 
 Kh.. ^' S..ti.iii..! Ill 'if III' iiiiiii v>i -1 iikUk mill ilf«iKii'it«'<l lli'lli ii" 
 
 mill ii.irlli I i-i Mill- It K'l-t- 1 - Mill. , !.■ iiifli . ..I., ...■>.. 1... II 
 
 l.-ii,-. Kr..iit.ni. M,„„tx, I Int.; A, :.|..,i,i. ; li.ini -Vi'IilK' ami |ij fiX.'Ii-' m.iii 
 
 II. |.VI-. Ml": •'. imillliV k'll.l", .-.all 1 ^..,,„j|,,, ||,c..rt,iilirilM'still'l(M k- 
 
 imli u= T Ifi I. ^ , . 1 • « 1 
 
 i'\|M «'.l III till- iiiiiii» Are frr^li . 
 
 griHTiUly, li-i».vii. lli.'y nil' riiucli nitin";, wliiTi iiy (.nreioulnily i» 
 
 m>w foiiiiiiti.iii of MaiM.liti', lU tlir .-xi" n»i' "f till- MiK|.iir. Ii.i>< tiiki-n 
 
 pin..', ^uoh Miipi.liti- uiilioro- oriil roUtoil r'nii" I I'lm- .-..lliiii'il un-l i^;.,;!';:!'!;,,*;;','^ 
 
 HXiimiuc'd mitriwciipiiiilly fimn liu' N'liviisoiir, bmiliin. Kini'iaUl, Nnrtli n ..t i.i..|.i 
 
 Star, I'tiinii. lliali K'kU ami fiowi. Hill lllln.•^ ami fnmi ihi- l'ou|Kire 
 
 poiliilhi', ill >liort, limn aliiio.^t lU tin- apiititi' Ic^iilitii's viMiti-d, 
 
 Tlit-y fimn nil anulo^'Ui' to llie stciipniite ^jalilim of Hoiitlii-ni Norway, 
 
 with which also tiir otcuiifiico of apntitu veins iit coiim-cti' I. A tun 
 
 version of pyroxt-iio into liinwn liornlilendf, as is tlii- ca-f in the 
 
 Mj-called spotKii tiahl.rii from O.-deKanlcn, litiA not Ih'. n mot with to 
 
 iny knowledge. The pyroxeiifs ute partly iiltered to yreeii uialile, 
 
 but the changf seeiin to be indeiieiuleiit of the torination of thf 
 
 i.ilU. 
 
 npiitite veina. 
 
 Another portion of the ' pyroxenite ' hiw farmed in the crack." them- ^J;'_|;™'_"''" 
 selves, and constitutes mineral ag«rei,'ates, which, in general, arc of the 
 Hame aj{e as the apatite. Such a uniformly fjianular asjureanti' o' 
 pyroxene, phlogopite and apatite was mentioned in connection with 
 the small vein at the Vavasour mine. The composition and structure 
 of these masses is very varied. In some cases they can be distiiijjuish- 
 ed from the unalteretl plutonic rock at a first glance ; in other ca«e3 
 tliey are extraordinarily like these, not only macroscopically. but also 
 microscopically, being rich in scapolite, iVc, so that a dividing line 
 between the two classes of 'pyroxenite' can hardly l)e drawn- 
 This, in the nature of the ca.se, is not surprising. As eyamplefi, two 
 rases from the Emerald mine may here lie mentioned. In the 
 neighbourhood of the Belleau pit, and underneath the smithy, on the 
 
 ■-!1 
 
 i 
 
 I' 
 
22 o 
 
 OTTAWA TALLBT 
 
 »ein». 
 
 boundary of the Squawhill mine, the gabbro, whicli forms the main 
 hj^m.^ '^"'* "*"' °* **** "''"'^ *''"' '■ intersected by pegmatite veini, which are 
 widely diatributed throughout the whole region. They are granite 
 pegmatites, consisting essentially of quartz and microcline. At both 
 places the pegmatite is cut by narrow apatite veins, which exhibit a 
 
 symmetrical structure, asin 
 
 PeOMATITC 
 
 the accompanying figure. 
 The two outer zone.s about 
 10-12 cm. thick, sharply 
 defined against the peg- 
 matite, consist of such 
 ' pyroxenite.' The central 
 zone, about 30-40 cm. thick, 
 consists iif calcite and apa- 
 tite. The dividing lines between the ' pyro.xenite ' and the central zone 
 are not sharp ; many crystals of pyroxene, very well formed, penetrate 
 into the calcite, and in some places a gradual transition is found, caused 
 by increase of calcite and decrease of pyrt..<pne. The main part of the 
 ' pyroxenite ' i.s, however, a uniform, rather coarsegrained mineral 
 aggregate, which, under the niicioscope, is found to consist essentially 
 of augite and seapolite, and is hardly to be distinguished from many 
 altered plutonic rocks. Very beautiful examples of such ' pyroxenite' 
 xiur |.l.s selvages may be observed in the small opening near the Poupore post- 
 ,','i;;,;."" o'fice. The rwks rounded by glacial action show various gneisses, .some 
 tti ■.-. very rich in garnet, interlaniinated with .[uartzite and cut by a .scapo- 
 litised gabbro, which contains apatite in lumps and veins. The gnei.ss 
 also is cut by numerous fissures, often dwindling away to nothing, and 
 each of these is edged with a zone, as thick as one or two fingers, of 
 'pyroxenite,' consisting of individuals of augite set perpendicular to the 
 edge of the vein. The same pyroxenite zones are seen in the figure 
 on page 21, showing the apatite vein of the Foxton mine, aceording 
 to Penrose. 
 
 From what is said above, it follows that the masses, designated by 
 the gineral name of 'pyroxenite,' are genetically very diffeient. 
 Whereas in petrography one understands by the name pyroxenite a 
 primary plutonic rock consisting almost exclusively of memliers of the 
 augite family, we have here to deal n)ainly with altered gabl.ros and 
 secondary vein fillings, which are connected with the formation of the 
 apatite. 
 
 o. At the Vavasour mine there are essenti.vlly four minerals (see 
 Plate I) which constitute the vein material, pyroxene, phlogopite, apa- 
 
 i 
 
 if' '-'-^aM 
 
APATITK AND MICA NOIiTH OP OTTAWA 
 
 23 O 
 
 tite an<] calcite, and this order gives their relative time of formation. 
 Tiie pyroxene was the first formed and the calcite the last. This also 
 ol)tains in the main for the other mines examined by me, although one or 
 other of those minerals is sometimes present in comparatively small ([uan- 
 tity or entirely absent. Thus in the dumps of the Casca.!.. mine, I 
 found only truces of apatite, the workings l)eing carried on for mica ; in 
 the v.ins, cutting the diorite gabbro at S.,uth March, the pyroxene 
 seems t., be absent. The general character of the dike.s, however, is so 
 suuihir that they must surely have the .same origin. In many wcur- 
 renees feldspars play an important part, particularly a gray microcline, 
 which covers whole walls. I have .seen nothing of the large .lu.irl/. 
 masses which many authors mention. (.Quartz occurs only unimportantly. 
 There are in addition a large number of minerals which will be men- 
 tioned later. 
 
 In the large apatile mines upon the upper Li.Are river, I'nion, Hi-h l'vr..x..nit.-, 
 U.K:k, Cn.wn Hill, and in part North .Star, the above describe.! vein '; ';';'.'; '';;;;" 
 character occurs less distinctly. The 'pyroxenites ' here containirregu '"'■'-'■ ' 
 lar lumps and large pockets. .f n-ostly pure apatite and phlogopit.., while 
 calcit..is much mcr- subor.linate. Kr..m these, for the most part irregu- 
 larly bounded nias.ses of ai-atlte, there run oH' veins which are often TdFed 
 only with thin plates of nnca stan.ling perpen.licularly to the wails, 
 widening ou* here an.l there and then again cairying apatite. Tlic^ walls 
 of the mine are li.'r«! and there penetrated by a perfect network of su.h 
 little reins, or the whole pyroxenil.. is fairly impregnat.-d with apatite 
 and mi.a. Here indee.1 it is very dillicult to determine the lK>umlary 
 between .iltered plut.mic r.xk and later form.-d pyroxenite. Penrose 
 gives a number of .Irawiiig^ wlii.l, illustrate these relations very clearly. 
 
 Without -oi„g into a special liescription of the individual occurrencs, 
 -ertain i;nportant imImIs b.;aring upon the a.-nesis of these rocks may 
 be itidicated. 
 
 -Vs is evident from the literature already .[uoted, many authors speak Ap"f I'v.-s 
 of a ' bedd.'il ■ pyrox.Miite ami apatif and deduce from this thec.nclu m!";,;',";!,,!^ 
 sion that they are both of the same age as the Liurentian strata an.l 
 belong to a certain division of these. I have In-en unable in any liM-ality 
 to convince myself of this fact. That many veins are dev,'.|op,-,i as 
 bedd.'d veins ([.agergange), in part lilling crevices which in strike and 
 dip correspond with th.' gneiss, is correct; it is natural that 
 many cracks should be formed in the direction of least resistance. As 
 pro.>f of these deposits being of the same age as the neighbouring gneiss, 
 a certain parallel structure in the pyroxenite and in the apatite masses 
 oonnectefl with them has been pointed out, and further the fact that 
 
 I- 
 
 i; 
 
I ffl ■ If 
 ; 2 ■ I.: 
 
 
 
 ., 
 
 \ 
 
 f- 
 
 "- 
 
 
 M. ^ 
 
 24 
 
 OTTAWA VALI.EV 
 
 never ili^tiiic 
 Uy lieddt'd. 
 
 no sharp liiiu of deuiarkation exints between these latter and the gneiss, 
 that they pass o\er one into the other. 
 
 As far as the panillel structure is concerned, T concur exactly in the 
 
 view expressed by Penrose : 'Tlie 
 pyroxene rock is ne\er fuutid 
 ilistinctly Uddcd,' Ac. A paral- 
 lel structure at all couipHrabie 
 will) that of the ^inei.ss 1 lia\f 
 never found. That many veins 
 ('xliil)it ii laterally ^-yiiimetrical 
 fornintion has already been 
 pointed out in connection with 
 the Vavasour mine. A typical 
 exainjile from .Mud I'ny, Teiii- 
 pletoi. county, as given by Har- 
 rinfiton, is here figured. It i.s 
 a structure wliich is very well 
 known in the case of c a veins. 
 When such a vein is deposited 
 conformably between gneiss stra- 
 ta its own layers must naturally 
 be parallel with the 
 cleavage planes of 
 the gneiss. Another 
 example from the 
 Orant mine, also by 
 Harrington, exhibits 
 very regular alterna- 
 tions of layers of 
 apatite and pyroxene 
 alxjut j-inch thick ; 
 the structure, as Har- 
 rington points out, 
 reminds one strongly 
 of Eozoon. It is ex- 
 pressly stated that 
 the piece conies from 
 a ' vein.' Penrose • " 
 gives the accompany- 
 ing sketch of a pit in 
 
 Kijf. 5. VeiiiKtone sli.iwiiiR iilteriiat» layers ef aiPiitite the nei"hbourhood of 
 ■i\w\ pyrexellt'. ^ 
 
 V\)i. 1. ■'. ( 'all-it, ■ ami iiiira. >'. Fine 
 ^.Taiiietl liiit-a ill liialix- line-. « itli |'\ i"- 
 \eiie nnil little apatite. <. l*yri'\»ne. 
 ^'i-aniilai apatite, and a little mica, in tin*' 
 scait-H. anMnp*d in \va\y litM'> in the 
 cliivftien iif the vein. 'I. .Mita-iiyrovtne 
 and tiiin lay, r- ('t' apatite, ealcite an<' 
 niiea. 
 
••] 
 
 AIAIJIK AXIl MKA NOIMII (il- ollAUA 
 
 •^.J O 
 
 the KiiuTaid miiu,'. lltiv iviiit-nlly tlicr.^ iiv- \fitis in thi' |iyioxenilc 
 ttliirli in places ilwiiulli- iiway, uiui in utli.-c iil.ii>s \vi lea out uiul ai(- 
 
 l-l-i-;- 
 
 -l-I-W-M-l-l-l-M-l-l-l-l 
 -l-l-l-l-M-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-M-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-i-l-l 
 -l-I-l-lH-l-l-l-i-l-i-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-i-l-l-l-l-l-l 
 .|-l_l-i., _i-i-i-;-i-i-i-:-i-i-i-i-L-i-i-i-i-i-i-'- 
 ■- .i5 
 
 ;^l»H,i-i-i-i-i-i-i-i-i-l-i-i-i-i-i-|.|-i 
 
 J- l-i-l-l-|.i_l_ 1-1,1-1- 1-1-1- 
 
 'l-i-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-i-l-l-l-l-l 
 
 ^_|_ 1-1-1-1-1-1- 1- 1- 1. 1-1- l-i-i-i. 
 
 ' i I I I 1 I I I I I I 1 1 I - 
 
 V'lif. ti. S*'Cti«'n ill ;( pit iif.ii r' 
 O'lmitv. '.Ii;.-1h !■. ,1. A|i.-ilit' 
 i; fi-.t." 
 
 V.li' r:'l'! Mini- l!-...l.ilr. 
 
 '.. l'M..:,.iM-; .. ]■,■]■;■<■:, 
 
 . ' ltl:i«;. 
 1 mill ■ 
 
 filled with apiiliti-. iind ;u' 
 ma-is which was mineii. T 
 
 
 
 ' "^ I, ' i '~ i H 1 I iT^r aia., 
 
 Kip. 7. 0(i«*iiiiip in wi^t >iAt 
 of a liill iit-uf Smith'?- iiiint-, 
 ()."ii.. FioiitiMiac cniity. 
 Ont. II. ('imiitrv Syi'iiiti- ; 
 
 If, A]Kltitc, sf;l!i'. 1 llli-il - 
 
 L'4 f.-.t. 
 
 • jimnalily coiiiicclPil with a lar;.'e aiiatitc 
 III' parailel dii-fi'tinn nf tlie>«' has nntliiii^' to 
 do witii a stiatiliid u- >chisliise structure- 
 For foiiipaii.soii aticther ligiiri' by Piuin^i- ' 
 of a locality at !Sii;ith':? mine. Kiuatt'nac 
 ci.iuntv, i> <;iv('ii wluiv .such iiaralU'l a|Mtit(' 
 xeins cut the .syenite. In Plate IV. a piece 
 ot' vein from the Vavasour mine is siiown 
 whoso structure at first sight strongly le- 
 minds one of thestieaky structuieof ' Au- 
 gen-gnei.s.'^ From tiie description on |)age 19 
 it follows that it is essentially ditiV-rent 
 from it, however. The iiuotation froiii 
 Harrington mentioned on page 20 may In- 
 recalled, according to which from such 
 apparent 'beds,' fragments and veins run 
 into the gneiss strata. 
 
 With respect to the transition of the 
 pvro.Kenite into the neiglihouiing gneiss. 
 
 .\|„,iii.. 
 
 lUlllllJ 
 
 '\'I-Ilil' . 
 
26 o 
 
 OTTAWA VALLET 
 
 or 1-Hther the w.mt of sharp tleinarcation liptween the two, the 
 ociunences me veiy variuus. At the Vavasour mines there are veins 
 which cut through the gnoisi and whose holders areabsolutelv sharply 
 I'yrovvii'it'. "' ''*'''"''^- ^" "•;•«"• "O-"^' e.«.p«-Lially where vein formation of the nature 
 iiit . ,'ii.i«>. of 'pyroxenite' iKiider.-i on the gneisii, the boundaries arc indefinite, 
 and there is an app irent transition. This arise.«, as Penrose has already 
 pointed out, from impregnation of the gneiMS with vein material. 
 Later certain typical examples will he mentioned which leave no 
 doubt that such a process has actually taken place. Plate V 
 shows a \ ein granite from the London nune upon the spherical planes 
 of jointing of which pyroxene, ti iiite, pyrite, and apatite have been 
 later d.-posited. Similar ' leopard granite ' is found at Little Kapi.ls 
 and the North Star mine. Plate X fig. II jrives the iriioroscopic 
 appearance of a (luart/itc in which scapolitc, pyroxene, apatite, tte. have 
 been deposited in cracks. It is dillicult to form an idea as to how far 
 such a process h is taken pluce, as in the mines one sees only that part 
 of the gneiss exposed whi-li was directly in contact with the apatiteor 
 the pyrnxenite. At the North .Star, L'uion, and High l!cH;k mines, 
 ,'neiss(.s were col letted wliich \wreall rich in pyro.Kene ; a very curious 
 gneiss lik(,' agranulite an 1 rich in pyroxene, from the I.rt.ndon mine, will 
 be .le.scribed later. 1I,av far this .■■mtent <,f augite is to be attributed 
 to such secondary irapr.-njaion pinoessescan only .; determined when 
 these crystalline sLJiists can W: rnlluwed along their strike to consider- 
 able Jistiinces from t!ie ap.itite deposits. In what follows theref..re 
 only such cases ,ire introduced .is admit of no d.ulit regarding such a 
 process. 
 
 Still other facts which point to the vein nature of such apatite 
 deposit.'^ have been mentione.i by oilier authors. Thus, angular frag- 
 ments ,,f the country rock are found in the veins. On thodump ..f t'le 
 Murray pit, Ijmerald mine, I f..und fragments .f gabbro, as Luge a.s 
 ones lie.id, entirely encrusted with apatite. The vein mineral, them- 
 selves also exhibit occasionally su< h eticrustations. Plate II shows a 
 vein fragment from the l-".!iierald mine : ,i pyroxene crystal alx)ut 3 cm. 
 long and 2 cm. thick is surrounded by a coating of apatite about :]-i 
 mra. thick, the whole being embedded in coarser crystalline red.lish 
 calcite. Structures are thus produced such as are freipieLtly found in 
 ore veins and which are called cocarden structuie. 
 
 Further, urusy hollows occur, the walls of which are lined with well 
 crystfiliized vein minerals. Hairington ' gives a .series of such occur- 
 rences and mentions crystals of apatite a foot in length which were 
 collected from su.h druses. At the Vavasour mine the workmen 
 
 \*' ill llrllilr. 
 
 ■il ,ll«ltltf 
 
 l^|...Mt- |.r.. 
 1.:,1,1h. 
 
 . !; 
 
■J 
 
 APATITE AMD MICA 50RTH OF OTTAWA 
 
 ■27 
 
 showe.) me a piece of auoh a druse, the wall of which was lined entirely 
 with little quartz crystals. When Dr. El!!i and I were viaitinR Hrowna' 
 mine, the owner told us of such a drusy cavity which had b.-en cut 
 into a short tirae before. 
 
 All thesf peculiarities and the similarity in mineral content of all 
 the deposits of ipatit.- in the province of Quebe.; known t<> me. l.a.J 
 tj the lj<-lief that they are all of the same oriitin and younger than 
 iheassofiat8dgnei8«>s. They are iKcordiii«ly true veins which have 
 been formefl in the same way as all other ore \eins, 
 
 Thi; Vfin .\[iHi'rnl.i. 
 
 The minerals formin« the principal part of the vein tillini; ar • V, ;..„„iM.,als, 
 pyroxene, mica (piiloijopite), apatite, calcite, and some feid>p,-ir ' )f 
 less importance are amphibole (actinolite), tourmal.ne, scapolite, 
 titanile, and various nietallic sulphides. Further, Harrinj,'ton ^dves a' 
 Ions; list of other minerals, i.e. (luorspar, <iuartz, garnet, epidote, 
 iilocra.se, zirkon, prelinite, cubuzite, molybdenite, ^'nipliite, .vc, of 
 which I only observed a few during my very short visit. Harrini^toii 
 has described all these minerals very ihor.)U';lii\. and they may 
 therefore here be passed ever in a few words. 
 
 Pyroxene is the minerul which accompanies the apatite mo.st re- 
 gularly and in greatest ((uantity. I saw only one apatite locality in 
 which it seemed to be absent, ac least Dr. Klls and I failed to find it, 
 although we made a special search for it, Heie there were a .series of 
 small veins runniug through the diorite, near the railway stati(m at 
 South March, not far from Ottawa. An opening was made for the 
 purpose of mining mica, but w.-is soon abandoned as the mica was not 
 very fresh, in consequence of which it had lost its elasticity. In these 
 veins only mica, aj)atite and calcite were pn^sent. 
 
 The (lyroxene occurs in the apatite vein.s, partly well crystallized, .•,y-,.,iii...,i 
 and p.irtly massive as in the ' pyroxenite.' Here only the former will be ''7'" 
 dealt with. The crystals are found ]>rincipally in such deposits as may '' " 
 be said to be typically -eins, and which contain much calcite. Tlies. 
 veins best exhibit the order of age as given in connection with the 
 Vavasour mine ; pyroxene mica, and apatite are the best developed 
 and, lK>ing the oldest, are found directly on the border of the vein (the 
 contact). The crystals are usually dark gresn : the surface is rough 
 and dull ; the faces, especially the terminal ones, often appearing Is 
 though corode<l. On planes of fracture they look very like dark green 
 bottie glass. Almost without exception, they exhibit a very perfect 
 
 I'Xfllf !M 
 
1 I 
 
 28 o 
 
 OTTAWA VALLEY 
 
 U 
 
 jji-py iivri'\fi 
 fii'iii 'IViiipl 
 
 cleavage parallel to oP, in which tUrection the crystals generally lireak 
 on being xtruck. Crystals which I collected ut the Cascade mine are 
 about cui. thick and 0-10 cm. lon,i{. They exhibit the forms 
 
 »p }iio|«Pi ioiojaoPx jiooj+pjiii} +P* 
 
 I 101 I —P I 1 1 1 [ and i.P I 001 | iis in fig. 8. 
 
 Simictiuies +-'P j '2i\ V 
 
 is iilwi present. The clino- 
 pinai'oid is always very 
 iiarritw ; the other faces 
 of the prism zone about 
 ecjually developed, or 
 r. P 5c jiredominating. 
 At tlio Emerald mine, 
 there occur also almost 
 black crystals perfectly 
 developed and ciribedtkd in 
 calcite. Harrin<,'toii ' men- 
 tions also very light colour- 
 ed grayish-white pyroxene. 
 The analysis of a variety 
 of grey pyroxene from 
 Templeton township gave, 
 
 Fk;. .**. Pvrnxt-nf cry-tal frcMii tlie Ca^'cinl** mint*. 
 
 according to Harrington, the composition : 
 
 SiO, 
 
 Al.Jt 
 
 ¥>J>,. 
 
 F.-O 
 
 1. 
 
 ."nix" 
 
 4 W 
 
 0-97 
 
 1 iMi 
 
 II. 
 
 4.S 24 
 
 2 ' ."» 
 
 ;u 
 
 15.-1 
 
 >tii( ) 
 
 (II.-. 
 
 12 
 
 Mk<) 
 
 fill » 
 
 Xa ( 1 
 
 i.-.w 
 
 2»-44 
 
 i-j 
 
 21 *1 
 
 24 HI 
 
 2n 
 
 K..O 
 
 r.ri)ss on iznition 
 
 TiO 
 
 1 44 
 
 n 33 
 
 100 411 100(10 
 
 Under II are given the molecular proportion-s, calculated to 100, 
 and leaving out the loss on ignition. According to these, the propor- 
 tions are as below : 
 
 f 'a< ) : (M j? M n Fe) <) 2.* .".S : 24 .S4 
 
 i-ik^flil 
 
o'****,"! 
 
 APAIITK AND MICA NOltTII OK OTT.< WA 
 
 29 
 
 that is, almost exactly 1:1. Further, 
 
 ((' K.MkMiiIO -•= 4H ;<7 
 
 (Al K.'l, »), = 2 H'( 
 (K Xalj o = •):.<> 
 
 and the molecules falculatn out as follows : 
 
 1 (HI (K Nil 
 
 (Kr. 
 
 \1 
 
 1 Si 
 
 ( (^ 
 
 = :i ■'■' ix-r Cfiit 
 
 2:l!i M« 
 
 Al. 
 
 
 Si 
 
 '■I 
 
 = ■) m; ., 
 
 1 .-.8 K.- 
 
 f.'ii 
 
 
 Si 
 
 
 - :i sH 
 
 I-.' Mn 
 
 «'a 
 
 
 Si 
 
 
 ^ 4r> 
 
 lit 17 Mk 
 
 (\\ 
 
 
 Si 
 
 
 = 73 HI „ 
 
 is.-, Ci 
 
 Ca 
 
 
 Si 
 
 ( ►,, 
 
 - - 111 .. 
 
 The tilicii is for this ooiiiposition nlK)Ut 2 i:i luolerulur peiinnt 
 too low. This is, perhaps, caused t)y the fact that titanic acid is 
 present and was weighed with the alumina. .Vt any rate, this 
 pyroxene is very close to diopsido, the pure diopside molecule, Mg Ca 
 Sij O,,, requiring 55 55 iSK),, 20 'J3 Ca(J and 18 52 MgO. 
 
 I'hlogopite is a second mineral almost invariably accompanying the 'JIJ'^^'I'V' "' "' 
 apatite; many of the mines which wcio formerly worked for apatite iin-'iMiunyini.' 
 beini; now worked for mica. The mineral is of several shades of brown, '''' '" ' 
 varying from light brownish-yellow, through ruddish brown, to dark 
 chestnut-brown: the most common varieties are about the colour nf 
 dark amber. Ci'ystals are e.xtremely common and in part of gigantic 
 dimensions (more than 1 foot in diameter). Plates 10-15 cm. in t'ia. 
 meter are quite common. The peripheral faces arc always very rough 
 and could not l>e determined with the contact gonimctei- with sutli. 
 cient exactness ; sometimes twining forms are very common. Cleavage 
 lamelhi' exhibit no evident pleochroism and in convergent light give a 
 dark cruss which in the specimens examined from V'ava.sour, North 
 Star, Ca.scade, I'nion, lirowns', Fleury's mines and South March did 
 not open up to hyperbolas, at least the axial angle is very small. 
 Also the inclination <i the acute bisectrix to the normal to OP is very 
 small. 
 
 I examined a series of these micas for lluorine and lithium, as these Mica.v.inn 
 
 , , . . ijfd lur tii.o- 
 
 seemed to be important in connection with the question ot ttie origm ,.,,„. ,i,„| 
 of these vein minerals. For the recognition of lithium the micas 'it'"'""- 
 were simply ignited in the Bunsen tiame, and the red line of lithium 
 was observed in the spectroscope in the case of the occurrences at 
 Vavasour, Fleury, North Star and Cascade mines. A mica from 
 the Union mine did not give tiic ifHclion. For the recosnitiun of 
 tluorine about 1 gram of the mica was fused with sodium potassium 
 oarlwnate, the fusion dissolved in hot «ater and the insoluble material 
 
 ■ail 
 
 i i\ 
 
in 
 
 t: I 
 
 I Hi 
 
 ill. 
 1 1 ! i { 
 
 r.^ 
 
 •I 
 
 1: n 
 
 h n 
 
 Analy!4ii« of 
 
 [■hli>|fn|>itf 
 
 fiimi Sinith 
 
 .1 
 
 30 O OTTAWA VAUir 
 
 filtered off. In the filtrate the Hilica ami alumina were preoipitatetl 
 with ammonium carl«nate, the filtrate acidified with hydrochloric 
 acid, the CO, driven off by boiling, the liquid neutralized with ammo- 
 nia, and the fluorine pretipitated an calciun> fluoride by roeanii of cal- 
 cium chloride. From the micas from Vavasour, Union, Fleury and 
 Nortli .Star mines a heavy flocculent precipitate was obtained which 
 when burned with the filter and treated with concentrated iulphuric 
 acid gave a strong etching reaction on giuw. A mica from the Cas- 
 cade mine gave, on the contrary, only a slight opalescence. The Can- 
 cade mine is at present an abandoned working, that was only worked 
 for mica, while judging frgm the material on the dump, apatite is 
 entirely absent. 
 
 No analysis of phlojjopite from apatite mines north of the Ottawa 
 river is known to me. On the other hand iin analysis by Clarke and 
 Schneider- ' in published of the phlogopite from South Hurgiss, On:., so 
 well known on account of its inclusions and its beautiful asterism. 
 Under I its composition is given : — 
 
 I. II. 
 
 ^'^h ;«• WJ 40 24 
 
 I'l'^a "■■•H o-.Vi 
 
 Ali<V. 17(1.. 12 jxj 
 
 *]'j"> »-n 7 r,: 
 
 !'"•■" iiifi 21.-, 
 
 M|f'» 2ii'4!t Zi-"! 
 
 B»<> or.2 
 
 ^a'» o:i^. 
 
 ^'"yO irm 
 
 Kv<J !»■!»: 
 
 V:''^ -'■'••y (W(i.K)«oii i^.) 
 
 r 't-'t^ 
 
 'V>. '.'.."..'.'..'. tmo 
 
 Ti't:ll iHCtU) 
 
 — O !M 
 
 il'.l IKi 
 
 Under II is the analysis of a phlogopite from the apatite veins of 
 Oedegarden, Southern Norway. - * Unfortunately it is incomplete, the 
 determination of the alkalies being wantinj;, but lithia and fluorine 
 are probably absent. 
 
 Analysis I is that of a typical phlogopite, but the silica is just a 
 little low. The small (juantity of iron and the large quantities of 
 magnesia and of fluorine are, however, characteristic. The last allies 
 
.XHATl-tE AM> MICA XoliTII (.!■ OIIWVA 
 
 •M O 
 
 the mica cicely t-. t).« lluor mic«», /innw^Mite an.l lepicl.,lit*. 
 CUrke and Hchiipider ciikulato for it the t'oiimilii ; 
 AKHio,), Mk K II, . AI,(Si...), M^ K,.\!tfK.i 
 combining tl.e TiO, with the SiO„ th- Fe.r. with tho Al O th. 
 F,-0 and U«0 with the M«( ) ««.! the Na ( . ^ ith tl„. K ..O. The'. „m 
 position calculated from the lonniiltt au'.Tfs with that found upon 
 analyHLs very well. A calculation of analyses I and II for purpose, 
 of comparw-m gave, in nioiwular proportions : 
 
 I. II. 
 
 iKv.MK'liaCuM) . 
 
 WHO 
 
 II li;-«4 
 
 W.l\ 
 
 (I liTiC 
 II 1741. 
 
 I) iMs;; 
 
 Cttl.ulated to molecular percentage,, thf dillireiaos are, ot eour.se 
 NUialler. ' 
 
 The much discu.«se.l inclusions which cause the l)eautiful asterisn. in In 
 the mica trom .South liurges.s are e.xcellently vei. in the micas from "" 
 ^orth 8tar, Union, Fleury and Cascade mines : the n.ica from the 
 -North Star mine in particular contains them with relatively very large 
 dunenaions and of great l^eauty. These inclusions were fust dcscrilKnl 
 and figured in detail in the mica from South Hurgess l,y <i. Hose. - " The 
 figures given leave no doul.t that they are identical w'ith the inclusions 
 in the phlogopite from the North Star mim-, Ho,e ..riginally con- 
 s.dered the mineral to Iv disthene, but .subse.,uentlv concurred in the 
 opinion of de Cloizeau.x that they were a uniaxial mica. TschennaU - '• 
 later describerl the inclusions and the a.sterism of a phlogopite from 
 Perth. He remarks that from their refraction and form they could 
 not l)e a mica, but that he was unable to determine their real nature. 
 In 1882 Sandberger- • examined a phlogopite from Ontario. Vccord 
 ing to hira the inclu.sions were contained onlv in the decomposed ..or- 
 tions of the mica, which were recognized bv white spots on the cleavage 
 faces ; the bright brown fresh portions of the mica on the other hand 
 did not contain them. ' The chemical analysis showed that the almost 
 colourles-s needles consisted of pure titanic acid. ' 
 
 Lacroix^- described the needle-like inclusions from a black mica fron, 
 lempleton, which contained neither Muorine nor lithium. For their 
 isolation the mica was treated in a closed glass vessel with cone- trated 
 hydrochloric acid at a temperature of 250 , and the remaining Hon 
 of sihoa which contained the „ep,)!.. was dissolved in a solution of 
 caustic potash. The inclusions obtained in this way were fused with 
 caustic potash, the mass dissolved in hydrochloric acid, and by warming 
 
\' l\ 
 
 t: 
 il. 
 
 i 
 
 
 32 
 
 OlT*WA VALLKY 
 
 with x^ne n vinlet colour was olitairiMl which inilic«t(xl tit«niuin. 
 Further thoilexoription of the rec'tnni{uli\r(»n<l uppnn-nlly heiiilmorphic 
 form of certnin of thi'>ie ini'luitioim uijret'M very well with that of the 
 incluMJoiii ob«prveil nt the Nortli Httir mine. 
 
 ItoMenliusch- ' mentions in thme Ckinuliun iiiicitt, rutile nn<l touriim- 
 line m-etllen which in thu ^'iiuii' way iitn lirriinKod at iinnle>« of M »nd 
 cauin aHteri<<ii). 
 
 Hi'Ciiniliirv tm 
 tiirt- of iiK')ii- 
 ^I'liiN in tiiini 
 iiiipr.'lHit'lf. 
 
 lihi; 
 
 It iiiUHt he eiiieeially iiientinneil that th<- micaii carryinK itiilunionH 
 whii'h I iollect«l, were alitoluteiy frt-Hli an<l elantii- : only such iire of 
 commercial value and are minwl. It Necmx to me therefore very 
 iiiipi-olwble that the inclutions are of a nciondary nature an many 
 author" consider them to be; I conHider them to Im- of primary form- 
 ation. Their shapes are very varied. .Most of them form line nee<lleH 
 often of Astoninhint; length. In the raioa of the Xnr'.h .*«inrmineHu>.li 
 neeilles were observed more than 1 cu). long, and of a lliickneRH which 
 under a mHKni'iyinK \'ovrr of 70 apjieared to !»• ei|ual to the crosN 
 liairsf in the eye piece (eye piece .1, objective ".', Fuen".). HometinieM 
 thcv Hwell out. i-sjiecinlly towanis the encU, into a we<lge -hape, or they 
 attain what Tsclierniak has calle<l tobaccopiiie shap<'. Other forms 
 are .short and rectangular, 8i.x-side<l, and then always elonL'ated very 
 much on one -iile, also eiyht sidwl, often ajiparently heminiorphic, also 
 i|ua(lraticor sliJirply rliomlKiidal. Contact twins are not uncommcm, 
 the twinnin<< piano bein|i{ one of the boundinij face.s, the extinctiofi of 
 both individuals V)eini5 parallel to the division. 
 
 The accimipaiiyins sketch, Fig. :!. Plate .\, gives an idea of the 
 t incln-i.m-. e.vtraordinary and viu yin;: forms. I have measured a laru'c numl)er of 
 
 an;;lcs with the eye piece 
 goniometer of a large 
 Fuess microscope. In .spite 
 of the fact of the sharp 
 outlines reducing the 
 errors of observation to a 
 minimum, I hardly found 
 two apparently similar 
 little blades to p<jssegs the 
 same values, so that the 
 foiin gives little indication 
 for the determination of 
 their true character. 
 
 The little plates are ex- 
 tiaordinarily thin and by 
 
 Var>'ini:f'inn' 
 
 ill 
 
APMITK \J»I» MHV4 NOHTH OV oriAtt* 
 
 33o 
 
 illuiiiinatiun with i.itiiriHrjr lixlit t\wy kiv |«aI.' Nfwtoriinn colour. ; Im- 
 UUhI iirul >(u»|)«!mlwl in wnter.tlu- iiitorf«rf<nce eolouis .irediMinctly more 
 brilliont. Xewllei inv»rial.ly e\hil)it iwrallrl pxtinction. tli« l,,i...r 
 eliiMticity ci.iiicidin« without excfption with fh.ir l.mu ft\is. The 
 rectitnguliir, nix-sided, and rhoiiilK)idiil foriniiiiUof\tin«uii»h |MiiHllel to 
 one of thi'ir ednPH, t<pn«>ii»ll.v the lon^piit ; xoiiietiiurii the «iviiter nnd 
 KiiiietiiiieH tlie lH»»er elMticity in in thindin-ction. Ihw iK.utidiim lin.n 
 »re »'Xtni.»rdin«rily .harp, hut i.ot very l.rcmd, mi thiii ih<' r.'fni.tive 
 index cuniiot \>k much «ri'.itPr thnn timt of the mica. LittI*. ii.edU-H 
 whii'ii bv u nm^'niticiit ion of ;iUO (eye piece .1. ol.jc.tivf 7, Kues. ) appear, 
 ed hardly thicker than one of the cronii h«iiM, were .till tian.parent. 
 
 It is therefore v.ry unlikely ihni they are nitile, hs i, imunlv .up 
 
 p<we<l. 
 
 The imlu.sicms have the usual rejifular arranKenieiit, and the a.t.riini 
 of the mica i. occasioned l.y them. They are alpsolutely uiiatti.cked 
 hy hydrotluoric acid. Thin plate* of mica treated foi several Imur. 
 with dilute II F ixhihited reKulai >ix side«l etched li;,'ure« : in place. 
 where the mica ha.s lieen eaten completely thr<.UKli,the needlis r.'inaine<l 
 i|uite unattacked. They may, therefoie, Iw easily is.ila(ed with HI'. 
 If they are ruWlnsd with the tinker on a wat.h slais they .cratch it 
 distinctly. Ignitetl for a short time in a platinum M|>.K)n M»r<- the 
 hlnst lamp they Ixcome cloudy and by reflected liKht dull white, and 
 suspended in water exhibit no eflfect upon |Hilari!ii-d lij{ht. Piot. y^ 
 Jannasch in HeidtlberK had U-en gOKl .iiouKh to make the followin!; "' ' 
 report upon an inve.tiKation which he made up<m ji small .[uantity im- 
 of these inclusions isolated by me ; • There was only OMM of u srain »o 
 that a ijuantitalive analysis could no' lie made. Fused with l!,l), 
 they gave a clear ylass, in wliich no: the smallest .[uanlity ..f silica 
 could be detected. The mineral is therefore not a silicate. The NH 
 precipitate consisted of white voluminous Mocks. For separating,' Fe 
 and Al the so«ia fusion was cmployetl. There was no alumina but the 
 mixture consists of a rare caitli, traces of iron and some Ti< • . (yellow 
 colouration in *he acid solution with H„(J.). The ran' e.irth I'ives 
 with soda in excess a completely insoluble whit(! precipitate. From 
 some preliminary reactions it exhibits the greatest r< semblance to 
 /irconia. It seems, however, to U- a mixture of two rare earths. 
 Besides the above nientioned compounds potash and soda were present 
 in weit;hable i|uantitie8. « Mi beating a sample of the mineral with 
 concentrated II. ^.S»)^ on the water-bath no reaction takes place, there 
 fore fluorine must be absent. Uy driving off the .SO ; ilecompo«ition 
 takes place. A small (luantity tested with CaF„ -i- K ,Si ». ;_'hvm no 
 B.,(),, colouration. Pnibably water is also present. The ouanlitv of 
 ll>_o_3 ' 
 
 iiiiiiiiatioii 
 noliii-ioiiH 
 
 cti. 
 
I ! 
 
 S4 e 
 
 OTTAWA VALLKT 
 
 iiMeri|itHHi 
 it|«tit)- 
 • ryiataU. 
 
 of 
 
 Aiialytaii- 111 
 I anuiliuii 
 
 .i|':ititf». 
 
 I H 
 
 1 |i 
 
 I -Ii 
 
 :!j 
 
 H 
 
 
 *v\»tmx* U moeh too •niall to chamctorixe tb<- liodic* (ound. K\i- 
 atiiclj • iniMnI conUining miv Mrthn i* prcMnt. A r.iore fXMt in 
 vMti^Mtion with ■ulBoiant uiat«ri»l I consider to b« vtry imporuiit, 
 if you will (uppl^ DM* with this I Khali be n\tA to carry out an auljmii.' 
 I'poa lieioK farther Mked whether the rare earth could nut be Tio.. 
 nlone, he replied that it could not, ax the H,(>, reaction was much 
 tiK> weak. I am now buay iM>lating a larger quantity of incluaion* 
 from udclititional ipeoimena of iiiioa kindly lent to me by Dr. i>aw«on. 
 
 AiMtlu tryitaU are gi-nerally found in vein* rirh in caloito ; they 
 
 alway* exhibit a iiimple form « P | 1010 | P | 1011 | : the bainl end 
 
 fncei I have never Men here, while they teem to be generally pretent 
 in ■•peciroens from Kenfi^w. The edge* and oorneniare very often 
 rounded, which ii referred by many authore to the action of wime 
 Mlvent. I have examined nome luch cryttaU without luccets for 
 i»uhed riijure*. The colour in generally green, light graw-green to 
 (lark blue-green, alio bruwnish-green to brown. The maeaive portions 
 are in part loamely crynUlline (sparry) and exhibit a fairly perfect 
 rieavage. The cryitalu aometime* atuin a length of fievenil fet-t : from 
 ••ome pocketi in 'pyroxenite,' maue8 up to 1,000 tons in wpight 
 have been found. A curiouD variety i« the nugar-granular apatite : it 
 conti.HH of a tini', aimoHt white, aggregate of apatite grainx, in pui't xo 
 .«oft i.« to I* rubbed olT by the hand. Under the micmscope a variety 
 from the Little Ilapids mine exbibitH irregular angular or rounded 
 forun, pretty evenly nized, and among them there is n very little 
 pyroxene :ind calcite. 
 
 A o'liesi of analysis of Canadian apatites have been puliiislieil l)v 
 Hoffmann ■", Carnoi ■", and Voelcker-''^ : 
 
 
 1. 
 
 II. 
 
 III. 
 
 IV. 
 
 V. 
 
 VI. 
 
 VII 
 
 Mil. 
 
 l.\ 
 
 '■."• 
 
 ♦ti .t; 
 
 41 IIN 
 
 :t!i II.-. 
 
 II 11 
 
 •0 s7 
 
 (II .•■'.' 
 
 411 M 
 
 • 1 .--1 
 
 11 lit 
 
 1 ■ . . . 
 
 . n m 
 
 :< IT 
 
 ;< 7'.i 
 
 :t .sti 
 
 :i 7;t 
 
 :< :<s 
 
 :\ .v> 
 
 1 ill 
 
 1 17 
 
 (•! 
 
 II II 
 
 n -.111 
 
 II IS 
 
 i: i'l 
 
 II 4;< 
 
 II if.i 
 
 II m 
 
 II ;t7 
 
 4-.' 
 
 Cm.. 
 
 II ii^< 
 
 ii:iT 
 
 II Id 
 
 II '.•.; 
 
 11 
 
 II Sli 
 
 II w> 
 
 ■•■.•m 
 
 •-• :i! 
 
 ( '.»' '. . 
 
 47 .h:! 
 
 411 Hi 
 
 4ti :w 
 
 4!t :m 
 
 «.>< 4H 
 
 4!l >M 
 
 111 10 
 
 .V.' mi 
 
 .V.> IK) 
 
 (■( . . 
 
 :i ::t 
 
 3 MO 
 
 4 Lll 
 
 4 -.Ii 
 
 4 17 
 
 A liO 
 
 .•i 7ii 
 
 — 
 
 
 .M,f<'. 
 
 II 15 
 
 •» rr. 
 
 (I .Vi 
 
 I.H 
 
 ii; 
 
 II L'l 
 
 II iiL> 
 
 TniCf 
 
 TI-..C" 
 
 \^" 
 
 (1 lii 
 
 II 71 
 
 1 I'.l 
 
 II .-.7 
 
 X* 
 
 0-.'7 
 
 II .-.7 
 
 
 
 r - 1 » 
 
 111.-. 
 
 i:i 
 
 1 •.II 
 
 noil 
 
 II '.11 
 
 II IM 
 
 II i:i 
 
 II L".'" 
 
 :*)> 
 
 h - .;. . 
 
 :i .<:i 
 
 II ;t7 
 
 ;i I'.t 
 
 iim; 
 
 1 i."i 
 
 1 r,:i 
 
 II K\ 
 
 II :<o 
 
 = .Sil 1, 
 
 :;7 
 S.I I 
 
 Yt,,. 
 
 Mil .M 
 
 w,\ 
 
 imi .•■:! 
 
 !i!l .S'.l 
 
 IIH) .Vi 
 
 !«• lis 
 
 w :•:( 
 
 
 
 V. -. . 1 :iii K.o 
 
 t with 1 lN) k.-O. 
 
 wmo' 
 
AMTITK AND MHA \OKTH 0»' OTTAM A SA 
 
 I. Aiwliti' fhMii l>.i U, r»i>ir> li, l..Hii.|ii|, ,,f ,Hi..rriMi(H.i, ||.>|f.„iiim. 
 
 in 
 
 IV. 
 V. 
 
 VI. 
 
 vn 
 
 Vill 
 
 i\ 
 
 liratil mini, t>>Hn«lii|>ii( lliii:kiiiKli,iiii 
 
 \"i lii, riiiiK' 3, t'i»o»hit>i>( X,.tfh IturK... .. 
 
 Kili'liir liiitH. t<iHii>lii|iiil I'oiilniirl 
 
 l"I Itl.fHlllCi' I'l, t.i»li«hi|i..f Irf.MKdl. 111.1111(1 • 
 
 Watt- until-. tnHii.|ii|.i.r r..rtliiriil 
 
 • il-ctor ■ I'll. Imhii»IiI|> i.( Tiiii|.li'l..ii 
 
 Inn.r (wrl i>( u clurk gpni <it.tul fmu, 'I',.!,,!,!, t.,ii CuiH.t. 
 
 fJiiiii |«i( .■( thi' -luiif cry.iiil. fWiid. 
 
 Two nimlyxAx of r»n»<li»[: apAtiti by Voelcker g»\- 
 
 M..i.Ilm- , 
 
 tym« III! ilflliriDh . 
 < .« I'.M. 
 
 ^■.'» . 
 
 ln-"l. rf* 
 
 C.iK 
 
 .\ 
 
 .\l 
 
 II III 
 
 
 n i*."i 
 
 
 M<i :k; 
 
 ■•1 :ii 
 
 II .M 
 
 
 • 1 It 
 
 " 7't 
 
 1 .".t 
 
 .". 11.1 
 
 II I'l 
 
 
 » II 
 
 II .'1 
 
 II !V, 
 
 11 '.'• 
 
 •> \:< 
 
 II '.I*! 
 
 1 ri' 
 
 .1 .1- 
 
 lt«» 1;. 
 
 tlltl :,n 
 
 \ 
 
 VI 
 
 \ll VIM 
 
 IN 
 
 \. 
 
 " Ik; 
 
 It '1;; 
 
 T ;*• -J \s 
 
 L' HI 
 
 1 ."il 
 
 1 (17 
 
 11 i;< 
 
 II m; II .'.N 
 
 II *>t; 
 
 •1 It 
 
 lU! 
 
 *.ts 
 
 !i».t s-» 
 
 Ml 
 
 .,- 
 
 Kviiieiitly all the analyxe^ liuve not l»««en iimiie upon iiiatfriul fiei- m 
 fiom inclusions. Thf difteicnce in t\\<- amount of tluorim- in the first '"_ 
 >even Hnalyne* to that shown in thoiw followint; in reinai-kulile. ("er- >!' 
 taiiily in these fir»t ones the detvriuinations are too hiKti. Since pure 
 tluorii|iutite tontains only .'t-TT I', it is inijKjssible that :» 79 F in 
 analysis III witli an insolulile residue of .'I^U can be correct. From 
 the 4Uiintitie.s of F and CI present may I*' calculated : 
 
 I II III l\ V VI \ II VIM IN \. \| 
 
 • 'iiK. li sii 7 1:1 T Ts 7 '.';t 
 
 CiCI, ... 11 lili II 41 11 71 (• 'M< 
 
 f'iiK.iii m '.i."i !i| '.Ni 
 
 The Canadian apatiie.s arc therefore distinf'ui^'hed by a very high pro- 
 portion ofHuorine ; in part they are almost pure tluorapatite : the 
 {■ropurtion of fluorine moletulf to chlorine molecule is always i;reater 
 than 4:1. The same is true of the apatite in tin ore veins and of the 
 apatite and phosphorit«> which are also vein formations, partly in 
 granite, in the province of Estreinadura, in Spain. In contrast with 
 this are the vein apatites of southern Norway, almost free from tluurine. 
 In twenty crystals from Kr.isjrr.H', Voolcker couid not r.-toi^iiiat- 
 fluorine. 
 
 1 2— 0-3J 
 
 Ulltllv>f'»MOt 
 
 ■•* fr.»iii ill 
 
 i»i'>n-. 
 
 A: 
 
1 i i; 
 
 j * ■ s I ' 
 
 'i' 
 
 
 36 o 
 
 OTTAWA VALLEY 
 
 Vnlcit>- is,ii8 has already been stated, always the latest formed iiiiiieial 
 in the veins ; 1 have never seen crystals, the mineral forming a coar>e- 
 grained moat!y reddish coloured aggregate in the central part of tiie 
 veins in which the finest apatite crystals oc i:r. . It is peculiar that 
 many apatite crystals possess a nut-' os ,,-; . nioite. This may be 
 explained by the former mineral havin . a s!>rt of sk^'letu,' growth and 
 the resulting cavities having been fillp'. up i iter witli c« oite. 
 
 Kel<li.i«ir8..f -f'*^*;""'" are I'Xtremely common in 1^- ■>' pi'ncnces of apatite. It 
 "Irm'u" witli '" ^^P^^'^^'y * grey-coloured microcline, forming coarsely crystalline 
 
 aiuitit*'. 
 
 aggregates which in many places cover large surfaces nf the walls of 
 mines. At the Cascade mine I found crystals of a plagioclase exhil)it- 
 
 ing the facs OP | 001 I ocPX | 010 I y. ?' I 110 | y. ' ? 
 I 110 I crPj I 130 I ^ 'P3 I liTo X 'P' 5E I 101 1 P, 
 
 111 \ 
 
 111 ^ Cleavage plates parallel to OP and r. PvS 
 
 give extinction angles 
 of .V and ll-Iii re- 
 spectively; it is there- 
 fore an andesine of 
 the composition Ab , 
 An... The cry.stals are 
 elongated in the direc- 
 tion of the a axis. 
 They are about o cm 
 long with very rough 
 surfaces. Fig. 10. They 
 are supportetl {>ai'tly 
 upon compact pyroxen- 
 ite, partly upon a net- 
 work of small pyroxene 
 crystals. At the Vava- 
 sour mine I collected 
 masses which consisted 
 of a coarsely crystalline 
 microcline, a light-green 
 plagioclase, and green 
 pyroxene. The single 
 individuals are some- 
 
 Flc. 10. -Feldspar friim the OiscikIi- .Miin\ ^- a „■ j- 
 
 times over 8 cm in dia- 
 meter. The plagioclase has on OP an extinction angle of almost U . and 
 
"*""■" APATITK AND MICA VORHI OK OTTAWA 37 O 
 
 b therefore andesine. Harrington ' mentions also ortiiociase and allute 
 from the apatite reins. 
 
 Am))/iil>ole was sefn principally at the Little Rapids mine in masses 
 compose<! of little rods and parallel fibres. It is a light-green actino- 
 lite. Harrington also describes the change of pyroxene crystals into 
 uralitc. 
 
 Tourmaline is in certain places very plentiful. Tn one of the pits 
 of the Crown Hill mine a whole wall is covered with black tourmaline. 
 At the Little Hapida mine I found black tourmalines, brown by trans- 
 mitted light, 0') cm long, in calcite, and also on quartz, with the ter. 
 
 mination - U | ^*^^1 I — * ^ ' 01 II' ' . 
 
 'Sri'iii'lile crystals are mentioned by Harrington from variou- ipatite 
 veins ; they attain more than a foot in length and in many t .-s are 
 very rich in faces. I found only parallel-fibrous masses, which, how- 
 ever, were extraordinarily widely distributol in the Crown Hill, Union 
 and High Rock mines where they cover whole walls. Adams has 
 analysed a scapoiit* from lot 13, range 8, township of Hipon and 
 obtained the following composition : 
 
 «i<i,.. . , ^4 mi; 
 
 ALU, ■>■> ^:, 
 
 V> .<):> 411 
 
 MiiO tn..v. 
 
 Call !i i«i 
 
 \a,.(J s :i: 
 
 K,6 1 l:; 
 
 CI 2 41 
 
 SO., (1 sc. 
 
 H.^i) (riiliibil»il) .... . . T- 
 
 H_,(> (li.\(fni«'cipic) II 14 
 
 I'NI 4i< 
 
 <> II :,:i 
 
 'riiiiriLialiiit' 
 
 ulllllllllUlt. 
 
 ScaiH.liti- 
 iTy»tal». 
 
 I.! 
 
 ill 
 
 This ^-capolite corresponds pretty closely to the composition Me, Ma.. 
 to Me^.Ma.,. Microscopically the mineral is found to lie •■.xtraordinarih 
 widely distributed in the ' pyroxenite.' 
 
 M'laUlr miwrn/.y are represented by pyrite, chalcopyritp and .M.-talliomii 
 pyrrhotite. In many pits of the Kmi-rald mine the pyroxenite is r.il" 
 penetrated through and through with pyrrhotite and pyrite, and the 
 niaterial on the dump is coloure<l brown by iron. 
 
 ^n 
 
 1ii 
 
:f 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 
 yiiartz nut 
 common. 
 
 OtIiPi mini' 
 rain. 
 
 
 38 o 
 
 OH'AWA VALLEY 
 
 Titnnite in the usual forii -^ P 2 ' 123 ' OP 
 
 001 ' \ P 
 
 I lo2 ^ is found in all the veins. A portion of the vein from the 
 
 Little Rapids mine consists essentially of grey microcline in wliieh 
 there are green pyroxene crystals and tiUnite crystals over a centi- 
 meter across. 
 
 Fliiorile seems to occur rarely. Harrington mentions it from 
 several localities, but says also that even in these localities it occurs 
 in small amount. Only at the North Star mine did I see any \ iolet 
 fluorite. The mineral may of course occur also of a grean colour and 
 then upon a superficial examination of the dumps be mistaken for 
 apatite. 
 
 Quartz also is not common. Massive piece.s associated with tour- 
 maline and actinolite, I saw at the Little Rapids mine. At the Vava- 
 sour mine the workmen showed me a small drusy cavity which was 
 completely lined with quartz crystals and a white lithoniarge-like mass ; 
 the calcite was at this place unusually coarsely crystalline and con- 
 tained some chalcopyrite. The quartz crystals, as clear as water, 
 and about 05 cm. lonj;, exhibit the simple combination — x K. 
 
 jlOfoj + R. jlOilj -K join I ; Harrington mentions abo 
 
 smoky quartz and amethyst. Crystals appear to be found only upon 
 the walls of cavities, which would justify the conclusion of a relatively 
 younger age. 
 
 The other minerals mentioned t»gton, of which particularly 
 
 zircon and garnet appear to be wic '_, .iistributed, I did not find dur- 
 ing my short stay. In Templeton township, zircon crystals are said 
 to occur more than a foot long. The occurrence of molylxlenite (lot 
 1-1 range 1:.'. township of Templeton) and graphite is interesting, the 
 former because it is the most usual associate of cassiterite in the tin 
 veins, the latter liecause in the graphite veins north of Ottawa, e.'j. 
 in Walker's mine, green apatite occurs in large massive pieces. A close 
 relationship of the two kinds of veins is therefore indicated. Accord- 
 ing to Vogt'-', the apatite of O ' sgaarden in Bamle is in places 
 rendered impure by a carbonaeeou. .jbstance. 
 
 Eruptive rocks which accompany he apatite veins (pyro.\enite in 
 part). It is characteristic of all the cks here referre<l to that they 
 possess the eugranitic granular structure of typical plutonic rocks. .\s 
 to their mineral composition, most of them consist essentially of a lime- 
 soda feldspar which is either labradorite or a variety closely allied to iti 
 
••] 
 
 Al'ATITK AND MICA NORTH OK OITAWA 
 
 :D 
 
 and of members of the pyroxene family (augite, diiiUagc, ami a tbcmiiie 
 pyroxene poor in iron), with which some micu and a primary u'reen horn- 
 blende ai* associated. Olivine was never observed, but ijuart/ is 
 present in sulMixlinate quantities. They are therefore in genern! ro.'ks 
 of the gabbro family, with transitions to norites, diorites, shonkinites, 
 a«id pyroxenites. What name is to be given to each individual rook 
 cannot be definitely stated on account of the rapid deveU.puieiit in p,.tr.vraplMc 
 petrographic nomenclature and the varying definitions given tc such nuinniclatme. 
 terms as augite-diorite, hornblende-gabbro, mica-gabbro, Ac. A real 
 definition of these terms will be possible only when, alont' with the 
 qualitative mineralogical composition, the quantitative is a'so taken 
 int<» consideration, especially the relation of the dark conip-.nents to 
 the feldspars, the alkali feld.spars to the lime feldspars, and the gen- 
 eral basicity. These are the factors which in the formubi' of rocks are 
 expressed by the numbers »acf. For such a classification analyses are 
 certainly necessjiry, but without these a solution of the confusion here 
 existing is impossible. I will therefore here conform to the tables IV'. 
 and V, given on page 4t'(7 and 408 of my work, and call those rucks 
 which accoitl with table IV. diorites, niica-diorites, augite-diorites, 
 ensttttite-diorites, norite-diorites, and those correspondini; to table V. 
 mica-gabbros, hornblende-gabbros, enstatite-gabbros, norite-gabbros. 
 To be sure the lower part of table IV. and the upper part of ts,bi« V. 
 form transition members which may with ecjual right be calle<i by 
 either name. 
 
 I • 
 
 
 I ' 
 
 Unaltered Roc/:.i, in part not Scnjuilitineil. 
 
 Eiintalite-galiliro from the Emern/'l mine. — At Murray's pt. near 
 the top of the hill, along the sides of which the various pits <it this 
 mine are located, there are found large blocks of a very fresh plutonie lun. 
 rock which evidently come from the (juarry which can no longer be 
 entered. It is a rather coarse, dark-gray, very tough rock, that is 
 seen under the magnifying glass to consist essentially of t:iciiuic 
 feldspar and pyroxene. There is also present a reddish-brown mica, 
 which is, however, not unifonnly distributed, but as is w.-U 
 seen in the blocks, is collected into lines which form a network with 
 one another. They are evidently Joint planes ( Absonderun^-skl.ifte) 
 in which the mica has been formed. Running off from these racks, 
 parallel to which the rock breaks most easily under the humme;-, some 
 isolated plates of mica have penetrated the normal rock : larsje pans of 
 the latter are quite free from mica. Undoubtedly we have here to 
 ilea! with a later formation ;"Ncubiidung ') which is connec'.cd !:i i-Tigin 
 
 I J ! 
 
40 o 
 
 OrrAWA VALLEV 
 
 MicrtiM:(i|iie 
 (lewriptiiiii < 
 tiintntitt'- 
 
 Aiirtlysis liy 
 I'l. Dittric'h. 
 
 With the apatite and mira in the neighlwuring veins. These j-lanes 
 of jointing were the places where the penetration of vapours and solu- 
 tion, would meet with the least resistance, and then-fo.e where second- 
 ary minerals would be first ex[)ecte<i. 
 
 ,, Under the niicroBcope one sees that plagiockse and pyroxene are 
 present in almost equal quantities, the latter, pt,rhaps, predominating 
 to a slight extent. Both generally form irregularly bounded grains. 
 The pUgiocla.se is very fresh and exhibits the usual twinning stri... 
 according to the albite law and in part the pericline law. Cleavage 
 plates parallel to oP gave an extinction angle of alwut 10 , the .specific 
 gravity determined by pycnometer was 2 694, and the mineral, there- 
 fore a typical labradorit«. 
 
 Two pyroxenes are present, a monoclinic and a rhombic one The 
 monoclinic is transparent and of a vorv light ureen-gray colour 
 Pleochroism is hardly perceptible. Besides the clea>age parallel to 
 oo P, there is a less perfect one parallel to « Pi ; the lamellar structure 
 of diallage, however, is absent. Small leaves of mica have formed 
 in the cleavage crack.s of the second order above mentioned. A slight 
 alteration into uraKte, beginning at the edges, has taken place. 
 
 The rhombic pyroxene is less abundant than the monoclinic. Its sec 
 tions often have a rude prismatic development. It is colourless and 
 transparent, but in thicker sectionsexhibits a slight pleochroism between 
 reddish and greenish tones. A high relief, due. perhaps, to its fibrous 
 nature, its very low interference colours, and parallel extinction in 
 . sections trora the prism zone, enable it to l,e easily distinguished from 
 the monoclinic augite. An alteration into a green serpentine-like 
 mineral, perhaps bastite, has taken place along rough irregular cross- 
 cracks. Inclusions of little opaque rods are verv common, and are 
 arrangetl in rows parallel to the c. axis of the host. 
 
 The mica is transparent with a reddish-brown colour, and in con- 
 xergent light appears to be uniaxial : the pleochroism is b,.tween 
 straw.yellow and red-brown. The detection of Huorine in this mica 
 was of special interest ; if its formation is secondary and connected 
 with that of the apatite and phlogopite of the veins, it was to be 
 expected that it also should contain fluorine. In fact, the carefully 
 puiiried mineral gave a strong Huorine reaction. Apatif in rounded 
 grain'* i^ fairly abundantly present in the rock. 
 
 IV. Dittrich made an analysis of this enstutit^-gal)l)ro. Material 
 was chosen for this purpose which was free from tlie above mentioned 
 
o».«.1 APATITE AXD MICA XOHTII OF OTTAWA 41 o 
 
 mica reins, und which, tlierefore, containe.J mica only iti verv snmll 
 quantities : 
 
 '■ II la. 
 
 «'•>= v.'-.:-: x^n; -,,,- 
 
 T;"; " '^ :iT"im,|.,„..) n:y 
 
 ^'^ " '•'•« y-^-^-' s,,, 
 
 »•••<» 77.; i" ■•■' 7.;^ 
 
 >'"•> II 1." 7 -• 17-. 
 
 t''"'^ n 7:< i; ii" ,.'.,'- 
 
 ^■''■" :; 1-' I 70 ■' ,-. 
 
 *^'* II-' (.:«! 07^ 
 
 [>"' "•"'• . . ,..« 
 
 "■*' '"'•< "71 ll..",.„i::.) 
 
 LO.; SI) 
 
 !•!' ■■'J IK.Ii-, 
 
 For compaiison the analysis of „n olivin? liyperite froi.i Lofthus in a„ u 
 .Snaruin has been given under 11., asatype of thegabbroaccompanyii.j.' ''■•"l-"'i""n.' 
 the apatite veins in southern Norway. la. gives analysis I. in molecu- 
 lar proportions, calculated to 100. From it may be calculated 
 
 -^ '• y ■■< r f 
 
 ^11!' 2 Mi ^■-^ :ir(il i :, -j ■ „, ;, 
 
 and the formula s, , a,.,, c.,., f, n,.,. Tlie rock therefore belongs 
 ijetween the types Molkenhaus Subiteluia and Keewenaw. •.viih which 
 the silica agrees in a satisfactory manner. It is on the boundary of 
 
 the '/ and /.' serie.s. As a\ erage plagioclase we obtain Ab,.,.. An 
 
 or almost Ab, An,, which agrees verv well wit' the specific aravitv 
 L'-694. ■ f rt J 
 
 Another very fresh gabbro was obtained from the smithy, of the,;.,,,,,, ,, 
 Kmerald mine, lot IS, range XII. This uniform rather coarse rock ^yni'tiiv a"" 
 al.so consists of almo.st equal quan, < of very fresh pl.igioclase and ''■""'■''''"""• 
 pyro.xene, but mica and rhombic pyro.xene are entirely wantin;;. The 
 leld.spar commonly exhibits undulose extinction, with bent and 
 cracked twinning lanielli.', probably pressure phenomena. The augite 
 is completely dusted through with tiny inclusions, which l)y employing 
 an immersion objective are seen to be liquid inclusions with movable 
 bubbles. The formation of uralili' has gone .somewhat farther than in 
 the gabbro I. ^.n Murray's pit. Sulphides and ipatite are scarce. 
 
 A gabbro from the dump of the Squaw Hill mine contains large 
 (juantities of red-brown niicii : these works are on the same hill as the 
 Kiueraid mine. It is distributed very evenly thn.sigli tjiis wmewhitt 
 
 if 
 
 i <! 
 
 -illi 
 

 1 1 -. 
 
 Ill 
 
 ! I 
 
 \\i 
 
 ill 
 
 , li 
 
 i, ! 
 
 ApHtit)' rari' 
 ill C'iw«'<ul<' 
 mica iiiinc. 
 
 42 o 
 
 OTTAWA VALLEY 
 
 iine-graineil rock, ao that its primary or secondary natui* is ditticultto 
 determine. The rock is free from rhombic pyroxene, but relatively 
 rich in apatite. 
 
 The veins of the Cascade mine on the Gatineau river, are distin- 
 guished by their poverty in or absolute want of apatite. They are 
 worked only for mica, and apatite is exceedingly rare on the dumps. 
 The principal rock of the hill is also a basic plutonic rock. The typical 
 variety from the railway cutting directly on the river is a uniform 
 medium-grained gabbro of irregular structure, in which may >ie seen 
 with the unaided eye, fresh feldspar with twinning striie, some 
 brown mica and a good deal of augite. PlagiuclaKe and augite are 
 present in about equal ijuantities. The hand specimens which were 
 collected from the mine on the contact against the later-formed 
 ' pyroxenite ' and other vein fillings exhibit a somewhat gneiss-like 
 appearance. Augite and plagioclase are arranged in lenticular masses, 
 so that the surface on the main fracture has a light and dark spotted 
 appearance, the cross fracture lieing somewhat streaky owing to the 
 alternation of the lenticles ; the grain is also somewhat finer. At the 
 contact with the pyroxenite the rock is completely penetrated liy 
 honey -brown titanite crystals and grains and is very rich in pyrite. 
 
 The rock from the railway line shows under the microscope an 
 absolutely irregular structure, neither plagioclase nor pyroxene show 
 ci-ystalline boundarie.s. Cleaxage lamellae of the former give an extinc- 
 tion which on P varies from 3 — 13° and on M from 7 — 2.i' ; it therefore 
 belongs tu the andosine-labradorite series. Even with the magnifying 
 glass it is seen that many of the cleavage faces are bent. Under 
 the microscope, undulose extinction, bent and broken twinning lamellie 
 are very common. The rock has certainly sufiFered great pressure. 
 The pyroxene is transparent, of a light •rifen-gray colour ; pleocliro- 
 ism is hardly perceptible. Sections normal to c exhibit, besides the 
 cleavage parallel to the prism, well developed cracks parallel to x Px 
 and very numerous fine cracks, parallel to x Pi , running only short 
 distances, so that a fibrous appearance is developed. (Jne optic axis is 
 almost perpendicular to this section. Polysyiithetic twinning according 
 to oP is very common. The formation of uralite has gone quite fari 
 proceeding from the cracks parallel to x Px and those connected with 
 the tormation of the aljove mentioned twins. Lamelhe converted into 
 uralite often alternate with others of the unaltered mineral. The uralite 
 is green and shows relativelyweakdifferencesof absorption, the pleochro- 
 ism varies from light greenish-yellow to light grass-green. In a section 
 iiimost parallel to x Px l\>v augite shows an extinction an^ic of 39 — 
 
 liu 
 
M'ATITK ASl) MICA \ORTH Of OITAWA 
 
 to O 
 
 40 , the uralile 15' ami in lx»tli <• differs from c in the same sunse. In 
 the cleavage CMcks and the separation cracks p.iralU'1 to oP the siiiiu- 
 rod and plate-like inclusions are found as is the case of the hyperstliei.e 
 of St. PiiuU island, only here tliey are scarcer and not so remularly dis- 
 tributed. 
 
 The mica forma little plates which collect into small knohs or are .Min...,..| 
 arrange ' «<iially about u large sulphide or pyroxene grain. The niic.i I-'.^t,',!';';,',', 
 is undoubtedly younger than the pyroxene. A part of it appears alio t.. <>""■ f'"' ' 
 have b.!en derived from the uralite. Small plates of mica are groiipeil """"' 
 as a fringe around the hornblende ro<ls or the hornblende is completely 
 penetrated by them peripherally. 
 
 The rock from the contact with the pyroxenite in the Cascade mine 
 is seen under the microscope to l)e distinctly tinergrained, and the con- 
 tours of thfe grains are more rounded. The polysynthetic twinning strii.' 
 ofth} feldspars are replaced more or less by a fibrous appearance 
 which passes over into microperthitic intergrowths. A very conimcin 
 appearance is that the centre of the feldspar giains consists of a 
 cloudy partially decomposed core, which is surrounded by n nariow 
 unaltered edge as clear as water, the optical orientati. . of the two 
 parts is generally somewhat different. Doubtless a development of 
 secondary feldspar has here taken place. The pyroxene is >ome- 
 what darker in colijur and more strongly pleoeliroic than in the rock 
 from the railway cutting. It contains the same opaque or red-lirown 
 transparent inclusions. Besides an alteration to hornblende, epidot«! 
 is also widely distributed. As has already l)een mentioned in the 
 macroscopic description, titanite occurs very abundantly, the pymxene 
 slightly predominating over it. It is strongly pleochroic in al- 
 most colourless and reddish-yellow tints and frequently shows (lolysyn. 
 thetic twinning. The very coTiimon pyrite has also Ijeen mentioned 
 above. Evidently pyrite and titanite, and perhaps also part of the 
 feldspar, are here alterii*ion products, whose origin is connected with 
 the formation of the ' pyroxenite.' 
 
 <iabhro /'i-itm South March, about twenty miles west of Ottawc. (i,ii,i,i„ f,., 
 This rock, which is cut through by a series of apatite mica veins which '^""''' ^'" 
 have here and there been opened up, is also a typical plagioelast! 
 augite rock. The absolutely unaltered plagioclase here also -hows 
 distinct signs of pressure. Large individuals are fre(|uently liroken up : 
 in such places microperthitic intergrowths occur and also some i|uartz. 
 The plagioclase is extraordinarily rich in hair-like microlites, wliich are 
 so common in quartz. They are sonietinjes straight, sometimes bent 
 'ike trichites, and are -irrangeil alisolutely iiiv<.'ularly with respect to 
 
 rdi. 
 
 T* 
 
 
 'it; 
 
 I 11 
 
if! 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 Sluiikihltt- 
 fiinu Cn>vvn 
 Hill mini'. 
 
 MiiTOHcopif 
 
 <l»^(Til>tinh. 
 
 .1- 
 
 III. 
 
 44 c 
 
 OTTAWA VALLEY 
 
 one nnotlier. Tlieir tliklcnesa u so Hmali that they are usually 
 truniparent. In isolated thick ones high doublt- refraction and 
 parxllrl extinction are evident, and it is not improlMtble that they are 
 rut le. The pyroxene, transparent with very lixtit green-gray colour, is 
 to H larjie extent converted intouralite ; the uralite has, in placet, l>een 
 converted into luica. Opaijue metallic grains are surrounded by ieu- 
 coxene edges ami are prolxibly titanic iron ore. 
 
 ishnnhiHxt'- from ihe Crown Hill miw. — This rock which differs 
 chemically considerably from the pluton-'c rocks already described, 
 is found in a small prospect hole on the river side of the slope 
 on the line of the wire rope tramway, built to transport apatite 
 from the Union mine to the Lii-vrt' river. The uniform, medium to 
 coarse-gruined, unaltered rock is very rich in dark-coloured constituents, 
 in which dark-gray pyroxene and to a less extent brown mica can be 
 lecognized macroscopically. Feldspar is present in very much smaller 
 quantity. The structure is that of a typical plutonic rock : all 
 puruUel structure is completely absent. ()ne would conclude from the 
 macroscopic appearance that it was a micaceous gabbro or basic 
 monzonite. 
 
 Under the microscope none of the principal mnstituents exhibit 
 idiomorphic outlines. The feldspar is almost absolutely free from 
 twinning lamellii' ami is u typical microperthite ; extinction was deter- 
 mined on some cleavage lamclhc, on OP parallel, on x P ob as 7". The 
 little plates between crossed iiicols get uniformly dark, probably on 
 account of the extraordinary fineness of the intergrown lamellii-. The 
 optical liehaviour, and the strong predominance of potash over soda in 
 the general analysis make it certain that the principal part of the feld- 
 spiir is oi'thoclase. < in cleavage faces parallel to ac P ot the inclina' 
 tion of the very regularly penetrating reads to the cleavage cracks 
 parallel to OP was 74-7o' ; on oP they lie normal to the cleavage 
 parallel to a P v.. The plane of interposition is therefore an ortho- 
 dome, which, as in murchisonite, corresponds approximately to 7 P ^ . 
 .Many feldspar grains upon strong magnification exhibit in their 
 peripheral portions an extremely tine twinning striation : perhaps this 
 is an anorthooiftse. 
 
 A lime-soda feldspir is present only in very small (|uantities. It is, 
 unlike the unaltered microperthite, always filled with alteration pro- 
 ducts in the foi-ni of stronjdy double-refracting threads and plates. 
 
 Tiie augite, transparent with a very light green colour, do«>s not ex- 
 hibit ;inythins reiuarkalile : it is in the first stage ot uralitisation. Part 
 
APATITK AMU MICA yOKTII OF oriAW A 
 
 f. 
 
 of the green weakly pleochroitie Imniljli-nili' is (.ertninlj- juinmry. llie 
 micii is fre.|uentiy intergrown ri-gul,irly with the hornblen.ie mul then 
 no doubt partially d«rive(l from it. If h larije hornhieiKJe section in 
 rotated till it is dark, a number of fine lamelh.-, strongly doublv refract 
 ing are seen parallel to the cleavage cracks, which imiy, ufx.ii hi^h 
 magniticatiori, Ikj recogniml ax micii. The mio.i iilsci surrounQ> the 
 hornblen-Jp and extends into tiie cleavng,. cracks and fnictures. Un 
 the other hand, larger mica plates arc certainly primary. As acces-oiy 
 constituents titanite and nietallie minerals may b.- mcnti.imil, the 
 latter on account of their behavi.iur in rellecte.l light seem to c.jnsist 
 essentially of pyrite. 
 
 An analysis of the rock was made by Dr. Ditti ich. In spite of the An.ilv-w ..i 
 fact that almost all th.' deterniin.iti..i,s were m,ule in duplicate with it" h'un.l* 
 nearly identical results, the total came to '.INCO only. At my re.niest 
 examinations were made for fluorine and clilorlne ; tlii'rine wasab^icnt, 
 and chlorine present only in traces (not more than 01 ». Wheiv the 
 loss is cannot be guessed. 
 
 I. 
 
 III. 
 
 .SiU- ,s 
 
 Titl^ „ 
 
 Al^r |;t 
 
 hV.O -2 
 
 K.it t 
 
 Mk<» s 
 
 <'a(» |<i 
 
 Najd 1 
 
 K.o :, 
 
 r.o-, „ 
 
 H.o It 
 
 '■<>.., I 
 
 so. 0- 
 
 l:ll 
 
 17 s.-| 
 
 111 .\; i« 
 
 711 . 
 
 
 •J W 1 
 
 I'lii 
 
 !:t L't 
 
 11 ;tl K' 
 
 ;«) 
 
 •-' 71 
 
 ;i 'il •.' 
 
 '■>' 
 
 2 ti."» 
 
 > 1 .*( ,'( 
 
 7!l 
 
 .'» tis 
 
 ti .*i»: M 
 
 1)11 
 
 14 -M 
 
 1-.' l:) u 
 
 4L' 
 
 ;; -.» 
 
 i <r. -J 
 
 l>2 
 
 .'► *'.*> 
 
 1 :,x 1 
 
 1!) 
 
 ■J l-J 
 
 II 
 
 til 
 
 !• 71 
 
 II L'll II 
 
 •-•:! 
 
 
 Mm Hi '.-.'.Mndii 
 
 TA . 
 
 
 . . r.ii<iii 
 
 SH » 
 F 
 
 l\'. 
 
 I'.l 
 
 loi i';i 
 
 '.«) 7;f 
 
 rt 
 
 No. II, an analysi.s of ne|>heline-pyroxene-malignite from Poobah lake, VnalyM, i.n 
 Rainy River district ; No. Ill, theralite from Kunjokthal, ri.iptek '■""'''•"■'■""■ 
 Kola ; and No. IV, shonkinite, from Yogo Peak, Little Belt Mountains, 
 .Montana, have been introduced for comparison. No. IV agrees liest 
 with No. I both in alkalies and the proportion of CaO to MgO and 
 FeO. No. II is poorer in FeO and MgiJ, but richer in CaO. In III 
 the proportions of alkalies are reversed. Undoubtedly the rook from 
 Crown Hill mine belongs to this family. A reduction to mol.cular 
 perctintJige.s (all iron calculated ns FeO) gives : 
 
 Hi 
 
1 i 
 
 ,. 
 
 I: 
 
 
 in 
 
 46 
 
 
 OITAttA VALLrV 
 
 
 sin 
 
 
 Btt 4H 
 
 TiO 
 
 
 «) A'> 
 
 Al,0 
 
 
 !• ft' 
 
 K.(» 
 
 
 •1 ;)M 
 
 Mtrn . 
 
 
 14 :» 
 
 <•«<» ... 
 
 
 II i;.'' 
 
 N:lj«> .. 
 
 
 1 v 
 
 K U . 
 
 
 ."i '.••• 
 
 I'.O. 
 
 
 » (•» 
 
 tim ID) 
 
 Consequently 
 
 A y.id : C = .SaO ; F Jl»06 ; a -> .» : c > 
 n ^ '.''4 giving the formula 
 
 «..-. A:. C.-, V,.-, N..-.. 
 
 i:. ; f l.--.^; 
 
 The rock i* very .similar to the theralite type Kunjoktiial, tlif> Hilioa 
 agreeing very well also. Th** pro|iflrtion of nikaliea places it in the E 
 series. While the rcicks descrilied contain much feldspar, ^eini occur in 
 the t;neist near the l^undoii mine which are very poor in feldspar, and 
 which, I believe, in part at least lx>long to the same category of plu- 
 tonic rocks. Tltey consist estientially of augite a;><i eastatite and form 
 therefore a transition to />^ri>.>'«n t7e« in th«! sernte of the petrographic 
 nomenclature {irrhgterxte). The colourles.s and sometimes al8o weakly 
 pleochroic en.statite forms roughly outlined prismatic crystals and 
 is always older than the monoclinic augite. It exhibits the usual 
 tibrous te.xture, parallel to the c axis, across which run irregular wide 
 cracks in which the alteratiun into a green alteration product begins. 
 The aui^ite iloes not show any peculiarities wortli mentioning. The 
 sparse plagioclase tills up the vacancies between the pyroxenes. The 
 red-brown mica is, jml^'in^ from the whole manner of its occurrence, a 
 new foruiatiiin. It de>el<ips most readily along the cleavage lines< and 
 Clacks of the pyroxenes, or in little angular wedues between the otiier 
 constituents. 
 
 Hwctidari/ jiyroxen ilen. 
 
 MiiiHral-df The minerals, which in the form of more or less well de\ eloped 
 
 — <'..iiilary foj crv.stals Or coarselv cry.stalline and fibrous masses, occur in the apatite 
 veins, esjieciully those developed in the calcite of the central poitiun.s. 
 have been already 8|aiken of. Here we are concerned with ininera] 
 aggregates which form preferably upon the edges of the veins and on 
 account of their somewhat uniform grain remind one in their habitus of 
 plutonic rocks. In all thc'se masses pyroxene is .he predominating 
 
 M 
 
AHATITK AM. MICA ^OKTH OK OTIAttA 
 
 47 o 
 
 constituent, phlogopite, apatite, ncapolitts, and metHllio mineral-. »l«i 
 occurrinff widely dittributiKl. In p«it they are very difficult to dis- 
 tinguiih from iiltered plut.inio rocks , hfr<» only typical secnndnry 
 formatiun^ wdl he liewriljed. Aciordin« to tliiir ininfrnl .onutitu- 
 tion they may tie clMat^d a<> : 
 
 1. Pure pyroxene tiggregutf*. 
 
 2. Pyro'xenephlugopite Bugn-gates. 
 
 3. Fyroxene-iiptititv aggregatei. 
 
 4. Pyroxenp'Hcapolite nggrngatev. 
 
 Ilctween theiie groups there exitt, ot voune, all iioxHJble tranoitionH. I'ur. ,,\,..^,;, 
 Hen-, therefore, only certain type* can be d.alt with. .min-u;.!.- 
 
 Almost piii-f jn/ro."!w agijr'ijatt, hiixe lieen olitained from the 
 Brown. Vavawiur, Kittle Kapids and Sijuaw Hill minen. They , 'e 
 rather coarse, i|uite irrt^ularly arranged raanses of light Kreen. 
 '.ray. or re<ldi»li gray (dour, which in part (Brown mine) are very 
 rirhly impregnated with pyiite. Microscopically, they consist f)f nn 
 aggregate of irregularly outlined almoi.t rolourless au^jite grainn with 
 which are associated, •,'oncrallj in the form of little patchog, calcite, 
 »caix)lite, and plilogopite in small .|uaiititie». The pyroxene has often 
 an exceptionally cracked appearance, or is jwrforatiKi like a sieve 
 and filled with particles of the aliove mentioned accessory minerals 
 Apparently the^e are not original inclusions but corrosion phenomena. 
 The pyroxene originally foimed. was corrfided by solutions or vapours 
 iind the hollows thus formed were filled with later forme.1 minerals. 
 
 I collected a very |«culiar "pyroxenite" from the dumps of the Little 
 llaj.ids mine. It consists entirely of a very loose aggregate of light, 
 gray, highly lustmus rounded pyroxene grains and may be crumble<l 
 between the fingers. The grain* are alwut 1 mm. in diameter, ami 
 the rock at the first glance does not look unlike a perlite. .Ma.ssive 
 •,'ieen apatite is attached directly to the piece. 
 
 l'y)oreni--phloijopiU aijyri-.gnteo have already been descrilied from the PyrMMi,,. 
 
 \a\asour mine and are found very typically and widely di.itributed '''''"""I'''*' 
 1 . i.u n 1 ■ I . , affi.'itifiite>4. 
 
 also at the C/ascaue mine ; they contain almost equal quantities of 
 
 mica and pyroxene. In the .specimens from the V'avasour mine, 
 
 the latter is gra.ssgreeii, alK)ut the colour of chrome diopside, and 
 
 tonus a loose granular mass, partly crumbling Ijetween the fingers, 
 
 111 this occur yellow-brown phlogopite plates, mostly arranged 
 
 in u parallel manner. Contact .sjiecimens show that the cleavage 
 
 planes are normal to the Iwriier of the viin. From the gneiss in which 
 
 m 
 
IM o 
 
 OTTAWA VAt.l.KV 
 
 Wl 
 
 Aii^itc ('III' 
 
 KU|Mt.-., 
 
 ? 11 
 
 ^VIn^.||;t. 
 fiuiit Inluii 
 iniikt'. 
 
 
 thn vein oci-ui-M, tliU iiia«i» it loiiiti At<-<l lijr an aKKt^iCttK '•' J'uw pyt'JXfiM* 
 nlxmt 1 cm. thick, whifli in ptirt exhiliiu it tibrou* '•truoture ; tim 
 riliiM ire placed perpendicularly to the wall of the vein. I'pon tiie Hrtt 
 )|liinc« une mm>m that HUch a Immliil structure hni nothing to do with 
 the piirallpl itruoture of the uneUn ; farther, the contact with tlm 
 KneiaN iii abwilutely nharp. The iti/n of the graini "f thit pyroxeno 
 phio|{i>pite mixture is very uniform, rtliout O.") cm. diameter. 
 
 The nugitf in the apecimen from the Cawiidc luine it ttoniewlmt 
 lUrker, but in mi-tionn ii aInuMt colourless and trsniparent. K\ery 
 wheiH it iM iM-en, frtini the way thi' |ihl(iK<'ptt<' plittea are wpdijed in 
 Iwtween the pyroxeni-. that they are youn«i«r than the latter. 
 
 other augitc phlogophite n){gregates from the Viivnitour mine 
 exhibit a very peculiar itructun*. The light grey-green pyroxerif 
 forniH large, roande<l ellijitical tiia><s)>s (augen) several centimeter!) 
 long and generally muoh eIongikte<l in onx direction ; they poHsesi con- 
 tinuoUN cleavage, and contixtof one individual : l«twuen thi-m there U 
 a conoiderable aggregate of phlot{r>pite, and Nome Hne grained uugite. 
 Platf I v. ahowH such ii vein masv. The lonticulitr -augen' are all arrang- 
 ihI with their longer axex parallel, to that upon tirst glance there scemn to 
 be a similarity to the structure of a foliated augen-gneiM. The pbli> 
 gopite plates of the interp(«e<l material, however, are arranged almost 
 without exception with thei.' planes normal to tlie surface of thf con- 
 tiguous pyroxono lenses. The lower part of the Kgure exhibits a '2'\ 
 cm. thick xune of actinolite : up>n it lies, with fairly well derined Ihiuu- 
 ilary, the central portion of the vein material rich in calcite. 
 
 Another peculiar structure is exhibitel by pyroxenite.s from the 
 Fleury mine. In the main mass consisting of pyroxene, are embedded 
 at distances of 2 3 cm., roundish lumps rich in phlogupite and also con- 
 taining some calcite. 
 
 A tranfition to the next group is repi-esented by the widely distri- 
 buted fiyroi-'w-phttHjojiititajiatite aggregates of the Vavasour mine. 
 
 A type of a ' pyroxenite ' consisting of inujit- and n/mlile I obtained 
 from the I'nion mine. Plate III shows that the pyroxene is without 
 sharp cry.stallographic outline.s, and forms rough prisms arranged 
 parallel, about 5 cm. long, among which is a granular aggregate of 
 green apal.:*e : the whole arrangement reminds one of flow structure. 
 In sections, the apatite grains are seen to be penetrated by dark stripes 
 which upon higher magnification are »een to be closely aggregated 
 tube-like fluid inclusions. In what relation the position of the pyrox- 
 ene stoo<l to the walls of the vein could not be determined, as the pie^e 
 was taken from the dump. 
 
 It 
 
 i! 
 
 It 
 
 Liii. 
 
APATITK \Nll Ml. A SOHTH "> OTTAW \ 
 
 40 
 
 />■».>•,....,•»/..,/,<«. „;,y,.y.,f...—T\n» i.,u.i|. !.n.K „\..r int., ih,. „1. ISr.A.,,, 
 te,H,| ;(*t,t.ro«. A .l.«r|. .iiwM..,, l,^t««.i. tim t«.. „, ,„ Im* iil.e.wly :;;,',Vl;';,'. . 
 I.»pn |,..inle.l (Mil, imfK«,il,le, », » lnr«». |»,rtioii ol thp i.irtti-rinl ha.l fo 
 l>»..illeae.l In.m 'lie .lump*. rnt..,i k f..r «uoli ii .livi-i.,,, „iiul,t ,m 
 xoiiijlil in thi- method ol' «Kviiri»'iic»' .in.l in tli.- iiiiii.,..-.,|(ii-,,l ,tiu.iur<- 
 ■>f til.' pyn.x.'rip, (if ..nn ini;:lir [....tulat.- timt l,y i|,.- Mafx.lili.inj; ,,t" tli.. 
 j{nl.l,r.. tiiJH niiiutral Imil ii..t i^nn . ....ntiallv clmitg.'.! . ,„„i i,|>., in h,. 
 MmL'tun-fif the whol.. i.ih--.. |!.,ih .■„i„i,lt.ii»tinii-, howevri, U'li.i t.. 
 no (Icrtiiito rPHulfN. In nio,t ,«..s mi-icc Mri<i m-him.Ii!. f.,rni an ii iv;,'u- 
 InrxninulHr iiXKifj{iil.', u> w«s th.. nine witli tlic iiiitfit.' iin.i |.|.i;.'i.Klii»f 
 in thsalM.ve n)..nti.iiir.l |,lut..nii lo.k.. Oofftsjon lUy wIimi scnp.!it« 
 .- li.lily r.'i.ivM'nt.-.l thiTe in ,|.-\,.1.,|)..,| ii Imn.-yo.ml) like siru.tur.- 
 wlii.h in aobenuiifully.)lMerve<l in the 'HiM.tte.l gnbbro ' ticni n,.,if«aar 
 li'n. The ti-Hnsition troni plaj{i(».'lnM' to MMpoht.' is -c-n in only v.-ry 
 f«-. -<-<'tion-., as the nmterial aiili-fini; to the walK of the miM.M ,,n.i 
 that thrown out up.m th.' .iuiii|K is grn.Tnlly ooniflctely iilt(-r.Hl. 
 
 Only th.' two .Kcun-.'nj.'s ,ir the Eni.'ial.l inin.' sjm,|<,'.i ,.f ,„, |,. -[ 
 an h« ii.'v. iil,..,l as oertaiuly s.oon.lBry t'.piinati.ms ..t this I ii,.!. I'.oth 
 f.Tiu sclva-ps .ilK.iit r.-H ,in. thick t.i veins wlios.. jnn.'i- poiti.,n- .'onsi.t 
 of pure apatite. Fn iM.th oasfs th.'s..ap,itit.' vein> .iit pcyniatit.' whiiji 
 in it- tuiii iwcurs as veins in L'al.hi'o an.l itn.'iss. Th.' .■onlni't of the 
 oiiur /on.'s ,'ij,'ainit the peymatife is ah,«.lutely sharp. 
 
 lioth a«i;r.'L.iites i«.!.Hess a li^ht i eddish -ray ciour a.iij .'xhihil 
 nil. ro-i.'..pieally, hesi.ies the aui.'it.', only s„mii- ;r;,en apatite grains 
 iinil soni.' pyritp. The s.ip.,iiie is (irst seen under the micros, ope. 
 Mere th.' distrihuti.m of the tw.i prinoij al c-.mstitiientH is set.,, to he 
 very irrejj'ular. Some portion- of th.' se.-tion .-..n.sist almost .-ntirely 
 of the c'olourl.'Hs transparent auu'i"' with littl.- s.npt.lite, in other.'* the 
 latter distinctly pre.|. rainatev. |-r.'.|u.nt!y it forms iar«e n.d like 
 individuals in \^•hioh aui.'ite grains are p..ikiiitically . level. .p.d. I itiier 
 portions of the sections exhibit l...th inin.rals in almost e«|ual .|u.intities 
 in the form of e.jually larj.'e ;.'rains Koimd.,1 l.y straight lines, so that a 
 lioneycoml) pavement-like structure is pr.duced. The s<ap..lite ha« 
 the opai|Vie rod-like enclosures wlii.h a:e highly chara.teristi.- of this 
 mineral and which are arrange.! parallel t.) the c axis. In the occur 
 rence at the .smithy it i.s to a great .'xt.-nt altered into an aggr.'gate 
 of colourless strongly doubly refracting little plale- wliich :ire probably 
 niu.soovit.\ The cl.'avage "f tiie scajolite i.s always well developed, .so 
 that in longitudinal sections it reminds one strongly of mujcovite .lu 
 account of its feeble refraction and high d.iuble r.fracti.m. C'r.s, 
 1:'— O— 4 
 
 It I''-0|.I1 f 
 
 \ i,.\..ii,'. 
 
 .■..|..,l.f 
 
 
 1 
 
 >« 
 
I I I 
 
 III 
 
 V, 
 
 1/ 
 
 piutooic 
 rucks. 
 
 Scapotite 
 
 nbbro 
 
 itom 
 
 Vavaaour 
 
 mine. 
 
 90 o 
 
 OTTAWA VALLEY 
 
 sections and the optical oriR'itation of the longitudinal sections enable 
 one to distinguish it eoxi) , from this mineral, however. Phlogopite is 
 also found in varying quantities in this augite scapolite mixture. 
 
 Altered plulonic rocks and ' pyroxeniUa, ' in part, cQtuuting ensentialfj/ 
 of augite and scapolite. 
 
 To the above described mixtures which on account of their geolo- 
 gical occurrence are certainly to be characterized as vein formations, 
 must be added a large number of hand specimens collected at almost 
 all the mines visited. They are dark-gray medium to coarse-grained 
 mixtures of augite and scapolite of completely massive appearance 
 which mocroscopically exhibit the greatest similarity to gabbros. 
 Under the magnifying gloss one sees that the colourless constituent 
 does not possess the good cleavage and the twinning striu' of plagio- 
 I'laso. The fracture is irregular, often fibrous, the lustre more greasy, 
 so that this is probably the reason why many authors mention the 
 frequent occurrence of quartz in the pyroxenite. Generally, as has 
 already been pointed out, the microscopic examination reveals no 
 traces whatever of the genesis of these masses. As everywhere the 
 same relations are repeated, only certain occurrences, which I hold to 
 be undoubtedly altered plutonic rocks, need be here described. 
 
 Scapolite gahbrofrom the Vavasour mine. — This is a somewhat coarse- 
 >{rained rock. An)ong the darker constituents hornblende may be 
 recognized by its good cleavage. The colourless ivineral may without 
 ditiicalty be distinguished from plagioclase under the magnifying 
 glass. Its poor cleavage, and a somewhat greasy lustre remind one 
 of nepheliiic ; it is frequently fibrous in structure. Pyrite is widely 
 scattered through the rock ; brown mica is found only here and there, 
 but in plates nearly a, centimetre across. Some epidote can also be 
 seen raacroscopically. 
 
 I'nder the microscope the light green-grey transparent pyroxene is 
 seen to form irregular or roughly prismatically outlined grains wliioli, as 
 in gabbro, are often collected together into little lump.s. Kxterr>ally 
 and along the cracks, the augite lias become altered into uralite and here 
 and there into epidote. It is also very noticeable here how it is eiitcn 
 out like a sieve, and everywhere scapolite and phlogopite have been 
 formed in thfe holes. The latter is "een by fairly high magnification to 
 \m wedged in between the augite in the cleavage cracks in long thin 
 plates. Fig. I., Plate X. 
 
APATITB AND MICA NORTH OF O-TAWA 
 
 51 O 
 
 The quantity of the scapolit(> seems much greater under the micro- 
 scope, because alteration having liegun and the mineral having thereby 
 become opaque and dirty-looking it is difficult to dixtinguish it macro- 
 acopically from the augite. Cleavage and optical behaviour in parallel 
 and convergent light, easily prevent its being mistaken for other miner- 
 als. In places which are rich in facapolite the at>ove mentioned pavement- 
 like structure is very distinct ; see Fig. I., Plate V'lII. Cross settions as 
 well as longitudinal ones often exhibit very regular hexagonal contours. 
 The specific gravity of the unaltered scapolite was determined as 2 64 
 by means of the pyknoraeter ; according to Tschermak's data this corre- 
 sponds to a mixture of about 30-40% Me to 60-64 ; Ma. Primary 
 hornblende is entirely wanting. 
 
 Similar relations are found in the other hand-specimens examined. 
 The pyroxene is generally very fresh. The scapolite usually exhibits the 
 little rod-like or six-sided opaque inclusions ( Fig. 4, Plate X. ) which are 
 probably titanic iron. It is much more subject to decomposition than 
 the pyroxene, and thereby becomes tibrous and dark-coloured by a 
 substance, not determinable, being scattered through it like dust. 
 Then it passes over into the laminated aggregate .so often referred to. 
 The proportions of pyroxene iiiul scapolite vary very much ; usually the 
 former predominates. The pyroxene sometimes shows rough crystal- 
 lographic outlines, the scapolite never. Phlogopite occurs in many of 
 the rocks, but always exhibits relations which point to its secondary 
 origin, which is certainly connected with the formation of the 
 apatite. The content of metallic^minnrals is very variable : in most cases 
 it is very small, in others pyrite, pyrrhotite and also some chalcopyrite 
 may be distinguished macroscopicaily ; these are unmistakablv impre<;- 
 nations. Apatite is also found abundantly, many sections are com- 
 pletely covered by a network of little veins of it ; its formation here is 
 also secondary. 
 
 A scapolitized gabbro from Poupore post office is very rich in tremo- Transition of 
 lite and epidote. An old apatite opening there is altered into a light- fj'siue'"'*' 
 green coloured ' pyroxenite,' which, macroscopicaily, is seen to contain 
 abundant colourless hornblende. (■ reen actinolite, in company with cal- 
 cite, forms the filling of veins which traverse the rock in all directions. 
 At one place in the cut, the transition of the ' pyroxenite ' into a dark 
 blue-gray, medium to tine-grained rock, is visible, which, with a com. 
 pletely massive hal)itus, has the appearance of a diorite or gabbro poor 
 in feldspar. It is richly powdered all through with particles of 
 secondary pyrite. Under the microscope, the constituents are seen to 
 12— o— 4J 
 
 ill t: 
 
 i| u 
 
^lll 
 
 :l 
 
 i- 
 
 
 Mil 
 
 Sijuavv Hill 
 
 IllllU- 
 
 • I'lurt/.itf. 
 
 62 o 
 
 OTTAWA VALLEY 
 
 and + P 
 
 X I Toi I . 
 
 Cleavage 
 
 be <|uartz, triclinic feldspar, very abundant green hornblende, epidote 
 and Bcapolite. The quantities of quartz and feUUpar are very different 
 in different specimens ; in many they are almost entirely wanting, 
 while in others they constitute almost a ijuarter of the whole rock. 
 Aiuphibole and scapolite are poorly outlined iry^tallographically ; they 
 form irregular grains, the former also often rod-like forms. The 
 amphibole is very light-green or quite colourless and transparent, in 
 tho former case with weak pleochroism ; and, is probably a form inter- 
 mediate between treinolite and actinolite. Scapolite, with the usual pro- 
 perties, is much altered. The epidote mast be a secondary product, 
 and forms crystals elongated parallel to the b axis, and usually well ami 
 shbrply outlined. 8ectiops perpendicular to h are six-sided bounde<i 
 
 by r. Pod I 100 I OP | 001 
 
 cracks parallel to OP and oo P ^ are well developed, and twins accoi-d- 
 ing to X P i are common. Longitudinal sections with parallel extinc- 
 tion and normal position of the axial plane exhibit very little 
 pleochroism. Strongly pleochroic titanite and pyrite are extraordin- 
 arily abundant. In its present condition the rock is best classed as an 
 epidote amphibolite. It has doubtless been derived from a plutonic 
 rock and been impregnated with titanite and pyrite, while scapolite, 
 amphibole and epidote have been derived from feldspar and pyroxene. 
 
 The transition into the above-mentioned ' pyroxenite ' can be followed 
 microscopically. Quartz and feldspar <lisappear altogether ; conversely 
 colourless pyroxene and phlogopite, in places much whitened, appear 
 in the sections. Scapolite becomes more abundant. 
 
 Crystalline Schists from the Apatite Reyiou. 
 
 Here again only certain typical rocks will be descril<ed 
 
 (Jnartxite from tht. S'/tmir Hill wi/n^.— Quartzites similar to those 
 described from the Montebello section, alternate with gneiss in the 
 neighbourhood of the London, Little Rapids and High Rook mines. 
 They generally contain isolated macroscopic feldspar grains. Upon 
 the dumps of the Squaw Hill mine were found pieces of a quartzite 
 which, under the magnifying glass, showed abundant green pyroxene 
 and isolated grains of titanite. L'nder the microscope, by far the 
 greater fwirt of the rock is seen to consist of an aggregate of cjuartz 
 with the same structure as the )Ionte)>ello quartzite. This aggregate is 
 traversed by strings and veins formed of a mixture of light-green augite, 
 dark-green hornblende, abundant scapolite with its characteristic in- 
 clusions, titanite, epidote and some calcite. Plate X., Fig. II.. shows 
 
 ib 
 
APATITK AMI MICA NORTH OK OTTAWA 
 
 53 O 
 
 such a jwrtion moderntely magnified. On the right and left sides of tlie 
 the figure is tlie colourless (|uartz ; through the middle runs such a 
 vein whose contacts with the quartz are very sharply defined. At 
 other places the (luartzite mass in the neighbourluxxl of such veins is 
 interpenetrated with grains of these minerals. This is doubtless 
 another typicil example of secondary formation, caused by impregna- 
 tion with solutions or vapours. iSiniil.ir relations are observed in the 
 quartzite from the Crown Hill mine. 
 
 As to how far jineis.ses in the neiifhlwurhood of the apatite veins Konnatiun . 
 have been altered by such impregnations, or how far in particular ^;,',^J,''^|^,',,.,| 
 the content of pyroxene is to be attributed to such causes, it is »i''' 
 difficult to say : on the one hand, because pyroxene-bearing gneisses |I.iiHi«."'" " 
 have been found abundantly in other parts of Canada, e.g., by Adams, 
 east of the apatite region : and on the other hand, because of the short 
 time which I could devote to the examination and the lack of good 
 exposures, it was not pussible to follow such augite gneisses to any 
 great distance from the apatite veins. But I certainly believe that 
 such alterations are in many cases connected with the formation of 
 the apatite. 
 
 GarnetgilUinnnile-giteis^ from I'onpnre poxt ojKc. — In the opening '■■""'' 
 
 ,11., . , , .... >illiln:uiitii- 
 
 already reterred to many times, there occur alternating with the nii,i<s. 
 ' pyroxenites ', gneisses and quaitzites. -i.j gneiss strata are cut by 
 pegmatite veins, which consist mainly of feldspar with some quartz. 
 In the neighbourhood of these veins, dislocations and shiftings of the 
 gneiss have taken place. In jiiaces the gneiss is completely shattered 
 and cemented by pegmatite. Large pegmatite veins enclose fragments 
 of gneiss, and at the same time offshoots and ap<jphyses as thick as 
 one's finger have run out between the bands of the latter. The garnet 
 sillimanite-gneiss forms a band somewhat more than I in. thick. It 
 consists of alternate layers rich in light-coloured feldspar and in dark- 
 coloured mica. The light red-garnets, up to 2 mm. in diameter, are 
 distributed irregularly tliriai;;li the rock. 
 
 Under the microscope it may be lieteimineil that the colourless con- 
 stituents are essentially fel<i>par wliile quartz is distinctly inferior in 
 quantity. Of the feld>pai-, plagioclase predominates over microcline 
 and unstriated feldspar. Unly biotite is present as a dark-coloured 
 constituent. The garnet is of a very light rosy-red colour, and is 
 transparent and optically isotropic. Sillimanite needles are found only 
 in the garnet but literally till it in places. Rarely there are found 
 in the garnet i.sotropie grains of daik green colour and stronger refrac- 
 
 ll "itl 
 
 ■■iBiii 
 
r>^ 
 
 OTTAWA VALLBT 
 
 if;:! 
 
 ^H 
 
 Peciiliar 
 i'ry»t»Iline 
 HcnistK in 
 London 
 mint-. 
 
 Hi 
 
 lion which are probably a spinel, very likely hercynite or pleonast. 
 Kutile, in the form of little crystals and twins, is a relatively abun- 
 dant constituent. 
 
 The structure in section.^ parallel to the schituwity is perfectly 
 irregular. Feldspar and quartz everywhere exhibit marked signs of 
 pressure, which develope an incipient mortar-structure. Large pla- 
 gioclasea are often crushed ; the individual fragments, displaced with 
 respect to one another a ; still recognizable as lielonging to one 
 another: Undulose extinction and the Imnding and breaking of twin- 
 ning lamellif are very common. The biotite exhibits an irregular rag- 
 ged form. In sections at right angles to the schistosity a parallel struc- 
 ture is develojied chiefly by the alternation of layers rich and poor in 
 mica. Quartz and feldspar contribute but little to the parallel struc- 
 ture, a few large quartz grains have been s(|ueezed out in the direc- 
 tion of the schistosity. No rt>gular arrangement of the constituents 
 around the garntt. is observable. 
 
 In all probability the rock is an altered sediment ; the alternation 
 with quartzite and the mineralogical and chemical composition favour 
 this opinion to a certain ext<ent. On account of the abundance of 
 garnet and of a pure alumina silicate, silliiiianite, the chemical com- 
 position of the rock must vary greatly from that of an eruptive 
 rock. 
 
 North of the London mine garnet gneisses seem to be w idely distri- 
 buted. They are somewhat fine-grained rocks, rich in mica, whose 
 structure is more distinctly foliated. Garnet here occurs in isolated 
 lumps " augen " (up to ■') cm. diameter). 
 
 A series of very curious crystalline schists are found in the upper 
 and lower workings of the Ixindun, mine in contact with the veins 
 carrying apatite. They exhibit an alternation of almost snow-white 
 and dark gray layers ; the individual layers are often only about a cen- 
 timeter thick. The white layers consist almost entirely of quartz 
 and feldspar. The grain is fine and exlniordinarily uniform ; the 
 individual minerals possess the form of rounded grains so that the 
 appearance under the magnifying glass is very similar to that of many 
 aplites or very fine sandstones. In these light-coloured parts there 
 is not a trace of parallel structure. The same is true of portions 
 which on account of the occurrence of hornblende, pyroxene and 
 titanite, are somewhat darker in colour. In the above mentioned per- 
 fectly evenly distributed feldspar-quartz aggregate, there are little grains 
 and ro<ls of a light grussgreeu mineral which under the microscope is 
 
 i 
 
•1 
 
 APATITE AND MICA NORTH OP OTTAWA 
 
 55 
 
 aeen to be partly hornblende and partly augite. Little grains of titanite 
 are also present in abundance. Here also there is no sign of a parallel 
 Btructur*, or it is exhibited to a very small extent in a tendency to 
 parallel arrangement of the green minerals. Such portions on account 
 of the rapid alternation of layers and their light colour exhibit a 
 great similarity to granulites. If the darker constituents liecome 
 more abundant they seem to prtfer to collect into bunches ; the 
 appearance is then similar to the variety known as " Forellen 
 granulit." The very dark layers are very rich in mica. 
 
 Under the microscope the rocks have a well defined honeycomb struc- ''iin»titufnt 
 ture. The feldspar is mainly c»rthoclase, a little teing micrtKiline and T^K-kT''''^ 
 plagioclase. Quartz is much less abundant than the feldspar. The 
 very light-coloure<l hornblende must lielong to the tremolite actinolite 
 series and is in part crystallographically developed in the j)risni zone. 
 The augite is almost colourless and transparent. Titanite is very 
 abundant in relatively large pleochroic grains ; zircon and apatite are 
 common. 
 
 The darker bands are rich in a light green-brown, tran.sparent and 
 feebly pleochroic mica. The light green pyroxene is fibrous on account 
 of a parting parallel to » Pi:- T'>''* •" "^ course most clearly seen 
 in sections parallel to the prism zone and the extinction is parallel ; 
 the plane of the optic axis lies parallel to this. Hornbleuue is relatively 
 rare but generally well outlined and often enclosed in augite. Sections 
 at right angles to the c axis exhibit only the prism faces on their out- 
 lint as is often the case with actinolite. Constituents which are 
 very characteristic for granulite, such as garnet and also cyanite, 
 andalusite, and hypersthene, are here entirely wanting. Microper- 
 thitic intergrowths also play a very unimportant part. The rocks are 
 perhaps best designated as granulite gneisses. With regard to their 
 origin, it is almost impossilile to make a guess. At any rate, a further Kurtlirr 
 
 study of their distribution and their position with reuard to the other "''"'y 
 / ^ . n'-ceiwary. 
 
 gneisses is necessary in order to form any opinion upon this point. 
 Moreover, the question as to whether a part of the pyroxene and 
 amphibole, and particularly the abundant titanite and apatite, are 
 not in some way connected genetically with the apatite veins can only 
 be answered when these rocks have been traced out farther along their 
 strike. 
 
 Hornblende gneisses containing pyroxene were also met with at the 
 High Rock and North Star mines. Here again it must be left to later 
 investigations to show whether the pyroxene is not in some 
 
fei 
 
 
 i i 
 
 n ,! -if 
 
 I t 
 
 J; 
 
 Kriiptivc 
 rockn near 
 a|iutitt- vein 
 
 iiG o 
 
 OTTAWA VALLEV 
 
 way connected with the apatite veins. They are both medium-utained 
 rocks rich in red orthoclase, and the darker constituents predominate in 
 certain layers without actually producing a distinct schistosity. They 
 may he best descril)ed as granular-streaky. The lighter layers contain 
 much microcline, and the only dark coloured constituent present is mica 
 which posses^et a strong pleoi-hroism Ix'tween straw-yellow and dark 
 greenish-brown. This mica can lie distinguished at a glance from that of 
 the apatite veins. In the darker layers the mica decreases and green 
 hornblende and green-gray pyroxene increase. Both in hand specimens 
 and under the microscope this gneiss is very similar to that described 
 from the neighbourhood of Lachute and probably possesses the sunie 
 origin. 
 
 Eruptiiv rcrk.1 which occur in (hi- neighbourhood of the ajHilili' veint, 
 hut irhich hair nothing to do with their f'onnalion. 
 
 Along with coarse-grained pegmatites which are widely distributed 
 in the neij^hbourhood of the apatite-bearing vein.«, another type of 
 granite veins occurs,which is characterized by a very even medium to fine 
 grain and an almost complete lack of darker constituents ; the rocks 
 consist almost entirely of quartz and feidsi '\r which is mainly microcline. 
 Such a vein about 0-5— 1 m. thick has : een cut into in the upper 
 workings of the London mine. The normal verv- light colourefl rock 
 is here cut by dark gray-green veins, which often exliibit a regular 
 round or elliptical outline. The rock thus 1ms a ver}- peculiar ap|)earance 
 and is known in Canada as ' leopard giaiiite." Siiuilar masses were found 
 on the dumps of the Little Rapids, North Star, High Rock and Union 
 mines. A very typical blockof thisleopard aranite was shownat the Paris 
 Exhibition, in 1000. Plate V shows a piece from the London mine. With 
 the magnifying glass one easily sees that these veins are caused by an 
 increased quantity of pyroxene, with which in places much pyrite is 
 associated. L'nder the microscope they consist of light-green pyroxene, 
 dark sap-green hornblende, epidote, very almndant titanite, apatite, 
 and small quantities of carbonates. Apophyses frequently branch off 
 from the larger veins and after a short course thin out. These 
 minerals have penetrated sparingly in the immediate neighbourhood 
 into the mass of the rock itself. 
 
 The whole appearance leaves no doubt that one is dealing with 
 secondary structures, which have been formed upon more or less 
 spherical jointing faces. The identity of the minerals occurring 
 here with the essential ones of the apatite veins makes it (certain that 
 impregnation has occurred here and that this process is connected with 
 
AFAUTE AM) MICA NORTH OF OTTAWA 
 
 57 o 
 
 the formation of the apatite and the raineraU acenrapanving it. It is 
 analagous to the .secondary formation of phlo.'opite on the i<.inf 
 planes of the yabbro from Murray'i pit already de-scrilied. 
 
 Diabiiee and augil-- porphyry both occur in the fo.ai of veins. In I'i.i'a-w- 
 the neighbourhood of the Little Rapids mine two dialmve.lykes occur, jlfin'^r'"""'' 
 each at least 10-12 m. in thickness, and having; a .strike ulniost east 
 and west : they thus cut the gneisses and <|uart/ite:s, whicli here have 
 a strike X.N.E und S.S.W , almost at right angles. One of these 
 veins is cut by the tramway south of the Little Rapids mine on the 
 slope towards the Lievre river, and the other north of the main 
 building ami the smithy. Both dykes cut not only the gnei-is and 
 quart/.ite but aUo the pegmatite occurring in them, the northern dia- 
 base vein also cuts the pyroxenite, so that they are the youngest dykes 
 in the '.istrict. 
 
 Both diabases are somewhat coarse-grained, ijuite fresh, and 
 exhibit macroscopically typical ophitic structure. Under the micro- 
 scope the plagioclase always e.xhibits sharply defined forms elongated 
 in the direction of one axis, the interstic-s l;eiug fi'led with allotrio- 
 raorphic augitc. Not infrequently the lattr;r exhibits tor cousiderabley 
 stretches uniform orientation and is then poifci'i'i.ally penetrated by 
 the feldspar forms. Sections of the lat.er normal to P and M gave 
 extinction of 3G.38 with the trace of M; the plagioclase telongs therefore 
 to the labradorite series and has approximately the composition Ab., 
 An ;. Two such .sections with a nearly square outline were ob;;erved, 
 which fell into two twin halves along a diagonal. They are probably 
 Baveno twins. The augite is transparent and of a gray-brown co'.our ; 
 it is a typical diabase augite. Some •■'ivines are completely 
 converted into serpentine. Titanic iron in irrf gular forms is present in 
 abundance. 
 
 f P 
 
 An (iH'jite porphyrite from the (Jrotrn lliU mini' is seeti in an o!d 
 opening us a vein 05 — 1 m. thick, cutting i.yroxenitfs and apatite 
 veins. It is a black very tine-grained unaltered rock without anv pheno 
 crysts. Under the microscope the feldspars are distinguished fjoiu 
 the other constituents by somewhat greater <limensio::s ; they .../e 
 lath-shaped, but without well detined straight outlines. Between 
 them is a tine-grained mixture of augite ^'rains partially uraliti.sed, 
 some brown mica, ore grains and a very little (juartx. 
 
 A somewhat different structure is exhibited by an augite porphyrite 
 which forms a vein in the gneiss al>out Oo m. thick with ,a strike east 
 and west, north of the London mine. The groundmuss of this black 
 
 .■Vui.Mt>- 
 
 ["Uphvi-ite. 
 
 f ! 
 
 ii 
 If 
 
 II 
 

 i - it 
 
 II' 
 
 if 
 
 
 : 1 1 'I 
 
 pi 
 
 KralilU u( 
 invmtJKtt- 
 tJiinH. 
 
 88 
 
 AsM)ci;itt d 
 vein niinerAlH, 
 
 OTTAWA VALIIT 
 
 and almoat compnct rock has a distinct intersertal structure. In it 
 there are large nodule*) mode up of a collection of irregular augite 
 grains with scattered feldspar particlef. 
 
 Evidently these dialiases and augite porphyrites Iwlong to one and 
 the same younger dyke for ination : the thicker dykes are made up of 
 diabases, the thinner of augite porphyritei*. The eruption to which 
 they l>eluiig oocurr«<l after the forinatiun of the apatite veins, and the 
 occurrence of the latter does nut Ktiind in any genetic relation to 
 them. 
 
 The results whiih have been attained by the examination of the 
 apatite occurrences of the province of Quebec, may be summed up 
 briefly as follows : — 
 
 1. The apatite always occurii in true veinc, which cut the Laurentian 
 gneisses and associated beds, as well as the so-called 'pyroxenites '. In 
 the first cat-e they .ire developed in part as bedded veins, i.e, corre- 
 spond strike and dip with the neighbouring rocks, in part they cut 
 these riK-ks at right anglei. No reasons whatever have been found 
 for considering these apatite deposits as an integral part of the Lau- 
 rentian gneiss formation of the same age. 
 
 2. The upatite-bearing veins are accompanied by basic plutonic rocks 
 (silica, about 48 '■')0{i«r cent) which belong to the families of the gabbros, 
 shonkinites, and in part pyroxenites. The ' pyroxenites ' of Sterry 
 Hunt are in part such plutonic rocks in an altered condition, in part 
 secondary formations in the veins themselves. 
 
 3. The essential alterations which the plutonic rocks have under- 
 gone consist in a secondary formation of scapolite (at the expense of 
 the lime soda feldspars), of mica (phlogopite), titanite and sulphides 
 (pyrite, pyrrhotite, ami in part chalcopyrite). 
 
 4. There is indubitulile evidence that the ji^neisses, quartzites, vein 
 granites and other associated rocks have been impregnated with 
 material from the veins, and that in this way secondary developments 
 of augite, among the minerals mentioned under 3, have been brought 
 al)out. This process is particularly clearly seen where these secondary 
 developments have been limited to the cracks and crevices of the adjoin- 
 ing rock. The pyroxene of the neighbouring gneisses is perhaps also to 
 bereferred to such a cause. 
 
 5. In the vein", a distinct association of minerals is observed. Part of 
 them are distinguished by their containing tluorite or chlorine ; to 
 these above ail belong apatite, piilugupite, scapolile and tourmaline ; 
 
APATITl AUD MICA NOKTIl OK OTTAWA 
 
 Mo 
 
 of leta imporUDC« in, curiouily enough, fluorinf. Then aulphides «r« 
 abundant, especially sulphides «f iron, pyrite anil pyrrhotite, and 
 of less importance, chalcopyrite. Of ininei«ls containing titanium, 
 titanite in abundant, while rutile has n<it bet-n recognized with cer- 
 tainty. Then a «erie« of pure silicates, especially pyi-oxene, and less 
 abundantly amphil)ole and feldspars. Finally, in vpry large iiuantitien, 
 calcite, which, according to uiy fX|ierience, is always the youngest of 
 the vein minerals. Quartz is rarely foun.l. The occurrence of graphite 
 in several cases mentioneil hy Harrington, is of great interest from a 
 theoretical standpoint. 
 
 6. The apatite veins show in some places structures which in the f'(iiiractiTi»tic 
 case of ore veins are generally considered characteristic, among them 'J[nHtIm.» ,,{ 
 lateral symmetrical structure, cockade structure, and drusy cavities. »P«''«' 
 
 These facts show that an extraordinary resemblan.e exists between 
 the Canadian apatite veins and those of southern Norway, the motieof 
 occurrence of which latter have been descrilnd by Brogger, Heuscli'* 
 and recently in great detail by Vogt' '. There is found the same connec- 
 tion with basic plutonic rocks (gabbros, olivine hyperites,etc.),the 'ame 
 extension of the veins into the neighijouring schists and limestones, 
 'mostly as bedded veins.' (Vogt) and an association of minerals almost 
 identical with our own if we omit certain unessential points. In Nor- 
 way the presence of titanic acid has brought about the formation of 
 rutile, hereof titanite ; in Norway the secondary pyroxene is predomi- 
 natingly the magnesiarich enstatite, here diopside and malakolite rich 
 in lime ; in Norway minerals containing chlorine play an important 
 part, in Canada, on the contniry, those containing fluorine replace 
 them. On all these points Vogt has dwelt at length. When further 
 Vogt says : ' The most important difference is to be found in the fact 
 that in Norway in the lase of the ajatite veins occurring in olivine 
 hyperite there is a constant alteration of the countr)- rock into 
 Bcapolite hornblende rock, and into other scapolitised gabbros, while in 
 Canada this has been only exceptionally observed,' it is clear from 
 what has been'said above that in this respect also the most far-reaching 
 correspondence exists in both rejpons. 
 
 Also in the most northerly part of Sweden, in the province of Nor- Apntit.- v. ins 
 botten, the apatite veins which have been discovered during the last '" '^**<'*'" 
 few years correspond in mmeral content (apatite, mica, augite, scapo <ana<lmii 
 lite, tourmaline, hornblenrle, titanite, etc.), in their coimection with "«' "'^"•"^♦^''• 
 basic plutonic rocks (gabbros and olivine hyperites) exactly with the 
 Norwegian and Canadian occurrences. Here further the same action 
 upon the neighbouring rock, the same scapolitisation, has been exerted 
 
* ■ i 
 
 i 
 
 B 
 
 
 Ki>z<i<.ii 
 
 Iilri)-Ktn|» 
 
 00 o 
 
 OTTAWA VALLKT 
 
 (the ' |ineumatolitic inetBDiorphiMiu ' of lirojfgrr). Vo}{l ttutes iiideinl 
 that the discovery of the Hcapolite in the altered hyperitn liy Broyger 
 was the cause which led ^> the discovery of the apatite 
 
 III answering tU« fjuestion at to the origin of the apatite \einH, one 
 Clin sat'ely concir in the view put forth by If rugger, Keusch and ^'^lgt, 
 and for the Canadian occurrences in general outlineil by EIIh (»«e Itefer- 
 ence'4) that the formation of the vein minerals has l>een caused 
 by o fuuiarole process which acciimpnnied the eruption of the basic 
 iimgmas or directly followM) it. The material from which the veins were 
 formed, particularly the abundant elements CI, F, Ti, P, B (in tour- 
 maline), Li (in phlogopite) and sulphur canant \te considere<i us derived 
 in any way by lateral secretion from the neighliouring gneisses. All 
 th" circumstances point to the view that they came up from l)elow and 
 that this phenomenon was connected with the ascent of the basic 
 magmas. Vogt points out rightly the broad chemical and geological 
 analogies between these apatite veins and the tin ore vein". 
 
 On the EoxooH /.infuloitf oj C'JI'' St. Pierre. 
 
 Friim Papineauville station (on the line of the Canadian Pacific 
 Hallway between Ottawa and Montreal) an excursion was made to Cote 
 St. Pierre, lying about ten miles north, from which place, a.« is well 
 known, Logan described some of the first speoiniens of Eozooii Cana 
 dense. The exposures exanune<l wore on the south-east steep side of a 
 thickly wo<xled hill and consist of an old quarry, which was made for the 
 purpose of obtaining serpentine asbestus, and is now abandoned, and 
 several small openings made for the purpose of obtaining Eozoon. 
 
 The main rock _, "i^::^ 
 
 of which the hill 
 consists is a coarse 
 graiiied plutonic 
 rcick without any 
 iiidication of par- 
 a 1 1 e 1 structure, 
 ri>.li in dark con- 
 stituents, micii 
 a II d pyroxene. 
 The feldspar i-. 
 .seen by the naked 
 eye to l>e pUgio- 
 clasi', on account 
 of the lwiiiaiii>i 
 striie. In accord- Fi. . II. Kozc^i, CaiuulenH.-. 
 
AfATITB AXD MICA NOWTH OP OTTAWA 
 
 61 O 
 
 ante with the «n»ly>.i>t given Inter, tli.- rock is Im-si (|.»imi,»te<l a» miri- 
 hyperitherio (^iibliro. The wttin steep slope >>( the hill is •<un-ee(Jml l.y 
 A flutter portion, ami in thiit the contat>t b»'tw»en the nMmi iiml the 
 Eoz<Miii limestone lies. There Hre nliiioNt im opeuinyH hcic. There 
 thfU follows n HOiuewhat steeper portion where the Im-si spctiniens ot' 
 FVizoori Wire fouud unci where tlie former anliestus mine wim sitimtwi. 
 
 Thf luifii hyper-tliem-K/ibhro is, ax nlreKdy stiite<l. ooai>e giiiiaeil l).«..ii.-; f 
 
 (grains 4 ."> nun incliain.) ami shows nmtroaco[)i.'aliy l.rownish coloured "'""'"'' "*''• 
 <iuite unaltere<l pingiotlase, generally in the form of short hrnutl laths. 
 on which iiocoant the structure reminds on"' of that of (lialMisr, 
 abundant Muck niioe. and dark pyroxene partly with a l>roii/iy lustre, 
 which i- shown l>y the uiitroHcope to \te partly rhoniliic and partly 
 nionoclinio. These pyroxenes have le«t their lustre along their eilfes 
 on account of the formation of uralite. 
 
 Under the microscope the plagioclas*- exhibits the usual twinning 
 lamellae nCLording to the all.ite and, in part, peridiiie law. It contains 
 many inclusions, as is so frequently the case in Irnsic eruptive rock-, in 
 the form of u tine dust, which, with a high power, is icscUe.l 
 into tiny rtxls and plates ; the latter have hexagonal outlines and are 
 transparent and of a gray-biown colour: they aie prolmhly titanic 
 iron. The extinction angle wa.s measured on plates paiallel to < »l> 
 and found to U^ 2-4J , on plates parallel to x P 5, l:.'li; ; a 'ieternii- 
 nation of speeifie gravity with the picnometer u'ave 267'>. It i-. 
 therefore, a feldspai lielonging to the oligoclase andesini- series ; the 
 specific gravity corresponds very nearly to a mixture Ab . An, and the 
 extinction angle t-i a somewhat more basic one. Probably on account 
 of the freshness of the mineral, the .specific gravity is a better "uide 
 than the few extinction angles. 
 
 The monoclinic pyroxene is trasparent and of a light green-grav 
 colour, and exhibits almost no pleochroisni. In sertions parallel to r. P 
 ^ the extinction (5 : c wis 12 . Itesidethe normal cleavage parallel to 
 or- P there was one parallel to -x Y-j wir,h few cracks but strong and 
 running strai.'ht, and a grt-at many short but sharp cracks parallel to -x 
 P ^ causing a tine fibrous structure. These relations are Ijest oliserved, 
 especially the tegular intergrowth with the rhombic pyroxene on sec- 
 tions at right angles to c. The central portion of such a seition is 
 formetl of rhombic pyroxene with distinct p!eochroi.sm between re<ldish 
 and almost colourless, fieside the cleavage parallel to ■-/; P there 
 is present a system of fine cracks : the ray undulating parallel to 
 them is reddish in color : in convergesit light a bisei^frix appears 
 almost normal ; the plane ot the <)ptir axes is parallel to these fine 
 
«3 o 
 
 OTTAW.« V.^ILKT 
 
 : I 
 
 : ; 
 
 I ■■« 
 
 ill 
 
 ciwckn. It h th«re(uf'« the cleavuge p»r»lli>l to « P ^ »o common in 
 rhouibic pjruxenoi. Tin* peripheral |ii>rtiun of the lection iacoMpoMd 
 ol augit*. In convergent light one axia appmuw »t the edge of the 
 »^d. the plani> nf the optic »«ii in p«r»llel to the •Im>v-« mentioned 
 tibrouii erackii the laittr l>etng n<irm«l to thn cracki parallel to <x P g;, 
 of the rhonitiiv pyroxene. Hence the libmas cleitv*g« of the augite U 
 parallt*! tu x P ^ . In the Mune ■<*ction lioth pyroxenm paai over into 
 untlite which formii the outer edgen anil uuineruui irregularly diatri- 
 l>uted patrhfH in the interior. All three minernU exhibit ximultaneoua 
 •-litinction. The rhi^mkic pyruxeue alwayn eeemi to be older than tl»e 
 tiiuiMX'linic. Iktth, eepeciallT the fonn>>r, C)intain incluNion« of littl* 
 rods and plutea iiiniilar to tli-xe in the f>lagi<Jola«e. The green horn- 
 blende, in apite of the fact that it U often quite ooiiipaot, ia in all 
 prolNtbility wholly derived from the pyruxenea. Ii exliiibita the uanftl 
 pleochroiam, a light yellow grt-r^ii, b and c dark griiiutgreeni 
 
 The nnca collect)* into lmit<;hea with the aUivf menti-Mied dark 
 c<>iutituent», and it fflox'ly certainly primary. A »mall pui aeema to 
 h«ve lieen derived from tli- uralile. 
 
 The dark constuupntN are ir -gularly outlined, only the rhombic 
 au);ite exhibita ii. part rou){li |>f i!«niatic forma, it is undoubtedly the 
 oldest of all. 
 
 Itesidea apatite and isolated metallic grains, then* is some quartz in 
 v<*ry xmall grains Ijetwoea the tVldspara. FresHure phenomena are 
 hardly present. 
 
 An analysis by Dr. Dittrichgave the composition under I ; under II 
 the curresponilin^ molecular proportions have l)een calculated to 100, 
 leaving out the H.^O and COj. 
 
 I 
 
 Tin, . 
 Al,t)„ 
 
 Fe,(), 
 
 Fe«). 
 
 MnO . 
 
 MgO.. 
 
 CaO. 
 
 Na,<) 
 
 K,0 
 
 P,o. 
 
 H,0.. 
 CO, . . 
 
 r>2 I'.p 
 
 t: 
 
 U 5-' 
 
 :i 1 1 
 
 (i 21' 
 trace, 
 f, .-,7 
 8 SH 
 3 (1- 
 
 1 Kt 
 I 43 
 53 
 
 m 
 
 M 
 U15 
 
 H 111 Kcll 
 
 10 .'HJ 
 
 IIP •-•(I 
 
 a 711 
 
 1 (>-, 
 
 II IM 
 
 ITOOS 
 
 4| 
 
AfATITK AMD <•»* K">HTH or OIT.tWA 
 
 «3 1> 
 
 Fn>iu 11 may tw cnlcuiitni : 
 
 A-4H4;C 4 31 ; P = 24 no, (1=3; c •,' 6; f 14 B 
 n • 7 *< •nd th« forniul* : 
 
 * j« . 3 *j •^i .1 'i 1 • • "; . •• 
 
 A glance iit the Ubltj of plutonie nxk« ( •.') "how- thm tlif riH;lt hnlda 
 •bout th)> ■•tne position an the DiiuagablirofioiiiHuri icaii l(iili(e, Wlluw 
 atone Park, described by hidings, and thiii the luineriiln-^ii-'itl i.'unttUu 
 tion of both roolcM i« very niinilur. The latter conbiinH augiti', hy|ier 
 ittheue, biotite, platjioclup, «)uih niUioolitiie, i|uart/., iinil oiivini-. The 
 potition of tb«> ('Aiiadiuii r<x-k on the limit of the gitbbni imd dinni<< 
 tikble U alao <'Xiictly the saui' It in Iwst |iluoi«(l in the Hrxt vertical 
 serieo of the Kabbni' AS n typ« uliovi' .Mi>lkenhaus (uiuler a - M). In 
 the diorite table, on account of its a c i ratio it would tit in betwifn 
 the typea Montrom> and Cuinpo major . t'or this poiltion it< |HTi'Hutiigi> 
 of silica Ih It littlH low. It it therefore d><«iKnati-il ax inii-ahyiMTstlii-ni* Mi™ *'>|"t»- 
 gabliro. It IS amo ciieinically v>-ry similar to tn>' enMexitu lyfx; rair 
 view ; here, however, the pro| rtion of alkalies is in general Honie- 
 what hi;;her, the value for i i slinctly lower. The type point in 
 table VIII (loc. cit. i conies near the points ■''"> (Montnwe) an'l 07 (C'abo 
 Frio). I rom the numliers for A and C we obtain an average plagio 
 close Ao „ An^. I . The value for Ali is ii toubledly, on account of 
 the considerable quantity of mici. -.omewhat i.iuli. and in .spite of this 
 the value varies but little from that calcul.iti'd trmi the specific 
 gravity. 
 
 A con>(Miri8on wiUi the gaiibro fion. Murray n pit shows that the 
 rock from C(^te St. Pierre is somewhat more acidic and corre'-pondingly 
 richer in alkalie- andalumin i. but poorer inbiMilent metiils ; eM|H'cially 
 the 'Hiantity ot magnesia, in spite of the mica content, is distinctly 
 lower. Murray s pit is lower and more t<j the ritjht in the gabbro table. 
 
 In tlii.-^ normal coars.' jirained plutonic rock oi cur abundantly dis- 
 tributed streaky and vein-like mos.ses which are of a very uniform, dis- 
 tinctly liner-grain and without any po:phyritic secretions whatever. 
 Under the microscope, they are found to differ from tin main rock 
 easfutially as follows ; — 
 
 1. The rhombic pyroxene i^ entirely absent ; at least in the several 
 sections examined its presence i luld not be determ ■' 
 
 2. The dark mica is somewhat more abuni! 
 quantity to the augite. 
 
64 
 
 OTTAWA VALLEY 
 
 r1'" 
 Hi 
 
 Strmtun' 
 (tilnilar to 
 inakliiti- 
 dyki' rmk», 
 
 3. Quartz, although still scarce, is more plentiful than in the main 
 rock ; further, some orthoclase seems to be present along with the 
 plagioclase. 
 
 The structure strongly resembles that of many malchite liyke rocks. 
 
 Two iiand specimens were collecteil from the 'jjneiss portions' on 
 the other side of the road. Both are di-stinctly rnore fine-^'raineil than 
 the normal gabbro. One of them is rich in (liirk-;;oloured constituents 
 and is similar to a tine-grained ;,'al)l)ro ur diorite. The otlier is some- 
 what lighter ; the feldspar is partly coloured reddish ; the mica is 
 arranged in parallel layers, so that then- is a gneiss-like appearance. 
 F'roin external characters one would desi;;nate the roik as a syenite 
 gneiss. Under the microscope, both rocksoontainplagioclafe in relatively 
 large regularly outlined grain-, with t!ie above mentioned inclusions. 
 Jietween these plagioclase gi-ains lies a fiiic-„'rainrd iricgularly dis- 
 tributed a;.'gregate of unstriated feldspar and i|uartz. The first contains 
 along with mica abundant munociinic au:,'ite, which is partially 
 uralitized ; in the latter, no un iltered auijite has been observed, but 
 |)art of the green liornl>l»>iulc may be uralite. Tt i* alsi) rich in apatite 
 and titanite. 
 
 The foriiier seems to nie uinioiibtedly to l)e a marginal facies of the 
 gabbro, but I am not sure of tlii-i. A decision la,. iie made only after a 
 further study of the field relations. 
 
 Difpc'coiitiut As has already been stated, the direct contact between the lime>toiii' 
 not exiKiwd. ,^^^j ^^^^ gabbro, b on the profile, is not exposed, liut in many places it 
 was possible to uncover rock-: whieli undoubtedly fame from very close 
 by it. It is characteristic of the s|:)eciinetis tlus cullected that feiiispar 
 and quartz were completi-ly wanting, and that their coarseness and 
 composition varied very niu ■li at points but a little distance apart. 
 One of them is exceedingly touyi', linr-,'rained, of darjv greenish-brown 
 colour, and in which may ba detected inacroscnpically isolated large 
 plates of mica and cleavage surfaces of green lioi-nblende up to a centi- 
 metre across, irregularly outlined and interpenetrated poikilitically by 
 other minerals. Under the microscrip", the main mass of the rock is seen 
 to consist of light-gray transparent augite and green faintly weakly pleo- 
 chroitic hornblende. Mica is only rarely present, and there is also 
 some calcite, a green transparent spinel and abundant titanite. Feld- 
 spars and quartz are altogether ab-enf. The hornblende is very 
 irregularly distributed : in certain portions of the section it forms 
 large shreds which are poikilitically penetrated by other minerals. 
 Whero it is wanliiip, the structure is tliat of a typical lime silicate 
 
APATITE AND MICA \0R1 II OF OTTAWA 
 
 1)0 O 
 
 hornstoiie of relatively coarse Rrain. Plate VIII., fig. 2 gives a repre- 
 sentation of this structure. 
 
 Another ona of these rocks is distinguished liy the tact that, inairo- 
 scopically, tesides green pyroxene and very abundant titanite, it 
 contains large grains of a white mineral that, in lustre and cleavage, 
 is similar to tht jcapolite of the apatite veins. .Mica is al.so very 
 abundant in spots. I'nder the microscope, this undoubted contact 
 product consists in part of a very uniform mixture of pyroxene, 
 scapolite and titanite. Plate XI., fig. 3, is uktn from such a place. ( Hher 
 parts of the same section are made up almost entirely of scapolite, 
 which is coarsely fibrous, the indivirlual fibres having a tendency to 
 arrange themselves radially. Piute XI, Fig. 4. 
 
 From still another place in the neighbourhood of the contact comes Ma.»iv, 
 a black-green ma.s»ive serpentine, cut by cracks a centimetre wide, h,','"'',',''.'';' 
 fillrni with some calcite and large mica crystals. Under the micro- """""• 
 scope, the serpentine exhibits in some places distinct ci-oss hutching, 
 caused by two fibrous systems crossing one another at right angles. 
 There are isolated grains of carljonates and mica plates in the serpen- 
 tine. The mica which fills the cracks has an axial angle of about 30', 
 and ' filled with redbi-own inclusi(ms. 
 
 At another point near the contact is a very coarse diopside rock. 
 The whole rock consists of coarsely crystalline grains of -J-.'} cm. diam- 
 eter of a light green to almost colourless diopside. 
 
 r obtained some hand specimens from Prof. Schmidt in lUscI, who I.i,„.>t..ii.. 
 had cc.llected them on u former excursion to this place, and which con. | '"I"'''''"'-' 
 sist of alx)Ut equal quantities of diopside and calcite. The latter forms "h f^iin.., 
 a coarsely crystalline marble, in which the diopside is developerl as verv '''"""' 
 well formed crystals over a centimetre long. The crystals are short 
 prisms, the two vertical piiiacoids occur only as narrow truiicutions of 
 the prism ed-es. The terminations consist ofOPand various pvruniids. 
 The latter are usually very rough and unsuitable for measurements, 
 while the faces of the prism /.one and OP give very g.nxl rdiections. 
 All crystals exhibit a perfect parting parallel to OP probably on 
 account of a fine twinning. The extinction angle in one section parallel 
 to r P x^, determined with Na light, wa.s 37 . 
 
 I'ndoubtedly we have here a limestone exhibiting contact metainor- 
 
 phism ; the whole paragenesis of minerals, the great variety in the 
 
 grain of the rocks in such a short distance, and the typical contact 
 
 structure aie uxlraurdiniirily cliaractcristic. At a somewhat greater 
 
 12—0—5 
 
 11" ,. 
 
 r : 
 
66 o 
 
 OTTAWA VALLEV 
 
 Origin of 
 
 KuZtKHI. 
 
 distance trom the contact the carbonates still prevail, in them the 
 diopside has developed in the form of ciystals, and irregular concre- 
 tionary masses, or with the structure j)eculiar to Ehzooh. Dawson says 
 ' sometimes (not usually) pyroxene is the silicious part of Eozooii.' The 
 diopside is very frequently altered to serpentine. When Dawson says 
 ' Further the white pyroxene of the Laurentian limestones and the 
 lo;,'anite and dolomite are all known to have heen produced by aqueous 
 dejiosition,' it certainly does not apply t«i the augite here : it is in this 
 place a product of contact metaniorpliisra. The normal granular lime- 
 stones of Canada also very often contain green pyroxene, as has already 
 been fKiinted out. The rocks here descril>ed cannot, however, be 
 mistaken for them ; they are recognized as ditterent upon the first 
 glance. 
 
 With regard to the question as to the organic origin of Eozoon, this 
 is in no way connected with the above facts and their explanation. If 
 Eozoon was an organic being, its hard parts which are still preserved 
 certainly did not consist originally of diopside or 8er])entine but were 
 first converted to the former by an act of metamorphosis. It may here 
 be pointed out that Johnston-I^vis and Gregory'"' have recently 
 obtained pieces of lime silicate, ejections from Monte Somma, in which 
 the typical structure of Eozoon is present. According to these two 
 authors, this structure is not originally organic, but is produced by 
 metamorphosis. In the Monte S)mma specimens augite is subordinate 
 to the basic lime and Miagnesia silicates olivine and monticellite : there 
 also occur mica and spinels, as is the case at Cote iSt. Pierre. 
 
 TWO CANADIAN OCCVBRF.SCE.S OF GRAPHITE. 
 
 Occurr»*nc;f f 
 
 ^rajtliite' 
 
 wi«le!*i»rc:MJ. 
 
 I. On the occurrence <,f draphit" nt Graphite City, Toirmhip of 
 Bncliitighnm. 
 
 According to the older reports of the Geological Survey, of which I 
 have been unable to make a through study the occurrence of graphite in 
 Buckingham and the adjoining townships is very widespread. In 
 the first township it is reported fi-oni many points in lots 18 — 28 and 
 ranges V — VIII. In most ca.ses work seems to have been confined 
 to small openings, in only a few has the graphite actually been worked, 
 and even here this has been done very sporadically and witl long 
 delays intervening. In this whole area, as far as is known to me, work 
 is carried on only at Graphite City, and there on a small scale. 
 
'■] 
 
 TWO CAXADIAN OCCLKKESCKM OK GRAPHITE 
 
 C: 
 
 .Milling ('u. 
 
 In the Kej)ort for l>73-74 Mr. \ enuor ha» given some information 
 witii respect to the way in which the ifrapliite oiiurs. iinil according 
 to this the mineral i.s found 'in three distinct forms : 
 
 1. As disseminaterl scales or plates in the limestones, gneisses, pyrox- 
 enites and quartzites, and even in some of the iron ores, as at Hull. 
 
 -. As lenticular or disseminated masses eml)edded in the limestone, 
 or at the junction of these and the adjoinin<; gneiss and pyro.venite. 
 
 3. In the form of true fissure veins cutting the inclose<l strata.' 
 
 The workings of Walker Mining Co. lie in lots 19, HO, L'l, '2'^, ranges 
 VII and V'lII. There are alxiut 30 openings where graphite ha.slieen 
 found, of which several generally lie more or less in a group, they ho\n'\ er 
 stretch over a large area, which, on account of the woods and in many 
 places the swamps, is ditticult of access. Only in two places does the 
 work seem to have progressed l)eyond the most primitive stages, at the 
 Main pit where a moderate work is being carried on, and at a group 
 of pits west from this, along the boundary of lots 21 and '22, ranges 
 Vil and VIII. Her* there are ten pits altogether, of which the largest 
 one is known as Neljj's pit. During the seventies, graphite was mined 
 in considerable quantity 'oy the I>ominion of Canada Plumbago Co., as 
 can be seen from the d^pth of the working and the dumps. What is 
 gi\en l)elow refers for the most part to these two localities. Only 
 a few other openings were visited ; many were vainly looked for in the 
 thick woods. (In this account, and the shorl time of I'lj' stay, my 
 observations must necessarily be of a veiy fragmentary charaotor. 
 
 Of special interest are the following points : — 
 
 1. In all the pits I have seen, with Imt one exception which will be (irapliitt- 
 mentioned later, the graphite occurs as the iiliing of veins and cracks tillintfuf Mins. 
 in gneiss, granular limestone, pegmatite, and granular eruptive rocks. 
 The direction of these veins is independent of the strike of the rocks 
 traversed. Thus in a small opening between the Main pit and 
 Ne.iy's pit the gneiss has a strike N. 70 E. and a relatively Hat 
 dip. It is cut by four graphite veins all parallel and about 4 /> cm. 
 thick, whose strike is N. 120 W. and dip almost perpendicular. Near 
 Nelly's pit there is a pegmatite vein in the gneiss several meters thick. 
 In this, in a relatively small space, there are several graphite veins which 
 have been exposed in openings, and which are as broad as one's hand 
 in places but usually only a few centimetres. In Nelly's pit itself 
 the veins are collected on the boundaries of the granular limestone, the 
 gnei.ss and a phitonic rock, which, as far as one can see, furuis ji large 
 dike. Some of these veins have a thickness of over 20 cm. One 
 12_o_5i 
 
 rp 
 
G8 o 
 
 OTTAWA VALLKV 
 
 Kxcption to 
 vfiiifdniHttiou 
 Ht Main (lit. 
 
 Mnit-ral 
 !•' lilt. 'lit of 
 u'rapliite vt'iii!' 
 ^iiiijiU'. 
 
 can see very well from the abundant material on the dumps how 
 narrow apophyBes and branches have run out from the large graphite 
 veins lietween the layern of gneiss, how thest^ dwindle away, and how 
 along their line of continuation inolat*^! plates and knobs of graphite 
 are depooited. See Plate VII. The granular limestone is strongly 
 impregnat.<l with graphite froqa the veins. One geU the impression 
 that the ItHwe structure would make the penetration of a foreign sub- 
 stance particularly easy. 
 
 The one apparent exception to this vein formation of the graphite is 
 found at the Main pit itself. This is a horizontal tunnel-like working 
 about 20 paces long and on the boundary of the granular limestone and 
 the gneiss. I could not find any graphite veins here, but both rocks 
 are abundantly and very uniformly impregnated with little graphite 
 plates. An opening made about 50 paces above this working in the 
 same hill-side shows a graphite vein about as wide as one's hand on the 
 boundary of the gneiss and granular limestone which is here peculiarly 
 altered (see later). 
 
 The complete similarity of these relations shows that the graphite is 
 here a typical vein mineral, that the veins are younger than the pegma- 
 tite, and therefore certainly younger than the gneiss and granular 
 limestone tut by the pegmatite. The occurrence at Main pit is really no 
 exception. Here the graphite and even the carbon is no original con- 
 stituent of the gneiss and limestone but a later impregnation which 
 has procee<led from the graphite veins and which is most closely con- 
 nected with them. 
 
 2. The mineral content of these gniphite veins is always very simple, 
 in by far the larger numbc of cases tin- graphite itself filling the veins ; 
 it then consists usually of parallel fibrous or lod-like uggiegates, the 
 direction of the fibres beinu normal to the walls of the vein, as is very 
 common in O ylon and in other places. Plate VI shows such a fibrous 
 graphite vein, about two fingers thick, in pegmiitite. lu rare cases 
 green apatite and scapolite occur with the graphite. Thus, I found 
 near Nelly's pit vein-fragments which contained pieces of pure apatite 
 up to the size of one's fist, while the main mass consisted of a granular 
 aggregate of apatite-quartz, very abunffant titanite, ;,'raphite, scapolite 
 and pyroxene. Many section:, of this a^'gregate cannot lie distinguished 
 in any way from the ' pyroxenite ' of the apatite veins. Mr. Walkei , 
 the owner of the mines, told rae that large pyroxene crystals had lieen 
 found directly upon the selvage of a vein. The occurrence of apatite 
 appears to be not uncommon, and reminds one oi the occurrence of the 
 same mineral on the graphite veins in Ceylon. Thus, Sandherger" 
 
TWO CANADIAN OCCLRHESCES OF (IRAHHITR 
 
 6'J O 
 
 found in a luuip of ^{raphite from there a core of olive-green apatite as 
 big as au apple, also very abundantly rutile, .some titanic iron, feldispur, 
 quartz, a liKht bruwn-inica, and sulphides, particularly pyrite. Accord- 
 ing to the annlyses of Jannasch iind I»cke, this apatite is very rich in 
 fluorine. Oninling'' ■ deHcrilies the occurrence of apatite in graphite in 
 Ceylon in the form of large crystals along with iron magnesia mica, 
 calcite, quartz and pyrite. Weinschcnk''" mentions also unusually large 
 pyroxenes (onlinury green augite). Coarsely crystalline calcite also 
 plays an imp<jrtant role in the Ceylon veins. 
 
 3. Thf occurrence of graphite at Graphite City is connected with Kmp'ivf 
 the appearance of miissive eruptive rocks which in mineralo<;ical (;f.,||,'j,,. f.;,y 
 composition are vcrv similar to tho.se descriU-d in connection with the ""m'-'i tn 
 apatite (x-currencs. Due miyht in part repeat the description here. By ai«iut. 
 Mr. Walker's house tlieie are little clitFs consisting i>f alternate bands """ 
 of a dark and li.'ht gneiss-like rock— it is a hypersthene liiotite iralibro- 
 Winiilar, thoU;,'h more altered, plutonii' rucks consisting' essentially of 
 plaj,'ioclase, augite, and mica occur at the Main pit .ind Nelly's |iit. 
 Whether they are parts oi a large ma>.s or are unrelated muUl not be 
 determined from the {KXir exjiosures. The hand specimens from the two 
 last mentionet localities do not show any evidence of parallel structure 
 and are similar eiiouirh to be mistaken for one another. 
 
 As far as I could see on my short visit, the occurrence of the graphite 
 is connected with tlic contact of this <'ruptive rock with gneiss and 
 granular limestone. The limestone is in these places very much altered , 
 there has been especially a large jiroduction of .scajjolite, pyro.xene and 
 titanite. 8uch altered limestones are so like the scapolite pyroxene 
 rock from the ncighl)OUrlKxxl of the apatite vein*, as to he mistaken 
 for it. 
 
 Of the riKjks from the iieighWirh.jtMl of the graphite veins, the 
 eruptive rocks will he now described. 
 
 Hui"'riit/ii'ni' I'intilf imlihto from the neighbourhood of Walker's hoii-e. Hv|»-rstlii m 
 !/' •' . ,, . ,., i.i..f;t..,r.i.i.. 
 
 This ck, as already jMuntcd out, has niacroscopicaily a v'l^eiss like 
 
 appe.< nee; microscopically there are seen very strongly ileveioped 
 signs of pressure passing into rudimentary moriar structure. P.irticu 
 larly the feldspar, which is almost entirely plagi'iclase, exhibits undulose 
 extinction, bending and breaking of twins, and similar pressure 
 phenomena in a wonderfully Ijeautiful manner. Ahmg with a mono- 
 clinic augite is less abundantly a stronsjly pleochroic hypersthene. 
 liath are allotriomorphic, the hypersthene in great part converted into 
 a green alteration pnnluct. The monoclinic very faintly pleochroic 
 
 
 lliiitit.-;,'.iliK|. 
 
 J 
 
70 o 
 
 OTTAWA VALI.ET 
 
 Amither 
 xiniilar rork 
 iiU>Vf Main 
 |.it. 
 
 (/nart/ 
 int*ivr«»\vtli 
 
 III ft-M^'|l.1l 
 
 uiiil i|iiartz. 
 
 auRite shows in sectionn ftt riRht angles to c along witli the prismatic 
 cleavages, short sharp cracks which are visible only by considerable 
 magnification and very good lighting, and which correspond to the 
 orthopinacoid ; theplaneof the optic axes is normal to them. Mica is 
 also abundant. The rock must come very close chemically to that 
 from CMe St. Pierre as it does mineralogically, only it is distinctly 
 tiner grained. 
 
 A rock which I found above the Main pit in large blocks near the 
 graphite vein already described and which must occur very clo.se by, is 
 very similar to the one just described. The rhombic pyroxene is here 
 much less abundant. Of light-coloured constituents, besides plagio- 
 clase, a microperthite is very abundant and also some ([uartz. The 
 structure is completely irregular and that of a normal plutonic r(K;k. 
 Pressure phenomena are less distinct. 
 
 A few paces north of the entrance of the Main pit the sauie rock 
 occurs again. Macroscopically, it cannot Ik; distinguished from the 
 one last described, irnder the microscope, it exhibiu very peculiar 
 appearances. Here again by far the greater part of the feldspar is 
 plagioi-lase. This plagioclase is completely intergrown with quartz. All 
 those phenomena described iis quar- '/<■ i-m-rnsifm, i/uarz irrmicule, kc, 
 may here be studied in peculiar lieauty. From the edges of the feld- 
 spar sections there run inwards lube and worm-like developments 
 of ([uartz which frequently unite and form :i regular netwoik. 
 Fig. '2, plate XI., shows a typical example of this latter variety ; the 
 isolated plagioclase particles are much rounded, as though roughly 
 broken up and in part somewhat displace<l with regard to one another. 
 In other sections tha plagioclnfo has a sieve-like appearance, caused liy 
 numerous inclusions of «iuartz, generally irregularly outlined but 
 fre(|ueiitiy similarly oriented optically. In other eases these quartz 
 inelusions are long and spindh' shaped, and are then arranged parallel 
 to one another and to the twinning lamell;e of the albite. Sot infre- 
 quently, the ijuartz is replaced by a very tine granophyric intergrowth 
 of feldspar (orthoclase ?) and quartz. Fig. 1, plate XT., shows a place 
 where such an aggregate has eaten its way like a tube into a large plng- 
 ioclase and which ends at its point in pure quart;!. Hackstrom* has de- 
 scril)e<l and tigurefl very similar appearances in inclusions in Scandi- 
 navian diabase, and calletl them corrosion ohe'ioinena. Such an explana- 
 tion is also applicable here. The occurrence of the dark-coloured 
 constituents is also peculiar. The pyroxene is almost completely urali- 
 
 * II. liHckBtniin : I'lier friniiW (;esttin«'inKclilii»''«- .i 
 
 l„.„,u, Mrcici f. Ht<..-kl...!i>t-, U-.--'n-!.. N^>. le-s. !s!H>. 
 
 . iiiiRiii Skan(!ina\ ischfs Hia 
 
TWO CANAIHAN OCCUHIlKXrEM OF GRAPHITE 
 
 71 o 
 
 tized : it i^ eaten nway iimi Klled witli little micu pl«te!< and particles 
 of iiuartz, similarly to what was observed in the scapolitized gnbliro 
 from ttie Vavasour mine. The l)rown mica ni-ver forms large plates, 
 but invarinbly a lot of lirtle vpan^les and irre;;uln»ly boundiHl knol« 
 which grou{i themselves radially, preferably about the pyroxenes and 
 metallic miui-rals or are arranged in parallel swarms. In a short 
 distanse such a group of panillel-arranged micas break up into a sort 
 of soot, so that its arrangcnu-nt looks like that of the microlites having 
 a tluidal :irran(.'enient in glas.sy rocks. Apatite is not an abundant 
 accessory constituent. Uicroix'-- descrilies and liguri's very similar 
 conditions in iiiiiphibole pyroxene gneisses from the graphite district 
 of Ceylon and from Salem. It is possible that these corrosion and 
 alteration phenomena are connected with the formation of the graphite 
 Veins. 
 
 The gneiss which occurs a few paces from the Main pit contains i on... ntar 
 but little graphite. It is a iliinly-bidded nx^k whose cross section is ,".,,iJJ'||],'l,' ij,,],, 
 seen to Im- essentially a granular mixture of n-ddish feldspar and i-tii''"''- 
 Huartz with some graphite. Mica is much less abundant. On the 
 principal fracture are mainly ^mall plates of light brown mica. 
 
 I'nder the micriiscope, the rock consists principally of an allotrio- 
 morpluc mixture of unstriated feldspar with a little ([uartz. Plagio- 
 cla.se stems to be extraordinarily scarce. The feldspars are tille<l with 
 the same hair and needle-like microlites as were descrilied under the 
 i;abbro 'rom .South .March. They are fairly strongly double rctVactin;.' 
 and have parallel extinction. Whether they are rutile or not cannot 
 be at present decided. They are certainly secondary ; they are some 
 times arrangetl in regu!. ■' sj-sienis for long distances, similar to the 
 needle-like inclusions in i lie phlogopite ; in po'ari/e<l light, it is seen 
 that one such .system includes -everal feldspar grains arranged (|uite 
 irregularly with respect to one another, and that sjme of the longer of 
 the needles stretch unbroken anil undisturbed through severd sui'h 
 feldspar grains. 
 
 The dark coloured constituents are represented (mly by mica, and Miiii:iiiil 
 not ver)' abundantly. AH the paralle' 't; ucture of the rock is brought ." ' 
 about by the parallel arrangement f ' i;c »i. i which is collecteil into ' 
 certain planes, the bands rich in feldsj>ur an irregularly granular. 
 
 In the portions rich in mica, and freiiuently intimately intergrown 
 with it, there occurs graphite, and in the hand specimens examined 
 these two nnnerals are about eijual in <iuantity. Thi' graphite forms 
 irregularly Iwiunded ragged masses usually elongated in the direction 
 
 Hial in liainl 
 
72 o 
 
 OTTAMA VALLkV 
 
 MM i 
 
 o( the HchiHtotity, and, examined in reflected light, it iteen to be inti 
 matcly uaaociated with sulphides, probably pyrite. The same aMsociii- 
 tion iti found everywhere in the limestone rich in graphite, which 
 is here mined for graphite. The larger particleit of graphite 
 exhibit in° reflected light irregularly Imunded, often elongated 
 portions rich in sulphideit and yellow in colour, while the other portiotrx 
 have the lead-grey colour and lustre of graphite. 
 
 The graphite often lies in the form of thin lamellii' in the rleuvnge 
 of the mica, suggesting primary intergrowth, and surruundw it upon tlie 
 edges. Again, it i^ seen along tniusversf cricks and Assures in the 
 mineral, particularly the H|)ace8 caused by tlit^ mica crystals opening up 
 along the cleavage lines under mechanical stress are tilled by it. Portions 
 poor in uiica are avoided by the graphite, but it is soinotiues seen here 
 and there invariably on the edges of \ nrious feldspar grains in long 
 narrow shrrds ; it follows all the bends and curves of tho outline. This 
 Mica, the whole method of occurrence of the uiiea shows that it is the youngest 
 ^■(""[(j"''^''"' of all the constituents an, 1 formed in the rock after its solidiiication. 
 that it is the product of intiitration. 
 
 The parts of ihe rock rich in mica are the weakest portions, and 
 along thera the rock breaks n.ost easily. The portions poor in 
 mica show, as has already lieen raid, an almost irregular und compact 
 structure. Hence along the former an infiltration of foreign matter 
 would take place more easily and in greater quantity. In the portions 
 rich in mica, the mica it.self is the mineral which, on account of its good 
 cleavage and elasticity, would most easily Ik" inipregnate<l with foreign 
 substances. These relations are very beautifully shown in Plate IX. 
 
 In those portions of the rocks rich in mica and very often enclosed in 
 mica itself, rutile occurs in small needles and twins. Besides, a mineral 
 was observed in somewhat larger i^raiiis und crystals, the latter showing 
 ()uadratic or ortho/ona! outlines. It shows a very high refractive 
 index, hiijli double refraction nnd a brown colour; according to its 
 optical properties it l«!oni,'s to the tetragonal system and was sup- 
 posed to l>e cassiteritc. In order to make sure the following test was 
 Oxiileiif till, made : The heavies', constituents of the rock were isolated by heavy 
 solutions and sev.wai times treated with hydrofluoric acid ; a smiill 
 )|uaiitity of a black jiowder was obtained. It was dissolved in a 
 Ixirax liead coloured slightly Mue by CuO : the bead assumed a ruby 
 colour or became opaque, resembling red sealing wax. This very 
 characteristic reaction provod beyond a doubt, that SnO- was present. 
 So that though possibly occuring only sparingly, there can be no doubt 
 as to the presence of cassiterite in this gneiss. 
 
 iMMiaii 
 
 MHfli 
 
-J 
 
 TWO CANADIAN OrcL'KRKNCKS OK (iHAFIIITB 
 
 73 O 
 
 The mivutes employed (orolitainiiijc f^iitphite from the m.iiniiite do not 
 exhiliit macrosodpicully anything; Imt ^.Tuphitf. rnder t)i<- ndcnitciipe 
 they are found to contain iilnmdunt calcite in Inr^e much t wini'd );rninf>, 
 abundant monoclinic augitu in irregularly outlined grains partly pnssinu 
 over into a dirty green lerpt'ntine-likc altfnitiim priMluct, further 
 quartz grains, abundant titaniti- with strong pleouliniisin and a 
 colourlcsM mineral in radiating tibroux ajtgrpgates that could not In- 
 exactly determined hut is iierhaps trcmolitt- or woliiistonitc. Tin- 
 graphite occurs us in the alwvt- ileiicrilicd ;jneiss in irn-gularly outlined 
 much elongated lumpx. Its intcrgrowth with pyrite has ulrfiidy U-en 
 mentioned. As shown by tlifir composition and by the fact that the 
 transition can Iib followed, these masses have lieen deri\ed from the 
 granuiai' limestone. 
 
 Itbas already l>eeri mentioned that iheie has been a d(>\ elopement uf ••ccumiKi' ' 
 scapolite at the contact of these urapliite veins, and partly upoti tliein. ..iiitii'i t ,.t 
 Two of such rocks may here lie mentioned. The first comes directiv "''I'''"'' 
 
 - M'lll". 
 
 from the contact with the graphite vein which has been opened about 
 r>0 paces alwve the Main pit. It is medium to tine-grained with pyrite 
 abundantly scattered through it and under the magnifying gla«s 
 has the greatest similarity to contact metamorphosed lime silicate rock ; 
 its structure is quiti' irregular and granular. I'nder the microscope 
 it consists of .about pi|ual uarts of colourless pyroxene and scapolite 
 which in part has undergone the alteration desorilieil alnive. Ajiatite 
 in largp grains and titanite are rel.itively ubun<lant ; quartz is scarce. 
 
 The hand specimen of the otlitr rook, alscj indistinguishable iiiacioco- 
 pically from a coarse-graineil lime-silicate hornstone, and cut by gra- 
 phite veins, comes from Nelly's pit. Here Ukj the principal con>ti- 
 tuents are augite and scup.ilite, with microcline and a little re<l brown 
 mica. None of the constituents e.\hibii crystalline form. The struc 
 ture is irregular granular, in part distinctly honeycomlied. 
 
 '* 
 
 II. — Oft III! ornirniic cr' '•'ra/i/iit'- in O'runrill'- Tniiiisliij,. 
 
 This graphite mine lie- about two miles north of the (Jrenvilic rail- t;ra|.l;it.- w 
 way station. On the geological map accompanying a 'Report on the ■]'•,','„", '.'l*| 
 GeoloL'y of a portion of the Laurentian area lying to the North of the 
 Island of .Montreal,' (Annual H-port t^eol. Surv. fan,, Part.l. Vol. VII, 
 (X. S.) there is in the southwest corner a large .syenite ana covering 
 alxtut thirty-six square miles in the townships of (Irenville, Chathani 
 and Wentworth. According to Ells, the graphite mine lies about one 
 mile west of this syenite ju-t at the limit of the map .\ glance at 
 
74 o 
 
 OITAWA VALLKT 
 
 Iriiii 
 
 rir«t ni.nti 
 
 Siirv.-.- 
 n|«irt«. 
 
 .irfill-fltf* 
 
 the limp shows thitt thp I^iurfittiHD Kiioist at thu place contain* a 
 teries of tMiiMjt cit' Krnnular limeHtune, und th<' i{raphit<> mini) it in tlie 
 Cranulai' liiiie^ttune. 
 
 in In lf*l"i tfi ijrnpliito t'roiii tlio ^ninuiHi- iinieittoni* of •Irenvilli- wan 
 '" mentioi:«l hy L<ii(Hii in the Hcport of the (itHilogicnl Survt-y. The 
 i(ra|ihiti^ wiiu said to occur on lot 10, nuif V., toufth«^r with teldNpar, 
 (juartz, pyroxi'iie and litanitc in a vein wliiih rut th* granular liui*'- 
 ttone. Other occurronces were known at varioux points in this and 
 the nei^hhfiurin:,' townnhipH. The oci-urrence on lot 1(», lanK" V. wan 
 worke«l und alxindoned at variou'* times. In the Cat»lo)o>*! "f *1'« 
 Collection ot' Kconouiic Minerals of Cuiiadapri'parrd for the Exhihition 
 in I'hiladeiphia, lX7t>, it is referred to an fulloWH : ' < »n thin 
 lot Ave IhmIm or veins of mure or lesa pure graphite occur in a lielt 
 varyinsif fi-om rtve to i-l^jht feel in width. Tliey range from tive to 
 twenty-two inchen in thicUiieH* and are incliwed iu a g«iij;ue from 
 which the graphite luay be readily separated This gangue conniHtH 
 of pyroxene, wollastonite, feldspar and oiiartz with Hinaller t|U«iitities 
 of spliene, phlogopite, zireon, garnet and idoorase. The country rock 
 eonsists of white limestone. The deposit has lieen o[»"ned to a depth 
 of thirty feet iilong Mxty feet of its course <ud some of the graphite 
 li.is l)een exported, etc Some of the hlocks broken up for shipping 
 were estimated to weigh from 70(1 tn 1,.')U0 !l>s.' Itecently work seems 
 to have l)een taken up again actively. At the lime of my visit new 
 liuildiug- were lieing put up and new stamps were lieing intro<luced. 
 The whole (if the work is carried on in open cuts. 
 
 As can be seen fixiiii the foregoing description, the graphite occurs 
 filling lissiires, i.f. as veins in the uranular limestone. With respect 
 to the e.xtent of the latter and eventual interlx'dding with gneisses and 
 c|Uart/ites I know nothing. The mine is situated in the tliicU' wfxxU. 
 
 The ncrmal granular limestone from an experimental pit is a tiic.r.im- 
 grained r<Mk which e.xhibit- macrosci picallv alony with a snow-white 
 calcite, rounded grains of a green pyrc\ene whiih look almost as tiioiigli 
 they h'd U'en fused, and some grapliite in -mall plates of altout 1 nnii. 
 (iiameter. These iw( minerals .iie locally concentrated into individual 
 oanils of the limestoni', causing an alternation of lighter and darker 
 liands. These are indeed the two accessury cimstituentR which are 
 most widely distributed in the granular limestones of Canada. Under 
 the microscope it is further seen that feldspar and iju.iitz are present 
 in spots in no very small ipiantities, and moreover some colourless 
 transparent garnet and titanite must be mentioned. 
 
r»0 CAX.UilAM OTf'l'KKIN' r* tiF liK M'tllTK 
 
 (.) O 
 
 V..in 
 ..(.■.-. 
 
 ■.•riipliitf 
 
 For cotnpftrivm with thin linmxti-n*', a inri;<>i|ui«nlity of tht-gr»nu)ar 
 lirnfHtonufroiii Lachutn .Station hIiouI tpn milox wwi >,t (irttiivilli-, wan 
 dissolvetl in diliitj? liydnM-hloric acid. Tlio Uiiiegtiin<t is* dixtinvily 
 conrner unkined nnd (■•ntitini) nioni; with pyroxcim i\ light rfi! hiiiwn 
 phluxopitc, iilw) iiiinie Ki'iipliitf, (intl 4 rfnibmwn tiiinerni not further 
 inNt'Nti^iitcil, which lo'ike<l like gnriift hut wiin -it mildly douhly n'fnu-t 
 ing ; pONsihiy it is a mfmlxT nt' the huniitH fhonilnnlitn •crii-x. I'jM.n 
 tlisMilvintt thin limontonp thnn- frci|iii'ntly n'riiiiiiii 11 nihi'nnt skpli'on 
 whirh oon«i»t>t of iiliurdant <|Uiirt/ and n, triciiiiic ("idiipiir nlon^ with 
 the iiiinpraiN alrfuly nnm'Hi. All p<>»(iesH a Miort< or \omh rounded surfarp 
 lis llK>ugh fu'<«l. The ffid-ninr Pxhil'iN (B'lyjtyntlii'.ii' twi'ining Iiuit-lln', 
 and uii clonvii!.'i> vnrfiii'f.s parallel to ol* alinoNt pariillel cxtinflioii, <o 
 that it must 1>*< an olit;m'liiv. Thus tlic normal liinesione fmrii 'lie 
 (irenville griipliite iiiitif< ^'howH no unusual ci>in|o>iition. 
 
 The !;ra|ihitc wliicii is worth mining ot'cur.s in tlii' lime^t< n<> an 
 utiilouhtc<l Hlliii;; of lissurcs ami vein-, which occur together liK'nlly 
 Willi almosi parallel Mtriko. Few of tliew veinn are more than I ileciui. 
 in thickness. The liineMtone li«>twten the ({rajihitc veins in vorv much 
 altered, and particularly rich in quartz. Thii forms grains of over J 
 mm. diameter, and UMM.nies in places so .nbundHiil as to imparl to 
 the nick the app<>araMce of a <|uart/itic saii'i.stime ; in other places a 
 large part of t!ie calcite grains have lH*come altered to tilirous wollas- 
 tonite. At the same time there has occurred a strong impregnation i>f 
 graphite, so that in the neiglilKnirliiHxl of the cracks the rock lias liecotne 
 almost hiack. These alterations ilecrease in intensity with the distance 
 from the gnipliile veins. In the veins tlninsehes ami in jiiaoes ui>on 
 them theie are masses of pure tihrons wollnstonile, iireen |)yroxene, 
 an-i titanite, a culiic foot in si/e. Here iilso giaphite occurs in he\a 
 gtmal plates more than a I'cntimcter across. If oti the other haul a 
 crack is filled completely with grapliiteit forms ap[)arently a "tructmless 
 muss or a lihrous aggregate. l*'rec|iiently the calcite in the neigh- 
 liorlnw"! of the veins ha.s l«'Conie coarsely crystalline and of .1 lilup 
 Colour, as is the case in contact rocks from Mon/oni and the llanal. 
 
 The wollastonite of the \eins and their immediate neighhonrhiMxl \v,,l|,i.t,initi' 
 consists either of snow-white parallel fibrous aggregates of |(j — l'O cm. 
 length of libre, and then generally almost quite pure, or an irregular 
 coarsely columnar aggiegate and is then abundantly intergrown with 
 pyroxene and titanite. Microscopically the apparently pure mineral 
 contains small augite lamell:c. The c axis of the latter is parallel to 
 the fibres or b axis of the former. Otn\ hile and pyrite frequently 
 occur in irregular cross cracks, and they are therefore in part youngi'r 
 than the wollnstonite. 
 
76 
 
 OTTAWA VALLIT 
 
 An HnalynU l)> Hunoe (Daiis'i Mtii«-raU>gy, li<50; kbvb : 
 
 Ml. 
 CM). 
 
 I. 
 
 II 
 
 M'lM 
 
 wCW 
 
 1 ait 
 
 )> i>MI* 
 
 4:. 74 
 
 HUM 
 
 I i 
 
 Titallitf 
 
 I'ndt-r II. tlie molecular |ii'op<>rtioni> are given. The composition i* : 
 
 0-0107 1(*5 FeSiO. 
 
 Thori' n>maiii« un excesii of 00670 SiO, which is periiaps cau»''<i b> 
 (|uart;f! incluxions. 
 
 Tlio au)(itp hii« 11 dark hottle-^'ifn^n colour and exhibitN alunK «< ith 
 the cleivaue ciackii parallel to » P, a parting; parallel Id ol'. l*ar«IU'l 
 to thmc fiio's of parting iiiioiwicopic liquid inclusions art- .-jrr^iiigi'u 
 in hand.t. 
 
 Tituniti' i« al*j very abuiulunt in pii'i'es up to the si/n .>! tii,.''s h.au 
 Buiiz ( ' " ) deMcrilrtw two iTystaLs I'rom here which were al>uut 1 1 ui. 1 iiiik 
 and 4ciu. lonj{. The hahitus is exactly that of the well known ir\-!, il- 
 
 fioni Renfrew, the observed faces U-ini; Pii | TOl > ^'-'i "' ' 
 ;-■ p"i J I'J.'J V and :;*'-] 1-1 [ according! to Nauniiuin's orienta- 
 tion. I found oaly mii-sive pieces of a resin brown colour. 
 
 A parting parallel to two faces is very clmraeteri»tic and cotnpleti 
 and gives with the goniometer very good retlections from surfaies 
 iiiakiiig an angle of .")-J' ~0'. 'Ihi-s Is ulinost identical with those found 
 l>y llus/ for the titaidte from Renfrew (')i 'M)). Kroni the.-.e he 
 calculates a parting parallel to ? P4. In consequeme of this parting 
 the mineral is very crumbly mid fragile. 
 
 Zircon is decidedly more -carce than the three minerals de-cribeii 
 aliove. I was able lo find only two small crystals In the material col- 
 lected, and these were somewhat over 05 cm. long and alxmt 1 mm. 
 
 thick. They exhibit the forms x P | 110 | 3 P | 331 I 3 P .! 
 •I 311 y and P •! Ill \ The lennination of the cry.stiil is .sharp, a.s 
 
 in the accompanying iigure, on ticcount of the preponderance of 3 P 
 and 3 P 3. The colour is light violet gray. 
 
TW«> i'A^AUIA!* OCCUMBKNCI-.H OK iilHPlHTK 
 
 ll<i|ftnitriii(' ' jitivf-s 
 v«'>uviaiiiti' nnil i{»r- 
 n«t iiN iiiiiiHrul* If 
 CO in (xtnytiix Uc- 
 gr»{iUit«> »' ( i It'll- 
 ville ; iliirinu tht- 
 nhort limn ol fiiy xtny 
 I WAN unalili' '<) timl 
 
 tlll'-M". 
 
 In one of tht 
 itiL,"« tilt' 
 liniextoiH* in cut liv a 
 voin of erupt i VI' r<n-k. 
 ItiHi'iinijMict.iif lefii 
 violet ;{ray • comur 
 with II t'ewlath-viiaptil 
 lit tit' tVlilHpur plwrio- 
 tivsti. The nick is 
 uluitit it-li III. thirU 
 mill iK-coiiies HiitT in 
 
 t jjiain nions; thi" ciJhbs. 
 
 I't'tl- I.iltli**t.-lir i-'it 
 
 Kl'., IJ. /.IIT. .11 fl 
 
 1 lip I1-. ill" 
 
 Urge f' 
 recoyn*. 
 
 with IV' 
 
 I'miiT the iii!iTo-iiip<> 
 it is -(eeii to U' muili 
 ulteii'il, only ii fi-w 
 vstiils ■ eiiij; iiuite t'resh. In llu- ^roundinass oiii- 
 '■: altered plui^ioclusc and sections of a pri.smatica!ly 
 vi,. *, i« ootnpletely <lt'ooinp<WMl. On the coiitart 
 i.c feldspais of the ;;roundiii:i")n e.xliiliit lluiilal 
 arrangt , ' ■ -"i :i ■ it. a brown ni;i.<s which consiHts for the iua>it part 
 of tiny I i/.e roiVact ill, .[.Tains which are proliibly alteration pnxluctx 
 of a ^la.ss. IVol.iWy itie rock is closely relaieil to the auiiite porpliy. 
 rites alrewJy descrilied from the neijjhliouriu!; apatite rc-jion. 
 
 Hoftnianii ('-) has inmle a seri's of analyses of jiraphite, both from \iK,lv«i-.ir 
 various localities in the tcvnships of Grenville and lluckingham, the |'('."J^,;|','„„'^ 
 results of which are given in the report here referred to. The most 
 iin|xirtant results which have lieen derived from the iiivisti.;iitioii of 
 the 'iccurrences of K'apl'it* "t (iienville and (iraphite City, may be 
 summed up as follows : 
 
 !. Tij b--'th o?ci!rrenr'>- the grfvphit- app<>jirH an m.itter fiUins; vein.s 
 and cracks, and is therefore youmjer than the containing rook. The 
 strike of these veins is indeiieiidcnt of that of the crysi.-.lline scliiets cut 
 
ir* o 
 
 OTTAWA VALLEY 
 
 Ctiiiiitry riK'k 
 im|>re|<iiated 
 
 FurthfT 
 diiHtiv»?ri»*n 
 Krapliitf att 
 (Iri'tuillf 
 
 of 
 
 by them. In many of the veins j;i'aphite in the only vein minerul, as 
 at (Jruphile City. In other cisf-s pyioxeno, green apatite, Hcapolite, 
 titanite, and wollastunite are alfo present : tliese with the exception of 
 wollaatonite, are the most abun-lant minerals of the apatite veins. 
 
 2. From theite veins the country ruck has l)eeu impregnated witli 
 graphite, particularly in the ca.se of the crystalline limestoueH which, 
 no doubt, on account of their somewhat loose structure, have shown 
 themselves most sust.eptible to this iiiHuence. In the case of the 
 gneisses this impregnation has been confined essentially to the layers 
 richest in mica, along which also the rock Itreaks most easily. Particu- 
 laily at the Main pit in (Jrapliitn City these impregnations have gone 
 so far that the granular limestone is mined for graphite. 
 
 3. Along the contacts of the graphite veins, the neighbouring locks 
 have sutfered alteration into scapolite and pyroxene, as is characteristic 
 in the case of the apatite veins. There have thus been formed masses 
 which cannot be distinguished from many of the ' pyroxenites ' of the 
 apatite regions ((iraphite city). At Grenville, the granular limestone 
 has been converted into a mixture of pyroxene, wollastonite, and 
 titanite. In places they are so strongly impregnated v.--t.h silica that 
 a rock similar to quartzite has been formed. 
 
 In both cases minerals have lieen formed which are essentially the 
 same as one is accustomed to obserx'e in limestones which have under- 
 gone contact metamorphisni. This contact metamorphism of the lime- 
 stone 'jan lie explained only by the assumption that the limestone has 
 been penetrated by gases and vapours from the neighbouring eruptive 
 magma, and upon further cooling perhaps also by .solutions, and that 
 in this way the materials foreign to the limestone, es])ecially the silica, 
 have been introduced. 
 
 The assumption of a similar process in the formation of the graphite 
 veins is most probable. At Graphite City plutonic rocks have been 
 recognized at several places close to the graphit<> veins. At Urenville 
 this was not possible (Vis augite porphyrite there occurring in veinst 
 certitinly has nothing to do with such a process) : however it must not 
 l)e forgotten that nothing is known geologically of the region even 
 immediately around the graphite works. Perhaps the immense mass 
 of syenite whose boundary is only al)OUt a mile to the east should be 
 considered in this connection. I am thoroughly convinced that the 
 graphite veins at Urenville are not of isolated occurrence, as is the case 
 at Graphite City, but that the wooded character of the country has 
 preventted further discoveries of graphite in the neighbourhood. 
 
i.'ni|iii!tr II 
 hTiaiiiil.ii 
 
 liUlf-lMllf. 
 
 TWO CASAUIAX OCCCKKENCEtt OK (.liAI'linK 71' O 
 
 In one respeot these two occurreni-es differ, for in that lU (ira(iliite 
 City the plutonic rock itself is cut by graphite veins. ( tne must, 
 therefore, herp suppose a process conditioned, as in the case of the tin 
 ore and apatite veino, by fuuiarole action after the cooling or solidifyini; 
 of the eruptive rock. The occurrence of npatite and graphite veins in 
 such close proximity in ilie province of Quebec aeul exhibiting so mucli 
 in couinion niineralogicaliy and j,'ooloi{icttlly shows that they have had 
 a similar or analogous urigiii. < »ne needs only to I* n-mindtd 
 of the i>ccurri'ncp of graphite in apatite ^eins, and conversely of a(i«tite 
 in graphite veins. The latter i.s reported from Ceylon in all geological 
 descriptions. 
 
 Graphite is widely distributed in the granular limestone of Canada, 
 but is aji far as my knowledge goes, however, present only in snwiil cpian- 
 titie.s. That this graphite has been derived from carbon originally pre- 
 sent in the limestone and prol>ablyof organic origin, seems to me to lie 
 witiiuut doubt. By the same process of iiKtamorphism by which the 
 limestone was converted into marble, iliis graphite has also been formed. 
 Tiie graphite ol' the veins which hive been de.scriljed lias, however, 
 certainly nothing to do genetically with this other graphite sparsely 
 and evenly distributed. A short time ago Weinschenk (■'')cami' to the 
 same conclusion in regard to the graphite veins of Ceylon. 
 
 According to this theory the source of the carbon forming the 
 graphite must be sought deep down in the eartli. As to the chemical 
 form in which it was present as a constituent of volcanic fumaroles. we 
 know at present very little. Weinschenk supposes that it was in 
 the form of cyanogen coiuiKiunds. It may be pointed out that quite 
 n»cently Cohen has found in the nickel-iron of < >vifak and Niakomak, 
 which is now supposed by all to be of terrestrial origin, the sjime iron 
 carbide which under the name of cohenite has been known for a long 
 time as a constituent of meteoric iron. Fuither the inclusions of li(|iiid 
 eartx>n dioxide especially in the ijuartz of eruptive rocks, can only 
 be supposed to have originate from an original content of carbon in 
 the fused masses of the earth's crust. 
 
 'It was only while correcting this report that I became aware C.I <.< lord,. ii,'» 
 of Mr. C. H. (Jordon's pajier on the .syenite gneis.s (leopardrock) l'v,'"ii't."Jii..n« 
 from the apatite region of Ottawa county, Canaila.* The investi- 
 gations of the author are essentially confined to the occurences at tlie 
 High Rock mine. The results of his work which have for us a 
 particular interest for us are as follows : ~ 
 
 • Bull. (;e..l.H,n'. Am.. V,.l. VII.. 1s;h;. 
 
It 
 
 m 
 
 ~? 
 
 80 o 
 
 OTTAWA VAI.I.BY 
 
 IntiunivH 
 (;*TtHin. 
 
 iiiiiiTai-. 
 
 ,a) The .syenite gneiss occur, in dyke form in pyroxenite. gm-i*. 
 and iartzite and cutH across tl.e latter iu p«t at nght angles to the 
 ^tlrCre" n therefore be no douWt a, t. its intrusive nature, 
 and its younger age in relation to the later rocks. 
 
 ,A , The syenite gneiss occn.rs in three structurally diffei-ent mo<lia. 
 caioL which are united to one another, soo.etimes in one and the 
 ^er:! Iss. ..y transition for.ns. as coarsegrained syen.te gne.ss. 
 as ellipsoidal syenite gneiss, and as strevked sy.n.te gne.ss. 
 
 1 Th.. coarse-grained modification is made up of irregular shap«l 
 aneul ar hirks of coarse-grained rock (sometimes as ,nuch as t«o .„che-> 
 tndi;;;^, which are separate-! from one ..nother by a network of fine- 
 grained mineral aggregates. 
 
 o Tn the ellipsoidal syenite gneiss these coarse-gvaine.1 blocks are 
 no'longer irregular but are round^i ellipsoidal, or egg.shape<l. 
 
 . Through the latte. U.co„,iu,: .latter and ovoid, transition forms 
 ..the s.,reakea sven.te gnei.s (Moditication 3, are -»-'"H- ^; 
 !v.- l«r these are so flat that a l.-nticular structure w.th an altera 
 ;i„::rr^:n;;Le.gra.„e<l ^nds results although the difference .n 
 tho grain is not so n.arked as in Mmlitioafons 1 and -. 
 
 (c ) Mineralogicallv all thes.> modifications are of like composition. 
 pJldparl'tlterpart micr-^line,, «reen pyroxene, and ,uarU an- 
 Feldspar (ui -^«* ' ^^^^^^,y to these are titanite. apatite (m 
 
 ? T:: ml^ro t o„e 1 1 m .iLmeter,. pynt... .ai.-a. hornblende 
 tp rrl^cT plluct from pyroxene, .alcite, and sparingly a so 
 
 ^::^ nierals are n.ore strongly developed. The Vy^^^^;^ 
 ZLeed\.. are hen- in part re,ularly arranged ; they he w.th the, 
 lot It normal totheil contact with theenclosed coarse n.asses 
 
 (rf.) The whole rock shows pressure effects which are partu^uUd 
 inJenl in Mo.lification 3, the sUeaked syemte g-u-.-sn. Acco-d n 
 oTwhole description, the lenticular structure has been produ 
 ;::;;h the crushing together with perh-ps .Uso ^^^^^^ ^ 
 coarse constituents of Modifications 1 an.l - ^''^ ««;';'" ^^^.^, 
 of pressure is in the network whose structure ,s to be d.rectl 
 clesignate<l as mortar (u.orteD st.ucture. 
 
TWO l.'AN.MHAN iXTt l!l!KMI> OF ( ..:A11I ITK 
 
 -1 O 
 
 (..) Witl. ro-iK-ct U. the origin ..t-ti,.".se jicoullir .tiu. lunil n-lMion 
 NhijM. the .luti.or <!isciis-es .lilV-iri.t posKiljiUti.- :iml ^.■l>< forth th.- 
 folDwiii;' h_\ lioth".-i> JiH the limst luoljablH ; 
 
 (1 ) Th.- structure .harnctfrizin;; th.' '.cr.par! rock i- <lu. f. .to , ,,„, ,.^.u. 
 
 ...apl.i,. rt.enci.-s a.,.l repr..M-nts „>, int.-rme.liat- -tas- in the .K'v.-.op- 
 m.-Mt ..f H slr<-Hk.Ml nupt« s)vnt.- iineis. out -i an aU'^it. -svenUc 
 whi.h WM. ,li,ti„;;«ish,.i 1.V a coar>*.l.v ,r.vstalli/,e.l Xructur.- and l.y a 
 s..>u...vh.„ irregular a«,re.al.m -f pyroxe.,-. The character ..t the 
 ori=,'itt:il ... .pna »,ay hav.. ;..vn .uo-lill.-.l s..,nevvhat hy the ah«..pt.on 
 ot' inclinl.i! t'ntniu.'Ut^ .>f pyr.>xeuile. 
 
 .o ) The .listrihuti f the pvn.x.-t.e has l.- .. eftV t..! pre.utnahly 
 
 l,v the s..luii'm..f portions of the..ri«ii.alc-.n.tituentsin.l their cry,ta.. 
 
 lii-atioti al..ii- liii.'s tii.ukirif; the location of .racks. 
 
 (:j , Wiih .ontinu.'.! pressure these lumps (ti,.' carse-Krained l.lock.) 
 h.,v.- l.een .....re a,-.d nt.ae ^rau n -ut. the process hein;,' accon>pa,...-.l 
 hy r..,.rystalii/.atioo until the rock assu.n..! the streaked ,.'ne.sso,.i 
 forai." 
 
 Ti.e rocks which I had an opportunity of stu-lyinu' \>e\on'^ to Gordon s 
 Mo.i •■ the coarsc-..;r«ii.ed b!.M;ks Ihm..;: in part cmplelely spherical. 
 The houndarv iHHwecn these and th« fine-rained tuatcr.al ts s.-en t.> 
 !„. con,liti.,.r;d through original ...ore or less spherical jo.nt.ng. It 
 such r..oks are st,-.mglv s.,uce....l these spherical u.asse, hecotne n.ore 
 an,; .nore rtaitennl an.l con.e.,ue...ly a ht.ticular structure .s .nduced. 
 At the san.e ti.ne elTects of pre«.u.e. su.h as the crushing of the 
 constituents, ;he pro,lucti.m of a n.ortar structure, .Vc, a.-e ...or.- 
 pronounced ..h.ng joint phuu-s in which the --"tu.. .s w^k^ 
 L.1 .....re ope., than i.. c.mpact coarse l.i..cks, therefore the p.es. 
 
 u.-..eflects are n.o.- p.-onou..ce<l i.. the network. So tar one cat. 
 
 i;:l,v agree witi p..i..ts 1 an.l . .-f the author^ ' >" tl.|- "ther K^;; I," 
 
 hunl 1 a.n .■o..vi..ce<l that the u..e,,ual distributi..n of tl. .""-aK a...U.n t 
 
 p..rticuiarlv the strong «,.rich...ent in pyn.xene. -M-t.te and pyrtte a^ 
 ri..tl.eoc;urren....,f rutile and touru.aline, .n the h,.e-gra.,.ed . et 
 l.,U is n.,t a., the .author Wlieves a sort of late,-al secret.on tn the 
 
 ,ve..i"t^ '.ss it«-lf, hut ..ripinates fron. an impregnate, along these 
 
 o : ftictures of ...aterials fro... without, which work thetr way 
 into the coarsegrained blocks. This impregnation phenon.enon took 
 place contemporaue«u«ly with th.. formation of the apatite ^e.ns. 
 
 The whole process w,v« .leveloped in the following way :- First of 
 all cle the intrusion of stock an.l dyke forme,! n...sses of «a 1, bro and 
 a part of the pyoxenite. in the gneiss and ..uart.ite. Probably s.K.n 
 
82 o 
 
 OTTAWA VAI.LBY 
 
 1fl 
 
 after came the foriimtion of the syenite gneiss dykes, in which were 
 formed both spherical and more or less irregular joint planes. Then 
 followed the development of the apatite veins and a part of the pyrox- 
 enite (newly formed from the apatite veins themselves), and at the same 
 time impregnation of the neighbouring rock through solutions ami 
 pneumatolitic action. lAstly came the pressure effeots which gave to 
 the .syenite the structure of a lenticular (flaser) gneiss. 
 
 LlTKKATURK CONSULTED. 
 
 1. 
 
 h). 
 11. 
 li'. 
 
 Adams. Report on the geology of a portion of the Laurentian 
 area lying to the north of the Island of Montreiii. Annu J 
 Report Cool. Surv. Can. Vol. VJH., (N.8.) 1896. 
 
 '. Osann. V'ersuch einen chemischen Clas.siticfttion Jer Erupt ivges- 
 teine. T.«ch. M. M. Xl.\., 1900. 
 
 . Sterry Hunt. On the examination of various iiiineral.s, mineral 
 localities and mineial waters. Report of Progress, (ieol. 
 Surv. Can., 1847-48. 
 
 . Sterry Hunt. On the geology and mineralogy of the Laurentian 
 limestones, geology of petroleum and salts, iVc. Report of 
 Progress, Geo!. Surv. Can., 1863-66. 
 Sterry Hunt. <ieoIogy of Canada, 186t>. 
 
 Steny Hunt. Tlieai.,ititedepoMt.~of Can.ida Transact. Anier. 
 Inst, of Min. Kngin., 1884. 
 
 Steny Hunt. Note <.n the apatite region of Canada. Transact. 
 
 Aiiier. Inst, of .Min. Engin., IfS-"). 
 .1. \y. Haw son. Notes .,ii the phosphate of the f-aurentian and 
 
 Cambrian rocks. (Juart. Journ. (ieol. .Soc., 32, 1876. 
 B. .1. Harrington. Report on the iiiiri.Mals of some of the 
 
 apatite-bearing veins of Ottawa Co Report of Progress, 
 
 (Jeol. Surv. Can., 1877-78. 
 
 .(. F. Tonance Report ..n apatite deposits, Ottawa Co., 
 
 Quebec. Report of Progre.s.s, Ueol. Surv. Can., 1S82 >!4. 
 W. B. I)awkins. On some depo-its of .ipatite near Ottawa, 
 
 Canada. Trans. Manchester (Jeol. Soc., 18, 1 s8,'». 
 O. H. Kinahan. On a possible genesis of the Canadian apatite. 
 
 Trans. Manchester Oeol. Soc, 18, 18s."). 
 G. M. Daw.son. On the occurrence of pho-sphate in nature. 
 
 Trans. Ottawa Field Club, I'^SI. 
 
 itBtfl 
 
LITEKATUKE rOSSfLTKD 
 
 8:J ) 
 
 u. 
 
 J. 
 
 15. 
 
 U. 
 
 l*i. 
 
 E. 
 
 17. 
 
 R 
 
 lf<. 
 
 A 
 
 19. 
 
 AV 
 
 20. 
 
 U 
 
 21. 
 
 F. 
 
 •j:i. 
 
 24. \V 
 
 2r.. o. 
 
 2(i. (J. 
 
 27. F. 
 A 
 H 
 C. 
 
 28. 
 29. 
 30. 
 
 F. Fall inij. On notes on Canatliuu tlii^i- niiatite, Ac. 
 Engin. and Miii. Journ., ISSO. 
 
 ■Bell. <>n the mi»do of occurrence ut' apatit- in Ca.iJida. 
 Engin. and Min. Journ., 18S6. 
 
 Coste. Heport on the raining and mineriit statistics }f 
 Cinada. Annual Report Ueol. Surv., Can., Vol. HI., (N.S.) 
 1S87-H8. 
 
 A. F. Penrose. Nature anil origin of deposits uf i^lvisv'"**" 
 of lime. Hull. U. S G.-ol. Surv., No. 40, 188s. 
 H. C. Selwyn. Annual Heport. (ieol. Surv. Can. V.)l. IV, 
 (N.S.) 1888-89. 
 
 . B. M. Davidson. Notes on the geological origin of phosptinte 
 of lime in the United States and Canada. Trans. An;. I.t^*. 
 .Min. Eng., 1892. 
 
 W. Ells. The phosphate deposits of the t)ftii\v.!. !>htrvt. 
 Canad. Min. Review, XII., 1893. 
 
 1». Adams and A. C. Lawson. On aoine Ciinadiiin rjclts 
 containing sciipolite. with a few notes on sime lo-ks 
 associated with the apatite depasits. Can. Record of S.ri., 
 1S8S. 
 . Lacroix. Contril)Uti<ms ;i IVtude des gneiss a pyroMiie . t 
 des roches a wcrni'rite. Hull. Soc. Min., .Nil., 1S<9 
 W. Claiko and E. A. Schneider. Experini-'iitaluntfr^Ui h" 
 ungen uber die Constitution der naturli<hpn Silikare. 
 Zeitschr. f. Krystallogr., XVTII., IS'.H. 
 
 . C. Hrogger und H. H. Rou.sch. Vorkoininen des .\j>;itits ;n 
 Norwpgen. /eitsclir. il. dcutsch. geol. Geo., 27, ls;,"i. 
 Rose. ll>er die rcgelmassigeii Verwii.-hsun^jen der ve.-^ li e- 
 denen Uliininerarten unter einunder sowie rait Penin iir.i 
 Ei>englanz. Her lierl. Akad., 1 162 und IS69. 
 Tschermak. Die (ilimraergruppe. Zeitsclir. f. Krysta!', 2, 
 1S78. 
 
 Sandlwrger. I ber Rutil in Phlogopit, Asterisiiius l' s !etz 
 teren, etc. X. Jahrl.. Min., 1882. II. 
 
 Lacn ix. Sur les inclusions de la phlogopite de Te^iplet-in 
 (Canada). Bull. Soc. Mineral., S, 1885. 
 
 , Rosenbuscli. MikrfiscojHsche Physiographie der petro- 
 graphistch wichtigen .Mineralien, 1892. 
 
 Hotfniann. Chemical contributions to the geology of Caniida. 
 RejHirt of Progress, (Jeol. Surv. Can., 1877-7'*. 
 
84 u 
 
 OTTAWA VALI.KV 
 
 31. A. Ciiiiot. rbertlie in der /uiianiiiu-i)»et/un); ilt-s Apatits bed 
 biiilitetei; Vei'scliicdenlieiten. Kull. Si.c. Miii , I'.t, l."<!l«. 
 
 '•i'2. .1. A. Voi'lckt-r. I»ie chomisitlu' Zu'Uinini'iiHftzunif (leu Apntitu 
 niitli eijjjfiien vi)li*t.iri(li};ei> Aiiiilyswii. Her clieiii. (JeBt'llnch., 
 
 iG, i)?tta. 
 
 ^.I. .1. H, L. Vogt. Heitruu*" zur genetischcn Clashiliration der 
 
 (liii'ch magnintische DitferviitiatiimsprozcHse uml iltT durcli 
 
 Priciimatolyse fintstnndenen Erzviirkoiimit'ii. /eit. priikt. 
 
 (ire!., lf<l>.') 
 :lt. J. V\'. haw^oii. Spt»<;iinoii!* of l'2u/.(>oii Caniidenso and their 
 
 j;pii!o)j;k-.i1 ami other relatiiiiiM. McUill I'liiverbity, I8SH. 
 ;>'). H. .1. .Ii-.hn«ton-Ijiivi.s and .1. W. Orfgory. Kuzoonal structure 
 
 of tl.e ejected blocks of Munte Somiiia. Trans. Hoy. 
 
 I>ul)linSoc., 5, l,s94. 
 'M'k V. fS'indljerijer. Heitraj; /ur KenntiiiHS de» (iraphits von Ceylon 
 
 und neiner Bogluifer. Neues Jahrl). .Min., 1HS7, TI. 
 .H7. I'r. (ininlinjj. I'ljer die Minernlvorkomnien von Ceylon. 
 
 Zeit. nir Kry.itall, :!n, I'JOO. 
 .'i". K. Weinsclienk. Die (Jraj)hitla;;<'rsUitti'ii der in-el Ceylon. 
 
 Abli. liayr. Akad. Wis.s. 21, 11)00. 
 "1». B. .T. HarrinRton. Notes on a few Canadian minerals and 
 
 rut!<s. l!ep»)rt. of I'rogres*, <ieol. ^iurv. Can., 1874-75. 
 
 40. K. ]'>a<y.. Beitrag zur Kenntniss des Titaiiit.-i. Neues ,)ahrli. 
 
 Min., v., H.B, 
 
 41. ('. Hofliiiaiin. Annotjite<l list of the niineraJK occurring in 
 
 Caiiaiii. Annual. Report <!eol. .Surv., Can., Vol. IV (N.S). 
 
 1 «^^-8y. 
 J'J. C. Hiiflmann. Chemieal contributions to the geology of Canada. 
 
 ((»ti Canadian graphite.) Report of Progress, Geol. Surv. 
 
 Cm-.., 1^7^)-77. 
 1>. K. CoIiPii. riierdes Vorkoniinen von Kisencarbid (Cohenit) ini 
 
 terre.-trisclien Niokeleisen von Niakoinak bei .Sakobshavn in 
 
 Nord (iririiland. Meddtlel.ser om Gr.'nland, XV. 
 

 d^ 
 
 B 
 
i^^t£m^m 
 
tiKiH.oiiii .\i. Srn\m <>» ('AK4MA. 
 
 Vi.i., XII., Mani n. I'MT*; III. 
 
 l'VHiiXKNKlA|-ATITK'"l'VMl))lKXrr«:." TlIK I.IUIITKll ll.imoN CONSIST!! IIKtiHKICN Al'ATlTK, 
 THK li.VHkKK !■► KriiKI.< I'lllsMATIl Al i.lTK. I'miiX MIXK. (SkK I'AOK 4H|. 
 
MKROCOPV IBOWTION TBT CHART 
 
 (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) 
 
 x IPPLIED IM/CE In 
 
 1653 East Mam Street 
 Roctieater. New York 14609 Ui* 
 (716) 482 - 0300 - Phone 
 (716) 288- 5989 -Fox 
 
t 
 
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 !i 
 
«iieiii.iK.ii VI. Si lun Mt Cwaha. 
 
 V"l. Ml., I'AKI O, I 
 
 I \n Vll. 
 
 Graphite STKiMiicRs pinchixc oct in (Jhanihh IJxiiiss krom a Orai'Hite vkin — 
 Xkli.vs Pit, Crai'Hitk Citv. 
 
1^ 
 
«llM>U»,lrM HlH\»:» l.» (ANAIA. Vol, XII. I'AKI U, I'HTK VIM. 
 
 11 
 
 Kl... I. S.M'i.l.lTKi.XhIill... \'av,\»i.1 II MINK. .S< \li .ill >; .\M . Al ,. 1 1 K IV MAliT IKMITI/H. 
 
 ISKK I'.M.t. .•.(I|. 
 
 Kl... II. LiMK Sll.|r.',TK-llOK\KKI.-i. IKS'slsTlS.. OK I'VIIOXKXK. SOMK AMI'llMiOl.K 
 
 TrMXlTK. 
 
i, 
 
ItKiil.lHK )| MlN«ltt .!► I'wjin. 
 
 N"i Ml . fiHi n. I'l III l\ 
 
 Kli;*. I. AMI II. <ill\rHITK<;NHB» KHiiM S\\\\ Vn.. liliAi : IK I'm. (SUK IV\|.IC71'). 
 
 Kii.. II. 
 
<:k(>L(n{|i'.\l Si'HVKv nr Panaiia. 
 
 Vol.. XII., I'akt O, 1'i.atk .v. 
 
 > A»AS<HK MINK. (HKK P.VliK .'1). m,xk „,.,.„ VKI.V C'oN.sl.sTIN,: ,,K l'vit,.M.M; 
 
 .SiAiHii.irK, TiTANiTK,||.rrr. (.Skk |'A(;k: Lti). 
 
 Fio. III.-Phlooopite with inclcbions, Fm. IV.— Scapolite with charactkristio 
 North Star mi.ne. (Skk paok 32). inclvsions. 
 
liEouNiir.vi. SiHvitv «)t Canada. 
 
 Vnl. XII., I'AKT 0,11'LAT« XI. 
 
 Klc. I. Kic. II. 
 
 I'LACIIH'LASK WITH <;RAN<>I'IIVRI(' COHKOSION VKIN, CRAI'HITK ClTV. (SKK I'Ai:K 70). 
 
 Flli. III. -ScAPOr.lTE PVIIOXKN-:, lONTACT ROCK, Kli:. IV. - ScAPOLlTE SPMKRfUTK, rONTAfT 
 CV>TK St. I'lKRIIK. (.SkK I'ACiK ImI, RfH'K OK WtK St. I'lKRRK. (SkK P.ViK ti.'i).