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THE History of the Thlugu Mission OF THE AMERICAN BAPTIST MISSIONARY UNION. BY DAVID DOWNIE, D. D., Missionary at Nellore. niiLADELrnrA : AMERICAN BAPTIST PUBLICATION SOClETr, 1420 Chestnut Street. ,^m Entered, accw.uing to Act of Congress, in the year 1893, by the AMERICAN BAPTIST PUBLICATION .SOCIETY, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. LffT, fV K iii V )m {I CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. The Country and People, Y CHAFrEll II. Origin of the Mission, 26 CIIAITER III. Nellore Occupied, 3.^ CIIARTPJR IV. "The Lone Star," ^^ chaptp:r Y. Faith Rewarded, ... ca oU CIIAITER VI. Branching Out, . . DO • CHAPTER VII. Oxgole, ... ' 77 CHAPTER VIII. Rich Harvest Fields, . . o/. ' 00 •J ) 15 Vf 4 COJ^TEKTS. CIIAPTEll IX. TiiE Great Famine OF 1870-78, 92 CHAPTJi:il X. The Great Ingathering, jOg CIIAPTEK XI. Results of the Great Revival, 120 CHAPTER XII. RaSL^PATAM, jqc CHAPTER XIII. The Deccan, jkq CHAPTER XIV. KUKNOOL, CUMBUM, AND MaDRAS, 164 CHATTER XV. Enlarging the Boundaries, Igg CHAPTER XVI. The Mission's Jubilee, 203 Memorial Sketch, ........*.,, 213 PREFACE. "The history of the Telugu Mission," says Dr. Bright, of the "Examiner," "is interesting even to romance. Tiiat history should be told in every church and Sunday-school as an inspiration to greater hope and patience in all our work. . . . Would not the prayerful consideration of so memorable and blessed a history of missionary triumphs, as is furnished by the Telugu Mission, be the highest possible incentive to renewed consecration and a further development of the grace of giving?" It is with some such hope as this that the writer has undertaken the task of furnishing a fuller history of the Mission than has yet been written, and thus afford its friends additional facilities for "the prayerful consideration" of God's wonder-working power among the Telugus. It was only after repeated efforts had been mlde to induce another, in all respects better qualified, to undertake this work, that the writer consented to do it. The only advanta-^e he possesses over the one first selected is a long residence among the people and an active participation in the work he seeks to describe. In presenting this book to the friends of missions the writer claims very little in the way of original authorship. Like most books of its kind, it partakes largely of the nature 6 6 PREFACE. of a compilation. He has not hesitated to take from any and every source within his reach facts bearing on the Mission's history. Many of these facts were gathered from conversa- tions with native Christians who were school children in Mr. Day's time. Some have been told before, though not always correctly ; some are here given for the first time. The author is under especial obligation to Miss M. M. Day, of Madras, for the reading of her father's private letters ; also to Dr. Clough for the use of his Missionary Magazines from 1864 to 1873 ; hkewise to the Missionary Union's Jubilee Volume and Magazine, Dr. McKenzie's "Lone Star," and to several of the missionaries who have aided him in various ways ; for all of which aid he extends his warmest thanks. Neuloke, India, 1892. '^y?s:r;""" // n 5 \ ftS'S;S'AMi m\ 35 THE HISTORY OF THE TELUGU MISSION. 35i ) # ^ CHAPTER I. THE COUNTKY AND PEOPLE. The Aryan invasion of India. Previous invasions. Derivation of narae- Telugu. The three "lingas." The country and its location. The Mon- soons. Theclimate. Tl.c occupants of the country. English rule in India Blessings derived therefrom. The agriculture of the country. The oriuin of theTelugus. The castes of the ,,eo,.le. Their physical ch.ar.icteristlcs. Their language. Not Sanslirit. The population of the country. Xun.her uncertani. Not migratory. Telugus in Burma. Burtuese civilization fr.Mu them. The religiou of the Telugus. The Vedas and Brahtuans The hiwsufMauu. The numerous gods. Idol worship. Not originally a part of worship. Now universal. Caste adherence. Numerous trade castes. No wholly observed by all. Pariahs even rising. Leveling by railroads. Intluence of mission .schools. Caste still a factor. WHEN tlie great Aryan race first invaded India ^^ (i;. c. 1500), it settled in the neighborhood of the river Sindhn. The Persians called it Hindhu and the Greeks called the people 7w5o/. Thus we get the word^ Hindu and Hindustan wiiich were ori-inally applied only to the regions of the Indus. As i\xi^ Arvans spread fart her and farther south and ea.'^t, the name followed them, until now Hindustan is applied to the entire peninsula of India Previous to the incursions of the Arvans, India had been invaded by several mixed races from Central Asia Tartary, and Tibet. Some of them were Scythian and some Mongolian. Among them were what are now 7 LANGUAGE MAP OF INDIA. ,»!VV ^^M ^MHHtfll 8 IIISTOliY OF THE TELUGU MISSION. called the Dravidian races of South India. The term Dravidas was first applied to the Tamils only, but now includes the Tamils, Telugus, Canarese, Malayalams, Gonds, and some others. The Telugus were originally called by the Aryan con- querors, Andhias ; but the Andhras were divided into two nations, one of which was called the Kalingas, who occupied the seaboard, while the Andhras occupied the ** interior northwest portion of the Telugu country. Al- i though the Andhras were better known to the Aryans, and were probably the more cultured of the two nations speaking a common tongue, yet it is from tlie Kalingas that the modern term Telugu comes. From Kaliuga came Talinga and Tenugu — the name which is even now fre- quently used by pundits for Telugu. The favorite derivation of Telugu pundits for Telugu is Trilinga, or " country of the three lingas." One of the earliest of Buddhistic writers frequently designates the Telugu country Trilinga, and describes Kalinga as a por- tion of Trilinga. Ptolemy also speaks of a country in India as To xm TftiXiyYov (iaaihiov, " The kingdom of the thioe lingas." These three celebrated lingas are said to be at Kalahas- try in the south, Sreesalem in the west, and Dracharamu in the north. But a better known boundary of the Telugu country is Pulicat, about twenty-five miles north of Madras in the south, Chicacole in the north, and Ud- ghiri in the Nizam's dominions in the northwest. The country thus described contains about seventy-three thousand seven hundred and twenty-eight square miles, and is for the most part flat. It is, however, divided by ^m J i I ■i THE COUNTRY AND PEOPLE. 9 a ranf^c of mountains running generally north and south called the Eastern Ghauts. The liighest peak is called Penchalaconda and rises to a heiglit of three thousand six hundred feet, and next to it is Udayagiri Droog, which is three thousand and sixty-nine feet. The diflerence of tem- perature between the plains and the summits of these hills is about ten degrees. The portion of the Telugu country embraced in the Nizam's dominions, while also level, is on 1 a higher plain, Secunderabad being two thousand feet above the level of the sea, while Nellore is only sixty feet. The Telugu country lies between latitude fourteen and eighteen north, and hence twice in the year, about jNIay 10th and August 1st, the sun is vertical. If there were no counteracting influences, the temperature would be pretty nearly equal in all parts of the Telugu country ; but the trade winds called monsoons exert such an in- fluence on the climate that it is difficult to give a general statement. Thus while May and June are the hottest months in Nellore, March and April are the hottest west of the Ghauts. In Secunderabad the thermometer falls to fifly-foiir degrees in December, while in Nellore sixty-four degrees mark the lowest record, and that very early in the morning. The average temperature of the Nellore District is eighty-two degrees, and this is probably not far from the 1 average of the whole Telugu country. The average maximum temperature is about ninety-five degrees, though in some sections it frequently reaches one hundred and ten - degrees in the shade. There are two monsoons during the year, i. e., the pre- vailing winds blow from one of two directions throughout the year. The southwest monsoon is supposed to begin 10 1II6TOUY OF THE TELUQU MISSION. about the middle of Fel)ruary, but its efTects are not very perceptible until early in June. It lasts till about the middle of August, when the northeast ni(>n,soon is supposed to set in, though here again the elfeets are not felt until the middle of October. These monsoons usually set in with high winds i'ollowed by heavy lains. The rains are not a necoimrij seipience of the monsoon, but they are so general that when they do not come — as is sometimes the cast — the monsoon is said to hav(! failed. The rains of an aver- age niorsoon last about six weeks, during which time ^•'rly the entire year's sui)ply of rain falls. But some sections of the Telugu country share in both monsoons. The average rain-fall of the Nellore District is about thirty-live inches. In ^Nladrtus it is forty-one inches. Thus it will be seen how vitally important are these monsoon rains to a country so dependent as India is upon its agri- culture. Another effect of the monsoons is their influence on the climate. With the sun so nearly vertical the year round, but for the monsoons the climate would be simply unbearable. ]5y a glance at the map, it will be seen that the southwest monsoon coming pver the Indian Ocean reaches India on the west coast. Laden with moisture, these winds strike the Western Ghauts ; the moisture is condensed and falls in torrents of rain. The earth thus cooled and the cool ocean breezes give to the west coast a climate very much like that of Burma — not exactly cool, but certainly cooler than that of the east coast. But while these ocean winds cool and refresh the West, they have a very different effect upon the East. Long before they reach the Bay of Bengal a vertical sun has converted them into what are called " land or hot winds." THE COUNTRY AND PEOPLE. 11 It is all but impossible to convey to one who has not ex- j)oriencc(l it the olFect of tliosc hot winds. A huge prairie tire witliin a mile or two of your dwcllini^, with a wind l)l()wins or castes; the better portion of the Scythians were admitted into the third or Vysia caste ; but the majority were left in the fourth or Sudra caste. Hence the latter claim to be the only true Telugus. AVhether the Pariahs or out- caste class came in with the Scythians, or at an earlier 16 HISTORY OF TEIE TELUGU MISSION. period, or whether they may be called the aborigines of the councry, it is quite impossible to say. Physically they differ in no respect from other Telugns, except that usually they are darker-skinned. How far these five classes whom we call Telugus, because living in the Telugu country and speaking the Telugu tongue, have amalgamated, would be a very difficult prob- lem. The laws of the Brahmans forbid the m^ rriage of one caste with another, butunfortunately this by no means decides the question. Physically the Telugus compare favorably with the other races of South India. The Keddis, or farmiu'^ class of the Sudras, are a particularly fine-looking set of men. They are tall, erect, and well proportioned. Generally the Telugus are of average height, but the lower !imbs are much more slender than those of the aver ;ge European. Telugu women are rather below tlie average height, and much more slender than Europeans ; but they arc equal, and in some respects, superior to their southern sisters, the Tamils. They are modest in their manners, and their dress is particularly graceful and becoming. The Telugu language ranks at least second in what are known as the Dravidian lanii-uages of South India. Tamil being probably more ancient, as it certainly is more copious and more inde^iendent of foreign words, ha.s generally been assigned the first place. In euphony and melodious sweetness, however, Telugu deservedly holds the first rank, not only of Dravidian, but of all other languages of India. From this latter quality it has been likened to the Italian, and has in fact been called the " Italian of the Ea,«t." As might be expected from the dominating influence of the THE COUNTRY AND PEOPLE. 17 Aryans, the Teliigu, in common with the Tamil and other Dravidian languages, has incorporated a large number of Sanski *.t terms. Of the higher, or literary Telugu, fully one-third of the vocabulary is Sanskrit. The proportion is less, however, in the language of the common people. It is chiefly because of this large Sanskrit element in the Dravidian languages that some have claimed for them an Aryan origin. But Dr. Caldwell, admittedly the fore- most scholar in the Dravidian languages, in iiis compara- tive grammar says on this point : " The supposition of the derivation of the Dravidian languages from Sanskrit though entertained in the past generation by a Colebrook, a Carey, and a Wilkins, is now known to be entirely des- titute of foundation. Those Orientalists, though deeply learned in Sanskrit and well acquainted with the idioms of Northern India, were unacquainted, or but little acquainted witli the Dravidian languages. No person who has any ac- quaintance with the principles of comparative philology, and who has carefully studied the grammars and vocabu- laries of tlie Dravidian languages, and compared them with those of Sanskrit, can suppose the grammatical structure and inflexional forms of those languages and the greater number of their more important roots, capable of being derived from Sanskrit by any process of development or corruption whatever." ISIuch more might be said and nuiny more arguments adduced to prove tliat tlie Dravid- ian languages are Scythian in their origin. But this has been done so thoroughly and successfully by Dr. (Jaldwell that we may safely accept his conclusion tliat Telugu is of Scythian origin — or at all events, tliat it is not Sanskrit. But whatever its oritrin mav be, Telugu has certainlv as- 18 HISTORY OF THE TELUGU ^flSSIOX. f sumed a Sanskrit dress. There is scarcely a book of any note that was not originally written in Sanskrit and trans- lated into Telugu. Teliigu pundits delight in imitating the Sanskrit, and are reluctant to admit that it is not an oflshoot of Sanskrit. The Telugus are the most numerous of the Dravidian races. Their number, however, has been greatly exagger- ated by some, and unduly lessened by others. This may be accounted for in two ways: (1) By a loose use of the word Telugus. If we were to include all who live in the Telugu country, as some have done, the number might be put at eighteen or twenty millions. But this would in- clude for example a large number of Mohammedans, who are almost as distinct in race and religion as Hindus and Americans. (2) It has been almost impossible to get at the exact or even approximate number of Telugus in the Nizam's dominions owing to a very defective system of taking the census of that country. At best it has been a guess, and accordingly the estimated number of Telugus has ranged between fourteen and twenty millions. Ac- cording to the census of 1891, the number of Telugus in the Madras Presidency — that is, the number who gave Telugu as their mother tongue, was — i A Tolugu country, Madras Presidency. . . . 11,754,046 The Nizam's Dominions 4,279,108 Mysore 037,230 Scattering in Burma and elsewhere. . . . 332,074 Total. . . . 17,003,358 Th'j Telugus are not now and never have been a migra- THE COUNTRY AND PEOPLE. 19 tory people, and hence it is not quite correct to say as has been said that " they are to be met with in all part8 of Hindustan," if by that is meant more than is implied by the remark that " Americans are to be found in all parts of the world." It is true that in Madras there are nearly one hundred thousand Telugus ; but though Madras is a Tamil city, it is but twenty-five miles from the Telugu country, and is the capital of the presidency, and natu- rally draws Telugus for the purpose of trade, for which they have a natural liking and fitness. A very large per- centage of the native tradesmen of Madras are Telugus. Besides Madras and ^Ivsore, the onlv settlements that resemble aTelugu colony are tliose found in British Burma, chietlv in Rangoon and Moulmein, Dr. Stevens, of Kan- goon, says: " In the ancient times when the Telugus were subject to their own rajahs or kings, the more enterprising of them appear to have ventured across the Bay of Bengal and established trading stations on the coast of Pegu and the Tenasserlm province. They must have exerted a civiliz- ing intluence over the barbarians with whom they traded, for from the Telugus the ancestors of the Peguans ob- tained their written characters. To the most casual observer the general simihirity in the shape of the letters and the vowel sounds of the two languages is (juite striking. Com- binations of circles and parts of circles are characteristic of both. Indeed, it seems probable that the term Talcing, by wliich the Burmese designate the Peguan, is derived from Telinga. The progenitors of the Burmese nation moving down the Irawadi vallev toward the sea, discovered a jwople more civilized tluui themselves possessing bo'^ks. To the mixed population of Peguans and black forei aei 1 i 20 HISTORY OF THE TELUGU MISSION. of the Telugu kingdom they appear to have given one conniion designation of Telinga or Taleing. From the Taleings the Burmese derived their alphabet, and with some modifications, their system of spelling. It will be seen then that the Burmese owe to the Telugus the first impulse which brought them up from a state of barbarism to the position which they now occupy among the half- civilized nations of the earth. The books which the different tribes in Burma are reading to-day, whether written with a stylus upon palm-leaf in some Buddhist monastery, or printed upon foreign paper on the mission press, may all be traced back more or less directly to ancient Telingana." The religion of the Telugus is Hinduism, a corrupt form of Vedism. Vedism was the earliest form of religion of the great Indo- Aryan family. Their scriptures or sacred writings were contained in the Vedas, written as they claimed by inspired men called Rishis. The Vedas are a collection of songs, invocations, and prayers. These were addressed to natural objects, such as the wind, the sun, fire, and rain, as divine objects, but sometimes all were united into the one word God. Brahmanism followed Vedism. It united all the forces of nature into a personal being called Brahma. Brahma was the only self-existent being ; all else were but mani- festations of the one great Spirit. The Brahmans added to the Vedas a sacrificial system of worship, and embodied it in a series of sacred writings called the Puranas, which were a ritual to guide the priests in their services, and also the history of their wars. One of the most important developments of Brahman- THE COUNTRY AND PEOPLE. 21 ism was the belief in a future state, and that rewards and punishments in the next world awaited all menaceording to their conduet in this. But perhaps tlie most remark- able idea in che whole system was that the gods were only mortals till by saerifices and austerities they merited and obtained innnortality from tiie Supreme Ik'ing. ]Meu seeking merit and immortality foUowed the same eourse. The more valuable the saerifiee the greater the merit ; hence human sacrifices became a })art of the system. The next addition to the sacred writings was the " Laws of Manu." We say sacred not because they relate ex- clusively to religion. Almost all distinctively Hindu books are sacred, though they treat of subjects purely secular. Thus the jMahabharata, which is sometimes called the Fifth Veda, is held to be most sacred, though it is simply a poetical history of the wars of the Kurus and Pandas — two races of rival kings. The laws of Manu elaborated and codified the laws of caste. They profess to be a conmientary on the Vedius, but they are more than that. There is no caste in the Vedas, and the merest intima- tion of it in the Puranas ; but in the laws of IManu it is fully developed. Hinduism grew out of Brahmanism. It was as Monier Williams says, " Brahmanism gone to seed and spread out into a confused tangle of divine person- alities and incarnations." Besides, Brahma the creator, Vishnu the preserver, and Siva the destroyer, the later Puranas enumerate no less than three hundred and thirty millions of Hindu divinities. Though they are not re- garded as equal to Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva, yet they are all worshiped as gods, so that the gods of the Hindus are more numerous than the Hindus themselves. lil 22 HISTORY OF THE TELUGU MISSION. Idol worship was not at first a part of the Hindu sys- tem, and even now tlie educated Hindu sai/s he does not worsliip the idol, but simply uses it as the medium through which he approaches the one living and true God. Some go even fartiier and say that the idol is nothing, and never was intended for thon, but for the ignorant who could have no idea of God unless he were visible. But let any one go to a Hindu temple at the time of worship, and especially at a festival, and whom does he see, the ignor- ant, that is, the low and uneducated only ? Nay, verily ! high and low, rich and poor, educated and uneducated are there to worship their particular divinity Perhaps, in a few cases, God may be the object of worship, but in the vast majority of cases they are there to worship sim- ply the idol, with no thought of a higher god. India is full of idols. Every village, however insignificant, has its temple, and in cities they can be counted by hundreds. Besides the public temples every house has its shrine and household gods. The Telugus in common with all other Hindus tena- ciously adhere to caste. If Hindu caste were simply a social institution, little could be said against it. Such a caste is conunon to all countries, even to democratic America. But Hindu caste is altogether a different in- stitution from the social class distinctions of other coun- tries. It is to-day, and has been for more than two thousand years, essentially.a religious institution. Its fun- damental idea is that God created distinct classes of men, and that it is utterly impossible to change this divine order. A Brahman is born a Brahman, and be he never so base he can by no possibility cease to be a Brahman so Tin-: couxTiiY and people. 23 long as he observes the laws of his caste. In like manner a Siidra, be he never so learned, virtuous, and benevolent, can by no possibility ever rise to a higher caste. He was born or created bv (Jod a servant, and a servant he must forever remain. At first there were l)ut four castes: (1) the Bralimans or priests ; (2) the Kslietryas or warriors ; (3) the Vy- sias or farmers and traders ; (4) The Sudras or ser- vants. But besides these there have grown up from time to time innumerable castes, sometimes called trade castes, according to the various occupations which have come into existence as the demand for them came into being. Every trade and l)ranch of industry has its particular caste, and no mcml)er of them ever dreams of following any other calling than that in which he was born. That is the theory or law of caste, but the practice is somewhat difi'erent. Onlv the Brahmans and, to some extent, the Kshetryas have maintained their purity of caste. The Sudras of to-day occupy a very diflerent po- sition from that assigned them by the laws of Manu. They are no longer the menial servants of the Brahmans. They are now to a large extent the owners of the soil. The Beddis, who are a sub-class of the Sudras, are recognized as high caste, and are in fact the backbone of the coun- try, being its chief cultivators. As a class they are still illiterate, though slowly but surely they are rising in the intellectual and social scale. Even the Pariahs or out-castes occupy a very different position to-day from that which they held a century or less ago. Manu said respecting them : " Their abode must be out of town ; their clothes must be the mantles 24 HISTORY OF THE TELUGU MISSION. Ill ■M of the dead ; let no man hold any intercourse with them." Western civilization has done much to change all this. Formerly when a caste-man met a Pariah on the public 1 road the latter was obliged to jump into the hedge or ditch to allow the high-caste man to pass uncoutaminated. But when railways were introduced, rather than pay second or first-class fare, the caste-man took his place in a third-class carriage with his Pariah brother. Formerly no caste-man would receive from a Pariah's hands a letter or a parcel, but it had to be placed on the floor at some distance. Now caste and non-caste men mingle more or less freely in government offices. When mission schools were opened to caste Hindus, as well as Christians and Pariahs, the Brahmans scorned the idea of sitting on the same bench with a Pariah or Chris- tian. But as the success of mission schools did not de- pend on Brahmans, they could afford to dispense with their presence. But not so easily could the Brahmans dispense with an education. Now all classes alike sit side by side without remonstrance. But notwithstanding all these innovations, caste is still a most powerful factor in the Hindu system, and is of all others the most formidable obstacle to the spread of civi- lization and Christianity in India. To break caste is the very last thing a Hindu is willing to do ; it is the climax of all self-denial. Rather than take food or water from the hands of a low-caste man or Christian, many Hindus would prefer to die. No stronger proof can be given of a man's conversion than his willingness to break his caste. Even after his conversion the probabilities are that his innate caste prejudices will keep cropping out. We sel- THE COUNTRY AND PEOPLE. 25 dom, if ever, find a Christian from the Mala class select- ing for a wife a girl from the lAIadi-fus although, strictly speaking, both of these classes belong to the out-castes. There are not wanting many and striking indications that caste is losing its hold upon tl- people, but its com- plete destruction will not be seen in this generation or the next. It will be a slow process, but it must come and when it does, Hinduism will be no more. CHAPTER II. ORKJIX OF THE MISSION. ^'lio^.^J^'C-\ '"■• ^''"^'''-^ ""' "'"*'"'''^^- ^''•^^'«" ^'f 'he London Mis- mZ'rv '""""' ""■ '""■^""- '"-r-^t-" of tl.e Scriptures. The Chun "t" r, "^"'" "\ ""'"•^- '"•"•'""•'"" "^ - '-^'-'' ^^^." ' chur h. Mr. I)ay« n-moval to Ndlorc. Difllculties of th. transfer lioute nually chosen. Comj-lHion of canal a,.d railroad facilities. TT was a sti-an-o providence that gave to the Rev. Sam- J- uel S. Day the undivided honor ofbein^r the founder of the Telugu Mission. With hini iiud been associated the Rev. E. L. Abbott. Both were appointed by the o r^'!!;!^^'''''^ ''' niissionaries to the Teh.gus, September, M), 18,,,). Togetlier they saih>d from Boston in the ship "Louvre," September 22, 1835, and arrived in Calcutta February 5, 18;]G. TJie Rev. Howard Malcom accom-' pained them as a deputation from tlie Baptists of Amer- ica to visit our Asiatic Missions. AVJien they readied Calcutta It was decided that Mr Abbott should not go to the Telugus, but to the Karens of Burma histead. ^ Very different wjis the reception these two servants of Christ were to meet in their respective fields. Abbott went to a field already prepared to receive " the white book " and " the white teacher." The people were in a state of expectancy. When they heard of the white man's arrival many of them went long distances to find bim and see the white book. Not so did the Telugus wait for Mr. Day. The mis- I, T- — ^v* i ■ * 1 i .■-, .-.'^i>-- , ■'. 1 l^^w BHb' '^^/^MBSJ^m -i^Jfr ■ ' !• \ «^:,.=#j^ ■V r ^"^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H % ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H w '^ H,'. ■A ^ H^^^^^^RP^i^^ w^^^ T* ' 'k J^p^ >^ ■' - ^ ^ * k^ ■:.^ ■■ . • f^' '- Uistory of the Telugu Mission. REV. SAMUEL S. DAY. Page 26. I 'il ;!!i iiii ';; .11 'I li' \ Ml OllIGiy OF THE MISSION. 27 Bionary had to make lontj^ j(3iirucys tliroii^li an enemy's country to iind tliosc who were even willini,^ to hear the good news lie had hroULdit to tlieni. The Lon(h)n Missionary Society wa« the first to estab- lisii a I'rotestant mission amon<,' the Tehi;"tis. As tliirf hjus freijuently been described lus '* a feeble eflbrt, which was attended with little or no success, and wius eventually relin(|nisiied," a brief account of it may be interestin<^. The labors of our own missionaries will be better under- stood, and possibly better appreciated, when we know what had been done and some of the difficulties that had been encountered and overcome by those who preceded them. The mission was commenced in 1805 by two missiona- ries who had been sent out to the Tamils of Trancjuebar ; but after a few months it was deemed expedient for them to undertake mission work in some part of India where Christ had not been named. Their attention was directed to the Tehigus by a gentleman in the government service, who thus wrote of one of the difticulties they would have to meet : " I am sorry it is not in my ])ower at present to furnish you with any elementary books to facilitate your acquisition of this fine dialect. There is, however, a manu- script rudiraental gramnmr to be procured, which may be of use." Notwithstandinij: the ijreat scarcitv of books, the Ian- guage was acqnired, and in 1818 a version of the New Testament was prepared and published. How far the translators were aided by the translation of Dr. Carey it is impossible to say. The Old Testament was also roughly translated, thongh not published until some 28 HISTORY OF THE TELUGU MISSION. lij! li ! years later. This was, probably, entirely their own work. From 1832 to 1835 tlierc was no missionary at Vizar gapatam, and this probably accounts for the impression tliat the mission was " relinquished." The condition of the mission at this time seems to have been like that of our own from 184G to 1849, witli tliis difference, that while our Board seriously discussed the question of abandoning Nellore, we have no intimation that such a question liad ever been raised by the London Mission respecting Yiza- gapatam. In 1835, the Rev. J. W. Gordon, son of a former mis- sionary, arrived in Vizaga})atam. Several conversions took place that year. Tiiirteen scliools were maintained in and about Vizagapatam. The Kev. E. Porter joined the mission that year, and JMrs. Gordon and Mi-s. l*orter had a girls' boarding scliool of from eighty to one hun- ched native girls. In 183G, the first Protestant chapel among the Telugus was built. The Sunday-school num- bered one hundred and fifty. A press was set up from which were issued a revised version of the New Testament and portions of the Old Testament above referred to ; also twenty thousand tracts, averaging five pages each, were issued annually, besides elementary school-books, Pil- grim's Progress, Peep of Day, etc., all prepared by the missionaries of Vizagapatam. This was the condition of the London ^Mission when IMr. Day landed at Vizagapatam, March 7, 1836. The new missionaries were kindly received by the Rev. and Mrs. J. W. Gordon, of the London INIission. JMr. Day preached frequently for Mr. Gordon, and in other ways ORIGIN OF THE MISSION. 29 assisted him all he could. But he wanted to be in some place where he could heiriii a mission of his own ; honcc after a few months he and Mrs. Day removed to Chica- cole, about seventy miles nortli of Vizaixapatam. Here they connncnced the study of Tclugu and attempted some work. Although a fair l)eginning had been made, Mr. Day did not feel satisfied tluit it was the place for the permanent mission. In considtation with Mr. Malcom it was decided to remove the mission to IVladras, to which city he and Mrs. Day proceeded, arriving there jNlarch 7, 1837, exactly one year from the date of his arrival at Vizagapatam. Here he spent three years, preaching botli in English and Telugu. On the 4th of August, 1838, an English Baptist church wils organized undc^r the leadership of Mr. Day, who became its acting pastor. It consisted of fifteen members, some of whom had been converted and were members of our churches in ]Moulmein and Tavoy, Burma. The Confession of Faith adopted was that known as the " Dimville Articles," or Articles of the Dan- ville, Vt., Association. During the three years Mr. Day resided in Madras he made repeated and extensive tours u[) into the Telugu country. He found that between Madras and Vizagapa- tam, a distance of nearly four hundred miles, and a ter- ritory containing at least ten millions of people, there wius not a single missionary. Moreover, while he had met with some success in his P^nglish wor):, he had thus far not baptized a single Telugu convert. He therefore re- solved that as he had been appointed a missionary to the Telugus, he should be where the Telugus chiefly were. 30 HISTORY OF THE TELUGU MISSION. I ![> ■M\ Hence, on the 9th of February, 1840, he announced to the church in Madras tliat he had decided to remove to Nellore, and accordingly resigned liis office as pastor. Although the distance from Madras to Ncllore is only a hundred and eight miles, the journey in tliose days, es- pecially with a family of small children, was a consider- able undertaking. i\[r. Day had the choice of two routes. First there was the great Northern Trunk Road which connects Madras and Secunderabad and passes through Nellore and Ongole. To make the journey by this road would require five or six carts drawn by bullocks, and oc- cupy six nights, stopping during the day at rest houses or bungalows along the way to avoid the heat and to rest and feed butli passengers and bullocks. The otiier route, and the one ^Mr. Day selected, was by canal to Sulurpett, which was at that time the limit of wliat is now known as the Buckingham Canal, named after the Duke of Buck- ingham because completed under his administration as governor during the famine. ]\[r. Day })rovided two rude native boats for himself, i'amily, and efi'ects, and started in the evening making the journey to 8ulurpett in two nights and one day. Tiuit was the easiest part of the journey. From Sulurpett to Nellore is sixtv miles, and over the rough road between the two, Mrs. Day and two children were carried in a palan(]uin ; little ^[alcom and his ayah (nurse) in a dooly — a sort of extempore palan- (piin — and the rest in country carts. Thus they readied Nellore in about the same time tluit would have been re- quired had they gone ])y road, but witli much less fatigue. The facilities of travel between Madras and Ncllore were somewhat improved by the completion of the Buck- ORIGIN" OF THE MISSION. 31 inghara Canal both with respect to time and comfort. The canal reaches within .sixteen miU^s of Nellore, and the style of boats has been much improved, so that the journey can now be made with comfort in forty-eight hours, or less if the Avind is favorable. The boats can only sail when the wind is fair ; otherwise they are drawn by coolies on the bank or poled along in the lakes and back-waters. There is now a railway which connects Nellore witii the Madras and Bombay Kaihvay, and gives it railroad com- munication with all the principal cities of India. There are also two other lines of railroad under construction, and a third is projected which when finislied will connect almost every station in the mission with every other. 80 that tlie day is not distant when the whole system of missionary itinerancy in this mission will be completely revolution- ized. fc CHAPTER III. Is ^\l NELLOliE OCCUPIED. The Nelloro District. Meaning of " district." The city of Nellore. Signifi- cance of name. Settlement of missionaries at Nellore ami ac(iMirement of u "compound." Signs of progress. Baptism of the first Teliigu convert. A convert at Ongole. Progress in the schools of NuUore. Organization of a church. Departureof Mr. Van Husen. The need of help. The return of Mr. Day. The mission in charge of the Eurasians Return of Mr. Day with Mr. Jewelt and wife. Re-comniencement of the work. Re-establishment of girls' school. Conversion of "Julia." The position of scliools. A mission- ary tour. The impetus of three years. Visit of Messrs. Pecii and Granger. "VTELLORE is the chief city of the Nellore District. -LA As this word " district " will frequently occur in tliesc pages, it may as well be explained tliat the presi- dency of Madras is divided into twenty-two districts, each of which is <,n)verncd by an English official called the collector. Besides being the collector of revenue, he is the chief magistrate of the district. His position hardly corresponds to that of the governor of a State, and yet it is nearer to that than anything else in our home government. His salary is one thousand two hundred pounds a year. The judge of the district occupies the same official rank, and receives the same pay, but his duties arc exclusively confined to the court. Besides these, there are other Eng- lish officials, such as the surgeon, the district engineer, superintendent of police, etc., and an almost endless number of native subordinates. The Nellore District is one hundred and seventy miles long from north to south, and seventy miles wide from east to west, and contains 32 NELLORK OCCUPIED. 33 eight thousand seven hundred and fifty-one square miles of territory, and about one and one-fourth millions of people. Nellore town or city, for it is a municipality, is one hundred and seven miles north of Madras and sixteen miles inland from the sea. It is situated on the south bank of the river Pennar, and contains very nearly thirty thousand people. The name Nellore, like so many other Telugu names, had its origin in a legend. Tiiere is said to have been a chief called Mukkanti Reddi wlio had large herds. Among tliem, there was a cow into which the soul of a Brahman woman was su})i)()scd to have ptu^sed. Tiiis cow had a revelation tluit Siva liad appeared on earth in the fonn of a lingam. This stone was situated under a tree called the Nelli-chettu (philantluis emblica). The cow was observed to resort dailv to tlie stone and bedew it with its milk. For this tlie cowherd struck the cow, w^liereupon blood fl(nved from it. Mukkanti, who liad had a vision, was directed to erect a temple on the spot, which lie accordingly did. The adjoining village received the name Nelli-uru, from nelli tlie name of the tree, and uru a village, hence Nelluru or Nellore. Nellore was formerly surrounded by a rampart wall, and had a fort of consider- able importance ; but only ])ortions of the wall can now be seen, and the fort is dilapidated, though still used for government offices. Mr. Day and family left ^Madras, February IHth, and arrived in Nellore, February 12(1, 1840. He was soon afterward followed by the Rev. S. Van Husen and wife, who had been appointed to the Telugus, and sailed from Boston, October 22, 1839, arriving in Madras in March, c 'M III>T()KV OF THK TKLUUIJ MI-.SIOX. ]'S4(). Mr. Diiy at first roiitod a siiiuU l)imgal()W, but Avitli the aid of Judge Walker, who heeaiiie a warm iViiiid of tlu! mission, he obtained a grant from govern- ment of eight acres of hind for u mission compouud. On this eompound, the present bungalow (»r mission house was erected in 1.S41, and soon lifter a small chapel directly in i'n»iit of it and close to the road. li' we may judge from the size of the l)ungalow and the solid maniiei- in which it Wius built, we should say that I\Ir. Day must have had a decided conviction that hv, had at last ibund a place where he meant to stay, or at least where the mission was destined to stay. Jlow far Mr. J)ay's faith reached into the future we cannot sav, but there are manv evidences that he saw bv faith what we have sinc(.' beheld with the natural eye. During th(> erection of the bungalow, an incident occurred which shows the gross superstition of the i)eople at that time, and the progress that has been made in dis- pelling their darkness. The foot-path between two of the pt'ttas or hamlets of Nellore lay directly through Avhat is now the mission compound. The native who superin- tended the work, had been nuicb annoyed by the constant passing and repassing of the people. To get rid of them, he secretly informed a few that the missionary, in order to make his building more secure, intended capturing a Jot of the children, and having cut olf their heads, and offering them in sacrifice to his God, AVould burv them in the deep holes ( ibundations") he was digiriiig. This not only had the desired etfect, but it so terrilied the whole comnuuiity that for many months AFr. Day had the greatest diliiculty to persuade the people of the utter I V 1 j X !"■' — \ k 1 Vs .^ ' I I .. X y. /. m '! i M |l 'I NKLLOIiE OCCUPIED. 35 groundlessness of the story. But the <,'entle spirit and unmistakable love for the natives which so nuirked Mr. Day's character could not be resisted, and in time all traces of distrust died away. If such a story were started to-day, there is not a C(j(dv in the whole region around who would give it the slightest credence. Another evidence of progress is seen in the difierent treatment missionaries of to-day receive from that which S(jmetimes greeted our pioneers. About seven miles west of Nellore there is a celebrated temple built on the summit of a hill called Nursimhakonda. To this tem[)le\s festival thousands of peoj)le resort once a year. With a vi(.'W to teachinsj: the vast crowds a better wav, ]\Ir. I)av and a few native helpei*s went to the festival. In a village at the foot of the hill, called Zonnavada, a lirahmau, bcc(jming enraged at the preachinu'', deliberatelv took off his shoe and struck Mr. Day repeated blows on the head and face. Mr. Day had no disposition to prosecute the man, but the case reached the magistrate, who insisted upon bringing him to trial. The difticulty, however, of convicting a Brahman of crime was so great that he would no doubt have gotten olf but for tui eccentric native ofHcial, who stepped into the court uncalled and testified that he mw the prisoner beat Mr. Day. The Brahnum was accord- ingly convicted, and fined five hundred rupees. Such a case as this is quite unheard of in this part of India now, though, as we shall see, similar cases occurred in (jther parts of the mission much later than Mr. Day's time. Toward sunset on the 27th of September, 1841, a little company might have been seen wending its way toward the Feunar river. Right under the shadow of the great ;h m ■ l I! 36 HISTORY OF TIIK TKLUGU MISSION. ift I Ncllore teniplo on tlic river bunk, they sang a hynin ; tlio mis.si()nary read a few })assai,'C'.S(>f'Serij)tur(', and explained the nature of the ordinance! about to he celel)rated b liie prayers and lives of devoted men of God,))e- came the scene of drunken revels and shameless debauch. It is, perhaps, well that this state of affairs was not known to the JNIissionary Union in 1848, when the ques- tion was discussed at the annual meeting of that year, whether tiie mission should be continued or abandoned. I, ' U.I T' h:: !. I ) ! 1 ' I It, \ ii (I iMi: History of tlie Telugii Mission. UEV LYMAX .ii:wi:tt. ■ W.»,^'*V ^'"U.ftA* ^ Page 39. NELLOIIK OCCUPIED. 39 / Had it boon kn()^^•n, tlicir decision to reiTiforco it niiLdit have been reversed. Jiut tliat was not (iod's })lan. His plan was to save the Tehiunis, and lienee lie put it into the hearts of his people to eontiniu' the mission. It is said that the darkest Inmr of the twenty-four is that one iust belore dav-hreak. The vear 1^4>> was do)d)tless the darkest in the hist<»ry of this nussion. Nothinjj^ could appear more utterly hopeless, if its real state could have been kjiown, than the condition of the mission at this time. But it was in that year that God put it into the heart of Lynuin Jewett to consecrate his life to his service amonu; the Telu_L''US. That was at least the beginning of the dawn, as we siudl see by-and-by. 3Ir. Dav's health having in some measure been restored, he left his family at home, and again sailed for India on the 10th of October, 184S, in tlie ship "Bowditch" from Boston, lie was accompanied by the Kev. Lyman Jewett and wife. During the voyage, the ea})tain was converted and many of the seamen were seriously impressed by the preaching, conversation, and lives of tlu; missionaries. On their arrival in Nellore, INIr. Day was shocked at the sad havoc Satan hated to reinforce the missi(>n, provided it could be done without prejudice to the IJiu'intm Mission. AVhile these discussions were going on at home, a very different state of things existed in Nellore. The question of abandoning the mission never once entered the minds of the missionaries. There was no doubting (U* wavering with them. They might live or die. but the mission mu. 48 III.^TOKY OF TIIK Ti:Li:(iU MISSION. converts Imd Ixvii l)jij)tiz('(l, and were now added to the clnirch. In(|iiirci-s were niiiltiplyini!: and IVcsli liopoH were insi)irin«,' the littk' l)and of Christian lahorers. lint in th(( midst of this fhish of prosperity, God once more sorely tested tiieir faith by a^'ain hiyini,^ asicU; from active service the father of the mission. Mr. Day's liealtli l)roive down, and he was ohii^^ed, for tlie second time, to (|uit tlie mission and the country, never airain to return. AViien in addition to this, tlic report rejiche;s and ^vife siiiUd IVuni Boston to join the mission. They reached TseUore earlv the I'olhnvini:: year. Mr. Donulas.s was a ft (^ ft, • hard work(^r. 1 Ic ixcame exceedinLily i^iul of the Telu<^u and acqnired an exceptionally i^ood command ot'tliccolio- qnial dialect. He made extensive tours into the district, and did much in scatterim;- the u:ood seed of the gospi.d. AmonL,^ the few converts of this time tlun^ were two who deserve ni(jrc than a passim^ notice. One was (Janakiah, a schoolboy, avIio became the first ordained pastor of the mission ; the other was Lydia, whom Dr. Smith called " Anna the |)rophetess." Canakiah was the son of a Sepoy beh)ni:inii: to the 17th IMadribi IViLiht Infantry. He was born at BanLralore, in the native state of ^Fysore, in 1^'M, while the reu^iment was at that station. His [)arents belonged to the Xaidu division of the Sudra caste. When about eight years old his father took his pension and was returning to his native place, Vizaga})atam, but stopped at Nellore to visit a rel- ative. This relative was a ptMisioned subahdar, an oilicer corresi)onding to sergeant, who had been conv, he was admitted into the boarding school. Thusf)r a niimber (»f years he had been under Chris- tian inlluence. and by the time he reached his eighteenth year he was fully convinced of his need of a Saviour, and of the truth of Christianity. lie was baptized by Mr. ' ti 11 1 History of the Telugu Mission. I'uKt-- 50. UliV. N. LANAKIAJI, I-IKST Olt)>AIM;i) I'ASToK. F ; if S 1 i U i^ll iMi:!, I ? ^1 1:1 i f 't 1 U!' n THE LONE STAR. 61 Jewett, January 10, 1855. His rapid growth in grace and knowledge of the Scriptures, as well as his earnest life and the great scarcitv of laborers, led tlu; missionr.rv to put him into the work while yet very young. At tirst he tauizht sciiool, and occasionally went out with the missionary on his preaching tours. For this W(»rk he de- veloped special (jualitications, and hence was soon relieved of his school work, and devoted himself entirely to evan- gelistic work. On the 20th of August, 185G, Canakiah was nuirried to Julia, and on the 14th of December, 18(11, he was ordained pastor of the Nellore Church, and thus became the first ordained native preacher of the mission, liut this pastoral relation lasted only a few years, owing to the pressing need of evangelistic laborers and Canakiah's spe- cial qualifications for that work. Hence, soon after Mr. Jewett's arrival, in 1805, Canakiah was relieved of his pastoral duties and devoted himself to evangelistic labors, in which he has continued up to the present time. As a Christian, Canakiah's record is clean. His hon- esty is absolutely above suspicion. No man in the mis- sion has been trusted more, and certainly no man is more worthy of confidence. He is an able and eloijuent preacher, and tliough his educational advantages have been limited, his general influence? for good has probably never been surpassed by any of the native assistants. Lvdia was a woman of the Sudra ciu^te, and lived at Vizagapatam at the time of her convei>i(m, which took ]>lace in her forty- ninth yviw. Keturning from one of the great Hindu festivals, Lya of retrencliing their foreign mission work. " Oh, Father, forgive the churches ! " he ex- claimed. *' To rob God's treiusury is not to distress mis- sionaries pecuniarily, but it is a robbery of souls — shutting 1IIK LONE STAK. 55 away ctrrnally the ijift of life. The missionary must part with wliat lie loves far more than any earthly ])oon, yet Christians at home refuse the help tliey could so easily cive. The verv idea of retrenehment is hostile to everv- thinir that deserves the name of missioniirv. Satan says: ' Stop "xivini? ; ' Jesus says : ' Go ye into all thu world and preach the f^^ospel.'" In November of this year, the missi(.n suiPcred a grievous loss in the death of the faithful, devoted colpor- teur and preacher, Christian Nursu. In the room where the writer now sits, a little com])any of Christians ^'ath- ered around the dvin<' Christian. Nursu assured them that all was well, and althou^j^h the monsoon storm raL'cd without, all was peace and calm within. " The same truths," said Nursu, "that I have preached to others, are now my joy and su})port." And thus in the triumph of Christian faith his soul passed from earth to heaven. The mission could ill afl'ord to lose the service of so valuable a helper ; but to witness such a triumphant death was worth all the sacriiices that had been made and labor expended to secure it. It was an inspiration to those who witnessed it. How nuiny were saved by Nui-su's life no one can tell, but, by his death, at least one man for whom he had earnestly labored Wius led to give him- self to Christ. Bv 1857, the boardimr and dav schools had nunle con- siderable progress. In the case of day scholars, the j)rac- tice of paying the parents a small sum of money to induce tiiem to send their children to school, was still in vogue. In our day this would be regarded as a very doubtful policy, and it id a question whether it ever was, on the IP t ; 56 HISTORY OF Till-: TKLUGU .M I.-.-ION. '•,i ' if,: whole, a wise one. The reasons for adopting; it were first, the extreme poverty of tho people, reciuiring tlieni to put their cliildreu out to work as soon as tliey couhl earn two or three farthin^^ a day at cooly work ; second, their total ignorance of the value of education ; and third, tho dctfire of the missionaries to impress the children with the truths of Christianity. On the other hand, it may well be questioned whether this practice did not foster the con- viction, almost universal amoni^ the natives, that anythini:^ and everything done to gratify the missionary ought to be paid for. That the mission treasury might not be charged \ 'th thia expense, a " Juvenile Benevolent Society " was t 'ganized. The children were taught to sew and make their own clothes. A sale of the articles made was held and a considerable sum realized. Still, the money paid to the parents came from the missi(jnary, and it mattered not to them where nor how the missionarv got it. But whether the practice was wise or otherwise, it has long since been abandoned. Early in this year (1857), Mr. Douglass and family re- moved to Madras owing to the ill health of Mrs. Doug- lass. This was the year of the terrible Sepoy mutiny, and although Nellore wiis far remote from the scene of actual war, yet all India was more or less disturbed, at least by rumors of impending danger. Hence, acting on the ad- vice of friends, Mr. Jewett and family also removed to Madras in August and remained till January, 1858, when both missionaries returned to Nellore. Thirteen were ba])tized that year, the largest number yet received in any One year. The death of Jacob, a faithful and efficient helper, and TIIK LONE STAR. 67 a number of exclusions from tlie church, caused much sorrow. Jiut tliese reverses were followed by a precious work of grace, and the baptism of six converts. Amon<^ them was a <,'irl named Maha-Luksiuimannnah, who after- ward became the wife of Jvun^^iah, now the head assistant of the missionarv in lVraml)ore, >[adras. In 1800, ^Mr. and Mrs. Jewett, their dauirhters Addio and Ilattie, and Canakiah spent three months in Onu^ole, from January to April. It was at this time that Mr. ■Jewett negotiated for tlje house and land which became the mission bungalow and conqxjund. He did not know wliere the money was to come from, nor who would occupy the house, but he believed that the prediction he had made in 1M54, on tlie hill top, would be fullilled, and that God would send the money and the nuui too. So the house was bought, and Mr. Jewett, after ju^king the money from the Jiord, wrote to a friend and chtssmate at home about the matter. When the letter was received, the friend had just been C(jnsidering what to do with a sum he wished to invest in the Lord's work. He imme- diately sent it to Mr. Jewett, and it was just sufiicient to purchase the house and land, and make some necessary repairs. It was also during this stay at Ongole that ^Ir. Jewett ba])tized tiie iirst convert in Ongole. His name was Obuhi, who became and remained a faithful pri'aclu'r till liis deatii, in bS.SO. After thirteen years of earnest and faithful labor, in what nianv reirarded as a fruitless and almost iioix'less effort to esta])lish a. mission at Nellore, Mr. Jewett's health broke down in 1802, and he and his familv were obliL^d I i in ll 68 UISTOIIY or TlIK TKLUGU MLSSION. I I m y\' F-'il, to n'tiirn homo. Being oblii^'od to rcliiKjuisli his much- lovod work wjus a ,[,a*eat Liricf. JUi i^iud : " Tho trial of loaviiii? lioiiK! in the first phin; was Icsstiian not hiiii,' com- pared with thiit oi'h'avini; thi; mission iicid to retiiru." Mr. Doii'jhiss was tl\us h'l't alone in ciiari^i! of the mission. Jlc contimu'd preaching,' in tho chapel and in the streets of Kellore and toiirini,' amoiii,^ the vilhiLres with great earnestness, and with some measnre of success. During the summer of iJSO.'i, INFr. DouLdass' health brok(j down, and he with his family went to Coromandel, by the sea, where they remained several months. Soon after his return to Nellore, he l)aj)tized tour converts, to ■whom he thus refers: "As I stood in the water, and these trophies of a Saviour's love came down one after another into the water, my heart ^aid, amen ; the heathen shall yet come in crowds. Many Brahmans were spectators. The scene will not be forgotten on earth, and I trust will not be disowned in heaven." In 1r for the work, and the weather I TIIK LO.NK KTAK. 60 favf,ral,Ie for travolin., to l,o k.pt in tl,o station for want of u>»„..v «n. very tryin,., i„,l„.,l. ]!„t tluTC w,« no Ldp tor It, tor iu..s-, and Nellore, A\)n[ 22, iMd.J. Mrs. Jewett remained at liome on aeeount of iier eliihiren nn- til I)eeoinl)er 5, 180;'), wiien she sailed from Uobton and joined herluisltand Ai)ril 2(>, liiVA). After ^ettiiii,^ settiiMl in their new home, Mv. and Mrs. Clout;li eommenccid tlie study of TehiL,Mi, aiui early hei^an to make use of the few wonls they had learned, in speak- ing to the people about tlie great salvation. Their zeal and success in Nellon^ were an indication of their greater work and more abundant ."uccess in the field God wua preparing for them at Ongole. Soon aller the missionaries arrived in Nellore, an earnest spirit seemed to pervade the mission. The mis- sionaries began to predict large ingatherings in the near futui-e. On the first Sunday in November, Mr. C'lough baptized four converts, which greatly encouraged both the missionaries and the little church which had strug- gled so h)ng against adverse circumstances. One of tiiese converts was a lad of nmch promise connected with the boarding scIkxjI. The otliers were women with families, two of whom were notorious for their bad characters and opposition to Christianity. The missionaries sent home an urgent appeal for two more men. One of these was to be stationeil at Alloor, eighteen miles north of Nellore, and one at Kamaj)atan), forty-five miles north of Nellore. Although Mr. Clough 1! i iJ, ■ .1 62 IIISTOIIY OF THK TKLUGU MISSION". ! 4 I !i Mil liiid been designated to Ongole, lie expref«sed ii readiness to go to eitluT of these new stations. But subsequent events will sliow tliat (Jod had arranged all that. In March. ]<5G(), Mr. and Mrs. Jewett, Mr. Clough and CanaUiah made a visit to Ongole, having sjx'cial reference to seeing Pcriah, wiio wanted to see the missionaries and to be baptized, lie w;is not in Ongole, as had been ex- })ected, but returned in a few days. 80 eager, indeed, was he do this that he left a meal unfinished, at which he was seated when the intelligence of the arrival of the mission- aries came to him. In relating his experience, Periah said : "Four yeai^s ago, I went north to Kllore, and there heard for the first time the gospel from Mr. Alexander, of the Church ^Mission. After that I went to Palacole, and lieard from Mr. Bowden, and saw tiie native Christians. After my return, the Lord enlightened my mind, and I began laboring for the conversion of my family. After eighteen months, my wife was converted, and several othei*s were awakened." Tins simple recitation of ( lod's dealings with this man, belonging to a chu^s almost too degraded to be despised, unable to read a word, and yet giving siich a clear testi- mony, made a deep imp sion on the missionaries. Tiie sim[)licity of his story, the sincerity of his faith, and the ardor of ins love, all testified to the saving power of G(>d's grace. His wife, in the same spirit of siiii[)licity, faith, and love, told the artless story of her conversion. "These," said Mr. Jewett, " were some of the happiest moments of my life. I wius ready in a moment to bapti/e them." The little company proceeded to a tank about two miles off, I f 1 I. I ■ 3 i \ FAITH UKWAKDKI). 63 and thore as the sun was s('ttin;j^, the two liappv converts woro l)aptiz('(l. These were tin* iirst converts from the MadaL^Ms — the cliuss i'roni wiiieh the great mass of tlie OuiTole Christians have CDine. Periah made tlit; most of his (»pj):)rtanity, while the missionaries were in ()nL!;oIe, to izt-t all the knowlrdire jjo could about the new religion, I'or he was anxious to heconie ji witness i'or Christ. Jn course of time, he became an earnest minister of Jc.sus Christ, and is still the patriarch of the Ongole preachers. Two months later, Canakiah, Ruuiriali, and Kungashia, three Xellore native preachers, went on a preaching tour to the northwest, to a territory includimr Periah's village. They were greatly ;istaud were believ- ing in Christ. From that time on Mi-. CloULch became impatient till he was permitted to proceed to ( )m:ole. Alter returning from ()ng(»le, Mr. .lewett baptized thi'ee converts in Xellore. One was the niilv surviving son of Christian Nursu, alrea,., th.y lal,„r..,l «„ i„ faith A Si»c,ul oilort W.X, ,na,l„ to a,-ouso the church to the port ance ot every nu.u.ber ,loi,,, |,i, best to „,ake t ,r !t known all aroun,l. The result was the aceessiou of n precious converts. B I )»ft 1 If I CIIAITICR VI. I{UAN(niN(J OUT. -'I Jii' j: Large accessions to tlie mission. Iiicnascil jirosperity. Mrs. .Towott's return home. Arrival of Mr. ai'.d .Mrs. Downiciat Nfllnrc. I'ollcy rc^'unling iii'W missionaries. Mastering the; lanu'iia^'t! snllicifMl wmk at lirst. A , with fitly pu[)ils in the training school. There were seven out-station.'^, with an airiri'ciiate attendance of one hundred. The L'overnment liliANCilING OUT. 67 ■.L grant-in-aid to these schools was two hundnMl and oiLrlity- ciglit rupees, sliowin*^ a marked increase over all preceding; years. Jt is due to Mrs. Jewett to say that nuich of tliis j)n)S[)erity was owiiiL,' to iier indei'ati^Ml)le eHi»rts, espe- cially in connection witli school work. It seemed, there- fore, littl(! other than an adverso providence, wlien in 1t lo the man, second to the mission, and lliir(l to ihr luion. It is a wrong to the man, because the cijanecs are either tiiat he will at- tempt to do his Work through an interpreter, a crutch 11 I! !i i:! G8 HISTORY OF THE TKLUGU MISSION. \9i wliich he will find difficult to lay aside while the pressure of work coiitiuuert ; or he will acciuire a shn'only style of - jch, half Kn^'Iish and halfTelu<(U. It is a wrou*^ to ...si mission, for other thin<^s heing ofjual, a man is useful to the mission in proportion to his thorou;^di knowledge of the language of the people. It is a wrong to the Union, because hy assumption of burdens he is unable to carry, at the very outset of his career a missionary is very lial)le to injure his iiealth and prematurely break down. The other extreme of doing absolutely nothing the first year or two but study, is by no means justified by what has just been said. Such cases are not altogether unknown, but fortunatelv they are rare. There is nuicli a new man can do and ought to do the first year besides study, but it should be as an assistant witliout responsibility, and subordinate to his chief work of accjuiring the language. In October, 1874, a d(!vastating flood, the greatest Nellore had ever known up to that tinii", visited the town, carrying ruin and desolation in its course. By the breach- ing of the IVnnar river, which flows about half a mile north of the mission compound, the course of the river was changed, and for three days it rushed through the com- pound. The houses were built of mud, and crumbled down one af'ti'r the other, leaving the sticks and straw floating around. As the huts in the neighboring handet were de- stroyed, many of the people. Christian and heathen, came to the missionaries for shelter, carrying all their earthly possessions on their heads. The men we admitted into the chapel, the women and children being cared for in the west end of the bungalow. For three days all waited the subsiding of the waters. The missionaries had no ,L ( I \ i! !.i' BRAXrillNC} OI'T. 60 storoa of supplies, and only one chicken on luuui. Tiio tiiinl (lay of the Hood the only loaf of Imad in town was l)roui;ht to them Ity the kind-heart«d hakt-r, who, thonudi a heathen outwardlv, had for years "dven evidence of he- IniT a Christian at heart. For a while after the flood, little could he don(> hut reinovi* dehris and rehuild. In the compound, only the huniralow, chapel, and i^irls' school- l)ous(t remained standinir, the hL< / /A Photographic Sdences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14S80 (716) 872-4503 I ^"^ ^ 70 HISTORY OF THE TELUGU MISSION. in I ; m 5 teachers were hard to find, and there was no money to spend on vilhige schools tauglit by heathen teachers. Where suitable teachers could be found schools were maintained. The year 1877 is memorable as the year when the great famine began. As the famine extended over the larger part of the mission territory, and engaLi-ed so lar^e a portion of the missionaries' time in nearly all the stations, and was in fact the most important item of the mission's history during two years, it will be treated in a separate chapter. When tlic writer f^rst came to Nellore, Dr. Jewett called his attention to three young men of the Reddi, or farmer cruste, living at llazupalem, one of the out-stations of Nellore, who, he said, if not already Christians, he believed would some day come to Christ : and then he added, his eyes gleaming wiih delight at tiie thought, " When we get the Keddis, brother Downie, our mission will be made." Four years after the conversation, the youngest of tiie brothers was baptized. He is a strong-built man over six feet in height, and with a passion for knowledge not often seen. It was a struggle for him to throw off the shackles of caste, and leave his family. For three days, his people hung around trying to persuade him to return : *' Just for one day to comfort his weeping family," sj they said. But their intention was to burn with red-hot gold the tongue that had confessed Christ. Ramiah, that is the young man's name, took his place in scIkjoI, sitting on the »ame bench with boys scarcely reaching his waist, and began his studies. In due time he passed from the station school to the seminary. When he graduated, the question n ] ii j^ BRANCIIIXG OUT. 71 where lie should labor came up. The missionary' had a firm conviction that Kamiah's field of labor should be his own village, and among his own people. Then ensued a struggle which neither the missionary nor Kamiali is likely to forget. To live in the mission compound sur- rounded by Christian friends, was one thing; but to go and live in his own village, and among his own people, who now regarded him as an out-ciiste or Pariah, was a very different thing. After a good deal of discussion, he finally consented to go. He was gone about ten davs, but re- turned, and said he could not stand it. His friends abused him and entreated him : " Is it not," tliev said, - en.uigh that you should disgrace us by leaving vour caste, without coming here to remind us daily of our disgrace ? Go, live where you like, but let us not be put to shame by 'vour IHvsence among us." It did seem like a hard case, \ind tor a time the missionary was half inclined to vield • but he well knew that if he did, Kamiah's influeiice among the caste people would be forever gone. He praved over it, and got Kamiah to pray over it ; reason(>d, counselled, and encouraged, and finally said: "liamiah, vou must t:o to Ruzupalein, and live. You may save your people. God seems to me to call you there, and there vou must go." Kamiah said he could not, and would not. Agaii^he was urged to pray over it. Two days later he came with a smiling, but determined face, and said, " I'll go to Kazu- palem and live or die, as the case may be." ''lie went, and when his people saw his d.^terniination to live among them, and labor for their s]>iritual good, all (,pposition immediately disappeared, and so far from abusing him, they have ever since treated him and his family with kindness. h I (il 72 1 1 ; 'i I' 1. I h i!i;(' I'. i .J III ■ f . li' i f -1 i|. M .If' ^'> l! ? 1 .!■■ HLSTORY OF THE TELUGU ^nSSION. Rainiah has gathered around liiin a flourishing little con- gregation, and tiiough none of the caste i)e()[)le have Jis yet believed, thin- listen resi)eetfully to the word preached, and there is every retuson to hope that they will yet turn to Christ in large numbers. For forty years the thatch-covered zayat built by Mr. Day had done good service as the " Lone Star " place of worship. Eut it had long ceased to be suitable or worthy of the mission. About the close of LSTU, Mr. Clougli, while on a visit to Nellore, said to the missionary : " If you build a chapel that will accommodate five hundred people, I will give toward it a hundred rupees." This was precisely what the missionary wanted. A subscr'i - tion book was opened, headed by a liberal subscriptioji from J. (rrose, Es(p, collector of the district. A number of the missionaries foUowt'd with (me hundred rupees each. The native Christians of Xellore gave to the full extent of their ability. h\ this way enough was raised to lay the foundations. On the 2\)i\\ of December, 1871), the corner-stone was laid with ai)propriate ceremonies. The stone had been dug from the ruins of a Hindu temj)le, and in the recep- tacle, which once contained the emblems of idolatry, were placed a coi)y of the Telugu Bible, the " Telugu J^ai)tist," and (,'o])ies of our American denominational papers. Dr. Jeweit, Messrs. Clough, Williams, and otl/ers were present. The ceremony of laying the stone was performed by J. Grose, Es(i., colleclor of the district. Here the work stopped for want of funds for nearly a year, wlien enough was in hand to raise the walls. Again the work had to stop. The time wa^s ai\)roaching when the missionary il V. !i I; h V y •:?*t ijSili f i!: f BRANCHING OUT. 73 would have to go home, but he could not bear the thought of leaving tlio cluipel in its untinished state. Sonie ad- vised him to borrow the money, and trust to getting it at home, but tliat lie did not like to do. The matter was laid before the Lord, and in due time an a])pr(»})riation of one tliousand five liundred dollars came from the Exen- utivc Committee, and thus the chapel was com})leted, and dedicated the Sunday before the missionary left Nellore. The cost of the chapel was nine tliousand four hundred and sixty-eiglit rupees. One of the most remarkal)le events of this period was tlie visit of the Kev. 8. F. 8mitli, I). I)., and wife. Tlie profound interest Dr. Smith luts had in the mission almost from its origin made tiiis visit one of peculiar interest and pleasure. Dr. Smith lias published his experiences in the Telugu Mission in his" Rambles in Mission Fields," and to that very excellent little volume we refer our readers for a racy and most interesting account of his impressions of the work at Nelhu-e and elsewhere. The Rev. J. F. 15urditt was transferred from Ongole to Nellore in April, 1882, to relieve i\Ir. Downie who, with his family, sailed from Madras on the IGth of the same month for the United States. ]Mr. Burditt carried on the work till Mr. Downie's return, October 13, 1884, when he removed to Udayagiri. "While at h(jnie, Mr. Downie received from Mr. William Bucknell,of Philadelphia, three thousand tivehuiulred dol- lars fur the erection of a girls' seminary in Nellore. This building was completed in 188(). The school has a three- fold object. 1. A Bible school for the training of Bible women. 2. A normal school for the training of teachers. ! s): t i: I? Mi i ill ill. I 71 IIlSTOllY OF THE TKLUGU MISSION. 0. An iiulustrial school for instruction in useful occupa- tiour^. Tlic scliool lias no iijjpropriutions from the Society. The students earn their own l)oar(l and clothes. Tlie aim is not only to make the school entirely self-supportint^, but also to aid in supporting the other station schools. Miss Jennie E. Wayte arrived in Nellore, October 13, 1(S(S4, in coni])any with JNIr. and Mrs. Downie. She was designated by tlie Woman's lioard of Boston to Bible and Zenana work in Nellore. She also has charge of the girls' and boys' schools, and indeed she, like every other good missionary, is ready to do cheerfully and with her might what her hands find to do. The Kev. J. lleinrichs arrived in Madras, November 1, 1(S(S9, designated to Vinukonda. But in anticipation of Mrs. Downie's return home, the Executive Committee autliorized Mr. and Mrs. lleinrichs to proceed to Nellore, and there spend the first year in the study of Telugu. This gave Mr. lleinrichs exceptionally good advantages in ac(piiring the language, and at the same time enabled him to render valuable assistance in the work at Nellore. Dr. Ashmore, then Home Secretary of the ^Missionary Union, paid a visit to the mission in the early part of 1890. He arrived first in Madras and then proceeded to Secunderabad, thence through Guntur to Bapatla and Ongole. Here a special meeting of the missionaries was called to meet him. From January t)tli to 14th a de- lightful time was spent in consultation respecting the needs of the mission, and in prayer and conference. On Sanday, Dr. Ashmore preached tlirough an interpreter to a large congregation of native people, and in the evening to a goodly company in English. It was arranged that k-^ I ., .!( i ! : i I . i 5 i ' < t 1 ■ : 1 i ' 't _■ , , 1 ! 1 I; ' ',5 U I it O 'A <-. p ca O 5 CO o G 5 O 01 .a o ■s: . BRANCHING OUT. 75 /; H ■^ r> 'A p £ 4 5 o ca a O -'J 1< ^ 1« J3 O Dr. Ashmoro should aocompanv Dr. Clouiih on an evan- gelistic tour over a portion of the Ongole lield, where Dr. Clou'di believed nianv converts were awaitimi; the ordi- nance of baptism, liut before this coidl be carried out, Dr. Clough's health wa.s sucli that the j)lan wiis aban- doned. From Oni^ole our visitor went to Kamapatam, visited the seminary, addressed the students, and then came to Nellore. His tiiree davs at Nellore will be remembered for many a year. He addressed both the Knirlish and Telugu Sunday-schools, and prt'ached to the TcIultu church in the mornin<^ and the En<,dish church in the evening. Ijoth congregations were large, and listened with rapt attention. The native Christians tendered Dr. Ashmore a reception at the bungalow. In their address of welcome they had but one re(piest — two more mission- aries for Nellore. This visit of Dr. Ashmore was an inspiration and a benediction both to the missionaries and the native Chris- tians. For more than a year the state of Mrs. Dijwnie's health was far from satisfactorv, and at times L^ave rise to con- siderable anxiety and even alarm. Her daugliter, Alice, also had readied that age wlien both healtli and educa- tion would seriously suH'er by a furtlier stay in India, and hence it was decided best that they should retui'n home. They sailed from Madras, March IG, 1800. iMr. ])ownie accompanied them as far lus Colombo, and then I'eturned to his lonely (juarters to continue his work for tw<; \-ears longer, when he hoped to be permitted to rejoin his family. I i 76 HISTOKV OF Tin: TELUGU MISSION. "I I: .1 !l Bi In just one your and ono month from the time of Dr. Ashmorc's visit, we were ULiiiin permitted to welcome to Ncllorc liis snc'c'cssor lus Home Socivtarv, tiii' lu-v. II. C. Muhic, I). I)., ang disciples. First baptisms. Appeal for more men. Persecution of Christians. CIIY OF THE TKI.UGU MISSION. yet, while we recognize the work as God's work, we can- not fail to see that he raised up and espcciiUly fitted Mr. Ciough as the agent through whom lie was to accomplish it. If we were called upon to name Mr. Clough's special qualiiications for the particular work to which he has been called, we should say that they were these : A ca- pacity to command tlie situation and to marshal its re- sources; a sound constitution and an indomitable spirit; a strong love for Christ and the souls of men ; a success- ful term of pioneer service in the Western States, aud a strong faith both in God and in himself as God's ap- pointed agent for the accomplishment of a great work. We have alrejidy noted ]Mr. and ^Slrs. Clough's arrival in Nellore in 1865, and the enthusiastic manner in which they entered upon their work. It was evident from the very beginning that they had come to India ibr a pur- pose, and they burned to have it accomplished. That purpose was to preach Christ to the Telugus. Hence it was that before Mr. Ciough could speak half a dozen sentences in Telugu correctly, he began talking to the people in the streets and bazaars of Nellore. On the evening of September 12th, 1866, Mr. and INIrs. Ciough and their little boy Allen left Nellore for Ongole. After a somewhat tiresome journey, the party reached Ongole on the morning of the 17th. One of the first things a missionary wauts in a new station, after a place to cover his own head, is a chapel. Mr. Ciough had scarcely settled in Onuole before he set to work to get a building that should be chapel and schoolhouse combined. The estimated cost of such a building as he proposed to erect was one thousand five .uk OXdOI.K. 79 hundred rupoes; b„t the actual cost was two thousand roe h.,nd,.o,l a.ul fb.-ty n,„oe,, of which the su,u of two thousand an,l ninety rupees was raisc.l l,y sub- :.w;;;;;l"' ""■ '^"" '"- '""""^'^ --"^ ^'-^--^^^ '" ">- But Mn Cloug], did not wait for the completion of his ve.ts He innued.ately arranged the forces at his co,n- ."a.Kl, and set them to work. Fr„„, Xellore he hrou.^ht three aide ass.stant. Two were preachers, and one ^^ a cdporteur. The preacher, preached in the streets f On:;ole and surrounding vilia,..s, and the colporteur ae- con,pau>ed them or followe.l them, solliu. his tract, .ual port,ons of the Biide. Mrs. Clou.h open;d a sch , soon had ten pupils, while .Mr. Ch.ugh supervised th, whole,. ,d usually spent the eveuiu,s in prea!.hin« in lid Tullakondapaud i.s a villa^'c which deserves e^neci-d mention as the place where occurred, the first revival ""^^ spiritual n^^atherins on the On,^.de (iel.l. It is also 'the v.lla,e of Periah, the fir.st convert from the Madh J Z class from winch nearly all the Oii.ole ('hristiai s ave come who was l.apti.e,. 1,- .Mr. JewCt, when he wa a 0,.,oei,,^s«a Tullakondapaud is a, t t.rtv mil ve,t Oiigole Ever since IVriah's coiive,-si,m a"ud hap- .-,, the preaeliers and colporteurs had he..,, n.ak eas,onal v,s,ts to this village, spendin, several da^■s; . . ,,e .,. eo,npauy with Pcriah, p.-cachi,,. aii.l pravi „ talkiuir with the people. I'eriah h.,! .1 • , '•'"-•"" ,-;■;►. f,<-v T . '■'-"'"' 'i.i'l also ma.le sevi',-.', Mt,to 0„.ole to see the n,issio„a,-y, takin, with hi,n all who were an.xious to know about the new rcligiou. From « ST n 80 IIISTOUY OF THE TELUGU MISSION. ■t 1 1 ♦ i 1 ■ ; . t !l % 11 li these visits, as well as from the rep(^rts brought by the preachers, it was evident that a spirit of inquiry prevailed in that region. As soon, therefore, as the week of prayer was closed, Mr. Clough determined to make a visit to Tullakondapaud and the regions })eyond. He intended to spend several weeks oh this tour, l)ut a little experience soon tauglit him that he wius not prepared for it. The roads were rough, and he traveled in a bullock cart by niglit, halting by day to rest the l)ulIocks. He made slow progress, of course, but it gave him an opportunity to preach in such villages as were near enough to the road to be reached on foot. At Tullakondapaud, he pitched his tent in a tamarind grove, and sent word to all the surrounding villages that he liad come to visit them, and asked them to come to the tent and see him. The following day, some thirty or f)rty people arrived, bringing with them a supply of food to last several days, and also a change of clothing to put on after they were l)aptized ; they said they had come to learn more about Jesus, but that they believed already, and wanted to be baptized. For five days the meetings were held. At the end of the fifth day, January 20, twenty-eight converts were baptized on profession of their faith in Christ. It was a precious season which INIr. Clough will probably never forget. Moved by some such impulse as moved Peter to say on the Mount of Transfiguration, " Let us make here three tabernacles," Mr. Clough expressed the wish that he might spend at least six months of the year in tents, moving about the country preaching Christ. But to do that he must be l)etter e(piipped ; and l)esides Ongole as u I ONGOLE. 81 the centre of operations had ehiims which could not be neglected. This latter consideration led Mr. Cloiigh to renew the appeal for two more men, and predicted that the time was near when the Tehigus would come to Christ by thousands. This precious work of grace, while it was an inspiration to the missionaries, and doubtless caused joy in heaven, had a very different effect upon the surrounding heathen. Satan does not willingly relinquish his hold on men. No sooner had these converts abandoned his service and entered the service of the Lord, than the devil put it into the hearts of his emissaries to persecute the poor Christians. Water from the public wells was denied them, and false charges of crime were trumped up against them, and they were thrust into prison. But the Lord delivered them, and the false accusers were publicly re})rimanded and cautioned to let the Christians alone. This deliverance, and the addition of others from the same region rejoiced the missionaries "rreatlv. It hiis been a wonder to many why it is that the C'hris- tians have come almost exclusively from the lower (.'lasses. It need not have been so. Had the missionaries been disposed to pander to the caste prejudices of the Hindus as the Roman Catholics, and even so!ue Protestants do, and excluded the poor out-castes, or at all events given them a separate and lower place in the church, many ca.stc people would no doubt have professed Christianity. 15ut they couhl not do that without violating their consciences. What a struggle it cost to take and maintain this })osition may be illustrated by the following incident, which took place at Ongole. In January, 1807, a number of caste !!^ 82 HISTORY OF THE TELUGU MISSION. •I !:M l-r people came to Onj^ole, and professed faitli in Christian- ity and asked to be baptized. But they liad heard of tlie ^Madii^as, wiio had been baptized at Tullakondapand, juid ol)jected to being in the same chureh with them. The missionary said they were foi'ty miles away, and could not harm them. For a while this seemed to pacify tliem. But in April, twelve more converts came from Tullakon- dapaud to be baptized. The missionary almost hoped they would fail in the examination. But they <;^ave *!:()od evidence of conversion. Here was a dilennna. Could these converts be rejected to please a heathen prejudice ? The missionaries sought counsel of God. Without design on his part, Mr. Clough turned to 1 Cor. 1 : 2(5-21) : " For ye see your calling, brethren, how that not many wise men after the flesh, not many mighty, not many nol)le, are called : but God hath cliosen the foolish things of the world to confound the wise ; and God hath cliosen the weak things of the world to confound the tilings which are mighty ; and base things of the world, and things which are despised, hath God chosen, yea, and things which are not, to bring to nought things which are : that no flesh should glory in his presence." In a separate room, at the same time, Mrs. Clough read this same passage, yet with no knowledge of what her husband was doing. Coming from their closets each related what had transpired. They had no longer any doubt as to God's will. The converts were baptized, much to the disgust of the caste people, who said : " If these are received, we cannot enter your church." This event, though apparently unpropitious, was pro- bably one of the most fortunate circumstances in the history If.'i ONGOLE. 83 of the mission. Had the mi.ssioimrios yioldod to their own inclinations, and admitted the caste pe()j)le in prefer- ence to tlie low out-castes, the doors of the church would have been eftectuallv closed and barred aorainst all non- ciuste converts ; the mission would have become a caste mission — a semi-Ciiristian mission, more like the Brahmo Somaj than a Christian church. It would have taken a higher social standing: more of the well-<^o-do classes would have joined it, and it would have exerted a wider intiuence among the educated and wealthy. But on the other hand, instead of fourteen stations, there would have been per- haps three or four; instead of forty thousand members, a few hundred would probably be all that could be numbered. But infinitely more important than the question of numbers, rank or wealth is that of cliaracter It is by no means either said or implied that a Christian from the out-castes is better than one from the ciLste people. On the contrary, other things being equal, the caste convert is to be preferred. A few of the low caste converts with even a limited education have shown powers of mind equal if not superior to the average Brahman ; but this is by no means common. It will take many generations of Christian training and education before the Christians from the Pariah class can be raised to the intellectual level of the Brahman, and other caste people. If, there- fore, the caste people were really and truly converted there can be no doul)t tliat it woiild hasten the day when the church will be able to stand alone. Indeed, it is the faith of many that till that day comes, that is, till the caste people are reached and })rought in, the church will not attain an independent standing in India. But it is in- 84 mSTOIlY OF TIIK TELUGU MLSSION. w finitely hotter that the coniirif^ in of the caste people sliouhl be delayed tlian that they should bring into the churcli a religious caste. Hence tlie wisdom of God in calling the poor out-castes first. When the caste people come — as come they must — it will only be when tlieir caste has been thorouglily broken and abandoned. This will be the strongest possible evidence of the genuineness of their c(m version. By the close of 1867, the Ongole Church had in- creased from eight members at its organization to seventy- five ; the new chapel was completed and paid for, almost wholly from funds collected in the country. The gospel had been preached to tlie people of over eight hundred villages, and over seventy thousand pages of tracts and Scripture portions had been distril)uted. Besides tliese labors of the missionary and his assistants, Mi's. Clough had conducted a school in Ongole, and frequently went out with the wives of the preachers to labor among the village women. Thus the good seed of the kingdom was sown broadcast, and even while sowing the seed, the Lord of the harvest graciously permitted the sowers to gather in many sheaves of precious grain. But what appeared to be a shower of divine grace, was simply a few drops before a more copious rain. In his report of 1807, Mr. Clough referred to an An- glo-vernacular school he had started, from which he liad hoped for good results. But soon after, he changed his mind and wrote to the Board that he had closed the school, dismissed his English teacher, and determined, by God's helj), to he " a niissionary of one idea," and devote all his energies to raising up a class of native helpers to p:ii oNGorj-:. 85 preach Christ to the Tehigus in their own tongue. The Corresponding Secretary strongly coniniendcd this course, and, quoting i\[r. Clougii's words, said : "They are very suggestive, and may well be i)ondered hy all." Perhaps no one p()ndere ^4; I" il History of the Telugu Mission. REV. JOHN E. CLOUGH. Page 77. Il IJICII JIAI:VKST FIKLDS. 87 fiiniLsliod umnistakiil)le ovidoiiccs tluit the ;^nio(I seed liad been scattoivd, and in many places was takiii.:,' root, ^'('ar Cunihiun, .sonic iiity or .^i\ty asked to he Ijapti/.cd. Of tlic.<(', twenty-five were received and l.apti/.ed in tlic Goondiacuinma river. Tiiis was the hcuinnin.ir of the Cunihuni lield, which now hids lair to rival even OwjiAti in fruitf'ulness. At Markapnr, anotiier ini])oitant town ahont twenty miles nortli of Cnmhnm, lAIr. Clon-h fonnd u few C'hris- tians who liad been .sorely })er.seciited by their heathen nei.irhbor.-^. Some of them had been cast into prison. Some of them were too weak to with.^tand the pei-sccntiou and went back into heathenism ; but most of them stood firm, and through the missionary's influence were soon delivered from their persecutors' This, of course, gave courage to the faltering, and no doubt influenced otljcrs to join the Christians. ^ In November, seventy-four were l)ai)tized in Ongole. This was the largest number that had yet been received at one time. JMrs. Clough, in writing about it, said that although they had expected great things from the Lord, this was beyond their exi)ectations, and a rebuke to their little faith. In Deceml)er, jNIr. Clough made another tour to the district of Cumbum. (ireat crowds everywhere gathered to hear the word preached, and as the result of the effort three hundred and twenty-four were ba])tized. Thus the year 18G9 closed with a \otal increase of six hundred and fortv-eiirht. In 1870, the work wius continued with nnabated zeal and success. Another trip was made to Cumbum, the Rev. Jno. McLaurin being of the company. This was a 88 lIIHTOliY OF THE TELUGU MISSION. fortunate circii instance, for on the way Mr. Clough was taken seriously ill, and altliough this cut short the tour, a large number of converts was l)aptizecl by Mr. McLaiirin. Mr. Clough went to Kania})atani to rest awhile by the sea, hoping thus to be able to continue his work. He tlerived benefit from this, and so was able to remain in India tlirough the year. During 1871, Mr. Clough made three extensive tours over his lield accompanied by Mr. McL.iurin. Asthe latter was to succeed Mr. Clough in Ongole, this introduction to the work was of great value. By the end of this year the Ongole Church numbered one thousand six hundred and fifty-eight. In November, Mr. McLaurin removed his family from Ramapatam to Ongole, and in February, 1872, after seven years of incessant labor, jNIr. Clough and his family returned to the United States for needed rest and recuperation. Mr. and Mrs. jNIcLaurin had by this time been in the country two years, having landed in Madras, February 11, 1870. They went direct to Ramapitam, where they at once began the study of Telugu. Mr. McLaurin had a passion fjr language, and speedily acquired an excep- tionally good command of the Telugu. This, with his op- portunities of mingling with the people while touring with Mr. Clough, and thus practicing what he had learned, fitted him in an eminent degree for the great work which lay before him. Few missionaries are so early called upon to assume charge of a field involving graver respon- sibilities, harder work, or the exercise of greater discre- tion ; and fewer still could have discharged the respon- sible duties more successfully. Il 4 ^1 !:M i n i RICH HARVEST FIELDS. 89 Still, the Christiuns did not like the prospect of parting with the only missionary they had known, and exchang- ing him for one whom they did not know. This spirit of dissatisfaction was manifest even ])efore Mr. (.'lough left Ongole, and no sooner had he gone than it broke out into open rel)ellion. But Mr. ^McLaurin's discretion, firmness, patience, and kindness soon convinced the peoi)le that he was their friend, and would do for them all that they could reasonably expect him or any other to do. In addition to this trouble in Ongole, a panic had seized the Christians at Cumbum, owing to a violent type of fever having broken out. The heathen declared that the Chris- tians were the cause of it. The gods were angry because they had forsaken their worship, and this fever was sent as a punishment. As the custom is. a great sacrifice had to be made to appease the anger of the gods, and the Christians were told that they must join in it. Some did so, while others stood firm in their refusal. A number of boys from this part of the field were at school in Ongole. To them Mr. McLaurin gave medicine and such instruc- tion as he could, and sent them off to Cumbum to care for their sick relatives and friends. This accomplished a double purpose. It reduced the number of disccmtented ones in Ongole, and diverted the minds of some of them from making mischief to doing good ; and it also reassured many at Cumbum who were wavering in their faith. Ik- fore the year closed all tliese troubles were ended, and the people rallied around Mr. McLaurin just as they had done around Mr. Clough. During the first year Mr. McLaurin travelled over a very hirge portior. ( f the field, prear'..n • in a large num- J»0 HISTORY OF THE TELUGU MISSION. ber of villages, including Vinukonda and Nursaraopett now flourishing stations. Tlicrc had \mm seventeen prcacliers and three colporteurs enij^loved. The latter had sold SIX tliousand five hundred. tracts' and eight hundred Eible portions, besides giving many away. There were one hundred and tliirteen pupils in the compound school ten of wliom entered the seminary that vear. There were also twenty-two village schools. The second year of Mr. McLaurin's labors in Ono-ole differed from the first only in degree. More travelino. < one, more converts baptized, and more instruction given! Ihe Christians grew in grace and were graduallv t° from s.arvauon. ilonor. of the fa,ni,u,.. Itolief organized, ilindus f r't to the re e. Natives not aU-ays fairly represented. Charitable in dis^o" tion Many d pen Jeut ones. First indications of famine. Humors ol pij^* Thousands tirL'd 'r""' '''' "^'"^'^""^^- ^"^^^« ^"^'^^ ^»--l-' • hlT Worl of .t'^'T''^' ''''"" •'''^° '° ^'^^'-'- Conspicuous ei ',ed r^ r '■'■ ''''''=' ''''''''''''■ ««>"nment works a t or ti.^^^^^r "'"•^'"^'"''- ^^^'"-^« of mission- aiits foi help. Jtohef in the Nellore compound. Mr. Chmah as a r„n tractor. The Mansion House fund. Formation of relief commutes Tl e .Nellore Co.nmUtee. Systematic visitation. Kuin to the sma iiml Loss of cattle. Distress among other classes. Efforts to re lev U I a^ nursenes. Successful work by the Nellore Mission. Efficie y of he mis' Monanes. Large loss o.' life despite relief measures. The nat ves no ungrateful. Grateful thanks expressed. "« Ddiues not A LTHOUGH the famine was common to the whole -^■1^ mission, yet as the next chapter on the "Great Ingathering " is so closely connected with the famine it seems very desirable that an account of it should 'be given. India has been subject to famines from the earliest his- toric periods. Large portions of the country alwavs will be liable to serious agricultural vicissitudes owino- to the uncertainty of the rainfall during the southwest\nd northeast monsoons. The failure of these monsoon rains has been the chief and almost exclusive cause of fomines 111 India. In a few instances, war has augmented and / r^ / ,-> THE (JRKAT FAMINE OF 1876-78. 9^ even caused faniiiio, but in tlie ^reat majority of cases want of rain lias been tlie sole eaiise. Thus of the forty- three famines of uhieli mc have records, all but three or four of them were caused by the failure of the monsoon rains. Except in Burma and East Bengal, where the rain never fails, and in 8cinde, where it seldom or never comes and the people depend solely on river irrigation, some part of India sufiers two years in every Tiine from famine. That is, taking the whole of India, a famine of some sort may be expected in one })rovince or another every fourth or tilth year, and a bad famine every twelfth year. Or to put it in another form, the entire population of two hundred and tilty millions of people suffers from famine every half century. The earliest famine of which we have any record was that of A. D. 1.345, which was one of the very few that was caused more by the disturlx-d state of the country than by drought. It is said to have been very dreadful in its effects, especially around Delhi. The one of longest duration was that of a. d. 181)0, which extended over the whole of South India, and decinuited the entire country affected. It lasted for twelve years and in some sections there was a scarcity for thirty years. Of the famines of the present century, that of 18()8-r)9, extended over the largest area, affecting two hundred and ninety-six thousand square miles, while the famine of 1870-78 affected the largest number of peoi)le, viz., fifty-eight millions. It is of this last that we hav(> now ])articularly to speak. No one who was in South India toward the end of 1870 is likely to forget the intense anxiety with which the com- ing of the northeast monsoon was watched and prayed 94 IirSTOIiY OF THE TELUGU MISSION. !| for. A cloud, though no biirger than a man's hand, was eagerly hailed as the possil)le liarhingor of the long looked-for rain ; but each cloud came and went, and still the heavens were as clear and bright as ever. Never per- haps were clear skies so thoroughly unappreciated. As early as Au.gust a good deal of anxiety had begun to be felt, for the southwest monsoon failed to bring "the usual amount of rain, and in some sections it was ahnost a total failure. In September, reports began to reach the newspapers regarding distress in some districts. Toward the end of October, no signs of the northeast monsoon being apparent, and tiic effect of the partial failure of the southwest monsoon })cing experienced in increasing measure in the central districts, it was appreliended tha't a dreadful famine was at liand ; panic seized the people, and the grain merciiauts began to lioard up tlieir irrain and to import large quantities from other provinces. Prices rose to double and even treble the ordinary rates, and threats were made of " looting" grain bazaars. In' some sections grain riots actually did take place, and although they were speedily checked yet they added much to the general anxiety of the government and panic of the people. At this point the government of Madras thought it expedient to import grain, but the general government deprecated this as an infringement of the rights of private trade. If grain was imported at all it was to be strictly us a "reserve." Notwithstanding this, however, the Madras Government imported thirty thousand tons of rice and distributed it all over the affected districts, selling it at rates within the reach of the people. 4 i THE GIIKAT FAMINE OF l(S7(J-78. 95 The worst fears respecting the faihire of the northeast monsoon were now fiiU^ realized, and tlic dreaded famine with all its untold horrors of pestilence, starvation, and death followed. It would be difficult indeed to give in a few pages any- thing like an adetpiatc description of the scenes that were daily brought to view during that dreadful time. Before relief operations were organized, our compounds were thronged by crowds of wretched, starving creatures beg- ging for a morsel of food. Some of tliese were women with scarcely a rag of clothing to cover their bodies, and some of them with very little to cover, except skin and bones. Some were mothers of little bal)ies vainly striving to extract a few drops of nourishment from their mother's empty breasts. Tiie shrill cry of those babes, and the feeble wails of those mothers for food, were pitiful to hear. In the streets, even in towns like Xellore, it was no un- common thing to see persons lying dead or dying frou) starvation or disease. The Kev. J. Ilerrick said : " On a recent tour I heard directly of the death of thirty persons from starvation. In one inclosure I saw a man lying on his back insensible. A little distance from hira lay his wife in a half-conscious state with an infant trving to extract nourishment from her breast, and an older child Iving in the same condition as its motiier. Tiie man died soon afler. In anotlicr village of four families of twenty persons, nine died of starvation." ]\[r. Yorke of Dindigal said: "One of my sclioolboys reported to me having seen thirty bodies brought down the river. In a small hamlet I was pained to see the children in a starving con- dition, yet none of them were beggars. A boy came with k 96 lILSTOIiY OF tup: TELUGU iMlSSION. a buncli of greens to be cooked for the family ; he cx- clainiod, " My eyes are dim," and falling to the ground, lie died. Half the horrors of the famine have not and cannot l)e told." F. liowlandson, Esq., said : " At one place the faces of some of the children haunted us so much that we gave orders for two hundred of the worst cases to be collected. You should have seen them, for I could not hope to give you an ade(piate idea of their misery. In some, the last forces of their system seemed to have been expended in growing, and 1 never saw out of Dore's drawings, human beings whose h'ligtli was so hideously disproportionate to their breadtii. Others were tiny and wizened in every way, as if an attempt liad been made to see into how small a compass a siilfering body could be compressed. The whole party, alter we had ins})ecte(l them, were marched ofl'to a relief camp, but over a hundred of them slipped away, and only ninety-six of them reached the new home. The })oor wee runaways preferred, I suppose, the evils they knew of, bad as they were, to the horrid, vague unknown. Tliose that allowed themselves to be taken care of were fed, and soon that line of beauty, the curve, was substi- tuted for the hideous famine angles." These are but iso- lated specimens of what might have been seen all over the country from the latter part of 1876 to the close of 1877. It will be a surprise to some who read these pages to know that the first to enter the lists as dispensers of relief in this dire calamity were the Hindus themselves. INIis- sionaries and others have not always been quite I'air to the Hindus in this, as indeed in a good many other respects. Private charity in time of distress is a duty incumbent THE GIIKAT FAMINE OF 1870-78. 97 on every one who luis the moan.s wherewith to lu'Ip his brother, and there are no people on the face of tlie earth more given to eharity than th(^ llinchis. Tlie motive wliieh prompts a llinchi to eluirity may be very diflerent from tiiat wliieii pr()mi)ts a Christian, and yet even here the diilerenee, in many instances, may not be so great as at first a])peurs. But we are not now s])eakini,r of mo- tives, but of acts. In all CJn-istian countries the^poor are supported by the State, while in India they are supi)orted by private charity. That is, beneiicenee to the po.^r in India is bestowed voluntarily, wliile in Christian coun- tries it is rendered })y government. Christianity in th^ concrete will not allow peo])le to starve, but individual Christians do not feel so strongly as Hindus the claims of their religion in respect to charity. In Christian coun- tries multitudes of beggars are support(Ml i)v the State, who might and ought to be supported bv their own rela- tives and friends. But on the other hand, it is a cpiestion whether tins private charity does not foster pauperism. Certain it is, a fearfully large num})er of the population of India IS wholly or in part dependent on the charity of their families and co-religionists. This is one of the many causes which keeps the great ma.ss of the people so mis- erably poor, and which makes a famine a thiu.r to be dreaded. ° Among the first indications of the famine was the flock- ing of great crowds of men, women, and children to the cities and larger towns. In j[aach • one Modiliyar, two thousand ; two Clietti*., r vo thousand', at.d 0D(3 thousand five hundred respeetivelv, and (.tiiers small,..- innnhers, making altogether eleven thousand tour hun- dred. The food supplied has been deseril)(.nt o})ened ex- tensive relief camps all over the presidency. These, of course, were located in central i)laces, so that while vast multitudes of the helpless men, women, and children, were thus saved, there were still other multitudes far be- yond the reach of those camps, that must have perished had not private charity come to the aid of government in saving life. As soon as it became evident that the northenst mon- soon had failed, and that a famine was inevitable, some of our missionaries, and notably Mr. Clough, sent out ap- ? >i ;! I il I \ " I':' I 102 HISTORY OF THE TELUGU MISSION. poiil.s to Eiiglaiid, America, and Burma for aid. To these a])|)('al.< many ^renerous resjioiises came, and avu ^vere tliihs enabled in yome degree to relieve a large Dumber till the Mansion House fund became available. The first response received at Nellore was one hundred pounds from Deacon A\'ilbur, of Boston. Among the first foinis of relief at Xellore was the organization of a " relief camp" on a small scale, in the mission compound, for the care of starving children, under the superintendence of jNIrs. Downie, and at the expense of Mr. Grose, collector of the district. In this way nearly a hundred children were fed daily, and most of them preserved alive. In addition to gifts and loans from personal friends, Mr. Plough took a contract to cut some four miles of the J^uckingliam canal as a ivlief work for the Christians of the Ongole field and their friends. J]v this means, hun- dreds and thousands were saved from starvation and death. The engin.cr in charge complimented Mr. C'louuh for the manner in which his work was done. He said : "Of the thirty-five miles under my charge your 2)ortioii of the canal is the best." To W. Digby, Ks(|., then editor of the " jMadras Times," belongs the honor of suggesting the ^Nfansion House fund, one of the most gigantic pieces of spontaneous charity the world has ever seen. By hispersistent efforts in the face of considerable indifference, and even opposition, but warndy supported by many leading gentlemen in ^Fadras, anil notably Sir William Robinson, a meeting was held August 4, 187(), at which His Grace, the (Jovernor, i)re- sided. The object of tiie meeting was to consider the propriety of soliciting aid from England. Resolutions 1 t I 1 I, a I ( I J THE GIIEAT FAMINE OF 187G-7.S. 103 were adopted, and a teleu^ram prepared and forwarded to the Lord Mayors of London, York, Mancliester, J)uljlm^ Glasgow, Edinburgh, etc., asking for immediate aid, as the distress w;ls great. When the appeal reached England, the Loudon Tlinci^ took the matter up, and warmly advocated it. The Man- d sion House fund was opened, and the first list pul)Iish(es. Of tliis sum the missionary distributed with his own hand direct to the p('o])le relieved thirty tiiousand rupees. In addition to this he received six hundred rupees tiirouuli Mr. Di-by from the Jiaptists of Knirland, seven hundred rupees fmm the "Merrill fund," Boston, and manv smaller sums throu-h the Society's treasurer, irom personal friends in America. ^ As a mission we do not claim to have been exceptional 111 jHir eflbrts to save life and relieve distress. AVhen in 1877 the (iovernment of India said: "We say that human life shouhl be saved at anv cost and effort," we believe im body of men entered more heartilv into' that sentiment than the missionaries. At the closiiio- nieetin.^ of the central committee in Madras, .Air. Di^d)y said"^ "Anion- the most valued a-ents of tlie committee'have been the missionaries of all creeds who have been, in many ctLses, the only available means by which the suilerin<>- could be reached. In some cases several months have been devoted exclusively to this work, and the mission- aries have lived for weeks together among the people traveling from village to village personally inquiring intci cases of distress and relieving wants vvith their^ own hands." It is difKcult to estimate the actual cost of the famine. The loss of revenue was of course enormous, but how far that has been recovered we have no means of kiiowinf' works eleven million puiinds; hut how far tiie money tlms expended was on necessary and hence ])rohtal)le works that will eventually repay their C(.st, we do not know. But the receipts and expenditures of the .Alansion House fund, which was a pure ^n-atuitous charity, wc know. The total suhscriptions from J':n,irland, Scotland, Aus- tralia, and other Colonies, were six hundred aiid seventy- eight thousand five hundred and twelve pounds; from India, twenty-six thousand and twenty-six rupees, making a grand total of sciven million nine hundred and seventv- uine thousand three hundred and til'ty rupees. And yet with all this ex})enditure, and the hunuine eilhrts of those engaged in distributing the relief, more than three million human^ beings i)erished either directly of starvation or from disetises caused by the famine. It luLS often b(>en said tliat the natives arc strangers to the sense of gratitude. No one who engaged in famine rehef and who values truth will say so. On this point the Rev. T. P. Adol])hus says: 'M)n the part of the recipients of the bounty, the most heartfelt expressions of gratitude have been addressed to me, and every p(»ssible outward token, indicative of the inward feeling, exhibited both by Hindu and by Mussulman, by male as well as by female." It wit'? a native gentleman who at the closing meeting in lAladrassaid :• "On l)ehalf of my countrymen generallv, and on behalf of the distressed famine-stricken of Scnitli India especially, to whom English charity came like sweet water to men dying of thirst, whose dn)oping spirits —nay, ebbing life were resuscitated by the timely and :! I 108 iriSTOIiY OF THE TELUGU MISSION. kindly help, and enabled thorn to preserve themselves and their chihlren, to rebuild their huts, to sow their helds and reap a harvest when thev despaired of living to see another-on behalf of millions of such of my countrymen, I now express their most grateful thanks." M ! I CHAPTER X. TIIK GREAT INGATHERING. The famine and accessions. Mr. Clough's canal contract. Combining work with Christian teaching. Effect upon the coolies. Theinfluenceof helpful- ness. Baptisms deferred. Largt-r accessions. One day's baptisms. lieason- ableness of the pentecostal addition. Doubts expres.sed as to this Telugu ingathering. Mr. Clough's views. Delay of converts seemingly impossil)le. Efforts to keep them back. These unsuccessful. Baptism alone asked for by the mullitndes. The request acceded to. In the Kamapatam field. The famine relief funds not alone the procuring caue. The movement of God, Departure of Mrs. (lough and her children from Ongole. Her efficiency. A destructive cyclone. Devastation at Ongole. Energetic restoration. Koyal visitors. Native steadfastness. Mr. Clough's testimony thereto. IT is useless to deny that there was a very close con- nection between the famine and the large accessions which followed it. We do not say that the relation was that of cause and effect, for in that case we should have to account for the fact that in many places there was the cause but no corresponding effect. But that the famine was one of the links in the chain of causes, we have no more doubt than we have that the famine in Egypt was one of the steps in Joseph's elevation to the governorship, and his consequent blessing to his own people. Tiie simple facts in the case were these : In addition to tlie distribution of famine relief funds all over his field, amounting to one hundred thousand dollars more or less, Mr. Clough took a contract to cut three and one- half miles of the Buckingham cantd, whicli government was digging as a famine relief work. Mr. Clough's sole 109 'Hi! ■Ml Jl li> 110 HISTOIIY OF THE TELUGU MISSION. object if, undortakin.cr tliis work was to find employment ior liLs Cliristians and other po„r people in his field Quittin.ir all other work for tlie time, he app<.inted his preachers, teachers, colporteurs, and otiiers, lus h is overseers During the intervals of rest these i)reachers gathered the people together and preached to them about the great salvation. In this work the missionarv encourac^Ml them and engaged himself a^ fiir a,s he could find time. Thus for montlis thousands of coolies were brought into close contact with Christians of their own class, with the preachers from whom many of them had no doubt heard the gospel for years in tlieir own villages, and with the missionary who tlu^y knew was striving to save their bodies from starvation as well as tlieir souls from death The coolies were frecpiently changed. Some, after irather- ing a few rupees, would start off to their villa-es and others would take their places on the work. And^thus it came about that a great maiiv thousands were brou-ht under tins iniiuence of Christianity, and at a time when they were peculiarly susceptible to its influence. Now Avhat wonder if, under such circumstances, multitudes were impressed with tiie truths of Christianity '? They saw that Christians gave freely of their money to save tliem from starvation. They had never received such treatment from their Hindu countrymen, and especially from the J^rahmans, who were their religious teachers But now they saw, chief of all, the missionarv distribut- ing relief everywhere and to all classes alike who needed help. What wonder if their conclusion was that the religion which leads men to act so must be true? But to avoid receiving members into the church wijb i'l ji - tf. «s a. Q O /', Q <; as w ?9 ■£ < 5. y^ ^■^ 0) A "5 u o U i^ ^ J Till-: (iUKAT INOATIIKUINU. HI -t; Q Ui o y, Q Ed > o o t3 no Int^hor motives than tli(' pccunijiry benefits referreil to, all applicatioii.s for i)aiitisni were denied durinij tlie lit'teen niontiis in wiiieii the missionary and liis assistants wero ('ni,^a,Lied in relief work. Not till all tliis was ended, and then! was n(» more ho[)e of any further relief, were ajjpli- cations for l)a})tism entertaine(l. Then, however, the mis- sionary and his assistants saw no reason why they should loni^tT refuse to hapti/e those whom they helieved (Jod had saved. They tiieref »re coinmeneed hajitizinLf <>n tho sixteenth of June, and l)y the I'ud ot I)eeeml)er had hap- tiy.cd on ])rofession of their I'aith in Christ, nine thousand six hundred and six converts, makinir the total memher- ship of tho OnL'ole Chureh, twelve thousand and four. The largest number baptized in any one day was two thousand two hundred and twenty-two, whieh comes so near to the three thousand added to the ehureh on tlu; dav of Penteeost as to demand spcK'ial mention. It was the third of duly, L^TS. The baptistery was the (Jund- lacumma river at a [)laee called Velumpilly, on the Northern Trunk Road, about ten miles ni.rth of ()nL,n)le. There is no brid^'^e, but a sort of causeway over which carts nuiypa.ss when the water is not too deep. Tiie river at the time wjus not full, but on I'ither side of the cause- way the water was sufliciently deep for the ordinance, and the candidates had to take but a step or two from tho banks to reach the administrator. Tlir examination of the candidates li;id bceu held on the pn'\ioiis days. The converts were arraiiL^'d on the l)ank on both sides of tho causeway and men app(iintetants and well-known church-members, had known f)r months or lonaer, and who gave evidence that they had not only lefl idolatry, but also believed in Jesus as their Saviour, must be baptized, or that I nuist throw up mv com- mission, and get out of the way: of course, I had no idea of doing either. I only wanted to keep the multi- Jl 114 HISTORY OF THE TELUGU MISSION. I !l i !; tude of converts off two or three months loncrer, tliat all tlic friends of missions migiit be free from doubts, ultlionfrh personally, I had l)een convinced for above a year that the work was of (iod. But to delay was impossilile, for God's time had fully come to irlorifv himself "The first Sunday in July waij to be our bi-monthly meeting ; but I wished to keep as many out of Ongole as I could. Small-pox was prevalent in many villages. The tom-toms had been beaten time and again, by order of government officials, warning all villagers to go to their homes, ns neither 'government nor tlie I\raiision House committee could do any more for them. The town was very dirty, and the fear of small-pox or ei)idemic cholera was considerable : hence I Avrote lettei-s, and sent them to all the native preachers, telling theni to leave the wives and children at home, not to allow a single Chris- tian, unless now and then one or two of the leading mem- bers who had urgent requests to make, to come with them, and to meet me at Velumpilly, the first station north of Ongole, on the Gundlacunmia river, ten miles distant. I told them the fear Ongoleans were in, and tluit in the villages on the way small-i)ox was very bad, etc. : hence this order I had given them would, if obeyed, result in good only, while to disregard it might scatter this con- tagious disease far and wide, and cause tlie death of many. Notwithstanding my letters and the efforts of the preachers, the converts would not stop behind. As soon as the preacher had been gone a few hours, the converts up and followed. " The first preachers that arrived at V(dumi)illy wrote to me that they had done their best to follow the mpiests tup: grkat ixgatiierixg. 115 made in my circular, but that the converts had not obeyed them, but were C(jining in crowds from every side. 1 hastened off, and hoped to get most to go back to their homes for the present. It could n(jt be done without tak- ing too much responsibility. The nudtitiide one and all said, through their leading men and preacliers, ' We don't want any money ; we will not ask you for any, eitlier directly or indirectly, either now or hereafter.' Only a few had ever been assisted, except by tluir pay for their work when on the canal ; and said they, 'As we have lived tluis far by our work, — by the blisters on our hands we can prove this to you, — so we will continue to live, or, if we die, we snail die; but we want you to ba[)ti/.e us.' " We held a s])ecial service ; and, after nuich j)rayer and consideration, we decided to baptize any and all who had given to the preachers evidence exteniiing over some montiis that they were Christians, and who had an intelli- gent understanding of the nuiin facts of the Cliristian religion. The evidence of the preachers, with that of the leading members of the church in their localities who had been baptized years ago, or other reliable information concerning their change of heart, was decided to be suffi- cient. The result was the baptism of three thousand five hundred and thirty-six in three davs." In the Ivaina[)atam lield, lying between Ongole and Nellore, there was no such general movement, yet over six hundred were baptized during the same tim(\ Jri Nellore, where almost as much relief work was done bv the missionary as was done at ( )nL:'ole, exeeptini; tlie canal contract, the movement was scarcely felt. This is siicni- iicant, and goes against the idea that it wjus wholly a result n I! 116 ' I \i I f. HISTORY OF THE TELUGU MISSION. of the famine. The famine may have "been and probably was the immediate cause of this great movement, just as the financial crisis in the United States in 1857 was the im- mediate cause of the gn.'at revival that swept all over the land. But we prefer to say that God used not only the famine, but the preaching and the praying and tlie whole combination of circumstances, to lead tlie people to cast away their idols, embrace the new religion, and devote their lives to the service of the living God. Perhaps tlie most memorable event in the Ongole Station in IcSTD, was the departure of Mrs. Clough and her children for America. After five of tlie most trying years in the history of the mission, Mrs. Clough's health broke down, and it became evident to all that she must return home, if her life was to be preserved. All tlirou<>-li the terrible famine, and the subsecpient and almost equally terrible siege of cholera, Mrs. Clough stood resolutely at her post, ministering to the famished and plague-stricken people, and in her own quiet but effectual manner, assist- ing her husband in every good word and work. It is no disjiaragement to Mr. Clough to say that much of his grand success was due to the faithful and devoted help- meet he had in Mrs. Clough. Mr. Clough accompanied his family as far as England, leaving Madras Mav 13th, and after seeing them safely on board a steamer for New York, returned to his work, reaching Ongole on the 15th of August. During Mr. Clough's absence, the station wac in charge of Rev. W. I J. Boggs, who arrived in Madras, January 18, 1879, and proceeded direct to Ongole, and successfully carried on the work till Mr. Clough's return. * I THE GREAT INGATHERING. 117 In November, a destructive cyclone visited Ongole, do- ing much damage to the mission property. ;Mr. Clough, believing the monsoon to be over, had started on an evan- gelistic tour expecting to be gone a month. He had reached his second lialting place, some lifteen miles north of Ongole, when the cyclone reached him. It was on the 19th, about one o'clock in the morning. By three o'chtck the wind was terrific and the rain can.o down in torrents. Trees were torn up by the roots, or broken ofl) and the branches were flying about in all directions. The tent was in danger of being torn to pieces, so it was hastily let down, and left in the rain and mud, wliile Mr. Clough and his helpers betook themselves to a village near by, where they found refuge in a cow shed where they re- mained till the morning of the 20th. They succeeded in repitching the tent, and were getting their clothes dried and things set to rights, when a messenger from Mr. Boggs came announcing a terrible state of ailairs at Ongole. This decided Mr. Clough to return to Ongide at once. It was sad to see the work of so manv vears destroved in a few hours. Most of the sciiool dormitories and native houses were either destroyed or badly injured. Many of the shade trees wi-re l)lown down, and altogether the two Ongole compounds presented a sorry sight. But like manv anotiier calamitv it miirht have been a orreat deal worse. Tiiere was nothing to be done but clear up the place and rebuild iis fa.. As in the case of Xellore, we refer our readers for an account of this visit to Dr. Smith's " Rambles in ^Mission Fields." AVhile evangelistic work has ever held the first {)lace in the policy of the mission, and we trust will always 124 HISTOllV OF TIIK TELUGU MISSION. it continue to do so, (Mhication undouhtcMllv deserves tho second. Followiiii^ the ^M'eat inii'atlierin<( a (hinand sprani^ up tor scliools. I'^norance and (ylwistianity arc diametrically opposed. Hducation docs not necessarily make a community Christian, l)ut a C'hristian commun- ity invariably demands education. There are thousands of villages in India which have schools and no Christians, hut very few ('hristian villages, if any, whicth have no school. To meet this demand on the Ongole field a large numher of schools were estahlished. In l(S77, the num- ber of village schools was forty-two. This wjis increased to eighty-three in 1878, and later tlu; number was one liundred and seventy-six schools with two thousand one hundred puj)ils. The station schools were also largely increiu^cd, and made more eflicient. The mi sion iiigh school was ojjcned in May, 1intehed in OiiltoIc, I )r. ( 'IoultIi was welcomed home with-i'eal enthusiasm, lie had scarcely totich(>d his native land ere aj){)eals came to him from all (piarters to a, and take cliargc of tlie boys' school and Bible woman's work. The Society of tlie West provided for her a handsome bungalow, a large boys' school, and a Bible woman's house, all of whicli were fin- ishetl in 188"). ]\Iiss Kauschenbusch contimied her work in Ongole till 1887, when her health broke down, and she was obliu^ed to return home. KESULTS OF THE (;KKAr JIKVIVAL. 129 In 1S90, another romarkal.lo movoinont t„ok place multln^. „, the krirest n„M,her nf accossinns sineo 187«' ihe ,,,u,rteriy n,eelin^. at C)„^..le «a» an „„u.,uallv lar.re one, an,l l.efnr.. it eh,.sed three hu„,lre,l an.i sixtV-threc were l,apt,«,l. The interest was , ,,„allv ,.r,.at, a.ul as large nun.hc-s were ro,,„rte,l ready fur haptis,,,, hut ,vh„ couhl imt <.,„ne to Oagol.. at that thne, a see,,,,,! ineeti,,., was calle,l for Decemhor 27th an.l 2«th. Oa the latter what Mas the Ongold iield in li^TS. Tliere is not a station in the mission that has not had more or less additions, but these large accessions have been almost exclusively I'rom the same class of ])eople, namely, the Madigas, and from the same region as those in 1S78. Tliis is a very significant fact, and sluuild l)e considered in discussing the (|uestion of these " mass movements" toward Christianity. They indicate what may reasonably and confidently l)e ex- pected \vhen Christianity takes hold of the other great division of the non-ca.ut so far, in our own mission, the indications of such a movement are not apparent, although our -wtu'k in Ndlore and elsewhere started wit ii the Malas, and our converts generally have been from that class. RESULTS OF THE (JREAT nEVIVAI,. 131 The work am„n. the Ma.I.Vas in the north an.l north- T "\Z, ""''"'" '"'■' ''■'■'■'"'••' ■'"'•I' ■■"< i>''l''"« """• " "--" '- ^T. N.vvhaii. s.iii .....X c.i. ;!^ Wan... s.Mn..as ,o ,1.. •• ,...., in.a.h.rinK." lA.ra.. a 1..,,.. ,.v 'Ir" , ' ., , ;'.''■'"■'' ""•"^■'-I"-"".ptl„,. ,o„„i„„ with thcM-hur..!,. iM.por'taMo. o fanulvl„..un o„rnMs.i,.„ s.a.i.M.H. Divisions at iSamapa.UM.. .m „.,; „ of a .s..„u.,a,,v ..hun.l.. cwi.p.s. o. ,1... nn, «„„,,. ,.i„i,.,.„i..s i,, ,1... „ay ..f ,.arrvi„K it ,„.t Mr. iMnpany'.nrs.n,,..,,. J•.^M.nahon ol iu.. ,^ ,^ uillianKs io th e s..^ 1 nary. ..,,...,,1,!.. i„ ,,s„ay. Su. s ..f „i. ...-k. „. ..,..„.. ,,Z tl.e M.nnnary. ,supp,.r, <,f ,|.,. ,,u.l..,.,s. |.;x„a,.,s fn.n, Mr \Viili..,ns- tions. r.o(.osp..lsm,.n„.n/...|. Mi.siunary w,.rk ,I..n.. l.v soinina v t.a. l'..,. an.l stn.ioMts. iCo.Mlar proael.inK sustain..,! in .hir.y-nv; towns, s n 1 , ^ work an.l .,s results, yw. Ho,,,., f.nporary eharg.. of „.., s.nnnarv r NnHl.-s v.sa. A.l.litional iun.i. for ,1... s..nnnary. A.i.li.ion ..f li, ar". • , pr.^. Heturnof I,r.Ui.lian.s,o,|...rni,...I >ta,. s an.l „..■ appo u,.; ! o» Mr. n..,,s to the pn.si.|..n.,v. ......aMo a.ss„..ia,ion wi.l, i.in. .If his ... Work mthe ini.s.sion lid,!, .,f .Mi.ss CnmnnnKs. T> AMAPATA>[ i.. u siuall villaur .,n tli.' shun- .,f tho J- 1 JJjiv of Jic'iiirjil, forty-five miit^s nortl, of XcHoro. It IS a place of no ("S|)(ri:il importance in itself, |,„t previous to 1870 was the hea«l.,uarters of the suh-eolleetor of the district. In tiiat year, however, the- suh-eolhrtor was removed to Ongole. Thi.s left unoccupic.l a fine lan^e 1;:g m.vrokv of tjik tki.i:ui mih-io.v. ^1 I ■■ roinpoiind of n(>arly a hniulr('(l acn^s and two buniralowa all nady for occupation. As tlicrc was no i)rospoct of any ^^jvcrnnicnt ollicial n^piirin^^ tlic premises, llic property wiLS tlirown into the market and olfcred at a comparatively small price. It will be remembered that after the occupation of Oui^'ole, Kamapatam was one of the places selected by the missionaries lus tiie most desii-able location for a station between Nellore and Ongole, and also that the Itev. A. V. Timpanyand wite, who were to occupy the new station, were alreae(lily converted into a chapel, and thus the missiona- ries were enal)led to bcLrin their work at once. On the 2.")th of March, a church Ava.s oriranizcd com- posed of members from the Nellore and Onijole churches and numberinu; thirty-live. This was increased to one hundred and tifteen bv the close of the vear. There would probably have been a much lar^^^r number received, but a spirit of persecution broke out and numy of the Christians were shamefully treated. This led some to turn back, and others who manifested a disposition to renounce heatlu'uism were deterred. The inuuediate cause of this persecution was the refusal of the Christians of Kondiah- palem to eat meat sacrificed to idols. UAMAl'ATAM. ia7 Mv. Tiinpsiny sliarcd very larp'ly the faitl> of Mosar!». J)ay, .Ii'wctt, and CIoultIi, n'sjM'ctiiii; tlir ciiiivcrsioii (»t' lar*,'o nunihcrs of 'I\'lii_L,nis in the very near future. Tlio ^'('nuin('n('S.s of hi.s faitli was cvi'lnit in the manner and eiiaracter of ids life and work. He luiieved the lieatlu-n were ilying, and the sincerity of Ins faitli was sctn in the way he devoted his life to save them. Miss I'eahodv, the (ii-st sinixle ladv sent to this mission, arrived in Ilamapatam in 1ve much siillcriii'j', was a ^reat hel|) in siciii'in.'* tiie coididenee of the peojile. '1 lie ea>te peoj>le al lii>t reliised to t ake niediei lie mixi (l with water, but lindiiii: it was that or nothinir, thev !«()on laid sb^ide their j)rejudice and received the remedy. iMr. and Mrs. Timjiany returned to America in Febru- ary, lth of February, 1v.s left, Mis.s IVtibody acconipaiiiod tlicm to Maflras and » .'iiiaiiu'd there alxtiit ciu'lit inoiitlis studviii'^ niedieine. Miss Marv A.Wood, wiio liad been appointed to Neliorc and wlio arrived tiiere in .lanuarv, 1^75, wtLs re(piested to take temporary eliari;i' of tlie uiris' school tit JvainapataiM till Miss I'eahody nturned. lint in the nieaniinie slie Ix'caine .Mrs. .New hull, and on .Mi.ss l*eul)ody\s return, .Mrs. .Ncuhall iiandid over to licr the ^ii'ls' school while she took charue of the hoys' school and otherwi.se entered earne.he died in Nellore, October !l, 1.S77. The reader will scarcely have failed to observe thtit we have pri'sented the izreat inLratherinu: of 1<'S7slacle to the prosecn- tion of mission work: that is, sin'li mission work as all intellii^ent friends of missions (lelii,dit in. Jint there has also been awakened, evidentlv hv the Ilolv Spiiii, a disire to embrace a religion that exhihits such fruits of love and l)enevolence in such maikcd contrast with the crneltv ami selfishness of ln'tithcnism. ( iod has seemed to make this recent benevolence of the lOni^lish and American j)eoj)le an enterinir wedire for the unspel in multitudes (»f cases where; tlu; evidencis of true conversion are clear and satisfactory. The diliiculties of the present iiiLiatherini^ art! in the cases of midtitu utter collapse of the Kamapatam mission licld in l-STJ). KAMA TAT AM. 141 Up to 1878 tlioro had l)oo:i hut ono chmvh at Ramapatam for tlie Cliristiaiis irciicrally and the .•^tudciits of tijc sonii- miry. But diiriiii: tlio <:rt'at revival a larL^' imiidMr of converts had been ^ratliered Uy the teaeliers aiinvcrts were l)aptized into tlie stati' n church. Hut a.s tlie nuiul)er inerea.^ed, questions arose respectini; tlieir nrc ption, wliich led to the formation of an indep(!ndent seminarv cliurch. This led to furtiier complications wliich greativ marred the peace and harmony of the station, Previous to his departure for the United States, Mr. Drake invited Mr. Newhall to leave Hamapatam and take char<,'e of the Kurnool lield. This Mr. Newhall was not altogether \villini( to do, hut was willini; to un- dertake the care of both i'u'U^ till help should come from home. But owint,^ t(t the L^reat distance between the two fields, this was an almost impossible task. lie, however, undertook it, and the result was that in a few months he completely broke down while out on a tour, and was carried into Xellore, to all ajjpearanees more dead than alive. No (.ne believed it possible tliat he could recover; but skillful treatment and careful nursin<; at the mission house brouLdit him up from tlu- very irates of death. As soon as he was able to travel he was ordered to (juit India. He sailed from Madras iit September, and as it wouhl have been dan<:erous f )r him to face the winter of Knirland, he went to the south of l^ance, where he re- mained till sprinir. In the absence of a man to take up the Ramapatam Work, the field was temporarily divided between Nellorc and Ungole, while a circuit of ten mileti was given to the 142 II '^! JirsToiiv OF Tin: Ti;M;(ii: ml-^siox. seminary. This arraiiirciiK^nt (•(.iitinucd till the cstah- lishincnt of a i.cu- slati.m at IMaya-iri wliich naturally t"..k up a la.-v portion uf Umh the north an.i s..(.t"h sec'ti.MKs of the oM Kainapata.n lirl.j. jJut this l,v i... 'H.-ans snlli(.i,.ntly provi.l.Ml for what was the lianiapatani iu'hl. Ihcrc on-hl to Im>, anW prohaMy will l,e at ati ('urly y tlie native teaelier.-^. The iiunii)er of students tliu lirst year \vil-< liliei-n. In tlie al)senei' of anytliin^' iii;e a iiiiiii selioul in tlio mission, Mr. 'rinipany arranged the eourse of study to cover six years, th(^ tirst three heiiiir i)re[)aratory and the hist three purely th(!oloL,deaL lint tiiis course was never strictly followed, and fur two rea.sons. In the lirst place, the class of students sent to the seminary was not, as :i rule, such as could take up tlu' hii^her . lirst amnial rejjort of the seminary, Mr. Timpany said: "It is (mr purpose to raise; up a class of fairlv educated men, simple in thrtiinity to ^'et tlie lani,MiaLre as a man in sneh a position onirht to ;xet it. Tho tencK'ney is that while he niav ttet a hir<'0 vo('al)uhirv in a very sliort tinie, lie fails to ^et a correct iorted. Unmarried students receive three rujx'cs a month, free (piarters, and two suits of clothes each year. Married students receive six rupees and (dothes for both themselves and wives. This is ample Ibr all their needs, and more than most «.f them are said to ii'i't atUr thev bo- . KAMAl'ATAM. no come proacliors. The wivorf of the studtMiU arc oxpocted t(» piirsiu! tlio same >tii(lirs with tlicir lni>l)ari far :w l)os.«tndents fur the Work of the mini-try. /. r., to -ive liie -jospel to tiie lost an. I huil.l up helievers in the ^Mvat iriiths tlier.in revealed, llene.- we ^ive .»ur .-tivnjth t.i the stmlv of (lod's word. The irlinlr Hihie is studie.l thorou'.ddv, until its history an.l 'jVAwd .loctriiies h.c.m.- familiar. Much time is ,<,Mven to prophe.-y and its fnlfillnient. Tin? prophecies respectin;,' the cliihlren , ainl tiuir (iispcoion lUiioiiLC tln' (iciitilis, etc The j)ni|»ln'('i('S coiiccrniiiu' tlio Mcssiali and liis kiiiurdoiii arc tra<'c(l from the lir.-t |»n»rnisc made in tiic ::ard(ii of I'Mcii throiiLrliout tlu; Old TcftamcMt to their fidlilhneiit in .Irsus ("hrist and liis ehnreh, as reveahd in the New 'ft stament. Sjucial attention is Lii\en to tlie study of the New Testament dnriiii; the three years. The ( Jospels are mmini-i/cd with i\\o. Idstorieal |)«»rtio!is of the New Testament, whih- the l']j)isth'S are analyzed, and the Lrrial tnilhs thoron'^hly studied. Dnrini; the study of the |)asly the teachers and students of the semiiuiry. Till re are thirtv-live towns and vilhii^es in \Nliicli there i.s -ii^ KAMA TATA M. 147 regular jjrcacliini,' an well as Sal»l)atli-s('li(Mils. Wc usually send out two men to a villai:*', r an account of this visit we ajain refer our readers to J)r. Smith's " liamliles in Missinu I-'ields." DuriuLT Dr. Williams' soiointi in the Tinted States, he 8ecure«l liJleen thousand dollars for a new seminary i>uild- ing. This building is of stoni' ami teak, and is a line, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) .-J" , 1.0 I.I 1.25 IIIM 1 2.2 1.8 1.4 ill 1.6 V] ^1 ^y O 7 /A Photographic Sdences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^ %. 148 HISTORY OF THE TELUGU MISSION. lar^e, and substantial structure. It has ample accommo- dation for cljLss rooms on tlie lower floor, and over them a spacious hall, for chapel pur])()ses. He also received from Mr. William Bucknell, of riiiladelphia, one thousand dollars for the purchase of a seminary library, and from other sources, money for the purchase of a press, which has been set up, and on which a good deal of the mission printing is done. The continued illness of Mrs. Williams rendered it necessary for tlicm to return home in 1880. They sailed from Madras on the sixth of July, and reached home in safety. Tl."^ seminary was left in charge of Dr. Clough, who undertook to give it a general oversight, and to visit it once a month to make the payments. But the work of the seminarv was left with the native teachers. This, of course, was only a temporary arrangement till a new president should be a})pointed. The Rev. W. B. Boggs had given such perf(!ct satisfac- tion during the two years he acted for Dr. Williams, that there wits a very general desire that he might be appointed president of the seminary. He had only been at home ten months when the Executive Comuiittee offered him the appointment, and he immediately canceled the bal- ance of his furlough and returned to India. He arrived in Kamaj)atam on the twenty-second of March, 1887, and immediately t(X)k up his new duties. The work has grown to such an extent that Dr. Boggs felt he must have an assistant. It was, therefore, a great iov to him when his own son, ]\[r. AV. E. Boirirs, after com- pleting his college and seminary course, offered himself to our Board for educational work, and was accepted and I RAMAPATAM. 149 designated to the Telugu Mission. lie and his wife ar- rived at Rarnapatara December 15, 1890, where they will remain for the present, and probably be associated with Dr. Boggs in the seminary work. Miss E. J. Cummings, m. d., arrived in Madras De- cember 13, 1886, designated to Bapatla, where slie began her medical work. Her services were so much in demand the first year, that she had no fiur oppoilunity of getting the language. She was therefore allowed one year free from all work but study. This year was spent partly in Coonoor, as her health had been far from <;o()d. In December, 1889, she was again prepared for medical work, but was now transferred to Ramapatam. Here she had a good dispensary, and a growing practice among the women of Ramapatam and surrounding villages. She also had some Bible women under her charge, and made occasional trips in the district on evangelistic, as well as medical work. In 1891, Miss Cummings was again compelled to re- treat to the hills. For a time she seemed to have been restored to health ; but the improvement was of short duration, and early in the present year, 1892, she re- turned to the United States. CHAPTER XIII. THE DECCAN. Derivation of term Deccan. Limits of territory. Conterminous with Ni- zam's Dominions. Extent and inliabitants of tliese. Tiieir capital. The position and power of the Uritisli Resident. Prospecting tour of Mr. Camp- IhII. .Settlement at Secunderahad. ]{eginniiig work. Establishing schools. Overcoming falso inii)re--si(ins. First converts. Touring among the vil- lages. Novelty of voluntary, unsellisii service. Missionary colportage. Securing a mission liungalow. Advantages of its location. Tenure of Ijroiierty at Secunderahad. Kights of ludders. Land tenure in British India. Of two kinds, (iovernment justice. Failure of Mrr, : upbell's health. Sincerity of idolaters. An instance given by Mi. ampbeil. Power of the caste system. Its great, hindrance. PvCcogniiion of it by so- called Christian missions. Haleful character of caste. People convinced but hehl back. Trying transfer of missionary workers. A new station at Nalgonda. Withdrawal of the Campbells because of ill health. Diflicult to undersiand. Mission at ilanamakonda. Derivation of name. Situation of. Establishment of Mr. Loughridge. His first convert. Going and coming of missionaries. Self-supjiort of the mission. High character of the work done l)y unsalaried native helners. The policy of .self-support. Work at Palmur. Establishment of mission by Mr. Chute. Caste people reached. Organization of a church and school. Opening of a government schorl. Ojiposition on account of caste, (iovernnient protection. Station at Nalgonda. The missionary from Paissia. Supported by the Baptist churches of that country. Success of the mission. rpiIE term Deklian or Deccan is from the Sanskrit word T " Dakshina," south, and was oridnally applied to the whole peninsula of Hindustan south of the Vindhya Mountains. Eater, however, it was restricted to that por- tion lying between the rivers Nurbudda and Krishna. Strictly speaking, thereiore, C(;canada, Bmiilipatam, etc., may all be said to be in the Deccan. But as the greater portion of it is included in the territory of the Nizam of T]IK DKCCAN. 151 Hvdenibad, the term is usiiiillv confined to liis dominions. At till events tluit is the meuning given to it in these })ages. Under this title "svill be considered our tour stations, yecunderubad, llananuikonda, I'almur, and Nalgonda. The territory of the Nizam's Dominions covers an area of ninety-tivc thousand square miles, and contains a popu- lation often millions. Although the Mizam is a 3loham- medan, most of his subjects are Hindus, and among the latter are over four millions of Telugus. The Nizam's capital is Hyderabad — from haider,a lion, and bad, a town. It is ^vell named, if we may judge from the fierce, savage, and wicked appearance of its inhabitants. Secunderabad is live miles distant from Hyderabad, and contains about fifty thousand inhabitants. It is a British cantonment, having one of the largest f )rees of British troops in India. Between these two cities is the British residency, a small ci^y of itself Besides the i)alace of the resident and a number of officers' houses, thert' is accom- modation tor a regiment of troops. The State is nominally independent, but practically is governed, to a large extent, by the British llesident. He is supposed simply to advise the Nizam and protect British interests, but his advice is seldom disregarded. The Rev. W. W. Camplx'U, who accompanied ]Mr. Clough on his return to India in b"^? 1, made a prospect- ing tour up into the Nizam's country at the close of that vcar, with a view to opening a mission station If it should appear inviting. He left (Jngole on the 7th of December, traveling by road in a country cart, which enabled him to see much of the country and the people among whom he souirht to labor. He reached Secuuderabad on the I !■ 152 HI.^TOliY OF Till-: TELUGU MISSION. 23d of the same month, and spent a week gathering what information he could. The impressions received were so favorable that he at once wrote to the Executive Com- mittee requesting an appointment to Secundcral)ad. This came in March, 1875, and on tlie 28d of June Mr. and ]\Irs. Cam[)bell set out fur their new field. They reached Secunderahad on the 3d of July, and tiie following day, Sunday, they began their work by holding a service in the travelers' bungalow where they had halted. There were only four natives present. But this attendance was in- creased to thirteen the next time they met. Mrs. Campbell entered earnestly into the work, and succeeded v\ gather- ing from the native hamlets sixteen dirtv and ragged little children whom she organized into a Sundav-school. Next Sundav she had twentv-three. She also opened a dav school which grew until there were forty-seven pupils, when a panic was raised by a rumor that the children were to be forcibly baptized. This reduced the nun^ber to fourteen, but by ]Mrs. Campbell's persistent efforts the stampede was arrested, and by November the number had increased to seventy. On the 14tli of November, 1es, l)Ut in settling the comjuMi- sation, the question was not what it originally cost, i)ut what it was worth when taken up, and hence it realized to the mission three thousand one hundred i-upees. For several years the health of Mrs. Campbell had been very poor. Every possil)le means were employed to regain health, and avoid relin(juishing the work to which she was devotedly attached. In the judgment of some she remained nnich h)nger than her health warranted ; but she was fniallv compelled, in ]May, 1ad. It is lour and a liali" iniles I'rotn Woruniiai, the eajtital of tlie an- cient TeluLTU kin^^'^, and is Ituiit within the walls tiiat sur- rounded that onee famous city. The population i< ahout eiiiht thousand. In Deecmher, 1(S78, ]\ressrs. Campbell and Louiihridire j)aid a visit to Ilanamakonda, and wer(> so favorablv im- pressed that Mr. Louuhridi^^e aj)[)lied to the Executive Committee for permission to open a station there. This wa.s granted, and Mr. and Mrs. LoughridLre arrived, and bc^an mission work there Januarv 11th, 1879. Althouirh INIr. Day had visited and preached in Ilanamakonda over forty years before, the field was practically new, so far as the gospel was concerned. Whati'ver eiU'ct INIr. Day's preaching h;id produced, had long since passed away. After a year of labor among this people whollv given lip to idolatry, Mr. Loughridgi' ba})tized his first convert, and soon after, four more. A church was organized on the 4th of January, l'S(SO, and Sunday services and Sun- day-school were established, and continued from that dav on. A small day school had also been opened. Mrs. Loughridge entered earnestly into this school woi-k and ■work among the women of Ilanamakonda, and continued it for about a year, when her health coiiipletelv broke down, and she was obligiMl to leave the couiitrv. She sailed for home in March, l-SSl. Mr. Loughridge went with her as far as EiiLriand. licfore he returned, Mr. Campbell had gone to JMigland on the same errand. So Mr. Loughridge took charge of Secunderabad until Mr. I f V ! i m ii I ill i. I'l I I 160 HISTORY OF I HE TELUGU MLSSIOX. Campbell returned, and then resumed his own work at Hanamakondu. The Kev. A. A. Newliull, after several years' absence, in the United States, returned to India in January, 1883, and joined oSIr. Lougljridge in work at Hananiakonda. As the hitter was busy erectini^ a buni'alow, Mr. Xewhall devoted his time chieflv to tourini^ in the district. In 1884, after completing the bungalow and chapel, Mr. Loughridge returned to America, leaving jNIr. Newhall in charge of the w^ork. On the 22(1 of September, Mr. Xewhall and ^liss Marie Menke, of Madras, were married at Secunderabad, and on the 24th proceeded to Ilanamakf^nda. In November, Miss Bertha Menke, arrived from (Germany and united with her sister, Mrs. Newhall, in work among the girls and women of Hananiakonda. At tiie close of 1884 the membei-ship had increased to sixteen, with twelve pupils in the day school. Both ■Mr. Loughridge and Mr. Newhall had made an earnest effort to make the work at Hananiakonda self- supporting. Hitherto the only two native preachers had supported themselves by cultivating a small piece of land, and preaching in their own neighborhood as they had opportunity. This may perhaps account, in part at least, for the slow progress that had been made. In 1885, a departure from this policy had been made in the appoint- ing of two young men, who had received some training at the station school, as ])reachei*s on a small salary. The following year, however, one of tliese was thrown upon his own resources and the other partially adopted by the church. The next year Mr. Newhall reported that THE DECCAN. 161 all the paid evangelistic work had been borne by the church. He said : '* The quantity of such evangelistic work is, of course, much less in each case than if the preacher was supported out of mission funds ; but the quality is, I believe, far superior to that formerly done under salary." He cites tlie case of one who had not even the name of being a " helper " and who, although he knew very little of the gospel himself, had been most zeal- ous in making known that little to his fellow-men. On visiting the place five persons were found believing, and ready for baptism. They were bai)tized and gathered into a little independent church. The opening of a railway between Secunderabad and Ilanamakonda made considerable change in the station and the work. The bitter opposition of native officitds gradually gave way, and tlie influx of European and Eurasian officials seemed to demand some efforts in Eng- lish work. An Eni!:lish service was held on Sundavs when tlie missionary was at the station. The policy of self-support seems to have received a slight set-back in 1(^88. In his report, Mr. Newhall says: " The disadvantage of being obliged to labor without competent native assistants has been providentially re- moved, and we now have the services of two well-trained preachers, whose spirit and faithfulness have given us much gratification. They have been su])p()rted mostly out of missi>)n funds, as the church members have been very backward in paying their subscriptions for the past year. Our third preacher, however, contimicd to support himself" Six converts were baptized during tliat year, making the number of members on tlie field, thirty-three. t i w t\ i i I i '. !:i fti| 1 1 'i !!'!' ;!|' ,1 11 I' I iilj 162 HISTORY OF THE TELUGU MISSION. Broken health compelled ^Ir. and Mrs. Newhall to leave their work and return home early in 1890. ]Mr. Maplesden undertook to look after the work at Hanama- konda, as well as his own, till a successor to ^Ir. iS^ewhall could be sent out from home. Falmur is a village in the Deccan, al)out fifty miles south of Secunderabad. The Rev. E. Chute dnd wife arrived in 8ecunderl)abad in November, 1882. After spending some time in the study of Telugu, Mr. Chute began making short tours in the southern portion of that field. The work opened up so well in the vicinity of Talmur that it Avas selected as a suitable place for a new station. He continued working the field from Secundera- bad till May, 188.'), when he and his family removed to I'almur. Soon after arriving he api)lied to government for a piece of land, and secured some five acres in a healthful location. A peculiarity of the work at Palmur is that from the very start the ctiste people appear to have been reached, and quite a number of the leading natives of the district were ccmverted and baptized. A church was organized on the 28th of June, consisting of twenty-seven members. A school was also opened, which in a few months had eiirhty-two pupils. In this school a number of the ctii^tes were represented and it was open to all aUke. This work, however, received a serious check the following year by the opening of a government scluxd in the village, and a law was passed tluit all the caste pupils should attend this school. The mission school work was therefore confined chief! V to the boarding school. THE ]>j:cca.s-. 163 But the evangelistic work went on with more and more success, even among the cjiste people. Still there was a great deal of opposition on account of caste, so much that the inissi(^nary had to resort to the courts for })rotection and redress. The authorities being friendly, the o])posers were intimidated and the Christians greatly encouraged. Building operations i)revented the missionary from tour- ing as much tus he would have desireeath of Mr. Waterbury. The English mission church. Mr. Drake's pastorate. Work among the women and girls General influence of the mission. Mere numbers not its measure. Numbers in Madras likely to be small. KURNOOL is on the Tiingabiidra River, about one hundred and sixtv-eiS7I), famine relief being all ended, Mr. Drake felt that he could no longer refuse bai)tism to those who for more than a year had professed faith in Christ and were begging to be baptized. lie fully expected to baptize several hundreds, ard had begun the work when he was prostrated with illness and was obliged to relin- quish his held in the very midst of a precious harvest. He succeeded in baptizing twenty-nine at one place and thirty-five at another, and still others were importuning him to be received ; but he had not the strength to con- tinue, and reluctantly he had to leave Kurnool and pro- ceed to Madras, from which port he sailed for America, March 25, 1871). For a missionary in the prime of life to break down u '1 be obliged to leave his chosen work is sad enouuh undex any circumstai.ces, but it is peculiarly so when this happc ns in the midst of a glorious ingathering. One is constrained to lusk, will the time ever come when, in a mission like this, there will be a spare man to step into such a gap and gather in the sheaves instead of leaving them neglected on the field? In December, 187i), the Rev. F. E. Morgan and wife arrived in Nellore, and soon after removed to Kurnool. There was as vet no mission bungalow, so that Mr. and Mrs. Morgan had to live in a small hired house, neither ^1 KUIINOOL, CUMiiUM, AND MADRAS 1G7 verv comf()rtal)lo nor in a vcrv liealthfiil location. This, however, was only temporary. An appropriation of five tlioiisand rupees \va.s made that year for the ])urch{UJe of a site and erection of a mis.-ion house. This wad com- pleted and occu[iic'd in LS,S2. Durini^ 1880, Mr. Moruan had baptized forty-seven, making the nieiiibership two hnndrcMl and ninetv-seveii. But in the following year the number had decreasisd to two hundred and eighty-three; in 1882, to one hundred and ninetv-one; and in 18'S4, to one hundred and forty- fonr. It will be just for all parties concc-rned if we let ]Mr. ]\Iorgan speak for himself in accounting for this decrease in membership. Under date of July 1, 1882, he wrote: ''I have for a long time known that there were many who showed little or no interest in the work of tiie church, and that unless they reformed they would in time have to be excluded. I felt that the time had come when it was necessary for tiie church to take action about them. The })reacher at Atmakur, in whose judgment and piety I have confidence, and who is personally acquainted with the facts in regard to most of these per- sons, concurred with me. At a nieeting in April, thirty- nine members of the Atmakur Chiu-ch were excluded; and at a meeting of the Kurnool Church, the third of June, fifty-six persons were excluded. Previous to the June meeting, the two native preachers made a tour to the villages for the especial purpose of cxlnn'ting to Christian fidelity many who had loni? nc'dected their duties. Of these ninety-five })ersons, there arc some who have not attended a meeting of the church since I came to Kurnool. Of those excluded, fourteen lived in a vil- n [I *.; ■;,ii 168 HISTORY OF THE TELUGU MISSION. li ii'ii , HI; ; 51;:: tl V ii lage three miles from Atmakur; and tliou^li they go to Atmukur frequently on market (hiy (Sunday) tliey never attend meetings, wliieii are reguhirly lield in the eiuipel. (Jtliers were exehided for sins, sueii as drinking and con- traeting heatlien marriages, in addition to neglect of their church duties. " In July, the church felt compelled to exclude a large nund)er who had for a long time neglected the ordi- nances. V^ery few persons, aside from the small uumher of Christians resident in Kurnool, have attended the Sabbath-school and preaching services regularly held in the mission bimgaloivJ' We have emphasized the last two words because, while we believe in tlic strictest possible discipline, and that "neglect of the ordinances" is a suf- ficient cause for discipline, yet we think it possible that neglect to provide a suitable jtlace for the ordinances may be at least an excuse if not a reason for sucli neglect. It is now more than twelve years since the Kurnool Church wa.s organized, yet Kurnool is to-day without a chapel." There is another peculiarity about the Kurnool field which may, in part, account for this unprecedented decrease in numbers. In the mission report of 1880, IMr. Morgan wrote : " In the matter of education the field is in a very backward state. A number of our Christians are fair scholars, but are too young to teach. We now have a good school at Kurnool, and are preparing a few young men to teach, so that a want we feel so much w^ll soon be in a measure supplied." The following year the Kur- nool school, Atmakur school, and two village schools, were reported in a fair state of prosperity. But in 1882, the report was : " The Christians, as a rule, show too little KURXOOIi, CUMBtJ\f, AND MADRAS. 1G9 interest in the maintenance of schools. The preacher at Atmakur, speakini,^ of the Christians, said that their failure to appreciate the importance of sustainini; a school gave him great sorrow; tliey had increased in sobriety, industry, and other graces, but in re.-pi>ct to schools thev had not progressed. As I hud taken considerable pains in having a teacher prepared for the school, I felt I ought not to contribute! mission funds to support it." Hence tiie school was closed. Again in 1(883, he said : " I regret that so little hius been done in school work during the year. A few persons whom I would be glad to have under regidar instruction cannot come, and others will not come at their own parents' expense." In 1884: " As to schools, very little has been done; "and finally in 1885 : " I regret that there has been no day school during the vear." Now, whatever may l)e our theories respecting educa- tion in missions, it is a significant fact that the only station in the whole mission that has decreased in mem- bership, is the one that has gone from " a good station school " and three village schools, to no school at all. It may be that a stricter discipline than is practiced in other stations is the real cause of the decline, but it may also be, in part at least, in an attempt to force a theory that is impracticable. In 1885 and 1880, Mr. Morgan spent a great deal of time touring in the district, spending tnore time than he had hitherto done in each place visited. Here and there he saw hopeful signs that the gospel was winning its way to the dark and stony hearts of the peo})le. Two converts were baptized in November of the latter year, and three li ■I I : T 170 HISTORY OF TUK TKLU(iU MISSION. ! il !' of the cxc'ludcd moiubors luid boon rostorod. Only ono paid JL«sistiiiit liad hccii cnijtloyi'd diirinL^ tlio your and tlio Atniakur Cluircli was without a pastor. On tl»o wholo, the work wjl-j still very dis(•ou^al:•inl.^ Karly in .January, \^^~, Mr. JMorLran, who was then in tlio Madras (lonoral ]Iosj)ital for treatment for an abscess in the throat, was aost nudioal autlioritv in Madi-a^, lie lunidi'd over tlic oharue of tlio Kiirnool field to Mr. I)rai<(', and .mailed for Anurica on tho 2r)tli of March, l-S.sjs. As Mr. Drake iiad his own work to attend to in Madras, lie could uive l)ut little attention to Kurnool, and hence this unfoi-tunate field was left without proper tnissi(tnary care until Deceniher, l-S'.H), when the liev. (J. N. Tlionisscn arrived from America and took charLic of it. As Mr. Tliomssen had some years' experience as a mis- sionarv at Vinukonda, he did not need to s])end a vear or two in gettimr ready for direct evan,u;elistic work, hut entered ujxju it at once. But he saw the need of some additional buildings, and particularly a cha])el, before his work in Kurnool could be very effective. To the i)rocur- ing of these he applied himself with every prospect of success. Cumbum is a small town in the Kurnool District, and is situated on the (nindlacununa River, sixty-seven miles due west of Onirole. It contains about ei,Ldit thousand inliabitants. Beinsj: near the foot of the Eastern Ghauts, a very bad ty])e of fever usually prevails in the town. For this reason tlu mission com])ound is situated three miles out of town, in a fairlv healthful locaiitv. The Rev. W. li. Boir.ijs was first ap])ointed a missionary by the Baptist Board of the jMaritime Provinces of Canada, and sailed for Siam to join the seven missionaries who had gone out the year before in search of the Karens that were said to be found in that country. The search proved to be a fruitless one, and in 1875 the whole party I 172 HISTORY OF THE TKLUGU MISSION. i {Mil wiLs transforrcd to India to unite with the Upper Cana- dian Tehii,ni Mission recently estai)li.siied at ('oeanachi. Six months after liis arrival at Coeanada, Mr. li<)i;«,'9 broke down in liealth and had to return to Nova Scotia. In 1877, lie had so far recovered as to be anxious to return to his wori\, but the Provincial Board hesitated to send him l)ack. In 1: . I I 174 HISTORY OF THE TELUGU MISSION. great want in the Hindu character is tlie want of independence in thoujj;ht and action — the want of indi- viduality. The first answer with multitudes in all cliusscs and castes is : * If the rest do so and so, I will ; ' ' If such a leading man believes, I will ; if he does not, I will not ; ' * If my people should become (christians, I would.' Of course it is easy, by a few illustrations, to show them the absurdity of this ; but while they laugh at themselves for being so foolish, they continue in the same way. Very few Hindus seem to appreciate the power of that little word 'ought,' — I ought to do this, or 1 ongld not to do that. The times seem to be waiting for a Hindu Huss or Luther. When will he arise and lead forward a mighty movement? All the hopes that centred in Ke- shub Chunder Sen have been blighted : he has finished his earthly course ;; and he was not the reformer that India most needs. If (lod should raise uj) an Indian Paul, what multitudes of the caste people might bow to the truth ! " This (piotation, besides giving a reason why the caste people do not embrace Christianity, confiruis what luis been said above, respecting the mass movement among the JNIadagas. The construction of a railway passing through Cum- bum, presented an opportunity to Mr. Boggs to secure employment to a large number of native Christians, and at the same time of securing money for the erection of a much needed cliapel. He, therefore, took a contract to build a section of the road near Cumbum. The chapel was in due course erected, at a cost of about six thousand rupees, every rupee of which came from the railway con- tract. KUilXOOL, CUMBUM, AND IvIADIlAS. 175 a Mr. Boggs and his faraily were repeatedly attacked by the Ciimbimi fever, which few Eiiroi)eans escape wlio stay for any length of time in that region, so tiiat by the close of 18(S.") it became evident that they must relin([uish their work f )r a time and return to America. In view of this change, Mr. and Mrs. Newcomb, who had come out as assistants to Mr. Campbell at Secund.M-abad, were appointed to occupy Cumbuni until ^[r. Boggs sliould re- turn. They arrived inCumhum in December, bSH;"), and 'Sir. Boggs and liis family sailed for America in March, 18! II III! !' .1 Mrs. Newcomb carried on vigorously and successfully the station school established by Mrs. Boggs. In 188U, this school earned a government grant-in-aid of six hun- dred rupees, and twenty-live of the boys entered the high school. This was very good work, indeed. The year 1890 wa.s l)y far the most fruitful and successfid year of the mission's history, at lea.st since the great in- gathering of 1878. The number of baptisms was twelve hundred and six, whicli brought the membership up to five thousand and seventy. There were eight hundred children in forty-five schools. ^Ir. Newcomb spoke in high terms of the labors of his preacliers, and of his able assistant, ■Mr. Peac(jck. An appropriation of eight thou- sand rupees was made in 1800 for the erection of a new mis^on bungalow, to replace the temporary one, which has served the purpose since the station was opened. The city of iSIadras is the capital of tlic presidency of tliat name, and is the third city of India, in respect to size and political and commercial importance. It is distinguished as being the first territory in India owned by the British. It is situated on the Coromandel coast, on the western shore of the Bay of Bengal, in latitude 13° 5' north. In 1631), the English purchiused a strip of land six miles long, and one mik^ inland, on wliicli they erected a fort, and called it Fort Saint George, a name which, in official documents, the city boars to tliis day. For a commercial city, its location is most unfortunate. It is flat, and only a very few feet above the level of the sea, and hence its drainage is most imperfect ; and yet, strange to say, it is not regarded as a specially unhealth- KUEXOOI., CUMBUM, AND MADRA^. 177 t, e y. fill city, as compared witli cither Calcutta or Bombay. There is no natural harbor, so that until a few vears ago vessels were ol)ligcd to anchor in the open road- stead, from one to tliree miles from the shore, exposed to every wind but the west, and in case of storms, had to put out to sea. Some eight or ten years ago the C(jn- struction of au artificial harbcn', or brealv-water, was C(jm- menced. When nearly completed, a large portion of it was swept away by a cyclone, but tiie damage has been repaired, and the harbor is now approaching completion. Yet, in spite of these natural hindrances, Madriis has risen in population and wealth to the third place among Indian cities. Although ^^adras is a Tamil city, it contains between eighty and a hundred thousand Telugus. Hence it was tliat, in I'SoT, Mr. Day removed to ^Madras; but he soon after decided that a mission to the Telugus sliould be in the Ti^lugu countrv. After tlie mission had become es- tablLshed, liowever, there were many reasons why it should have a station in Madras. Among these nuiy be men- tioi^ed (1) the fact that it is the ciiief city of the presi- dency, including, of course, the Telugu country ; (2) that it is the base of sup'plies, including tlie j)ort of entry, for the larger portion of tlu; Telugu country; and ('>) th(; fact already mentioned that there are nearly a hundred thousand Telugus within its limits for whom there was no mission laboring exclusively. There were Telugu schools, but no Telugu mission. For these reasons, a station in ^ladras has been earnestly advocated for at least ten or twelve years past. When Dr. Jcwett returned to T ,u in 1878, it was the if '• 178 HISTORY OF THE TELUGU MISSION. I 4|i I wish of tlie Executive Committee tliat he should locate in Mtidrius ; but Dr. Jewett hud a decided })reference to return to his old iield in Xellore. lie accordingly went to Nellore, and renuiined tliere several months. Jn Sep- tember, however, lie was induced to reconsider his de- cision, and removed to ^ladras to open the new station. On the lirst Sabbath of October he held his first service in a small chapel in the compound of a house he had rented in Koyapuram. The number present at this first service was thirty. Their plan was to conduct Sunday- school and service in the chapel in the morning, and to preach in the bazaars and surrounding pettiLS in the even- ing. l*reaching was also continued in the afternoon of week days, and a 2)rayer meeting held in the chapel every Friday evening. A day school was commenced in the mission compound, with ten pupils. Also one in Konde- tope, from which the first convert came. Zenana work was attended with some difiiculty, because it Avas a new de- parture in that part of the city. Still, during the first year, six houses were regularly visited, and fourteen pupils taught. Both the school and zenana work was under the superintendence of JNIrs. Jewett. The Kev. S. W. Nichols and wife joined the mission December 5, 1878. Mrs. Nichols (daughter of Dr. aud iNIrs. Jewett), being a native of Nellore, had not quite firgotten all her Telugu, or, at all events, it came to her very ra[)idly ; and hence she became a most valuable ad- dition at a very early period of her missionary career. The First Telugu Baptist Church was organized De- cember 8, 1878, with fourteen members, who had brought letters from Nellore and Ongole. A number of additions KUKNOOL, CUMBUM, AND MADIJAS. 179 was made ])y baptism and letter, so that at the end of 1880 themembershiij wa=? twenty-seven, and the pupils in sehool numbered one hundred and tliree. jNIiss M. Menke joined the mission Deeember 13, 1880, and continued to labor chiefly in school work till 1884, when she became the wife of Rev. A. A. Newhall, and removed to Hanamakonda. In June, 1881, the Rev. N. M. Waterbury wius ap- pointed a missionary to the Teluirus and desiunated to Madras, where he arrived November 7, 1881. Home time previous totliis the station liad been removed from Roya- puram to Vepery. But when in August, 1882, Mr. Wa- terbury took over the work from Dr. Jewett, the latter returned to Royapuram. All these years, and until 188"), the Madras work suffered for want of a fixed dwelling place, — the missionaries having to live in hired houses, and hence subject to frequent clianges. By the efforts of Dr. Clough, while at home, the money for two houses was secured. The Madrius work was thus divided into two sections, according to the location of the houses. From August, 1882, INIr. Waterbury continued the work at Vepery, and also acted as mission treasurer during Mr. Downie's absence in America. A second church wfis organized October 0, 1884, with a membership of eighteen, who were dismissed by letter from the Royapuram Church. In 1885, Mr. Waterbury purcliased a house and com- pound in Perambore, in the northwest corner of Madnis. It was thought bv some that this selection was not a wise one, being too far removed from the centre of the popula- tion, and the comnound itself, though large and open, was too low and wet and difficult to drain, and hence likely to be unhealtbful. But on the other hand, g(jod compounds T 180 IIISTOIIY OF THE TELUGU MISSION. lli Ml M 1 1 i : ■ 1 i ■ i 1 ii i tM \ \i in the most desirable locations were difficult to obtain and very expensive ; and in the opinion of the missionary, Perani])()re was a growing section, and sufficiently near the T<;lugus t I 1 182 IirSTOUY OF TilE TKLUCiU MISSION. I.^i 1} zonanaa was visited, and the women tauglit. In 1884, Miss M. "SI. Day remo\od to Madras, to engage with Mrs. Jewett in this worlc. At first, Miss Day took tlie cjiste scliool, but when Mrs. Jewett's liealth failed, ^liss Day succeeded to the entire women's woriv in Koyapuram. In this department she has had much encouragement and success. Toward the close of 1885, INIrs. Jewett's health was so shaken, that her departure from India was deemed the only hope of saving her life. Dr. and Mrs. Jewett had been looking forward with fond expectation to a speedy return to the scenes of their former labors in the vicinity of Nellore. Since Mr. Bui lard's departure from Alloor, no one had been permanently settled there and, on account of the pressure of other work, it could be but indifferently cared for by the missionary at Nellore. Appeals for a man for Alloor had so far been in vain ; and as Dr. and Mrs. Jewett knew the field, and as Royapuram had been provided for by the arrival of Mr. Silliman, they applied for and obtained permission to remove to Alloor. But, in the meantime, and to the regret and disappointment of all concerned, Mrs. Jew- ett's health gave way, and they were obliged to return home. They lefl Madras in December and, after a brief sojourn in IMalta, reached home in safety. The saddest event, and severest blow to our work in ]\Iadras, was the death of IMr. Waterbury, which oc- curred on the 11th of November, 1886. Overwork, and especially the supervision of the ere'^tion of the new chapel, brought on an attack of enteritis, which after a week's illness ended his life. He was but thirty KURXOOL, CLMIiUM, ANJ) MADllAS. 183 yoars of ago, and hud just coinplctod liis iiftli 3-ear of niissioiuirv scrvico, when he was eaUed to his rest and reward. The missKjn conference met that year at Per- andxn-e, wlien the new cliapel was (h'dieated. The ab- sence of iSIr. Waterhury at tliis service made it exceed- ingly sad and impressive. The Scriptures read on the occasion were selections whicii Mr. Waterhury has Alexander, who was on her wav to eniragc in missionarv w^ork in connection with the Canadian mission at Cocanada. The result of this was that Miss Alexander became Mrs. Drake on the T 184 JUSTOUV OF THE TELUGU MISSION. I ;' Si, 11 ^ I' ■: !' 17th of January, 1880. Tlie Canadian brctliron wore greatly disappointed at the loss of so valuable a helper, l)ut what wjis loss to tlieni wius gain to us, and thus the ecjuation \v:is nuiintained. Tlie Rev. Charles Iladley Wius appointed as the suc- cessor of Mr. \Vater])ury, and arrived in Madras on the 27th of November, 18U0. In July, of that year, Mr. Drake became pastor of the Madras Englisii Baptist Church, but continued in nominsd charge of the Peram- bore work till October, 1891, when Mr. Iladley assumed full charge. The INIadras Baptist Church formerly had some sort of connection with the English Baptist ^Missionary So- ciety. But for nr.uiy years it hits been, to a large ex- tent, independent. Since 1882, it had been witliout a pastor, but the services hud been kept up by means of pulpit supplies by missionaries and others. All efforts to secure a suitable pastor had failed, and at length the cluirch was advised to seek admission to our mission. With this in view, Mr. Drake assumed charge of the church, and continued to labor in connection with it till Janu- ary, 1892, when he returned to America. . A few months previous to his departure, jNIr. Drake wils sorely bereaved by the death of his excellent and beloved wife. She was a devoted missionarv, and her death was a jrreat loss to the mission. The Rev. Mr. Beebee was sent to Madras, to take up the work laid down by Mr. Drake, until some permanent arrangement cjin be made. Besides ministering to a worthy class of English speaking people in Madras, it is expected that this enterprise will prove a very valuable auxiliary in the general work of the mission. p KUllNOOL, COIBUM, AND MADIJAS. 185 The iJGctioD. of Miulnus wliore our otlior mission house is situated, luis hitiiorto, in tliis sivotcli, Ijch-u culled Ivoyii- })uriini. Strictly spcaldni,', tiuit is not correct. Uoya- puram is where Dr. Jewett hei^an tiio work, hut the mission house is in Toudiarpetta, a little farther nortii than Uoyapuram. Here Miss Day, Miss Schufl', and Mrs. Pearce have carried on the work since Mr. Silli- man's removal to Kurnool. Their work ischieflv amonL? the women and ^nrls of that section of Madnis. There is a boarding and day sciiool in the compound, and there are schools in other parts of the city. A prominent feature of the work is zenana teachiui^ and Bii)le woman's work. The premises are admiral)ly situated in the midst of a dense native population of tiie hctt^-r c\ii<^. One or two preachers are also enn)loye(l, so that, one way and another, these ladies are doing a very excellent work. So far as evangelistic work is concerned, tliis nuich mav be said at least, that after our advent a great deal more zeal for the Telugus of Madnis wius exhibited by other missions than had ever been known before. So that it would hardly be fair to measure our work by the few converts who have been made. If the accession of converts w-ere the onlv or the chief aim of establishing a mission station, there are scores of places in the Telugu country where this could be much more easily secured. Growtli in numbers will probably always be exceed- ingly slow in ]\Iadras. I ¥• ff' WV4. ') ..;.. . , CHAPTER XV. ENLAIKilNCJ THE BOUNDARIES. New stations. Missioiia of other denominatioiiH. Donoiiiinntional protests aK'niiist territorial occuiialioii. l?ai)tist ^jrowtii in tiic Kistiia District. 'J'lio nii.s: idii at Hapatla. Advaiitagfs of location, Mr. liuilard'M work. Funnation of a cliiin.li at .MIoor. Mr. liullard'H sottlemeiit at Bn|)iitla. I'rdcuninciit, ol propcrtj'. Iiupoitame of louriiij;. Incrcjuso of Krimol facilitiis. lia|itisii;s from tlio l.ulla'ran mission, t'aii.sos loadinj; to this. IletirfnuMit of .Mr. liullard from tiio field, and arrival of Mr. Owen. Statiiin at Niir>ara(i|)('tia, I'rott.'si of tin; laitliorans. 'I'lie inimbcr of con- verts demaiidiiiK a station. A wi'lconic more ai>pr<)piiati; tlian a jirotest. Accession of .Mr. .Mapietsdon to our mi.ssion. I>ectioii of Imildings and orj;aiiizati(in of a elinicli. .\ccossioii» and education. Perpetuation of tho inipiil.se of 1H78. Siiliseciuent iii;,'atherinf,'s largely due to tliat. Kroaking down of missionaries, i^xpanding work. Viniikonda. Meaning of term. Hindu tradiiidii. Ilaihvay comnuinicaticnis. Arrival of Mr. Tlicnnssen. Erection of Imildinus. Trilmte to .Mr. Clou li. Need of Cliristian train- ing. Native self-support. The true ideal. Idslant yet as to realization. Numerous converts. ]{i|)oness ><{' tiie field. Mis.sioiuirie.s not unoppo.scd. A " heathen ri'vival."' Ivs tract from .Mr 'I'lioms^en. .Appeasing Ankannna. Heathen multitudes aiul Cliri.stian sowing, "(iod's army." I'ailure of lu'alth, and retirement of Mr. Thomssen. The work under Mr. Clougii'a supervision. I'rogress tliercin. Mission at Udayagiri. View from tlie hill lU'ar hy. .'^iLiniricanee of name, " I'daya." An aiiswere(i |ua\er. Mr. lUuditt assuming his work. Ditliculty in erecting buildings. Isolation of tlie field. Hardness of it. Dilfcrence between a region partly Chris- tian, and jjurc iieatiienism. Extract from Mr. Bnrditt. Material benefit JnlUieiicing tiie j)eo])le. Some triiits. Accessions from tho ()ng(de lield. Village schools, lirightening i)rospects. A sad bereavement. .Ajipcals for a chapel. Securing one. Excellence of Mr. Buiditt's worli. Needed rest. UNDER this hetid will be given a brief account of the new station.-?, Rapatla, Nuivaraopetta, Vinu- konda, and Udayagiri. Tlie first three are in the Kistna Dirstrlct, which adjoins that of Nellore, on the north. Its 18G KNLAIIOING THE liOUNDAKIEH. 187 capital, or cliiof town, is Masiili])atani, on the sea, and noxt to it in a'l/.a i.s (iiintiir, near tlio centre of tlie dis- trict. Tiie first mission ostablislicd in this part of the Tehii^u conntry, was tliat cf the ('hiircli mission, in IMH, at Miusulipatam. In I.S42, tiie American KvanLreii('al Lu- tiierans establislicd a mission at Gnnt:ir. We do not know wiu'thcr it was tiie custom in tiiose early (hiys for a nus- sion to claim the wliole district in wliicii it was located, nor wlu'tiu'r tlie (Jhnrcli mission sent ont " An Ai)peal and Protest "to all En^dand and America aij^ainst the cncroacinnents of the Lntiierans. If it did, wo have never heard of it, just as our children will prohahly never hear of the one of recent date, which our Lu- theran brethren issued when the American baptists dared to f )lloW the multitudes of baptized believers who de- manded care in the portions of the Kistna District adjoining our own mission. J^ut, however that may be, it is a fact that we have in the Kistna District more than double the number of communicants contained by the Lutheran and Church missions combined. Bapatla is situated about twenty-five miles west of the mouth of the Kistna River, and forty miles northetust of Ongole. But the river delta forms a sort of })romon- tory juttini; out into the sea, and thus a bay is formed between this point and tlie coast fartlu'r south ; so that Bapatla is within five miles of the sea, but with the peculiarity that from Bapatla it is to the s(Mith, instead of the east. This gives Bapatla an advantage of climate shared by no other station in the mission. The south ^ 188 HISTORY OF THE TELUGU MISSION. 'I SIM 5i!l ■\ t wind, so trying in all other stations, becomes iit Biipatla a pure ocean breeze. The population is about six thou- sand. In the Hindu temple tliere are a number of in- scriptions dating back to A. i). 1154, The Kev. E. Bullard, as already stated, arrived in Nellore in 1870, where he spent the first three years of his service. In 1873, he removed to Alloor, eighteen miles north of Nellore, and began a new station. This wius one of the places selected by ^lessrs. Jewett and Clough for a station as early as 18GG. A fine compound of eight acres, with a good garden and a house, which, with some repairs, might answer for a time, had been purcliased. But Mr. Bullard thought it would be better to tear down the house and use the materials, as far as he could, and erect a chapel, which he could use as both cha})el and bungalow, till a permanent dwelling house could be provided. A church of sixty-six members was organized the first year, a majority of whom were dismissed by letters from the Nellore Church. At the close of 1870, tlie church had increased to ninety-seven, with an out-station at Atmakur, fifty miles west. This was very fair progress, but jNIr. Bullard was not altogether satisfied, and he pro- posed to the missionary at Nellore to abandon Alloor, as a station, and nudvc it an out-station of Nellore, while he should take over all the field work of both fields, out- side a radius of twenty mik\s from Nellore. This plan was adopted, and ]\Ir. Bullard entered the new work with a good deal of enthusiasm. But it was short-lived, for, in 1877, he returned to America on account of ill health. EXLAKGING THE BOUNDARIES. 189 Arriving at liomo, Mr. Bullard resiirnod liis connection with tlie INIi.ssionary Union, and settled as pastor. In 1882, he was rt.ap})()inted, and returned to India, and, for a time, was associated with Dr. Clou_i;h, in Ongole. When the Ongole held wjis subdivided, Bapatla was se- lected as one of the new stations, and ^Ir. and Mrs. Bullard chose it as their field of labor. Like the other portions of tlie Ongole field, Bapatla had shared to some extent in the great ingathering of 1878, and also in the impetus given to the work by that movement. Hence, during the first vear, two hundred and fifty-three were baptized. As there was no suitable house at Ba})atla, jNIr. and Mrs. Bullard lived most of the time at Guntur until tiie 24th of December, 1884, when they removed to l^tipatla. After securing a site of some twelve acres of land, Mr. Bullard first erected a temj)()rary l)uilding, which had to answer the double purpose of dwelling house and cha])el for a time. But, eventually, a handsome bungalow was erected, at a cost of about twelve thousand rupees. A permanent chapel and other mission buildings were also constructed. During 188G and 1887, the number of additions was very nuu'li less than in previous years, but Mr. Bullard attril)uted this solely to the fact that his building oper- ations had preventctl him from touring in the villages. Two boarding schools, one for boys and one for girls, were established and carried on by Mi's. JiiiUard. Also two caste girls" schools, and thirty village schools were sustained. The ])ui)ils in tiiese schools agirregated more than five hundred. To meet an increasing demand fi)r T^~r 190 HISTORY OF THE TELUGU MISSION. yn ii villacre school-teachers, a normal scliool was organized in 1888. It began with fifteen pupik. Two hundred converts were baptized that year. In 1889, Mr. Biilhird baptized a considerable number of Christians, who had formerly belonged to the Lu- theran mission at Guiitur. From jMr. Bulhird's report, we gather the following particulars of that movement : Some years ago a division took phice in the Lutheran mission by the withdrawal of one of their missionaries, taking witli him fourteen hundred members and fifty workers. For a time, this was practically a separate mission. But it was but short-lived, for the missionary soon felt compelled to leave the country and return to America. Even before he left, however, many of his people luid asked to be baptized and received into our mission. The helpers and a majority of the people re- fused to return to the Lutheran mission. They professed to have changed their views on the subject of baptism, and, after satisfying himself of the sincerity of their profession, jNIr. Bullard baptized twenty of the heli)ers and two hundred of the members, and many others were expected to follow. Of course, this caused a good deal of hard feeling among the Lutherans. But Mr. Bullard protested that it was from no unkind motives, nor any de- sire to proselytize or build up his own mission at the ex- pense of another, that he consented to reccnve these people into our mission, but solelv because he believed them sincere in professing a change of belief; and, under these circumstances, he could not do otherwise than receive them and be true to himself, or the cause he served. In 1890, the number baptized was four hundred and ENLARGING THE BOUNDARIES. 191 ninety-tliree, more than double that of any previous year, and still there were hundreds more said to be awaitini; the ordinance. The incessant labor and mental strjiin of the six years snice the opening of the station, together with exposure to the sun, greatly debilitated Mr. Jiul lard's health, and, in the hope of prolonging their stay in the country a year or two longer, he and his family went to the Ncil- giri Hills in March, where they remained till November, 1891. But he derived no permanent benefit from his stay on the hills, and hence, early in 1892, he and his family returned to America. jNIr. and ^Nlrs. Owen, who had recently arrived in Nellore, were sent to Bapatla to look after the work there. Nursaraopetta, the second of the Kistna stations, is about twentv miles west of Guntur, and forty miles north of Ongole. It was against the occupation of this sta- tion that the Lutherans most loudly protested ; but, most unreasonably, as it seems to us. In the district around Nursaraopetta, we had some two thousand eight hundred and seven communicants, more than the Lutherans had in the whole district. To care for these converts as we ought, (lemandecl that a missionary should be settled among them. In addition to this, there was the vast population to the west and north of Nursaraopetta which the Lutherans did not and could not care for. It was to supply this want that our mission entered th(! Kistna District, so that instead of a "protest," one would have supposed ratlicr that a hearty welcome would be extended. T 192 HISTORY OF THE TELUGU MISSION. 'h 9M The Rev. Tv. Maplosflon, wlio had lieen for some years pastor of tlie ]\[adras Knijfli.sli BaptL-^t Chureli, joined our mission in January, 1882. Strangely enough, this resig- nation of the pastorate became tlie indirect cause of the clmrch's becoming afliliaied with our mission, for it was unal)le to secure a successor to Mr. Maplesden till Mr. .Drake took charge of it, eight years later. IMr. Mapksden remained at Ongole for some time, but went to Nursaraopetta, in 1883, to open the new station. He secured a piece of land for a compound, and erected a bungalow and small schoolhouse. A church was or- ganized on tlie 7th of October, 1883, and on the same day one hundred and twenty-three were baptized into the new church. This was a very encouraging beginning* of the new enterprise, and Mr. INIaplesden entered upon the work with a good deal of enthusiasm. He saw in his field what others had seen in theirs, the great need of training the masses of poor, ignorant Christians, and of providing primary education for their children. As to further in- gatherings, he had no anxiety. He said : " The work has gained such an imj)etus that it will go on independ- ently of the missionary." Perhaps some of the mission- aries might not be willing to admit so much as that, but there can be no doubt that the impetus given to the work in 1878 had nuicli to do with the subsequent ingather- ings. In no other way can we account for the fact that these subsequent ingatherings have been almost exclu- sively confined to the same class of }HM)ple, and to the same regions as that of 1878. In other fields, and among other classes, where equally good and faithful ENLARGING TUE BOUNDARIES. 193 work has been done, there have been no such ingather- ings. Although Mr. Maplesdeu had been working in the Nur- saraopetta field for a year or more, he did not remove his family until March, 1884. His stay at Nursaraopctta was brief, for, in April, 1885, on account of his health, he went to Bangalore, and never returned. After spend- ing nearly a year at Bangalore, with little or no im- provement, he sailed for England in January, 1886. Mr. Thorassen, of Vinukonda, looked after the Nursarao- pctta work for about a year, when his health also failed, and he and his family returned to the United States. The Rev. W. Powell, who was designated to Nursa- raopctta, arrived in Madras, November 18, 1886. He re- mained for some months at Ongole, and then removed to Nursaraopctta, but he did not take full charge of the work from Dr. Clough till October, 1887. During the vear, six hundred and sixteen were baptized. A board- ing school for boys was established, which had fifty pupils, A caste school was also established in the town, but this was subsequently given up. On the field, there were some thirty village schools. The year 1890 appears to have been a most successful year at Nursaraopctta. Nine hundred and three had professed faith in Christ and were bapti/.ed. Twelve separate churches were organized. A new chapel was commenced to accommodate seven hundred people, and to cost about ten thousand rupees. Toward this, the Mis- sionary Union appropriated five thousand rupees. Vinukonda means " hill of hearing," so named on ac- 194 IIISTOIiY OF THE TKLUGU MISSION. ! , count of the tradition wliich makes this the spot where Kama heard the news of the abduction of his wife 8ee- tamma. Tiie phice abounds with Hindu remains of very ancient date. A railway lias recently been constructed, which runs through both Nursai'aopetta and Vinukonda, and puts these two stations in railway conununication with Madras and Bombay. The population of Vinukonda is about six thousand, and, like Nursaraopetta, it has been one of the fruitful sections of the former Ongole field. The Rev. George N. Thomssen arrived in INIadras IVIarch 4, 1882. His first year was spent partly in On- gole, and partly in Ramapatam. During this time, he made two extensive tours with Dr. Clough. On the 3d of August he went to Vinukonda. A good site for a compound was secured, and a comfortable and substan- tial bungalow erected. He also put up a neat little building, which answered the double purpose of chapel and schoolhouse. Like tiie other missionaries of these new fields, ]\Ir. ThonirJsen spoke of the grand evangelistic work of Dr. Clough, but saw the same pressing need of training the Christians, many of whom seemed ignorant of even the first principles of Christianity. Building kept the mis- sionary in the station much of the first year, yet one hun- dred and seventy-six were baptized. At the July, '84, quarterly meeting, the missionary and the preachers, after inten>sting discussions, arrived at the conclusion (1) that the time had come, or was near at hand, when the childhood of Telugu Christians must pass away ; and (2) that they must understand that the work of the Missionary Union was to provide for the V 1 !!! \ EXL.\naiNa the boundauil-s. ly.j la, evangelization of tlio lieatlien, wliilo tlie Christians nuist support their own pastors, biiihl tlu'ir own sciioolhouses, and taive care of tiieir own widows and orphans. The only mistake about this is the "tiniu"; for alter seven years, Vinukonda, and indeed the mission lienerallv, seems about iis far from that ideal lus it was then. In 18«5, Mr. Thomssen made several extensive tours over his field. Everywhere he found the i)eo])le ready both to hear and believe the truth. Four hundred and ten converts were baptized, ami this was only a pait of the hundreds wlio were a.skin<;' to be baptized.' The oreat body of these in(|uirei-s came, as in other sections, from among the .^Itidii-iLs. IJut there were some among the caste ])eople i\'^ . two of whom were baptized. The lield truly seemed ready to be reaped. But if any one supposas that missionaries are having it all their own way, and that the great enemy of souls is not fully awake to the danger that threatens his hold npon the Telugus, i)erhaps the following account of what Mr. Thomssen calls a " heathen revival," may tend to correct tiiat impression. " While I am writing this, a din deafens me. JMany tom-toms are being beaten, horns are being blown, goats and sheep are bleatiuL--, sky- rockets ascend, fire-crackers explode, i)eoph> shout and sing. But what means this? During the last months many houses have been burned. The wily, wicked Bi \- mans tell tiie people this is the work of Ankainma. Tlie wrath of this goddess has been incensed, and she is burn- ing up the houses and the crops ; and now the people are sacrificing thousands of g.ats and sheep, spending enor- mous sums of money to appease the goddess, and to feed 196 HISTORY OF THE TELUGU MIsSION. the lazy, good-for-notliing Bralimans. The Ankamma temple is back of our mission compound, and so we are disturlxid day and night by j.ineartlily sounds. This fea.st has been in progress for nearly two months, and none can tell when it will come to a close. By this means, we have had an opportunity of preaching the gospel to thousands, wlio before this have never heard the name of Jesus. We have been sowing the seed ; and we fuUv be- lieve that in due time it will germinate and bear fruit. " In my travels during the last months, in almost every village I have been met by bands of people, carrying an idol-house on bamboos, bearing torches, and every man, woman, and child having a staff witli a bunch of leaves tied to the top. On inquiry, I liave been told each band is Rama danda ; i. e., God's army. So far as I can learn, this is a commemorative celebration of the exploits of Kama, in liis war with the giant Kavanah. It is reported in Hindu mythology, that Ravanah abducted Seetamma, the wife of Kama. At Vinukonda, the mount of hear- ing, Kama heard of tliis ; and seventv-two million mon- keys assisted him in the war with Kavanah. This host of monkevs was called Rama danda, or God's armv. These bands of wandering devotees must sleep and eat in three different villages, on three successive nights. All ciustes, as well as out-castes, are represented in the ranks. The procession moves on, while tom-toms are beaten, and horns and other instruments are played. The people shout and sing, ' Kama, as in former days seventy-two million monkeys lussisted thee, so we come up to tiiy help.' I am told that for forty years there has not been such a revival of idolatry as this." EXLAKGING THE lUJUNDAUIES. 197 Just as Mr. Thomisspn was gctt'uvr fairly into tlic work at yinukoiida, they were greatly atHicted in the loss of their oldest child, a boy of eight years, and of remark- able promise. This Wius followed by the death of their baby, and the serious illness of their only remaining child. These bereavements, together witli the double bur- den of trying to care for tlie Nursaraopetta and Vinu- konda fields, told severely on Mr. Thomssen's health. They went to Masulipatam in the hope that the sea air would restore him. Bnt in tiiis they were disappointed. Mr. Thomsseu went to Madras, and was for a time in the general hospital, but acting upon the advice of the doctors, they decided to return home, and sailed for America in September, 188G. Thus two of the most promising fields on the mission were left destitute of mis- siomiry oversight. Dr. Ciough took charge, but, with his own large field and the seminary on his hands, he could do little nMic than give a })artial supervision to the native helpei>; of Nursaraopetta and Vinukonda. Mr. Clough's energy, as we have seen, was indefatigable, and his resources seemed to expand with every demand. But he, as others, has his limitations, and the charge of these two missions, in addition to his own, was simply too much. Again the need of "spare" men at our mis- sions appears. Since 1888, :Mr. Kiernan, one of Dr. C'lough's assist- ants, has been in charge of the Vinukonda field. From the reports Dr. Ciough has given, the work seems to have gone on quite as well as could be exj)ected, in the absence of a regular missionary. Indeed, if the number of bap- tisms is any criterion, the work never was so prosperous ^ t 1 u 198 lILSTOliV OF TlIK Tf:LUGU MISSION. Seven hundred jiud fnurU.'cn were l)aptizcd in 1880, and five Imiidrc'd and i'oitv-lliree in 18U0. vi^ Udaya<;iri is a village of mmc three tliousand inliabi- tants, situated about sixty niih'S west of Nellon", with wliieli it is eonneeted by a jj^ood road. It lies at the base of an isohited liiil, wliieli rises to a heiglit of three thous- and and «eventy-nine feet, from tlie top of whieh a mag- nificent view nuiy l)e obtained. On tlie eaj-t may be seen, on a clear dav, the siiverv ]in(> of the ocean, seventv-five miles distant ; on the north and south a stretch of level country, and on the west the Eastern Ghauts. It is a glorious place for seeing tlie sun l)oth rise and set. It is this that })robably gave the name to the place "Udaya," rising or morning, and '* giri," a hill ; hill of the rising, or hill of tlie morning. The hill was once strongly fortliied, being entirely surrounded by three tiers of battlements, and having fifteen bastions for heavy guns, all in a very fair state of preservation. Down to 1840 it was held by a petty prince, but on account of his suspected treasonable plots the fortress was dismantled. As early as LSof, Mr. Day, while on one of his tours, selected this j)lace as a suitable one for a mission station, and prayed for a man to be sent there. The answer to that pi-ayer was long delayed, for th(^ man had to be born, and converted, and educated, but at bust he came in the person of Kev. J. F. l^urditt. Mr. Burditt was originally d(>signated to Ongole, but "was transferred to Xellore, to act for INFr. Downie during the hitter's two years' absence in America. On being relieved, in 1884, ^[r. Burditt proceeded to take up his L^ u'.. ENLAR(iING THE BOUXDARIES. 190 now appointment at U(laya<,'iri. His fir.st work was the erection of a niisr^ion l)iin.<,Ml()W. Tliis was attendid witli great difiiculties and delays, owing to the absence of* ex- perienced worivHien and suitable materials. Still, l)y perse- vering efforts, the bungalow was completed and oceu})ied ill 1880, and a creditable beginning was made in the work. There is probably not another station in the mission so thoroughly cut off from civilized life, or a liarder or more discouraging field than this at Udayagiri. It is literally in the jungle, and, although the missionaries of Nellore and Ramapatam from Mr. Day's time have made occasional visits to it, and now and then a convert or two, it is to all intents and purposes virgin soil, and very hard and stony at that. But there is nothing too hard for the Lord, and, as we shall see, even in such reinons as Udayagiri, the gospel faithfully preached will find its way to the stony heart. To begin a new station in such a field as this is a very different thing from opening one in a region containing hundreds and thousands of Christians. The Christians may be ignorant, and the tiusk of developing them into something approximating a Christian church may be a difficult one, but still it is a much more trying and dis- couraging work to begin de novo in such a barren, heathen soil as "Udayagiri. But there is, at least, this one com- pensation, that as Paul "strived to preach the gospel, not where Christ was named, lest I should build upon another man's foundation," the missionary in such a field as Udayagiri has that privilege, without striving for it. In one of his early reports, Mr. Burditt said : " At I li 'I (. ! lIH hi .^i.; 200 HISTORY OF THE TP:LUGU MISSION. prosont we are surrounded by the thick darkness of heatlionisrn. Pioneer work is not u tliini^ of tlie piust in tliis section of Telugu hind, ut least. The people seem to have hardly any sense of sin, or desire for salvation ; no concern as to death, eternity, or anything future. Their whole tliought in regard to our message is, ' Can you promise material benefit if I embrace this religion ? If not, then we don't want it.' ^lay we be supported l)y the prayers of God's people." Mr. Burditt spent a large portion of 188G in touring. He began this work on New Year's day, and on tliat trip preached in many villages where the gospel had never before been heard. His second tour was on that portion of the field formerly belonging to Nellore. On the 11th of July a church was organized, and ten converts were baptized. During the same year a section of what was once the Ramapatam field was handed over to Mr. Burditt by Dr. Clough. With it came a number of helpers, and quite a number of Christians. Mr. Bur- ditt found that the Christians had suffered for want of proper watch-care, owing to their great distance from Ongole. Discipline was much needed, but this was wisely postponed to see what could be done by instruc- tion and reproof. The following year touring was continued, and the station work began to be more hopeful and fruitful. By the close of this year the membership had increased to three hundred. A small boarding school had been con- ducted by Mrs. Burditt, also a Bible class for women, and nine village schools were kept up. The year 1889 opened brightly for the new station. KNLAIlCilNG TIIH IJOUNDAKIKS. 201 '1\ In every departmoiit of the work tluT(> was a very de- cided advance, and the niissionarics were ^^reatly eneour- aged. Forty-five liad been baptized, but the (liseii)iiMo wliieh was impending in 1880 seems to iiave taken place, as the total membership in 1889 was one hinuh-ed and seventeciv besides a nunil)er of deaths among the native Christians tiiis year, tlie missionaries were called to meet their first family sorrow in the death of a lovely little baby-girl. Alone in the jungle, they had to do for them- selves and their little child those sad ofKces which are usually performed by others on such occasions. • All these yeai-s there was nothing worthy the name of a chapel at Udayagiri. Kepeated a])peal8 for aid in securing a chapel had been made to the Board, but for want of funds, or some other cause, no response came. But a chapel had to be I)uilt, or the work could not go on as it should. The Nellore Church contributed fifty rupees, and the missionary at Nellore provided fifty ru- pees more. Other missionaries also contributed, and the Christians of Udayagiri gave to the full extent of their ability. A friend in Canada gave several hundred dol- lars, and one way and another a handsome little chapel was completed and dedicated on the 12th of April, 1891. It cost only two thousand rupees, and considering its size, beauty, and quality is proba})ly the cheapest build- ing ever erected in the mission. In the material, as well as the spiritual sense of the term, Mr. Burditt has proven himself to be a " wise master builder." After nine years of hard, faithful, and successful mis- sionary work, Mr. and Mrs. Burditt had fairly earned a respite from their labors. But, even then, it was with 1 h ^n i 202 I ]JI ■i '^ HISTORY OP THE TELUGU MISSION. groat reluctance that they availed themselves of the in- vitation of the Board to return home for a sea^son of rest. Nor would they have done it, but for the fact that the state of their healtli demanded it. They left Udayagiri on the 13th, and sailed from Bombay on the 18th "of April, 1891, for England, en route for America. The Rev. W. R. JNIanley, having returned from his fur- lough, wa.s appointed to Udayagiri until Mr. Burditt should return. ) A \ \ \i fl- it, le ri f CHAPTER XVI. THE MISSION S JUBILKE. The Jubilee celebration. Held at NuUore. The selection of the date ro- niarkablo. Gathering of missionaries and others an inspiring sight. Ad- dress ot J. (jrcse, Esq. He;;r(^t at i)r. Jowctt's absence. An expression of appreciation. Early struggles and present success. Permanence and sta- bility. I'ecognition of tiie mission's eirieieiiey. Ueeognition of i)rogress. An encouraging recital, liemini.seenee of a visit to Ongo'e. Thanks to Dr. rlough for educational advantages. School work and mission work. Education of converts absolutely needetl. Native evangelists should be thoroughly equii)peil. A confusion of ereeds in India. The native races. The niodilied Turanianisni. IJrahmanism, and its system of caste. Wo- hammedanisin and IJuddhism. Progress ol Christianity. Eflbrts of think- ers lor a new faith. Present religious unnst and iiitelleetual ferment. Income tax. and exchange. Necessary impartial attitude of the govern- nu'iit. Opl)ortunities for missionaries. An encouraging hope. Menio- lial sketches. I'ltncss of them. Mortaliry among missionaries. The founder of the mission, .Mr. I»ay. Ilis held of lalior. His discourage- ments and persuviraiice. His labors and death. Stihscquent success owing much to him. Career of Mrs. I)ay. Faithriilnes.s in work. Surviv- ing her husband. Mr. and Mrs. Van liiisen. Il\cellence of character and faithfulness in work. .Mrs. Williams and Mrs. Newhall. Faithful labors and brief careers. Itev. S. \V. Nichols and otliers. I>peeial mention of Uev. .\. V. Timpaiiy. His devotion and success. Falling in the harness. Coiuilusion. (iralilude for the past. Va.slly more to he accomjilished. Christ's travail and coronation. ALTIIOUOn the procoodini!:^ of the Jiil)ilce eclebni- tioii have been pul)li.she(i in a small volume, en- titled "The Lone Star Jubilee," thi.s history would be incomplete if it did not contain some account of that most deeply interesting and memorable occasion. We cannot, of cour.se, reproduce the whole Jubilee volume, and to discriminate and make a selectitjn of a few liOcI \ $ 204 HISTORY OF THE TELUGU MISSION. m n: ' ; it 11 portioDS from so much that is excellent, is a somewhat delicate task. But we see no way other than to assume the responsibility. The Jubilee was held at Xellore almost as a matter of course ; for while the mission did not, strictly speaking, originate at Nellore, yet it was there that it first found its permanent location, and hence Nellore is the parent station. When the 5th of February, 188G, was fixed upon as the day for beginning the Jubilee, it was not known to the committee tliat had tlie nmtter in hand, that it had hit upon the exact date on which Mr. Day landed in India, fifty yeare before. Of course the mem- bers of the committee might have known, had they tried, but the fact that they did not know, and yet selected the exact date, seemed remarkable. To see thirty-one missionaries from twenty different stations in the Telugu country gather at Nellore, the once " Lone Star," was a gi-and sight, which will not be soon forgotten bv those who witnessed it. After a devotional service (which preceded each ses- sion), the Rev. D, Downie, of Nellore, delivered an iVd- dress of Welcome. This was followed by Keminiscences of Rev. S. S. Day, by Miss M. M. Day, which are for the most part embodied ui the early part of this history. The afternoon session of the first and succeeding days was given to services in Telugu of a deeply interesting nature. Of the many valuable papers read and addresses de- livered, during the six days of the Jubilee Conference, we have selected the following as perhaps the most im- portant to the general reader, and which ought to find a place in this volume. , I*! i I THE MISSION S JUBILEE. 205 J. Grose, Esq., M. A., M. C. S., Collector of tlic Nel- lore District, addressed the nieetiiii,' as follows : "I must begin by giving expression to the general feeling of regret that Dr. Jewett is not here to take the chair this evening, as was intended when the programme was first drawn out. It was a great disappointment when the news came that he had to leave India finally, on ac- count of the illness of Mrs. Jewett. No one could know the doctor without loving him, and what Mr. Downie and Miss Rauscheubusch have told us this evening shows us more than ever how highly we must value their earn- est and devoted work, and the prophetic foresight and strength of character with which the doctor, foreseeing the ultimate success of the mission, resolved that it should still go on, when others lost courage and were inclined to take their hand from the plough. It was a graceful tribute to leave that Hower-decked chair empty, in token that though our chairman is absent in body, he is with us in spirit. It seems to us especially hard that Dr. Jewett should have been taken away from India just before this Jubilee, which his work has made possible, and which would have given as much dilight to him lus to any one. The ways of Providence in this matter are past oui understanding, but we know they are for his good, as well as ours; and our comfort must be, that though a good man and true has gone from our midst, there are good men and true still left; men who will work all the more zealously and devotedly because of the in- fluence and example of Dr. Jiwctt. "I must next thank you, gentlemen of the mission, for giving me this opportunity, on an occjusion which belongs 1 i ,■ r ( 206 niSTOUY OF THE TELUGU MISSION. ] I t absolutely to you, of expressing my sympathy with your labors, and my appreciation of tlie results which tliose labors have obtained in this and the surrounding dis- tricts. I need a(ki nothing to Mr. Downie's story of how God kept the mission together till the long and weary struggles of the beginning passed into the success which now attends it; but I nuist say sometiiing as to its per- nuuience and stability, and as to the recoirnition wliicli tlie wori; of the Lone Star ^lission has compelled. I find its name well known in the remotest villages wliich I visit. The aid which it gave to the people and to the authorities at tlie time of the great famine has attracted the attention of government to it, and established its reputation as one of the instruments on which government must rely in times of difficulty. The work it has done has been so persistent and wides[)read that the consequences can never disappear. The thousands who owe to it not only a rise in Sfjcial status, but a knowledge of the ines- timable love of God in the redemption of the world by our Lord Jesus Christ, the means of grace, and the hope of glory, are not only a proof of its efficiency its an evanirelizini; mission, but a security that its memory will never be forgotten. All the mission wants is support, and work so good as its work is, is sure to find support ; BO that we may be confident that its existence will remain unimpaired till its work is fully d(»ne. *'Our thanks are due to Mr, Downie for the history which he has given us of the mission, showing how the little church of eight members at Nellore, with its single missionary, estal)lishe(l as the result of nine years' hard work after the mission had commenced, hits developed THE mission's JUBILKE. 207 into the institution as we see it at present, with its thousands of converts, with its numerous missionaries, with its successful schools at Nellore and Onirole, and with its theological college, and what the sui)eollect()r calls its cathedral — I have only seen it myself from the dim distance of the canal— at Kamapatam, and its ciiapel here. When I say our thanks, 1 mean the thanks of us outsiders especially. No douht you missionaries knew heforehand the kind of story Mr. Downie would have to tell, but we, who are outside, knew less about it, and it was extremely encouraging to hear how strong faith, long-continued through stony paths, had led tiie mis.»ion upward and onward, so as to prove that the Lord of all power and might is with us still, ready as ever to help those who help themselves. " The presence this evening of many of the faces I see before me reminds me of my visit to Ongole in 1884, and of the pleased astonishment with which I found active school work with hundreds of children going on in spacious buildings, public worship cele])ratod in a man- ner which seemed more fit f)r our largest towns tiian Oniiole, and signs all around that a great evangelizing work was in rapid progress. I remember saying, when the foundation stone of this chapel was laid, that 1 looked forward with much interest and great hopes to the open- ing of the high school ])y this missi(m at ()ni:oI<', and 1 am glad to know that my liopes iiavc been anijdv ful- filled. My thanks, as collector of this district, arc due to Dr. Clough, who projected the school, who has watclu d over it from the beginning, and who hits induced the generous people of America to give it a new building, . 208 HISTORY OF THE TELUGU MISSION. V i i 1 now it hiOS outgrown the first one. He has been ably seconded by Mr. Manley, but the credit of the concep- tion belongs to him alone. I know of no place in tliis presidency, or, indeed, in all India, where a school of this kind was so much wanted, and it is a glory to the mis- sion that it has supplied the want. "I have already said that a great evangelizing work is in progress at Ongole, and it seems to me the proper complement of the scholastic efforts which are being made there, that the number of converts at Ongole is large in itself, and is increasing steadily. In this country, it seems to me tliat scliool work must be a part of mission work. I know that the subject is a well-worn one, and that I cannot hope to say anything new about it, but I feel it my duty to state my opinion, that the people wlio contend that all mission money should be spent in preacliing the gospel, and little or none in teach- ing children, are wrong. The notion, it seems to me, is a notion which springs from ignorance or misapprehen- sion of Indian conditions, and from undervaluing the power of caste. The converts who can be got at first are people whose children have to be taught good habits, and skill at handiwork, in order that they may do Chris- tianitv credit, and not disirrace it. More than that, the evangelizers of the future — and native members of the ciiurcli must be employed as evangelizers before work so wide is done that the face of Indian society can be changed, and Christ reign triumphant from shore to shore — these native evangelizers must be furnished witii all tlie weapons supplied by Western education, before they can compete with the champions of heathenism, f 11 .M THE MISSION S JUBILEE. 209 and silence them. In most countries, the use of a wron;? word, or a slip in grammar or logic, is aa likely to result in the failure of an arguer, as a failure in truth ; but this is more the case as regards religious arguments in India than anywhere else. India cannot be said to be a nation with a settled creed, or even a congeries of nations, with a conge-ies of settled creeds. Hinduism and Mohammedanism, with many variations of each, jostle each other everywhere. A thousand antagonists w\iit with ridicule, ready for each slip, wiien the gospel is preached. The champions of Christianity have to contend to a vast extent about tlie meaning of words and metaphysical conceptions, and nothing short of a thoroughly good education can enable them to gain the victorv in such contests. "As I liave said, tliis is a country of innumerable con- flicting creeds, jostling each otiier everywhere. To begin with, tiiere are tlie aboriginal races witli their idols, wiiich arc always of tlie lowest type, and often shapeless. Then come the Turanian and Scythic races, who are deep down in the social scale, but whose system is so leavened by Brahmanism that their religion can hardlv be dis- tmguished from Hinduism. Then come the Brahmans and the higher castes, who are at the head of the social fabric, and who have fashioned the institution of caste, and made it what it is now, the most persistent, conserv- ing element of tiie policy which keeps tlieni at the top, and the most watchful and inveterate antagonir^t of everv system like Christianity, which attempts to do away witli such distinction, and let the best man win his way up, whatever his beginning may have been. Among the other o 1 rr 210 HLSTOliY OF TliK TELUGU MISSION. religions comos Moliaiiinicdaiiism, wliich figlits with all, but has not succtHHlcd in routing any. Among tliem was J^uddliisni ; but Jiuddliism, thougii it prevails through- out all the Eastern world except India, is dead, or almost dead, in India, where it began. Last of all comes Chris- tianity, wliich, if we believe our Bil)les, we must be sure will eventually extirpate all others. The state of society is such that its progress must be slow ; but, though slow, it has been sure. Education is awakin"- the country, and making its best men dissatisfied v»ith Hinduism and caste. Our government, in freeing the land from war and an- archy, has given the people time and opportunity for speculation. The tliiukers are trying now, very natu- rally, to discover some new system better and higher than Christianity, but we know they will fail in this; and when they fail, and acknowledge their failure, the foun- dations of caste being loosened, and all eyes looking for a new light, Christianity will come in and take posses- :ion. *' Yet in this country where, it must be remembered, the conditions are such as to make social changes slower and less frequent than they are in other countries, so that they excite unusual attention when they come, there is a vast amount of unrest and upheaval going on at present. Noisy schemes of self-government fill the air with clamor. The people of India, or rather of the presidency towns, have tried for the first time to influ- ence the course of a great election in England. Our frontier has been shown to be vulnerable ; though, thank Cod, it has not been penetrated yet. A short and com- paratively bloodless war has added a new State to our i\ TilH mission's jubilee. 211 great empire. The expense thus incurred has imposed on us a renewal of tlie drea(h-d income tax, wliicii is all the more dreaded in these chiys wiieii the rupee is suilbr- ingfrom the disease called 'exchange.' Curious relig- ious systems are having their hirtli, welcomed with still more curious enthusiasm. The education ut' hoys has progressed till it has created a puhlic (jpini(,n, juid the education of girls has assumed so nuich importance that it may be reckoned as a factor in the government of the State. The government luus continued ti-iumpliant m) long, that it may now safely assert its religion, though it had so long to act lus if it were of all religions, and has still to preserve an impartial attitude. This time of change is full of opportunities for missionaries, and f(;r none more than you, who, with the example of Mr. Day and the other founders of tlie mission l,efore you, may be trusted to take full advantage of it. "I must conclude by expressing my hope, indeed my certainty, that this mission, which has now hu-^ted lilty years, will continue to the end the good work which it has begun. I won't hope that it will have manv more Jubilees, for each Jubilee will mark the fact that fifty years have passed away. But now, as 1 have told vou, amiifs are beginning to i)rogress more rapidly; Vic- tories will be more fre((u?nt and signilicant. The occa- sions for celebrating them will come more often, and I trust that there may be many such occasions its in- teresting as this Jubilee, and even more full of rejoicim:. In the meantime, the missionaries will contiiuie— and they cannot do better or stronger work— to tell the people of eV ^f cm 1 \ '» 212 HISTORY OF THE TELUGU MISSION. 1 1 " 'That God, who ever lives and loves One God, one law, one element, And one fiir-otl" divine event To which the whole creation moves.' " This inspiring and appreciative address by the col- lector of the district was received enthusiastically by those present, and others followed that were equally full of thankfulness for the past and hope for the future. The entire series of meetings, we may say, was helpful in the extreme. r ! MEMORIAL SKETCH. DECEASED MISSIONARIES OF TIIK AMERICAN BAPTIST AND CANADIAN BAPTIST TELUOU MIS- SIONS. 18:J0-1«8G. BT TUB RKV, W. B. BOOOS, OF KAMAPATAM. ACOMMEINIORATIVE celebration is held from time to time by the survivors of Biilakliivii and lukerman, Cawnpore and Lucknow, to recall those thrill- ing scenes, and to keep alive memories of their conn-ades, the brave dead who laitl down their lives in the weary siege, or on the blood-s^tained field. Is it not meet also for the soldiers of ( 'hrist, who still survive, to recall the memory of their sainted comrades, to remend)er on such an occasion as tiiis, tlieir lives, and labors, and faithfulness, and love; yea, even their faces and their voices, not to canonize them, but to keep fresh in our hearts the Christian love which once bound us together in the service of our Heavenly Master. It seems right to place on permanent record the leading facts of their history, and the prominent features of their characters, albeit they are already on permanent record on "the tablets of enduring meniorv." From the landing of Rev. S. 8. Day in India, in the year 1836, to the present time, out of an aggregate of about eighty missionaries connected with the two mis- sions here represented, twelve have fallen asleep in Jesus. 2ia * 214 IIISroliY OF TlIK TKLUUU MI-SION'. Of tli&sc, Hix (IkmI in active service in India, and six after tlu'ir return to America. N Ri:v. S. S. Day. — Tliis^ number includes the founder of the mission, Ilev. S. S. Dav- He was born in On- tario, ('aujida, in 1808 ; he received his etlucation at Ham- ilton Literary and Theoloijical Institution, was apj)ointe M (,1 Rev. Stephen Van Husen. — Mr. Van Husen was born at Catskill, N. Y., December 5, 1812; was educated at Hamilton Literary and Theological Institution; sailed for India in 1839, and arrived at Nellore March 21, 1840. His missionary service extended to five years only, failing health leading him to return to America in 1845. The data necessary for a more detailed sketch of his life are not available. He was associated with ]Mr. Day here at Nellore, and was a faithful, devoted man. His death took place December 13, 1854, at Brattleboro, Vermont. Mrs. Van Husen. — Of Mrs. Van Husen's history, ^ve have been able to gather a few facts only. She was born at Lima, N. Y., March 10, 1811. We have it on the testimony of one who knows, that she was a most excel- lent woman and devoted missionary, and that she re- garded her leaving the mission work as the greatest trial of her life. She died, we believe, at Niagara Falls, N. Y., but the date is uncertain. Mrs. Williams. — The next name on the roll of these saluted ones brings us down to quite a recent date in the c I ' t MKMOIIIAL SKKTCII. o 17 history. It is that of Mrs. V. R. Williams, a name of precious memory. For the facts, we are indebted cliiefly to the beautiful tribute prepared by Mrs. Clough at the time of Mrs. Williams' death : Miss Vina Kutii Clough was born in Winnebago County, Illinois, in the year 1845, but in her eliildhood removed with her parents to the State of Iowa, where her youth was spent. Being brouglit to the knowledge of Christ's love, she became a living, active Christian, and at the time of her brother's dedication to the mis- sionary service in 1864, she felt the stirrings of tiie missionary spirit in her heart ; and from that time was desirous to be engaged in eflurts for the salva- tion of souls. She earnestly sought for mental improve- ment, and attained her purpose in a very encouraging degree. In 1873, she was married to Rev. R. R. Williams, then under appointment to the Telugu Misi^ion as principal of the theological seminary at Ranucpatam. They ar- rived in this country in December, 1873. Being very energetic and earnest, she entered with her whole heart into the work which lay before her. Slie was not con- tent to be simply the wife of a missionary, but was a missionary herself, the strong current of her sympathies going out toward all around her, and her zeal manifest- in"" itself in devoted labors. She assisted much in the instruction of the students. But in three years her brief cours^e was ended. On the 3rd of June, 1876, she died in Madras, her sudden removal filling many hearts with sorrow, and leaving a mournful blank at Ramapatam. Her body was brought n 218 HISTORY OF THE TELUGU MISSION. V A m'\ 11 back to Ramapatam, and laid to rest near the scene of her devoted etlbrts. Mrs. Newiiall. — Tlie next year, 1877, took another from our ranks in the prime of life, and usefulness, and hope, — Mrs. Newiiali, of Kamapatam. jMiss Marv A. AV^ood was born at liridgewater, Knirliuul, in July, 184"). Slie went as a child to America with Iht parents, and lived at Belvidere, Illinois. It was there that slie pro- fessed faith in Christ. In 18G7, she graduated at the Kockford Female Seminarv. At that time, she was louL'ing to be en imaged in mission work, and was con- sidering the question of coming to India, but her health did not then seem to warrant it. But after spending several vears in teaching, she oU'ered herself for foreiirn mission service, and was accepted by the Woman's So- ciety of the West. She sailed fronn New York, Sep- tember 19, 1874, and readied Nellore January 2, 1875. In March, of the same year, she went to Kamapatam, and was there associated witii Miss IVabody in the work of female education. On the 19th of Julv, 187G, she was married to Rev. A. A. Newhall, and with him shared in the mission work, and in the special toils and trials which the terrible famine of 1877 brought. She was serioiLsly ill on several occasions, each of wliieh left her in a more precarious state. At length, she wjls brought to Nellore for medical treatm(>nt, and for a time en- couraging hopes were entertained regarding her. Rut a change came, and although all was done that love and skill could do, on the 9th of October, 1877, she piL-^sed k ^ MEMORIAL SKETCH. 219 away to the better land. Her remains were interred in the Nellore Cemetery. Judged by the stanchird of montlLs and years, her service wiw short ; but reckoned by her heart's love for perishing souls, and her sincere consecration to the work of bringing them to Christ, it was long. Ri:v. S. W. Nichols.— lie was born in Vermont, and at liis conversion became a member of the cliurcli in BurHngton. lie studied at ^Madison University, and was ordained at Brook tiehl, N. Y., September 211, 1S77. Afler spending a year iii the i)astorate, he offered him- self for foreign missionary service, and in pursuance of his a])pointment, reached India in company with Mrs. Mchols in December, 1878. He was stationed at Mad- ras, to labor in co-operation with his father-in-law. Dr. Jewett. He entered on the work of preparation with earnest purpose, but most of the time he was struggling to bear up un(ii'r increasing disease. The last few months of his life were spent amid mucii de})ression and sufl'er- ing. On December 8, 1880, having been only two years in India, he died at Madnu<, aged about thirty-four yeai-s. INIkh. Nichols.— Miss Hattie Jewett, wife of Rev. S. W. Nichols, and daughter of Dr. and .Mrs. Jewett, was born at >ellore, in l.sr)4. She went to America with her parents when she was nearly seven years (>l(l, where she remained until her return to this cotintrv as Mrs. Nichols. She graduated from the high school at (irand Rapids, Michigan, and the normal school at Oswco, N. Y. ^fT 220 HISTORY OF THE TFXUGU MISSION. Having spent her earlier years in tliis country, the Telugu language came to her more readily on iier return, and she waa able to enter upon zenana teaciiing and other branches of mission work comparatively soon. Her energy and ability gave promise of much useful- ness, but in 1881 her health began to decline, and she gradually sank until, on the 17th day of December, 1881, a year after the death of her husband, she passed beyond the veil, at the age of twenty-seven. Her rest- ing-place is by that of her husband, in the Pursewaukum Cemetery, at Madras. I a' I n i t i 1 ) dk^ Pi r Rev. D. K. Rayl. — A feeling of peculiar sadness is awakened by the recollection of this dear brother; his earnest purposes and plans ended in such early disap- pointment. With him, the sun went down while it was high noon. He was in India onlv about one vear and a half, and tiie latter part of that period was spent in struggling witii an incurable malady. Brother Rayl was born at Fredericksburg, Ohio, Jan- uary 8, 1849. Soon after his conversion, he felt drawn toward the work of the Christian niinistrv. Desirin<; mental culture, he succeeded in taking a course of study at Denison University, Granville, Ohio, and subsequently at the theological seminary at ^lorgan Park. Respond- ing to the earnest call for more laborers in the Telugu missions, he received an appointment, was ordained Au- gust 10, 1882, and with Mrs. Rayl, landed in India in November, 1882. He was located at Ongole, and besides studying the Telugu language, assisted in the work of the mission as he was able, especially after Dr. Clough's 1 MEMORIAL SKETCH. 221 J departure for America in October, 1883. He was also active in the maintenance of English religious services. He was a truly pious and faithful man, but physically unfit for this service. Early in 1884, the disease (con- sumption), which had long been undermining his strength, became violent, and quite prostrated him. Being com- pelled to give up all hope of usefulness, and even life in India, he, with his wife and their little child, set out for America, hoping, if possible, to reach the dear old home before the end should come. And he did live to reach home, though in extreme prostration. But a few days afterward he fell asleep in Jesus. Ilia death took place at Millbrook, Ohio, September 10, 1884, twenty-four days after they landed at New York. I Mrs. Rayl. — Her maiden name was Miss Lily John- son. Most of the items of her missionary career have been alreadv given in the sketch of Mr. Kavl's life. But we may add that she was born in Illinois, April 1, 1851). Early in life she wished to lit herself for usefulness, and so followed a course of studv at Granville Ladies' Semi- nary. Afterward she spent some time as a mission teacher among the freedmcn in the city of Richmond, Va. She was a briglit, spirited, active person, and de- lighted in the service of Christ. As the wife of Brother Rayl she came to India, a true helpmeet, sharing his purposes, his efforts, his trials, and disai)poiiitnicnts. Slu; also went as an invalid when they ntiiriied to America, and survived' her husband only twenty days. She died at her mother's home at Sunbury, Oiiio, September 30, 1884, leaving a babe only a f.'W months old. I 222 HISTOUY OF 1IIE TELUGU MISSION. M It was in their hearts to serve God in India, but such service was not long permitted them. And it is tlie heart that God talces S2)ecial cognizance of. Ri:v. A. V. TiMTANY. — Most prominent and useful among the workers in India wiw Kcv. A. V. Timpany. He Wild a burning and a sliining light in both these missions, and his name will long remain sacredly enshrined in the memories of his co-laborers both in India and America, and also in the hearts of nudtitudes of Telugu Chris- tians. lie was born at Vienna, Ontario, Canada, Deceniber 21, 1840; was educated at the Woodstock Institute, or- dained at ]>rantford, October 14, 18(57, and being called of God t(^ the foreign missionary service, came to India under appointment of the American l)a[)tist Missionary Union, lie and his wife landed at ^ladras in A})ril, 18G8. After spending tlie period of preparation at ^'el- lore, he removed in Fel)ruary, 1870, to I\anK4)atam, where he opened a new station, and cultivated the field with great devotion and marked success. Tlie name of A. V. Timpany seems inseparably connecti'd witli Uama- patam. When the theological seminary was commenced in April, 1872, Brother Timpany was put in charge of it as temporary principal until Kev. K. K. Williams was sent out especially for that work. Being an assiduous student of the Telugu language, and deeply interested in Bible work and all measures designed to uplift and bless the people, he was chosen :is one of the Telugu Bevision Committee of the Madras Auxiliarv Bible Societv. He devoted to literary elibrts the time that could be spared 1 I ti, MEMORIAL .-KfnV'ir. 223 rt 1 from liis active evangelistic work, and prepared and pub- lished a "Compendium of Theoloirv " in Tciui^ni. In 187(5, he and hi.s family went to America on fur- lough, and wliiJe at liome his transfer irom tlie Ameri- can to the Canadian >rission was ellected most amicahly. After rendering very efficient service to the mission dur- ing his stay in Canada, he returned under the auspices of the Board of Ontario and (^uehec. lie arrived in India, the second time, in Deceml)er, 1878, and was sta- tioned at Cocauada, Mr. McLaurin removing to Samul- cotta to take charge of the newly estahlisiied seminary. Ke-entering upon the mission work with his accustomJd zeal and vigor, he continued to sow the seed and reap the harvest,^ to pray, and rejoice, and hope, until called to rest. To him the call came very suddeidy. On the P.lth of February, 1885, at his home at Cocanada, in a few hours he passed from his usual state of healtii to the grave. In the morning he was seized with cholera, and in the evening was buried. A noble-spirited man ; a zealous, faithful, wise, suc- ca^sful missionary; a warm-iiearted, true friend! The tidings of his sudden departure sent a pecuiiarlv sharp pang of grief through all our hearts throughout all the borders of the Telugu Mission. liut to whom, if not to him, shall the ^Master's approval be spoken, "Well done, good and faithful servant!" Mrs. Drakk.— Mrs. Drake was born June 20, 1-S.">4, near Niagara, Canada. She was a daiighti-r of |{ev. John Alexander, at present pastor of one of the iJaptlst churches in Toronto. She came to India a^ Miss Isabella 224 HISTORY OF THE TELUGU MISSION. >ii Alexander. She had the full confidence of the Baptist ^lissionary Society of Ontario and Quebec, under wiiose auspices she was sent out, was beloved by menil)er8 in the churches wherever she was known, and wiw followed by their prayers. She sailed from Boston October 0, 1887. On the 17th of January, 1888, she was married at Cocan- ada, to Rev. I). H. Drake, of the American Bapti.^t Telut^u Mission, and soon after settled at Perambore, Madras, where Mr. Drake was stationed. Here she en- tered at once on the studv of the Tclii'ni lau'Miai'e, and engaged in active Christian work wiierever an opportunity offered, and here, for three years, she gave herself most earnestly and faitlit'ully to the work of Telugu evangeli- zation and instruction. When Mr. Drake took the pas- torate of the English-speaking Baptist church in Vepery, Madra.s, they removed to that part of the city, and there she continued to labor iissiduously up to tiie bust, both as a pastor's wife and as a missionary. On Sunday, Sep- tember 20th, she taught her Sunday-school c\i\..' I, GHNIiRAL IXDI'X. PAOK Abbott, Rev. E. L. : associalml with Mr, Day 2«) Koiii(^ to Huriua 2(i Arjiins: tilt' 7 warlikochurnctfrof 12 Ashiuoiv, Dr. : visits to laissimis., 7t, 75 Asia, Central: niixod racps from.. 7 Atmakiir: visit of Mr, Day to 4^ Bapatia: situation of is? churoli ornaiiizt'd iss securing a Imngalow lH:t (lillircnco witli I.utlicrans at.. I'M Board, Woman's: "Homo" of at NfWlon Contre 07 coiitril)iitions of for soiiool 69 sending inissionary 74 Boggs, l;i;v. \V. IJ. : arriving at Madra.s nc. at Oiinole 117 appointed to Cum))um 127 at Itunuipatiini 147 chosun |)re.sidi'iit of seminary US appointed first by Canadian lt"ard 171, 172 at ('iinil)iim 173, 174 a railway eoiitractor 174 sueoiimbing to fever 17,") Bralimans: witiies>in<; a baptism r>8 failiiit; as reli^;ioiis teaciiers... 110 deceiving t)ie pco|ilc l'.l,>. 190 Brabmanisni : following Vedism... 20 and other creeds 209 Bright, Dr. Edward 46 I PAOR Uucknell, Mr. William: gift of for school 73 contributing library for U- a|>atam 1 18 Hiidilhism : u past faith in India.. 2IU Milliard, Key. K „.. ..(if., ISS-IUI Hurditt, Kev. J. F. : transforrcd to Nell.. re 7.1 appointed to Udayaglri 19!) building a chapel 201 Burmese: progenitors of 19,20 Campbell, Rev. W. W....!.")!, 155, \r,7, \r>H, V)d, itj:j Canakiah: conver."»ion of .10 married to Julia 61 record of 51 Canal, Huckingham : named for duke of 30 Convenience of 31 Carey, Dr.: translators aided by 27 Caste: orders in 15 a religious institution 22 n;iuie.s uf da.HSes 23 obstacle to Christianity in India 24, l.".« losint,' its hobl 25 Hinduism dependent on 25 last thin/ surrendered HI, S2 not yielded to 83 members of caste reached 1B2 dissatisfaction with 210 Chandaloor : meetings at 130 Chute. Kev. Elbert 155, 1.5G, 157, 162 2*27 228 GENKRAL INDEX. m ■m \ \ ' •t :■- I PAOR Clougb, IlfiT. Jolin 10. : arriving at Nc'lloro 01 visit to Oiinole -88 return to United Htates 88 Bocuring men and means W), 91 a cuDul contractor lti'2, lii<« secretary of relief comnilttiH", 10;{ keeping converts from l)U|>- tLsm ll.J, 114, U.-. attachment of natives to Ill* riiising endowment for On- golu school r.'fi welcomed home rJ7 raising endowment for Itania- patum 144 as.suming extra work li)7 influence recognized 207 Cumbum : . large acceissions at 129 *itu.-ition of 171 sharing in ingathering 172 field too large 175 Day, Rev. S. S : founder of Telu- gu Mission 2r> at Yizagapatam 2K at Madras 'JO buildiiip at Nellore 34 health declining and restored ■in, ^^0 position of as to schools 42 tour to Udayagiri 42, 4.'? health failing again 48 at Hanamakonda 159 sketch of. 214 Day, Mrs. S. S.: sketch of. 215 PAAB Deccan, the: meaning of term 150 limit.sof its territory 15t) lUghy, \V., Ivsq ^102,100 Downic, Uev. I). : designated to T.lugu Mis-siou 07 rehuilding 09 advancing school interest.><...69, 70 reaching t)ie Utxldis 7() huiMing a new chapel 72 wife's health failing 75 secretary of relief committee 104 adtlre.ss by 204 thanks due to 2oii DouKlasH, Uev. F. A.., 50, 5«5, ')«, 59 Itrake, Kev. I). 11.105, 100, 171, 1M3, 184 Drake, Mrs. I). 11.: sketch of..2'23, 224 Drav id ian : races so-called 8 languages 16, 17 Kngland: blra.sin^s secured to India, by 13 app«>al to for aid 103 famine relief from 100, 107 intluenced bv India 210 Famine: in year 1877 70 incident to India 93 a|>proachof. 94 horrors of. 95,96 people -2i:i UunJIncutiunu River: baptUiu at. of 2.'22 111,114 lladlof, Rev, Charles 181 Ilanaiiiukoiiila : tiieuiiiiiK of uanie. If H .situation of |5<) work at 159, ifio ftclf-Niipporl at 160, ICl HvinrictiH, Rev. J 7j Uludu, people : races combined in 15 K«''ierous in nature \)i'>, '.n gratitude of, for aid lo; lack in cliaractcr of 174 need of Ri-furniiT aniDU^; 17J Hinduism : growing out of Urali- manisin 21 bold of on people ir^Ci men diH.satisfled with 210 Ilyderabad i,-,i Idol worHhip: at first not of Hindu Bystem 22 India; inva.sions of. 7 12 HritLsh rub: in 12 peace secured in l;{ irrigation works in u in po88o«sion of .'^oytbians lo subject to famines 92 evangelization of m2 influencing Kngia-id 210 India, .South : Dravidian races of.. H famine in 93 failure of monsoons in 113 Ingathering, The great: cau!«es of. 109, 110 general faithfulness of its converts n«, nj) presented in favorable as- P'-ct-t 1:19 difficulties connected with .. 140 Jewett, Rev. Lyman : arriving at Nellore 31^ PAOK Jewett, Rev. Lyman : progress of in learning Telugu 40 njotlon in reference to 46 at Oiigole 4gj 49 prediction by 49 dejijoring apathy of tho chlMClU'M ,'i4 at Madras and Nellore. 56 baptizing first convert at On- Kolo 57 heullh broken down 57,58 remaining true to tho Tela- K>'» 60 returning to Nellnre...'. 61 baptizing at Ongole and Nel- I'Tf 62,6.i appealing for men 64 Bending limine Mrs. Jewett t'.T leaving for home t;7 At Madias 178, 182 niisne^l at jubilee 2OJ "Julia": One of the first con- verts 40, 41 at Ongolo 49 Jubilee 2aJ-21l Kelly, Mr. K. A ui, 129 Kurnoid: location of um church organized at IfiS dccrea.se at it;7 rea-sons of decrease at 1(18, 169 Loughridge, Rev, A 159, 160 Lydia: called "Anna the I'roph- etess" 50 cotiversiun of 51, 52 appearance and usefulness "f 53,54 Mabie, H. (\, I». D. : visiting mission stations 7(5 Madigas: Christians from 130,131 Malcom, Rev. Howard : visiting Asiatic missions 26 ' w 2ao GENKIiAL IMjKX. V ^\^ I ' t i I f ^1 1 I'AOK Madras rrcHidvucy : irriK-itfil luiul in 51 prtxlucts of 15 |i<>|iiiliiti<)u in 18 l^ovtriiiiient of, iiii|>urliiig litre Ul Maliiil>liar:it:r cliariictcr of. 21 lil'ili vc)> famine rtlicf t'i>mmitti-t> in l*i;( imporianti; of 17t>, 177 a missiiihary station at 17s mission clmrcli ori;aiii/.t!il at.. 17S ilidication of cliaiicl at ls;{ wiirii .slow at IS.") Manl. y, il.v. \V. 11 12:i, TJI, ls;j, •JO-2, 2"JS Mansion Hoiiso: fnnil of. lo2, lO:; Manu: laws of 21 not now wliiiily olwiTvcd '2.i ijiiolation from 2;i, 21 Mai.i.s.i.-n, Il.'v. U 127, MS, 1 iniploring ad'lltional help, ot iictdiii^; tir^i year f'lr sillily... (>7 unyielding to ca^te pieju- die.s >!, S2 Mohammedan: invasions 12 Morgan, Uev. F. 10 1(lti-I7l Monsoons; niiMil)er of '.) inlluwiee of on elimuto It elleet on rains 10 fuminedue to fai'iireof 9:t fulling in .South India ■.).'<, 91 rAOF. Nalnoiida 1G3 .Nello.-e; lowest temperature at.... 9 great tank of 14 (pies' ion ut' aliundoMing mis- sinii at ■J8 -Mr. l»ay removing to 29 railw;iy <>inncetioM of. 'M chief eiiy of district 32, ."til derivation of name '.'/A superstition at .'U progress In its schools ;J7 chiireh urgani/.ed ut 37 disaster in church at 38 visit of Messrs. I'eck ami (iianger to 41 report Iroui 45 ehiirch at reorganized 17 earnest spirit at 01 weakening hy withdrawals from (it arrival of .Mr. Downie at ti7 flood at (is school house and dormitories C9 a new ehapel at 72, 73 girls' seminary at 73 relief n»ea.sures at 104, lO.'i, 106 juhilee at 204 N'ellore l>istriet; average temper- ature of. 9 rainfall in ID dimensions of 32, 3.! Xeweonih, Kev. .lohn 17."), 17t) Newhall, Uev. .\. \ i;:a, i:i'.t, iii, i«;o-it;2 N'ewh.ill, Mrs .\. A: ski'leh of 2is N'ewl.m Celitle ; lliiuiat ii7 Nichols, Ucv. and Mrs. .S W.: sketch of 2)9 N'izam - dominions of S, 9, 151 Hritish Uesjdent with 12 territory of I'll Nursaraopetta 191, 193 Nursu, Christian : at Ongule 4S, 49 pe:ieeful death of 55 ^ I I GfcNKUAL INDKX. 23 i -( PAGE Ongolc: prayer niocliug at 48 lir.it coiiveit at ."iT Mr. (loiigli visits 02 baplisnis :it 6,i siiualiim (»f.« 77 cljapfl built at 78, 7U upiiosiiioii to cDiivcrts at f^\ iiicri'a.sf til' uiiurtli at »4 bapiiitery al 8<; di.s>ati.sl:u;iiiiii at M) lurgu additions to cliun li in . Ill r»'litf oporatious closed In li;i cyilouc at 117 urdinatiun nf native prcacb- tTs at i-'o, r_'i, i'J2, 12;; bij^h stiiipol at I24rJt) Hcbodl at, seeking collego Krade 12(') contrast in 2o7 size of cliiiieli al 127 field atdivide«l 127 new nii«siunarie'» at KM, i;V2 subject Id daiiner.- i;i.', i;;:; an uiidiiiiiM to ibc force at 1^4 re-subdivision of nci dod, !;{;! I'ariabH: po.sitiun ■.•' 2.1,21 rabniir: siiiialion (d' iCj ptciiiiarily of work at 1(;2 securing,' ground at 1(,2 opposiiion at l(;;j IVrsians: inva.»i')ns by i;j I'eriali : eonversion of t'.2 usffiiiiu'.ss of (;;t Tricf, llov. \V. 1 12:: I'loleniy : plirax- from M rurainis: gods enmiHiaii bniore ami Mabie 75, 7ti, \'2\i situation of i;)."; ae(juiretueiit of properly at,.. i;JG I'AUK Ikamapalani : organi/atiun uf eburebes at l;J7 fuld at divided l;w theological simin;iry at.... 142, 115, ltd nieaijab I'jt] Uamiali : eonvcr.iiun of 7tj .strun-lf for 71 succtMS ot' 71, 72 Hayi, Kev. |». K... liS sketch of 220 Uayi, .Mrs. |». K. : si;eHb of 221 Keddis: importance of VO Iiij4-Vt;da: ipiota; ion from 12 Sanskrit : dilb rin^; from l»ravi- ilian 17 books of Tiilnj^'us in is Scytbiaiis: relation of to India... l."> ."schools ; boarding and day .".,"., ,")<; paying for attemlanee at .. .').">, ."i<; in bopcful condition .")'.) govciiinienl urani-in-aid for.. ti7 demand for (ii» .Aii-'lo-vernaciilar K."i great demand lor !J4 al .Madra.s is") at Hapatla IH'.t imjiortanee of 20H Seennd' raiiad : situation of >j fall of iliermomelir at '.( SUeeessfiil work at l.")2, l."i:! btdding prop! rt\ at I.">4 Mr. Lipiigbridiie at l.V.» Silliman, Kev. i;. I!.; 17u, 171, ISl .•smilb, S. )•., 1». |i. author of poem ■' l.oMe .xiar " 4ti, 47 bonorid by l.vilia r>4 visit to .Nell, ire 7:( ut Uamapatam 147 So(;iety : London .Missionary; first in lelunu lield 27 mi.-Mou l.egiin 111 IMi.") 27 ■1 I 2;]2 OENKliAL l^DKX. i\ 'l ( r 1 ji ! TAfiK Society : Friend-iu-uet-d, 9U, 1(H) "Star, Loiift": the puiiu 40 jubilee of 2u;{ iiiUueiice of. ■JU(> Telu^!ii Cdutitry : goveriinieiit of.. 11 boiiiidiirits of « lulilude of „ y agriciilttire in li first coriverl of baptized 'M duilc Ixiiir Hi Ibf nii.^NitiU ol... '6'J Teliigus: calied Audlirus « origin of. 15 aiiialKuniution of 10 phytiicai stature of 16 laiigiiagf of K) iueinl)ers of l,s not inigrutory 18, III in Ni/iim'.s doniinious IS in liriti^h Kiiniia ID rrligioii of '20 tenacious of caste "J"-' first mission aiimnn 27 first I'rotcstant ciiu|)<'l among. '2H results among calling for gratitude 'JL'G Telugu : derivation of 8 Mishion, question of discon- tinuance 4.'), (K) Testament, New: version of in Telugu 27 Testament, old : translated into Telugu 27 iMUtiiiiis of {Minted 2H Tljomssen, Uov. tS. N..127, 171, 101-197 Tim|>any, Itev. A. V.: joining tlie mi>siiin CO removal to iiamajuitam 00, i;U5, 1:57 returning to .\merica l;i« PACB Timpany, Itev. A. V. : president of Itamapatam seminary 143 sketch of 222 i:dayagiri: Mr. Day's ^islt to...42, 43 meaning of term 1U8 Leatlien soil at 1*J9 cliupel build at 201 Lnio'<, Missionary : meeting of at Albany 45 at rrovidenee 00 proposed work for 194, 195 Van Husen, IWv. S. : appointed to the TelugUH 33 visiting Ongule 36 leaving Nellore 87 sketch of 216 Van Ilusen, Mrs.: sketch of 216 Vedism : earliest form of religion in India 20 Venkuppah : first Telugu convert. 36 Vi/aga))atam: londititm at in 18;t5 2« Walerbury, Kev. N. M. ; sent to Madras 179 putting his life in his work... 180 securing a cluijiel 181 deal )f 18J Williams, Monier; ipiotation from 21 Williams, Itev. It. I.'.; designated to liamapalam 1 1:<, 141 lab us and .success of 145 securing miuiey for seminary building 147, 148 leaving for home 148 Williams, .Mrs. It. K. : sketch of.....'J10 Winds, "hot": character of 11 It ^-4 i