^, <^^^< IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^/^ ' K^ T^O 1.0 I.I 1.25 U£|2£ |25 ■tt iiii 12.2 u litt m IM 12.0 U 11.6 -► fV ^ ^ /. w Hiotographic Sciences Corporation aa WIST MAIN STRHT WIUTM.N.Y. MSIO (716) •73-4S03 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical MIcroreproductlons / Instltut Canadian de microreproductions historlques Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may k>e bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. D D D Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur I I Covers damaged/ Couverture endommag6e Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaur^ et/ou pellicul^e I I Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque I I Coloured maps/ Cartes giographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) r~n Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ ReliA avec d'autres documents r~71 Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La re liure serrie peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge intirieure Blank leaves*added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajouties lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela Atait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 4ti filmies. Additional comments:/ Commentaires supplAmantaires; L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-Atre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la mdthode normale de filmage sont indiquAs ci-dessous. I I Coloured pages/ s/ Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommagies Q Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restaur^es et/ou pelliculies Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages d6color6es, tachet^es ou piqudes I I Pages detached/ Pages ditach^es Showthroughy Transparence Quality of prir Qualiti inigale de I'impression Includes supplementary materii Comprend du materiel supplimentaire r~l Showthrough/ I I Quality of print varies/ r~n Includes supplementary material/ Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont 6t6 filmtftes A nouveau de fa^on A obtenir la meilleure image possible. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film* au taux de reduction indiqu* ci-dessous. 10X 14X 1SX 22X 26X 30X J 12X 16X 2DX 24X 28X 32X \ The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanke to the generosity of: Library of the Public Archives of Canada The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specificatio«ts. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol -^^ (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. L'exemplaire film* f ut reproduit grAce A la gAnArositA de: La bibliothdque des Archives pubiiques du Canada Las images suivantes ont M reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de ia condition et de ia nettetA de I'exempiaire film«, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Les exemplaires originaux dont ia couverture en papier est imprimte sont fiimte en commenpant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernlAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par ie second plat, sslon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont film6s en commenpant par la premlAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par ia dernlAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaftra sur ia dernlAre image de cheque microfiche, seion ie cas: le symbols — ► signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols ▼ signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed et different reduction ratios. Those too lerge to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmfo A des taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque ie document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA, ii est film* A partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant ie nombre d'images itAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent ia mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 kS.- *:*;.• 'V ■'■ ... Ill ■tt ^ • T -^ v^"'; * 1 I I ; G A K A D T .*. N C V S j.; r y A T i' \- E ,■ \ , 1 ! I t • \\ > rr-' % I' I J^'JES J\[. CAM}F;LL, K^c,, (I, *•■•>••?... .. •, ...■f". — IRBU.. I I I I. I I Hi 1' i i^ ^ I O B o ?r T O : Mil •'.r^...YIJ^ 4 ■^ •^nf- ^"' yy-'S <> i. ( 1 ..■«*■«♦« ";*;;*■ H% > -S/'-C-^X, :/ THE -:^«/*:-'- CANADIAN CONSERVATIVE BY JAMES M. CAWDELL, Esq. ©irtCKS MOftlKNS RKMINISl ITI. ARr.OS.' — VIRGIU ^ --^ -- ^ \ r o R o IN T o : P R 1 \ T F, r> n\ K o B E K T H V \ S I OS. MDCCCXXXIX l-'.we'%;. /n9 Hi) '■■f'-' T+iA'-fft'ispfv.r-. S^iiJ To His Excellency Sir Geohqe Arthur, AT. C. If. Lieutenant Governor of the Province of Upper Canada, and Major General Commanding Her Majcstifs Forces therein In whose hands are now placed llio destiny of Uppor Can.idii, aiid on whose firmness, talents nnd experience, we rely wiili the most unshrinking confidence,— the following piig(?s are niosl rtspecl- inscribed, by — His Excellency's most obedient, And liumhio Servant, JAMES M. CAW DELL, Formerly Kiisigii in the 100th, oiPrincn Rom'iit'sCo'y, Oublin Rcpt. Foot; nfterwanh Capliuii and Adjutant, North York Militia, V C. Toronto, May, 1839. I e SI I) f> t b ii r( u ii rl a The following pages w<.Me wiiiicu (wonly years ago, llintigli nover mixdc pulilic ; at the same time, 1 did not suppose that (he ptesent times would so nearly have conoboruted my opinions then. 1 think (he present times now call for the exertions of every one who may fancy he can afford some service, or at least hints, for the benefit of his Country. Under this persuasion, this Essay is submitted to the consideration of our Statesmen, and Legislators, who, from these hints, may perhaps form some plan conducive to the public good, although I may not live to see any change — for I have a presentiment that my months are numbered. When a Nation has more inhabitants than can well be supported at home, it becomes necessary to send the surplus population abroad, to seek new habitations and realms; Colonics, ttieiefoie, are of great anti(piily, but lliosfi of ancient Greece, and the modern European Colonies in Americ.t, are ibt most celebrated ; the Colonies of Rome had not the opportunity of becoming so great. When any of the Greek Cities allowed their Citizens to found new Realms, they ever considered them as their children, but as children emancipated from parental ciHilroul; they were perlectiy independent in peace, and were the firm friends and allies oC thf mother city in war; some of the Greek colonies were at a considerable distance trom the mother country, and at no very distant period, exceeded it in wealili, pupulation ynd science. The Roman colonies were on a diffcr'.'nl plan ; they were established in Italy, and at a short dustancc from Rome, they were never independent, but were similar to Europea\j corporation cities, were indulged wiili the liberty of electing their own Magistrates, and with making some nmnicipal regidationa amongst themselves, bui no further; they were at all times under the com[)lete controul ul Rome. The modern European colonies are snnilar, in some degree, tu both ; iike the Grecian tiiey have a large extent ol territory, in general large: rlian that of the mother country, and amongsi ihe English colonies are in a measure self governed, bui ^till, like the Roman colonies, are under the supreme controul ol the mother country. Moit persons, I believe, who have studied the science of Legislation Rxislonco. The most lelehniteil liPgislulors ol aiii)(|iiily, pniticnlaitv Cicero, were of opinion. liiiU il' siirli si UoiisliUitinii coiild he forincil so ns to iiicliidc llie priticipiil oxcelleiiries of Monarchy, Arislocracy suid Dcniocracy, and to exclude the piiiicipal defects of each, Mich a CniiMi* lulion would be the summit of human perfection, at llie same time they thought it too visionary a plan ever to be put in practice. Thanl( Heaven, Great Britain for several hundred years lias had such a (constitution, and experienced ilic truth of their reasoning. It's copy, the American one, looks the best upon paper, and on paper only can its excellencies be found, it is very defective when put into practice; a visionary sclieniy Kniinilt, O Connor niul McNnvin. aliout IT08, rpgrfrdms thf Catlinlk Enviiif ipniion. tlnv were willine itiiU the vt'ra jIiduIiI hnvp i^in aytBT.—Moorf.'iihfeofJjOrdEK'd- FitxCIrr tlil. -.ymr Vnrk Ediiion^puc "ill iiliovv titeir Slulc^incii and Outuis tu s()euk tii ihe |>ublic a^iuiiiblies Uil ihey were lliiriy ve.iis old. One hraiKjIi of tlie T.cgislntinc being attached lo the, people at laige, iinother I'liiiicli sliuiild be roriiicd independent both of tlie executive govciiiincnl and of the peuph;, such u brunch is the IIoukc of Lords in England, and the Lcgishjtive Council in Canada, and this branch will equally resist the encroachments of the excecutive as m ell as of the demo- cracy ; it is the sheet anchor of the stnto, (so called by Solon, the Athe- nian lawgiver.) Where both branches are elected by the people for a short lime, neither of thcni will have firnuirss either to propose a law beiieftiiHl 10 the state, or to resist one which ihey ihinU would be prejudicial, if they happen to counteract popular prejudices, for fear of losing their next election. Yet how much soever an impartial oitserver may admire the Biiiish Constitution, he must deprecate our Colonial system ; he must naturally think that (.ireat Itritain formed colonies for the sole purpose of training lliein up to be Democratic Uepublics, by giving them a Uepublicuii Ed- ucation. But no ; experience has shown the contrary, for when these colonies think they are old ^ uugli and strung enough, to govern them- selves, and are anxious tu put in practice the education tliey have received from their Mother Country, ii must be done by an appeal to arms, and Ihey at list win their Independence by the sword, when it would have been less humiliating to the parent state, tu have given it to them as a boon. Ceitaiiily it is a folly to suppose, that where colonies have territories more extensive than the mother country, and at the same time a conside- rable distance from it, that they, any more than chihiren, are lo remain foi ever in a state of inf;uu:y. The time of emancipation must come, and the connection between the parent state and colony ought to be so regu- lated that no animosities may arise, that the separation may be gradual, and sea cely perceptible, and that they may ever remain linked together in the bonds of friendship and alliance. In every well regulated state as} stem of honours is essentially necessary, It is, as a late sublime orator expressed it, (Burl^e) the dieap defence o( nations ; self-love is so implanted in our nature that no man will sacrifice ,\ny thing that is dear lo him but with the hope, of obtaining something of irpial value in his (stimation. lie who burns with the most enthusiastic paiiiotism fo. Ins country, and »*iio tlic( rlully sacrifices his property and liis life to promote her welfare, slili, il we examine into his heart, wiM we Jii»d •' ilie fond desire, the lingering hope of immortality," (he expccta- i.'i- 8 tioi) tluit Ins gialcl'ul oouniiy will raise the troptiied inoniimcnt to liis fame, tliiil his deeds and iia:iie may be enrolled in the page of iiistory, and cherislied in ilie poet's song ; Oh yes, they whose hearts heat high at the prospect of obtaining rank and iionours are amongst the most noble, most Mjagnaninions o( our youih. Sordid interest may indeed lead a few mer- cenary characters u few paces beyond the usual tenor of their life, but the Sons of Olory, what brilliant deeds will they not achieve ? In the debates fin the Canarlian Constitution, in the English House of Commons, the idea of a Canadian Nobility was laughed at by the then opposition, as, in all probility, they would have been too poor to keep up their dignity. It must be confessed, that in no kingdom whatever, are the great body of nobility and gentry so wealthy as those of Girat Dritain. Let IIS look at Cermany -, — what a mnnerous train of I'liuccs, Nobles, and Kmgliis, who ha\e scarcely any other inheritance thati their honours, and their military pay in the service of their Sovereigns. Are they despised ? — No. Even li.n;, land, was not so wealthy a few centmies ago as it IS at present. We read that in Henry VIH's time, amongst the palace regulations of that Monarch, he gave orders that thu Knights' hall, in the palace, should be strewed with fresh iiay every day, ihat tlic Knights and Cuntry in vvaiting might bn more comfortable ; but in our days, even the poorer ordrr of pf;ople iiave ihtir cai petting, instead of • arpiiling their apartments wuli hay, .iiid many instances might be named, to shew what are necessaries ol lile with our yeomanry of the present day, were luxuries with Nobles and Knights of former days. Why 111)1 ooinmince no«, and gr-i(lually intriiduce an order of Nobilitv and Knightliood. l.it every new (Governor have a grant of land, sol licient to form a Harony, and every Chief Justice of the Province like- wise;— and surely that gallant veteran, utii pie>ent Commander of the Forces, Sir John Colborne, is most deservedly cniiileil to leceiv*: a Canadian HaidUN ; the Judges to le cuattd Hariuiets, .oid iho Crown OtTicers and hoi;islsilive Couin lilors to lie kni;;lited. IJuialr.s' I si^.h when I look into futurity, and rollect on the piobable destiny of Canada ; this system is not likely to be introduced , 1 am afuiid the Dritish Adininistiation is too |>roiid to allow the Culonies to partuipatc in the splendid hoiioms ol the l'',Mipiri;, and y»M on this svsttiu, "the salvation ♦' of Canad.i depends, and the >vilts of l)emon iih inme ceitaiutv of success ihaii iii the icvoliitionarv *wo >vith the nou riimd fjialcs, fui Miiiment »o liis of history, und eat liigh nt (lie )st noble, most ad a few mer- EJr life, but the jlisli Mouse of It by (lie then >or to keep up whatever, are Great Britain. iiucs, Nol)les, iheir honours, IS. Are they centuries ago , amongst the tile Knights' tl!>y, liiat the ; but in our g, instead of :es might be iijanry of ihe former days. r of Ncihiliiy of Iiiiid, Mil 'roviiito hke- aiider of tim to receive a il I lie Cronn ales' I .si^.h of C'linada ; lliKiiip my rcdlcru, thiil ihrf'C |)nf.'(« wnrr: :iclii:illy writtrii ill IhH, «nil not rovi.sed •I'lcc. (iiiiirliiy wii!> cliu iliniiiciii.li" ol' ilni lay — lir w.is nn'cccil'il li> MiKfiizi.v Tlic liiva- nmii of KInriilR, liy (jriicriil Ja( Imoh, IdhIi plnrr itl Oils lirno, .inil )ii> iiiiinler d' Arliiiiliii»t ami Aiiiln thi' Ihiili^'l ISlHtr». Te.tmi wnci noxl liikeii |I() 'iimmi iiltncloit l>< liiiniU nl .tnifriciin liriifaiiH.'., Willi till' miiiic vipww, lint tUaiik (mhI iliry liiiil I'l conlinil aiIIi linliiii.', nml mil Willi >*paiii>ril« iinrt .Mcxicuna, I In III" wur (Icliulcfi in CoMRic>h. in \!^]'i, lifncin.! I'ortiir fiml— " Plum Ijiil iIih AnK-rlcaii .'^iiimlaru in Cuui'ln. ami < ;iiinilii woiiM laltr iIm U" ; li IK woll known, ihii many wi ' I'a't li<<'ii Sfr){i^Hnt» unit rriv«liriaml I'li llii- miino urni- a* nnlnrni liorn f^'ilyrils, I! 10 to the utmost of their power, from the open assaults of our enemies, and yet are doing their utmost endeavours to assist iheni in their insidious attempts, hy wisliing to iiave the way again perfectly open for the indis- criminate admission of Americans to becotnR our subjects.* These gentlemen have several thousand acres of wild land to dispose of, and as the liriiisli einigtiuits receive their lands at so cheap a rate, it can hardly be expected Uiai many of iliem will buy, — the Americans, therefore, are the most likely to be the purchasers; and it is urged by these gentlemen, that Americans are the fittest people to settle new countries;— accustomed to the axe almost from their cradle, forests soon give way to their perse- verance, which would reciune many years to be accomplished by Euro- peans only. That the country would in a few years be very rich, hy its increased cultivation, were the Aniericans perfectly free from restrictions to purchase land here, is certaiidy true, and whilst their native country will let ns remain at peace, Canada would most ninlonbtedly cptickly flourish, and what is now an imnumse forest, would soon be converted into feiiile fields of grain; but let the trumpet of war srvund its defiance, then would we distingni^h the counterfeit subjects ; would not the hazard, the anxiety and vigilance, requisite Inr our defence against our internal enemies, more ihan counlerbaianre tlm former advantages? — Do we not know that a frw secret enemies are more dangerous to our safety than a host of iinstile invaders, if all aie united to resist tlieni 7 But I hope our executive i^overnmeiit will be lirm in (heir duty, and on nu account offer any enciudgeinent to Auiericuns. Americans ought now to be considered here, as they are in England, aliens, j We have now a sulficient popu- lation in our Provini'H, and are yearlv receiving thousands of our own indiistiious fellow siiljjccts. who very natti.ally may be presiinied in have a strongei iliachment to old Entiland, her Sovereign and her mstilution*, than American republicans can possibly have. Will any of the Ameri- cans pretend that ihcy come to Onnada from a prefeience to our Govern- ment ? No,—- they come in beransc they can buy land cheaper — they can raise a family cheaper — or to get higher wages for their labout, as mechanic*, &(.., here than they CiU in tiieir native country. There is at present another defect in (he formation of our legislature, which did not exist at its formation, but has arisen since, from the increased wealth and advunccil stale of societv amongst us. Jn England, ihe wealth and Ihe inHnnuce of old fannlies ensure the election of ihc gentry. A It'll *»!• IhmiikIh into iln> lluiift piirponf, hIkiiu Irijl or IblH. and wni4l«- pauril nuougli Hunt tloimx, hml nut liitvi-rimr <>nri< prninytKii ilia ritrliamunl . Rn!?|l. n ml, ilie and conneeiioiib of the nobility, fur the counties, anil for some of the hofoughs, but we have no such advatifiine heic— our gentry are mingled witli the general b )dy of yeomanry, anil have no real rt'picsentaiion in the House of Assenihiy. The remedy suggested for tliis defect, is tiiis : let each district elect a person having at least 300 acres o( cultivated land, SO year:? o( age; the electors to be persons possessing at least 100 acres of like land, and also BO years of age;— this, I ihink, would give a fairer representation of all classes. It most be apparent to every loyalist, that it is now absolutely necessary to form a good and efficient Militia, to defend us from our insidious neighbours. The Militia plan of all modern colonies, seems to have blindly copied from those of ancient Greece and Kntne, or Aif. feudal system in F'ngland, without paying suflTicient allention to ilu; pecidianiies incident to ihe manners and customs of dilferent nations and of different ages. Every stage of society has its own customs; and as nations advance in wealth and rertneiiieiit. their manner uid i.ustonis vaiy, and suit the pievailing circumstances; and a society in the lailei st^iges of impiovemoiit, to have laws only adapted to a society in its infancy, is manifestly absurd. In a nation of hunters, such as the Indians are on this coiitineni, and wliicli is probably the fir>>t stage of society, every nan, except the very aged, is a warrior, and form in fact the militia of the tribe; noi is the iiibe at any expense to teach him the an of war, or to keep liim when in the field; his usual occupation of hunting answers that purpose, — it is the means of procuring him food, and lie makes war upon bis enemies the same way as he does iij)on the beasts o( tlit forest.. In tlie milder and more southern climates, a nation of shepherds is iho second stage of improvement, and is nearly similar; their tlocks and herds support them equally in war as in ]ie.ice ; there the wliole nation is men, women and children ; — such are the Arabs and Tartars. The third stage, that of a simiije agricultural nation, with little com merce, and with (inly coarse and In iiseiiijM inaiiiifactures, as :incieiit Greece and Knmc. and F.iigland, nndi'i .hr leiulal Rarons, .'.onld nearly be on tlie some plan. The state wis at little expense in preparing liei citizens for war; the inililarv exercis< s and the art of war were so simple, for the con'inon s.ildiprs at least, that their cnnnnon educntiim nearly answered thv purpose. Itr.t every man could not take the field, — hus- bandmen have fixed habitations, thev are no! wnndevcis like hunteis and shepherrls; the eldeily men, nith the women and children, must remain at home; but ill ill*' men of the military ii!:<', iVont \H to TiO. nboiii a .12 sixOi of i!ie whole popnintion, very often ilid take the field. War, too, in fnrmer ages, uas generally decided in one campaign, sometiines by a single battle, und the militia of those days could then afl'ord to remain in the field for two or three months, and then return to their harvests. It is from tiiis fancied resemblance, we may suppose, our colonial mi- litia laws are formed, but by an attentive examination info the historical records of the periods alluded to, we may perceive its fallacy ; the only militia in our western hemisphere, that at all resembles the militia of an- cient days, are tlios^ of the «outhern states of North America, and our West India Islands, where the slaves are more numerous tlian the whites, and the whites only ffjrin the mditia. The Greek and Roman militia consisted only of the free citizens of the State, and their slaves, who were numerous, were not allowed to bear arms : to bt- a soldier was con- sidered as the lionouiable distiiu'tiun of a free citizen; the same^ under the feudal barons of Ent^l.nul, William the CoiKpteror divided the'king- dom into tiO 000 kni:^hts' fees, and every person who held one of these knightships, liail to perluriii military set vice, (he most honourable service in the feud-d system ; xUc actual ciiltiv;itors of the ground, who, in the language of that period were called Villeins, were not allowed to bear arms, they in reality being slaves. The popidation of FngL^ud at the Conquest, has been estimated by that celebrated political writer, Gregory King, at nearl> two millions, the present population (1H18\ of England alone, somewhat more than ttn Hiillions. now (lliiJS) I sujipose England and W'alos about !(> mdlions. An alteration has taken place in the mi- litia system of Ensilaiul, since ihe writer of this sketch left it, but previous to his leaving it, the embodied militia was not much more than the nuu'her of knights in the days of William the Conqueror. A certain propoitioii in « uch county was diafted, from la to 4f» years of age, the average ihroiiglioul England was somewhere about one in twenty-five in time of peace : they were drilled and disciplined for 40 days in each year, for five years; in time of war, iliey wen^ on peimanent duiy the whole of the live yeais ; and excjpt ax to leaving the kingdom, which they could not be compelled to do, the embodied militia was on the same establish- ment as the regular troops, ns to pay and allowances. The modern art of war, also unlike iliul of ancient days, is now a com- plicated scienve, and requires the attention of years to become a soldier skilled in his profession. When the United States of Amerim declared war against us in ]H\1 and invaded Canada, their regular arniy was no- thing more than an undisciplined militia: our militia (a braver there can- nut be) though not in a complete state of discipline, was, owing to the foresig;ht of llie i^allaui and lamented ft^u Isaac Brock, at lea»t equal to \^ar, loo, lies by a remain I'ests. nial ini- istoricai he only I of an- »nii our ! whites, militia es, who 'as coil- 3^ under e^liing- it" tliese service , in the to bear I at the « legory ngi000 men be drafted futm the mtn from 20 to H:> ; bachelors sub- ject to (he draft uiiiil }'> ; let them be trained twenty days in each year fur four years, during peice; should war or rebellion lake place, during the period, these fiOOO to be on permanent duty for one year only, and then a. fresh draft from year to year as long as the war O' rebellion con- tinues, at tlie same time, the gcncial training to he once a year of the men from iO ti) SO; bachelors Xo tram oniil tO. If the militia was established on such a limiied plan, and more depen- dant on the F.xecutivp (Jovernment, il would have great eftect in counter- acting the ert'orts ol" democracy. At first view, it appears that the Kxecii II live Governineni lias an extensive indiieocc by nominating ilie nulilia officers, but tin; cliaih is of too slight a texture to be binding, and who- ever leads I lie history of the American colonies from tiieir earliest stages will perceive it. I shall, for this purpose, select a low passages from the history of Souih Carolina, wiitten by a Dr. Ramsay, a citizen of that State. • South Carolina was, in the first instance, a proprietors government, granted by King Charles II, to seven noblemen, with the title of lords p'-opriftors. "Very soon afler the first settlement, dissensions arose in the colony ; one party supported the prerogative and authority of the lords proprie- tors, and the oiher defended the rights and liberties of the people ; iit this situation, i)i< Governor could long support his power among a num- ber of bold adventurers, who were iinpaiient of every restraint, which had the leasi tendency ro obstruct thrir favourite views; whenever ho at- tempted to inteipo' lo'-it proprietors wft< always lo l>^ the (..ord Pnlatine, and at 1118 deciUfe, to hi' >-u(r,erdcd \rr oht.nuliiK the royal ronspni, berame his llepr(.sentali\( m ilii. I'lovim.., laiU nf lliu lonln pi (iprnii»r(' wa» to have the piiviltipe of appoiutiiij! 11 III |)Uty. to sit ai- hi6 lli'prc»eiitHtne m ih«r upper hon.'d! of ijie pinvinrial par liamei!'; hepide* ,i (Jovernor, iwi 'Ulii' hriiin lies were to be e»lahliiilu''d : ar upper and a lower house, and to consliinir tin I c^fislaiui' of the Province; Ihe upper houne to cnnfuM of th« dt'puiiiui of the lord-x pr^ipiistor'!, 7 of the n1de»i l.aiidirraves and Cariques. and T ohnsen hy the ^s.>■el|\bl}' j the low.»r honse to be i:iiitiposcd of the represenlaiives from the eminliet and townn. Tbf'ti crdeii nf mibibiv lo i>c i.rtfaled —Barons lo hnve i'itlOO acre*, Caciines 'J^fMKI uerus and Landgnivti.s ib,i)\}\) acre". "^(S>^f* 15 for a general subscripiion. Tliese mnasares were conducted with so much secrecy, that before tlie Governor liud heard ot" them, the revolt had be- come general. The Governor at If^ngth jierceiviiig, that neither threats nor gentle means could bring the House oC Assembly to theii duty, dis- solved them. The members however met upon their own authority, and calling themselves a convention, chose ,1 .Colonel Moore to be the Gover- nor, and fixed npim the s;ime day that the Militia were to assemble, for the purpose of pioclaiming him Governor. " When (Jovernor Johnston came 'o town on that day, he found to his surprise the Militia drawn up in the market square; (he having sent orders to postpone the review in consequence of the luibulent aspect of alfairs,) exasperated at the insults ofTered to his pf;rsonand autlioriry he could not commaiui his temper; he advanced to Colonel Parris, the commander of the Militia, and commanded him, in the King's name, to disperse his men *, Colonel Parris replied, he was obeying the orders of the convention. " The Governor expected during the struggle that some friends, espe- cially such as held offices of trust and profit under the lords proprietors, svould have siqjported him, hut they, seeing such support would be inef- fectual, remained (juiet ; he also expected that the Militia would have laid down their arms at his conunand, instead of which, Coloiu-I Parris or- dered them to present and fire should any person attempt to disarm them. Governor Johnston being thus disappointed, vain were the efforts of his single arm in opposition to so general a revolt " And these will ever be the consequences resulting from such a general Militia. Yet this system continued until the colonists were ripe for ano- ther revolt, which they etfected by the same means, and from the same causes; and even afiei this total revolt from the mother country, for in the first instance thoy only revolted from the lords proprietors, and placed themselves under the protection of the crown, even then no alteration has been made. Oh, History! «here is thy utility? In the course of my reading if is my custom to note down whatever I think bears upon the subject of the preceding pages, but 1 did not always recollect to slate the auiliority ; however, I need scarcely mention, that " Smith's Wealth of Nations," is one. About three or four years ago I met with DePradt's celebrated work on the Colonies, and I must confess 1 feel some-what vain of my judgment 16 wlien I find it so nearly coincides with his; for Ic it remembered, 1 wroto ihe inececiinj^ ii'iccs iil)oiii sixfeeii veins before 1 met this work. I shall tiansoribe a few passages iVom it, wliicli 1 think will add some weight to this Essay. London Edition, pn7itcil in 1?,{7.— Ckaj). d—Of Colonies in general, pagt IIU , and Chop, la, page 314. •' Colonies, like iiulividuals of any class, pass through different ages, the gradations of wliicli, it behoves the parent state t j follow, in order that she may conform her conduct to their gradalinc! •, mu '.lay say of colo- nies as of individuals, th.it they are youn;;, ». lien ii.) . ' . i great distance from the epoch of ilieir foniidalions tiies line not had tine to acquire the force which wonb! enable them to do .lithoui th .r parcint states, still less to brave theni ; but uben time (ins uniHi; lied hands and riches, (hey have acquired at once the means of inde()cndi?nce ami subsistence, and above all of resistance; when liie colonies peopled by men of courage and re- rtection have discovered dieirown strength, and to nreasure their position with that of the motliev country, they have already passed infancy, and manhood has arrived. The parent state, like a provident parent, should chance its relations « itii children, v, hen the plenitude of their youth renders iheni too strong to reni'iiu in a state of tutelage ; to mark tliat stage is of essential importance on llie parent state. England lost her American colonies, not having paid sunicient attention to their passing from one stage to the other. In like nnnner Spain finds herself engaged in a gene- ral war with her colonies, because she has nut pioliled by the lesson winch England placed before her eyes." Chap. 9 — Constituent principki, of the Colonial system, page 134~]Vo. iH. " The United States will separate from each other as they become great and populous, or nuiiei lliey will form themselves into a monarchy." CiiAP. 21. — Can Spain re-conquu her Colonies/ — What ought Spain to doZ—PageSSh '• Ii seems 'be ■ •' 'at Spain o""tit to as', us herselfwhat will be neces- sary to do ' '•' . • .0 longer ,'iiqiior, and no longer keep what she has conquercu ; whether it would not be as well to make friends of those whom she can no longer have lor subjects. She should form the basis of her conduct toward her colonies upon such simple principlrs, to stretch out a friendly insteatl of an envied hand, and to pledge hciscit to snbsti utte foi a direct Snvcicignty, which will be henceforth impwsiible, the n dominiun of princes, of tho same fa>nily thai tt\h her own throne, so as to (orm, between S|niiri ami Ame.iLu. a laniily toiripact." — Too lale for t\m now for Spain, but not too laie foe Gr«f Canada. She in this manner guarded kgaiii>i the iiicunvrtii#'tioB oi Maii*^ foreign or lioslile possessions • a bolii flanks of her ciluiic.s. Ti sai»'t plun will not escape the vigilance v\ the United Stat.s; ii»< ■ hav luady begun, by laking po:>scssion of the Floridas. As for \i. Ua, ^Wova Scotia mrl Nevf Brunsw'ck) and C inada, tlu; l.'nitt;i States 11 alwjivs end- nvoui to -separate ttiem from England, <;ither b/ conqutiH or i establishing iheif independence England will lose her North Aineri> .m colonies, when the United Stc<';s will be able to establish an t n> if :i 'uc.h ji^ovcrxs inei; loust hav ^.^ed; and it seems cotdorniable to evr^iy rule ol piubabiliiv, that ih uited States will do that which England ought to have Jont, in erets . a throne in America, instead of losiit., so tnany lives and an inimeitef; treasure to maintain hei own there, contrary to all roa^otl and pcobabii ' C w,' 13 Happy slioiild I b« if the preceding pages .uould adbrd some hint* (o ihosf tlAtetiuicn ^ho lioUi the dcstin> of CanudH in their hands, to avert onr impiMid iftg dangers u> du^ season. " Thou '. by whose Almighty nod tlie ^calt' " Of £>q])ire rites or alteroatu fulU, •' Send forth the savins; virtues r<>uud «Iie land " In bright pairol. Wliile pracf and social love, " The tender looking riiarity imenf " On gentle liopd", and sheddini,' tears through smile*, " Undaunted truth and ditrnity of nnnd, " Codiage coinp<>>(d and keen ; sound temperance " U>.-ali>irul iu heart and look, industry rough " And btow ii wnh toil, ai.tivity unt.r'd. " WmiU? ill iheradi.uit tront s.iperior shines 'I That first patunml virtue^ public zeal, " Who tl(ro%^s o cr oJI iin ecjiial wide »urvty, " ^nd cv«r musing on the common i^ood '"-~Thomto«, AndO Almighty power, in-jpire our rulers hearts, That tbe.si. our fair and fertile plain-s be suv'd From wild, lii.tntious democratic sway. — J. M C THE CANADIAN HVMN U once agmn war s torrtn(4 flow, Or rufiian bands in»ade our plains: Will) iov. t'anadian heaits must ^low, That .still uodutinted arr our swains. 1 heir siren shall view with noble pridf*. Their nons arquiriof* wreaths of fijlory. Heroes in vir'orv's arms who died , Rill wh>> Khali live, .shall livu in story. C'anadiaiis. e'or »ure, i:omr lu.iid ui|| sh*d (he (cat, ftome much lovM fair, with soirow bending, O er her lamenled warrior'* bu'i, Who dird. herself and Quei-n def»'ndinj. Vr«, wnrriiirs, yes mir hymn Kliall be, Out cotiniry, t^iinvn, dear lov« and liberty —Koieharii. >l Ihosf