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PROFESSOR BRYCE, M.A., LLB, Ihad of Manitoba College ; D(^.Ugae de l' Institution Ethno- (jraph^quc de -Pans; Corresponding Secretary Manitoba Historical l!iociety, So. A ^ •i,'.^^■; mm M'>^^}'.&:^ 'i'#*S(, ::?i«i« 'msmmu. S^f.^Wryr) '^^:^ i" •■*:?•■■ :»i ;;..;•:; . '>'VVT-'y?^\;K'''-i''"i*^f' ":;■>■ r^3 4? ^s?^k^T^2>?7^a^iT^?S1* !i:.ciij^:' .-.'■- ^p,. &t ■ ^-i' '- ■ ..-.^■■-'-A^T^j'M-^'^ ■'^■- ^-yTivs^^^i-'!'. w5R ««^ Mivo .■>s.« *;,' l:. ,..^^.'iS■>■-. Vi-j 0'^tPP*5«h^ ^i •t.*- ,*f ^♦^ WINNIPEG COUNT BV REV. PROFESSOR BRYOE. M At a well attended luoeting of the Uis- ;orical and Scientific Society last Thursday, the following; paper was read t>y Rev. Prof. Brjce, of Manitoba College. In in- troducing his paper the^Prufessor spoke of the subject as relating to our own country, nd thus coming within the scope of the Hueiety. and as being historical and at the same time practical Tn its tendency. lie regarded the history of the North- Wcsv us more remarkable than that of any other part of Canada,|unlesH perhaps, the French settlements oi the Provinces of Quebec and Nova Scotia. "the WINNlPWi COUNTRY." From my title you will gather that it is not my purpose this evening to enter largely into the life of the great discoverer of the Winnipeg region, but rather to show the effect of the discovery of the countries about Lake Winnipeg, in awak- ening interest and stimulating adventure in the whole region from HucUou's Bay to the Rocky Mountains. It may not Iiave occurred even to those somewhat familiar with the voyages of Verandrye,t-o connect these with a brilliant era of daring ex- ploration and extensive trade that is found in the Hudson's Bav territories during the latter half of the eighteenth centurv. It may be necessary, though elsewhere I have endeavored nt such length as space per- mitted, to give a sketch of the work of the iH^ve Verandrye and that of his family, to notice shortly the salient points of those discoveries. I venture to do this the more that a numlier in our rapidly grow- ing community may not be familiar with them, absorbed as they are more in mak- ing money than in historic research upon even so interesting a subject as the life of the explorer who, first of white, men, set his foot upon the site of the (;ITV OFWINNIPBC. Gualtier de Varennes, Sieur de la Verandrye, was a French officer who had distinguished himself in the Marlborough wars, and had come out to the French colony of Canada to seek his for- tune. Fortune did not smile upon him. Westward like many another Ue pushed bis way, and in 17^ he was fol- lowing a fur trader's life at the frontier posts of Michilimackinac and Sault Ste. Marie. Lake Superior was well known at this time to the oraders; there had been a post at Kaministiquia 60 years before this time, 'as well as a trading station at Nipi- Ei. On the 26th of August, 1731 Veran- e left the shores of I^ake Superior at a at 45 miles west of whore Fort William U9W stands. He had an Indian guide, who had submitted to the Frunn or in Quebec a birch bark map of the route by which he engaged to leati Verandrye. During the first year of his voyage Veran- drye reached Rainy Lake; in 1732, Lake of the Woods: and thence he descended Winnipeg River to Lake Winnipeg. The date cannot be recovered without a more diligent search in the archivm or Maurine and the Colonies, in Paris, when he first reached the junction of the Red River and the Assiniboine. There seems ground for placing it about 1735. In tlutyearhe probably built THE BKI) FORT, in what has now become a part of the City of Winnipeg, and which receives its name Fort Rouge from Verandrye's early fort. In 17:^ near the site of the present town of Portage la Prairie the explorer and his party built Fort de la Reine. With the true^piritof voyageurs,onesociionof these pioneers pushed on, ascended the Souris River in 1742, reached at length the Coteau of the Missouri, and then the Missouri itself. One trembles to think of the dan- ger these travelers unknowingly passed through ill leaving the country of the peaceable Ojibeways at Red River and penetrating the district of the Sioux, called by a later traveler the "tigers of the plains." But further yet their spirit of adventure carried them. Ascending the Missouri they at length came in sight of the Rocky Mountains, and were the first white men north of Central America to gaze upon them. Verandrye himself ana his party in 1748 ascended the Saskatchewan, but when he was about to undertake th«! crossing of the Rocky Mountains, he died on the 6th of December, 174». Such a record is an extr aordinary one. Verandrye's name has not received one tithe of the honor due it. In eighteen years he and his sons traversed from 1,500 to 2,000 miles of a "terra incognita," and yet no monument preserves his memory. While the heroes of war have statues erected in scores in the streets of our great cities, it is only in the last half cen- tury that it has occurred to men that the explorer who fights with his diftlculties and overcomes them is as worthy of honor as the successful soldier or sailor. Veran- drye's discoveries filled the people of the United States, then the British Colonies, with envy, while the merchants of Eng- land and France saw possibilities of in- creased trade and larger profits rising out of them. We now proceed to show how the bringing to the knowledge of these / m nationtt the rcuioitH known from the flnit liy the nanieti WinnipvR <«polt Ouintplque) and AHHiniholne (Hpelt in no Iom* than a domn dillbrent wayu In tho old books and itiajw,) resulted In a period of enterpriiM ana activity which awakened the ecnooM at this wide north land; One of the flrat results we shall notice was tho finding In 174:S a route from LAKE 8UPKRIOR TO HUDSON'S BAY. If previous to Verandrye no white man had ventured over the route from Ijake Superior to Lake Winnipeg, nmch lens likely was any one to have undertaken the mases of the lakes and rivers lying between Lake Superior and Hudson's Bay. It is true that in the works of some French Canadian historians, and also In the special S leadings founded on these of tho Cana' ian fTOvemment, when engaged In obtaining the North-West Irom the Hudson's Bay Company, statements are made to a contrary effect. The object of these statements is too evident. It Is stated by these writers that two French- men, Groselliers and Radisson, who In 1(168 accompanied Gillam in his^voyage to Hudson's Bay, and who had undoubtedly been in tho Lake Superior district, crossed from Nipigon on Lake Superior to Hud- son's Bay. De la Potherie and M. Jeremio make such statements, but their invention to maintain the early claim of France to Hudson's Bay is evident. No account of their journey is given; no route is laid down; and the statements of the different writers are so contradictory and confused as to render them perfectly untrustworthy. Aftein the Hudson's Bay Company claims to nave sent explorers from the snores of Hudson's Bay to the prairie country west ^jake Winnipeg, and a fair case is made . vof an adventurer named Keisev in ■dO having done so, but no one wnose journev is recorded had yet gone from Lake Superior to Hudson's Bay. The first to go was a FRENCH CANADIAN HALF-HREEI) named Joseph I^a France, in 1740. The success of Verandrye had stimulated this adventurer, who belonged to the neigh- borhood of Sault Ste. Marie, to undertake the journey. In a very rare book on "The Countries Adjoining Hudson's Boy," pub- lished by Hon. Arthur Dobbs in 1744, we have a most interesting account of the journey of La France. The voyageur was at the time spoken of 3(t years of age. He was born at Michilimackinac, and when five years of age had been taken to Quebec to retiirn next year to the West. At the age of IH he had visited Montreal again, to sell the furs and peltries of^ his father who had lately died. After this early journey he had returned to Michili- mackinac and engaged in trading from post to post till his 27th year. When 28 years of age he had gone to the Straits of Eric (Detroit), passed through Lake Erie, carried his cargo of furs around Niagara Falls, and gone to Oswego on Lake On- tario (or Frontenac, as it was then called). He w^as what was known as a free trader. The French authorities looked upon him as a smuggler. In 1738 he had been seized by the Governor and a party of soldiers, whom he happened to meet on one of his tixpeditiono in the Nipissing River, but from whom he eacaped. making his way with his gun Mid only flvo charges of powder and ball to Sault flte. Marie. This waa the man, and the training which fitted him for nMking the long and memorable Journev to Hudson's Bay from the shores of the Great L^ke. Ho had loat everything on his seisure by the Governor, and so, says the nar- rator, "he determined to go to tho Eng- lish in Hudson's Bay by nassing through the Indian nations west of the Upper Lakes, until he should arrive by those lakes and rivers which run northward, at York Fort, on Nelson River." After Journeying along the north shore of Lake Superior we find I^ France at Lake Du Pluis (Rainy Lake), and from this time we give the interesting narra- tive of our auUior,' making such remarks or explanations or selections as may be needed for clearness or brevity. Dobbs proceeds: "The Lake Du Pluis is so called from a perpendicular water- fall, by which the water falls in- to a river southwest of it, which raises a mist like rain. The river Du Pluis (Rainy River), which falls from the lake, is a fine, largo river, which runs eastward and is about three furlongs In width; its course is about OU leagues before it falls into the Lac du Bois, or Des lies, (l^ke of the Woods) and Is free from cataracts, having only two sharp streams. He was ten days in going down it In his canoe: the whole country along its banks is full of pine woods, in which are a great variety of wild fowl and ; beasts, as wild beaver, stags, elk, I deer,otc., and the river and adjoin- ■ ing lakes full of excellent Ash. I This river falls into the I^ac du Bois, : where he arrived about the end ! of May. This lake is very large and Ulled ; with flne Islands. He was SlOdays in t>as- > sing it. fishing and hunting as he went I with the natives. On the southwest of ' this lake is the nation of the Sioux In- I dians. I THE RIVEH OUINII'iqUE (WINNIPE(0 I which passes out of this lake, is as large • as the river Du Pluis, but is much more rapid, having about 30 falls or sharps ' upon it, where they must carry their ca- noes. Two or three of them are carriages of a league or two, the others are very short. Upon that account he was 15 days going down the river, which runs nortn- west about 100 leagues. It also runs through a fine woody country, having many sorts of timber trees of great bulk. On tne southwest side, at some distance, is a flat country full of meadows. (Note: the Red Rlvr r country.) He arrived at the great Oumipique (Winnipeg) Lake in September. After going half-way through it, no joined the Crls or Christinaux (Cree) Indians, who live on the northeast side, and went on shore and hunted beavers all the Autumn. On the west (south) side of tho lake the Indians told him a river en- tared it, which was navigable with canoes. It descended from Lac Rouge the Red Lake, called so from the color of thu sand. (Note: This is one derivation of the name Red River ; another attributes It to the Rod Fort of Verandrye ; while others say it is from the rod willows upoq "K hJ« war &"" »' 'e , tnilnliiK "» 'onK and •«»y from ''"'•eljjure too Eoff. |K through .by tho«e inward, at 'rth shore 'ranee at and from ng naira- wnaarks may be >«i Pluls .water, all* In. » which '. The > which Kc river, ut three •bout 60 I Lacdu t>d8) and >'y two 1 Koinff country ■wds, in »wl and t*. eik, adjoin- Jlsh. Bois, ' end I Ailed >n IWH- wont est of ix In. Iai?fc more larps Pea- ages very Jays rth- 'UM8 inu illc. ICC, >tc: at in gh 3e) Ic, III of B. h »f ilM banksK The country went of the Ouiniptque I^ike hOK Ary IslandH or hlllM with marsh V bottomH, full of wood and meadows. Upon the west Hide of I^ake Ouinipique are the nation of Uie Asslni- bouels (Awdniboines) of the Meadows, and further north a great way are the Assinl- bouela of tlie Woods. The Indiana on tlie east sld« are Christinaux. All these nations go naked in summer, and paint ur staiu their bodies with ditferent figures, anointing themselves with greaHe of deer, Ijeavers, bears, etc., which preventn the muHkiitoes , serpents or other vermin from biting them, they having an an- tipathy to oils. The groat Ouinipique Lake was froieu over in winter. He mode his canoe in the Spring, at the north end of this lake, and went down to the little Ouinipique ( Winiiipegoosis) In the beginnmg of Summer. The course of this laRe Is from south to north, through u woody, low country. In all these coun- tries are many kinds of wild fruit, ak cherries, plums, strawberries, nuts, wal- nuts, etc. The Winters here are from three to four months, according as they ttappen to be more or less severe. By ake and river now he turns towards Hudson's Bay, through I^kes Du Sientt and Carlboux, until he reaches F'achegola. Pachegoia is the lake where AM, THE INDIANS A88EMHLE in the latter end of March every year to cut the blivh trees and make their canoes of thie l>ark, which then begins to run. In order to pass down the river to York Fort, on Nelson River, with their furs. He, In company with the Indians at Lake Pache- Soia, cut the bark for their canoes, and lien hunted for some time for provision '. They began to make their canoes the 1st of April (new style), which they finished In three days. On the 4th he, being ap- pointed one of their leaders by the In- dians, set out with 100 canoes In company for the factory at York Fort, and after the usual Incidents of travel I^ France reached York Factory on the 2Utli of June, 1742. So much for the great first voyage from Iachments upon them, from settling on their rivers, and intercepting the choicest kinds of furs, such as otters, martens, or sables, which they .purchase liecause they are Ughtest, and conse- quently fittest for carriage, as the places where they buy are at a great distance from the French settlements, so that heavy and coarse goods would scarce turn to any account ; and they have the fairest oppor- tunity that can be of doing this, because the natives are always Inclined to deal with them preferable to the English." The same animus is here seen against the Hudson's Bay Company, but it is plain that the explorations of Verandrye and the French fur traders were urging to in- r^reanfid actlvlf v t« extent did ofthe f;7we"t tT?"'' - region. found lu 'the ""*? I« a mans of eviSeS found lu 'the Wo «-,-j "'-"»'.«OOK OF 1740 ;v»« granted "J pLrtS*""- ™ en,i,|?J oN•xplornfionfiKfXf^ ?*"»« account /"have l,e.„ eHtSw.S^ 'r/'"'*"' "««•" 08t unfortu. i«2, Port La ^'ni», and at t fen years "^ve had two ewan, Pas. Pr««ent a « Nepowfle. '• "fitcJi In of Wolfe, ante for all "e nest of ttence, and 'I England emoval of yand the esult In a fur trade, ine taste '■** anjonff randrye^I ni'nds of About o Canada ilanders, d "gorv ongenlal aders of V a vast th-West. '« men- unpur- "urrfp, >e< rated 'Vewan. J'Prom d over fularly settle- n 17fJ7 'BM-an, Mon- JadlnjBT < Pro- i^'our- inter- yn to nered ntfon trade best was *eter ispa. IS to deal that ven ted tde. ves 780 nts 7ft} y," and the two brothers, lleiijan>ni|iaiiy >ve have nulhing more to do at pt'esenl. With the closing years of the laHt century we find them a wonderfully vigorous and enterprising company. Their traders threaded all the "waterv ways" of the interior; their posts reoened the llot^ky Mountains and Mackenzie HIver country, and they laid claim to having no less than r»,00t» employes. They were ihe followers in a direct line of the Vrench traders, who had followed In the course of Verundryc In his discovery of the great North- West. We have already referred to the fact, t hat while this remarkable movement was going on from Montreal, there was a par- allel stream of interest running to the same «;ountry by way of Hudson's Hay. We have seen that nmch interest attaclieil in Kngland to the trocle to Hudson's liuy between 1740 17(IU, largely stinmlated by the reported French explorations. The Hudson's Bay Company, smarting under the attacks of I)ubbs,!| ISIlis, Kobson and others, and likewise beginningtofeel more certainly the interference with their trade by the diversion of much of it to Montreal, su(!ceetled In overcoming to some extent the unwillingness of their employes to leave the shores of the Buy an(l venture inland. Accordingly they dispatched to the interior. SAMUEL HKARNE. 1771. Ilearne has been calleil tne North Amer- ican Park. The ac(;ounts of his north- westward journeys are among the most interesting in our possession. One can hardly imagine the ideas or feelings of men living on the coiist of a country— In strongly fortified jiosts— only acquainted w ith the interior from the stories of the natives, which are given notably to mis- represent and exaggerate, when unwil- lingly theAe men are called on to leave the base of supplies, and throw themselves upon the chances of a barren country, with uncertainty as to food, and the possibility of meeting bands of hostile, or what Is worse, of treacherous savages. Further, the little knowledge supposed to be pos- sessed of the interior, is usually unreliable. For example Dobbs states in nls work, to which we have referred, that the Western Ocean lay about 25" of longitude to the west of Hudson's Bay, while reallv the Pacific is some 40°. While, moreover, British travelers have been proverbially daring and suc- cessful in all parts of tl^ world, even in penetrating tlie most dakigerous and dis- mal scenes, yet it is probably no self-lau- datiou for us, as Canadians, to say that the native of the new world is better suited for the rough, uncertain life of the interior than the fresh^cauKht KuKllith- man. Gen. WoImIcv, at any rate.U re- p«»rted to have Main that lie k>ngee either neces- sary or satisfactory. And if the said river be likely to be of any utility, lake possession of it on behalf of the Hudson's Bay Company, by cutting your name Oil some of the rocks, and al- so the date of the year, month, etc." On November 0th, 17(H), the explorer set out with his party, and this, wnich in its consequences was really a great event, was celebrated with a salute of seven cannon from the Fort. He had not pro- ceeded fur upon his journey, however, when his companions became dissatisfied. He was deserted by one Indian guide and then by another, and at last the bulk of his party left him, stealing at the same time several bogs of ammunition, his hatchets, chbiels, files, etc.. His leading Indian companon rejoicing in tiie euphonious name of Chawchinahaw, having advised lilm to return to the Fort, also left him in order to proceed southwest wardly, and, as Hearne says: "Set out making the woods ring with their laughter, and left us to consider our unhappy situation, nearly twohundred miles from Prince of Wales Fort, all heavily laden, and in strength and spirits greatly reduced by hunger and fatigue." Journeying vveariedly back, he says : ** We arrived sate at Prince of Wales Fort on the llth December, to my own great mor- tification, and to the no small surprise of the Governor. SKCOND JOUHNEY, On the aird of February, 1770, Hearne set out with five Indians as his party. His journey was a succession of short stages, with a day's rest between-now to kill deer, again to seek for fish under the ice with nets ; on one occasion to build a more permanent tent and wait " till the geese I; >M>KotirHf liuvihM Iwen In a Kf>ni«rAl northwt^Htwiinl diritftion from C'liurchlll : Mifi now th«y w»ir« to puraue a land ionruey over n ItArnm countrr. The fol- owlng In hilt dewrlptlon or thu tint lOMting with the niuHK ox, that now rare denlinn of the iiurtheni HolltuduM : THK MUHK ox. "We had not walke*d, Huch a fail uf rain came on an to put It out , of our power lo make a lire, which, even ; in the nnest weallicr, could only be made i of moMH, OH we were near a hundred inileM from any woodH. TIiIh waa {vwr I comfort for people who had not broke their fant for four or five dayH. NeceMHJty, however, liaH no law; and having been l)e- fore initiated into the method of eating raw meat, we were the better prepared for thiMrepuMt; but thin was by no meauH ho well relished, either by me or the South- ern Indiana. aM either raw vcntHon or raw dMh had lieeii; for the Hesh of the musk-ox In not only coarse and tough, but smells an«{ tastes so strong of musk as to make it very dlMagreeubie when raw, though it Ih tolemble eating when properly cooked. The weather continuetl so re- markably bad,accompanied with constant, heavy rain, snow ana sleet, and our neces- aities were so great by the time tlie weather permitted us to make a lire, that we had nearly eaten to the amount of one bntfalo quite raw." The hardships endured by the traveler were of the most severe description. He Hays: "It will l>e only necessary to say that we have fasted many times two whole days and nights; twice upwards of three days, and once wliile at Shetliaunee, near seven days, during which we tasted not a mouthful of anything except a few cranberries, water, scraps of old leather, and burnt bones. On those pressing occa- sions I have frequently seen tlie Indians examine their wardrolw, which consisted chiefly of skin clothing, and considerwhat part could best l)e spared; sometimes a piece of an old, half-rotten deerskin, and others a pair of old shoes, were sacrificed to alleviate extreme ■ hunger." QITAMRANT BROKEN. In the midst of his great sutferings and difflculties, when the traveler had reached a point some iiOO miles north-west of Chundiill, a disaster of a serious kind oc- curred on tlie llth of August. He says : " It proving rather windy about noon, though exceedingly tine weather. I let the quatlrant stand, in order to obtain the latitude more exactly by two altitudes; but to my great mortification, while I was eating my ainner, a sudden gust of wind blew it down; and as the ground where it stood was very stony, the bubble, the sight- vane, and vernier, were entirely broken to pieces, which rf-ndered the instrument useleHs. In cons«M|ueiicc of this misfor- tune, I resolved to return again to the l''ort." After a wearisome journey he reached Churchill again. Here he met the friendly Chief Matonabee, who at- tributed his misfortunes to his not having taken any women with him in hiii Journey. The views of thin child of nature, while not pt^rhaps commending themselves to us all, an^ charming In their directness and simplicity. THK ui;nti.kr skx ! Said Matonal>ee : " When all the men are heavy laden, they can neither hunt nor travel to any considerable distance; and In case they meet with suecess in hunting, who is to carry the protiuce uf their laliorf Women, added he, were Miade for lalior; one of them can carry, or haul, as much as two men can do. They also plK-h our tents, make and mend our clothing, keep up the fires at niglit, and. In fact, there Is no such thing as traveling any considerable distance or for any length of time. In this country, without their assistiince. Women, said he again, though they do everything, are maintained at a trirtiug expense, for as they always stand cook the very licking of their fingers in scarce limes is sulllcicnt for their subsistence." IMHl I'MIOKKN. It WHS near the end of November liefore Heariie arrived at the Fort. On the 2lsl he tlius (lescril)es the weatlier: "That night we lay on the south side of Kgg Ulv'er, but long before daybreak the next morning, the weather lieing so bad.with a violent gale of wind from the north-west, and such a drift of snow that we could not have a bit of lire; and as no good woods were near to attbrd us siielter, we agr(>ed to proceed on our way, especially as the wind was on our backs; and though the weather was bad near the surface, we could frequently see the moon and some- times the hUu's, to direct us in our course. In this situation we continued walking the whole day, and it was not until after ten at night that we could find the small- est tuft of wood to put up in; for though we well knew we must have passed by several hummocks of shrul»by wood that might have allbrded us some shelter, yet the wind blew so hard, and the snow drilled so excessively thick, that we could not see ten yardsjbefore us the whole day. Between seven and eight in the evening my dog, a valuable brute, was froiien to death; so that his sledge, which was a very heavy one, I was obliged to haul." On this second journey the explorer hati broken hisquadrant ana had accomplished nothing. THlRO JOURNEY. Though twice; battled, Hearne was still deternifned to proceed on his in- land iHi '«•••• ''That iM!' '''«« K the next l>ttcl,wlth a lorth-wpHt "eeouhi ' "o good i»plter, we especially »u thouf^h Jrf/Me, we »'«tl Home- ui* course. walkliiir inMI after ne >»niall- "• though •axHed by »'ood that elter, yei '>e «noM we couhj lolp day. evening ■ozen to ' .was a liaul." •rer lm«i pliHhed as still |« in- 'orton, e ex- ot dis- •uriiey ndlAii )f his niber, I on tiinon ures, iians ahoiii they met, »ud taking |Mrt in one < gruAl hunting place in "snaring deer In a i pound," or great hto<-l«>I«m, and ' iiirch rind and tinibors for building canoo«, weru obtained, .lourneving nionj rapidly now, a rondeisvouN at a place railed Clowey was reacheil, and from this point the tinai push for the Cop|M'rmine Kiver, (hu object ^ of search, must !>v made. At Clowey i some hundreds of Indiansjoined the party i to proceed to the Coppermine, and thus clianged the exnioring party into a mill- ^ tary expedition, noiit on attacking the Km- ' i|ulmaux, should they Im> found. | ARCTIC HKA UKACHKIt. At laal, on the Hth of July, the long de- sired spot was reached, and descending • he river on the IHth of the month, the mouth was reached, and the persevering traveler looked out upon the Arctic Uccan. Ilcarne says: "In those high latitudes, and at this season of the year, the sun is alwavs at a good hight al>ove the hori/on, so that we not only hm\ daylight, Itut sunshine the whole night; a thick fou and drix/.llng rain then caniu on, and lintling that neither the river nor sea wore likely to Ihj of any use, I did not think it worth while to wait for fair weather lo determine the latitude exactly by an observation. For the sake of form, however, after having had some consultation with the Indians, I erected a mark and took nossession of the coast on iMshalf of the llmlson's Hay Company." A return home completes the three .journeys of the explorer, which are told in a most Interesting manner by him- self, liearnc's scientihc attainments wore not, however, e«]ual to his powers of nar- ration. It has lieen over a reproach to him that he placed the lalltude of the mouth of the Co))|)ermlne, instead of at about (174 degrees north, at nearly 71 degrees. His own apology was that after the breakina of his i|uadrant on the second expi>(lition, the instrument wliicli hu used was an old Elton's Quad- rant, which had l>een knocking altout the Prince of Wales' Fort for nearly thirty years. I suppose it is Impossible to throw t he mantle oi charity over a scieniilic mis- take so glaring, IIITDHON'm hay COMI'ANY KNTKHI'BIMK. The first stop having thus l)een taken, the (;ompVvny, with much energy, prose- cuted the building of posts and extension of its trade. Hearne was again sent VVesl, and we are told l)y the traveler Henry that (.'umbt^rland House, on tlie Saskatchewan, had been built in the year 1771 by our ex- plorer, and that the Fort was garrisoned ny men from the Orkney Islands. The design in building this house was to pre- vent the Indians from dealing with the ('anadian merchants and to induce them lo go to Hudson's Hay. Hy the end of the century Ilndson's Hay Company nosts had been planted side with North- West- ern forts at the chief trading places. It may be of interest to state that a Hudson's Bay Company poat called Brandon, was built not far from the mouthof theSouris, along side a North- Western fort, in the year 1701. 1 am informed the spot is still marked by debris, in I7UH a pout waa placed by the H. It. Company on the .\n' Minihoine and another on the lUd HIver in I7W>. Thns in twonty-Hve year, we Hiid the iludsoM's Hay Comiwny extending its forts from Hudson's Hay to the u«d Hiver, and likewise North-Westward aa far as Kdmonton on the Baakatt^howan, and l>ake Athabasca. It remainsto speali of om; more nanie- a name second to none in the annals of North-Western diacovery: HIH AI.KXANDKIl MAC KKN/.IIC. He was iiuc4«sHor and the counterpart in many ways of Verandrye. It is nsually stated that it waa flearne's interesting work that stimulated Mackenlxe to enter upon his career of extended dis<-ovory. Tne account of Mackenzie's exploratioiiH is much Itetter known than moat of thoao we have lieen deiicrihing, and wo Hhall but brieHy iiot<«-o them. Engaged enthusiasti- cally in ..o fur trade, ^iavkrnlie found himself i^t Fort Chippewyan, on I^ake Altbabasca, In 17W. Fitting out four canoes, manned by French Canadiana, as well as by a number of Indians with their wives, hu started in June, and by the «nd of tfuly, after adventurea witii strange Indians, and pestereil by the treachery and unreliability of bis own party, reached the Arctic tsea. On his return from the north he delern,incd to journey toIng feeling of rivalry to the Hudson's i^-ay Company, the Canadian Company so ex- tended their operations even with smaller resources than their antagonists, that when the two companies put an end to their serious— even bloody— struggles by a union in 1H2I the Northwesters had 97 posts to 'M Iwlonging to the Hudson's Bay Company. (i. The bjisin of hake Winnipeg was found by the Hudson's Hay Company to have lh*e currents of t he fur trade con- verging in it, and running to the outpost at Fort York, on Hudson's Bay, while the Norwcsters fouikd the same ; with their outpost at Fort William, on Lake Suoer- rior. Lake Winnipeg receives the three great rivers from east, south, and west that drain the great North-West— the Winnipeg, the Red, and the Saskatche wan. Trade has always followed these great arteries, with this alternative, that from the west the Assiniboine has otit- lined a land trail over the prairies, which has proved a rival to the Saskatchewan. 7. The basin of I^ke Winnipeg has still the position as regards general trade anrf tlie development of a new country that it occupied under the fur trading days. With an increase of people, it is tru», new wants have arisen, and a diversion of trade into new channels might reasonably have been expected. It is surprising to find how nearly on the old lines the cur- rents of trade seem shaping themselves. From the East we look for timber and minerals ; from the West, by way of the Saskatchewan, the furs still find their outlet ; while the replacing of the Assini- boine trail by the Iron way, and lU* divergence to the south has made the Saskatchewan still more than it has been in later years, the highway of commerce, t'rom the West we must have coal, and perhaps iron. In the lAke Winnipeg basin, at the junction of the prairie ana the wood country, we have the converging point of these several forces. If these estimates be true, then the great city of the region north and west of Lake Su- perior will be in the basin of Lake Win- nipeg. 8. Where is this great city to be situated? Had the Hudson's Bay route been the only means of reaching the North-West, as il was for the Hudson's Bay Company for a lone period of Its existence, as It was at the time of the Immigration of the Selkirk colonists, then a point on Lake Winnipeg, probably at the mouth of the Saskatcnewan, would have been the meeting place of commerce. But the Hudson's Bay route is still only a problem. The currents of trade are South to the United States, and East through our own territory to Lake Superior. Httd the matter to be settled by theory rather than by actualities, the point where a straight line crosses Red River, drawn from Rat Portage to Portage la Prairie, might have iieen selected, p.ithough the entrance of the Assinni^■5ine into the Red River would always have left it doubtful whether a point (;hosen on such an arbi- trary assumption that trade follows a straight line will gain the ascendancy. But when the fact that the railwaysystem of a country— especially a prairie country —vhooses a centre from which to radiate seven separate lines, is added as a factor to the traditions of the trade of three <|nfirters of a century, and the fact that there is a settled country to the South with vast solitudes to the north of liake Winnipeg, it is plain that the mouth of the Saskatchewan ha- little ground, nor can other places on ttie Red River claim any indulgence in maintaining that the great city of the North-West is to be any other than the City of Winnipeg. The reading of the paper having been concluded, the Lecturer resumed his scat amid applause, and a discussion of matters connected with the subject of the paper followed. Rev. Prof. Hart moved a vote of thanks to the liCcturer. In expressing the pleasure which the reading of the paper had atlorded him, mentioned the fact tnat he had himself gone over a portion of the (country referred to, namely, that lying to the cast of the Lake of the Woods anaup Rainy River. Ht thought the country owed a debt of gratitude for the courage and iwrseverancc manifested by those early explorers. Mr. .1. Hoyes Panton seconded the JN tnx., new Iverslon of *' reaaonably iiprisln^ to nes the cur. themselves, timber and ^»y of the find their the ARsini. " and lt«" made the It has been commerce, e coal, and Winnipeg prairie and convervinfi If these cat city of Jiake Su. LakeWln- c Hituated? '« the only *^est, as it Pany for a It Was at n of the Joint on »e mouth ave been ■^e. But 11 only a ire South •ough our Had the I her than «traiafht from Rat ?ht have ranee of 'rf River doubtful an arbi. >llow.s a sndancy. y system country radiate ft factor 'f three »ct that '■ South of liake outh of fid, nor ■ claim lat the be any K been IS scat attcrs paper •ankis the pauer that f the riKto o up in try rage hose » motion. In doiiiLC so be obHcrved that it Heemed Htrange that, while »o many din- linfcuished pioucerH had known mo much of trie country, it had Hiuce remained to nu great a degree unheard of until (|ulte re- cently. Ho nrot^eeded to speak of the coal tlelds and minei-ai deposits as having been apparently kept buck from the knowledge of men by a wise Providence until a cer- tain time should be reached In thedevelop- ment of the world. He referred t« the circumstances wliicli were upi'rating to lead men to emigrate from the old c(mn- tries antl from Ontario; to the great immi- gration to this ortunities for observing an er- '. roneous cah-ulation was not not a very surprising thing. Aid. H. A. \Vilson was higlilv pleasi'd ' with tlie pa|)er. He had traveleif over I he country fs'tween here and ilie it