F 
 
 THE 
 
 CLIMATE AND RESOURCES 
 
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 British Columbia. 
 
 By ALEXANDER CAULFIELD ANDERSON, Esquire, J.R, 
 
 Author of a Prizb Emay os Brttiw Columbia. 
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 PUBlilSBKD BY R. T. WlLtUXS, 
 
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 1883. 
 
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A BRIEF ACCOUNT 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Province of British Columbia, 
 
 ITS CLIMATE AND RESOURCES. 
 
 ** ■., 
 
 AN APPENDIX 
 
 TO THE 
 
 BRITISH COLUMBIA DIRECTORY, 1882-83. 
 
 By ALEXANDER CAULFIELD ANDERSON. Esquire J. P., 
 
 ArTHOX OF A PBIZB EbKAT 0!T BBTrUH COLCMBU, I87'i, 
 
 Ac, tc, Jtc. 
 
 VICTORIA, B. C. 
 
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 PREFACE. 
 
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 The issue of a new Directory for the Province of British Columbia will doubt- 
 less have much public utility; and the descriptive portions, contributed by residents 
 of the various localities, prove valuable to the enquirer having a special object in view. 
 
 I was invited to write a summary of the whole, as au appt^ndix to the larger 
 volume. This Summary now re-appears in a separate form, with the Map attached, 
 under the view that it may have a distinct utility for Ihe general enquirer, divested 
 of the local and business details of the principal volume. 
 
 The Map which is annexed has been constructed, j^pparentiy with care, from the 
 general official map of the Province. As a whe W it will be found of great value to 
 the intending visitor and if, by »"'ossibility, some trivial oversights may appear, al- 
 lowance will be made for the engraver, dealing on so small a geographical scale 
 with a tract so wide. 
 
 ALKX. r. ANDERi^ON. 
 
 Victoria. B. C, January 8th, 1883. 
 
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 OF THK — 
 
 PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMbTa 
 
 ITS EARLY HISTORY, CENEBAL FEATURES, CUMATE, RESOOICES. ETC. 
 
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 EARLY HISTORY. 
 
 
 
 The eoloiiisation of British Columbia may be said to have fairly begun only 
 iu 185*j : when, under the stimuluH of the gold-discoveries on the Upper Fraser, 
 there was a large and sudden immigration from California and elsewhere. »^ 
 
 Previous to this, Hpart from a few early residents — retired or actu-U em- 
 ployes of the Hudson H Bay (\)mpany — the whole region may ae ahsumed as hav- 
 ing l>eeu virtually unoccupied, save by the aboriginal races. The history of the 
 erewhile colony — the province of to-day — may indeed be compared with that of the 
 c*outiguou8 Territory of Washington and its neighbouring State of Oregon. Of both 
 of thesr" ihe settlement was directly promoted by the previous occupation of the 
 country by the great fuv-trading corporation which I huve nnmed ; and under the 
 preparation, as regards the native occupants of the soil, ettected. thnmgh the agency 
 of that formerly iutluential body. 
 
 From the early years of the i>re8ent century, until 1848, the whole trans- 
 port for the supply of the company's posts in the wide interi(»r was performed, by 
 boat, through the perilous navigation of the Columbia River, up to certain points 
 of distribution in the superior parts. The chief depot at that time was Fort Van- 
 couver, at the hejid of ship-navigation on the lower Columbia, distant a few miles 
 from the now prosperous city of Portland. Through this route aline of communi- 
 cation Mith all the ix>sts lying west of the Rocky Mountains was kept up — the con- 
 nection with the tract bordering on the upper Fraser, including that now familiarly 
 known as " Caribou,'" being maintained by means of pack-horses between the post 
 of Okinagan, on the Columbia River, and Alexandria on the Frastr ; beyond which 
 point upwards the navigation of that river is easily accomplished. 
 
 The uncertainty attending the negotiations concerning the, so-called, "Oregon 
 Tieaty," (terminating in 1846) had pr»^viously led to the establishment, in 1843, of 
 a depot, subsidiary to the chief depot at Fort Vancouver, on a convenient inlet near 
 to the spacious harbor of Esquimalt. It was named Fort Victoria in honor of Her 
 present Majesty — and hence the origin of our now flourishing city. 
 
 Victoria, however, did not at once spring into importance, ^ven as a Hudson' v 
 Bay depot. It was not until 1848, in consequence of an Indian outbreak locally 
 known in Oregon as the *'Cayou8e War," that the utility of the position, from a Brit- 
 ish point of view, became strikingly apparent. The communications along the Col- 
 umbia River (secured to British subjects by the Oregon Treaty; were stopped 
 through circumstances and it became suddenly net^essary, for the interior supply, 
 to force a passage to the sea by another route — avoiding that portion of Fraser 
 River, practically cnnavigable, lying between the vicinity of Alexandria and the 
 head of n-.ivigation on thj lower Fraaer, now occupied by the town of Yale. The 
 
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EARLY HISTORY, CLIMATE, RESOLRCES, ETC. 
 
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 probability of this exigency, however, had not been ovfrlt>oked by the ligentH of 
 the Hudson Bay Company — at that time, an I have said, with their dependents, the 
 sole civilized occupants of the interior. In the summers of 1846 and 1847 explora- 
 tiouH under an experienced officer had been inade ; lines of commujiication had been 
 traced; and when, in 1848, the Cayouse War suddenly Iwoke out, these lines of 
 transit were through many difficulties, made available. 
 
 Thus originated the routes of communication now existing between the sea- 
 board and the wide expanse of the interior; and thus was indicated, approximately, 
 the western portion of that great railway-line, which will ere long connect the 
 Pacific province with her sister provinces of the East, and, through them, with the 
 Mother Country. 
 
 DISCOVERY OF GOLD, AND PROGRESS OF SETTLEMENT. 
 
 In l858 the rumour of gold-discoveries in the interior of the province reached 
 California, where already a re-action tvoux the exciting days of her earlier history 
 had set in. These vague rumours, indicative as they may have been of a prosper- 
 ous future, were doubtless at first exaggerated. A gieat iiuxiiigration nevertheless 
 ensued. The usual prtwess, characteristic of all such excitements, was repeated. 
 Many adventurers retraced their steps, disheartened by the obvious difficulties be- 
 fore them: others persisted, and, as gold-miners, obtained at length a rich reward 
 for their perseverance; while others, again, turning their attention to ordinary in- 
 dustrial pursuit**, continue in the field, prosperous and respected members of the 
 community. Among these may be numt)ered, at the present day, many who,* hav- 
 ing at the outset acquired considerable capital through the arduous process of gold- 
 mining, have since turned their attention to the pursuits of agriculture and other 
 permanent industries.'^ ',/_■ ^"■'^. ■■:::::'-: f^^- ■■-■■"■:.■; ■' ; : ;- -r 
 
 - In 1858 the mainland portion of the presc'ut province was formed into a 
 colony distinct from the insular portion with which it is now incorporated— at that 
 time known as the celony of Vancouver Island. By royal edict the name of Brit- 
 ish Ctdumbia was assigned to the new-born dept-ndency. Previous to this the 
 whole of the main coast-line bore simply, in the maps, the appellation of New 
 Georgia, ascribed to it by Vancouver: while the inland portion, named by Eraser 
 and Stuart of the North-west company, who, in 18.) >, first navigated its main river 
 to the sea, was called Now Caledonia. Subsequently, in 18BB, the two adjacent 
 colonies were united under their present common name. 
 
 .,..*. APPROXIMATE AREA AND BOUNDARY. 
 
 But while speaking of the Province of Brititih Columbia, it is to l>e borne in 
 mind that we speak, not of a tract of insignificant area, bordered on the one side 
 by a province of contracted dimensions, on the other, possibly, by one of perhaps 
 equally limited extent: but of a vast region, sitting astride the Rocky Mountains, 
 and comprising within its limits, either wholly or in part, the great rivers flowing 
 to the Pacific, north of the 49th parallel, and the upper tributary waters of that 
 great river (the Mackenzie), which drains the continent, northward, toward the 
 Arctic Ocean. 
 
 If this statement should appear anywise t)b8cu.e, a reference to the map will 
 at once explain its meaning. 
 
 The computed uvea of the province is about 35(>,01K) scju-ire miles. Its hiuits 
 
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OF THE PRUVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
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 may be thus approximately define*l : South by a line through the centre of the 
 Strait of Fuca, and through the Arro or " Haro, " Archipelago, by a definite line 
 to the 49th parullel of North Latitude; along that parallel eadt to the Rocky Moun- 
 tains: along the snramit of that range, westwani. to the 12 '>th meridian of West 
 Longitude; along tha*; mendian north to its intersection with the 60th parallel of 
 Latitude, which parallel forms the exrr»ime northern Ixjundary. Coast-ward by the 
 Pacitit Ocean, from the Strait of Fuca to Latitude 50 deg. 40 min., and through 
 the middle ai the inlet marked i'l Vancouver's chart as the Portland Channel, 
 whence the western boundary is formed by the eastern limit of the Alaska Territory 
 of the United States; a strip of t^ji-ritory defined by the convention with Russia of 
 1825, as under; for in a matter susceptible, under possible niisapprvher, ion, of 
 veiY vague interpretation, it is perhaps well to quote directly from the official 
 document. - » 
 
 "Convention for the cession of Russian provinces in North America to the 
 United States, .'oncluded 30th March, 1867, &c., &q. 
 
 " The easteni l.'uiit is the line of demarcation between tl^ie Bndsh posses- 
 sions in North America, as established by the convention between Russia and Great 
 Britain of February 25-16,1825, and described in Article 3 and 4 of said convention 
 in the following terms: . ^ 
 
 *' Commencing froiu the southernmost point of the island called the Prince of 
 Wales Island, which point lies in the parallel of 54 deg. 40 min. North Latitude, 
 and between the 131st and 133rd degrees of Wtst Longitude, (meridian of Green- 
 wich) the said line shall ascend to the north, along the channel called the Portland 
 Channel as far as the point of the continent, where it strikes the 56th <legree of 
 North Latitude. From this last mentioned point the line of demarcation shall fol- 
 low the summit of the mountains situated parallel to the coast, as far as the point of 
 intersection of the 141st degree of West Longitude (of the sa»ne meridian) and finally 
 from the said point of intersection of the said meridian in its prolongation as far 
 as the Frozen Ocean." 
 
 " With reference to the line of demarcation laid down in the preceding 
 articles, it is understood: 1st. That the island called the Prince of Walts Island 
 shall belong wholly to Russia. 2nd. That whenever the summit of the mountains 
 which extend in a direction p?.rallel to the coawt from the 55th degree of North 
 Latitude to the ]>oiutof intersection of the i4 1st degree of West Longitude shall 
 prove to be at the distance of more than ten marine leagues from the ocean, the 
 limit between the British possessi<»ns and the line of coast which is to belong to 
 Russia, !is above mentitined, snail V)e formed by a line piirallel to the winding of 
 the coast. au»l whii h shall never exceed the distance of ten marine leagues there- 
 from 
 
 GENERAL FEATURES ANU CLIMATE. 
 
 The vast tract comprist d within the limits of the province — extending as it 
 does in a mean north-westerly dir^^ction through nearly 12 ' rees of latitude, and 
 with a varying breadth and varying elevation — presents, as maybe supposed, much 
 difference of local feature and diverse conditions of climate. The c^oast-line, with I 
 its long narrow indentations and wide archipelagic fringe has been computed to j 
 measure upwards of seven thousand statute miles, or mov^^- than double the circuit, 
 similarly measured, of Great Britain and Ireland. The fiords t>f Norway nlone pre- j 
 
 
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 EARLY HISTORY CLIMATE, RESOUR<'ES, ETC. 
 
 sent, on a comparatively small scale, geographical features which will enable the 
 r'^^der to form a conception of the 8lupend<iUH inletH. and the vast bordering archi- 
 peh^o, which compose the sea-board, and afford a protected navigation from end 
 to end— from the Strait of Fnca to the AlasLin frontier, and beyond. 
 
 The climate of this portion of the province is temperate; and while, in the 
 neighlM>rhood of Victoria, at the southern extremity of Vancouver Island, the 
 grape, the melon, and other delicate products, in favored spots, ripen freely in the 
 open air, the northern portions of the coast, though subject t«i frequent rains, are 
 exempt from extreme cold in winter. In brief it may be asserted that positions in 
 this pt>rtiou of the Pacific sea-board enjoy a winter ilimate, as compared with cor- 
 responding p<jsitit)n8 on the Atlantic coasv, equal in their favor to at least 10 degrees 
 of latitude. Thus the is(»thermal line of 50 degrees of Fahrenheit, the mean an- 
 nual temperature of New York, curving through the Peace River Valley and cross- 
 ing the Rocky Mountains in al>out •i'.i'^ strikes the Pacitie Coast near the north- 
 er*^ end of Vancouver Island, in about Latitude 51^. 
 
 The interior parts, remote from the sea-coast, though subject to greater ex- 
 tieuies both of heat and cold than the immediate sea-boai'd, present nowise the in- 
 hospitable severity characteristic of corresponding positions on the eastern slope of 
 the continent. They are, for the most part, drier, too, and the snow-fall cons*> 
 qnently less. 
 
 For instance, in ascending the Fraser the coast climate may be said to extend 
 some miles above Yale, where the river emerges from a deep mountainous gorge. 
 Proceeding upwards the evidences of a drier climate begin to appear; the nature 
 of the vj'getntion changes; and on reaching the junction of Thompsons River with 
 the Fraser at Lytton, some 55 miles beyond Yale, all the evidences of a hot and dry 
 sijmmer-<4iinate are perceptible. This characteristic extends over a wide tract in 
 the direction r>f Lillooet northward; and southward through the Valley of the 
 Thompson and Okinngan to the boundary line, near the (Jolumbia River, where the 
 northwestern Iwrder of the •' Great American Desert " is attained. 
 
 A summary such as this professes to be, as an addendum to the local descrip- 
 tions already given in the pre(;ediug pages, must necessarily be brief I will not 
 therefore attempt to dilate upon the alleged, and partially recognized, advan- 
 tages whi<!h may attract settlement towards what has l>een rather magniloiiuenth 
 called the Vast Interior. Some of these have been sufficiently displayed before- 
 Imnd in the descriptions which precede.* My own impressions I may briefly state. 
 The whole of the Interior Plateau, comprised between Lytton, the Lower Ford of 
 the Rouaparte. and southward toward the boundary line at Osoyoos, is conspicu- 
 ously a tract adapted for the pasturage of herds «»f cattle; and, li>cally, of sheep. 
 This, the region of the Red Pine, (P. ponderosa) i^also that of what is locally 
 known as the " Bunch Grass," — a natural product which has been already men- 
 tioned and described. Large herds of cattle, the property o^ different owners, 
 roam over this genial tract; and the market of Victoria depends maiidy on this 
 prolific region for its 8Ui)plies of the superior quality of beef for which it is noted. 
 
 The agricultur»l capacity of this portion of the province is, lis so far de- 
 veloped, comparatively limited; but it is capable, as I conceive, of inunense exten- 
 sion as the necessities of the future shall arise, and the inducements to enterprise 
 
 -Here and elsewhere the writer refers to articleR which a{i)tear in dittail in the Britimh Colcmbia 
 DiKKt Ti>KV. ft* an Appendix to which this chapter will ap|.Kjar. 
 
i£^> 
 
 OF THE PROVINCE OF BRITISH Ct>LUMBIA. 
 
 he extended. It has a dry i-liniate; and, as has been stated, irrigation is in many 
 parts neeesKai-y to ensure a t rop — but, this provided, enormous results ar*^ aecom- 
 pLshed. There are many traets, however, where, with all the inherent capacities 
 of the soil, the developing power of irrigation, by superficial process, is a<jt avail- 
 able . Such arid tracts, however, unattractive as thev muv now be tt) the settler, 
 will presumably with time, and under altering conditions, present a widely diflFer- 
 ent aspect. With hilly confines, amid which numerous lakes are embosomed 
 whence frequent streams and springs issue through the natural tissures. it may be 
 assumed that the pieiringof Artesian wells to a very moderate depth would redeem 
 large portions of the ueighbt>rhood from partijil sterility tran>f;.ming them in- 
 deed, into tracts of exuberant productiveness; for, with water, the capacities oi 
 this climatically favored region and its fertile soil are intumceivably great. 
 
 At a previous page, in one of the local descrip'rions. it has been mentioned 
 that at certain points, through the continued grazing of large herd; , the famed 
 "Bunch Grass " has at least partially disappeured. It is satisfactory to know, on 
 the other hand, that where this has been the case, another class of vegetation, no 
 less nutritous, has succeeded it. I state this fact on the authority of (»ne of the 
 largest graziers of the Okinagan Valley; and thus any glotmiy forelwKlings which 
 might arise under the consideiation alone of the former statement, at once are 
 neutralized. > ^ 
 
 The pr«)lific nature f)f the soil in the interior plateau has b«^en alluded to 
 more than once in the pvecndiug descriptions; it would be supertluous. therefore, 
 to repeat here the mention that has be^-u made of its adaptati* n for the culture of 
 the various cereals and other ordinary crops. But. further than this, it nuiy be 
 argued that a large proportion of the f«»ot'-hills. having a southern t-xposure, is 
 probably well suited for the culture of the grape; that is, along an extt^nsive tra<'t 
 reaching southward from Lillooett along the Fraser, and through the lower Thomp- 
 son and along portions of the Okinagan and Similkameeu Valleys to the lK)undary 
 line near Osoyoos. The soil near the bases of the hills, compo8«>d largely of de- 
 omposed volcanic detritus, seems specially favourable; while the hot and serene 
 summer climate is not less so. Thus at Lilloett, the most northerly position of the 
 tract in question, vines are successfully cultivated, as I am inft)rnied, for the lim- 
 ited local supply; and it is fair to infer that, with the establishment of increased 
 facilities of communication and other inducements, this branch of culture may as- 
 sume, possibly, a phase of much cimimercial importance. 
 
 But I have dwelt suflBiit^ntly on these ujiper regions in addition to what haa 
 already been said. As regards the lower country little need be specially added. Its 
 agricultural capacity has been snrticiently expatiated on in the descriptions of the 
 distrii^ts already given. To review these brietly it may be merely said that at var- 
 ious points dotted over the southeni pttrtiou of Vancouver Island and its adjacent 
 archipelago there are many thriving settlements, where, under a genial climate, and 
 with a soil of great fertility, agriculture in its various branches is prosperously car- 
 ried «)n. drains of the finest quality are freely and abundantly grown. Prizes, 
 and other awards of merit, ha\e been awarded in many instances, to exhibits of 
 such i)ro(^ucts of the province, as have been sent to various Industrial Exhibitions 
 abroad; and there is probably no part of the Dominion where the yield is so regu- 
 lar and the quality so uniformly fine. The exuberant fertility of the low delta 
 lands of the Fraser is locally proverbial. These lands, as the accounts of the sev- 
 
eral mnuicipalitieH which embrace them will have sJiown, cover a very large area. 
 Portions only have so far been o^'jcnpied, where the faxilities for improvement have 
 been encouraging. A syfitem of .lyking on a large scale is, however, a ne<?e8sity 
 for the general reclamation of this pro8pe<'tively invalnal^e tract: and to this end 
 a c<»mbinaticn of effort, with the command of adequate capital, is a prime neces- 
 sity. A dyking scheme, I have recently been informed, is even now m contempla- 
 tion on a somewhat extensive scale; but not of that comprehensive nature for which 
 I have above contended. I quott; some particiilars which have been banded to rae 
 refening to this scheme — premising merely that it applies to the reclamation of a 
 tract of 2,500 acres only, on what is known as Lulu Island, on the Lower Fraser: 
 
 " The enclosing dyke, owing to the intrusion of a slough, would require to 
 •* be nearly 10 miles in length, about 6 of which are through open prairie, the re- 
 '• mainder through brush — the former estimated to cost in aU $2,CK>0, the latter a 
 •' little over $3,000; in all five thousand dollars, or an average of two dollars per 
 *• acre for the whole." • 
 
 The following extract from a local print will convey a notion of the quality 
 of these delta lauds, such as it is proposed thus to reclaim : 
 
 " On Boyd and Gilgour's ranch in the delta of the Fraser River. 13 acres 
 *• were seeded in tim<>thy 11 years ago. Since then the average annual crop from 
 ♦* it has been three and a half tons to the acre, which sold at $15 per ton, $682 50 
 ♦* per annum, or $7,507 50 from one seeding. The same parties had last season a 
 " 13-a<Te field in barley which cropped 22 tons, equal to $700. Twenty acres in 
 ♦• oats averaged 78 bushels per acre, and sold at $30 per ton. Their field of Bel- 
 •' gian white carrots yielded 30 tons to the acre, aud sold at $11 per ton." 
 
 With reference to the comparatively moderate cost of dyking in the foregoing 
 estimate it may be explained that, owing to the expansion of the river-bed, it is not 
 necessary here to guard agaiust heavy summer inundation as in more confined 
 localities in the upper part, but solely to exclude the tide-flow, for which only alow 
 dyke is necessary. 
 
 The immediate neighbourhood of the coast, as we proceed northward, is in 
 most parts heavily timbered, and generally mountainous. The seemingly bound- 
 less continuity of inland and protected navigation presented by the fiords of this 
 portion of the "Northwest Coast" (so termed from the general direction of its 
 trend) has already been hinted at, and it were bootless here to enter upon a par- 
 ticular description. Suffice it to say that from the southern Umit of the province 
 at the Strait of Fuca, up to Cross Sound, beyond Sitka in Alaska, this series of in- 
 land navigation is available, and this for steamers of the largest size. I say noth- 
 ing t>f the various ramifications, and the stupendous inlets which, in parts, diverge 
 inland from the main route of communication. A glance at the map will explain 
 all this. It was amid these inlets that Vancouver, in about 1793, strove for several 
 years to solve a great geographical problem; and the result of his explorations 
 effectually set at rest the fanciful speculations of the carpet-geographers of Europe, 
 founded on the mythical rel&tions of De Fuca and De Fonte. It may be added 
 that, with all the superior appliances of the present day, no recent navigator has 
 been able to correct, materially, the first admirable reconuoissance by Vancouver. 
 But within the last twenty-five years a more minute survey of the coast-line has 
 been prosecuted under the auspices of the Hydrographical Board in London; and 
 a complete set of admiralty charts now enable the navigator to thrid with confi- 
 dence the continuous maze. 
 
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OF THE PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 9 
 
 The principal timber, for ii«eful pnrposes, throoghont the province iH the 
 Douglas Fir; a tree deriving its name from a well-known botanist, David Douglas, 
 long since deceased, who first introduced it to the world by scientific description. 
 This is probably, for strength and durability, superior to a-^y other known viuriety 
 of the genus. It is largely used for ship-building, and especially in Puget Sound. 
 The timber yielded by it is exported in enormous quantities, as well from the 
 mills within the province, us fr(im those in the atljatent Territory of Washington. 
 The Douglas Fir extends throughout the interior, up to the verge of the Rocky 
 Mouiitains, but is only along the coast that it attains gigantic proportions. In the 
 central -plateau the Red Pine (P. ponderosa), already mentioned, occupies sparsely 
 the t:pen tracts— a useful wood, but, as its specilic name indicates, comparatively 
 heavy. Other varieties of fir and pine flourish in divers parts; but these it is 
 needless here to particularize. Ouk is sufficiently abundant in tiie southern por- 
 tion of Vancouver Island; but tiiis tree is not found in any part of the main- 
 land of the province. A few trees, it is true, formerly appeared on the left bank 
 of the rapids above Yale, on the Fraser; but these were of small size, and have 
 probably iong since disappeared. The Red Cedar (Thuja gigantea of Nuttall) is 
 a very valuable wood, and attains enormous proportions. From the trunks of these 
 trees the natives of the coast excavate thair finely-modelled canoes, ranging in size 
 from the small fishing-craft to the vessel capable of carrj"ing several tons. This tree 
 is found both on the heads of the Fraser and the Colunibia, up to the base of the 
 Rocky Mountains, but does not appear on the eastern slope. The Liard, or Cottoa- 
 wood, (a species of Poplai ) is also generally distributed throughout the interior 
 along the rivers. It attains a large size, and ft)rms a useful material fi»r canoes. 
 This tree gives its name to one of the provincial streams, tributary to the Macken- 
 zie — the Riviere aux Liards, familiarly called by the miners " Deloire River." The 
 Yellow Cypress is confined tt; the coast, north of 4!>*^. It yields a very valu- 
 able qu;ility of limber, applicable to many useful and decorative purjioses, and was 
 long supposed to be, when used for wharf -eonstnictiou, safe from the attacks of 
 the teredo. This immunity, however, has of late been questioned, and at l)est is 
 problematical. 
 
 But while in the preceding pages a good deal of ? pjvce has been accorded to 
 the lower and insular portion;* of the province, with much minute description, the 
 upi^er, and hitherto by no means least impc»rtant division, appears to have been 
 partially overlooked. I refer to that portion lying towards Clinton beyond Alexan- 
 dria, and thence upwards to the Rocky Mountains. In this wide tract is seated the 
 rich gold miring region known as Caribou: or ?v8 it is more generally, if incor- 
 rectly, now written " Cariboo." This district is approached, beyond the neigh- 
 bourhood of Clinton and the Bonaparte by a succession of valleys known respectively 
 as Bridge Creek, Lake la Hache, William's Lake, &c., up to the vicinity of Alex- 
 andria, where, as before inci<lentally mentioned, the interrupted navigation of the 
 Fraser again commences. A good waggon and stage road conducts from Yale clear 
 up to Barkerville in the heart ol the mining region ; but during the open season the 
 transport is relieved by a steamer which plies from Soda Creek, twenty miles below 
 Alexandria, to Quesnel, some forty miles above that point. The valleys just re- 
 fened to, though elevated in position, are attractive in character; and there is 
 throughout a succession of thriving settlements, amid which the trunk-road which 
 connects Y'ale with the mining region of Caribou follows its sometimes devious 
 
10 
 
 EARLY HISTORY, CLIMATE, RESOlKCES, ET<\ 
 
 course. The elevation of Bridge Creek, the hi^hent of these settleiuentH, is 3,086 
 feet above the sea-level; thfct of Lake la Hache 2,488; of Willijun's Lake 2,135; 
 but notwithstanding their elevated position these Itxalities, through the nuKiifying 
 iudueuce tt) which I have l)efore passiugK alluded, enjoy a climate con<lucive to 
 successful agriculture during Summer, and in winter are exempt from protracted 
 severity of cold. 
 
 Parallel with these settlements, along the banks of the Fraser fn>m Lillooett 
 towards Alexandria, there ar»- otb^-r thriving comniunities, occupying desirable 
 locfdities. Of these it is needless severally to speak. Suffice it to say that, seated 
 at a lower level, the occupants enjoy, necessarily, a climate more uninterruptedly 
 genial than their ueighlx)rs of the higher interior tract. Exception must, however 
 be made in favor of the extensive valley of Chilcotin, watered by a stre»im of the 
 same name which, issuing from the Coast Range, joins the Frasci on the right, or 
 western, side about 00 miles below Alexandria, and nearly opposite to Lake la 
 Hache. A very large portion of this charming valley, from the mouth ♦>f the river 
 far upwards towards its sources in the mountains, is noted for its attractions as a 
 stock-range; and though in the superior parts, as we approach the higher levels, 
 occasional summer frosts may possibly interfere with the cultivation of the more 
 tender crops, the lower division enjoys a climate exceptionally favourable. Here 
 several extensive farms have been already established, and wheat and other cereals 
 are cultivated with marked success. The whole tract abounds with game, and to 
 the sportsman presents an attractive field. Trout, too, and other fish are abundant 
 in the streams. . 
 
 Soda Cbeek, forty miles above the month of the Chilcotin, is the point 
 where the navigation of the Upper Fraser commences — the intervening portion, 
 between this and Yale, being too much interrupted by violent rapids to be usefully 
 navigated. There are some fine farms in this ueighborhood, and it is here that the 
 waggon road fiom Yale to Caribou, diverging from the line of the Fraser at Lytton, 
 again strikes the river. As an entrepot for the receipt and shipment of freight for 
 the mines this ynllage is a point of some local importance: and it bojists of two 
 good hotels, a grist mill, a telegraph office, and other convenient accommodation. 
 
 Alkx.<.i>(dria, twenty miles above Soda Creek, is the site of a post of the 
 Hudson's Bay Company, formerly of much impoitance. The neighborhood, rising 
 in grass-covered terraces, is very picturesque and affords good pasture. The soil 
 is generally light, and in parts needs irrigation. Good wheat and other grains are 
 raised here, and there are several well-established farms in the neighborhood. The 
 level of the Fraser at Alexandria, as established by observations of the Royal En- 
 gineers, is 1,420 feet above the sea. The same authority applies to the other local 
 elevations mentioned. 
 
 QirrsNKL. forty miles ab<ive Alexandria, is seated on the left bank of the 
 Fraser, at the mouth of a tributary stream bearing the same name. Being the 
 point of delivei-y by the steamer plying during the open season between this and 
 Soda Creek, the town or village of Quesnel has claim to importance as a distribu- 
 ting point for the neighboring mining region of Caribou; sharing this honor, how- 
 ever, with BAEKKRVII.LE ; which, seated amid the Caribou Mountains at the terminus 
 of the waggon-road from Y'ale, may fairly claim to hi' the nucleus of the surround- 
 ing district. It is not, however, the intention to enter here upon the details of 
 mining, or to recapitulate the particulars of the several evanescent towns or vil- 
 
 I 
 
OF THE PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 11 
 
 lages which, during the laHt twenty years, have lived and di£)d amid the wildfi of 
 Caribou. Some of thene, under altering eireumHtances, may again arise and attain 
 to at least temporary importance. But it would ill-become me to depart from this 
 interesting region without bearing tribute to the amount of energy which, by the 
 hardy and enterprising residents, has Wen displayed in the partial development 
 of its lesources; to the excellent character which, aa a community, they have 
 borne; and to the persistent industry which still incites exertion in quest of the 
 rich deposits which unquestiomibly lie latent around them. 
 
 The mouth of the Quesnel, at its junction with the Fraser, is 1,49<) feet 
 above the sea-level. In the neighborhood are productive farms, depending neces- 
 sarily upon the mining region for a market. Beyond this point, with a few ob- 
 stacles in the shape of rapids, there is an excellent line of boat-navigation, extend- 
 ing in the eastern direction to the Tete Jaune Cache, in the confines of the Bocky 
 Mountains 750 miles from the sea; in the Western, through Stujirt's River branch 
 and its lake-co: nection, to the limits of the Coast Bange, nearly equidistant. 
 Through a great portion of this upper tract, and especially around Fraser Lake, 
 ordinary' agriculture hus for many years been successfully carried on. I, instance 
 Fraser Lake: for here, since the time of Fraser and Stuart, in 180(>, the culture of 
 the hardier cereals, such as barley, with potatoes and other vegetables, has been 
 cfjntinuousiy prosecuted around the post, originally of the North-west, and since 
 1821 of the Hudson's Bay Company. Wheat, too, has been grown here, and 
 ripened well; but it would doubtless be a precarious crop. The summer pasture 
 for herds, in t le clear valleys throughout these upper tracts, is of the richest des- 
 scription. It is perhaps needless to add that winter care is necessary. 
 
 In the south-eastern angle of the province, lying between the boundary-line 
 of 49^, the Rocky Mountains, and the Columbia River, is the Kootanais, or 
 as it has been recently tenued Kootenay, District. It is but sparsely populated, 
 and as an agricultural position need not, under present circumstances, l>e specially 
 noted. It is now es.sentially a mining tract, aud yields annually its tribute of gold. 
 The future of this region, however, affords great promise. With admirable facili- 
 ties for pasturt^e, and a moderate area suitable for cultivation, its capacity of de- 
 velopment will soon receive a startling mipetus. For the Canadian Pacific Bail- 
 way, to be presently noticed, will cross the Bocky Mountains in this neighborhood, 
 and traverse th i whole region on its westward way to connect with the Pacific ex- 
 treme, already under construction eastward to the vicinity of Kamloops. To the 
 anticipations of this near and prosperous tuture, then, we consign the considera- 
 tion of this interesting, but hitherto secluded, division. The Kootanais Biver, 
 which drains this extensive valley, flows, after feeding the great lake of the Flat- 
 bows, into the Columbia Biver, at a point some 30 miles alxive the boundary-line 
 of 49**. The whole region is rich in trout-streams, yielding fish of the finest 
 description for the delectation of the tty-fisher; while for the hunter the moun- 
 tainous environs present many and diverse attractions. 
 
 Far remote from the Kootanais region, and in an opposite angle of the prov- 
 ince, is another district recognized only, so far, for its gold-^^'oducing capacity — 
 the district of Omineca, seated on the heads of the Peace Biver, in the peculiar 
 mountain-loop formed by the " Peak Bange " of Arrowsmith's map with the Coast 
 Bange to the westward, and the Bocky Mountains to the north. Through the 
 last-named barrier the Peace, at a distance of some 200 miles from its sources, 
 
r 
 
 12 
 
 EARLY HISTORY, CLIMATE, RESOlTRcES, ETC. 
 
 burstH itH way at the point known aj» the " Rocky Mountain Rapid," to pnrsae its 
 conr*! afterwards tranquilly towards the Mackenzie, and the Arctic Ocean — juHt 
 as its great rival on the sonthern slope, the Columbia, does through the Nevada- 
 Cascade range at the rapids of the " Cascades," to be presently referred to. 
 
 Omineca ( a name adopted from a word of the Siccany Indians who inhabit 
 the neighborhood, ond Mgnifying umply the Monntain Whortie-berr}') is purely a 
 mining district; and, beyond a very moderate and somewhat precarious supply of 
 the precious metal, as so far experienced, preseuta no attractions ior permanent 
 residence. The country, however, is rich in large game, such as the moose, the 
 caribou, and the several varieties of bear, together with minor quadrupeds and 
 birds of variou* kinds. The climate, too, is healthy. Omineca is approached by 
 two routes; by the way of the Skeena River and Babine Lake, before referred to, 
 involving a somewhat arduous transit by land; and again from Quesnel, on the 
 Fraser, with pack-train. WIut«-fish, trout and other fish of the first quality, in- 
 clnding the Arctic Grayling, a noted game-fish, are found in the waters of this 
 region ; but, hke the Saskatchewan, the waters of the Mackenzie and its tributaries 
 are destitute of salmon. 
 
 Before quitting the consideration of the more prominent features of the 
 province, geogi-aphically viewed, it seems necessary to add a few remarks ; and 
 in doing so I may be pardoned if I quote partly from an esp'.y by myself, pub- 
 lished some years ago : 
 
 •' In order to a due apprehension of the geography of British Columbia it is 
 necessary to indicate the ranges of mountains which divide its several portions. 
 
 "The more southerly part is separated from the Columbia River watershed 
 by the Cascade Range, so called from the rapids of the "Cascades" upon the Lower 
 Columbia; the point where that river bursts through the chain. This range may 
 be considered as a continuation of the Sierra Nevada of California, and it vanishes 
 at the junction of Thompson's River with the Fraser. 
 
 " The Coast Range (i. e. the chain of mountains lying between the interior 
 of the Province »ind the sea-board) commences above New Westminster, and 
 extends, parallel with the coast, as far as Mount St, Elias at the northern extremity." 
 
 Through some misapprehension, however, the framers of the land laws, 
 under the former Colonial Government, have applied the term ' Castrade Range ' to 
 the whole of these distinct mountain systems, and the anomaly has been perpetuat- 
 ed in the more recent maps. It is perhaps vain to hope for authoritative correction 
 of this strange oversight; but, geographically viewed, it is of course gravely 
 fallacious. - •■"' /-■■''■,';'' y>- -'*•;■. ;".-^^^:;^ '.- - 
 
 As has been before mentioned the Peace River, a chief tributary of the greai 
 Arctic River, the Mackenzie, breaks through the Rocky Mountains at the distance 
 of some 200 miles from its sources. This great continental summit then joins the 
 Coast Range near the heads of the Stikiue (or Stikeen) River, in about Latitude 
 57 deg. ; the united range afterwards pursuing its course north-westward in the 
 direction of Point Barrow, and forming the watershed between the rivers flowing 
 north-eastward towards the Mackenzie on the one hand; on the other towards the 
 great River Yucon and Behring Strait — the tract whicli, west of the 141at meridian, 
 formerly bore the name of Russian America, and now forms the northern portion 
 of the Territory of Alaska. 
 
 
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 OF THE PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 13 
 
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 .;- POPULATION, 
 
 Bat large as is the area of Briti^ Colnmbia, and attractiTe for settlement the 
 various points within its confines, it can boast only of a proportionately small num- 
 ber of inhabitants. It is difficult to reach even an approximate conclusion on this 
 point; and trustworthy as the official census taken nearly two years ago may have 
 been, circumstances have changed considerably since; and, whatever the antecedent 
 result, it may be questioned whether at the present day the total population could 
 be estimated at more than seventy thousand, of whom some 30,000 or more are 
 Indians and perhaps nine or ten thousand Chinese. 
 
 The majority of the population, of European extraction, may be classed for 
 intelligence, industry, and orderly conduct, prominently among the peoples of the 
 various dependencies of the Crown. The total is variously composed. One finds 
 here the Britisli, either directly from the Old World, or from the Eastern Provinces 
 of the Dominion, and the Colonies abroad; cousins, of cognate raoe, from adjacent 
 States and Territories; French, Germans, Italians, and in short, possibly, repre* 
 sentatives of every European nationality. But all are in concord; and it argues 
 well for the community that here the Law. rigidly administered, is, as a rule, 
 strictly obeyed. Of this fact the British Columbian, without seeking to extol 
 inordinately the excellent judiciary through whose prudence the end has been 
 attained, may justly boast. Indeed it may be questioned whether in any part of 
 the civilized world, greater security for property, or more Siifety for life and limb, 
 in as far as the law can protect them, exists than in this remote and hitherto little 
 appreciated Pro^'ince of the Great Dominion, 
 
 The Indian element of our population is a great feature; and a feature, too, 
 which appreciatively viewed, cannot but jiossess much interest for the philanthropist, 
 while to the intending settler the consideration of the question is one of manifest 
 importance, I would here fain caution the ijeader, remote from ♦hese scenes, to 
 dispossess himself of those preconceptions which, possibly, he may have acquired 
 from reading either the alluring fictions of Mr. Cooper, or the sensationally inane 
 stories with which venal book-makers, writing professedly of tkese regi«)us, have 
 chosen to adjarn their works, in view of the mercenary penny. In lieu of the 
 "blood-thirsty savuge, " as too frequently of late delineated, we have here, in the 
 main, a well-ordered native population studious of improvement and eager in the 
 ticquisition of those industrious arts which alone, conjoined with other instruction, 
 can elevate them permanent^r in the social scale. And if, in the neighborhood of 
 the large towns and othea* centres of settlement, a certain amount of demoralization 
 is unquestionably apparent, the system of our Indian Policy is no more to be 
 blamed for this, than is the Municipal Government of any large European city for 
 the vice which may prevail i^^-ithin its purlieux. 
 
 The system pursued in this Province, with regard to the Indian management, 
 is simply a modification t)f that traditionally followed by the North- West Company 
 of a former day and the Hudson's Bay Company, with whom these were finally 
 conjoined, in their dealings with the numerous tril>es, from the Gulf of Saint 
 Lawrence and the Frozen Ocejin to the shores of the Pacific. Kindness, firmness, 
 and justice, may sum briefly the secret of the success of these once powerful fur 
 trading corporations. Trained in both of these schools, the late Sir James Douglas, 
 when appointed to the Government, wisely pursued the policy of his early teachings; 
 and his successors, wisely again, have not deviated from the example. 
 
14 
 
 EARLY HISTORY, CLIMATE, RESOURf ES, ETC. 
 
 The effect has been this: — A wholesome reflect for the Law has constantly 
 increased : crimes of the blacker dye are rare : those of a minor class flomparativeiy 
 infrequent; self-dependence and industry have been promoted. I need not add that 
 the effort** of the many worthy men, of all denominations^ who have devoted them- 
 selves to the moral and religious teaching of the natives, have co-operated powerfully 
 in p^cduCiDg these admirable rewilts. xMI ■ 
 
 It is but too (common with those who are unapprised of the true condition of 
 Indian matters in this quwter, to r 'ppose that the natives h«^re are, as in many 
 parts of the continent, unprofitable, and indeed expensive, members of the com- 
 munity. On the contrary, the natives of British Columbia are large producers : and 
 as consumers contribute no unimpcw^ant share in the aggregate customs revenue of 
 the province. On the labors of the young men along the coast the various indus- 
 tries in operation are largely dependent — the Coal-mines, the Saw-mills, and above 
 all the Fisheries, Vast sums of money from these different soxirces are annually 
 paid out to them, which again speedily re-enter into circulation. In all the agri- 
 cultural parts, both on the sea-board and in the interior, the services of the young 
 men are no less important to the farmer; and as packers and canoe-men. through- 
 out, their services are invaluable. . . 
 
 It will be undei*stood that no system of *' purchase of land," or pension ap- 
 portionment, has ever been countenanced here. On the other hand c^ertain tracts 
 in each district, comprising the village-sites and other spots hallowv d to them by 
 time-honored associations, have been set aside for the special use of the various 
 native communities. 
 
 It was the writer's lot t<i l>e selected a few years t^^ as Commissioner to rep- 
 resent the Dominion Government in ^ joint commission, appointed in 1876 to settle 
 the more important of the Indian land-questions at that time pending. It was a 
 difficult matter to arrange; and in s«mc cases, possibly, the tracts assigned may 
 have appeared to be, to those inadvertent of all the surroundings, unnecessarily ex- 
 tensive; but the result has been encouraging. I subjoin, as received from the In- 
 dian Department, a return for the >ear 1H81 of stock and piroduce in the native 
 settlenients along the Thompson, above Lytton: 
 
 5,9a5 Horses, 
 557 Cows, 
 H8 Work oxen, 
 98 Ploughs, 
 203,040 Pounds Wheat 
 66.040 " Oats 
 60,250 " Barley 
 5,000 *♦ Indian Corn 
 12,570 Bushels Potatoes j ' 
 
 652 Tons Hay. | 
 
 The Okinagon Agency, it may he added, showed a resu!. somewhat in excess 
 of the above. 
 
 The following passage, quoted from a speech made by His Excellency the 
 Governor General on a recent public occasion, embodies the result of his own ob- 
 servation during a tour through the interior, and sufficiently illustrates the self- 
 dependent spirit of the natives whom he encountered : 
 
 * ' Besides the climate which is so greatly in your favor, you have another 
 " great advantage in the tractability and good conduct of your Indian population. 
 
 1, 
 
 Yield of 1881. 
 
• 
 
 ^F THE PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 15 
 
 I 
 
 •* (Applause,) I believe I have seen the Indians o* almost every tribe throughout 
 "the Dominion and nowhere can you find any who are ho trustworthy in regard 
 " to conduct, (hear, hear) so willing to assist the white settlers by their labor, so 
 " independent and anxious to learn the secret of the white man's power. (Cheers.) 
 " AVhere elsewhere you meet constant demands for assistance your Indians never ask 
 " for anything, for in the interview given to the chiefs theii who*'- desire seemed to 
 "be for schools and schoolmasters; ani in reply to questions as to whether they 
 •' wi)nld assist themselves in securing such institutions they invariably replied that 
 " they would be glad to pay for them. It is certainly much to be desired that 
 " some of the funds apportioned for Indian purposes be given to provide them fully 
 •* with s<'hools in which industrial education may well f()rm an inmportant item. 
 " (Hear, hear.) But we must not do injustice to the wilder tribes. Their case is 
 " totally different from that of your Indians. The buffalo wcs everything to the 
 " nomad. It gave him house, fuel, food, clothes and thread. The disappearance 
 •' of this animal left him starving. Here, on the contrary, the tidvent of the white 
 " man has never diminished the food supply of the native. He has game as be- 
 " fore in abundance, for the deer are as numerous now as they ever have been. He 
 " has more fish than he knows what to do with, and the lessons in farming that 
 " you have taught him have given him a source of food supply of which he was 
 " previously ignorant. " 
 
 It would be out of place here, even did our limits permit, to enter upon 
 the various tribal sep/irations inhabiting tbe wide regJoB of the province. Briefly 
 it may be said that the Chipewyan (or Tinneh) connection, commencing near the 
 mouth of the Mackenzie and the shores of the Frozen Ocean, and ranging s<nith- 
 ward, inland of the Coast Range, terminates with the TahcuUy oflfsett near Alex- 
 andria on the Fraser. The Saeliss connection here begins; extending down the 
 Kiver to Spuzzum, near Yale, and eastward beyond the Columbia to the llocky 
 Mountains, where the true Saeliss, or "Flathoads, " have a large reservation south 
 of the bouudary-line, under the United States Government. Along the coast, and 
 westward of the Coast Range, there is a succession of tribes, with several varieties 
 of language and many dialects — the most northerly being the Chimesyan, near 
 the frontier of Alaska; and the Haidahs, opposite to and west of them, occupying 
 tbe Islands of Queen Charlotte, and speakin ^ a language radically distinct from all. 
 Of some of these people brief notices hav ■ been given in the preceding pages. In 
 these northern portions of the coiist it i . leedltss to say that agriculture in prac- 
 tised on a very limited scale. The sea and the rivers yield, however, a copious har- 
 vest, and upon these, mainly, the natives rely for subsistence. 
 
 The outside of Vancou^'er Island is rather numerously populated by Indians; 
 but settlement has not proceeded far in that direction. Its chief attraction at pres- 
 ent is the tratle for oils and furs; and eminently, of late years, the capture of the 
 Fur-seal. In this pursuit the natives are vtty dexterous, and their services, in the 
 prosecution of this important branch of industry, are under present circiuustanc js 
 indispensable. Finally, concerning the West Coast, as the Piicitic shore of the con- 
 tinuous insular outline is familiarly termed, it may be briefly stated that, so far, it 
 is very partially developed. The seahng schooners (the Fur sealers, l>e it under- 
 stood, and not the sealers as ordinarily meant), afl'ord ample employment during 
 the spring and early summer to the hunters resident in the villages on the numer- 
 ous inlets; enriching them, indeed, with an amtmnt of cash, in payment of their 
 
f 
 
 share of the Heason's yield, which enables them to live in afHuence amid their 
 primitive surroundings. Several trading stations have lieen estabhshed at different 
 points along the West Coast; and there are two misRion stations, both Roman Cath- 
 olic, the farther north being that at Hesquiat, conducted by the worthy Father 
 Brabant. 
 
 i« ? But, as I have said, there has hitherto l^en little inducement for agricultural 
 enterprise along this Wewt Coest. oof, indeed, were the inducements greater, is the 
 area fit for agriculture large. Nevertheless at the head of .\lbemi Canal (an offsett 
 of Barclay Sound) several settlers h^ve established themseWes, aiid the yield of 
 their cultivated grounds, as I have personally witnessed, is exceptionally great. 
 The isolated position of these settlers, however, remote as they are from all the 
 frequentetl routes of communication, retards greatly their prosjitrity. But these 
 circumstances will constantly change with the rapidly changing condition of the prov- 
 ince ^ and I have faith that ere long these now secluded settlements, with others 
 soon to be established at various pointy iu this direction, yet only partially known, 
 will attract more general attention than has hitherto been accorded to ihis portion 
 of the province. At present the chief outlet of these hermit-settU'rs at Aiberni is 
 by a roar! across Vancouver Island, a distance of some eighteen miles at this point, 
 to Qualicum on the ea-stern shore, midway between Comax and Nanaimo. 
 
 PROVINCIAL INDUSTRIES, PRESENT AND PROSPECTIVE. 
 
 Warned by the eiigen<ry of space, we are constrained to deal very summarily with 
 this imj ortant subject— referring our readers on mauy substantial points to special des- 
 criptions which have preceded. 
 
 Gold, through whose potent influence our own province, in common with the 
 other States and Territories of the Pacific Coast, received its first iiDpet"^ towards ma- 
 terial development, is presumably entitled to the first consideration. It Is not, hoM- 
 ever, the intention here to enter upon minute particulars concerning this generally at- 
 tractive subject — nor, indeed, as compared with some other of the different gold-regions 
 whose resources have of late years been drvel()i)ed, can our province advance special 
 claims, no far, to be considered eminently a gold-producing country. NevertheitSK the 
 yield has not Ixen small ; though, as it may be fairly inferred, indicative only of a 
 gorgeous future, not reraotelv' distant. A brief summary must suffice. Thus, accord- 
 ing to a trustworthy statement that has been laid before me, the total return of gold 
 exported hence (or known to be exported), from 1858 to the end of 1881 was $46,187,620, 
 showing an average of more than two millions of dollars for each year of the twenty- 
 three included— the extremes being $337,765 in 1858, and $3,735,850 in 1864. The fluc- 
 tuations of success in gold-mining, are, however, significant. Thus, in 1881, the total 
 yield of gold recorded from all sources wap only $1,046,737: the yield of the current 
 year is necessarily not yet on record, and it would be unsafe t« predict in how far it may 
 possibly exceed or fall short of its immediate predecessor. 
 
 This, however, may be confidently asserted — that so far, notwithstanding the 
 vast amount '?f labor that has been bestowed in the continuous gold-qucBt, a great por- 
 tion of the mining country remains yet either unvisited or at bt^st (mly partially d'/- 
 veloped: while in the Ix-tter tested parts of the region the niost accessible i)ortions only 
 have been effectually wrought. Quart z-lcdKcn of ascertained richness — the matrices of 
 the coveted metal — have been [mrtially developed in varitms parts, and especially In 
 the auriferous tract of Caribou. The operations towards the development of these, it 
 may be added, have in all cases been unattende<l with successful resnls in any marked 
 degree; nor will it be until capital from abroa<1 shall have b-?n invested, and intelligent 
 
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 oofoneriini,' skill «'iili«tt«l. in flif pnnuMtloii of thifi lii-li Wranrh <»f iixliiHtry. that the 
 true «)pul«Mic«' of thi' <'ouiitry. frDm a j{<»lil-iniTK'r"K p4>iiit of \ipw. will Ix* jiractically de- 
 v»>IoiK'<l. Several fompanicH. ii may Ik- meiitionc«l. h»v«- Iwon iiu-orjxtrAU**' within the 
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 have aetpiired nulits: but ho far thions^h want of a<1e<piat4- means. th« .tixratiouK of 
 none have In-en >*nci-tsKfuny pr<»H«'Cuted. antl the action of all is prohahly nttw in tem- 
 jMirary alH'yan(;e. This niuark. too. appliex to the several niinen of silver and other 
 metals. pronuHinK riehly. whi«'h exist m various parts of the pr< vinee. and some of 
 which. pr(d>alily. have In-en nion- detinitely mentioned lu the pret^ding descriptions. 
 
 CoAii exiHti*. doubtless, in various parts of the prftvim-e: but chiefly on the inner 
 shore of Vaneoiiver Island, from Fort RujNrtand itrtncij;hboiirlnH»d on the northern «-iid 
 downward the sontborn limit iK-ing the extremity of the Saanieli iieninsnla, near Vie- 
 t4>ria. where there is a promisinj,; ^ieam. the fnture value of which can only be tested by 
 boring. T^ie f)rinci]»al coal-mines at |>resent in working have Wen alrejwly treated of in 
 the account of Nanaimo and itt* neighbourhood!. Tin- yield, it may W- atated. has in- 
 creased from 2'.».H<|H tons in 1H71 Ut 22H.(¥)i> tons in IH«1 — a rettult sufticiently indicative 
 of the great and increasing importance of this staple source of iiiduHtry, an well for ex- 
 portaticn abritad. (San Franci.sco being the prtmiimnt market), aa for hwal consump- 
 tion, and the supply of the «hii>t« of war rendezvousing oi stationed at Esquimalt. 
 
 Thk Timukk Tb.\i>e has attained great dimensioiiK. the well-appreciated Douglas 
 Fir supplying the material. Without noticing the various saw-mills, working chietiy 
 for local supply, I may particularise. twt». the •• Ha«tings " and the '• Moo<ly-ville,'' 
 both seated on Burrard Inlet. At tliesc mills about H«»jjhips, ranging frcmi 350 t<t l.HOO 
 tons Iturthen. and with an average capa<nty of some M(X) tons or more, have receivett 
 carg(x>s dur'ng the jwist year. From the Hastings mill about rifteen millions of feet of 
 lunil>er htve Ix-en shipped during thin interval; and asBuming the shipment from the 
 other to have l)Oen nearly the same, a total of SO.OMl.tKK) feet is shown a.H the past year's 
 exjMjrt from these sources. The average outlay for expenses in various shaj)es by eatdi 
 of these vessels, including towage and pilotage, is estimated at not less than two 
 thousand dollars; thus giving an aggregate amount of expenditure, directly l>ene- 
 fieial to the province, of no inslgniticant proportions. With the extension of settlement 
 it may be added, fresh openings for the establishment of saw-mills of varied capacity 
 will constantly arise, while fit timl>er is everywhere abundant. -' 
 
 In the appendices to the volume, of which this chapter is itself an appendix, the 
 data relating to these industries will, it is assumed, sufficiently apj)ear. 
 
 The Fisheriks of the province of-cupy. or sh(mld (wcupy. a prominent position 
 in the enumeration of the local industries. Few, probably, outside of the little circle 
 so far partially cognisant of this immeasurable future resouri-e. will realise under a sim- 
 ple representatiijn of facts, which this necessarily must be. the enormcms scoj>e which 
 here presents itself for the extension of enterprise. The progress of Northern .America, 
 under which flag soever her progress has advanced, has l)een necessarily westward; 
 westward, indeed, until, checked by the Viroad Pacific, it is now encountered by a tide 
 of emigration from the opponent direction. Thus a shifting of the centre of popula- 
 tion in this hemisphere is constantly proceeding; and with it the progressive develop- 
 ment of divers industries, among which the disclotiure of the sea-riches of the Pacific 
 is certainly not among the least. 
 
 I premiBc that the fishing-grounds in and adjacent to this province present a 
 resource of prospectively unlimited fertility. 80 far, for reas<»ns sufficiently obvious, 
 this resource has been (jiily very partially developed. Nevertheless the a^l vance has \ieeii 
 rapid, as will l»e indicated by the following statement : — 
 
 In 1876 the total value of exportation8,as neai'ly ascoud l>e asuertaiued.wasS^KH.Od?; 
 
 •i 
 
in 1881 it had incrtuHnd. approximatf'ly. to $1.500,fM)(): and for thr current year (1882) the 
 probable amount willexceed tw<t millionth of dollarn. Tlils n;8ult isobtained from varioun 
 branches of the fishing industry; but mainly, a« reK»i*dH cash value, from tlj<- canning 
 of Halmon for exportation, chiefly to London — an industry constantly increasing, and 
 capable of great extension. Thus i»i 1H76 three canning establishments, only, were in 
 oj)eratiou. with a return of 8,247 cases, each containing four dozen one-p<jund cans. In 
 1881 twelve canneries were at work, with a final yield of 177.276 cases; and during the 
 current year twenty canneries have In-en profitably employed, with a probable return, so 
 far unascertained, of nearly ,3W).0<K) cases. The reader must be referred. h()wever. to 
 otlier ]iublic and readily accessible sources <»f information for fuller particulars on this 
 and other im]x)rtant points. The Skal Fihhebv, nevertheless, should not be dismissed 
 without at least partial notice — the seal fishery, that is, not as ordinarily understood on 
 the EaHtern rf>a8t, but the capture of the covet«<l Fib Se.\l. valued for its varied useful and 
 ornamental applications. In the prosecution of this industry, during the past year, ten 
 scho«mers. aggregating 48.3 tons were occupied, giving rmployment to 4(5 sailors; with 
 292 Indian liunters, wlioforthtir use reqiiired 14t» cedar canoes. The result of the year's 
 catch was approximately valued at $180, (MKl. In this case, tot», the other accessible 
 source's of information mentioned must Ix' referred to. 
 
 Halibut of groat size. Cod, and other deep-sea fishes, abound in these waters and 
 the adjacent banks: but so far these have not attracted attention for commercial pur- 
 {X)8e8. The field ii a new one, but constantly expanding in Its utility. Before c(mclud- 
 ing the subject, however, I may menuon that, beyond tlie ostensible return of the fish- 
 eries of the province, tlie annual consumption of the native inhabitaiits has been esti- 
 mated at nearly $5.(>0v0,000; and thus, in the aggregate, the fishing yield of British C<d- 
 umbia may ev«n now be C(»mput<»d to exceed in positive value and utility that of any 
 other province in the Dominion. 
 
 The greater industries <»f the Province having been, as w.' stnppose. sufficiently 
 noticed, it remains only to meiitiim others which, with time, may possibly attract at- 
 tention overlooking the minor, yet not locally unimportant, manufactures of which a 
 summary has preceded in the several local descriptions. 
 
 In brief: The concentration of the tannin principle, largely contained in the bark 
 of the Hemlo«!k ("A. Canadensis,") for tanning purposes. may erelong attract attention 
 in view of a valuable ^ <Kln(^t for export. It may 1m! menticmed that the bark of this 
 tree (the Hemlock,) widely pro<'urable. is chietly. if not solely used in Victoria for 
 tanning. 
 
 The SrMAOH. valuable for tanning and dyeing purposes, has been of lat<_'. as I 
 understand, recommended for cultivation in (California, as a crop of commercial value. 
 This shrub is indigenous to the more arid tracts of the Interior, where every hill-side 
 exhibits its hixuriant growth. Much of the upland, therefore, else intra<'table. may 
 possibly, under s|)ecial cultivation to this end. l>ecome ht^reafter c(mjniercially pro- 
 ductivr. I s]M'ak. of course, here as elsewhere, with reference t<» the now rapidly ap- 
 prt)aching transport-facilities of the future: destined, as they may tw inferred to be. to 
 transform the wholo industrial aspect of these remote and heretolniT ahuost inat^cessible 
 hn^alities. Tobacco, six h=is bpcn aln-aly proved, cm 1»> sicccssfully grown to a useful 
 end both in the southern parts of Vancouver Island and on the Main. About 
 Lilootitt. especially, the culture has been profitably carried on: and it is probable that in 
 th« rarm tracts of the Interior, many spots will be found available for the cultivation 
 of u high quality <»f this valuable product on a largely commercial scale. Of the pos- 
 siVde, and indeed pr«»bable. culture of the Orai>efor useful pur]>oses I have already 
 spoken at a pre(*eding page: but indeed to this, as to some possible and })robable pro- 
 ductions, I have felt a delicacy in alluding, lest some, sagaciously regardful only of our 
 
OK I'HK I'KoVINCK oF MKITISH roLl'MBIA. 
 
 19 
 
 Ji>tiiit>d Latittulf 1(11 tii«- map. may. )>t'rhapM. aho saK^'><><i>»Ij qut'stioii the aivuracv i»f 
 uiy «letW'ri|)ii<iiiH. , 
 
 V«^t after all. few atul ctTtaiiily mmv of tliojk- who personally know nir> will sui»- 
 p<»««' that in any of the ^tHt4•nl»M)ts which I have ran-*! t«> advance the dniallerit deviation 
 frrnn n»\ «»wn well founded convictions Iium Inen admitted. I abstain tlironi^rh the con- 
 sideration of space solely, from drawing attention to H«»me «*ther powsible sourcoH (»f in- 
 dnstry. iudiK^nouK to the Province, which either in the textile or fibrile art** may here- 
 after attract notice. I may mention, nivertJielcHi*. that among the exhibitH from thit« 
 Province which will ap]x>ur in tliu Great International Fisheries £x)M>Hitiun. to take 
 pla^e in London in 1M83. sonn* of the latter class will lud prid>ai>ly escape Hpecial coni- 
 niendati(»n by obHorvaiitK. iii(»n- c«)ni|X'tent to jud,:,'e ol these matters than I, l»y \Mm- 
 sibility, can profi ss u> U-. Among tlu sematerials the Hem}»-nettleC'Urtiea(.'annabina,") 
 the Epilobii'm («»r tire weed,) and the "Indian Hemp." a s|iecie» of Apocynuni, are 
 prominent for their local utility: but whether in tlw future to Ijecome commeroially 
 valuable or not is ho far <iuestionable. -: 
 
 In view then, of the limit'ed spac-e at my disposal aud considering, too. that the 
 seeker of a new home amid scenes so distant and thus far only indistinctly conceived 
 of, will not rest satistied with a cursory • escrij)tion such as mine must nece«sarliy 
 l>e, I abstain from further <letail. Doubtless, in the preceding pages, h)cally aj>- 
 piicable, this possible questri^t will tind much to satisfy his desire for sj)ecial in- 
 formation. To these, then. I refer him; and will at once proceed to indicate, as briefly 
 as may be, the conditions under which the aspirant, whcncesoever originating, may be- 
 come a participator in the deliglits and advantages of this terrene "elysium" of Britisli 
 Columbia; as some only too fondly, if not with strictly critical accuracy, are at times 
 apt to term it. V<'t. after all. wliy blame such cntliusiasts ? They tind here at least 
 Health: and with Iiealth they enjoy a climate remote from either extreme of temperature, 
 while iK-fore them is a tield rich in all the incentives to active and industrial exertion. 
 
 AllSTKACT t)F THE LAND AND PKE-EMPTION LAWS. 
 
 There lies before me a formidable Manuscript, jn it.self enough to comprme a 
 small volume: leplet*- with lct»:d redundancies, and accurate. donV)tlcss iH-yonil all 
 ordinary eomprelu nsion. Summed brietly. and avoi<linK sjK>ciaUy. it muy read some- 
 what as under: — *>• < 
 
 Every male i>erson of piRlit»-en years of age or over. Wing a Jiritish subject. bt)rn 
 or naturalised, may enjoy the right to pre-empt, under certain stated conditions, a 
 tract not exceeding 320 acres in extent, to the northward and eastward of the "Cascade 
 Kange" of mountains: and IfiO acres in extetU in other parts of th • Province. PerHonal 
 occupation during a iK-riod of two years, (reasonable intervals of absenci- l)eing per- 
 mitted, > and improvements to the average of two dollars and tifty cents j)er acre, are 
 necessary to complete the pre-emptive right. Upon proof of these, the settler is entitled 
 to claim his Crown Grant in free hold to the tract so occupied and improved, after the 
 payment of one dollar per acre: payable at option, in four equal annual instalments of 
 25 cents each per acre. 
 
 Aliens becoming naturalised under t'le simple provisions of the Dominion Law, 
 ai'quire all the local rights of British subject44. 
 
 The upset price of Surveyed Lands, f ir agricultural purposes, is tixed at one dol- 
 lar per acre; subject to public sale in lots, at notitied intervals, to the highest bidder. 
 All lands remainitig unsold alter such public exposition, can l)e purchased by private 
 contract from the Government at the upset price. 
 
 There is a Home-stead Law. by which under due registration, real and {>erK(mal 
 property is protected to the extent of not more than $2,500, from seizure and sale in 
 bankruptcy. 
 
s 
 
 Cual LandK, und«r the Amt^n(l»'d Laii' Act of Jliit April, 1882, are thus provuUd for. 
 
 8. "Crown landt* west of the Ca8ca<le KanKe oontaining coal may be purelAaned 
 at not leas than $10 per acre, and similar land** •'ast of the Cascade Range at not le»»s than 
 $5 per acre; and any Crown grant for Huch \uiuU shall, notwithstanding anything in ihiH 
 Act. state that the ooal in the land descril>ed in the grant is included therein." 
 
 I was deairouH of saying something of our Gold Minijj** Laws: but after jK^rnHing 
 an abstract of their wonderful intricacies, I sit down puz/led and astounded by the com- 
 plicated maze. Let it suffice to say that the provisions are lil)eral: and that 'every 
 person, whether a foreigner or a British subj« c-t Uing owr the age <»f l(i years, may. up- 
 on the payment of .$;>.(K) ft)rone year, receive a free miners certificate cnabliug him for 
 that i>eritKl to entr-r upon and mine upon any waste lands of the Cro«ii. not legally }»rp- 
 oi-cupied for mining jiurjyoses.' and so forth. Provisiiui is of course made as in all 
 gold-mining regions. to regulaU' theextent of elaims and otlier c<mtlng«'ncies: but the in- 
 tending gold-miner, if haply he sliould chance upon these pages, would care little for 
 a brief and unsatisfactory alwtract. while the full text of the law, in all its ■• tetliouH 
 brevitv"i8so readilv accessible. 
 
 • * 
 
 ! In view of all that I see around nu'. and knowing as 1 do the practically inexhausti- 
 
 ]»le sources of competence which exist, I have l>een amused at times with the .-tad 
 groanings which are eclnx^d fr(»m ahrcad— and cHjjecially, with the better cause, fr(»m 
 our cognate nationality of the old World. PaintuUy aniu>ed: for while here I iu>tice the 
 bountiful provisions of nature wasting through lack of oecupants, I listt u to the sad 
 plaints ni dearth and starvation from aliroad. 1 l'»iu-y that in what I havv' already written 
 in these pageb, or if not, certainly what Juay hav«' preceded, sufficient has been shown to 
 indicate that for the sober and industrious settler. n(» fear of want i> o]>en. To such 
 only, and to none other, do I eare to address myself. Perhaps a brit-f summary, which 
 has been kiudiy supplied to me. (»f the rate's of wages obtuinabh- in the Province, (and 
 by the indnstrious ef)nstantly at prtsent »ibtainable.) will placdl rliis subject prominently 
 before the enquiring reader. 
 
 WAGES. 
 
 The following are general rates paid in British C dumbia. Blacksmiths. 
 $3 to :?3 50 por day: Boiler Makers. $r{ to 5^8 od per day: Bricklayers. S4 to 
 $5 per day: (Cabinet Makers. $.3 i>er day: C'iir]»enters, ij^J ")(» to $.1 50 ))er day: Cigar 
 Makers, from :fll to $)H per thousand; Heljxrs in Foundries. $2 to $2 ,50 per day: 
 Household Help, without waHhing, $10 to $12 j^er mouth: Househohl H< Ip, (general) Sl2 , 
 to $20 pt^r mouth; Iron Moulders. $8 to #;1 50 {wr day; Laborers. $1 75 to $2 j>er day: , 
 Longshoremen, .50 cents \hv hour: Machinists. ^H Ut ?!»;^ 50 per day, Masons $4 to $5 per 
 day; Painters, f.3 i)er day; Plasteitis. .*4. to *4 50 per day; Pattern .Makers, #:l to $3 50 
 per day; Printers, 45 <'ents per thousami: Sah'smeu in stores. #(!0 to S^1(M^ per month; 
 Shoemakers, $2 50 to 5^4 per day; Stone Cutters, 5»4 to ji5 {hv day; Tailors, #2 to $;^ ]n-v 
 day: Uphowterers. $8 to *3 50 per day: \Vo<hI Turners, $.3 jn-r day. Fisht rmen.employcd 
 in the Salmon Canneries during Hie season (1S82> received from $.50 to 5>«jO jxr month. 
 Trus{W(Mthy farm laborers earn rea<lly from S25 to $.S0 per luontii. with board, through- 
 out the year. Temporary harvest labor is higher. The rates for Haiiway Laborer 
 apj)ear in the following advertiseil clipping: 
 
 CaN.\PI.\> P.VCIFIC KaILW.W. NKW SCHKDILE ' >F WAGKS FOR WHITF LABOTl IX 
 
 Bkitish CftLUMBiA:— Overseers. $125 jK'r month: Ho«'k Fcuemeu. S8 to $4 \>er day: Earth 
 Foremen, $2 25 Ut *;iper day: Britlge Foremen. 5^3 i>er day:Bri<lge Car|)enters. (1st class) 
 *,S per day: Bridge Carpenti^rs. (2d class) #2 .50 per <lay; Masons, $2 5<» to $3 per day; 
 Blacksmiths, (1st class) $;^ SOix'rday: Blacksmitlis,(2d class) $2 .50 ptr day; Blacksmiths, 
 (helpera) $1 50 ti) $2 \kv day; Drillers. $1 75 to $2 p«^r duy; Laborers, $1 75 per 
 day: 1st Class Hewers. $350 per day: 1st Class Chopp(>rs. $2 50 jK-r day: istClass Scorers. 
 
 ,'* 
 
a! 
 
 2 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 z 
 
 c 
 
 w 
 
 u 
 
 ^ 
 
 * ' 
 
/ 
 
 » 
 A 
 
$2 50 utT dav. All outride lalx»r 10 licnirx per day. All carpeiiterH t«> furiiitili th.Mr own 
 chfHt Uh}U. All eiuploye* tind thoiiiH^lveH U-d. Uiard und ItHlging B<»*rdiiig tl<mH<r-h 
 will \h^ c<»uvfi?ient aloii^ the lino. Board $4 ptr » :H'k. It will not be conipulitory for 
 fmployes to board in the '."onjpany'-i huUHeK. Wagen will b«' paid monthly on the 10th 
 of each month. A ONDERDONK. (hneral ManuKer. 
 
 Such tlu-n. or marly anch. are thp r«te»< obtainable in thin Province, by the in- 
 dn»trions, for temp«»riuy Ktrvicf. Hut for tliime who, indlHpi.sod for purely aKrioultural 
 pnrsnitH. and yet d«'nirouK of |k ruianent Kettlmient in honu'Mteadw of their «»wn with an 
 udjaecnt induntry, there is a copious u|)eniiii( alon;^ the C«>»«t-linc of the Province, and 
 wit! itH tislu-ry. Kvt n now. in the Hj-elinU-d nooks around Vietor.a and its neiKhbonr- 
 ho4id. many a worthy iMtth-r )lu^ eHtublisliMl hiniHelf and family in ea.He and t-onitort. 
 The chief resourct- of the»»e. from a i»etnuiiary j»oint of view, in at pre»»ent the manufac- 
 ture of oil, from the liver ot the innumerable diiK-^f*''- ''>r whieh coni?nodity there in, 
 in Victoria and several nciKhbourin^ parts, u lucrative demand. Many thus, with a 
 few acres arder cultivation amid the fertile patches around them adtquate for their own 
 yearly suj.ply. realise probal)ly from .*'li to *:5 a day during a j^reat portion of the y»ar. 
 A cow or two. with unlimited pasture in the wild lands adjacent; perliaj)s » few swine; 
 and Withal a muliitude of ]Mtultry; contribute to the general supjMjrt of the family. 
 The sea supplies the rest. A morderate outhnik, it may l»e nr^ed: yet how many of tlie 
 indigent occupant-^ of our British sea-board wouhl, were it attainable, ^rasp eaj^erly at 
 an opt-niuK ^'.uch as this. 
 
 THE CANADIAN PACIFIC liAlLVVAY. 
 
 Allusion has Iwi-n made more than ou«'e to the great Bailway which, now in pro- 
 cess of const ruction from either end. is destined ere long to connect our Pacifu* Coast 
 witli that of the Atlantie and so complete poHitively that union y»etween the op|K>site 
 jirovinces of tlu Don)ini<»n which, except j)oliti( ally, has hithtrto existed rather in thetu-A 
 than in fact. A spe<'ial notice of this subject, witli a summary of the eliief ( ngineering 
 data and estimates of fost. has. we think, preceded. But, even at the risk of possible 
 rejK'iiticm. it may not be amiss in this Comp<'ndium. to mention some ef the more prom- 
 inent features of an undertaking, not only of extreme local and dominional importance, 
 ]>nt carrying with it- i>ros|KH'tively. «*oiisideratii»n» of w«)rld-wide commercial imiM»rt- 
 ance. I here avail inys< If freely of a munnserij>t which has Im« n laid Iwfore me, c«>n- 
 taining apjian-iitly manv well consi«lered data, and compilxl evidently with :» strict 
 regard to possible correctness. These various data I will imt attempt t<t organize in 
 c<»nsecntlve order: but qu<»te tin ni as they coiue. leaving the reaeh'r to draw hir: infer- 
 ences as he priK-e«'«ls: 
 
 •' A comparison Ix'twcen the Canadian and I'uitt'd States lines shows as follows; 
 'f In distances Ix'ing computed resjK-ctivelv froui Port .Moody on hurrard Inlet i the 
 "(.'anadian terminus I. iiuil San Francisco:' — 
 
 "From I'ort .Moody to Montreal '2,M.50 miles 
 
 d«» do to New York via C. P. U. and Montn-al . ;{,2(K» do 
 
 d«» do <io do \ia C. P. Ii. Aiid BnK'kville ;1.14(» do 
 
 do S. Francise«. do d»; via Central Pacific . 3,,3.J0 dt» 
 
 "From LiverjMKd to I'ort M«MKly \ ia C. P.P.. (J,(H*»i{ do 
 
 do do to S. Francis«-o via Central Pacific 6.8.3(t do 
 
 ''From Liverp4»ol to Yokohama. -Japan, via .Montreal an<l P<»rt MimkU' 10.9ii8 mi.es 
 do do do do via New Y'ork and K. Francisco 12. 0;{?^ do 
 
 "A computed saving in favour of the Cana4lian line, will thus Ix' ?lle<'ted of 7<)7 
 "miles from Liverp«Kd to Port Moody:ftnd continuing the voyage to Yokohama »»f 1.07r> 
 'miles." 
 
22 
 
 KAKI.Y HISTORY, CLIMATK, KKSOlRrKS, ETC. 
 
 I give thest' tiKUi't''* »<* I fin'l tli« lii: ami with tin- U's»s licHitatiim miwv 1 Hud titat 
 tlH> eHtimatrtl saving in iHstanrr ilirtnv vitv littl*^ in tlio rcHult from my uwn liastj 
 (■ni(i])Utation. publiHlied s<»nM- yearn ago. w'un this railway ijiitHtion w»m xtill in i-nihryi*. 
 
 In ('oniparing the relative advantutres of this, the farthest north of the se viral 
 eomi>etitive trunseontinental rout(,'s. it is Imt too eomnton with cursory t)lKiervers to eou- 
 siiiler. aw reganls prohahh' interruption by snow, tlie qneHtion of Latitiulo alone- obliv- 
 ious of the fact that the diminished altitude of our northern ]msses countervails immeas- 
 urably the e«iuat<»rial distance. As I liave shown at a pr< ceding page we avoid the Cas- 
 ea<le Range j tlie continuation of the Sierra Nevada | entirely— rounding its termination 
 near Lytton at tlie junction of the ThonijMou with the Fraser. Afterward^ the passage 
 of the lio«'ky Mountains by one of tin- low depn-ssionsof thcHc northern parrs is eftecteil 
 with a computed avoidance ol at least ">0(M) feet of ehvation as compared uith sonu' of 
 the southern routes, and with. c<»n.setiuently, easier gradi<-uts and more favourable 
 curvcM. 
 
 I have said ''one"" ttf the low depiession>. but I may l»e uiore precise: fur recently, 
 we learn, the mooted question of route has Ix'eu deciiled. It was longsui>]>osed that the 
 Yellow-Head Pass at the head of th«- Fraser W(uild Im- the point selectt-d for the transit; 
 presenting as it unijuestionably dtn^s iHCuliar local facilities. But. doubtless for valid 
 reasons, a pass farther south. called in ralli»er's official report the "Kicking-Horse Pass," 
 and striking the upi)er waiers of the Kootanais River in about latitude 51*. has been 
 preferred: and by this nuite the surveys in advance of construction are now rapidly 
 proceeding. .. 
 
 PoBT Moody, the selected terminus of the railwav on the Pacitic shore, is seated 
 at the extremity of the southern arm of Burrard Inlet, distant by sea. about 75 miles, 
 f r(»m Yictoria, and overland, some tive miles from the banks of the Fraser at New VVesimin- 
 ster. As described by Admiral Richards, the present Hydrograplier to the Admiralty, it 
 is a '-snug harbour." and capacious for shipping l^yond all probable reijuireuients. 
 It seems needless to add that, like all maritime harbours upon these shores, it is at all 
 seasons accessible. Substantial preparations for future conunerce have already l)een 
 effected here: among the rest a wharf and other adjuncts which I liml described as uiuler: 
 VA timl>er structure 1870 feet in b iigth. and in breadth, at the centre 153 feet. This 
 "breadth it maintains for ;{(M) fe<'t from eiicli sidt- of the centre, afterwards trending 
 •'shorewanls at various angles. It is substantially built, no fewer than 1723 piles from 
 "12 to 20 inches in diameter having been driven, and these are strongly capped and 
 "adeqiiatt'ly braced: the whole front, indeed, presenting a close wall formed ol 14 
 "inch timber. The surface is covered with 4-iuch jilanking strongly fastened with 8-inch 
 "spikes. The lowest depth of water along the water front, at all stages of the tyde. will 
 "be 26 feet, save only near the slusre extremities." 
 
 Upon tins structure several cai)aciou8 buildings connected with the requirements 
 of the future traffic have already been erected: freight station, passenger station, bag- 
 gage warehouses etc: and in the immediate neighbouihood are the various oftices and 
 workshops connectt?d with the terminus. Around the whole is rapidly arising the in- 
 cipient tiiwn: biit so far the hotel accommodation that has been provided is inadequate- 
 a deticiency. doubtless, socm to be remedied with the rapidly increasing demand. 
 
 It is unnecessary, after the detailed account that has preceded, to allude further 
 to the great local difficulties that have already l>een overcome, or are Ijeing gradually 
 surmounted, m the prosecution of this great naiioual work. It may not l)eoutof place, 
 however, to insert here a tabular statement o/ distances, showing the relative position of 
 several of the bwalities in the Province with rc-gard to Victoria and each other: and also 
 the p<»Hition of Viet^»ria with regard to other pnnnineut points outside of the Province, 
 in the neighbtuiring Territories of the United States. 
 
OK THE HR<>V1N< K nF BRITISH COLIMBIA. 
 
 23 
 
 TABLE OF DISTANCES, GAME. ETC. 
 
 i Virtoria t^) Nanaimo anrt Coniox: — Victoria t<» (.'(jwicliaii. 35^ tiii)«»H; t-<> BurK^tym- 
 
 Bay. 7'^: t<» Maplf Bay, H^ti to Ve«uvia« Pay. 4S: to Horstsliof Bay. ♦> '< : to Nanaimo. 
 19^; to Departure Bay. 3; to Coniox, 54. Total. 134 niileH. 
 
 Vict(>ria to New Westruinst^r and Yale: — Victoria to New WeHtniiuat^r. 75 niik-^; 
 to Maple Ridge. 12; to Langley, 5: to RiverHide, 14: to Matwqui, 2; to Suma«, 8; to 
 ChilliAvhaek. 6: t^) Hope, 38: to Yale. 15. Total. 175 njiles. 
 
 Victoria to Paget Hound.— Victoria to Port Townsend, 38 niiles: to Port Ludlow. 
 13; to Port Gamble. 7: to Port Matlison. 15: to Seattle, 12: to Tacoma, 25: to Bteilia- 
 com, 8; to Olympia, 22. Total. 140 milen. .v. , • ^ 
 
 Victoria to Barktrville:— Victoria t<t Boston Bar, 2fK> niileK: to Lytton, 32; to 
 Sy€nces Bridge, 23: U> Cache ('re«k. .30; t«> Clinton. 20: to Soda Creek. 131; to Quesn- 
 elle. 54: to Stanley. 4r.; to Barkerville. 15. Total. ').jl miles. 
 
 Victoria to Wr^ngel. Sitka antlTakou: -Viet^>ria to WraiiKei. 700 niileH; to Sitka, 
 160 miles: to Takon. 165 miles. Total. 1025 
 
 It seenih needleH,s, in tliene days of livt-ly inter-comniunication. to add. that Ih?- 
 twi'en all the above moutionod jwtintn connected by navigable waters, there is a regular 
 and frc'(jxient intercourse, maintained with swift and ■vell-appolnttd hteamerH. 
 
 It has been aientioned in various parts of the local aescriptions already given, that 
 in divers portions of the province there exist attractions for the sportsman in no ordin- 
 ary degree. Some of these. Ixfore concluding. I will endeavour to enum >rate as suc- 
 cinctly as possible, while indicating prominent localitie^ where gam*' of certain descrip- 
 tions may probably be most successfully sought. 
 
 The Rufted Grouse is common to the greater iM»rtion of the Province, and in 
 some ])arts is very numerously found. Around the principal centres of population, be, 
 ing a game bird much in request for tlie market, it is nee<lless to say that its numbers, 
 notwithstanding the conser'ative ]jrovisions of the local gann'-law. havr* been greatly 
 thinned. The Blue, or Dusky Grouse is also common: withdrawing, however, from tlie 
 low-lands to wooiled coverts in the hills as winter approaches. The Sharp-tailed Grouse, 
 or "prairie chicken," iti contined to the oj^en tracts of the interioi- j)lateau. as far as the 
 neighbourhoiMl of Alexandria, and high up the Chilcotin valley The Canada Grou8«' 
 (of Wilson) frequents the high sandy wood-tracts of the interior, were the Banksian 
 pine and the low wluirtle-ln^rry predominate, up to the verge of the luK'ky Mountains 
 the most l)eautiful. jwrhaps oi its genus, as it is certainly the least wary. The 
 Ptarmigan is found on the outskirts of the Rocky Mountains, and doubtless throughout 
 the interior on the more elevaxed of the chief mountain-ridges. esf>ecially of tlu' Coast 
 Range. So, too. it is probable, along the chii 1 summits of Vanc<>uver Teiand; though 
 so far it is <mly knttwn positively to freciuent in num>)ers the elevated water-shed l)e- 
 twoiMi the Great Cowitchan Lake and the heads of the Nanaimo. (inail,intr«)duc^d some 
 years ago from (alifovnia. are now numerous in tiie Soutliern parts of Vancouver Island. 
 tin«l es])e(lHlly within a certani area around Vi<'(oiia. The Hare d«»es not appi^ar m the 
 Coast precincts: but a small variety, (known as the "Variable Hare" <>u account of its 
 becoming whlt<' in winter) is found, sometimes in immen.<e numbers, througliout the 
 broad interior — at times attbrding a welcome sourc*- of subsIst+Mice to the natives when other 
 sup]mes partially fail. Tlw '.Sit^leuj'" or Rocky-m<.nntain Marinot. is. as its name inti- 
 mates, common t»» the r<»eky elevations (tf the continental summit. an<l also to similar 
 positions along the Cascade and (Oast ranges. Upon the Cascade range. es]X'ciaUy. 
 it 18 nnmerous within eaHy HccesH from Hope, near Yale. The ch,..He of thin nninml 
 in. from its Hurroundin^H, both intereHting and eicitiug. The tleHh, when fat in 
 the Antumn, is much esteemed by the nutives and others as an article of food ; 
 
24 
 
 KAKI.V HISTOIJV. <MMATK, l{KS<U'UrES, ETC. 
 
 while to tilt' fornu'V thf skins hnv*- u s|)<'(ijil valur i< a- winter rolxs. siiw.«-, nnlike 
 most otluT skins, they do not hiutlen if lUTidi-ntully wcttcfl. I must, lu>\vrvi;r4 
 itfniin from t-nnnieratin^' sm-h minor objects "f tli<' sportsnmn's (piist. and. omittinm' 
 sltecinl notict- of tin- nmny vurieties of watt r-fowi wliirh r«'K(»rt to the int^-rirtr hik"s, 
 and dnring thf winter fre<iu»nt the (\»ast pn-eincts in vHst tloeks, proceed ai oncj- 
 to mention soiut' of the uobhr objects of the <*hHs«\ the i^neHt of which will more 
 probably excite the ambition of the hniitcr. - 
 
 The Moose, it may be ]ireniised, is not kn<twu to the westward, savH ihe 
 immediate neighbonrhood of the Kocky Mountains, and p( rhaps as lowdcvnas 
 Fort (leor<,'e, on the Fraser, and of late, in the vicinity of Stuarts Lake; parts 
 where in former years, it was rarely met with. It is retjurded as tlie most wary 
 of it kijid: and to be a successful Moosr-hnnter demands the exercise of no ordinary 
 degrt'c of skill and jiatience. I do not. of coui-s<', here refer t<» the slaughter of 
 these pour quadrupeds, such as I occasionally rt-ad of, as practised l»y wmie sjjorts- 
 men in ])arts of Canada amid the deep snows of winter, and with the co-operation 
 of convenient assistants trained to the t'usk. Such sport, if so it maybe called, 
 must be likened rather to a I'heasant-battue in an English preserve then to the pro- 
 secution of the Moose-chase as the exiK'rienced hunter kuows it, where the exer- 
 cise of e\ery faculty, and much patient endurance, are in('rispensaV)le tf> success. 
 .\long the Peace River, it may be added, and (htwnwards toward the Mackenzie, 
 this animal is commonly met with; and perhaps now the more numerously, since 
 it has been of late years less persistently hunted then of yore. This fact, too, will 
 account for the extension of the race in a westerly direction, as already note*d. 
 
 The Elk, of these regions fre([uents a large portion of the province, from th( 
 Mountains downwards. It is perhaps needle^fs to say that this appellation of 
 "Elk" is a misnomer; so widely adopted, however, that it would be hopeless to 
 argue for its correction . The Moose, indeed, might with proi)riety Ik- called the 
 American Elk, since it bears the palmated antlers of its well-known European 
 congener; but this other, its compeer at least in size, t>r nearly so, has the branch- 
 ed antlei-s of the European Red-deer, of which indeed, it may be deemed a variety. 
 Naturalists <listinguish it as the Wapiti, a name of Cree origin; or when more 
 learnedly speaking, the "Cervus ('anadensis." Whether from partial variety t)f 
 species, or other incidental cause, this animal appears to attain more giganti<' 
 proportions in the Coast neighbourhood then in the inland localities. It is more 
 gregarious in its habits than most of its <'ongeners: and, as it travels over a wide 
 space in browsing in the dense forests of the Coast, it recpiires in such parts the 
 exercise of some skill and much activity to pursue it successfully. The Pacific 
 Coast, indeed, from California up as high at least as Latitude 51'', may be regarded 
 as a favoured range of this plendid variety of the genus. In parts of Vancouver 
 Island they are very numerous, though probably not found beyond the neighbour- 
 hood of Fort Rupert at the northern end. Around the great Cowitchan Lake is a 
 favourite resort; and in connection with this tract the line of the Santa River, 
 according as the seasons vary and the inducements for pasturage and browsing dif- 
 fer. Th Santa, it may be ex])lained. flowing from the water-shed near the Cow- 
 itchan Lake, dis<'harges into Barclay Sound, on the southern shor .ome six miles 
 or more within the entrance. There is reason to believe that up this stream, with- 
 in a distance readily accessible from its mouth, an attractive hunting-ground, so 
 far almost unknown save to the natives, invites the attention of the ent+rprising 
 
 -»i 
 
OF THE PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLCMBIA. 
 
 25 
 
 t 
 
 sportsman. The "Elk" it may be mentioned, attains its full condition earlier in 
 the season than the Blaok-taiied De^r, to be presently noticed, and is in its prime 
 probably about the end of August. 
 
 The Deer, last mentioned- -the variety most common throughout — while not 
 ordinarily gregarious in its habits, is very widely distributed. In point of sapidity 
 of its meat it is perhaps less to be esteemed than some other varieties of its kind: but 
 when in full condition is nowise to be despised. The stalking of this animal, (the 
 only permissible way. as I conceive, of hunting iti, if it re«iuires some patience, 
 demands little professional skill; and around the neiglx>urhood of Vit-t^jria there 
 are many well-known localities where the sport may be successfully eujoywl. 
 Farther North the deer of this species attain, as a nde, to much higher condition 
 than those in the Southern part of the Province -chieflj', doubtless, through more 
 nutritious browsing, if not, posiiitdy, in part through being less continuously «Us- 
 turbed. In the neighlx)rhu<»d of the Hkeeua River, for instance, they are notetl at 
 the proper season for iheir superb condition. Approaching this, on Pitt Island 
 and elsewhere ari>und, th^re are tracts which, comparatively clear of under-growth, 
 present special inducements to the tourist-hunter, eager after the trophies of the 
 chase. 
 
 The Caribou is found only in the elevated mountjiin tracts of the mainland- 
 and probably not far South of Lat. 51*'. This is a variety of the Rein-deer, «liffer- 
 ing conspi<uous!\ in size from the rein-deer of Hudson's Hay and it« adjactsnt 
 coasts, from which it is distinguished, by Dr. Richardson, as the " Rocky Moun- 
 tain ■' variety. It is a st^ately animal, far-travelling when fairly disturbed, and. 
 like its Arctic congener, of very gregarious habit. It frequents the high mountain- 
 ous uplands, and, in parts, is very numerous. It is from this animal that the 
 well-iHiown mountain mining-region of the Province derives its name; adopted, 
 almost iuerally, from the Tahcully designation of the tract, '* Ho-tsee Kaya " i. e. 
 ijO Caribou-land. 
 
 There is a broad mountain-plateau, many miles in length, lying between the 
 heads of the Chilcotin River and the C«>ast — the summit, in short, of the dividing 
 range- -where the Caribou specially abound. It is a vast expanse where, at an 
 elevation of some 4,l)(H) feet, a very sparse and stunted timber-growth studs the 
 sarfa<'c. amid a carpeting of those lichens which constitute largely the food of 
 these animals. The.se, and numerous ptarmigan.s. seem to be the sole occupants of 
 the drear}' locality. But to the ardent hunter this is an attractive strene; and here, 
 secure oi sport, a pleasant interval mighi indeed be passt-d. This was formerly, 
 ;ind is doubtless still, though in a less degree, the favorite hunting-ground of the 
 upper Chilcvitins and their neighbours. The "Carriers. ' as the Tahcully tribes at 
 large were usually termed, have a method of hunting the Rein-deer perhiips 
 peculiar tc» themselves. This animal, as is generally known, is peculiarly sensi- 
 tive to the attacks of tlies: and the tiies, unfortunately, are but tou numerous in 
 their usual feeding grounds. The smoke of tires accidentally kindled has therefore 
 for them a special attraction, since it affords a refuge Irom their tormentors to which 
 they ejigerly resort. Thus, even in tht dei)lh of winter, the smell of smoke, -as of 
 a camp-tire for instance- -.so far from alarming, positively attiacts them; and the 
 Indians, availing themselves of the knowledge, ad(»pt various devices in which 
 smoke figures as the lure. Thus in approaching a herd a party of hunters will 
 provide themselves each with a lighted fnigmcnt of rotten wood; and under cover of 
 the welcome odour approach nearly to the unsuspecting victims. 
 
 Th mountain-goat is found in all the precipitous parts of the Mainland, Init 
 not, so far as 1 have been able to learn, on any part of Vancouver Island. It may 
 be found readily around the neighbourhood of Burrard Inlet; but the chas«' is 
 urdu<»us, and demands much active exertion. 
 
 The mountain sheep, or Big-horn, appears in various parts of the Mainland 
 interior on grassy mountain-slopes. It is highly i)rized for the delicacy of its meat, 
 surpassing, as it perhaps does, aught else known to the epicure. The neighlnjur- 
 htMul of A.-thnola, ujnui the Similkameen River, some forty miles from Osoyoos. in 
 noted, among <rther localities, for its rich»»ess in this object of the chase. 
 
 The several varieties of Bear are numerous in «livers parts. These are on the 
 whole harmless brtites; and, save ft)r their skiijs, or ji^rhaps sometimes for their 
 
 m 
 
 -,■* 
 
2(1 
 
 EARLY HISTORY, CLIMATE, RESOl'RCES, ETC. 
 
 'fit' 
 
 other products, might well escape molestation except whan, as will sometimes 
 happen, they take tithe from the settler's sheep or swine. The Grizzly variety, 
 however, is a quarry not lightly to be encountered. Such sis may wish t<^ signalize 
 their prowess in this direction may gratify it by rest)rting to the mountain regit»n 
 between Hope and the Simiikameen, where, in parts, they are sufficiently uuraerons. 
 But I will add no more up<m this, to me somewhat attractive, subject; lest al- 
 lured by by -gone recollections, 1 become prolix. It "nay be inferred too, that the 
 future tourist who may peruse these pages, with the few facts which I have stated 
 before him, will not rest satistieil with these alone, Vjut before engaging in any en- 
 terprise having the chase for its object, consult orally "ith others in the Province 
 qualified, at least in some directions, to guide his movements. 
 
 P »ve T said enouj^h concerning our Province of British Columbia: or shall I 
 iterate much of what has already been said in the preceding pages? Consideration 
 for the patience of my readers warns me to abstain; and the Printei, potent in the 
 exercise of his art, hints to me that my allotted space is almost tilled. I will not, 
 then expatiate, with increased risk of tediousness, upon the natural beauties of our 
 provincial scenery. It has becii an oft-repeated tale. Strange, too, to say, that 
 ^Ahile each advocate, writing of his (jwn special locality, declares the landscape to 
 be of beauty unsurpassable, each in turn tinds that the same claim to the unsurpassed 
 beauty of his local eu>'irous is a<lvanced, with equal earnestness, by another 
 contestant. The appreciation is pardonable ; for each of the individual writers who 
 base preceded me, moved by the hoitie-feeling which confers else-undetected charms 
 Tipon all his surroundings, expresses, doubtless in all sincerity, his individual im- 
 [)res8ion. Withal it may be safely stated, anrl in avoidance of all diserepaucy, that 
 the scenery of the Province, in parts grand in the extreme, is everywhere attractive 
 and tHJcasionally charming. To put this jesthetic view of the question, however 
 aside, the many solid advantages of the counti^', with it& ht-althful climate and 
 prospectively supreme commercial position, may be modestly and truthfully as- 
 serted. The realisation of its great future may not, it is possible, be within the 
 forecast of the present generation: but it has yet to come; and meanwhile BritisL 
 Columbia may claim at least the honor of being as a province the grand complement 
 of the Dominion Confederation — comparatively with the other Provinces, some- 
 times perchance considered almost as a cipher by some short-sighted politicians of 
 the East: but taen it is the cipher which contributes value immeusurable to all the 
 rest. 
 
 ' In this flattering estimate the writer is not unsupported. The following 
 quotation from an Eastern newspaper of recent date, heretofore nowise prone to ex- 
 tol the Pacitic Province, will partly indicate the change of appreciation which is in 
 progress : — 
 
 "Thk more British Columbia becomes known the more extraordinary appear 
 *'its wonderful resources and riches. A late dispatch says the exports for the month 
 "of ()ctoV)er amount to $675,lKK): and that the toUd exports for the year will amount 
 "to over four millions. That such great results should be acccmphshed by a popu- 
 "lation less than one-half that of the City of Toronto, and that, too, in the face of 
 "obstacles to the develoymient of the country, speaks volumes as to the future of 
 "the country. NVhen the railway makes the interior accessible to the western sea- 
 "board, and enables the vast mineral wealth to be operated the position of the pro- 
 "vince must be as one of the most prosperous in the Dominion. Rich as it is i 
 •'mineral and tind>er wealth it has another treasure of incalculable value iu its de- 
 "hghtful climate."- Toroutt. "Globe," Noveml>er,lH82. 
 
 I think that, with this sonorous tribute of tardily accorded praise, it is p n 
 haps well to couchnle, as amid the clangotir of trumpets. Before doing so, howevi 
 I may mention that the recent sojourn in the Province,of His Excellency The (foveru 
 General an<l Her Royal Highness the PriucesH Louise, while gratifying in a higli 
 degree to all of us, and, we may hope, not uninteresting to thems^'lves, has doubt- 
 less contributed greatly tt) attract attention from abroad to this, the farthest Wesl, 
 and certainly not the least promising, section of the Dominion of Canada. 
 
a 
 
 tart 
 
 o 
 
 u 
 id 
 
 < 
 
 o 
 
.r ■■ 
 
 O'. 
 
 i-" 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 . .' -f 
 
 ■.*v-> 
 
% 
 
 NCTES AND MEMORANDA, 
 
 The DiRKCToKY to which the pn ceding Smuiniiry hitK \u-fu appended, citntaiuH 
 doubtless most of the information which an intending settler in British Colnml'ia 
 would wish to acquire; but. publishj'd in a Refiariitn form ns the Summary now is. 
 in conjunction with the Map. it uihv be wf]\ to adjoin, briefly*, for r»-H«ly refer* net h 
 few items of ordinary interest either taken from the oody of the work itself, or sup- 
 plemented from other eonrceB. 
 
 Good building sites in Victoria (60 by 120 feet) where vacant rang« at from f '25u 
 to $500, according to eligibility of position: at New Westminster (lots 132 x Gfl fe. t) 
 and Port Moody, probably about the same; at Nanaimo. from $15n to $2tiO, Hut. 
 outside of the business precincts, and in the limit of a short walk, such building 
 sites, in a position privately more agreeable, can be obtained at cheaper rates. 
 
 House-rent, generally, langes as under: a four-roomed house, with kitchen and 
 surroundings on a town-plot, (probably with a nriniature garden), can he rented at 
 from $8 to $12 per month. Larger dwellings at proportionate rates. 
 
 Cord-wood (the Douglas Fir, an excellent fuel) is delivered in town at from $4 
 to $4.50 per cord; coal, at $8 per ton. Water rates, when the public pipe-supply is 
 used, from $1 to $2.50 per month, according to stijiulated demand, otherwise there 
 is no general water-rate 
 
 There is a general head-tax of $3 for educational purposes, levied by the Pro- 
 vincial Government upon all male residents above the age of 18 years 
 
 Provincial assessed taxes, if paid on or b(fore the 30th June in each year, are 
 collectible at the following rates, viz; 
 
 One-third of one per cent, on Real Property. 
 
 Five cents per acre on Wild Land 
 
 One-fifth of one per cent, on Personal Property. 
 
 One half of one per cent, on Income. 
 If paid after the 30th June in each year: 
 
 One half of one per cent, on Real Property. 
 
 Six cents per acre on Wild Land. 
 
 One-fourth of one per cent, on Personal Property. 
 
 Three-fourth of one per cent, on Income. 
 
 The Municipal assessed tax, in Victoria, is one percent, on all property whether 
 in house or land; but Real Property in Municipalities is exempt from Provincidl 
 assessment. 
 
 There is also, in Victoria, a Municipal head-tAX of 1<2 for raid ()urpo9<s . pay- 
 ment of which before first of July in each year tutitles the payer if a Briti-«h sul>. 
 ject, to vote at the election of Mayor and Councillors for the>nsuing'year. 
 
 For the rate of wages, see back at page 20. 
 
 For distances, local and extraneous, see page 8^21 to 23. 
 
 Without going into particulars, and noting only ti e extreires. the f<>ll(»svin.< 
 extract from the General OflScial Return will indicate the financial progress, duri ng 
 the past ten years, of the Province: 
 
 m 
 
28 
 
 EARLY HISTORY, CLIMATE, RESOURCES, ETC. 
 
 Impobt Ddties. 
 
 For the year entliug 30th Juue. 1872 $342.4(K) 
 
 Do. do. 1882 678,104 
 
 ElPOBT Valuks 
 
 For the year ending 30th June. 1872 $1,912,107 
 
 Do. do. 1882 3.116.891 
 
 Under this showing, meagre aa it may appear to be, but officially verified, it is 
 apparent that no small degree of prosperity has attended the aflfairs of the Province 
 as now constituted. 
 
 The following Abstract is from observations taken on board of H, M. S. Topaze, 
 at Esquimau, Vancouver Island, during the year 1860, and will serve tu indii-ate 
 nearly the ordinary conditions of the climate in Victoria and its environs: — 
 
 1860. 
 April, - 
 May, 
 June, 
 July, 
 August. 
 September, 
 October. 
 November, 
 December, 
 
 :%i. 
 
 January, 
 February, - 
 March, 
 
 Deg. 
 
 Mean'daily heat. 51. 50 Fahrenheit. 
 '• •• 55. 25 
 
 •• 61. 00 '• 
 
 •• 60. 50 
 
 ' 63, 25 
 
 .. 57 25 
 
 53. 00 " ^^ 
 
 " 50. 50 
 42,00 •* 
 
 1881. 
 4t).=U0 
 58.= 
 24.= 
 
 6.13 
 
 ♦• ♦' •• 38. 00 
 
 *• •• 44. 50 •* 
 
 46. 00 
 
 Mean heat of the year, 51, 81 '* 
 
 The above observations were recorded by Dr. Charles Forbes, of H. M. S. Top- 
 aze, during 1860 and 1861. 
 
 The subjoined memorandum is taken from a recent issue of the 'Colonist' 
 newspaper of Victoria; and, though anonymously given, may doubtless be relied 
 
 1882. 
 Victobia: — Mean temperature of the month of December, 42. ' 
 Highest •• •• •' 53.° 
 
 Lowest " , ^ •• 22.= 
 
 , . • Rain-fall in inches, «• *• 5.37 
 
 Total for 1882 inches. - - 27.85 
 
 •• •• '• 1881 " - - - 37.99 
 
 For the following I am indebted to a memorandum supplied by Mr A. P« ele of j 
 New Westminster, who has for some years been assiduously observant of the meteor- 
 ology of that locoality : 
 
 Mean temperature and rain- fall at New Westminster. B. C, for six years, fiom 
 
 1874 to 1879, 
 
 Deg. 
 
 Mean temperature, - - - Fahrenheit, 48 05, 
 Highest " .--••»«, 
 
 Lowest •• . - - "7. 
 
 Mean rain-fall, inches. Xo' nno 
 
 " height of Barometer, inches, • - 29. 99d 
 
NOTES AND MEMORANDA. 
 
 29 
 
 Observations taken at Fort McLonRhlin. Milbnnk Sonnd. (Bil-b<»lla), in Lut. 
 52 deg 6 min, some years ago, give a result of 48. ('4. deg as the mean annual tem- 
 perature of that locality— the extremes being 81 deg. of Fahrenheit in June, and 
 deg. on one occasion in January. 
 
 ' The extremes at Lillooett. on the F'raser. 40 miles above Lytton, were given in 
 1862, by Dr. Featheistont-haugh of that place, as under: — 
 
 Hottest day in July, 106 deg of Fahrenheit; Coldest day in January, i) deg. 
 below Zt-ro. The following avei ages are al.so given: — 
 
 January, average for 22 days, . - - 
 
 February, 
 
 ■'S' 
 
 18 
 10 
 31 
 30 
 31 
 30 
 12 
 
 14 Deg. 
 25 " 
 
 4 " 
 
 37 •' 
 
 .'>4 •• 
 
 78 •• 
 
 81 " 
 
 97 " 
 
 81 
 81 
 48 
 38 
 
 Minh, 
 
 April, 
 
 May 
 
 June, ** 
 
 July. . " 
 
 August, (absent). 
 
 September, average for 30 days, 
 
 October, " "31 '" 
 
 November, " "30 " 
 
 December, " " 31 " 
 
 N. B. — The foregoing memorandum, regarding the temperature at Lillooett. is 
 given under the published authority of Rev. U. C Lundin Brown. M. A., 1862. 
 
 Lillooett, it may be added, is in Latitude 50 deg., 41 min., 40 sec, at an eleva- 
 tion of 652 feet above the sea. 
 
 From these data the reader may form a notion of^the climate, sufficiently ac- 
 curate for the general enquirer It will not escape notice that the extremes both of 
 heat and cold are more marked in the interior of the Mainland than in the regions 
 bordering on the coast, where the climate is comparutivly equable. With regar<l to 
 the table last given, however, it is well to remark thnt some of the readings are so 
 excessively high as to suggest the probability that a partial allowance must be made 
 for reflected heat; nevertheless, it may be viewed as fairly indicativeof that condition 
 of climate in this locality and otiler neighboring localities of tho Interior to which I 
 have drawn attention in the body of the chapter. • 
 
 The marked difl^erence which appears between positions in oimilar latitiule on 
 the opposite coasts of the northern continent, amounting, as I have before said, to at 
 least 10 degrees of latitudinal difference in favor of the Pacific coast, may excite enquiry 
 as to its possible natural causes. The following statement, which I ext'-act from the 
 report of the past year of the Inspector of Fisheries for the Province, will at least 
 partially account for the anomaly. The reference is to a cruise made by H. M. S. 
 Rocket, during the summer of 1880: -'• Throughout our cruise, I may here men- 
 ••tion. ft constant increase in th«» sea-temperature, as we proceeded northward, wan 
 *• noted. Thus, while at Esqnjmalt the registered sea-temperature was 48 degrees of 
 "Fahrenheit only, the observed temperature at Wrangel (in Alaska), in lat. 56 deg 
 "28 min., was as high as fifty-six degrees; an increase within eight drgrees of Lati- 
 "tudeof as many degrees of Fahrenheit's scale.'* The following table will exhibit 
 " the gradation, and occasional fluctuation of this increase: — 
 
 15th June, ... Esquimalt Harbor, 
 
 2Cth " ... Alert Bay, 
 
 24th " . - - Queen Charlotte Sound, 
 
 48.* 
 
 47.5 
 50.= 
 
29th J nue. - - - Bil-Wlla (Milbrtiik Sound). o3. ° @ 55. ® 
 
 8tb Jnly. .... Fort Simpson. - - 58 =• 
 
 9tb •■ ... Ward's Cove. (Clurence St) 53. ' (fl 57 = 
 
 nth ••...- NVrangH. - - - o2.'= (a 57 ^ 
 
 23rd " ... " - - - - 54 " (rt 56 = 
 
 " We must hence infer that a wiirm ocean-KtreHm paHses down the coast from 
 '* the northward, originating, apparently in the China Sea, flowing north-eaKtward 
 " along the Japan Coast towards the Aleutian Islands, and finally d« fleeting south- 
 " ward along the American shore." 
 
 These remarks are given, however, sng^'esrively only; and it is obvious that in 
 thin, as in other matters where physical phtnomeua are concerned, one must not 
 adopt too hastily conclusions founded on limited and i»erhaps, slender, pr«-mise8. 
 
 The fact, nevertheless, stands; an<i the terrestrial physiologists, with the data be- 
 fore them, must reconcile the anomaly each according to his special view 
 
 Before concluding these notes I may mention that an oV)ject of much future in- 
 terest has apparently escaped notice in the pages of the general Directory This is 
 the establishment of a Woolen Mill. Large quantities of wool are shorn annually 
 in the Province, so far only to be exported at trivial rates of purchase. This wool- 
 raising is capable of great extension, as well in parts of the Mainland interior as in 
 favorable tracts of the archipelago around thetSouthern portion of V.incouver Island, 
 A bonus towards the establishment of an eflfieient Woolen Mill has, I am given to 
 understand, been oflFered both by the Provincial Government and the Corporation 
 of Victoria, viz: five thousand dollars by the former, and an equal sum by the latter 
 In view of all the circumstances there is probably in this direction a field welj 
 worthy of the consideiation of intending investors. 
 
 OFFICIAL DIRECTORY, 
 
 The 
 
 LiEUT.-GoVKBNOR. — Hon. Clement F. Cornwall, 
 Pbivate Skcrktaby. — Captain R. G, Tatlow.'A. D. C. 
 
 Executive Committee: '^ 
 
 Hon. M. W. Tyrwhitt Drake. President. 
 
 William Smithe, Chief Com.'r of Lands and Works and Premier. 
 " Alexander E. B, Davie, Attorney-(Teneral. 
 
 John Robson, Provincial Secretary. &c.. Clerk. 
 
 Ijegislative Assemhty : 
 
 The Hon. John A. Mara, Speaker. 
 Thornton Fell, Clerk. 
 
 JudidAil Esfahlishment : 
 
 The Hon. Sir Matthew B, Begbie. Chie? Justice. 
 Henry P. P. Crease, Puisne Judge, 
 " " John H. Gray, 
 " " JohnF.McCreight. " 
 •• " George A. Walkem, 
 
> 
 
 
 e 
 
 I 
 
i 
 
 « 
 
 m 
 
 it 
 
 ^^^' 
 
 tiMbB 
 
OFFICIAL DIRECTORY. 
 
 31 
 
 Dominion Government Atjency. 
 
 VicToaiA Hon. J. W. Trnfch, C M, G.. F. R.G.S.. M. In«t. C. E., Resid^-nt 
 Agent of Canada for British ColuDibia. Accon<itant — E. V Bodwell; AfwiHt. Engi- 
 neer — F. C Gntnblf; Secretary- -H. S. Roebuck; Private Secretary — E. M. Bo /ill; 
 Accountant's CltrkH— Geo H. Wilsoa-Brown. J P., F K.G.8., etc., C. N. Macdon- 
 ald; Janitor— Thomas Deasy. 
 
 Customfi Department : 
 
 PoBT OF VicToBiA — Hon VVyiuond Hauiley. Collector ; C S. Finiaison, Chief 
 Clerk; G. Frye. Landing Waiter and Searcher: A. R Milne and E. Fawcett, Clerks; 
 R. Hunter, Lauding SVaiter; Nicholas Bunster, Landing Waiter and Clerk; W. Law- 
 Kou and F. Morison. Tide Waiters; C. E. Hunting Lauding Waiter. Esquimalt; T. 
 Eric Peck. Sub-Collector, Nanaimo. 
 
 Port OF Nkw Wkhtminsteb. — John S. Clute. Collector J. C. Haynes, Sub- 
 Collector, (ysoyoos; J. G. Nor' is, Sub-ColJector, Kootenay; I. Johns, Landing 
 Waiter. Burrard Inlet; W. C, McDougall, Preventive Officer, Boundary Bay. 
 
 1*081 Office Depart ntent. 
 
 Inspkctub 8 Division.— U. Wallace, Post OflBce Inspector; E. H. Fletcher, As- 
 sistant Inspector; W. H. Dormau, Clerk; Victoria. 
 
 Other Dominion Departments. 
 
 Inland Revenue Dkpaktment.— C. T. Dupont, Inspector; H. J. Good, Collec- 
 tor; D. Liuds.iy, Deputy Collector; W.Gregory. Janitor. 
 
 Mabine AND FisHKKiKs DEPARTMENT —F. Revely. Ageut; A. Vipond, Steam- 
 boat Inspector. 
 
 Fisheries Bbanch. — A. C. Anderson. Inspector of Fisheries; Captain George 
 Pitteudrigh, Fishery Overseer 
 
 Lighthouses, Marine Hospital, Jtc. — Thoums Areyle. Chief Ke per. Albert 
 Argyle, Assistant Keeper. Race liocks Lighthouse. Henry Cogan, Fisgtmrd Light- 
 house. Waltt-r Erwin. Point Atkinson L gbthou.se. Robert Gray, Lutr»uice Island 
 Lighthouse. AleXiiudtr McKinuou, Bert-us Island Lighthouse EiUiinut-l Cox, 
 Cape Beal** Lighthouse. Joseph Miildleton, captain tempos aiy Lightship. Thoa. 
 Wood, Keeper Marine Hospit;al, Victoria; J. C Davie. .VI. D . Meilical Attendant, 
 Victoria; D. Cluness, M. D , Medical Attendant. Nanaiujo; A. Masters, M. D., 
 Medical Attendant, Burrard Inlet, 
 
 Government savings Hank Department — John Graham. Manag* i ; Coote M. 
 Chambers, Accountant; Rowland E. Green. Teller and Audit Clerk; John Smith. 
 Janitor; G. Pitteudrigh, Agent. New Wvstminster; Mark Hate, jr.. Agent, Nanaimo, 
 
 Indian Department. — Lieut. Col. I W. Powell. Superintendent; Hamilton 
 Moffatt, Deputy. Agents— H. P.Cornwall, Kamloops; A. E. How^e. Okauagan; 
 P. McTiernan, Fraser; G. Bh nkinsop. Kwah-Kewlth; W. H. Lomas, Cowichan; 
 H. Guillod, West Coast. Survey- -E. Mohun, C. E., Captain Jemmett 
 
 Indian Reserve Commission. — Hon. P. O'Reilly, Commissioner; A. H. Green, 
 Surveyor, 
 
 Wbiohtb and Measures. — H. B. Good, Inspector. 
 
 Beitish Columbia Penitentiary. — Arthur H. McBride, Warden; James Fitz- 
 gimmons. Deputy Warden; W. H Falding. Accountant, Storekeeper and School- 
 
 ts; 
 
32 
 
 EARLY HISTORY, CLIMATE, RESOURCES, ETC. 
 
 master; Charles N. Trew. Surgeon; Rev. R. Jamieaon, '^rotestftnt Chaplain; Rev. 
 E. M. Horris, Catholic Chaplain; Wm. Howay, Steward; James Fitzgerald, Heury 
 Kehoe. John Devoj', Isaac Lawrence and John Buie, Guards; Jonatham M rey, 
 Gnard and Messenger; Patrick Su)yth, Guard and Teamster; Thomas Quildy, 
 Gaard. ' . ^ • 
 
 Provincial Departments. 
 
 Lands and Works Dkpabtmrmt. — The Hon. William Smitlie. Chiel Commis- 
 sioner; W. S.Gore, Surveyor-General: J. J. Austin, Clerk of Records; F. G. Rich- 
 ards, Jr., Draughtsman. 
 
 Attobnky-Oenekal's Dkpaktment. — The Hon. Alexanrter E. B. Davi.', Attor- 
 ney-General; Eli Harrison, Jr., Solicitor 
 
 Provincial Sbcbbtary's DKPARTMKNT.--The Hon. John Robson, Provincial 
 Secretary and Minister of Mines; T. Elwyn, Deputy ProTincial Secretary; R Wol- 
 fenden. Superintendent Printing Branch* 
 
 Treasury Drparrmknt. — The Hon John Robson, Minister of Finance and Agri- 
 culture; J. Judson Youijg. Deputy Treasurer; J. McB. Smith, Auditor, 
 
 Land Registry Office. — H. B. NV. Aikman, Registrar-General; R. Tolmie, 
 Clerk. 
 
 ScrPREMK Court. — J. C. Prevost, Registrar 
 
 Sheriffs. — Thomas Harris, Victoria; J.Morrison. New Westminster; George 
 Byrnes, Cariboo; G. C. Tuustall, Kamloops; M. Bray, Nanaimo; J. L. Crimp, 
 Cassiar. v . ,' •• . * • - 
 
 Education. — C. C McKtnzie, Superintendent. 
 
 Police. — C Todd, Sup?rintendent. 
 
 Asylum for the Insane. New Westminister.- -J. Phillips, Superintendent. 
 
 Assay Office, Cariboo. — A. J. Mouat, Assnyer and Melter. 
 
 Coal Mines, Nanaimo. A. Dick, Inspector. 
 
 Government .Voents Cowichan, H. Fry Nai:aimo, M Bray; Comox. Eric 
 Duncan; New Westminster, J. C. Hughes; Yale, W. Dewdney; Lytton, F. Hussey; 
 Lillooet, C. Phair; Clinton, F. Soues; Kamloops, G. C. Tuustall; Okanagan. T. 
 McK. Lambly; Kootenay, W. Fernie; Cariboo, J. Bowron; Cassiar, A. W. Vowell. 
 
 FAMILY MARKET REPORT, 
 
 The following Family Market Report is taken from the Colonist newspaper of 
 recent date : 
 
 BUTTER. Choice Island, 35(flr)50c ^. ft) CHEES . Canadian, 30c ^ lb; Cala., 
 25c; Eastern Cream, 3()c; B, C. 25c; Stilton, 37J^e. EGGS. Fresh Island. 3«'C«,5(>c ^ 
 jdoz. CORNMEAL. 50c "^ sack of 10 lbs. OATMEAL. 62 ^ ^c ^ sack of 10 lbs 
 j FLOUR. Extra, $7 25 1^ brl; $1 ^% ^ sad • Super., $5 50 ^, brl WHEAT. 
 I 3?^@.23/c fi ft). BEANS. Lima, 8c '^ ft.; Small White and Bayou, 6c. SPLIT 
 PEAS. 123^0 1^ ft) VEGETABLES. Potatoes, IJ^c '#^ ft); Shallots, 5 c; Onions, 
 3c % ft); Celery, 37^-^0 "^ doz; Carrots. l%c % ft): Cauliflower. 50(5;.75c ^ doz; Tur- 
 nips, 26c "I* doz. bunches; Cabbage, 2c 1^ ft); Chili Pepper. 25c. ^ ft); Vegetable 
 Marrows, 76o t?> doz. HAMS. Home Cured, 30c |A ft); Chicago, 30c; Oregon, 25c. 
 
k 
 
 * 
 
 MARKET UEPORT AND ERRATA. 
 
 33 
 
 BACON. Breakfast. 22^^c t^ Ih: Oregon. 24c LARD. 25c '^ IT.. FISH Cr^, 
 6c "^ ff); ShIiuoti. 7c fk lb; Bon< les.s Cod, IBc; Soles. 6c; Hrtlibnt. G: Yannonth 
 BloMters. 25c ^ doz. ; Salmon Bellies; 3 for 50(v ; Herring. 3c; Floninltr. 6c; Siin)k- 
 ed Oolachans and Siiluiou. 12Vsp; Smelt. 6c; Stnrueon 6c: Whiting. 6c; Shrimp, 
 25c; Salt Oolachans 6c: Crabs, 50(a:75c ^ doz; Sniokid Ht-rring. 12»/,c "^ lb; Sal- 
 mon Trout. 8c. CANNED SALMON lib tins, per doz. $2. FRLIT. Lenu.un, 
 SOCrt'TSe ^ doz; Orrjges. 25(aC>2%c f> doz; Limes. 37V;c f» doz; Apphs. 5o <p, ft); 
 Cranberries. 75c ^ gal; Qninces, 8c fi lb; Pears, ii(a^Sc f> fc; Biumnaa, SOc |1 doz; 
 Cocoannts, 12^^c each; rineapples 75c(a$l each. CANDIED FRUITS. Len»ou, 
 50c ^ lb; Mixed. GOc. CURRANTS. Zaute. 15(/rl6c ~^ 9,. RAISINS. English 
 Layers, 37^ jC 1f^ Yh; Cala., 25c; Snitanji, Valencia and Elemr, 25c. FIGS. New, 
 50c fi 11^. MIXED SPICES. 2.'>c t* tin. STARCH. $1 '^ box. TEA & COF- 
 FEE. Coflfee gronnd. 50c ^ lb; green. 28c: Tea, from 37»/c to $1 25 1^ ^> SUG- 
 ARS. Crushed or Cnhe, 6 ftjs for $1 ; Grannlated or No. 1 . 7tt)s for $1 ; D or No. 2, 
 Slb^forfl. NUTS. English Walnuts, 2<lc t^ ft); Almonds Paper Shell. 37^^c; 
 Jordan. 75c; Brazil. 37^/c; Chestnuts, 37^,c. ROLLED SPICED BEEF. I2^c |> 
 lb; Ox Tongues. 75c each; Smoked Tongues, ;^1 each. BEEF. Choice Cuts, 12*-^c 
 |J lb; other cuts. 7(«i8c; Soup meat, 5(S,7c. MUTTON, Choice -loints. TiVic'f" lb; 
 Stewing meat, 6(rt/8c. PORK. l'2%c "^ %. VEAL. VZ^y^'^h. LAMH. Fore- 
 quarters, $1; hind quarters, $1 23. SAUSAGES. V/^h, 2.">c. ^UET. 12S<' t* 9>- 
 SUCKING PIGS. $2 50(^$3each DUCKS. Tame. 75c(rtfl each; Mallard, 62^-^0 
 per pair; Teal, 37^ jC CHICKENS. 62|>s(rt 7.5c each; Spring do.. $3 per dozen. 
 TUhKEYS. 2'c per ll>. Gees?, Tame, 2.5c per »>; Wild, .5(i(rt 75c each. COAL OIL, 
 $2 per tin; cast, *37'» OYS'IERS, 75cperquart; Canned. 37V,c. HAY. f 1 37^^ 
 perewt. OATS. 2^4c per lb. MIDDLINGS, 2(^2 V^c per »>, BRAN, l^c p. r t) 
 
 ERRATA, 
 
 Page 1, line 4, "employes." Here and elsewhere throughout, the necessruy accents 
 
 have been omitted. 
 •• 8, "39, for "about 1793." read in and aUiut 1793. 
 " 8, last line, for "enable," read enables. 
 "" 9. line 16. for "thair." read their. 
 •• 9| " 35, for "towards Clinton itnd beyond Alexandria," n aA beycmd Ciiulon 
 
 and towards Alexandria. 
 " 16. " 8, for "otfsett." read offset here and elsewhere. 
 " 16. 2d line from bottom, for "reauls," read results. 
 " 21. line 19. for 'morderate,' read moderate. 
 "22, " 36. for "tyde," read tide. 
 " 23, " 2, for 'Vesuvias," read Vesuvius. 
 " 24. " 10, for "it." read its. 
 "84, " 39. for "plendid," read splendid. 
 
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