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Copy of fastructions from the Provincial Secretary to the Government Emigration Agent, Letter from the Government Emigration Agertt to the Provincial Secre- tary, Report on the several Counties of New Brunamck, with reference to their Trade, Agriculture, Fisheries, Ac, including Statistics of Prince £'' I'.squire, of Boston, a well known legal Gentle- iha 'the R^ ' '*^"f^-"^' ^^^r^^'^y ^ '"nested wi.h Railways in M^sacSto Salni ^ ''"*^' ^'"'' '" ^^'^"^ ^'^"«'*-"'^ >'«^« "ot ^"Stained any very serious wTMHrnmnM' q" ^'7^'"/ ^'^-/-^r ;^«"' «"ow. Eveiy Railway i7prov^d"d foi thi^IV ? Snow Ploughs, of sufficient height and wi'dth to cljar a passag" tllli f . "^'u*''? Plo»«H having, two mould boards. These ploughs kreTm! crearf/T^'^^^r/"'^ or three Engines placed behind, and thus the track Is ■cleared of auow after a storm. When the snow is light, a single En«ine ner wie depth of four or five feet, which sometimes happens in Berkshire Countv Massachusetts, whexe the Western RaUroad surmoSSts an elevation 5,440 feet • abrve the sea, more serious difficulties arc encountered than in ordinaiy cases The snow, after being repeatedly press'-d out by the p.ough, occasionally become^ solid on each side of the road ; the subsequent fallS of snow, and the drS to Tea" th' ^r '""^ *"'^' '' "'' "'"" ' '*""' '"'' ^ '^'^^ Drifts, however, are prevented in some places on the New England Lines bv board fences^ eight feet high, parallel to the tracks, at a few^ods diSce^ ^gainst which the snow drives up and lodges in. large masses ; these fences have l.een christened "Snow-traps." Fromthe best information, it isstated that the expense of removing snow from the Railrol^ds of New England, falls much short of one hundred doUars, (equal to £21 sterUng,) per mile, fer annum. I he Snow Plough is used on the Great North of England Railway, and other Railways m that part of England, which are sometimes impeded with enow It 18 stated by a Gentleman w)io has been connected with the working of these Kailways, that they suffer but trifling impediment from snow, although it falls frequently to some depth ; but that sleet in the wjnter season, by rendering the Rails icy and slippery, at times delays the Trains. The remedy for this is strewing the Rails either with sand or ashes. As an almost indispensable adjunct to Railways, the Electric Tele^raoh is be^coraing universally applied. It is now proposed, that without waiting for the establishment of the Trunk RaUway through these Provinces, a Telegraphic com- munication shall immediately be established from Halifax to Quebec, by the ordinary Post Routes now in use. With this view, a Company has been formed in yuebec during tke present month, with a capital of £6,500, in sbarej of £10 IS each ; which amount, it is pretumed, will be sufficient to establish the Line from Qnebeo to the Boundary of this Province. It is proposed that the Provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Soot' % shall form separate Companies to et\iblish and manage the Line, each within its own Colony. With the piesent extreinely high rates of Postage in these; Coloniee, and the dilatory mode of Post commnnloation, apart from all other coiiHiderations, there can be very little doubt that Tel'igraphio Lines between the diflferent Towns on the route, (as for instance between Saint John and Fredericton.) would pay from the very outset. The question therefore arises, whether the Telegraph would not be better managed from Halifax to Quebec, and thence to the extreme Western part of Canada, by one Company, acting on a uaiform system, or whether it would not even be more desirable that tha whole Line should Iw established througliout, by the Imperial Govern- inen*:, which would spcure proper arrangements for the transmission of important intt'lligence, and prevent those Trauds and abuses whic h have occurred where Lines are under the control of Companies or individuals. If established by the Government, the Board of Ordnance wouM be able to appoint intelligent men from that branch of the service, who would perform the duties at the various Stations in a most satisf \ctory manner, at moderate rates of '?he value and importance of th? Sta and River Fisheries of New Brunswick, extent to which they might b« profitably carried, pnd the impetus which would be given them by increased facilities of internal coiumunication, are sub- jeotd which demand special attention, and the most careful and patient investi- gation. At present, no sufficient data, or precise information exists, from which crreut or positive statements can L. made with reference to these Fisheries ; and I am therefore precluded from r Mcing theni, except incidentally, in the Reports now submitted. This ■"■ .. .mcy I hope to be able to supply to some extent in another seacon, aft4»i careiul inquiry and research. I have the honor to bo. Sir, Your very obedient servant, M. H. PERLEY, Government Emigration Jgent. Tht Hob. John U. Sannden, PToyJacial Secretary. <'] '..t ^^ it AEPOHT ON THE SEVERAL COUNTIES OF NBW BRUNSWICK, WITH RBFBKENCE TO THEIR Trade, Agrrlcultare, Fislierlea, Heuources And CapabUltlea, AND INCLUDING STATISTICS OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND; BY M. H. PERLEY, GOVERNMENT EMIGRATION AGENT. JANUARY, 1847. Ill C01J1VTT OF RESTIinOIJCHS!. This County, the most Northerly in the Province, was formerly part of Nor- thumberland, and afterwards a part of the County of Gloucester. It was erected into a separate County by Act of Assembly in 1837, and iis Northerly boundary is the line which separates New Brunswick from Lower Canada. It contains 1,266,560 acres, of which 156,979 acres only are orranted and located, leaving f ,109,581 acres still vacant. The whole population in 1840 was 3,161, and the quantity of cleared land, 5,579 acres. The Settlements are almost exclusively confined to the Shores of the Bay of Chaleur, and the Banks of the River Resti- gouche ; a large proportion of the land under cultivation is exceedingly rich and fertile. Limestone and Marl abound on the Coasi of the Bay of Chaleur within this Countv, and the soil on the Banks of the Restigouche, (especially at the " Flat-lands" above Cambelltown,) is of excellent quality. The interior of the County, being in a wilderness state, and almost whol' unexplored, very little can be said of its resources or capabilities. The late Deputy Hunter has spoken in high terms of the excellence of the soil on the Upsalquitch, and to the Southward and Eastward of Campbelltown. The principal Exports of this County are furnished by its Forests and the Fisheries ; and the extent of its Trade may be estimated from the following Table of Articles exported from 1835 to 1845, both inclusive :— Articles. ■ 183S 1836 183:' 18.S8 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 Timber — Tom, Boards and Planki— M., 34,974 281 32,945 322 39,357 481 44,485 42,229 45,639 116 35,869 205 27,046 211 33,042 136 27,914 405 25,206 417 Deali— M, feet. .. • • .. 336 1,349 1,294 1,634 1,061 840 1,029 956 MtiU and Spars— No., 174 192 261 433 S15 274 450 229 154 438 75 Lathwood — Cords, 703 641 781 883 945 964 724 452 676 623 608 Shingles— M., Staves— M., 60 35 40 75 88! 16 487 402 12 588 25 1,323 30 995 40 453 838 is 2,352 5 Oars — No., 400 248 442 666 296 883 S18 756 208 36 Handspikes— No., pried Fish- Quintali, 6 100 240 120 89 48 36 1,238 1,600 60 300 30 150 500 Henings— Barrels, 20 235 63 231 136 80 '13 41 CMtnon — Barrels, 486 330 278 186 125 276 138 273 652 591 665 Fish OU— QaUons, ^ ^ 1,088 62 190 240 Grindstones— Pieces, • • •• 244 •• • ■ i ne Muove i able lo maae up from the Custom House Returns ; but there is reason to believe that it by no means gives a full statement of Exports arising from the Fisheries. It is not unlikely that a la,ge proportion of the fish caught bUltlea, irt of Nor- eas erected f boundary t contains d, leaving '1, and the ixclasively iver Resti- f rich and eur within ally at the rior of the very little [unter has und to the ts and the f following 1844 1845 27,914 25,206 405 417 1,029 956 438 75 623 608 838 2^52 h 6 Sfi • • •• 36 • • • • 41 591 665 240 .. •• • ■ c there is ■ts arising sh caught and cured on <^e New Brunswick side of the Bay of Chaleur hM been carried across the Bay to Gaspe, and shipped from thence as Canadian. An Agricultural Society was established in this County in 1840. At the Meeting called for the puipose of establishing the Society, it was Resolved — " That the new County of Restigouche has been and still continues to be chiefly a lumbering community ; that the Timber Trade has done much for Restigouche, has been the cliief support of its inhabitants, and continues to afford a valuable article of export ; but that the Agricultural interests, which from the peculiar richness of the soil, it is so admirably calculated to promote, have been hitherto much neglected ; and that it therefore becomes necessary to give every facility, countenance, and support, to this branch of industry." The proceedings of the Society have been of much interest. By the fourth Report, (published i:» 18l4,) it appears that a number of premiums were awarded for various products of the soil. The best Wheat is stated to have weighed 65ft)S, 6ozs. per bushel ; the second oest, 651bs. per bushel ; the tnird premium was awarded for Wheat weighing 641b8. 1 lozs. per bushel. The best two-rowed Barley waigned Sejfts., and the second best, 52|lbs. per bushel. The best four-rowed Barley weighed 57!bs. 5ozs. per bushel, and the seconu best, 53|lbs. per bushel. The best Siberian Wheat weighed 63iK)S. per bushel. The best Black Oats weighed 421bs. Hozs., and the second best, 421b3. 2oz8., per bushel. The best White Oats weighed 471bs. lOozs., and the second best, 47^ lbs. per bushel. It appears that there was much competition for '.'; e premiums ; and the weighi of eacli description of grain mentioned," shows cleaiiy that Restigouche possesses capabilities for producing grain of superior quality ; and that this, and the other Northern Counties of New Brunswick, are well calculated to become hereafter the granary of the Province. As an erroneous impression has obtained, that these Counties, from their high Northern latitude, were incapable of producing Wheat, it is important that the error should be corrected us speedily as possible. COVSrXX OF «]:.01JC£ftTSIB. This County is estimated to contain 1,037,440 acres, of which 332,902 acres are granted and located, and 704,538 acres are still vacant. The population in 1840, was 7,75 1 ; and the quantity of cleared land, 1 1 ,681 acres. The quantity of vacant land sold in 1845 was 1,'721 acres. There is much good land in the Ccunty of Gloucester, and it occupies a very favourable position as regards the Fisheries of the Bay of Chaleur and the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Of late years, increased attention has been given to Agricul- ture, and the results have /ully demonstrated that the capabilities of the soil and the climate enjoyed by this County are such as to render it essentially a grain growing District. The great weight of the Wheat and other descriptions of grain grown in Gloucester of late years, has been such as to attract public atten- tion, and elicit expressions of surprise. The Report of the Gloucestei Agricul- tural Society for 1843, states, that—" Since the establishment of the Society, Agriculture has been gradually and steadily advancing, every succeeding year's exhibition shewing a manifest improvement in the \yeight and quality of all de^scriptions of grain, until the present year, when we have numerous stocks of Wheat weighing 08fts. to the bushel, and may safely state the average weight of Wheat and Barlev tliroushout the Northern "?•■♦• t^f **"^ r«^.,_i... *^ u^ _u„.,* 64ilb8. for the former, and 531ba. for the latter, an average not surpassed in this Province. The increased quantity grown of late years also affords cause of gra- tnlation. From Statistics collected by the Secretary, and not yet complete, it K*S| ^^ ( It) 8 appears that all the grain raised in the Parish of Bathurst in the year 1833, did not exceed six hundred bushels ; while the quantity already ascertained of the crop of 1843, is beyond seven thousand bushels. But notwithstanding this gra- tifying state of things, your Committee must not be deemed unreasonable in stating, that they anticipate much more rapid progress yet, for a few years to come. Settlers will multiply— for the excellence of our soil is becoming known and appreciated ; cultivation will extend ; and in corn, at least, improvement must continue through assiduity and skill, until the weight of our Wheat reaches 70fts. per bushel, our Barley, SSlb';. to GOfts., and our Oats, 481bs, to SOfts., and this may be considered perfection, for it is improbable that grain, by any process, can be raised, to approach nearer the density of water than Wheat at the above standard ; a weight too it has not attained in any country, except in some rare and solitary instances." A very interesting Statistical Return of the Agricultural Produce of the County of Gloucester, for the year 1844, made up with great ability by Henry Baldwin, Esquire, High Sheriflf of the County, shews the following results :— Bushels of Wheat, 20,254 Do. Oats 23,139 Do. Barley, 6^255 Do. Peas, 994 Total, Barrels of Potatoes, Do. Turnips, Do. Other Roots, Total, ... Tons of English Hay, Do. Marsh and Meadow Hay, ... Total Tons, ... ... 52,470 ... 106,984 ... 1,471 203 ... 108,658 • •• ^)^0 1 • • • «7aD 3,176 WJ ■ The valuable and highly interesting information collected by Sheriff Baldwin, has been of essential service to the County of Gloucester ; and it is greatly to be regretted that efforts have not been made, either by private individuals, or at the public expense, to collect and compile similar information in the other Counties of the Province. The principal Exports of the County of Gloucester from 1-835 to 1845, both years inclusive, are thus stated : — PORT OP BATHURST. Articles. Timber— Tons, Boards and Plauk— M., X>eal8— M. feet, Mastg and Spars— No., Lathwood— Cords, Oars— No,. Shingles— M., Dried Fish— Quintals, Pickled Fish— Barrels, Herrin gs— Barrels , Salmon— Carrels, ' Fish Oil— Gallons, Grindstones— Pieces, 183S 49,607 393 324 1,142 316 5,780 29 32 72 719 1836 16,549 163 320 367 124 1,6"92 19 135 20 1837 20,036 164 264 443 281 770 1,005 78 1838 34,262 23 474 104 698 306 288 100 362 37 1839 1840 1841 19,350 898 182 388 246 138 680 50 64 12,768 18 6,005 142 235 163 603 365 9,101 725 130 157 72 1,699 "3 151 990 809 32 1842 3,005 424 64 65 128 816 60 1843 161 7,157 796 67 125 34 1,079 1844 250 8,002 253 66 143 390 i62 1P6 l,2i6 The PORT OF CARAQUiiT \ -I Timber— Tons, ]>eal!— M. feet, Mnitu and Sp; ri — No., Ijathwood- -Corda, Dried Fisli— Quintal, Pickled Fi«h— Barrels, Herrings— Barrels, Salmon— Barrels, Fish Oil— Gallons, Oysters— Bushels, Grindstones- Pieces, 1 e quantity of dried Fish exported from Caraquet, of late years, has formed vinc7 'Str '' P"P'''i T '' '^^' T^"^« ^^P«'^ «f «-^ artfcle from the Pro- vince. The fislnng grounds bempr in close proximity to the shores of Gloucester are much frequented by Fishing Boats from Gaspe ; tlie New SiLwicrFil ermen also, frequently carry a portion of their pfsh'over t PaspTaT whenc; they are shipped to Foreign Ports. ^aspeoiac, whence Besides the exports mentioned, very considerable qu itities of Manganese have of late years been exported to England from Bathurst. At this time an exSo! ration for Coal is ro.ng on in Gloucester, with very /avorab le Zsnects ll w3 nf'^.r r ''f ''^''''\ '}' ^'^'^' '' '^''' ^''^"^red feet.^ iTemi'neral wealth of this County is reported to be very considerable, but the seLeSs being confined almost exclusively to the coast, and the interior remain W in a fan^t v"et h:'"7^^^'Ar'''/ V''^''\^^^ t^^^-o^gh examination of the cfunLy cannot yet be made. Abundance of Lime, and Marl of a yellowish white color No'rtif ^R T*^^';^ ""^fk '^"^^ ^^^" ^^""^ «" *'^^ ««-«* of the Bay o?QiaTeur' Jsorth of Bathurst, and the use of these powerful stimulants to vLetati on C been attended with the most beneficial results. vegetation lias ,i^ I win. 44 1845 002 4,046 233 66 143 452 135 67 390 307 ioa nn 1?6 2iS 264 134 150 ^^y^ y^ COUWTY OF WOI»TIIuaniJE«i:,AI¥I>. --^^^>— ^This is the largest^ounty in1\iew BrunswSTcon^ini^'S^S nn?^^^ . which 986,168 acres are granted and located,iravin. 1 Sj'!^l^?n*^ ^^ land i5, J23 acres, or one thirty-ninth part only of the lands irrante,! Lj , . ° and only one bunded and se(enteenfh part^f th „Ta „fTe^„r„t'°''Tf' S'.:s's:,atfi;nr'^ "'''^^' "-■' "•» p"p-"««™ '-'7-3, tS: ti '^H^ 7^!?^'' ^"'""^^ «/ P""c« Edward Island contains 1,380,700 acres or le«» than half the number o acres in the County of Northumberland ' ''' There is much good land, well adapted for settlement and cultivation in tl • County ; but the immense quantity of fine Timber withh, iL i I ' '^ *l"^ facilities for floating it to maHcet were so great as t^ w i t ? ' w ^'l ^"^^ *'^" the Settlersfrom Agricultural pursuits, xf reLdy thS Lte Jf t 1'*^'"'a" "^ cultura Society was established in 1838, which Zse ed aLt Re f^ ^J[A* From this Report some Extracts are given wh^efe"ence to the state T i^^- * culture and the capabilities of the County •-« As fo?h! rl f ^*^*^ ""l 1^^"' reside, we would remark, wh.f ;. ISi., ^,il'J^*,''^. ^.«"'?*>^ '" ^l"ch we been chiefly a lumbering communitV"' We fimW qv^L'T "'!i""''«"*s have Northumb/rland; it has^uilt its ^iigel. an^ beerhereto^^^^^^ ''' port of Its inhabitants ; and it has affL^d a v e'l^'va"^^^^^^^^^ Tl^^i N » i*EAa^. in i in ■ 10 Unfortunately, however, it lias been of far less advantage to this community than it nii^ht have been, had Agriculture been more extensively prosecuted. Our forests have been a mine of wealth, but that wealth has for the most part gone to enrich other countries and coniniunities, which ^ave supplied us with the necessaries of life. Had one part of our population kept to the cultivation of the soil, while the other was engaged in the manufacture of Timber, much o." the money that was made in the County, instead of flowing uito other channels, would have remained in it, and left up in very different circumstances from those m which we now find ourselves placed. Had the Farmer kept apart from lum- beiiii;,' entirely, or employed himself onlv in getting out such a qiiantitv of Tim- ber during the winter months, as he could on his own resources, without incurring risk ; and had he laid out his energies in clearing and cultivating the soil, and 111 endeavoring to raise supplies, not only for his own family, but as far as possible also to meet the wants of his neighbours who were engaged in the labors of the forest, he would have slowly, but surely, arrived at independence and substantial comfort. His labors, instead of being like those of the Innberman, of a transi- tory, would ha\e been of a permanent description ; and while they added to the real wealth of the country, would have created a valuable inheritance to transmit to his children." " An idea long prevailed, that this could never become a Farming Country; that the soil vt'as of an inferior description ; and that the seasons were too short and precarious for the succesaful prosecution of Agriculture ; and it was cor- rectly said, that provisions could be purchased cheaper than they could be raised in Miramichi. Hence the occupants of the soil, without j^iving their farms a fair trial, or endeavoring by industry and perseverance td overcome the difficulties incident to the settlement of a new country, thinking they had discovered a nearer and easier road to wealth than the clearing of the forest, deserted their farms and embarked in lumbering. To enable them to carry on this business ex- tensively, they found it necessary to obtain large supplies from Merchants on credit, 1 1 is needless to dwell upon the evils and abuses arising out of this system. It is sufficient to say, that from the heavy expense and great risks attendant on the manafacture of limber, the great majority of those engaged in it have be- come involved in diinculties, from which they have been unalje to extricate themselves. Those who once engaged in this gmployment seldom have had the resolution to quit it, as long as it could afford them a support, however precarious —this, at least, has been the case in Miramichi. Now, however, that the forests are so much thinned of the heavy growth of Pine, the manafacture of timber cannot be carried to the same exent as in former years, very many, therefore, who have^ heretofore depended en it, must either quit the co'untry or look to the soil for the means of support." " It is well known that until lately this Countv had to depend on other countries for a supply of every necessary of life ; and this is still the case to a deplorable extent. liven potatoes, for which our soil is so admirably adapted, were supplied to us almost wholly from the neighbouring Colony of Prince Edward Island." Wheat is a tolerably sure crop, and where the soil is in proper condition, gives a fair return. More attention should be given to the raising of Oats, which have proved to be a sure and productive crop. Barley, in general, is found to answer well in our soil." This Report gives a statement of the quantity of Provisions inqiorted into Mira- michi during the year 1888, the value of which is stated to be £102,770 currency. It is very pleasing to notice the rapid progress of Agriculture in Northumber- land since 1839. In the Report of the Agricultural Society for 1842, it is stated--'^ that the quantity of Wheat raised in the County during the past season, was at least twice as great as that produced in any preceding year. The Oat u.Jg?'^ nunity than ited. Our t part gone IS with the ation of the inch 0." the r channels, 1 from those t from ]um- ity of Tim- it incurring le soil, and as possible bors of the substantial )f a transi- 3:led to the to transmit ; Country ; e too short t was cor- d be raised arms a fair difTiculties scovered a erted their isiness ex- chants on lis system, endant on have be- extricate 'e had the precarious , that the ;facture of ry many, iountry or countries leplonible 3 supplied land." sondition, its, which ! found to ito Mira- iurrency . thumber- 42, it is st season, rhe Oat 11 crop also was abundant, and the quality good. From the superior d(>flcription of Mills lately erected, the quality, bc4h of Flour and Oatmeal, prodjiced in Mirainichi, has been quite equal to any thing imported either from Canada or Britain. The return of Potatoes last year was vefy abundant, and amply suffi- cient to supply the wants of the County. Tlie Committee feel warra.'ited in saying, that a marked impulse has been given to ^\grii;ultural pursuits in this section of the Province, by the operations of the Society ; and they humbly hope that the Legislature will continue, and even increase that patronage to it and kindred institutions, which trmy enable them further to pron)ote the great ends they have in view ; and that the day may come when New Brunswick may be enabled to raise provisions, sufficient to supply the wants of the population. Then, ard not till then, can we expect the Colony to attain any thing like sub- stantial prosperity and independence." The Report of the Society for the past year (1846) has just been published ; from whicli it appears, ihct the annual Show took place at Newcastle, on the 7th January, 1847 ; and that the exhibition .<"ar exceeded any thing of the kind ever before witnessed in Miramichi ; the farmers beginning to feel the benefits of the Society, and to take a livelier interest in its proceedings. A very large quantity of Butter was exhibited, and premiums were awarded for the best sam- ples in Firkins of not less than 301bs. weight. The show of (irain was, by far, tho largest ever exhibited, comprising sixteen samples of White Wheat, weighing from Golbs. to ()71bs per bushel, and stated to be very superior. Seven saniples of Red Wheat, five parcels of which weighed 66l"bs., one parcel G5fts., and another GGilbs. per bushel, all of very fine quality. Seven parcels of White Outs, weighing from 4 libs, to 4Glbs. per bushel, all very good ; three parcels of Black Oats, weighing from 39|lb3. to 431t)S. per bushel; five samples of Barley, weighing from 52 libs, to iioiYbs. per bushel, very large and even ; and six sam- ples of Peas, weighing from G7ft)S. to GBiibs. per brtshel, large and even, and all of good quality. Two samples of Timothy Seed were also exhibited', the one weighing 431t)S. and the other 48}b3. per bushel. This Report is highly creditable to the County of Northumberland, and affords the most convincing proof, not only of the progress of x\gricultnre, but of the capabilities of its soil for producing every description of Grain of the first quality, and in abundance. A-very differ-.-nt state of things now exists in this County from that so well depicted "in the Report of the Agricultural Society for 1889. The following Table of the Exports of Timber and tlie produce of the Fisheries from this County, from 183,') to 1845, both years inclusive, will furnish a correct view of the great extent to which the Timber Trade has been carried in this part of the Province, and the state of i ts Fisheries : — • « Articles. I8;!5 \mi> 1S37 51,570 1S3S 7'.i,in5 1S3<) 77,'>-'3 lS-10 IS'41 1842 l(;,2.5!t 1843 1844 1845 Timber — Ton-:, 71.r.79 ■!'.», If'.l OS, 212 08,318 27,937 24,403 37,793 Hoards iiiiil I'lmik— ^J. feet, 'J, (too 7,7:«» l:.>,(;i>:.' 5S3 Ol>3 ')'.)7 333 1,415 1 ,222 1,135 I,0(J4 J)i'als— M. Ifct, , , , , L^I.itl^ 1S.3-2^ 2-"n 505 1,21-.' 204 70s '.10 5 ,, Dried Kisli— Quiiitnl«, 3, 111 3,010 1,0511 ., l,80:i 1)33 4S(; 31(1 1511 "71) Pickled Kish -barrels, , , , , 03 ■1 "■io 58 70 83 30'; Horriiips— }kirro!s, 12,105 8,0'Jii 331 2,007 ■iW 14(1 340 219 1,080 3,732 Alowivos--BHrrels, , , , , 3,5.V,) 3,i;!(S 2,111 1,0M) 313 V831) 800 4,33.3 Salmon — l^arrels, 717 ■li)0 1.37(1 703 1,1 2<) 1,377 1.014 2,295 1,093 1,01(^ 1,830 &. be The extent to which Ship-building lias been prosecuted in this County will seen on reference to the Return of Vessels built and registered in this Pio- J.4: vince, which is appended to this Report ..^ ii 12 . COIJWTY Off KEMT. There is scarcely a single hill of any magnitude in the whole of fj.,-a n * and th« land, especially on tl>e Gulf Shore, is very low and level l^ I' described as the most level County ia thf> Province tL ^tffi T^ ^^ chiefly confined to the coast and the banks of Z mvpJ if ^'^ "«'"«"t8 are where the Acadian French, who constitute a cotitrab^^^^^^^^^ lation, reside in close proximity to each other ^^'^ proportion of tne popu- The County of Kent contains 1,026,400 acref. of which ^ftfi qQ« - granted and located, and 640,002 acr^s are still vacant 'rf«' fT^ ""^^ 840 was 7,477 souls, and the Estimated quantity of cleared land ^2^41 f°" '" The quantity of vacant land sold in 1845 was 2 777 acres ' ^'^'* 184^ h.T"*'"'' «f 1>ber and Fish exported from this County, from 1835 'o 1845, both years inclusive, are given in the following Table :- PORT OF RICHIBUCTO. Articles. Timber— Tons, Boards and Plonk— M., lieaW^M. feet, Maats and Spars — No., Lath wood— Cords, Shingles — M., Staves— rM,, Oars— No., Dried Fish— Quintals, Herrings— Barrels, Alewives— BarroU, Salmon— Barrels, >ysters— Bushels, 79 .. 8,000l 6.075 — ; . iz-: -^ .. a.uuu b.qqqi 6.07 5 A3 the County of Kent possesses several good Harbours on its rn«=f o„j • •" The lands already settled in Kent are of jjood oualifv nn^ ,«., i ^ vacant, equally gooi and well adapted for S Ste of IZ^ ^ The Agricultural Society of this County 1 asof la e rars mln «f ^''*^"'''- tions to improve the mode of farming. tL Report f7l 842 Slfn^ '''"'" tions were rnade in that.year to brin! a mudi rglr'quant^^^^^^^^^^ vat.on than m any previous year, and in most instances, the exrecta ions „f t farmers wefe fully realised. The best Wheat pxhihitp^^f +i? oi ^ . ^ new C-ounty, W the name ofAlVrt ^%}^"" Petitoo(]iao being erected into a ing only 301 ,000 ^rTvaoiit fand ' " ^"^ "'' ^""'^^ '"^ '°'""«'^. '^- population exceeds SeenTursrU^l'Iieir "'"''' "" P^P"'""" " • 13 ; This is eminentlv an agricultural and grazing County, as the abnndanP*. «f rich compost and tte extensive dyked na^shes within i^C^ tee^^^^^^^^ mexhaust.bl« fertditv offer the greatest means and facilities for g^rjug^e^e^ descnption of agncultural produce, and for grazing and feeding stoS I* 1 840^ the County of Westmorland (including the present County of Albert) numWd no less than 3.421 horses, 20,754 heal of nLt cattle, and^27,5T3 sheep^Ses lb 545 smne. The increase of Stock has since been very considerable, bu no data exist from which to compile an accurate account. Although ve;y We quantities of Butter are annualfy sent to market from Westmorland, yet there is reason to believe that the dairy capabilities of this County are as ye only begin! ning to be developed. The introduction of capital anJ labor, with sJill Td rTwir'f tf d-greatly to develope AUly the numerous and abundant resourcea Westraor and, and wou d undoubtedly render this County one of the finest otSnUnrrgtS^^^^^ ^™^"°^ ''' ^^^^^"« P"^P--' ^^' ^^ *^^ P--t« The Science of Agriculture has made very considerable advances, under favor- able circumstances, in that part of Westmorland known as the Parish of Sack- vUle, where the proprietors of farms are reaping the rich reward of their skill and industry. Among the numerous Acadian French inhabitants in the Pari h of Dorchester, «n the fertile banks of the Memramcook and Petitcodiac Rivers an onward movement has been commenced through the exertions of the Reverend Ferdinand Gauyreau, their Pastor, who, at his own expense, has not only im- ported some of the latest and most improved agricultural implements, an5 put them m actual use, but has also, by precept and example, en/eavored to indSce his parishioners to adopt improved modes of farming and feeding stock. If this Sfo'^Viwrf w"*%T ^' ^"*^r^1/^ ^^.P"* *■'«'" *^« "»°^^ of cultivation intro- duced by their forefathers, and followed without deviation from generation to Westmid ""^'"'^"y »"°'^^« the wealth and advance the prosperity of Of the products of this County, a large proportion is sent to Saint John and passed over to Nova Scotia, without any account being taken of the quantities. The following Table of Exports from Dorchester is given with the view of shewing the increase of Tra^e of late years, and not as giving an accurate statement of the Exports of the County :-^ Articles. Timber — Tonn, Boards and Planks— M., Masts and Spars— No., Deals— M. lieet, Lathwood— Cords, Shingles— M., Staves — M., Dried Fish— Quintals, Herrings— Barrels, Salmon-^Barrels, Shad— Barrels, 1835 1836 400 830 7 17 *"5 9i7 2,316 201 6 1837 39 'ii 27 602 152 1838 628 16 5 32 IS 1839 384 110 5 479 3 16 1840 1,003 'ii 490 24 5 20 120 1841 3,949 '58 603 88 19 1842 3,009 201 404 994 49 40 23 1 276 1843 3,972 85 58 1,017 43 1844 1,827 1,999 ;,156 36 20 1849 3,752 375 2,184 72 14 The number of Vessels cleared outwards from the Port of Dorchester for thd years mentioned, is thus stated :— Vessels. Tons. Men. In 1842, 23 4068 169 i«^3, 20 4253 166 1844, 32 3528 156 1845, 25 6539 ■ 247 14 P ■ During the past year (1846,) the vessels which loaded at Shediac, have cleared at the Port of Dorchester, and the Return t. -iJi; thus for three quaiiers of the yetr ending 10th October last : — No. VeaseU, Tonnage. " Men. To Great Britain, 13 5,285 . 182 To Ireland, 17 4,759 173 Totals, 30 10,044 355 The exports the past season from Dorcliester and Shediac consisted of White and Red Pine Timber, Birch Timber and Planks, Larch Timber, Railway Sleepers, Scantling and Treenails, Spruce Deals, Battens, Oar Rafters, Spars, Small Poles, Scantling, Boards and Plank, Hemlock Lathwood, Pine Boards and Plank, Laths and sawed Palings, and Ash Hogshead Staves, all for the United Kingdom. During the last few years the Shad Fishery has been prosecuted to a con- siderable extent, on the River Petitcodiac, as well as ut Sackville, and has proved very profitable to those engaged in it. In the season of 1846, there were two hundred boats engaged in taking Shad on the Petitcodiac, each boat having two men. One hundred and sixt;^ of these boats were fitted out and manned by the Acadian French, and the remaining forty boats by English Settlers. The catch of each boat averaged twelve barrels of Fish, although some boats took upwards of twenty barrels. These quantities are over and above what were consumed fresh, of which an estimate can scarcely be, formed ; the quantity must be very large however, as fresh Shad are said to constitute a principal portion of the food of the inhabitants during the Summer. The quantity of Shad now caught and cured annually at Dorchester and Sack- ville has been estimated at three thousand barrels, the Market value of which was five thousand pounds. This Fisheiy may be prosecuted to a still greater extent, and is well worthy of encouragement. The ledges of Sandstone at Cape Maranguin, furnish Grindstones of superior quality, and the business of making them is prosecuted to some extent. A num- ber of persons engaged in making Grindstones reside on the Cape, and each man makes on the average four hundred Stone, by measurement, during the season. The " Stone," by measurement, is two feet in diameter, and four inches thick, the value of which at the Cape is two shillings, or a little more. The Grindstones when made, are principally brought by persons from the opposite shore of Nova Scotia, at the Sc uth Joggins, and shipped to the United States, where they are in high repute and extensively used for grinding and polishing tools and cutlery. The largest Grindstone made at the Cape the past season was six and a half feet in diameter, and twelve inches thick. The whole quan- tity made annually, does not fall far short of 18,000 stone by measurement, and the quantity may be increased to any desired extent, as the ledges are ex- ' tensive and seem to be aln.'>st inexhaustible. At Grand Ance, to the Noil^hward of Cape Maranguin, there is an extensive deposit of Gypsum close to the shore, and superior Flag-Stones have been shipped from a quarry near the (srypsum. The project of connecting the Bay of Fundy with the Gulf of Sair.t Lawrence, by means of a Canal, having been for the present abandoned,, a Raihvay for effecting that object has been proposed. As this Railway would^ to a certainty, intersect the Trunk Railv»-ay from the Atlanticto Quebec, should sucli be esta- blished, and would lead to a more extensive prosecution of the Fisheries in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, as w^ell as a large and increasing trade and intercourse with Prince Edward Island, the proposal is wortliy the most serious consideration. ^5 Without adverting to the advantages which would necessarily arise from this Railway forming branches of the Trunk Railway, which would be matter for future consideration, it becomes in the first place necessary to indicate the most eligible line of country, with the best Port, as well on the Gulf Shore as on the Bay of Fundy. The Honorable Captain Owen, R. N., states, that Dorchester, if ever adopted as a Commercial Port, has many great and important advantages, \ aohno other place in its vicinity can ever obtain. Tliere is never less than live fathouH water near Dorchester Island at low-tide ; and it is in fact, the only Ship-Har- bour in this part of the Bay of P'undy, where vessels can load at all times with perfect safety and facility. During the past season, a Steamer has run from this place to Saint John, and made the trips regularly in eleven and twelve hours. The distance from Dorchester Island to Shediac Harbour, (at the mouth of the Scadouk River) was ascertained to be 25k miles, by the Survey of Captain Crawley, R. E. That officer commenced his Survey at the Bridge over the Scadouk River, near its mouth, and proceeded one mile and a half up ^;he Sca- douk River, to a small Brook called UnderwooJs ; thence in a South Westerly direction, crossing the Jf»w lands through which the Scadouk winds its course, to the Memramcook Riv v ; ihencemore Southerly, following the general course of the Memramcook, to L»v.. Chester Island. Whatever ibstacles may exist on this route to prevefnt a Canal being made, there would teem to be none to pre- vent the establishment of a Railway. The Dyked Marshes in the yalley of the Memramcook would aflford a dead level for more than one-third the whole dis- tance, while the Valley of the Scadouk oflFers a level plain for another third of the route. The intermediate distance between these two Valleys, is not by any means an elevated country, not sufficiently so even to prevent a Canal being made at moderate expense, had there been a sufficient supply of water on the summit level. The following Estimate of the probable average cost, in the Province of New Brunswick, of one mile of Wooden Railway, the Wood prepared by " Payne's Process," was published in the Royal Gazette of the 24tK December, 1845 : — Currency. (Sterling. To clearing and stumping one mile in length, by 50 feet in width, of Wildernesa Land .. ^168 .£125 The average cost ol Bridging and Vaiducts, deduced from 150 miles through the Province of New Brunswick, .. .. 11000 91134 Grading and Levelling, 1,500 1,250 Cutting and hewing 2,112 Sleepers of Spruce or Hemlock, 8 feet long and 9 inches square, equal to 237i tons of 40 cuhic feet, (fi) 4s., 47 10 39 11 8 Hardening the above by " Payne's Process," equal to 190 loads of50 cubic feet, (a) 20s 190 158 6 8 Cutting and squaring 812 Trams or Rails of Beech, Birch, or Maple, 13 feet long, and 6 inches square, equal to fi6 tons of 40 cubic feet, @ 5s 16 10 13 15 Hardening the above by " Payne's Process," equal to 53 loads of 50 cubic feet, (S) 20s 53 44 3 4 212 Iron Screw Bolts and Niits 20 16 3 4 To framing, trimming, and laying320 Rods ofRaiiway,@ 308., 480 400 je2,567 .£2,139 3 4 20 1? cent, for expense of Engineering and Contingencies, 513 8 427 16 8 Cost of one mile, - *o,v;ou o u *i:,oD/ v u >.rf* ,fi-' ^i\ 1^^ The foregoing Estimate is founded on authentic information, and the current rates of the country. It has been ascertained, by actual survey, that the very worst grades, in a direct Ill I'* ! 16 route, and oonGued io a limited extent of country, do not exceed one iu firteen, and the; are, in most casei, easy of reduction, while the greater portion ii aEcertaiiied to be very favorable. It must also be recollected that from the abundance of timber on the spot, an immenke saving may, in many sitaations, be made, by labstituting lubstantial wooden ftracturea iu lien of embank- ment!, &c. The purchase of vainable property, which iu this country may be safely considered as a part of the contingent account, does, in some Districts, most materially augment Railway Estimates. JOHN GRANT, Civil Enff. It may be remarked, that a Railway could be constructed on Wood upon the Dyked Marshes, along the Valley of the Memranicook, much below this esti.aate. In the Dyked Marshes, wood never decays, and is not liable to be thrown out of its place or upheaved by frost, which are very important points. With reference to the Harbour of Shediac, the following information has been obtained from the most authentic sources, and from personal observation. Captain Bayfield, R. N., Marine Surveyor in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, in a Letter dated 25th January, 1841, states as follows: — "Shediac is the only •Harbour of New Brunswick, Eastward of Miramichi, which a vessel in distress could safely attempt to enter in heavy Northerly gales, its entrance being less difficult and dangerous than that of any other on the coast." By Captain Bay- field's observations, Shediac Island is in latitude 46® 15' 15" North, and lon- gitude 640 32' 10" West; Longitude in time, 4h. 18ra. 8-40s ; variation of the Compass, 19° West. Those well-known and most intelligemt Pilots at Shediac, Messrs. James and William Milne, state that during the Summer Solstice, the time of high water at the full and cliange of the Moon, is 7 A. >' ; and during the Winter Solstice, at 12, noon. The vertical rise of a medium Spring tide they state to be from three to-four feet, and the neaps, from one and a half to two and a half feet. In the fau;-way or ship-channel, at the distance of two and a half miles from the Har- bour, twenty fiv6 feet water is to be found, which is continued up to the entrance of. the Harbour with little variation ; from thence there is nineteen to twenty feet in the channel, gradually lessening until off the anchorage at Point Du Ch^ne, where sixteefi and a half feet will be found at one-third vf a mile from the shore. The anchorage is good all over the fair-way to the Northward and Westward of the Medea Bank, in blue clay, with three to five fathoms water. Vessels discharging ballast lay in sixteen feet water, off Point Du Ch^ne, along- side a bank upon which there is only three to five feet water, and cast out their ballast in tubs. The Messrs. Milne further state, that they have taken loaded vessels safely out of Shediac Harbour drawing eighteen feet water ; and that there is only fourteen feet water to be relied upon at Cocagne, and eleven and a. half feet at Buctouche. During the season of 1846, ten Ships and Brigs, in all 4546 Tons, loaded at Shediac with Timber, Deals, and Railway Sleepers, for Ports in England and Ireland. A number of Schooners also sailed for Saint John's, Newfoundland, with Boards. Two Packets ply regularly every week to Bedeque, Prince Ed- ward Island ; and it is proposed to run a Steam Boat next season to Bedeque and Charlotte Town regularly. As a communication by Railway betvfeen Dorchester and Shediac, and a com- munication thence by Steamers to Prince Edward Island, would cause a large portion of the Agricultural Exports of that fertile Island to be sent over by such communication to Dorchester, to be shipped from thence to a market, it becomes . important to inquire into the value and character of the Imports and Exports of the Island. X he following Accouut gbcws the total value of Imports, digtinguisbiiig each Port in the Island, for the year ending 5th January, 1846 : — 17 Po«TB. ^liwrlotte Town, tiedeque, Malpeqae, Three Rivera, Cateumpec, Colville Bay, Fr»m Great Britain, To 1 BriHah West Indies. je39,487 204 5,169 15 10 jC 1,049 W BriUah Nor American Colonies. TT ^ Foreign Countries. 4:58,441 1.497 3,039 6.282 790 3,169 13 1 8 9 11 8 6 8 8 10 Total... £44.860 17 9 .£1.049 10 11 4:73,234 4^2.803 8 4jel21.9.37 I7 4 X2,763 45 T c Total. Sl^rllnff. 4:161,7^9 16 1,701 13 8,208 6,327 790 3.169 17 8 9 11 9 1 4 8 8 10 The following Account shews the value of Exports, distinguishing each Port m the Island, for the year ended 5th January, 1846 : — Britiph North Ports. To Great Britidn. Ghailotte Town, Bedeqne, Malpeque, Three Rivers, Cageumpec, Colville Bay, i:i0,120 11 2,830 16 3,622 13 4,809 4 129 14 British Weat Indies. American Colonies. Foreign Countries. Total. Steriing. £1,229 Totpl... £17.512 19 9£1,229 2.£44,397 2 3 £3,066 10 £20,044 7 5,770 2 4,475 15 6,896 17 ..'^88 10 5,521 9 £2,853 212 £34.247 1 6 8,600 18 11 8,098 8 7 11,918 9 2 1,818 4 6 5,521 9 6 £70.204 12 2 It will be observed that nearly two-thirds of all the Imports of the Island are drawn from the other North American Colonies, and that ihe same proportion of its Exports are sent to the same Colonies. The Imports consist principally of British manufactured Dry Goods, Coals, Iron, Cordage, Sail-cloth, Soap, Salt, Stationery, Nails, Tea, Tobacco, Wines and Spirituous Licjuors, Sugar, and Molasses. The following is an account of the quantities of Agricultural Produce and Stock exported in the year ending; the 5 th January, t ^j and the pro- ducts of the Fisheries :— Wheat, " Flour, Barley, Oats, Oatmeal, Bushels, Barrels, Bushels* It Barrels, Bags, Cwt., Bushels, 2,030 374 20,822 227,760 572 288 52 227,731 9,694 259 89 Beef, (( Butter, Cattle Horses, Sheep, Pigs, Dry Fish, Pickled Fish, Tierces, Cwt., Firkins, Cwt., Head, Quintals, Barrels, 61 35 117 9 389 16 656 75 3,425 987 Potatoes, Turnips, Pork, Barrels, Beef, " In the year 1845 the number of vessels launched and registered in the Island was 88, with a total of 9,649 tons ; and certificates previous to registry were granted for four other vessels, with a total of 664 tons, making in all, 92 vessels^ 10,313 tons. The number and tonnage of vessels belonging to the Island) engaged in the Foreign and Coasting 'Tirades in 1845, was as follows :— Foreign Trade, ' 38 vessels, 7,352 Tons. Coasting Trade, 233 " 9,636 " Twenty three Fishing passes were granted to small vessels in the year 1845. A census of the Island was taken in the year 1841, from which it appears, th&t the whole population then amounted to 47,034 souls. The number of acres c y^,^ "?-tM IM \ 18 of arable Land is returned as 141,560. The Crops of the year 1840 are thus stated : — Wheat, .J. bushels, ... 153,459 Barley, ... •• ... 83,299 Oats, ... « ... 611,821 Potatoes, ... •« ... 2,250,114 The quantity of Stock on the Island in 1810, is thus stated : — Morses, 9,861 Neat Cattle, ... 41,914 kMlcCPy ••• ••• *•• •»• kIO^ZS} ••• ••• ••• ••• 73,643 35,521 If facilities were created for transporting the surplus produce of Prince Edward Island to Shediac, and thence to Dorchester for shipment, a certain market could always be found for such produce at remunerating prices, and the imports of the Island would find their waj' there by the same channel. The exceeding fertility of the Island, and its capabilities for producing Grain and Potatoes to an immense extent, are well known facts ; and it needs only a steady market to increase itd population and its products, and render it a wealthy and flourish- ing Colony. The Port of Slicuiv.c is well adapted as a station for carrying on th^ Fisheries in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, at the Magdalen Islands, and on the coast of Labrador ; yet only on'} small vessel was fitted out there for these Fisheries during the past season. A fishing vessel was fitted out last Spring at Carapo Bello, for the Lrxbrador Fishery, and on the voyage, to the Southeastward of Shediac, took one hundred barrels of Spring Herrings. This vessel put into Shediac, sold the Herrings, procured a ucsh sunply of Salt, and sailed for Labra- dor, where a full fare of Fish was taken. At the end of the season this vessel returned to Campo Bello, after having made a very profitable voyage The iong voyages to and from Campo Bello must have been a gveat drawback ; and this case is mentioned to indicate tlie advantages of fitting out such vessels at Shediac, if a Railway or other ready communication existed between the Bay of Fundy and the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. It only remains to mention, that some very superior Steam Saw iviills have recently been ere*. L 'J at the Mouth of the Scadouk River, in Shediac Harbour, and that very extensive waler p^vrcr for manufacturing purposes, exists on the Scadouk and Shediac Rivers, at the head of the Tide on each River, and within short distances of the Harbour of Shediac. A Quarry of Sandstone of superior quality for Grindstones has receiitly been opened on the Scadouk River, which is about to be worked ; an out-cropping of Coal has also been noticed on this River, as also at Tedish River, to the Southward of Shediac, but no examinations lidve yet been made to ascertain the existence of large deposits of this valuable nunerai. COlTlWTir OF AliBERT. Up to the year 1845, this new County formed part of Westmorland, as ced in the preceding notice of that County. The area of Albert County contains 433,560 acres, of which 233,700 are granted and located, and 199,680 acre'j .„_:„ j.^,1 __j 1. mu_ L i„i: — ;„ — i.: i.„j _i. r. aac-, and the quantity of cleared Land upwards of 25,000 acres. This County contains much good Land, and excellent dyked Marshefi of con- siderable extent. A large proportion of the vacant Land is of good que,litj , m ^U i 19 adapted for settlement and cultivation, offering rr.u y ad-^ancagen to Setttent, The Settlement formed by Saint /olm Meclmnica in 1842 on the Pollett River, and since called the " Mechanics' Settlement," is in Albert County. It ia nour in a nourii>hing condition, n»reding only good lload.s to oause its rapid advance- ment, very considerable progress having been made by the Settlers, under very discouraging cir.. irastances. The resources of Albert County consist of Timber *nd Lumber, Agricultural Produce, Fish, Gypsum, Grindstones and Freestone. The Timber of various kinds is generally shipped on the Petitcodiac Riv.T, and shipped as from the Port of Dor(!hester. The sawed liUmber is 3ent to Saint John generally for a market, as also the surpluE Agricultural Produce. Owing to the recent organi :2ation of this County, no Agricultural Society has yet beea established, nor cip. any account be given of its Exports. A lar^e deposit of (xypsum of the best quality exists in the Parish of Hope- well ; and Freestone and lluilding Stme are ohipped from (irindstone Island. There are Quarries at Mary's Point, opposite Grindstone Island, of dark red Freestone of very iiue grain, and easily worked. It may be obtained in blocks of the largest size required for building purposes. This stone has been higlily approved in New Yorjc ; it has been analyzed by a celebrated American Pro- fessor, and pronounced equal, if not superior, to the well known Freestone of Connecticut. The stoiie procured above' the tide is very compact, smooth- grained, and entirel}' free from defects, and hae been found to resist the influence of the atmosphere and frost as well as ^ny Freestone in North America. The Shad Fishery is prosecuted by the inhabitants along the Ray Shore, which bounds the County *>u 'he South. The following extract of a Letter from the Honorable Captain Owen, R. N., CO Hh iDxcellency the Lieutenant Governor, dated 8th DecembM-, M45, is here given, as it embraces various points of interest with reference to the New County :— " It is known that from the debouche of Petitcodiac River, at Folly Point, (very near, and immediately opposite, and Southwest from Dorchester Island,) the opposite shore of Albert, all the way down to New Horton, or nine or ten miles, is covered \y a mud flat, which renders it most inconvenient for water communication ; and no part of it oflfeis a point where even landing can be conveniently eflected for any considerable time, or njore than two hours from high water, aiid not one spot that can be considered a Port or tiarbour at all. " It is very true that a Ship may lay at anchor in Five Futhom Hole, near Grindstone Island, and so she may in any part of the sea-approach to Cumberland or Westmorland, even as low as Capa Enrage, and Apple River, and thence all the way up to Dorchester Island, and even a few miles up the Petitcodiac above the Ferry, and it appears to me that no one point of the coast-line afibrds a ccnvenient sf, jt for continued and uninterrupted intercourse by water, all the Creeks and Riv ers being absolutely dry three-fourths of every tide. " In choosing a site 'or the County Town of Albert, I am of opinion, that we should not for any partial interest or policy lose sight of tlie great principle, ' viz : — * that facilities of external intercourse do best promote the real interests of ' any local community, in peaceable relations with their neighbours.' " The present Ferry be\';ween Ferry Point and Dorchester Island, (the latter being a terminus of the Great Road of Communication with the ee-'tern section of the County of Westmorland, and with Nova Scotia,) has been adopted practi- cally, as the most convenient place on the side of Albert, for maintaining most fifficaciously this intercourse, and it would seem to have been adopted, because found practically to be the most convenient. The Point, therefore, is in mv opinion, the most suitable for the County Town, and from thence a Road will ere long be Oj^iened ecross the country, which ivould materially shorten and facili- tate the communication with Saint John. m it • !.;? 20 •* At the most convenient point for Ferry commnnication, improvements might be made by Legislative aid and enactment, to render the passage across (about three miles) to Dorchester Island, available at all times of tide, and a Steam* Ferry might be established there ; and to the improvement of that Point for the purpose of facilitating convenient intercourse, it should, 1 conceive, be the first object to which to direct the energies of the new County of Albert, to which nothing can more contribute than to keep them under the eye and immediate regards of all their local authorities, and in which their locomotive facilities and conveniences are so intimately connected. " The part of the river between Ferry Point and Dorchester is unquestionably the best and most convenient anchorage above Grindsttme Island, as Your Excellency might have observed of the Columbia's anchorage, on your late visit . to Albert ; she never'had less than five fathoms of water at low tide ; and Dor- chester, if ever adopted as a Mercantile Port, has many great and important advantages, which no other place in its vicinity can ever obtain. " The River (so called) of Shepody, and Five Fathom Hole, can never become a place of any general importance or utility, and all intercourse with the shore is precluded f, nearly three fourths of the time ; and a Ferry from them must either go to Dorchester, nine or ten miles, always against a strong counter-tide going or returning, or to Point Maranguin, four or five miles, with similar incon- venience ; and then the high road to Nova Scotia, through Westmorland, would require to be brought to the same point, which, after the best arrangements, would not be so convenient as the Ferry beiween Dorchester Island and Ferry Point now is. In my opinion, there is not a point on the whole sea-coast of Albert, Northward of Cape Chignecto, more objectionable for the site of a County Town for Albert, than the (so called) Shepody River." With reference to a new li^ie of Road from the County Town of Albert to the City of Saint John, alluded to by Capt. i>wen, it may now be stated, that by an exploration recently made Eastwardly from the Mechanics' Settlement, it iiuf be*>n ascertained, that the prolongation of the main Road which passes through that Settlement on a due East course, will strike the new County Town, and will shorten tlie present Road to it by at least twenty miles. If the Road through the Mechanics' Settlement be prolonged Westwardly through the Baskin and Donegal Settlements, along Bye Roads now opened to the Dutch Valley, and thence follow the new line of Great Road to Saint John by way of Loch Lomond, the whole distance between the County Town of Albert and the City of Saint John will be shortened at least thirty five miles. By the establishment of this line as that of the Great Road of the County of Albert, great benefits would be conferred on that County, a number of new Settlements, now languish- ing for the want of Roads, would immediately become populous and thriving, while a large quantity of vacant liand of superior quality would ^t once be brought into request for settlement and actual cultivation. If it be determined to try the experiment of settling new Land by Emigrants "or others, upon the principle of making a portion of the Land pay the expense of making Roads through it, no line of country in New Brunswick, at the present moment, would seem to offer so favorable an opportunity of giving the scheme a full and fair trial, as this line from Saint John to Albert. CITX AlSr B COlJWTir OF SAIWT JOHIT. X lie UUIIlUt XI. :_ /~t: I « A y^c^/\ of ac-re^ in luia x^iiy ana bouncy is li i,7iju, Deing tne smallest quantity in any County in the Province. The quantity of granted and located Land is 309,147 acres, leaving only 105,573 acres vacant, situate chiefly at the extreme Eastern and Western limits of the County. The quantity of vacant 21 Land sold in 1845 was 3,859 acres. The population of the City of Saint John in 1840 was 20,716, but the populous suburb of Portland would add at least 5,000 to the number. The population of the City and the suburb of Portland may now be safely estimated at 30,000, and the rest of the County at 8,000 souls, in all 38,000 souls, equal to one-fifth the whole population of the Province. As the County of Saint John stretches along the Northern Shore of the Bay of Fundy for nearly ninety miles, and is just of sufficient breadth to includte those elevated ridges of primary rocks which give such a forbidding aspect to the coast, it cannot be expected that much good land would be found within us limits. Yet in the valleys and less elevated parts of the County, the soil, although not of the best description, produces good crops of oats, potatoes, and turnips, while considerable advance has been made in the culture of wheat. The Agricultural Society of the County are using their best endeavours to induce the farmers to avail themselves of the advantages afforded by the vicinity of a large town and the abundance of lime for making compost. At the Society's Annual Fair in October last, three samples of Wheat, the growth of the County, were exhibited ; one sample weighed 64ibg., and the other two, 631bs. per bushel. Twenty samples.of Oats were exhibited, all weighing above 40fts. per bushel — the two best samples weighed 471bs. per bushel. Some very excellent samples of Turnips were exhibited, and the produce of the fields where they were grown was stated to be at the rate of 800 bushels per acre. The City of Saint John draws largely upon the Counties of King's, Queen's, an^ Westmorland, for supplies of beef, pork, mutton, butter, and all descrip- tions of Agricultural produce. The establishment of Railways throughout the Province would enable the farmer in the most distant situations to participate in the steady markets, not only at Saint John, but at Miramichi, Saint Andrews, and the other Seaports of the Province. The trade of those Seaports also would be increased by facilities of communication with the interior, and by the trade aris- ing from the various products of the soil, which could be readily and cheaply transported to the coast for shipment. The country, instead of remaining to a great extent, in a state of almost unbroken wilderness, would soon be covered with an industrious, thriving, and numerous population ; large towns would spring up at all the available ports of shipment, and manufac<;uring villages would be. established near the Railway Stations, and upon the banks of the numerous Rivers and Streams in the Province, which from their character, furnishes such an extraordinary extent of water-power, cheaply obtained, and existing for ever. The principal Exports of the Port of Saint John from 1819 to \82ii, and from 1835 to 1845, are given in the following Table. From 1825 to 1835, the returns of Exports include Saint John and Out- Ports, and it is not now possible to separate the accounts so as to exhibit the Trade of Saint John only : — Articles. Timber — Tons, Boards, Plank & Deals—M., Masts and Spars — No., Lathwood — Cords, Shingles — M., Staves — M., Oars — No. Handspikes — No., Hhdii. Shooks — No,, Dried Fish— Quintals, Pickled Fish— BbU-. Herrings— Bbls., Smoked Fish— Boxes, Salmon — Bbls., Salmon — Smoked, Fish Oil— Bbls., 181-9 247,894 2f5,545 6,232 6,099 6,616 5,850 10,910 15,871 19,890 40,073 11,436 '362 *523 1820 207,899 20,970 8,001 5,039 11,682 6,837 14,114 9,405 12,958 49,063 6,243 '372 *664l 1821 262,597 25,216 6,653 7,260 18,249 6,023 8,379 4,967 5,614 45,895 12',508 *836 *453 1822 86,642 8,277 2,417 10,04V 2,842 2,392 Ft. 59,285 7,933 268 20,817 1823 548 2*271 216 No 76.583 10,732 2,185 1,108 1,041 1,664 . 1,556 4,271 284 14,260 8,691 6,861 186 1824 114,116 11,534 1,918 1,435 491 1,923 2,103 595 4,461 15,102 a aaa 6*961 3*,662 168 182 5 175,360 13,238 4,620 1,037 580 812 2,902 2,756 26*,948 '-'»"-"-■'-■ '380 380 22 It: -:; I ., Articles. 1835 18?o 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 85,864 1842 1843 1844 113,688 1845 Timber— Tonii, BoMc'i & Plank— M. ft. 101,32? 92,573 90,916 92,713 91,750 109,526 63,881 105,924 162,000 32,000 33,121 36.286 4,124 6,469 3,057 2,513 4,750 6,231 5,692 7.026 Dea)<— M. feet, — — 28,100 46,181 43,755 41,324 37,877 56,413 79,297 84,000 Mb.iU and Span— No. Lr.thwood— Cords, 1,737 1,736 1,854 , 1,056 1,633 1,2.32 2,117 1,460 1,498 2,383 1,565 1,034 1,023 963 1,182 1.217 933 1,157 1,008 1,496 1,515 2,077 ^'iiingles — M. 1.166 2,145 2,325 1,908 1,467 1.277 1,526 1,40'J 1,125 1,484 1,059 Staves— M. 738 633 666 302 68 51 46 190 30 10 20 Oars— No. 6,072 3,560 3,537 5,236 4,676 4,006 9,607 6,400 3,703 2,511 1,912 Handspikes — No. Dried Fish— Quintals, 1,298 836 76« 300 406 242 2,084 100 1,466 173 508 11,327 12,702 16,279 8,694 14,071 7,441 5,797 6,062 1.810 6,374 1,316 Pickled Fish— Barrels, 3,170 2,619 2,414 3,239 1.267 279 57 ■ 64 206 139 313 Herrings — Barrels, n,s79 8.451 1,042 1,539 3,864 706 1,671 1,177 723 604 1,280 Alewives— Barrels, — 5,384 3,814 5,295 4,660 6,805 8,050 11,303 H,817 9,561 Smoked Fish— Boxes, 5,483 5,880 11,915 14,121 13,391 22,275 19,534 7,157 6,389 7,308 10,068 Salmon — Barrels, 09 81 — 8 129 140 4 8 Do. KitU, _ 120 8,261 6,600 2,276 2,653 1,232 155 6,430 1.261 Do. Smoked, 9.404 6,944 6,073 10,201 1,059 4,853 1,858 900 306 80 Fish & Whale Oil— Galls. 140,644 77.013 208,797 211,943 104,290 162,317 119,936 205 83,418 1,884 77,294 By the foregoing Table, it will be seen, that the Export Trade of Saint John is large, and steadily on the increase. As the outlet of the extensive River Saint John, and its numerous tributaries, with a Harbour never impeded by ice, the City of Saint John must always be a place of considerable importance, and one which is sure to increase as the interior of the country becomes "settled. The number of new Ships launched and registered at the Port of Saint John during the last twenty one years will be found in the accompanying Return ; and it will thereby be seen that Ship Building has been an important branch of business. The superior Steam Saw Mills in Saint John and its vicinity, supply a large proportion of the Spruce Deals now shipped from the Port ; and that branpll of -aanufacturing industry increases annually. The manufacture by steam power, of Pine Claj; Boards and Shingles for the markets of the West Indies and the (Jnited States, has recently been commenced, and bids fair to be successful. The everal Iron Foundries, (at which Steam Engines are also made,) the Grist Mills, Tanneries and Breweries in Saint John, are on a respectable scale, and all of them employ Steam Engines in their several operations. There are also in Saint John numerous Workshops for Blacksmiths, Boat Builders, Carriage Makers, Sail Makers, Riggers, Carpenters, Joiners, Tailors, Shoemakers, Painters, Cabinet Makers, Bakers, and a variety of other Mechanics and Tradesmen. It is matter of regret that no effoh has yet been made to ascertain the condition of these several branches of industry, the number of persons employed, or the^ value of the manufactured articles they produce. As the Commercial Capital of New Brunswick, with a Port open at all sea- sons of the year, the City of Saint John would naturally appear as the terminus of several Railways, extending throughout the Province in all directions. A line of Railway fron) Saint John to Fredericton, and thence to the Grand Falls, on the Western side of the Saint John, has already been projected, and an Act of Incorporation has been obtained, which awaits the Royal assent ; but as no pre- liminary survey or exploration of the intended route has yet been made, no infor- mation can be offered on the line of country to be traversed. Another Railway from Saint John to the Westward, will at a future day be of importance, and a project for establishing such a line has already been some time under consideration by persons largely interested in the wilderness lands of Charlotte County, and of the Western ^arts of Saint John and King's Counties. But the Line of Railway which in all probability will hereafter become of the greatest importance to Saint John, would be one extending to *the Eastward, through the fertile vale of Sussex, to Shediac in Westmorland, and thence along tu_ vT i.1, ^__. /^ 1- _ri.i._ r* ; j._ :j.~ ..j. i. i:».:j.. c.-i^u ~ D«!K"'^-' -""^.-•I'l uc i-UiHicFlT v,uaat Ul luc nuviiiuc lu lis umivai iiJi::i-o. c;Ui;ii a i.!.kiIttkj rrvruiu. connect the Fort of Saint John, which is always open, with the richest Agricultural and Mineral Districts of New Brunswick ; it would transport their 23 abundant prodTfcts to the place of shipment, and a market ; the Salt and Gypsum of Sussex and Studholm would be rendered valuable, and the immense deposits of Iron ore in Springfield would be brought into profitable working. The Coal Mines of Q .een's County would become of the utmost consequence for smelting the Iron ore, for working the Line, and furnishing traffic in its transport to all parts of the country. A considerable proportion of the Trade of Prince Edward Island, and of the Northern portion of New Brunswick, both Import and Export, would pass over the Railway, as would also the products of the Fisheries in the Gulf, which might then be safely prosecuted to an almost unlimited extent. In the absence of precise statements as to the value and extent of the numerous elements of wealth existing in the districts mentioned, few but such as have visited those districts, and ascertained the abundance of their resources in Timber, Coal, Iron, Salt, and various products of highly fertile soils, can form any just idea of the tide of riches which their developement would pour in upon the City of Saint John, or the immense influence which a Railway would exercise in pro- ducing that developement. To a large«nd valuable portion of New Brunswick, this Line of Railway would be of paramount importance, and the various matters connected with it are suggested as fitting subj jcts for further inquiry. COIJirTir OF CHARIiOTTE. This County occupies the South West angle of New Brunswick, and is the last of the Maritime Counties which remains to be noticed. It contains 783,360 acres, of which 317,245 acres are granted and located, leaving 466,115 acres still ungranted and vacant. The population of the County in 1840 was 18,178, and the estimated quantity of cleared land, 35,135 acres. The quantity of vacant land sold in 1845 was 3,786 acres. Charlotte may be described as a hilly country, with ridges of granite rocks along its Northern boundary. Yet there is much good land in the County, especially in the vallies of the numerous Rivers which intersect it in all directions. These Ri\ ^rs have afforded the means of bringing large quantities of Timber from the interior to places of shipment ; and the value in pounds sterling of the Im- ports and Exports of the County for the last ten years are given in the follow- ing Tables : — IMPORTS— (Bhie Book.) 1 BRITISH COLONIES. United States of Foreign Years. From Great North Total. Britain. West Indies America. Elsewhere America. States. 1836 31,189 10,090 10,570 2,541 9,678 • •• 64,064 1837 12,044 11,258 10,924 • * • 10,281 411 44,918 1838 17,324 10,195 ' 26,745 15 15,572 618 72,469 1839 29,420 430 13,940 777 32,797 2,366 79,370 1840 11,541 11,467 3,653 • • • 43,232 9,124 79,017 1841 13,056 704 8,384 • ■ • 38,587 7,549 68,280 1842 2,794 1,788 5,359 • • • 24,986 581 35,508 1843 7,321 393 5,147 • • • 19,868 1,842 34,571 1844 7.230 Ififi fi.Qf\^ i»r ai« 9fiftn ?W S.'iT 1845 18,474 878 12,216 • • • 23,6.S6 • • • 55,204 A' 1 .- *i 24 EXPORTS— C^^Me Book.J To ■ Great BRITISH COLONIES. United States of Foreign • Years. North Else- Total. Britain. West Ipdieo America. where. America. States. 1836 51,512 36,715 5,167 « •• 3,361 181 96,936 1837 24,063 32,902 4,240 • •• 1,017 1,246 63,468 1838 29,002 71,821 14.199 494 4,583 • • •• 20,099 1839 31,251 70,451 9,787 134 4,644 1,1F '7,452 1840 20,422 12,011 78,328 * •• 2,242 684 113,687 1841 14,060 43,477 7,670 • •• 2,112 1,231 68,550 1842 22,467 66,700 8,673 • •• 6,012 • • • 103,852 1843 23,180 40,270 5,249 . • • < 4,083 1,089 73,871 1844 28,580 11,873 4,286 ••• 2,058 270 47,067 1845 48,704 7,958 3,388 ... 4,478 • •• 64,530 The extent of Ship Building in this County during the last twelve years, will h3 lonnd in the annexed Return on that branch of business, under the head of Saint Andrews. At some pains, a comparative statement has been procured, shewing the quan- tities of the principal articles exported from Charlotte County in fhe years 1 825, 1830^ 1835, 1838, 1841, 1842, 1843, 1844, and 1845, which statement is as follows : — Articles, 1825 1830 1835 1838 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 Timber— Tons, 27,820 25,774 15,568 4,062 2,362 4.895 185 468 3,100 Boards & Plank, M.ft 4,311 12,600 13,005 26,446 17,077 23,368 19,614 i 20,186 27,819 Deals—M. feet, 3,118 2,994 9,699 8,821 6,718 8,283 8,746 Masts & Spa«— No. 1,779 1,334 2,353 2,204 2.041 1,160 1,698 4.846 2,034 Lathwood — Cords, 887 581 491 193 53 108 32 114 272 La bs — M., • • • • 1,220 1,570 814 1,732 15.330 3,940 4,264 Shingles — M., 3,231 11,023 8,265 20,439 20,247 29,736 13.886 11,884 10,819 Staves— M., 77 142 367 56 59 57 19 • • .. 2 Oars— Feet, 3,476 9,600 19,726 19,891 19,220 30,664 8,972 5,144 1,064 Cedar Posts— No., • • • • • • 1,100 660 680 740 • • • • House Frames — No. • • • • • • 232 367 390 33 40 33 Clapboards, Pickets, • • • • • • • • 1,500 • • 95,625 • • 95.750 64.110 163,925 67.100 28,725 66,750 ^ 175,212 196,430 DriedFish— Quintals 6,233 9,280 3,536 4,977 2,108 1,493 883 200 30 Pickled Fish— Brls., 897 5,355 2,675 1.462 677 1,702 210 8/ 459 Smoked do.— Boxes, 1,207 1,666 1,342 5,904 8,160 7,017 3.279 655 3,622 Lime — Casks, • • ■ • 743i 9,782 13.739 • • 6,520 7.626 The Fisheries in this County, in the vicinity of West Isles, Campo Bello, and Grand Manan, are excellent, and have been prosecuted to some extent. That the exports of Fish should be so small as above stated, is somewhat singular, and requires explanation. These Fisheries might be prosecuted, with advantage on a much larger scale, but they need protection against foreign aggression, and judicious encouragemont. A plan for encour£Q;ing the Coast Fisheries of Ire- land, has been adopt sd by the Irish Fishery B ;ard, which is deserving notice. It was stated to a Comtnittee of the House of Commons by J. Redmond Barry, Esq., the Director General of Coast Fisiieri'^«? in Ireland, that the Board had, witihin a few years, adopted th^ plan of small loans to enable the peasantry upuri oast to avail themselves 'of the advantage of their contiguity to the Fisheries. Mr. BaiTy stated that the plan had worked admirably well. Many persons who were an incumbrance and burthen to society, no better than paupers, had become productive, usef j1, and industrious, and had repaid', with the most extraordinary degree of punctuality, these email loanf . Mr. Barry, being asked by the Com- 25 mittee, if there had been any other operations of the Fishery Board which had a tendency to develop? and stimulate productive industry, replied that the Board had been engaged la the building of small piers upon different parts of the coast, for the purpose ct' encouraging the Fisheries. These piers had proved extremely useful for agricultural purposes, f>r landing sea-manure, and for the general pur- f»ose8 of trade ; it was added, that the piers had been built by grants in aid of ocal contribution. The encouragement of the Fisheries of the Province generally is a subject of very great importance ; and the establishment of Fishing Loan Funds, for aiding and assisting the poor but hardy and industrious fisherman, is a matter well worthy immediate attention. An Agricultural Society has been established in Charlotte County nearlv thirty years, and their annuiil Reports show that activity and enterprise huve always prevailed among its Meujbers. In the twenty third annual Report of the Society, presented in 1843, it is stated, that the bounty granted by the Society on Lime, had induced Members to try it as a manure, and wherever it had been applied on land sufficiently drained, the benefit had been obvious, and in several instances the yield of crop, especially of wheat, had been extraordi- nary. One acre in the vicinity of Saint Andrews, thus treated, had yielded fifty bushels of good wheat, wei3;liing 591bs. per bushel. The twenty -seventh Annual Report of the Society was presented on the I2th January instant, and it states that the past season having been one of the most favorable for agricultural pursuits with which the County had been blessed for many years, the different kinds of produce had amounted to a full average crop. The various kinds of grain had been very productive, and had been har- vested in good condition. The potato crop in Charlotte was a total loss in th** year 1845 ; this report states the gratifying fact, that seed having been imported into the County, the potato crop of 1846 has been of good quality, and generally free from disease ; and that, with reference to the quantity planted, the crop had been a fair one. There is abundance of both lime and marl in this County, as well as sea- manure, and in those respects Charlotte possesses advantages over most other Counties in the Province. h: 1836 an Act was passed to incorporate the " Saint Andrews and Quebec Rail. Road (Company," which still remains in force, and under which a Company has very recently been organised in terms of the Charter. A deputation from the promoters of this Railway proceeded to London in 1 836, and submitted the project to Xrovernment, with a petition to His Majesty for aid. A sum of ten thousand pounds was thereupon granted for an Exploration and Survey of the Line, about £9,000 of which was expended in proseoting the objects for which it was made, principally under the superintend( nee of Major Yule of the Royal Engineers, whose Report is extremely favorable to the undertaking. Iti consequence of a remonstrance from the United States Government in 1837, further proceedings were suspended, and that suspension has continued until the past season, when measures were ado*^ted for opening the Line as far as Wood- stock, and the Company was organized. On inspecting the Plans of Survey and Sections of the Line, prepared by the several Surveyors under Major Yule's direction, it appei^rs, that the Survey commenced at Katy's Cove, (on the East side of the Town of Saint Andrews) and thence proceeded on a course nearly North, to the foot of the Chamcool' Lake ; thence around the Eastern shore of that Lake, and after crossing its inlet, thence Northerly on the Western shores of the second and third Chamcook Lakes, to the Valley of Waweig, which River it reaches at ten miles from the starting point ; thence North Eastwardly to the Valley of the Digdeguash, the Western I ife si' 26 bank of which River is struck at twenty miles on the line ; thence Northifaraiy w^d West^vardly, up the Valley of the Digdeguash, on its Western side, to the sources t£at^ River, at forty miles on the line; thence North Eastwardly, thSi the Basin of the Little Digdeguash River, to the Valley of CranbeTry Brook which Brook is crossed precisely at the fiftieth mile ; thence nearly due No'th.'and a most on a dead level for ten miles, chrough the Valley of the Sim. Korock River, a branch of which is crossed at the sixtieth mile ; thence North - weTerlv hrough the Howard Settlement, to the North Western bank of Eel RWerwhcH touches at the seventieth n.ile. From this point the surveyed linrfollowed ., North West course, until near the Boundary, and thence pro- . ceeded W^^^^ along the Boundary between Maine and New Brunsmck. border to connect the line with the populous and thriving Village of Woodstock, t is now proposed to cross Eel River at the seventieth mile and hence proceed on a course nearly North, until the west bank of the River Saint John is reached aJor^arMedu/tic Point; and thence to follow the level alluvial bank of tl^ Saint'john to Woodstock ; the whole distance from Samt Andrews being about dghty two milel ^one ^f the levels from Saint Andrews to Eel River exceed . thirty feet per mile, being a gradient of I in 175. R»nwav not It is proposed, at present, to commence the construction of this Rail'^ay' "<>« atSa^it^AXws.butat Waweig, ten miles from Saint Andrews, and thence proceed Northwardly. There is I good harbour for shipping of the largest cla^ at Wawei-, and it is stated that each mile the Railway advances from that point, will de^'elope abundant resources, the transportation of which to the place of shinment will render the line profitable frorti the commencement. _ Tt"dso proposed by the Saint Andrews Company to adopt Wooden Rails ; in fact; to construct the whole Railway upon wood ; and to use upon their Car- ries Prier^s Patent Railway Guide Wheels, which are P^culiariy adapted o Wooded Rails. The following brief description of these Gmde Wheels, and of the manner of constructing the intended Railway, is condensed from infornia- don fur"i!shed by the President of the Company, and is offered as possessing neculiar interest at the present moment. , ^ , ^ i. ^ The Guide Wheels are the invention of Mr. Prosser, the Patentee, who pro- iectcd them in order to improve the mode of guidmg Carriages along tie Rails, and toSnish the friction and wear and tear of machinery, thus ena.nng him to consS cheap lines, by the substitution of a less exp.asive material for Rails ^'^ Thl'four principal wheels which support the carriage are without flanges, and nresent a perfectly flat surface to the rail. It is evident, that upon encountering § fslkhte^ c^^^^^^ the rails these wheels would be quite inadequate to keep the cSgV imon its destined route. The remedy provided is n four extra, or anti-fr Sn wheels ; these are placed, two in front and two behind the carriage, «non ax es? Jan ^ngle of 45^ degrees with the main axles. A deep groove formed by two flanges is made in their circumference, exactly corresponding to he nne7and upper'" ngle of the rail, and thus they serve as the g«'ding wheels to the whole machine. When the Railway is in the J'/.^^^^" ^^ ^^ "^l^^rdl only one of each pair of bevel wheels can be m action at the «a«»^ .J^-^f'.^^^^"^'^ ing to the tendency which the carriage may have to move on f ^^J f « f^«^ the centre of the rail. On a curve, the diff^erence is simply, that the outside Itefwlrel onUe front pair, and the inside one of the^back y^ ^-^-M^^^ , . M - J- __-:i.: 4.Ur.^p. ?a ;n tViA nnrriaflre to flv ott at a tangent wua ZtT^ of a„ acoideXt oo^ourring to the rnnmng ™'-='»JJ,^5; """ftl supporters to the carriage, and carry it on m safety. In '™«™"« ™X',ll , advantage of the bevel wheels is stated to be very great, as with these wheels i 27 curve of 600 feet radiua may be traversed with safety at a speed of 25 to 30 miles per hour. The rails may be made of beech, or other hard timber, six to eight inches square, let into wooden sler^ers, and secured by wooden vredges^ forming one great frame or wooden grating of longitudinal and cross sleepers. The bite of the wheel upon an iron rail is stated to depend much on the weight of the engine, which is generally made to weigh from 16 to 18 tons. This weight on moderate gradients, and at a speed of 20 or 30 miles per hour, enables it to draw from 80 to 100 tons. The carriages are built to weigh about three tons ; this strength being found necessary to withstand the concussion, abrasion, and oscillation. An Engine weighing ten tons, running on wood, is alleged to have more tractive power than one weighing 18 tons running on iron ; and as the concussion and abrasion is comparatively but trifling, carriages bnilt to weigh one and a half tons will be as strong as those having to run on iron weighing three tons. An important question connected with this subject is the durability of the materials of which the rails are composed. A short experimental line of wooden Railway was laid down near Vauxhall Bridge, and a second experimental line nearly two miles long was afterwards laid down on Wimbledon Common. The Engine employed for the experiment weighed about six tons ; it passed over the rails during the two months it ran, 8000 times, in every variety of weather, which is stated to be nearly equal to seven years' traffic of twelve engines per day. The rails were made of larch, (prepared by Payne's Patent Process for preventing dry rot,) about nine feet long and six inches square ; yet upon exami- ning them after the severe test to which they had been subjected, they exhibited no appearance of wear from the friction of the wheels on the upper surface, as the saw-marks were not even effaced, nor had the bevel wheels exercised any abrasing effect on the edges, which remained as sharp and well defined as they were when first laid down. It is stated, that the result of a scries of experiments, made to ascertain the proportionate power of the bite of M'ood over iron, h<:s fully borne out the assertion of the Patentee, that the bite of tlie driving wheel on wood, is nearly double that on iron. A -consequence of this difference is, that railway trains inay be pro- pelled up much steeper inclines on a wooden railvray than could be overcome on iron rails ; and as the cost of making Rail Roads depends greatly on the quantity of earth to be removed, tlie va^t expenses of deep cuttings and lofty embank- ments, and above all, the necessity of costly tunnels, may be avoided by the adoption of the wooden rail. From the very level character of the country already surveyed for the Saint Andrews Railway, and the abundance of excellent Timber along the line, the Directors are impressed with the belief that they can construct a Wooden Rail- way to Woodstock at an average cost of one thousand pounds per mile. If a good working Railway can be constructed on this line, at even double that amount per mile, there can be very little dpubt that the investment would prove an extremely profitable one. The anchorage at Waweig is the point nearest to Woodstock, which can be reached by Ship Navigation ; and the great difference in distance alone must give this Hue several very decided advantages. From Saint John to Fredericton, by the present Post route, the distance is 65 miles. From Fredericton to Woodstock, 61 '* fftfol ^rom Waweig to Woodstock, the distance is 72 Difference in favour of the Waweig line, 54 65 miles. 60 " i< 2d From the anohorage at Newcastle, on the Miramichi, to Boies Tovfi), is ... ... ••• ••• ••• ••• *•• ••• From Boies Town to Woodstock (direct), is Total, ... ... ..• ••• The distance from Waweig to Woodstock being ... Tiie diflference in favour of the Waweig line is 53 " '' The Reports state, that there is much good vacant Land on the surveyed line of this Railway, which also passes through and near soD»e very thriving settle- ments. It is also stated, that extensive groves of valuable Timber of large size exist in the vicinity of the line, which, from their situation, will probably never be brought to market, unless by means of a Railway. A Rail Road to Woodstock, from any accessible point on the sea-board, is a matter of veiy great moment, as connected with the supply of the iipptr part of the Saint John with a large amount of Merchandize, yearly on the increase, and the ready transport to a Port of shipment of the products of the Forests, of the Soil, and of the Mines and Quarries, which may be worked extensively in the Coanty of Carleton. KING'S COVHTT. t! \<^f\ This County contains 849,920 acres, of which 662,752 acres are granted and located, leaving 187,168 acres ungranted and vacant. The quantity of vacant land sold in 1845 was 12,896 acres. The population in 1840 was 14,464 souls ; the estimated quantity of cleared land, 69,452 acres. There has been a consi- derable addition to this amount of cleared land since 1840, settlement and culti- vation having made great advances subsequently to that ' jriod. King's is an Agricultural County; and the land in tne eastern^ division is of superior quality, and settling rapidly. The western division of the County, with the exception of the flourishing Parish of Greenwich, is almost in a wilderness state. The Parish of Westfield is very broken and hilly, with iiumerous lalifffl and streams, abounding, however, with valuable Timber. ', - . There are no statements existing from which any account can be given of the quantity of agricultural produce raised annually in this County. The amount, however, must be very large, and the surplus finds a market at the City of St. John. It has been previously stated that salt and gypsum are abundant in Sus- sex Vale ; the deposit of iron ore near Bull Moose JHill, in Springfield, is very large, and it is stated that the ore is of good quality, A railway through the Vale of Sussex, even if constructed on Prosser's principle, with wooden rails, with branches or feeders from the Valleys of the Mill Stream, Smith's Creek, Ward*a Creek, and Trent Creek, would open up a most valuable country, abounding \u, resources of every description. Among the advantages of wooden railways, not the least is the cheapness and facility of their construction, especially in a country abounding in timber well adapted for the purpose. If it be deemed more advan- tageous to construct long lines of railway with iron rails, still the feeders from towns or settlements within their reach, may be accommodated with railway com- munication, at an expCiiese which their more limited traffic will enable them to bear. These branch raii*vays woulu pour into the main line a great aecesaioii of traffic, and all parties would thus be benefited. A great eastern line of railway from the City of Saint John, through King's County, to Westmorland, and tiie Northern Counties on the Gulf Shore, would, in 2.) ^h^ y*"»' !*• maintained profitably by rich feeiftrs, which wouM be conttatitly adding to their number ; and, by promoting the aettlement of the conntry on i large scale, would increase its productions, and cause the developement of its valuable resources. The County of Albert would be immensely benefited by such a line of railway, and, in return, would most certainly prove a valuable supporter firom the large quota of traffic which it alone might furnish. ■ ^The line of the proposed railway from St. John to Fredericton, on the western side of the River St. John, will pass through the western division of King's County and will, when constructed, lead to the immediate settlement of the great wildw* ness district in that part of the County. ? The valuable quarries of excellent granite, now largely worked at the head of the Long Reach, must not be omitted in estimating the resources of King's County. r <|UEETI»» COUIfTY. The great extent of rich alluvial land in Queen's County renders it exceedingly yaWole for all the pursuits of agriculture. The quantity of land in this County- is 961,280 acres, of which 514,204 acres are granted and located, and 477,076 acres remain ungranted and vacant. The quantity of vacant land sold in 1845 was 5,793 acres, all in small lots, chiefly for immediate settlement. The greatest quantity sold to one individual in that year, was 265 acres ; two lots of 200 acres each were sold to settlers, and all the r«maining quantity was disposed of in lots of 25 acres and upwards. ; ■' •• ' . ...H.^.M- The population of Queen's County in 1840 was 8,232 s6(i?!8, andih^ estiihkled quantity of cleared land 43,089 acres. The population and quantity of cleared land have been steadily on the increase since the census of 1840, arid the popu- lation of the County is now estimated at nearly 12,000 souls. This County lias furnished the Port of St. John with large supplies of Timber J^,^'^^^ number of years, and appears likely to do so for some time to come. There is stated to be an extensive bed of iron ore at Coote Hill, to the west- ward of the River St. John in this County, which requires further examination, no researches having yet been made to ascertain the extent of the deposit, or the vah::* of the ore. As connected with railways, every deposit of iron ore in New Brunswick now requires to be carefully examined. In almost eveiy part of Queen's County, east of the River St. John, a seam of coal has been found at 20 or 30 feet from the surface, varying from 18 to 21' inches in thickness. This coal' is highly bituminous, possessing the rich caking" quaJities of the Newcastle coal of England, and has, at difiTerent places and pe^ riods, been worked to some extent. Researches have also been made to ascertain if thicker beds of coal existed at a greater depth from the surface, and, on one occasion, the borings were continued to the depth of 410 feet, passing through several thin seams of coal, but without indicating a thick bed. There is some reason to believe, however, that the borings were not made in the best situation's,' or that the parties conducting the borings had neither sufficient dkillor science for so important an undertaking. The existence of deep beds of coal in this County remains to be determined ; but, in the meantime, the actual presence of ' f*!?S <** 8f' \m 30 A itriking instance, well authenticated, of the progrrss made by an Emigrant who settled in this County some years since, having lately come to the writer i knowledge, it is here mentioned, not as a solitary case, but as one among many others of similar character, and as exemplifying what may be effected by pru- dence and industry in New Brunswick, , . , ,o„n -.u • The Emigrant landed at Saint John from Scotland, in the year 1820, with %, wife and five children, (the oldest 13 years of age,) but without any meons. He obtained employment during the summer as a Stone Mason's labourer, and by the most severe economy and frugality, saved the sum of eighteen pounds in that Season. With this sum he procured a grant of Land in the iNew Jerusalem Settlement, then first forming in Queen's County, and went to his lot in the "Wilderness, three miles distant from any Settler. He had no neighbour for three years, nor during that time any road to his clearing ; and it was dome time after that before anything approaching to good Roads were opened or made. Yet here he pursued a steady course of industry, his family increasing to eleven m number, five boys and six girls, some of whom have married, and he has been able to settle them comfortably by giving them Farms an^l an outfit. This Settler now owns flOO acres of Land, part of which is in a good state of cultiva- tion, with three Farm-houses, five Barns, an Oat Mill and Kiln, and a large amount of Stock upon it. A valuation of this Emigrant's property was made in this month of January, 1847, for the purpose of a division among the children, and, at a moderate estimate, was found to amount to three thousand pounds. ^ A large family has been brought up decently and comfortably, and are now m a position to become independent and wealthy. The extreme Western portion of Queen's County, like that of King s, is nearly all in wilderness state. The proposed Railway from Saint John to Fredericton will probably traverse this portion, and in such case will add materially to its value and importance. COUHTY OF »UHB17RY. When the whole Province of New Brunswick formed a part of Nova Scotij, it was designated the County of Sunbury. At present, the County bearing that name is the smallest in New Brunswick, with the exception of St. John. It con- tains 782,080 acres, of which 377,078 acres are granted and located, and 405,002 acres remain ungranted'and vacanl. The population in 1840 was 4,260 souls, and the quantity of cleared land 12,262 acres. The quantity of vacant land sold in 1845 was 2,1 14 acres, in lots from 50 to 130 acres, except one lot of 240 acres. Lumbering has always been followed by the inhabitants of this County to a greater or less e. tent, and greatly to the neglect of agriculture. The first British settlement in New Brunswick was mt^ " ii. 1762 on the alluvial banks of the River St. John, in what are now styled th Parishes of Maugervillc and ShefTield. The Report of the Sunbury Agricultural Society for 1842, says-" Much remains to be effected in removing prejudice, and producing reform. There are still allot- ments of land, containing 500 acres- each, which have been settled or occupied from 50 to 70 years, which have not yet 30 acres cultivated, although in the cen- tre of the Province, and bounded on the beautif ! River St. John, within ten miles of Fredericton. Thousands of acres of valuable alluvial land in this County are .•11. 1 ? J . . J xi ..«.. nn.na i\t nid nrnrn.nnf. niPftnnWaiand WSUICh has been annually mown in the summer, and pastured in tlie fall, for more than 50 years, without ever having been ploughed in that time, and which, although naturaUy a superior soil, now produces but a light crop ; and we still see the har^- 31 yard drained acron the highway into the river, to the great annoyance of the traveller, and lost of the owner. Some of tlie finetit laui] in this County is on the North and South Branches of the Oromocto, and many farms there, for pictnresque beauty and fertility, may compare with any in the Province. The new settlemenb}. too, in that quarter, are in a thriving condition ; and fanning, generally, appears to be there conducted in a more thorough and energetic manner than in that part of the County which has been long settled. The writer had occasion to examine this part of Sunbury last season, and can state that the rivers generally flow through wide valleys, with very level alluvial land in thf jottom, and gently sloping hills bounding them on either side. Through these valleys ^ more direct and much more level route between Fredericton an.' St. John can be found than by the Nerepis Road. A series of bye n)ad3 now pass through the Maryland Settlement, the Rushagonis Settlement, and thence, by Ilartt's Mills, to the valley of the South Branch, whence the valley of Back Creek is followed through the Patterson Settlement, and down the valley of the Douglas to the Nerepis Road, a short distance above the Eagle Cliffs, at'the Bridge over the Douglas River. 1 he distance between the Seat of Government and the City of St. John, by this route, is only 60 miles, instead of 65 by the Nerepis Road ; and it lias the advantage of being a much more level country, where a good road can be readily and cheaply made, with no large rivers to cross, and no danger of the road being rendered impassable by back-water in the spring. This line of country offers great facilities for the establishment of an excellent line of great road between St. John and Fredericton ; and the promoters of the New Bruns- wick Railway will doubtless avail themselves of the advantages it offers for their line of railway. r XOnK COUIVTY. This is one of the largest Counties in the Province, containing 2,201,600 acres, of which 840,914 acres are granted and located, and 1,230,686 acres remain vacant and at the disposal of Government. The populaiion in 1840, was 13» 995 souls, and the estimated quantity of cleared Land, 44,818 acres. The population of the Parish of EVedericton in 1840, was 4,002 souls ; but the Towa of Fredericton alone is now supposed to contain 6,000 souls. Although Lumbering has been prosecuted to some extent by the people of York, yet Agriculture has not been altogether neglected. As the capabilities of the Count' great, and it possesses some advantage"! in being placed almost in the ct at. >( the Province, in a favourable position on the River Saint John, and with the Seat of Government within its limits, Farming has been prosecuted to some extent, and with marked success. An average crop of Oats in this C. ninty, of the best quality, is stated to be thirty bushels to the acre ; but in the Season of 1846, there were fields in and near Fredericton which yielded sixty bushels to the acre. In 1 842, before the Potato disease was known, land of good quality, in proper condition, yielded an average of 600 bushels of Potatoes p,^ acre. The Wheat crop in this County has suffered greatly from the ravages of the Wevil of late years. The weight of a bushel of Wheat grown in York averages about 60ft)s. The Potato crop, which was almost an entire failure in 1845, suffered but partially in 1846 ; it la hoped that if the season of 1847 prove favourable, the disease will disapoear altogether. «» Two very^ striking in- tances of the success attending the formation of new SettWments in the Wilderness, by associations of Settlers, having the privilege s '•. 32 of luaklnu their oirn Roads .t a reawnable rate, can be adduced in this Countr. mHar?ey Settlement wa« formed in 1 837 by a party of Em.pnints fWn« tf« North of cLland, who landed in New Brunswick m a very destitute condition. A Rep^ t u^n thi« Satlemeot was presented to Hs Excellency the Lieutenant Governor bV the Hon. L. A. Wilmot, the Commiwrtoner who ft>rmed it, on the ^h February, 1844. accompanied by a statistical Return. Th,. Report states, that it is shewn by the RetuVn. that fJom land where not a tre^e was felled m J uly. 837, ther S Ln taken, during the preceding autumn, 260 tons of Hay and Straw and 15.000 bushels of Grain, Potatoes and Turnips; and that the great succrsi which had attended the labc urs of these industrious and valuable Settlers, Xc^dTn unquestionable proof ot what might be done on the nulhons o Wil- Ss Land i'n New Bruniwick. The Return «ho- the n"mber jf SKtler^ to be fortvfive. and the value of thoir improvements to be i.4,28J I Us. llie SettW rccomnanied the original Return with the following observat ons:- "the climateT^^^ Brunswick agrees w.l with the constitution of English- men ^e air is salubrious, and the water as pure and wholesome as any m the wSd During the six years of our location but two deaths have occurred, wb le theVe have been thiJty ni; . births without the presence of Medical aid. Six Years' experience have convinced us, that notwithstanding the pnvatiom* to which new Settlers are exposed, diligence and perseverence must ensure '"Tht- Teetotal Setttlement" was formed in 1842. under the same Commls- sioiier by a party of destitute Emigrants from the South of Ire'*"^' *" • Report from tfe Commissioner, dated 25th January. 1844. »t is thus stated :- ""f be results of this the second effort in which I have been engaged in fornring Settlements in the Wilderness, have afforded me the most unmmgled satisfaction. Wherrbut tw^^^^^^ ago stood a dense Forest, there have been gathered by trtyfive*Set?le^rs. duri'ng the past autumn. 7.236 bushels of Grain Pot^t-s and ^'urnips. The accompanying Return shews an estimated value of i,l,M7 hi bu Id ngs and clea.ings. ani when tnere is added to this the market value of the croD exceeding £800, we have about £2,000 return excusiye of the making t r 3'aZrter'niiles ;f Road) from a tract of Land, which m its^dderness state. woulLot in the same time have produced one shilling. I cannot now consider the successful occupation of our Wild Lands by ^uf$s\ Scotl^^ Settlers, having the privilege of making their own Roads at » T^'f ^^;-;- - ^» as a doubtful ex-eriment. No antagonist theory can pre vau against the practical J^perb^ice w'.icn can now be referred to. Similar management ;nu8t produce similaT results, and I am well persuaded, that no other system is so well calcu- S to I omote the improvement of our millions of wilderness acres, and thus to advance the population and commerce of the Prov!Oc:«. .. o * - The central position of the Town of Fredericton, its importance as the Seat . of Governmerit, its recent establishment as a Free Port for the «^«V«f' «" «[ British Vessels, and the advantages of its situation wi h reference to the Great H ghway of the River Saint .fohn. point it out a^au digible focus f?r RaUways extending to various parts of the Province. Th<. New Brunswick Railway aSy mentioned, is one of these. Another eligible «ne/night be form^by pSng up the Valley of the Nashwaak, thence across the Portage to Boies Kn th?re to connect with a Railway (tm the Towns on tlie lower part of Ae Mira^^ch The determination of a line for the Trunk Railway romths Atlantic to Quebec would also determine the various branch lines w&iohmight be pSably formed io intersect that line -^nd act as feeders for its Bupport. 33 ' Thia is by far the largest County in the Province, uontaining no less than .0,292,000 acres, of which 81 1,402 acres aregrahted and located, and the remain- ing 4,480,598 acres are vacant, and at the disposal of Government. A portion of this Connty, containing by estinmte, 2,700,000 acres, (of which 280,600 ucrea have been, at vari(tu8 tinies, granted and located by the Province of New Bruns- wick) has been claimed by the Province of Canada since the settlement of tht? Disputed Boiindary with the United States by the Treaty of Washington. The Ooverninent of New Brunswick has ever exercised jurisdiction over this portion now claimed by Canada, and has borne all expenses occasioned by its manage- ment and protection. A portion of New Brunswick which lies north tf the Res- tigouche, and eastward of the due north line from the monument, is not included in the estimate of the number of acres in Carleton. An Act of Assembly was passed in 1844, with a suspending clause, for erecting the upper part of this County i"to a separate C >unty, by the name of Victoria; but, owing to the unsettled statL of Boundary with Canada, the Act has not yet come into operation. The population of the County of Carleton in 1840 was 13,381 so .la, and the estiyiiated quantity of cleared land, 49,553 acres.- The quantity of vacant land sold in 1845 was 5,87' acres, all, with one exception, in lots les'sthan 200 acres. An Agricultural Society was established in this County six years since, and the annual Reports show that the members have been both active and diligent. Th« soil of Carleton, generally, is of very superior quality, and the portion already cleared and cultivated produces crops of grain and potatoes quite equal to any iu the Province, both in quantity and quality. Some very superior stock has also been introduced by Charles Perley, Esq., who, at very considerable expense, has imported animals of the best breed in the United Kingdom, and thereby greatly improved, not only the stock of this County, but the stock of several other Couu ■ ties. The County of Carleton, from this gentleiiian's spirited exertions, may boast the best breeding stock in New Brunswick. There is same land of very superior quality iu the Valley of the Tobique, which, as yet, is almost wholly in a wilderness state. Whenever this valley is rendered accessible to settlers by highways or railways, it will be one of the districts r.o which there will be a rush of settlers. There are extensive deposits of f]'ypsura on the Tobique River, and very fine slate for roofing purposes near its confluence with the River St. John. Near Woodstock there is a deposit of iron ore, which the Geologists of Maine have as- certained to be of very great extent, and of excellent quality. The County of Carleton furnishes a large proportion of the squared Pine Timber sent down the River St. John, and it possesses an almost inexhaustible supply of the best Timber of all descriptions. The establishment of Railways from St. Andrews and St. John, or from either, to Woodstock, will throw open the vast resources. of this County in Timbef and Iron, and rapidly develope its a^ricultiral capabilities. As a station for supplying the upper country on the St. Jolin River, Woodstock is of some importance. The formation of Rail vays from St. John or St. x\ndrews would almost certainly lead to the establishment if other railway? from Woodstock to-the Grand Falls (another roost important station), to Boiestown, and to Camp- belton, and Dalhousie, on the Restigouche, with which it is highly desirable a communication across 'he country should be opened. So great an extent oi this County remains in a wilderness state, that it is diffi- cuit to state its resources or capabilities ; but, from what is already known, it may be safely stated that they are not inferior to those of any other '^^mty in New Brunswick. E •I g SHEWING THE PBINOIPAI ABTICIES EXPORTED FROM THE PORT OF SAINT JOHN AND ITS OUT-BAYS, From 1819 to 1845, both years inclusive j THE ESTIMATED VALUE IN POUNDS STERLINO OF THE IMPORTS AND EXPORTS O*' From 1828 to 1845, both years inclusive ; AND THE NUMBERS AND TONNAGE OF THE SHIPS BUILT IN THE PROVINCE, From 1825 to 1845, both years inclusive : ompiled by M, H. Pebley, Government Emijjration Agent, JANUARY 1847. 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O CO ■^ CO »o «5 rH t-^co I-H oTr-T I— r I— J" to" cT ©1 I-H -H 0.«5C0-*«»CMC0©lO C005XC»'«t»05 1--CM to >C CO I--. cocoes ©1 rH O O O Tfi 1© 00 CO «5 to CO 00 to 05 o> irT •^'to'tC CO CO CO CO 'O'* Q0005CMl--»tC«5CO 050 l--.0505tOCX)l'-.COC75-H l^-^ ©1 CM ©5 CO X CO to CO 00 00 1^1—00 ■^_ CM l^r^ r^'CCMOCM^O'OJtOi— «i-H I— •C>AOtO©l ©j©i-tiro«;>ocoo-t^-n>o tototoo5 0). ■^to 130 ■^ro 'T 'o ©i_o-t)<_TjH^ I j j>.^05«o©i «f uf «f lo co"';f'"c^fto"co"o o" ' ' CO ^rtoS o; c"j CM CO , Tfi §3 .©«5rHCMO»Ol--.-*iOtiI— CO"-. |>,OltO-^i— lO-^CMOO — <_GOr-H^CM to CO IC5 to rH CM I— c I 'o" to' o ■0'-f'©1T«<<0 i-">oo5ajtotoot--.co r-<_X_0 CM -^l© »0 00 CO TfTco'lO ufr-ToOrHOO" to C5 tl V 5 O a .2 a; H ^l^ HWP^h^SwOKfiKW^sJMOT % J* 1 ■"smemmmm'- iii 36 Table ofihe estimated value in Pounds Sterling of the Imports of the Provincfe of New Brunswick, from all parts of the world, from iie year 1828 to the year 184i>, both years inchisive. From Great BRITISH COLONIHS. United States of Foreign Years. North TOTAI,. Britain. West IiulieF America. Klsewhcre America. States. 1828 295,526 60,237 162,686 • •• 123,662 1,470 643,581 1829 291,598 72,773 138,527 395 133,976 827 638,096 1830 285,871 92,795 165,796 1,571 146,767 763 • 693,563 1831 301,729 63,595 159,285 1,785 77,476 ... • 603,870 1832 314,097 .•• 261,544 • • • 123,192 5,216 704,049 1833 295,939 64,311 192,668 4,227 136,432 1,022 694,599 1834 373,297 70,718 213,859 10,029 109,606 3,658 781,167 1835 521,479 59,801 277,879 7,247 102,839 615 969,860 1836 734,394 53,120 340,315 3,614 112,713 5,381 1,249,537 1837 565,724 47,605 272,089 1,927 124,991 45,714 1,058,050 1838 682,843 65,578 320,560 1,196 121,160 13,292 1,185,629 1839 813,179 27,574 384,792 1,229 249,298 37,132 1,513,204 1840 773,281 17,809 254,686 1,126 254,134 35,281 1,336,317 1841 610,066 2,044 171,094 236 195,678 22,940 1 .002,058 1842 217,282 3.561 150,864 685 162,442 5,477 540,307 1843 337,240 2,247 145,645 570 140,259 13,725 639,686 1844 454,630 3,581 146,174 t • • 207,484 38,230 850,099 1845 617,152 4,172 158,649 791 312,273 12,921 1,105,958 Table of the estimated value in Pounds Sterling of the Exports to the world from the Pjovince of New Brunswick, from the year year 1845, both years inclusive. all parts of 1828 to the Years. 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 J 843 1844 1845 I'o Great Britain. 244,573 271,238 335,132 266,247 433,584 337,594 392,347 475,809 431,229 448,259 528,224 631,208 504,096 343,675 303,307 410,107 494,022 667,937 BRITISH COLONIES. West IndieF North America. 133,161 159,388 133,460 72,629 87,795 71,451 69,602 66,773 67,905 103,710 110 )3 38,997 57,910 72,411 50,589 21,189 17,529 55,802 49,096 65.568 60,418 1^75,018 94,077 88,125 74,312 118,225 99,105- 128,560 137,740 181,022 76,933 67,789 56,171 59,347 67,101 Else- where. United States of America. 181 6,840 5,134 6,357 8,*4'4d 5,832 6,350 2,222 3,965 3,961 1,921 1,695 83 3,260 2,572 4,367 3,814 1 Foreign States. 18,084 6,054 26,959 698 30,372 641 18,017 3,650 30,798 2,400 29,462 1,259 20,411 738 24,299 1,782 29,224 4,612 25,185 6,196 25,598 2,056 35,472 2,947 23,808 3,418 13,987 3,051 29,453 1,259 ] 6,190 2,963 16,909 3,003 27,939 3,302 Tot A I,. 457,855 514,219 570,307 427,318 641,800 558,627 578,904 652,154 652,645 650,615 792,119 819,291 753,036 495,629 487,479 538,59^ 598,837 787,624 37 Return of the New Vessels registered in the Province of New Brunswick, and their Tonnage, in each year from the year 1825 to the year 1845, both years inclusive, including Vessels built for owners in the United Kingdom, and sent home under Certificate. Years. Porta. No. Registered Tonnage. Total, Tons. BemarkA. 1825. Saint John and > Miramichi, 5 Saint Andrews, Vessels,... 102 18 120 24,421 4,472 _ 28,893 • 1826. Saint John and i Miramichi, . ^ Saint Andrews, Vessels.... 116 14 ■ 27,J44 3,676 31,620 130 1827. Saint John and > Miramichi, 5 Saint Andrews, Vessels.... 94 5 20^097 1,709 21,806 * 99 1828. Suint John and } Mirpinichi, ^ Saint Andrews, Vessels,... 63 8 71 14,379 1,277 15,656 - 1829. Saint John and > Miramichi, ^ Saint Andrews, Vessels,... 55 9 6,678 1.772 8,450 64 1830. Saint John and > Miramichi, ^ Saint Andrews, Vessels,... 40 12 8,178 1,064 9,242 52 1831. Saint John, Miramichi, Saint Andrews, • Vessels,... 40 8 13 6,476 1,173 922 8,571 61 1832. Saint John and > Miramichi, 5 Saint Andrews, Vessels,... 55 15 70 11,465 2,616 14,081 1833. Saint John, Miramichi, Saint Andrews, Vessels,... 63 7 27 97 12,835 1,804 8,198 17,837 ■J * f 4? ■MMHi ia ■'i!'l 38 Return of New VeBsels— Continued. Yean. Ports. No. Registered Tonnage. Total, Tons. Remarks. 1834. Saint John, Miramichi, Saint Andrews, Vessels^... 92 29,916 2,172 1,052 24,140 1835. « Saint John, Miramichi, Spjnt Andrews, Vessels y,.. 72 13 12 19,920 3,690 2,186 25,796 For owners in the United Kingdom — 5 Vessels, 916 tons. 97 1836. • Saint John, Miramichi, Saint Andrews, Vessels,... 81 8 11 100 24,679 3,147 1,817 29,643 ■ 1837. Saint John, Miramichi, Saint Andrews, Vessels,... 64 21 14 19,493 5,895 1,900 27,288 99 1838. Saint John, Miramichi, Saint Andrews, Vessels,... 82 19 21 19,893 5,478 3,796 29,167 122 1839. Saint John, Miramichi, Saint Andrews, Vessels,... 108 27 29 30,454 9,837 5,573 45,864 164 1840. Saint John, Miramichi, Saint Andrews, Vessels,... 108 31 29 168 42,922 12,231 8,943 64,104 ■ 1841. Saint John, Miramichi, Saint Andrews, Vessels,... 78 31 10 30,449 13,632 3,058 47,140 119 1842. Saint John, Miramichi, Saint Andrews, Vessels,.,. 54 20 13 87 12,558 7,129 3,153 22,840 ., ' ,.,-. li u 39 Return of New Vessels— Conimued. Yeatu. Ports. 1843. 1844. Saint John, Miramichi, Saint Andrews, Vessels,... 1845. Saint John, Miramichi, Saint Andrews, Vessel*,... Sa5nt John, Mivamichi, Swnt Andrews, Vessels,... No. 40 14 10 64 54 25 8 87 56 21 15 92 Registtred. Tonnage. 8,745 3,967 1,838 13,292 9,266 1,985 21,883 5,563 1,526 Total, Tons. Remarks. 14,550 24,543 28,972 if« HBPORT AIiI> BSTIMATfi CONCBBNINO AN lSLBCTRO-M/*GNBTIC TBi:.BORA*« BETWEEN FBEDERICTON AND SAINT JOHN. ADDRESSKD TO ' ...„XKNA«T OOVEBNOB OK TH. PHOVXNC. O. N.W BHU.SWXCK. 26th JANUARY, 1847« Fredericton, 25th January, 1847. S.a,^At the desire of Your ^^^^Z'^:^^'^'^,^^'''''''' a line of Telegraphic co™"?rrS.rcl^care^s th^^ of the subject, and the It has been drawn up w^th as J^^^^^/X^ed and.Tn submitting it, we desire r°^£t1t^wi1l1Cyr^^^^^^^^ Your Exc'ellency in for- l^X'SJi^ol^oXnt ^^^^^f^^^::^^^,^ effected by the aid A revolution in the Telegraphic ^y^^f!, ^^^^ of the force in question, of a force called Electro-Magne ,.m, and «^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^ seeps to be ^^^^^^^^^'Z^:^^^^ P-PO- o^ l--f -• which have resulted ^"^J.^ ^^t^^PP'^ ..^ ^^^ ^ade to convey intelligence in few or The Electro-Magnehc^ i^^^^^^^^ i„,portance, ipenly or with secrecy, in many words, on matters oi i"J^» bv dav, in winter or summer, at a '^^i,%^V■iZ^^^^^S<^X tJot a thought or a sensafon, or to a ray of light, or a flash of hghtning. o„prted to be possible, but they have -»^L;lS':e^r|h.«oaeor.a„e™t«^ and we feel confident that, wlthm ^•''JQ" ''^.^eVoughts, the feelings, and the „m become general m all «"'«'^'*°°»"'™!i,./„^e hSre^ miles off, as fast as wishes of one man w.ll )« «"yS^^^* '^ »™7£ UmS or to his nearest neigh- £T„d*;rStt"ei"gX^^;St p'ower cei time and space as great "r.r.^"ir.r'*h'S^d^Z't°cZsrdSo„^fwhatta^^^^^^^^ achfev^S- and"dlnl-by means of thS '^^'^"^^f^^JSR^'^^m Iwo ^ZSZ-:^^S^T.7^r^l »'*^ ;;rear«c»re the adv Jtages of such rapid transmission. 41 Although we do not feel that it is our province to decide upon the importance of the communications now going on between t!ie Seat of Government and the chief seat of Commerce in New Brunswick, yet we cannot refrain from stating our decided conviction that, if the present communications are not of sufficient importance, the mere fact of the establishment of an Electro-Magnetic Teleffranh would soon make them so. ^ These considerations are entirely apart from any that might attach to a line of Railway from St. John to Fredericton, or to the connection of our Telegraphic Circuit with others from Quebec to Fredericton, or from St. John to Halifax ; we speak at present in favor of a line between this place and St. John, and of that une as being worthy of immediate adoption. By the estimate which we have attempted to make, the cost of construction and maintenance for the first year would not much exceed five thousand pounds currency, and the permanent charges would not exceed one thousand pounds a-year, so that we may be justified in saying that the outlay is notgreat in com- parison of the public advantages which would result from its establishment. But It is not all expenditure : there is a certainty of considerable returns, at both termini, in the course of every year. If these exceeded the interest on the money expended, it might fairly be asked whether, in view of the responsibility connected therewith, the Government was not entitled to secure and maintain the lelegraph as a source of Provincial Revenue ; or, supposing that the returns did not cover the interest on the investment, whether the Government ought not to assume the loss, in consideration of the public benefit derived therefrom. It is to be doubted, after all, whether private parties would be likely to take up an enter- prise of so novel a character ; whether they could give it the same title to public confidence ; or whether they could, so efficiently as the Government, protect it against wanton or malicious injury. There has been considerable difficulty in preparing the estimate herewith annexed, and there are several of the rates which we state with great diffidence ; yet, on the whole, we apprehend that the general charge will be found adequate to meet the several heads of expenditure. It will be necessary to make some further explanatory remarks upon the various charges, which, it will be seen, refer— 1st, to the apparatus and the wires; 2nd, to the posts which sustain the wires; and, lastly, to the salaries and office expenditure. The system which we advise for adoption in New Brunswick is that of Pro- fessor Morse, of New York. His method io not only cheaper than all the others, but likewise excels them in the important peculiarity which it offers oi registerine upon paper all Telegraphic communications.* It would be only fair to Professor Morse to ascertain how far the adoption of his system m this country, without reference to him, would prejudice his rights. At all events, we are not now prepared to recommend any system which does not register upon paper the Telegraphic dispatch. We suggest that a double circuit should be established in the first instance, and that thisbe attempted with two wires only, the earth being, by a peculiar arrange- ment, rendered available in both circuits. If a third wire, or other circuits, were found to be necessary, they could be added at any time, and at an outlay for the wire only. ^ The estimate has been made out for a line of 65 miles, which, we believe, is the length of the route to St, John, by the valley of the Nerepis River ; and we have preferred the present highway to any other line, because it is already well cleared Oi -.rees, anu, therefore, less iikcly io endanger the wires and posts by " windfalls,'' • See a description of the American Electro -Magnetic Telegraph by A. Vail, Philadelphia, 1 Ha. F i* ") .,'>^ 'J-|| i . '■- ♦ t- p I 42 > *o. A shorter .i»ethro«g..*c-^^^^^^^^ rough country and m »"* » *f.3'S%nTalmost tapossible speedily to repair. S'nteTShtl^^ay ttiJ:';': ifd ""tay, be unL inspection, and tbere So^lS^lSSty in proceeding .ith any <.e-^^^^^ ^.^^^ g._ J„L^*rrtrfi:fwtr;Si:t»\^r.t.;?-„red their tra^^ -Tetg^rfhr^ott^l^tt^^^^^^^^ about twenty feet long, with a '■""''^l"*'^, Jaded with two or three tone of 0, ice about the wires) »"«»''»"8ly braced, and k^^^^^ .tone, should be set "I»" *« ^^^fj^^' ^ trposte mS^^ be aft in the groLd, Where the ground ,s favorable fo « «^"«;^J/J' ^^ „f |ve or six feet, a croM sill action of the frozen soil "F" ;''7- j,^ (^.t » considerable saving might beT^Xdt rorn,tr;h^;gr» rZtling, for framing, and for loading " Wlmtever method of securing the posts is adopted, it must never be forgotten thau'drf bility and s^ffif-^j; - ^Ifrrbr^Srderground would b. It would seem, at first »el;*' '''»V"<'^™^ /"Jf ?' ,e of trenching, and ihe safer and better conductors of he wires; taMh^^exp^'e o^ ^ ^^^ p,?Lentca«,. difficulty of seeing and '^''f'^y'^fZr^l^'^'JrZA put under the ^ntroi of the If the Telegraph was "'^"PW'' ''?f'°''™?;f'' 3 accommodation for the ^°'' ^"Tni^wSu; b7frrn\heh offlLr^t't respective termini ; and ZSges ff traTsmiCn of correspondence and intelligence need not exceed %reXrofl^' Chief l':;:r£S of construction ought not to be less "■^^is'feS-iaritywithallU^che^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ while W^ ?«''»"»' PSfbecoS^^^^^^^^^ Shout his most thUiV supervision portion of the work could ""^ ™"'P'-" , . ,,„„ever, become a permanent one, U warranty, /he abovY^ Be^^ \™'^^^^^^^ The S^s*bunSo with the ''''«>» of the^alvancba^^^^ ^^^^ The estimated average cost per mile of this Ime is """™ , J B ^ j X:^^;Z^t^ TZ^jS^^o.i.0. at any tMn. '' i^T w?ih I'mosTi'espectfully submUted by Your Excellency's most obedient and humble servants, j ROBB, M.D., J. B. TOLDERVY, M.D. To His Excellency Sir Win. M. G Colebrooke, K.H., Lieutenant Oovernor, &c. &c. 43 Estimate of Charges in eBtabliahing and maintaining, for one yea)\ an Electro- Magnetic Telegraph, between St. John and Fredericton. 130 miles (for two circuits) of prepared Copper wire, at X 12 10s. per mile X1625 DeliveriogandiixiDgthewires, at 10s. per mile 32 10 Batteries, Registers, aud apparatns, for two stations, at £15 perstatioa 150 jei807 10 l,71(i Posts, 20 feet long, 8 in. h 8 in. below, and 6 in. h 6 it above, with two Cross-sills below, 10 feel loi)g, and 8 in. H 8 in. thick, and four Braces, 7 ^eet long, and 8 in. i>< 8 in. thick, or G8 feet of scantling, at abont 8. d. 12s. 6d. per 100 feet (lineal measure) say .. 7 6 Planing, framing, and cappingthe Posts, say, at V foot .. 7 6 Preparing ground, hauling and setting each Post .. 3 Coal Tar, and painting each Post .. .. .. .. 2 Loading for each Post, viz. two perches of stone, at 2s. 6d. per perch .. .. .. .. .. .. 50 25 • 2145 Salary of the Chief Superintendent of construction for one year, £500 Two Clerks at ^£200 400 Two Messengers at ^50, ..- .. .. .. .. 100 Two Offices, Rent and Charges at Je40, .. .. 80 1080 " . Je6032 10 Average cost per mile, about £T]. ' ■ nMHM 44 Fredericfon, Ath Ftbruart/, 1847. Sir,— In reply to Your Excellency's note of the 3Gth ult., requesting us to extend our estimate foran Electro-Magnetic Telegraph from Saint Jolin to Halifax, we beg to state for Yonr Excellency's information, that we aro inclined to believe that it might be continued at nearly the same rate of outlay as that at which we have already estimated it between Fredericton and Saint John. The distance from this place to Saint .John, by the Nerepis Road, is 65 miles, or exactly one fifth part of the distance from liere to f Halifax, so that the charge for establishing the whole Line of Telegraphic communication from here to Hali- fax, would be somewhere near £25,000. It will be seen that our estimate for this distance is as great as that assumed by the parties in Quebec, as sufficient for the whole Line from Quebec to Halifax, but we frankly avow our inability to reduce it to a figure so low, and we doubt whether they can have taken up the details of the subject with suflicient accuracy. They also seem to think that a short saving/of distance by the Metis Road and the Gulf Shore, might induce them to carry a Line in that direction, but while all the difficulties of maintaining the Line in an unsettled country would thus be greatly increased, almost all the advantages of a Telegraph would be lost to this Province. Thus we at once decide against the feasibility of any Line in the direction above referred to. bi the present state of our knowledge regarding the maximum distance to which the powers of a Galvanic Battery and its conducting wires are limited iu practice, it would be premature to decide minutely upon the number of points or stations along the Line, where it would be necessary to take up and repeat t:.e Telegraphic Despatch ; but as it will always be a matter of the greatest conse- quence to be able to discover where interruptions have arisen, it would not be prudent to place these repeating stations more than sixty or seventy miles apart. In this view of the case, one repeating station between Saint John and the Nova Scotia Frontier, would be sufficient, and again, another between that point and Halifax, making in all, three stations intermediate between Saint John and Halifax. The small outlay required for this undertaking, when compared with the im- mense advantages which must accrue from it, seem to warrant us in the belief that it might be proceeded with immediatel}'. If there was a Line of Railway actually in existence, no doubt the Telegraphic Line would accompany it ; but as many years must elapse before the Rail Road is completed, it becomes a matter of consideration whether the Telegraph should be doomed to the inevi- table delay to which the other is obviously subject: and again, were the present plan adopted, the commercial aBvantages of the Telegraph would be at once se- cured at places which the Line of Rail Road might not probably approach. AH of which is most respectfully subm'tted by Your Excellency's most obedient and humble servauts, J. ROBB, J. B. TOLDERVY. To His EicellencySir Wm. M.Q. Polfbr»ok«, fce. &e. Ue. REPORTS OP MR. WILKINSON ON ■I.BerBO.MA«.I,BT.C IBI.E«nAI.H. ««AII.WAT. IN THE UNITED STATES. May it please Your Excellency - ^''^*'''^'^''' 24M February, 1847. ExlXttrtt'^8^i"u^^ 'T'^-^ the instance of Your -visit to tl.e United States; o'obtan 7or t ^ r '^'' mortn.My oi my intended respecting the construcdon and exTe" e of WoX„" r'".* '"^'^ P^^^^^^ ^«'**"» Telegraph, as would be likely to be uLful in rpl- ^.^'IT*^' ^-"^ the-Electrio ing the same in this Province I wiiH. 'f''"""^V° \^'^ project of establish- the neceasarily short perbd at mv Pomm» / 'T *^ ?'''^ "^^'^t^' eniployed including going and returning ^ ^°«»">*"d. ^^"braced in a month's absence. gibb, wUh Je7a?d"to tTh R^,:.t"^"n5 't ? ^-J- -ffi-ntly full and intelli. of fnL'nradoir/'^ISrK"!^^ ^-- '^PP'ying to all the sources the less disposed to ^eak minZlV on ^J 7^ •. ''T''^^^ *^" Telegraph. I an, my observa'tions genSl^ higher au"'"'"^^ '' *' "" ^'' intelligent observer of wl,«^ ;V^I! • *"*''°"ty *»«" "^onld. be due to those of any fiion of a fevv days throuiif t f/n?. r*^ ^T"^'^ ^"-"^ neighbours, during an excur^ country. I theSore bfi Your pt?.]? "'""f ' ^'*'"? ^"^. '™P^«^'^^ P^^^s of the r treat of this objec and fo reZt on tt'Yth/""''''''^^^^ '^' more ^generally to com'e L'JSd of tSSniriatTan "^ '^'^^'^ ^"^ ^^--"^*« '^e be- belonging only to t rprogres^sWe fnvl hLT "^f ^- ^^'""^^^'^d as a subject achieven.e«ts which have pfeceded i k S^n "' f'^''"^'' L-ike other high extending it« influence TpoTthe affa 'rs ind rri«H ^"" ?"«'-«^' «^"t"'« and daily the world, but more than^aVotLrfres i"t evhfh ^'^'P' of communiiies and of verbal extension. ^ ^* ^''^*^'' * capacity of rapid and uni- Prlt &'''^he UnUeArr^" ^^ f '^^^^^^P'^ -- --Pleted by extended bet^ir the ciS 1? W^^^^^ GpvernxLnt. anS PrnmM '•;;"""••"•■« ^-Po^«^nE pomts of the United States and Canada"!:' rZ nZ York t A r "'^'5* ?'*^^°'^' Springfield and Boston. 265 rrom J\ew York to Albany, and the inteme/iate places to BuS 50? J • •• • • • • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• 46 From New York to Philadelpbia, Baltimore and Waahington, From Philadelphia to Harriab'Tftu, From BoBlon to Lowell. — •Prnm Roaton to Portland, unfinished, say, ... ••• ••• From Hoaton jo^;„,^ ^.^^^ . ^ .^ ^ ^^ ."'\Pr*',r Z '^ From Auburn (on the Albany and Buffalo Line) to Ithaca, ... From Troy to Saratoga, ... ••• From Buffalo, U.S., to Toronto, in Canada, Total ^?'''^ T ^^\^\r.r^ frt theae besidea several contemplated inferior Lines, a prmcipjU la addition to these, besde^ sever p contracted for, and most ZbatlyTs n pro^rers extendh^^^^^^^ Washington; by way of. Charleston and tte to New Orleans. I:^ fact no Schedule of Telegraphic Lines can now be ^Hefupon for a month in succession, as hundreds of miles may be added m that soace o?t me So easy of attainment does such a result appear to J^ and so Hvelv the interest felt in its accomplishment, that t is scaroety doubtfd that the whole of the populous parts of the United States will, withm two «' three years, ZTa net-work s7liable ti derangement by accident or by wanton injury, is at he monlT^n perfect working order. It is found not to be exempt from such inlTwal derangement- vet that the defect is, in most mstances, such only rraTbtpSf de e"^^^^^ The whole range of wire beingexposed Z Srvation aVong a public way, it can be examined nearly as rapidly as the LSr crtravef b/the ordina;y modes of conveyance adapted to such way This difScufty is therefore not considered of much weight agamst the mo e important recommendations of the Telegraph as at present ^^"^t'-"^*^^- ^" ^n Sea surrounded by the moral and social protection of a well-understood common in3t and benefit^ so that a wilful injmy to the Telegraph would brmg upon it authorif detected, besides the pr6per civil penalty, also the disgrace which would be due to an odious offence agamst the public. u„„„mA The confidence in the efficiency of Telegraphic coramu-.cation has now become so established, that the most important commercial transactions daily transpire, W 74 means between correspondents several hundred miles apar^. Oculsur evidencronh s was afforded m^by a communication a few minutes old between ritrchant in Toronto, and his correspondent in New York, distant about 6o2 L^es The advantages of this rapid mode of communicating and o spreading Stel igence! are also not less experienced by other classes and especially by the faS, who can thus, as promptly as the merchant avail himself of a knowledge of chinas in the market?^ This effect was remarked after the a^nval of ti « HibSnt last month, with heavy orders for agricultural prodiice, and the news of ^fsca ci r r^^^^ Ireland, and elsewhere. Wthm four days from the ZTIi the Steamer having touched at Boston, and almost as soon aj he news could ordinarily have reached them, the farmers from the "^terior of the S of New York, informed of the state of things by the M^,f ^^c Telegra|h^ were thronging the streoteof Albany with^nnumerabte^^^^^ the freiaht-trains of the Kailways iroxix xu^^m- w ~<~-- ^ ■■■-" y—- - i / ^. x^ wholly inadequnte either to the conveyam^e of the aceumulatmg supply, or to iii«et the wgent demands at the shippmg ports. 47 From such HI, .• r„ , 8®""*^ 'acts alone it may be inferred tluit the extension of the Magnefc Telegraph between i.nnortunt points, has not only so far bee„ prl^! tically advantageous and euccessfuT. but, on the Great Lines at leR«t, financial /a good investment. The profits, in fact, are represented to exceed, o^ some L nes the expectations of the projectors; but no authentic statements. I believe, have yet been put forward The first dividend publicly declared on Teiegraphfc stock IS sajd to be on behalf of the New York and Buffalo Company, being S per cent for the first four months-from 7th September, 184^ to 7th January! lii7 It must be understood, however, that the right of the Patentees is agreed at one- Sf Thf, ■' I rj^""^ °/ \^'' "'"* *" ^^'' Stockholders is only half the actual ??n.a oJk \ § • ^T r' "* P'^''^"* ^'^^^"'^ *« "'« «"*'«•» Provinces; yet all nil nf *V''^'? •" "'V.*l*" ^°"^^ "nduubtedly more or less contribute to the profits of those Lmes winch ar. beneficial to the Patentees. The claim of the American Patentees is chiefly, if not solely, to the mode of registration, which ^SL*""'/ ';7 "V.'^r."*'. '^"^ ^"*^'" *^^a" European modes, has been the public, claiming the superiority of legibly printing at once, on slips o paper! the ordinary letters of the alphabet, instead of the substitutes of lines and dots^. m„.h !f.f^r«"!i ^rP'r,'"*"!?*'.^'^^"^"'"' ^'■^f^^^*'^ ^orse has himself devoted much study and, though he admits it to b- practicable, does not acknowledge it in^JTPr'^'' "^ T.f^^ ^i*^ ^"^ Telegraphic alph. bet for the purpose of rapid communication ; apd that such improvement can besides be attained only at the expense of simp icity, and consequently increased risk of derangement in the mechanism employed. For these reasons he considers it unlikely to suspersede the Register at present m use. *^ "=f ^xa -uc rp Jl'Inn'' ^^^r^^^"-' ?"?tbf diffif »lty in the way of adopting diflferont modes of registration, not very dissimilar to that of the break of guage on failways; wherever L the'l^rr^ nf\r'T '""'' i\^' co;isequence. No doubt a method of orinl nrLfl„l vf * %-^^™u ^'P^^?^* ^* ^"«^' '^ unattended with any serious cES fit^T '"'/f'^'^^y: ^^V^ be preferable to any other, and it would be desirable that is adoption should be general. But wh n a different system answering so well, has already been widely extended, some time would be neces- sary to effect a change. Within the British Provinces, where Telegraphic com- J1?J^^*J''" \^ °"'^ commenced, any approved method might be adopted vim kss d sadvantage as only one point of communication, t' t by way of the Niagara, with the whole American system, would perhaps be established for some years to come. At that point only would tlie interruption and re-transm^ssion of each communica ion be necessary, but would unavoidably incur serious delays when communications should follow each other in uninterrupted succession, unless the two modes of registration were equal te each other in point of dispateh. The accumulation of delay would vanish in the proportion that this .quality should be attained ; and when perfected, the inconvenience would be reduced simply to the loss of time incurred by each re-transmission. „,o!rv!*'\r^^' ! ^ ^^^ T^*^*"^, ^''^ *^^ ^^P«"8« of construction of Lines of Tele- graph, the extensive demand in the United States has there created a class of StTro7i?^\' ?^";''.'^ '^P ^^^ experience which enable th^m to contact Re^iSel Inl nil ■ ^'""^'-l ^"5^, ^'^*'°*' ^""^"^'"« ^" materials, excepting the RegiBters and Batteries, which make comparatively a small part of the whole Znf thJ°"^ '"« .^^'. ^r T".""^' ^^^^"y ^"'l B^ff'^lo Line is reputed to be to bf rSfabWhf ''?* '" the United States. From such informatio?i as I deem to De reliable, the portion of this Line bpfwppn \f^r^ v«-v ^^a aiu tTrSnJrlt;?"?f^r ^^ ^^°"*t^25 per mile, includiDg'alTmafeais, ;iS cwo i^opper wires of lOOlbs. each to the mile. faiiij^ii'ii i it f - A^l k ^,^\ w,-*li 48 A Line between Halifax and Quebec, along tl»e only Post Road at present in use, 668 miles, estimated at the same rate, would cost as follows :— Construction, 668 miles, at £31 58. per mile, ... ... £20.875 Equipment, say 10 Telegraphic stations, requiring for each 2 Registers at £11 5s., 2 Receiving Magnets at £5 ... 3J5 U £21,200 To the above must be added the expense of cutting down trees which may be likely to fall within range of the wires. On the whole Line of the St. Lawrence, from Quebec to River du Loup, the road passes through cleared country. A very large proportion of the remainder of the Line to Halifax is also cleared ; but an examination would be necessary in order to judge safely of the expense of c ear- ing away such trees And such portions of the forest as might interfere with th« ^^'i^am personally " norant of the character of the land route from St. John to Halifax ;but, assi ung the obstacles on an average on that portion of t^e Line not to exceed the same from River du Loup to St. Jo»jn. I s^o'^^*^ conceive that it would, by judicious arrangements, cost less than £5000 to remove the whole , and that this sura, with the view to an approximate estimate, may be assumed as a maximum. This would make the total cost of the Line £2b,JUU. The expense of working in an efficient manner may be ] approximately estimated as follows: say for four | principal and six intermediate stations, ... I Office rent, stationery, fuel, light, salaries of a superinten- f deut, four operators, four assistant operators, six operators at intermediate stations, messengers, &c. The annual expense of Battery kept in active operation, Interest on capital, £26,200, at 6 per cent. Travelling expenses, repairs, and contingencies, £3,810 250 1,572 1,368 £7,000 The number of intermediate stations suggested may not at all times be so much demanded by the Telegraphic business at those points, as by the efficient pre- servation of the Line in working order, and the promptitude they will afford m detecting and repairing injuries. They may also beneficially promote, through the interior country, an intelligent appreciation of the merits of the lelegraph, and create a common interest in the security and perfect workmg of the Line at all times. . ^ • u In order to judge of the extent of business necessary to yield a ievenue equivalent to the above expense, the iuriff of the New York, Albany and Buffalo Line may be taken as a guide. (Copy annexed.) Assuming that the Telegraph shall be in operation 300 days in the year, then 188 communications per day, or equal to 94 in each direction, of not exceeding 15 words each, transmitted the whole length of the Line, or 134 communications per day, or equal to 67 in each direction, if exceeding 15 words each, transmitted the whole length of the Line, charged at the rate of 2s. 6d. each for the former, and 3s. 6d. each for the latter for transmission and delivery, would be necessary to yield the required Revenue: that is to say without reliance upon prohts from the intermediate stations, yet which may prove to be of importance. . . • In order to estimate the time which the transaction of ^^e above^ extent ^of business would occupy at each of the extreme sUiions, we luay sskc wsc ^. communications from each to be coraftosed of 7050 characters ; which, at the rate of 80 chwaoterB per minute, would require 88 minutes for the transmission, 49 an equal time being simultaneously occupied for writing out and deliver^ lint a skilful operator can transmit on emergency 100 to 120. or even more characters per minute, or equivalent to the above 7050 in about an hour CTe^tlenien engaged in mercantile affairs in the principal sea-ports of the Bri- tish Provmces, r • the most competent judges whether the average of about one hour per day be the extreme probable emplovn.ent that will be given to a l.neof'leegraph capable of transmitting in both directions, when ^connected wj.th Montreal and Toronto, almost instantaneous intelligence between all those places and the several ports of the Atlantic coast, from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico. Also rendering the arrival of a British Packet at Hali- fax equivalent in he effect of the intelligence with which she may be charged, to her arrival at New Orleans, and at every telegraphic station, nearly at the 6 ime time; and again, her departure from Halifax to Europe, equivalent, in rnortlTnl-'f«"T'v^"M^'A ^'^^'^^''' "^«rly at the same instant, from all the important points of JNorth America. With regard to the time that would be necessary for the construction of a Line of lelegraph between Quebec and Halifax, all tlie poles might be deposited ent fi.^Jhr''r?.f" ""^^"'f' \' "'^y^^ '" ^ '^'''^^ «^ readiness before the pre- sent host be out of the ground ; after which the progress of the work will depend much upon the arrangements made and the force employed. If so desired bv XrSr''''i^'"^"\r^ Legislatures, and the geitlemen who may actively interest themselves in the accomplishment of the object, and provided the neces- sary exertions be ordinarily prosperous, the whole line may be fit for the trans- mission of intelligence by the end of July next, used by Her Majesty's Mails, chiefly because the route appears to offer facilities for the prompt construction, and afterwards for the management and preserva- tion, of the line at materially less expense than seems to be practicable bv any other route, whether shorter or longer, no other being as yet so well settled or free from natural obstacles. The opening of any other and more eligible line is merely a question of expense. The difference with- respect to Leal objects would be comparatively small. ^ uHlt-cis I. Say distance from Quebec, via Fredericton and St. John, to Halifax, ... ... ... ... ,^^ ^^^ g/.Q -, Add a Branch from the Bend of Petitcodiac, extending through "^^ *'''' Miramichi to Batluirst ... 133 ., i» '1 806 " 2. Say distance from Quebec, via Metis, Campbelton, &c. to Add a Branch from the Bend of Petitcodiac to St. John and "^ ^^ '^^' Fredericton, I5q .. 815 «« If I may be permitted to express an opinion as to the reason assigned for preferring a line remote from the American frontier, I should say that it is in a material degree founded m misconception. From the observations already made. It is manifest that there is and must be a common interest iu the security and success of such a line, as the principal or trunk line of the most rapid commu- Z^Z^y 'r"r"/xL" "",""''' "* "''"^ 'oonWiietiL and Europe. Our interest in partaking freely of the advantages of the whole American system cannot be less important to us than a like interest in our system to them. G '*.«!* 50 For the present the British Mail is transported through New England to Montreal, but the establiahment of RaUway communication for the same object throuRh the Provinces, will no doubt embrace also the means of telegraphic com- mun fation. -Yet, independently of this, it is true with regard to both the unme- Zte and prospective importance of a line of Telegraph by way of the Metis that it holA» out the recommendation of touching at several ports along the E«iJl Coast between Quebec and Halifax, and thus promises to benefit in a wXd;grVe1he shipping and commerce of the River ancf Gulf of St. Lawrence whilst the distance being nearly the same, the heavier cost of constructing and protecting the line, night not, upon investigation, seem to on weigh its advan- K; and if once in operation, the same consideration of utility would tend to ensure its permanence, even after a more direct line along the route of the rail- way may be established. Should the coast line, therefore, be at all events pre- ferred in Canada, these may be reasons for concurring in its adoption. In the mean time it is our obvious policy to inspirit and advance our fron ler population by the encouragement amongst them ofeveryjudicious enterprise that may tend to such a result. •. . :, All which is with great deference subnutted. 1 have the honor to be, Sir, Your Excellency's most obedient humble servant, J. WILKINSON. To His Excellency Col. Sir W. M. G. Cokbrooke, K. H., &c. &c. &c. OFFICE OF THE NEW YORK, ALBANY AND BUFFALO TELEGRAPH COMPANY. Uti'ca, September, 1846. .lATES OF Charges :-For the transmission and writing out of every Com- munication of Fifteen Wm-ds or under (every Figure or Character beyond the Address and Signature being counted as a Word,) viz :— ''"' N^ttSVg 50 mile.. 15 ot. For every adaitional Five Words or nnder, 10 ct. Over 50 and under 150 miles. 26 cts. ^ ^^ ,^ j^ ^^' Over 150 and under 300 miles. 35 cts. ^^ ^^ ^, 2^^ ^j^' ExchiTvf orS charge 'for delivering Communications, which in Cities and Villages will not exceed Two Cents each. Regulations:-!. First come, first served. 2. Payment in advance. 3 ComnmnicaUons to be written ill plain copy and handed to Manager. t No oT to occup; nior. than fiftee^ minutes, whilst others are waitmg I No talking allowed in the Operator's Room during bnsmess hours. 6. No admission in the Operator's Department without special permission. Communications destined for any place beyond ^l^e termination of t^^^^ crraph, or branching off from any Station, will be faithfully written out at th. last Station, and put into the United States Mail. THEODORE S. FAXTON, President. C. Livingston, Secretary. table OF distances by telegraph. From New York to Troy and Albany, 180 miles. ., A ,u„„.. ». iT»;.n 1 nn miles. - ■ 280 niles distant from New \ ork. -xvas. xcvj t: Utica to Syracuse, Syracuse to Auburn, Auburn to Rochester, KocUester to Bufl'ulo. 60 26 78 « (I 330 366 434 509 « 41 f'l"'^^^}^,J^l^"^°^i^M> wWcl, we her«. For «»^ -T'lsS t^^ We can'TdeSnd a" d profit by the "l^'nfdoe, not necessarily follow that we must wait »jtU onr -ial condition te advanced to that of o der """'""g" °^?,',1 sl5R o".r pnblio works! t:^^ aSS^&rd%S^::;rwSfe:y''Urate eZ- ;r^ tU I'wc' frorS: incalcu4lo advantage, which wore assured by an 53 improvement so great and so peculiarly adapted to this Continent. On the con- trary, they immediately began to consider the means within their reach of secur- ing its benefits. They hfid the advantage of experience, purchased so liberally by British enterprise, and also natural advantages of their own, not available in England. In New England, indeed, where population, wealth, and local cir- cumritances, amply justified the attempt, railways were begun and finished very closely after the English model. But in South Carolina, where the abundance of timber and the favorable character of the country naturally suggested the idea, timber foundations, and also tails essentially of timber, were adopted to obviate the costly alternatives of earthen excavations and embankments, solid masonry, and the heavy iron rail. A line of Mhis kind was constructed between Charleston and Augusta, 136 miles, within the years 1830 to 1833. Descriptions of the road, more or less particular, are given in some of the published official reports in relation to the work, on the authority of which I believe that dependance may be placed. The result appears mainly to have fulfilled the expectations of the projectors, leaving no material difficulty to be provided for besides the consequence of the perishable quality of the structure, which was well understood and anticipated. It was necessary that all the limber should be periodically renewed, or that per- manent earthen embankments and masonry should be supplied. The latter alternative was adapted, and the road being in full operation affiarded facilities for embanking which rendered the cost comparatively light. But it does not appear from the experiment, that had any certain means of preventing the decay of the timber been known and made use of, that any necessity for embankii>g vvould have arisen for an indefinite period, if at all. The manner of construction was, upon wed-driven piles when the ground was soft, upon trestles when firm and solid, and simply on longitudinal under sills united by cross-ties, when excavations occurred, or where the gradCT coincided nearly with the r itural surface. Besides the exceedingly small expense, the advantages of this method in superseding, to a great extent, the necessity of bridges, culverts, and drains, and 'v(\ avoiding the disasters which are so liable to be the result of any insufficiency in these structures, appear to have been very deserving of notice. The adapta- tion of the plan to large portions of this Province, and to similar descriptions of country everywhere, will appear by the following extract from the Report of the Commissioner of the South Carolina Rail Road, dated May 1st, 1838, being after 'ie first year of trial of that Road: — ' e plan adopted in the construction has been peculiarly fortunate ; it has been emphatically called the ' Inland Bridge' — recently it has proved itself so. At a time when every mail teemed with accounts of the disasters occasioned by the late heavy freshets ; when the Savannali River rose higher than it has done since the memorable Yazoo freshet; when serious apprehensions were at one time entertained for the safety of the Augusta Bridge ; when the houses in Ham- burg were encompassed by water, and all communication between Hamburg, Augusta, and Barnwell Court House was suspended for three days, and resumed on the fourth at the risk of losing the mail and the lives of those entrusted with its conveyance ; when the navigation of the rivers was stopped, their banks strewed with fragments of houses, mills', &c. ; the highland roads washed into gullies, and the bridges in the low countries in many places washed away — at this period, so destructive to property, and when intercourse between various parts of the country was entirely stopped, it will be gratifying to stockholders to learn, that, with the exception of the sliding of the side of a bank on the road (avalanche) within two miles of Hamburg, the works have not sustained injury to I i' -11 *f* \* \%y. 54 . r ft ^ ,uiiora DuriiiB this whole period the trips were performed the amount of five dollars. ^"'/"^..V'w^^." ^A/oarf. and the passengers expe- regularly in the ^--' ^'^J^^'j^^,!^'^^^^^ Had ri^nced no 'f «"7"^"^^"' '^^^^^^i i^ ' ene ally resorted to in similar works, m ihe system of embankment, which. s Sene'-« J , j^ ^j^jg ^^rk, it .s drifting snows threaten ^^'^^^^^^j, „^i;°;,3t°Zl to he success of a railway are several months m the year. So P'f " y^f 'T'"' i.Uo„t gome satisfactory assu- certainty and regularity P^ '^^'""^""'^^^ ^J' !f,ersonab e^ the prudence ranee that these are atta.uable at a 1""' f j^rii/uv q^^^^^^^^^^^^ When, however, of embarking in such an enterprise might be Justly jest.o ^ ^^^.^_ uninterrupted transportation may appear ^^^^ ^^^^^l^^^^^^^ ,he while con. ing extraordinary ""'lay, but requ.rmg even a p^ consideration in these struction and management «h«" .^J^^ T ^e overlooked. Such plan appears T:^^rT^t\^TS^Z^^ 4 foAhe p,ese„. be Rail Road Company, in a Report -i"^^ !" '^*°' V'";P„\d_,i,e superslruclure .. The ,.periori,y ol .he P^l'^^^XkeraLrwards-was Lw satis- „„ pile, driven into *= g """^ an^ ^J'^^^" f ^ Ri,er in May las., sffiA^rs s V -;^ 'r^^r .i,f Ve:; ti^h-r LTts: Z:^:^:S::^::^^^^ff;^ ^-^T- vil.ence, „o pa.. Has p^reft'eSn-ica/one, Is well i„ repai. a, ong™>lj--- -„„^,,„„ ■fhe following is rora a ^«!";=3l R'P°" " 'fi others, as well as those rLre'ir'ffis'^^^^^^^^^ rv^i^slCet^otl^^s^^^^^^^^^^ -^ °-"- appears lliat, tor me vvuuucn =ti«v,--^ "■- v ,- -.v.^^ Jm ihe plate rail, which "'''tr.flmroot" ' :rt »92TVer i P-limLy expenses. rvT;:'Engf„eer depaHmem: workshops a^d materials. n,.ch.nery, eng.nes. in 55 Si llflt S'""^' J""'^'/°^'?i!??'' °^'' «penses, &c., amounted to {^24 1,296 47; or equal say to $1,774 per mile. The road continued in active operation as thus constructed until 1836 when heavy repa.rs became necessary. At this time, therefore, the whole expense of the construction of the road, exclusive of the Iron rati and the other exnenses K f ^^olU'f'^^^i' ""'' "° "^^'^ ^'''" ^^'-'^00' °' "^^'075 Halifax currency, or ii ifirf f ""'f per mile ; and including everything, only equal to Jbout *1,460 stg. per mile, under the unfavorable circumstances of a first experiment. «r^ T*! '*'? •■^P>«'""S °f such timber as had began to decay, the embanking of the piled Port'0"s of the road, and importing heavy flanged iron, increased the whole cost to $2,506,762 61, or equal to $18,432 per mile" up to the year 1839 bince then the increase of cost rppears to be upwards of one half more. But how this arises, or for what reasons the Company may have deemed it necessary «bSif5 "^, '° largely to increase their permanent expenditure, are questions Which do not seem to be involved in that under consideration. It appears that during a period of at least four years the advantages of a railway were obtained and enjoyed for the small expenditure before stated; hut afterwards th?t the pro- gressive re-construction of the work, at heavy expense, became necessary. It is therefore chiefly desirable .o ascertain whether the same advantages miglit not have been secured for a much longer, or even for an indefinite period, without further extraordinary expenditure, or any serious practical objection to the plan its^f, had the material employed in the first construction been imperis/iabie. I he opinion of Engineers of long-known ability and experience in the United btates, as well as of others practically conversant with the subject of Railways is' that there is no valid objection to a properly constructed wooden foundation, except i/ie perishable nature of the material. That as a general rule, to which all must assent, the introduction of perishable materials into works intended to be permanent, is as much as possible to be avoided; and at the present time wherever the means can be commanded, earthwork anr^ masonry are generally preferred Under different circumstances, however, and where wood is abundant, the piling system is adopted, if the character of the counrry will permit; for besides beini more rapidly executed, it is regarded as an e:.icient and economical foundation! even at the risk of a periodical renewal every five or six years. In some of the substantially constructed Railways of New England, small por- tions founded wholly on wood are to be met with, and which have been so con- structed either from the necessity of the case, or from some consideration of present economy. In passing over these the passenger is unconscious of any transition from the earthen foundation. ' I was kindly invited to pass over and examine, in company with the Engineer a portion of wooden foundation adopted on a Branch Railway from Salem ta Danvers, just completed and opened for traffic. It had been thus constructed w,th a view to dispatch and the more immediate benefit of the Railway, leaving the filling up with earthwork to future convenience before the wood should have time to decay. The elevation of the work, substantiallj constructed on piles, is from five to thirty feel above the natural surface of the ground. During the passage of the tram no vibration or unsteadiness was perceptible; and in standing upon the platform behind the last car, as it were in mid air, and in clear view of the open wooden framework below, retreating with a velocity of 25 miles per hour, It was not easy to conceive how it could be more difficult to pass any ordinary deptti 01 our northern snow, and that at rates of snesd sf^'ja! a-, th^.es sftaina'-'i under the most favorable circumstances. ^ ^ The expense of this wooden structure was from two dollars to six dollars per runnmg foot of the railway. But besides the great elevation of the way, a large m 56 p„po,uo„ of .be p,l« were d,l«n y^^^J^H^ *vt ''°JZ^'c«. ^t^^o SolL per foot, for «hich . poruon of U>« ""^^^^ .^ '„, , o fee., and .l.e .„„.! ,0 .bout *f 80 ='erK per -Ij' ^,^«,^X. here, however, eo™p.ra.,vely pies driven to a depth of 12 teei. J- "« "' , j,, e of mercbandtce. Expensive, being obtained f':7.« t^""^/^^ of inspecting the ^I was favored in a very °bl'g'nS '"«""«J^^^^^ uJad, winch is of the . result of a wooden structure on the New York and t, ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^ broad gauge, and intended as one of the g^reat trunk ^^^^^^ commencement, and trade. The portion to wh.ch hav« r ^e^^^J^ %Z\he bed of the valley over consists of a viaduct 60 feet at ts ^f/ P'"- "^ of an earthen embank- which it passes. Thirty feet of ^1"^ he.^l>t con« ^^^ ch^eny ^^^ ment, and partly of a stone bridge; but .n °rf^^^°//h°,^o„,d be required for the expense of so heavy an eajbank-en -/h ^ wh ch .v^ ^J ^^ whole elevation, the remammg 30 leet wa. m » ^ ^ ^ „iar traffic of oak. At the time of my vis. this had ^^e" ^"'^^^^^^^^^ ^^j sufficient. But m upwards of five yea.s, and sull remamed f ""S'/^^.Y " o?der to provide aV^st the certam effec s of grad a deca> he ^ in progress of being embanked wuh ear h ^o he Jeve ol ^^^^^^^>^ ^^^^ embankments had also been made. on this dms.o^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^ ^ structure had in the first mstance .^^^"^Snt objection existed to this kind Engineer of the work that 7 P;;;^^?^\ ^^j^ ^^e of the material, and Ihat not- of foundation, except that of the penshabie "a^"^ , ^,^ ji,^ ,„ost easy withstanding this objection, where ^^J^Jj^g^^^^S^^^^^^^^^ he most economical, and and rapid of execution, as well «« '" ;^;/i ,^^'f ^ be impeded by snow, it was in a climate where coramumcat.on was liable to oe p superior to any other that had bj" devised;^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ,1,^ 'a large Pr^Vl^^beefpUedrbut the financial difficulties of the Com- country was favorable, has been puea, uu -gcentlv, they v.ui be deprived pany having caused a suspension °f]^e.r works u„ul^^^^^^^^ . ^J l( much of the benefit of the ,!;°^^^"/ ;X„dation of a Railway, which besides T^SLV^Sn an economical -d -^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ,,, f,„,,ing A practical exposition of the ""^f'^^^^fj^ S^^^^^ experienced Engineers of extract from the evidence °f °" V^J^^^^jS a 0°'"'^'""' "^ '^'^ Legislative t^eZ^fZ'iTe ff«k,Tpold to investigate the affair, of the " laining the comparaLve mertts .^ a «"' "f^,; „o„d„,ions lo which you have " unon a bed of earth or stone, and if so, stale lue oo .. r.ed, with the facts connected .herewith? ^^ .^^ -. Answer.-I have """'^ ""XrastXry "" - hL;Vbe^ .■ of Rail Roads uponpto within tlie '»= V*'^^ ^"Sproveroen. in Rail Road con- ::St°=f':::5tp^;'Ja^i7r»;M:^'p=: «- ..»«./«« and .«. tt s^nwi, are common in the winter months. , .^^ "i 57 It cAeapnesa Md pernianenci/ —ihe two most essential requisites in Rail Road con* " struction. Piles that have stood in the most exposed situations on the Utica •' and Syracuse Rail Road for the four past winters, and those driven on this diyi- *' sion during the summer and fall of 1540, in every variety of soii, abundantly *' prove the fact thai/rost cannot displace them, if they are driven to a depth of **./?ye feet or over. " A piled road is also free from the obstructions and dangers incident to a " graded (earthenf road, in consequence of the washing of the banks by floods " and rain, and by seeding when on a so/e bottom; thereby requiring ronstant •' arinual expense to adjust the road and replace the earth material. " It will, I think, also lessen if not entirely prevent the frequent accidents that " occur on graded (earthen) Rail Roads, arising from cattle and other animals " obstructing the track when trains are passing a\, high rates of speed. '* The permanent and unifornii foundation that a piled road afFords during all " seasons of the year, cannot, I think, be too highly appreciated; and for roads " calculated to transport heavy freight, its decided superiority over the usual " modes of constructing Rail Roads in the Stale cannot be questioned. " From the experience afforded me during the construction of the Syracuse " and Ulica Rail Road, as well as the 'wo past years on "this division,* I have no " hesitation in strongly recommending the adoption of a piled road, wherever the " natui'e of the soil, surface of the country, and a supply of suitable timber will " admit of the structure. On ihis division* there is being made over one hundred " miles of ;3«/w/ road, along the valleys of the Susquehannah, Chemung, Tioga, " and Canisteo rivers, of which the piles are now driven for seventij miles; and " the eight steam pile-drivers are now in operation, driving the residue at the rate " o{ ten miles per month. " The actual cost of this piling (when sawed off in readiness to receive the " superstructure) has averaged less than two thoiisand dollars, per inile^\ including " the white oak pile timber, from eight to thirty feet in length, and from eleven to *' twenty inches in diameter, costing on an average abotit three and one half cents " per lineal foot, delivered on the line of road. These piles are driven from five to twenty feet, and where required by the looseness or softness of the earth, double piles are driven to the depth of fifty feet or more, aud sawed off from two to " four feet above the embankment, or the natural surface of the ground. " To have substituted a graded (earthen) road-bed in place of this piled road " in this division would have cost not less than four thousand dollars per mile " for the whole distance, without including the grading necessary for the piled road, when the surface of the earth requires to be excavated or embanked for " the purpose of bringing the earth grade from one \o four feet from the grade-line *' of the road. No difficulty has been experienced in driving white oak, chesnut, " or Norway pine piles below the reach of the frosty in sand, gravel, clay, or alluvial soils; and wherever excavations or embankments occur exceeding four feet in depth or height, the cost of removing the additional quantity of earth " necessary for a graded road-bed, with its side ditches, e.rcee^/s the cost of piling, '' including the piling timber. ♦' The excavations for piled road on this division are made twelve feet wide on " the bottom, with side slopes of one foot vertical to one and a half feet horizontal. '* The piles are sawed off one foot above the bottom of the cut, and a ditch of " three feet wide and one foot deep is made between the rows of piles, to carry *' off the water. The earth from the excavations is carried into embankments, • Snsquehannah division of the N. Y. and Erie Bail Road, t Say equal to ^64 17 Sterling. H (( (( u (< 4 *^-i I 1^5 1 I- 1 ',, VJ 58 " where the grade exceeds three feet in height. The embankments are made to i« within three feet of the tops of the piles, twelve feet wide on the top, with ♦' side-slopes of one and a-half feet to one foot. ♦« From the experience that I have had in the construction of pile road, and " from the examinations that I have- made relative to the cost of gradmg, and " keepine in repair the ordinary graded roads of the country, I th'nk I am w.thm •' bounds when I say that the interest ^'' the amount saved by buildmg a piled »« road instead of a graded road, for the one hundred miles on this division, " toeether with the annual expense in keeping a graded road-bed in good adjust- " ment and repair, will renew the piles, should it be necessary, every /re or stx " years, so long as suitable timber can be obtained at twice its present cost in that " division. " If the white oak piles should not remain sound more than eight or ten years, ♦' the expense of filling around them with earth, at the expiration of that time, •' with the use of cars to move the^arih, would cost at least Jlfiy^ per cent, less ♦' than it would now cost to make the embankments to the graded line with bar- " rows or waggons ; as most of the earth would require to be drawn from the " hills for great distanoas, in consequence of the alluvial soil, found along the " bottom lands of the rivers, not being suitable for a road bed for a graded » road Wherever the valleys to be filled are deep, and the excavations from «' which the earth is to be taken to embank over them, are at any considerable " distance ofF, the hauling of the earth is postponed until the track is laid on the " piles, and then done with cars at a great saving of expense. » Another consideration in favor of a piled road is, that when the piles are «' nartially decayed, the earth embankments can be cheaply brought up to grade, '« as has been shewn, and the strength of the pile will, for many years thereafter, « keep the road from settling ; thus you will perceive that the superstructure " having been kept from the ground, and of course in a great measure preserved, " the earth being brought to grade, as before remarked, and well rammed under " the superstructure, we have a new and permanent road, much more perina- " nent than roads where the rail is laid upon a new, and of course rot thoroughly '' settled embankmervt. " The construction of pile road on this division has, I think, enabled the com- " oanv to make contracts with the landholders along the route (where such road " is inade) for right of way, fencing and farm-crossings, for at least aevmty fiiie « ver cent less than they could have dona had a graded road been substituted in "its place. This arises from the fact that while the piles remain m good pre- " servation, there will be no necessity of fencing along the railroad, excepting " the nailing of a few boards upon the piles, while the farmer can cultivate al " the land sold to the Company, and which is from A\ to 6 rods m width, (until '« it is required for a graded road,) except the width of eight feet, occupied by " the piles The piled road also permits cattle and other animals to pass under " the track, and thus saves the great expense usually required on graded roads, " to make embankments on the roads for farm crossings, or experisive bridges " or culverts, to allow teams and cattle to pass under the road. A large amount « is also saved in the single item oi cattle guards, necessary on graded roads, to » prevent cattle from passing from private or public roads, on to the track ol " the railway, and thereby obstructing the passage ol trains ; and which occa- " sions a great share of the destruction of life and property on graded roads. *' As 1 nave before remariicd, uju j^'cai auvamngv^ o, ...... ...—.- ~.7-----, - - . «' sist in its cheapness and permanency ; and in regard to its durability, it will « be seen, that if the perishable material of which it is constructed can be 59 " renewed at an expense of less than the interest upon the differenr ' the first . " cost, and necessary annual expenses, (when compared with a grau >ad,) it " must result in an ultimate saving of expensed The substance of this testimony, received with that consideration to which the opinions and experience of other competent'Engineers support its claim, gives to the question of Wooden Railways a peculiar interest in these Provinces, and pla- ces in a striking light the importance of some available method of insuring their durability after their first construction. The most satisfactory experiments which as yet appear to have been made in the preservation of wood, are by the process of " Kyanizing ;" not that they conclusively establish the comparative merits of this process, but because they extend over a longer period of time, say than any experiments by the more recent methods which have been infroduced to public notice, amongst which the most approved appears to be that of "Paynizing." No well authenticated instance is known of the failure in the United States of ^e Kyan process where it has been fairly tried. On the contrary, prepared Railway sleepers of Spruce, one of the most perishable of American woods, exposed in a manner least favorable to its durability, have been found at the end of six years, the full time of its ordinary duration, remaining quite sound and elastic, and even retaining the original marks of the saw. The cost of this pro- cess by hydraulic pressure has been found to be 5 12-100 cents, or about equal to 3 I- Sd. Halifax currency per cubic foot. By soakagq only, it ought to be much less, as the value of the corrosive sublimate necessary to each cubic foot, does not, according to some experiments, exceed 1 |d . currency. The efficiency and economy of this process, as now confirmed by numerous experiments, has tended to create a general confidence and renewed interest in it ; the risk of further trials is now freely incurred, and its extensive adoption is highly probable. The simple process of natural absorption, by immersing the foot of a newly- felled tree in a preservative solution, say the pyrolignite of iron, seems well deserving of consideration and further experiment. By this process it would appear that the vitality remaining in the wood for a short time after it has been cut, causes the artificial fluid to circulate with the natural sap throughout the whole tree. Mr. Bethell claims a right in this process by patent, dated July 11th, 1838. Public attention was drawn to the discovery by Dr. Boucherie, of Paris, in 1840. It would of course be necessary that this process should be practised on the spot where the timber is cut. It seems difficult to attach too much importance in these Provinces to some feasible and certain method of rendering wood, if not imperishable, at least capa- ble of resisting decay for a long period. The effect would be to place us in a position to prosecute a railway system, and other works, at a cost so moderate as to remove reasonable fears of success. It would probably also give us a large share of additional manufacturing benefit in the staple of the country. For the preservative process seems to be most easy and effectual when applied whilst the wood is in a green state. Wood as a substitute for Iron Rails. So far we have chiefly considered the eligibility of wood as the principal material in railway foundations. The entire substitution of wooden for iron rails, and thereby avoiding nearly the whole expense of the latter, has perhaps engaged more attention in these Provinces than in the United States. On first naming the subject of wooden rails in that country, you are understood to mean the wooden rail, or longitudinal iill, upon which a light plate of iron is laid and * 1- •' k " »• • 60 lives and high veloc.i.cs, .s B«"«'«"y il^^°"?'"^^ found to be too heavy iron rail. The light iron plate of 2i inches by St mcl^ .3 joun necessary, "",r; be allowed *at .he .u.e,„en. of .he ^^^^rcZl^X'^A^t^- calculated .0 give a favorable ""P'^™' ^.^^he ^ar ™, cSc..m5.ance, of a tion of Ihe safe o|.plicalion of the woodon ";' '° '''= JS, ^^,„ei,ie3. Enough long line of railway intended to austa.n he"vy )<>»d.« »""6l' v^l°w 6 however has been made known ''>.''"" ""'-i^V A fefsugse^^ "la- lancc of a more perfect mvesligation of the subject, a lew 66 ''"'l-LV^Laille^ort;: l:.Wad is acknowledged .. be with^^^^^ er.;f;i;,e„. Is merely a return to what^^^^^ ago, but now resumed under tlie "'flj^';"^" ' .,,,. „^^ advanced knowledge «^"^l/^i'^r"«^\ J,^'l"""been Xcte^ *« ^««^"«^ ^^P^"" „ot materially different fr^^^^^^ ments; but the w heels ot mewagmBui ..,.:„ wheels were intro- only of wood, and of rude <'«"«tr«ction .y^^'J^f^^^^ to a rail of much duced, which, it would appear, fro.u their '^P^^f ."^^^^PT' ,,, ^ difficulty was softer material, soon led to the use of ^««f^tJ7"..;'^^;p,,itif;"2n IV lurfa. experienced. It was found that the cast ron r«-^' ^/P«^^^^^ r^ ^^ g^oo^s, J were narrow,^ cut the nms ofJj7^^«"J^t^^ ' wWng of the raUs. To which caused considerable friction and If-J'/^'^'Pl^^^^^^^ which Z\m\- remedy this the breadth of themrfa^ of theraU ^^^^^l'^^ J^i^ ^^^.i^e^a- nished the evil to a certaui extent, but the expense oi ff P^ ^, ^ • .. ^^^ ^m ble. A complete remedy was ^'^^f'^'^^U^'Zi^lx^Zol^n^y^^ of introducing of the wheels in the process of casting. 1 '^^/^fV^! "Tp same evil which first malleable iron rails, was for several X.^^^jf ^^'jl^^^^/J^V found appeared in the use of the cast iron '^«}},;/fj7r;„"';,7f ^ith a broader surface to cut the periphery of the wheels, ^he cast iron ra^w«^^^^ svfficiently r f'torstir Bu^'e^lnS^^^^^^ P-^^' *^' SnTw^crA^s^ntSr^at^^^^^^^^ -/- - «. cast iron rail, com- bining with lightness the necessary '^^8^;^^ ^^ fjf'f^^^^^ proceeded from Now it seems manifest that these V^^f^f^'l^'^^^l^^^^^^ wheel and a necessary regard ^o^^-rf'^'^^^^^^^ Lt a soft mate- ihe bearing surface of the latL ^^r^^^r^'ently necessary. But these, rial like wood, and rendered also cas iron ra^ls ^m^^^^l '^^ ^^^ ^^, j^ t when narrow, were found in return o ^"^AW^r and more perfectly remedied remedied by making the surface of the f^l^l^'^':^^^^ Sso found necessary to by making the periphery of the wheel Wer.^Jt^was^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^y^^^ the success of the malieaoie iron rau ^iiai tn^ "',' "^Illnup wheel be adjusted to the relati ve hardness of the periphery of the wheel. — - • Wood's Treatise on Rail Roads, pp. 8, 13, 141, 191, 192. 61 V Thesft oonsideratlonB seem applicable to the failure of the iron olat© rail spiked tipon a rail of wood, as tried in tlie United States. It is obvious'that a thin rib- bon of iron, only 2i inches wide, conld do no more than protect the wood from the abrasive action of the wheels. Jt was too narrow and flexible to prevent the effects of comprcsmon. Hp'>9e nearly the smne result might be expected, though 111 a less rapid and sensible degree, as from the first experiments of narrow cast sron wheels running immediately upon wood. A thin strip o*" iron, subjected ♦o th» rolhng action of a heavy pressu.e, and depending for its stiff^ness upon a soft and irregularly compressible bearing, must necessarily lose the .essential qualities of a rail. It could not remain either uniformly plain or rigid. For this evil there appears to be three remedies, differing maleriall .r. relative economy. 1. An iron plate rail widened to an extent to be determined by its increased stifTnefis, and the hard' f its wooden bearing. 2. An iron rail of suitable form, and sufficiently stiC to compensate for its narrowness of be ' ' upon wood. 3. A rail exclusively of wood, to which the width of the rim of the wheels of the locomotive and of the train shall be duly adjusted. The second of these remedies is tho' idopted in the United States, and whicb involves a minimum of expense of ei^ ; or nine thousand dollars per mile for the iron and its fastenings. Yet without further and satisfactory experiments there eeenis to be no sufficient reason to doubt that nearly the whole of this outlay-might be avoided by tho third proposed remedy ; and which is tie adoption of a duly proportioned wooden rail, to be acted upon by iron wiieels, the peripheries oj which shall be plain, and of a width which shall be adjusted to the weights and velocities to be smtainedy and the relative hardness of the wood, thereby obviating the necessity of a bearing surface of metal in any form. But the experiment should include the substitntion for the "flanches" now in use, either the grooved diagonal guide wheels of Mr. Prosser, or plain horizontal wheels to roll against the inner side of the rail, for the same purpose. I would therefore suggest, in order more perfectly to ^est the merits of thifi kind of rail, that such experiments should be mad? as may be sufficient to determine whether its efficiency does not depend upon ^ . i *» adjustraer*; of the width of the iron periphery of the wheel as may be die. '^ the reb ve hardness ot the wood under the pressure of given loads, and auder the leat,« favorable circum- stances incident to railvvay transportation. It is probable that one resu't of ouch experiments would be to show that the diminution of the comprr > sion is nearly as the square of the ratio of the increase of the width of the periphery of the wh el, that is to say by increasing such width twice, tbr^'^e. or four times, we relieve the fibres of the rail from the compressing or crushing effect as four, nine, or sixteen times. Further experiments appear also to be necessarj in order to determine the adhesion of the driving wheel upon wood under various circumstances. It has been represented as much more than upon iron. In a dry state this is very proba- ble ; but in a perfectly wet state it is doubtful whether it will not be considerrblv \n.r,n n^J JT-- iU_ J_-1_J «... .. . _■• .....' icaa, assu u bu, uiv suppuscu uuvuUiugc oi seiiig aOie to oSCC;i0 Steeper tU/UilVllieS , on the wooden rail may cause disappointments against which it is very material to guard. The same expedient, howe < ;, whicli has been beneficially adopted in ... y . Si the iron tail in a wet state, that of sanding, may prove to be eqnaUy or more ^^T^^hrmeanlime'there appears to be no sufficient reason to discourage a reli- cX ob«rvearwbioh in the «»e of iron ie restrained to . mimmum by its oost- I have the honor to be, Sir, Your ExceUency's most obedient humble servant, J. WILKINSON. To Hit Excelkncy Sir Wm. M. O. Colebrooke, &e. te. &e. Hm :i ? 1 t ■:: nore reli- odth ility jost- the ays, cut- ;red. J^. EXTRACTS FROM REPORTS OF THE HON. CAPT. OWEN, R. N. ON THB PORT OF WHITEHAVEN, AND OTHER PORTS AND HARBORS ON THE ATLANTIC COAST OF NOVA SCOTIA, . EASTWARD OF HALIFAX. (Copy) Columbia, Halifax, N. S., 5M September, 1846. in J/^'~Y°"'"^ExcelIency was pleased to refer to me on the subiect of th^ PArt« in the Promontory of Canaeau, but as the information I vvas tS r alt W Jnlf day) able to give Your Excellency was verbal, and thereTore evanesSnt I ha^^^^ ^XT.1 'T^ ^' T'' "rP*«^^^ ^" ^" «"*h«"«« and tangTbl form ' ^" My attention was directed by His Excellency Sir William rol/hrnoln f .u necessity of maVing such a nautical reconnaissaLeofThfSL^s of Z^^^^^ There are serious nautical objections to the adoption of anv of thp nninfa mentioned, which are unnecessar^ to detail in this communicatto^ LZJTf Whitehaveh, of which the Admirals- Charts give very 3 nl«n^' ?• ^J "'^ Shor^' .nd. Commander of the Colu.W, surve'yed the'ap?^^^^^^^^^^ WhSetarn' and e gave three days to its examination. PProacnes to Whitehaven, «rn«Xt!lf''^"*'%'"'l°i^ ™°^* conveniently situated, being the nearest an »Lo • i- : ^: ^' ® ^-'^ ^"<' 's » splendid and most commodious Pnrf ly7^iiT;lT:^ ic^e""^^ ^^' '^^ ""'^"^ ^« "^^- «^^*-«'«^ ntmmoSed' It has very great facilities of approach, and has onlv two out lvin„ ^o. or .mull rocks between the Port and the open sea, an5 Lse on 7Zut S« ^ceeiZlV^SVr '^"^' '" ^'^^l*' ''' "^"*-^^ f-ilities of attaiLe^^^^^^ .^n^r «! f .?*^i'^''' '^r «"y other point on this coast that I have se^n ffi upper pai 3of ?ts fine and beautiful Harbour (like Bedford BMorandH^S! aaregaras ttie proximate coasts, nrwpntsirha o««.,~..,1-*:— -* j_-,- eu»»wuu, ice. either to obstruct or incommode it.' " -'^""'«"^" «' '^"^ ^^ paoKea andVe ;idnifi; n'nmv^.i?'"*'.^ ^1^ J'*^ *^""^°'' -^^erever convenient, vicmity 18 (m my judgment) perfectly practicable for Rail oomuianioa- *'}■ i^^ m. 64 ♦inns • and if the hew road from Dartmouth to Guysboro' were continued it would tions, andit tnenewroau practical road distance ; and, (as I have SrsTo^for le^^^t^ a^^o invite to that direct line of Rail Roa^ to HaUfax from Whitehaven, should it be adopted as the sea terminus, and th.s ^- f 1! L rTiI «me reauiring less than four hours, saving a voyage of sixteen tri;dTrttScTrrSnces;and ^tSis Sir John I have certified to Your Excellency this one I'JP^tant fact thaT at the neares available point of North America to England or reland the e • =^^,1^1 Porf-mhitehf'ven) most conveniently placed, and endowed in e^veV wTyt^tTng t^ Us use al the junction of Sea and Rail communication be- tween Great Britain and these Colonies. (Signed) 1 have, &c. W. F. W. OWEN, Captain, R. N. Hit Sxcellency Sir John Harvey, K. C. B., K. C. H., Lieutenant Governor. %\- ■ I' » ^\ ' Extracts from the Reports of the Hon. Captain Owen. R. N., Marine Surveyor relative to Whitehaven Harbour, near Cape Canseau, to Hts Excellency the Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick, No. l.-Extract. ' '^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^ Septe^nber, 1846. C!ip Rv Your Excellency's suggestion, and since that, by authority of the T r'7fh J Admiraltv oroceeded with the Columbia, on the first of last month to'ie a lautT InnE^^^^^^^^^ the Shores and Ports of the Promontory of Cane Cansrairtrascertain the most proper point or Port therein for the junction SaSdS clmunication between Great Britain and British North America, wirre?eTence1o a former Report of mine (in November last) on this subject to ^Tr,%brfi1itTnstance we did not stop to examine Country Harbour, conceiving that pont s"i "o r:„'ote from th^e N. E. extremity of Nova Scotia or the nearest noint on this Continent to Great Britain and Ireland ; and 2d. that its eSaffanVera with the distance of pilotage water, were irremediable obstacle^ to t imobstf:ct;d approach in fogs, however safe and -nvernt the ^ be in other respects. The Columbia entered and reconnoitred Torbay, and lound ""olTu&Vl^^^^^^^^^^ as it aDoeareS at fiVst vie; to offer all that could be required, I directed i.ieut sUrtZdto sfrvey\he approaches, and report to "- his opioion o^^^^^^^^^^ -d the Port itself, which Report I enclose for Your Excellency s mformation. v> e found the Haven be a splendid and convenient Port, as capacious as Halifax Sbo between George's island and Bedford Basin, and as safe and commo- Lt :nd"pro^^^^^^^^ safe, and under -X^-^-^Xb^^^^^^^^^ from the open sea, and within the extreme pomta m P^f^^* J'^f ^^^^^^^^ not beina more than a mile of pilotago water ; but the shaft or channel to uie nten i« "^^^^^^^^^ well shelLed Ld safe, yet is v-X "-o-m s^^^ fnr a di«tanfie from one to two miles, s.ccording to the channel by whiph entered. Mr Shortland's nlan shows all the dangers we couid uiscover. , . ,5 , '"-rrHten ftS *^ the northw„l at P'«'t°',''''''i:f tSrSTwo Hid ii»vig»bte for two miles bjr VeB'sh of any bqrden, and for smaU ora» two 65 fhlTi ^u^^^'fuh *•" "'J^'^^' ^'^"^^ "^''•theni extreinity is only four miles from the high Road between Guysborough and the Port of Canseau,^ %nJj^ aI\ ^ ' ^'"'^ ""^y ^^ considered as the northeast extremitvr of Nova Scotia,-and the nearest available point of this Continent to the BriSh Islands ?s enSatlir n 'f"''\ TJe Acadian French Settlement of Molae 1X011.' westerTna t of th.^'n ^-.^ very narrow Isthmus of mere beach from tie treSshmeVtl^;:^^^^^^^^^^^^ ''''' ^^ "«^ "^ -- «>- ^'^^^t or of WhLwef iS\ ^^T'r"'^ F"^ ^'■^"^''^ '^"^ ^^ ^' "^^^s^^'-y *<> «»e Port 01 Whitehaven as to other Ports tn it are much frequented. Under all circum- trXatilorlir: ^ '^;^'' ?""^ ^", ^^"^' '^^^^ ^^^-^ -ni^vr^wTy nf wlift rf ''^^'^' ''"'^ ""Silt be seen seven leagues. For the Port of Whitehaven one Harbour Light on Beacon Ledge would serve for all three t^^^'lZnl '"'r^'^' r.^ ^"'^ ^'8"^'« rnigUt beso arranged as to lead a Vessel safely through any of them in fogs. Our inquiries relative to ice in Winter were very satisfactory. Pleasant River evSe'wSieX h" 'T \' \''^'''' ^" ^^""^^ anJ'Febru"; 'and n severe Winters the Haven has been known to be entirely frozen over bnt nnW rXe "rtSe' co::t 'T^"r' *««-T?--dof FishJriTs s it^ accum'u'ltW Zh,S'lf '• *'"^"''' ^f "'"'^^ ^^' possibility of packed or drift ice n^^l^i ^' , ^^'^' ^"^'^'^ ^"^ ^S^^ss is always free and open. wVcotia"'whinh ffll •^•'* *,' -"^"^^ ^'^"" **^^ ^'^"'« «f *'^i« ^^^tl'^'^st Coast of abrnavtation an^l ''"""r ^ inconvenienced by this impediment to comfort- fnitrHl ° ? ' ,*''^ soundings, with attention, may always give sufficient a^rinTeSy'^e^tlT^ ^'^"^^^ ''^^' "^ ^^^^^"^^^ «^=-^^^' *« -^ - ^"1^- mI\Ml^ f"" ^°"' Excellency a trace of Lieutenant Shortland's survey of the mam shaft of communication, from the sea to the Haven, shewing the three or ! are, .or the convenience of small craft, four or five other small passages from the sea, on whose critical examination we gave no time P»«sages irom the The northern .shores of the Haven are everywhere safely appropohed and capable of maintaining good wharves, &c. approp.nea, ana Having satisfied myself of the eligibility of Whitehaven, we proceeded on the 6«i August, coasting and reconnoitering towards Cranberry Island Li 'ht Hon p off Cape Canseau. five eagues from Whitehead Island. We passed RaspbeT; ler or WhH p''".'' ^T'^a'^^'^'^^' ""'^ ^'^ ^'"^'^ "arbour and Bay, L ttL l5Z Cans --llrr V! ;, h"^'-" ' ^'^^f '' ^^^P^ ^'^"^«^" proper.^^nd entered SiS^^id^^.^^^ -Z':r btlligr^^^^^^"' ''- app'roacUto'afl b^ei^g of Jare ^°ThI?uTn^l jf very .small and is undergoing serious changes for want wiiuSof fttr.^rn"fpfotS/^^^^^ " " '''''' ''''''''''''' ^-'^' ^"^ -- .2t%tllT'il'VVV^^'''^^' and confined ; and finding, moreover, that in -. . ... ,. . ,,,_ ^^^ yj canseau, ana mdeea aii the Bay of Chedabucto arp l^:"£:^:tT'1^^^^^ Lawrence.^, me^efy --sured the distance from the Light House to the outer Basses, and obtained proper ■ynt for the J^^jf^^^^f ^j 'chedabucto Bay, and the or land comrannication, on any pomt ot the f^^^^s «i . ^aed every Spring approach from sea is simple, safe, and easy ; ^"^^^or the XTe in question, bf drift ice. as to render i^UBeless at t^at season forjhep^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^ Having determined to return to Halifax, and *« P^? ^'^^^^^ e^ery one with Captain Pipon on board to enable ^^^^ajo^l ^f'^Ued Gujsboro' on the of them fhat could be brought mquesUon,t^^^^^ p/ j^„aed to nth early, stopped at t^« ^^f J, ^Ve^Sri^ed We left Canseau and coasted reconnoitre, for some hours, when he ^eimbarked. >v e le channel. the outer dangers to Whitehaven, Y^lJ^i^^^ J^^^.^ied In th^^^ until Captain Pipon /-m two ^-^l^ J^^^f^^';^' ^^^^^^^^ by the western next mormng the 12th August, ^"^"/^,^"''' , . Country Harbour, the channel, coasted Torbay, «^d proceeded f;'^"^ f rj,\VaUow^herefo^ not channel into which is long, .^"*f°*t«' f"^ ^VonTn Knpro^h unobjectionable, at all recommendable ; nor is t^«. ^f f J^;' Xr nea^^^^^^^^ leagues ; and the on account of its n^";"^^ -\*^^"4^Xv^^^^^ northeai extUity of place itself appeared to me too lar ™J®"""i .^^ Captain Pipon seven Halifax at 9 P. M. on the 14th. I have the honor. Sec. W. F. W. OWEN, Capta:.'., R. N. His EiceUency Sir W. M. G. Colelirooke, K. H. Lieut. Governor. ,r^. COLUMBIA, Halifax, N. S., 27M August, 1846. The S E The^e generally break and so f?" *-« ™:„s,„aa, .s it deflect. rtrt^e^^tandontpro— ^^^^ There are several d-a™"''';"'? V "^'^Jf^hite Island and the le'dge' *» i«» or any size. The middle, which '» o«"«'' 250 f,t,,„mg broad in its narrowest ^Se^iiirrf^s^id^Zrir^^^^^^ - -67 •tkraft of water, b\r a rocky patch with 13 or 14 feet water ; it is situated near the entrance, and rather more than one third across channel from the small Island iGnsny Patch) oflf White Island. When inside the Harbour care must be taken, as there are several shoal rocky- patches (see Plan) which render the navigation difficult to strangers, and require to be well determined and buoyed, should the Harbour be used for commercial purposes. There is an abundance of safe anchorage, with good holding ground, black muddy bottom, land-locked, and perfectly smooth. In foggy weather this Harbour is difficult of approach, especially to a stranger, as the soundings in shore are very irregular, and I have not been able to learn any good indications of its vicinity to be gathered from the lead, so as to render its approach by that means certain ; and Torbay, its immediate neighbour to the westward, is a dangerous place to get into. From the fishermen and small coasters I understand the currents round the point are uncertain, and generally depend upon the wind, though the prevailing current is to the westward, I experienced the current in a boat when I visited the outer break ; it was then setting to the westward at the rate «f one and a-half mile per hour at least. I also perceived vessels in the offing setting rapidly in the same direction ; the breeze was from the eastward and light, though it had previously blown hard from the same point. We also, in our passage from Halifax to Canseau, during a fog, with the wind from the S.W., experienced an easterly current; but the land once made, the Harbour is easily attained, especially by a Steamer. A judicious arrangement of Fog Signals, and Light Houses, with buoys on the principal dangers, and a good survey, with the sea soundings well laid down, would make the approach in the night or during fogs attended with small danger to a careful seaman. Latitude of Observation Rock, Whitehaven, 45° 14' 0" N. Longitude " " « 61° 11' 4" W. . Variation 21° 42' 20" W. h, se of Tide from 3 to 6 feet. High wat^r at the change of the Moon, 7h. 40m. In the Admiralty Plan of this place, the general features and soundings appear correct, if we except some of the inner dangers, which are not noticed ; but the scale is discrepant. I have the honor, &c. (Signed) P. FRED. SHORTLAND, Lieut, and Commander, The Hon. W. F. W. Owen, Captain, R.N. W' H. M. S. Columbia, Campo Bella, 23d Sept. 1846. Sir,— In referringto my Report of the 1 1th, principally showing Whitehaven to be a Port in every way calculated for the purpose designed, it has shown me that possibly there may Imve been some points neither so fully nor satisfactorily explained therein as might be considered desirable, and principally the deservedly high character of Halifax as a safe and convenient Port, has been notunfrequently adverted to by persons not very conversant with the details of minute navigation ; implying that Halifax being so safe and secure a Port, it would not be prudent to establish another Port, and which could not fail to be detrimental to its local in- terests, (viz. of HaUfax,)^ and could not on their assumed suppositions be either so safe or convenient. The comparative advailtages of Halifax and Whitehaven must be in the first place decided by their respective Geographical positions, which is proved to be so much to the advantage of Whitehaven, (in the only view i; :ik N »;*• 68 here taken of them) that the communications between Great Britain and Halifax (itself) would be accelerated at least twelve hours under any circumstances, and under some circumstances possibly by twice, or even thrice that diflference of time. This fact must be decisive in the mere Geographical comparison, In the second place, comparing the two points nautically, Halifax is a good, capacious, fine, safe harbour ; so is Whitehaven, and in nothing that 1 know, inferior to Halifax. ,, In clear weather, by night or by day, both are equally available, and equally safe and easy of approach, so that the only circumstance still open to co iparison, is in the too common case that at the time when entrance is sought into them respectively, all the points and the ship herself may be enveloped in a dense fog, and possibly her own jibboom-end not visible— the most perplexing and appalling case in precise navigation to seamen. In case of fog, the attainment of Halifax Harbgur requires twenty miles of pilotage navigation ; for Whitehaven, nevermore than three or four ; and the last is also more surely beaconed ; in truth, in the case of fogs, Halifax is difficult, and with the loose management of modern navigators, it s danporous ; in proof of which, it is a well known fact, that ships of war and others are sometimes detained out- side the Harbour from half a day to three days before ihey can eflfect a sure and safe entrance, and serious delay to the Packets frequently occurs ; besides, the known fact that one of these (the Britannia) once narrowly escaped wreck with serious damage among the dangers of Sambro, at .he entrance of Halifax, near six leagues from the Port, and which must always be passed before that can be attained ; and no longer ago than the middle of July last, the same vessel over- shot the entrance to Halifax, and very narrowly escaped wreck, with serious damage, among rocks and ledges thirty miles beyond it, about Jeddore. Both places must be subject to the casualties and accidents arising from mis- management : bat the field of occult movements, (in fogs) and the sphere of un- certainty in the navigation, is full ten times greater at Halifax than Whitehaven. At tlie latter I could pledge myself to direct vessels as surely and certainly to any spot within its precincts, in fogs, as by a human voice in a boat ahead of and guiding them. Nevertheless, Halifax is by no means incapable of such arrange- ments for foggy weather, although no such attempt hitherto can be said to have been made, and they would there also be required on a much more extensive scale than at Whitehaven. * I have, &c. (Signed) W. F. W. OWEN, Captain, R. N. His Excellency Sir Wm. Colebrooke, K.H., , Liutenant Governor. 69 FOR MONTREAL. i>^barJdniTO^^S;^ Nova Scotia.- at Halifax, Nova Scotia at Portland, Maine '.".*.'.' * at Boston, Massachusetts ' at New York Intelligence bjr Telegraph will be delayed by intervening time , at Sea hoars. 12 " 48 " 52 - 70 M»ili, Pattengeri, and Freight, will be transported by Sea & Railroad in 04-25=25 hours. 12- -24=36 " 48-- 9=:.57 " 52-f-n=63 " 70-4-13=33 a central point through wS to dra^^^^^^^ outlets, and by the advantages nfrinf -^ ?^*''^ Canadas from British British manufJctures frSh shinnW r '"'• ^""^^^ '' «"PP'*°* a countervailing advantaarof th/S f ' ! comparison with regard to Capitalists within S olV te„i ttt "^^^^^^^ ''"^^^ *« British • Government, may tend to^d^mnnll^iff',^ "?.^^^*'?« protection of their own taining British clmtid ^3^ n thrCan.1'^'*^ °'. T"""^ ""^ "•^^- of Rail Road, proiected from fh! «1 V •, 5*"«^«s, and that a national line Th* copper and sHver mmerno; wStojtj fi 111" If ^^' from E„r„pe. on Lake Superior, within th. RZi,u..n , P"'«'<'» »' extensive discovery line of such ™iSon m.v t^H Jti as i'merican territory, on the direct accelerate the «=Zplllt"'^tS de^ig' " """^ ™'^""' °""«'' '° fe */ i RBPORT ON THU or s^raw ®mwirawi«»* BY M. H. PERLEY, ESQ.. GOVERNMENT EMIGRATION AGENT. JANUARY, 1847. 1 ' The dense Forests wMch c^v. -^^^^^^^ ' Brunswick, f'^'^"^^^^ ^^^"^^y^J^rarTrees such as the Maple. Birch. Beech, The first class con.pnses the Leafy Tf «;^ ^^^^^li^jties. and form what are and Ash; these grow on level gj?j^»"^; ^^f^ consists of the Resinoiis Trees, called "Hard Wood Lands. J^^^^^^f^^^,^^ grounds and hottoms of the such as Pines and »F»ce8, wnu, Lands." values, forming -^-^^^^f^^^J^^J"^^^^^^ these two great clasaes Between the parallels of 43« *"^^^. „fn_o„ ^eding from the 48th degree north- are found in nearly equal proportion ; but pn>c.e^^^^^^ wardly, the Leafy Treesbecome more rare, ^^^^^^^ ^^^ gouth. the Resinous Below the 43a degree, on the «^^f,,^»;2e« ^^^^^ their predominance in the Trees are found less «°?»7"' "^"tlt 'Smerrs sped^ of Oaks and Wa^^vts- ^ Forest, by becoming mmgledw^h the n^^^^^^^^^ P ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^ Beyond the 48th degree ^^J^orth Latitude a^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^ but few varieties are found. J'^^?^ *^^ P^'^^^^^^ and Barrens across exist up to 50° North ^^yj^^^^llit frorCanada to the Arctic Ocean, that extensive tract of country ^'f^*^'^^"^ ;"^J^^d ^.tween the parallels of 45° The Province of New Brunswick being s^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ j^^orth ^rs wll^h constitute its most valuable Export ^ ^^^ It is the object of tf ^Tth ^s^^^f;^^^^^^^^^ ^^Sf^etreTil^tl^^^^^^^^^^ ^— ^ -' ''' ^'" The description will be in the order of the foUowing classification :- 2. Red Oak, 1, Butternut, Oak (Quercus) Two Species. ^ Quercus Borealis. Walnut (Juglans) One Species. WALNui K s y^ Juglans Cathartica. h 71 Maple (Acer) Five Species. 1. White Maple, Acer Eriocarpum. 2. Red-flowering Maple, Acer Rubrum. 3. Sugar (Rock) Maple, Acer Saccharinum. 4. Moose Wood, Acer Striatum. 5. Mountain (Low) Maple Acer Afontanum. Dog Wood (Cornm) One Speciea. 1. Dog Wood, Cornua Florida. Birch (Betula) Four Species. 1. Canoe Birch, Betula Papyracea. 2. White Birch, Betula Populifolia. 3. Yellow Birch, Betula Lutea. 4. Black Birch, Betula Lenta. Alder (Alnus) Two Species. 1. Coninion Alder, Alnus Serrulata. 2. Black Alder, Alnus Glauca. Cherry (Ceraaus) Two Species. 1. Wild Cherry Tree, Ceraaus Vtrginiana. 2. Northern Cherry Tree, Cerasus Borealis. Poplar (Populus) Two Species. 1. Balsam Poplar, (Balm of Gilead) ... Populus Bahamifera. 2. American Aspen, Populus Tremulo'ides. Beech (Fagus) Two Species. 1. White Beech, Fagus Sylvestris. 2. Red Beech, Fagus Ferruginea. Hornbeam and Iron Wood (Carpinus) Two Species. 1. American Hornbeam, Carpinus Americana. 2. Iron Wood, ... Carpinus Ostrya. Ash (Fraxinus) Two Species. 1. White Ash, ... ... ... ... Fraxinus Americana. ^ 2. Black Ash, ... Fraxinus SambucifoUa. Willow (Salix) Three Species. 1. Black Willow, Salix Nigra. 2. Champlain Willow, Salix Ligustrina. 3. Shining Willow, ,.. Salix Lucida. Elm (Ulmtts) Tvyo Species. 1. White Elm, ... ... Ulmus Americana. - 2. Red Elm, ..• ... ... ... Ulmus Rubra. American Lime (TUia) One Species. 1. Bass Wood, Tilia Americana. Pine CPinus) Three Snecies. 1. Red (Norway) Pine, ... ... Pinus Rubra. 2. Grey Pine, Pinus Rujpeatrit. 3. White Pine, ... • •• • •• tAli Pinus Strobm. JS~ '-ism^smmmmifSK • i 72 Spruce (Abiea) Four Species. 1. Black, or Donble Spruce, 'i^f'' ^T"*' 2, White, or Single Spruce ^*«f« ^'*«' . 3 Hemlock Spruc^. fj^^ ^nT nZn 4. American SUver i^Ur ^^tes Balsamxfera. Larch (Larix) One Species. 1. American Larch, (Hackmatack) ... Larix Americana. Cypress or Cedar (Cupressm) One Species. I.White Cedar Cupresam Thyoide». Genus Thuya— One Species. 1. Arbor Vit». Thuya Occidentalie. OAK. The Oak being a native of temperate climates, it is neither abundant nor of larie size in New Brunswick. Of the forty four species of Oak which are described as being found in North America, between the 20th and 48th degrees of North Latitude, only two are found to exist in this Province. 1 . Grey Oak— Quercus Borealis. Z>e«cn»/iow.— This species of Oak is said to be found as far North as 47° 50". In N w Cn wieV i^^^ if ever, exceeds 40 feet in height, or - feet in dbmeter. It blooms annually, but, from the length and severity of the winter, the fruit does not attain maturity oftener than once in three or four years. The name of « White Oak" is generally applied to this species, but improperly as it differs very materially from the White Oak of the United States. The Lgest trees ofThis description have hitherto been found in tJV^^'"' ^ f. «'?;"^ Lake in Queen's County A cubic foot of the Grey Oak from that locality weighed fifty two pounds when well seasoned. Prnnm-ties and Z7ses.— The Grey Oak possesses great strength and durabihty asCeKweight; bu its small size prevents its being used fox many purposes for wWch ilwould otherwise be well adapted. Among t^ie farmers it is greaUy n request for agricultural implements, but the P"?«;P^l ^^^^^P ^ tL Lat carriage and sleigh makers, who esteem it very highly, as do also the boat- builders. ^ d t 2. Red OhVi— Quercus Rubra. DeBcription.-'V\^\^ is a tall wide-spreading tree, of ^^''gf^^^f «'*" J^^ ^'g Oak and it is found further North than any other Oak except the Grey. Its leaves are smooth and shining on both sides ; in the autumn they c^ajge oadu I red and turn vellow before they fall. The acorns are large and abundant ounded at the I mmit, compresse'd at the base, and contained m flat c"p3. covered wTtrnarrow compact Scales' They are voraciously devoured fy w^l^ amjna^^^^ Tnd by cows, horses and swine, when ranging the woods after the herbage has ^^'tlterties and Uses.~1h^, wood of the Red Oak is reddish and c^f 3«;"jf • and the nores are often large enough for the passage of a hair. It is tolerably s irbut not^v^^^^ and it is chiefly used ^r the staves of barrels and » i""e» "u" '» _ » J , ^' ^ _„v;« tnn¥ n( this wnod. felled in the casks in whicli to contain ary wares, jii •o«t,-iv - - —;" . " ' • -j^ « vWnW of the Grand Ldce, ihen well «ea»ne^, ^^l^^/ '"'W™' C^t,,.^ cBbic foot of EnglUh Oak, when sea»ned, weighs from fifty to fifty four pounas. 73 WAIilfVT. Only one species of the Walnut is found in New Ilriinswick. which is well known by the name of Butternnt. It ia abundant on tlie rich alluvial banks of tlie Saint John, and nowhere more plentiful than in the vicinity of Woodstock and from tlience to th^ Begaguimick River. The Butternut is also found in several parts of the Province, on Upland.- of a moderate elevation possessiuK a tieep ricli soil, which are thence called " Butternut Ridges,'' and are noted for their fertility. Butternut Jtigkina Cathartka. Description.—ln favorable situations, the growth of the Butternut Tree is very luxuriant, frequently attaining the height of eighty feet, and the diameter, at tour feet from the ground, of six to eight feet. The roots of n large sized tree, often extend even with the surface of the ground, in a serpentine cii.eotion, and with little variation m size, to the distance of forty feet. The trunk ramihes at a small height, and the branches, seeking a direction more horizontal than those of other trees, and spreading widely, form a large and tufted head, which cives the tree a remarkable appearance. ^k'^wJ^'""'- '^ ^*''^T"'>' ^'"«'^' """^ suspended by a thin, pliable .footstalk, about three inches m length ; its form is oblong oval, without any appearance of seam. It is often two and a half inches in length, and five inches in circumference, and is covered with a viscid idhesive substance, composed of small transparent vesicles, winch are easily discovered with the aid of a glass. • The Nuts are hard, oblong, roundtJ -'• the base, and terminated at the summit in an acute point, their surface is very rough; deeply and irregularly furrowed. 1 hey are ripe in jSew Brunswick in October, and in some seasons are so abundant that one person may gather several bushels of them in a day. The Indians in former times, pounded and boiled the kernels, and separating the oily substance which swam upon the surface, mixed it with their food. These kernels are verv oily, and hence the name of " Butternut." When the fruit has attained about half its growth, it is sometimes used for making pickles, being first plunged into boiling water, then thoroughly wiped to clean it of its down, and afterwards preserved in Vinegar. If the trunk of the Butternut is pierced in the month which precedes the un- folding of the leaves, a pretty copious discharge ensues of a slightly sugary san from Which, by evaporation, a sugar is obtained of a quality but slightly inferior to that of Maple Sugar. o j . Properties and Uses.— The Latin specific name, Cathartka, was long since given to this species rf Walnut, by Dr. Cutler, of Massachusetts, and Michaux says, should be definitively substituted for that of Cinerea, by which it has been heretofore distinguished by Botanists, This last appellation, derived from the color of the secondary branches, whose bark is smooth and greyish, suggests only an unimportant characteristic ; while the first expresses one of the most interest- ing properties of the tree. An extract of Butternut bark in water, or even a decoction sweetened with honey, is acknowledged to be a very excellent cathar- tic. Its purgative operation is stated to be always sure, and unattended, in the most delicate constitutions, with pain or irritation. On a live tree, the inner bark, when first exposed, is of a pure white • in a moment It changes to a beautiful lemon color, and soon after to a deep brown. The bark of the Butternut Tree is very commonly used in the country for dying, yellow, and many fine trees are annually destroyed by the recklessness of the — ••••-•M-..!, rrfi-^ ntilp tiic uuni. ;ruiu ctio irunK; tor tnis pUiiju&e. In those parts of the United States where the Black Walnut is found, the Butternut is distinguished by the name of White Walnut. When young, the K * 1 tiiimm K.i'' 74 ni 1, w«in„f ftnd the Butternut resemble each other in their foliage, and in the "Stfof their B^^^^^^^^^ arrived at maturity, their forms are ao d.f- rapidity of their grown u» Remarkable pecul anties are also mt r«frpnath and of a reddish hue ; bufc they possess in common the g.eat 1 LJlrSf lasting W, and of being secure from the ravP.. - ^ of -orms. ^ "^Tht.? olf he b!^^^^^^^^ nn\lfp Ohio it is sawn ii'to boards for the construcuoP -' s.su '• ..iff^ which, on focount Se Ightness, are in request for river navig. > . It -s also used for account of tueiriigi^ R„d carriages, for which it is fou: . neu dapted, not only flowerinK Maple, because it is lighter and less liable t- h, . ...^ „f V^rv considerable quantities of furniture are now a.uue at Fredencton of BiSutTood lich^ in great request for a variety o' PJPO^^^*' TreeTas alf; Wrren«y employed in the private Chapel at the aovernmenc 1 ree has also been "^.^ >^ l cf architectural finishing at St. Anne's Chapel, House and for t^f/ fJ^i^J J^^^^^^^ j^tue interior, and the beautiful arches and SiSr/oTt ati:^iMbr^^^^^^ ^v'Lnotirto b" may fhere be seen under very favorable circumstances, and cannot fail to be '''' Rntternut wood has not yet become an article of export from this Colony, buU le arge^i^^^^ i^ '"^'^ ^« P^«^"^^^' ^"^ '^! various good quahUes whlh have only recently become known, will soon render it in demand. The liave o"iy. ^^^ y it^er from cuttings or from the nut ; and propagation of t IS tree IS ver^ in pastures and along the sides of roads, it ^ ifhTadtnL^eo^^^^^^^^^^ cultivate it, as well for the beauty of the Tr^f ftself, amU^^^^^^^^^^ it produces, as for the value of the wood at maturity. ]fIA.PIil3. render it useful in the arts, and in domestic economy. 1, White Maple— Acer Eriocarpum. ^ -,....„.-•.. ^Tul t«ir,V of thp White Maple is low, and divides itself into a which it attains further South. • *75 .V Tlie leaves are o-^pobite, ancT supported by long footstalks; the/ are divided Dy deep siuuses, into four lobes, and aro toothed on the edges, of a'bright green on the upper surface, and of a beautiful whito beneath. The foliage i« snnttf -ed and leaves an open thoroughfare to the sunbeams. Though the White Maple will not grow ,n swamps, yet ifc attains its greatest dimensions on the alluvial Dank* of rivers which are occasionally inundated ; and it y worthy of remark, ravel/\ed "*" ^'''^ ^*"''" °^ '^"'''' rivers only as liav i.mpid waters and a The White Maple blooms early in the spring; its flowers are small, with a aowny ovarium."! he specific name, eriocarpinn, is d'- :ved from the Greek, ermn, cotton, and carpos, fruit, in allusion to the down which grows on the fruit. Prcypertm and f/s^.-The wood of the White Maple is very white, and of a fine gram ; out it is softer and lighter than that of any other species of the Maple, and from Its want of strength and durability, is but little used. When dry It weighs thirty eight pounds to a cubic foot, and in seasoning loses nearly halt Its weight. As it soon changes color, it is not much used for cabinet work. 1 he charcoal made from it is esteemed for yieldinrr a strong uniform heat of Jong continuance. ^ - o 9,Ji!.'M*Pi ""' ^}% ^I)"* o^^Ul' H ^'' '""*'''" '^'''^'^^ '=^ *''e spring than in the Sugar Maple. Like th3 Red Maple, it yields but half the product of the Sugar Maple from a given measure of sap, but the unrefined sugar is said to be whiter and more agreeable *o the taste than that of the Sugar Maple Bid hatronron'^ ""^ ^^^ ^^"'^ ^'"^''^ "''^''^'^ produces a black precipitate, with 2. Red-flowering ^.\vi.^~Acer Rubrum. i)escn>;/««._ Whether in flower or in foliage, the Red Maple, like its congeners. 18 a beautiful tree. Although itneither attains the size ror Uie heightof the Sugar Maple, It much resembles that tree in its^eneral appearance, but it may easilv be distingmshed from it by its trunk, the bark on which, when young, is per- fectly smooth, and more profusely marked with broad, pale-yellow liohens In open situations, it oftt^n ramifies at the ground, and assumes the form of severcl small trees growing in a clump. The Acer Rubrum grows on the border.; of creeks, but chiefly in swamps ' which are frequentljr inundated, and alwayi miry, and there only it attains its full dimensions. It is sometimes called " Soft Maple," and " Swamp Maple." but that of" Red-flowering Maple " is most general, and also most appropriate, as the young shoots, the flowers, and the fruit, are red, The first tree whose bloom announces the return of spring is the red-flowerlnff Maple. In 1846 it was obs..rved in flower near St. John on the 20th April Ihe blossonas, which are of a beautiful purple, or deep red, unfold more than a fortnight belore the leaves. The fruit is of the same hue with the flowers, though It vanes m size and in the intensity of its coloring, according to the exposure and the dampness of the soi . The extremities of this t ■ e which are formed by nume- rous twigs united at the base, have a remarkable appearance when garnished revive ^"^^""^ °^ * ^^^'^' ''^^' ^^"'^ vegetation has begun generally to The leaves are smallw than those of th White Maple, but in some respects, they resemble them They are whitish underneath, and are divided in thrJe or four acuminated lobes, irregularly toothed. Pronprttfiit nndTTaoo TUa-amnA ^ttx^^ n^si a ? . •«» i . -, , , forty four pounds the cubic foot ; when green, it is soft, fufi of aqueous matter, andloses mdryingnearlyonehalf of its weight. Itisharder than the wood of the > H ^gmg «<;• 76 White Maple, and of a finer and closer grain ; hence it is easily wrought in the lathe and acquires by olishing, a glossy and silken smTace. "^ In'the Unl ed States the wood is principally employed or the lower part of Windsor chairs. It is also used for spinning wheels and saddle-trees, and in the fountrv is oreferred for yokes, shovels, and wooden dishes. tsomethnes happens in very old trees that the grain, instead of f(>^low.ng a i^orneXu "r c i eS^^^ undlted ; and this variety hears the name of " Curled SSanle'' This singular arrangement, for which no cause has ever been assigned^ ultev witnessed h^ young trees, nor i.i the branches of such as exhibit it in the ruTl rtirroless^conslicuousat tlie centre than near the cu-cumference . Trees'offerinAhis disposition are rare, and do not exist in tl^^P^-'^P^^'^" r;^ :"! to riunS" The serpentine direction of the fibre, which renders them d.Oict to sn i and to work, procluces, in the hands of a skilful mechanic, lie !«««* b^^"tw fyeffects of li'^it aid^hade. These effects are rendered more sriknig, if. after Bl"Mng t irsnrface of the wood with a double-ironed plane, it is rubbed with a iTtle sulphJric acid, and afterwards anoi.ited with linseed oil On examining it ntte'itTX the var'ving shades are found to be owing entirely to the^inflexion of tferars of light, which^is more sensibly perceived in viewing it, m different direc '"iiefoi'e Slogany --e into such ger.eral use, the wood of the red-ilowermg Alanle was muii used for furniture ; bedsteads are still made of it, which in ncli- ness^anTlure excel the finest Mahogany. It is now sawn into thin plates "veneers) which are used to inlay other woods, in articles of cabinet work, and *'^;:S:lS'M$^ever produces the variety k^vn as "Bird's-eye ■ MaX" hat is confined exclusively to the Sugar or Rock Maple. The'inner bark of the red-flowering Maple is of a dusky re^. By boiling, it vie ds a r/pS color, which, on the addition of sulphate o iron, becomes a dark blue, app^roaching to black. It is used in the country, with a certain portion of alum in solution, for dyeing black. , r. , it/r i e,f„^ The wood of this Maple is inferior to that of Rock Maple for fuex. The French CanadiaL call this tree P/aine. They make sugar from its sap . but/as in white Maple, the product of a given measure is only half as great as is obtained from the Rock or Sugar Maple. 3. Sugar Maple— ^cer Satchc.rinum. i9e9rWm'o«--Thisis the most interesting of the American Maples, and is called SfMapk-, Hard Maple, and Sugar Maple. Th3 fir^of these ,s most aenerallv 1 sp'^^bi^^^ Michaux uses the last, as indicating one of tlx) most valua- geaerally 1 s«i , o i i ^^^^ composition of the forests 'vHirSh N^w'e^ni"^^^^^ clvered,'wLrc it is found Jf the largest .ize. and '" Sfs'rgt'Maple frequently reaches the height of seventy or eighty feet, with n nr moSaVdiaineter ; but it does not commonly exceed fifty or mxty feet, xvS Td ame er from twelve to eighteen inches. Well grown, thriving trees are bettffid tn ie r ap;earancc, and easily distinguished by the -l»teuess of the^ bI?kT'"e natural /m&iVr/^ of tlie Sugar Maple is the st^ep and shaay banks ot n'Jers, and devated situations, where th^ soil is cold .nd humid, tree, deep, and f..rfiU^ and not surcharg»»d with moisture j- i. it kavL a e about five inches broad, but they vary in leng h according to the age mid V gor of the tree. Tiiey ar.: opposite, attached by long footstalks tne age luiu vifc,^i «i » ^ ., .i •_ ._ V;._ i„!'„„ ^.uiro nf flip, edcrps. of a briffht nnlninipn ami uneuualiV Qivuicis iiitu live jvuvt^-j ^!.- — — " SI ',, JrtrroVe a • gliucoL, or whitish underneath. In autumn after the appear ?nre of the first frosi. their color changes from green to all ihades of red, from 77 the deepest crimson to light orange. At first the leaves at the extremities of the branches alone change their color, leaving the internal and more shaded parts still in their verdure, which gives to the tree the effect of great depth of shade and displays advantageously the light, lively coloring of the sprays. Later in the season, when the tints become more and more gorgeous, and the full beams of the sunshine fall upon the large masses of foliage, the warm and clowinff co.ors of the wh^e summit possess a great deal of grandeur, and add much to the beauty and effect of the landscape. Mr. M'Gregor, in his work on British America, speaking of the Forests, says- 1 1 IS impossible to exaggerate the beauty of these Forests ; nothing under heaven can be compared to its effulgent grandeur. Two or tliree frosty nights in the decline -lrn?riV ?*''■? /^' boundless verdure of a whole empire into every possible unt of bnl lant scarlet, rich violet, every shade of blue and brown, vivid crimson and glittering ye low The stem, inexorable fir tribes alone maintain their etZai T^!^.!XfJ^? ' f T' «." •!"?"^''^"' ""' '" ^^"^y«' b"rst into the most glorious on eaSi." ■'^' "'°'*= '^^'""^'^ ^"'^ "^"'* enchanting panorama bufXT'-' "''"^ ^ff-~P'' ""'f °^*''" ^"'^^ ^«P'*^ ^-'^^^ fi'-stc"* is white, but af.er being wro ugh , and exposed for some time to the light, it takes a rosy tinge its grain is fine and close, and when polished, it has a silky lustre. it is very strong and sufficiently heavy, but wants the property of durability; when exposed to moisture, it soon decays, and is therefore neglected in civil and naval architecture. 1- or many purposes, however, it is preferred to Beech, Birch, or ii^Im ; but It should be perfectly seasoned, which requires two or three years The wood of the Sugar Maple, grown in New Brunswick, when dry, weiehs forty SIX pounds to a cubic foot; that grown to the southward of New Bruns- * ^»ck weighs much less. It furnidies the best fuel in the Province, and its ashes Bn.fo '"l k' ^^^v^'T P""..''p'^- ^""^ «f*'^« «f *'^« P«t ^«hes exported from Boston and New York to Europe, are made from this Maple. The charcoS made from It is preferred to any other; it is one fifth heavier than the coa made from the same species of wood in the iMiddle and Southern States, a fact Mhich sufficiently evinces that the Sugar Maple acquires its Hmraoteristi- pro- perties in perfection only in a Northern climate. ^ There is a great resemblance, in appearance, between the wood of the red- flowering Maple, and that of the Sugar Maple ; but the latter is easily distin- gmshed by its weight and hardness. There is, besides, a very certain and s aok test. A few drops of sulphate of iron, (copperas,) being poured on samples of the different species, the Sugar Maple turns greenish, and the White Maple and red! flowering Maple change to a deep blue. ^ The Sugar Maple exhibits two accidental forms in the arrangement of the fibre of winch cabinet-makers take advantage for making bea.tiful a!tiTs of furniture I he first consists m undulations, like those of the red-flowering Maple and is tleeril" . r""nf "^r^^^ ^^^^''" *^'« ^^«'^"^' -'''^h takes placeTnl'y iri old t ees that are still sound, appears to arise from an inflexion of the fibr. from the tZTf'T ''''^'\'^^ ^".t^^. producing spots of half aline in diZeter, some! times contiguous, and sometimes several lines apart. The more numerousX spot, he more beaut ful and the more esteemed is the wood ; trs vaTtv s"a%a Bud 8-eye Maple." It is now beginning to be exported in very cons deraWe quantities to the United Kingdom, where it brings a^iigh pHceTZnd as i7value b'en^hit'e ""^'^'^ ^^ **'" ^"'"^'"'"« ^"'^ backwoodsmen as has heretofore portion.Tirlt f«'^ *^ ^^H^ ^1 F^^* esteem ; and tables inlaid with curious portioniof It, or formed entirely of it. finely fariegated wood, in Borae initancei i: ■ m 78 brought their weight in gold. To 8U(^ a height did the fondness of the Roman* for cSrio's woods carry them, at one period of their history, that their tables were even more expensive than the jewels of their ladies. Maple dishes are freque...y mentioned by the Latin poets ; and Cowper and many podcrn poets, also menf on Z^Uof Maple, as being used by shepherds and hermits. Virgil celebrates the Mlple as the throne of the " good Evander," and its branches as the canopy under which he received and seated ^neas. •• On sods of turf, he sat the soUiers round ; A Maple throne, raised higher from the ground, Received the Trojan Chief ; and o'er the bed, ^^ A lion's shaggy hide for ornament they sprehd. Pliny gives an elaborate account of the uses and properties of Maples; he «>nnmprfttp«? ten different kinds which were known in his time. St the vSes of " C>irled Maple" and " Bird's-eye Maple," two other vaSes occur i^ the wens or excrescences which grow on the trunk of the Sugar Maple The m^st valuable of these is known by the name of " Variegated Maple S? o "Loupe d^6rahle de couleurs varices,- of the French. It p ese^nts an assemblage of shades agreeably disposed, sometimes resembling Arabic cha- racters! whfch renders the wood exceedingly ap,n;opriate for fancy work, and fromTts scarcity, it commands very high prices. The « her variety, known by the name of " Si ver White Maple^Knob," or «' Loupe d^ Arable blanc argents, of the French, exhibits a silvery lustre, and is highly prized for the same purposes ^'^L'l^^^itTiZ:^::^^^.. accustomed to make their dishes of these Made knobs from time immemorial, and they still continue to "se them, for wiSi ordinary care, they last a very long time. Some of these rude dishes. wLT finished and polished^by an experienced workman, a^e exquisitely beauti- fhl, and worthy a place among the most rare and costly specimens of wood. THE MANUFACTURE OF MAPLE SUGAR, The extraction of Sugar from the Maple is a valuable resource in a country where all classes of society daily make use of tea and coffee. The process by which it is obtained is very simple, tmd is everywhere nearly the same. Though not essentially defective, it might be rendered more perfect and more profitable by a little more attention to science. ThTwk usually commences in the month of March, while the cold contmues intense, and the ground is still covered with snow. The sap begins to be m motfon aUhis se^n, nearly two mo.ths before the general revival of vegetation. A sufficient number of Maple trees being found growing m close proxim ty to each other, the ground is occupied by a party, and is termed a ^ Sugarie ; and thSse wo first commence tapping the trees, consider that possession .or one year fonstiTutes rigbt fo' those years that follow. Without having any tonure ol these fands from the Crown, tlieL parties often receive consideration from others for the "t acS^'sS;.ation, convenient to the trees n:: which the sap is to be drawn a rough shanty i^ constructed, called a " Sugar Camp," to shelter those w^aUerd the kettle, from the weather. The articles required are, axes to cut rndspUt fuel, kettles of fifteen or twerv- -.lions capacity, an auger of three quarto so au inch diameter, numerous .u..M troughs to receive ^^^^^^/^J ™d* or tubes, eight or ton inches long, correspondingjn size with the auger, iuXte for emptyii^ the troughs and carryin g the sap to the camp, a tree hollowed •Th«««'ipl«fwood«r. g^oerallj mdTof Smach, (/«/*.« Co^iMa,) or FWer, (5a«.6«c«* Camdsmis) 79 ZhZ ^""""f ^''^V\ ^^''^'''^ *V^^P as brought m, from which to supply the cakes ''^^"^'^ ^^^"^ ^'^®" sufficiently boiled to form into The trees are perforated in an obliquely ascending direction, eieht^en or twentv inches from the ground. Care should be taken that the auger does not ent^ more than half an inch within the wood, as experience has shown that the most ttfll «1 Vk^P *^f P^^f" I' *''"* "^^P*^- '* " «'«« recommended Xt attended to°' ^^^ "" " ^'^^' ^"* *^'' "^^^"^ ^"°' '^ '^^^ ^^^«^?« The troughs, which contain two or three gallons each, are made of Birch bark Pine, Spruce, or Fir; one of these is placed on the ground at the foot of each tree! Ihe sap IS collected every day, and temporarily poured into casks, or more frequently a large trough, made of a birch tree hollowed out like a canoe The ' evaporaticm ,s kept up by a brisk fire, night and day, and the scum is carefully taken off during this part of the process. Fresh sap is added from the reservoir as required and ^,e beat is maintained until the liquid is reduced to aryrup! after which it is left to cool, and then strained through blanket or other wod?en stuff, to separate the remaining impurities. "'wiien . Some persons recommend leaving the syrup in this state twelve hours before boiling It for. the last tim^ others proceed with it immediately. In e Sr case the kettles are only half filled, and by an active, steady heat, the syruprrapiX reduced to the proper consistency for b^n^- poured into the moulds. The evaoo. ration IS known to have proceeded far enough, when upon rubbing a drop of the syrup between tb . fingers, ;l is perceived to be granular. The molasses being su^aTof'the WesUn"di! ^"^^'' '^ ""^ ^°"^^'' ^^'*^"^s°^"*' ^^^ the raw If the syrup is in danger of boiling over, a bit of lard or butter is thrown in which instantly calms the ebullition. The larger the boiler, the more sugar is obtained from it. A copper vessel affords a sugar of a fairer color than an iron vessel. The sugar is lighter colored in proportion to the care with which it is made, and thejudgment with which the evaporo ion is conducted. When refinpH It equals m beauty the finest sugar consumed in Europe. The sooner the sap is boiled the better. It should never be kept longer than twenty four hours. Lime, eggs, or new milk, are mixed with the boi line sao to clarify it. A spou.ful of slaked lime, the white of one egg, or a pint of new milk are the usual proportions to fifteen gallons of sap; the latter is esteemed Vie best, bu. ciear sugar mny be made without any of them. The sap continues to flow for six weeks, after which it becomes less abundant less rich m r-ocharine matter, and sometimes even incapable of crystallization' In this case, It 18 consumed in the state of molasses, superior to that from the West Inaies, and bears the name of " Maple Honey." After th.ee or four days exposure to the suri, Maple sap is converted into Vinegar by * e acetous ferr.entati^n; ^ t u luw Th- '-'li^^^s of New Drunsw-uK have practised sugar-making time out of T'" .he Acadmn French have pursued it from their first settlement in Am..ica. The French of Madawaska still make several thousand pounds annu- •/ : »n fact they make nearly all they consume, and some seasonrhave a con- siderablp "urplus for sale. To amount of sugar raanufar^tured in a year varies from different causes. A cold and dry wi.nter renders the trees more productive than a changeable and sraruXtiv^trd ts: '^:rjf-:^^ it^i-- ^.4^^ ^^^ -p hundred and fifty trees; each tree of ordinary size yields, in a good seamn. '■ i' 80 t«„ty t. thirty ^^^'^<.^Vj2,''S^^:iZZt'^r^^^^ pn^pr whifh will iniorove and enrich the sap. Tr^es w id «r^^ in low and moist places afford a greater quantity of sap feeslwsmeado;, obtains each year, one pound ^of sugar from every U -.e ''wUd andlmestic animals are immoderately fond of Maple sap. and break into enclosure^ to sate themselves with it. 4 Moose Wood — Acer Striatum. ^^ill n^mf of Moose Wood was given it by the first settlers from observing X/to its being planted in drier soil, more open to the sun. Prmertie^ and f/ses.^The small size of the Moose Wed forbids its use in .nv k?nd of consti-uction ; but as it is white and fine grained, cabinet-makers someU t enX it in forming the white lines with which they }nlay Mahogany T,nrincbal advantage to the inhabitants consists in furnishing them, at the Its principal a^l^"^*!^ . . ■ exhausted, with a resource for sustaining tir cLr till ttadvngTe'sonha^ renewed the herbage. As soon as the lud beS^to swer torsos and neat cattle are turned loose into the irnndrto browse oA the voung shoots, which they consume with avidity. Poor :stis Lso^enry appear, i! is not wholly inadequate, as the twigs arc tender, and ful\ of saccharine juice. 5. Mountain- MAPLE—.^cerMontonwrn. Descrt»fton.-^This diminutive species of Maple is abundant in New Bruns- wick TT sometimes called Mountain Maple, and sometimes Low Maple. r±„v, .li^o?/"^.W names indicates the stature of the tree, Michaux retains the fi?st,whid:i3 in most general use, and l^^^ewise most appropuai^as u^^^^ Maple (unlike any of the other species) grows m preference on the declivities ot 81 mountains, Exposed to the north, and in cool, moist, and shady situations, on tlie abrupt and rocky banks of torrents and rivers. The Mountain Maple seldom exceeds lifteen feet in height, but it blooms at an elevation of six or eight feet, and even less. It most frequently grows in the lorm of a shrub, with a single, straight, slender stem, covered with a smooth, whitish bark, and sending forth several red branches. Properties and f/ses.— This species of Maple is too small to afford wood of any value, and is noticed in this Report merely to complete the series of the fipecies. »OCJ '%VOO». The genus Cormis consists of deciduous trees and shrubs, all in general very hardy, and easily propagated from seeds, by suckers, or bv cuttings and layers, .unong the eight species of Dog Wood which have been noticed in North A me- nca, one species alone is considered entitled, from its size, to be classed with the I'orest Irees. It is tlie most interesting, too, from the value of its wood, the properties of its bark, and the beauty of its flowers. Flowery Dog Wood— Con? i« Florida. DescripfAon.—When grown under favorable circumstances, the Flowery Dog \\ ood forms a tree, attaining a height of thirty to thirty five feet, with a trunk nine or ten inches in diameter ; but in general it does not exceed one half of these dimensions. The trunk is strong, and is covered with a blackish bark, chopped into small portions, which are often in the shape of squares, more or less exact. Tlie branches are proportionally less numerous than on other trees, and regularly disposed nearly in the form of crosses. The young branches are observed to incline upward in a semicircular direction. The leaves are oval, of a dark green above, and whitish beneath. Towards the close of silmmer they are often marked with black spots, and at the approach of winter they change to a blood red. The flowers, whicli appear \ May, or et.rly in June, while the leaves are only beginning to unfold t'lnmselves, are yellowish, and collected in bunches, which are surrounded wji' t very large involucre, composed of four .'large white floral leaves, sometimes inclining to violet. This fine involucre con- stitutes the chief beauty of the flowers, which are very numerous, and which, in their season, robe the tree in white, like a full blown apple tree, and render it one of the fairest ornaments of the American Forests. The berries, which are of a vivid glossy red, and of an oval shape, are always united. They remain upon the tree until the first autumnal frosts, when, not- withstanding their bitterness, they are devoured by the Robin (Turdus Misra- torius) and other small birds. Properties and Uses.— 'The wood of the Flowery Dog Wood is hard, compact, heavy and fine-grained ; it is susceptible of a brilliant polish. The sap-wood is perfectly white, and the heart-wood is of a chocolate color. This tree is not large enough for works which require pieces of considerable size ; It is used for the hj^ndles of light tools, such as mallets, chisels, and the like. In the United States some farmers select this wood for harrow teeth, for the hames of horses collars, and also for shoeing sled-runners ; it is also used for the cogs of mill-wheels ; but to whatever purpose it is applied, being liable to split, it should never be wrought until it is pefectly seasoned. The shoots, when three or four years old-, are found suitable frs! tl./* \\crhi hor.-.g of smalt casks ; and the divergentbranches are used for the yokc^ whiotare put on the necks of swine, to prevent their breaking into encioseii fields. 'f. '■'■ ■ ,'if' i -■l 82 The arrows of the Indians were formerly made of Dog Wood, as were also the spears of the ancients, by whom this wood was held in high esteem. Virgil speaks of it — _^— -^ " bon" bello Cornus." The berries dye purple ; the inner bark, which is extremely bitter, has proved an excellent substitute for the Peruvian bark.* The bark also may be substi- tuted for galls in the manufacture of ink.t From the bark of the more fibrous roots, the Indians obtain a good scarlet dye. Such are the profitable uses of this tree, which merits attention from the value of its wood, its useful properties, and especially for the beauty and hri Imncy of its florv'ers, by which it is better adapted than almost any other of the ^orth American trees, for the embellishment of extensive gardens and pleasure grounds. In England, it is cultivated solely as an ornamental shrub ; but from its large white flowers, " emulous of the purity of snow," which finely contrast with the " forest green," it is said to deserve richly a place in every collection where }t will thrive. IIIRCIT. The northern extremities of the old and new Continents appear to have what may be considered the native climate of the Birch, to judge from the number of snecies found there, and which diminish in proceeding to the soqth. To the iihabitants of these regions, the trees of this genus are highly interesting, and are aonlied by them, with wonderful ingenuity, to the necessities of hfe. Ihey emDloy the wood in the construction of houses and ot vessels, ' jd in die works of thp wheel-wright and the cabinet-maker ; of the bark, which is nearly incorrnpti- We they make canoes, boxes, and more secure covering for their habitations ; xvith the leaves they dye their nets ; and from the sap they procure a mild and sugary beverage. are that and sueary Deverage. • <• n- i From the researches of Botanists, it appears that as many species of Birch found in North America as in Europe ; and Michaux the younger states, from his own observations on the comparative properties of their wood, the advantage appears to lie solely on the side of the American species. The Canoe Birch, h-^ says, equals the White Birch which grows in bweden and in Russia • and tlie Black Birch and Yellow Birch far exceed it, in the strength and beauty of their wood, as is proved by the several uses to which they are ^^' The four species of Birch found in New Brunswick are all tall trees ; they are known at first sight by the white or silvery color of their bark, or rather of the • nr Walker of VirRitiia, iu an inaugural dissertation on the comparative virtues of the Cor- nus Florida. Cornus Sericea, aud Cinchona Otficinalis of Linna-us, alt.T detailing a great num- be! of exne iinents, remarks :-"-A summary recapitulation of these experiments shows, that the Cornus Florida, Sericea, and Peruvian bark, possess the same ingredients that is, gum, mucUage, and extract., which last contain the tannin and gallic acid, though in different propor - tS. The Florida has most of the gum. mucilage and extracts ; the Sericea the next, which np^virs to be an intermediate between the Florida and Cinchona ; while the^latter possesses most ol he resin. Their nrtues appear similar, and equal, in their residence. The extract and resiu ;„s ess "U their active powers. The extract appears to possess all their tonic powers. The resin £n perfectly separated from the extract, appears to be purely stimulant ; and probably the ton c povverfof the extract are increased when combined with a portion of the resin, as m the spirituous *'"+ The following is given as a receipt for making good Ink :-" Put half an ounce of Dog >V ood bark, two scruples of sulphate of iron, and two scruples of gum Arabic, into sixteen ounces of raiu water ; during the infusion shake it repeatedly." - 83 • epidermis, or outer thin covering of the bark, by the snmllnesa of their leaves in comparison with other timber trees, and by the liglitnesr and airiness of their whole appearance. I. Canoe BiRCH—Bctula Papyracea. \mir^^'T'~fl ^'r ^'5"^'* Canadians this tree is called Botdeau bland. White Birch, and Boulmu A Canot, Canoe Bircli. It is known in New Brunsl wick also by these denominations, and sometimes by that of " Paner Rirpl, " wes , and the Atlantic ocean ; this portion, though situated ten degrees further south, ,s said very nearly to resemble Sweden, and the eastern par? of Prussia T. T-^J '? *'*' ^"'.' ^^ ^'\ '?"'i*'y' ^"* ^° *^'« ^^^^'•^ty «f the climate. Below the 43d degree of north latitude, the Canoe Birch is not found. It attains its largest size, which is about seventy feet in height and thirty inches in diameter ou the declivity of hills, and in the bottom of fertile valleys. Its branches are slender, flexible, and covered with a shining brown bafk, dotted with '4ite ■ I,Vnn ^'^' T T^*^ "\ -r""^ *'?'' ^"' ^^^"S ^^'y «'^"'^«^ «"d pliant, are apt to become pendent in old ones ; hence a very beautiful variety, near y equSl h^ gracefulness to the drooping Elm. ^ '^^ny equal in Properties and pes. -The heart, or perfect wood of the Canoe Birch when first laid open, IS of a reddish hue, and the sap-wood is perfectly white I hH" fine glossy gram, with a considerable share of strength ; that it is little emDioved IS owing partly to its speedy decay when exposed to' the successio Hrdrvness and moisture, and partly to the existence in its vicinity of several spedes of wood, such as the Maples, the Beech, and e.en the Yellow Bi^ch, wh ch a e far preferable ior tie uses of the joiner and the wheel-wright. A section of the trunk of this tree, one or two feet in length, immediately below the first ramification, exhibits very elegant undulations of the fibre, represent^ brmches of feathers, or sheaves of corn. These pieces, divided into thin veneerf their wo"k^ ^ "'^"^ ^^ cabinet-makers in the United States to embellish The Canoe Birch affords tolerably ^ood fuel, but is inferior to Manle On trees not exceeding eight inches in diameter, the bark is of a brilliant whUe Ike that of the White Birch of Sweden, and like that too, it is almost indestruc^ tible. Irees long since prostrated by time, are often met with in the forests whose trunk appears sound, while the bark, which remains perfect, contains onl^ a friable substance like vegetable mould. Tiiis bark, like that of the Eurooean species, is devoted to many uses. In New Brunswick large pieees are nlarpH toToW ''''"°^'' ^"'^ clapboards to render tlie houses dryer and less penetraWe The Indians make boxes, dishes, and a variety of ornamental articles, of Birch bark; the boxes they ornament very neatly with stained porcupine quills- the ornamenal articles for ladies are embroidered with colored silks, or dyed moose hair. Their wigwams are always built of it, and they use it for water vessels drinking cups, and an almost endless variety of purposes. They sometimes ?r,3i*' ^'^^-r"*'' ^" ^^'' ^"'^^' ^^^^" ^P^^' ^•^'■y t'"^' ^"d i" t'^^t state hey frequently use it as paper. ^ ^ But the most important use of this bark, and for which no other can be used IS in the construction of Canoes. To procure a proper piece for making a Cnnnp' tiie largest, siraigl.test, and smoothest trunks' are selected, and generally'cut ir>i.p thsji twfs fcst in diameter* The specific name Excelsa which has been given to the Yellow Birch, is inju- dicious, as it jleads to an erroneous opinion that it surpasses all others of its species t-j^.'fSJT^:^ 85 in height. It is a beautiful tree ; its trunk is nearly uniform in diameter, strajuht and destitute of branches for thirty or forty feet. It id particularly remarkable for the color and arrangement of its outer bark which IS of a brilliant golden yellow, and which frequently divides itself into very line strips, rolled backwards at the ends, and attached in the middle. Tlie young shoots and the leaves at their unfolding are downy. Towards the niiddle of Summer, when fully expanded, the leaves are perfectly smooth, except the foot-stalk, which remains covered with a fine short hair. The leaves about three and a-half inches long, two and a-half inches broad, oval acuminate, and bordered with sharp and irregular teeth. The leaves, the bark, and the vounR shoots have an agreeable taste, and similar to those of the Black Birch, though less sensible, which they lose in drying. , e o=. Properties and Vses.— I:\xq wood of the Yellow Birch is inferior in quality and appearance to that of the Black Birch ; it never assumes as deep a shade, but it IS strong, and when well polished, makes handsome furniture. This Birch is found by experience to be every way proper for that part of the Jrame of vessels which always remains under water. It furnishes an excellent combustible. The young saplings are employed in New Brunswick almost exclu- sively for the hoops of casks. Brooms are made of the twigs, and the Indian women make brooms of the wood by t^plitting it up. The bark of the Yellow Birch, though valuable for tanning, is but seldom used tor tliat purpose m New Brunswick. It is sometimes employed in small propor- tion 111 the State of Maine, but only for what the Curriers call " fair leather '' Russian leather is prepared with empyreumatic oil from the bark of this tree, whence its peculiar odour. Yellow Birch Timber is exported from this Province to Europe in considerable quantities, but it is shipped with Black Birch, and passes with that species indis- criminately, under the general name of Birch. 4. Black Bmcn—Betula Lenta. Description —The late Dr. Cochran, of Windsor, designated this species of Birch as Hetula Nigra ; Michaux, Senior, describes it under the name of B. Nigra ; and Michaux, Junior, as B. Lenta. The latter is retained as the most significant, and as most accurately indieating the peculiar appearance of the trees of this species. The agreeable foliage of the Black Birch, and the valuable properties of its wood, render it the most interesting of the American Birches. In Canada it is called Cherry Birch ; in New Brunswick it is always called Black Birch. It grows in preference in deep, loose, and cool soils ; in these situations it obtains Its greatest expansion, sometimes exceeding seventy feet in height, and three feet in diameter. Its vegetation is beautiful, and in a congenial soil its growth is rapid. Jt 13 stated in the « Annals of the Arts" that a tree of this species attained the height of forty five feet in nineteen years. The Black Birch is one of the earliest trees to renew its foliage. The leaves, during a fortnight after their birth, are covered with a thick, silvery down, wliich disappears soon after. They are about two inches long, toothed, heart-shaped at the base, pointed at the summit, of a pleasing tint, and fine texture like the leaves of the Cherry tree. The young slioots are brown, smooth, and dotted with white, as are also the leaves. When bruised, the leaves diflfuse a very sweet odour, and as they retain the property when dried and carefully preserved, they afford an agreeable infusion, with the addition of milk p-nd asj^yft- The bark upon the trunk of trees less than eight inches in diameter, is smooth, greyish, and perfectly similar in color and organization to that of the Cherry tree. ■., 1 'If 86 On old trees the outer bark is rough, and of a duskjr grey color ; it detaches itself transversely at intervals, in hard, ligneous plates, mx or eight inches broad. Michaux, the younger, calls this Birch one of his favorite trees and recom- mends it to the levers of foreign vegetables, as eminently adapted by the beauty of its foliage, and the agreeable color of its leaves, to figure in the parks and gar- dens of Europe. He strongly recommends the inhabitants of the Old World to introduce it into their Forests; and particularly mentions the North of I; ranee England, and Germany, as favorable to its growth, from the greater humidity of the climate. Properties and Uses.— The wood of the Black Birch when freshly cut, is of a rosv hue, which deepens by exposure to the light. Its grain is fine and c ose, whence it is susceptible of a brilliant polish ; it possesses also a considerable share of strength. 'Hie union of these properties render it superior to all otlier species of Birch, whether European or American. „, , „• u i j • The weight of a cubic foot of the wood of the Black Birch, when seasoned, is forty five pounds.* When well seasoned, (which can only be done thoroughljr under water,) it malces very strong and useful articles of furniture, for which it would be more generally used but for its constant tendency to warp. It is much used in New Brunswick in Ship building, for the keel and lower timbers of yes- sels • and as it is almost imperishable under water, it is well adapted for planking, piles', foundation timber, sluices, and, in general, for any purpose where itiscon- ^ "BladrBirch wood is now exported in large quantities to the United Kingdom, in the form of squared timber, and sawn planks ; the quantity of each is annually on the increase. It has been suggested by a gentleman well acquainted with the Timber Trade, that sawed birch staves might be made a profitable article of export to Great Britain, for making herring barrels on the British coasts. The wood of this species of Birch furnishes excellent fuel, second only to that of the Sugar Maple. The inner bark is full of tannin, but its useful properties in tins respect have been hitherto neglected in New Brunswick. The sap, dramed by incision in March and April, makes excellent vinegar, and a pleasant weak wine may be obtained from it by boiling and fermentation. The Alder is found every where in New Brunswick, frequently growing along the sides of brooks, and abounding still more in places covered with stagnant water. As the roots of the Alder penetrate to a great distance, it contributes more efifectually than most other trees to support the banks at the season of the overflowing of "the waters. > , ^, . , i Two species only will be noticed ; a third, known as Jlnus Crispa, or curled leaved Alder, is too small to be remarked. It is said to abound in Newfound- land and in Labrador, and must therefore be exceedingly hardy. 1 . Common Alder— Jlnus Serrulata, 2. Black Alder— -^//jj^s Glauca. Description.— The ordinary dimensions of the common Alder is about ten or twelve feet in height, and two or three inches in diameter. Its leaves are of a beautiful green, distinctly furrowed on the surface, and doubly toothed at the edge. * Tho Bn»^ifi« arnvitv of water beinir esHmated at 1000, that of seasoned Black Birch wood ig 720.' Wleu green, this wood floats with difficulty, aud sinks after a time, unless supporieu Dy timber of less specific gravity. 87 • The black Alder ia much larger than the common Alder, being sometlraes eighteen or twenty feet in height, and three or four inches in diameter. Itn leaves are similar in shape, but are easily distinguishable by their different tint and superior size ; they are of a pale blueish green, and a third larger than those of the common Alder. The bark of the trunk, and of the secondary branches, is smooth, glossy, and of a deep brown color, sprinkled with white. Both species grow in cool, moist places, on the banks of rivulets, and in swamps. As their trunks are generally straight, tapering gradually from base to summit, garnished with numerous branches, bending rather close around the stock, they grow in great numbers in a small space. Properties and t/«es.— Tlie wood of the Alder, when first laid open, is white, but It soon becomes reddish by contact with the air. Tlu^ small size of both species mentioned, prevent their being of any very great use in the arts. The Alder takes a better black than any other wood ; when polished and var- nished it affords a good imitation of Ebony, With sulphate of iron, the bark forms a black dye for coloring wool ; it is sometimes used by Hatters in the United btates for dyeing hats. A cubic foot of Alder wood, in a dry state, weighs from thirty four to fifty pounds It soon rc^ts when exposed to the weather, or to damp ; but it is extremely- durable in water, or in wet ground. CUE RUT. The trees of this genus are deciduous, with smooth serrated leaves, and white flowers. There is much confusion among Botanists as regp-rds all the species which are natives of North America. The two species which have been noticed in New Brunswick are more or less abundant, in proportion to the dryness and humidity of the soil, which are alike unpropitious. They stand less in need of shelter than any fruit-bearing tree wliatever, and may often be employed on the margins of orchards, or for surround- ing kitchen gardens to form a screen against high winds. They are said to thrive best when unmixed with other trees ; and they suffer grass to grow beneath their shade. According to experiments which have been made, it is stated that no tree of considerable size bears transplanting better than the wild Cherry. As in the case of aU large trees which have been removed, they suffer a check by the opera- tion ; but from this they geiserally recover in the course of two, or at most, three seasons. As a tree, one of its valuable properties is the food and protection which it affords to numerous species of birds. This is one reason why the cultivation of the wild Cherry is so generally encouraged in the Forests of Britain, of Belgium, and of France ; as it not only increases the number of birds by supplying them with nourishment, but is the means of destroying countless insects, which these impor- tant and useful creatures devour. In all ornamental plantations, hedge-rows, and avenues, wild Cherry trees are desirable objects of culture on this account, as also for their hardihood, and the great beauty of their flowers and fruit, which are produced in the greatest profusion in their respective seasons of the year. , In France, the wild Cherry tree is highly prized for the food it supplies to the Pf *^n'^? ^ ^^^ ^^^ passed, as long ago as 1669, commanding the preservation of all Cherry trees in the Royal Forests, in consequence of which they became so numerous, that there was no Inncrftr mnm (nr tho nnAar-mnnA f« „««™, . .„i — usual, going to the other extreme, most of them were cut down. This measure, it was remarked, was a great calamity tx) the poor, who, during several months of IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 I.I 1.25 150 ■ 2.8 ffliflHi 1^ 1.4 21 1= 1.6 6" /a V. >^^ W /A '^ Hiotographic Sciences Corporation i\ /wn.-Thia species of Elm bears the names of Red Elm SlioiDcrv calTit o'J^^;L^''"' '"^ ''' '''' '^ "'-' -— • 'i''- C.,nud"e;n FrS found*fn^,pH ^'"' '','<'«V"l'n,P''"^ *''"" *'•« ^^'''t^' and the t^ro species pre .-are]'/ even dlS «; "V .^''^ ^,''" '•^T^'ires.substanliulsoil free from moist .r;aui TM« ti? • fiH '''''''*''-'^ *"';' "P^" =it""tions. such as the steep banks of rive 3 Ih s tree s fifty or sixty feet high, and fifteen or twenty inches i. diameteT In the wmter it is d.stmguisued from the White Elm by its buds wliclne Jar n "fr;rtt;n"' ^-I'^fl' '^ '''"'^'' '^'^'^ ^''^'^ cle'vebpem^^tT'a ^" etd af ort^/Vhltt eC^'" ^''■'"'^'^ 1 *^" ^''^ ^^"' '^ ^^^^ <^<^-P-«t than remarLr TV. 4 coHrse-grained, ami of a dull red tinge. It has been remarked ...at the wood, even in branches of one c- two inches in diameter n,T exl^edlo ?r"^ '' r'''' r""^- ^' •« -'^' ^« '- ^^ronger more "«"«« X^^ exposed to the weather, and of a better quality - v a., wood of the Wbii! VC although courser in the grain. In the Un i: State, it is acco nted l^^e'^est wood for blocks, and its scarcity is the only cause of its Mnuted copsumptimi AflEBlCAW I-IME, OR BASS WOOiJ-S'lMa. hnf nn "°^' ''T^' ?f '''"' ^/ *''" '^'"^^ 'T^' -'« ^'•'^ f^'""J i" North America yet bn one species flourishes in New Drunswick, which is usually called BisiTvood It IS generally found associated with Sugar Maple and White Elm. Ba^s Wood -Tilia Jmericana. tile^/or^?M;T'^''!- P'"''""" "f *'''' "^""^ '^^^^ ^"^'«^t^3 « ^««^«. -^eep and fer- tile soil. It ,s sometimes more than eighty feet high, and four feet in liam^tpr • ateiu^fS: "ti?! a""'' ^'T'' /'^ ^'^ ^'"P'^ andt ftedlmmr^s LpHI V 1 / ? -^y^'" ^'^ alttrnate, large, nearly round, finely denticu- T Im ;^^ i. P"^ ^i *'", """''' ^"'^ ^^^"P*^y terminated in a point at the sun m ou er an J' ^ T? •'''''' ^ ''''^ ^^'''^ ^^'•'^' ' ^l'^ inner bark se^.arated from the bSused XtI-" T''' '« f"'-™^^ into ropes, Und also the broad plaied Dands used ./ tlie Indians for carrying their burtliens. They formerly made the r nshmg ines and nets of this bark.' The name Bass Wood is s ipS to be a InZT '"'^ 1^^'^' ''^''''' '' ^PP^'^'l *^ t»^^ European L m l^e^^by he rus ics of Lincolnshire, because ropes were made from the bark. ^ ««/ ff 7®' ^"? ^".^,' *"" ^^^ ^^^« ^'oo'^ t'-^e are very glutinous wh'-:^ chewed tTe ffme'rsTn M^^'^rf r \ ^V^-- WiiUer J, ^hen fodder is scarce.' *w ^n • . , '^^ and Vermont, and sometimes in New Brunswick driv- ^S^hTh '"*' '^'r''^' 1 " ""^^'""^' ^"^ f^-' « I^-«« Wood or Mie'uee, on ^z d by ti'SS ^""•^' '^"""^ *i'^ ^^^; ^^ ^^^'■' ^^^' tl^i^ tree is easil v r^ og' cite /ol i Vn ^sE""" '' ''' *"^°^^ ^°' '^^"^^^^^^ ^"'^ ^^ *'- '^-^ ^--' Ft i / if" lOQ In newly cleared lands the stumps of the Basg, Wood are distinguished by the numerous sprouts which cover them, whose growth can only be prevented by stripping ott the bark, or by fire. The stumps of other large trees, the Elm, Sugar Maple, and Ash, left at the same height of three feet, do not produce shoots. Properties and f/m.— The wood of the American Lime Tree when dry, weighs tt .ty five pounds to a cubic foot. It is very white when green, but becomes of fi light brown hue when seasoned. It is soft, easily worked, and is used for the panels of carriage bodies, seats of chairs, and the fans of fanning-mills. The wood is useless as fuel, being too full of sap when green, and of but little value when dry. ■^IISE.— Genus JPIttM*. All the trees of the genus Pinus are evergreens, and ate generally of elevated fitature. They form a most interesting class, and are highly valuable for the excellent qualities of their wood, which is used for an endless variety of purposes. The most striking diflference between the Pine and the Spruce is in the arrange- ment of their foliage. The leaves of the Pine, which resemble pieces of coarse thread, vary in length in different species, and are united to the number of two, three, or five on the same sheath ; those of the Spruces, on the contrary, are only a few lines long, and are attached singly round the circumference of the branch, or upon its opposite sides- To facilitate the distinction of the several members of the Pine family, the Pmes have been grouped according to the number of leaves united on the same sheath ; and the Spruces according to the disposition of their foliage. The Larch, although belonging to the genus Pinm, is treated separately, its leaves being deciduous. It may be observed that the three-leaved Pines (the Pitch Pine and other Southern Pines) are not found in New Brunswick. h:i 101 METHODICAL DISPOSITION OF THE PIMK8 ATtI> SPIIUCKS OF WEW BRUMSWICK. Monoecia Monadelphia,' Conifer ce, Linneeus. Jussieu. TWO-LEAVED PINES. Coiies smooth. ]l. Red (Norway) Pine Pinua Rubra. Pinus Rupestria. 2. Groy Pine, FIVE-LEAVED PINE. I.White Pine Pinm Strobus. SPRUCES. Leaves short, and disposed singly around the branches, h Black (or Double) Spruce, ... ^(.ies Nigra. 2. White (or Single) Spruce, Leaves lateral. 1. Hemlock Spruce, 2. American Silver Fir, Abi^s Alba. Abies Canadensis. Abies Balsatnifera. 1. Red (or Norway) Pine.— P^wms Rubra. " Leaves in pairs, elongated. Cones ovate conic, rounded at the base, about half as long as the leaves ; scales dilated in the middle, smarmed." Description.-.The Canadian French call this tree Pin Rouge, Red Pine and PinTZ^T ^T .-^T*f i by B"'^? ^^^^"^^*^- ^* ^« ''^'^^-^ called Sway Pme, /hough differing totally from that tree, which is a species of Spruce. ^ m 1793, Michaux the elder made a journey to Hudson's Bay, fo- the nurnose of remarking, as he returned, the points at which the vegetables of this Northern region appear and disappear; he first observed the Red Pine, near Lake St John, in Canada, m the 48th degree of north latitude. Dalhousie. in this Pro^ vince,iaa]itte north of the 48th degree. The Red Pine has no been «eea ferther south than latitude 4 1« 30', and it is very rare south of the Hudson Mackenzie, in the narrative of his journey to the Pacific Ocean, mentions it m exising beyond Lake Superior. But the Red Pine does not, ike the Black JTJ: *^ Hemjock Spruce, and the White Pine, constitute ; large proportbu bnnXoTf"^''*r^'^'^'^ "'"'''", *5?^'^ ***^ '^^"^' b"^ occupies tracts of a few Hundred acres, alone, or mingled only with the White Pine. howlvLT' r'''^' ""^ *H' «^""'' ^* ^•■^''^ ^" ^'y ^"^ s^n'^y soUs, by which, however, the luxun»nce of its vegetatioa is not checked, for it ittaine the height i 102 of seventy or eighty feet, with a diameter of two feet and upwards. It ifl chiefly remarkable for the uniform size of its trunk for two thirds of its length. The bark upon the body of this tree is of a clearer red than upon that of any other species of Pine ; hence is derived its popular name, and hence Michaux the younger substituted tlie specific name rubra, for that of resinosa, employed by Aiton, and adopted by Sir A. B. Lambert in his splendid work on the Pines of America. Another reason for the change was to prevent the mistake of sup- posing that this species afforded the resinous matter so extensively used in ship- building. . The leave." are of a dark green, five or six inches long, united m pairs, and collected in bunches at the extremity of the branches. The female flowers are blueish during the first months after their appearance, and the cones, which are without thorns, shed their seeds the firsc year. If not sufficiently matured, or if in a situation where it grows too rapidly, it has a great deal of sap-wood, and is called " Sapling Red Pine." Extensive groves of this variety are found throughout New Brunswick, except on the River Saint John, above the Grand Falls, which would appear to be too far north for its growth. The largest timber trees of this species were formerly found in abun- dance on the River Tobique, but they were felled and destroyed in the most reckless and wasteful manner, and but few are now to be met with there. The wanton and unprofitable waste and destruction of the large and valuable Red Pine Timber of New Brunswick, which have left but a comparatively small quantity existing in the Province, should teach a useful lesson with regard to the other valuable Timber Trees of the country, some of which are threatened with extermination from the greediness and improvidence of the lumbermen. Properties and tTses.— The concentrical circles are crowded in the Red Pine, and the wood, when wrought, exhibits a fine, compact grain. It is rendered heavy by the resinous matter with which it is impregnated. The wood is highly esteemed both for strength and durability, and is much used in ship-building. Deck planks of Red Pine have been often procured forty feet long, without knots. The sap-wood of Red Pine should always be hewn away, as the heart- wood is then much more durable. The mainmast of the St. Lawrence, a ship of war of fifty guns, built by the French at Quebec, before the taking of that city by Wolfe, was of Red Pine, which is mentioned in proof of the large.size of which this species of Pine was formerly procured. 2. Grey Vm^—Pinus Eupestris. Michaux. Pimis Banksiana. Sir A. B. Lambert. " Leaves in pairs, short, rigid, divaricate, oblique, recurved, twisted, scales without prickles" Description. — This species is found further north than any other American Pine. In Canada, the French call it Chipr^, the English, Grey Pine ; in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick it is frequently called " Scrub Pine." Michaux the elder, in his Notes on Canada, says :— " In the environs of Hud- son's Bay, and the great Mertassin Lakes, the trees which compose the forests a few degrees further south, disappear almost entirely, in consequence of the severity of the winter, and the sterility of the soil. The face of the country is almost everywhere broken by innumerable lakes, and covered with large rock?, Diied unon each oLh.er. and nsuallv overixrown with large black lichens, which deepen the gloomy aspect of thes^ desolate and almost uninhabited regions. Here and there, in the intervals of the rocks, are seen a few individuals of this species of Pins, which fructify, and even exhibit the appearances of decrepitude, 103 J^r^'zz t.^i,i^ZoZ: rst'id"o?r "■ "r, r;.""™"' ""' «'^ extremity ; tliey are about aTi„ri,,rSi .T"? "'^^'"^ '" """""I'" •' «>• exterior f J» Thl „„ ,^' *'''' ™ "'" ""terior, and rounded on th« and have the nec2aritv "fX.^^ ',1 l^ •'"'!,' """^ T '"""" '"•» ">'=l«» '"ng They are. beK renfarl atr^ CZSy ' '^Z: f fa"' r "" '^ '"'""'"'• gi.e, them the a pearanoe of sm.irtr , f tiraTfZ^lv hlrd'°''''H j'"""! . ^er!' Thi. i, .hetT;r?','p;"p:r^^Sd Totete"""* ""'' °''"^' '" 3. White ViNE—Pinns Strobus. Descriptton.— This sj^ecies, the most interesting and maiestic of nil rt,« a • can Pines, is known in the CVonies by the name of Vv2 P^n. f *^^„-^™«"- feet whiteness of its wood whfn frP=i,iJ^«v^„ .? vvhite Fmc, from the per- Pumpkm Pine antsa^gPl-^^^^^^^^ 'e secondary denominations of In England, this tree fs caluJ'Se "^^^^^^^^^^^ ^'''''^^"'^^ peculiarities. and'i; l"bir/gt nT t a"ganT apTeSa/Jr ^o}"f ^ '^"^' ""'"--' «'-^-. the lightness and delickcy of t^fe f"lia5^ T^^e^^ j^ «^'"» *<> ten lines in diameter in the midd e n°ednnP,.l.?f.r a ^"' ""' ^''^ mcheslong. and composed of thin, snoot sca^^ ^rouS til' P,'"'^"^*'"^,; ^•^'"ewhat arched, first of October, to re ea" e t e seeds ' o? whil ^* *'»« ^ase They open about the peutine that exudes from the scales ' ' ^'''■' '" ^^'' '^^^^^""» to the tur- a taiSi^:!S~ ;iES!~^^ sr^'»i"''«nlhetvreBnlhenarnIlelsof43° ,r„1 4)!« .i latitude, and no wliere is it found of larirer ,m „, „f K.t. ,-. . ^^ ""'■"' Brunswick. It is seen in very drfferenf .iSi 5 ' ''"°'")'' *"" '" Nen«.. ovate, scales oval, u,ith undulated margins, cZTolheTal t^^^^^^^^^ Descriptmi.-^Vlm Tree, which appertains to the colder re-ions of Norh ^pruoe m tue United ^tates, and Black Spruce n 'K^yv Brunswick IxxA Vnv„ of the AlTeghanies! ^ '''"' ''"'P* ^" '"^^ ""'^ ^>"°"^ ^'^^^^ions on tlfe tops forest^'; wltif i5.e Pro^'''' ^n^nswick. as to constitute a third part of the are often diversified wiMi Lilf ^aP' c ''^^«caht:es in which it most abounds the soiH^ 1 Sr 1 ,, •:! a' ''"'^/''^ ^"^'* ^""^^^^^ are found in valleys where moss, the growth of the Black Spruce is less luxuriant, and its stature Isw If ^ ...» I lOG commandiug. The wood of the trees grown near tlie sea-coast has been found the hardest and most durable. The leaves areof a dark gloomy green, about four lines long, firm, numerous, and attached singly over the surface of the branches. The flowers appear at the extremity of the highest twigs, and are succeeded by small, reddish, oval cones, pointing towards the earth, and varying in length from eight lines to two inches. The cones are composed of triin scales, sliglitly notched at tiie base, and some- times split for half their length on the most vigorous trees, on which, also, the cones are the largest. They are not ripe until the end of autumn, when they open for the escape of the seeds, which are small, light and surmounted by a wing, by means of which they are wafted abroad by the wind. In the meagre spots knoi-^'i as "poor black lands," the Black Spruce has shorter, thicker leaves, of a still darker color, with cones only h&lf as large, but similar in form, and ripe at the same period with those upon trees growing in a better boil. The trunk, unlike that of the Pines, is smooth, and is remarkable for its per- pendicular ascension, and for its regular diminution from the base to the summit^ which is terminated by an annual shoot, twelve or fifteen inches long. Th flummit is a regular pyramid, and has a beautif'il appearance on insulated trees, which are frequently observed in the distance like a black minaret, or spire, towering twenty or thirty feet above the other forest trees. This agreeable form is owing to the spreading of the branches in a horizontal, instead of a declining direction, like those of the true Norway Spruce, which is a more gloomy tree. In New Brunswick, as in the North of Europe, great ravages are committed among trees of the Fir tribe by several insects, of which the most destructive is the Bostrichus riniperda. This little animal introduces itself into the cellular integument of the bark, and succeeds in dividing it from the trunk. The separa- tion of the bark prevents the circulation of the sap, and hence results the inevitable death of the tree. These insects have of late years been very injurious to the Black Spruce in several districts in New Brunswick where that tree abounds, and their ravages have also extended to the Cedar, the Larch, and the Hemlock .Spruce. In dense groves of trees of the Fir tribe, ivhere a few only are felled, these insects multiply rapidly on the tops and branches which are left after the removal of the trunk, and they thence extend to the standing timber, attacking generally the oldest trees, and those which have any defective part. Young and thrifty trees resist their attacks ; and the best mode of preventing or avoiding the ravages of these destructive little insects is worthy of inquiry. Properties and Uses. — The inhabitants of these Colonies, and the mechanics ■who work in wood, notice only the striking appearances in Forest Trees, such as the quality of the wood, its 'jolor, and that of the bark ; and from ignorance of the Botanical character, they give different names to the same tree, according to certain variations arising from local circumstances. To this cause must be attri- buted the popular distinction of Black and Red Spruce. The wood of the Black Spruce is white, and that of the other variety reddish, produced only by the influence of soil ; it is said, however, that the red variety unites, in ihe highest degree, all the good qualities which characterize the species; is superior in size, and les.- peS.'"'" '" 1 he wood of Hemlock Spruce is firmer than that of WhifA P;,,^ uu , coarser grained, gives a better hold to nails and o^J rs Zre 'efis^^^^^ occasiou^ll, hee„ .ade to U..,oX^Z^^^^-tJS^C!Z^r: makes the^L';^ ^^ni ° V^'^^S'""^''''^ ^P'"''^ '« sometimes so oblique, that it five or It^iZ "^' ^^''" '' *^^"*'^ •^^'^^^ '-^ ^i^'^^ter. ia asiending \ -■ 1 110 4. American Silver Fm—^bief Balmmi/era. Description.-^Thxa species of Fir ia sometimes called Balsam Fir, and some- times Silver Fir. It is found in the coldest regions of North America ; m New Brunswick it does not constitute masses of wood, but is disseminated, in greater or less abundance, amon^ the Hemlock and Black Spruces. Its height rarely exceeds forty feet, with a diameter of from tv\eive to sixteen inches, llie body tapers from a foot in diameter at th- surface of the ground, to seven or eight inches at the height of six feet. When standing alo;ie, and devdoping itself naturally, its branches, which are nume.ous and thickly garnished with leaves, diminish in length in proportion to their height, and form a pyramid of perfect regularity. The leaves are six or eight lines long, and are inserted singly on tlie sides, and on the top of the branches ; they are narrow, rigid, and flat, of a bright green above, and a silvery white beneath, whence the name of the tree is proba- bly derived. The cones are nearly cylindrical, four or five inches long, an inch in dian eter, and always directed upwards ; this characteristic belongs a so to the Silver Fir of Europe, and di-stinguishes these species from others of the I ir tribe, whose cones are turned towards the earth. Properties and Uses.— The wood of the Silver Fir is light and slightly resin- ous ; it is very white, except the heart, which is sometimes yellowish. A cubic foot, when seasoned, weighs only twenty five pounds; yet like other kinds of Fir it is stiff, and does not bend much under a considerable weight. It lasts longer in the bir, than in water, and its principal use, hitherto, has been in the form of inch boards, for the outside covering of farm-buildinps. i he great abun- dance and cheapness of White Pine and Spruce, have caused the wood of the Silver Fir to be much undervalued. The well known Fir Balsam is procured from this tree. It is naturally deposited in vesicles on the trunk and limbs, -and is collected by bursting these tumours and receiving their contents in a shell or cup. The fresh turpentine thus obtained is a greenish, transparent fluid, of an acrid, penetrating taste ; it has been highly celebrated in England for medicinal and other purposes, and is there generally designated Canada Balsam. It makes a very fine transparent varnish for water-color paintings, which does not become darker with time. The Indians use the Fir Balsam as a remedy for several internal complaints, and they also apply it externally in cases of fresli wounds. Their practice in this respect, has been adopted by the Settlers in remote districts, but it is really very improper and dangerous in many cases. When given inconsiderately, it pro- duces heat in the bladder, and when applied to wounds, it causes inflammation and acute pains. , t i^ j i. 4.1 When camping in the forest, Hunters, Surveyors, and Lumbermen, adopt the invariable practice of the Indians, in selecting the branches of the bilver l T rch tree i^ jaid to be much improved in hardness by bark- ing the trees iu bpring, and felling them late in the autumn. Tlie wood becomes very hard by seasoning, burns with difficulty, and does not readily absorb water. The weight of a cubic foot when dry, varies from thirty five to forty one pounds. Representing the mean strength of Oak by 100, that of Larch will be 103. " " stiffness of Oak by 100, " " 79. " " toughness of Oak by 100, ♦• " 134. It is therefore stronger and much tougher than Oak, but not so stiff; and it has D66U icuOiuiiit;uueu by 'i'redgOiu li'iuZ, Wiiu ti vt6«v tO ialpIOVo tQc FUuricSS Gi tne ^ood for joists and beams, further experiments should be made of barking trees 1 lid •ome time before they are felled. From the form of the tree, barkina could b« eagUy accomplighed as far as necessary. ' ''"**°8 could be Th« vnllnL^'T' '7 ^ i*V-n *!J^ Ji'"'?' ^"^' ''^ ♦''8»''3^ commended m an anti-aeorbutic. The young shoo a distilled afford a fragrant essential oil. Turpentine Tneve^ extracted f^on. he Aiuerfcan l.arch. as from the similar speoiesrEurope reauir'e ZtL^^'^r '■ ''"^''"'"^ "^ ^'^^^ *""'^«^' «"^ i*- acknowtSge^d Valuo. require that some judicious measures should be adopted to prevent M.o great vTaito and destrMciion of Larch trees now taking place in New Brunswick. Natural Order— Com/cro'. Tho Cypress of New Brunswick {always called "Cedar") is the Cunros„i>, of Phny and th. Ct/parissus of Virgil ; it mLt by no means be co-founded as ?re. S 1 ??Sf"'' 7W'' ^'""'Y'l ?^^"' '^^«'' '« «f «'« Junipe'c^be, ndr Ve .with tie Cedar of Lebanon, which belongs strictly to the Pine family ana^« des^nated by Botanists. Pinus Cedrm. Only one specie« of thi^ genus' Is found m New Brunswick, and is thus described— i* « » "•« gem-s is lound WI1IT^ Cedar— Cuprensus Thyoides. f^^<^rtption -The White Ceda. grows almost always in wet ground In swamns, the trees sometimes stand so thick, that the light can hardfy nene^rat^ their fi,. age. 1 1 seldom exceeds forty or fifty feet in heifht, and rard v inore tht two feet in diameter. When the \Vl ^te c/dars are dose and Sre sed he rt"4'V feet. ' ^''P'"'^^'"^^' ""^ •^^^"*"*« of branches to the Qit of fifteen ^J"" ^Pi^ej-mis is v^;ry tbin on the young stocks; but, as they grow older it becomes thick, of c eo ft filaceous texture, and of a ;eddish color^ ^When cut a ye low transparent resm of an agreeable odour exudes, a vei v small quantitv 1 he foliage IS evergreen ; each leaf is a little branch numercu.ly subd v?ded and composed of small acute, imbricated scales, on the back of whicVa m nuTe «land w'nlfr™''^'''"'/^^.^"^ I" t^««"8l« of tl^ese ramifications grow the K^^^ waich are scarcely visible, and which produce very small ruKged cones of a The concentrical cirdea are always perfectly distinct, even in 8tock^ nfm^.i derade size ; but ^heir number and c'omVctnes's prove tl.at J?e Ltarrlves S" full growth on y after a ong lapse of years. Michaux states that he counted 277 annual leyersm a trunk twenty one inches in diameter, at five feetTom the rrbt ihTn'fity'ye^rftl^"^^' ''^' '^''^ '''^^ ^* ^'^ surfacerwhtfjS^^^^^^ Pr(^ertte8 and Uses. -The wood of ^he White Cedar is liaht soft fin« fiTL^Vr? jr^y.'^-"«»^*- When perfectly seasoned, and f^Ved so™: time to the light, it is of a rosy hue. It has a strong aromatic odour, which it preserves as long as it ,s guarded from humidity. The perfect wood re^s s th« succession of drvnesa an.^ mmofn^^ fr., „ „.„-i. i: i.1. i-.y '"^-t wvou resists the 5#i bvfjn knowi? to last upwards of thirty years. The largest otocks of the Whii. Cedar are now much