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By the aid of the classified indexes the information gleaned by the elected representatives of British wage-earners during their tour in the United States and Canada is rendered more accessible, the volume forming an altogether unique book of reference as to the conditions of wage-earners on the other side of the Atlantic. Some idea of the Jiiagnitude of the enterprise, and the distance travelled by the delegates in the course of their journeyings, may be gathered from the following list of the places visited, the main body of the Expedition ''aving pursued their inquiries at Montreal, Toronto, Niagara, Chicago, Pullman City, Pittsburg, Washington, Philadelphia, and New York, while detachments on special missions called at St. Paul, Minneapolis, Orange, Molycjke, Bessemer, M'Keesport, Fall River, Providence, Paterson, N.J., Nova Scotia, St. John's, N.B., Banff, Chilliewack, New Westminster, Edmon- ton, Calgary, Regina, Brandon, Napinka, Winnipeg, Vancouver, and Victoria, B.C. I i I CONTENTS. PART I, DUNDEE WEEKLY NEWS AKTISAN EXPEDITION. H PAOE I'rt'liniinary AnnounceiiientH - - 2-5 Biographical Sketches of Delegates • G 14 Extensions of Scheme ■ - 1'1-lij Pioneer Quadruple I'rinting Press - 16 Viking Ship, Santa Maria, and Thomson Line Steamer lona - - 17 Beginning the .loumey - 18-1!> The Voynge Across - - - l.'0-24 Sights of Muntri-al - - - 2.'! Toronto and its Institutions • - 26-31 At the Falls of Niagara - • 32-;t5 Arrival at Chicago ... 35 The World's Fair - - 36-48 Visit to Pullman City - - 49-54 Prospects of Workmgmen in America 54 House Rents and Taxes in Chicago - 5(5 Ent|uirie8 in Chicago - 54-67 The World's Fair (continued) 67-69 En:ueil. Annouiiceiuoiitu, 1, II. Art ralaet". World's Fair, (iS. Auditoriiini UuildinL', CliicnK i, 70. Haker«' Hours and Wagis, 132. llaldwin'H Loeoiiiotivu Works, I'liiladeliihia, 12S. Haltimori- ai'd Ohio Uailroad, 77, US. liartlioldi's iiaL.e i.f Liberty, l.'i.'i, Ici2. Heiiiiett, W'l: tzir, Eiiyiiiefriiii,' Uciprt'sfntutivf, 7. Uosaemi-r, Kilitar TliuniMOij, .Steelworks, S2. Hoard (if Trade. Chicago, iil. Hooks and Uookbindint,', ts. lioiitaMd shoe Makers -Wa^'Cs in Chicago, M. liowery, .New York, MO. Hrouiliy .V Sou's, (.'arpet W.av. rs, riiil.id.'Ipliia, V2'.). lirooklyii Kiidge, HI ; I'r.itt liistitiile, 141, i:iK HrowM, Daviil, Uepreseuiative of Shiiil)uilding Trades, 12. Hriissels <.'ar|iet Weaving;, 12'.l. HuildiUK Societies— I'ittsbur.', '.17 ; rii'ladelpliia, 122. Fiuildin;; Trades and l!uildiiii,'s— Tra les Uepresentative, ii ; Ontario I'arliaMient, 2'.> ; Toronto .Municiiial, 2'.i ; Wages, Toronto, :t() ; liuilding .Materials at Wiuld's Fair, 4;!; Keiiiovin;,' Uuililin.;s, .'I'l ; C'liica(,'o liuild- int;s, iV.) ; Fireproof (J.instructlon, 71; .Slonecniters' Wanes, I'ittsbuiy, M' ; riit-biirg l!nii.iin;,'s, s.i ; I'hila- delphia HuiMinfjs, llil; W.ij;es in I'hilailelphia. i;!0. CabinetM, iking ami Allied Tiaiies— liepresenlative, !• ; Wages m Toronto, 31; Woild's Fa.r Kxhihit, 41; Wages in Chicago, 74 ; I'hiladclphia, US; New York, M.S. Caledonian Chib, I'hiladelpliia, 127. Canadian r:ic'".c liailway Workshops, 'J.j. Canada — .Mcjntreal, 2'i; TS0-01. Cari)enters— Wa^os, 32-3rj.74; United UrotherhooU, 74; Carpenters' Hall, I'liiladelpliia, 117. Carpet Weaving -TJ'.l. Cars— Tram and Cable— I'itlsbiirg, |I2. Child liUboui in America, 141. Chicago and tilt Wnrld'H Hair, 3.v4.S, . '14.77 ; Fire Uiigade, (11); EdiU'ational System, '17; I'liblic Health, (10; Water Supply and Drainage, ill ; .Markets, i\\ ; Muni- cipal liovernmeut, ii2 ; Libi.iries, (12; Dark Side of, (12; Police System, (Hi ; Ueliif of I'oor, (7 ; Chamber of Commerce, (111; IJunlU Othce, 74; Chicago to I'ittshuig, 77-S(l. Chin(!Bu l^iiarlem— Chicago, Ii;! ; New York, I'j'.i. Citizen— How to Become an Auiericau, 130. Climate of Ameiicn, 141. Clothing and Food— Chicago, M; I'ittsbmg, S.'i ; .M'Kees- liort, ii.". ; Philadelpliia, 112; New Yoik, 140-I4S ; llidyoke, 102 ; Nova Scotia, 1 J3 ; New Brunswick, Columbus Caravel, 17-40. Commerce of Now York, 141. CoTupositors' Wages in Chicago, ,"1;, Conclusions of Delegates, 1(14. Conductor of the Tour— Portrait and Sketch, 14 ; Ttsti- niuny to Delegates' Ability, 1U5. Cooper Institute, New York, 14S. Cramp & Sons, Limited, Wiii., Shipbuilders, riiiludelpliiu, 112. Crime in New York, 134. CroHsing the Atlantic— Outward, 20; Homeward, lUl. Deuoiative Arts— Uepresentativo, l»; World's Fulr Exhi- bits, 41 ; Now York, HS-.'il. Delegates— SketchcBaud Purtrnita, C-lt; Combiued Report, 1(14. Deimrtment of Labour, Washington, 110. Departiirp of the Expedition, l.S. l)ol| hin Jute Mill.-, Paterson, 13'.'. Drexel Institute, Philadelphia, 114. Dry (ioods Houses — Marshall, Field, & Co., Chicago, Tii ; Campbell fi Diuk, Pittsburg, '.*(). Dundee— Successful Diindiinians, 20, 32 ; a Dundee Man's House, '.).'■; The ('alling-HoUsc of Duuduainns, 13'.* ; An old Dundee Engine-Uriver, liil. Edgar Thomson ."steelworks, lies.semer, .S2. Edison, Thomas A. — Vi.sitto the On :t Inventor's Labora- tory, 13ii-3'.i. Kditori.il— " Our Delegates' Impressions of America," lOii. Education— Toronto, 27-29 ; Chicogo, 57 ; Pliilai phia, 11(1-21 ; Brooklyn, 144 ; New York, US. Eight Hours D.'iy at Ite.asemer, S3. Blectricity— Toronto, 2ii; .Niagara Falls Electiic Hallway, 31; Forging by, 42; Westinglioiise Electric Works, Pittsburg, S.'i. Elevated Uailmad— New York. 132. Engineering -Hi-presentative, 7. E\ten-ions of Scheme, 14- LO. Factories— Philadelphia, 12li ; Fall River, 13il; Provid- dence, 13ii. Fall Uiver-On Hoard the PnritJin, 135; Factories, ISii. Fen is Wheel, World's Fair, 40. I'iiv Hrig.'ides— Toronto, 2ti; Chicago, tJO ; New York, 13'.). Fisheries Hiiilding, World's Fair, 45. Fo.id and Clothing -Chicago, 5il ; Pitlabiirg, i)5 ; M'Kees- port, '.1.0; Pliil.adelphia, 112; New York, 140; Holyoke, l.')2 ; Nov.i .Scotia, 153;. St Jolins, N.B., 1511-157. Free Tr.ide and Protection, 55. Free Lunch .System, 15S. Freeniaiionry in the States, 'J4 ; Masonic Temple, Chicago, Furniture— World's Fair Exhibit, 41 ; Office and Hank, 73 ; Trade in New York, 14S-51. (lames— Ha.seball, 12S. I (iambling in the Chinese Qiiartei, G3. ! (iirard College, Philttdelphia, li'O. I Glasgow— A Native of— Dr M'Alister, Philadelphia, 114. ! Oraiid Central Depot, New York, 101. (irand Trunk Railway Workshops, Toronto, 2ii. Harjier's Ferry, 'JS-9. Health Ueiwrtnunt, Cliic.ago, (iO, 05. High License. (See Licensing.) Holyoke Paper Mills, 151-2. Homestead Steel Works, ,S0. Horticulture at the World's F'air, 42. Houses -Rents in Toronto, 31; Chicago, 50 ; Pittsburg, .S4 ; M'Keesport, '.15 ; Philadelphia, 111 ; New York, 140; Holyoke, 152; .N'ova Scotia, 153. Illinois Lit[Uor Laws, 5S. Impressions of Dele;:ttles, Combined Report, 104-00. Inilependence Hall, Philadelphia, 115. lona, Thomson Line .steamer, 17. Iron and Steel Workers— Representative, 13 ; Exhibits at World's Fair, 3S ; Illinois Steel Co., 72; Homestead Works, SI ; Edgar Thomson Steel Works, Bessemer, S2 ; Carbon Steel Works, S4 ; United Stiites Output, !I4 ; Work and Wages in NovaScotia, 154 ; New Bruns- wick, 15ii. Italians. — Lodging-Houses— Chicago, 05 ; New York, 150. Jute Mills and Factoriea, 12',), 130, 13!l. Keeley Cure for Drunkenness, .5S, Knights of Labour, 115. Krupp Gun Exhibit at World's Fair, 30. Labour— Leader's interviewed, 30, '.14; Department of, 110; American Federation of, 134; Child, 141. Lnmp-Globe Making (George A. Macbeth , TU. Sieihaiiical Imiiistrieit— UeinencutJitivt'M, 7, 13. (Si-o Iron and Mt'fl Woikers.) MerchanU' iManiifnL'tiiring Company, Fall River, 13i!. Mining— Hopri'i-entativc, S; .Mining Uuildiiig at Worlds Kair, 3ti ; Mining Maihi.iery, "3; Standard Mini's, Mount I'lea-sant, I'a., i'3 ; Uniti-d Slates Mine Uegula- tli>n». ii7 ; .North .Sydney .Minc.H, (.'ape liretun, 1 Id. .Mint, United SUtes. 111. M'Keesport— Cost r iving, iVi ; A Typical Working Mau'n House, ICi, Montreal— Arrival at, 2' ; Victoria Uridgo, '.T, ; Canadian I'acitlc Railway Workshops, J.'i-Ji) ;C.l'.lt. Statiun, 1 r.', .Mnir, Uolx-rt A., .Mining Uepreientative, H .Municipal liovernuient— Chie;igo, til' ; New Yolk, I'lO. .Murray, .lanies. Conductor of the Tour, It; TcotiMiony to Uelegatejt' Ability, lO'i. Naturalisjviion— Korin of Declaration, ISii. .Natural (t:m iis Fuel. SI. .Naval Kxhibits, World's Fair, 11) ; United StateH Navy, 11_'. .N»;gioeH — .Sunilay Services, St). Newspaper Otiices— Toriuito, 32; Cliicago, 71 ; rittsbur,.', '.Ill ; riiilailelphia, 1-J3; .New York, IJ'X New Hruiiswick -^t .loliri, IMi. New York— Delegates' Arrival, 130; Police, 130; Working Men's School, 131 ; Klevatel Railroad, I3-.' ; Ciifar- Making, 132; Dakei-s' lloiiis and Wiii;es, l:tj; Tonilw I'oliee (.'ourt, 133 ; Crime, 131; American Federation of Labour, 134 ; St Audiew s Society, 13.^) ; Fire llrigade, 13!i; Cost of Livim;, Mil; Climate, 141 ; Ooinnierce, 141; Cooper Institute, Ms; Furniture Trade, 14S; Harbour, in.'i ; lliverside Park, I'm ; Central I'ark, ir,>i ; Free Lumli .', 14il ; Wiirkmen's Houses, Ii3; I'ietou County, 1.03 ; Acadi.i Mine, l.'iS ; Lonilcnderry Rolling Mills, I.M ; Trenton Steel Works, l.'el ; Nova Scotia as a .Alining Centre, l.''i7. Oil Wells, Pittsburg, SS. Opium Dens, ('hic;iuo, i'>3. ttrunge- Kdison's Laboratory, 13i'> ; Machine Shop, 137 ; (Career of the Great Inventor, 1;I7. Osier, Andrew, Agricultural Coiniuis«ioner of the Danilie Cuitriii' — Portrait and Uiographieal .Sketch. 7. Paperuiakers — Re|iresentative, II; Niagira rt'orks World's Fair Kxhiblt, 3'J ; Holvokc .Mills, 151. Parks— Public— Philadeli'hia, 120; New York, 1^7. Patent Laws of United .States, 103. Pennsylvania School of Industrial Art, Pliiladelphi Pennsylvania Railway Stition, Philadelphia, 12S. Pension System — United states, 108. Philadelphia— .Mr Logan's Imjiressiona, 111 ; Cost of FiHKl, Clothing, iVc, 112; Crauip's Shipyard, 112; Drexel Institute, 114 ; The Mint. 114; Knights of Labonr, 11.1; City Hall, 110; Carpenters' Hall, 117; Post Office, US ; Public Libraries, US ; High License System, US; Cabinetmakei-s, ll'.t; Wood- carvers, Hit; Educational Institutions, U'l; building Societies, 122 ; Newspapers, 123 ; Sunday Olwervance, 124 ; Caledonian Club, 127 ; Washington Monument, 127 ; Uaaeball described, 12S; Penn-ylvani.i Railway Station, 12S ; Kaldwin's Locomotive Works, 12S ; Factories, 12'J ; Stonecutters' Wages, 130. Pierce College of Shorthand, Philadeli)liia, 121. Pitcairn, Robert, Pittsburg, 91. Pittsburg — Journey to, 77 ; General Features of, 80 ; Ilonic- stead Works, SO; l';dgar Thomson Steel Works, 82; Carbon Steel Works, S4 ; Standard of Living, S4 ; ■ft'estinghonse Electric Works, 85 ; Oil Wells, 85; Post Office, SS ; IJuildings, SO ; Weynian Urothers' Tobacco Factory, M ; Oainpbell & Dick's Dry Goods House, yO ; Newspaiiers, "JO; Dollar Havings Rank, 97; A Popular building Sot'sty, 97 ; Dciiartiire from, 98. Police Systems— Chicago, t)6 : Pinkcrton's Detectives, 67; New York, 130 ; Tombs Police Court, Now York, 133. 3.-I 1 119; anil Portraits— Delegates, 0-14; Captain Cuminlngs, 20; Mr King, chief officer, H.s. lona, 22; (ieorge M. Pullman, .'lit; Andrew Carnegie, 91; RoUrt Pitcairn, 91; H. C Frick, li3; John Wanamaker, 12.'.; D. L. Anderson, 12."i; Judge Martin, 133; S. Gompen., and (Jhnstojpher Evans, 134; Thoina.s A. Edison, I37'.i; J. II. l.ennon, II.-*. Pratt Institute Ilrooklyn, 114. Presentation of Gobi .Me.lals to Delegates, 107. Printing— .Machinerv, 40 ; Riireau of I'rintin Engraving, Washington, 104 ; Gov •rnineiit Printinu Office, lo:.. Prohibition — .New Glasgow, 143. Protection v. Free Trade, .'i4. Pullman City Visited, 49 51. Qiiadiiiple I'lintiiig l'res.se«— Hi, 10, 70. Qiiak. r City. (>ee Phil.idclphi.i.) Railways -Representative of Servants, 12, 13; C.P.R. Workslmi s. 2.'i; Grand Irunk Railway Workshops, 2il ; Wa','es, 34; Transpiutition lliiilding. World's Fair, 37 ; Fastest Engine in the World, 43 ; Chicago, .'lO ; Railway Car Couplings, 7il ; An Eventful Journey, 77; Pittsburg Loeomotive and Car Works, 90; Wjstinghouso Air ilrake Company, 90 ; Wages in Pennsylvania, 97 ; l!alil«in Locomotive Works, 128 ; A .lourney on a Loeomotive, 1'29 ; Elevated Railways, 132; Rlock Signalling Sy.stein, 143; Grand Central Depot, .New York, 101. R iits— 'loionto, 31; Chi'Mgo, .'lO ; Pittaborg, S4 ; Phila- delphia, 111; New York, 140; Holyokt, 102; Nova Scotia, 153. Report— Delegates Couibined— lil4. Reunion of Dele^'ates — li.7. .•Salesmen and .Saleswomen, Wages of, Oli. Savings Rank — Dollar Hank, Pittsburg, 97. Scotsmen- I'll ii.'ai'o, 77; Pittsburg, '.•! ; Philadelphia, 111, 127; N.w York, 135, 149; llolyoke, 151, 152. Scottish Societies— Pittsburg, 92 ; Cal.tlonian Club, Phil- adelphia, 127 ; St Andrew's Society, New Y'ork, 135. Scott Act (Canada), 143. Selection of Repre.sent.itivos — D. C. Thomson's Letter, 5; Voting, 0-14. Shipbuilding — 'Fiades Representative, 11; Wages in Cramp's, Philadelphia, 112; Premiiiiu System, 113. >iioeblack8' Union, 91. Shortliand and Typewriting, 71, 121. Sinclair, John, Itepresenfcitive of lluilding Trades, 9. Slums, Chicago, 02. Smith, .iiungo, Representative of Textile Industries, 10. Smith, William, Hepresentative of Paperniakers, 11. Smithsonian Institute, W.ishington, Iu5. .Soldieis' Monument, Philadelphia, 120. St L.iwreuee River, 24. .St Andrew's Society, New York, 135. Standaid Mines, .Mount Pleasant, '.13. Star Crescent .Mill, Philadelphia. 129. Statue of Liberty, New Y'ork, 155. Steel and lion — Repiesentative of Workers, 13; World's Fair Exliibits, 3s; Illinois Steel Co., 72; Iliuuestead Wiuks, sii ; Edgar Thomson Works, Uessemer, S2; (j'arbon Works, Pittsburg, S4 ; Work and W.iges in Nova Scotia, 154 ; St John, New Urnnswick, 150. Strike, The Great Homestead, S2. Sunday -In Pittsburg, hO ; Sunday Closing, S8 ; In Ph.ia- delpliia, 124; A .Model S. School, 124; In thoParks, .24 Sweating in Tailor Trade, 147. Sykes liros., Maniifactiiteis, Philadelphia, 129. TaihirTraile, 31,147. Tammany Hall, IOC. Tarilf Laws, 54. Taylor, James, Agricultural Representative, 0. Temperance, (.See Licensing.) Textile Industries — Representative, 10; Philadelphia Factories, 129 ; Rrussels Carpet Weaving, 129 ; Fall River and Providence Factories, 130. Thomson, 1). C , Letter on the Selection of Representa- tives, 5. Tin Plato Industry, .39. Tobacco Factory, In a Pittsburg, 90. Tombs Police Court, New Y'ork, 133. Toronto— Grand Trunk Engine Shop, 20 ; Arrival at, 20, Electric I iglit, 20; Fire Alarm System, 27; Educa- tion, 27 ; Licensing, 29 ; Buildings, 29; Y.M.C.A. and Y'.W.tXA., 30; Labour Questions, 31; House Rents and Living, 31 ; F'liiniture Trade, 31 ; Cariienteia Wages. 32 ; Newspaper Offices, S2. Trades Represented by Delegates, 14. Trades Unions— United Carpenters' Drotherhood, 74 ; Stonecutters' Association, 89 ; Shoeblacks' Union, 04 ; Knights of Labour, 115; American Federation of Labour, 134 ; Tailors' Union, 147 ; International Woodcarvers' Association, 150. f f Tra Tra Tre T>1 Tyi Typ tni Upl Van Vie Vik V. Vi Wa CLAf IFIEl) INDl-;X-C'o»i, 17. Viitiiii; for Klection of Ueleiialoii, J-l I. Voyage Ont, JO ; llmneward Hound, liil. Wagi-n— Uaker«, 13J ; Hoot and Shoe Makers, .">ii ; rabinct- niaki'rN, 31, l.'>0; Cjirpontert, 3J, 3.'>, 74; Carbuildcr«, W), IJs; ('aipi't WcavtTrt, 1'-".'; Cinarmakein, 132; CompoHitorn, 7ii ; Kngraverit and I'rinti'rH, lOJ ; Fac- tory WorkiTd, 120, 13il ; Fircmrn, 130 ; Iron and Steel Workers, 7-J, SI, h3, hi, l.')l, I'.ii ; .lute Workers, 140 ; Locomotive and CarbnilderH, '.HI, 12(S ; Jlinern, 03, 147 ; I'api rmakeiH, 3.'), l.M-'J ; I'olioemeii, 00, 130; I'rinterh and Knt>raverfi, lO.'i ; Kaihvay .SiTvantB, JO, 34, .'lO, 07, 13'_' ; .Slioitliand (Jlcrks and Typewriters, 71; Steel and Iron Workers, 7J, hi, IS3, .s4, iri4, l.'irt ; f^aleunun and .Saleswomen, 00; Shi)ibnilderK, U'-'; Silk Mill tlands, 140 ; Stonecutters, »9, 130 ; XailorH, 31, 147 ; Woodcarvers, 14.s, l.'il. Wall Street, New York, I Vi. Waaamaker, John, United StateBe.\-I'ubtiua«ter-Genoral, lil,. Washington Monument, Fhlladel|>hia, 127. WaxhinKton— .louiney to, OS; The Ca|(itol, 00 ; WhiU House, 102; Supreme Court, 103; Oovernnient, 103 ; I'atent Ollice, 103 ; Dureau of i'rinting and BngraT* ing, 104; Treasury Duilding, lO.'i; IJovernnient Printing Dlliee, lO.'i ; Suiitlmonian Institute, 103; Navy Yard, loO; Tension Dlliee, 107; Scene of Lincoln's Death, T'iS ; Centre Market, los ; Vehicular Trallie, lOO; Statues aiul .Monument.-', 100; De|>art- nu^nt of Labour, Ho. Westinghoiue Electric Works, Tittsburg, 8.'i. Women's liiiilding, World's Fair, 41'., lio ; Temple, Chicago .'i> ; Chiistian remperance Union, Chiciigo, 57. Woodi'arvers— Wages in New York, 14H, 151. Woi Ids Fair— Extent .and Cost, ;J0 ; .Mine» and Mining lliiildim;H, 30 ; TransportJition lluildings, 37, 43; Iron and Steel Exhibits, .'IS ; Krupp liun, 30 ; Tinplata Industry, 30; l'a|ieruiaking, 30; Naval Exhihitu, 40; Furniture, 41; Horticulture, 4'J ; Electrical Uuild- ings, 43 ; lluilding Mateiials, 43 ; Fisherien lluilding, 4.'); Textile Fabrics, 4 i ; United States Uuilding, 46 ; Wonien'a Duilding, 40, 00; Printing and Printing .Maehinery, 4i'> ; Ferris Wheel, 4t> ; Agricultural .Machinery, 47; Leather Exhibit, 4S ; iiooks and llookliinling, 4>; Mr Login's First Inipreiwiuus, 07 ; Administration lluilding, OK; Macliiaery liiiildiug, OS ; Art Pahv •. OS. Working Men's Priwuects in America, ,^4. Working Man s Sehi )l, New York, 131. Wright, Carroll L)., t omniisaioner of Labour, Washington, 110. Y.M.C,A.,Toionto, ,W. Y.W.C.A., Toronto, 30. Y.P.S.C.E. (Young People's Society of Cbriitian Endea- vour), I'JO. TART ir. DUNDKK COURIER SPKCIAL AciRICULTURAL f'OMMISSIONER'.S REPORT. 20, Aberdeen's, Lord, Exjierimcntal Farms, 22, Aberdeen Angus Cattle, 44, 02. Adyice to-Ladiet, 4 ; Intending Settlors, 22, 3S, 42, 4S, 00. Agriculture— On St Lawrence, 2 ; Ontario, 3 ; Ohio and Indiana, 3; World's Fair lluilding, 4-7; Products of, 30; 111 the Kockies, 10; Pests of Uritish Columbia, 25; Hound Victoria, 24; Albertii, 30; Edmonton, 42 ; Prospects of American, liO. Alberta and its Hanehe,-, 30-37. American.— Crops, 3 ; Americans .Settling in Canada, 40; Prospects of Agriiulturc, 00. Angus Poddies.— A Herd of Pine, O'.'. Anthracite Coal .Mines, 12. Armour & Co., Chicago, 10. Arrival at .Montreal.— Outwards, 1 ; Homewards, 60. Heais, Uavages of, 25. Beaver Dams, 51. Brandon and its Environs, ti'X British Columbia. — Climatic Characteristics, 20 ; Lumber Industry, 20; Fisheries and Canneries, 21 ; Mineral UcBources, 21 ; Stockraising, 22 ; Advice to Intending Settler.4, 22 ; Lord Aberdeen's Experiment, 22 ; Demand for Labourers, 23 ; Victoria, 23 ; Agri- cultural I'ests, 25. Buffaloes, 55. I5ur[H), .Mr, .'-'ecretary of Dominion Land Board, 05. liiittermaking (^'omiietitioii, 4. Calgary and District, 30. Campbell, Mr and Mrs Donald, Montreal, CO. Canadian Colonisation Co., 55. Canadian Cattle— Bestrictions, 2, 12-15, 31 ; Shipping, 07 ; Trade in, 2, 53, CO ; Hamlies, 31, 33, 35, 37, 50. Carrey, Charles, Engine-Drlver King, 10. Cattle— Aberdeen-Angus, 44, 02 ; Galloways, 44. Cattlemen, Sea, 08. Cheesemaking at World's Fair, 4 ; a Cheese Factory, 32. Chicago— (Jrops ai nnUr, 2; World's Fair H)xliibit8, 4-0 J Union Stockyards, It ; Armour & Co., 10. Chillicwack, 20 ; Hotel Experience at, 23. Chinese Labour, 24, Church, Noith-SVe^t Farmers at, 40. Climate— Ui.cliy Mount, ins. Is ; Hritisli Columbia, 20 Edmonton, 45. Cowboys; Their Wages and Ways, 30. Ciee Indians, .SO. Crops— Ontario, 3; Ohio and Indiana, 3 ; Edmonton, 47, 53 ; Brandon, 01. Dairying— At the World's Fair, 4 ; Alberta Ranches, 32 ; .Macleod lUnching District, 34 ; Ucneral, 54. Edmonton and lt.s Kesoiirces, 41-54. Education in the Nortli-West, 2,s ; University Degrees, 30. Elliot Brothers, Cloverbar Farm, 52. Engine-Driver King. Charles Carrey, liJ. Experimental Farms — Lord AlxM'deen's, 22; Indian Head, 57 ; Bell & Brassey, .OS ; Brandon, .50. Farm Servants' Wages, 47, 00 ; llouses, 00 ; Demand for, 23. Farmers- A Hint to North-West, .50. Farms— Experimental, 22, 57, 58, 50 ; A Typical, 40 ; Cloverbar Farm, 52 ; Ontario, 07. Fife A, Bailie Nicol Jarvie, 01. Fisheries, British Columbia, 21. Flour-Milling — Edmonton Co., 54 ; Brandon, 02. Flowere and Fruits, 4(i, 47. Fraser Canon, 17; Uiver, 10. Freight Rates, 37, 03, OS. Galloway Cattle, 44. Game, 25, 20, 52, 02. Gilriitli, Andrew, Rockford, 0. Glaciers and Avalanches, '.Mid, L5. Gold ProBiiecting, 51. Government Experimental Farms, 58, 50. Grain Mills, 54, 02. Great Britain at the World's Fair, 8. Great Divide, The, 10. Griesbach, Major, Fort Saskatoliewan, 45, 70. Holiday-Making in the West, 01. 1 I viii. CLASSIFIED IN1)EX-C(>n'> i'- IniiiiigrnnU' Lnilf;in)('li<>iiiOii, o6. IniiiroMiunH, Mr Oalt'i a, ii'.>. IntiianH, lU, 11, !t3, 4U, \j, 40, 5", and lluiw Ititcing, M. Inna, On Duard ».»., i'>7. KijkiriK Ilornu I'luw, IT. Kiiii'iirdini'aliirtj A, Man'-! liiiuchc, 31. Kirri«iiiiii'i'.inii, Miutiiii,'!) with, ',>, bn, LnbutireiM, Duiiiand fur, '-'3. Liptun'H Mitiiiuioth Chut'se, S. Lout (III tliu IlillK, ii2. Lumber Tradi', Is, -M, 30, 43, ,'.'.>. iV.icleiid lUncliiiiu Dintrict, 33. .Mawey, Harris, ,V C'd., .Montreal, 2 ; World's Fair, 5. Menotiiti! Settlement, (i4. MiiieralH in the .Nortli- it'eflt, '-'1, 14, M. Montreal— Arrival at, J ; Uetiirn tu, M. Mount Stejjhen, i;. Napinka; A I'rohibitlon Town, (iJ. New Wihtminstcr, 13. North-Went Territorie.i, 'Jiiii.i. Oatmeal .Milln, Urandon, liL'. Ontario— Cro|)"< in, 3 ; iiXnU nith Fiirmer^, 07. Ottawa, Agticiiltnre lloiind, M. PaHtiire— At Qiioru Unnclio, 35 ; ISIieeii, 50. I'llut Mound, ii4. Plant UiaeaHtH, 25. rieiiro-I'neiinioDia— The Alle^'ed, among Canadian Cattle 2, 12, 15,31. Port Arthur, Like Superior, 05. Police, Mounted, 13, 2'.l, 4S. Postal System, 211. Potato Culture, IS. Prairie— A Drive ..ver the, 51 ; A I'icnie on, lil. Prices of Poultry, ."jtock, and Agricnltuial Prodticc. 20, 24, GO. I'rohibitionTiwn, Napinka, A., 03. I^uurn llani'he, 35. ItailHays, Canadian, 3S. K.iii.lies— Kibow Park, 31 ; A Kint■ardine^hirp ManV, 31 ; Maeleod DJKirict, 33 ; yuorn, 35 ; How they aru .Managed, 37; I'.huk .Mud llanche, 5U, lied l),-er County, 3S. 11. d Indians, Amonnthe, '.', 15. Iti^'iiia and its >urn'iindinn«, nl. UuHtriitions, Canadian Cattle, 2, 12-15, 31. l(ol> Uovat Urandon. 01. Koads inthf N..rtli-Wcst, 2;', 45, 50. Uo.ky Mouniains. II, I5-I'.i, 2(1, 30. Selkirk Mountain Uange, 17. Sliif|i P.istun-, .■lO. Sioux Indian.", 10. Snakes, Non-Poinonous, 52. Sport, 25, -It, 52, Ii2. St Albeit Village, 10. St Andrews Home, Mimtreal, liO. Stock-ll lii-ing, 22, 24, 20, 51. Sudbury, 00. Sullierland:. Victoria, Uriti.sh Columbia, 23, 24. Wages— Cow boyi, .'Iti ; Kaim Servant", 23, 17, 00. Wheat(iiov»ing, 47, 00. Windmills— World's Fair, ; Near lliandon, C3. Winnipe',', Driving Uouud, O.'i. Wolves, 25. World n Fair— Dairy Uuildins«, 5 ; Agri'Ultinal Uuihling, 5 ; Massey, Harris, iV *Jo., 5 ; Kemp Ai Uiirkee, Syracuse, 5; llloover Potato Digwer, 0; Agricullural 1 rnilucLs, 7 ; Lipton'H Mauimuth CliucHe, 8. Yale, IS. DUI "I I'AHT III. DUNDKE WKKKLY NEW.S ACIRICULTURAL COMMIS.SlONEllS REPOUT. Aberdonian, A Successful S. Agriculture— Implements, 1 ; In Quebec and Ontario, 1 ; Illinois, 2. Alberta Ranches, Among, S. Albert Canon, 5. Armour & Co. s Packing-Houses, Chicago, 6. " Billy, tlic Bunco Steer,' S. Bl.tck Canon, 5. Urandon Experimental Farm, 11 ; to Montreal, 12. Calgary, 4, S. Caninore, 4. Canned Meat— Armour & Co.'s Establishment, 7. Chicago— .Al'Cormick Harvesting idachine Works, 2; In the Stockyards, 0. Clothing and Food, Cost of, 3, 11. Crofters in Canada, 1. Ban Claire and Bow River Lumber Co., S. Edmonton, 0. Elbow Park Ranche, 8. Ex|ierimental Farms, 11. Extract of Beef, Armour's, S. Farming in Canada, 1, 2 ; Illinois, 2 ; Alberta Ranches, 8 ; Experimental, 11. F.irm Servants, A Scarcity of, 0, 11. Food and Clothing, Cost of, 3, 11. Frazer Canon, 0. Goldseekingne^ir Edmonton. P. Gorerninent Ilomesteading Regulations, 10 ; and Timber- cutting, 10; Experimental Farm.i, 11. Oranite F.alls, Minnesota, 2. Iloiuesteading Itegulations, 10. Illinois, Agrii'ultiire in, 2. Indian Head, Kxperimental Farm at, II. Kanan.'iskis, 4. Loops, The, 5. .M'Corinick Harvesting Machine Works, 2. .Massey, Harris, ,v Co., Toronto, 1. .Moneieal, Arrival at, 1. I .Mount Hector, 4. ! Mount Stejihen, 4. ' North West Tividing Co., 8. Ontario, Agriculture in, 2. Ploughmen's Wages, 2, '.K Prairie, Breaking the, 0. Qitebei', Farming in, 1. Ranches, Alberta, 8. Regina, Crop.s near, 10. Rockies, Over the, 3-0. .Sandison Farm, Brandon, 11. Timber-Cutting. 10. Toronto, Agriculture near, 1 ; Masacy, Harris, & Co.'s Works, 1. Vancouver, Journey to, 4, 0, Wages— In Massey, Hams, & Co.'s Works, 1 ; M'Cormick Harvesting Machine Works, 2 ; Ploughmen's Wages, 2, II. Winnipeg to Vancouver, 4. Tt ARTISAN EXPEDITION TO TUB WOELD'S FAIR, CHICAGO, OROAMSEO DV THE DUNDEE COURIER AND THE DUNDEE WEEKLY NEWS. A TOUR OF OBSERVATION, TO gi;t " Information Regarding the Conditions of the American Wage-Earners, How they Live, What kind of Houses THEY HAVE, WlIAT HOURS THEY WORK, WHAT LEISURE THEY ENJOY, What kind of Food they get, &c."—(Mr. D. C. Thomson's Letter, 27th April. ) TRIP TO THE PACIFIC. The foUowirtfi pages contain a full account of the objects of the Expedition, the tnethot, adopted in selecting representatives, and sketches of the successful candidates. DUNDEE : W. 4; D. C. Thomson, " Dundre Courier " and " Dcniiee Weekly News " Offices. 1893. T3^ '.' J. - ,' XnTOTE. The first announcement regarding the Expedition, of which a reprint is attached, was made on the i8th of March, and it was hoped the selection of members might be completed in a few weeks, but owing to the unexpectedly large influx of nominations- over 2500 — the enormous vote in both ballots, and the great interest in the scheme manifested by the public in the shape of letters of suggestion, every one of which received careful consideration, it was quite impossible to arrive at the choice of members before 27th May. Probably there has never been before an election in which there were so many candidates. In a general election there is not half that number. While the method of selection has entailed on the stafl of the paper a large umount of e.xtra labour, we have the satisfaction of knowing that the members of the Expedition are thoroughly representative men, and it is questionable whether a better system could be hit on to choose men who would have the confidence of fellow-workers than by organising the matter through the columns of a great paper like the Weekly News, with its 250,000 copies a week circulating not only all over Scotland tut over large parts of England and Ireland. !3 I It will be observed that a very important announcement is mtide regarding the Weekly News Workingmeii'sTour in America, in the reprint from that paper of the 10th June. The result of the iiiquiriee at present being made in America by Mr Krcdi-rick Thomson as to how to make the mos , of the opportunities that can be brouijht witliin the reach of tlie Expedition is that it lias been decided •o send a dotaclimeiit of the members across the w;\cie extent of tiie American Continent to Van- couver on the Pacific Coast. ♦ I'eople accustomed to reckon the length of the railway journeys by tiavelling in this country can form no conception of tlie enormous distance iiy a continuous route that must be traversed ber.'iioe, tu distant ring you eat land ou down be curved e centre ption of ixpresHed y to be , it will ^liiiia ur THE AGBIOULTUUAL BUlLDINUti, WOULD'a ^AIK, Recently, while r^aklng an extenaive tour through Canada and the United States, Mr. D. C. Thomson, of the Dundee Weekly News, conceived W the idea that much might be done to raise the %' quality of skilled labour in this country, and to improve the social and physical conditions of life in ^ an industrial community like ours, wore British "f working men afforded an opportunity of inspecting and observing the methods of work as applied to their respective trades in America. The time has arrived which seems peculiarly favourable for the realisation of such a scheme. The holding of the Columbian Rxposition at Chicago presents an occa- sion for yielding practical and immediate benefits to the vast body of the working classes auch as has never before offered, and the proprietors of this paper mean to give readers the rhance of profiting ^: by the stimulus that is sure to be lent to all de- partments of human progress by thJH unparalleled undertHking. Chicago will this year be the Mecca of the universe. Every road will lead to that city, which is not extravagantly called "the Eighth ft Wonder of the World." Oan Working Men Qo 7 We answer yet. We consider that it will be for the lasting benefit of the country, for the good of the wage-earners, that (ireat Britain should bo re- pratiented at the World'H Feir by intelligent artinans ot operatives, who, investigating and examining from the working man's standpoint, will be able to accumulate valuable information from new and outside influences. They will have tha opportunity of becoming familiar with the pro- dMUona of the various nations of the world, of iuHpeotiiig the most recent developments of mechanical nkill, of comparing the methods relat- ing to their respective trades, and so be able to judge of the productive capacity of labour ; and in a thousand other ways they will be able to dis- cover something worth communicating or adopting. From these shores thousand! of people will set forth to visit the Columbian Exposition, but these will be well-to-do people, most of them bent on a pleasure excursion, and able to pay the large cost of such a trip. But apart from the notion of the unique spectacle that the World's Fair will present to the sightseer, it appeals to a higher sense, for it is the biggest object lesson that the industrial world has ever beheld. That lesson working men can derive more advantage from than any other class of men, for theit^ is the prospect held out to them that by increasing their skill they are able to Command Better Wages, and, consequently, an increaui'l enjoyment of material comforts. Another advantage which is offered to the working clusHes is the facility which it affords of inquiring into the labour problem, into the cost of living, and the scale of wages as com- pared with the production of work. Then beyond that must not be foi gotten that the representation of Bri'wiah working men at the World's Fair would tend in the highest degree to promote, sttengthen, and extend those fraternal relations and mutual benefits which link together the two great branches of the English-speaking race. That the wage- earners of Scotland, England, and Ireland may not bo excluded from partioipatine In any of the Dundee Courier and Dundee Weekly News benefit! enumerated, the proprietors of the Dundee Weekly News liave tlecided to arrange a Tour to America. The cost of this expedition will be large, probably the largest of any expedition of the kind, but, ad- hering to the principle which has always guided the conductors of this paper never to shrinic from spending on what would be for the good of the readers, they have drawn up a scheme which will enable the working cLisses of thin country to be reprebe* ted by men drawn from their own ranks, and animated by their own hopes and aspirations. These men will cross tlic Atlantic, and in the course of their tour in America see things and inquire into things, not from the rich man's point of view, not from tiie leisured man's point of view, but from the working man's point of view, from that aspect which will not only i)e of must interest to the wage-earning classes on this side of the Atlantic, but which will be of most use to them. The members of the " Dundee Weekly News " Expeditic T will have their routes, steamaliip linoi^, trains, and hoteb chosen with a view to their having the maxi- mum of comfort and satisfaction aa far as it is possible in travelling the 8000 to 10,000 miles in- volved by the jouruoy. Tliey will have such faoilities as will enable them to see the more re- markable scenery on the way, such as the Falls of Niagara, and other sights too numerous for mention here. At Chicago they will have facilities afforded them of making an exhaustive examination of the World's Show, and of devoting particular attention to those departments in which most information is to be gained for the use of fellow-readera of the Weekly News ai home. Time will also be given to examine the varied industries ot Chicago, such as the iron and steel work.t, the car-building works, the farm machinery works, the stock yards, the beef and pork paoiring factories, kc, &o. A Chance Visit to Friends. There may also be f pportunitics for short side trips to places of intei st within easy reach of the route, and for viaitinj.' lends on or near the route, who will, no doubt, c ond them a hearty welcome! rrangcments will be made to assist them iii inquiiing into the conditions of labour, such as the rate of wages, factory regulations, hours of labour, hours of leisure, cost of food, cost of clothing, the rent, taxation, and transportution from house to work. Tliey will have, likewise, all reasonable facility for making Inquiry into any special ques- tion, such as the relations of capital and labour railway systems, appl.oatlons of electricity, system of government^ land laws, &c., &c. From various points the members of the expedition will forward their notes t-> the Editor of the Weekly News, m that readers may not only know from time to time the progress of the party, but benefit through having their cwn representatives writing about wl at they see at the Show, and profit from the result of their investigations into the conditions of labour amongst " Our Kin Beyond the Sea." Those who oan take Advantage of This Offer xust be bona-fide working men, though this term may be applied to any person not an employd, such as a village blacksmith, cartwright, croftur, small farmer, or jobbing tradesman who executes work himself, and is not a large employer of labour. We insist that the oandidate must bear a good charac- ter. The agricultural and the mechanical industries should have at least one representative each, as for the other industries to be represented that is for the readers to decide. Remember the entire cost of the expedition will be defrayed by the pro- prietors of the Weekly News, so that no working man need hang back from the fear of expense. The selection of representatives will be, subject to cor- tain conditions, left to the judKOicnt of readers themselves. There will be in it nothing of the elements of chance. The matter will be put to the vote. If one man finds that he cannot go he can help a friend to succeed in his attempt, and those who wish to promote the interest of their particular trade by hoping to gain a knowledge of the latest Yankee wrinkles can try to gain that end by their votes. If there is any obstacle in the way of any man who desires to take advantage of our offer, we shall be glad to hear what it is in case it may be possible to remove it. In making this important announcement, which we do with great pleasure, we desire to ask the hearty co-operation of our readers and all friends in bringing our proposal under the notice of all whom it may concern. Wo invite anyone who has a suggestion to send It n, and any point which has not been foreseen, and maybe subject to difference of opinion, will be fuily discussed in our columns. No nomination can be accepted unless on the form given below to be out out. Friends on same farm, or living in same hamlet, village or town, may enclose nomination papers in one envelope, and the voting is open to all readers of the Weekly News. Further particulars will be given next week, but meantime any man who is a oandidate may send in his nomination on the annexed form, signed by himself and two friends. Those Who Want to Go should secure recommendations regarding their charsoter and fitness, and the subjoined form must be filled up and sent to the Weekly Newt OflBoe without delay. Artisan Exi>fdition to the JForlcPit Fair. TO THE READERS. ON THE SELECTION OF REPRESENT ATI VFS (From Weekly News of Ajyril 29th.) It ]ias been suggested that a word or two from me at this stage of the election of representatives might not be inopportune. At the time of writing it is impossible to name even one man who will be in the first leet, but judging from the names of iren who stand high by the votes already in, the readers are showing that they are taking an earnest and intelligent interest in promoting the election of delegates who will be not only a credit to themselves but to the wage-earners of this country. Everyone who has the welfare of the people of this country at heart must be anxious to see the right men chosen. The sum which the Expedition will cost this paper will be very large — nothing on such a scale has ever been attempted before by private enterprise — but that sum will be small as compared with the monetary advantage whicli should accrue to the wage-earners of this country if, through having the right men, we are enabled to carry the scheme to a successful issue. If through the information got by the delegates the readers of the pa|: rs should benefit to the extent of only a pound each it would mean an increase in the wealth of the country of over a million sterling ! This country is now passing through a period of great industrial depression, and many workers are feeling the brunt of it. If, through the information got, any means could be arrived at for dispelling or even decreasing this depression, which is now sapping every industry in the land, the advantages would be incalculable, the workers would get bettor wages, the unem- ployed would get employment, thousands now face to face with st^irvation might get the means of subsistence for themselves, their wives, and fr.milies. Apart from this other advantages are many. Information regarding the conditions of the American wage-earners, how they live, what kind of houses they have, what hours they work, what leisure they enjoy, what kind of food they get, should help our people to compare the respective conditions of the two peoples divided by the Atlantic and should point to the direction and show on what lines im- provements on this side might bo effected. Anything that can tend to increase the health and happiness of the people cannot be measured in money. It is not to be supposed that immediately the Expedition returns from America this oountry is suddenly to be changed into an Utopia. Progress is often of slow growth. The acorn does not grow into the oak in a day, but any man who gives the matter a few •ninutes' serious consideration will readily see that reliable information on the con- ditions of our kin beyond the sea must be invaluable, and that, whatever drawbacks there may be to life in America, with such a go-a-head people as the Americans, there must be nifiy methods and institu- tions, the introduction of which would benefit our country. With this fully in view, every reader will realise that the choice of delegates is a matter of the utmost im- Eortance. It should not be made in anv aphazard way. Even a single vote wrongly cast may cause a serious loss to the wage- earners, should it aid any one but a right man to go. No one should record his vote before first reading carefully every line con- cerning the Expedition. I am satisfied that the great majority of the readers are fully alive to this, but I have before me complaints which I think call for mention. One is that ':he complainer has been asked to vote for a man who wishes to cross the Atlantic with the Expedition, and then desert it without sending the slightest report home, or returning communicate to his friends and fellow-workers the informa- tion he has gleaned in America. The other is that one party who is a candidate would require an attendant to look after him. I think there is little occasion for fear of any such men getting on the short leet if the readers will vote for steady, respectable men who are thoroughly competent to enquire and report, and who will return to give the benefit of their investigations to the people who elect them. In any case no candidate who is successful in the balloting, and can show that he is qualified, wil} have any hesitation in furnishing such information as tc his record as will satisfy us. Meantime, while pushing on the arrangements with all possible speed, I may express the hope that every reader will vote conscientiously, and counsel his friends and neighbours to do the same, so ^hat there may be no necessity for our intervention against anyone ; and. if the results of the Expedi- tion are as beneficial to this oountry as I anticipate, I shall consider the project amply justified, and look back to itti conception and carrying out with the greatest pleasure and satisfaction. D. C. TuoutiON. Dundee Courier and Dundee Weekly News THE MEN Er.ECTED. SKETCHES OF THEIR LIVES. INDUSTRIES REPRESENTED. ACTIVE SOCIAL REFORMERS. [From "Dundrr Wrkklt News" of 27th May.] The announcement we now give of the candidates chosen by the readers of the Wccldy News to repre- sent the industrial classes of Scotland, north of England, and norvh of Ireland marks the first and and in some ways the most important step in the scheme— the choice of gooil men to journey to the great Exhibition on the shores of Lake Michigan. We think we can confidently congratulate the readers on the selection, which as n whole, is as re- presentative as the most sanguine could wish for within the limits by which such a pchcme is neces- sarily circumscribed. We only wish we could have sent ten times the number— tiiere has been such a plethora of good men— but even a Clmncel'or of the Exchequer with a big surplus would hold his breath at that. The only expedition of the kind from this country we know of was one to the Paris Exhibition. We question whether that pcheme cost anything like the money that the Weddp News Expedition will do. From London to Paris is not much more than a twentieth of the distance between London and Chicago. A visit to the French Exhibition meant a visit to one city — Paris. A visit to tlie American Exhibition means visits to Chicago, Montreal, Toronto, Niagara, New York, Philadelphia, and other large places. Did these men see anything outside of the Paris Exhibition 1 And what facili- ties had they for making inquiry amongst people speaking a foreign tongue? The Exhibition at Chicngo is only one item, and the people in America speak English. In the opening announcement it was stated " the selection of representatives will be, subject to certain conditions, left to the judgment of readers themselves." The principal conditions were :— (1) that no trade and no locality should have an undue preponderance, but that in the membership of the Expedition due consideration should be given to the fairest possible representation, both in trade and geographical aspects ; (2) that due consideration should be given to what \r. to be seen and learned in America ; (3) that candidates on reduced list should have ail op])ortunity of demonstrating their fitnexs to repreiient their fellow-workers, and to investi- gate and report on the conditio. ,s of labour amongst our kin beyond the sea. In tho opening announce- ment it was also stated that " the agricultural and the mechanical industries should have at least one representative each." That both these industries will be well represented is apparent. At first it was intended that we sliould send two or three men only in addition to the two induslries mentioned, but the enthusiasm in the scheme so far exceeded our anticipation that we decided to carry the scheme out on a much larger scale, and in its extended form we present it to-day. To a considerable extent we go on the lines of the > departmental division of the Exposition _ itself, I which we have already given. But in making the ' classification, which should help us to arrive at the ' best po^4sible representation, we have had the assistance and advice of al)lc experts, who have I not only served reguHr apprenticeships themselves, j but have come in contact with nearly every trade, : and been to all parts of the worli' Then ' we have arranged for an able and tho.'<>ughly qualified conductor of large experience to accom- pany the Expedition, so that the members while travelling in the greatest possible comfort, and having all arrangements made for them, will not only by division of subjects for inquiry make the most of their opportunities but also have such leisure by methodical expenditure of their time as will make the trip of a holiday nature ap well. As intimated also in a previous issue, Mr Frederick Thomson of this paper, who is now on his way to America, and due in New York to-day (.Saturday), has gone to further facilitate matters, so that nothing may be left undone which can contribute to the Expedition being carried to a sucocssful issue. Agriculture, &c First of all, then, in the classification we took all the trades included or allied with the tilling of the soil. Without agriculture life on this globe would come to an end, and therefore every industry is dependent on this. The United States stands at the head of all the countries in the world, with an annual production of over £600,000,000; while the United Kingdom only takes sixth place. As everyone knows, we are indebted to America not only for breadstuffs, but also for beef, and the condition, therefore, of farming and farmworkers across the ocean must be of great interest not only to agriculturists, but also to readers generally. JAMES TAYLOR. (Portrait from Photograph by Taylor, Arbroath.) James Taylor, of Raesmill, near Arbroath, the representative of this department, was born in 1864 on the farm of Whitebrae, near Forfar, of which his father was for nineteen years tenant. The Taylors removed in 1874 to Raesmill, on the Earl of Northesk's Ethie estate. The subject of the sketch received the greater part of his education at the Public School of Inverkoillor, of which the late Mr James Bower was teacher. There he received a good solid education, and after one year at the Higli School of Arbroath he wns taken home to work on tlie farm. He was first instruotetl in farm book-keeping, next discharged the duties of cattle- man, and afterwards as ploughman became fully qua wofl disJ hisl he con| to Artisan Expedition to the WorlcUs fair. f: 1 ~t qualified for every description of agriuuliuritl work. His father being unable through in- disposition to manage the farm, appointed his son farm manager, but this did not imply that he should be done with manual labour. On the contrary, no one works harder, and he is ever ready to put his hand to anything. He is thoroughly rersed in everything pertaining to a farm, "from the stock looking after to the clearing out of a pighouse," and the farm of RaesmlU, in no small degree due to his industry and push, is known to be one of the best in the country. Thoroughly acquainted with the working and management of land, Mr Taylor recognises that in America he will find much worth inquiring into. He will devote special attention to all appliances connected with agriculture, note the differences that exist, and judge their merits. He will report on the breeding and raising of live stock, observe the condition of the farm labourer, und make every use of the opportunities that come in his way for the advan- tage of agriculture at home, and which can in any way promote the welfare of the farm servants. ANDREW OSLER. ASDIIBW OSLEH, Kintjiie, Kirriemuir, .. JAMES TAYLOR, Raefimill, Arbroath, .. JOHN DUNCAN, Pundee NBUi M'LBAN, PaiBley JAMES ALLAN, Glasgow, A. BOWMAN, Glnagow W. T. HKID, Dundee OEOROE ROSS, Keith, HARRY HILL, Shian Bank, Stone, ALEX. LOWK, Craigo Home Kami, W. HASTINGS, Ayr, I(i2(5 040 .S33 434 422 331 302 247 222 166 158 Mechanical Industries, &c. We next come to engineering and allied indus- tries. Even the agriculturist does act manage to move far without the aid of the mechanic. The most primitive implement known— namely, the wooden plough— shows a striking mechanical advance from the spade, and now the agriculturist has got the mechanic to aid him in nearly every operation of cultivation, and has not only many labour-saving implements, but also steam, and in some parts electricity, at his command. There is hardly an industry, indeed, in which the mechanic does not play his part. Without him we could have ao railways, no steamboats, no mills, no factories. In this department an engi- neer who has been through all branches of his trade heads the poll. EBENEZER BENNETT. (From a Photograph by Mr Clark, Porfiir.) Mr Andrew Oaler was born in the year 1841 on the farm of Mearns, on the Kinnordy Estate, near Kirriemuir — now famous as Thrums— which was tenanted by his father, the late Mr John Osier. For many years Mr Osier attended the school at Faskhillock, but received the latter part of his education at Kirriemuir Parochial School. He then served an apprenticeship in the office of the late Mr G. B. Brand, solicitor and banker — his o£Bce training proving most useful to him in after years. Owing to his father's failing health, however, Mr Osier left his desk to follow the plough nt his father's farm. In 1866 his father let»ned the farm of Kintyrie, also upon the Kinnordy estate, and Mr Osier was sent there as manager, and latterly he became tenant. Mr Osier has led a most useful public life notwithstanding his agricul- tural pursuits, for he was for several years a mem- ber of Kirriemuir Parochial Board, and in 1878 he was returned as a trustee of Kirriemuir Parish. He was also returned at the top of the poll at the Kirriemuir School Board election in 1882, Mr Osier, however, is best known in the district as secretary of the Kirriemuir Agricultural Associa- tion, to which Society he has acted as secretary for fifteen years. Mr 'Taylor is chosen as representa- tive, as Mr Oaler withdraws from competition for a place on the Expedition. He is, however, being sent part of the way with the Expedition to render assistance, and he leaves the party at Chicago on a special mission. The following are the highest votes in the Second Ballot :- (Photograph, by Electric Liglit, by Lyd. Sawyer, NewoiWtle.) Ebeiiczcr Bennett, engineer, Newcastle-on-Tyno, brings to the aid of this department an experience which amply justifies his selection. He is a Scots- man, having been born at Kirkcaldy in 1861. Having received the rudiments of knowledge at Abbotshall Parish School, he was entered as an apprentice for seven years to the Messrs J. J. Brown & Co. Kirkcaldy. This firm had a wide reputation for the production of general engineering work, and their specialty waa printing machines. It was a splendid place for an energetic lad to learn his trade, and some of the men that it turned out rose to fill good positions. Not long nf ter becoming a full-fledged journeyman, Mr Bennett was attracted to the Clyde, and he got employment in the work- shops of Messrs Rankin k Blackmore, marine engineers, Greenock. His next employment was with Messrs Randolph k Elder, Glasgow, where he gained further experience regarding the construc- tion of marine engines. Having decided to try his fortunes in England, Mr Bennett got employment with Messrs Clarke, Chapman, &Co, Gateshcad-on- Tyne, general engineers and boilermakers. With this firm he was engaged for eleven years, and for nearly half of that time filled the position of out- side utreman, which gave him abundant opportunity of obtaining a general acquaintance with other Dundee Courier and Dundee Weekly News trkdos, as he had members of other trades under his to know how the Amerioan miner fares and how personal supervision. Seven years ago Mr Benm-tt , his lot compares with that of his kin on this side of entered into the service of Messrs C. A. Parsons A i the aoa. Co., electrical engineers, and at present he has charge of the dynamo department of that firm. Such a varied experience makes him well fitted to inquire into engineering miitters, and his knowledge of the handling of tooU suggests to him the ad- vantage of investigation into the cause why American tools are far ahead of Engliflh ones. Writing on this subject he says, " as the tool exhibits are almost certain to form a very im- portant feature of the Chicago Exhibition, I think that the opportunity for investigation therein offered will be of the most favourable character. A little judicious inquiry might enable us to come to some conclusion as to whether this superiority is due to any superior sharpness on the part of Ameri- can workmen in improving or adopting our old- fashioned tools, or whether it is that patents are more easily procured in the United States than in Britain, or that our cousins are qiiicker in seizing ideas to their own ail vantage." Mr Bennett, outwith the sphere of t;ade matters, has led a busy life, and he has been an active worktr in various social movements. He has taken a leading part in the friendly society movement since he went to Tyneside. Becoming a member of the Order of Druids (Newcastle Equalisation District), he held the office of secretary for nine years, and for two years he was District Grand Master of that powerful body. In 1887 he succeeded, after much effort, in getting a Burns Club established at Gateshead. It is now a thriving institution, and Mr Bennett still retains the i)ost of secretary. He has been also four years treasurer of the Newcastle Scottish Association. In additiim to all this he is r. man of first class character, a man who is held in respect both by master and workmen for his integrity as well as ability. ROBERT A. MUIR. The highest votes in the Second Ballot were KBENKZEn BKNNKrr, Newcastle, WM. JOHNSTON, Newcaatle, ALEXANDER ANDERSON, Bonnybridge, C. F. WHITE, Newcastle WMM'LEOU, Glasgow, JOHN M'EWAN, Glasgow JAMES RAMAGE, Greengairs NBWBV H. Wn^ON, dunderland JAMES YOUNG, Kirriemuir, THOMAS HAMILTON, Glengarnock ANDREW HALL, Dalmuir ANDREW M'GALL, Dunde, WM. LAWRIE, Coatbridge WALTERS. COUPER, Glasgow, .70HN BUCHANAN, GlaHKow JAMES CRUICKSHANKS.Govan, DAVID STEWART, Dundee JAMBS PEATTIE, Tayport 54.') 4'.I7 486 407 403 80!) Stil 359 355 350 313 .SOI 290 257 255 240 244 240 Mining, &c. yVe come next to mining. Without mining we could have neither iron nor coal, and without coal engineering skill in the manipulation of iron would not have reached the high pitch of perfection it has now attained. Neither would we be able now without coal to be travelling sofreely and rapidly by rail or sea as we do, or have such factories as we have. M'ithout coal instead of six weeks an Expedition like ours would probably have occupied not less than four months in getting to Chicago and back. There is to be a large exhibit of mining appliances *t t'.ie World's F.iir, and between that and visits to a m4ning district we look forward to infoimation which will benefit a large part of our population, whose oeoupation is not carried on under the most faTOurabla oonditiona. It will be of cpeoial interest i moving parts. (From Pb()t the homes of the American people. Everyone is interested in having a healthy and comfortable and convenient house. JOHN SINCLAIR. (From a Photograph by R. Milne, Aboyne and CainbHslang.) John Sinclair, mason, 8 Clydeford Terrace, Cambuslang, who ban been elected to represent this department of labour is thirty-six years of age. He was born and brought up in Cambuslang, and was first sent to learn the trade of a blacksmith. Then he served an apprenticeship as a mason, and, as showing his adaptability, it may be mentioned that he has been employed for lengthy periods in both trades, though it is as a mason thnt must of hij life has been employed. Ho is a man who can turn his hand to many things, and his taste for engineering and hii capacity to use his hands is evidenced by the construction of many ingenious contrivpuces. One of the employments of his leisure time was to couMtuct a small locomotive engine which works admirably. The subject of horticul- ture is one on which Mr Sinclair is a keen enthusiast, and his fame as an amateur grower of flowers and fruits is ktiown far beyond his native parish. When only thirteen years of age, with the help of a comrade he manageil to erect a small greenhouse, and was rewarded in the following summer by securing three prizes at the local flower show — not a bad performance for a boy of fourteen. Since then Mr Sinclair has occupied a front place amongst amateur gardeners in the West of Scotland, and he has managed to carry off as many as thirty prizes in one season. He is an expert grower of vines, and at the great horticultural show in Glasgow took the first prize with his exhibit of grapes. As a man, Mr Sinclair is held in high respect for the great interest he manifests in religin.4s, social, and philanthropic movcment.s. He has appeared with success on the public platform, and has had k -n- siderable intercourse with various classes of people, a visit to the Paris Exhibition being amongst the experiences of his busy life. The following are the iMi^licst votes in the Second Ballot:— JOHN SINCLAIR, Cambuslang, WILLIAM MITCHELL, Dundee, JAMES FLEMING, Peebles JAMES DAVID, Dundee PETER CUUICH.SHAXK, Peterluiul, IIOUEIIT LENNiE, Aiflrie, MICHAEL HtitSDN, St-xkton lOHN CUOLL, Aberdeen, 546 386 242 208 120 119 151 IOC Woodwork, Furnishing, &c. THOMAS LOGAN. (From a Photograph by Ovinlns Davis, Glasgow.) Thomas Logan, 157 Shamrock Street, Glas- gow, is thirty years of age, and a native of Glasgow. He learnt his trade with Messrs Wylie & Loch head, and then i)roceeded to Manchester, where he was for a short time in the employ of Messrs Kendel & Milne. Returning to Glasgow, he entered the workshop of Messrs A. M'Kiiy & Co., art furniture makers, and he has now been in the employment of that firm for nearly eight years. Mr Logan's qualiflcutions are of Jie highest. A man of irieproachablo character, and esteemed for his genial nature, he has thi reputation of being a first-cla.-7S PETER MEKCHAN, Edinburgh, 032 A. B. PYPFE, Jiin., Glendoick, •• 7S8 DAVID IRELAND, Dundee, f>00 WM. LILBURN, Lochee, 54S H. M. BROWN. Beith, 610 TH08. CLARKE, Liverpool, 405 JAMES DEANS, Shotts 8P8 ROBERT HOME, GlMROW, 305 JOHN KELLY, Anntruther, 288 ALFRED HTURT, NewcMt'e 215 J. S. ROGER, Glasgow 211 MUNGO SMITH. Textile Industries, &c. We now come to the manifestation of increased civilisation and the consequently increased want of commodities, for increasing civilisation means increasing needs. The savage was usually content with some wild animal's skin wherewith to cloth himself, but civilised humanity must have all kinds of fabrics for personal comfort and adornment, and for the embellishment of the home. Only to hint at the subject, is it not the case that curtains for windows, and carpets and rugs for floors, have become almost absolute necessities of our modern life ? Dundee is very largely engaged in two branches of textile manu- factures—flax and jute— and these along with other textile induatries, such as cotton and wool, make spinning and weaving together one of the greatest industries of Great Britain. (Prom a Photogragh by Ferrier, Dundee.) Mungo Smith is one of the working men stalwarts of the City of Dundee. A giant in stature, his soldierly figure and cheery face are quite familiar at public gatherings of working men, and in the famous fighting Fifth Ward he is an acknowledged leader. Born at Cluny, in Perthshire, he received his education at the Parish School of Lethendy, and when quite a young man he came to Dundee and served his apprenticeship aa a powerloom tenter. He then entered the employment of Messn Thiebault k Small, Rockwell Works, Dundee, and there for twenty-seven years he has been at his post, doing his duty in a way which has wow him the respect and esteenr alike of employers and employes. Some years after he entereid Rockwell Works the concern was acquired by Mr W. L. Boase, and so the greater part of Mr Smith's active service has been under this well-known leading citizen. Away back in the days of the fight for the franchise, Mr Smith took his full share of the battle in the city, and was one of the speakers at the great Franchise Demonstration held on the Magdalen Green. When residing in the parish of Mains and Strathmartine he was elected by popular vote to the School Board, and served with credit the full term of three years, being publiclv thanked for his services, and requested to permit himself to be again nominated, a request which, as he had then removed out of the parish, he could not well comply with. For over twelve rears he has been connected with the Ancient Order of Foresters, and, of course, took a close and active interest in the affairs of the Order, serving as secretary, sub- chief, and chief, and being on various occasions sent to represent the city at Scottish conferences. A thorough believer in the value of co-operative effort, Mr Smith was one of the promoters of the Dundee and District Co-Operative Coal Supply Society for some years, rendering valuable aid as director and now its chairman, directing the fortunes of this Society. He was also one of the promoters of the Dundee Economic Building Societies, which have been enthusiastically sup- ported and made successful by the working folks of the city, and he has served as director of all these societies, and is still a leading member of the Boards of two of the societies. As the Dositions of trust which Mr Smii.u has held, or still holds, are all elective, it will be seen that he has earned the esteem of those for whom he has worked. He is dourly tenacious of his opinions, but possesses ^ native shrewdness which prevents him from jump- ing to hastily-formed conclusions. Those who have met Mr Smith as antagonists aver that he will fight bravely for what he believes to b'j the tight, bat that without display of bitternesa. Mi pla me tio an of ab» cot me Artimn Exj^dition to the World's Fair. 11 Mr Smith quite understands that all work and no play makcH a man a dullard, and like most busy men he has learned to make the moit o( his recrea- tion. For long he was an enthuHiastio volunteer, and worked his way up from the rankx to the post of quartrrmastcr-Hcrgcant. He is also an enthuni- at.i'io cyclist, and can take a spin away into the country and get back to duty while some lethargic men are wondering how he can find time to do no much. A good all-round specimen of the Scottish working man, Mungo Smith will be a representa- tive who will hold hia own with the best of our cousins in the States, Other Manufactures- The next largest voto in manufactures is in pape' making. The papcrmaking industry has in recent years been making great strides, and nowhere so rapid as in America. With the effect of the School Board system and free education, the spread of night classes and technical institutes, the demand for reading matter, both in the shape of books and newspapers, is daily increasing. In this office alone there is sometimes as much as forty tons in a week consumed. It was therefore considered that there should be a representative of an industry, in the product of which all are interested, and by the cheapness of which all are benefitted. WILLIAM SMITH. (From a Pliotogrnph by MessrH Prophet, Dundee.) William Smith, papermaker, Denny, is a man in the prime of life, having been born in the village of Juniper Green, Midlothian, in 1853. He re- ceived his schooling at the Parish School of Denny, and when thirteen years of age went to work in the papermills owned by Messrs Duncan k Sons. After- wards he was employed for five years at Bonny- bridge at moulding sewing machine castings, but, returning to the papermaking, he worked for periods of various length at mills at Bonnybridge, Denny, and Bathgate. He was also for some time in the service of the Clyde Paper Company, and is presently in the employment, which has extended over eight years, of Mr John Luke, jun., of the Anchor Paper Works, Denny. Mr Smith is held in high esteem amongst all classes in Denny, ami he has the reputation of being a man of superior intelligence. He is in touch with every movement that affeoti the papcrmaking ind'utry, and has followed with the clo^iest interest every development which has influenced that trade in recent years. He is deeply sensible of the untiring industry that i:* needed to prevent the papermak- ing trade of Great Britain being swamped by foreign competition, and the new materials used in America to produce cheap paper, such as spent MUgar cane, ke., affords opportunities for profitable investigation, which a man of his perception will make a good use of. Mr Smith will also avail him- self of every chance that comes in his way of in- Hpecting processes of light castings. Mr Smith has taken an active interest in the volunteer movement, liaving been for eleven years a member of G Com- pany (Denny) 4th Volunteer Battalion Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders. He is also a dog and pigeon fancier, has identified himself with both co-operative and friendly societies, being a member of the Orders of Foresters and Shepherds. Mr Smitii is likewise a member of the Stirling Economic Building Society, so that it will be seen he is in thorough sympathy with every movement for ameliorating the conditions of the workers. The following are the highest votes in the Second Ballot :— WILLIAM SMITH, Denny, 790 MUNGO SMITII, Diindee, 550 J. H. PERKS, Dundee 349 WILLIAM SMITH, Bonhill, 221 W. M 'ALPINE, Calderoruix, 215 J. M'NEIL, Airdrie 204 JOHN C. HENDRY, Brechin, 166 A. SMITH, Hawick, 181 J. CAMERON, Greenock, 179 PETER M'liAREN, OsIashielH 168 Shipbuilding. The pre-eminence of this country in the con- struction of ships is undisputed, and the industry ranks aa one of the first importance. Since the adaptability of iron and steel for Bhipbuilding purposes has been demonstrated the progress and development m.\de in this direction in various parts of Great Britain have been most marvellous, com- pletely outdistancing all competitors. Oa the Clyde the industry has grown to such dimensions as almost to overshadow any other in importance, and it has made the city of Glasgow and its noble river famous throughout the whole world. Among I the crowning achievements of Scottish shipbuilding ! are these colossal vessels built by the Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company for the Cunard Line— the Campania and Lucania. The Americans at one time had a large ocean tonnage, but through protective measures and otherwise her foreign-going fleet greatly fell oif. In inland navigation, however, no other country can touch her. There are two great water systems in America— first the Mississipi and tributaries, esti- mated to have 16,660 miles navigable to steam- boats and 20,221 miles navigable to barges ; and, second, the St Lawrence and the Great Fresh Water Lakes from which and through which it flows. Close to or on this river and the lakes are many of the great cities. Chicago itself is on one of the lakes, and this has largely caused its great- ness. There are also Detroit, Cleveland, Buffalo, Toronto, and Montreal between it and the ocean. It is in the plans, fittings, and furnishings of the splendid river boats of America that something may be learned. Many of these boats are got up like floating palaces. The fortunate candidate in this nepartmont is a workman in the far-famed Fairfield Shipbuilding Yard. 13 Duvilfe Courier and Dundee Weekly News DAVID BROWN. IH gained in the Fairfield Compan.v's joiner siiop in IJovan, where for fifteen years I have daily been cominn into contact with one macliine or another, I can confidently say that I am Hpccially qualified to investigate and report upon woodcutting maciiinery, in which I take a very great inteiost in(leed." The highest votes in the Second liallot were :— DAVID UROWN, Govftn, *'■>* JOHN FULTON, Partick 2i8 JOHN COPLAND, Oovan 8«7 KSAAO ANDERSON, Jnrrow, 216 F. ,1. LKlOn, Whittinuh, 132 A. MOasMAN, LeiU 179 David Brown, 20 Princes Street, Govan, la in his forty- fifth year, and is a native of Campai ', Stir- lingshire. His parents removed to the Hamilcoii district. He received his education at St John's Grammar School, Hamilton, where he proveil him- self a scholar of no ordinary capacity. He was taught drawing, mathematics, Latin, and Greek, and evidence of hia diligence is afforded by tiie fact that he succeeded in gaining the prize for Greek translation. Having displayed a construc- tive bent of mind, his parents decided to allow him to follow his natural inclinations, and accordingly he served his apprenticeship as a joiner and cart- wright. When his time had ei, ired he went to Glasgow, and worked for some years with Messrs Cowan k Sons, Waterloo Street, and after- wards with Messrs Bowie. He was determined to get a thtorough knowledge of his trade, and in both these employments he was entrusted with the charge of he work. His next employment was with the Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Coy., Limited, the builders of the famous Cunarders Campania and Lucania. In this situation Mr Brown has remained for fifteen years. It will thus be seen that he has a wide range of subjects within his gra»p. He can write as carpenter, joiner, or cart- wrignt. Though latterly connected with the ship- building industry his early country training has not been lost, and he has followed with interest the progress that has been made in the manufacture of agricultural implements and machinery. Work- ing in an establishment which keeps 600 joiners employed, he could not fail to be im- pressed with the important part played by wood- cutting machinery, and his own words on this sub- ject may be appropriately quoted here — "The joiner trade has changed very materially during my experience, caused principally by the introduc- tion of wood-cutting machinery wherever it could be adopted, whereby enormous labour is saved and many old fashioned methods done away with. In former years before wood-cutting machinery was developed, you migiit bo safe in saying that the man who was gifted with the greater bodily strength was the better tradesman. Now all that is completely changed, The joiner who now fully comprehends the capabilities and requirements of the different machines he is brought to contend with lias the best advantage. In passing I may remark that with the amount of experience I have Railways. The swift appliances of modern civilisation— the locomotive, the telegraph, and the steam printing press, of which latter the great Quadruple Maohino of the Weekly News is the most stupendous example in Europe— have effected a transformation of the face of the earth. New territories have been opened up, and an abundance of cheap land has in consequence relieved the pressure that existed in congested countries, and done not a little to pro- mote the general welfare of the people. Barbarism has disappeared before their advance, and they have been able to impress their stamp upon the character of communities. The railway in our time lias done more in one generation than the slow evolutions of many centuries had brought about, and in ihe Western States of America we have this illustrated. There was first the railroad, then the town, then the farm. Chicago itself owes more than any other city in the world to the locomotive, for it was th» railway companies who chiefly helped to build it up. Fully one-third of the railway systems of the United States centres there, and, with its branches, comprises over 66,000 miles of permanent way. Here then is afforded an oppor- tunity for investigating the methods of railway labour unequalled in the whole world. Such in- quiry is of interest to the general public as having a direct bearing on its safety and its comfort. Public opinion cla'ms a right to express itself regarding the hours of ;-rtilway men, the fitness of appliances, and the faci'.-ties for rapid and comfortable travelling. These are matters that require looking into, for nobody pretends that there is not ample room for improvements and reforms ; and it may be sufficient to mention that the systems of machinery in use in mines and private works are in man^ cases far more effective than those on our railways. Another matter of universal interest connected with this department is the working of insurance against death, accident, &c, something of which nature in a general way has been recently advocated in Parlia- ment. The insurance of workmen by their employers is certainly worth knowing something about. It is also worthy of mention that the enginedrivers have one of the most successful organisations in America, aiid their Society baa during its thirty years' existence evolved many difficult labour problems, and settled not a fe'.v. The successful candidate in this department is employed on a railway which has done much to open up Scotland and to connect towns communi- cation between which was most tedious in bygone ilays. We refer to the North British Railway, by whose enterprise those two great monuments of engineering skill— the Tay Bridge and the Forth Bridge— have been erected, thus bringing the large of Scotland all within easy reach of each I t4 cities other. Artisan Expedition to the IForld's Fair. 18 DAVID O. WATSON. (From a Pliotngraph by Measra Propliot, Dundee.) The successful candidatr, r>avi(l G. Watson, loco- motive driver, Dundee, is a i :ktive of Purtlisliire, having been born at Blairgowrie thirty-six yeaiH ago. He received his education at Forfar, anil latterly Muckliart Parish Sciinul. When seventeen years of age he entered the locomotive department of the North British Rai way Company, and has never been at any other employment. He has served through all the grades from cleaner to engine- driver, and has driven all sorts of engines and every description of train over all the North British system— from Aberdeen to Carlisle, Berwick- on-Tweed, Glasgow, &c. Ho is, indeed, familiar with about a thousand miles of road, over which he can run by night or day. Mr Watson is noted amongst his fellow - workers for his readiness to grasp details. He is quick to see a thing, but is not content till he feels that ho has mastered it. He will make it his special object to secure information regarding every- thing relating to American railways. He will take note of the construction of locomotives, the soita of couplings, the modes of signalling, the rate of speed at which trains run, the brake power used, the length of journey made in one day. and the rates of pay in the different grades. He will also try to find out what rates are charged for goods and pas- sengers. Mr Watson hopes to enjoy a run on the engine along some of the American railroadj. The following are the highest votes in the Second Ballot: — D. G WATSON, Dundee 730 JAMES TAYLOR, Gliiagow, &-22 BOBEIIT AITKEN, Glasgow 43o JAMBS HASTIE, Glangow, 420 DAVID TODU, Dundee, 348 T. J. M'NAUGHT, Greenock, 26tJ WILLIAM NKIL, Carstairs, 240 J. T. WILSON, Washington Station, .. 214 Metallurgy, &c. The greater part of the mechanic's work is done through the agency of that most useful of all metals — iron. (In this, of course, we include steel, which is but iron with a small percentage of carbon.) In no industry perhaps has America made such progress as in iron and steel production, r jn-ore is to-day mined in twenty-three States of the American Union, and Americans have boasted that they can lay down their steels in Sheffield. The mineral resources of the Great West are simply inexhaustible, and in Texas alone are great masses of iron said to be equal in quantity and quality to any deposits in the world, and such facts as those have encouraged the Americans to believe that for iron manufactures they are bound eventually to capture the markets of the world. In view of the strong competition the selection of a steel-worker is most appropriate. ROBERT DUN LOP. (Prom ii Pliiitograpli by MeaHni Tliuki, Glasgow). Robert Dunlop, Motherwell, is another man who may i>e counted on to do his bust to make the Expedition a success, and those who know him will R.iy that etfort on his part will not he wanting to secure that end. Mr Dunlop is thirty-eight years of age, and a native of Motherwell. He attended the Motherwell Ironworks School, thei, began to learn the trade of a joiner, but leaving this served for four years as a puddler with tho Ulaigow Iron Company at Motherwell. After the expiry ^f his apprenticeship ho remained in the employment of the same Company for eight years. He next found employment with Messrs David Colville ir- Sons", of which he has remained for nearly ten years, working as a steel-smelter. Ho has worked as third hand, second hand, and is now first hand on the furnace. He is not only able to speak with confidence on the various processes of steel manufacture, but capable of describing them in clear and lucid language. He has made himself familiar with the conditions that affect bis trade, and as a leader he is trusted by his felluw-workers and respected by the employers. On three separate occasions he has been President of the British Steel Smeltcr.'t' Amalgamated Association, has been almost con- tinuously a member of Council, and only last week was sent as a delegate to Newcastle to represent the Motherwell ateelworkers 'it a conference re- garding the regulation of wages. As a trades leader he is shrewd, far-seeing, and practical, and the policy pursued by his Society is worthy of more general imitation. The relations between the employers and the workmen are, as Mr Dunlop points out, on the whole very satisfactory. "Any alteration required in the mode of work or the rate of wages is notified to the General Secretary, who immediately informs the Executive Council, who take measures tofindoutthefeelingof the men on the point at issue. If they think the rec^uest justified they may agree to the change. If they think the employers' pro- posal unjust they ask tlie employers to meet them in conference and discuss the question. As a rule the masters agree to this, and always receive the men with courtesy. Nearly every dispute is settled by this means without a strike." Mr Dunlop from his official position has been in a way forced to study the social condition of the workers, and the experience tnus gained he hope.s to turn to good use in America. Besides endeavouring to find out cU about the latest improved machinery used in the making of steel, he will devote special attention to the condition of life amongst the wage-earners in America, and the letter he has written on this sub- ject shows that he will not approach it with a mind M Dundee Cimrier and Dundee H^eeUy News warped bjr prejudice, that he will rely on no hear- nay evidence, but will oearcb out the truth for him- itelt. It may be added in concluHion that, amonsnt other itrong recominendationg, \» one from Mr Joint Hodge, the president of last year's Trades Unioit Connress, who, speaking from absolute personal knowledge, describes Mr Duiilup as a man who "is thoroughly steady and reliable, and would make an excellent member of the Expedition." He has been a life-long abstainer, and though his work is very exacting and exhausting he has never felt the need for stimulants. He is a co-operator, and may be said to have imbibed the principle by birth, for his father was one of the founders of Dalziol Co-Opcra- tive Society. Mr Dunlop is also a member of the Free Gardeners. The highest votes in the Second Ballot were :— no BERT DUNLOP, Motherwell 274 BOBBRT WOOD, Olaegow 168 WILLIAM WILKIE, Glasgow HI* JOHNCilUN'IX, OlMgow Hi JOHN M'A.NNULTY, Mossend Vi BOBKBT CAKSO.V 10 The Conductor of the Tour. JAMES MUKRAY. James Murray, who will act as Conductor of the Expedition, is a thoroughly trained journalist. He is also a practical printer, having served his appren- ticeship in the office of the Dundee Courier. He afterwards joined the reporting staff of that paper, and eventually rose to the position of ebief reporter. A fact which will strike the reader who devote* any attention to the qualifications of the inemberi of the Expedition is the all-round fitness that they possess. They are men who can turn their hand mostly to anything, and evidence of this may best be shown in the following list of departments of labour that they represent :- - Agrricultural Hachioemsker. BIsckimith. Boilermaker. BuildHr. Csbinetm&ker. Carpenter. Csrtwright. Dsiryiiig. Devorstiun. Ulectrical Bngineeriog. Farming. Furniture Designing. General Engineering. Herticulture. Ironmoulding Iron working. Joiner. LooomotWs EngiDsdrivlng. Machine Cuoatruction. Marine Eogineering. Mining. Pit-»inking. Faperiiiaking. Printing. Plough man. Fowerloom. Puddling. Railway Work. tiuulptuie. Hhipyard Work. ytonemason. Steel-Making. 8touk-Br«eding. Bteaiuiiower Appiicatioa Banitation. Spinning of Tarn. Technical Training. Tool-Making. Weaving of Textile Fabrioi Wuodcarving. (From a Photograph by Meeert Prophet, Dundee.) It will be seen that most of the fortunate men h«Te taken an active share in social reforms of varioui j kinds. We have co-operators, members of friendly and building societies, men who are interested both I in elementary and in technical education, who have busied themselves in the management of municipal afifairs, and who aie recognised leaders on labour questions. All, without exception, are men who have striven after self -improvement, and that, too, with success. EXTENSION OF WEEKLY NEWS EXPEDITION SCHEME. NEW DEVELOPMENT. TRi? TO THE PACIFIC. A GREAT RAILWAY JOURNEY. (From the " WeeUy Newt " of 10th June.) Ab readers of the Weekly News are aware, Mr Frederick Thomson is at present in America mak- ing arrangements for the management of the Expedition of Workingmen, which leaves thi~ country about a fortnight hence to investigate into the condition of labour in America. On this side of the Atlantic, also, the work of perfecting the organisation of the tour is being actively carried on. Agricultural, engineering, and other experts have supplied much valuable information for the guidance of the members of the Expedi- tion, and we also have to acknowledge the assistance so willingly rendered by railway, steamship, and passenger agents, prominent among whom have been Mr P. Fleming, of Messrs Fleming k Haxton, High Street, Dundee, and Mr Jas. A. Anderson, Paumure Street, Dundee, who have advised as to routes and other matters for the transportation and travel- ling comfort of the party. Many friends have offered their personal assistance as well aa letters of introduction with the view of affording the most ample means of reaching those sources in America regarding which full and accurate infor- mation is most to be desired. The result of these various efforts is that already we find ourselves enabled to announce an Important Extension of the scheme as originally formulated. Mr F. Thomson has just cabled that he has coneladed arrangements for a detachment of the Expedition to make a trip across the American Continent to Vancouver, on the shores of the Pacific, involv- ing an overland journey of some 3000 miles. As indicating the enormous distauee that will be Artisan Expedition to tlu ll^orlitt Fair. 1ft trftferied it may be mentioneil that tht train leaves Montreal at half-past eight o'oloolc in the even- ing, on the Uanailian Pacifio Kailwav, ami it u not till the afternoon of the aixth day that it reaobea ita destination— Vancouver City. The engine ii changed at certain pointi, but the rest of the train goes over the entire rout«— all along the Dorth shore of Lake Superior, aoroM the thousand miles of western prairie, and through the Kooky Mountains and the Selkirks of British Columbia. Twice a day a halt of half an hour is nia«le, uffording passengers an opportunity to stretch their logs ; but the journey is continuous, and the tiain lusheu on through the dark liours of the night when the passengers have retired to rest, the same as it does through the bright hours of the day, and, as wc have said, this is the longest continuous rail- way journey in the worlil, requires a week for its accuinplishment. Of the advantages which will bo derived from the journey over this route it is not ui'oessary to speak in detail meantime. Western Canada has in recent years been that part of the world to which the .Scottish agricultural labourer has directed bis attention as the most likely to secure for himself independence and fortune. It is a new country, rich in natural resources, and a great service can be done by ascertaining what are ANOTHER EXTENSION. the advantages that it can give to any who are dis- posed to make use of the opportunities that it hsM to otfer. A portion of the journey lies through one of the finest wheat-growing areas in the worlut, while along the foothills of the Kockies, beyond tlis strictly agricultural lands, are large tracts of ud- occupied grassy lands suitable for ranching pur- poses. The city of Winnipeg is a great mart of mdustry that will well repay a visit, for it promises to be one of the greatest outlets for the Overcrowded Labour Obannels of Europe. It is noted for its marvellous progress, its prosperity, and the enterprise of its eitisens. The route presents a variety of noble and ever- changing scenery, which has no c()ual in the world. A run across the Western Prairie gives an oppor- tunity fur inspecting the innumerable homesteads and farms dotted here and thert. Later on the Rooky Mountains slowly rise into view, "and thenceforth scenes of Alpine magnificence surround the traveller" as the train speedson beneath majestic heights, and through apparently impassable fast- nesses towards Uritish Columbia witli its exquisite climate and unsurpassed beauties. Other arrangements, directed to make the Weekly Newt Expedition as comprehensive and far-reaching as possible are in progress, and we are sanguine enough to believe that thay will be crowned with success. VISIT TO NOVA SCOTIA. WELCOME FROM A 3C0T0- AMERICAN POET (Prom the Wtekly News of 17th June, 1893.) A Tour throuffh Nova Scotia It has now been found pOHsible to inotuile in the programme of the Expedition, so that wliile one part of it will be exploring in the extreme west of the great Continent the other will be in the extreme east inquiring into all that the Maritime Provinces of Canada have to reveal. What this may be can be conceived when it is remembered that Nova Scotia is in point of mineral wealth the richest province in the Dominion, having produc- tive coal mines, mangaiieHe, gypsum, building stone, and petroleum. The coal aieas cover something like 685 square miles, anci the seams at present being worked are from four to nine feet thick in the Cape Breton or Sydney fields, from six feet to thirty-four feet in the Pictou basin, and from four to thirteen feet thick in the Cumi)erland district. Regarding iron ores. Sir M'illiain Dawson observes that " even in Great Britain itself the two great staples of Mineral Wealth are not in more enviable contiguity, and the iron ores of Great Britain are as a rule neither so rich nor so accessible as those of Nova Scotia." It is alone among all the provinces the one where the fuel fluxes and ore occur close together, and the ore beds are generally easy of access near water or rail- way transport. Blast furnaces have been erected, and it can hardly be doubted that the iron and steel manufactures of Nova Scotia are bound at no distant date to occupy a very important rank amongst the resources of America. Mr F. Thomson, who arrived at Chicago a few days ago, has cabled that he has completed arrangements by which it will be possible for a detachment of the Expedition to make a visit to Nova Scotia, while other impor- tant extensions are in progress. The interest excited amongst Scotsmen in .\ merica regarding tlie Workingmen's Expedition is evi- denced in the following graceful lines. The author is Mr. Charles Campbell, of Forbush, Appanvose Co., Iowa: — JiOiig s vuluntar; exile from " Auld Scotia's hills and dslsa," I stili dearly lure niy Dative land, and take a deep intureat in all that pertui. " to tb* welfare of her Honi and daughters. Having tK u .: reader uf yuiir luiper for some time through the euurteejr of a friend, sod thoroughly adniiring the patriotism and public spirit diaplayad by your generous gift to repre- Miitativea of the working classes to freely view ilie greitt object lesson of the age, I have written the eiicloued more in a spirit of certainty that such will be th» conduct of your represeot'tivet than with any intention of giving advioe. When from thy varied page I scan Thy gen'rous gift, thy uoble plan, Whereby a baud uf toilers free This wuhd'rous World's Fair shall see, I forward look with hopes of pride, Thitt, safely landed on this side, Auld Scotia's world-wide fair renown They with fresh laurels still may crown ; And with a manly, honest heart, KHch workingmau will do his part 'i'o add fresh lustre to her fame. And brighten anew the itooltisii name. And when before their eyes are spread This glorious feast, let it be said Uy those who Scotia's sons discern These men came here to see and Uam, Let |>rejudica be left behind, Let liberal judgment rule each mind, For thus *' preivtred" alone is he Who seeks this World'c Fair to see. And when their glorious trip is o'er, And back they seek their native shore, May each a wealth of knowledge bring From which great good alone may spring. It will be seen that another important exten>ion of the Expedition scheme has been arranged fur, and that while one detachment will proceed to the extreme west of the American Continent anotlier party will penetrate into the extreme east. Parti- culars regarding some of the circumstances that render desirable the inclusion of the maritime pro- vinces of Canada within the scope of the tour of observation are given in another column, and tfie information that is likely to be gained from the visit to Nova Scotia is bound to add to the value and interest of the object aimed at by the Expedi* tion. H 10 Dundee Courier and Dundee JFeekly News A SPECIMEN OF THE COMBINED SKILL OK BRITISH AND AMERICAN ENGINEERS Axn PRINTING MACHINE MAKERS. „„H„m, l„r.•^,c", .•o-.",.."... ."i.-"u."t, ^,,..,^.u.i"-'M"u.."..."iM THE PIONEER QUADRUPLE PRINTING PRESS. The .ibove is an illustration of the large printing press now being completed by Messrs. R. HoE 5: Co., of London and New York, for the Dundee Courier and Dundee Weekly News, to print, fold, and court papers of 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, and 24 pages, at the rate of 48,000 8-pagc papers per hour. This machine will form the eleventh machine employed in the production of these papers. Although built in London, the plans are the result of a most careful investigation by Mr. D. C. Thomson into the best machines on both sides of the Atlantic. The above and preceding 16 pages is a reprint of the preliminary pamphlet, issued to thoto objects of Expedition. € LIBRARY FOR USE OF DELEGATES. It may be mentioned that ample provision was mado to enable the members of tlie ExpeUition to paH8 the lane both profitably and pleaHHutly at sea. Quite a small library waa proviiled for their especial use, amongst the books included being— "The Ameri- can Commonwealth," by Professor Bryoe, M.P. ; " The AnienoauB at Home," by Rev. David Macrae ; " 'i'hu LAbour Movement in America," by Professor Ely; "America and the Americans," by Cralb ; "United States Constitutional H'story," by Sterne; "Proflt-Shuiing,"by Oilman; "Wealth and Pro- gress of America;" "Triumphant Deniooraoy," by Carnegie; Booth's "Darkest England;" "United States Pictures ;" U.S. and Canadian Blue Bjokr, besides an extensive variety of lighter reading. f Artisan Expedition to America. 17 Viking Ship, remains of which are in the vcsBel in which tlie Norsemnn crossed the breadth, 15 ft.; depth, 7 ft. Carrying capa- Christiania University JIuseum. Type of Atlantic about 1000 A.D, Length, (56 ft.; city, 30 tons. The Santa Maria, in which Columhns 71 feet ; breadth, 25 feet ; depth, 12 feet 0. The Thomson Line Steamer " lona," lit whioli tlio Momhers of the ArtiNivn Kxpeilition crosseii the Atlantic, In 1893. Ijength, 360 feet ; breadth, 44 feet j depth, 20 foot 6 inchoH. 'I'onnage, desdweight, 5,200 Tons; diBplaooment, 8,000 tons. 1 BEGINNING THE JOURNEY. fi A MEMORABLE DAY. Satunlay, tlie 2ltli June, was a memorable day in the annals of labour in this country, and it was also the day which the hundreds of tliousamls ot the readers of tlie Diuulee Wcekli/ Newn have been looking forward to for some weeks with tlie • ost intense interest. It was, besides, a memuiabie ilay in the annals of journalism, as it witm-ssed wliat may be termed the inauguration of the greatest and most unique enterprise ever undertaken in coniicc- tion with any newspaper in Great liritain. Tliis was the departure of the Artisan ICxpeditiou to America, organised and desjjatched by the pro- prietors of the n''cekl!J News for the purpose— in addition to visiting and inspecting the AVorld's Fair at Uliicagu— of inquiring into and reporting as to tlie whole conditions of labour in the United States and Canada, more especially as regards their bear- ing on our liomo labour problems, and with the view of imjjruving the circumstances of the great mass of wage-earners in this country. Tlie selection of the men to form the Expedition called into force a voting power comiiared with which the polling of the largest parliamentary constituencies of Great Biitain sinks into insignificance. The outcome of tins unicjue elec- tion was that working men of exceptional ability and superior intelligence wen- appointeil. Since then ari: r.ijements for facilitating the work of the Ex- pedition and promoting the comfort of its members have been actively pushed on, aiul the original con- ception oi the project has been groally outgrown. A portion of the Expedition, includ. Mr Andrew Osier, farme>-, Kintyrie, near Kirriemuir, who is to act as Special Commissioner of tUe Dundee Courier, will traverse the American Continent from ocean tu ocean, and visit Vancouver, and this enormous extension will permit of other places of interest being seen. Another detachment of the Expedition will include the jMatitime Provinces of Canada within their tour, where the resources of mineral wealth are such as to deserve careful imiuiiy. Cordial in- vitations to the Expedition have been extended from all parts of America, and the great estublislinient ot the Caiiregie steel and Iron Company, ot Tittsburg, is only one amongst many works where the membeis are assured of a friendly widcome. As was natural, the real starting point of the Expedition was Dundee, thuugh BIr Osier was the first to leave home, setting out on his journey of 12,000 miles on Friday evening. At Kirriemuir station many of Mr Osier's friends bad assembled to bieath, succes- sively joined the party, and the express from the West brought with it a large contingent, cjiisisting of Mr Thomas Logan, woodcarver, (Masgow; Mr John Sinclair, mason, Cambuslang ; Mr D. Urown, shipbuilder, Govan ; and IMr Robert Dun'op, stool- worker, Motlierwell. Along "'Ih these travelled Mr Aiulrew Anderson, of the Weckh/ Ncwn, hy whom the western delegates were introduced and handed over to the conductor. Edinburgh was left at 10.10 a, m. , ten minuteslate, and as the train rushed tlirough the fertile Lothians the condition and forward state of the crops elicited expressions of high admiration from the agricultural representatives, During this stage, and indeed throughout the whole journey, Air Watson, who seemed to know every telegiaidi post on the line, v,':>s of great service to the party in locating the tlitfeisnt places jiassed. The style of farming in the north of England did not, how- ever, give so great satisfaction. Newcastle was reached at 12.4.J p.m., and here the Expeditiu.i was completed by the inclusion of Mr Ebenezer Bennett, electrical engineer, many of whose friends assembled to see him off. Fiom thence the dele- dates tiavellcii to Middlesbrough, and by three o'clock were safely on board tlio large and splendid Thomson Line steamer lona, which is conveying them to Montreal. Captain Sangster, captain- superintendent of the Thomson Line, and Captain Cummings, of the Zona, gave all a coidlal welcome, and every arrangement having being made for their acceramudation, each one was in a fi.w minutes most comfortably berthed and in tho best of spirits, and ready to cummcnco the long soa journey before liiin. Mr Andrew Osier, the Special Commissioner to the Dundee Courier, sent an interesting letter which appeared in that journal on Tuesday last, in which he makes mention of the various matters of interest to agriculturists that hu intends to devote attention to in Arherioa. The luna left Middlesbrough at one o'clock on Sunday morning, and at 3.40 a.m. on Monday passed Dunnet Head at the entrance to the Pentland Firth. Y. Artisan Rxp'idiHon fn America. 19 SPLENDID PliOGRESS IN AMERICA. VISIT TO NIAGAK/V FALLS. WELCOMED .0N« ROUTE. From the Weckh/ News of the 1,5th July, Mr Frederick Thomson, who remahied in Americjv to soe the H\-rklii Ncii^s Artisan Expedition fairly started, ciibled to us as follows from Toi'onto : — "When I wired ^ you on Tuesday last; I expected the lona i would reach hero on Wednesday night, but, owing to fog in tlie river between Father Point and Montreal, the steamer was de- layed for over half a day, not getting up to the wharf at Montreal till the afternoon of Thursday. Notwithstanding the loss of the forenoon, the members have made good use of their time, and amongst other sights and industries they have visited at Montreal and here are the Canadian Pacitic Railroad engine workshops, farm implement, electric, and furniture works ; alscj seiiools, news- paper and other public otlicos, so have made a good commencement. The Expedition goes on from here to Niagara, where the members will rest for a day, then proci'od straight to Cliicago, so as to hivvo plenty time at the \Vi)rld's Fair. The members all express their delight witli the j)assage across the Atlantic, being favoured with lino weather the whole way. They are all in good health and spirits, and thoroughly tintlmsiastic about tlie great mission they are setting out t,o undertake. I intend leaving Montreal for home on the 12th by the lona, before whick I expect to have completed all arangements. I am to travel with the Expedition to Niagara, wliero wo part, and I go on fnmi there to Now York for a few days before sailing from this side." The conductor of the Expedition cabled on Sunday as follows ; — After com- pleting visits to various industries and establishments in Toronto, the Expedition *-: -lied on to Niagara, which town was reached on Friday evening, and since then the njonibers have not imly had every facility for seeing the Falls from varioua points of view from which they could be .seen to advantage, but have been diligent in inspecting the various works carried on in the neighbourhood. The paper and pulp mills were of special interest to Mr Smith, the papermaker from Denny, while the electric works contained much to interest not only Mr Bennett the electric engineer from Newcastle, but all the others as well, and the whole of tiie members had the privilege of seeing the great turbine wheels which supply the motive power for all the factories and workshops in the town. They also inspected the Niagara Electric Railway, the power for which is jot from the same source. The turbines are driven by water taken from the River Niagara above the Fall, and it is expected that in a few years Miiigar.i will rank amongst the largest of the mauufacturingcities of the Con- tinent on account of the cheapness and cleanness of the motive power. '''he mem- bers are all well, but the weather in the meantime is very changeable. We are going straight to Chicago, which every one is eager to reach, so as to have ample time to seo the many sights there. Wo are getting a hearty welcome all along the route, and are receiving every facility and freedom for e.vaminiiig and inspecting the various industries, Mr Frederick Thomson telegraphing from New York on Tuesday night, 11th July.says:— Since I cabled you last Friday from Toronto, I travelled on to Niagara with the Expedition. The members were perfectly delighted with the sight of the great Fall. As intended, I left the Expedition at Niagara to come on to New York, but the Conductor will no doubt cable you regarding the visits to tho water- works, turbines, &c. Amongst other things, T have just arranged in Now York for the •20 Dundee Courier and Dundee Weekly News i i: artisans visiting the great shipbuilding yard of Messrs Cramp, Pliiladelpiiia, find the great paperworks at H(.lyoke. I tind it is iiiipossibleto complete matters in time to get baok tu Montreal to sail for homo to-morrow, 80 I am to sail direct from New York on Satur- day first by the steamer New York, and will reach Southampton in the end of next week. I am confident the members of the Expedi- tion will give a good account of themselves, and if they get on as well for the rest of the journey as they have done for the start they will bring homo much useful information. INTEHESTING LETTER. A SUCCESSFUL DUNDONIAN. SIGHTSEEING IN THE STATES. UnJcr date Baltimore, 30th June, Mr Frederick Tliomson writes to Mr D. 0. Thomson as follows : —"I arranged at Chicago to see Illinois Steel Works at South Chicago, and I saw Messrs A. H. Andrews & Co., 215 'Wabash Avenue, who have a very large cahinct making manu- factory, and they also agreed right off to show representatives whatever they desired. Then I went out to Fraser & Chalmers, who have the largest mining machinery manufactory in the world. Their place is in Folton Street, Chicago. Mr Chalmers, a very pleasant man, the chief partner in tliis gigantic firm, is originally from Dundee. Mr Chalmers will bo delighted to see our men and sliow them everything about his place. Mr Chalmers left Dundee fifty years ago and came out to Chicago. When he arrived Chicago could only boast of some 4000 inhabitants, and for the first three years he worked for a grocer who fed him but Kavc him no wages, and Mr Chalmers said if he had had the money he would have left the place, but he had nothing to ieave with or pay to get out of Chicago, and so remained on. He has a very large place, about three or four times the size of Gourlay Bros'. Foundry, Dundee, with all sorts of different machines for making mining machinery. One driving wheel I saw measured 28 feet diameter and Bome 8 feet wide. I have also got a letter of introduction for Mr Murray bo that he mny see Aimour's elevators. Armours have the latest and most improved elevators at Chicago. When going through Aimour's packing place, stockyaids can also be visited. Then cable car and electric car stations can bo seen. I called at the Chicago Business College, Randolph Street, where 300 or 400 boys and girls are taught daily all the year round. Shorthand, bookkeeping, banking, typewriting, s.id other branches are carried out systematically. The teacher of stenography and typewriting kindly offered to show the Expedition men over their place, explaining how it is conducted, and also take them to any of the other educational institutions in Chicago. I am giving Mr Murray his name and address. There is so much to be seen in the Exhibition that beyond the things fixed on the men will find their time fully occupied. In every department there is much to bo seen and learnt. In the Agricultural Department, even although Rlr Osier and Mr Taylor divide it between them, they will have hard work to get over things. There is new machinery for sowing, digging, lifting weeds, ploughs of all shapes, reapers of all sorts. In the Canadian section alone there are some 130 different kinds of grain, suitable to all parts of Canada and North- West. Ohio has a good exhibit in agricultural section. Massey, Harris, ft Co., of Toronto, have a capital exhibit of farm implements at the Fair. I am arranging for Mr Osier and the others to see their place at Toronto on way to Chicago. Massuy, Harris, & Co. are the people who sell the " Brant- ford " reaper, which is now well-known in J'orfar- shire. They amalgamated with the Brantford firm, and their main place is now at Toronto. I have arranged for the party to stay at the Hotel Thomas, Chicago, about 100 to 200 feet from the entrance tr the Fair. At Niagara, if they stop over the night, I have arranged the Niagara Falls Hotel there. The papermaker can see the Pettebone Mills therr, and am giving papermaker a letter to him. Others can see Waterworks, &o. At Pittsburg I arranged with Westinghouse Electric Light Company to see over their works, and Mr Torrance is to arrange for seeing Westinghouse Brake place. There will be no difficulty to get in. He can also show them glass and tobacco and snuff worUs, if they w.\nt to. If they stay at Pittsburg, they will stay at the St James' Hotel. I saw and had a pleasant chat with Mr Carrol Wright, chief of Labour Department at Wash- ington. He will be pleased to see and show all his Department to them. He is taking quite an interest in our scheme. CROSSING THE ATLANTIC. A SUCCESSFUL AND EVENTFUL VOYAGE. EXPERIENCES AT SEA— INTEREST- ING INCIDENTS. FIELD ICE, BERGS, AND WRECKS. ARRIVAL AT MONTREAL. From the Weekly News, Saturday, July S2, 189S, The members of the Dund-e Weekly News Artisan Expedition, as already announced in our columns, left for America on Saturday, June 24th, Middles- brough, in the north of England, was the port of em- barkation, and the vessel in which the voyage was accomplished was the fine, large, new Thomson Lino steamer lona, oumniandcd by Captain Curamings. The ship having been loaded up. CAPTAIN OUMMINaS. slipped from her moorings about midnight, and having cleared the dock— an operation whioh, iu consideration of the great size of the steamer, necessarily occupied some time— she proceeded down the Tees. Her movement for some titno was comparatively slow owing to the narrowness of the channel and the intricacies of the navigation, and it was about two o'clock on Sunday morning when the bar was crossed. At this time the delegates, all of Artisan Expedition to America, 21 whom wore still on deck, witnessed a beautiful display, made all the more striking on account of the darkness which tiicn prevailed. At Hartlepool, on the north hank of tho estuary, there are some largo blast furnaces, and every few ininubus waggons of red-hot "slag" were seen being hurlcil along to tlie top of a high bank and tipped over, the burning in-Nterial then rushing down the declivity with great speed, leaving behind it a huge fiery trail, and on rcaciiing the lower ground breaking out into a great llame, wiiich for a fo'.v minutes brilliantly illumniated a large suirouiiding area. Tiie effect pro luced was to some extent similar to that whinh might be caused by a well-charged rocket heiuj; shot downwards. As tho morning advanced tho delegates retired to their berths, which were in the centre of the vessel, adjoining the large, roomy, and beautifullv- finished cabin, ami of the moit comfortable charac- ter, and thorouzhly appointed in every way for the trip. "Rocked In the cradle of the deep," the delegates were quite refreshed by a few hours' good, HUUDd sleep, and al) of them were on deck at an early hour on Sunday morning to find the steamer off tlie coast of Northumberland, and making rapid progress to the nortliwards, A stiff head wind was blowing, accompanied by a heavy swell, but the vessel was behaving nobly, and although the most of the passengers had thus early acquired their sea legs, a few were constrained to pay devotion to old Father Neptune. The Long- stone Lighthouse, the scene of Grace Darling's brave exploit, and tho Fame Islands were the first objects of interest passed, and although we were too far out to see the Blay Island, the Bell Rock was within the visible horizon, mad ill steaming for Kinnaird Head a Bne though distant view of the Forfarshire and Kin- cardineshire hills and coastline was obtained. The delegates were not long in discovering and fully appreciating the grcit advantages which the run out on a Thomson liner gave them over a trip in any of the ordinary passenger vessels, and everyone spontaneously acknowledged the foresight and consideration shown in their belialf by the pro- prietors of the Dundee Weekly News in so ordering the arrangement. A Whalfc— No Jonah on the Steamer. "When off the Bell Rock about midday on Sun- day the captain quickly brought all the delegates to the bridge deck by shouting " A whale !" And sure enough about 100 yards off on tho starboard bow a stream of water was seen projected into tiie air to the height of 8 or 10 feet. This was repeated at short intervals, and between the " blows" the path which the fish was pursuing was easily traced by the oily api)c'arancc of the surface of the sea. On one occasion the whale in a sportive mood showed a large part of his body above the water. It was the\i seen that he was a huge fish, and the remark was made that with whales so near home there was no necessity for vessels going all the way from Dundee to the Antarctic Ocean in search of them, but Captain Cummings explained that this was merely what was known as a herring whale, and of comparatively small commercial value. A suggestion was made that if there was a Jonah on board now was the opportunity for getting rid o him in an appropriate manner, but no one would own to any sort of connection with the historic in- dividual of that name, ami in a few minutes tht" fish, possibly scared by the propeller of the steamer, went down into the water, and totally disappeared from view. Some other whales and numerous por- poises were also observed ii the course of the pas- sago. A number of v/hite porpoises were also see in tho 8t Lawrence. Carrying the " Males." Early on Sunday afternoon we sighted .some dis- tance ahead the Avlona, Captain liaxter, another steamer of the Thomson Line, and which had left the Tyno on Saturday evening also for MontrcaL The lona being the larger and more powerful vessel of tho two gaincil stcailily on the Avlona, and when opposite Peterhead the two steamers wero almost abreast of each other. Seeing that he could not keep up with the lona Captain Baxter ran up some flags, anil these were found to read, " Can you take me in tow?' Captain Cummings we found to be one of the most obliging men on earth, but with such an im- portant freight as he had on bo.«rd he could not afford to lose the time which would bo involved were he to comply with tho request made to him, supposing, of course, •^hat it was seriously meant. After cudgelling his brains for some minutes he hmriedly said— "I have it !" and certain flags were promptly run up by the officers of the loiia. These interpreted signified — " Sorry I cannot ; I am carry- ing the mails. This, it may be explained, was a joke of the Captain's, as the mails which he meant wero really males— t\w Dum.lec Weekly News delegates to the AVorld's Fair at Chicago. But it passed muster with Captain Baxter, whuat oncchoist'd "A pleasant passage to you," which was acknowledged with " Thanks " from the lona. The Avlona made a plucky attempt to keep up with the larger vessel, but the sea and other elements were against her, and in a short time she had completely lost the ad- vantage which she had gained in starting, anil was following up as fast as her powers would permit in the wake of the lona. Chicago in Sight. Considerable sensation was caused on the after- noon of Monday, June 2G, when the lona was steaming along to the north of the Hebrides by the captain reporting, as a piece of important informa- tion, that Chicago was only some distance off on the starboard bow. Those of the delegates who were below hurried up to the bridge in a state of some excitement expecting possibly that the city, which was their objective point, was thus early within sight, and those who were still suffering from the pangs incidental to what is known as mal de mer were congratulating themselves that by some miraculous intervention all their troubles were near over, and that they would soon again be on terra Jirmt. These fond expectations wore, however, quickly doomed to disappointment, and the captain and the others had a good deal of amusement at their expense, as what was reported to bo Chicago was only a steamer of that name tiailing from Sunderland, and also on the outward passage. Everyone at once realised that she could not have the World's Fair stowed away in any part of her, and made up his mind that the passage would have to be continued. The disappointment over, the dcdi^gates ventufed suggestions as to the probable destination of the Chicago. In this dis- cussion an appeal was made for assistance to Mr King, the chief offioer, who appeared to be a good authority on not a few subjects even apart from those connected with navigation. This gentleman with a gravity which well became him said that he had made smoke analysis a special study, and that the conclusion which hv. arrived at after a close and careful observation of the smoke emitted from the funnel of the Chicago was that, like the lona, she was bound for Montreal. Some were disinclined to accept this theory, and Captait. Cummings, who formed his conclusions from other premises, de- clared his belief that tho vessel was ou her way to t:: 22 Dundee Courier and Dundee Weeklij News some United States port. 'We passerl some distance off, and as tiie lona gradually sliowed hur heels to tile Ciiioago, the discussion Hiackcned aa tiMt vessel fell out of aighi'' astern. A Large Addition to the Expedition. "When loading at jriddleshroiigii the oilicors exercised great viuilaiice in order to prevent any of the "wharf-rats" or " stiffs-,'' as the sailors term them, from getting on lioard, and obtaining a free trip to America, but altiiough tlicy put ashore several wlio had, witliout permission, fixed up quarters on board, tliey were not altogether success- ful in this respect, this, no doubt, being due to tlie fact tlia'. tlie departure was made somcwiiat in a bustle and in the dark. On Sunday, June 25, a man, very much in the coriilition in wliicli he was proiUicod by nature, crawled out from amongst a quantity of bi'nker coal in anything hut a fossilised state, and on tlie following day the Expedition was further augr-.ented by the discovery of no fewer than four unaccredited members. One of those was found in a large barrel uritl for holding water for the cattle, and anotiier m a ventilator fitted up for convening fresh air to tlio cattle in the 'tween decks. Th'y \u write It. A. tu tliuir name. The Buaril give no. je to the Town Council at tlio hegiiming of the year what they want fur school purposcH, anil the (..'ouncil havo to provide that amount, but if the Council think the Itoard is going too fast or acting extravagantly they can re- fuse, and if they do ho a vote of the ratepayerH is demanded on thichool Board of Dundee should send a deputa- tion out there to set a few wrinkles, anil I guess they would get them. Toronto has an industrial school for truant boys. Their tiaining is similar to our own. Sunday observance is very good ; there are no public amusements on the Sabbatli day. Toronto is styled the City of Churches, and it deserves the name, as they are very numerous. All the gentlemen I spuke to on the subject told me the seventh day was well observed by all classes. The Licensing Question. Mr Mungo Smith also reports :— The Town Council of Toronto have the power to limit the number of licenses. Questioning a friend — Do you find that properties rise in value when they get the license? A. — To a certain extent. But if an exorbitant rent be charged above the other shops they are told the license will be taken from the Louse. All publichouses shut on !-^aturday night at seven until IMonday morning, and alsosliut on election days. The part of the town I saw on Saturday night was very quiet. Cooling drinks are as much' run upon here as beer is at home. .Sanitary arrai.gemcnts are very well looked after in Toronto, 'rhe Board has great powers, and, what is mure, they put them in force. ONTARIO PARUAHRNT BUILDINOS. without any extras over the estimated cost of £250,000. (The architect, Mr Richard A. Waite, is an Englishman from the county of Kent.) The buililinae are situated at the southern end of Queen's Park and have a total frontage of 500 feet, the main entrance forming a double letter E and enclosing within its walls over 7'>,000 square feet. lup o. eaou suiir to prevent crowuiug. I" architectural design it is Romanesnue. There is children immediately trip out and empty I ? Ki^e*' *'«« "^ ""/'"S "V" '"""'^ *\« T'^"*^ "^.""^ school of 1000 in two minutes. They ' '» ^fo"''^^?"^ ^'/h, wrP!?*^'i*' V'^ ^*"*'''?" maple leaf, the Scotch thistle, the English rose, the Welsh leek, and the Irish ahamrook, the largest specimen of carving being a sculptured frieze 70 feet long, 16 feet high, surmounting the three great windows in the centre structure. The stonework represents in heroic size allegorical figures of music, agriculture, commerce, art, science, law, philo- sophy, architecture, en!;ineering, and literature tjrouped on either side of the arms of the province. The stone used is reddish brown, and comes from Credit Valley, thirty miles from Toronto. The main entrance is composed of three noble arches, 13 feet by 26 feet high. These arches rest on six clustered columns, the caps being 9 feet long, G feet broad, and 2 feet 2 Inches thick, all beautifully carved. Right through the corridor are the various ofiices in connection with various oflBoials. On the second floor is the Legislative Chamber, which accommodates 91 members. It is elaborately fitted up with the electric light, has the best possible means of ventilation, containing a patent automatic thermometer which keeps the Chamber steady at whatever temperature is required. From the floor to the ceiling it is 52 feet. Each of the various Mmisters has a fireproof room for all his papers and documents of value. ONTARIO PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS. Mr Sinclair, Cambuslang, representative of the building trades, reports :— I visited the Parliament Houses, Toronto, and inquired for the Cleik of \V orks, who very kindly took us over the buildings and gave all information regarding them. It is six years since they were commenced, and he made a boast that they were the only buildings of note in Canada vc America that had been finished TORONTO MUNICIPAL BUILDINGS. Mr Sinclair also reports : — On arriving at these buildings my first inquiry was for Mr Alex. Marshall, the head foreman, who gave me a very warm reception. Mr Marshall was for many years a foreman mason in the old country, being a native of Carluke. The Municipal Build- ings have been four years in course of construction, and will occupy four years yet before completion. Mr E. J. Lennox, of Toronto, is the architect, 'fhey are to be used for City Hall and Courthouse. One fine feature of this building will be the tower, which is to rise to a height of 250 feet. The foundation for this tower, 76 feet square, is thirty feet below the level of the road, and built of solid limestone set in cement. The walls all round the building are 7 feet 9 inches thiuic at ground floor on each of the four sides of the building. There will be a frontage of 300 feet. There arc two kinds of stone being used — one a brown stone, which comes from New Brunswick, travels 1000 30 Dundee Courier and Dundee WeeJcly Niws TOUO.NTO MUNICIPAL BUILDINGS. miles by rail and 50 miles by water, and coats, laid dowi. at building, §1.15 (4s 7id) per cubic foot. Tlie ftber stone is a grey atone, very bard and difficult to work. It costs G5 cents (2.s SJd) per foot. Stonecutters are the highest paid tradesmen in connection with the building trade. They re- ceive 43 cents (Is 9Jd) per hour, and work nine hours per day. Commencing work at 7, they work on to 12, then stop one hour for dinner, and stop on S.iturdays at 12— woiking in all 50 hours per week. The stonocutters of Toronto are well protected from the sun's rays. They liave comfoitable sheds, well ventilated, and any who are working outside have portable shades, made with four light posts and covered with canvas. They liave a rail track fttl round the building, and have no lifting as in Scotland, the cranes doing all that. They have 19 derricks all wrought by 6 stationary steam engines on the ground, avoiding the terrihlu noise we ai e so accustomed to at home at buildings where steam cranes are used. These buildings when iini.died will be the largest municipal buildings in America with the exoeptio'i of those in Phila- delphia. They were estimated to cost $1,500,000 (£300,000), but will exceed that amount before they are finished, The original contractors, Elliott & Neelon, iiaving given up the contract, the Corporation are finishing the work thtmselves. There aie 120 stonecutters, 30 bricklayers, 2 setttrs, iind 2 stonemasons employed there. The trade society in each of these branches is very strong, and oar>ies out the rules to t!io veiy letter. Bricklayers have 31) cents (Is (Id) per hour; labourers, 21 cents (lOAd) per hour, also 50 hours per week. I asked Mr Rlatshall if he thought a working man was much better off here than in the old country. He said ceitainly, they had more money, more leisure, and more comfort every way. The sanitary condition of the town is fairly good, and the water supply comes from Lake Ontario, portant gatherings are held in this hall . They have also a lecture .oora seated for 500, where lectures, &c., are delivered during the winter. They have a reading-rooin with all the magazines and weekly papers from the old country, a library with 1000 volumes, and a members' parlour with piano. The gymnasium for recreatioa is a fine hall, with walking or running track, dumb- bells, trapeze, chest exercises, &c. Off this hall there are also swimming baths, &o. The work is actively engaged in, and special meet- ings are held often. There are gospel meetings every Saturday, and meetings for policemen every Wed'nesday at 3 o'clock. Young men coming from the old country are looked after, and they try to get them to join some of the churches in town. The membership consists of active or associate members. An active member must be a member of one of the churches. The terms of subscription are £1 per annum ; boys, 10s. Tiiey have four branches in Toronto. The president is Mr i). M'ljaten, who takes an active interest in the work. Any visitors from the mother country who take a part in evangelical work will be pleased to see the above institution, where they are sure of a hearty welcome. TORONTO YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION. Mr Dur.lop, Motherwell, reports :— Our deputa- tion was received by Mr Scott, the assistant secretary, who haib: from Edinburgh, He cour- teously conducted us all over the building. Tlie Secretary (Mr Sl'CuUooh) is also a Scotchman. The building has been erected at a cost of $110,000 (£22,000). The largest hall is the auditorium, where tliere is a fine organ. It is seated with light chairs for 1200, and all large meetings and fm- TORONTO YOUNG WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION. Mr Dunlop also reports: — At the above Associa- tion in Elm Street we received a hearty welcome from Mrs Bailey, the lady superin- tendent. The object is the temporal, moial, and religious welfare of young women who are de- pendent on their own exertions for support. They have an employment buieau, and at present the demand for help is greater than the supply. Classes are conducted in cooking, general improve- ment, drcRs-cutting, and making, &o. The cooking classes are specially well attended. The boarding house is a feature of the institution. Tiie price for board is from 98 to 15s per week, and about 60 boarders are at present there. They have a lecture hall, reading-room, reception-room, and sitting-room, alt of which are splendidly furnished. The bedrooms are cheerful and bright apartments, with high ceilings, and perfect moi'.els of cleanli- ness and comfort. The whole arrangements are a credit to the lady superintendent. The same table is provided for all, the only difference being in tho price of rooms. The board of management consists of a president, 6 vice-presidents, 45 directresses, a secretary, and treasurer. Their duties, assisted by all the members, are the seeking out of young women who come to reside at Toronto, securing their attendance at some plaoo of worship, and sur- rounding them with Christian ass iciates. On leav- ing the city they are furnished with letters of introduction from the Association. Any one who desires to see a model institution, if they are on a visit to tiie Dominion of Canada, should not fail to pay a visit to the above, whore they are sure of a cordial reception from Mrs Bailey. INTERVIEW WITH A L,.\BOUR LEADER. Mr Murray, the Conductor of the Expedition, re]iorts :— Duiing the stay of the Expedition in Toronto I was fortunate in obtaining an interview with Mr Alfred F. Jury, p, tailor. Mr Jury is one of the most promini'::u labour leaders in the city, and is a member of the Executive of the Distuet Assemblv of the Knights of Labour, a boily with a broad. Radical platform, very similar to that of the Labour party in Qreat Britain, and he is also a member o( the [ifgislative Committea The Artisan ExpeiHtion to Anurica. 31 Jejr have lectures, have a weekly |ith 1000 piano, a fine dumb- 'ff this 18, &u. I meet- cetiugg ill every iig from y try to 11 town. iSHociato membi-r criptioii vo four Mr 1). e work, lio take 1 to 806 \ hearty Prospects of Artisans in Toronto lit present are, he stated, far from hrighf. The laliour market is ovorMtuckcd, and the building trades are i>artiouIarly dull, except as regards the :itoiiecuttcr8, ill connection with whom there is ju^l been made in his own trade, he mentioned that in 1873 the maximum iiricepaid on an ordinary tailiu's lo<; was 15 cents (73d) an hour, while now with no bett'-T log it was, as he had said, from 20 cents (lOd) to lU.Jd. A large number of females were also cm- ployed in boot and shoo manufactures and in book- binding, stationery, and printing establishments, and likewise in sturea, but, exf-epting the wife of a licpior selkr, there was practicnlly no woman em- ployed at a publichouse bar in the whole country. annual value of $20 (£4) in the cities, the rents re- quired to be paid in the towns and villages being lower House Rents and Living. As regards rents in Toronto, they were, he said, at present at the fag end of a real estate boom, and good houses could be got for a oompaiativeJy small sum. The rents of woiking men s houses in or- (Unary times ran from 87 (£1 Ss) to $12 (£2 8*) a month, these figures including taxes, which were paid by the landlord. Kor the former figure an artisan woulil get a back-lot house of four or five small rooms, while for the latter he wouhl get a small house of five or six rooms, with a bath and water closet. A single man who did not rent a house was liable in a stitiite labour tax of §2 (8s) annually, but it was evaded by 99 out of every 100. Asked if working men could save more in Ann-iica than in the old country, Mr Jury said that altogether de- pended ui)uii whether a man was provident or not. lieing questioned as to whether the conditions of labour generally were better in America than in the old countiy, 5'r Jury said that employers of labour seemed to have the faculty of getting more out of men on that side of the Atla.itic than on the other. Q.- -Do you think this is due to any superi- ority in the tools used ? A.— I don't think there in much in that, although there may be something in the subdivision of labout and in the way things are run here. They drive at a fast rate, ami the difference mentioned may be due in some way to the want of organisation in certain trailes. Alto- gether, however, I think that employers here are moaner than tiiose in the oM country. IN A FURNITUKli FACTORY. WAGES OF CARPENTERS. DELEGATES AT NIAGARA. IMPRESSIVE SPECTACLE. '{'HE ELECTRIC RAILWAY. UNDER THE FALLS. ELECTRIC AND WATER POWER. FEAT OF A MODERN BLONDIN. (From the Dundet Wctl^/y News of ISth August.) Mr Thomas Logan, Glasgow, woodworkers' repre sentative, writes :— On arriving at Toronto Mr Brown and I visited the furniture factory of Messrs J. Rodger & Co. On our explaining the Labour Representation. On the question of labour ri'iuesiMitation, he said ; objiot of our mission Mr Undgcr was delighted to that the Technical Schools Ijoar'.', which was ap- meet a deputation ol' woikmen from Scotland, at lointed by the City Council, was omposud to the extent of one-third of tlie representatives of labour, At the last municipal and School Boird electioiu labour candidates, of whom he was one for the Council, were run in everv ward, but nunc of them were suooessful. The poll, however, closed at five o'clock, so that working men did not get a fair chancu of recording their votes. "I wish," he s4Jd aideutly, "wo had tlio polling hours that you have In the old country. You are ahead of us there." Ill continuation, Mr Jury said that his expenses were (mid, but if elected he would have given his services without any remuneration. For the Pro- vincial Parliament tliuy bad manhood suffrage, and fur a vote in the Federal Parliament election a man had to earn $300(£(jO) a year, or renta property of tlie the same time stating he was a Scot-man himself, and came from Glasgow, Mr Rodger states that the cabinet tiade is very dull at present in Toronto, The average iiuml)cr of men in his eini)loyment is about 40, which includes cabinetmakers, carvers, upholsterers, varnisliers, and maehineineii. The building consists of two flats. On tlie ground floor tho machinery for the preliminary processes is placed. Tho other flat is occu|iied with the cabinet- makers and "^arveis, The cU^s of work that was being inanufaL-tured was what I consider second- class, and doe not call for any special mention. Oak it the principal wood that is used ill the manufacture of furniture of every description. The .'illowinic is a list of the waues in the furniture trade in Toronto :— 32 Dundet Courier and Dundee Weekly News Cabinetmaker!', 224 cents per hour (lljd) ; earvers, 21 to 30 cents acconlingto ability (lOJd to Is 3(1) ; upholsterers, 25 cents (Is OJd) ; varnishers, 18^ cents (Did). The numl)cr «f hours wrought is 55 per week, 9^ hours per day, and a half-holiday on Saturdays. No piecework is wrought in Toronto, and there is scarcely such a thing as an apprentice to be met with in the furniture trade of Toronto. Employers find they do not i)ay, and prefer work- men ready made. Carpenters' Wages. Mr Brown, of Govau (represiiitativti of Car- penters), has prepared the following tabular re- port :— His. nf Wages. X Wrk Towns. , X) o s i Sunuiier. Winter. >! - a a r. tf •S £ s. 1). 9 £ s. D. }{amiltuii, liour 5') 47 l-2.:!S-^i> 9 7 10.57 = 2 2 4j London, (Ont.), 54 48 10.S0 = -.' 3 4 9.(10=1 18 6 Montreil, liO 48 ll.-25 = 2 13 OJ 9.00 = 1 16 Toronto, 50 44 1-2.50 = 2 10 11.00 = 2 4 Vancouver, day 54 48 18.00 = 3 12 10.00 = 3 4 Victoria, 54 48 18.00 = 3 12 l(i.00 = 3 4 Winni|ieg, IlillU' 53 48 14.57 = 2 IS 4J 13.20 = 2 12 10 In Toronto they have no half-iiolid:iy on Satur day afternoons. Their wages are paid fortnightly —on Alondays. They arc not allowed anything extra when working overtime— bare time only. They do not join apprentices to the trade. Young men are paid according to their ability. They bci;in work at 7 a.m. till 12, dinner till 1, and work till half-past 5 p.m. A five-roomed house rent costs $9 or SIO (£1 lij,s to £2) a month, and young men pay for board about .^i^ a week (148 to 16s). Trade is not too good for carpenters at present iiere, and work scarcely to be had in winter at all. I would not advise anyone to come here at present. The Newspaper Offices-Type-Setting Machines. Several good newspai)ers are |)ublished in Toronto, and these are well sujiportod. Among the leading journ.i.s are the Mai/, the Globe, and Kmpire, all wit;ii flue olHces, whicli I had the pleasure of a run through. Thu Mail and L'miure aie set up by means of Roger's typo- graph, which is wrought by means of a key- board, similar to that of a typewriter. As a key is pressed tiie type falls down into a mould, and when a line is completed it i> adjustud tlirough the spaces, which are wedge-foi ined, being made to revolve until the exact length is secured. It is then cast, an, .tcly no protection between us and engulphmcnt in the .:»!;• ing torrent should any accident overtake our ;?rk- ing oar was only too apparent, and more tlu. ci.-i gave vent to a sigh of relief when theparr.v ^\^■. safely set down at the end of the fine new fotii .';nd carriage suspension bridge, with its span o; 12(18 feet. From this point the delegates obtained their first view of the groat falls, and, althoug'. all that was vi! another one. They have ten wood grinders, so that they van grind their own wood ; three steam boilers with mechiinical stokers, which they say do well. The building is well'Situatcd, with a grand, water supply and a railway into the works, and with the splendid niRGhinery the Company is putting in, they should have a mngnificcnt mill, and be able to point to it as a moihd establishment. The prices of wood pulp they were using were as follows :— Mechanical, $1.5 (Js4d) percwt. ; sulphite, nearly 3 cents (l.Jil) per lb. Canadian Paperworkers' Wages. The shift men work 12 hours the first five days of the Week, and on Saturday they work till eleven o'clock at night— 17 hours. The labourers and day's men work 10 hours for the first five days, and 9 hours on Saturday. BlachinemcM's wages run from_ 82 (8s) U> .Sl'^ (lOs) per day; beiitermen's, SI. 75 (7s) to §2t (Ds) ; assistant ni.iohinemen, .Slj (5s) to .'?1. 35 (5s (id) ; assistant beateimen Sl^ (5s) toSlA (Os) ; lahourer.s, SI 124 cent^ (4s6d)toSl.i (5s). Females on piecework cutting rags luve 20 cents (lOd) per cut. They have no finishing house overhaulers. Boys and girls inu.it be sixteen years of age before they get into work in the mills, there being no lialftimers such as we have pt home. Scotchmen are very well liked in the ))apcr trade, and they are well to the front in holding good positions. There is no trade society or union among the papermakers in Canada. They employ their leisure in games of lacrosse, base ball and cricket. Horse-trotting is also a favourite sport. Carpenters' Wages, &c., at Niagara, U.S. Mr IJrown reports carpenters woik 60 hours per week, ihey have no half-holiday on Saturdays. Some are working even 12 hours daily. There is at present a larg.' job (Tower Hotel) going on, employ- ing upwards of 30 carpenters. A Boston firm has the contract. They pay only S2.'f (!)s) for a ilay of 10 hours here, whilo the same firm pay the same amount for a day of hours at Boston. Wages are paid fortnightly (^' lulays). Apnrentices aro not recognised here. Young mo!> uo paid some thing like .§1 (4s) a day to liegiu, r.nd are expected to pick up the tratle for themselves. They have little or no union amongst them, and trade is not very brisk at present. They do not got any allowance if they work extra hours. The cost of living at Niagaia for tradesmen is very dear. On the Way to Chicago. The journey of 500 miles from Toronto to Chicagc was made on Sunday, July 9, on the Canndian Pacific and AVabash Railroads, and occupied about sixteen hours. Toronto was left at 7.20 a.m., and very soon after their departure the delegates had more evidences of the supeiiority of the American to the British system of railway travelling, although it has to be borne in mind that at home provision has not to be made for the running of so great distances as occur on the AVcstern Continent. Scarcely had they taken their seats when the con- ductor announced that breakfast was to bo served, and Sunday morning newspapers were offered them for sale, while books, fruit, confectionery, &c., were laid down on seats bosiile them to induce them to make a pur- base. About mid-day, also, they sat down in dini.iij cars to a meal which, as regards service and the variety and quality of the viands, would have done credit to any restaurant. After a pleasant run through i>, rich fruit- growing and agricultural district of Ontario, the train arrived at Wind.sor, and here we had another annoying experience with the U.S. customs officials, every bag having to be opened, although the e:;ainination was of a mere formal character. Windsor was left at 2 p.m., and we wine timed to arrive at the imp(U'tant and flourishing city of Detroit, the terminus of this section of the Canadian Pacific Uailway, at 2.30, but many may be surpriseil to harn that, when we reached Detroit, the railway clocks showed that the time was oidy 1.30, this being due to the dilfercnoe between what is known as the Uaotcrn and Central 3 I 36 Dundee Courier and Dundee IFeekhj Neivs time, which latter takes effect at this point. At De- troit a stoppagi; of about 45 minutes was made, and, hhortly after resuming the journey, the delegates passed the scene of a somewhat serious coUis^ion, two freiglit trains having been both wrecked through trying conclusions with each other. As tliey approached Chicago, which was reached about ten o'clock in the evening, they witnessed the great AVorld's Fair in full swing, with the grounds bril- liantly illuminated, the shops or stores, as they are called in America, open, the cars running, and nothing to indicate that there «as any rest for either man or beatit in that great Western city on Sunday. The delegates took up their quarters in the Hotel Thomas No. 1, a large, new building in OOtli Strtcu, clo.«e to the grand central entrance to *.he Exhibition. AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. AN IMPOSING SHOW. THE TERRIBLE FIRE. LDNES AND MINING. COAL-CUTTING MACHINERY. HOLING LONG WALL WORKINGS. TRANSPORTATION BUILDINGS. REMARKABLE LOCOMOTIVES. IRON AND STEEL. THE MONSTER STEAM HAMMER. A BIG STEEL BAND SAW. THE TINPLATE INDUSTRY. (From the Dundee Weekly A^etos of Aur/ust 10.) Writing from Chicago on July 11 the (Conductor says : — Tlio members of the Dundee ^Veekl!/ Neros E.Npedition have now had two days' expciienoe of Chicago. It is a huge city, with several splendid parks, havidsome boulevards, and huge buildings, and is about 22 miles long by !) or 10 miles broad, embracing a population now estimated at about 1,(100,000, and composed chiefly of Germans, Ameiican.'^', and Irish. The Columbian Expo;,ition, or Woild's Fair as it is familiarly named here, is located in Jackson Park, nearly GOO acies in extent, on the shore of Lake Michigan, six or .seven miles south of the business poi tionof thecity in which are the celebrated "sky .scraiHis" or "nockbreakcrs " of buildings 12, 14, 1(>, 18, an fell about 80 or 100 feet into a burning oven. Others retained their foothold until ilieir hair and their clothes were burning, when in sheer desperation they leapt into the air and shared the fate of those who had gone before them. A small number stood out to the bitter end, and these went en masse with the whole upper part of the tower, when, amidst a piercing .scream of horror, it toppled over and fell into the blazing furnace bencacli. Such a scerro is one which can never be forgotten by those who wit- nessed it. As instances of American san;/ froid under sv.ch circumstances, it may be mentioned that durir.g tlie cNciting and heartrending scenes above depicted some ailisls wore observed coolly sketching the various incidents of the catastrophe, while others were busy with cameras. F)verything was in full oiieration to-day as if rro such disaster had just occurred. The heat during the past two days has been intense, and even the natives are complaining of it. Appended are the reports of the delegates on the Expedition. MINES AND MINING BUILDING. Mr Robert A. Muir, Hill of lieath, Fifeshirc, who made an inspection of this department at the World's Fair, reports: — The Mines and Mining JUiihting is located at the southern extremity of the Western Lagoon or lake. It is 700 feet long and 3ijO feet wide. Its architecture has its inspira- tion iir early Italian renaissance. Tlicro are en- traiiceson each of the four sides, those of the north and south fronts being the most prominent. To the riglit and left of each entrairc* irrside start brord llighls of easy stairs, leading to the galleries. The galleries arc (iO feet wide and 25 feet high from the ground Hour. The interior space enclosed is OHO feet long, 100 feet high at the centre, and 47 feet high at the sides. This space is spanned by steel cantilever trusses, supi)orted on steel columns. The clear s))aco in the centre is 115 feet. Tlio canti- lever system, as applied to roots, was never used ou so large a scale before. The cost of erection was £50,000. Entering this building by the northern putrancl large oil yerrnsyl tlier all which the Pi mined ton : ill in somil It wasl Teutoil passag(| exhibit! cannell Wiganl Artisan Expedilmi to America. 37 ! piitrance, tlie first exhibit that tiikeri the eye is a larye nhoiisk represeiitin;,' the \aUiahlc miuuralfl of yuiiiisylvatiia in tlieir orcliT of stratification. Fur- ther along wc come to Wi'st Virginia's exhibit, whicli shows samples of tlie famous coal from the I'ocahontcs Colliery, which in some cases is mined for fiom 40 to 45 cents (Is Sil to Is lO^d) per ton ; in fact, it is Lying on the Surface in some places and only required to he quarried. It was from this colliery that the Majestic and Teutonic steamships jjot supplied for their record passages across the Atlantic. In the IJritish e.xhibit the most notable wiis the large piece of cannel coal, weighing 11 tons 14 cwts., from the Wigan Junction colliery. Thia piece of coal, if made into gas, would be equal to 182,344 cubic feet of gas of 4074 candles per cubic foot. Another exhibit whicli took the eye in this section was a large milk cow carved out of salt rock. Africa was well represented by washing plant from De Beers diamond mines, Kimberley, which could be seen in full operation from the shovelling in of the ground to the washing out of the diamonds. In the Ohio section the system of working the coal was .«h')wn by having a short length of loadway formed in the seam and the working face at which men were re- presented as working and having all the tools and appliances necessary for getting the coal. Coal Cutting Machinery was in great abundance, some of which were adapted for narrow work and some for long wall system. In talking to the attendant of the Ji ffrey Coal Cutting Machine used for narrow work, he Slid he would guarantee his machine to cut feet deep by 3 fiet (i inches broad in five minutes, and that it would take one minute to sliitt it for taking another cut — that is to say the machine could cut, or as we teim in Scotland "hole," in a narrow place of 14 feet wide and (5 feet deep in about 25 minutes. Of course the coal had to bo blasted down after the machiiifc had cut it. This machine is atiendod by two men when in operation, and is driven by compressei". air or eloctiiuity. It has been in u-^e for fourteen years, and costs about $1400 (t'JiSO), and i- used very extensively in the States. There is nnnther machine exhibited which is called the Stanley (!iial lleii'liiig Machine. This machine instead of making a horizuntal cut makes a circular one, and leaves a solid core which is taken down by hand labour. These machines form a circular roadway : but sometimes two are put together and work side by side, and form a roadway of rectangular section with rouinled comers. This tnachine is driven by compressed air, anil with two men attending is ciipable of cutting- in a distance of HO feet in ten hours, or I may say 8 narrow places of about 4 feet each. The machine exhibited would foini a roadway (I feet diameter— cest of machine, $,'{000 (£(100). There were several other machines shown for Holing ijong Wall Workings, and Olio uf them called the Mitchell mining machine wa" capable of cuttin- 2000 square feet of coal in tei". hours, with two men (ii)cratii)g — that is to say, it would make a cut of 4 feet deep along a wall face COO feet along in that time. The cutters of this machine were set into a strong bar, which piojectcd about 5 feet from the side of it, and which was revolved at a good speed by suitable gearing driven by comjiresscd air. The machine was driven forward by fastening the end of a chain to a prop, and winding the other end on a drum which was placed on the framing. There was also a great variety of hand power drilling inachines, also rotary and peiciission drilling machines, driven by compressed air and electricity, and I saw one of the cores from a diamond bore, w liich was 20 inches in diameter. In another department I saw a model of the kind, chaudron method of boring and tubing a circular shaft, all the men and machinery being at the surface, and no water pumped until the shaft was completed through the watery strata. This method is used only when the rock is very hard and a great quantity of water given off. There was also a few exhibits showing the method of Sizing and Cleaning the Coal and droMS, also of electric locomotives for conveying the coal underground, some of them being GO horse power ; also methods of elevating and conveying the coal, &c., above ground. There isalsoa machine which is said to be able to pump the coal from the mines to the market, and I cannot do better than give a copy of the notice which was put on it and leave the reader to draw his own conclusions: — "This mixture is one-half coal and one-half water. The water is vehicle of carriage. Its feasibility has been fully demonstrated by experimental tests of pumping the various kinds of coal an aggregate of over 10,000 miles. These tests indicate that coal can be carried to market from the mines for 1-lOth the present average charge by railroad. It is also in better condition for all the principal purposes of use." The construction of the machine is simply a ram pump, having suction and discharge pipes in the ordinary way. I don't suppose it is in actual use in any place. I saw another instrument called the Shaw's Standard Gas Test and detector for fire damp in mines. It was so sensi- tive as to be able to register to the 1-lOOOth part of a mixture of gas and air. It coulil also give the ptoportion of chokedamp and air, but it was so largo and delicate that it could not be taken down a mine, so that samples of suspected gas had to be taken to it in bags, and pumjied into it along with air. There was also a dis[»lay of winding engines and pumps, some of them in use. There- was also some splendid models of collieries, one of the best and most complete being one from H. ('. Frick Coke Company, the construction of which had been cairied out under the su|)ervision of their superintendent, Mr Robert Ramsay, who is a native of Crossgates, Fifeshire, a man who, by his own personal effort, has risen to one of the highest positions of mining in the States. TRANSPORTATION BUILDINGS. Mr D. G. AVatson, representative of the Railway Servants, writing on July 10, says :— To-day I had a visit to the World's Fair. On entering the grounds I held for the Transportation Buildings, which are situated at the southern end of the west side, near the Horticultural and the Mining Build- ings, 'riiis building is easily recognised by the large entrance, which is very richly decorated and painted. On entering you can see all sorts of the very best plant used for transport by road, rail, anil sea. The railway plant is especially well represented. There are a great many locomotiv?', w S8 Dundee Courier and Dundee Weekly News some from Franco ami Englaiiil, ami all places in America. There is one Imilt for the New York, Erie, ami Western Railway Uy the Uaiilwin IjOCO- motive Shops, Pliilailel|)liia, U.S.A. 'I'liis Im tiie largest engine to all appearance in the Kxpositidn. It.4 ilimensions are a.^ follows :— Cylinders — High pressure, 16 by 28 inches ; low i)ressure — 27 by 28 inches. driving wheel, 50 inches diameter. Weight in w.rking order, 1!),"),000 lbs. ; weight on driving wheels, 172,0i)0 lbs. ; total weiglit engine and tender, 2.S4,420 lbs. ; total base of wheeln, 27 feet 3 inches ; driving wheel base, 1!) feet 10 inches ; engine truck wheel, 30 inches ; boiler and firebox, both steel tubes, iron ; diiimeter of boiler ontside, 715 inches; tubes, 12^ feet long: firebox, 10 feet by 11 feet, 8 feet 2J inches inside ; Working steam pressure per square incii, iSO lbs. ; water capacity in tender, 4J00 gallopis ; coni, 8 tons ; diameter of temler wheels, 33 inche-i ; metallic packing, two injeetors, all fitted with the AN'estinghouse air brake. This engine is 10-coupled, with small wheel in front ; four cylinders. l!otli piston rods arc wrought on the one counecting rod ; two four-wheeli'(l liogies under tender. This engine is built with a cabin for the driver on the centie of the boiler, on which all the handles can be wrought. The fireman has his own phioe, and two fiiebox doors, a stenm gauge, and a set of fire bar shakers, that is all tliat is on his footpl, be, with the tender behind. This engine is designed for ! driving springs to centre of hanger, 4 feet ; steel boiler, 251 tuiies, two inches diameter; length of . ..)i'S, II feet 10 inches; inside length of ftrcboit, 107 Inches ; Inside width of firebox, 33 inches ; diameter of dome, 31, J Inches ; height, 22 inches; woiking steam pressure, 181) lbs. ; grate surface, 2 1.^ scpiare feet ; heating surface In firebox, 140 square feet ; heating surface of the tubes, li344 s(iuare feet ; total heating surface, 1(!93 square feet. Height of engine from rail to top of funnel, 14 feet 10;^ inches. I'Jnglne 'JD'J, claimed to be the fastest locom itive in the world, will bo described in a sub- sequent notice. OLD LUCOMOTIVK JOHN BULL. IRON AND STEKL KY.HIBITS. Mr Dunlop, of Motherwell, representative of the ironworkers, reports in connection with the iron and steel department :— The manufacturers of (ireat Britain have made no show whatever, very few of them being represented at the "World's Fair. I'erhaps they think it does not pay, and then there is always an enormous expense in connection with BALDWIN L Very Heavy Lifts, but not for a great speed. There is a four-wheeled coupled bogle express engine named the Director- General, built l)y the Baldwin Locomotive Works from designs, other than the compounding of the cylinder, by Mr George B. Ilazleliurst, general superintendent, motive power, B. k O.K. The Director-General will at the close of the Exposition be assigned to servo on the Royal Blue, Limited, between Washington and New York, and it is believed will equal, if not eclipse, the record now held by a Royal Blue engine of a mile in 37 seconds, which is at the rate of 97 3 10 miles per hour. The Director-General's actual weight in working order is 120,780 pouuils; weight of tender with fuel and water 72,080 pounds, making the whole weight in service In round figures 100 tons. The wheel base of locomotive Is 22 feet 4 inches, and of tender 17 feet. Total length of engine ami tender over all is 50 feet Oh inches. The diameter of the high piessuro cylinder is 13Ji inches, of low pressure cylinder 23 inches, stroke 21 inches, steam ports 24 iiiches by 1^ Inch, circular exhaust poits the same piston valves ; diameter of ilriving wheels, fi feet 6 inches ; truck wheels, 3 feet ; length of lOCOMOTIVK. a large stall. But no matter what our manufac- turers Ihiuk there is one thing sure, that i.s — our enterprising friends the Germans must firnl it pays well, as they undoubtoilly have the finest and largest exhibit in connection with the iron and steel trade. In the exhibits in the iron trade the Farn- ley Iron Gom)iany, Yorkshire, show some good exami>los of their products, and although steel to a large extent has superseded iron the continual use of this iron proves that it gives entire satisfaction. The special fitness of some classes of Iron for special purposes, as safety in welding, and where resistaneo to sudden shocks is important, still keeps the trade in the hands of a few. The statistics of the British Iron Trade Association prove that iu spite of bad trade Britain produced 1,500,000 tons of puddled bars last year. The exhibits of Stumm Brothers, of Germany, have a splendid appearance, and they have displayed great tact In the manner of exhibit. Wm. .Tessop & Xons, Sheffleld, and John Brown tt Co., of the same place, have a good show, but the fact) is plain to anyone who knows the extent of our Iron and steel trade that as a rule our manufac- turers have stayed away. Among American manu- facturers the best exhibit is undoubtedly that of the Artisan Expedition to America. 39 Betlilclicm Iron ami Steel Company, Pa. On the centre of I 111) tloor they liavo a fiillsize model of their steam hammer, The Largest in the World. It is a great piece of mcchnnical skill. The weight of the piston rod and tup falling parts is 125 tons. The piston rod is 40 feet, with a full stroke of Ki^ feet. The total wei^iit of the hammer and founda- tions is 2400 tons. The same firm also make it plain that they can turn out anytLing m tiiat line, as they have a fine show of armour plates, breecii- loading guns, and a model of a iiuse steel inyot for an armour plate, 18 feet by 8 feet G inches by 4 feet 4 inches, I'Vom Sweden the Sandvik Steel Works have acme splendid exhibits. They show a steel band-aaw, the largest in the world ; it is 220 feet long 12 inches wide and numlior fourteen gauge. In the above department there is no mistaking the fact that Krupp, of Kssen, Germany, have tlie largest and best exhiliit at the big sliow. 'J'lioy liave a splendid building for tlieir own ordnance, and to place such a largo amount of material of such great dimensions away one thousnnd milen in- land on the Amerioon Continent only tends to show that they are determined to fight their way in and keep al)ieast jf ail their competitors. In the centre of this buihiingsits The 120-Ton Krupp Gun, the largest in the world. 'I'he difTicully of shipping such a large piece was great. It whs sent on a special truck to Hamburg, where tlieie is a large crane, and again they hnd to find a place on the ooa.st where there was a lieavy crane to lift it. One of the great rnilwaya had special trucks made in America ready to take it on its long journey. "hero it is now surrounded by crowds of persons ihiily. They aUo sliow two fine ship guns, one a (iuton and one a 45-ton. Blen-of-watsmeu are thero daily working the guns, and showing their method of londing and working. The big gun has a range of 20 miles, and the smaller ones of 14 miles. The large shaft with great propeller blades fixed on end is a great nttiaction for the visitors, also the big cast steel stem for an armour-clad vessel. They also hIujw a boiler end j)late 12 feet in diameter, 1\ inch thick, \vei;;ht 3 tons; and also a plate Ori feet long, 11 feel 3 inches wide, IJ inch thick, weight IG t'.) feet 3 inches ; and from the water-llin^ to that of the main deck, 12 feet. Itight amidships on this deck is a superstructure 8 feet high, with a li.iminock berthing on the same, which is 7 feet high, and THK SANTA MAIUA. present on board of fifty-two all told. In the after jiart there is what is called a half deck about six feet high, on which is placed the Admiral's cabin, which has two large windows right in the stem. Over the cabin is the poop or quarterdeck, which stands very high, and on the rails of which are two small cannons. The forecastle is very high also. 'J'he ship appears to have been built very strong, the ribs or frames being very thick, and must have'betn seaworthy. Man-of-War Illinois. The full-sized moilel of the U.S. man-of-war Illinois is really a most remaikable exliibit. It lies (or is built rather) clo-c to the pier as if it were moored to the wharf. It is built ^ii a foundation WARSHIP ILLINOIS. above these are the bridge, chart-house, and the boats. At the forward end of the superstructure there is a cone-shaped tower called the "Military Mast," near the top of which are placed two circular "tops" as receptacles for sharpshooters. There are rapid-firing guns on each ot these tops. The height from the water-lino to the summit of this military inast is 7() feet, and above is placed a flagstaff for signalling. The mounted battery com- prise four 13-inch breechloading rifled cannons, eight 8-inclido.. four (i-inch do., twenty (!-poun ler rapid- firing guns, six l-pound do., two Gatling guns, and six toipedo guns. All these are placed and mounted as in the genuine battleships. On the starboard side is shown the torpedo protection net, stretching the entire length of the vessel. Steam launches and cutters ride at the booms, and all the outward appeaianco of a real ship of war is imitated. Whale-Back Steamer. I had the_ opportunity of seeing the whale-back stiMmeiriiiislophei ("oiumbus, wliicli is plying in Lake .Micliigan. It is claimed to lie the newest thing in tiaiisportatioii. As its name implies, it is not unlike a whale. It is cone-shapod at each end, .'l;!2 feet in length, with 42 feet of beam. 'Ilie hull is entirely built of steel. There are nine water-tight compartments, and it carries iXIO tons of water ballast. The Christopher Columbus is built ' • as to offer the least nossible resistance to the Wrt,:er, and floats like a duck, there being hardly a rijiple caused by her motion through the water, attaining a speed of 20 miles per hour. Ihore are five decks, affoiding room for no less than GOOO passengers. There are the main, pro- menade, turret, and burricano decks above the steel shell, and in the shell another deck for the refiesh- ment-rooms and dining-rooms. The grand saloon IS on the promenade deck. It is 225 feet long by 30 feet wide, The ladies' cabin is aft j this salooc \ Artisan Expedition to Amenca. 41 au'l tliu ladles' Ciil/iii aie &iu.slicil in onk ami inaliogaiiy,aiiil aiu liixuiiouiily fiirnislicil — cu.tliioiis, cuitaiiiM, luiiii;irig'<,aiiilua-y cliaiis heiiin part of the fuinituru. In tlic ciiitie of tliu Halooii iisi;s a heautiful fountain, fiom wiiicli tlio water trickles back to nil ai|uariviin below. 'I'lii; windows arc engravt'd with a hltIcs of designs which form acom- plutu iiistory of navigation, einbracini; designs of every sort of sliip from Noali's aik to tliu wliale- back. SuviMi turrets support tho decks far aliove the lai;hing of tiie waves, no matter liow liigli they roll. She carries no less than sixteen laige life- l)(iats, besides a number of life-buoys in the torni of settees. The steel shell is equipped witli triple- expansion engines with cylinders of 20, 24, and 70 inches. The engines have a capacity of 2(100 horse- power and are capable of developing a speed of twenty miles an hour. She was built in tlie yard of tiie American Steel iJarge Company, in West Superior. The steel sliell was completed and launched in seventy days. It coht nearly §500,000, equal to £125,000 sterling. The whaleback vessel is an invention of Alexander M'Dougall, a (ilasguw born and Canadian nurtured iScotciiman. Captain M'Dougall has been for twenty five years a well- liarge Co. is the largest owner of freight boats ou the gre.it lakes, the Christopher Columbus being tlie first wlialeback passenger boat, and numbering twenty-eight in the licit of boats built. FURNITUUE AT TIIH WOKLIVS FAIR. I\Ir Lugan, CMasgow, rejjorts : — After walking thruug!i the various f\irniture courts of this great Kxhibition, wliere nations have met on common ground to compare notes, tiie fust tiling tliat struck me was tiie poor sliow made by Great IJritain in comparison with France and Italy, thus losing a s[)leiidiil advertisement. However, we must be tliankful that there area few who have had tiie courage and enterprise to enter into this (j at international conti'st, and to them is due every praise for saving this pcution of tlie Uritish section from being desolate. What the llritish haven't in quantity they have in quality. This is shown very strikingly in the style, decoration, and workman- ."liip of our furniture. Tiie principal cxhiliitors in the liritisli section are Messrs Hampton k !Son.s, London, They give a reproduction on a rediioeil .c-^.i^^ m ... ■0^^*^^ known man on the gnat lakes, where lie arose f roni the position of couimon seaman to that of captain or master of the l.ng.r passenger and freight steamers, until finally in tlie early seventies he aliandoned " sailing " to become a ves.sel or sliippiiig a-i nt at Duluth, in order to carry out an idea he had long entertained that ho could effect a rovolii- tion in vessel architecture and coiistruction. In the summer of 1888, after having sjient ten years in ex- perimenting anil getting together enough money to build a steel vessel accoriliiig to his completed model, he launched the "101," a steel tow barge ca))able of carrying about 40,000 bushels of wheat. It was a success from the start. One short season witli the "101" enabled him to secure capital to extend his operations. After building six or seven vessels tlie next year at his old yard in Duluth, Minn,, the American Steel llarge Co., which he and his associates had organiseil, removed to West Siqiei ior. Wis., in the s|)ring of 1800, whore they equipped one of the largest and finest shipyards in the United States, cohering at the present time, with its dry docks, fifteen acie< of lanil and water slips. At this yard, shipbuilding has ever gone steadily forward, until now the American Steel Wn.\LK-BAOK 8TEAMKU CHRISTOPHKR COLDMBUS. scale of the banqueting halt of the famous Hatfield House, the residence of Lord Salisbury. It is constructed of solid oak, in the Elizaliotlian style, and is in- tended to e.iemplify the apiilication of high art to house decoration. This Hall is acknowledged to bo tlio finest specimen of Elizabethan work in existenee. The si>ace at my dis|K)sal would not allow me to speak of all the exhil)its in the British section. The one I have singled out will serve for comparison. On passing through the French .section tlfe first idea that strikes the mind is the magnitude of the exhibits. The .show of furniture and woodcarving is of tlie richest kind. The French ilesigners seem to confine themselves almost entirelv to the styles of tlioir country (Louis xv. and xvi.) They show great ability in reproducing the work in tho-e stylos, and iiractice in that class of work gives tliem an advantagoover all othercountries. It seems to me that the French manufacturers con- sider the style and beauty ot a piece of furniture of the most importance ; its usefulness .J)eiiig quite a secondary matter. The disi)lay of woo Icarving in the French doiiaitment is of a very high order of merit, which indicates a nrofound knowledge of art. 42 Dundee Courier and Dundee Weekly News I now turn my attention to the Italian ilivigion, and here, as I exin'ct.-d, foniwl fninitiirc mid Carved Woodwork of rare excellence. Tlie ItaliiiiiM (Id not nppear to be imrticularly good at ordiimiy diccirative carvini; — ceriaiidy not equal to the FiumcIi— l.iit in thi'ir own particular Hpecialty tliey distance all coin- jietitorH. In representin,"; Naluie in any of its vaiii'd forinH, es|iecially tlie iiiimaii figure, they are nlwnvM excellent, hut when they ilo>ccnd to con- ventiiiiial urnanients thoy are not imnally so suc- cessful. There are many articles of furniture decorfited, and in some ca-os ovurdone, witli carv- ing. This aiiplicd to caliinets espicially. The furniture is almost exclusively of one cnaracter, which 1.1 Italian renaissance, nltliough it is some- wliat different in detail from wliat is commonly called Italian renaissance in this country. In com- paring the work shown hy France and Italy in the carving, witli the Italians smoothness of BUrfaco is kept almost entirely for the fi^'uie, foliage, llowers, and ornament l)rini; treated (jnite differently, witli tool mailjH in them distinctly shown and emphasised. With the Fteiich carver, on the other hand, nearly all the work is tinislied with a monotonous smoothne.-g, which proves yroat manual skill, but which ilestroys most of the chaini and effect. I tlien passed to the American courts, where I cxpectcil to see a good display in the American furniture department on account of the artistic tastes of the people ; also, hicanse t!ie Americans being at home, it was natural that they should make a strenuous effort to inodiice a creditable collection. All the manufacturers of any note in Ameiica api)ear to be represented. Some of them showing splendid specimens of art. M'lst of the furniture exhdiiteil is after the French r< naissance style, preference being given to it pio- bahlv because it is effective and beautiful in detail, an,l atforils a wider scope for the woodcarvcr. l!y far the largest and best exhibits of furniture are ^howii hy the Grand Rapids, JMiehigau. This is a place on the shores of Lake Michigan, and about 100 miles from Chicago, which claims to have the largest factories in the world, of which there are 02, and employ iioou nun. (liaml Itapids is The Furniture Centre of the United States. Speaking cd" the .Vmc rican exhibits as a whole no one can deny that there is a fine colli'ction of artistic fumitnie pioduced hy judiciously comhiidng the various branches of the tialall. (ioing over the exhihiis from the State of New York, it was astonishing to see the varieties of canneil fruits and also the fine exhibits of ripe fruits, especially among the tomatoes. They Invl aspi'cimeii tomato which weighed 4 lbs. In coming to the State of California stall, there is a large monument done up from top to bottom with oranges, a true representation of the Bunker Hill Monument, lloston, K! feet square at the base, and rising to a height of 30 feet. The exhibits hero of all kinds of fruit were very fine. In con- versini,' with Mr Goodman, who had charge of the stall for the State of Missouri, he said he believed that what they wanted iti America was to get the people skilled in Imw to grow fruits of all kinds prolit.ahly, and for this purpose they had formed a ^ociety so that in each State two lectures could be given every year on how to plant, prune, and kaep in a healthy condition their orchards. He said thai twenty-one years ago he planted five hundred budded jieachea, ami some of his friends warned him that it was a mistake, because they would never bear. Others said they would bo so plentiful they wouUl not sell at a p.aying price, '^'t in spite of all these predictions the fifth sumr ^ netted a crop of .S475, and they continued y well for a number of years, but hard wintt a and proved Very fatal to many of his )ieacli tree^, so that of late his peaches have not paid. In the conversation I had with Mr Goodman, I couM clearly see that the various goods exhibited were fruits gathereil far and near in every Slate, clearly showing that in America, as well as at home, if any one plants a fiiiit tiee of any kind and lets it stand to the autumn without care or attention and then goes and seeks fruit, he need not be disappointed at finding none. Passing along in this depaitment wo fitid that eveiy Htidlkeeiier is certain that his State is tiie liest and his exhibits the finest in tlie Exhibition. We now cotne to the deiiartment illustrating the appliances, methods, &c. I inijuired at Mr I'owell what were the wau-es of men employed in gardening. He told me the average wage of gardeners well up in their luofession would be from 1550 to §(10, or £10 to ,t;i2 per month. Jlr I'owell, who is supeiintend- iiig .New York exhibits, has all its varieties of fi uit correctly named, and eaeh ono described as to the soil and clitnate it is mest likely to do well in. (Iieat credit is due to Mr Powell for the pains ami trouble it must have given him to go over all the varieties under his chargi'. .n the canned goods department alone it is value 1 at $10,000. FORGIN{J 1!Y ELECTRICITY. Mr Ebenezer Bennett, electric engineer, New- eastle-on-'J'yne, reports regatding the Electrical Buildings ; — I am really surprised to find such a poor show as there is in this department after all we have heard. The only exhibit worthy of notice (that is where anything new is to be seen) is that of the Electrical Forging Company of Boston. An ( xhibition of the process of forging and tempering hy electricity of metals is here given with great success. Metal that is heated by electricity and forged under that heat is stionger than similar metals heated in the flro. A claim they lioM for their process is that it wastes little or no material, Artisan Erpfidithn (o Amfrica, 43 An<1 ii so fjuick nml acciintto in it!i opniatimi that tin l)i(i(liiotiv«' ca|>ncity is far iit alvanco of any utliei lilocoMH iti mecliaiil :s. It Saves Labour, material, ftml tiino, aiidsn rcduccM i\\i- cost cf piinliic- tiiin that it mii^t inevitably cuiitinl thoni inutacturi> i>f any artcle that can l)u pioiluced liy it. Tlic hocret of olootilcal tur^ins iios in the fact tliat hy tliis process metal is lioated all through evenly, wh-reas in an ordinary forijo a bar of iion or steid ia) in danger of hurnins on the outside before the inside of the metal gets hot en- 11,'h to work. I saw an exhibition of f jrging to-.;,iy wiiioh showed l)crfect control over the degree of heat. It al.-o has the advantage of adding no gases or other impuii- tii'H with themt.'tal. The exhibition to-day was the heating of a bir of iron to a white heat in water. The cnrront is passed through an ordinary pailful of water, and the iron lining phm^'od becoinos Red-Hot in Less Than Thirty Seconds. ' irmi was f is exhil)i- crowd of pieces of Mr 'n on less than fr(nn -Slo to .SlU per week, and that sum diil not include (d itliiiig. On .iccount of ti.e g.oat loss of time in the winter it male it sometimes very iMlicult for a man willi a hi>use and family to get along as he ought witliont saving money at all. Anotlier s|ieciality in this dei)arrment was the splenilid iissortm lit of presseil brick, both plam, ornamental, and moulded. Thoso bricks were saiil to be homogeneous, and coul t be carved more easily thair stone. Thoy are of an exeeednigly rich blight cherry colour, ami are all made from natural clay. Tliey have a closeness 4>f tiixture and nnifiu inity of colour, whicli mdtes thom very suitai)le fcU' f.icing good job<. Tliey are largely use 1 in building liotli iu and aroumt tliis great city tliat tlii^ Amerie.ir.s boast of as h iving grown up like Jonah's giniid. AT THE WOIILD'S FA 1 11. (Third 1,'cp'iit. ) WORLD'S FASTEST ENOINE. A FAMOUS SNOW PLOUOII. WEAVlN(i AT THE FAlll. MECHANICAL NOVELTIES. THE WOMAN'S BUILDING. THE FISHERIES EXHIUI'I'S. PRINTING MACHINERY. (From the Dawloe WccUi/ News of Septemho- 3. J Mr Watson, Dundee, reports :— Engine '.111!), built by the New Vork Central and Hudson Iliver Kail- way ("omp.uiy, exhibited at the Worlil's Fair iu a shed ailjoiiiing the Tran3|iortation liuddings. This locomotive, which has great attractions for the public visiting the Exhibition, seems a likely enougli engine to run at a high rate of speed. It is well finished, and looks very well, but, like the most of the American express engines, tlie boibT stands veiy high in the training. Eor a few weeks b fore being sent to the Fair, OH'J was run on various trains to test her power aui] speeil. On May 0th slie ran the Einpiie Statu Express right tlirougli fioui Xew Vork to iJ.ilfalo, a distance of 110 miles, and ran tiiiu. Slie is said to have run NYC13.M o. K n Yfi ( FASTEST LOCOMOTIVK IN THE WOIiLII. 14 Dundee Courier and Dundee l^eekly News CI' milc^iii fi8 minutes. f)n one part of tlio jouincy one milo was run in 31i suoonds. It seems to lie from tluit one mile -lie gets tlie crcilit of running 102 Miles Per Hour. The train run on tlie above ilue consisted of four cars, and tlie total weiglit of the tiaiu was 302,000 P'junds. Kngine 9!)1), as will be seen from tlie illustrr.tion, is an eiglit-whooled engine, or four- coupled, with bogie in lelding end, standing very liigli on hei wlieels, and ver}- plain, although very liandsoino in appearaioo. iiie cylinders are lU by 24 inches. 'i'lie valves are Kicliaidson-balanced, and the driving wheels are 85 inches in diameter, the tyres being 3i inches thick and 52 inoiies wide, secured to cast-iron c( tres by Maiisell retaining rings, thb total wheel base being 23 feet 11 inches. The engine bogie wheals are 40 inches diameter, with cast-iron spoke o, *-'.-h and tyres, also aecureil by the Alansell retaining .ings. The weight on the four driving wheels loaded is 84,000 pounds, and on cngint truck or bogie 40,000 pounds. Tlie boiler is what is termed tlie waggon-top style, 58 inches iliamoter at the smallest end, b ing much wider at the tire-box end, and having all other American engines, flO!) has a very com- fortable cab wliieli protects men both from stormy weather and intense sunshine. British Locomotives. Amongst other exhibilj in the Transportation Hall which are worthy of note is Mr Webb's engine and cani.iges from tlin Ijondou an I North-Western Hallway. This engine is a three-cylinder c im- pound, with five driving wheels 7 feet 1 inch diameter. The front pair are driven from the low pressed cylinder, which is 30 inches diameter vnd '24 ineh stroke. The hind pair are driven by the two high pressed cylinders, 15 inch diameter by 21 inch stroke. Tlie carri.age which is attached to ilia engine is also well finisliud, aiul everything of the newest invention has boon adopted. It is f^ttetl with both AVestinghouse and vacuum brakes, 'llieir appearance is attracting the attention of tlie muny visitors, and, I am safo to 8ay, they are likely t.. ba highly awarded in tho official judging. A littlu further round stands The Great James Toleman. ami uctiaots aa TIIK nOI'AUY 268 Two-Inch Tubes, twelve feet long. The tiie-hox is ahoiit 9 feet long anil 3 feet 4 inches wide, and lias the linehanan water aicli. The grate area is 30'7 .■~<]uvre feel, and the total heating surface of the 1) ider is i"'.l30 siiu.ire feet, '23'J'1I'2 of that being in the tire-liox. Tlie biiler has ,vii extended snu'ke-liox, ainl m lilted up with a dellector and jierfoiated ste,-! |)late ^spalk arrest. The exh.uist nozzles are double, and 3', inches in diameter. Tin: boiler and tire-bo.x are made of -jteel pressed at 1!)0 lbs. per scpiare inch, Ajax metal is employeil for all beaiings, and runs very cold. The tender has room for tons of coal an(l capacity for '6'>^7 gallons of water, and i-; fitted with a scui) for lifting water when running. r!'e tend'sr rests on two four-wlieuled trucks, each wuu ■ feet 5 inches base and stei I tyres. Tlie weight ot the tender when loadeil is 80,000 pounds, nniking the total weight of the engine and tender 204,000 pounds. The engine and tender are fitted with the WestiiighoLse quick action automatic air- brake and signal, fitted with injectors and Nathan sight-! eed lubricators. This engine is said to run very smooth, and steams remarkably well. Like SNOW PLOUOH. I much attriition as anything to be .teen in the Trans- ! porlation IJuildings. It was de.signed by Mr I Winley, of hoiidon, and is intondi'd to run fast, I heavy trains. The builders weroMessis Hawthorn, Leslie, & (Jo., Newcastle-on-Tyne. This i< a four ' driving-wheeled ciigiue, with four-wheeled bogie in front, four high -pressed cylinders -two outside, whicli drive the pair of trailing wlieids, anil two insid(>, which drive the pair of leading driving wheels, I'lio duunetiT of the driver is 00 inches ; size of inside cylinler, 17 x 22; outshle, TJ.Jj x 21 inches. The boiler is very large and is oval-shaped, being stayed across the centre, ami has 235 2inch tubes 14 feet *Ji inches long, with very huge flro- box. The James Toloman is a very liandsome- lonking engine and should do good wuik, although our cousins in America strongly maintain that the liaohanan's large engine will beat him in a race with a iieavy train. However, that has to be decided yet. Other Locomotives. Other exhibits of note are by the Pittsburgh Locomotive Work-i, There are a iiumher of very handsome engines exhibited from these works, the 4rtisan Exiwhtinn to Amrrica. 45 y com- itormy tatioi) Ollgillo estei'ii iiiuli le low iiiil ly the by 24 ti) Mia of tlie 'I'luir tnitny t., be littla America's Famous Snow Plough, ciilU'tl the liotaiy, for cKaiing miow from railways. 'I'lio "iilougli" consists of a stoam i-rigine ami diiv- iiig gear iiisiJt! of a strong huilt car nm on two four-whei'lcil liogies. At tin; front cml tlu:re is a large wlii't'l littcil with Hiiar|), cone sliape 1 scoojis and automatic reversible knives. Tliis wheel is driven by a shaft from the cnuine inside, inoch the same as a boat's i)ro|ieller, with a tender attached lieliind to si'pplv water. When tlie "iiloiigh"is pushed against tho snow the wheel cuts it and throws it clear of tlic railway. This .style of a "plough" has been in use for some yu.irs, and has cncountereil some of the most severe snowstorms ever experienced. The last one it cleared was in March, iy',)l), wnen the snow was -15 feet deep on tho rail.'', accomplishing in six hours and thirty minutes what the oflic.ers of the road claimed could not have been accomplislu'd in any other way in less than four or five days. This " plough" was made in the Leslie UroMiera Co. shojis, Patersoii, New Jersey, and is adopted on many ditferent roails in America. The Fisheries Building. ;ir W. Smith, Denny, reports :— The Palace of Fisluuies is a very picturesque structure, which contains mm-e than three acres of the most interesting' exhibits i)ertainiiig to live fi'h and proi)ared products of the finny tribe. In the east annex is the a(piarium, containing thirty tanks of deep sea monsters and acjuatic fauna. lierriiigs are to be seen swimming about, and salmon-hatch- ing in all its ililferent stages is also shown. Alnmsr every country in the wcuM sends samples of lishin;,' boats and the vast variety of appliances u: ed to catch fish, bcshles pictures of lidhing scones and an infinite number of fish products. Norway is to the front in fisheries. In the exhibit of tliat country are models of the boats and the weapons used in assailing the walrus, th ■ seal, and the polar bear. (iloueester is strongly represented, a largi^ model of tlio harbour showing warehouses and 'he fish docks withall the usual accessories. There is m interesting model of a fishing scene in IJoston l!ay. The water on whiuh tho boats float is well imitated. Down m the depths the nets may he seen, and on tho floor of the bay there are the fragments of wrecks, the debris of a road- stead, and marine plants peculiar to the locality. In the same building are models of whales, sliaiks, devil fish, mammoth lobsters, sword fish, sturgron, &o. A novel way of advertising a fish glue m w hero 1)0 observed. Two pieces of belting, glued together, suspend an old rusty cannon takiui fr un a Ih'itish frigate that had been sunk in tin. .St Lawrence nearly two centuries ago. To add interest and variety to this part of the show there are introduced otd traps, lobster pots, and manhines which automatically remove tho scales from fish, (in^at liritain sends a fine display of h inks amt every variety of angling tackle, l)ut in reg nd to angling it must be ailmitted that the appliances shown by America for novelty and ingenuity arc far aliuad of all other ujtiiiiotitors. TKXITLE KABRICi;!. Mr Mungo Smith, Duiulee, reports :— On entering the Machinery Hall, be sure I was looking for looms, and almost by instinct I heard the clicking \ good way off. <;oing forward nwA looking over the railing, I spoke to one of the men in charge, who opened the gate and asked me to go in. There were ten looms in operation, two working cloth for men's clothes. I asked the attendant if it was all worsted, and he paid yes. "Row mnch wages oould you earn with that yarn?" I asked. "I could maky nearly .?.'{ (12s) a day, Init we don't have it so goo. I at homi'," he replied. One of the looms had 2,\> leaves of a rami) and the other 18. Fo.ir were W(Mking gingham, and the woman in charge of them came from tlla-^gow. She t(dd me she lik'd to work in the old country best, though slio m a Irf bigg.'r wages heie— from ijiil to !?ri (fJ U to £'2 Ss) a week, holding on four looms. The remiinder of the looms were working bright dress stulf. KurtliT along I watched the weaving of silks in beauiiiul de-igns, and there were several exhibits in whicli silk badges, with Pictures of Columbus, President or ^Irs (,'leveland, as souvenirs wpra male; also figured silk handkerchiefs and other fabrics. Schauin & Uhlinger. of I'liihule'iiiiiA, occupy a lai'ge space in which thoy weave these and other souvenirs and also weave silic cloth in a design and at the samo time i)ut over the ground- work figure another figure which gives the work an cfliect of hand embroidery. Another interesting exhibit was that of the .Star and Orescent Mills, of Philadelphia, by which Turkish towelling is made in various sizes, and young women operatives tie the knots in the fringes with .lurprisiiig rapiility. The Willimantio Thread (Jompany occupy a large space with several machines. The thread is received here either in tho hank or on bobbins. If ia tho hank, the thread is wound on bobbins and is re- wound from those bobbins on spools. Tho spooler i< An Automatic Machine, which requires only that the sjiools bo fed Into a trough, and that the thread be fastened on the spoid. The machine automatically takes the spools ono at a time from tho trough, and, after the thread is fflstennd, winds until the spool is (illed, then catchei the thread, droi)s tlie spool into a reco|)t.acle, then takes up an emi)ty spool, and pro- ceeds as before. Another machine pastes (he labels on the ends of the s))ools, reipiiring no more atten- tion than that of feeding the s[)ools into a liougli. The Lowell I\lachino Shops, liowell, fl[ass., illm- trate the processes of weaving cotton cloth, bo.;in- ning with the bale of cotton anil ending with the finished cloth, marked, slampoil, ani ready for market, The baled cotton is opened, and the cotton run through the several operations, from the picker thiough tlie spinning of the yarn, then is trans- ferred to the looms and woven. T'lie i5ritish exliibits looked lather tame beside the othi'r stalls. "Slv Jl'Uregor, tilasgow, showcil clan tartan making. Other Manufactures. Aberdeen represented the comb trade, Shellield cutlery, and IJirmingham gins, Ireland, with linen, made a good show. Knglish pottery-m \keri m ido a grand display. The most interesting exhil>U, 1 think, was in heating and cooking stovs. They looked like oriiani nts for a iliawingioom, as I believe some of them were. They resembled l.irgo sidi'lioards or cabinets. Sanitary appliancos ill gnat variety, of the newest descriiition, were also ihown. ^H T 46 Dundee Courier and Dundee Weekly News United States Building. The Uuitcil States GovenimLiit Ijiiililiii,', reports Mr Smith, \\m\ great attractions, anil it was the only place tiiat sueine.l ciowdcl. The exhibit of tiie War Department is most interesting. By means of dummy (ig.iies tiio costumes of all tlie olHciM's and privates of the different grades of the service are shown. There are moilels of the prin- cipal Government forts to be seen, and tlicre are display' i I'lguies of every noted Indian that has given the army tionble during the hist twenty years. An Arctic scene, in which the Eskimos are shown with the dog-sleds and snow-houses is ex- tremely natuial, the dogsaiid figures heing mounted in a manner tliat noirly approaches life. Jiesiiles the figuies, tiie War De))irtnient lias a complete display of small aims and liild ordnance. I'.ipier- macUo horses are hookc'd u|) to the gun carriaa;os, anil the gunn'^rs are in their proper p'aces. The Smithsonian Institution has a wonderful exhitiition of taxidermy, and the I'o-t Ollice De|iartinent has to show every stamp issued hy the Government. Coins and l)ank notes of every issue ari; shown by the Government Mint. The Women's Building. yit i\Iuiigo Smill), deseiil)ing this department, says: — This Ituilding, appropriately enough de- signed by a lady, is (Mie of tlie finest examples of architecture at the Worhl's Fair. Many of llie rooms are exijuisitely frescoed, all of the work being done by artists of the geutler sex. In this connection the exhibit of the liritish women is acknowledged on all hands to put all others in the shade. The British e-thibits of art comprise six water-colour drawings liy the Queen, bwo oil paintings by Prineess Christian, one water-colour by I'rinoess Louise, and one oil painting by Princess Heatrice. In the (Jallery of Honour the walls are hung witli the art |)roduoti()ns of the women of the world— Britiiah women l]eing here again foremost — and an attractive feature is the collection of portraits shown by Miss Hellen Black- ourn of women who have achieved distinction in different channels of the world's advancement. A table made of liistoric woods, contributed by the women of Pennsylvania, is also very interesting. The main assembly roum ih particularly worthy of attention and notice, ns it is oiiiamented by panels of carv.d woiid work, contributed by women from every State in tlie Union. Otiier interesting cxhiliits are the model of a co-operative household buiU of Colorado marble, also inidel of ragged school for children who-e niotlRia liave to go to work, the children biiiiig loolte I af cr from eiglit in the morning to eight at night. PRINTING AND PKINl'ING ai.VCHINRRY. Mr Logan, (Ilasgow, reports : -This department is located in the Palace of Mechanic Arts, and from an artistic and inoolianieal standpoint is vi'ry complete. Two very old printing presses are shown, (Uie of which was made in lioston in 1742. The other old press is of similar type, and is almost identical with the olil Benjamin Fianklin press which I saw In the Smithsonian Institution while in Washington. This press is lielievcd to he l.jO yciars old, and was in use at the time of the Ilovolution, anil was also used during the Rebellion for printing Confederate money. (jeneral l.ec's farewell address to his army was printed on this press. Outside of these two ancient models, the other jirossus exhibited illustrate every v.iriety of press that is in successful operation np to" tlie present time. These inclu le iiiesses for every purpose and of various speeds, from the small press for printing carda or circulars to the Monster Quadruple Presses such as in the Dundee Wccklij JS'ews Ollice, tliaS print newspapers of eight, ten, twelve, or more pages at the rcto of about 48,000 an hour. Blany of these presses are shown in operation. There ia one largo lithographic press that prints picturea ia colours of the Exposition buildings and grounds. The Chicago evening papers print editions each afteriiiion in this department. In the stereotyping department no now processes are shown, but com- plete outfits of diderent type and manufacture of the generally used processes are exhibited. Type- setting machines of four different styles are also shown in this dti)aitinent in operation. These in- clude both the machines that set ordinary type a.i well as those that cast the entire line from matrices. The Daily Oolunilnun, the official organ of the Exposition, is printed in this department, and the conijiosition is done on one of these tyjie- seiting machines. Printing several colours at the same time is also illustrated by several exhibits of presses for this jjurpose. Type-Making .Illustrated. The art of type-making is illustrated in a manner tli.at makes it one of the most complete exhibits in this building, as the process of typo-making is fullv shown by exhibiting machines illustrating the development of this art. This interesting exhibit begins with the old hand moulds, such as were used one hundred years ago, each letter or type h- ing cast in a slow and uncertain manner. The next step in advancement is in the rotary type- casting machine invented in 1841), which was operated hy hand. Thirty years later steam power was apiilied for this purpose, making a machine that seems remarkable even in these ilays, were it not for the type-perfecting uachine of 18!);-(, which is shown alongside the machine of 1870. This latest invention casts typo at the rate of 1(50 to 180 a minute, each type being perfect in every respect and roaily for use. It is a machine of mar- vellous ingenuity. Wooden type, presses, book- bindeis' inaehiueiy, thread and wire stitching midlines, cutters, perforating machines, and afl other deviofs used in printing establishments, are likewise shown. THE FERRIS WHEEL. The Fen is Wheel, reports iMr Dunlop, Mother- well, built entirely of steel, is regarded as the greatest triuMiph of engineering skill at Clhicago Exposition. Imagine a monster wheel resembling a huge bicycle wheel revolving between two towers, the wheel being 250 feet in diainetnr. Around it suspended by great steel trunnion pins are 30 passenger ciwches, each as large as a Pullman car, callable of seating fifty persons. Then with its freight of 2000 people it slowly revolves, ami the pa.sseiigers iiave an un- paralleled view of the Fair grounds, a bird's eye riow of (Jluca'.;o and Lake I\licliigan for miles. A remailiable piece of work in connection with the erectioi, of the wheel was the placing in position of the groat axle, seventy tons in weight, one of the largest pieces of steel ever forged. It was placed in its position, l.'jO fent from the ground, without any accident. The total weight of the structure is 4300 tons, on both sides of the tower, and six cars can 1)0 loaded and unloaded simultaneously. KngincB of 1000 hone-power furnish trip be $400,0( I'ittsbi I KKIIKIS WKKKl, Platforms are .\.XI.l{, oca ted Mr a ver; every as ye ineutf woule farmi Nigg twelv horse and cimsl the s and Mesc Artisan Expedition to America. 47 I i i furnish the means of piopulsion, the time for each trip ^lpu)g about 25 iniiiiiti's. Its total cost was $400,000 (tSO.OOO). 'J'lie inventoi is G. W. Ferris, I'ittaburg, head of a great firm of bridge eiigiiiecip. fine show of very well-finiahed impleinenta. Among them is a threshing macliiiie of a novel kind. It is mostly woiked witli wooden spring cranks instead of belts. T tisii very smart-looking machine, only 1 think ■\-\\V. FKlilll AGRICULTURAL R'ACHINKKY. | Mr Taylor, Haesmill, Arbroath, says :— There is j a Very largo show of agricuKnral nnichinery of | every kind, and many new inventions I hat have not US yet been introduced into Britain. The imple- ments are mostly made very liglii, and gen' illy would not bo very wtdl adapti^d for Sooltish farmers. The Carver Header, by Carver Steel NigH Company, is a novelty, tho o\iHing bar being twelve feet wide. The miicniue is drawn by four horses. The driver stands upon a raiscil platfoi m, and works a steering handle. The machine is so eiiushurted that the horses -^n behind it, innrli in the same manner as the old 15i'll Rea)nT of Scotland, and prarlioally push the machim' in front of them. Messrs Massey, Iliirris, k Co., Brnntford, have a .S WIIKKI.. it wants length of shakers. The Platform Binder shown by IMr Davis, Cleveland, Ohio, Is a good finislied maehino. It has strips of cloth i'or convey- ing tlie grain to the binding gear, insliad of a sidid cloth, which, I tliink, is an improvement, Tho strips are tliree inches apart, and liavo brass spikes tixod in them for keeiiing tho grain from slipping hack. Gaar, Soott, & Co. show a very good set of threshing machinery and traoti(ui engines. Their engines are widl finished, and are from 6 to IB liorso-power. They also show a self-feeder and lianil cutter, anew invention, with a governor to re^^ulate the feeding. The Fn oman Manufaol;uring Company have a splendid show of hay and straw cutting macldnery, oilcake, crushers, and pulpers— the last very well linished machines. The Chatta- w ! S I :): 48 Daadi:o Courier and Dundee JVakly News iiooja I'lough Coiriiiany have a very largo show of chilled ploughs, which seem to he all tlio kiiul iisoil ill Aineiica. Soine gooilspocimens of old Ami'ricau ploughs are shown. Somi! 2r)0 years old are hIiowii to illu'^trate tho contrast hotweeii them and the plonglia of the present day. Garden Implements, The Yankee is hefore ua in the invention of garden tools, every thing bein, (if thi? most imi)ri)vcd tyiie. They h;ive small hand machines for sowing all kinds of garden seeds that seem to work very well, (lis! rihiitiiig the seed more eipially, and to a more regular depth than could I'ossibly be done by liand. Machinery Characteristics. sir lirown, Govan, remarks •.—In jia^sing through the Machinery Hall of the Ivxhihltioii, I could not fail to lu/tice the display from a nafioniil stand- ])oiMt, there lioiiig four dilFuront countries in oom- l)etition— liritain, France, (Jermany, and the Uiuted States. It is generally conceded that in point of excellence and as regards beauty of finish the United States will easily outstrip all others, wlnle foi actual service and (lurability Britain's dis- play will rank second. In delicate and aitistic iinisli and enibellislinient France greatly excels, while for rugged strength and in many new devices Germany is certainly most worthily represented. THE LEATHl'IR EXHIBIT— THE LARGEST BELT IN THI'] AVOllLD. The leather exhibit holds a prominent place in the Fair. Wax leather, which, it is said, excels all other kinds for durability and serviceable wear, is shown in small quan- tities by the United States, France, Germany, Japan, and Mexico. It is claimed that the States is second to none here, and also that the Western tanners, who have better processes of tanning, and pay better wages to their workmen, far excel those in the Eastirn .states. Belting is forward from only Austria and Japan in addition to the States, and the samples are of single, double, and three ply. All are oak tanned. Althougl. small, the Japanese exhibit is of fairly good quality, but here again the Americans claim an easy first. AVhat is said to be the Largest Belt in the World is so n in llie machinery hall. Of three-ply and waterproof, it is 20;! feet long, S.', feet wiile. weiirhs MTli.i lbs., and is com|io.-od of no fewer than hW.) liid.'s. The ne.\t largest belt, which is in the leather and shoe trades building, is 141 inches wi.le and '.'()() feet long. lio'h these come from Kew York. Xo lefractory Americ.in boy would care to make a do. e aciiuaintance with either of these belts. The boys, however, may fii 1 conddent that they will not be bron.diC into uni>leasant contact wit i them, as the Americans have not yet produced a man or a inaohine capable of wielding such hidts agains tboys. The .Vmericans again ciintcnul for the leading place in sole leather— of whieii I'enusylvauia, California, and Ohio send some particularly lino examiiles— where their competitors are again France, Gi-r- many, and Japan. Some exceptionally well- finished, fancy -cuhmreil enarnid ami shoe leather is shown by the (inn of llals-y k Smyth, of Newaik, N.J., and the- .Vinerican Oak Leather Company, of Cincinnati, Ohio, the leather covering of a be'anti- flll pavilion uO feet by I'tl erected by out' of these ooncoriis being so finely done as to lead even ex- perts to believe that they were looking upon real oak, Franco and Gei many are about level in the matter of morocco and ilonjcola lealherd, small grains, ami fancy goods, the exhibit of the former country, liowever, being more extensive. The Yankees frankly admit that the morocco made In I'hiladel|ihia and Newark, N. J., cannot, so far as appearance at anyiate goes, at all com)iate with the French and German stock. Franco, (Germany, Austria, Uussia, and Japn-.i all compete closely with America in the Section for Harness Leather. .Vlligator and kangaroo skins are on view in some numbers. The former are principally used for valises, pocket-books, reticules, and .iccasionally for shoes. Kangaroo leather is much in evidenG{' at |)rescnt, but, except for its novelty, it is said that it has nolhing else to recominciid it, as a good wax calfskin s'loe will, it is claimed l)y skilleil curriois, last much longer, and keep itsshai>o bettoi than one made from the skin of a inarsu)iial. ()n« woikiug man was, however, heard to declare stoutly the very opposite in the Fair, his reason for hi; contention being the strange one that, as a kan- garoo was a strong animal, and could jump .so far, its skin would, of course, make the best and strongest leather. One of the greatest curiosities in the leather exhibit is the hide of an ele|)hant, w.iicli, when green, weiglieil 800 lbs., and tanned — an oi)iration occupying two years— weighs 500 lbs. It is 20 feet long, lO feet wide, and .3 inches thick. Several walrus hides, which are used for polishing purposes, are a!so shown. This industry, more, jierhaps than any other, has been revolutionised by labour-saving michinery, in which the Americans excel. Amongst the machines used for currying is an improved licit or band knife-splitter, the knife of which is an Endless Band of Steel, which revolves with the edge of the knife close to the side of the rollers through which the leather passes, and is so perfected that it can take off several thin sjilits from a hide. The lower roller is made of riii^s, and each ring is capable of spring- ing, so as to allow the unequal parts of the hide to pass through. ]5y moans of hand screws the splitter can gauge the thickness of the split. The scouring machine, now in operation in ail large shops, also saves a great amount of hard labour. No machine has, however, yet been inveiiled that can take the place of skilled hand work in whiten- ing, which is one of the four particular branches of carrying. Nevertheless Yankee ingenuity has pro- duced a wliitening machine, which is used success- fully 00 revolutions per minute, making a level, sniontli suifaco on the leather. I'revious tn the whitening process there is that of stulling, which consists in filling the leather ii|i with oils anil tallow in order that it may be made linn, pliable, and heavy, and by the impiovuil methods adopted in this dejiarturo, fully 100 per cent, of material can be woiked into the leather, whereas by hand it was dilHoult to work in 50 per cent. On tln' newer lines hides are tanned in from a half to one-third of the time formerly occupied, but repeatedly during their tour the IN(}. II is a somewhat dilliciilt matter getting round the bookbindingexhiliitonacoount of the manner in which it has been "spread-eagled." America and Germany are the only cmiitrics which show machinery for the Artisan Krpedition to Anierira. VJ * ffil manufacturo of blank books and edition binding, and the exiiihit on tlie wliolo is disappointing in view of tlio fact tiiat practically no new prinoiplcti ire seen. The only exceptions in tiiis roMpect are two paper-ruling maciiincs, one a German, and tlie otlior an American invention. I'.otliare aelf-feoders, and in cacli tlie old-fashioned brass j)cn is dis- carded for a bruss disc. It is apparent that lioro at least the Yankee, generally will ahead in the matter of ingi'nujty, has been cumpli'toly buat'.'n by the phlegmatic but philosophic (icrniiin, as the Fatherland machine is in several respects :iui)er' f to the American. It occupies less than half the floor space of i(s rival ; it is strongor, better, and more neatly made, and many of the more important operations are more quickly and more accurately performeil. liotii maciiines are also alike in ruling two sides of the paiivr in one operation, and it is claimed for the (jerman machine that it can turn out 4000 Sheets Per Hour, with tlio attendance of only one person. Chicago comes to the front with laper-cutting machines, and New York shows a good embossing and inking press, a clever automatic book-trimmer, and a very rapid-working signature press. Uermany and America arc well represented by wire-stitching machines, the latter country also having on view a new model of an ingenious machine, which both saws and sews on tape or bands, or without either blank catalogue or edition work. Notable ex- amples of this work are forward from France, Australia, and Canada, and with one exception, where thorough bad taste is innnifested, Chicago has also itself a good display. The French exhibit is admittedly first for pure taste and skill. No better collection of printed books has perhaps ever been seen. It is contiibuted to by America, Mexico, Ih'itain, Germany, France, Italy, liohemia. Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. The samples of multi-coloured printing on cloth shown by (termany are not only novel and unique, but remarkably striking. Of fine hand-tooled leather binding, the exhibition is magnificent. Britain's Examples of Art Binding are solely from the hands of Zachnsdorf, of London, whose case contains a Tennyson in blue morocco, choicely finished in Derome style, and a beautiful specimen of renaissance work in dark green crushed levant ; but the mo^^t striking exhibit is the "Art of Bookbinding," in crushed brown levant, illuminated in olive green, with f. bold and graceful lloral design in gold, and the back panelled with choice toliago. Conspicuous in the (ierman collection is a book belonging to the Emperor William, with his initials and a crown in gold on the side, and bound in brown morocco in the Harleian style. A jewel casket in white morocco, fiuislied and illuminated by Herm Graf & Son, of Altenbur^'— another very beautiful ex- hibit—is valued at 8750 (£150). Leon Gruel, of I'aris, shows, amongst some other magnificent works, a book bound in brown morocco in the Grolier style, and costing §1100 (£220). From Rome there are some very fine vellum books, illuminateil and finished with great taste and skill, while Iioiiemla contributes good prayer books in leather and ivory. The books from the Scandina- vian countries »rc striking on account of their beautiful inlaid calf work of Gothic design. The Mexican "show " acts as a foil to the others. VISIT TO PULLMAN CITY. THE FAMOUS CAU AVORKS. HISIOHY OF THE FIRM. LIFE IN Till'] JIODEL TOWN. PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. HOW CARS All!'; BUILT. AVAGES OF WORKMEN. THE GREAT CORLISS ENGINE. A PALACE ON AVI11:ELS. DESCRIPTION OF CARS. A CANADIAN PACIFIC TRAIN. (From, the Dumhc Wu /.li/ Ni ir.snf lllh StpUMhir.) Mv Logan, (Masgow, thus describes his im- pressions :— Among the countless industries and enterprises of the United States there are none which attract more univi'rsiil .itlention than tlio Pullman Car Works and the model city built and owned by them, which forms so delightful a suburb to the city of Chicago. The result of all this ITM-MAN OKFrOKS, CHICAGO. gi'saiitic work is due to the inventive genius and power of one man — Mr George I'ulliniin. The idea of constructing a jialace car, or one where more comfort could ho had in travel than in th(< very crude cars then in use, was that of Jlr Pullman. In the spring of 185!) he loft his New York homo to seek his fortune in the tli-ni "Wild West." Chicago even then promised to become the metro- polis of the AVest, and it was here, with limited capital, he made the tirat step, which has resulted in such grand achievements by remodelling two passenger coaches into sleeping cars. The public were not prepared for such an innovation, and the 50 bmulcc Courier and Dundee ll^eekiy Xttcs m n initial attempt met witli but partial success. He, liy persistent efforts, olitained the permission to use an old abandoned shed, in which he built the first regular Pullman parlour nnd slePi)inK car, coatinj,' the then extraordinary price of 1S,0()0 dollars, and this was tlio foumlation of the great institution «hicli proudly henrs his nanii' to-day. In Ajiril, lS(i5, this .same coacli war, used as the funeral car of The Murdered Pre.sident, Abraham i.iiicnln. 'J'lie principal works of the Company are located on the side of a small lake fourteen miles south of Chicago. (Some idia of the maunitude of the I'ullmau Car Coiiipany may he formed win it is learned that tlu'V employ in their regidar service 2\'M> cars. They have built and lilaced in seivice during the past year ITiO slecjiing, parlour, dining, special, and tourist cars, costing on an av( r,iL;e Slo,51!l.^3 each per car. The total number of persons in the employ ot tlie Company in its manufacturing and opeialing departments is I'J.MC)", and the uaucs paiil during the past year averaged nearly !?(!()(> per each iiersnu emiiloyed. The business is lu.t eonfiued to the construction of l)aliice, diiiiuj;, auil slee])iMg cars. 'J'liey manufac- ture ears of tneiy description, such as passenger coathes, freight cars, stieit cars, and motors, and in tills las: branch of industry alone employ over 4i'() men. The Company also have large works at Wilmington, Del., and in their jilant include the Union Foundiy, Union Car "Wheel AVorks, the l^ullman Iron and Steel AVorks, also a brass work, which employs 250 men, and wliich turns out over one half million dollars worth of manufactured brass annually. The capacity of the works at rail- man is three sleejiing or palace car'*, ten ordinary liassenger, and L'40 freight cars prr week. Mr George Pullman was born in the town of Ibocfon, ( 'hantancju.i County, New York, RIarcli ,S, IW;!!, and has but ])assed his threescore years, and inthim has con- fined work fit for an army of workers. He was the third oldest in a family of ten, and at fourteen accepted a humble position in a store of his native village. Three years of ihis work and he joined his older brother in the cabiaetmakiiig busi- if :;i' f;i ■.:!, Mil GKOUdlC .M. I'ULLMAN. nrss. Force of circumstances compelled him at this timo to sell his cabinet shop. He then accepted n contract on the Eric Canal to remove from its r(Uite a largo number of houses. Ilaving accom- l)lislii(l this, and made some money at it, he started for the AVest with SCiOOO in bis pockets, when he reached the wind-swept prairies about Chicago. From this timo his history has been that of the city of his adoption, energy, industry and prosperity. The "Weekly Nows" Delegates were shown through this great establishment by Mr D. Doty, of Pullman, who explained everything of interest to the members of our party. It is almost superfluous to state that the works at Pull- man are provided with nn abundance of the beat macldnery for working iron and wooil. In all there are about !•()() machines. Of that number, 70 are w(>od-workiiig machines, ii eluding 12 carving macliines, and throughout the whole buildings the subdividing of labour is very apparent. Ten hours constitute a day's work, Saturdays included, ami, as far as possible, piece wages are paid. The following is the average weekly wages in some of the dei)attments :— Car body makers, Is 4d jier hour ; cabinet and chairmakers, ls7d ; upholsterers, Is (5d ; painters and decorators. Is 8d ; carvers, Is 8d ; carpet seweis (female), (Id. Some men in the above trades make as much as 2s .3d per hour, while others ca:~ only earn 'Jd or KM. The sanitary and ventilation arrangements throughout the whole of the Pullman buildings are as near perfection as can be. All the works and sho])s are kept in the neatest possible order. The machines are all fitted with blowers aiul exhaust-fans for taking away all shavings and dust as fast as they accumulate. Passenger Car Building. An outline of the manner in which passenger cars are built, sa3's Mr Logan, cannot but be of interest, as this class of car construction constitutes the most important woik done at Pullman. There are 3,"),000 passenger cars in use on the 175,000 miles of railroad in the United .States, and these cars have cost over !Si200.000,000 (t'40,000,000). An onlinary day coach costs from £1000 to £2000. AVheu an order is receiveil for a given number of cars it is accompanied by carefully-prepared draw- ings of every (letail, and by specifications which even enumerate the (juantity and quality of screws, nails, bolts, castings, trimmings, &c., which are to be used. Those unfamiliar with this class of woik would be astonished at the elabm-ate nature of the drawings, with all dimensions mi\rked on them, so that no mistakes may occur. The specifications aim to contain a clear statement of all the materials to be useil, their quantity, quality, and sizes ; and the manner in which they are to be treated and built is also carefully described ; even the paint and varnishes are specified, as well as the number of coats on each, and the length of time each coat is to be given to dry. Thus it will be seen that a car is fliat Carefully Thought Out in the niinil of the designer, and all details put upon paper. When ar. order for cars is placed, bills of the materials rcquire, and required seven months in building, and furnished power for running the machinery at the Centennial Exjiosition in Phila- delphia in 1870. At the close of the Exposition it was taken back to I'rovidence, and was i)urchased by Ml- Geo. BI. Pullman iu 1880. It required a train of 35 cars to bring it to Pullman. It was set up in iMh^ COHI.t.SS EXGINKHOUSK AND WATKl! luUiOK. its present place during the aulumn of 18S0 and the winter of 1880 and 18S1. and was started for the fii'sttimeon April 5^ 1881, in ])n'sence of a great many visitors. Miss Florence I'ullman opened the steam valves and started the engine in the midst of creat rejoicing, thus starting the Pullman Car Works. The en;, .ne has run successfully since that date. The total weight of the engine is 700 tons. The Engine-Room. The engine-room is 84 feet square niiJ 68 feel high. The platform upon which the engine stands is 20 inches above the floor ov the loom, and nr. visitors are allowed upon it. 'Vhe frame is shaped I- : ?'}'■ " i 52 Dundee Courier and Dundee Weekly News like the capital letto A, and is very strongly braced. The height from the floor io the top of the wall s, lodgerooms, oilicc for doctors and dentists, two barber shops, and the rooms of the Young Men's Christian Association. The third storey has handsome lodgerooms used by the Free- masons, Odilfellows, Ancient Order of United Workmen, and other friendly societies. Pullman has its athletic association, which consists of about 150 members, bus handsome grounds, and every modern convenience for athletic and atjuatic sports. The playgrounds contain about ten acres, and the island five acres. Athletes from nil parts of America are said to have competed here for the beautiful medals awarded. Tlie ciicket team at Pullman boasts to being the best one west of Hud- son Pkiver, and holds the championship of the West. They have also a baseball team, which they claim to be one of the best out of the professional nines, Pullman has become the centre of athletic sports in the West. Annual regattas are held in the spring and autumn, and athletic gamee are given which attract the beat amateur athletes of the land. Every facility is afforded at Pullman for rational amuaementa nnd recreation. The Savings Bank is largely taken advantage of by the workmen, the amount deposited in the bank by 224!) depositors from August, 18!)2, up to April 10, 18'J3, was 630,88!) dollars, which is tijual to 283 dollars for each depositor. In cases where accidents of a serious nature occur, such as broken limbs or any other accident whereby a man is laid off work, the company pay him his wages. With the ex- ception of seventy dw ellinghouses these structures at Pullman are all of brick. The houses are pro- vided with all modern improvements such as gas nnd water, and ten per cent, of them with baths. Nearly all the ho.ises are faced with red pressed brick, and they are all on broad, well paved streets and shaded with trees. The last census of Pull- man, taken in August, 18!)2, shows that ther- were then 11,702 men, women, and children. Tiiv entire number of tenements is 1831, some families using more than one tenement for the accommodation of lodgers, there being on an average 2500 biichelors at the works. Half of the lieople are American born, Swedes come next, and Germans third. At the time of taking the United States census in 1880 the town of Pullman was only a matter generally talked about, for workmen had only begun preparations for building, and no one resided there. Workmen's trams and cars run morning and evening from Ohi ago. T'lie place to- day presents a busy scene of industry, employing over 0000 persons in its shops and factories, and no less than 849 of these wage-earners own their houses. The Churches in Pullman. An inquiry in reference to the church preferences of families in Pullman shows that 75 families lean towards the Baptist Church, 2J0 incline in the direction of the Presbyterian, 125 the Methodist Episcopal Church, the Swedish Methodists claim 125, the Elim Swedish Lutherans 100 families, and they have a fine church of their own ; the Swedish liaptists 50 fanidies, the Hoi}' llosaiy Church 375 families. This congiegation has one of the finest brick churches in the country. The German Lutlicrnn claim 75 families, and the German Reformed Church 100 familio". the Swedish Mission I'HKHUVTKHIAN CHUHOH. Went wlien Artisan Ezydition to America. 53 Cliurch 125 families, and the German Catliolics TiO famiiica. Ten of tliese diMtominations are pro- viilud with ministers au'l ciiurclics. Tlie Gicen- stone Cliurch, which is leased hy the Presbyterians, is the finest structure in tlio town of Pullman. It is built of stone of the Seii)ontinu Kock. This rock is crystalline, occurring in masses which commonly present dark green colours. Some authorities have classed it as a marble, from the fact that it is often sculptured. Its fancied resemblance from its mottlcil appearance to the skin of some serpent gave the rock its popular name. Drainage System. Thestoim or atmospheric water goes from roofs and streets through one system of pipes and large drains directly into Lake Calumet. This water, of course, contains no sewage. Brick mains are built in alternate streets, running east and west, the intermediate streets being summits from which the surface water flows into the main drains or gi'wers. The fall is sulHcient to secure good cellars or basements for all the dwellings of the town, the drain pipes being at least 18 inches below the cellar bottoms. A two-feet cobble-stone gutter borders either side of every street, leading, at short interval of about liJO feet, into catch basins, these basins connecting either with laterals or main drains. 28 miles of drains and drainage piping have been laid in Pullman. No sewage goes intu those drains as they are intended to cany nothing but rain water. These laterals and house drains are of vitrified piping, and serve for draining over 1800 houses. Disposal of Sewerage. An entirely separate system of pipes from the drainage piping is here used. These sewers are laid deep enough to pass under all the surface drains, and sewage in thom from houses and shops goes by gravity to a cistern or a reservoir under the water tower at the works, entering the cistern 10 feet below the surface of the ground. The capacity of this reservoir is 300,000 gallons. The sewage is pumped from here as fast as it is received Ibrongh 20-inch iron pipes to a sewage farm three miles distant. At the farm end of this pipe the sewage goes into a receiving tank made of boiler plates, wliich ir set a few feet above the surface of the ground. Through tlie centre of this tank there is a screen in an oblique position, through the meshes of which substances more than half an inch in diameter cannot pass and get into the pi|)ing in the farm. Tlie sewage water passes through this screen, and thence into the distributing pipes, a pressure of not more than ten pounds being alUnved upon these pip'S. The sewage is sent from the reservoir so rapidly that there is not sulUcient t'ine for any fermentation to take place, and tliero is not the le.ast perceptible odour from it at the pumping station. A Palace on Wheels. Mr Logan, Glasgow, reports : — While visiting the PuUmaik works, the car of most note that the delegates were shown through was one owned and used by Madame Patti whilst travelling through the United States, There was nothing very striking about it, only that it con- tained a piano and a neat little iidaid cabinet. Mr Doty, the gentleman who showed ns round, ex- plained that the finest and most elaborate cars that the Pullman Company ever built are shown at the Exhibition, at the same time advising us strongly to sue them befoie leaving Chicago. On visiting the Exhibition next day, I Wont straight to the Transportation Building, when I had the pleasure of seeing through this most magnificent train. This train, I was told, was expressly built for tlie Exhibition ipdte regard- less of cost. It consists of a ten-wheeled engine of a very striking appearance. Next the engine is a United States mail car, which is vestihuled to the tender. 'J'his car is G!J feet (i inches in length, and is fitted up with the most approved mail fixtures. The postal authorities who have visited tiie car say it is the best equipped postal car in the 'vorld. The next is a first-class diiy coach US feet 11 inches in length. The car is finished in Vermillion wood that looks like dark mahogany, with a grain resembling rosewood. The car has 28 Hale and Kilburn double seats, which are notable for the easy way they can be turned and the comfortable seat they afford to the traveller. The upholstering of these seats is unusually rich, being an embroidered haircloth, with a gold-like hue. Each section of seats is divided by an arched crown, which seems to give the car the appearance of a series of arches that are beautifully carved and richly decorated with floral worli. OOIINElt OF I'lTLLMAN STATE ROOM. The Smok., started specula- tive building on a considerable seal-, and also ran a planing mill, and a lunil . r yard, and made a quarter of a million of dollars (£25,000). Every year at that time he built twenty or thirty first-class houses — very few clnap oms he ever built— and sold them fiom S20,00() (£4000) to §30,000 (£0000) a piece. Ho was not, however, often paid in cash for the property, and the result was that when the panic of 1873 came he lost nearly everything he had. Fiom 1875 to 1880 he was in Texas—a State in which jails were very much re- quired — and during that time he built no fewer than 22 of these useful establishments. Not liking the State, he came back to St Louis, and recommenced building on his own account, accumulating property of the value of $130,000 (£20,000) in four year.s. After this he returned to his first love — Chicago— and has done well up till now. The tlotel Thomas occupies u site opposite the main entrance to the Kxhibition, with 100 feet of frontage and a depth of 150 feet, and cost $33,000 (£0600). "Working men, he said, could do well in Ameiica if they kept away from the saloon, and people should come out when they were young, as they "caught on" more readily to the customs of the country than older persons. The education system was the best in the world, and was frco to all. His own daughter could earn SCO or $70 a month at teaching if anything came over him, and the tame prospect was open to the daughter of every working man. There was always employ- ment for steady men, and no man required to take off his cap to any one. They lived on the very best food that was to bo had — meat was cheap — and mechanics and labourers, provided they kept fiom drink, had caipets on their floors, and many of them had pianos. Scotchmen generally did well, but Irishmen were not behiml, and many of them had risen to the highest professional and social positions. As a striking instance, ho mentioned the ISrothers Cudaliy, who, starting as butchers with a couple of dollars a day twenty years ago, now lived in jial iccs, and haii liorses, carriages, yachts, and all the other luxunts of millionaires. In concluding on this subject, Sir Thomas said— " If I had stayed in the old country I woukl now have been looking forward to being a burden on my family, or spending; my last days in the poorhouse, but, thank Cod ! tlu i • is nothing of that here." Free Trade v. Protection. On the subject vl protection, Mr Thomas holds very pronounced views. The victory of the Demo- crats, he said, had paralysed tiade in Chicago for the time being. A couTitry's prosperity depended upon its manufactures, and the manufacturers of America did not know but that they might bo blotted out with foreign good (should the tariff be reduced or abolished. "If we are to have free trade in this country it will," he said, "ruin us, England is a great country because of ita manufac- tures, but it is being gradually ruined to-day by importing free from Germany and other countries what it can itself produce. Take this for an illus- tration. In our country convict labour is let out to contractors, who pay the State 40 to 45 and 50 cents a (lay for the work of each convir-t. These convicts are employed in making bats, clothes, ic, which compete with and keep down the price of free lab(u;r. At present this is done only on a compara- tively small scale, and it is not generally seen, but let us have Free Trade for two years and the fellows who are now crying for Fiee Trade would soon have their wages reduced to European level, and would be searching for all the ropes they could find in order to hang the Congress men. Chicago has lici'ii for some years the natuial home of the builder, but there is no house-building going on in Chicago at the jiresent time. On an avtrago I employ from forty to fifty carpenters, but at liresent I have only four, and in a fortnight I shall stop altogether. I anticipate, however, that there will be a chan swefp round, and that the Democrats will be at the bottom of the bag at next poll." It is a singidar fact that the delegates heard viewji similar to those held by Mr Thomas expressed by scores of skilled tradesmen in America. Hard-Headed Scotsmen, who in the laud of their birth would have been red- hot Radicals, were as emphatic as Mr Thomas in their condemnation of Free Trade as the policy for the American Government to follow. They were met yith everywhere— in the workshop, on the street, and in the oars — and according to them all, without exception, Free Trade would be the ruin of America. Several hot arguments took place on the sulijeot, and the Conductor in particular was not slow in showing bow unjust and one-sided their tariff laws were. He pointed out that really only 66 ntndee Courier and Dundee Weekhi News 4 ccrtfiin iniliiKtries wore prntecteil ngniiist foixign coin|»'titioii, and ftskeil the Aminicans if they were prciiiircil, for instance, to ^ivo hoiuitirM to the funiii'ra who hail to «ill their iiumIucc nt Kieo 'I'lMilc l)rici -I, ami juaptiMlly pay a sum (i|iiivalont ti> tin' taritf on cvorythin^ tlicy liuunht. He also pointiil out that Aineiica was a great country with enorinoua natural resources, that tlio Americans were not slow in hoastin;; of their ingenious labour- saving machines, anil of the greater amount of work they could turn out in a given time than the hritisher, and remarked that if tlie Americans with all tlieae advantages on tlieir side— not to speak of the matter of ocean fieiglit wliicli Ind to be paid on imported goods— could not hold tiieir own again; t JSritish woiking men imployed in industries crippled by royalties and subject to other imposi- tions peculiar to a country with all the burdens of a monarchical form of government, they were a veiy sorry lot inch'od. The contention hit them hard, but they wou'd not bo convinced. They stubbornly asserted tiiat, witli I'lotection, the mechanics of America had pie three times a day, that no European mechanic fared so well, that if America adopted l''ree Trade they would have no pie three times a clay, and some of them tieicely declared that lather than want their pie th'y would have another civil war. The .Southern and other States where unskilled labourers are in the majority are strongly Democratic, and, judging from the feeling displayed on the subject, it wouhl not bo surprising if serious distiirbances occurred before the question of tariff reform is settled by the tiovernment. The j delegates found America in a deplorable financial condition — works of all clescriptions being closed, tens of thousands of skilled artisans imemployeil, nearly two hundred banks with closed doors, rail- ways in the hands of receivers, an 1 trade com- pletely paialyseil — this to a large extent being due, of course, to the pcdicy which has hitherto been followed by the Government, as it could not be attributed to Free Trade, seeing that has not yet been tried. House Rents and Taxes in Chicago. The rents of the houses of working men 'r. Chicago, who live almost wholly in flats, vi. according to the locality, and also accordin;,' to theii size. In the north they range from S!) (£1 10s) to $14 (£2 10s) a month; on tlie west side, five to seven rooms, .S2I) (£1) to §30 (£0) per month ; and on the south side, whero grouml is still deaier, from §30 (£0) to SIO (£8), including taxes in every case. I'roperiy lu Illinois is taxed in a peculiar way on the capital value. For instance, a gentle- man interviewed on the subject stated that he was the owner of a farm in Illinois. Its capital value was 830,000, but the assessment was imposed on only Sl)')7l, and while tlie total tax in 187!) was 8i;i8.92(£2710s 4d), it amounted in 1802 to only $1)2.8 (£18 8s 4d). Ill the city a property in Wabash Avenue of the cunent value of .?100,000 was a.ssesscd for 87088, and the taxes on it came to Sr)33"51. The following i.-- -i- en as a sample of the assessment on a house assessed at .^lOO as equalised by the State Board :— State tax, 31 cents ; county tax, 77 8 10 cents ; city tax, 4.77 210 cents ; town tax, 13 510 cents ; bouleva.'d and parktax, 5 cents ; park tax, 3.5 cents ; bonded indebtedness west parks, 5 cents ; sanitary district tax, 50 cents ; public library tax, 21 1-10 cents ; new sinking fund, 15 cents— total, .?7 30 610c. (£1 !)s 3d). The water tax, which is a'so paid by the landloril, is levied separately and fluctuates. If it should not be paid by a certain date no notice is given, and the first intimation that the landlord has on tlie subject is a Eublished annou.ioemjnt that the property has een sold to pay rates, Prices of Food and Clothing in Chicago. The delegates were also successful in obtaining reliable iiiformaMon as to the cost of food and olothing. Tlio ,• .tes given were as follows : -Flour for bread, .§1.1)0(18^) (ler 1110 lb. barrel; potatoo.1 (new), 30 cents (Is 31) per peck of about 14 lbs. ; sugar (granulated), cents (3d) per lb, ; butter (best), in summer, 25 cents (Is) per lb., in winter, 35 cents (l" 5d); prime roast beef, 11 cents (5J[d); mutton, 12^ cents (ti^d) ; pork, 13 cents (Od) ; best steak, 15 cents (7V1) ; tea, 25 cents (Is) to $2 (8>) peril). — average, 75 cents (3s); milk, (i cents (3il) per quart; American cheese, 14 cents (7d) per lb. Ice forms a considerable item of consumption in summer — everything in Chio.igo at that season being iced— and the liaiiy supply of this necessary to an average family of a working man costs 5 cents (2',cl). Working men's clothes range in price fiom815 (£3) to 825 (£5), the highest price being paid for imported woollen goods. Shoes r.mgo from 82 (8s) to 85 (£1). Cotton goods ate usually cheap. In answer to a question whether the standard of living in America was higher than in Cireat Kritain, the informant said that if a man earned -84 (10s) a day he usually lived up to it, and if he earned only 81 (4s) lie had just to live dovu to it. THK WAGES OF BOOT AND SHOE MAKEKS. The specially revolutionising character of new machinery in the boot and shoo industry has been already referred to. According to Mr Carroll U. Wright, the I^.S. Labour Commissioner, the facts collected by the agents of the ISiireau at Washing- ton in 1885 showed that one man could do tlie work which twenty years befoie required ten, whilst a Philadelphia firm testified that the introduction of new machinery within the preceding thirty years had dis])lace weeks per year until they reach the age of 14 years. This is not very strictly enlorcod, but no child is allowed to be employed at any work until over fourteen years of age. There Is no corporal punishment in the schools here, so that if a child gets refractory the parent is sent for and Informed of its conduct, and a promise obtained of better conduct for the future; but if he should continue refractory, he ii suspended for a time, but must be reinstated again, and if lie commit a crime ho is sent to the reforma- tory and educated there for one year, when the parent can remove him again. If nn orphan he is kept until he reach the a^'e of 21 years, but the su|)eriiiteiideiit may arrange to send some of these boys as messengers lor the telegraph or printing establishments, and their earnings at this work go to keep up the establishment. The educational system Is nearly the same as our own except that The Kindergarten Method of teaching the young is adopted generally through- out. This consists ot arranging about a doz>.'n children of from tour to six yearsofage around a table at which a female teacher sits. Tliey are provided with pieces of coloured cut papi;r which they arrange Into geometrical figures, and which ard pasted on to leaves of a book, and seme of those I saw were very pretty. Others are provided with pieces of wood made Into blocks of different sizes and shapes, of which they construct small models of houses, &c. ; in .'act, nearly anything Is calculated to instruct and amuse them until they reach the age of six, when they enter another grade. Then for those who may have left the school, and want to prepare themselves for the work of business life, tlierearc the Business Colleges, at which, besides the usual courses of education, there is a course of special instruction given in book-keeping, commercial arithmetic, commercial law, writing, rapid computations, correspondence, wholesale, banking, real estate, insurance, shipping, shorthand, typewriting, spelling, grammar, and office work, and at one of these colleges in Ran- dolph at which I called I saw great numbers of young men and women going through the above course of instruction. Tliere is no special tax for education, but it goes in with tlie other taxes, which amount in ail to 885. 4G for every $10,000 worth of property, so that it is only proprietors who dre taxed directly for education. The Women's Christian Temperance Union. The Conductor reports : — Few, if any, buildings in Chicago surpass in point of nobility of purpose, beauty of design, and splendid appointments the erection in La Salle Street, known as the Women's Temple, in which is the liomeof the headquarters of the Women's Christian Temperance Union, the largest numerically, and the most infiuential of its kind in the world. Miss F. E, Willard, the president, to whose executive ability much of the success of the Union is due, was in Europe on sick- leave when the Wttkly JVews' delegates called, but they met Miss Margaret E, Sudduth, the managing editress of the Union Signal, the principal publica- tion of the Association, and which has a circulation of 75,000 copies weekly. We heard a good deal of 53 Dundee Courier and Dundee Weekly News i I the precocity ami smartness of Ameiicaii girls, but the young litdy who iiitroilnceil us to Miss Sudilutii stated, aliiiougii siiu had a caul and explanatory pamphlet, that it was an Arctic Kxpedition, and Mw Suddutli accordingly scfininl in doubt for some niinutos ax to the object of the call. After a hcMity l,\u,i;li, sbe ro.ulily gave an explanation of the work being catrioil on by the Uiiioi). whicli is world-wide ill its cliaracter. With its national, State, district, county, and local unio'is. it has in the Unilod States 150,000 mem- bers paying 50 cents (23 Id) a year, whicii, accord- ing tu a jarefuliyformed financial plan, is divided between the natioii:\l, State, and local unions, and tb9re is, besides, an atiiliatcil membership of 200,000. There are five national-paid officers, all females, and some of the States have THE \VO\|KN 3 r."MFLK. fimilar ofbcers. Tiie Union has in all 42 depart- ments under the lollowing general heads : — Legislative, preventive, educational, reformatory, and social. Through the efforts of the Union the teaching of tempTance from a scientific standpoint ha? been r.,adecoinpals:)ry in all the public schools in 38 States of the Union, a fine being levied for non- compliance. Homes tor sailors have bt'cn estab- lished at seaports. Special provlsiou has aho been made for soldiers and linnbornien, ai.d in tlic large city prisons, through the agency of matrons, the Union has succeeded in getting the fein:ilo separated from the male prisoi.ers. An impc. iu'it and useful agency In connection with tlie Ui.ion is the Anchorage used for the iirotection of strange girls coming to the city until they find places. 'J'liese are brought In by what are called station matrons, and about 2000 are accommodated annually, a great amount of ;;ood being done in this way. The Union has also under its wing city missions, reading- looms, niglit scliooU, and day nurseries In ad- dition to a speciol intermediate branch for young women designated the " Y's" there is a juvenile Loyal Temperance l.eulon with an active member- nhip of at least 15,000. The Union publishes ceparate papers for the "Y's" and the Legion, and large amount of temperance and other literature. The Temple ha,< a trontagg of 100 feet and a depch of 96 feet, while it is 13 storeys in height, the Heche rising 1m 202 feet. The building cost $1,200,000 (il2-10,000), and although thi Union is not the sole owner it lias the controlling influence. The site itself is valued at §1,0011,000 (1:200,000), and is Icaseil for 200 years at ft rental of § 10,000 (£8000) a year. This will give some idea of the value of ground in the business part of Chicago. The Rev. John M'Neill is at present conducting daily prayer meetings in the W'illard Hall. The Liquor Laws of Illinois. Ill the State of Illinois the well-known system of local option prevails in regard to the liquor trade. 'The Prohibitionists have not yet the majority in the city of Chicago, but it is u singular fact that there are some districts, including that in which the Weekly News delegates resided during their stay ill the city, in which there is no license for tho sale of intoxicating liquor. This is due to the cii'- cumstance that the laws in force iti these districts before they were included within the city have not been altered. It is not, however, to be understood that there is no drink in the district, as it is stated that those who want it generally soon c Tie to know where it is to be found. Kvcry license in Chicago co^ts the holder JJIOOO (£200) per annum, pay- able in quarterly instalments in advance, and tbi.- money Is devoted to city administrative pur- lio>es. When it is mentioned that there are about 7000 or 80liO .saloons in the city, it will be seen that the Corporation derives a laigo revenue from this source. Licenses are granted by the ]\Iayor on the recommendation of the Cliicf of Police or of other citizens, b.it where a protest is loilged, and it is ascertained to be well fuuiiile I, the license is withheld. Besides, a license will only be granted when it appears that a saloon is required for tlie convenience of the locality. For instance, no issue will be made if the saloou i.s to be in the vicinity of a church, or in a high-class re- sidential distiict where a saloon would bo more or less of a nui-ance. The saloons are opened at 5 a.m., and are required by law to be closed at mid- night, and on Sundays to be open in such a way as not to give oticnco to churchgoers — that is, tho blinds must be drawn down— but these regulation! are not strictly enforced. The Keeley Cure for Intemperance. The delegates had been on' ' a very short time in Chicago when they h> ^m\ to hear of the marvellous cures wrought by the Keeley method of treatment lor intemperance; and, impressed by its importance, they promptly made inquiries with the view of securing full and trustworthy infoimation on the subject. All Interested in the great question of temperance will no doubt be desirous to hear about this wonder- ful cure and its equally wonderful results. The cure is the discovery of Ur Leslie E. Keeley, and is the fruit cf many years of patient and industrious research and exjieriment. Dr Keeley grew up with the idea that drunkenness was a disease, and might be cured like other complaints ; indeed, this idea was a sort of family inheritaiico— both his grandfather and his father, physicians al o, having sjient many yrart^ of their lives in the in vt ligation of the subject, but without discovering a sure remedy. The great discoveiy by Dr Keeley was made about fifteen years ago, and since then several thousands of men of all classes and conditions have, from being the most abject and miserable slaves cf drink, been restored to their families and rulation.s with the craving for liquor wholly eradicated ami with the best prospects of leading healthy, happy, useful, unil ])ro ]jerous lives in the future. Dr Keeley's establishment is located at Dwight, a village with about 2000 of a population, situated about 150 miles to the south-west of Chicago, and is in a manner an hospital, with the ooinbinatioua of a reformatory and a Banatoriuni, associated with which are hotels and boardinghonscs and plices of iniiooeut nmusemont. Drink Artisan Expeditimi to America 59 has its victims in all clashes of society, anposite .lide of the street, and was now renting upon a new foundation that had been built for it. In the fiist stoiey, almost in the centre of the building, there has been inserted what we might call a menioiial stone bearing the following inscription :— The Normandv Removed from Nos. Iltill'J I.aflln .Street To tills site ill .June, 1SJ3. 1.. r. I'nir.sTKor, Contractor, Chicngo, III. Hehin 1 this block stands another that had been re- moved about fifty yards, but had not yet reached its permanent site, while a little further down the same screet there was another on the rollers and almost ready to move. l\Ir Brown and I had to wait about two hours in order to see this block of brick buildings, tliiee storeys high, move along. Four great jacks were put at each side of the build- ing, and all wr(uight at the same time until the building began to move on the rollers. Then two horses at the end of tho street began to pull the chains that were attached from the building round a windlass- that was erected for that purpose, and so The Building Moved Slowly but surely along the street. This block that we saw move was not only to come up the street, but was .'ilso to turn the corner. In removing these buildings the first thing to be done is to got a hole ]iut in the walls and solitl fnundatioiis put in for the jacks. In heavy buildings as many as 200 jacks will lie used. A\'lieu the jacks have raised the building fully one foot, cross beams arc imt through 12 incliis S()uare of hard wood. On these the building rests, when the jacks are taken to the inside and employed in rai-ing the building to admit of 18 inch sipiare beams running the full length of the build- ing. All along the w.iy the building is to pass founds are laid, and beams on top of founds for i.dlers to run on. There are a great many block (luii'is UMclcrneath the building .so that in pulling it along ui' extra stress is brought to bear upon any one )).irt of the building. From the enormous plant rcqr.ired, the number of hands employed, ai '. the time it takes to move these houses (for we learned that they had been working at them for nearly two months, and to all appeiuauce it will be a month or two yet before they are finished), I fail to see any great saving iu not taking them down and rebuild- ing them. 60 Dundee Courier and Dundee H'eekh/ News CHICAGO'S FIKE liUIGADK. BRAVERY OF FIREMEN. THE liOARD OF TRADi;. PUBLIC HEALTH DEPAKTaiENT. WATER SUri'LY AND DRAINAGE. LIBRARIEJ5 OF CHICAGO. (From the Duwla Wctkly Nacs of SqUcvibcr 23.) THE FIRE DEl'AHTJIENT OF CHICAGO. Mr E. lleniiett, Newcastle, reports : — This (Ippartment, which so nh!y (listiiiRiiiaheil itself at the great fire at tiic A\'orkrs Fair on Rloiiday. July 10, h really worthy of notice. I was an eye- witnes.s of th'3 fire, which hroke out in the Cohl Storage plant, and completely destroyeil the whole building and it- contents. 'J'he fire alarm was given a few minute;' before two o'clock, and in less time than it takes me to write it there were engines rushing to the sicene of the fire from all points of the Fair grounds. They rushed and had a ladder run np the side of the building, and M.rr.^hal Murjihy and his men were on the roof in an instant, They apprehended no trouble in putting out the fire, as a similar one had broken tut in the same place about a month ago. liut this fiie proveii itself to be a very different one from that, for it spread with alarming lapidity. Captain I'itzpatrick, with a number of lii« ines. weie very soon on the tower, a di.stance of L'L'O feet above the ground, little dreaming of the awful fate that awaited them. Fitzpatiick was standing on the ledge near the top of the tower with the hose in his hand, and was just in theac*' of calling some- thing to Marshal Mur])liy, who w.is on the roof below, when a deafening explosion was heard, and one side of tne tower was lilown out, and flames shot out in every direction. 'J'he tower very rapidly became a mass of flames, anil the poor fellows huddled themselves close together on the oast side, with death of the mosi horriiile kind staring them ill the face. There had bien lifelines fasti'ued to the tower, but now they had cnnglit (ire and were burned away. It was a clmice then between death liy jumping or death by burning, ane carts, 30 book and ladder trucks, one water tower, ami three fire boats for river rnd harbour service. The stations arc all woikcd by electricity, and the moment the alarm is given everything springs into motion, the stable doors fly open, the bridle falls from the horse's head, and they, being trained, bound for- ward into their idacts. The barne.-s is dropped on them, anil by this time every man is in his place, and they aie out on the road in eight seconds. Some of out party s;iw an engine going to another fire this week, and they tell me that it was all draped with crape, and the firemen had crapo badges on tlieir arms, showing as tributes of re- s\)ect tor their fellows who had so nobly sactrficed their lives in an endeavour to save life and property. THE PUBLIC HEALTH. .Although the city of Chicago occupies a flat site, raised only a few teet above the level of Lake Michigan, it is far from beirrg urrhealtiiy. The climate, as a rule, is invigorating, notwithstanding th,\t the temperature is usually down to zeio in winter, and is sometimes very high in summer'. Last winter Iti degrees below zero were recorded, being the lowest temperature registc ed irr the city for a consiilerabie time, and during the visit of the Weeklji JVi'iva delegates the thermometer on two days stood at 98 in the shado. Gentlemen iii their olliceawerefourrd workirrg withoutcoatsor vests, and ever; the negroes were perspiring heavily when only employed in fanning tliemseives. One negro with lieivds of sweat of the size of small marbles on bis face remarked to a delegnto— " My golly I me not live much longer if it guts hotter dan dis." Oiiu I gentleman .vas aUo hoard to remark tu auother— " Wl it's r| heat,| hospi said Retul tionel 1882,1 whilef ment .1 Artisnv Erpcdifiim to Anwrirn. 61 " Warm, inn't it?" The answer was— "Warm; it'H red-hot." Several per.ions succumbed to the heat, and a great many had to he removed to tlio ho!,'ht l)e, has been greatly improved. In former yeais the water was conveyed from inlets at cribs about iwo miles out from tlie shore by means of large tubes or tunnels, and then pumi)0(i by steam power from towers marly 200 feet in hciglit into the mains, which distribute it througout the city ; but a new tunnel capable of furnishing aliout 100,000,000 gallons a day and running four miles out was lately constructed, and the tola! daily capacity is now about 250,000,0(10 gallons, with MOO miles of piping. For fire purpos. there are no fewer ihau 13,411 hydrants. 'I'lu' system has cost altogether about $18,000,000 (£3,000,000). T nldition to these works there are al)out 40 an. wells, from some of which the stockyards and u. uer establishments are supplied. In tiiis eouuection it niiiy be mentioned that the World's Fair haHi\ii independont pumping station cajiable of giving 53,500,000 gallons per ihiy. The sewagi' of the ciiy is taken by means of pumps from the Chicago River, which by thi^ means is now made t" run fn^m the lake ini>a can vl connecting the aliove-named river and the Illinois River with the Mississii)pi, and thence to the Uult ot IMexico, the garbage being destroyed in a furnace which can consume 150 tons per day. 'l"he canal is being deepened, and Chicagoans look conlidently forward to a time in the rear future when large vessels will be al)lr rei)ort8 : The grain and provision mHrk«rt. o* Cliicago is located in a large ami lirml- some :^rey tsranite b\iilding known as the Koaid of Trade, ami occupy inn a piominent sitiuition in .lackson Street, at the south eml of .^a Salle Sin' 't. The structure, irliicli is only about ten years oUl, is furmounted by h tower 304 f'-et high containing the Urgest clock in tuo United States, and cost about NKW noAlill ()!•' THADK. 62^ Dundee Courier and Dundee IFcckUj News tranaferahlc nml comm.iud only from §2500 (fioOO) to.?5000 (£1000.) Notliiiig less tli.in 1000 bushels of grain or 250 barrels of pork cliauftes hands. An authority, writing on the Chicago IJoanl of Trade, Rays, "It exercises a wider anil more potential in- fluence over the welfare of ninnkin riding influence in Chicago, tint what was dfi'iirpd of him wm a letter of introduction to Major M'Giinighrcy, The Chief of Police. "And you shall have it at once," he replied. Having written the letter, lie snid, in a tone and manner which admitted of only one interpretation, "Now, you will take this to him, ami if he does not do what you want, como to mo to-morrow, and I will give him a dresHing that he will never forget." This, it may be here explained, is only typical of the reception and the assin. tance extended totlie delegntcs in every jilaco in America whicli tliey visited. Armed with the letter, the Comluctor, nioiig with Mr Miingo Smith and l\Ir Diinlop, proceedeil to tlic City Hall. Here they were directcil to Blajor M'Claughrey's secretary, to wliom tliu letter was handed and tlic object of the vi>it explained. " You desire an oflioiT to accompany you in a visit to the slum.s. I'll ea.-iily arrange that," ho said. " But," he added, "I had better take your names first, for the pnrpo.se of idintifieation should you roiiuire a carriage back." The sugnestiveiiess of this remark rather Hta;;gered the dele- gates, ami caused tlieir faces, bronzed as they were by this time, to blanch a little, but they had Scotch and not craven hearts, and looking to the big, robust figure of Mr Smith, and his wonderful walking stick made by hitpeli' out ot a part of one of the la', "ij carriages wrecked in the Tay I'.riiigo disaster, they took courage and I esolved to proceed. The chief's secre- om-rii'a tary, Bering that they were not to bo Vtiuk ileterred, called and introduced to the party one of the smartest and most experienced ofticeis ot the detective staff — Sergeant IJelasky. "Come with me," said the sergeant, "and I will show you " Some of the Toughest Places of Chicago." Accnmpanied by the sergeant, ne proceeded north- wards along State Street for some distance until wo reached a locality inhabited principally by Chinese. There was indeed no occasion to mention to us the nationality of the population of this district. John Chinaman, with his flat, yellow, almost expressionh sa face, his long pigtail of coal- black hair, his feminiiie-locdcing garments, and his jieculiar shoes was everywhere in evidence. The legenl, " Fine laundry," was of frequent occurrence on the walls and windowf<, and signs with Chinese characters were abundant. Pointing to a man standing amidst a grou)) of natives of the Flowery Land, the sergeant informed us that he was one of the wealthiest Chinamen in Chicago, and asked us if we wished to be introduced to him. Nothing, wo replied, would give us g;eatcr pleasure, where- upon tlie sergeant took us over and went through the civilised ceremony of introiluction. The China- man cordially shook hanils with us, and having given us a warm welcome to Chicago, asked the sergeant in very good English if we had ever seen "Bang-Loo." Having received a negative reply, ho said— "Jamie, take them in to See " Bang Loo." Thus invited, we passed through what was ostensibly a cigar store — or"segar"as it is often spelt in America — and entered a iargo inner saloon. Hero there were several long tables, and round one of these were fully a dozen Chinese all keenly absorbed in playing a game which we did not under- stanil, and of which we could get no intelligible explanation. Before each player was a pile of silver dollars and half-dollars, larger in some cases than in ochers, as denoting the wealth or poverty of the owner, ur the varying fortunes of the game. Button-shaped pieces with small strips of ribbon ot ililferent colours were used by the players, and aa the game piocei-ded the croupier, sitting at the head of the table, raked in the round metal discs which appeared to bo used as counters. These discs were about the size of a penny and had square holes in the centre. At the end of each game the croupier settled with the gamblers, according, of course, to whether they li.id won or lost. During the progress of the game the faces of the Chinese clearly exhibited the intense excitement under which they were labouring, and one, on watching them for a few minutes, could easily understand how men might wildly risk their all when seized by a fit of gambling fever, and then after a fatal turn of Fortune's wheel, with ruin and beggary stai ing them in the face, bring their own lives to a sudden and tragic end. More Chinamen were lounging around some of the other tables in the saloon apparently waiting for a sufficient number to .start a game. Interested, but far from edified by the spectacle which we had witnessed, we turnctl our backs on the Chinamen and their gambling hell. When in the lobby on our way out the sergeant said—" Look in here," and opening a small door we had An Opium Den in full view. The den was of small dimensions, being only a few feet s<]uarc, and lying on the couch was a Chinaman preparing to indulge in hi.s Lethean opium smoke. Reposing on his side with his head resting on a large pillow the Chinaman, without raising his eyes to us kept steadily twist- u Dander Courier and Dundee JVeekly News ing for Home time a small iiiico of opium ovoi a burning lamp. At length lie placed the opium in the bowl of a pipe, and putting the iMid of the tube in liis mouth, tiie poor infatuated wretch, with evident satisfaction, took .several lon^ inlialations of the smoliing drug. "Now," .said ]!o:a»ky, "lie will lit! tlHTo for fifti'eji or twenty miiuiies, and he will fancy tliat he is in Heaven, or tliat tiie w.'iole of CliiCiigi) is his own." An the t'hiimman is placing the opium in the pipi' ho caught sight of US watching liis nioveinonts, and the expression of his face was sucii as wdl never fade from our reoul- lectioii. As the result probably of the vice in winch he was indulging, the man wivs reduced to a mere akeletun, aiLd his eyes, which were sunk far into his head, had the dull glassy, like stare of setni- iinbecility. iVlniust sickened liy tlu' sight we hastily retired, leaving the Chinaman undisturlied in the lieaven of liis own imagination. After pass- ing sumo distance along the stireet our guide, direct- ing our attention to a youii^' and vigorous-looking " The Toughest Part of Chicage." Pointing to some blocks of house, he mentioned that they were entirely occupied by immoral women, thieves, and criminals of the worst class on I earth. One respectable-looking house of four storeys lie singled out in particular, ami stated that it was owned l>y the woman who resided in it, and who had about forty girls living with her. There I was litUo or nothing outwardly to indicate that we I were in such a quarter of vice and crime, but the I appearance and conduct of some of the denizens (piite removed from our minds any doubts wliioh [ might have existed :".s to ti:e truth of the statement of the seigi'ant. Homo viilainous-looking men, j whom we should not desire to meet in thcdaik, ] indicated sutiiciently the character of the male : pii|iulation, and the life of the women who came out on the street could be easily guessed. CHINESE oriL'jr SMOKEH. mulatto standing in a free and eai-y attitude with bis hands behind his back at the corner of a street, asked us if we fancied who he was. Never having seen the man l)efore we, of course, had not the least idea of liis identity or occupation. " Well," said the sergeant, " that is one of our cleverest Coloured Detectives. You know we have a large cokmied population in Chicago, and some of tlie negnii-s are desperate characters. A razor is their favourite weapon. It ensure:* ipiick and sure work on the throat, and then, unlike a shooting iron, it never misfires or makes any noise. A narrow bag filled with sand is also used by some, and while a blow on the head at the back of the ear leaves the victim uncon- scious no mark is causud, and the rutlian esonpi'B in silence. To co|)o with these coloured desperailoes it is necessary that we should have some officers of the same race, and Detective Green standing there is one of the smartest four that wc havi got.'' He then took us over to Mr Green, who ".fter the \isual introductions cordially shook | hands with us, and said lie was very pleased to meet some of the members of the Wcckhi AVict Artisan Expedition, of whicli he had heard. Mr Green incpiired as to the cities from which wc caine, and we siieiit some minutes pleasantly with him talking about the old country, imd in making com- parisons, not always, of course, in favour of the new. On leavuig him he said— "Take them down th" 'Shoot,' ]{i"la.sky." "Tliat's where we are hound," replied the sergeant. Going down through Dago Alley, a rather unsavoury thoiuu-hfare, our conductor" halted at the " Shoot," and said—" Now jrou are in A CHICAGO SLUM. " You woidd not," remarked the sergeant, when wo had relli'cted for some minutes on the horrible ini(iuity of the place, "be safe to come here at night. You might bo robbed and murdered. Many men have entered this locality and no Cc but (iod knows where they are now. Their fueiuls probably think that they have gone West, but they need never e.\pcct to see them again in this world." .V closer acquaintance with the "Shoot" .iinl its inhabitants was not, we considered, desiralile, and accordingly we took our departure to a quarter of tiie city occupied entirely by coloured people. Here, at almost every door and window, we saw nothing but dark, ebony faces. Entering a Saloon, which, the sergeant informed us, belonged to a Wealthy negro, we observed seated round several tivbles, engaged in caid-playing, groups of stylishly- dressed negroes. Eveiy iu;gro, if he has money, affects to be a swell, and is particularly fond of diamond jewellery. All were intent on the games in progress, but no by moonliglit, when everything here will be in f. 11 swing, with licople going to the devil at a thousand miles an hour." We had, however, been able, from what we had seen, to form a good idea of the cliaractor of the social and moral sores of the city, and had no desire to probe deeper into its gruesome abscesses. tngirwBffi'^ pri'tPRtlil NKW ORIMINAIi COORT. ITALIAN LODGINGIIOUSES. THE BLACK llOLKS OF CHICAGO. SLEEPING IN FRUIT CARTS. THE CHICAGO POLICE FORCK. riNKBRTON'S DETECTIVES. HOW PAUPERS AliE TREATED. THK ITALIAN LOlXilNGHOUSES. Another aspi-ct of Chicauo life was laid bare in a visit )mi.l to the Italian lodginghouses in the com- pany of the Inspectors of the Health Dipartmiut. These loclginghouses are situated ohiiHy in tlie neighbourhood of Ewing and Jefferson Streets. Stopping at a long, low, ram- padrone's voice couhl still he heard scoMing the labourers. 15ernard Rosa, whose saloon and lodgingliouse occupy the frame building at the corner of Canal and Ewing Streets, was fined the other day, and it was not a particularly pleasant greeting that he ex- tended to the Inspectors. He had obeyed the law, however, and the lodgers who formerly occupied the hole in the ground called a cellar had all been sent away. To get to this collar, in which thirty or forty men slept, you had to pass Irtirough the saloon and down a ladder stairway. At the bottom there is an accumulation of smells impossible to catalogue. A broken window front of a twi.lve-inch aperture facing the side walk was the entrance for air and .sunlight. Landlord Rosa pointed to the hole and exclaimed, " l>y jiinney, there's plenty air, plenty ventilation." Then he ad.le 1, " I was (iiiod t velve dollah, and the .Judg(! would not suspend. AVliy doaii he fine soineoiin else, eh?" Ho k^pt on ask- ing this (|uestlun as long as the Inspector remaineil, and he looked Ravau;e when no satisfactory reply was forthcoming. On a hot night the side walks on Ewing Street are densely iiackcd with Italian labourers from tlu lodginghouses. They sit on tho garbage boxes and listen to tho music of oon- oertinas. It is curious that a hurdy-gurdy or I (iU Ihinclcr Courirr avit DmirJir JVecUy Xnrx li v!ii mcclmnical niano are lu-vor lieanl on the streets in till' Ewiiig ilistrict. Two Hundred People in One House. An Italiim tunemcnt lunise at IL'") and 127 Kwiiig Street contains two iiundrcd i)coiilc>. It if a three- storey buihling with forty-ei^dit separate apart- ments. There is a iigiit shaft ni the cintre, but there is no ventilation. 'J'he plumbing and sanita- tion arc extremely defective. IMicliael IJuonanus rents the building for .SIS"' a month, and he says that he receives .'?U)4 from liis tenants. ''Blichael" can't talk ^ood Knglish, but he has two boys going to the p\ihlic schools who explained things to the Inspectors. One of the rooms on the ground tloor, 13 by 10 feet, had accominodntion for a dozen loomers. A family of kittens rested contfutedly timler the long bunk. Sewer gas came up from the sink in the corner, and dirty water (irii)ped ilown from the sink overhead. When the officers went upstairs a swavin of women and children crowded to the landings. Every room held a family and beds fitted up on ch.iirs, tables, and everything else available. In some rooms two stoves were seen, ono for the family and the other for the lodgers, who do their own cooking. While the atmosphere wai almost unbearable, the rooms sliowcil rude attempts at cleanliness and comfort. In ono room the beds had white coverlets and ISiblical pictures hung on the wall'-. Thou;;h the Inspeotoifl entered at an unseasonable hour they were received with courtesy and shown everywhere. Louis Castlingilecci bad a h)dginghouse in his cellar at 201? Taylor Street. To reach the place the visitor has to double up and creep down the stairs. The landloril was ordered to close the place, and he has complied with the order. Twenty men slept on the floor. Lodged in a Basement. The saloon kept by Michael Dicosola at 107 Ewing Street was crowded with men. A few stood at the bar diinking. These paid 5 cents a glass for beer. The men at the little round tables pliiying caids got their drinks at half rates. The landlord saiil tliis was the rule of the house. At the back of the saloon a cellar loilgingliouse exists. Ueds for forty men were ranged arouml the walls. A dozen men were abed when the officers entered. Clothing hung on lines stretched across the room. Insects crawled over the clothing. A cooking stove stood against the wall. Near by was a water faucet and sink connected with the open sewer. The exhala- tions were simply awful. Some loaves of bread were on the table. The floor was grimy with a thick crust of dirt on the broken boards. " I'retty good place, oh ?" said the sleek, well-fed jiadione. He was surjirised whei\ a notice to vacate was handed to him by the Inspector. He grumbled, but said he would obey the law. Slept in Their Fruit Carts. A fr\iit shoj) kept by Greek merchants at .'{''7 Desplaincs Street affordeil some interesting revela- tions. In the basement below thirty or forty Italian labourers were found huddled together in dirt and misery. There was no plumbing to speak of, and the smells were encyclop;edio in character. The men in the [dace said they were out of work and could not afford better accommodation. " It costs about 20 cents a day," said one of them. " l!ut I don't live here," he added proudly ; "I have a room to myself." The fruit store was jammed with peanuts in b. 13s 8d); sergeants, .?100 (£20) ; lieutenants, §125 (£2.")) ; captains, ,?180 (£30) ; inspectors, $250 (£50) ; and substitutes Artisan E.rprilii.ii>n to Aiinrka. 07 j-.s ! receive S28. A 8cv,onil -class man may rise to the first class after only iiiiio months' merit Horvicu. There are also 25 matrons for attcmUng female priitouera and children, and tlie.-'o are puid !?1.'?0 per annum. The pension system is in full operation, as after being twenty years in the force a man can retire and obtain an annual allowance for life of one-half of the snlary of which lio was in receipt at the time of his retirement. CIIIC.VGO POLICEM.A.V. I'INKKRTON'.S DETECTIVES. Mr Luj;,'in, Olasgow, reports : — riiilcerton's National Detective Agency was fomulcd by Allan Pink^rton, a native of (Jiasgow, Scotland, where he served his apprenticeship as a cooper. Shortly after coming to America, and still working at his trade, one day, while selecting wooil in a thick forest, he discovered a gang of highwaymen. He managed to get away without being seiiii, nnd in- formed some Government oHioials. The placo was surrounded by soldiers, when the whole party was either killed or taken prisoners. J'inkcrton, as a reward for his cleverness got a handsome sum from the Government. The present business is divided into two separate and distinct bianchcs, althougli both are under the same manage- ment. The Detective IJureau has nothing whatever to do with the employment nf watchmen. The detective business was founded in 1850 by the late Allan Pinkerton, tiie father of the piesent managers, and shortly afterward j he began to furnish watclimen for banks, jjrivate residences, warehouses, &c 'J"he reputation of the agency grew and the business developed. During the war Allan Pinkerton acted as chief of tlie United States Secret Service. Since bis death in 1884 the agency has been continued by bis two sons, the present managers. The organisation is a simple copartner- ship, consisting of Kobert A. Pinkerton, of N'.:w York, and William A. Pinkerton. of (^'hicago. The principal offices are at New York and Chicago. There are also six other branches in America. The brandies arc in charge of supcrintondents, who have been in their employment for from fifteen to twenty-flvo years. Mr Roliertson, general super- intendent in Chicago, stated that thoy have beiMi comiected with about seventy strikes during the last eighteen years, which is a very small per- centage of th(! total number of strikes during that period ni the United States. This agency is inde- pendent of Government control, and there are several States in the Union tliat jirohiliit their em- ployment. RELIEF OI'' POOR. Mr R. A. JIuir, Hill of Jieath, as the result of in(]uiiies made by iiim at the County Agent's Olliou in Chicago, reports :— When the i)oor makoappliea- tion to the agent for outdoor relief he hears wli»t they have to say regarding their state. Then he or some of his assistants visit them, and see for them- selves whether their statements are true, and it it is considered tliat they reipiiro relief ; and if tiieir family is not more than threg ho gi.es llnin what ho terms a single ration. This in summer consists of 1 bar soap, 5 lbs. of peas oi oatmeal, 8 lbs. of rice, A lb. of tea, 4 lb. of coffee, li-l^ lbs. of Hour ; aiul in the winter 5 lbs. of meat and S ton of coal. Tliis they may receive once a month. Then, when the family consists of more than three he gives then a double ration thus : — 2 bars soap, 10 lbs. of oatmeal, (5 lbs. of rice, it lb. of tea, h lb. of colfec, 4!) lbs. of flour ; and in winter, 10 lbs. of meat, k ton of coal. Some make application to be entered into the Poorbouse or Hospital, but before this can be granted they inust attend at the agent's office and be e.xamined by a medical jiiactitioner, who calls there every day at ten o'clock to examine appli- cants, and if he considers their ease reipiires the Hospital, Poorhouse, or free inedicil treatment in their own home, he advises the agent acccirdingly. The law of tin.' States in regard to the poor is that I they must be resident one year in the .State before thev can claim relief, but this is not enforced, as none are ever turned away on these grounds. In December of 181)2, when the wealhur was very severe, 2158 families obtained outdoor relief. 3(>4 made application for the po(uiiouse. but only 278 were sent. In the same month SSO,000 were spent in supplies for the poor, and 822,501) spent in salaries — this in a city of over 1,5UO,000 inhabitants. The agent gets in a supply of all the provisions necessary to sujiply the wants of the poor, and a stranger to the city entering tlie office would take it for agiocer's shop. THE CITY OF PALACES. AN AR'ITSTIC CREATION. SCULPTURE AND AllCHITKCTURE AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. THE COLUJIRIAN FOUNTAIN. CHICAGO CHAJIRER OF COMMERCE. THE MASONIC TEMPLE. THE AUDITORIUM BUILDING. FIREPROOF CONSTRUCTION. NEW FIELD OF EMPLOY.MENT. EARNINGS OF TYPEWRITERS. (From tlie Duruiee Weekly Xews of October 7.) Mr Logan, Glasgow, reports :— On entering the Exhibition for the first time I was very much im- pressed with the grandeur, beauty, and general Fw M Dundee Cmrif.r and Dundee JFed-lv Nncs effect of tills city of palaces, nnd must say it Cdin- nlctcly HUitiacgml my fuiiiIo!, in spite of its rapid (irowtii, a city of palaces nvtistic and beautiful. Tln' growth of this cit' lia< really been marvellous. One can hnrdly •. ealist' that in two years a dreary, marshy waste has been converted into a spleudid park full of buililings, the grandeur of which must be seen to be appreciated. 'J'lie most casual observer, as ho enters the gates, is impressed by the artistic taste and andiitectural skill which have iiroiluced the imposing collecti(Mi of buildlujjs which greet tlio eye. Not enly is each building a thing ot beauty in itself, but, iu addition, the various structures have been so grouped as to give to all a most pleasing appearance. Great pr/iise must be given to the ianiiscapc gardening of the Exhibition grounds. The conveision of flie rude tract of marshy land into a splendid system of terraces and gardens, lakes and driveways, wr.sa tremendous undertakini.'. The grounds arc beautifully laid out with fountains, statuary, trees, and (lower beds, which excited the jilmiration of usall. The ICxliibi- tion la situated in .lacksou Park, aliout seven miles fiom the busiiieas portion of the city, and has an area of ()33 acns, presenting a mile and a half of fioiitage on Lake IMichigaii. The largest ainl most cons|)icuous luiilding in the grouiuls is the Mann- factuies and Liberal Arts Building. It measures lt)87 l>y 787 feet ; height of roof over central hall is 237 feet, and covers neurly 44 acres. This build- ing is the largest iu the world, and is the higest under one roof ever erected. It cost 81,70 ),000. This mammoth building contains every kind of manufactured article, from the richest auil most elegant tuiidture to the finest cambric needle; also woven goo Is of cotton, linen, wool, and mix- tures ; jewellery anil watches ; carvings in marble, wood, ivory, and various other materials ; furniture of all desciiptions, kc. Nearly eveiy nation in the w by 402 feet, and cost about 31,200,000. It ia spanned by three arches, and the interior pre.'teats the appearance of a large railway station. Here the machinist, and indeed anyone interested in manufactures, can find enough for weeks of study and observation. Here are steam, water, air, and gas I iigines and boilers, water wheels, shafting, belting, pulleys, cables, and machinery for trans- mission of ))ower by compress, .d air, loe machines, machinery for working in metals, for making silk, cotton, woollen or linen goods, paper, tapestry, &o. ; wood woi king machinery of every desorqition, printing presses, type-setting machines, lithograph* ing ai^l all kinds of colour-printing, photo pro- cesses, and other methods of illustrating ; machinery for making watches, jewellery, buttons, needles, laundry work, grinding cereals, refining sugar, and evaporating milk. These are but a few of the kinds of machinery that are to be seen, but indi- cate the vaiiofy and extent of the contents of this iininensu building. Art Palace. The Art Palace is, to my mind, the most beauti- ful building iu the grounds. It is Grecian Ionic in design, and a most refined type of architecture. It-' s|ia))e is obloiig, and is 500 feet long and 320 broad. The dome is 125 feet high, and is iiounted by a otdossal statue of Wingi'd Victory. 'I lie main building is entered by four great portals, richly oriiamenteil with architectural sculpture, and approached by broad flights of stairs. The frieze of the exterior walls and the pediments of tlie princi- pal entrances are oniamenti'd with sculptures and portraits in bas-reiief of tne masters of ancient Art. The building has the most beautiful situation iu the grounds. It is separated from the lake by STATUK Oir THK BEPUBLIO. beautiful terraces, ornamented with balustrades, with an immense tliglit of steps that lea I to the water's edge. I he interior of this fine building contains the r.iasterpieces of the world's greatest painters, sculptors, etchers, carvers, and other artists. The cost of this building was $ii70,000. Artisan Expedition to Ameiira. by There are close on flTty liuiKling^ tlirouglnnit the Exiiibition gn uiiiU, of which a great deal could be written mill Haiti of tliein from an arti.stic |ji>int of view. The four I havi' chosen will give the reader a fair idea of thebuaiiti' il buildings thut arc to bo seen in thia "Dream City " by the lake. Decorative Sculpture. The statuary tiiroiigliuut Uie grounds in all dis- tinguished by a cert.'uii bigneH-s and freedom of execution, wliicii are i- doubt very much in keep- ing with the national Ui'lmgand the puiposc fur wl.. oh they were designed. In a promineut posi- tion at the water entrance to the Exhibition is a ooloasal draped figure of "The Republic," whicli HKAI) OF STATDIt. atands over sixty feet liigli. To convoy an idea of its size I have given a iiproductidn of the model of the tiead with one of the sculptures standing bi'sido it. From the chin to the top of the head is fifteen feet, the healang, reports : — When the Chamber of Commerce Building was first erected it was but eight storeys high, and was known as the Board of Trade. The organisation, however, grew BO rapidly that it found these quarters too limited, in consequence of which it was deoidp>I to build TO Dumhe Courier and Duntlee JFtekh/ News tlit'ir present ooinmodioua lOxclianRe on Jackson Stroot. After aonm tiino tho oM lloar.l of 'I'railo lJuililinj,'» tVll into tin; liamU of Mo.ssia Haiiiiali, Iav, & Company. Fioin an ftrcliitoctiual point it was an ornament to the city, but waa far from a paying invcstiiuMit. Yot. sitmitwl on a valuible situ, it was ciipablo of earning' a i)rotit for it.s owjior.s, and 80, to ine<'t tlio reiiuiriimiii'* on it tliat Ijinl bot-n uiiforo-icen l)y tlio oii^'inal buiMerH, tiioy duciileil to raise it to tlie ciiorinoiis boiglitof thirteen Boora. From the primitive log cabin to the grand atructurea tiiat adorn Chioaso has been, so to speak, but a atep. During the last iialf-ceui ury ail classes of aroiiitoetiire liavo been represented. At the present time the absence of classic aroliitecture uapeciaily in commercial struotures, is notice CHAMBKU OV COMMEUCK. able. Modern necessitioa require modern architecture. The Chamber of (Commerce Building is strictly modern, no attempt having been madi; to follow any particular class of archi- tecture. The entrances might l)e termed (.'orinthi;»n, aiul the building itself descrit)ed in a similar m;inner ti) 11 colu'un. Thus the lower iiortion or ironwork would represent the pedestal or Imse, tlie terracotta of the upprr floors the frieze, and then the elat)oiate cornice suimountinK it. Tlic exterior proser.ts a n>nssivo, anil, at the same time, au artistic elfect. Inside the anangement of the iiuilding, the grand gaileiies, and beautiful desif^U'^, all re-iiond to the one word — originality. IJeyond iloubt Chicago surpasses all other American cities, an 1 has been for several yoarj the jiioneor in tlie erection of lofty buildings. The old building waa put upon screws where it rcmaineil for two months. The entiri' foundation was taken out ami a new one substituted, wliich now stands 13 feet below the side walk. Tlie cost of reconstruction was fully §1,000,000, and the time spent upon the work was two years. The Masonic Temple. The majestic and artistic pile of stone, terra- cotta, marble, and steel, that stands at the corner of State and Itandolpli Streets in Chicago will be eloquent in description of a wonderful human energy and enterpiise for many generations. The highest business iniilding in the world, built by an ancient and honourable fiateriiit}', compie!iensive in de.-ign, and impressive in appeal ance, it will prove nn object of interest to all who admire the magniticent architectural achiuveinunta of our century, and to those who feel a pride in tho powur of human intellect and the patience of human per- severance. It cannot bo expected, however, that the toil and sacrillce of the promoters of audi a colossal enterprise will be apprccintu I and con- sidered by the midtitudes who, in tho years to come, will gaze on this artistic mniininent to man's cmieeptioii and execution. The world relishes the luscious fruit of tho vine with little or no thought of tho hand that planted tho vine, so we sometimes look with wonder and admiration upon these buildings without ever thinking on the lives that were worn out uiion these stu|)endoug erections. The exterior walls of this building have tho very aiipearanco of simplicity, but in this particular they will staml as a perpetual monument to tho master mind of the architect who designed them. The eye of the observer leaves the ori-.amented granite base, and passes along the shaft with uuthiiig to arrest its progress till it reaches the ornamentation at the top. This serves to deceive the eye ami mislead tho judgment as to the altitude of the building. Tho tower on the Auditorium looks high, yet tho Masonic Temple is by actual measurement thirty-two feet higher than any point of observatioi on the Auditorium Tower, and is twenty-eight feet higher than any point of observation in the city of (Jhicago. Entering under a granite arch forty feet high, and thirty-eight feet in width, is a rotunda, with walls of Italian marble and a mo.saic Hoor. On eit'ier side of this spacious rotunda, stairw.iys of maib'e ascend to the floor above, and coming together i ito one staircase, con- structed of ornamental iioii with marble treail, ascends between columns of iroiize through the twenty fli ors to the roof. At the further end of the rotunda, in a semi-circle, are fourteen passenger elevators, which are iiidispenable to those whose business it is to go to the vaiious floors of this sky- scraping building. This great building is said to be the liighest commercial building in tho world, and cost four-and-a-half million dollars, is 302 feet above the sidewalk, and twenty-one storeys high. The Auditorium Building. This is another of Chicago's sky-scrapers, and is situated near the Blasonio Temple. It has a total frontage (fronting Congiess Stieet, Michigan and Wabash Avenues) of 710 feet, and is built exter- nally of granite and B -dfurd stone. The height of the main building (ten storey.s) is 145 feet ; tower above main buildings (1^ floors), !),') feet; lantern tower above oi lin tower (2 rioors), 30 feet — total hi'iglit, '270 fre' ; .size of tower, 7" x 41 feet. The loiindations lover .ihoiit two and a half times a laruer area. Tlie weiglit of the entire building is 110,000 tons; weight of tower, 13,000 tons. The interior material— iron, brick, terra-eotta, marble, hardwood finish, &c. The ironwork cost about .•?iil)0,000. Number of bricks in building, 17,000,000; tiumber of square feet of Italian marble mosaic tloors, 50,000; number of scjuare feet of teiia- cotta, 800,000 ; number of square feet of wire lath, 175,000 ; number of square feet of plate glass, (iO,000 ; miles of gas and water jiipes, 'S) ; miles of electric wire and cable, 2150; miles of sttel cable for moving scenes on stage, 11; electric lights, 12,000; dynamos, 11 ; nundier of electric motors for diiving ventilating a))paiatU3 and other machinery, i;j; number of hydraulic motors for driving machinery, 4 ; number of boilers, 11 ; number of pumjiing engines, 21 ; number of elevators, 13 ; number of hydiaiilio lifts for moving stage platfoims, 2li. 'Ihe permanint seating capacity for conventions, j ArHanv ErpnJiftnn to /Imn-irn, 71 AL-DITOIIIU.M. &e., is over 4000, and the Imildiiig contains a com- plete stage and organ. 'I'lic Uccital Hall lias scats for over 500. The business portion consists of stores and 13(i ortiocs, part, of wliicli are in the tower. The liotol has tOO guest rooin^i, and tiie dininsi-rooin is 175 feet Ion;,'. The kitchens are on the top tloor. The magnificent banquet hall is built of steel, on trusses, spanning 12i* feet over the Auditorium. There are a few other sky-scraping buildings in (.'hicago, such as the Rookery, whicli is 150 feet high; (irand LVntral Passenger Station tower, 200 feet ; Owing's buildings (top of Fourteenth Street), 15.S tVet ; Tacoma lluildings, 104 feet. It must be very gratifying, however, for those who do not care to live so far up in the world to kiu)w that in futuie no building will be allowed to go beyond a height of 130 feet iu Chicago. Fireproof Building. The subject of fireproof ciuistruetion is growing in favour all over the .States. The necessity of fiie- proof buildings in large towns aud cities is demon- strated daily, ami nearly all the large new buildings are being built more or less fireproof. For beams t'lllKI'HOOli' OIIUIEK. steel is now being substituted for iiou. Steel recommends itself not only as being cht.'aper, but having greater strength. T,ighter sei;tions can be used, thus consideral)ly ri'ducing the cost. Steel is now being used as columns instead of cast iron, the cast metal being sometimes ilangorous on account of honeycomb and blow-holcs. No such danger exists in the steel, and it is now used in all the largo buildings. The need of such buildings is obvious. Great buildings are burnt down daily in the States, some of them causing no more remark th.an a few lines in the papers, headed — "Aliiglilaze at ," One notable building of steel is worthy of mention as being absolutely fireproof. This is the publishing house of Rand, M'Nally, & Co., Chicago. The framework is entirely of steel, firmly bolted and riveted and so proportioned that the stress is evenly n.VNiiUKT HALL. ilistrib\ite.l. The fr.mts are fireproofed with terra- cotta, and the interior is fireproofed with hard burnt fireclay, no part of the steel being exposed. There are l."i miles of steel rails in the foundation, besides the I'J-inch and 20-iiieh steel beams. In the building there an- 12 miles of 15-ineh steel llUl.I.OW TILE Alton. beams and channels, 2.\ miles of tier and angles in the roof, 7 miles of tic ro^ls, 10 miles of 'A steel in theciilumns, 12 miles of steam pipe, .370,0(10 rivets and bolts. Tin.' amount of ste(d in the foundations is loot) tons ; beams, ite., 2000 tuns ; columns, 700 — making a total of 3700 tons of steel in thia giant structuic. STENiJGRAl'HKRS AND TYPEWRITERS. I AVith the invention and improvement of the typewriter and the teaching of s-horthand, a new ! fi.lil of employment has been opened up, more particularly for woineu, and it is widely increasing in area. There are several thousands of steno- grai)her3 anil typewriters in the United States ; in fact, chere is seaicely an ullice of any size in which business men of all kiinls have not proved the e.v- ceediiig great value of such .servants in carrying on tlieir correspoiiilence. Not only do they get through far more work by the employment of stenographers, and .save themselves much irksome labcur, but with the typewiiter there is no caligraphy which the author himself could not decipher, the letters being in reality printed. A hir.^e proportiiui of tin; typewi iters art young women, and a business genth.man in Chicago, with whom the writer couver.seil on the subject, said emphatically that they were by far tlie best clerks. He aW (I'SOO) a year, whiK- a siinihir firm i)iiy one of tlieir staff 61f>')0 (i;3l)0), and yive her a carriage in which to drive to and from tlie stock yards. In New Yoilc stenographers and typew:iteis receive from !5S {£[ 1J-.) to )<20 (Ijl) per week according; to ability. 'I'he systems of stenognipiiy chiefly in use are I'itman's and Graliam's. 'i'iieie is s^i,!, liowcver, to be one serious and growing tronhle in connection witli tlie typewriter. As a rule she is youni,', and slie is generally also good-looking, of attractive manners, and well-eilucated. The American woman, on the other hand, after marri- age usually ages very early, and tlirough the use of powder her skin lapidly loses its freshness, and, according to common report, she settles into a rocking-chair with its associations of lager beer, chewing-gum, and novid reading. The typewriter is in close communication during the greater part of the day with her employer— sitting, in fact, for long spells nt his very elliow— and the knowledge of this, coupled with the slackening of attentions ;\t homo, often arouses the green-eyed monster in the lireast of the wife. Thereforo when tlie hus- band is loiigi.r than usual in leturning in the after- noon, he is invaiiably ))ut through a domestic catechism, and the e.\i)lanation of pressing business does not, to all accounts, always remove the .sus- )>icions of the wife, the very sound of the word /ircfisin;!, especially if fieipiently repc:ited, often causing t'le fire to burn more fiercely than before ; and while the office work, no doubt, proceeds smoothly and expeditiously the current of the home life grows more ami more t'.irbulent until, as sometimes happens, one or other of the parties lietitions the Divoice Court for a dissolution of their partnership. IKON" A Mi STEEL. ILLINOIS STEKf, COMPANY. CONDITION (JK Ili()NMV0RKER8. MINING MACIIINEIIY. SCOTTISH CLUIW IN CHICAGO. OFFICE AND 15ANK FUllNITUllK. THE CUlCAta) rUESS. MODEL NEWSPAl'Ell OFFICES. "WAGES OF coMrosrioRs. RAIIAVAY CAR COUI'LINGS. SHUNTING OPERATIONS. FALLING FROM TRAINS. RAILWAY CROSSING GA'iES. (From the Dundee Weekly News of Octohcr I4.) Mr H. Dunlop, Mothei well, rejiorts :— The most important iron and steelworks in or neai Chicago are those of the Illinois Steel Company. This Com|)any is a corporation formed by the consolida- tion of the North Chicago Rolling Mill Company, tb« Joliut .Steel Company, and the Union Steel Company. This brought under one control no less than five plants. Other property, such as coal lands and coke ovens, &c., belonging to the .separate companies was included, the whole comprising a property which is capitalised at £10,000,000. The five plants occupy 500 acres of ground, and the coal lands consist of 4500 acres, with 1150 coke ovens. The Company have 1500 oars in the coke trade, and the internal transportation at the different plants reipiire the use of forty-two locomotives of the standard gauge, and seventeen narrow gaujce loco- motives for special ti ucks. There are sixty miles of standard and seven miles of narrow gauge. The output of finished iron and steel is over 1)80,000 tons jier year. In one year (1890) the output was : — Hails, ij;W,()03; rods, 49,800; bar iron and steel, 50,415 J hilleis, 29,295; beams and channels, 5101 — total, (180,274 tons. The blastfurnaces produced during the same period : — Pigiron, 614,240 ; Spiegel, 32,777. The Bessemer AN'orks (four plants) produced 751,833 tons of ingots. About 10,000 men are employed in the mdls of the Company when they aie fully employed, the annual pay-bill being over £1,200,000. All the works were origin- ally built to make rails, and for many years the activity in that trade was such that no other pro- duct was thought of, but 'iie increase iti the demaiul for other forms of steel made it neces- sary to diversify the product, and the Company now mak(i billets, rods, and beams as well as mis- cellaneous bar iron and steel. They are presently laying down a large open hearth plant and plate mill, and when all the additions are complete with four new blast furnaces the annual capacity will be pn(uinou8ly increased. One of their plants is at IiIilwaukiH', ninety miles from Chicago, and one at .foliet, forty miles south. All the works are con- neeted with the cential office in Chicago by tele- graph and telephone service. The South Chicago Works which I visited are the largest of the Com- pany's works. Finely situated on the lake for the receipt and shipment of material, they have excel- U'nt facilities. The largest steamers iilying on the lakes bring 01 e to the yards, and tliere is also con- nection with three railways. In connection with The Rail Mill, the plant coiisist-i of four blast furnaces, 21 x 75 feet, a Desseinei plant with three 10 ton vessels, a 40 inch 3 high blooming mill, a 27 inch 3 high rail train. The metal from the blastfi'.niaces is u-ed direct in til" Hessemer Works. There are thiee ten ton vi >cls working to one casting pit, three laden cranes, four ingot ciancs, two blowing engines, pressure pumps, &c. The steel is cast into ingots 111 inch sipiaie, making six lengths of rails, all the rails being flat-bottoined. Fiom the casting pits 'hey are conveyed to the gas-soaking furnaces con- •ng ten ingots. A oraneman, without assistance, takes the ingot out of the furnace, and dropping it into a s(|uare-foimed box on its end, it is conveyed by machinery to the blooming train, where it is up- set on to the tflble. A few passes here, and it is reduced to a bloom 8 inch square, and cut into two, lach nuking three rails. Usually these are rolled direct to rails, but a furnace is here provideness which fultil the demands of the pre- sent age of progress. I visited the warehouse of Messrs A. II. .Andrews & Co., Wabash Avenue, bank, office, and school furnishers. We were very courteously received and shown over tho building by ") ItMNOia 8TEKL COMPANY S WOllKS, SOUTH POIITION. 74 Dundee Courier and Dundee Weelhi News the manager, Jlr Tliilbiock. 'Pliis firm is tlio lai^'iestof its kind in Ameiica, employing ovor 1.")IH) lianils, wliicii incluiles cabiiietmakorH, cliuii inaktMs, u]lholstl'^e^^<, curviTs, vainislurs, inai> anil l)lark bdar'l makoiH, k-.. Mr Aii.lrt'W, wlio u a tliiir.)ni,'lily [iractical anl cxperl oaUini'tmaUcr, is tlio iiivi'iilor of several roll top ilisk-i of a very at- tractive (lesi;j;n. One feature in coiiiiectioii witli these 'leska is that one lock aiiil key is all th «t is reqnired for ah(mt twenty drawois. The lock is fixed in the centre drawer, and hy lockirii; it the others beeime locked at the same time. This is done by an iMitoniatic arranp;omeiit, wiiich cannot be seen from the outside. Mr And[i;w is also the inventor of a fuldins bi'il, which is a very attrac- tive piece of fir i.ltuie for the [.arlour, and is much used by the peoj>!d of ('!iic:ino. They cost from tT) to €tiO, which I consider very dear for the moniy. This firm al>o shows something new in metal chairs, plan > stools, tables, and easels. These articles are newly invented, but is now past the stage of experiment, and are exceedingly popular wherever seen. They are made of steel wire, ])roperly temiiored, finished in brass, nickel, or antique copper, and are indestructible. This kind of furniiure is sure to become very popular. The waies that this and other firms pav in (Chicago are as follows : — Cabinetmakers, Is to Is 5d per hour ; upholsterers. Is 8d per hour; carvers, la Id to l!s 1<1 i)er houi — according to ability. Varnishers, as a rule, are very low jiaid, ranging from lOd to Is 21 per hour. Tlio hours wrought in the above trades in Chicagr are i) hours per day, Saturilays included. .Some of the small carving shops work 8 hours per day, or 48 per week. There is also a great deal of piecework done in connection with the furniture trade in (,'liicago. I may state that the trades mentioned above aie in a very bad state at present, and I am told that it is likely to he worse before it improves. UNITED CAKrKXTKKS' BROTHERHOOD. Mr Daviu IJrown, (_iovan, rejiorts : — I had the pleasure of calling upon I\Ir James Ji. Cogswell, president of the United llrotherliood of Carpenters iu Chicago. After infiuming him ot the object of our visit, he was very pleased to see us. The wages of the carjienters are 35 c iits per hour. They were receiving 40 cents some time ago, but the sur|ilus lalxnir thrown on the mat ket has ca\i>ed a reduction tol)e made, and wages wore pi'inliug arbitration. They Work 48 hours per week, ami have no half- holiilay on Saturdays. Their weekly wage i> !?l'''5i! ' f.S lO-^). There is no such thing as apprentics in tin' trade. They hardly undi'rslaiii': you when you ask how long do iippieiitices serve to learn the tiade. Yoiing men are paid beginning at .?1 per day, and afterwarils are paid according to ability. They are not allowed to work cvertimi-, but should any emergency arise nete-ssitatiuj; overtime, the men are paid time and half, and on Sundays ilo',d)le time. There are upwards of ll2,(ll)() members in Cliica^iO alone. There are embrarod in the Tnited Ihother- hood twentv-thr. e brai dies. There is also Brtiliated with it the Kniglits of Labour (Carpenters' As'^emblies, four branche;, while the Am,il;;amated Society of Carpenters , ^s also in atfili.ition five branches. The>e havr an agieement with each otlie", which took elFect on April 'M this year, and remains in force till April ;M, 18i)5 — "Kor the government of Uniou carpenter.s under the juiisdiction of Uniteil Caipenters' Council, with illiectoiy of organ isati(uiH alHIiated." Kor somi- time back the Alasters' Association of Carpenters in Chicago have held that it was impos- sible for thiun to live up to the agieement made with Carpenters' Council l.wt Aiiril, They say that through the stringency of the money market and the great falling olf in building operations they are unable to comply with them. They are as follows : — "Article .S--That the minimum rate of wages bo 40 cents per hour. Article 9--AII meinbeis of the ;\Iaster Carpentiu's' Associaticui shall employ none but Union men of good standing. Aiticle 10 -That no Union carpenter alfiliated with the United Car- penters' Council shall work for any one who is not a member of tiie Masters' Union." The carpenters had a right to expect that the masters would carry out their part of th- contract in good faith. This the master- claimen uliey were no longer iible to do, the fact that they w re forceil to compete with non-Union employers who paid their men from 25 to 85 cents per hour aiding matitrially to the difii- cidty. Their case was submitted to arbitration, with the result that the minimum rate of wages for three months from July 1st will be 35 cents per hour ; and also that Union carpenters may be allowed to work to any employer provided they are paid the standard rate ol wages. The carpenters, ac one time the poorest organised, are now among The Best Organised in tlie whole line ot labour's field in the city of Chicago. The orgaidsation has the honour of hav- ing the largest memliership and the greatest num- ber of local Un.ous of any one trade Union in the entire world. It dates its existence from a meet- ing held for organisation in the city »)f St Louis, Mo., in the spring of 1881. Previous to the meet- ing in St Louis, two attempts had been made at uniting the carpenters of the United States in a general Union. Both attempts had been signal failures. One of thoiii had been made in 1854, the other in 18(17. 'I'he growth of the t)rder has been gradually increa-ing. In the year of 1881 the num- ber of Uni(Uis was 13 and the membership 2042, while in 18!)2 the number of Unions was 802 and th membership 51,21.'?. The Ihotlierhood has been very active for the past sis years iu reducing the hours of labour. In the four years (that is from 18S(J till 18110) they siiceeeded in reducing to eight hours a day's labour in no Ims than 3() American cities. In the four years ending July, LSOO, a nine-hour day was established in 2.34 cities, and in the ni;xt two years this num- ber was increased to 'i\)'A. The Union exists in 724 cities. The amount of the reduction of hours was sufficient to give emplovment to 11,550 carpenters more than would have found work if all had been working a ten-hours day. Where wa^es, eleven years ago, were (is to 10s per day they have been advanced to lis to 14s per ilay. \Vithin the last live years wages have so much increaseil that iu 5'{1 cities it has been computed that no less than \'wij and a half million doli.irs have been earned by the journeymen carpenters where they have Unions. AMl'lHIC'AN NKWSl'APERS. Ameiicau newspapers, I'hiiopeans would consider, are conduete 1 on peculiar liinss, but it has to bo borne' in inind that the Americans are a go-a-head pcoiile in every respect, and that they would not be content if they did not, as regaids tliijir iournalistic liteiatuie, have a way of their own, liritishers when tliey see some sanip'os of American jeurii ilisni will generally be inclined to lot them have their own way all to themselves, although, no doubt, the Yankee thinks that !'.o is much the smarter of the two. The American reporter, as a rule, does not, like his brother in liritain, give plain unvarnished narratives of siieeoli ' or i.ccuuences ; what he supplies rather appea' le his own interpretation of the motives o. vlu; speaker or of the actor, with reflections of hiB own fts \Sk tionj tie nit'oil The^f lo tlagrj papel (vhill can of ml of usi get al On til of till IICCUI out 1 year.'* kblisli'Hl luiin- 11. 724 peiiter:! 1 been L'levon liavu U'itliin ;iseii ID less biieii e they HiJor, to bo ■heail il not tliuir own, riciiu tlioin h, no tbu as a give or le s own 11 Artisan Kxpedttion to America. 7a Mi well. You can (Usponso with tliese inteiprota- tioiis an'l rvHeotions, howevor, by merely reading tliu head liaeH, which usually ^ive all the solid iiilonnation you can find in a "oluinn of matter. 'I'liosc headinga are ^itin'ially very sensational. For instance, on the nmrning after the groat con- tlaj,'ration at the World's t'air one Uhica:^o news- paper headed its report — "In Graves of Fire," while another iiad "la Hell's Fiery lilast." There can be no doubt, however, that in the kindr d ait of illustratidii the Americans are consi styled, in .Viiieiica. The ollico of the IIii'nlil, situati'il in \Vasliin.;t()ii Street, is a ina:;iiilicent bu'.lding of six stoieys, and is lilted an I eii lipped in the mist sumptions style that the human mind could devise. With a rod granite base and an elevation of beautiful terra c.itt I, the building has a remaikalily fine interior, tlie ivory and gold of tlie arched coiling of the ground floor, wliich is supported by handsome Sienna marble columns, being admirably set otf by tlio aiabes(pie wurk on the walls, while the llior is of It.ilian mosaie, The counter of tlieoiuiiting I room is of black IJelgian marble, surmounted with black iron wrought in graceful designs. The com- posing room —to which the visitor ascends by tui'ans I of either of two great elevators framed in hand- wrought iron and travelling in a shaft walled from to)> to bottom with the finest Italian marble— has white enamelled walls, and is linished throuihuut in marble, iron, and oak. The type stands are of iron, with the monogram of the H' raid wronght in gold ill each, and - veiyone of the 200 or HOO cases is connected witli 'he "copy-bo.x" by an electric call. Indeed, thoie is a complete electric call system throughout the whole ofKco. A clothes locker is set apart for every compositor, and amongst other provisions for their comfort are filtered ioe water, drunk out of a soliil silver goM- lined drinking cup, and a restaurant linished in marble and oak, ami supplied with reading tables and libiary. The luxuries of the stereotypers incliiile a Turkish bath iiid marble walled toilet room. In The Publisher's Room the t' legraph instrumenta for bis . peeial use are of sterling silver, which is also the only metal employed for the electric call speaking tubes, and the electric light fittings. The timbered ceiling, the 7-feet wainscoting, and all the furnishings are of solid mahogany, while the walls above the wainscoting are encrusted with matrices of the COUNTING UDOM, CHICAGO HKHALD. Herald. The building is illuminated throughout with the electric light. .Vbout 200 incandescent lamps and 30 arc lamps are fltteil up for the lighting of the ground floor, and no fewer than 400 lights are 111 use ill the composing room. Although foiimled only in 1S81, the Jfeni/tl riM]uires ten perfecting pre-ses of the best pattern, with, a capacity of fully lt)O,000 copies an hour, for its pulilic.itirni. The very hue photo-enijraviiig plant in the art department, which the Hivuhi has made a strong special fi'atnre, is run by > leetric motors. It is the boastof the proprietors that the Hi raid is the largest 2 cents (ld)|)aper ill the world, but the WcM n Xcw/i delegates had to pay .5 cents (2i I) for each copy of it on the stit'et, a big "5" being stamped over the "2." Air J. W. Scott, the publisher and one of the proprietors, is a Scotchman, and Mr H. (;. Forkcr, the assistant managing editor, who Iniils I'roin Dysa>'t, contniiutiHl at one time to the Dunilci' (.'oil /•(■('/• and the Dander Wee.klii .VeiM. The /ktUii Ke.i'i)riti/ii .\'ew.t, inorniug and evening newspapers, published under the same auspices, are also located in a suite of large, roomy, an I well ocpiipiied building<. The compo-ition of these iiapi'rs is partially effected by linotypes, but the mo4 of the type-setting on the (Jliica\;o [iress is done by hand. The Itecord and the JVews have very large circulaticns, tlio daily average for the former being 130,1)00, and for the latter 210,000, but on tlio day after the K>ihibitioii tire the ll-cird hail a sale of'l70,t)00, and Uie Sew» about 2S0,0II0. For these large production" the very best printing 76 Dundee Courier and Dundee JVeekly News macliiiiery in the worM is required, aiiil tlie pro- prietcrB iiavi; accordingly in use Quadruple Hoe Presses similar tutljat m>w in operatiuu in tlie nliico of the Dundee Wciklii Neiux, ami wliicli havt' an aggregate productive capacity of 288,000 ciglit- page papers an iiour. Among otlier good papi rs are tlie Timca, Tribune, Lveninn Journal, In'cr- Ocean, and Post. Tiic following is a si>eciinen of tlie wages of tlie compositors in Oliicago : — Niglit work on morning papers 48 coiits (2-) per 1000 ems ; day worlc on evening papers 43 cents (Is itid) per 1000. The average earnin;,'s for six hours composition are respectively §41 (17s) and §4 (Kis). The men working linotypes receive 15 cents (7id) per 1000 ems, and maice about the same wages as the niglit comiiositors. Tiie local branch of tlielnternationalTypographicallTnionhasasmany as 1600 members. According to the rules of the Union, one apprentice only is idlowud for every ten journeymen, and the teirp of service is four yeais. In the weekly paper and job printing establishments the rates p:\iil are much smaller than the above. Sinsle conii)ositors can get good board and lodging for $7 (£1 8-!) a week, and married men can obtain comiortable cottaijes withiu accessible distance of their otticcs for from .SI5 (£.S) to $30 (£'(!) a month, according to size and situation. It will be seen from these latter figures that house accommo- dation and lodgings in Ci:icago are, like almost everything else iu the marvellous city of the West, somewhat high. 94;<1 injured while coupling or uncoupling cars, and oils were killeil, ami 3l!»l injured by falling from DKITZ SOLID nH.WV BAU. trains and engines while in motion. Now, it is sad to think that so many good men are cut down every year while discharging their duties in railw.iy service. The couplings get the blame of causing a great amount of these futal accidents, and certainly "vhen you look at the construction of the American plant it is not difficult to realise the great amount of danger attached to the work of couiiling and un- coupling cais. Ill the first place there ia no side buffer the same as on our plant to protect the men wlien going iu between cars. The only protection is the heads of the drawbars, when they come fairly oi)po-ite each other, but should one be a littb^ high, and the other bo a little to the low side, tlienthe>e drawbars sometimes run therisk of passing t ach other. The eonsoqiiencL' is that should a man bo in between guiding tlie two bars together, which often ri quires to be done by the hanil, ho often gets s([ue.ized, or his hand bruised. The old stylo of couiiliiv^s was one single link and two pins, as I mentioned in a former report. Suppose the link WKKKLY NEWS QUAIinOPLK PUKSS. AN P:XTENSrVE DRY TiOODS BUSINESS. Mr Muiigo smith says :— I al^o visited Marshall, Field, & Co., whole.sale dry goods mirchants, Fifth Avenue, Cliicago. It covers the whole block of ground, and is eight storeys in height. It is con- structed of granite and brown stone, and is said to be the Quest and largest structure designed for commercial use in Ameiica. The floor space occu- pied for selling goods covers twelve acres. The firm employ about 2500 bands, and their average weekly sales amount to 825,000,000. I was shown through tiie place by a Dundee gentleman. Railway Car Couplings. Mr Watson, Dundee, reports : — In railway accidents last year, 2000 employes were killed, and 2t),l'IO injured. Of theae, 415 were killed, and DKITZ JOINTED DIIAW BAR. was fastened into the end of one bar it sometimes was too low to enter into iS. '.v- . 'i"ds required to bo guided by the her d into 'ts .uu'e, and the other pill was put down .h'('a,'o. A p.fi'.,- obstacle, which has been a long 'oi.'piai'it w)»< >iiat all railway companies did . >'t > lopi t :" t.-iX' height of drawbars, hut I am jilui' tv s:»y \\\ th-. Jnitei.' Stages (io"oinment ha t;»k(.!i *.!iiH iinportanf subject up, and at an e^rly djie »li J.merioau rail- way companies will be compel! ' 'o have tlieii Artisan I'lj-pedition to America. 77 nmotimea Iquircd to Itlio utlier vbHtacle, H:v workins;, and is worthy of notf>, ^va^ the Doitz-jointodorHoIiddrawhar. Those drawbars when jnislicd together lock into each other. 'I'hrn when you want to uncouple a handle at the side is pulled "which unlocks, and the drawbar opens, allowing the opposite one to get out. DKITZ FREIGHT DltAWljAR. Shunting Opt.'ations. When shunting or Miarshallmg tiiius each man uncouples and brakes his car back, then couples it to the next one before he leaves it. This iirucesa occupies more thau double the nuniber of shunteis to one engine than at home, anci we can make three shunts in the time of our cousins making our Falling from Trains. AVhen a freight train starts with a load of forty cars— as ? oo\mted some with tliat number of a train — when full manned, the crew consists of one conductor, who stays in the brake van at the rear, and three or four brakesmen. Their place is on the top of the cars. As each car is fitted with a brake, the wheel for working it is placed on the top at one end. Now, these brakesmen have to travel along the tops of the cars wlicin running and attend to the brakes. Tho brakesmen are the dirtiest class of railway 81 rvants I ever saw ; between dust and smoke;, one eoulil scarcely tell whether they were black or white men. Now, the reader can imagine within his own mind tlie situation of these men on a frosty morning and the roofs all covered with ice. No wonder although many of them fall off and get killed, not to speak of the danger of coming in contact with bridges. Of course, the latter are very scarce in America, l)Ut where a briil;;e did span the line I noticed a wariiei, or, I would call it, a reminder, was erected. This was a spar of wood fastened across the line a little liiglier than the Inidge, and about one hundred yards from it. On this spar ropes about six feet long are attaclicd •very few inches, hanging down, and when a train is approaching a bridge these roi>cs strike tlie brakesman and remind him of the iuidj-^e. Railway Crossing Gates. This is a specimen of the gates used in and roumi many streets in Chicago crossing the railways. The old style of them was worked by a hand-lever, but tlu-gate above illustrate;! is of the new improved style called the Mills pipe gate, opened and closed by the aid of com|uc8sed air carried throigh small mills' uailroad qatk. pipes to mnke tho pressure. There is a small cylinder with a hand-pump to work the gates. The pumi) is wrought several times until a few pounds of air are shown on the indicator, then a small cock or valve is turned, admitting the air, which lifts the gates perpendicular. They are shut the same way. On the crossbar or gate, as it is called, a ticket is hung printed in big letters " Look out for tile cars." This gate is shown in the Exhibition at Chicago. SCOTSaiEN IN CHICAGO. Mr Mungo .Smith, Dundee, reports :— I called on Mr William Uaidner, president of the North Ameri- can United Caledonian Association. The objects of this Society are the encouiagement of the Hcot- tisji Highland costume and games, the cultivation of .Scottish music, historj, and poetry, the uniting more closely of Scotsmen and those of Scottish descent, and advancing the interests of their eoantrymen by friendly metliods. The club had a Scottish week at the AVorld's Fair, commencing Monday, July 24tli, with receptions every morning and entertainments at night, finishing witl\ games at Wentworth Avenue. There was a grand parade of societies. They were escorted by the Koyal Scots regiment and Highland cadets of Montreal. Mr Gardner gave me a very hearty welcome, and invited the whole party to meet him. FROM CHICAGO TO riTTSBUKG. AN EVENTFUL JOURNEY. A BIG RAILWAY SMASH. COLLAPSE OF A TUNNEL. TRESTLE BRIDGE. DELEGATES AT PITTSBURG. HOMESTEAD IRON AND STEEL WORKS. USE OF NATURAL GAS. WAGES OF WORKMEN. THE GREAT STRIKE. (From the Dundee Weekly News of Ocio'jer 21.) The delegates left Chicago, on Friilay, July 11, for Pittsburg, travelling from the Wisconsin C ntral Depot by the Baltimore and Ohio Rniboatl. For some distance their way lay by tin \' stern outskirts ot Chicago, and then thi sv ■,•. a.'e to form a better idea than ever before <.' ■■! •! r. huge city it really is. It took a consider ' u'>'.e to reach the open country, wliich, when struoK, was flat, bare, and uninterust- n\ 78 Dundee Courier and Dundee lyeekhi News ing. Tho housoa in tlic oufci^kirts wcro mostly woodon, nml a dense ma^s of thick inky smoke lumg over tlie whole city. \<\wn Imliann was ciiteioil, tlieir conr.se hiy tlirousli good-looking and well c\dtivatcd districts with numcroii.s scenes ot finu sylvan be^nty : l)ut some time after- wards the first of a series of misliaps occnrreci, nn.l the delegates experienced several of tho discomforts .mil annoying inconvenioncos occasionally incidental to railway travelling on the great continentof America. When Chicago was left about 100 mdes to the west, tho engine broke down, and a 24 hours' det(ntioi\ occurred liefore another locomotive .vas run up to take on the train. Then, when they had got a few miles beyond t-'hicago Junction, information was received that a disaster bad occurred ahead on the direct line— cither the roof of a tunnel had fallen in or a freight train had come to grief— and it w.^\s necessary to make a detour southwards by Newark and Wheeling on another line, increasing the distance to be \\u\ from -ISS to 537 miles. The train was accordingly run baek, anil then oil to this other road. Tho time-talde showed that the train should reach Pittsburg at half-pa-t eight on Saturday morning, but it was midday before it got to Whctding, and then a change of cars and a delay of nearly another hour followed. On rcs\iming the journey, all went well, though slowly, through a hilly c-'untry thickly studded with oil well dei ricks, of which a snap-shot or two were taken with a Kodak camera by Mr Rluriay, the conductor, until the train arrived at Fiidcyville, about 20 miles from Pittsburg. Here another provoking delay occurred, due to a tender and three or four freight cars having "jumped" the track at a sharp curve, a good few of which were passed. For three or four inortal houis, there- lore, the delegates with the train lay inactively in a roasting sun at this outlandish spot, and the remarks passed by them and their belated fellow- passengers were anj thing but complimentary to the Company operating the line. Amongst others was a suggestion that as it seemed so difficult to get the train to Pittsburg it might be easier for the Comjiany to bring Pittsburg to the train. At last the trnck was cleared, and the cars proceeded, but the troubles and unjdeasi.nt exjiuriencos of the poor fatigued and wornout passengers were not yet .y^^ „ ON THK WAY KI?nM ClIICAOO TO PITTs;ni'I!0. over. As Pittsbuig was approached a terrific thunderstorm occurred, and tlie rr.in poured down Rs it knows how to do in America. In the out- skirts of the city the rain water ran down from tlie high ground, pnssed below tho railway, and was rushing along a street like a mountain torrent in flood. The storm had caused a landslip, which Idoeked the line on which the train was running, and another halt was renilered necessary. Sevcr.il of the passengiTs, disgusted with the repeated delays, ami anxious to reach their respe<;tive destina- tion)), left the train in order to catch thoelecttic cars, but on juii, g diiwn into tho street tlicy landed knee deep i . v iter. In order to jiass tne obstruction the tram was shunted on to another track, and at 8 p.m. < 'ential time — or 1) p.m. Kastern time— after a jouiney of 27 hours— the delegates readied the St .lames Hotel in a state of almost complete exhaustion. Their only consolation on leaching Pittsburg was to hear that their unfor- tuiiali! experience h:iil been somewhat unusual on the Paltiinore ;ind Ohio Kailivay of lat'-, as the trains of the Comjiaiiy had been running remark- 1 ably well on time since the opening of tho Fair. .'i Our Journey from Chicago. In his description of the journey Jlr Watson, euginedriver, s.iys :— On leaving our hotel near the Kxhibition we tr.ivelled to the 15. & O. Grand Ceiitr.il by way of the Illinois Central. 'I'his rail- way runs alongside of lAko Michigan all the way to tho city. There are three double lines of rails, and the most of the World's Fair trallic pusses along these lines. Tiains are run at shoit inter- vals, and one cannot go far wrong to catch a train at any time. If you want to travel with a fast one you take the line nearest to the lake. If you want a stopping train take the one nearest the city. These lines are all wrought with the automatic signalling systein. They are divided into short cir- cuits with signal bridges every half mile or so. The signals which are placed on these are round targets. When a train passes these targets a rod disc by day and a red light by night appears in them and remains until the train has passed into the next cir- cuit. Then the.', iials in the circuit behind indic-Ue clear for another train to follow. No train passes a red target. A class of tiains was specially built for the World's Fair traffic to run on these lines. The c;ir- riages are fitted with cross seats much the same as at home, but there are no doois on them, just a curtain to shade from the sun, while an iron rod •ibout an inch thick is wrought on hinges with a lever from tho rear of the train, wliioli the con- ductor works. This rod is to keep passengers from falling out. When the train arrives at a station it is lowered to let passengers get out or in. On reach- ing the city, we proceeded along the streets to the Grand Central .Station, getting our baggage at the office, which had been sent on by the parcel express. We took our Seats in a first-class sleeping-car of the 4.55 p.m. limited express to take us on to Pitt-^burg, a distance of 488 miles, duo to arrive ac 8.25 a.m. The bell rang and the train started almost on time. After a few slows for signals and a stop or two, wo I were soon flying away out through tho suburbs of [ Chicago, skirting rounil through a very level district. I Wo could see the towers and Ferris Wheel of the World's I'air, but we soon bade farewell to tliom all as our train sped along, leaving Chicago and ts great Fair in tho distance. Now the steward inti- mates that dinner is reaily. A\'e entered tho dining-car and got served with Splendid Dinner. The tables in the dining-cars stand across, with a passage along the centre, and e^ch table holds four passengers, two at each side. This is decidedlic a great comfort in railway travelling in America. i After dinner we retired to the smoking or observa- lioii compar'ment, and had a look of the country, which seemed to be a very rich district. J'he people were all busy with the harvest, and very tine crojis seemed to grow in this locality. On entering our sleeping-car wo find tho attendant, who is a coloured man, con\or!ing our seats into beds. It seemed to me that a sleeping-car has a jilaco for everything, a. id everything in its place, for in folding down tliii seat baeks he pullod out the AiiiMii Expedition to .Imi rir witli a |I<1h fmir ecidt'ill* k.mericii. scrvii- jjountry, Tlie kI very . On I'lulilllt, latR into it lii\M n lilace, uut tlu I'ULLMAN DINING CAII, li. &. O. LINK. pillows from under the seat.s, on wliicli lie placed clean linen .slip-^, then lowering down from the roof another tier of beds, in tliem were stowed l)laulii-ts and wooden iiartitions, also curtains. In a very short time Sam, as we called him, had everything in its place, which rille•«, hut we did not proceed very far when w -oiigijK'd again, and I was informed that a Tunnel Had Fallen In sitaM. and we could not get any fuithcr. .So mmt engine got round to the rear end of ihe train, and pulled us away back the road we came A IIAII.WAV nUKAKDOW.V. made another start, ami wore conveyed through a very pretty country with very nice farm houses here and tliere, and grand crops of wheat and Indian corn, all fei.ciMl round with the old snake fences. A little fmthir along we came in sight of the I'liver Leekingcrcok. AVe ran for a considerable distance aloiii.;side of this river. It was said to be a very fine fishirg river, and we could see lots of )ieoiil living in camps or sports- men's huts eiijoyinL,' ' :ieniselvcs in shooting and fishing aloiis; its banic-'. A 'Htle further along wo reached \Vh oling Tnnction Our car wasdetacbed here and sliuntcd on to f'ac AVhecling and Pitts- burg brftiKh trai'i. Having 4."' minutes to wait on this train -tartiwg, we had a nui througli the town and got dinner. Ketr. ning to the station, we got seated, and our train *mcktW out of the station, ther began to move away rjiht »tp the mid hraiich. when our train stopped, and we were infoimed that a block was alii ad liy some cars leaving the rails. An
t itioii on the facing road. After all these obstructions woanivcd at ritt>bnrg at 8.4.5 p.m., being 27 liouis 50 minutes on onr journey of about 'liW miles — no leas than 12 hours 20 minutes late. nearly so black as it wit! represented, and that it was kept much cleaner and in bettor order than Chicago, in their tour with IMr II. U. 'J'orrance, of the Oliver Iron and Steid Works, a frii nd of Mr D. 0. 'I'liomsoii, of the )\\rkl>/ Aires, and a native of Scotland, who not only kindly acted as their guide, but secured Iclt'rs of intro- duction to the most important and representa- tive firms in the distiict. Mr Torrance took the delegates through the city, and showed it to them from various points of vantage, ami also ran thi'in round the snhnrhs. The view from Highlaiul I'aik with the beautiful Alhgliany valley stretch- ing some miles up was iiaiticularly admired. Two ; large resi'rvoirs to which engines pump 40,0(10,000 i gallons of water daily for the sufiply of the city I have been construcleil in this park, at a height of l{i")(! feet from the river, ami the suriounding j uinits i\ro beautifully laid out, and much 1 • i^mmM^M^ TlIK HOMESTEAD WOUKS. General Features of Pittsburg. The city of Pittst)Uig, wiites the Conductor, is about 450 miles from New York, and is situated on broken, hilly ground at the junction of the Alleghany and Jlonongahcla Rivers, which there form t' e Ohio. It is the second largest city in reiinsylvania, and is the great centre of the iron and steel, glass, and electric appliance industries in the United States, prominent amongst the iron and steel works being those at Homestead and Brad- dock, with which the name of Mr Andrew Carnegie, of free library fame, is associated. Its population now amounts to about 250,000, while in Alleghany ("ity, on liie opjiosite side of the Alleghany Ilivcr, there is an additional poinilation of about 120,000. The two portions of Pittshurg aiid the two cities are connected with each other by numerous large and strong briilges. Formerly, on account of the large quantities of coal consumed in the iron and steel trades of Pittshurg, it was popularly known as the "Smoky City," hutsince the introduction of nattiral gas, which is found in large quantities in the district, and which isnovvextrnsively used in the rolling mills and for domestic purjioses, this appellation is somewhat of a inisnoiiier, and I'ilt.sburg in this respect will compare favourably with any other industrial centre in the States. The delegates had ample evidenoe t'>*t the city wan not and malicious mischief in tliis connection was practically unknown. The delegates (piickly dis- covered that they had struck Pittsburg at a bad time,, as nearly all the iron and steel works were shut down for repairs, and on account of the fixing of the annual wages scale for the succeeding year, the cmjilovers and the men r.ot having yet come to terms, while the whole of the gla.sa works were also closed as usual at this season. Homestead Steel Works. Mr R, Dunlop, IMotherwcll, reports :— Pittsburg : is undouhtedly the great centre of the iron and st?fl tr.ide of Amoiica. Every branch of industry \ in coni:'3ction with steel or iron is here represented j —blast furnaces, steel works, rolling mills, 1 foundries, lube wi.iks, bri'I> 'C Vmvier nml Ihimhr IVcekhi News the U.S. Government IiiHpector. The wages of tiic tradesmen here are : — Macliiiiists, i^'iM to ^W (lOs to 12.s) adny ; hl.ickHmillis, !«•_'. 7."J (Hh) a day ; moiihlers t'i.lo (lis) a dny ; roll turni rs, 84 (Ifis) a day, all working a ten hours ilny. 'The plate mill men work an eijrlit liotiri day. In tlienf mills yon can nee men ot all nationalities at work— coloured men, I'oRm, Huiit;ariaiin— in fact, men from every clime liere iiiteriiiinf;le aii< ir),0(IO tmi-i. Tliis includes both finished and imfinislied niatoiial — in^otM, blooms, billets, and slalis. It was In ic The Great Strike took place last year, which ended in rioting and bloodshed, and as I had previously read the newspaper account of it, I had a desire to see tlio place where it dcciired, and the place where the J'inkerton men trird to land was pointed out to me. A full account of the strike is published in the Foreign Ulhce r-port (United States), as Congress appointed a Committee to inquire into the circum- stances of the strike, and the employment of tlie Pinkerton detectives. The wages hr.il been for many years fixed in these works by a sliding-scale based upon the selling price of sieel. The details of the scale were arranged between the Company and the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel- workers. Tlie scale agreed upon in 1HS!> exi)iredon 30tli June, 18!)2, and as that date api)roacl'.ed the Company gave notice of a consideiable reduction, and to make the scale terininal)le in January instead of July. The workmen rejected the pmposal, and the Company discharged all who refused their terms, 'i'he Company had provided against the contingency of a strike during ♦^he previous six weeks Tiy building a fince three miles long round their works and twelve feet high. Three hundred Pinkerton constables were brought to the works. On the way up the river the Pinkerton men unj)acked their boxes and arrived fully armed. Large crowds of strikers waited their arrival to pre- vent them landing. A skirmish thus ensued, in which seven strikers werekilled ami many wouudeil, while three I'ihkertons were killed and several woiindeil. The crowd also ran barrels of burning oil into the river, and finally the Pinkerton men surrendered to the crowd, and were afterwards maltreated in spite of the etforts of the strike leaders to control them. Troops werescnt to restore order, md some of the leaders arrested. Then came the diooting of Jlr Ftick, the manager, by a Russian named Berkmann ; but this act was !|uiteindei)end- ent of the men on strike. At the iinpiiry the feel- ing against the employment of Pinkerton men found expression, especially in the evidence of Mr Powderly, the leader of the Knighta of Labour, who alleges that the Pinkertons are men of dubious character', and rather ferment than allay disorder. IMassachusetts and Now Jersey have passed Acts prohibiting the employment <'f Pinkerton con- stables. This Act was passed la>t year — 18112. Non-Unionisis were in.ported, tin; works were started, and a great number of .vorkmon lost their places. A plot was afterwards formed to pois(ni some ot the non-Unionists, which was afterwards carried out. Several men were arrested, tried, and found guilty, and sentenced to long terms of im- prisonment, among whom was 11. F. Demp.say, a ma.ster- workman of the Knighta of Labour. A sensa- tion has been caused by the confession in prison of Patrick Gallaclier, one of the prisoners, to the effect that Hugh Derapsay is innocent. This will probably re-open the case, as Derrtpsay's friemls will do all they can on his behalf. The great strike has been an object lesson to masters and workmen evi'i-ywliere, teaching them to aibitrace on all ditti- cult (iue.itions. MR DUNLOP AT PKSsE.MER. EUGAU THOM.SON STKliL WORKS. R.\IL-M.VK1N(> DESCKIHKD. CARIJON STKEL WORKS. WAGES OF .sTEELAVORKERS. STANDARD OF LIVING. WORKINGMEN'S DWELLING.S. COST OF FOOD AND CLOTHING. VISIT TO OIL WELLS. WES'ITNGIIOUSE ELECTRIC WORKS. (Prom the Dundee Week! if Aeivs of October SS.) Mr Dunlop, Motherwell, reports : — The Edgai Thomson Steelworks anil blastfurnaces are generally acknowleilged to be the best rail plant in the United States, consequently a de- scription of this mill will interest a great number of people at home. The works are situated at P.essemer, about eleven miles from Pittsburg. The Monongaliela river gives facilities of water carriage, while no less tlian three railways run past the works, transporting materia! to all parts of the country. There arc nine blastfurnaces, the last two built — H anil I furnaces — being each 22 feet diameter of bosh and !I0 feet high. The average — mtiiit.ia.,T7 — — - _ --^ ^■^\ :.x-' — -^ 's, 'III,. l'i;i!NAOK "F. output of these furnaces is about .SOI) tons per day of twenty-foi'r hours. The plant is all designed and arranged specially for the manufacture of I'.cssemer steel rails. The steel is made by the direct process — that is, instead of being cast into pig-iron, the metal from the blastfurnace is taken to the converter and made into steel. The whole plant is a wonilerful example of the ingenuity of man, and reflects great credit on the designers of the mill. The progress of the metal from the time it leaves the blastfurnace till it is pushed on the car a finished rail is marvellous. A rich ore from IjiiI furnaces. ^^■".r i; er-i-i tire blastfurij large vessel '. and has a cal plant ensuref verting dcpal to the convff tiro oonvcrtl minutes, it IJessemer pr tons. The tapped are moriJMs are s small locomi the metal is train over ti off the moul 01 ing on end. rails and can to the furnac grasps the in rapid movemc a tew minuter another furnt is taken out toilers to the train. Aftei driven rollers centre. Het to This mill is di its own engirit along to the s with movable here it passes to the hot 8 tlrop on it a Arti^nn Expiililinn to Anu-rirn. 83 from IjoIco Siiiicrior furnnCL'!!. Tlio iiiutal m on nilAWlNC. TIIK MKTAI, MIXi.K. tiie MnHtfnriiacc is taken to the mixrr. Tliic is a liiigu vessel lined witli brick mounted on a shaft, anil lifts a capnoity of about 1(W tons. Tlie mixing plant ensures a uniform grade of iron for the con- verting department. From here the metal is taken to the converting works and at once run into one of the converting vessels, where, in from 15 to 20 minutes, it is blown into steel by the \i.-ual IJessemer process. Kacli vessel holds about 15 tons. The mouMs into which the metal is here tapped are geuv.ally set in a pit, but here the mouJMs are set in a train of carrias^cs driven by a ismall locomotive. In a few minutes, as soon as the metal is set, the locomotive runs the wlude train over to the mill furnaces. Here a crane lifts off the moulds, leaving ihe row of ingots all stand- ■:r= /7 -^5. /.- ciiAKGiNa BI,oo^r kuunaci^s. ing on end. A huge charging machine running on rads and carrying boiler and en;,'ine comes aloni,' to the furnace, a pair of tongs move forward and gra^ps the ingot, placing it in the furnace with a rapid movement that is most astonishing. It only takes K few minutes to charge the heat, and meanwhile another furnace is drawing. As soon as the ingot is taken out of the furnace, it is carried along I oilers to the blooming mill, a three high 3(i-incli train. After a few passes, the bloom runs on driven rollers to the shears, and is cut through the centre. Here the bloom is whisked round a ouive to The Rail Mill. This mill is divided into Uiiee trains, each driven by its own engine. It here makes five passes, and runs along to the second train, also a tliree high train with movable tumblers and lifting tables. From ! here it passes to the finishing train, and travels on j to the hot saws, where the four revolving saws ilrop on it at onoe, cutting the piece into three ' length rails at ore stroke. The rai!.-i cut li> length areplartd on tin' hot bids by pushers dn > ii by wins. Fmni the hot hcils they are puslied on to a III!" ofiiiiveii rollers to the tiiii-liing de- partment. The rollers are driven by reversing engines, so that the rails can bo sent forward or baekward as d-'sired. M':ieii a rail rearlus the proper p.iint, two ar'iis are raised; the^e lift the rail from the roller, ami as the arms are inclineit at a steep angle, the rails slide dov/ii to the straigliten- ilig l)re.orta :— I had the honour of being conducted through their works hv a member of the Arm, who was very kind in »howing me every detail of these works, and gave me the following account of Mr Westinghouse. When he went to I'ittsburg about 20 years ago, the capital of Mr Wi'Stinghonse con- sisted solely of his fertile brain and limitless energy. These were soon at work, and in a short time he invented the air brake, which hag made his name familiar to the civil' "td worM. He entered upon his career at the time when railway develop- ment was young, and he made the railway world dependent upon the fruit of his genius. Anotlier limitless flohl was just opening — viz., that of eUc. tricity, and he entered this with the same amount of energy that he had entered the railway field. The interest of Mr Westinghouse in electricity has been a steady but rapid growth, and the revelation to him of its full scope culminated in his founding the Westingliouse Electric Company. Mr Westing- houi.e secured rights under the patents of Ganlard k Gibb to the alternating current system of light- ing. This system was put upon the market ; at once business began to grow. The name of this Company was clianged in 1800, and it is now known as the Westinghouse Klectrio and Manufacturing Company. It is very encouraging to us working m>'ii to SL'o one of our own craft risiuK as Mr Westinghoust has done. Ho got this Company chartered in 188(1, only then a small company. •>.nd to-day he is head of one of the largest elecr >cal engineering firms in America. This Company has the incandescent lighting at the World's Fair, but are rather slack of work at their works in Pittsburg, having paid off only two weeks previously over lOOO men. 'J'hey say that at this season of the year things always do quieten down, and it gives them a chance to get their machinery all o'erhaulcd, and their shops thoroughly cleaned, and everything put in order ready for ti.e busy season coming on again. Their workmen are all on piecework, and earn from 3 to 6 dollars (12s to 20s) per day. They commence work at 7.15 in the morning, having breakfast before starting. They leave off at 12 noon for lunch, and have three, quarters of an hour, then they work till 6.15 at night, Saturday and every day alike. Every man washes and changes before leaving the works, lavatories being provide>1 in each shop. They em- ploy a great number of females for lapping wires v;ith tape, 4o. They >ay they can get thoin cheaper than men, and after a little practice they can do more work of that particular kind than a man. Apprenticeship is a thins; that is not known amongst them, boys taking the place of men as soon as they are able to do u man's work. Oil Wells, Pittsburg. Mr D, Blown, (iovan, reports: — I had the pleasure of calling upon Mr A. O. Evans, Huper- intendent of the Forrest Oil Company at M'Donald, a place some eighteen tniles west of I'lttsbiirg. He receiveil mo very courteously, and kimlly showed mo several wells in dilFcrent stages of operation. Ho riTTsnuRo ott. wruh. : .1 86 Dundee Courier and Dundee Weekly News If iiifortned mo his district exteniloil some »ix miles by fivf, aii'l tlint ho liiul no lesH than 115 wells niiiler liiH chari{i!. \Vc first visiteil a grusi field, whoro, Along wltli the fnrmur, liu wuiit through thu opcratiuii of allocating a site for a new well. (Tlifty must keep a cirtain distance, SIX) feet, from the boundary of other iicoplc'.s lands). We next viaited fcome wells in procesH of drilliuj,', large boring rods of 4J inches in diameter and about 14 feet Jong being nsod for the purpose. The owners c" the Wells provide the material, and erect the largo Wooden framework, called riggs, about 80 feet high, and let out the woikof boring to contractors, who perfoi in it at so much per foot (85 cents). We next visited dwell v,r|iich had been in operation for about a month, wliere the oil every 50 minutes or so oomes up the pipes in such great quantities aa almost to burst them. The i)ipes, three of 2 inches indiimetcr, are leil into a large wooden vat about 10 feet hi^'h and 15 feet ia diameter. In about live minutes some 420 gallons of oil were forced up the pipes, this being caused solely by the accumulation of gas in the well. During the intervals the pipes are quite dry. The wells are V'-ry deeii ; they are sumo 2'i<)0 feet deep on an average. The first or outer casing is fourteen inclie.i in diameter, and is put down a distance of 280 feet or HO. This excludes the suiface water, sand, &o., which is met with, and which has to be overcome. The next casing is ten inches, and is for the purpose of keeping out tho salt water and other matter' which is met with. It is put down a depth of IS.jO TflV'^"" 8K0T1ON or OIL WELL. feet. The oil rises in the centre tube, and ia very strong at first, when, after the lapse of some months, the force graply fuel for the boiler fires. They have AN OIL TnAIN. a system of conveying the gas to and from the different wells of their own, so tlr.t when there is a deficiency f I cm one source they get it in another, so that the supply ia constant. The output of the wells varies considerably, according to the length of time they have been sunk, some of them producin.; aa much aa 700 barrels per day of twenty-four hours, whileothersoniy give one barrel. Each barrel contains 42 gallons. The Alleghany County is the richest spot in proportion to its area to be found in the whole United States. Around Pittsburg there has been produced in the last four years 67,905,478 barrels of 42 gallons each of the finest oil, and the ti)tal proiluction of the United States for the yeara mentioned was 111,,354,87!) barrels, so that tho Pittsburg district produced three-fifths of the entire output and seven-eighths of the entire value. There are upwards of sixty oil refineries and about twenty natural gas companies in and around Pitts- burg. Th." wells are very numerous ; in some cases are to be found nearly eve.y 100 yards apart. The region is to bo found in some oases in "belts," in others in "pools," and the regions are sometimes from one to fifteen miles wide, and about one hundred and lif ty miles long. In supplying tlie natural iM (which does not have a very great illuminating (lower) there was always great danger attached to it from the fact that the leakage was very great, •*nd when they attempted to discover the where- abouts there was almost sure to be explasions. I'hey have now two sets of pipes. One ia fitted for high pressure, and i:> then conveyed to another, not unlike our street lamps, some of which are kept burning day and ni^ht. Tlio prossu' ■■ of the g.is is very strong, being in some cases as high as 700 lbs. to the square inch. The gas is mostly used for heating and cooking purposes, for which it is si)eciHlly adapted. The oil i« pumped out of the reservoirs by means of force pumps, and forced along milos of pipes to the seaboard for r;uneral distribution. AN AMERICAN SUNDAY. AMONG THK NEGROES. SERVICES IN A DAHKEY CHAPEU INTERIJSTINO PROCEEDINGS. A NOVEL COId.EC'ITON PLAN. THE LAW AND ORDER SOCIIiTY. ENFORCING SUNDAY OBSERVANCE. THE STATE LIQUOR LAWS. STRINGENT HEGULATIONS. PUHLIC BUILDINGS IN PITTSBURG. STONECUTTERS' WAGES. THE LAMP (iLOBE INDUSTRY. (From the Dundee Weekly News of November 4.) No one, writes tho Conductor, can travel any distance through the United States without meet- ing negroes. They are as numerous as gooaeberrici in a well kept fiuit garden in summer. They are to be seen every few minutes on the street, moat of them dressed in a stylo which for stnartness would |)ut many whites to shame. They are tho waiters \n the hotels i nd the restaurants and tho porters on the oars and at the deiH>ts ; and for attention, civility, and devotion to duty no raoo can surpass them. Af a rule they speak oxoellcut English, in Artisan Expedition to America. 87 the Northern States at least, and no matter what Ilia social position may be, the " nigger" is almost always smiling, ami liappy and contented looking. They have places of divine service of their own, and are usually regular and devout worshippers. When walking along Wylie Avenue, Pittsburg, on Sunday, July 13, the deleg'atea accepted an invitation to attend tervlce in Bethel Chapel (Methodist Episcopal), of which the Rev. C. Asbury, P.D. (colonreil), is the pastor. When they ent«ro'l only four or five pcrnoiis were present, but moro negroes came in steadily and quietly until the sermon was well started oit its way, and then there would be an attendance of some iiundreds. Everyone was faultlessly attired, and most of the girls looked quite charming, some of them being in pure white diessan, with white shoes and brilliant millinery. The first part of the eei'vice consisted of the singing of hymns, prayers, and the re.tding of portions of Scripture, including the Ten Commandments. After the reading of each CommaiidmL'ut the congregation chimed earnestly in with "The Lord have mercy upon us, and turn our hearts to keep his law." At tir.st the singing, which was led by an organ played by a lady, arid wrought by a young man in full view of the congregation, was a little wanting in spirit, but Dr Asbury said, "We want everyboily to sing. If you can't sing open your mouth and do the best you can." Then the congregation certainly did as they were bid, as the singing afterwurds was really hearty and good. The preacher was the very Embodiment of Candoiir, and it is doubtful whether any of our Scottisli preachers would be equally candid. Having given out the text — Colossians lii., 4 — he said he had returned from Chicago the previous duy, and felt fatigued from the travelling and the extreme heat, and had not had time to prepare anything, but they must put in the time and do the best they could. Anyhow, he felt that a man cou!d not preach if the \jou\ did not help him. After warming up he preached an able and impressive discourse, with frequent passages of rare eloquence, on the Divine creation of man as opposed to the theory of evolu- tion. His illustrations, althnuKh homely, were telling, and were fully appreciated by the audience, who frequently burst out when wrought up to a high pitcli of excitement, with enthusiastic "Hear, bears,'' "Glory to God," "Praise the Lord" (which by the way were also uttered by the members during the prayers), "Yes," "My very exptrience," "Hallelujah," &c. One gentleman was jiaitioularly demonstrative, while others smiled happily, showing their beauti- ful teeth and testifying their concurrence by nodding their heads. In appealing to his heaieis to prepare to meet Qod, ho said — "Christians by name nave no place in the army of God. Your name may be George Washington, but you are not George Washington, the fa'hcr of your country. Your name may be Wellington, but you i/iay be only a dwarf and not a great soldier. Stand upon principle, stand for right, stand for truth, stand for Go) a ireek to " run " the church, and that a certain sum was required that forenoon, as they expected bo much at the evening service whioli was to be held at eight o'clock. At first the worshipnera were a little slack in going to the front and placing their offerings in the plate, whereupop tho preacher said they would sing another verse a. see what effect this would have. A goo eluding the dfle^iites, trooped forward and Made Their Offerings, whereupon one of the stewards who were counting the money as it was laid down rcmnrkcd with do- light— "You are doing well; just continue." Eventually another lull occurred, when a steward intimated that they were 143 short of th( sum re- quired, and that if some were to add another nickel (2.^d) they would make it up, and that they would go round with the bag. Hound the bag did go, the reauircd sum was obtained, and the congregation dispersed after singing " Praise (iod from whom all blessings flow " and the bene- diction. The service was particularly refreshing, and was greatly enjoyed by the delegates after their railway experiences of tho previous days. .Japanese fans were fouiul lying on all the seats, and the dele- gates, as well as the worshippers, kept using these during the whole of theaervice, the weather being in- tensely warm. At times also in the course of wor- ship the preacher had recourse to his own fan. At the close Dr Asbury and several of the negroes shook hands with tho delegates, thanked them warmly for their attendance, and invited them back. A Negro Sunday School. Mr Sinclair, of Cambuslaug, reports :— On Sun- day afternoon Mr ISennett and I went to visit a negro Sunday School, When we arrived we found the school well tilled, mostly with adults, and after tlie usual preliminaries of praise and prayer, the juveniles were inarched out to another hall, and then the various classes of adults began. Mr liennett and I having taken our seats in a class that was being conducted by an old negro just as he was in the middle of his exposition on Paul at Athcnu fur that was the sc' iect, the pastor, a coloured NKllllO I'HKAL'HKR. gentleman, came over to Mr Henneft ami I and 88 Dundee Courier and Dundne fKeekli/ News II m il took as into the juvenile room, where there would be about 100 coloured chililren mostly dressed in white. Ho thun introduced uh to the teacher, who was an elderly woman, remarkiii|{ that she had taught this cliiss for over thirty years, having tiiuglit some of their parentn when they were young. Tliu children also sang some beautiful liymnM, and after solving a few words to them wo came back into the main hall, when we lieanl one of the teachers read a very excellent report regard- inz a CDufcrence he hail ntteiidod with the p.ixtor during the week 'I'hc pastor tlien introduced Air licnuett and I .is two of the Artisan Kxpedition from the old country. Our impression of this school was such as to lead us to believe that the instruc- tion given there from week to week and the truths expounded would have a most beneficial effect on tho!ng a walk before attending churcl). The weather was hot, so hot that the starch was out of their collars with the per- spiration, which was streaming from them in less than haU-iin-hour. \Vh?n a man is in this way he wants a drink badly, and the delegates were only mortal. Seeing an open chemist's shop, or drug store as it is called in America, thev entered it, and asked for Boda water. *' Can t, sir," was the reply. " Why T' said one of the delegates. " Recause the Law and Order people would lodge information against us, and we should be fined 925" (£5). "Then Ishould like to shoot xome of these Law and Order people if I could get them, or that they should be as thirsty as I am this morning, and have nothing to drink," remarkes)— thesame as in all the other parts of the .State — the Uuveinor vetoed it, and matters remain as they were. The delegates were quietly informed that they oould get something warm at the " sj-eak-easics " — the 'oca 1 name given to shebeens — but nearly all of them being teetotalein they did not desire to make any acquaintance with tiiese questionable institutions. The Liquor Laws. The liquor laws of Pennsylvania differ consider- ably from those of Illinois. Li the old Quaker State applications for licenses must be lodged annually at the Courthouse, and are considered at a Court, presided over by two of the ten County Court Judges, wh>> are elected directly by the people for a ten years' term, and from whose de- cision there is no appeal. Those Judgea examine into the character of the applicants, and grant licenses solely in view of the requirements of the district, the utmost possible attention being paid to remonstrances from the localities interested. In Pittsburg and Allegliaiiv, with a population of about 400,000, there are fully 700 licenses, and the 81000 (£200) paid annually for each license is given to the county and city authorities to be applied to public purposes. The botva fiile traveller is un- known, as hotelkcepers even are prohibited from selling any liquor on Sunday. The " speak-easies" or shebeens, however, are leported to do a good trade in some districts. Pittsburg Post Office. poaT orpioK. Mr Sinclair reimrts :— Having been introduce] 1^ Mr William Addison Doak to the Postmaster, Mt Jiimes M'Kean, the latter gave me a most ourdial Artisan Erpediiion to Amirica. 89 welcome, and said he would be very glad to givo tne ail the iiirormation he could. He askt'd Mr Albert J. Kdward, aHHistaiit ])oittiiiaster, to gu ovi-r the building with roe, which that guiitlomaii very kindly ooiiseiiteil to du. This is one of PittHburK'!* bcHt buildiiigH. The front of the Ntructure Ih 1()U ft'ot oil .Sinithficld Street running hack toward Cherry Alley 17S feet. The height of the Ijuilding proper Ih 104 feet, and the top of the tower ii 213 tuut above the iiavnmcnt. The annexe or mailing room is A2 by I'.t feet. The building co4 1;300,0I3,:4'J Muil K'tlc'.i'g coUeoted, 8,7Sl,30J Lui'al ])i>iit-carJs col loot III, .. 1 071,910 Mail pus t-canU cullect>;d, ., 1,5S2,1'J8 I'ieceii L'll, 3d, and 4tli olasH niattur, l,8»7,0l!4 Tiit'tl piecuK hanilled, .. 41,030,531 Toil! Fdsbigucullei'tuil ou all iiiiittur col- lected by c.irricn and deposited in olHcd £31,fiO-J The wages of the various pre.ssmon, carriers, and others range from £80 to not exceeding £180 a year. Buildings of Pittsburg. C'AUNKQIB MllU.VUr AN'O Ml'SIC HAI.L. Mr Sinclair, Gambuslang, reports :— In Pittsburg pro|ier, 25,170 houses have been erected in the past \iin years. l'>,480 have been erected since 1887, at a ist of more than forty million dollars. When you are reminded that the vicinity of Pittsburg is keeping pace with the city proper, you can form n correct idea of the greatness of hor growth. The character and dimensions of the public buildings, business blocks, jhurch edifises, and schools erected since 18S(>, demonstrate architectural talent and mechanical skill of the highest order. The new Oovernment building cost £300,000, and the Courthouse £500,000. Half a score of ottice buihlings, an otiual number of churches, and as many magiufioent busineis blocks, attest the progress made within a few years. The fintit examples of American Renaissance and AI,r.K.ese three cities (3S,5,123) added to the population of the 38 liorou;{hsand41 townships ag^^regatcs upwards of 000,000. Pittsburg is entitled to the fifth place on the list of tlie i;reat cities of Ameiioa. The county valuation for 18'.I2 shows a total of £84,1.'}2,787. The property exempt from taxation ill the tiiioo cities in Allcj^hany County exceedn £8,000,000. BKLLKKIKl) PUKSBVTRRIAM CIIUIICH. Stonecutters' Wajes. Having called on Air Walker, the secretary of the Stonecutters' Association there, I learned that the stonecutters of Pittsburg were paid Is lid pur hour, with 9 hours per day and 8 hours on Saturday, with fortniglitly pays. In conversation m 90 Dundee Courier and Dundee IVeekly News lili witli Mr Walker I lenriiml from liim that, taking into acciiuiil the mouths stoiiccuttors arc iiilc iliir- iiig wiiitiif anil early spiing, thuy wore no hettur olf in i'ittahurg tlian thuy wiin^ in thu oM country. HiH hunitu rent cost him i'!{ a month, and iliiring tliL' pant year— from April, IH'.U, to Ajiril, 18112— lie hail kept a correct rcconl of liis earning') tor that year, ami hi« total income wan £102 8h. UricklayiTH' wage^ were 10s per ilay, with H hours per day and S oil Satiirilay. In reference to some of the largo cities of America, stonecutters' wages were 10-t per day, with 8 hours per day. That in the wage in Salt Lake City, Cliicago, Denver, New York, St Louis, Cleveland, Minneapolis, and many other pluees. All tliruughoiit America work is begun at 7 o'clock a.m., with only one stoppage for dinner at midday— one hour. Here, aa in the other towns I visited, all atone is out in the yard, ami not at the tiuilding, and the foundations of buildings are separate contracts from the mason work. Stone- cutting in I'ittsbuig was fairly good, and all hands seemeil to be employed, though in ('hicago mnny men were idle, and future prospects lookeil bad. Pittsburg Locomotive and Car Works. are paid by piece, an 1 they work very hard. If woiking time the scale for overtime is, from p.m. to 12 miiluight time and quarter, from 12 midnight to a.m. time and half. Sunday timo is paid at the rate of time and half. The men are paid onoe a fortnight. Tho following is a list of their pay per hour : — A POWKUKir. CONTRAST. Mr AVatson, Diinde'^, roports :— The Pittsburg Locomotive Works were organised in August, 1805. The buildings, when constructed, were ample and sub'>tantial, and the equipment the best to be obtained. Additions to equip- ment and buildings were made from time to time until 1889, when the demands upon the company bad reached such proportions that exten- sive ailditions became imperative, and it was decideil to gradually remove all of the then pre- sent b lildiiigs and replace them with fireproof structures of the most approved design, and having a capacity for turning out one complete locomotive each working day in tlio year. The works are situated in Alleghany City, and occupy nearly twelve acres of ground. The new buildings, so far as erected, are the most complote in construction and eciuipment of any n .ended for a similar pur- pose to be found in the country. The use of the most improved hydraulic appliances for riveting, flanging, and handling of mateiials makes the boiler department a model of its kind, and insures a high grade of workmansliin. The foundiy is supplied with modern moulding and other machinery necessary for furnishing lirst-class castings. A new blacksmith shop, supplied with heavy steam hammers anil all modern appliances for making first-class forgings and smith work is approaching completion. I visited the above works on July 17tli, and got A Very Hearty Reception. This work employs 9.50 men, and their average output is four engmes a week. They work ten hours a day, or sixty hours a week, commcnoiiig at C.5.5 a.m., dinner from 12 to 12.45, stoii at 6 p.m., but on Saturday stop at 4 p.m. There is some very fine machinery working, of wliich some was made in Kngland. Nearly all the machinists Mai'lilniats, TlllllMH, lloilerniaken, . . lilucksiiiillis, . . 0.1., Ilel.L'is drponter.i, I'aintors, .Monldurs, Ciirinakers, I'attet'niiiiikora, Ill:U.s-Mi)lllilu.-4, Nkilleil I.alxiiiruni, G^neriil Lubur.ruiii, lll^liust. Lowest Averngu. Is 2.1 l8 :\A U '.'^il Id Id 8>1 U Is la M Is 1m 3J U4t Is Ud lUd Hkl lUd Uid 7.1 lOd nd Hid 7d la U 7d 7id la Oiil lsl}d Is lid 7Jld liid lOjd Is lUd Is 'Jld Is '.'id 8]d 7a The conditions of apprenticeship are, serve four years, and must be seventeen years of age. 'Ap- prentices are paid as follows ;— First year, 2s per day; second year, 2s lOd per day ; third year, SsTJil per day ; fourth year, 4s 10.1 per day ; premium at close of term, £25 ; all lost time to be made up before entering on another year. The Westinghouse Air Brake Company, Wilmerding. Mr Watson also writes : — I paid a visit to the above sliops on July IS, and was highly pleased to Hnd such a well-conducted shop, clean, and situated in a lovely glen, and surrounded by trees. Wilmerding is fourteen miles from I'ittsburg, thu Hho|>s having been shifted out there for the jmrpose of getting more room. This is just ou the suburbs, and four tracks of railway run close past, giving a good service of trains. Many of the woikmen live in the city, and travel by train every day. There are workmen's tickets gold, which only cost about one half of tlie ordinary fare. The shops of the Westinghouse Company are very large two-sorey buililings, with rails running round them ali for receiving and despatching tratHc. They are filled with the finest machinery one could desire to look upon. I had a talk wit't one of the managers re- garding the hours of labour and wage.s. He did not at first seem to care about telling me, but after explaining my object ho said that the average wages earned were as follows : — Machinists, 14s lier day ; moulders, 10s per day ; patternmakers, 10s per day. When all their machines are running, about 2000 men were employed, but at present there were only about 1200 emiiloycd. Lamp-Globe Making. Mr Logan, Glasgow, reports : — Mtssrs George A. Macbeth k Co., lamp-globe mnnufaoturers, I'itts- burg, have the largest work of iti> '.(ind in America, employing over 1000 men, and paying about £2000 per week in wages. It is all piecework in the glass trade in America, and the wages earned average £3 12s per week of hours per day. Thu Union connected with this trade is very strong, having 7500 members. It is so u II ni'^raniHed in America and Canada that they com| . i the manu- facturers to close their works for two months every summer, when great numbers leave I'ittsburg with their wives and families bO camp by the river's side a considerable distance up the country. Mr Macbi--tli also mentioned that there is always a big demand for good men in I'ittsburg, and in fact all over America. As it was one of the warm months, and the works all closed, I bad no ohanoe of seeing them in operation. Artisan Expedition to America, 91 DELEGATES AT PITTSBURG. HOW SCOTSMEN RISE IN AMERICA. A YANKEK'.H OPINION. SCOTSMEN WHO HAVE CLIMBED '^HE LAUDBK. SCOTTISH SOCIETIES IN PITTSBURG. TRAM CAR FACILITIES. STREET RAILWAY SYSTEM. FREEMASONRY IN AMERICA. STANDARD COAL MINES. SYSTEM OF WORKING. WAGES OF MINERS. LAP.OUR LEADER INTERVIEWED. IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTS. fFrovi the Dundee Weekly News of November 11. i The Conductor reporta ;— In Pittshnrg, as in several other American citictt and districts, a con- siderable proportion of tlie population hails from the "land of cakes," and they usually get on .is well here as elsewhere. A striking illustration ot the American opinion of the national character of Scotdimen, and their natural tendency to rise in the world wa afforded by Mr Arthur Kirk, who deals in explosives, and l.'ails from Lesmahagow, Lanarkshire. Mr Kirk was met by the delegates (viien calling at the otiico of Mr A. Leggate, of Messrs A. Leggatc k Son, real estate agents, P'onrth Avenue, another Scotchman belonging oiiginally to Olasguw. Mr Kirk is known by many to interest himself particularly in getting work for Scottish artisans who go out to America, and all such who art- in search of cmploynitnt are usually sent to him. He mentioned to the delegates that on one occasion he went to the manager of an ironwork in I'ittBburg soliciting an engagement for a .Scot who had just arrived in the city. The manager said— " A Scotchman is he If" Mr Kirk replied "Yes." "Then," said the manager, "I won't have )iim, because if I take him in even to hurl a wheelbarri>w he would own the whole works in ten years, and would probably then kick me out." Some Scotchmen who Have Climbed the Ladder. Duiing their stay in Pittsburg the delegates were visited by gieat numbers of their countrymen aii.xioiis to see some new faces f'-^m the land of brown heath and shaggy wood, nnd ready to give them a hearty welcome to Amerioa. All these appeared vigorous looking and happy, and without a single exception they stated that they were moie comfortable and better off in the land of their adoption than they would have been had they remained in the old country. Mr Andrew Car- negie is well known, by name at least, throughout Scotland as one who has attained to a high degree ot' affluence in America, but he is not the only Scotchman who has made his millions in that country, or even in Pittsburg, as there are some in that city reported to possess ccnsiliaie'l to a larse extent in tlie prosperity of these xrcat unec- tively. The Postmaster of Pitt>burK is Mr James S. M'Kean, who left New Abbey, Dumfriesshire, for America in 1tchman in the district is, he is liable to be removeil by the present Democratic Government. Scottish Societies in Pittsburg. Scotchmf 't, it is stated, are more Scotch when abroad than at home, and this is particularly true of those in Pittsburg who have national bunds of several kinds. In Pittsburg there is a Waverly Society with a membership of about 150 representa- tive Scotchmen, and the olijoct of whose existence is set forth as follows :—" For the purpose of oultivting 'fraternal feeliui^s among Scotchmen; of promoting a deeper interest in our native lanil ; of perpetuating what is worthy of imitation and emulation in the history and achievements of her noblest sons and daughters, and of becoming still closer knit in friendship's ties each passing year, by oherishing th« pleasant memories of 'Auld l>ang- syne;' wu organise ourselves into a Society under the title of The Waverly." On the occasion of the anniversary uf the birthday of Burns the Society holds a great Imggis feast, which is usually attended by from 250 to 300 gentlemen, and on the week following the visit of the delegates there was to be a midsummer basket picnic. Mr Peter Dick, of Messrs Campbell k Dick, is at present the president of the Society. The Caledoidan ('lub of Alleghany also serves to keep aliv recollections of the ilear old land by holding annual Highland games. It is ■aid to have a membership of about 100. The Tram Car Facilities. Mr K. Hennett, Newcastle, reports: — Few oltiei present more or better opportunities for the study of the problem of rapid transit than are offered in the cities of Pittsburg and Alleghany. The street railway system of these cities is essentially modern, animal traction having been almost entirely sup- planted by mechanical power. \'here are three excellent cable toads, which embody many of the best elements in th:it means of traction. There are also nine electric toads, all, I believe, of very recent construction. Although as recently as four years ago the car liorse and mule jointly held the situa- tion, they have practically disappeared within that brief time. In the matter of construction, equip- ment, and operation, the different roads offer a considerable variety of, and opportunity for, in- structive study. There is much to interest prao- CABLR OAR. tical street railway men in the methods by which the various conditions of curves, grades, crowded streets, and the demand for high speed have to be successfully met. There are twelve distinct com- panies in the two cities, and each company repre- sents a separate and indepoirdcnt interest. The natural result of this condition of affairs is an active competition, the efTuota of which are mani- fest in the excellent service rendered. The total cost of the comhineil companies in stock and bonds amounts to $26,035,000. That is equal to £5.207,000 in English money. The miles of rails of the com- bined companies are almost IGO miles. Theae two cities combined have a population of nearly 350,000, and, although they are very closely connected, are governed each by its own city council or govern- ment. I had a magnificent view of these two cities from the top of one of the hills that surround them. This is reached by means of An Incline Railway, which rises to a height of 375 feet. The inci ne up' cent. I had the pleasure C.^BLK GKIP MKCHANIHU. of travelling upon the steepest one, which goei bj the name of the Monongahela Incline. This was designed and built in the year 1870 of wood, but was rebuilt in the year 1882, the present structure being of iron. The plane is 040 feet long, and is built OP a grade of 71 ^ per cent., with a total rise of 376 feet. The gauge is 5 feet, and the I ti ill lii ot ca di d on ha in Arl m Erpedition to America. 98 I I track ia laid with 45-lb. stcol T rails. Tho lioist- iiiR plant consists of two 12 + 20 iiicii connecting link motion engines. One car ascends whilo tho other dcficenils after tiic fa^^hion of our coal pit cngCR, but each hns a separate hoisting rope and drum. These drums are 8 feet 10 inches in diameter, made of cast iron, with wooden lagging on tho hoisting surfac?. This surface is plain, having no grooves. The hoisting rope is 1| inches in diameter made of crucible steel ; tho speed is about 600 feet per minute. The rope is said to last from five to seven years. There is also a safety rope of the same size. This rope passes round a single large shi-&ve at the top from one car to the other. A good story was told mo on our upward journey by a gentleman who was in the car. He said that an old lady hail been travelling up one day who was very much afraid. On neaiing tho top she axkcd the conductor — " If your rope should brcuk now, sir, where would we go?" Tlie conductor coolly answered — "Tliat wouhl all depend upon how you have spent your past life, mum." Standard Mines, Mount Pleasant. ^!r Muir, Hill of IJe.ath, Fifesliire, gives the fol- lowing account of a visit to the U. C. Fiick Cuke MK H. 0. t'lUCKH. Co. 'a Shaft No, 2 Standard Mines, RIo>int Pleasant, Pa. : — Thu shaft was sunk to the C'onnellsville coking coal at a depth of 300 feet. It is located in tho basin between the eastern and weatoru out- crops, and has an area of 4500 acres of coal to mine, varying in thickncs.i friun 7 to 8 feet, and almost level. Tho shaft is 10 ftct liy 24 feet iii«ide of the timberB, and the space is divided into two o.iijo- ways and a jmmp nnd airway. The entire bottom on both iiides is arched with brick, and all the trucks, both for loads and empties, are graded in favour of the movcmeut of the hutches. The wind- ing machinery consists of a pair of 30 in. cylinders, having a 4-fcet stroke, and the link motion is operated by hand and steam reverse— that is, it can be worked by hand alone, or steam as desired. The drums are conical, and ]daccJ ai)art on the shaft, 10 feet smallest diameter and 124 feet in their largest diameter, and fitted with a br.iko flange to each drum. The boilers are six in number, and are 4S inches diameter and 30 feet long, and tho feed water is heated by a heater placed over the flues to tako up the waste heat in its passage from the boilers to the chimney, which is 6 feet diameter and G5 feet high, and built of J-inoh boiler plate lined with fire-bricks to a height of 35 feet above foundation. The head frame is of the triangular type, is G9 feet high, and is built of wood, having a stairway on one of the backstays, which runs right up to the wheels. The hutches, or cars as they are calbd, have a capacity of 2} tons, nnd it was found necessary, in order to handle them with rapidity, to adopt machinery for th:.t purpose. Tho cars run on a down grade from tho cage to the tipple, also run ftom the tipnle to a transfer truck behind the shaft on a grade. At this point the car is 12 inches below tlie level of the cage, which is overcome by tho transfer truck being moved \ip an incline to a point opposite the cage, and on tho same level. This is aecomplishcil by a steam cylinder and piston, having a stroke equal to the travel of the truck, 10 feet 9 inches. For tlic other rage there is tho same arrangement, except that the cylinder moves both trucks, tho one truck being opposite onn cage while tho other TIIK STANDARD SHAFT. is receiving the car from the tipple. A steam ram is situated behind each empty car when it is ready to be pushed on the cage, and the act of pushing on tho empty ear pushes the full one off, which runs on the down grade to the tipple before men- tioned. The coal is dumped from the pit cars into a coalbin of 450 tons capacity, and taken from there in lorries to the coke ovens. All the enginehouses and buildings above ground, as well as the pit bottom are lighted with gas. The System of working is called double-entry pillar and room, and is just another modification of stoop anil room. The n:ine is ventilated by a Guibal fan, 25 feet iu diameter, and is drained by three Vough mine pumps situated at tho bottom of the downcast shaft, and forcing dirccb to tho surface, a distance COKK 0VKN3 AND OAR.S. of 51 fathoms. The average output is about 2000 tons per day, but as much as 3000 tons has been i)ut up in nine hours. The whole haulage is done t)y main and tail rope and mules, which take tho empty hutch right up to the face and brings out the loaded one on to the haulage. The average Wages of Miners at this colliery is about Ss per day, shift wages 88 per day, ami are regulated by sliding scale taken from tho price of coke supplied to the furnaces. Hoisting cngincmcn earn £15 to £10 per month, trappers 3s per doy, labourers 5s 6d per day, and at 56 hours per week. Kents are about 22s per month, which includes fire coal. Medical aid 2s per month, or 4s per visit, if not kept off at the office. The entire work was designed and Wt 91 Dnviliti Ciiiitiif iind DiiiitJ^r Jfrflbj Xticit w Ijuilt umlcr tlio HupcrviKion of BUiirriiiti'mleiit Koht. ' iianiHay, a native of CroHH^iitcH, Fifisliiir, nntl of wlitim I httvo wriltdi In foru in cniuicclioii wiih his ; exiiibitat the WoiM'u F«ir, ami to whom- ability the woiidiiful »iu:c«iis of these improTeinentH in entirely iliie. Tiio plant u now tiie bent in the entire coke rcgioiiH, nml is copied with moic or lesi «ucc;!*» by other I'olliiiiy proprietors in this and otlier .Stati'H. Labour Leader Interviewed. The Conductor reports :— As formerly tnentioncd, moHtly all the iron and uteel woiks in I'ittBburg were shut down during the visit of the dele(?atc» in con-ttpu lice of the annual iieKotiatioiis between the inastcrs and the men for the fixing of the wages scale luing then in progri^s. 'J'lie employers were holding out for a general reduction of lU per cent, in tlie waguH ot the operatives on the grounds that tiaile was in a state of great depression through ovei-pioductioii and thnt they could not compete with the lion Union works of the Carncgio Steel Compiiny, where the men had been working since the riots of last year for much leifs rates than had been paiil to the AsKocialion men up to the end of June. The proposed reduction was resisted by th>' Amalgninated Association of Iron and Hterl Workers, who contended that it was iinwarianted, and altliough seveial conferences liad been held between lepresentatives of both parties no solution of the dittieulty lind been arrived at when the 'lek- grttcs left rittsbiirg. With a view to ascertain the position from The Men's Standpoint a call was ma hesc, except for structural pur- poses, and as ngaids thi~ tlie Association, feeliuj; that it was neci ssary to do something to help their cinployeis against the Carneuio Company, had agreed to a icductioii. Mr Kilgallan re- piesenti'd that the resistance of the men against any further reduction was well founded, as there v.as no warrant for thi' stand being taken by the masters. Tlie scale, with the modilicalioiis agreed to by the men, had, he said, been alreaily signed by '2'i cmiiloyers, and lie should not be surpiised to see a jar^'e number of the mills running next week. The ini'inliership of the Association at present was fully IT.dOO. Some of the Carnegie Comjiauy's men weie on the roll, but they would not insist on the enfoicement of the iiiles in their works until a favuuiable opportunity picsented itself. No all'iwaiice was, he explained, made to the members of the Association durin,' duly and August, unleiis in oases of absolute necessity. Iron and Steel Produce. The Commissioner of Ijobour's report for 1890, says Mr Dunlop, of Slotheruell, shows that the United States produced over 30 per cent, of the wlnde outpnt of iron througliout the world in 188!), and 32 per cent, of the output of steel. Its production was only surpassed by that of (Ireat; I'ritaiii, but whereas the amount proihicedin Great ISritAiii decreased during the eleven years preceding 188!) that of the I'nited States almost doublem l)i per cent, to .'<(), and that of Germany from l.'i per cent, to 17 Again, the steel pro- duced in tlio World for the same period increased from 3,021, 0!»3 tons to 10,.")1.1,977 tons. Uritain's percentJige fell fiom 3t! to 34, th.-«t of Germany from 18 to 17. The United States ioin,r.jo Ilo'^rrinor, OlMiiibOiirtli, Tot,.!, 4,1CH,48S ti«9,881l 4,8:18,324 Freemasonry in America. Mr Watson, Dundee, reports :— I made several 'iiipiiiies into Masonry in America, and have met with many who belong to that society of men. I visited the Grand Temple in Chicago, also one in Pittsburg, and I find the craft far more respected and adhered to than in Scotland, and ouo thing I noticed it seemed to have a far higher ofTeet amongst working men, as a great many of them reach a higher degree in America than in Scotland. It i.s, however, more costly to join and keep up than in the old country. I found it a great benefit to inc in finding my way about in strange towns. Through its intluenoc I got many guiiles, who put themselves to more trouble to r-ee mc safe than many of our biethrcn would care to do in thin country. For instance, I met one on board of ship returning to Scotland after being many years in Aiiicrica whose health broke down. lie tried all the cm es ami doctors until he had spent nearly all he had, and was not getting any better. The Lodge to which he belonged sent him home for a change, and paid his i>a,s.sagc return fair. CMiicago Temple is 20 storeys liigli. On the seventeenth storey there are six Slasonic lodges. People going up or down arc conveyed with a hoist, which is far easier and quicker than going iipstairi<, and no noise is made in the mode of travelling. The Shoeblacks Union— A Novel Proposal. Those who have travelled in America know to their cost that, as a rule, the cleaning of shoes is not included in contracts with hotelkeepers, and resideiiters are also aware to their annoyance that domestic servants draw the line at this sort of work. This necessary service ha.9 therefore to be secured outside or in a special apartment on the ground floor of the hotel, for which 10 cents (.5d) is charged. Ono day in Pittsburg two of ihc Neirs delegates were accosted by a shoeblack, who in- terrogated one of them with the usual " Shine, sir ?" and the following dialogue ensued :— Delegate —"What's the charge?" Shoeblack— Ten cents, sir." Delegate — "That's too much. AVon't you do it for less?" Shoeblack--" Can't, sir; lam a member of the Union, and that's the Union rate." Delegate — " Then won't you give both of us a shine for ten cents?" Shoeblack — "Ye?, sir, I'll shine one for each of you." No bargain was struck, and the shoes went unpolished for the day. Artisan Kji>edition tn AiiiniM. U9 VISIT TO M'KKIi'.sroKT. THE NATIONAL TU15K WORKS. ■\VOUKn;a MKN'S HOUSKS. TIIUOUOH A T01iA(X*0 FACTOKY, A MODEL ESIAliLIiillMEST. DELEOATi;s AT I'lTTSBUUC WAGES OF UAIl.WAY MEN. THE riTTSBUKO NEWSPAPEUS. DOLLAK SAVINtJS HANK. COAL MINE KEOULATIONS. hcHooIk, which aro tnaiiitiiiiicil hy a t»x on iiioomoft, i» iniicli to lio Otmiii)itiiiU-il. Thi! hoiiBi'n of the woi king class aro l)iiilt ciitirtly of wootl, and xclf conlaiiicil. Thuro art' iitually on tlic groiiiul tl'ior |iarloiiranil kitchpn. 'I'lio hoiisoH liavc both front anil back doorit, these ht.-in){ {lUccil o|i|)osito each otiier to permit oi a dran^lit of cool air i>asHing through the hnililin);. The honxcs have cacli m covercil vrrnnihih in front, raiHeil a little nhove the \ giouni). Here, in the HUinnu-r months the ocrn|iantB nit in their rocking chaiix, for life in- iloor.H is unhearablo. It in ratlii.T a novel Right to walk along the strcctn and hoo *o many people aitling outxiile Hmoking and chattering, nearly every man smoking a cigar. The niecping a|iartmtnt.H are all npstnirs, and the fnrnitnre struck me as being of light htit elegant construction. A Typical Working Man's House VENTILATION OF PITS, Ao. (Prom the Dundee Weekly News of November IS.) Mr Mnngo Smith, Dnndee, reports :— Meeting two Dundee gentlemen who have resiiled for a num- ber of years in M'Keesport, and are both employed at the National Tube Woiks, they told me it was the largest eatablishmcnt in the woild of the kind. It comprises among its plants the National Tube Works, National Boiling Mills, National Forge and Iron Works, Ucpublic Iron Works, Alonongahcla Furnaces, Itoston Iron and Steel Works, National Transportation Company, and Locomotive Injector Works. These various and severally cxtcnsivt^ enterprises were owned jiractioally by the same persons, and it was deemed best, both from motivrs of economy to the stockholders and for the benefit of customers, who could thus be more promptly supplied, to combine all of these great plants under one name and one management. All of the pliints of the Company give employment to about 10,000 men, and the pay roll of this gigantic enterprise runs closely up to £,30,000 a month, the men re- ceiving their pay every two weeks. The mills at M'Keesport were built— No. 1 in 1870, No. 2 in 1882, No. 3 in 1880. and No. 4 in 1S87. The National Forgo and Iron Works at M'Keesport were built in 1881, and have an annunl product of 12,000 net tons of blooms and billets. The atnuiai pro- duct of finished goods turned out by the mills of the National Tube Works will amount to from 250,000 to .100,000 tons nnnu.illy. The Comi.any uses natural gas for fuel, piped through it own lines. The cnginemen, firemen, and private police- men do twelve hours per day, and other workmen are employed 60 hours per week. They begin at seven o clook in the morning, ami knock off at hix o'clock in the evening. On Saturday work ceases at half-past five. There are a gooil many hands employed on piccewoik. On asking the wife of one of my friends about the Cost of Living as compared with Dundee, she said, "You cannot make the money go so far here. Everything is dearer. Shoes and wearing prints you may have pretty cheap, but a few showers will finish them, and it does come down heavy here." That it did come down heavy I had an oiiportunity of judging that same day on returning from M'Keesport to Pittsburg. The line skirts tho edge cf the rising ground, and in a very few minutes after the rain commenced, the water was rushing across the rails in such torrents that one would almost think the train wai to be twept into the Monongahela River. The prices of I 'sions at M'Keesport rule pretty muoh as at rittaborg. The equipment ot the The above is a represenlation of a model house for a working man which I had the pleasure of visiting. It is owned and occu, ' by Mr David Ilcggie, son ot our respected tovvnuaan, Mr .John Hcggie, draper, .Strathmartiuo Iload, an I brotlicr of Mr Alexander Heggie, tailor and clothier, 41 Commercial Street, Dundee, and also well known as an athlete of considerable reputation. This hous^e, which consists of fite rooms and kitchen, is built of wood, and, to a person accustomed to the ^tone huildiiigs of Scot- lan.l, resting a day at each end without expenses. One conductor antl thieo brakesmen form the crew of a freight train. A full-load train is forty oars of stock and two engines. Each car holds about .SO head of stock. Conductors are paid £15 a month, and brakesmen from £10 to £12. Pointsmen east of Pittsburg are paid £10 a moi.th Dayshift men get Us ()d a t more than (i5 persons shnll he permitted to work in the same air current ; and mines where more than 10 peisona are employed shall be provided with a fan furnace or other artificial means to produce the ventilation. In mines Generating Firedamp in suflSciont quantities to be del"' ted by ordinary iaf*'ty lamps, all m.iin air brio. or overcasts ■hall be built of masonry or othir 'ncombustible material of ample strength, or driven through the solid strata. I'he doors usod for guiding the ventilation of the mine shall be so hung and adjusted that they will close themselves or be sup- plied with springs' or pulleys, so th»t they cannot be left standing open, and an attendant shall be employed at all principal doors through which cars xte hauled. The same person may attend two doors if the distance between them is not more than 100 feet. No accumulation of explosive gas shall be allowed to exist in the workcd-out or abandoned parts of any mine if it is practicable to remove it. In all mines or parts of mines worked with locked safety lamps, the use of eleotrio wiras and electric currents is positively prohibited, unlesi said wire; and machinery, and all other mechanical devices attached thereto and connected therewith are constructeil and protected in such a manner as to secure freedom from the emission of sparks or flame therefrom into the atmosphere of the mines. The use of the common Davey safety lamp for general work in any bituminous co.il mine is prohibited, neither shall the Clanny lamp lii> so used unless it is shielded, but botli lamps can l>e used by mine officials for the purpose of examining for gas. All holes for shelter on the haulage roads shall be kept whiti>washed. The Amount o'' Ventilation siiall be measured at Ic ^t once a week. No wood shall be allowed in th' construction of stables, and tiie air current useil ft ventilating the stable shall not be intermixed with the air current nsed for ventilating the working parts of the mine, but shall be conveyed directly to the return air current, and no open light shall be permitted to be used in any stable in any mine. No hay or straw shall be taken into any mine unless press:ed and made up into compact bales, and stored in a storehouse or.- cavated in the solid olrata oi bnilt in masonry for that purpose. Tiie oiling or greasing of cars inside of the mines is slriotly forbidden, unless the place whftre it is used is cleaned at least once every day, and only pure animal or pure cottonseed oil shall be used for lighti.ig purposes, am! any person found using explosive or impure oil shall be prosecuted. The mineowner or operator can Procure a Right of Way on the surface from the opening of a coal mine to a public road, upon the request in writing of fifty miners employed in the mine of such owner oi operator, provided tl; at these miners deposit satis- factory security to ' illy pay all damages and ex- penses for such right of way. Eacn inspector of mines shall ceci'ive for his s(!rviccsan annual salary of £600 and actual travelling expenses. It shall be his duty to examine each mine as often as ] jssible, but not longer than three months between his exanninations ; and it is his duty to make out a written itport of the condition in which he finds such mine, and post the same in the office of the mine or other conspicuous place, and it siiall remain there one year, and may be examined by any per- son employed in or about the mine. Besides a stretcher, a woollen and waterproof blanket shall be kept at alt mines, and where there are more than two hundred persons employed, two of each of these articles shall be kept. The mine foreman shall direct that all miners undermine tl\e coal properly before blasting, and shall order the miners to set sprags under the coal when necessary at distances not exceeding seven feet apart, and he shall provide a book, so that the miners can write plainly the quantity of props and their length, and the number of aaps and other timber which they require. The bottomer or pit- headman shall not allow any tools to be taken or put on a cage in which men are to be lowered or hoisted. No peison in a state of intoxication shall be allowed to go into or loiter about a mine. All fans to be provided with instruments to record the number of revolutions or effective ventilating pres- sure. Where the clothing or wearing apparel of employes becomes wet by roasow of working in wet places in the mines it shall be the duty of the owner or superintendent of each mine, at the request in writing of the mines inspector, who shall make such request upon the petition of five miners of any ore mine where the wet places arc, to provide a suitable building at the mine for the use of persons employed in wet places thereii for the purpose of washing tlu'-mselvus and changing their clothes when entering tlie mine and returning therefrom. From Pittsburg to Washington. The run of 343 mile-i from Pittsburg to Washing, ton by tne Ilaltini'^re and Ohio llailroad, by which the dele^atos travelled, was accomplished without any untoward mishap or incitlent, the train arriving at the latter city well up to time. On the way the delegates witnessed many scenes of great natural beauty and others invested with much historical interest. It is here that the railway is carried throagh the Alleghany Mountains, where for miles a continuous grand panorama is viewed of mountain, valley, and river, resembling in nume- rous places the scenery of the Hoottish HigMands, and m this way recollections of their far distant liomes crowded upon the minds of the travellers. Much of the region traversed was also during the great civil war the debatable land over which the Northern and Southern armies contested fiercely for supreir icy, and the historic town of Harper a Ferry is full of historic interest. It was at this place that John Brown, of Ossawatomio, with less than a score of followers took up arms against the combined forces of public opinion, the institution of slavery, and the State of Virginia. He was called a madman and a •* Artisan Expedithn to America. 99 DEF.EGATES AT WASHINGTON. HAHPBU S KKItKV. murderer, and lie died upon tlic gallowR, Three yearx later his name waH the song and watchword of an army, ami " lli^t soul K^e-i iii»rcliing on !' Hrown chose tliin place bh the base of hi.s operations, lie said, because he regarded these mountaiuH as having been deHi^ned by the Almighty, from all eternity, as a refuge for fugitive slaves. On the evening of October 1(5, 1859, he captured the town and the United !StateH Arsenal, rind the following day was driven into a buihiing, afterwards known as John Brown's Fort. He refused to surrender till his two sons had been killed, and he was sup- posed to be dying. Hrown nnd his followers were '"i'*'^ ^-:- JOHN hhown'h foht. hanged at Clmrlestown only seven iniles distant, and the spot where the Fort stood is painted out, the building itself, bearing thousands of bullet- marks, having been placed on exhibition at Chicago. During the war the place was alternately in the hands of both parties. In September, 18()3, a Union force of about twelve thousand, under Colonel Miles, was stationed here. On the 12th, four days before the battle of Aiitietam, a strong Confederate force, under Stonewall Jackson, ap- peared before Maryland Heights, on the Maryland shore, and early in the moining of tl^e 13th drove the Union troops stationed there behind their breastworks. These were soon after taken, when the Federals withdrew across the river. On the inme day the ConFcdciatcs established batteries on IiOu>lon Heights, on the Virginia shore, and on the 14th opened ^ro from those and Marylaml Height renewing it at daybreak of the 15th from seven commanding points. The Federal guns returned fire from liolivar Heights, behind the town, but ineffectually, and Colonel Miles sur- rendered his foroe— all but the cavalry, who had esoaped in the night. SIGHTS OF THE CITY. VISIT TO THE CAPITOIi. THE STATUARY HALL. THE SENATE CHAMBER. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. THE WHITE HOUSE, WASHINGTON MONUMENT. THE SOLDIERS' HOME. GOVERNMENT AND JUDICIAL SY.STEM OF THE UNIjED STATES, (Prom the Dundee Wcekiij News of Novtmher S8.) Washington the political capital of the United States, is in many respects one of the most beauti> ful and intere!>tlng cities in the world. It ocoupiei a fine site on fhe banks of the Potomac River, and is built in what is known as the district of Columbia, a district not exceeding ten miles square and under the exclusive legislation of Congress. The city ia laid out on the common American rectangular plan, but combined with this there is what is known a* the Versailles system of broa white marble. The stylo of architecture is richly ornamented classic. It will be rememln'retl that the original pile was binned by the IJritiih in 1814, and the Americans have their revenge fcthls in displaying to visitors scvurni historical pictutcs in different parts of the buildings illustrating victories of the Stars and Stripes ovt'r the Union Jack. The present building dates from 1817-27. The central portion of the Capitol consists of the grand Rotunda, !)(> feet in diameter and 18U feet in height, over which rises the insi-sive iron dome, 807i feet high from the floor, or 377 above lov/ tide, and which is visible mony miles away on the Virginian Hills. The picture in the coiling of the -lome representing the Apotheosis of Washington is a remarkably fine work of art. Surmounting the dome is a statue of America, 19.^ feet in height, and costing $24,00U (£4800). The Capitol anut the city, and which have cost in the aggregate 'ully 1:20,000,000 sterling. The Washington Monument, THE WASHINGTON MONUMKNT. which cost £240,000, is the highest piece of masonry in the worM, this huge obelisk of white marble rising to the lofty height of 555 feet. The delegates ascended to the highest platform (500 feet from the ground) by means of an elevator, which occupied eight minutes in the ascent, and from the observa- tion openings obtained a splendid view of the whole district, the terra-cotta brick houses in the city appearing embowered in the green foliage of the numerous beautiful avenues stretching out in every direction, while outside there was also a profusion of green wood and field, with the broad waters of the i'otomac on the south glistening in the bright rays of the noonday sun. Away to the north could also he seen, in the centre of a magnificent paik of 500 acres, the home for disabled soldiers of the regular army. When at the White House the delegates were informed that the President was absent at Cray Gables, Massachusetts, his private country residence, but that he would return to the capital to meet the Special Session of Congress, which had been summoned for the 7th of August, in order to devise means for alleviating the present unfortunate financial condition of the country. When in Washington the tlelegates put themselves in possession of much useful information relative to the various branches of the Government of the United States. There is one thing which is sure to arrest the attention of a foreigner in Washington —at least when Congress is not in session— and that is the almost entire absence of any representa- tive of the military force of the country. The United States Legislative System. The supreme legislative body of the United States is known as Congress, and consists of two Artisan Expedition to Anurica. 101 houses — the Senate and the Huusu of Kcpresenta- tivea — which in some respects corresiron J to the House of Lordsand the House of Commons in Great Britain. In the States, however, they know far better than to have one liouse almost entirely compr some hours every week he receives, as Mr Andrew Carnegie states, "such respectably-dressed ami well-ordered people as choose to call upon him." Regarding his relations to Congress, it may be explained that he has absolute power in tiie appointment and removal of the members of his Cabinet who do not take any part in the proceed- ings of the Legislature. He can veto any Act of Congress, but his power in this res|)ect is invalid should tlie measure vetoed be again passed by two- third majorities of both Chambers. The salary of the Vice-President U 810,000 per annum (£2000). The State Legislators— Home Rule in Oeneral Operation. Congress has power to levy taxes, duties, &c., to pay the debts, and provide for tiio common de- fence and general welfare of the United State, but the taxes must be uniform througliout the States, and also to borrow money on the credit of the States. It is also the sole authority in the matter of coinage, commerce. Post Office, naturalisation, bankruptcy, the army and navy, war and peace, and the punishment of particular offences, but ex- cept in the subjects specially delegated each State has sovereign power to pass laws for its own government, and in this way Home Rule prevails throughout the Union. Each Legislature must, however, like Congress, legislate within the lines of its own constitution framed by the peon^e of the State, otherwise a Court of law may declare the statute to be invalid. Amendments on the consti- tution can be made only by the people themselves. Altogether there are forty-four States in the Union, the largest being Texas, which with an area of 205,780 square miles is larger than France or the German Empire, and the smallest, Kliode Island, with an area of 1250 square miles. The State populations vary from fully 6,000,000 in Now York to kbottt 40,000 in Nevada. The form of goTeriment in it* main outlines, and to a large extent even in its actual working, is the same in all the 44 Republics, the differences relating only to points of secondary importance. As regards the electoral fianchise, each State has its own laws, but under the present uniform naturalisation laws passed by Congress a foreigner must have rexided in the UnitctI States for five years, and for one year in the State or territory where he seeks ad- mission to United States citizenship, and must declare two years before he is admitted that he re* nounces alleginnra to any foreign prince or State. Professor liryce, in his "American Commcn- wealth," says: — "The peoples of the States have loom to distrust their respective legislatures. Hence they desire not only to do a thing forthwith and in their own way rather than leave it to the chance of legislative action, but to narrow as far as they conveniently san (and sometimes farther) the sphere of the legislature, . . . This sentiment is characteristic of democracies everywhere." In each State there is an executive, consisting of a Governor and various minor officials, all elected by tiie people for short terms. These officials are " compensiated " for their duties, the salaries of the Governors varying from 1000 dollars (£200) to 10,000 dollars (4:2000). Their powers, generally speaking, correspond to those of the members of t-.lie Federal Cabinet. Tiie legislative body consists of two Houses, and every State has its own system of local government, taxation, and civil and criminal piocedure. No appeal from a State to a Federal Court is competent except in cases touching Federal legislation or the Federal constitution. Mr Simon Sterne, a member of tiie Now York bar, declares that "the great evil in connection with State institutions is that which arises from the diiTiciiry in dealing with municipalities so as to leave them on the one hand the power to govern themselves, and yet on the other to restrict a tendency which in all American cities has developed itself to an alarming degree — its unlimited debt-creating power and methods of unwise taxation." All the mem- bers of both the State Legislative bodies are paid, either at the rate of fiom ^\ (12s) to 93 (£1 12s) a day, or from $300 (toC) to $1500 (£300) per annum. •Some of the >itates also pay in addition the travel- ling expenses of the Legislators. The Judicial System. Kxcijiting the chuck contained in the coiislitu- tioii of Mie United States, the Supreme Federal Court si'.ting in AVasliingtou occipies a position even hip.her than the Picsidi'nt, tlio House of Re- presentatives, or the Sen.ite. The judges may veto Ugislation by declaring it to be unconstitutional, i>ut in the article referred to they may be impeached and removed by two-thirds of the Senate acting upon a representation by the House of Representa- tives, if tliey are proved guilty of a gross violation of the judicial discretion lodged in them. The Federal Courts are divided into three classes — the Supreme Court, which sits at Wasiiington ; the Circuit Courts ; and the District Courts. The Supreme Court consists of nine judges, the chief of whom is paid S10,500 (£2100), and the eight others .IJilO.OOO (£2000) each. On attaining seventy years of ago tliey nan retire upon full pay for life. Nominated by tl'j President and oonfirinod by the Senate, they a. id the other judges hold office during their good I'ohaviour. Impeaohinent has been four times resorted to— three times against District Fedek'al judges, and once against a judge of the Supreme Court, but only two of the former were convicted. The Supreme Court has appellate juris- diction in all cases of law and equity arising under the constitution, or in connection with U.S. treaties, and in oases where citizens or subjects o( any foreign State are parties, while it has original Artisan Expedition to America. 103 jurisdiilion in all cases affecting ambassadors mill other public miniat«r8, consuls, and tlioMc ill whicli a Stato shall lie a party. The Bitting of the Court extends from October till July, and the presence of six judges is required to pronounce a decision. In this way cases are certain of receiving a thorough consideration, but business THK SUPllEMK COUKTttOOM. is greatly retarded in consequence. Of this the unfortunate shareholders of the Oregnnian Railway Company, who were kept on the tenter-hook^ for four long ypars only at last to receive an adverse judgment, are only too painfully aware. At present there are nine Circuit Courts which meet annually, and to each of these one of tlio judges of the Supreme Court is allotted. The Circuit judge, who has a salary of SOOOO (£1200), may, however, try cases alone or conjointly with tlie Supreme Court judge, or a district ju<1ge, the former having a similar power. The Dii^trict Courts form the lowest class of federal tribunals, and are fifty-five in number. Their judges are appointed in the snme way as the others alre^uly mentioned, and their salaries vary from 83500 (£700) to §5000 (£1000). The State Courts are also of three clnsses, differing greatly in name, relation, and anangements from State to State. The jurisdic- tion of the State Courts, both civil and criminal, is absolutely unlimited, there being no appeal from them to the Federal Courts, except in the cases specified in tlie Federal constitution above- mentioned. Each State recognises the judg- ments of the Courts of a sister State, gives credit to its public nets t,nd records, and delivers up to its justice any fugitive from its jurisdiction charged with a crime. In 25 States, (including nearly all the Wejutern and Southern) the judges are elected liy the people ; in 5 tiiey are elected by the Legislature ; and in 8 by the CSovernor, sul)ject, however, to confirmation by the Council or the Legislature. The first 25 ate recog- nised as the most democratic. In only four States are the judges appointed for life, the appointments in the other States ranging from two to twenty-nne years, but a judge is always eligible for re-election. Judges of the higher State Courts are paid from §10,000 (£2000) to §2000 (£400), the salaries of the judges of the inferior Courts being proportionately lower. GeDcrally speaking, the Western States put the least value upon their State Court judges, and in the larger States in particular the salaries fail to attract the best legal talent. The jury system pre- vails in America as in England, the whole twelve having to return a unanimous verdict or a new trial is resorted to. The Government of Washington. The citizens of Washington, r.s well as all the residentcrs in the district of Columbia, occupy a very peculiar political position in the United States. That is to say, they hai^e no vote at all, and take no part in any election unless they have residences alr.o in onn or other of the States of the Union. Congress itself legislates for the district, and the whole administrative work is directed by three Commissioners — representing both political parties — who are appointed by the President with the approval ot the Senate. Owing to the Federal Government contributing exactly one half of the total sum required for public purposes in the city the taxes are comparatively light, one gentleman statin;; that on a property of the capital value of §15,000 he paid only §72. SIGHTS OF WASHIN&iON. THE GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS. THE PATENT OFFICE. THE DISPLAY OF MODEL.S. HOW PATENTS ARE GRANTED. BUREAU OF PRINTING. U.S. GOVERNMENT PUINTINO OFFICE. THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTE. (From the Dundee Wcdlij Nvios of December 2.) The Patent Ofllce. BIr Ebenezer Bennett, Newcastle-on-Tyne, re- ports : — This is a l)eautiful and impressive building of Doric architecture, four hundred and ten by two hundred and seventy-five feet, and three storeys and a basement high. It contains over ono hundred and ninety rooms, and cost £540,000. The centre is built of freestone ami painted white, and the wings arc of white marble. It was originally inteniied for the use of the Patent Otlice alone, but the business of late years that has been added to the Interior Department has increased so rapidly that now besides tlie patent ottices the General Land ottice is also located there. It is only that portion occupied by the Patmit Office, however, which is of interest to us. These ottices are on the second floor and the galleries. They con- tain over 210,000 models, which arc arranged in glnss cases, so as to be easily viewed in continuous halls beautifully constructed. Tliesc halls arc l>4 feet wide, two of them being 271 feet long, and the other two 145 feet long. There are many ex- ceedingly interesting models of inventions in the early stages of steam, telegraphic, phonographic, agricultural, naval, and other sciences, /juch names as F'ulton, Hoc, Edison, Bell, and many others of equal note frequently occur on the cards with which all the models are accompanied. An improvement in inland ship navigation by Abraham Lincoln is among the many curiosities. AVeeks could be very profitably spent in these galleries. O. these floors are the offices of the special examiners and their afisistants. There aie 32 principal examiners and lU4 Dundee Courier and Dundee JVeekly News ]-\ 1U2 asuiBtanta ot the thirty-two divigions into which all patonli) aru claHsificd. This Office has a Hpeoial library of gieat KcientiBo worth of over 50,000 vnlumes, ami the general library of the department contains about 11,000 volumes in addition. At one time, only very recently, all applicants for patents had to furnish the Office with a model of their in- vention or diHCoverv- Thi!< is not the cntie now unlesHthecommisiiioneriiretiucMt one to be furninhed, which they hold the right to do. Patents Now Issued. All patents shall be isued in the name of the United States of America under the seal of the Patent Office, and shall be signed by the Secretary of the Interior, and countersigned by the Com- missioner of I'atents, and tiiey slinll be recorded together with the specification in the Patent Office in books to be kept for that purpose. Every patent shall contuin a short title or description of the invention or discovery, correctly indicnting its nature and design, and a grant to the patentee, his heirs or assigns, for a term of seventeen years, of the exclusive right to make, use, anil vend the inven- tion or discovery throughout the United States and the territories tliereof referring to the specification, and drawings shall be annexed to the patent, and be a part thereof. Every patent shall bear date as of a (lay not later than six months from the time at which it was passed and allowed, and notice thereof sent to the applicant or his agent ; and if the final fee is not paid within that period the patent shall be withheld. Any person who has invented or discovered any new and useful art, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any nov and useful improvement thereof, not known or used by others in this country, and not patented or described in any printed publication in this or any foreign country before his invention or discovery thereof, and not in public use PATENT Ort'lCK. or on sale for more than two years prior to his application, unless t'.e same is proved to have been abandoned, may, upon payment of the fees re- quired by the law, and other due proceedings had, obtain a patent therefor. No person shall be de- barred from receiving a patent for his invention or discovery, nor shall any patent be declared invalid by reason of its having been first patented or caused to be patented in a foreign country unless the same has been introduced into public use in the United States for more than two years prior to the applica- tion ; but every patent granted for an invention which has been previously patented in a foreign country shall be so limited as to expire at the same time with the foreign patent, or if there bo more than one, at tlie same time with the one having the ahortest term, and in no case shall itbeinfoioe more than seventeen years. When tho nature of the application admits of drawings the applicant ■ball furnish one copy signed by the inventor or his Attorney and Attested by Two Witnesses, and shall be filed in the Patent Offici>, and shall bo attached to the patent as a part of the specifica- tions. In all cases which admit of repicatent, §30 (£G) ; on filing each disclaimer, §10 (£2); on every application for the extension of a patent, §50 (£10) ; on an appeal for the first time from the primary examiners to the examiners-in- oliief, §10 (£2); on every appeal from the examinersin-oliicf to the Commissioners, §20 (£1) ; for certified copies of patents and other papers, including certified printed copies, 10 cents per 100 words. 'I'iiat is equal to 5d per 100 words. Tlio total number of employds in the Patent Offices ia— Principal examiners, 32 ; assistant examiners, 162 ; clerks, &c., 400—591. The average number of patents granted per month is 500. The total number of applications filed at the Patent Office in fifty-six years— 1837-181)2-was 832,144 ; number ot caveatH filed, 95,89!); number of patents issued, 020,751. The receipts amounted to £5,584,221, and the expenditure to £4,522,749, showing a surplus of £1,0(11,472. The Bureau of Printing and Engraving. The large four-storey, terra cotta brick building near the Washnigton Monument, in wliioh all tl. ' bonds, notes, anil revenue stamps of the United Status are printed, is designated the Bureau of Printing and Engraving. In this department of the public service there are in all 1400 oporatori Artisan Expedition to America. 105 UUUEAU OF PltlNTINO mainly occiiiiiud in the engiaviiig, juinting, c.xamin iiig, numbvrine, and counting rooms. The printing room, crowded with hand ))rea!ieH, containt) about 400 employus, men and women, and in order to prevent the place from getting ovei heated in summer upwaida of iOO fans are kept in steady operation by maclii- ncry. Ou an average notes representing one million of dollars are printed every day, but it t^\kos thirty diiys to engrave a single plate, and then a note with its four printings cannot, inclml- ing tlie time for drying, &c., be pafsed over to the Treasury until tlie expiry of another thirty days. The paper used is made at Dalton, Ma^saohus^ets, and is very carefully watched. It is counted o to $8 (£1 4s to £1 12s) a day. A large number of women are employed in the li'ireau. They start as printers' helpers at $1"25 (5i) a day, and are promoted as vacancies occur to be examiners at -SluO (Us); numherers, TIIEASUUY BUILDISU. $175 (7s) ; and counters, S2 (Ss) a day. The notes when completoil are conveyed to the Treasury liuilding, in whose vaults are stored gold and silver against the paper issue. The United States Government Printing Office. The Government of the United States is the larfiest printer and publislier in the world, using daily about 30 tons of paper in priming the various national forms, documents, reports, &o. The printing otiice, which is of white brick, and of four storeys, isiPI)ly to the llureau of Engraving and Printing. For the fiscal year ending June 20, 1802, the total cost of the printing department was •?3,4('>7,87l (£t)!t3,574). J'he salary of the Public Printer is $4500 (£!»00). Like many more of the other officials of the United States, he is appointed by the President, with the confirmation, of course, of the Senat.^, and with each change in the Presidency a good many of the subordinate officials receive the Irishman's promotion. The Smithsonian Institute. Mr Logan, tjlasgow, reports :— This institution is a fine specimen of Noiman architecture, with towers, battlements, and loopholes. A fund of SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTE. over £100,000 was bequeathed in 1828 by Mr James Smitlison, an English scientist, to the United States to found an institution for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men. The buililintr, I which is of dark red sandstone, was erected iu 1847. I and rebuilt in ISiiU, the Smithsoninn Fund in the United States Treasury being over £140,000. The interest is devoted to original scientific research. The institution is in charge of a lioard of Managers, of which the t/liief Justice of the United States is chancellor, and the President of the Uniteil States is an ex officio member. A secretary is appointed by them, one who has an acknow- ledged standing in the t-cientific world, and under him the work of the institution is carried on. An entire wing of the building is occupied by the executive oIKccs and the library, whicli contains about 250,000 volumes and pamphlets. The main hall contains tiie best re|)reBentative colleotion of shells in America. There ia also a fine coUectioi: of birds, over eij{lit thousand in number. In another part of the buiMing there is a large colleo- tion of reiic:! from the mounds and buried cities of the American Indians. The National Museum was erected in 1S70 by the Government as an annexe to the Smithsonian Institution. It is built of brick in the form of a cross, and one storey high, with pavilions at the four corners three sto'eys high. The dome in the centre liscs to a height of 108 feet. The museum contains the usual collection of in- dustrial products, historical relics, and ethnological objects. Among the most interesling relics seen by the members of the Expedition were those of Washington, L'liooln, and Grant. . SI 106 Ihiiulee Courier ami Dundee freekltj News ,n THE NAVY YAlil). STKENGTU OF THE FLEET. THE UNITED STATES ARMY. LIFE OF PRIVATE SOLDIERS. THE PENSION OFFICE. THE LABOUR P.UREAU. STATISTICS FOR THE WORKERS. WHERE LINCOLN DIED. THE CENTRE PITLLIC MARKET. WASHINGTON MONUMENTS. THE STEEL CARS. (From the Dundee Wcckhj News of Dccevibcr 9.) Mr lirown, Govan, reports : — I visited the navy yardatthe footof Eiglitli Stroet.S.E. Itwaslnid out under order of the Department in Vi'Xi. It covers 42 acrcH of ground, and is a most interesting, place to visit, from the fact that hero may he seen in pio- greets most of tlie work of gun-making, &c. The yard also embraces ordnoncu foundries, shot and Hheil factories, and also copper mdls. Workmen of all trades are engnged here. They are employed just as occasion demands. Thoy work eight hours per day, beginning work at 8 a.m., with only half- an-hour at mulday for meals. I was also at the Navy DeiMitincnt, and jaw Lieutenant Lauchimncr, U.S.M.C. at the JudgR Advocate General's Offce. I afterwards saw the Secretary of the Department. He stated that their navy had fallen considerably, and that when young men were trained for the navy openings were alwa.vs found for them in the interior of the country at more wages than they could give them, so that they could with ditticulty retain their men after they were trained. He also remarked that their merchant navy had not recovered yet since the Civil AVar, and that the " schooner" trade was more profitable than the square-rigged trade. The naval forces of the United States gradually fell away after the termination of the Civil War, and although successive Secretaries of the Navy repre- sented strongly the Weakness of the Fleet nothing was done towards its actual reconstruction until August, 1883. At that date three new pro- tected cruisers anil a despatch boat were autho- rised to be l:uilt by contract at a total cost of nearly half a million sterling. A great deal has, however, been done daring the last few ye.irs toward build- ing new vessels. Since 1885 £(!, 154,022 have been allowed for naval purposes outside of the £1,400,000 in the naval appropriation of March, 1889, and since that time twfinty-two steel vessels have been ordered. These include various classes, having a total tonnage of G5,l>0!) tons, armed with two 12-inch, twenty-six 10-inch, twelve 8-inch, and eighty-one G-inch guns. The above batteries do not include the dynamite guns, the torpedoes, the Hotchkiss rapid-firing guns, and the Gatling re- volving guns. One of the most remarkable of the new vessels is the dynamite cruiser Vesuvius, which is fitted out to carry three of the new Zaiinski dynamite gun.s. This is an exceptionally fast vesael. runnina fromtwenty to tweaty-one knots anhour. Fortheturtliorinoreasoof the navy Congresn lins authorised the construction of three armoured battleshins of 8.500 tons displacement ; one steel cruiser of 75(»0 tons, with protected deck and maxi- mum speed of 21 knots ; one cruising monitor of 3130 tons displaoemont, to be armcl with one 15-inch dynamite gun, two lO-inch, and one 6-inch 15.1,. R., and to have a speed of 17 knots ; one ram of 2(MH) tons ; one torpedo cruiser with a speed of not less than 23 knots ; one torpedo boat ; and one dynamite cruiier. The navy is commanded by oae admiial, one vice-admiral, and six rear-admirals, who have under them !M>5 officers. There are 7500 enlisted men ami 750 boys, besides a marine corps of 2177 officers and men. We were informed that the Government cxpcrlcneeil gieat difficulty in getting native-born Americans to join the navy, and that a large number of the men composing it belonged to the maritime provinces of Canada to whom special inducements were held out. Seamen are paid from t'4(i to £58 per annum with rations. The expenditure on the Navy last year amounted to nearly £(),O0O,OOO, and has been steadily increas- ing for some years. At the navy Department in Washington there is a library contniiiing some twenty thousand volumes of especial value to those inteiestcd In naval science and warfiite. The United States Army Mr William Smith, Denny, reports :— Being under no danger from powerful or warlike neigh- bours, the United States are saved from that ruin- ous competition in armaments which presses on the industry of European countries. The American aimy is little more than a police force, of which a few regiments serve as a reserve to the civil powers in the great towns, while the rest are dispersed in small posts along the frontiers or among the American districts By an Act of Congress of 1870 the number of land forces constituting the standing army of the United States was stiictly limited. It was subsequently enacted that from the year 1875 there shall be no more than 25,000 enlisted men and 2155 commissioned othcers at any one time. Th J force consists of 10 regiments of cavalry, each -;?^ IIOIISB AND tOOT, KUL(. DItRSS AM) F.^TIQUK. Artisan ErptdHion to America. 107 sf 12 companici or troops; 25 regiment) of infantry, of 10 companies each ; 6 regiments of trtillery, and 1 engineer battalion. The cavalry, broken up in small detachment!), partake more of the character of mounted police than that of European cavalry. They are armed with sword.' and breechloading or : peating riHus, and trained to act on font as v'<;ll as on horseback, and the whole oavairy drill is assimilated as clo^ieiy as pos- sible to that of the infantry. The latter are orgnised after the old British fashion in single battalion regiments of 10 companies. The army i» raised entirely by Voluntary Enlistment. The standard of height for infantry is 5 feet 5 inches, and sol— total num- ber of persona employed in connection with the r.iireau ot reiisions, (Mi'.tO. On the 30th of June, 18!)2, there were 87(),0(W pensioners on the rolls, tlie^e included Kiu survivors of the war of 1812, and 6051 widows of tho.oe who served in that war, and that, let it be noted, was three years before the date of Waterloo. The oldest pensioner on the roll was .John Downey, of Allen Factory, Ala- bama, aged 103 years. The roll contains the names of 22 widows of soldiers engaged in the Revolu- tionary War of 1776, the men who were young at the time of the war having evidently in their old age married young women. It is possible that one of these widows may be drawing a pension in 1918. A soMier's widow is entitled to a pension as long as she lives, unless she should marry again. Children also receive an allowance until they attain the age of sixteen. The annual value of all pen- sions on the roll at 30th June, 1892, was £23,375,974, and the average annual value of each pension, £26 15s. Abuses of the Pension System. It Is notorious that the facilities provided for the enrolment of pensioners in the United States opens the door to fraud, and rcvisals of the roll never fail to show that many humlreds have been draw- ing money from the public purse for years who had no earthly claim to it. A very bad case brought under notice this year was that of Judge T^ng, of Michigan, who had been drawing £14 10s a month for total helples.sne.'^.s, while earning a salary of £1400 a year as Justice of the .Supreme Court of his State. Another incident will illustrate the d> moralisation caused by the pension system. A business man in Boston, well-to-do in purse and vigorous in body, who already carried a consider- able amount of life insurance, applied for £2000 more. The medical examiner found nothing what- ever to indicate disease, past or present, and the investigation was almost concluded when the doctor asked the question—" Have you ever been a pensioner ?" Thereupon the applicant stammered, and at last owned up that he was drawing a pen- sion of £3 10s a month. Further inquiries drew from him "a tangled series of admissions that he had never really suffered any injury or illness entitling him to a pension, but he had made out aome sort of a case of nervous shock or deteriora- tion, at thp instigation of • pension agent, and hail taken his £2 lo-i a month from the United States (iovernmetit, rich man though ho was, on the principle that 'they all do it.'" The company refused to grant him insurance, on the ground that a man who had prrjuied himself to get £2 lOa a month from the I-'ederal Treasury was quite capable ot cheating nii insurance company if he got the chance, and consequently was not a good risk. The Assassination of Lincoln. The buildini{ in wliicli I'resident Lincoln was shot bv John Wilkes liootli on the night of Friday, April 14, 18(1.% and which was then known as Font s 'Iheatre, stood on Tenth Street, between E and F Streets, and latterly was used by the Govern- ment as a part of the Surgeon-General's office, but a few weeks before we arrived in Washing- ton the structure had collapsed. It will be remembered that the theatre was crowiled with a distinguished audience witnessing the play of "Our American Cousin," when IJontli entered the Pre- sident's box, discharucd his pistol, and leaped to the stage, where, with bowie knife in hand, he i ''A9. in Thomas Ciiclc, at the junction of Fuurtcenih Street and Vermont Avenue ; Scutt'a equestrian statue in Scott Circle, at the junction of Sixteenth Street and Mnssaciiusetts Avenue ; M'I'herson'a equestrian statue in M'i'herson Square, Fifteenth and "K" Streets; Farragut's statue in Fatragnt Square, Seventeenth and " K " Streets ; Jackson's equt'.strian statue, fronting the Wliite House ; Hawlin's equestrian statue. New Yoik Avenue, between Dighteenth and Nineteenth ; equestrian THE JACKSON SrATOS. no Dundee Courier and Dundee Weekly News Hi * : - Htfttue of Washington in Washington Circle, Penn- sylvania Avenue, and Twenty-Third Street. Tliese arc all in the north-western part of the city. East of the Capitol in Stanton Square, at ^he inter- sootion uf Maryland and Massachusetts Avenue, is the equestrian statue of General Nathanial Greene uf revolutionary fame ; and in Lincoln Square, due east of the C!anitol a half mile or mure, ix the bronze group called " Emanoipation," representing President Lincoln striking the manacles off the slave. The Department of Labour. Special interest :ittac)icd to the visit paid by the delegates to the offices oi the U.S. Department of Labour, The Commissioner of labour is Mr Carroll D. Wrisht, a gentleman, who by liin zeal in the cause, his abilities and thorough 6tness for the post which he fills, has been the means of investing this office with a dignity and an importance which have attracted not only favourable notice at home, but the close attentions of several foreign Govern- ments. Unfortunately he was residing in the State of Ma8s»chusetts at the time the delegates r>tiuck Washington, but Mr Dunham, the chief citrk, ga^'e to the party much information regarding the De- partment, and explained its methods ot working; and the scope and objects of its inquiries. Tilr Carroll D. Wrijjht also fotwarded a letter to the Conductor regretting his inability to meet the dele- gates, and conveying many interesting supple- mentary particulars with reference to the Depart- ment. By means of a lUtl pa!leased to see the manner in which they were being finished. They have besides on hand several ships for the late German line of steamers, wliich are to rival the latest of the Cunard Line, namely the Campania and Luoauia, but I have very grave doubts of that, and I have not seen their model, but this much I may say that if they come within what they say they promise they shall do well. The Slessrs Cramp had also on hand a y.^cht, which they are putting the engines into. The different wages vt'hich obtain in the yard aio as fol'uws : — Engi- neers or mechanics (weekly) average about £3 ; joiner or carpenter, £3 Gs ; pattern-makers, £3 12s ; labourers, £1 10s ; riveters, Ac, on piecework. They work GO hours, but in summer when the weather is hot they only work 55 hours, stopping on Saturdays at twelve at midday, but nevertheless GO hours constitute their week's work. They begin at 7, and work till 12, then have dinner till one, and work on till 6 p.m. They employ about 3700 hands at pre- sent, or, including the fouiulry, about 4000 altogether. Besides the shipyard tliev have a brass foundry, where they make all their brass castings. They have also an iron foundry, and make all their light castings such as rapid-firing guns, &o. They have bought a large amount of property outside their yard for the purpose of extending it. They have upwards of four or five year's work on hand at present. I understand they employ a great amount of non-Union labour, and have reduced tne wages considerably for some time back. Their yard is very commodious, and they have every facility for launching, the river being both broad and deep. New American Warships. Mr E. Bennett, Newoiistlc-on-Tyne, also reports : -Through the kind offices of Captain .Snmuetf, of the Bureau Veritas, wo obtained a permit to visit the above woiks. I must say that I am not impressed with the way they carry on their work. With all the bounce of our Yankee cousins, they are certainly behind us in the general working of a shipyard, aiul would be all the better of a leaf out of the books of some of our builders at home, such as Armstrong, Mitchell, & Co., of Newcastle-on- Tyne, or the Fairfield .sliipbuihling Co., Glasgow, and many others. From a oonver.-ation I had witli a Scotsman who has jus*: left that employ 1 find that the opinion I formed of tho place on my visit is quite confirmed, and anyone wishing a job in that yard cannot have much difficulty in getting it if he will just wait for a short time at the gates. They will soon make room for him, as on an avcraj;e five men were killed or maimed per week — at least so I was told by a Scotsman who had opportunities of knowing. The same thing prevails here that we find in every place in America that we have visited — there is little or no value attached to human life. However, they turn out a fairly good job. We had the pleasure of in- specting some of their ships in various stages of pi ogress, aiul found the work well done. The United Status armoured cruiser New York, which was almost completed, is of the following dimen- sions :— Length, 380^ feet ; breadth, G4 feet ; moan draught, 23 7-24 feet ; tons displacement, 815C ; indicated horse power, 16,000; speed in knots, 20. She has twin-screw triple expansion vertical engines, her main batteries are six 8-inch breech- loading guns and twelve 4-inch B.L.R., her secondary batteries are eight G-pounders, four 1- pounders, and four Gatlings ; her armour plating is —Belt, 3J inches ; turret, 10 inches ; deck, inches. The contract price for this vessel was .?2,985,000 or £597,000. They have also built two cruisers named the Columbia and the Maniopolis. They are both exactly of the same dimensions. Queen of the Sea. Such is the title that has been claimed for the Columbia, which on her trial trips attained a mean speed of 22"80 knots per hour, which would thus prove her to be the fastest -varship afloat. The Columbia is unique among war vessels. Besides being the first triple sci-ew cruiser, she combines speed, endurance, and power to a marvellous i degree. In de:iigning this vessel the United States ARMY AND .N'AVT DEPAUTMKNT. Naval Department evidently had in view America's only available method of warfare — the destruction of the enemy's commerce— and she was created with the intention of being able to capture and sink such ships as the Paris and the Teutonic should they ever fall into the hands of an enemy. In appear- ance the Columbia is more like a merchant ship than a man-of-war, for she has nc sponsons or other projections that one finds upon all other war vessels, HO she might easily creep up to an enemy until he is within range of her battery, and then either cap- ture or destroy him altogether. 'Hie motive powei of the new cruiser consists of three sots of triple I lii« Artisan Expedition to America. 113 I expansion, vertical, inverted cylinder engines which will drive the triple screwK, the centre one being about four feet below the other two. Eaoli engine is placed in a watertight compartment, and is com- plete in e\ery respect, so tliat the vessel may be propelled at slow speed with the centre screw alone, at a medium Mpeed by the two outer screws, aid by the three when high speed is desired. Each shaft IS fitted with a disengaging coupling, so that the builder has a presnium of £5000. The armoured cruiser Brooklyn — Length, 400 feet ; breadth, tit feet ; mean draught, 24 feet ; displacement, SKtOO tons ; indicnted horse power, 17,000 ; speed guaranteed, 21 knots. Bnttleship Iowa— Length, im feet ; breadth, 72 feet ; displacement, 11,200 tons ; indicated horse power, 11,0. The battery will con- sist of four G-inch breechloading rifles, eight of 4 inches, eighteen machine guns, and six torpedo tubes. The contract price of the Columbia was £545,000, but the builders earned a large premium (or excess of speed. The System of Premiums adopted by the American Government in connec- tion with the work done in private yards calls for a brief explanation. In the case of the New York the builders won £40,000 premium, because on her trial that ship made 21 knotn instead of 20 knots guaranteed, the offer being £10,000 extra for each quarter-knot of sustained speed over the guarantee. The new gunboat Machias won £0000 extra for her builders in the same way, and many other of the new ships proportionate amounts, while there has never been any reduction from contract price because of a, ship failing to attain the contract speed. The fact is the premium l)usincss is merely a scheme to pull the wool over the eyes of politicians, who would otherwise talk about extra -agance in ship construction. The speed asked for is always figured by the Navy Department so well within the probabilities of the vessel, as set forth in the specifications and designs of the Depaitment, that none but a most careh-ss builder could tail to ex- ceed the speed called for. Contractors recognise this by a study of the plans, and are conse- quently able to bid at bottom pi ices, counting upon the premium as certain profit, while those who cry for economy have no chance to growl. I have the dimensions of several of the vess«ls the Cramps are building for the United States navy, which will pel haps be interesting to many readers. The battleship Indiana which had just been launched is :— Length, .348 feet ; breadth, 6!) feet 3 inches, mean drauglit, 24 feet ; displacement, 10,208 tons ; indicated horse power, 0000. She is to he fitted with the following guns— four 13-inoh 1{.L R., eight 8-inch D.L R., and four (iinch. That is the main battery. The secondary battery is to have twenty 6-pounders, six l-pounders, ancl four Uatllngs ; her armour is— belt, 18 inches ; turret, 17 inches ; and dock, 3 inches. She is fitted with tv'in-screw triple expansion engines, the contract •.>iuo boiiig £()12,ti00. Then there is the battleship MassachusettH wliicli was also just launched. She is of exactly the (>ame dimensions as the Indiana ; for each |-knot over 15 these ve8:jels make the U.S.S. NRWARK. The Newark is a protected steel cruiser, with ram bow and three bladed twin screws. She was designed to have atlisplacement of 4083 tons and 8.')00 horse power, and on the official trial trip exceeded the latter by about 3G8'57S Ikuso power, which gained for them a premium of £7.372. Her length is 328 feet ; breadth, 49 feet ; extreme draught, 21 ft. G in. Her maximum coal capacity is 810 tons, and her daily consumption at a speed of 15 knots is about 70 tons. The complement of this vessel is 24 officers, 270 enlisted men, and 3() marines. Her primary battery consists of twelve f)-in. breecliloiiding rifled guns. The scromlary battery romprises four G-))ouiidev rajiid fire, four 3-pound rapid fire, two 1-pound rapid fire, and four Catlings. The pro- tected cruiser Philadelphia was Inunched on TIIK CKUISKR PHILADKLl'HIA. September 7th, 1880, and run her trial trip in Tunc, 1800. For four hours she deviloped a speed of six ' indred and seventy-eight thousands of a Knot in excess of what wbs guaranteed, earning a bonus for the builders of £27,120. She has horizontal twin-screw triple expansion engines, the diameter of her cylinders being 38 in. 40 in. and .58 and 40 in. stroke. She lias four boilers, each 14 feet diameter and 20 fnct long, working pressure IGO lbs. Her propellers are 14 feet G in. diameter, revolutions, 125. The battery consists of twelve G in. breechloading rifles, four G-pouiider rapid firing, four 3-pouiider rapid firing, two 1-pound rapid firing, three 37 millimeter revolving cannons, and 4 Catlings. She has proved in every way to be a most successful ship. Her complement is 28 otHccis, 300 enlisted men, and 40 marines. f 114 Dundee Courier and Dundee Weekly News |! V H('-- l The Cramp Company have at least six ycai-s' work on hand now, ami are extendint; their yatd, the presentarea being 25 acresand water-f tont 1229 feet. They employ 4000 hands. Tlie total value of five ships, «t present under construction, is £2,905,200. The workmen have an annual t'ip to Atlantic City, for which tliey pay SI, and any man l)y purchasing a ticket for this trip enrols himself into a sick fund, from which he, in case of accident, receives $3i per week for five weeks, or, in other words, until he has receiveil the tital sum of $18, after which he icceives notiiiiig more. This Company have five beds of theii' own in the hospital for their own men, and the ambulance van calls at the works once every day unless required oftener. A young man told me that he had been working in that yard eight weeks, and during that time tiiurc were no fewer than 40 lamed. He spoke in very strong language against the reports on America tliac have appeared in some of our Scottish newspapers. Ho says that it was these reports which induced lilm to go out, and he found things to be very different from what they were represented to be. The Drexel Institute. Mr Logan, Glasgow, also reports :— I paid a visit to this institution while in Philadelphia, and found it to be the most magnificent and tlioroughly- equipped I have ever seen. The Drexel Institute is a school of art, science, and industry, and was founded and endowed by Mr Anthony Drexel, who devoted £400,000 for tiiis purpose. The building interior decoration, modelling, wood-carving, and stained glass. The scientific department- chemistry and physios. The department of mechanic arts includes mathematics, science, drawing and English language, and shop-work. The department of domestic economy includes general and invalid cookery, dressmaking, millinery, and household economy. The technical depart- ment — electricity, mechanics and steam engineering, machine construction, and photo- graphy. The business department — book- keeping, stenography, and commercial geography. The pliysical training is a great feature in American scliools, and the gymnasium of this cichool is acknowledged to be the best equipped in the couiitry, and was designed by Dt Jiait- wcll, of Boston, the loading authority on the subject in the United States. During the fir.-t year of the Institute, 1892-3, uixteen hundred students were enrolled in the several departments, while the teaching body consists of forty-five pro- fessors, instructois, and lecturers. From the description given it will be seen that the Drexel Institute is a monumental work, embodying in its structure and plan the best elements of the latest educational methods, and no industry which offers THR DRKXEL INSTITUTK. is an extensive one, and is highly ornamental, being a very fine example of classic renaissance. It is entered by a richly -carved doorway, whicti leads to a spacious court seventy feet square, and which is the entire height of the building. I was greatly struck with the beauty and grandeur of this hall, which is constructed of richly-coloured marble, and is covered with a ceiling of decorated stained glass. Surrounding this superb court are galleries which lead to tiie laboratories, classrooms, studios, &c,, which occupy the upper floo.s. On the main floor there are library and reading-room, in which is n rare collection of manu- soripts, and . a museum which contains a valuable collection of textiles, ceramics, carvings in ivory and wood, metal work, &c. There is also on this floor a large auditorium with grand organ, and cap- able of seating 1.5,000 persons. In the basement are the engines, dynamos, and boiler-rooms, which supply light, heat, ventilation, and power to the entire building. In the rooms surreunding this plant are the electrical and mechanical laboratories and workshops for wood-working, pattern-making, wood-oarving benoh-work, and machine-construc- tion. The Institute is under the charge of Dr James M'Alister, who is a Scotsman, and A Native of Glasgow, and until recently was superintendent of the Philadelphia Public Scliools. The organisation of the Institute eomprises the following departments : •-The art doptrtment inoludss lithography, THB GR:tAT COURT. a skilled means of livelihood to men and women Is neglected. This is not a free school, but the fees are so low that no one need be excluded either from the day or evening classes. MAKING"mONEY: HOW IT IP DONE IN THE U.S. MINT. KNIGHTS OP^ lABOUU ; THE INTERESTING STORY OF A GREAT ORGANISATION. HOW HIGH LICENSE WORKS. (Prom the Dundee Weekly News of Deeemher 23.) Visit to the United States Mint. Operatives Who Make Lots of Money. Mr Murray, the Conductor, reports :— The dele- gates when they visited the United States Mint at IMiiladelphia on .July 22 saw more hard cash than they ever did iu their lives before, but after a little I i, Artisan Expedition to America 115 THB U.8. MINT. the sight did not appear to affect them any more than the same quantity of iron or lead would have done. The moment after entering the old building used as the Mint they were introduced to two great barrowfula of silver ingots weighing from 60 to 80 lbs. each. They were good naturedly invited to take away one each as a so.ivenir of their viMtt, but although a few of the members of the party lifted up a shunk or two, they quickly treated them with contempt by replacing them on the barrows. It was here explained to them that the United States Government purchased from 4 to 4^ million ounces of silfer every month to keep in the Treasury vaults against the paper notes which it i. f L carvers, 30 mounters, and ,S0 gilders, or about 200 h.tnds in all. I visited the work^ihops of Messrs Russell & Co., and found them very much like our own. The work is nearly all done by the ;«me mcthoils. The benches, tools, and machines aio sli<;htly ditferent, being of American manufacture ; but taking them all over, I think tho tools and machinery that are used in our large factories in Scotland and England are quite as good in cv^>ry respect. It is very remarkable that the Naiue tods used and manufactured by Americans can 'le bought from 5 to 10 per cent, cheaper in Scotland than they can be bought for in America. Russell fi Co., employ on an average (iO cabinet-makers and 20 carvers. They also have joiners, varnishers, and upholsterers, in all about 125 hands. There is a great deal of piecework done in the cabinet trade in Philadelphia, but the average wage for day workers is £2 IPm per week of 54 hours, Woodcarvers in Philadelphia. There are about 160 carvers employed in Phila- delphia, and about 30 apprentices. Wages run from Is up to 2a per hour, according to ability. The average boura wrought per week are 53, and the average pay is £3 18s. I also visited the carving ■hop of Edward Macne, a Belgian. This shop is eouaidered the best of its kind in Philadelphia, and at present it doing some very fine work in wood, marble, and stone. There is generally employed in thisihop, between stone and woodcarvers, ubout 20 men, and the wages average from £3 to £5 a week. About two-thirds of the woodcarvers in Philadelphia are mftmbers of the International Woodcarvers' Association. The length of apprentice- ships in wood and stonecarving is five years. A CITY oF HOMES. HOW WOUKINCMEN BECOME HOUSE-OWNERS. SUCCESSFUL BUILDING SOCIETIES. EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AT PHILADELPHIA. INDUSTUIAL TRAINING. T1!E GIRARD COLLEGE. THE PHILADELPHIA PRESS. (Prom the Dundee Wcekli/ Neivs of December 30.) Pennsylvania School of Industrial Art. Mr Thomas Logan, Glasgow, reports :— The Pennsylvania School of Industrial Art is another school I visited while in Philadelphia, and deserves special mention. The purpcsc of this school ia distinctly industrial, while tlu technical instruction is intimately associated wich the training in art. In the Art Department the general course of study embraces drawing and painting in water-colours, drawing from models, oasts, draperies, and still life, lettering, plane and descriptive geometry, projections, with their application to machine oon< struotion and to cabinet and carpentry work ; Modelling, casting, and wood-carving. Lectures are also ^iven on anatomy and historical ornament. In the Textile Department the course of instruc- tion embraces the theory of textile designing, and its practiC(\l applications to the art of weaving of single and double cloths, gauzes, trimmings, carpets, curtains, furniture ooveiings, &o., and re- lated branches— scouring, bleaching, and dyeing of yarns and materials. Chemistry is taught with special reference to the needs of the ditferent branches of the textile induhtries. This is a very fine school, and every room seems to bo perfectly equipped for the special work to which it is du- voted. Like all the other educational institutions that I visited, I had no opportunity of seeing any of the departments in active operation owing to it being the summer holidays. I had to content myself with walking through the different work- shops and empty classrooms, which in themselves weio highly interesting. The following is the rate of fees :— Art class, day, £8 a, year ; art class, even- ing, £2 a year ; textile class, day, £30 a year ; tex- tile class, evening, £4 a year. The Elementary Schools. Pupil teachers servo five years, and cannot get through and be sble to teach before attaining eighteen years of age. The females get £97 the first year as salary, with an increase of £6 eacb year for five years, and it stays at that until the/ pass an examination for lupervising principal of « m f i jjt., 120 Pa Hike Courier and Dmidee IVitkly Newn I.'. ■■■ ■': I ■¥ Bccoiulary ami giainmnr rcIiooI. The salarieR then laiige Irom £20U to £:V20. Tlie male teachers giatliiatc from £2()U to £450. In some of the public hchuolH tiiey give the boyH fium nine to twelve years of age twice a week one hour at modelling in clay down in tlio buaement of the bcIiodI juHt to divert them from their other lossons. and the boys that do the best work get an apple, pear, or banana, or whatever it may be. Tlieir work is also put on exhibition in the sclioolrooni till next model- ling day. I'hiladolpliia >'tandN fourth highest in the salaries paid to kcIiooI teachers in America. The highest are lioston, New York, and Chicago. The number of schools in Philiulelphia is 428, attended by 118,208 pupils and employing 2878 teachers. School books are ail free in the State of Pennsyl- vania. The Oirard College. Mr Sinclair reports :— On arriving here and delivering up my pa.ss, which I received in Chestnut Street, and passing through the lodge or , .itehouse TUK CJiKAItU COLLKtiK. I was at once confronted with one of the best laid off pieces of ground I have had the pleasure of seeing in America. On either side of the main entrance up to the College was a long bed of beautiful flowers, all in full bloom, and the rolours blending in beautiful harmony. At the end of this main walk stands a massive building of white marble, noble and severe in its lines, of pure Grecian architecture The building proper of Giiard College is entirely fireproof in its con.-itruction, beingbuilt wholly of white marble— walls, floors, and roof. There is a portico around the entire eililice of 21 feet in width, which adds largely to its dimensions, making it 152 feet wide and 202 feet long, on the ground to which is added a flight of ten steps around the entire structure. "With the College at first were built four ither buildings, two on either .side, of white marble, of plain but chaste aichiteclure, intended for the rusidcnces of the otticers, teachers, and pupils of the college. The College, and "ihese four supplemental building:* vere begun in 1834, and finished in 1847, at a cost of £51)4,000. The grounds are surrounded by a substantial stone wall ten feet high, with the principal entrance opposite the south front of the college buihling. Tlte College building has a vestibule at both north and south ends. In the south vestibule, which is the chief entrance, stands the marble statue of Stephen Girard, and the marble sarcophagus containing his remains. Upon the sarcophagus is the name "Stephen Girard," and upon the base of the statue the words — " Who originated and endowed this College." The statue cost £6(K)0. The marble columns sur- rounding the buildiilg are 34 in number, 56 feet high, and 7 feet in diameter nt the base. The cost of tliese massive and elaborately-earved columns was £2G00 each. The entire grounds, which take in an area of 45 acres, are lighted by electric lights, for which purpose there are erected tall and wei wo a de( anc pU| thii HT.VTUK OF UIR.^KD. graceful light towers at auiiable points. Theelet- trioity is furnished by power on the premises. On the west side of the College stands a beautiful and touching little architectural structure called " The Soldiers' Monument." This handsome tribute to the memory of the former pupils of the College was erected by the lioard of Directors, Its detign is an open temple, and within it, standing at rest, a white maible figure of a soldier lifc-sixe. The structure is of Ohio sandstone, upon a granite base. Upon the south side, which is the front, is sculptured these words — "Erected A.U. 1809 to perpetuate and record the services of the pupils of this College, who in the recent contest for the preservation of the American Union, died that their country might live." In the western end of the grounds was int and hou froi den can disi lea^ trui Th( the vail beii ohit rem oft wh( Si^^ THK SOLniKRS' MONDHRKT. erected in 1883 the technical building, built of brown stone. Technical instruction was introduced in 1882. The results of the experiment were ro satisfactory, that in the following year the Board of Directors decided to erect this building, which cost about £18,600, with its equipment of a power- ful steam engine and necessary machinery, tools, &c. All of the pupils beyond a certain grade in the Mhool are required to spend five hours per I Arnmn Jirpedition to America. 121 'he t!le< • eg. On iful and d "The ibute to Collei;e 8 design at rest, lifc-itize. upon 8ide, tliene ate and Colle(;c, of the might lids was built of ;roduoed were ro le Board r, wliioh power- toolt, grade in ours per weik in tliis dcpartmrnt. They arc taiiglit to work in inititls and wood. The building contains a boilei'-l.ouije and e:igiia'-i'ooin, foundry, iron department, department ot mechanical drawing, and hIioc department. Here tlie Hhocii of tlie pupils are repaired ami many of tliein made. Near tliid is a large pond used by the boys foi swimming THK HWIMMISa BATH. in the summer ar.d for a skating pond in winter, and it also furnishes the purest ice for the ice- house, which is beside it. Orphans are discharged from the institution by binding them out (in- denturing to trades or other occupations), by cancelling their indentures to the college, or by dismissing for vicious conduct. When a boy finally leaves the College he receives an outfit of a good trunk and clothing to the amount of at least £15. The orphans are educated, clothed, and boarded in the College. The clothing is made in the style pre- vailing at the time, no uniform or distinctive dress bi'ing permitted. Tiie annual cost of maintaining, clothing, and educating each pupil, including cur- rent repairs to buildings and furniture and the care of the grounds, is about £(iO. The number of boys who leave annually is about li^*. The chapel, a THE OHAFRL. fine Gothic building of white marble, was erected in 18U7. According to Mr Oirnrd's will, no ecclesi- astic, missionary, or ministur of any sect whatever shall ever hold or exercise any station or duty whatever in the said college, but moral and reli- gious instruction is given on all suitable occasions both ill the schools and section-rooms. The officers and pupils attend worshipdaily in the chapel before the opening of the tchools and after their close. The exercises consist of xiiiging, reading tiie 8cripture'<, and prayvr. On Sundays religious in!hin. The .subjects tauglit include German, French, commer- cial calculations, law ar.d business forms, geo- graphy, book-kcei>ing, and business correspondence, penmanship, shorthand, and typewriting. The average time required to complete the business course is from eight to ten montlis, and the short- hand and typewriting course about eight months. The fees run as follows :— Business or shorthand course — morning sessions — one month, £3 ; five months, £12. Afternoon sess'^ns— one month— £1 12s; five months, £6. Night sessions— one month— £1 ; six months, £5. The graduating classes regu- larly visit, in company '.vith an instructor, trust com- panies, banks, mills', the U.S. Mint, the Post Office, and the Stock Exchange, and the methods of working thise institutions are fully explained to the students. Last year the total number of students enrolled was 1248. of whom 269 were females. The sliorthand course wa4 attended by 202, and 116 of these, or fully one-half, were [-22 Dundee Covrier and Dtmdee Weekly News females. Sixteen of the State:* of the Union, in- clodins Florida and California, wererepiesenteil on the roll, and there wore also itudents from Canada, Brazil, and Caloml)ia, South Ameriua. How Building Societies are Managed. Mr W. Smith, Denny, made inquiries regarding the management of the numerous and flouriiihing building ttocicties in I'hilailolphia, and reports as follows :— The object of the City of Homes liuiidiiig and Loan Association of Philadelphia is the saving of funds from monthly payments of the members to be advanced or loaned to those dexiring to invest it, that the profits ariHiiig from the buHiness thus transacted may, with the monthly i)ayments, largely reduce the number of months rp(iuired to make each share with its par value of £40. The capital stock of the Association is £200,000, and consists of five thousand shares of the par value of £40 issued in one or more series as the Board of Directors may determine. Kach stockholder is entitled to a certificate of stock issued in the name of and under the seal of the Corporation signed by tho President and counter-signed by the Treasurer, which certificate is transferable by assignment in person or by attorney in the presence of the Secretary. Each member for each share of stock by him or her held has to pay an initiation fee of threepence at the time of 8ubierty mortgaged to the Association, the Board of Directors requires the payment of all dues, interest, fines, and charges owing to the Association at the time of said sale, before satisfying the bond and mortgage against the property. In case the funds are Dot bidden for by any stockholder for the space of two months, the Board of Directors have power to invest the same in real estate, in United States Go- vernment bondii.or in the authorised loans of thaoity of Philadelphia, provided that no such investment be made eicept with the consent of two-thirds ot the Board of Directors. Stockholders who have not received an advance may withdraw from the Association after thirty days' notice to the Board »f Directors. They will receive the amount actually paid in asdues, less all fines and other oliarges,and after the espiry of one year from the issuing of the series in which the stock is held they are untitled to the amount of their payments as dues, with auoh part of the profits (not less than 4 per cent.) as the directors may allow. Not more than one-half the funds in the treasury can be used to refund money on withdrawn shares except by special order of the Board of Directors. The shares of any stockholder or trustee who neglects or refuses to pay his or her monthly dues or tines for the period of six months may be declared forfeited by the Board of Direc- tors, when the shares revert to the AsHooiation. If such member has not received any advance, be is entitled to receive out of the first unappropriated money in the treasury the amount of dues he or she may have paid into the Association, in addition to the profits allowed withdrawing members of the same series after deducting all fines and charges, and thereupon cease to be a member of the Asso- ciation. Interest and Fines. All members paying dues averaging over six months in advance to the Association are entitled on such payment to interest at the late of 6 por cent, per annum. Any stuckholdor neglecting or refusing to pay \m or her monthly dues or interest as the same becomes due must pay the additional sum of Id monthly on each 4s remaining unpaid. New shares of stock may be issued in lieu of all shares withdrawn, forfeited, or which have revetted to the Association. In the event of the death of a stockholder his or her legal representatives ara en- titled to a trauHfer of the shares to themselves, and thereupon assume all the liabilities and ate entitled to all the privileges of other members. No fines can be charged to the account of a deceased mem- ber for non-payment of dues or interest from and after his deatli, but fines that may have accumulated prior to that time continue to stand against his or her account, and be deducted from the amount due to his or her representatives in any settlement thereof. These byelaws cannot be altered or amended except at the annual or at a special metfting called for that purpose, and with the consent of two-thirds of the members present. The City of Homes Building and I»an Associa- tion has 2082 sliarcs with a capital of £:<0,(>7tt. The society has handled £20,000, and the withdrawals and matured shares have been paid promptly. Any stockholder can withdraw hismunev at any time by giving the secretary notice. The (lou^tes cost from about £500. They are very nicu and comfortable buildings. They have four rooms and bathroom, hot and cold water, with water clo:4et built of terra cotta brick with granite and marble steps up to them. They have a liack yard with cellar, and their homo is freehohl, and their own home when they buy it. According to the value of their house they pay for every £50 5s for taxes, and the rent that would be paid is about £2 18-4 per month. The Association loaneil out in 18!)2 £88,000, and were repaid £7!l!.1. It takes nlwut eleven years to pay for houses by maturity, but they can pay it otf aa soon aa they can. There ure about 500 of these building societies in Philadelphia, which have uporning some of the delegates proceeded up Nortii Broad Street with the view of attending the Presbyterian Ciiuroh at the coiner of Green Street, but found it shut, and on making inquiries they were informed that it was closed for some Sundays in summer in accordance with a common practice in the city. Both the minister and the congregation had apparently gone to the country, feeling tliat although they might be able to fight satisfiactnrily against sin and the devil, it was of little or no avail attempting to contend against the very much present foice of the intense summer heat. The dell-gates having retraced their steps entered Arch Street Methodist Episoopil Church, where along with a fairly good congregation made up of various classes of society, they listened to a very thougiitf ul discourse. Mr John Sinclair worHhipped in Spring Garden Methodist Episcopal (Dr Hulbard), and also attended the Sunday School, where, in response to a request made to him, he addressed a few appro- priate words to the scholars. A Model American Sunday School. The Americans, as a rule, ruu their Sunday Schools on peculiar lines, and without doubt they consider them the beat in the world. One of the most interesting institutions of this kind in the BETHANY SUNDAY SCHOOL. United Slates is that connected with Bethany Presbyterian Church, whio.i a few of the dulo«ute« visited on the afternoon .if Sunday, July 2.3. They found the body of thd building iCJcjiied by 1600 scholars, but the avere go attendance out of the 3000 on the roll is about 2000 during the colder months. The scholars entered smartly but quietly and took tiieir usual seats, the boys being on one side and the girls on the other, witti the younger children of both sexes under the side galleries. The body of the hall is oooupied with seats of horse-shoe form, holding six or seven scholars, and there are also three chairs in the centre of each horse-shoo. In the middle of the Artisan Expedition to Amcrim. 125 hall WDH a small fountain in opciatiun, and this iiiducod a feeling of eooliiesa iu the intense heat of ISTKUIOR OF SUNnAY SCHOOL HALL. the hright summer day. The boys were all neatly attired, and the girls, who were mostly iu white dresses, presented a charming and picturesque appearance. Almost every one of the latter had a fan, which she kept using steadily in lively fashion; and they all chattered as only American girls' appear to know how to chatter. Ai. 2,25, however, a single stroke of a hell brought about absolute silence, and five minutes later tlie opening exercises were commenoeil. In all, them arc eigiitcen or nineteen orders of worship, and the one best adapted to the lesson of the day ia chosen. These consist of the singing of various hymns in parts, with the reading of appropriate passages of Scripture at intervals, the scholars reading t!ie verses alternatuly with the superintendent, the boys also occasionally by themselves, and the girls by thc.iselves. The singing, which was led by an otcliostva of eighteen instruments, was remiirkably fine, the sweet voice? of the youug folks blending remarkably well together, and nothing was more "taking" than the hymn sung by the younger gills. The Lord's Prayer was then chanted, and the fii-st part ot the proceedings, which occupied thirty minutes, was concluded with a brief ex- tcwi/Jort prayer by one of the teachers. Then followed the classes, whin the lesson of thcday wis studiedin a very thoiougli manner for another half hour. The bubsKiucnt service consisted of the singing of more hymns, interspersed witli a few selections by a (juartette of male voices, after which an exposi- tion on the lesson was given by one of the superin- tendent!:, and the whole proceedings concluded with a twenty minutes' prayer meeting, attended by teachers, scholars, and strangers, <^f whom there wj s a very large number present .,<, the school. Tli<> superintendent of the school is Mr ,Tohn Wanamaker, the owner of the greatest emporium in the city, and it is said that when Postmaster- General of the United St.ites during the Presidency of Mr Harrison, Mr AVanamaker frequently travelled all the way to Washington on Saturday night solely in order to conduct his Sunday Tiible class of 100 adult members at Bethany Chapel. There are numerous flourishing agencies in connec- tion with the cirurch and school. The church, which has now a membership of 1050, has been practically built np through the ojieratif-ns of the school. The object directly aimed at is to interest as well as instruct the children, and no one who has attended the school and carefully watched tlie methods adopted can have failed to be struck with ^ the great success of the system. 'i'he objects, method*, and scope of Uethany Sunday Schools and Bible Classes are defined as follows :— Objects - To teach the Word of God, to lead souls to Christ, to build up Christian niiaracter, to train every one to usefulness, and to encourage and assist Cii^'istian workers. Methods— By Bible classes, Christian endeavour meetings, prayer ser- vices, mission work, temperance work, social enter- tainments, encouraging thrift and savings, sewing societies, aid societies, diet kitchen and kinder- garten, and evening classes. Scope — (1) No limita- tion of sex, colour, creed, condition, nationality, or age. The youngest scholar is less than one year old, and the oldest is over eighty. (2) The sick finil friends, many of the unemployed get work, the troubled find sympathy and aid, and the untroubled find hearty, kindly, strong friendships. (3) No person whatever can justly say that an open door MU I). L. ANHKliSON, ASSOCIATK TKACHKIl, was not set before him at Bothany Iu a better, iiappicr life. Methodist Episcopalian Services: Mr Sinclair, Cambiislang, reports :— On .Sunday morning after breakfast I went to Spring Ganleu Methodist Episcopal Church, and while standing in front of tliat grand edifice reading the board intimating the church services a gentleman camo up to me and asked if I had a mind to go iir. I would hear a gocil sermon, and se.its were all free. I was very much struck with the frankness with which tliat gentleman addressed me and invited me in. I think we in Scotlaird would do well to show uur interest more in our church services, and he more reaily to g'vc a cordial welcome to strangers. It was a ipost beautiful church, inside as well as outside. Tlio floor vas carpeted to the door, every seat was cushioivM, aird in every pew were a num- ber of fans. Tlu~ prcnoher, Dr Mulbard, came iir exactly at 10.3l>, ti^en the choir, which consisted of two ladies and two .'Mitlemen, sang the last three vei 3CH of Matthew xi., whi'jh hail a very pleasing as well a.-) inspiring cfTuot on the congregation. 'I 126 Dundee Courier and Dundee ^Veekly News !4v« After prayer and the reading of the Scripture, the two ladies in the choir sang a duet ("Sweet Peace "), then the Doctor auuounoed his text — Ist Peter, third chapter, and last verse— and preached a very powerful and eloquent SL-nnon. At the dose of the sermon, in.stcad of walking down into the vestry as we are accustomed to in Scotland, the Doctor came to the door and shook hands with most of the congregation as they dispersed. When he shook hands with me he asikcd if I was a stranger, and when I told him who I was he asked me to come to the Sunday School at 2.30, which I promised to do. The Sun- day School here was very much the same as the one Mr Bennett and I attended in Pittsburg, apd conducted on the same lines. 'Wliat astonished me most was to see tlie number of adults that came to the Sunday School. In the evening I attended a meeting in connection with the Young People's Society of Christian Kndeavour. This Society was formed for the purpose of training converts for the duties of church niembcrBliip. Kach society is in some local church, and in no sense outside. It exists simply to make tlie young people loyal and efficient members of the Church of Christ. It is the church training the young. Its motto is " For Christ and the Church." Its essential features are the prayer meeting, the pledge, honestly inter- preted, the lookout prayer meeting, and social committee*, and the consecration meeting. Other committees are optional, and the constitut'on is entirely flexible in other points according to the needs of the local church. The United Society is simply the bureau of information for all the societies. It prints the literature, supports one general secretary, and is the general headquarters of the work. The office is at 50 BroomBeld Street, Boston, Mass. It levies no taxes, however, and assumes no authority, but every society manages its own affairs in its own way. Sunday in Fairmount Park. Mr Mungn Smith, Dundee, reports ; — I visited this beautiful park and took a walk along the side of the Delaware River, and was much struck with the sight of thousands of men and women, attired in their Sunday best, who were out for a day's enjoyment. The carriageway was crowded with buggies, many of them occupied by women, who handled the reins themselves. Licyoios ran past every moment, and lar!y cyclists were also numer- ous. Philadelphia ii> a gruat place for bicycles. One cannot tuin round but they are to be seen driven in all direction. Family parties al»o come to Fairmount Park, laden with baskets of provi- sions, and picnic under the shady trees. The tranicars run all Sunday, and bring crowds of pleasure seekers to the park. You can have many miles of a ride on the cars for five cents, and one never thinks about walking any distance. Fairmount Park is unquestionably a beautiful pleasure resort. The extent of grounds and gardens IS over 2800 acres. There are 60 miles of drives and 100 miles of walks and bridle paths. In addi- tion, the city owni thirty other small parks and public squares, which brings the total park area of Philadelphia up to over 3000 acres. These beautif nl breathing spots spread all over must tend to the healthy development of a great citj^ like this with its 1,100,000 inhabitanta. In passmg round at all times of the dav I saw many people sitting and en- joying the coul shade of the trees and near the water fountains, for these are muoh appreciated in such a warm country. The paik.i are all well sup- plied with scats, and though the flower beds are not protected in any way, no harm is ever done them. One of the things that the children are taught at the lohools is uot to tiamp ou forbidden On.MI"F MONUMENT ground, and it would seem witn good rosults. Schools that used to have their ilower plots pro- tected have removed the fences, and leave them open to train the children to look but not to touch. The Zoological Gardens are very large and well stocked. It took me three hours to walk and look at the various houses and enclosures containing the various animals, and it was really a splendid sight. Sunday at Lincoln Park. Mr Logan reports ; — On Sunday afternoon, along with two friends, I went for a sail down the Delaware River to Lincoln Park, a distance of twelve miles. The river steamers in America are quite different from what we have at home. The one we boarded was a three-decker, with three funnels spread broadways acro.ss the deck, and ex- traordinary large paddles, which gave it anything but a smart appearance. The Yankees think their steamers are the smartest vessels in the worif' -ut I think differently. Those who .say so have never been to the Firth of Clyde. The sail down t'lc Delaware was very fine. There are no fl^cu scats on board the American steamers. Ev3ryo:ir< gets fixed to a camp stool or a lounging onair which is so dear to the Americon. The scene on hoard the steamer is very animating, a band dis- coursing fine music, while the girls were neatly dressed in white or other light-ouloured materia), which made them look as if they were going to a hall. The youths and men were also dre-sseJ in littht clothes, and few of them wore vests. And no wonder ! Just fancy, 96° in the shade, and not a breath of wind. After a sail of 45 minutes, wu arrived at Lincoln Paik Pier. Here again the uiers are different from ours, i^nd, I think, ooulu be copied by us with advantage. There were practi- cally two piers— one above the other. The people leaving the steamer take the under one, and those going on board take the upper one. I think this is a splendid arrangement, for it saves time, crushing, and the annoyance we have sometimes to contend with at home. Lincoln park is a large pleasure ground, which is a favourite place of resort by the Philadelphians during the summer season. The grounds are beautifully laid out with a large band stance in centre, anil bands play all the ponulur airs of the day. There is a large numl)er of refreshment and ice cream saloons (the American girls aie very fond of ioc cream), toboggan slides, switohbkok rail- wa cid me at noi ha' sue do( "e hai on( ent for In hay the (Fr dell cqu som ofti aboi rece The new ban( land land dfloc Artisan Expedition to America. 127 ways, and merry-go-rounds, and all other things in- cidental to a pleasure resort. I noticed that the merry-go-rounda are different from those we have at home. They are not so highly decorated, nor so well got up, but instead of al! hor es as we have, they have a number of birds and animals such as an eagle, ostrich, lion, bear, Newfoundland dug, &o. There was always a gieat rush for the "eagle." As they are going rouiul the attendants hand out small iron rings and there being a brass one amongst them, the person who gets it is entitled to another turn. After strolling about for some time, and seeing all that was interesting, I returned to the city in the cool of the evening, having hnd a fair idea how the Yankees spend their Sunday afternoons. THE CALEDONIAN CLUB. WASHINGTON MONUMENT. AMERICA'S NATIONAL GAME. FAMOUS LOCOMOTIVE SHOPS. A DAY AT BALDWIN'S. (From the Dundee Weekly News of Jan. 13, 1S94J The Caledonian Club. Mr Thomas Logan, Glasgow, reports :— Phila- delphia posxessea without doubt the finest and best equipped Caledonian Club in America. The haud- Bome new quarters of the Club arc situated in one CALEDONIAN OLUH. of the best parts of Philadelphia. It was opened about two months before our viait by a grand rboeption and banquet by the officers of thoClub. The members anu friends, after inspecting the fine new building, formed into line and marched to the banqueting hall, led by their chief, James Coup- land, and three sturdy pipers dressed in full High- land costume. The rooms wero beautifully dflooratcd for the oocasiou with American colours and Scottish emblems, while the Mayor of Phila- delphia, who is a Scotsman, wore in his buttonhole a bunch of heather sll the way from the hills of Deeside, Scotland. The building was erected at a cost of £16,000. It consists of Ivo storeys and a basement, containing all tiie appurtenances necessary fur a well-regulated, social, and athletic club. It is constructed of red sandstone and iron, and the interior is very tastefully done up with solid oak. In the basement are a swimming pond, Turkish and aliowcr baths, toilet-rooms, and a bowl- ing alley. 'J'he swimming pond is 67 feet long, 25 feet wide, and from 4 to 9 feet deep, making it one of the largest and handsomest in Philadelphia. On the second floor is a gymnasium, the apparatus of which cost £1400. A novel feature in this hall is a suspended running track of 35 laps to the mile. The surface of this track is to be covered with canvas ur indiarubbcr. The third floor is a large hall capable of seating 1000 persons. At one end of the room is a large stage behind the hall, and at the other end is a ladies' parlour and billiard- room. The fourth and fifth floors contain a banqueting hall, ladies' and gentlemen's retiring rooms, kc, and a number of other rooms that are intended to be rented to other societies. The roof of the building is so constructed that it can be trans- formed into a roof gr.rden in the summer. This form of garden is very popular all over America. The whole buildi.ig is heated by steam and lighted by electricity. The architect who designed the now clubhouse (.John Ord, a Scotsman) presented the plans, valued at £200, to the Caledonian Club. Mr Andrew Carnegie presented the library with a splendid collection of the best books of all kinds and varieties, while the carpets for the entire build- ing were furnished free of cost by Mr Alezanunot giving room to go about the work with ease. Tiie girls arc paid by the piece, and the yarn stands the loom very well, and doesn't seem to bother them very much. One girl or woman holds on two looms, with two towel wiiUhs in each loom. Loom bosses (tenters) have a busy time keeping the looms in order, as I saw they .re very apt i.o go wrong. Every boss has forty looms to att>^nu. 'There are two yarn beams in the loom at one time, and they are twisted on. The cloth is taken from the loom, a woman puts it up in two towel lengths, and it is taken to the packing house if it is green, and if white it is put through a process of bleaching in a tub, then run through the dryingmachine and done up in small parcels. One side of the towel has no woven selvage, and it is put tlirongh a hemming machine driven at very great speed — apout (>0 yards per minute. They also make up some of the goods on tlie premises. I saw them shaping and sewing Turkish clothing for gentlemen to wear. The employes work 60 hours weekly, commencing G.45 to 12, and 12.20 to 6 for five days. The works shut on Saturday at 11.45. 'I'iie hands are paid fortnightly, and tlie rates of wages are : — Loom bosses (per week), £3 ; loom bosses helpers, £2 ; weavers (per week), 3(is ; winders (pur week), 28s 6d. Other hands in the work are pnid in pro- portion, a good many ranging from 20.s to 25ij. No one is employed below l(i years of age. Manufactuif^rs Who Work. I also visited Sykes ] lotlierH, manufacturers of carpet yarn, and these yarns are principally made from jute waste. I saw the jute waste gathered in Dundee and elsewhere teased up and spun into yarn of various sizes for carpets. One curious thing about this firm is that the four brothers were all working at the rougliest work in the mill with shirt sleeves rolled up to the shoulders and faces black with sweat and dust. I said it was quite un- common in Scotland to see men in their position working so hard. The answer was that that was the only way to make the thing successful, and it was good for them. Brussels Carpet-Making. I then called at the factory of Bromley k Sons, manufacturers of Wilton and Brussels carpets and Smyrna rugs and iaoe curtains. This is a very large building forming a complete square block of brick, five storeys in height. 130 Dundee Courier avd Dundee fFeekly News The firm employ 2500 hand!). The work is nil done here in large and airy roomti or tlats. Tho most of the workers are paid by piecework, and make splendid wages, so much oo that Mr Bromley told me the competition with liritain in this class of goods would compel them to have a revised pay-list. I was shown the running weekly pays of a number of the workers. Women weavers vary from £2 to £4. Some weeks they would not be fully employed, which accounts for the variation. Some of the men weavers run as higli as £5 to £5 15s per week, another class of young men earning £2 lOs to £3 53. In a large work like this there must be hands paid at various rates, but the general pay of the women employeil at vaiious other works is from 'Mh to 40s. Mr Bromley said he would not grudge their making that, but wiien they went up to £3 he thought it was too high. Philadelphia has outstripped New York, and ranks to-day as the leading manufactur- ing cir7 in the United States. This position has been gained by the number and variety of its manufactures and by their commercial value. The city turns ont over one-half of tho carpet products of the entire country. The Cost of Living. Mr J. Sinclair writes : — I dropped into a stone- cutter's yard, and the boss at once gave me the wages that were being paid in Philadelphia. Stone- cutters' wages were 15s per day, hours and 8 on Saturday ; granite-cutters, 14.s 3d a day. The Society in both of these branches was very strong. In reference to marble-cutters, he said there had been great trouble with their Society, and at pre- sent there was no Union of marble-cutiiers in Phila- delphia. The re?'.:lt was that marble-cutters were as low paid as 10s per day. I next asked him in reference to tiie cost of living, and he told me it cost him £3 a month for rent. He had four children and it took 32s a week to keep his house not speaking of clothing or any other extras. Then he told me he only wrought about seven or eight months in the year. I asked him how he got along in the winter. He said he picked up any job he could get, and that was very difficult, as the municipality here imported Italians by the ship load, and they did work for very little, and five or six families grouped together living in squalor. Thus, through the importation of tlicsc Italians, the labouring work of Philadelphia is hard to get, and if you do get it you get very little for it. He also said if I wanted to see Philadelphia proper I ought to come round about the month of December, and I would see plenty of poverty and privation. The Delegates in New York. Leaving Philadelphia in a Royal Blue Line train at 0.40 a.m. on Monday, July 24, the delegates. DOUBLk, BTBAM FERRYBOAT. after being ferried across the Hudson River, were landed a tew minutes after midday at the foot of Liberty Street, New York. New York proper is situated on Manhattan Island, which is 13^ miles long, and varies in breadth from a few hundred yards to 2| miles. There are in addition, however, about 12, 500 acres oi the city on the mainland to the north uf the Harlem River. The present resi- dent population is estimated at about 1,800,000, but several thousands of men in business iu the city live in Brooklyn or New Jersey. It is said that when Manhattan Island was bought from the Indians in 162U all that was paid for it was only £5, but it would be diffi- cult to estimate its value now. The oider portion of the city below Fourteenth Street, which is the active business centre, is somewhat irregularly laid out, but the plan of the upper or newer part in- cludes several broad avenues ruiming northwards with streets running across them at right angles from liver to river. Broailway is the best known thoroughfare in the city and is its leading artery, but its name belies it, as it is only about 70 feet in width. There is a system of cable cars in it, and the traffic which passes over it is something unpre- cedented. It runs straiglit north from the Battery Park at the south end of the Island to Eleventh Street, and then slants to the westward until it reaches Fifty-Ninth Street, where it is lost in the PlazA. The more frequented streets are lighted by electricity— powerful arc lamps being usually placed at the intersections— and the quieter ones by gas. the Corporation, which has no works of this kind, contracting yearly with private Companies for this purpose. New York has splendid water- ways in the East or Harlem River and the Hudson Kiver on the other side of the Island, up which tlie largest ocean steamers can easily sail. Little or no tide is experienced, and there are no docks, tiie vessels being moured to the nun:erous wharves or piers which project into both rivers. The New York Police. The police force of New York compares in a general way very favourably with that of any of the large cities of the Union, but in some respects it is behind Chicago and oti er large centres. This is more particularly the case with regard to the signal a.nd patrol waggon system which has not yet been adopted in the city, tho policemen still con- veying their prisoners to the nearest of the 36 precincts or distrct stations, from which they are removed twice a day by a van, popularly designated tlie "hurry-up waggon." Almost every race is represented on the force, hut the line is drawn at negroes and Chinitmeu. The great bulk of the force con- sists, it is said, of Irishmen, and it is generally understood tliat before a man can secure an appoint- ment he has to pliiou from $500 (£100) to $1000 (£200) into the hands of the philanthropic (?) gentle- men connected witii Tammany Hall. The govern- ment of the force is in tho hands of four Commis- sioners — three Democrats and one Republican — appointed, usually for a term of six years, by the Mayor, and each of these i^ paid $5000 (£1000). All the other officials, who are appointed by the Board of Police Commissioners, hold office for life, and aro in receipt of tho following salaries : — Superintendent, $G0OO (£1200) ; chief inspector, $5000 (£1000); 3 inspectors. $3500 (£700) each; 15 surgeons, $2250 (£450) each; 38 captains, $2750 (£550) each; lt)8 sergeants, $2000 (L'400) each ; 17(! roundsmen, $1300(£2(iO) each; 3237 patrolmen, $1000 (£200), $1100 (£220), and $1200 (£240) each, according to class; 82 doormen, $1000 (£200) each; and 40 detective sergeants $2000 (£400) each. In addition, there is a blerio a year, is supported by the United Helief Works of the Society for Ethical Culture, an organisation chartered by the Legislature for charitable and educational purposes, and entirely nn- seotarian in cliaraoter. Since 1890 a limited number of paying pupih, children of well-to-do parents, have been admitted into the school in order to bring out more clearly the fact that the system here adopted is applicable alike to the rich and the poor, to those wholater on will obtain college education, and to those who will graduate directly from the school to the active pursuits of life. Manhattan Elevated Railways. Mr Watson writes :— The system of elevated rail- roads which carry trains of cars drawn by steam locomotives through the City of New York consists of four double main lines and a few short branches. In some streets thsy run up the one side and down the other about level with the second storey windows. At some points they rise to a bright of five storeys, and at others they run along the centre, both linesolosc together, with tram cars runnini^ underneath on the street. The railway is constructed of longitudinal girders resting upon piUsrsof wrought iron firmly fixed in the street. At first sight one is apt to think they look rather top heavy with a wiile base at the top and only one pillar underneath, ami without the aid of any stanchions or other side support. They are very disagreeable in a street, for they are noisy and shut out the light. But they are certainly a great benefit to the travelling public, and are highly appreciated by every one I came in contact with. Every four or five blocks a station is placed, with a stair kading from the street at both sides. When you enter at the top of the stair you psss the ticket ofiioe, pay cents, and get your ticket, then enter on to the platform. A man is there seated with a hopper-shaved box in front of him, in which you place j!.dt ticket. When a train comes up you step in, and go as far as you please without any more trouble. The conductors are very gcod in calling out the number of the streets at which the stations are placed. Travelling is far quicker with the elevated than the street cars, and every pre- caution is adopted for the safety of the public. There are block towers wrought with lock and frame, and along the outside of the rails is placed a beam of wood, so that if any vehicle should leave the rails this beam will guide it until it comes to a stand. I called at 71 Broadway, and had a talk with Mr Haiu, who supplied me with a pass to the engine shop. Mr Hain is general manager for the Manhattan Railway. He sent me all the plans and time tables belonging to his railway, also a state- ment of the number of passengers carried in a year on all lines as follows :— FISCAL YEAR ENDING TUNE SOth. 1898. Second Avenue Line, Tliird Avenue Line, Sixth Avenue Line, Ninth Avenue Lior, Suburban Line, 38,685,165 83, '.'97,044 78,081), 146 20,470,974 5,867,543 Total 221,407,197 Total number of passengers carried on all lines up to and including July 13th, 1893, 2,000,000,000 The Manhattan has 3G miles of roads in all, and the total number of engines is 305. These locomotive engines are all aoout the same dimen- Bioni— four coupled tank engines with four-wheeled bor"'-> under, trailing end, outside cylinder 14-inch diameter, with large comfortable cab. They are fitted with vacuum brakes throughout. The total weight uf an engine is 22 tons. Drivers and fire- men work an eight hours day, and arc paid — Drivers, I4s per day and firemen 8s per day. Cleaners work ten hours a day and are paid 6s per day. I also had a look through the repairing shops, and met a nmber of Dundee men. Mr Kennedy, who had been twenty years in America, informed me they were going to get three days off duty owing to the trade being so slack. The average wage in this shop paid for time working 58 hours per week was— Miichinists, 10:i per day ; carpenter! THR ELKVATED RAILROAD. and painters, 10s per doy ; blacksmiths, 10s 9d per day ; hammermen, 6s 6d per day ; labourers, 63 per day. The Conditions of the Cigar-Making Industry. In America nearly ever3' man and youth has eon- tracted the habit of smoking, and a very large number of cigars are therefore consumed in the country every year. Cigar-making is one of the most important industries of Now York, and as the result of the organisation of the operatives em- ployed in it a decided improvement in their con- dition has been effected. Previous to 1879 the hours of work varied from ten to thirteen a day, the truck syatem was in full force, and wagea were only about one-half of what they are now. The members of the International Cignr-Makers' Union obtained the eight hours day in 1886, but not before several strikes had been resorted to. Operatives are paid by the 1000 cigars, receiving from $11 I £2 4s) to $17 (£3 88) for fiist-class work, and from ;7 (£1 8s) to $10 (£2) for cheap goods. Employers ntate the average weekly wages at from $8 or $9 (£1 123) and (£1 169) to $11 and $12 (£2 4s) and (£2 8s). Unorganised cigar-makers often work on the tenement house system, and are for the most part Bohemians. They are paid from $3(l2>4)to $4^ (188) per 1000, and have to work sixteen hours a day. A large number of women and children are employed iu this industry. Bakers' Hours and Wages. According to the report of the New York Labour Bureau for 1888, the condition of the journeymen bakers in the city had long been exceedingly bad. Nearly all bakeries were in basements, and their sanitary arrangements were most defective. The hours of labour were also excessive and included a large amount of night work. The Bakers' National Union was formed in 1886, and it has succeeded in reducing the hoars of work in many casei to ten or ek- Wi Th (£3 for tin fro ens san to I reg a c< oft (P\ H( Oi Mur <-"oui they of tl witr Stat POSB not oiiici in li wasi arch that awai the into the: lias inmi tlicy oour Coui thos exvc Artisan Expedition to America. 133 eleven on five days, and thirteen on Saturday. Wages vary greatly in different establishments. The Union gives them as from $15 (£3) to $\H (£3 12s) for first hands ; $10 (£2) tc S13 (£2 12s) tor second hands ; and $8 (£1 12-) to $10 (£2) for third hands. Further, the Union prohibits men from boarding with their employers, ns was the custom formerly, and has introiluced a label, sanctioned by th« American Federation of Trades, to be put upon all loaves made in shops where their regnlations are observed. The result has been n considerable change for the better in the character of the workmen. ARTISANS AT NEW YORK. NKW YORK POLICE COURT. CRIME OF THE CITY. FEDERATION OF LABOUR. FALL RIVER FACTORIES. WEAVERS' WAGES. HOW TO BI':COME AN AMERICAN CITIZEN. ST ANDREW'S SOCIETY. (From the J)iimlce Wcckli/ Nctcs of January 27.) The Delegates at a Police Court. How Justice is Dealt Out in the States. On Thursday July 27th Mr Bennett and Mr Murray, the Conductor, attended the Tombs I'olico (-'ourt. It is hardly necessary to mention that they went tiiere not as offenders against the laws of the great Republic, but as spectators desirous of witnciVorkhouse, Lunatic Asylum, &c., are situated.) In this way, and notwithstanding that evidence was led in several cases, about forty prisoners were disposed of in the short space of one hour. Several of the witnesses and also some of the prisoners were busy chewing tobacco during the sitting of the Court, but Justice Mai tin was not thus employed, and did not ask any of those before him to oblige him with a plug, although it was represented to the delegates that this was no un- common request in some of the police courts of tho States. A short time before the visit of the dele- gates, a man named Smith, who stated that he was an English army captain, caused some little stir in New York. One morning he was convicted of drunkenness, and fined at a Police Court, and before the Court had risen he was back once more in a i-tate of intoxication. On seeing him the Judge said — Here again ! Prisoner — Yes, but on a new charge. Judge— What brought you here? Prisoner — I came over to see the country and ex- periment on the jags (drinks, otherwise known as Cocktails). Judge— They have got one jag on the island, and you can experiment on it for six months. The Police Courts in New York (fifteen in number) sit from 9 a.m. to noon, and again from 2 to 4 p.m. One can thus have some idea of the great number of persons dealt with daily by the police in the Metropolis of the North American Republic. Crime in New York. Crime is greatly on the increase in New York, but, considering the character of its population, the sources whence many of its "free" citizens are drawn, and the jobbery which seems to exist almost everywhere, it is perhaps not surprising that public morality should be so loose as it appears to be. Indeed, the surprise rather is from what one hears that about one-naif of the whole population is not always fast by the heels. In 1891, 91,078 cases were disposed of by the police justices, being an increMe of 3009 compared with the total in I S'.K), and of that number as many as l!),3:iO were fctr.alcs. Ameiicans siiy that their laws are good, but that the difficulty is to get them enforced. In order to provide to some extent for this it is pro- posed to add this year 1(K) patrolmen to the force of the city. The men are six hours on duty and six hours off, but they arc required to be in leadi- ness for service at all times. In Broadway, the various avenues, and the leading thoroughfares generally the duties of the policemen are as a rule simple and easy, these consisting merely in answer- ing appeals for direction by strangers, and in pro- tecting poisons atcrossings. Thereare many "rough" places in the city, however, and it is necessary that the police should possess considerable powers, consequently when a per-ion accused of any crime continues to suck refuge in flight after being ordered to stop by an officer the latter can shoot him, although, if all tales be true, it may be the minor offender who is brought down by the gieatcr. Tho pension regulations provide that officers may retire on half-pay on attaining sixty years of age, and after twenty years' service, and there is also a special fund, with a capital of about $50,000 (£10,000), established by the late fiConard W. Jerome, a prominent banker ; Mr James Gordon Bennet, of the Herald; and other gentlemen, for meeting cases in which policemen may be suddenly carried off. The total appropriation for the Police Department for 189.^ amounts to $5,309,88H (£1.061.977), New York spending 8800,000 (£160,000) more per annum on the prevention and detection of crime than on education I Such a fact requires no comment. American Federation of Labour (New York). Mr D. Brown writes :— I called at the office of the above, and saw Mr Samuel Gom||)ers, president, and also Mr Christo))er Evans, secretary. They informed me that the names of those composing the Board of Arbitiation were ]\Iessts E lilirary, a magnificent liall, all line' with timber and varnished IIh natural colour. Tliisi hall li.scs Home 40 feet, and is very little short of 100 feet square. Around the walls are deep bays contaiiiin); books, and these bays are repeated on the Kftllery floors that, come round three sides of (lie hnll. At one end is a lar);e open Ore place ulled with logs, before it stand.s an easy chair and a long reading table. Above tlnj f]re))laco is a clock with a dial several feet in diam-^ter. At the otlici ond of the room Mr Edison has his desk, which he had left only a few minutes before I ai rived, 80 that I didn't have the |>leusure of stoing him. Close to his desk he has a phonograph which he uses in dictating letters. The central space on this floor is occupied b/ a bank of flowers and palms, not far from which stands p fine marble statue of the Genius of Light, a figure with wings open, poised on the broken shaft of a gas lamp, and holding aloft a brilliant incandeticent lamp. Lying on a lounge or couch in a snug corner of this room, I found Mr Edison's father, an old gentleman over 00 years of age. My guide told me that he was taking his afternoon nap and he didn't care to disturb him, or I would have been very pleased to have exchanged a few words with him. He seems to have been a very powerful mnn in his younger days. He is tall — I would i-ny over 6 feet in height — and strongly built, and my guide told ine that h', in as straight as an arr'>w wlien on his feet, having no stoop as wc very often find in old men. The book shelves contain between 30,000 and 40,000 volumes of reference. Here and there stand terrestrial globes, models of dynamos, &c. In one of the recesses is the ex(iuisite Tiffany colU.;tion of minerals and gems exhibited at Taris in 1889, which was bought by Mr Edison. Around the walls are hung portraits, drawings, views, and other interesting objects. The air of the place is that of repose, yet it has a stimulating influence, and now nnd again as the doors were opened I could hear the ham of machinery. I am told that many a visitor never sees any further than this room, but I had the pleasure of being shown through the whole of the establishment. In leaving the library, we next visited the store rooms ; here is a collection of nearly nil the organic and inorganic substances under the sun. I am told that in carrying out his experi- ments Mr Edison was often hindered in bygone days by lack of materials that necessity demanded. When he camu to make his incandescent lamp he worked through everything that it was possible to oaiboniae, and then explored the two he>ni8phcre8 in search aftev the bamboo that would yield just the homogeneous fibrous structiirethat he required. He first tried making filaments of platinum nnd other rate metals, then threads rubl>ed with plum- bngo, coal tar, ami similar substances. Then ho turned jps attention to vegetable fibrew, and amcingNt them he found in the Immb-io the material he had lieen .searching for. There arc \,o less than 1200 varieties of bamboo, but oidy .'Ji)0 of these are UHeful for any purpose of experimenting. He dis- coveied from the.se a form of bamboo which grows only in a certain district of Japan which gave him just what he required. This has to be gathered at certain sea.sons of the year and seasoned in a certain manner. In a very large nest of lockers or drawers are to bo seen orr.s, gnm.s, resins, metals, fibres, fabiics, chemical.s of allsoitn, hairs, feathers, skins, boncH, teeth, oil.s, inks, hooks, (juills, needles, shells, &c., anytliing and everything that one could tliink of, and in quantities large enough to last for years. The Machine Shop. The machine shop is a model of its kind. There are some very fine machines which do very delicate work. The watch is not to be compared with some of the parts of the phonograph, they are .so d>licate. 'Thi.s wonderful instrument, which has done somucli to add to Mr Edison's fame, was invented by him in 1877, and was the outcome partly of his experiments with the telegraph repeaters, and paitly of his extensive researches in telephoning. The original phonograph, which is now in the British Patent Office Museum, atSouth Kensington, consists of a bra.s drum with a fine spiral groove running its entire length, over which is placed a sheet of tinfoil to receive the indentations made by the needle attached to the diaphragm. On the shaft carrying the drum are mounted two heavy fly-wheels to secure uniform speed, as hand power only is employed to turn the instrument. In the present form of the phonograph a small composi- tion wax cylinder takes the place of the bra.ss drum and tinfoil, and the needle forms the record by engraving or .scooping out minute particles of the wax cylinder instead of merely indenting it, and it is run by a small electric motor, and the adjustments of the diaphragm have been greatly simplified, rendering the phonograph almost entirely automatic in its action. In these works are employed over 100 men and boys, and one of the most interesting features in connection with the laboratory is that nothing is manufactured for sale. All the capital employed, and all the expert ability or industrial skill at command is devoted to experimental work alone. The commercial stage is leached later on. Many an experiment is doomed tofailure, and many a promising clue when followed up leads nowhere, but each And every line of work has a definite object. It may be said that failures have their lessons of value. Mr Edison's Mansion. Mr Edison has a bedroom in the laboratory, and many time he never goes to liis house for df.ys and nights together, although his house is situated not very far from tlie laboratory. It is a fine mansion, \* .lich he calls the Queen Anne, and stands on the top of a hill. It is supplied with the electric current that is generated at the laboratory. One of Mr Edison's most laudable ambitions has been that of creating new fields of woik, and to-day thousands of arti'ians of all kind find employment in the industries he has established. The Inventor's Career. A brief account of the life of Mr Edison may be 138 Dundee Courier and Dundee IVeelhj News interesting to the /endcrA of the News. He was boru on February 11th, 1847, in a quiet little town called Milan, Ohio. His father, Samuel Edison, ia a Dutchman, and his mother, Mary Elliott, was a Mp.'isaehussetts womnn of Scottish lineage. When Kdison was only seven years of age his parents left Milan and went to a place called Port Huron, Michigan. AT THK AOK OF TWKLVK his quick intelligence had secured him a place as newsboy on the Grand Trunk Railway running be- tween Port Huron and Detroit. He had only two months' regular schooling, but his mother, who had been a teacher in a Canadian High School, saw to it that his education was not neglected. IJesides, he took to books like a bird to the air. Whatever came in hin way he read and all that he read he remembered. Like a big sponge his mind drank up every tnct and like a magnet his memory held to it all. His trips to Detroit gave him the opportunity to rcuort to the Free Library of that city, and ho immediately devoted his enforced leisure to tho task of reading the collection through. As an offset to these studios, young Kdison gave himself up to commercial affairs at Port Huron, where he carried on a book-store, a news-stand, and a vegetable market, and employed ftleven boys as his assistants. Early in 1862 he con- ceived anidea of publishing a newspaper on a train, and accordingly he started. He bought some old type and stereos from the \ rcprietors of the Detroit Free Press. A smoking car served as his publish- ing and printing office. He did all the work him self. He devoted the paper. The Grand Trunk Herald, railway news, and built up a and could count no fewer than soriberi. Kdison began to combine chemical experi- mc.ts with his journalistic enterprise, and the result was his summary ejectment from the car after setting it on fire with a bottle of phosphorus. Telegraphy was the next thing which claimed his attention. He bought books and apparatus and tried a little private line. About this time he saved the son of the station-master at Mount Clement ';->. being run ovitr, and the grateful father offered >j^ tcaoh Edison practical telegraphy. This offer was eagerly accepted, and in a very short time he was proficient, and within five months he had obtained an appointment as operator in the telegraph office at Port Huron. Edison thus entered the rarks of a liumble profession that has given us a gr fit. many leaders of men. It was not, however, wit '. an idea of hecomin*; rich or famous that Edi.on enrolled himself as a member of the tele- graphic fraternity. He was in love with the ar^ which he called to local and large circulatior., four huniliod sub- and probably saw in it a means of gratifying the passion for experiment that had gradually been developing in him, and that has been such an extraordinary element in his intellectual growth. No sooner had he settled in one locality than some mishap or trouble, or the quicksilver of curious youth in his veins impelled him to move on, and we find hia peregrinations extending all the way from Canada to the Far South. At one time his imaginative mind was full of glowing pictures of South A.merica, and he made up his mind to leave his native shores, and but for the fact that the ship in which he «'as to have gone had sailed before ho reached I'le port of embarkation ha would have carried out his intention and proceeded southwar-^ with companions who went, and of whom nothing has been heard since. We next see himat Indianapolis inventing an automatic repeater to transfer a message from one line to another '.vithout the intervention of operators. At Memphis he uses his repeater in placing New York and New Orleans in direct communication with each other for the first time. There also he experi- ments with duplex telegraphy, on which he took out no less than eleven patents. The point aimed at in duplex telegraphy is securing a method of multiple transmission, doubling the capacity of a single wire, enabling two messages to be sent over the same wire in opposite directions at the same time without any confusion or obstruction to e.'voh other. Ups and Downs. Kdison had a great many ups and downs in his early life. At Louisville he turns up one chilly morn ing in the fall of the year walking through the icy streets in boots without soles, and protecting him- self from the severe weather with an old straw hat and a faded dust coat, but through all these trials his brave young heart buoys him up, and beats a march to victory. Here he obtains a situation, and here again his experimenting and inventing go on. Here he man!>gud to collect books and instruments in a modest laboratoiy ; he also took a small print- ing ofiice, and issued a treatise of his own on the subject of electricity. Unfortunately, however, he spoiled the upholstery of the new telegraph oftioe by upsetting a carboy of sulphuric acid, and, of course, 2^ YRARS or AOR, Artisan Expedition to America. 139 was dismisBci]. He then proceeded to Cincinnati, where he built a miniature locomotive and some of his first duplex sets, and gave hinnself up to reading the 8sienti6c Iwoks at the Mechanics' Library, and then tired out he drifted home .igain to Fort Huron, i^t this time he was only 21 years of age, and was called upon by the Grand Trunk Railway Company to increase the capacity of a short sub- marine cable, and then an appeal to a friend of his called Adams, in Boston, secured him employment in that city. This appeal was embodied in a letter written in his peculiar hand, which was the ptinci- pal cause of his getting the situation. In Boston he opened a small workshop and put into practical shape many of the iileas with which his busy brain was teeming. He look out his first patent— that on a vote-rccoriMng machine. He built dial instru- ments forprivate lines, andput them inoperation. He was called upon to lecture here on telegraphy before an academy of young ladies, but the modest young in- ventor could only conduct the experiments, leaving the oratorical part to his friend Adams. From Boston he naturally made his way to New York, and it was not long after he had reached that city that an accident in the transmitting mechanism of the Law Gold indicator 8y'uld not advise people to come out to America at present, as they are \ cry unsettled, and a great many workers are going idle. for municipal or State matters, and oould not have one until he became a citizen. " You can purchase many articles of both food and clothing," he said, "as cheaply as in the Old (country, but a great many are dearer. House rent and coals take a big slice off in the year. You can have board here for 22.h per week, but there are a great many things you have to provide yourself with even at this figure." I also met a young woman from Stirling. She was a dre.ssmaker when she came over here, but finding the work confining and not too well paid, she went to the factory. She is mistress over the packers, and has £2 8s per week. She pays for her board 17s, and sends £1 every week to her mother. She fiiuls she is more comfortable and better paid than at the dress- making, but she said it was the money that niade her stay, as her people at home required a little help. When I saw this lady, she was asking leave for herself and the others in her department to get home for the rest of the day, as the heat was 86 degrees and unbearable. It seems they have to go home on very warm days. COST OF LIVING IN NEW YORK. CHILD LABOUR IN AMERICA. s. D. 11 6 l(i G 21 17 21 21 24 23 22 35 U (> 16 21 2ii 27 27 tl 15 PITTSBURG TO NOVA SCOTIA. DESCRIPTION OF NEW (GLASGOW. \ MODEL TEMPERANCE PROVINCE. The Silk MUk. I found on visiting a silk mill that this is the best paid of all the works, The mill I visited is an ohi-established one. Tlicy weave all sorts and sizes of ribbons and silk dresses. Most of the looms are wrought by men, but there are a good many women, and they make splendid pay. Men make from £3 16< to £5 per week, and women make from £3 Ss to £4 43 per week. Warpers also make big wages. A good many young girls are employed in folding libbons. It is a treat lo see the different processes of silk twisting, wind- ing, warping, and weaving. I got into conversa- tion with a Fife man hailing from Kirkcaldy. He oamo to Ihis country about five years ago. He acts as a porter and timekeeper, and gets for his work £2 12s per week, and pays £2 per month for house rent. He said he never advised any of his friends to come out. Although he had £3 per week he would prefer to live at home with .30s, and would be happier every way. He had no vote \(Prom the Dundee Weekly News of February 10.) Cost of Living in New York. Mr T. Logan writes :— Although the artisan in A merica receive" big money his ordinary expenses are big also. The houses in New York are built on the flat system, somewhat after our own, only not nearly so substantial. They are mostly all built of brick, with slim, rickety, narrow wooden stairs, regular death -traps in the event of fire. A three- roomed house, with two or three tenants on the flat, costs from .S12 to $16 (£2 8s to £3 4s) a month according to location, and a flat of five rooms costs 830 (£6) a month, or £72 a year. That includes all taxes, which are paid by the liindlord. I noticed that some of the better class tenements are fitted with elevators, which the people use instead of the stairs ; in others there are speaking tubes as well as the usual bell leading from the close to the houses above, I thought the speaking tube a capital idea, as a person can in many cases do all their business by simply speaking through the tube, and thereby save many a weary climb up two, three, or four stairs. As regards the food, it was admitted that it is a little dearer, and fiom my own ex- perience I found that the living is on a more lil)eral scale than it is with us. Theiewasono thing that struck us all, that was the crudeness of the table utensils. No matter whether it was in hotels or common boarding-houses, it was all the same. Teacups are made withou. handles, are about a quarter a pound in weight, and for thick- ness resemble uur oummun jam or jelly- pots. All Artisan Expedition to America. U\ the delf is the same, heavy and coarse ; even the knives and forks have a pot-metal look about them. It is woU seen there is no Statfordshire or Sheffield in America, As to clothing I am itifurmed that it is from 20 to 30 per cent, dearer than our own. In the cheap class of goods there is not much difference in the prices ; it is in the better class that one sees the difference. A suit of clothes that would cost £3 5s in Glasgow would cost £U in New York, and an overcoat at £2 10s would cost £5. The average artisan in Ameiica dresses very flashily, and requires more clothing than we do. It is absolutely necessary for them to wear different clotliing in summer and winter owing to the extreme heat and cold. Then there are other things that run away witli the big pay, for instance, hairoutting, Is ; shaving, 7^d, and the average Yankee no more thinks of shaving himself than we at home do of cutting our hair. A glass of beer costs 2J<1 ; glass of wliisky, 5d ; lowest car fare, 2^(1, but it is only fair to state that it takes you any distance; lowest cab fare, 4s. In America you have either to brush your boots yourself or get them polished on the street, which costs 2^(1. Some places the delegates had to pay 5d for "a shine," while at Niagara one of our party had to stump up Is for a shave. There are other articles that are just as proportionally dear, and soon mount up the expenses. The Climate of America. If a person could live the same here (Now York) as he oould in Scotland, he could save plenty of money, but the climate drmands a different and mure expensive mode of living, because if a man does not live well in three months of extreme heat his blood becomes so poor and thin that it would stand hard with him in the severe winter ; and if he does not live well in the winter it would be all the worse for him in the Bummer. The climate of America is very severe on the human system. Such a thing as a red cheek is scarcely to be seen amongst the children. They have just the ame pale, sallow complexion as their elders. I noticed also a marked absence of old people ; in fact, it was a common remark of our party that they had failed to notice what they could really call an old person in the whole course of their journey. As to the general question — " Do you think I ought to emigrate ?" I have no hesitation in saying that if you are comfortably placed, with anything like steady work, and yourself and family in fair health, I would say, don't emigrate. If yuu wish to emigrate because you would like to live an easier and less oppressed life, stay where you are, for it is as hard, and at the present time much harder, to find work than it is here, whilst the temptations to break away into dissipations are infinitely greater across the Atlantic than they are in this much-abuseil, but still possibly happier, laud of mountain and flood. Child Labour in America. When in America the delegates made particular inquiries into the question of the employment, of children, with the result that they collected a oc - siderable amount of interesting information. Oliild labour has greatly increased, especially in some of the Staten, during the past twenty years. It is employed principally in tho cotton mills and in the cigar industry carried on in tenement houses. Amongst the operatives in the cotton trade there is one child to every six aiiultn, and in New York city alone no fewer than 24,000 children are em- ployed in oigar-making. The age at which children are allowed to commence work varies in different States. In Connecticut, Massachusetts, Pennsyl- vania, aud Sviaoousin no child under thirteen may be employed ; in New York the minimum age ia fourteen ; in Maine and Ohio it is twelve ; aud in New Jersey it is twelve for boys and fourteen for girls. Illinois and Indiana allow no children under fourteen to be employed in a mine, and in Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and Tennessee the age in the same case is twelve. The laws in several States also require that children must have attended school for a certain period in the year preceding their employment. Eighteen States limit the hours of children to ten a day, and three States— Connecticut, Alabama, and \Vin- consin— have an eijiit hours limit, while in Massachusetts they must not exceed 58 per week. In the last-mentioued State the Acts are enforced with encouraging results, the number of working children under 14 years of age having decreased fully 70 per cent, in eight years ; but in the other States very many of the regulations concerning child labour are ineffective owing to a lack of com- petent inspectors. It would also be easier to pre- vent the employment of children below the legal age if the compulsory education laws were amended and enforced. In the New York report for 1887, complaint is made that many children who had boen disraisssed from factories did nut go to school, and that the law was practically a dead letter, be- cause, although School Boards were empowered to cause the arrest of any parent or employer known to violate it, there was no money provision made for the expenses of its enforcement. It is said .hat it is only in Massachusetts and Connecticut that the laws in this connection have been strictly enforced. Child labour under its worst aspect is to be found in the sweating shops of New York, Brooklyn, Chicago, and other large cities. These workshops are often small, confined rooms in the tenement houses, which, according to the report of a New York Factory Inspector, reproduce in an intensified form, all the horrors of dirt and over- crowding to be found in European cities. Young persons in America, as soon as they go to work, are usually made by their psrents to pay a certain sum every week for hoard and lodging, and in this way they quickly attain a state of personal indepen- dence. The City's Commerce. More than one-half of the foreign commerce of the United States is carried on through the customs district, of which this is the port, and about two- tliirds of the duties are here collected. In 1890 the exports of New York were of the value of .?347,500,252 (£70,000,000), and the imports §342,3(i(),800 (£108,500,000). The manufactures of New York, although .secondary in importance to its commercial and mercantile intere.sts, are varied and extensive. In the value of products of 18!I0 it was the first city in tho Union, the whole number of manufacturing establishments being over 14,000, employing 351,757 hands, and producing goods valued at 8763,833,923 (£152,770,000). From Pittsburg to Nova Scotia. Mr R. Dunlop writes :— On Tuesday night, the 18th July, Mr Muir and I left Pittsburg for Nova Scotia via Buflfalo, Toronto, Montreal, and St John, N.B., engaging a sleeping berth in tho night express. Morning found us running along the shore of I^ke Erie, with a cool, refreshing breeze blowing off the lake, very pleasant to us after the great heat experienced at Chicago and Pittsburg. Ucaching Buffalo at seven o'clock, wo dined at the railway station, where there is every accommoda- tion for travellers, resuming our journey at eight o'clock for Toronto via Niagara Falls and Hamilton. The run from Buffalo to Niagara Falls is through m veritable garden. Od each side of the railway can i 'Hi U2 Dundee Courier and Dundee JVeeUy News be seen fruit of all kinds growing in abundance, in some oaacB whole fields given up to the cultivation of grapes. Changing carriageii at Niagara Falls Station, where the Customs officers examine your luggage, we cross the Niagara river by tlie railway bridge, and again we gaze with a strange fascina- tion at the mighty fall, where the rusliing waters make the plunge over the ledge, the noiHe remind- ing one of the distant roar of a vast city. We were now on British soil, and reached the thriving and busy town of Hamilton at 11.30. It is finely situated at the end of Lake Ontario, peopled mostly by Soots- men, and as a good many people tohl us, it has a future before it, and iiilenls to keep in the front as an indu^itrial and manufacturing town. I may here mention that on our way through Toronto to Cltioago I noticed in the Toronto papers that a company intended starting smelting works in Hamilton. They were asking the town for a bonus to assist them in putting down plant and establisliing tli# works. On coming back through the town to-day I find by the papers that the vote of the town of Hamilton has been taken. A bonus of $35,000 has been granted for the smelting work*, white and gold. The walls are fireproof. It is 33u feet long and 150 feet wide. The paintings of the principal cupola represent the four evangelists and their emblems. Besides the angels painted above the evangelists there are beneath the keys of St Peter, the arms of Archbishop Bourget, second bishop of Montreal, who began the church ; tiie arms of Archbishop Fabre, under whose patroiiiigo the church is being continued ; the emblems of Pope Leo XIH. The building will cost one million dollars. An electric organ of great power will be installed in October, 1893. We also visited the docks, where the large steamers were being loaded with the produce of Canada for conveyance to all parts of Britain. In the dock wo saw the un- fortunate steamer I^ake Nepigon, whose ship crew we encountered on our way out to Montreal. Lying alongtide was the Thomson Liner Hurona almost ready for despatch home, dockers being busy loading amiilst a scene of bustle and excitement. At 9 o'clock at night we left by the C.l'.R. for Nova Scotia via St John, N.B. For a great part of the way we ran tiirough bush and unbroken land, with here and there a little town of wooden Mhaiities, where young settlers were making for themselves a home. It was Friday at one o'clock before we steamed into the station at Ht John. Spending the afternoon there wo resumed our journey with the night train on the Inter-Colonial Railway via Monctou and Truro. At Monctou there are extensive works, but trade there is dull at present. A young mechanic in the train stated that the tradesmen pay in the engineering shops was from $2 to $2.75 (8s to lis) a day. Car builders about the same. Labourers from $1 to $1.25 (-ts to 5s) a day. All tho castings are imported. Their hours are ten per day, and they work till three on Saturdays. Holidays— Queen's Birthday and liit July. A good many of the workmen own their own house!>. A lot 00 feet by 100 could bo purchased fur $200 (£40). We reached Truro at five o'clock on Satur- day morning, and after a stay of five liours on a train we arrived at New Glasgow at twelve o'clock. Before coming into the town the smoke from the coal and iron mines can be observed a long way off. Shortly before reachirg New Glasgow we pass the large new blast furnace at Ferrona, where they are busy smelting iron with their own native ores. C.P.R. ST.\TION, MONTREAL. with an additional bonus should the company spend a certain amount in laying down steel wiirki. This also includes exemption from taxa- tion for a certain number of years. These means are taken to asaiat the young country in developing its own natural resources. We reached Toronto at one o'clock, and having some hours to stay we again called at Walker House, where the traveller can iincl every comfort and attention. The pleasure steamers on the lake are as fine a fleet as any or e coul(l wish to see, and the constant traffic to an 1 from the little island in the bay makes an attrac- tive foene of rare beauty. Toronto is celebrated for its aquatic eports. Hanlan and O'Connor, the renowned scullers, have made Toronto Bay famous throughout the world. At Hanlan's Point various amusements are to be found, and the city bands play every evening during the season. The Sunday oar question seems to be agitating the public mind at 'I'orouto. By a small majority it has been decided not to run the cars on Sunday. Lt!aving Toronto on Wednesday night we arrived at Montreal on Thursday morning. During our stay in Montreal we paid a visit to the beautiful R.C. Cathedral of St Peter's not yet finished. It is built after the plan of St Peter s Church in Rome. The interior vault and the cornioei are painted in ROUTK TO NOVA HOOTrA. Artisan Expedition to America. 143 ^Acrov New Glasgow is a buoy thriving little tuwn of between 4000 and 5000 inhabitants. It is built on the banks of the £!ust River, the tide running up past Kcw Glasgow as far as Stellarton. It is the centre of the mining and manufacturing industries, which make Picton Cuunty famous tlirough Canada, and here are quietly working away the present pioneers of the iron and steel trade, and what may yet prove formidable rivals to our manufacturers at home. Kighii miles from New Gla!igow t!ie ri<'''r flows into the sea at Picton, the shipping port and county town. New Glasgow. With the exception of three or four buildings, the entire town of New Glasgow is built of wood. The Government Post Office is a very nice :itone building, but all the hotels, churches, and every kind of residence, from the rough shanty to the liandsome villa, are built with timber, but all the same, the houses have a tasteful and handsome appearance, the ornamented woodwoik being nicely painted, giving them a pleasing appearance. The residential streets are nicely shaded with trees. From the hills above the town you can see in the distance Prince Edward Island and the shores of Cape Breton, five or six towns', five collieries, the blast furnace at Verrona and the Nova Scotia Steel and Forge Company. The river, with its sharp turns winding down to Picton, reminding one of the Forth, as seen from the Abbey Craig at Stirling. The original settlers here were a party of Scotsmen from the North of Scotland, and the names of Fraser, M'Donatd, kc, are plentiful. A great number of the people are natives, while others have come recently at the opening up of the coal and iron fieldsi. This town was famous at one time for the splendid womleu ships that they built, but the trade declined with the advent of iron and steel steamers. It vwas here the Hamilton Camp- bell Kidson, a ship of 1400 tons, was launched. It created quite a sensation at that time wlien it sailed up the Clyde to Glasgow, as it was one of the largest wooden vessels afloat. And junt a week previous to our visit they launched their first steel steamer built in the province. It wits lying in the river, and Mr Mulr and I went on board, and learned that it was built for the Inter • Colonial Railway for touring purposes at the Straits of Canso. It is a handsome little steamer, built by Mathuson k Co. It is named the Mulgrave, and has a total length of 125 feet. Having a letter of introduction to Mr Graham Fraser, managing director of the steel works, I made some inquiries as to where I would find him, and I soon learned that his name was almost a Uouseiiold word, and everyone seeraed to sneak of him with respect. Mr Fraser is a native of New Glasgow, a skilled mechanic, having served his time when young. He owes his present position to his own abilities. The Nova Scotia Forge Company (the work of his creation) and the Steel Company were worked as separate undertakings till 1889, when they were amalgamated, the works are situated at Trenton, about two miles from New Glasgow. The Temperance Question. As we spent the Saturday night in New Glasgow, we were struck with the air of quietness pervading the town, so different from what we are accus- tomed to see on Saturday afternoons in some of our coal and iron-producing districts at home. On making iuquiiies wo found that we were living in a county where the sale of drink was entirely pro- hibited except by a doctor's prescription. The county have voted themselves under the Scott Act. This Act prohibits the sale of drink except by druggists, who sell it under a doctor's prescription, which costs the purchaser half a dollar. There are twenty-two sections or polling-places, and a bare majority places them under the Act. The drug- gists get the license from the local Government. This Act has been in force here for ten years, and although a poll can be demanded after three yeais the temperance sentiment seems to be so strong that no steps have been taken to overturn the ex- isting state of things. On making inquiries if drink could not be got in an illicit manner, we were told that only a veiy few of tiie lowest class tried to get it by these means. The penalties attached to selling it were also severe. Anyone selling drink without a license was fined for the first offence $50 (£10), for the second offence 8100 (£20) and for the third offence was sentenced to three months' imprisonment. As a result of the entire absence of public-houses, there is little or no crime, and as a consequence only a few police- men are required, and their services are little needed. There is only one policeman in New Glasgow, and he has nothing to do. Within a radius of a few miles thereisa population of 20,000, alarge numbcrof them in connection with coal mining and iron and steel making, and only four policemen are necessary — 1 in Picton, 1 in WestTilte, 1 in Stellarton, and 1 in New Glasgow. Some of the smaller towns have none. The existing state of matters ought to prove beneficial to the whole community, as so many young people are growing up free from the tempta- tio'is that usually surround the liquor saloon. There are eight or nine places of worship here, the Presbyterian being the most popular, as there are no less than four churches belonging to that de- nomination, the ministers of which are mostly from the old country. A few miles from New Glasgow, at Fcrrona, the new blast furnace is situated. It is capable of turning out from 80 to 90 tons a day. They get the ore, lime, and coal all witliin a radius of five miles from the furnace. We left New Glasgow with pleasant memories of the nice little place, and the kir'-^ess of tlie people we had come in contact with dui..ig our visit. Block Signal Stations. Along the track of some American lailroads at the end of every few miles are placed signal towers, the object of which is to ensure the passengers as far as possible from the risk of collisions. These are the block signal stations. As soon as a train has passed one of these towers there appears in a target placed right above the line a red disc by day and by night a red light. This tells a driver that between the tower he is approaching and the next furtlier along the line there is a train, and the driver may not go past that signal station until the red signal has disappeared, and left only the white disc to show that the preceding train is beyond tb« next tower. m I iHi 144 Dundee Courier and Dundee Weekly News At various points along some of the railroads the passenger may observe between the rails a narrow trough filled with water. These trouglis, which are called track tanks, are made of iron, and are of an average length of 1000 feet. They per- mit a train to travel long distances without stopping to take water. The 117 miles between Pittsburg and Altoona are traversed several times every day w't'nout a single stop, the engine being provided with a spout by whici), while running at full speed it takes up water at the rate of several hundred gallons a minute. In winter the water in these tanks is heated by steam to prevent it from freezing. BROOKLYN BRIDGR THE PRATT INSTITUTE. MINING IN NOVA SCOTIA. WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOUR. (From the Dundee Weeliy News of February 17.) Brooklyn Bridge. Mr J. Sinclair, Cambuslang, reports : — The bridge connecting New York and Urooklyn over the East Hiver from Park Row, New York, to Sands and Washington Streets, Brooklyn, was begun in January, 1870, and opened to traffic on May 24tli, 1883. The cost of the bridge was over £3,000,000. The tolls are :— Foot passengers, free ; railway fare, l^d, or ten tickets for Is Id ; horse, Hd ; horse and vehicle. 2\A; two horBOS ftnd veliicie, 5d ; each extra horse above two attached to vehicle, l^d. The width of the bridge is 85 feet ; length of river span, 15i)d feet 6 inches ; length of each land span, 930 feet; length of Brooklyn approach, 971 feet ; length of New York approach, 15(i2 feet G inches ; total length of carriageway, 5989 feet; total length of th<' bridge with exten- sions, C537 feet ; size of New York caisson, 172 by 102 feet; size of Brooklyn caisson, 168 by 102 feet ; timber and iron in caisson, 5253 cubic yards ; concrete in well holes, cambers, &c., 5669 cubic feet; weiglit of New York caisson, 7000 tons; weight of concrete filling, about 8000 tons. The New York tower contains 46,945 cubic yards of masonry ; the Brooklyn tower contains 38,214 cubic yards of masonry ; depth of tower foundation below high water— Brooklyn, 45 feet ; depth of tower foundation belov« high water — New York, 78 feet ; sizeof toweis at high water line, 140 by 59 feet ; size of towers at roof course, 136 by 53 feet ; total height of towers above high water, 278 feet. The cipar height of the biidge in the centre of the river span above high water is 135 feet ; height of floor at towers above high water, 119 feet 3 inches ; grade of roadway, 31 feet in 100 feet ; height of towers above tlie loadway, 159 feet; size of anchorage at base, 129 by 119 feet ; size of anchorage at top, 117 by 104 feet ; height of anchorages, 89 feet front 85 feet rear ; weight of e^sh anchor plate, 23 tons ; number of cables, 4 ; diameter of each cable, 15'^ inches ; length of each single wire in cables, 3578 feet ; ultimate strength of each cable, 12,000 tout ; BBOORLTN BRIDGE. SECTION Of TH8 BUIDGE, weight of wire, 12 feet per pound. Each cable contains 5296 paralleled (not twisted) galvanised steel oil-coated wires, closely wrapped to a solid cylinder 15J inches in diameter. Permanent weight suspended from cables, 14,680 tons. The whole number of car passengers during the year ending December 1st, 1892, was 41,672,898. This is one of the busiest thoroughfares I have seen in America. When I crossed the bridge between five and six o'clock in the evening it was one continual pour of people. The cars were running as close as they possibly could. Brooklyn has been called the bedroom of New York, and, judging from what I saw, I think it justly earns the title. Pratt Institute, Brooklsm. Mr Thos. Logan, Glasgow, reports :— The Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, is generally acknowledged to be the most complete technical school in America. I made a special visit to Brooklyn for the purpose, if possible, of seeing througii this school. On calling I was received with the utmost courtesy by a young lady. Miss Bird, who conducted us through the educational department, while a gentleman, Mr Black, interested us by showing us through the manual labour department. Like all the other schools that I visited, this one also was closed for the summer vacations, which generally lasts from the end of Juno till the beginning of September, but for all that the stroll through the ditferent de- partments was highly interesting. The Tratt In- stitute was established six years ago after many years of investigation in Europe and America on the part of its founder, Mr Oharles Pratt, of Brooklyn. Its object is to promote manual and in* dustrial education, aa well as cultivation in Artisan Expedition to Ammca. U5 literature, science, and art, to inculcate habits | of industry and thrift, and to fo^iter all that , makes for rigiit living and gooil citizenHliip. The Institute is oomposed of four large buildings — three, four, five, and six storeys high. 'I'ho buildings frie all heated by steam and lighted by electricity. The whole school is thoroughly equipped with workshops and laboratories, which are supplied with every modern appliance that can in any way enlarge the scope and promote the value of in- dustrial and technical education. The buildings are also provided with passenger elevators, which run at all hours when clas.ses are in session. With all this "plendid accommodation every department is taxed lo the fullest extent. Last year the number of pupils that received instruction in the different departments was about 4090, of which 29 were females and 1121 were males, the whole being presided over by 120 instructors. By next year these figures will be considerably in- creased, as the trustees are having a handsome building erected on the opposite side of the street, which is to be used exclusively as the art depart- ment. The High School of the Pratt Institute aims to fit boys and girls, as fur as possible in three years, fur an industrial and useful life. To be .-idmitted to the High School the student must be at least fouiteen years of age, and have passed through the public grammar schools, or has to pass an equivalent examination. In addition to an excellent academic science and art training, the boys roccive instruction in bench work in wood, wood'turning, pattern-making, foundry moulding, tinsmithing, forging, vice work, machine tool work, clay modelling, &c., while the girls receive instruction in sewing, dressmaking, millinery, cooking, hygiene and home nursing, and wuodcarving, &c. The other departments of the Pratt Institute aim at a much higher and broader to present a certificate of high schooi traininir, or pass a satisfactory examination. The object of the Department of Industrial snd Fine Arts is to pro- vide thorough and systematic instruction in the industrial and fine arts. The students must be st least sixteen years of age, and must pass an ex- amination in freehand drawing, arithmetic, spel- ling, tic, and as the training qualifies students to fill positions as teachers and supervisors of drawing in public and private schools, each candidate is also expected to present a letter testifying to general ability and moral character. The following are a few of the branches taught : — Freehand and instru- mental drawing, sketching and composition, ana- tomy, painting in oil and water colours, painting from life, architectural and mechanical drawing, historic ornament, wood carving and clay modelling, and art needlework, &o. In addition to the above subjects, lectures are given on design, colour, com- position, artistic anatomy, and the history of art and architecture, ko., the whole if them being fully illustrated by lantern photographs. ..tuilentsin technical design clas»'es last year sold original designs for tiles, bookcovcrs, wallpapers, rui^s, carpets, &c., to the aggregate amount of £200. The number of students instructed in this depart- ment last year was 1049, and as this department will be located in their new building by next year these figures are sure to be considerably increased. The Domestic Science I partment iiicludes all the briinches of cooW ry, laundry work, and household economy, &c. To enter these classes the student must be at least sixteen years of age, and be a first-rate scholar. The cookery classes aro THB PRATT INSTITUTE. training than what is given in the High Schoo!, and the various classes are conducted quite inde- pendent of the High .School department. The aim of the kindergaiten department or the "new education," as it is sometimes termed, is to give general an 1 special training to all those who exnect to have the care of children, such as school teachers, kindergartners, and mothers who realise the necessity for greater insight in the training of their children, and also for young women who desire larger opportunities for general culture, and who feel that the kindergarten train- ing meets their needs. Any person wishing to enter this department must be at least eighteen years of age, and must have some knowledge of inusic and geometrioal drawing, as well as be able TH'': NEW AUT DKPAKTMBNT. conducted much after those in the High School, only on a much more extended form. I was iu> formed that the number of students that received instruction in cookery Inst year was 871- The instruction in laundry work is both theoretical and practical Soaps, starch, washing powder, bleach- ing powders, and blueing are chemically and practi- cally considered. Visits to the manufactories of tliese articles form a feature of the work in these classes. In the practical work every variety of article, from bed linen to the most delicate- coloured embroidery, is laundered. It is quite a common thing fo' ladies to send their seivants to these classes fur instruction in laundry work. The classes in connection with hygiene and home nursing are meant to give a sound if limited know- ledge of the laws of health, so as to enable women to care intelligently for sudden illness or accident, and to perform the duties of nurse where trained service is not employed. The domestic art depart- ment proviiles comprehensive and systematio study iu those brauobes which are relaled ff"" ^1' ■ It i ■ I U6 Dundee Courier and Dundee IFeekly Newt to healtlifiil and appropriate clothing of the body. Tiie Hiihjccts taught are physical culture, sewing, ilrcssma'Kiiig, millinery, and drawing in connection with dreaHmaking and millinery. The clanseM are just a continuation of those connected with the High School, and before taking dressmaking and millinery the student must pass an examination in sewing and he at least 18 years of age. The number that was instructed in sewing and dressmaking last year was 129G, and the total number of garments made during that time was 119*J. A large number of the students study in these classes with the intention of becoming pro- fessional workers. Last year 450 young women were instructed in the art of millinery. Like the dressmaking, applicants must be over 18 years of age and be able to do neat hand sewing. Physical culture for women is under the management of this department. The exercises consist of calisthenic drill with dumbbells, barbells, wnnds, dancing, &c., as well as exercises in Swedish gymnastics. Department of Commerce. Recognising tlie fact that business transactions enter into every phase of modern life, and that this is essentially an age in which great commercial activity prevails, the department of commerce was organised by the Institute for the purpose of giving more thoruugh instruction in studies per- taining to business and commercial operations. The subjects taught embrace languages, history, geography, chemistry, accounting, arithmetic, and penmanship, political economy, shorthand, and typewriting, &c. Besides the science and the manual training that I referred to in connection with the High School, the department of Science and Technology gives instruction in various scientiGc and technical subjects, as well as a prac- tical training for the principle mechanical trades. The outline given below applies only to evening classes, while the student must be between sixteen and twenty-five years of age, and have a fair educa- tion. The subjects taught are mathematics, geometry, physics, chemistry, electrical construc- tion, steam and the stuam-cngine, strength of materials, and machine design. What interested me most particularly in this department was the *' Trade School," where the instruction aims prin- cipally to broaden and extend the training of those already engaged at the trades. The school docs not profess to tuin out journeymen mechanics, but gives a training that further practice in active work will perfect. North Sydney Mines. Mr R. A. Muir writes :— The coalfield of Sydney occupies an area of about 200 square- miles, and is the most extensive, and is said to be the most valuable in the Province of Nova Scotia. It is 31 miles wide, and extends a long way under the Atlantic Ocean. The exact distance has not been proved yet. The principal seam in the Sydney dis- trict is known as the Six-Foot or Sydney Main Seam, which averages about 5^ feet thick. The first operations were commenced in this seam in 1785 by Governor Lieutenant-Colonel Desbarres on Government account. From 1785 to 1826 the mines were under lease to various individuals or companies, and on the 1st January, 1827, thu mines eame into the possession of the General Mining Association, who are the present owners. Tiie amount of royalty at that time was 4s 3d per ton, but a new asreement made with the Government of Nova Scotia in 1858 fixed the amount of royalty at 4 8 lOd per ton on all large coal up to 250,000 tons per annum, and 3 2-lOd per ton on all coal nold over 250,000 toni and an annual rent of £,3000. The first steps taken to open out the works .tn an extensive scale was in 1830 when a shaft 200 feet deep was sunk, which continued to supply the trade until 1834 when another shaft 320 feet deep was sunk 40O yards further to the dip. This shaft continued in o|icration until 1854 when it was lost by a heavy influx of water which overpowered the pumping engine. In the mean- time a new shaft had been sunk and equipped in anticipation of such a disaster, and was brought into operation. This shaft is 400 feet deep, and now forms the upcast shaft for the present workings. This shaft is known as the Queen Pit. In ISfJo a lease, five square miles in extent of PUIN'CESS PIT, CAPE BKKTON. mineral under the sea, was obtained, and for the purpose of working this area the sinking of the present shafts were commenced in 1868. These shafts are situated ■ near the shore at the north-west entrance to Sydney harbour. They are placed 22 yards apart. One is 13 and the other 11 feot in diameter, and they are 680 feet deep, and kniiwn by the name of Princess Pit. In the course of sinking heavy feeders of water wore mot with at a depth of 300 f'.'et, which were successfully tubbed off with oast- iron tubbing, both shafts being lined to a depth of 300 feet. Within the last two years another shaft, K feet diameter, has been sunk close beside the other two, and tubbed for a distance of .300 feet also. The otliei' two have been tubbed to the bottdm at an enormous expense, but as these sliaftu are sunk as close to the sea as is possible, anil are expected to win about 5 .'square miles of area of working under the sea, so that first cost is not so much consideratiun as in some other ])ositions. The larp;est shaft is used for winding the output, the 11 feet diameter shaft for winding men, wood, &c., and pumping, and the small shaft for pumping only. The winding engine is 160 h.p. nominal, and has two cylinders 36 inch diameter, with 5 feet stroke drum 20 feet diameter. These engines are capable of raising about 1000 tons per day of tun hours. The engine raises two tubs at a time, standing end to end ill the c^ge. Each tub carries 14 cwts, of coal. Four slides are fitted to each cage, but the cages run on the wall slides only with shoes, the inside of the cage being fitted »ith bevelled irons which run on the slides. The winding ropes are of steel, 4^ inches circumference, imported from England. A very simple and effective means is employed to break the fall of the cage on the bottom, which consists of a bod of spruce boughs, and form^ an excellent cushion on which the cage alights, and so effectually breaks its fall that after having been renewed the cage rests without the slightest shock. Two hauling engines are placed near the bottom of the shaft, the steam being taken from the surface in 10 inch diameter pipes. The north engine baa two orlinders 18 inches diameter, 3 feet stroke, goaretl 1 to 3, with 4 feet drums for main and tail rope. The empty trips desceuil by gravity, the tail ropes being used only on the leTel; the dip Artisan Expedition to America. 147 varies from 1 in 10 to 1 in 14, and tripx of 26 to 30 tubs are liauled at a time. Tlio soutli engine has two cylinders Ki incliex diameter, 2 feet rresponding secretary for the Union, and he told me that it was utterly impossible to estimate anything like the extent of the sweating system in the ready-mado trade, but, like all others, he is perfectly certain that no such system exists in the bespoke trade. 'J'he Society or Union payj a man for doing nothing else than looking into this and keeping it from taking root. Still tiiere is no restriction to the hours a tailor works, nor can there be so long as the system of taking work home to bo made is allowed to go on. The master tailors do not find work room for their men except perhaps for one or two, who may be employed as day's wage men, for making alterations and doing repairs. In one shop I visited they had three day's wage men, and they were paid £3 per vw^ I m lis Dundee Courier and Dundet Weekly Nev^s week of GO liours. All otlicrs have to tnke tlieir work home, fiiul their own iruns, preiiaing buardii, kc., and do their uwu iniichiniiig, whoio aud when MU J. B. LBNNOX. required. I asked the Correspondin'; Secretary, whom I visited in New York, viz., Mr J. B. Leniion, what difference the tariff made upon goods sent out from this country to the U.S., and he told me that a cloth which would cost 10^ in a wholesale warehouse in this country, would be worth £1 Is in the wholesale warehouse out there. Then I said, " Clothing muKt be very ^'.xpensive here, and still goods seem to be ticketed in the sliop windows at a reasonable price," " Yes," he said, " to any- one who didn't know any better tiicy seem reason- able, but there was neither the material nor the workmanship in them to give Batist'aotiun for the money, and they would scarcely hold tos;ether long enough to go to a picnic with. I told him that I was not in the trade, and therefore didn't know much about the different qualities of cloth, but asked him what a suit, such as I had on (a fine blue worsted) would cost out there, aud he told me that it could not be bought thore for less than £13 or £14. It cost me here £3 tii Od. This shows what a man has to do with his big wagis in America. The Union in America, as in this country, have a log or price list agreed upon by the Union and masters, each State having its own log, and in some cities there are special logs arranged between the Union and employers, who do a special class of work. Cooper Institute, New York. Mr Thos. Logan, Glasgow, reports :— The Cooper Institute for the Advancement of Science and Ait is a large brown-stone building, claiming some architectural pretensions. It was erected by the late Peter Cooper, a mechanic of New York, in 1857. at a cost of £12(5,000, who endowed it with £00,000 for the support of a free reading-room and library. The purpose is philunthropic, and em- braces day and evening schools of various kinds. There are art classes for meu and women, free school of telegraphy and of typewriting for women, and other special depaitmiuts. As the thousands of pupils who attend these classes are drawn almost entirely from the people who must woik for a living, all the instruction tends strongly to the practical, and in the art schools especially pupils are able to earn something while under instruction. Od calling at the institute, I was very courteously reeeived by Mr Jordap, (he assistant secretary, who kindly showed me through the various olaasrooms, and from my own observation, and the informatioa I got from Nlr Jordan, I find tho whole school is conducted nuich on the same nrinciple as the art schools In our large towns and cities in England and .Scotland. The Women's Art School was or- ganised for the purpose of affording instruction in the arts of design to women who, having natural taste and oapnoity, but being unable to pay for instruotiun, are obliged to apply the knowledge acquired in the institution to their support, either by teaching or by taking up art as a profession. Applicants for these classes must be at least six- teen and not over thirty five years of age. In order that the advantnges offered by the school may be properly bestoweil all pupils who at tho end of the first two months after the opening of the term do not show Hutiicieiit talent or progress in the pursuit of their studios are dropped from the school, and their places filled from the list of applicants who are always ready to fill the vacancy. The pupils mu^t provide at their own expense all necessary materials, such as paper, pencils, crayons, colours, brushes, and instruments. The following branches are taught in this department : — Elementary cast drawing, drawing from the antique, life drawing, oil painting, designing, illustrating, retouching of negatives, retouching of positives, photographs in water colours, crayons and Indian ink, and porce- lain photograph painting. lAst year 602 pupils registered their names for admission to thes« classe.", but only 285 could be admitted. Last year the trustees of the Cooper Union also established a Free School of Telegraphy for women, and t..jre is also a free school for stenography and typewriting for women. The night schools of tho Cooper Union are divided into two sections, called respectively the scientific department aud the art department. Students for admission must be at least fifteen years of nge, and a letter of recommenda- tion from their employer is regarded as desirable. III the .scientific department the regular course of study requires five years for its completion, and to those who pass successfully the Oooper medal and diploma and degree of Bachelor of Science are awarded. To be the possessor of this medal is con- sideieil a great honour, not only in New York, but in all the I'nited States, 'rhe trustees of tho Cooper Union are very strict regarding the conduct of the pupils. For any breach of guud behaviour or violation of the legulations, the student is immedi- ately dismissed. The one thing that impressed me most about this school was the number of pupils that can be accommodated in it. Last year the number that was admitted to the school of science was 1308, while in the art xchool 1707 were ad- mitted, making a total of 3075. The Free Library and Reading-Koom are of the largest and best equipped in America. Furniture Trade in New York. Mr Logan also reports : — While in New York I had excellent oppoitunitiesof inquiring into the furniture trade. Among the works and warehouses I had the pleasure of seeing through were the high class firms of llerter Brothers ; Cottier & Co., ; Tiffany h Co. ; Ellen & Kitson ; Freeman k Gillies, and a few others of less importance. Herter Brothers, Sixth Avenue, employ on an average about 500 hands, and is one of the most important fiims of interior decorators in America, They have furniture throughout— that is from the laying of the floor to the decorating of the ceiling— many of the finest hotels aud private residences in and around New York. I had the pleasure of seeing through the splendid show rooms of this vast establishment, where all the .vork was practically in a finished state. Tho furniture, I noticed, was mostly after ip ylrtifiin E.fpeiiiliini to Amrrira. 149 tlie French and Italiftii gtylex, and wbr Riipcrior in many respoctg to the American section of the Cliic;igo Kxhibition. There wns also som? spleoilid cxnmple!) of chair work, npholstered in the most luxnrioUK mannrrposailile. On pHHHing throngh the show roomg I conhl not hnt admire the cnrvinj? on the vnrioufi pieces of furniture, the design and treatment of which was of a very liigh order ; in fact nearly all the wnrk done by this firm possesses tho same refinement of dosign and delicacy of treatment in all the different departments. The person that was show- ing me round was very particular in drawing my attention to material of American maniifacture, such as wall papers, carpets, embroideries, tapes- tries, &c., and knowing myself that the best of these articles came from ]5iitain and France, I Biki'd him seveiiil times of this or that — at same time referring to some beautiful piece of wall decoration or tapestry — was also of Ameticin manufacture, when in nearly every instance he admitted, I could see with some reluctance, that they were of foreign manufacture. Of course I would not go the length of saying the Americans could not manufacture these high class goods, but there is one thing certain, thoy could not proiluce tlicm at anything like the same cost as cither France or Britain. There are very tew people at home, I believe, who have any idea of the quantity of these high clsss goods that is exported to America every year. The quantity of carpet, I am told, that was exported from this country to the United States for the month of July last year, amounted toti5,((0() yards, valued at £12,941. This does not take into account the finer matnrials, such as velvets, plushes, and tapestries, which in themselves amount to a very lnrge sum. So it is easily seen that the old coinitry can hold its own with the«e articles, and many others, not- withstanding America's almost iHoliibitive tariff. Cottier & Co., Seventh Avenue, is another first- class firm of art furniture makers, and employ Homeivhere about lilX) hands in the dilforent depart- mi-nts. Mr David Kay, the manager of this establishment is a Scotsman and a native of Gins- gow. On calling at the works Mr Kay was de- lighted to meet a member of the M'eekly News Expedition to America, which he had previo.isly heard about. The workshops are extensive, and are equipped with the most approved wood- working machinery for the manufacture of high-class fur:iiture. I noticed the work was being done by much the .same methods as is done with ourselves, only I thought in a more leisurely way than is the ni torn at home. I had often beard that the Amtiioan artisan worked miicli harder than we at home, but, as far as I could judge for myself, I found it the reverse. Of course I refer only to the furniture trade, as it is carried on by first-class firms. Tdfany & Co.. Fourth Avenue, is another first-class firm of decorators, and employ somewhere about 400 hands. This fiim is celebrated all over America for their stained glass, art metal work, furniture and decorations of every description. On calling at the works Mr Mitchell, the manager, kindly con- ducted Mr Bennett and myself over the building, which is five storeys high. liloclesiastioal glass- staining is one of this firm's most successful departments, and the work that was being d'uie in that line was of a very high standard. In the other departments, such as furniture, art-metal, &o., the display of goods for style, workmanship, and quality, would be ditticnlt >,.- excel. It was ?[uite evident that the articles in course of manu- acture by this firm were intended only for the mansions of wealthy people. In fact Air Mitchell explained that at present they were doing work for George Gould, son of tho late Jay Gould, the well-known Ainoi lean millionaire. We wore diown curtains of unusual richness that weru beiny; m ide up for this gi'iitleinen, they were of old gold beautifully emhroidcreil and studded all over with jewels. These jewels, to my mind, suggested hut extrava:»ance and iiad taste. The firms I have mentioned are all cousiilercd first-class, but the firm of Kllen ft Kitson, in Thirteenth Avenue, is acknowledged by the trade to be the greatest of its kind, not only in New York, hut in the United States. I was introduced by a friend to Mr John Hendry, the manager of this vast estab- lishment, who is also a Scotsman, and a native of Dundee. Like Mr Kay, of Cottier's, Mr Hendry was only too pleased to show me over the building, w 'lich is certainly the most complete of its kind in Ainerici, fitted especially for the convenience of every description of decoration, and I must say that J was much impressed with the comprehensive character of this business. Several years ago this firm did all the stone carving, both inside and THK VANDEItnil.T MANRIflN. outside, aa well as the interior fittings and decora- tions of the Vanderbilt mansion, the staircase alone, which is of canestone, costing nearly £10,000. The whole house, on being completed, cost the fab'ilous sum of £800,000. Some of the carvings I saw in this establishment were simply works of art, auil it would be ditlicuU. to imagine anything more beautiful than the "swags" of flowers that were being done in wood by Frenchmen, who are specialists at this kind of work. With perhaps the exception of Pullman Palace Car Works, it has seldom been my pleasure to witness greater order or cleanliness in cabinet work.s. Hvery benchway was evidently kept with pride. In the upholstery department tiie same supervision was apparent. Every ounce of hair or inch of stuff was cirefully classified, and the quality of the material could be seen at a glance. There is also a multitude of vnnd-working machinery on the most approved principles for planeing, ploughing, mortising, tenoning, &o., as well as machines for carv- ing both stone and wool. I saw four carving machines in operation. They are all by different makers, and each cl.iim their mnchine to he the most perfect ever invented. The machine that Is herewith illustrated is by the FT" 150 Dundee Vourvr and Dinidir Wediy News m^ WOOD-CAUVINO MACHINE. Afoore Carving Machine Company, Minneapo/i!<. Tlic work that thi.s machine was turning out was really good, and required very little toachin? up. I give an ilhiatration of a panel that cost £10 to carve the original, while the machine can produce the Rame for about six iihillinga. Those in the trade know what kind of panel can be produced by the hand for six shillings, There is another machine I' lini' PANEL CAHVED 3Y MACHINE. that deserves special mention. It is made by The Kohlmann Manufacturing Company, Saint Joseph, Mo. This machine is quite new, and embraces many important improvements over the others. It has tliu advantage of making an undercut in any angle up to 45 degrees without special ahol- sterers, Is 2d ; glass staincrs. Is ,5d ; lead workers, la 5d ; plasterers, Is lOd. The above trades, with a few exceptions, arc all paid according to ability, but the wages enumerated are considered a fair pvcrage. Factory-Made Furniture. I also viaited the furniture show-rooms of Gillies A Freeman, Twenty-Third .Street, Now York. Mr (Jillies is a memlr of the New York Caledonian Club, where I wi..i introduced to him by a friend, and before I go further I would like to say I was received with the utmost kindneiis by the memhors, who did everything they could to make me feel at home. Siinic of tht> members could tell me as much about tlie Wcrkhi News Kxpodition as I knew my- self, stating at tiie same time that they get the Wirkly i\'c)('s sent them every week. Mr Bennett and myself were .xhnwn over the establishment by Mr Cillies himself, who took great pains in ex- plaining everything ho thought was of interest. The building is five storeys high, anil is packcil full of every description of factory-made furniture. There is certainly some good work to be seen, but the most of it is very poor, and I have no hesi- tation in saying that for design, finisli, and work- manship we can give the Americans a big start and beat them at this particular class of woik. I also noticed tiiat the Yankees fix a great deal of looking-glasses on their furniture, which I consider a sure sign of bad taste, but as the average American is very often a self-made man, it is quite likely he may wish to look at his maker as often as possible. A great many of the men in factories have almost entirely ceased to bo cabinet-makers in tlie real sense of the word, in consequence of the development of labour-saving machinery and the subdivision of the work. Originally, a cabinet-maker was a man who could proiluoe almost any piece of furniture you namoil, but in the modern sense of the word he is a very ditfcrcnt person. Instead of a man being com- petent to act as an artisan, ho is often only^ablc to produce one particular article of furniture, and sometimes only a portion of that article is entrusted to him. Tlie result is that men, instead of having to learn the trade, are content to l)ick up enougii to earn a precarious living. .So far as I could judge from observation and intercourse, American workmen of all trades are in no way iuperior to our own ; indeed, in education, intelli- gence, and handicraft skill we quite hold our own. One good feature of the American skilled workmen is their apparent sobriety. While total abstainers appear to be unknown, in all my "rambles" I only saw one man among the thousands slightly the worse of drink. It was also gratifying indeed to come across so many Scotsmen holding positions of tr\ist. This was the common comment of all the delegates when they met at their hotel every night. In fact, it would he difficult to find a more intelligent body of men in America than what is to bo found in the Csledonian Club, New York. The wages vary a great deal in the different places, ranging from ±12 10s to £3 15s a week of 54 hours. In the factories ten hours constitute a day's work, Saturdays included, and, as far as possible, piece wages are paid. The largest furni- ture centres in America are Grand Hapids, Chicago, Cincinnati, and Kockford. Grand llapida is a place with about !)0,()00 inhabitants, and is situated about 100 miles from Chicago. They claim to have the largest factories in the world, of which there are 62, and employ in all iWOO workers. The high-class furniture is made principally in New York, Boston, and Philadelphia. The wood- carvers in America are splendidly organised. Close on 1800 are members of the International Wood- carvers' Association. New York alone has 385 members, while Ho^iton has 20(>, Chicago 278, and (irand Rapids 215. The working hours vary from 48 to fiO a week, and the men are always paid accord- ing to their ability. In New York and Boston soma men are paid as high as 2s Gd an hour, while others are paid as low as lOd, but the average carver's wage ii about Is 4id an hour, or £3 12s a week. rtisan ErjKdition to Amfrira. 151 American Upholstery. To Ray aiiytliing on the morits of AincricAii U|)hiilsti'ry for the purpose of cumparifion Ih a vury iliHicult mill (lolicatu task, iimHiniicli an the traih; being one of tasto and idea, it naturally follows that what one )icr^ water and steam. There aru four turbines, and or poles, which is rather old-fashioned now. The mill is all lighted up with electric light, and the railway goes round all the mill. Mr Robert M. Allan of Kelvindalc, a Scotsman, is superintendent of the works. Papermakers' Union. The papcrmakers in Holyoke have a very strong Union, and they have a splendid reading-room suPRn cAMixnEniNo. where they can get books and all the ])npers to read. I visited some of the working men's houses, and w.is told the rout they pay for them is from £2 to £'^ a month for a four-room house built of brick and wood, with a backyard or garden. Their houses aro very dear, as you can get a house with as much accommodation and having a far better appearance fi)r half the rent, in the old country. Speaking to ft working man's wife, I said, " Ycni got good wages 111 re." " Yes," she siiys, " but we have just to pivj it away again, as our house rent-i are so high, and pay $7 (£1 8s) for a ton of coal, id we burn a lot in the winter time as it is so cold. The clothes antono and stone through it, so that there is in all 24 feet of go the shipping ports get blocked up with ice and the most of the 3oal is shipped to Canadian porta because of tho heavy tariff duty on tho coal seat to United States ports. Fooil and clothing are generally about, the same piie.d as at home, and are as good. The weather in summer time is very much like our own, but in winter there are very freijuent and p^" ■m 154 Dundee Courier and Dundee IVcekly News l"F sudden clinnges, the temperature falling so low as 47 degrees below freezing on some occasions. The average temperature for the whole year is 42 degrees, or only 10 degrees above freezing. Spring time is very cold, owing to the ice winds whoh prevail in that season, and cultivation is kept very late. The harvest if also late : in fact tlio crops of corn we saw growing at the end of Julj- were only six inciiPB high. The ground is very pnor for crops, especially in the valleys, the mountains being the best for crop raising. The inhabitants are almost without exception of Scottish extraction, having emigrated from the Highlands and islands of Scothmd. All are very sober and industrinus. House rents are very choap, being only about 10.< jtor month for a house containiug four rooms and a kitchen. Doctors' fees are £1 perycar and medicine extra. Fire coal to workmen, 2s Gd per ton. There are no libraries or reading-rooms, no theatres or places of amusement, except in large towns, and there are no Saturday half-holidays, so that there is very little amusement or pleasure in this district. Public schools are free, but education is not com- pulsory. There are no technical .schools, but then^ are evening classes in winter time. Londonderry Rolling Mills. The next day brought us to Londonderry, in Colchester County, where they are extensively mining and mc ting iron. The rolling mills, which used to employ a large number of men, are presently shut down, the company at present confining themselves to the making of pig-iron and foundry work. It was here that Siemens, the great scientist, experimented in steel making a long while, but the works proved unsuccessful. In the iron works there are 10 or 12 puddling furnaces and 2 rolling mills. On the works closing, the most of the workmen made their way to the IJnited States. The present company have extensive ore properties, owning about 40,000 acres. I had a letter of intro- duction to the manager. In his absence I saw Mr Smaill, the chemist, who willingly conducted me all round the place. AVe drove over the hills to the mines, where you enter from the face of the mountains. With lamps we penetrated a long way into the workings, where the oie is to be soon in abundance. The ore contains about HO per cent. of iron. It it famous for its purity, being almost free from phosphorus. The iron still retains the name of the Siemen brand, and has a ready ^ale all through Canada. At the blast furnaces the average wages are ;-— Furnacemen, !?2.7 a day (9s) ; slagger, $1.25 a day (5s); helper, $1.17 a day (4s !»d) ; Htovcmcn, .^1.53 a day ((is) ; top fillers, ?1.26 a dav (5s) ; bottom fillers, $1.17 a day (4s !».l); labourers $1 a day (4s). Food here is very reason- able, but clothing is dear. The average rental for workmen's houses is about $5 (ill) a month. No intoxicating drink is sold here, although they are not under the Scott Act. They are under a Temper- ance Act that provides that no license can be granted within a mile of a mine or mining town. The Trenton Steel Works, Scotia. Nova Mr Robert Dunlop, Motherwell, writes ;— Trenton is an irregularly built town, witl' no pre- tence of order or neatness, almost cntiicly depend- ing on the steel works. The most of the houses belong to the workmen employed at the steel woiks. On the river bank, a short distance from the worifs, stands the handsome residence of Rlr Frasi'r. It was Saturday afternoon when I gut down to the .vorks, and as the workmen here enjoy the half- holiday on Saturday, the works were closed. 1 saw Mr Fraser, who cordially invited me down to ■ee the works un Monday morning. Their plant at present consists of two open hearth-melting furnaces, 20 tons each. For stripping and setting the pit they have one of Grieve' .s (Motherwell) ten ton travelling cranes; six heating furnaces; one 2G-inch cogging mill ; one 16-inch bar mill ; one 10- inch guide milf. At present they are putting nesv plant in the shape of a new guide mill and a 20- inch 3 high plate mill, and a new melting f arnace. The estimated cost of the new plant is £75,000. In the foigu department they have four or five hammer.s and four furnaces. They have hWi a fine machine .shop, well eciuipped with all the latest machinery in lathes, plaincrs, &c. They arc beginning to use native pig-iron, made from Brown hematite ore, mixed and smelted within 20 miles of the steel works. Their output consists of marine, railway, and machinery forgings ; all kinds of mild steel for rivets, bolts, and tluesher teeth ; plough beams, plough plates, and all kinds of agricultural steel. They have a yearly output of about 20,000 tons. Since the amalgamation of the companies in ISSO, the average annual profit has been over 850,000, and it is expected when the new plant is laid down the earnings of the Company will be increased, as the output of the works will be augmented anil at the same time effect a large saving in the cost of manufacture. 'I"he wages in the mills average :— Rollers, $7 to $8 (28s to 32s) a day ; heaters, .?4 (IGs) a day ; roughers, $4 (IGs) a dav ; machinists, fitters, &c., from Sl.^ to $2i (6s to'!)-) a day; labourers, from SI. 10 (5.s) to $1.20 (6s) a day. The tradesmen's hours are ten per da' , working till twelve o'clock on Saturdays. A good number of the workmen own their houses, a com- fortable house costing from $500 to .^lOOO (£100 to £200). The taxation is about \h per cent, on the value. The cost of living Is much about the same as at home. As a rule, the necessaries of life ar*" no dearer than they are here, with the exception of clothing. A good suit of clothes will cost about 20 per cent. more. A young man can board for $3 (12s) a week. I was fortunate in being introduced to Mr Joseph Keay, (vho is in charge of one of the mills, as I found he was a AVest of Scotland man. He has been here eight or nine years, having gone out under m\ engagement as a roll turner. He has now charge of the mill. He worked here for the Steel Company of Scotland, and his old fellow-workmen will be glad to hear that he is doing well, and likes to stay in Canada. His wife and family all seem to like the place too. He has a nice little bit of laud, about i acre, upon which he has built a splendid liouse of 7 apartments, at a cost of 3000 ilotlars (£G00) for houNe aiul land. As he took me over to see it, I can say there are few woikmen here can boast of such a nice house. Mr Keay and Mr Simon Fraser, the mill manager, were very obliging in showing me round the works, and I was also indebted to Mr C'autly, one of the ofiicials, for his kindness, as ho called for me in the evening and gave mo a drive round the place in his machine. A pleasant feature of our visit has been tiie matiy acts of kindness shown to us by strangers, who seem quite un- conscious of doing anything unusual. The must of the workmen here are in favour ■•( protection, as it is giMierally admitted that in no other condition could young industries like theirs compete with the manufacturers at home. Complaints are general as to the unprofitableness of the farming claos. The attrikotluns and higher wages iu the Uniteil States arc tempting to the young people, and a large number of the above class leave the Maritime provinces for more congenial employment in the States, although I was eredibly informed thai with a little capital and energy a good living and fair profits could be realised from the laud round this district. Artisan Expedition to America. 155 INTERESTING SCENES AT NEW YORK HARBOUR. STRAN(;iE SHIP CUSTOMS. THE STATUE OF LIBERTY. HOW IT WAS CONSTRUCTED. (From ttie Dundee Weekly Netcs of Marcii 10.) New York Harbour and Statue of Liberty. Mr Lognn, l.'.avgow, reports :— 'Whilo in Now York I was aided, '' mgh the kiiuhicss of Mr J. Murrison, of tiie ' -(Ionian Chib, and Mr N. Mahon, delegate of i le Amalgamated Society of (^irpentera and Joinirs, in getting much valuable iufovmation, and saw nuicii more of the city tlian I possibly could have Keen in doul)le the time. To tilt! stranger in New York, no matter what country he may have come from, there is no more interesting place than the hat hour. To describe the scenes that are daily enacted at the different wharves would r«'(]uire the pen of a Chailoe Dickens to do them justice. At these wharves thousands of immigrants laud almost every day in the ymr from every part THK NMUIOW.S, NEW YOIIK. of the world, and to see the crowds of them in their native dresa hobbling ■•'■mg witli their baggage, and all yattoring in tin vn tongue is a sight not easily forgotten. Allaiu ^^ the river side there are iniiny rum-looking old buildings used for all kinds of se.ifaring occupations. Hero aro makers of nautical instruments, outlittcrs for seamen, all corts of boariling-houses (and anme of them are dandies), dark and dingy shops with all kinds of articles from foreign lands, and any amount of ilrinking saloons of the worst description. Far over tie street, their bowsprits reaching almost to the other side, are gieat ships moored to the wharves. It is here worth while mentioning that all foreign vessels, whether they be Atlantic Hyers or smudgy trampc, must have their bows pointing towards the city, while American vessels have all their bows pointing towards the river. 1 was told that when the City of Paris and ( 'ity of New York well' transferred from IJritiah '« American manage- ment the Yankees made a great fuss about it. 'i'he steamers were lying with tln'ir bows towards the city and flyin; the Union .Tank, and in presence of an immen«* -rowd of people the steamers were l)aoked out into the midille. of the river, when, amidst great rejoicings, bells ringing, bunting Hy' ing, &o., the Union .Taek was hauled down and tlio Stars and Stripes run up in its place. At the same tin.i the steamer waw turned round and backed into its berth, m that the bows would point to the river the same as nil oitter ships that nro under the Amerioan flag. New York harbour is eight miles long, and five miles broad at it widest part, is completely ji-jteoted from all gales, has several islands, and is acknowledged to be one of the most beautiful harbours in the world. The Umlson River, between New York and Jersey city, is about a mile broad, and the traffic that is carried on on this part of the river is enormous. One may here see a score of feiry boats crossing from shore to shore, and as many more may be counted in their slips. Great steamers, European liners, coasters to theUulf of Mexico, the West Indies, and South America, all kinds of tramp steamers whose crews are made up of every race under the sun ; number- less tugs, racing about alone, or towing some noble ship to sea, or dragging a long line of picturesque barges and innumerable sailing craft, every size or shape, foreign and domestic, dignified and ridicu- lous ; men-of-war lying at their anchorage, and gay excursion boats, all brilliant in white paint, flags, &c. All these meet, pass, and cross one another's bows with little hindrance. Such an animated picture as New York harbour presents on a summer day, I don't believe can be excelled in any other seaport in the world. From every point, near or remote, and which commands the least view of the harbour, the first object to catch the eye is the Statue of Liberty. This colossal figure, the largest statue of modern times, is made of hammered plates of copper, is 1.51 feet in height, and stands upon a pedestal 155 feet high. It is the gift of the French people to the people of the United States. This statue has a unique history, and a brief description of it I have no doubt will be highly interesting to the readers of the News. Auguste Bartholdi, a French sculptor, was impressed during a voyage to the United States by the eagerness with vrhioh the emigrants crowded the decks for a first glimpse of the new land to which they were coming with such hope and confidence, and the thought came to him " What a joy and encouragement it would be to the.se people if they should see something towel- come them, to remind them th,it this is a Republic. 'What if there stood, like a great guardian, at the entrance of the Continent a colossal statue— a grand figure of a woman r— -:^- ^^ :=ra-*^ holding aloft a toicli, and symbolising 'liberty onlightoning the worhl." When he went homo he proposed that a popular subscription should be opened in France to present to the ncopte of the United States such statue. The idea took the fancy of the French Upwards of £'10,0()0 wai collected, and in IS?!) Mr ISartholdi began woi k upon the statue. The process uf building this colos: ing stick which he carried, he relaxed auiuewhat, PMP 158 Dundee Courier and Dundee Weeldy News mmm TOMB OP CENKRAt GRANT. and smiling remarked that we seemed to possess a tair knowledge of New York and of liow the work of the city was carried on. From this point tho dele- gates obtained a fine view of the famed Pali^iades of New Jersey and of the Hudson Kiver, whose waters lap the western side of the park. New Yorkers are proud of the Hudson and its scenery, but in the opinion of the delegates the St Lawrence is iu every respect its superior. Central Park, which we reached by the crossing over to the cast- ward, was the next place visited. Thin is one of the finest public parks in the world, and tho dele- gates devoted some hours to the exploration of its beauties. Two and a half miles in length, and half a mile in width, it contains 8G2 acres, of which 185 are in lakes and reservoir^i, and 400 in forest. The two Croton reservoirs for the supply of water to the city cover respectively 35 and 107 acres, while the ornamental lakes — five in number — occupy an additional 43 acres. The grounds are conveniently broken up by ten miles of carriage drives, six miles of bridle paths, and thirty niik>.s of footpathn, relieved and adorned by numerous bridge-arches and other architectural monuments, together with many statues. All the walks, lanes, and drives are bordered by beautiful trees, whose luxuriant foliage 8heUcreake, the prettiest piece of water in the park. Between the Terrace and the lake is a magnificent fountain, with large granite basins and a colossal statue of the Angel of llethcsda. When here the party was photographed by the Conductor, but so warm were all the surroundings through the fierce heat of the noonday sun, that BIr Watson had some difficulty in finding a seat which was coul enotigh. Ascending the Terrace THR MALL, CENTRAL PARK. the delegates found themselves in the Mall, the principal promenade in the park, and lined by double rows of stately elms. Here there are splendid bronze statues of Shakespeare and Sir Walter Scott, Burns, Goethe, and others, the statue of Burns being identically tho same as that in tho Albert Institute grounds, Dun- dee. A little lower down the party came upon a large Egyptian obelisk (Cleopatra's Neoille), which is one of the most striking objects in tho j>arlc. This obelisk was originally hewn and iiiscriboil by Thothnies III, and one of the sides is aluo inscribed with the victories of Uamesns II (a contemporary of Moses), who lived three centuries afterwards. It was presented to the city of New York by Ismail Pasha, and taken to the country at the expense of Jlr W. H. Vanderbilt. Central Park is a favourite lesort of New Yorkers, ami it is calculated that about 12,000,000 persons visit it annually. Up to the present 3.t millions sterling have been ex- pended upon the park. The programme for tho day included several other visits, and in order to overtake these the delegates returned to the busi- ness part of the city, using ogain for this purpose tho Elevated Railway. During their stay in New York the members of the expedition had frequently heard of The Free Lunch System, and Nature now raising clamant demands upon them, they resolved to make a closer personal acquaintance with it. They accordingly entered one of the saloons in liroadway, and each one had a drink— costing 5 cents (24d)— suited to his taste and principles, along with an excellent plate of soup. The experience was so satistaotory that the dele- gates decided on testing tho system a second time. Artisan Expedition to America. 159 carved ami the prettiest Terrace and large granite of iicthcsUa. hed by the urroundiiigN ay NUii, that niling a seat the Terrace le Mall, the il lined by tlii-re arc re and Sir others, tiie the saino unds, Dun- ame upon a lie), whicii the park. jscriboi] by io inscribed :mporary of wards. It k by Ismail he cxpen.su a favourite calculated lually. Up e been ex- me for the n order to ;o the busi- lis purpose tay in New frequently ands upon personal ',\y entered one had a taste and of soup. the delo- oond time. and entering another saloon they had on this occasion along with their drink a very palatable sandwich. Tlie " free lunch " is an excellent insti- tution, although it is often abused by impecunious and unprincipled people. It is understood that every person visiting one of the saloons which make a feature of the free lunch purchases a drink at the usual charge, but some unscrupulous persons, without ordering any liquor, help theniHelves to the soup and sandwiches gratuitously provided, and by doing this systematically several times a day, make a very comfortable meal without being one cent out of pocket. 'While the delegates were in the saloons numerous customers entered and ordei -1 "cocktails." These are curious mixtures of drii AS, the main ingredients being generally rye or Bourbon whisky and gin, flavoured with one kind or other of fruit, such as lemon, strawberry, or blackberry, and in the summer they are iced. Various names were given to the "cocktails," amongst them being Manhattan, New York, Jersey, and Brooklyn, and one particular drink made up only, it was said, when Queen Luna was in her full glory, was designated "Bloom of the Moon." These " cocktails," in order that the ]>lea8ure of drinking them may be prolonged, are u>ually sipped out of the glasses by means of two straws. Having satisfied for the tine being the cravings of the inner man, the delegai is proceeded down Broadway until they arrived at Wall Street, the well-known financial centre of the country, and the great resort of bankers and brokers. The building of most general interest in this important thoroughfare is the Stock Exchange, and ascend- ing to the public gallery the party witnessed busi- ness in full swing on the floor below them. Posts were standing in different places, and round each of these was a group of dealers doing buHiness in the particular stocks whose names appeared on the boards attached to the uprights. The stock maiket was, however, very dull at the time, and although a considerable amount of business ap- peared to be in course of transaction, no scene of wild excitement such as that which occurred dur- ing the visit to the Board oi' Trade in Chicago was witnessed. Retracing their steps to Printing Ho\ise Square, the delegates paid a visit to the otlice of "The New York World," the highest building of its kind on tlie earth. This gigantic structure, which is generally known as the Pulitzer Building, contains 2G floors on 22 storeys, and is 375^ feet in height, il.e foundations being 35 feet below the level of the Meet. Of the 228 rooms in the building, 83 are occu;>ied by the World, and the remaining 145 are let for business purposes. The iron skeleton would support the erection even if the walls were removed, and out of this part of the fnbiic alone 29 miles of railway could be constructed, while the electric wires in use woul'l cover 48 miles. The handsome dome weighs 850,000 Ibj., and, being brilliantly illumi- nated byelectricityatnight, formsa landmark which is readily discernible for many miles. When the delegates entered the otlice they were met by Mr M'Kernan, of the circulation dejtartment, who conducted tlitm to the press-room, which they found literally packed with large machines, almost all in active operation. For the production of the morning and afternoon issues of the World, which together have an average daily circulation of fully 400,000 copies, no fewer than eleven presses are required. Six of these are quadruple Hoes, simdnr to the mnchine now in operation in the office of the Wevkly News ; while there are also four double Hoes, and the remaining machine IS a press by Messrs Walter Scott k Co., of Plain- field, New Jersey, which prints five different colours on the paper before delivery. The last-mentioned is required for printing a por- tion of the Sunday edition of the World. The aggregate productive capacity of these presses is 408,000 eight-page papers per hour, or nearly 7000 per minute ! The delegates remained for some time in the press-room, watching with great interest the marvellous rapidity with which the afternoon paper was being printed, their attention, however, being particularly directed to the wonder- ful colour press, which was throwing off the illus- tiated supplement for the following Sunday's paper. 'J'hey afterwards ascended to the dome by means of one of the eight elevators, which are constantly running from the lower to the upper floors, and vice versa, and then climbing a ladder reached the lantern on the very summit of the building. From this coign of vantage they obtained a view which, perhaps, cannot be equalled in the whole world. New York, owing to the use by its citizens of anthracite coal, enjoys a remarkably clear atmosphere, and the weather at the time of their ascent being favourable the delegates had a radius of vision in all directions extending to upwards of forty miles. The city with its densely thronged streets lay at their feet, the men seeming but mere pigmies and the liorses no bigger than dogs. Far to the northward they could see the open country and trace the cour.su of the grand Hudson River ; westward they completely overlooked Jersey City ; and eastward, Brooklyn, " tiie city of churches," while farther out the swelling waves of the broad Atlantic were visible. The view indeed was one never to be forgotten, and a considerable time was spent in its contemplation before the parly returneti to the lower world. From Printing House Square to Brooklyn Bridge is only a very short distance, and this grand struc- ture was seen under the must interesting conditions. It was now between five and six o'clock in the afternoon, when tens of thousands of persons, hav- ing finished their business in New York for the day, were returning to their homes in Brooklyn. The trattic on the bridge was therefore stmething enor- mous. Trains of cable cars crowded to their utmost capacity followed each other at interv about, and appeared to be fully occupied in doing nothing. Dirt and dihorder were rampant, and the delegates, with both eyes and nose offended at every step, expressed no rej^ret on arriving at the opposite extremity of the thoroughfare. Running parallel with Mulberry Street is Mott Street, by which the delegates returned to Canal Street. Here they felt in quite another country, as only a few steps separate the Italians from the natives of the Celestial Empire. John Chinaman was now in evidence, and while his surroundings were lexs squalid, bia habitations seemed to belong to some other than the nineteenth century. Many Chinamen were seen, some of them very diminutive specimens, but there were others, big, robust-looking fellows, whom one would rather prefer not to meet in the shades of night. The predominating characteristic of all, however, was inexpressible ugliness, and the occasional glimpse of a grey-coated policeman leisurely going his rounds was a decided relief. Almost every other house was a laundry, but in the course of their travels the delegates also came upon a Chinese theatre. They were invited to enter, but all stated that they desired to see both the beginning and the end of the play, and, as they could nut stay a week in New York in order to witness a complete Chinese theatrical representa- tion, the invitation W8i declined. To The Bowery, which was close at hand, wad the next order. This thoroughfare, although amongat the widest, is one of the busiest in New York. So wide is it, that the elevated railway running through it is broken up, and has the appearance of being two separate lines supported onsinglelanip-post-Iookingcolumns. Next to Broadway, the Bowery is the best known street in the city. The ground floors of the buildings in this street are almost wholly occupied either as beer saloons or retail stores of different kinds, but the street is also popularly known as the peculiar home of dime shows and museums. These institutions, more or less — generally less — interesting, are visited by considerable numbers, but their external appear- ance, at least, had no attractions for the delegates after their previous experiences in the country, and all of them were passed by. The most of the members of the party, however, made purchases of various kinds in the stores for the purpose of taking home some souvenirs, but in nearly every instance they could liave obtained the same goods at much less cost in their own country, the excess of price in New York being due almost entirely to the suicidal M'Kinley taritl The remaining hours of the evening were agreeably spent in a piomenade through several of the busy streets of the city. The Oovernment of New York. New York is governed primarily by a Mayor and thirty Aldermen, who are elected, one for each district, in November, and hold office for two years. There is also a President of the Board of Aldermen, likewise elected by the people, and who becomes the acting Mayor in the event of the Mayor being seized by illness or unable otherwise to perform his official duties. The present Mayor is Mr Gilroy, and the President of the Board of Aldermen is Colonel G. B. M'Clellan, a son oc the well-known General M'Clellan. The salaries paid are as follows: -May or, $10,000 (£2000); Pre^dent of the Board of Aldermen, $3000 (£600) ; and alder- men, §2000 each (£400). Full power to veto any Act passed by the Aldermen is vested in the Mayor, but he is subject to removal by the Governor of the State. The municipal history of New York is written black with corruption, and although measures have been taken from time to time to prevent waste and bribery, these, according to well- informeil citizens, are still rampant. 'I'lie Tweed frauds in connection with the building of tlie Slieritf Courthouse twenty years ago are well known. Boss Tweed anil his gang were authorised to spenil £50,000 on the structure, but it is said that when a tradesman sent in a bill of $1000, he was told to make it $10,000, and in this and other ways the total cost was run up to about £4,000,000. The famous Boodle trial in 1884, also revealed the tact that several of the Aldermen were paid $20,000 each (£4000) for a majority vote for the Broadway Cableoar Bill. 'Jo such a depth had the municipal rulers of the city sunk, that they were all accused of bribery, and many of them were sent to jail. Matteis are pro- bably not quite so bad now. But it would appear NEW YOUK CITY HALL. that the Augean stable requires a periodic cleans- ing, as it is(;enerally understood that for the most humble post in the patronage of the civic authorities, a certain sum has to be paid to the Tammany Hall Ring, who have the whole " political pull" of New York. After the Tweed ref^mc of 1873, the manner of making appropriations was changed, the power be<:ig taken from the Aldermen and vested wholly in a special Board, consisting of the ^Iayor, the President of the Bdard of Alder- men, the Comptroller of the City, the President of the Tax Department, and the Corporation Counsel, whose vote must be unanimous. Eiich of the various departments of the city goveri-.ment is undor a Commissioner subject to the Mpyor, and holding office for from three to .six years. The water 8U|)ply of the city is drawn from the valley of the Croton river, aliout thirty miles to the north of New York, and is under the control of the municipality. Tlie total cost of the water supply has been about $50,000,000 (£10,000.000), and in order to meet the cliargii.s of the department about $10,000,000 (£2,000,000) has to be raised annually. The total sum to raised by taxation clurinu; the current year amounts to $.34,444. 154.08 (£7,000,000). A new ('ity Hall which is about to be proceeded with will involve a heavy additional expenditure. The old City Hall, which it is proposed to rebuild in another part of the city, was erected in 1803, ami is a fine specimen of Italian p.rohitecture. The sides and front are of white marble and the rear of red stone — which has lately been painted white — the citizens being confident at the time of its erection that the city would never extend beyond this point. The Governor's room contains the desk and the chair used by President AVashing- ton. Many poor people use the seats in City Hall Square as beds at night. This year the Corporation proposes to divide $1,305,177 (£2iil,035) among asylums, reformatories, and chaiitable institutions, Arthnii E.rpriiitinn to America. 161 to veto any iHteil ill the the Guvcriior jf New York lid although I to time tu ding to Well' The Tweed !iiig of tlie ;o are well gang were i 8truotar«», eamau sent I it $10,UU0, t was run up odie trial in reral of the fc;4000)for a ar Bill. 'Jo I of the city brihery, and teis are pro- ruuld appear odio oleans- fur the most the civio paiil to the "political id regime of ations waa Aldermen onslnting of d of Aliler- 'esident of on Counsel, the various is undi'r a md holding ater aupply the Ci'uton New York, ality. The >eeii about to meet the $10,000,000 The total urrent year A new eded with lUire. The rebuild in 1803, »nd ture. The I and the !en painted he time of er extend m contains 1 Washing- City Hall orporation 35) among .sbitUtioaii, and of this .?275.000 (£55,000) is to go to the New York Catholic Protectory. The work of waterin;; the streets is let by the Corporation to a Street Sprinkling Association, which levies blackmail on ':hu citizens ill order to recoup itself. Grand Central Depot. Mr Watson reports :— The Grand Central Depot, New York, is a large building in French style. It faces 42nd Street, across Fourth Avenue, and ex- tends along Vanilerbilt Avenue for nearly three blocks. Three railway companies occupy the upper 3toreys for offices, the ground flat being used for ticket offices, waiting, and refreshment rooms. There are twenty-one lines of rails in this station, all covered over. The main roof has 200 feet of a span, niid is 695 feet long. About 250 traiiis leave this station every day, and about the sumo number arrive. With trains arriving I noticed a style of working that is not allowed in this country. Kvery passenger train when coming into the station came in with a run past— that is, uncoupling the engine when running, thus running the engine into one siding, or lye, and the passenger cats into another, guided into platforms with the brakesmen and con- much the Fame way as the air brake pipes are con- nected. Then a steam cock is opene I which blows through the train wht-n on tlie journey, ICven cooking can he done with this apparatus. Gas is used for lighting trains. It U pumped into a reservoir, and compressed to ISO lbs. per srpiaro inch. Then tlie tanks under the cars are charged by pipes leading through the station. This railway has four tiacks of main lines to liiitlalo and two to Chicago. Fast trains complete the journey by their route in twenty hours, six different enginoi being employed tbroUijhout the journey. THE IIOMEWAllI) JOURNEY. THE DELEGArES' I NVKSTKJ ATIONS, (Prom the Dundee Week!;/ Niws of March 24.) The voyage homo of the delegates, writes Mr "Murray, was commenced on Saturday, July 20. They cmljarkcd on the previous evening on the Anchor Line steamer Ancliorin, and auain slept soundly under the Union Jack of Great Hritain. The night's rest, after the proloiignl and somewhat ex- hausting tour of the previous iiiicipally of prosperous artisans and their wives, sisters, and families. Some of these, through hard work and tiie trying climate, had fallen into ill- health, and were hopeful that the ocean trip and til'' bracing air of the old country would restore to ' II their wonted vigour. The greater number, I iver, were making a holiday run across in order to visit the scenes of their youth and those whorn they hiiil left behind there ; and in this connection we could not help remarking how much better off artisans generally are in America than their fellow-tradesmen in Scotland and England, as very few of the latter could spare the time required for sucii a holiday or afford the £25 or £.'iO which it would take at the least to cover it. The world is big, and contains many millions of human beings, but big as it is, and large as iBit< population, the circumstances under which people often meet each other are truly remarkable. Ainorloa is a Rreat country, and contains iipwanls of sixty millions of inhabitants, amongst whom Mr Osier and Jlr Taylor resembled two atoms in a huge mass, but, nevertheless, thi' delegates soon learned from one of thrir fellow-passengers th.it he hail a foitnight previous supped with the two gentlemen named at the house of a mutual frirnd in Kockford, some distance to the westward of Uhicngo. Two of I lie steerage pas- sengers belonged to Dun.lce, and we'c on their way back to the homes which they had left only six weeks before. Misled by a newspaper report, one of them had hurriedly thrown up a good, steady situation in the city, and along with a friend, who was out of employment, set out with a light heart anil full of hope that highly-paid work wm to be easily picked up in America. On arriving in Philadelphia, however, they quickly discovered the mistake into which they had been led. As mentioned in a former report, the country was passing at the time through one of the most severe trade depressions which had been experienced for many years. Money wa.s tooked up, production in every industry was being curtailed, and many thousands of operatives were idle. One of the two succeeded in finding employment in Cramp's Ship- yard, hut it Wiks of such a character that he felt it would be injurious to himself to retain it, and being unable to secure a start anywhere else, he resolved to return to Dundee with his companion, who in his quest for woik had been quite as unsuccessful in the new as in the old country. During the voyage the latter unfortunately aeverely sprained h'.s ankle, and suffered from the injury for months H: /iriimin Krprdifinn tn America. 1G3 •fterwardi. The delegates leonred comfortable ([iiarters adjoining the rooinH of the offioerH of the vessel, and in a very uliorl line felt quite At Home. Captain Campbell pioved himself the very h au ideal of a commander, combining the exccllen; personal qualitioa of frankness ami geniality ut manner, and the caution anil prudence character- istic of Scotclimen, with tl skill and experience of the thoroughly trained navigator. He was a man who lilt only realised but personally iictud up to the Htrious responsibilities ristiiig upon him, as during the many days and ni^lits In wliicli we were enveloped by the dense fog bis solicitude for the safety of his vessel and the paiisengeis would allow bini, although he had the most vigilant of his cr(>>v always on the look out, to take only the least fiosHiblc modicum of rest for liimself, and in day- ight aniilayed by the delegates in these social functiong was quite remarkable, and many of the other pas. sengtrs frequently expressed to them their obi ga- tions in this connection. On the evening of Saturday, August 5, the cabin t«lil>s were clearcl away, and a grand ball was held. The ladv passengers, as a matter of course, all decked them* selves out in tluir smartest flneiy on this occasion, and, although the vessel did give a lurch at times, the dance was mtered into and carried .tit with great spirit by all, ainl proved most successfnl and delightful. Tlie fog lutil now been left a good long distance behind, and during the daytime the move, ments of several sportive whales and dolphins were watched with great interest. On the whole favour* able weather was experienced throughout the voyage, and the progress of the vessel was stoaily and satisfactory. Nhe steamed along at an average speed of about 13 knots an hour, and her daily runs up to noon of the respective da- were ,is follows :— July 30, 30f5 knots ; 'M, 307 ;' August 1, 305 ; 2. 303 ; 3, 314 ; 4. 314 ; 5, 307 ; and tJ, .307. It nuiy be here explained that as we were running eastward against the course of the sun our day now THK ANCHOR LINKU ANCHOUIA. subject being mentioned to him, at once gave special and much appreciated facilitii-s for the conversion of these into "copy" for the printers. With the other otlicers the delegates also soon got on the best of terms. Mr George Douglas, the chief officer, mentioned that bis residence was in Whitehall Street, Dundee, and Mr Gorrie, the second officer, proved to be a cousin of Captain Cununings, of the lona, and likewise hailed from I'ittenwcem. The )ther officers of the steamer were very attentive, and promptly rendered every service in their power, and the dietary on the vessel being varied, as well as plentiful and satisfying, the delegates spent alto- gether a pleasant and amiable time on the Anchoria. Although the writing of their reports necessarily occupied some hours daily, the delegates at other iieriods entered heaitily into the recreations got up lor the purpose of " Killing the Time." A dance or two was usually heartily' engaged in on deck every day, and in the evenings excellent concerts were held in the cabin. Every one of these was mainly arranged by Mr Bennett, and he along with the other delegates contributed most largely of all to the harmony and enjoyment of the consisted of only 23J hours, our watches having to be put half an hour forward eve'y day, instead of the same time back as was the case iw going out in the loiifi. Previous to the last-mentioned run being posted Divine service was, as on the previous Sun- day, conducted in the saloon In '-lie Rev. Philip H. Cole, Shenectady, New York, a which Mr Sinclair, assisted by a cliMr composed of other members of i\\Q W(v}chi Ni II Expedition, led the praise. That evening a coii'eit of sacred music was held, and all retired eaily in the confident expectation that next morning the rug<;eil north-west coast of Ireland would come into sight. Nor was this expectation belied, as about 5 a.m. on Monday, August 7, Mr Miiir, who had been early astir, awakened his brother delegates with the joyful shout, "There's Land Ahead." us warmly congratulated Mr Muir, the All of mining several representative, who, unaccustomed for years to so much continuous daylight and fresh air — to say nothing of the personal troubles which some cxpeiicnce ou a sea trip — had had our most sincere sympathy in bis novel and trying circumstances. Hastily doiming our attire, we rui lioine inan.v yt'iiinln-fuiiMvaH narticulaily alTfctoiI, ami \w was Ijuanl to exclaim, America is H line country, but Iruliunl is a Ijettt-r," witli whicii Mi'ntiraeiit many of liirt Rom|>aniun!t in Hiniilar cir- cumstanceM expressed conlial concurrence. Early in tlie forenoon we came to Torry It>IanI the tide had been on the ebb for sometime. There was therefore nothing for it but to drop anchor for the night, and submit to be operated on by the search lights of the new Atlantic steamer Lucania — the sister ship of the Campania, which we had passed in New York ]}ay — and which waa carrying out some experiments previous to proceeding to Liverpool in order to load for her maiden voyage. The Expedition Breaks Up— Its Mission Accomplished. At six o'clock on the morning of Tuesday, August 8, the voyage was resumed, and two hours later, after the delegates had had some experience of the unsavoury condition of the Clyde, the Anchoria was made fast to the Anchor Line Wlinrf at the ISroomielaw, and her passengers disembarked. On lauding, the delegates weie welcomed back to Scotland by Mr Andei^on, of the Weekly News. The Customs oHioets in tlm course of their daty made the usual inspection of their baggage, am) then the party, its mission ful- filled, broke up with, on all hands, hearty expres- sions of lifelong friendship, ami of hopes that all would be spared to meet again at some future time and recall to their minds their trip to America, and their varied anose of the Expedition. THE DELEGATES SUM UP. A CO.MBINED llEPOUT. WA(JE8 JN AMERICA. THE HOURS OF LABOUR. HOUSE RENTS AND TAXES. STANDARD OF LIVING. COST OF CLOTHING. WHAT WORKMi'lN CAN SAVE. In summing up our reports we would mention, as the result of the investigations which we made amongst the artisan and industrial classes in the various cities which we visited, thiit labour gener- ally is remunerated at about double the rates paid in the old couiitrv. In some branches of the iron and steel trade the wages are only about one-half more than those ruling at home, but in the textile and in some branches of other industries the opera- tives receive about three times what they would do in Great Britain. Weekly Wages are the exception, artisans in most oases being paid fortiiigliLly aiier lb. The working people in America keep themselves Always Well Clothed. Cotton goods and shoes are about as cheap as those at home, but the latter, it is stated, don't wear more than a few weeks. All woollen and wor^teil clothing cost, on account of the duties leviable, double the sum for which it could be procured in Great Britain. Medical attendance is very ex- f)ensive in America, running from $1 (4s) to .^.5 £1) per visit. Artisans, if they have steady work and are provident, can usually save about double what they would be able to do in Scotland or Kiigland, althougli it must be borne in mind that money in America lias, comparatively speaking, a much lower purchasing value. Married people, in particular, find it very expensive, although educa- tion is free, to bring up a family ; and this is probably the rea.son why the native-born Americans have, as a rule, so very few children. The Savings of the Artisan Class are generally invested with building societies, nr in the purchase of homes for them- selves. I^cal transportation by electric, cable, or other cars is remarkably cheap in all the large cities, as one can travel several miles for a nickel (2Jd) ; hut the quality of water supplied in every place visited was sucli as would not be tolerated in the smallest village in Scotland or England. The conditions of labour in America are certainly much more taxing on the system than tliose of the old country. The extremes of tem- perature are much greater, langing in some dis- tricts from 15 to 20 degrees below zero in winter to aliout 100 Fahrenheit in July and August. During these months many kinds of Work have often to be stopped owing to The Excessive Heat, and in practically every industrial establishment a lara;e supply of ioed-water is kept f or drinkingpurpoies and charged for usually at the rate of 5 or 10 cents per week. 'i'he delegates considered it very re- maikaldi- that during the whole of their tour tliey saw scarcely a single elderly man engaged in any kind of occupation, but they were intormed tliat such were to be found in soldier.i' homes. They met, however, many young and middle-aged men who had once been vigorous and active, but who had lost tlieir health. It must al^o be noted that in almost every establishment visited Scotchmen were found, and these, too, by the way, liollmg, as a rule, positions of cousideiable trust and re- sponsibility, who iiivariably stated tliat, although in some cases they did not take to American ways at first, they would never again, if they could help it, work in the old country. We also desire to acknowledge the very friendly feeling witli wliich we weie everywhere met, and the extreme readi- ness shown by employers and workmen to supply ua with hll the information which we desired. (Signed) Ebknkzku Bhnnkti'. Thomas Looan. HOBKIIT A. MriR. ROBKIIT Ulnlop. David Bkown. MuNGo Smith. John .Sinclaiii. Dwin G. Watson. W'li-LiAM Smith. A Word of Thanks. The following report was drawn up by the Dele- gates immediately on their arrival home : — " We, the undersigned members of the Artisan Expedi- tion to America and the World's Fair at Chicago, take this opportunity of thanking those readers of the Weekly News who, by recording their votes in our favour, maile us the successful candidates. But to Messrs Thomson, with whom the scheme originated and by whom it has lieen so successfully carried through, we reserve our special thanks, !^eeing they have spared neither trouble nor ex- pense in making all the arrangements and provid- ing us with every comfort for the long journeys by land and sea, and from which we have derived much benefit and instruction. We would also con- gratulate them in having secured the services of Mr Murray as conductor of tlie tour, because of his genial disposition and thoughtfulness in the various circumstances in which we were placed." — Your obedient servants, RonEitT A. Muin. William Smith. John sinclaih. mungo ^sm1th. ROBKHT DtlNLOP. Ebkngzrr Be.vkktt. David G. Watson. David Brown. Thomas Looan. The Conductor's Testimony- Having completed my own contribution to the reports, I felt that I could not lay down my pen without bearing testimony to the manner in which the members composing the Expedition pursued their investigations in America. Previous to the organisation of the Expedition, the whole of the delegates were, with one single exception, quite vin- known to me, but after my experience I can honestly say that had I been acquainted with them my surprise would have been exceedingly great if the popular vote had resulted in the non-election of any one of them. Each one seemed to realise instinctively, and at once, what information was required in the case of every separate investiga- tion, and all of them, sometimes under very un- propitious climatic conditions, pursued their Pf""0 i l(?fi Dundee Cmnifr and DnmJi'f Wci'hhi Ni'ira inqiiiiies with a zeal, a diligenoe, and a thorough- iii'itH, which left nothing to be ilesirej. The area which they hsd to cover in a limited time extended to several thousands of miles, and the Rcopo of tlie Kxpedition was admittedly large ; but the dele- Kates appreciated to the full extent the importance of tiie trust which had been committed to them by their fellow-workmen in this country, and the.se, I am aure, will nuw concur with me when I say that it could have rested in the hands of no more woitliy reprosentatives. Our personal relations throughout the tour were of the most amioable character. Nothing occurred to mar the harmony of the trip, and the solo aim and desire of one and all was to make the Expedition as great a success as possible. In might, indeed, be said that wo met each other as strangers, wrought together after- wards like the beat of friendi*, and parted sharing the feelings of brothers. The ready and generous assistance tendered ma by the delegates made my own work comparatively light, but there are other gentlemen to whom I must express my personal indebtedness, and whuau kind otHces in tliu way, more particularly of direo- tion and supplying letters of introduction— both of infinite value in a count.y which was a perfect terra incoijnita to all of us— contributed largely towards the successful carrying out of the object of tlie Expedition. These were Mr Mnolonald, Anchor Line agent, Uhioatjo ; ftir H. 0. Torrimco (formerly of Glasgow), Pittsburg ; and Messrs William Low, Harry Clialmers, A. .and W. Logic, and James Rattray, all previously of Dundee, now of New York, Jamks ftluiiUAV, Conductor. (Frotn tht Wallij News of Saturdai/, March 34th, 1S94.) DUE DELEGATES' IMPRESSIONS OF AMERICA. This week we publish a aunimiiry of the investigations made by the artiaaii portion of tile Weehiij A'eivs Kxpedition to America. In h joint report the delegates present the conclisions they have arrived at as the result of their visits to the great centres of industry in Canada and the United States. It was their privilege to have access to all kinds of workshops and factories ; they gleaned information at first hand from the wage-earners and from the employers as well relative to the con- ditions of labour ; they had opportunities of seeiitg for themselves what home com- forts were within the reach of tiiu industrial classes ; and the reports that have appeared in our columns from week to week have shown that they were quite capable of dis- tinguishing between what are the blessings and what the drawbacks in the lot of the American workman. Coming now to sum up their impressions, the reader canno*. fail *^o be interested in the combined repor*^ in which they give a general view of the coud'.tions of artisan lite in America. In tlie tirst respect, with regard to the remuneration of labour, it is found that the rate of wages is as a rule nearly double what is paid in this country. On the other hand, the .Xmorican wago- tarner has to work longer and much harder, while in very few instances is the Saturday half-holiday enjoyed. While wages in the building trades rule high there is a counteracting disadvantage of several montiis' enforced idleness every year. The workman often pays nearly three times as much for house rent as his fellow-tradesmen at home ; but the faot that the wage-earner in America is able to st&vj more money than is tiie general experi- ence on this side of the Atlantic is privod by the gnat number of artisans who own their dwellings, by the superior style in which their houses are f urinsheu, i iid by the high standard of living almost universally pre- vailing. Clothing is very expensive and the cost of medical attendance very high, but as a set off to that "o are told that the cost of travelling by the cars is surprisingly cheap. Climatic conditions are also taken into account in considering the circumstances of the worker, for the extreniesof temperature from wliich we in this country are exempt njakes labv on the banks of the (ianges— (applause) — and I am sure you all join with ine in wishing them a haiipy tour and a safe return to their native land. (' Heni, hear," and applause.) One of my great pieasuies to-night is to see with us eleven out of the twelve artisans who last summer crossed the Atlantic to inquire into the ccniditions of the working people in America. (Applause.) I'^iough has been said about the success of tliat Kxpeditioii without any more words of mine. You are all as well aware to day as I am, and, as you know from the summary which appears in this week's paper, the delegates have now come to the end of their labours. They have done their duty nobly, and I take this oppor- tunity, with thu approval of tho committee, to pre- .scnt to each of them a little gold badge as a memento of the great undertaking they carried out anil carried out so successfully. (.Applause.) The (Mi.iirman then called on Mrs Frederick Thomson to present the medals, the delegates being all enthusiastically cheered as they received the gifts. Mr Thomson then said he wa sure nil present would join with him in wishing that the delegates would be long spared to carry the mementoes they had just received, (fioud applause.) The medals, whicli were of the most artistic de- sign, and were supplied by Mr .fames liamsay, High Street, Dundee, bore the names of the respec- tive delegntes on the one siile, and on the other the fioriU -"Duu'ife Wifkly Nnrst Artisan Expedition to America, l.S'.t;t." Mr SiNCLAiii, one of the members of the Artisan Kxpeditici., At a lali r stage addressed the gather- ing. He said— It is just about twelve months sirne i-r If i ^^ ■ ■'< ^■- IfiS Dundff Courier and Dundee Wceliif Neva I flrRt entered into correspondence witli the pro- prii'tora of the Dundee Weekly News, and I am sure each of the delegates thi.-i afternoon returns to you, .sir, hiM must sincere thanks for your kind invitation to such a sociable and enjoyable meeting as this. (Loud applause.) When one look.s round this auiliencn and sees tlie contentment which every employe seetiis to have it gives him the feeling that not only lind the artisans been treated with kindne.ss and ctuusidcration at the hands of the proprietors of the Dundee Courier and Duwlee Weekly News, but that their employos are treated in a Nimiiar manner. {Applause.) I have, thex-- fore, in name of tiie delegates, now to return to you our most sincere thanks for those very handsome and valuable gifts wli'idi you have generously given to us on this occasion. (Applause.) While we live tliey virill be cherished as something that we will always be proud to look upon, and they will bring to our recollection many of the hallowed and sacred memories that v/e will ever have regarding our Kxpeditiviii to America. Let me here say, if I am not taking up to') much time, that the day we started away from our own land until the day we arrived back again in Scotland every attention, every kindness was extended to u.s, and everything was done for the Comfort and for ^lie convenience of the delegates who went to report on life across the water. ("Hear, hear," and applause,) I do not know whether we <1id our duty or not, but it is very gratifying to hear the a Imirable words addre.ssed to us as to the satisfnntion the IMessrs Thon.son have had in the work we have roposes. I do not tliitik we should forget this afternoon those who are far away in distant lands of the world, those two sisters wlio have gone away a long and important jcnirney. We sincerely desire and pray that they may re'urn safe back again. The articles they will furnish will, we are sure, prove both interesting and instructive. lam glad to hear of the progress the Weekly News is making, and it is the desire of every del giite and of every well-thinking citizen of the country that the paper may long live and continue to prosper, so that it may be a blessing anil a boon to many in the days to come as it has been in days past and gone. (Api :'ause.) We all feel deeply grateful for these hand.scnuc gifts you have given us, and we will take care of ihem as long as we live. After we aio dead and gone they will be heirlooms in our families, and perhaps they will be sources of ilispute amongst those who are left behind — (laughter)— but they will remain to tell Where wo have been, and by whose generosity we were able to go so far. (lioud applause.) A programme of utiusual excellence was success- fully carried through in the course of the evening. T!ie orchestral selections of Scotch and English airs by the Misses David p-, were exc^cuted in such a masterly an I fini^he' manner autocall forth the honrtie-it plaudits oic the large auilience, Mr I). (iuve ifave a flue rendering of the "ISedouin Love Song," and at a later stage he was equally success- ful in his singing of " The Longshoreman." The songs " ]iy the Fountain" and "Come Back to Erin " were contributed by Miss Booth in a sympathetic manner, aiui Miss Davidson's spirited rendering of "The Jirier I'.ush " was warmly received. Mr George Hutchison, a well-known favourite, sang Sullivan's " In Days of Old " with characteristic effect, and the song " Once Again," by the same compo, r, was admirably evecuted by Mr W. Fisher. 'J"he ability of Miss Aggie Davidson as a ])iccolo player wn:, fully demonstratid by the accomplished tnanner in which she rendered the solo entitled "Silver Birds.'' A pleasing variety wns given to the jtrogiainme by a reading, "The Short Oown Ball," by MrJ. S. Neish. The piece, which was specially written for the (Christmas numl)er of the Duiuhe Weekly Nrir^ by Mr Neisli, is brimful of Scotcl humour, and the amusing incidents related were si)leiulidly hit off by the autiior. One of the features of the piogramme was the appearance of Mr Allister J. Fraser, whose humorous songs were greeted with rounds of well- merited applause. Mr Fraser had on two occasions to respond to enthusiastic encores. Tlie accompani- ment* to the singers were eCiciently played by Mr Edward B. Uutcheon. Mr .1. Mitchell, at the close of the programme, said — I have two requests to make. The first is that you will show your appreciation of th ■ excel- lent programme of songs, readings, and instru- mental music tlint we have enjoyed. I ,-im Kure you all feel greatly indebted to the ladies and gentlemen who have performed, for the readiness with which they have respondeil to the encores, and fur the able manner in which they have sus- tained tlie programme. (Applaus'.) The second reipiest is that yoi; will render a hearty vote of thanks to the gentleman who has presideil over ns so very amiably this afternoon. (Applause.) In his opening address Mr Thcunson said that for eight years he had been actively associated with the Weekly News and lam sure you will agree with me in this, that they have been rendered eight years of unalloyed pleasure through the kind forethought ami generosity manifested by Messrs l.^.ivid and Frederick Thomson. (Loud ai)plaiise.) There arc, I am sure, no better employers in tl.e city, and con- setjuently the eight years have been like so many nujoths. (lleneweJ applause.) We have, as Jlr Thomson said, increased very much in uumbci during tint period. As a matter of fact, the proprietors have had to find for us a new liome. (Applause). I don't think I am telling a great secret when I say that they have done more than tlus, and that one of them has been looking for a new home for himself, 1 have to ask you then to give him a specially hearty cheer. (Loud applause.) Mr THOM.SON briefly acknowledged the compli- ment. At the conclusion of the festival the floor wa-i cleared for dancing, which was engaged in with great enthusiasm till a lato hour. Excellent music was (liBCOursed by ftlr C. Stuart's quadrille band, and Messrs W. I'atteisun and T. i'unaldsun were efficient tluormasterg. FAliMING IN NORTH AMERICA. SPECIAL INQDIRY BY THE " DUNDEE COURIER." GREAT UNDERTAKING. .A. 12,000 iS^IHiES JOTJIRIlSrEl^S", MR. ANDREW OSLER, FARMER, KIN'iVRIE, KIRRIEMUIR, APPOINTED THE DUNDEE COURIER'S SPECIAL COMMISSIONER. (From the Dundee Courier of June iiUli.) It gives UH muoli jileaaure to announco that we have made arrangemeato for carrying out one of tiie greatest iniHsioin ever undertaken by British journal- iHin. This is the thorough investigation by a prac- tical Forfarshire farmer of the conditions of agri- culture in Canada and the United States, The purpose is one wliich we doubt not will interest all sections of the .Scottish people. So largo a i)r<)- portion of the food 8U|iplies of this country como.s from Canada and the Statis that tlie prices natui ally fluctuate in sympathy with the vicissitudes ex- perienced ou the other side uf the Atlantic. British farmers especially are interested in these fluctua- tions, for upon them depend, to a considerable extent, the prices they are likuly to get for the pro- duce of tlair land. It is necessary, too, that FAUMKllS ON THl.S SIDE should be made Tamiliar not only with the quality of Canadian and American land and the oliniatic intluencos, but also with the methods of cultivati.m adopted in the Dominion and the great Uepublic. Already American implements of various kinds are u.>-ed in (ireat Biitain, and it is, therefore, ail the more desirable that, on behalf of the agricultural classes of this country, the whole subject of American land culture should be caiefully investi- gated. Other anil still moie iniiiortant objects of such an examination will leiulily suggest th'-mselves. Vealthy landowners, unable to find an outlet for their capital in this country, often rcsart to the United States fui investment purposes, and it is essential that these should be made aware of the circumstances of the country in which their money is placed. Then agriculturists wlio have only a very small amount of money at their comm.ind some- times find it nece.-sary to eminrate to Ameiica or tilt! Colonies. For iheni, as well as for fiirrn servants of all classes, the informaticui that will now be given in the columns of the (7uuricr will have inilKMISTlBLK ATTU.iOTlON.S. It is exjiected that we will bo -nabled to put before our readers a description of the ..^ricultural con- ditions of Ciinada and the United States, which will be absolutely reliable in its details, and will be invaluable as a guide to many thousands who for some reason or other are interested in the present condition and future prospects of these countries. The ('omniiNsioniT who has been chosen is 2^5& MK ANDREW OSLKIi, FAKMKK, KINTTHIB, near Kirriemuir, Mr Osier, we need hardly ;my, is a thoroughly trained agriculturist. He has farmed Kintyrie since ]8()5, and his father was for many years tenant of the farm of Meams, on the Kin- nordy estate. In addition to engaging in agri- cultural pursuits, he has led a most useful public life, being for several years a member of Kirriemuir Parochial Board. In 1878 he was returned as a trustee of Kirriemuir parish. He was also returned at the top of the pull at the Kirrii muir School Board election in i8H2. He is, however, best known in the district ns secretary of the Kirrie- muir Agricultural Association, to which Society ho has acted as secretary for fifteen years. Mr Osier will acoomiiany the Weekly News Expedition of artisans in its visits to Chicago, Montreal, Toronto, Niagara, and other placi>s. Ultimately, however, ho will leave the Expedition, and will proceed on a journey of investigation, which will take him first from the shores of Ijike Michigan to the grtiat flour milling contri', Minneapolis. 'I hence he will i)rooeed through the States of Minnesota and North Dakota to WinniiK'g, the capital of Manitoba. Passing through the Province of Manitoba, he will reach Assiniboia, the Central Provnioe of the North- West, Subsequently he will pass through the Province of Albeita, and get into British Columbia, his fin.il ch'sllnation being Vanoouvor. In this wAy Ut Oslor will actually have Hji"" Farming in North America. THAVBRSKn THE WHOLE CONTINENT from the Atlantic right on to the sliorea of the Pacific Ocean. The journey from AVinnipeg to Vancouver and back will be by the Canadian Pacific Railway. His return will be by a different route from Winnipeg, for, instead of going home by North Dakota, he will go right through Manitoba into Ontario, and thence to Ottawa and Montreal. The vast importance of this tour cannot possibly be exaggerated. North-West Canada, as everybody knows, is one of the finest -jf the wheat-growing districts of the world. Its GREAT FKUTIIiE BELT has no enual for the raising of wheat, barley, rye, and oats, roots and grasses, butter and cheese, and for the price of its products and the cheapness of transportation. By the Canadian Government large portions of the North-West Territories are offered free to those who will settle upon them. Millions of acres of land are actually offered at from 10s per acre upwards with long credit. Along the foothills of the Rockies, beyond the strictly agricultural lands, large tracts of unoccupied grazing land remain to be taken up either by settlement or purchase for ranching purposes. British Columbia is said to possess marvellous timber, mineral, and fishing interests, which have only begun to shoiw their possibilities. It has also extensive and beauti- ful valleys, admirably adapted for fruit-growing, grain-raising, and stock-breeding. Manitoba, with its ridge of black, loamy soil, is well favoured by nature. Aasiniboia, the central province of the North-West, contains the largest unbroken tract of wheat-growing land to be found on the American Continent. Alberta, which is situated immediately east of the Rocky Mountains, covers 12(1,000 square miles, and thousands of cattle are sold from its UifToreiit ranches. Ontario has recently been brought into agricultural prominence by the labours of the Agricultural College which has been estab- lished in the province, and Mr Osier will have an opportunity for thoroughly examining that institu- tion. Altogether MB OiiLEB WILL TRAVEL, from the time he leaves this cauntry until his return, a distance of no fewer than 12,000 miles, and will have made himself familiar with the most wonderful of the American prairies and cultivated territories. His letters, which will appear in thf. Courier, will therefore be well worthy of perusal by agriculturists of all classes in Scotland. to show 1(1 benuti- •growing, oba, witli oured by e of tlie n tract of (Vmerioan nediatuly 00 square from ita tly been le labour.'] sen estab- have an t in^titu- until hi.H BO miles, tlie moHt ultivated »r in the f perusal REPORTS OK THE DUNDEE COURIER'S SPECIAL AGRICULTURAL COMMISSIONER TO NORTH AMERICA. MR OSLER IN CANADA. DESCRIPTION OF STOCKYARDS. APPEARANCES OF CROPS. AN INTERESTING I.ETTER. {From the Dundee Courier of Jul)/ 25th.) Mr Andrew Osier, Kintyrie, wlio has been speci- ally oommiasioned by the Dundee Courier to investigate the agricultural conditions of North America, writes as follows : — We left Middlesbrough on the morning of Sun- day, 25th June, (rt one o'cloc'f a.m., sailed round the north of Scotland, passing through the Pent- land Firth. We had a good view of John O'Groats and Cape Wrath on oui left, and the Orkney Islands on our right, the last we saw of Scotland being the Butt of Lewis, which we left behind ur in the mist about two o'clock on Monday afternoon. We had a good passage cjross the Atlantic, old Father Neptune just shaking his fist sufhcientiy in our face to let us know that he can frown as well as smile. I went on deck at six o'clock oi the morning of Sunday, 2d July, and looming behind was a perfect field of icebergs, I had the first view of American soil, this being 5} dcys that wo were of steaming between land luid land. Alter passing througi) the Straits of Belle Isle, we came very near the Hhores of I^abrador on the rigiit, and New- foundland on the left. At tills stage the weather was as cold as it has ever been in Scotland all winter, and I must say that the "shores of Ameriky " presented a very forbidding aspect. Snow lay in patches large and deep. The scanty herbage had not yet begun to grow green, but was brown and withered. The land was a continued congeries of mountain, rising precipitous from tlie very edge of tiie water. Scranky ill-grown pines covered the heights, a few scattered cottages occupied by fishermen were to be seen along the siiore, witii not a patcii of culti- vated soil in their vicinity, tlie whole district appearing like a howling wilderness incapable of yiehling suHtenanco to either man or beast, and this state of matters continued until we reached Father Point, a distance of 570 miles inland. At Father Point the hills begin to lie farther back from the river, leaving a margin of what appears to be fairly goo 1 arable land, and this margin con- tinuing to widen as we got up, by the time we reached Montreal, a distance of 3(10 miles from Father Point, there is betwtou St Lawrence and the mountains on both sides fertile slopes of from one to four miles in breadth. T'.ils ditttilct Is very densely inhabited, the people being what arc called French Canadians, speaking the French language A Peculiar People. Thick rows of cottages resembling a cuntinuoiis village line the banks of the river on each side, large churches being placed at regular intervals of about three miles. Further inland every here and there are clusters of hou.ies which could almost be called villages. The inhabitants have brought with them and retained their French habits and customs. The farms are very small, being what we would call crofts, and are curiously laid out in narrow strips from the river's edge back to the mountains, the common size and shape being 108 feet broad, and as much length up the mountain as the lie of the lar.d will admit of— oftentimes two miles. The pedple are a most primitive race. Their manners and cultivatlo:i seem not to have made any advance- ment since the arrival of their forefathers. Their resources are limited, and thoir Incomes small, out by frugality and thrift their expenditure is less, and accordingly they get ends to meet, and have some- thing over. They tan their own leather, and make their own shoes, spin their own wool, weave their own cloth, and make their own clothes ; and as the men are mostly engaged in fishing, the wife is the boss of the farming department, and I am told she may often be seen between the stilts of the plough, with a horse and the cow harnessed together. The cultivation Is very poor, yet in spite of adverse cir- cumstances their farms are mostly all freehold. Approaching Montreal we had a good view of some fair-sized herdi of cattle, horses, sheep, and plg;s all grazing together, I put the powerful ship's telescope upon thorn, and had them, as it were, at my feet. The cattle are small, narrow, and scrubby, very thin in condition, and even although tlio} were made fat they could not be worth much. They appear to me to be of the Brittany breed, most likely the descendants of cattle brought from France by the predecess(ir.i of the inhabita- The horses are what at home we call sb-'ti, ,nd by no means the bo.st of sorts. They will run from H:J to 15 hands iiigh, flat in the rib, and have an ungainly droop from the rump to the tail, narrow hammed, and long thighcd, making them what is known at home as dog-houghed. The sheep are big, but of a nondescript breed which I cannot make out, but resembling sheep in the old country having two strains of Leicester and one stiain of blackfaced. They could be fed to good weight!'. The pigs are very well bred, mostly of the Berkshiie breed, which a little extra feeding would make excellent porkers. Nothing is given to them out of hands, they beiuj allowed to gather their food In the fields witli the cattle. The houses arc all made of wood, and joint stock portable nawmllls driven by horse power aie common. No farms are let on lease, but many are for sale. I could not get at the price of land, but learned 'hat few labourers are cii){aged. Any who are hire'' '^re paid £3 per mouth with food and ration!' . I>> ' a- ^ only kept on during spring and harves , V.cy have, however, no difficulty in getting V. I ik at/ ii rabering, that being an extensive industry >. tiio iisti'lct, timber being extra abun- dant. fm I Reports of the Duridee Courier's The St Lawrence. Perhaps no 6ner scenery exists in any part of the world than thnt which i8 to be seen in Hailing up the noble St Lawrence, and to thoiie who have the time and the money to spare no more enjoyable trip could be obtained than a visit to Montreal and back. Since passing the first poiiit of Canadian land we have steamed inland fully one thousand miles, a distance equal to the length of (5reat Britain, and even yet we have only reached that point which is known as the Gates of the West. On the afternoon of Thursday, (itii July, wc com- pleteil the first stage of our juurney by steaming into the Messrs Thomson's Wharf at Montreal Harbour about four o'clock in the afternoon American time, but nine o'clock in the evening Lome time. After being welcomeil by Mr Frederick Thomson, one of the proprietors of the Dundee Courier, who was in waiting for us, we had a drive through .some of the places of interest in the town, visiting amongst others the extensive work;shops of the Canadian Pacific Elailway Company, and went back in the evening to the lona, where we had tea, and bade goodbye to Captain Cummings and the other officers, returning them our best thanks fur the unbounded kindness and attention tliey had shown to the Expedition on the voyage out. At nine o'clock p.m. we took train tor Turonto, a distance of 350 miles, which we reacheil at sevm o'clock next morning. 13eing dark nearly the whole way I had not an opportunity of forming an opinion of the state of cultivation, but after the break of day I was much struck with the great and laborious efforts which have been made to reclaim the soil. Originally this district had been a continuous forest of natural timber of great size, and on cutting it down about three feet of tlie lower end of the trees have been left, which is meant to act as a lever in unearthing the roots after thoy have under- gone a certain proce.ss of decay, and these blackened stumps sticking up from amongst the growing crops of corn had rather a staitling appearance. Tlie farms are sub-divided by fences. In well-wooded disti icts, where timber is still abundant, a four or six rail zigzag or snake fence is common. The heavy roughly split rails are laid one over the other, and although without jiosts this zigzag fence is strong, and iiolds back all kinds of live stock, even pigs. Montreal. On arrival at Montreal Mr Taylor and I visited the extensive agricidtiiral implement workshop of Messrs Massey, Harris, & Co/, where wo were well received by the business man.\ger, Mr Shen- stone, who gave us a great deal of information about country affairs generally, and sh.nved us throUtth the works. All kinds of farm implements are manufactured here, a speciality bting made of sheaf -binding reaping maoliines. The fiim employ in theit workshops at Toronto, Brantturil, and Woodstock upwards of 1300 workmen, besides a countless staff of clerks and agents thrniigliout nil I parts of the world. On an average they put out 30 ' binding machines daily all tlu' year riuind, the I value of their output amounting to .?4.()i>0,000 annually. Only the very best of material is used, the number of steam driver apjdiances for perfect- ing various p.irts of the machine bi'lug h gion. A systi'm of thorough division of labour is practised, eauh man working at the samy job all the year round, so that neatness and uniformity of fitting is ensiireil. Kaoh piece as it is taken off the work- man's h«no-.tion to judge of that as I come home, st-eing 1 mend to sp.iid a few days amongst „he farmer!- .n that provinci'. Fruitgrowing is 'ting largely ^nne into, and we Could see hundreds of acres of nt »ly-pl»iitcd apple trees, in which grain crops were being grown be- tween. The appearance of thousands of otherwise nicely laid out tiulds is blurred by the roots or stumps of enormous trees sticking up from amongst the crops. How a reaping macnine can be success- fully wrought amongst these obstnoles is a ditheult problem. Thousands upon thousands of KOies»u' ft unreclaimed, but we Baw no 8i|i]^ of new iMid ■cing broken up. Crossing the Line. At Pelroit we crossed the line which divides C^n»d» from the United States, and had not pro- ceeded far when we were startled to observe the Sunday being desecrated by men working on the fiolils. To the eye, the State of Oliio has a lovely appearance, extensive plains interspersed with clumps of wood and natural plantations, which have sprung up after the cutting down of the timber with which it was originally covered ; largo and handsome farm houses, and commodious out- houses, made of dressed wood and painted, are everywhere found. The fields are small, and divided into squares and oblongs by zigzag or snake fences, and judging by the lie of the land no fairer view could meet the eye of an agricultural traveller, but turning to the crops we observe something wrong there. The wheat harvest is in full swing botn in Ohio and Indiana. Self-binding reaping machines have been at work, which have been set very high, the farmers here pitting no value upon the straw, and horrid work has leen effected. In fact it requires a second look at tho stubble to make sure whether the field has been reaped or not. Amerioan Crops. The crop is not .above a third of what would be reckoned a fair yield in Scotland. At a roalendid crop, and mostly all in tiie cole. A great many fields are in a crop of red clover without any intermixture of grasses. These are well-grown and heavy, and, as they are not commenceil to be cut, wo apprehend they are to be s) cded. Oats are in large quantities, but crops are iioor. A few fields of lint are to be seen, not good. 1 saw no barley, potatoes, or turnips. To- bacco is common, but this is a late crop, and it is much too early to speculate upon probabilities. Largo areas of the States are in swamps or slows, which are of no use. About 25 per cent, of the fields are interspersed thickly with blackened stumps of trees, stern witnesses of the primeval forests, and proof of tho extr.W8, averaging from ten to twenty, are ui)oii limost every farm. (We have not yet reached Mhj rancl'os.) These seem to be of a cross Ktwecu thoAvsMre and shorthorn breed, not so good as '.lie Cana imn breeds. Horses are of the li»{ht-legi,'eil hreeil, not so 'leavy perhaps, but nppearmg betti r bred than tht; Canadian horses. Few sheep are lo bo seen, Herds of pigs, heavy and vnll bred, are grazing in the fields. It will be obsmvedthat so far as 1 have seen, with the ex- ception of the Outarion cattle, I have seen unthiug to admire about America. It wonl.l be invidious of me fi-'un a mere bird's eye view off the. train to jump to conclusionK as to the cause of the unfavour- ab'p appearance of tho crops. I apprehend, how- ever, that tlio climate of the States is too hot and forcing for tho successful growth of ordinary farm giops. It is, however, well adapted for fruit-grow- ing, which has been largely taken advantage of. Fruit oiohards . .vist on almost every farm, apples and peaehes lemg the main crop. Grapes also grow well, and are very profitable, and large vineries are being planted in favourable districts. Rpporfs of the Dundee Courier^ MR OSLER IN CHICAGO. THE AGRICULTURAL EXHIBITS. DAIRY BUILDINGS DESCRIBED. INTERESTING PARTICULARS. (Prom the Dundee Courier 0/ Anijml 1.) Mr Anilri'w O.-lcr, Kiiityrie, the Courier's Special Cominiasionor to Noi tli America, writes as follows from Chicago : — On the inoriiin^ of Tuesday, 11th July, I pro- ceeded to the Dairy Buildin<;s, situated near the extreme south of the Exposition. In cool, dark cases, sitting amongst ice, were plenty of cheeses wrapped in cloths, and jars of cured butter. There were also several large cases of ornamented butter, which had n very pntty and most unique appear- ance. Large bouquets of (lowers, such as roses, lilies of the valley, dahlias, &c., appeared in some, while festoons of grapes, cherries, and other luscious fruits were represented by others. One large case, 4 feet by 4 feet, exhibited by JIrs Dowell, Minneapolis, attracted much attention, and was by far and away the best case of ornamental butter in the show. Advice to Ladies. Should this happen to meet the eye of any of my lady friends in the old country who at the local ■hows exhibit ornamented butter, I would atlvise them to have made a wooden ca^e of sufficient size to hold their exhibits, with a glass lid. Fill the case with ice, leaving just sufficient room to hold the exhibits. Put m a shaded place in the show, »nd their productions will keep firm and in good khape for weeks instead of days. There is a daily demonstration of butter-making made in the Dairy Hall every day. This daily demonstration ia meant as an object lesson to interested parties attending the Fair, the operation being at the same time carried on as part of a series of trials of breeds of dairy cows now being conducted under the auspices of the "World's Columbian Exposition. The breeds com|)eting are the Jerseys, Guernseys, and short- horn breels, each breed being represented by 25 registered cows. Each cow is charged daily with the amount of food slie consumes, and credited daily with her proportion of the amo nt of cheese, butter, and bye products, such as whey, skim milk, and butter milk, produced by the breed to which she belongs, the details of the test being in charge of a Special Committee appointed for the purpose. The awards will be given in each case to the cows and breed showing the greatest profit. The Tests. The following is a scheme of the tests :— May II to 23 inclusive— Cheese test, all pro- ducts credited. May 31 to August 28— Butter test, all products credited. August 29 to September 27 — Butter test, only butter credited. Sfptember 28 to October 27— B'ltter test of young herds, all prdduots crcditcil. The cows were selected by the respective Cattle Associations of America. The World's Columbian Exposition supplies the food, charging against each cow the value of food she consumes, and crediting her with the value of her products, incluiling the increa»« or decrease of live weiglit. The cows arc milked three times a duy. Food is supplieil at the following rate at the requisition of the represent! • tive of each breed ;■ -Timothy hay, No. i UbIjmiiI, $12 (£2 8h) per ton of 20O7 lbs, ; clover, Ijll {kiiti), hay, piairic, $10 (t;2) ; corn meal, $22 (£4 8s): cottonseed meal, ><'2i\ (£."> 4s); linseed meal, $22 (V4 8s) ; oats. .?23 (£4 12) ; middlings, $13 (£2 1'-'s) ; bran, $12.,50 (£2 lOs) ; silage, .'34 (168): erano gluten, $l4.7r) (£2 IDs) ; cream gluten meal, $17.50 (£3 10) ; corn hearts, $1,3.50 (£2 14s) ; green feed, &c., at cost prices. The Committee in charge of each breed will choose the foods, and resolve the qtiantities to be given to each cow. Butter Competition. It is arranged that the amount of butter to be credited to each breed daily shall be computed upon the result of a basis of 80 per cent, butter fat, the actual number of pounds of butter produced being multiplied by the percentage of fat found, expressed as a whole number, and divided by 80, i.e., P' lbs. of butter containing 83 per cent of fat, 50 X « .-80-^51 -875 iSs. of butter, with 80 per cent, buttti fat. The jury v ill judge such butter upon the following scale of points : — Flavour, 55 ; grain, 25 ; solidity, 10; colour, 10— total, 100; and it will be valucii on the following scale, viz., butter scaling from 75 to 80 points shall be credited at 25 cents p»r lb., froir 80 to 85 points at 30 cents, from 85 to 90 points at 35 cents, from 90 to 95 points at 40 cents, and. from 95 to 100 points at 45 cents. The increase 01 decrea.se in live weight will be credited or debited at -i.^ <^ents per lb. Whey will be credited at 8 cents per 100 lbs. Cheese. Cheese shall be stored daily under the seal of the Committee of Tests, and when ripe will be judged by the jury by the following scale of points : — Flavour, 55 ; texture, 25 ; keeping quality, 15 ; colour, 5— t ital, 100. Cheese icaling from 75 to 80 point-i will be credited at 8 cents (4d) per lb. ; from 80 to 85 points, 10 cents (5d) ; from 85 to 90. at 12 cents (6d) ; from 90 to 95, at 14 cents (7d) ; from 95 to 100, at IG cents (8d). It will be seen that the trial is to be very se-'rching and exhaustive, its object being to find out --ind determine what breed of cows are the most profitable to keep for dairy purposes. The cows are kept in byres in the Fair, not open to the general public. I, however, presented myself to Professor Scovell, who was very courteous and kind. He showed rne through all the Byres and Lahoratories, and explained how the te-its were being carrieilout. Not any of the breeds of cows are fat, but are in in fair, fresh milking condition. The shorthorn cows, although said to be pedigreed, do not in the least resemble the pedigreed English shorthorn, being thinner in the shoulders and ribs, and rather look like as if they had a dash of Ayrshire blood in their system. Nor did the appearance of their udders denote them to be great milkers. The Jerseys are a nice gentle-like lot, with good, set milk vessels, and showing every appearance of being good milkers. The Guernseys are bigger and rougher than the JctBcyii, and their milk ve.^sels not so gooil. They are not so big as the shorthorns. It is as yet premature to form an opinion as to the probable result, but from statistics given by the Professor I could gather that the shorthorns were giving the greatest amount of produce per head, but they were also eating the most food, and that as • profitable ^peculation he thought the Jerseys would carry the pain. MR OSLER INTERVIEWED. Mr Osier has already been interviewed by the rei>regentatives of a very large number of American iiew.-^papers, including the iVciti York Timea, the >'hir(ii/o Inter-Ocran, the Chicago Tribune, the I'ittiCuro Leader, th>' Pitltl/unj Preit, the PitU- '■/eg IA*pateh, and the Morning Star, Rookford, Special Agricultural Commisti'mer to North Amrr lUinoia. The last-mmlioned journal on July IBtli hftd the following : — Mr Osier resides in Kirriemuir, the place where our Aniy first saw the light of day. He is a portly man, with a typical Scotch ruddy face, an(l is an eitenxive farmer. He is a man of large intelligence, and is courtood!*, com- panionitble, and a hale fellow well met. He is specially delegated to inquire into our methods of farming, our products, and the general condition of the agricultural classes, Mr 'I'aylor is an intelli- gent young mechanic who is here to fintfoin wheel. Tlie in 'chanism for reversing tl:c beam is very siwiplc and accurate. He honestly thouglit the whole in- Tcnlion new, and appeared thiin(lcrstrucl< wlicn I told him tliat I had seen them in tlie old country Hhowyards twenty years ago. I inspected (iilleii's horse clipping machinery— a boy siipjdies tlie power by treadle af^tion. There is an iron pillar Buppoited on a pedestal 7 feet high, on which is a wheel driven by an elastic hand. A hollow gntta l)ercha tube is attached to the pillar, through this tube the motion is carried to tlie clipper attached to the loo^o end. The linrse to he clipped is brought up alongside, the boy gives the sjieed, and the operator has merely to hold the clippers in place. All the threshing machine engines are fitted with an apparatus to convey straw into the furnace for fu'd. I asked if this was not bad polioy — " Oh, no," they said, "we have no use for the straw, and we are glad to get rid of it." I suggested that it would be better to make dung of it. They laughed at the idea, and said that the dung oftentimes accumulated in sue' i|uantities that they preferred to remove the slablesaud byres rather than lift the dung. May not this be another cause of tlie deficiency of crop ? Scores of Threshing Machines are on show, and which, in my opinion, are very far behind the old cmmtiy machines. I dil not hoc a single fluted better cylinder in the whole show, the drums all being spiked. Brock elevators are upon all of them to bring the unthreslied heads b.iek to the drum. In disouasing these machines with one large maker, I mentioned that I thought fluted beaters would suit them better, but he told me, he had heard of them being tried, but did not succeed, I then asked why it was necessary to return the lirock to go through a second time, and said I was sure it wouM clo;; the mill and impede the shaking and dressing macliinery. Ho exjilained that a great many ears came througli unthreslied, and if not put back they would be lost. "Oh," I said, "that is just where your mills are deficient, as the spikes would be apt to strip off the cars without separating tin' grain, but if fluted beaters were used, every pea would be ciushed o-it at the first operation." He then asked how many bushelii of wheat we in Scotland threshed in a day. So not to be behind Yankee bumption, I Stretched a Point, and said about 1000 bushels. "Oh," he said, "that explains it. "We never thresh less in a day tlian 2300 bushels, and your machines couldn't do it. Nothing on the top of earth except our machines could do it." I was non- plussed and left. Horsegangs, or horse walks, are in great force. They run from oi-.etosix horsepower. Treadmills are numeious, and are said to be very (^cacious, each animal contributing double the power that it could do in the old vvay. These mills are largely used on dairy farms in Canada, the bull being made to do the wurK-, There are al.so in the Kxposition scores of hay baling machines, cotton and maize planters, ponderous sugar cane crushers, cotton dressing and baling machinery, lliix s-cutchers, and other flax-dressing machinery, and hundreds upon hundreds of other machines, imple- nient8,anil tools, which it would be impossible for me i to take notice of. I AG lllC U LT U Jl A r. PROD UCTS C11ICAC!>) JOXHIBITION. rLOlTillMKN'S WAGES. CO.ST OF FOOD AND CLOTHING. HOW KOAUS AliK MAINPAINKD. (From the Dundee Courier of Awjust 15.) Mr Osier writes :— If I expressed t;ce to all coiicetiuil, ex- presi my iinbuunded admiration and suiprise at the extraurdiiiary al. North Carolina excels in cottons, peaehea, grap* jtdly, pears, tobacco, sorghum seeds, and sugar. Russia, Spain, Greece, ke., all have large depart- ments Alleil with the nnturai products of these countries. areat Britain excels in the quality of manufactured products. Shu is extremely rich in sauces and relishes, and in cloth products she stands inrivalled. She also exhibits largely in bottled beers and ales. Soot* Special Agrieultnral Commiimner to North Amniea. nd other Mkhn ioa, whtfAt Mrrots, nsila, suolk r worken, fuU-nind irine, and lope HflniU buthmen'ii ft IttAvai, oxj tusks, 3080 horns 0. West ftiiJ seed*. ihM, grtp* ind sugar. RQ depart- I of theM produflta. les, and in She also es. Soot* land and Irelaihl Htand unrivalled for TrhixkieR. i The latter is rppresentei] by the liuHhinills Distilleiy Company, and exhibits ipecimenit of Irish whisky 113 years old. In this temple in exhibited a smugglers' still 150 years old, in which old Irish poteen was wont to > o made (called in America '* Muonxhinc"). Here is also exhibited Dan O'Conncll's drinking cup. Scotland is represented by John Dewar k Sons, Perth, who exhibit " Auld Scottie," a specimen of whisky much relished by Yankee connoisseurii. Almostt all the States of Amcrioa vie with each other in their extiaordinary exhibits of tobacco and maize ot Indian corn. The former is exhibited in the leaf, and in every stage of manufaeiure ; the latter is exhibited on the stalk, on the husk, and in the pea. Those States also show endless exhibits of cotton, on the plant and in all the subsequent stages. And on these three eommodities, vix., cotton, Indian corn, and tobacco may the richness of the Moutucrn States be said in a great measure to depend, Canada, on the other hand, depending upon her riohness in wheat, oats, and dairy products. One Remarkable Exhibit made by Canada is a mammntli cheese, 22,000 Ibu. — 10 tons. This marvel of the dairy was made from the milk of 10,000 cows milked by 166G dairymaids, the milk weighing 207,000 lbs., equiva- lent to over 100 tons, or fully 24,:{70 gallons. If sold at 8d per lb. the cheese would be worth £733. It haa been purchased b^ Mr Lipton, and has been moulded in a maasive iron cylinder fi-inch thick, riveted together with strong iron bolts after the fashion of a stetm boiler. It measures S feet by 6 feet. Near the Agricultural Hall there ia an exhibit of abitut a score of moose or elk dter of very large sice almost as big as fair-sised horHcs, with pouderou 1 heavy spreading horn^. This breed of deer is alir.'^st extinct, and is accordingly much admired. Th<) animals are quiet and peace- ful, and allow themselves to be handled while feeding upon their rations of hay and corn. There is also a number of donkeys on exhibit of about the ordinary sice. l\eir the Dairy Hall is an open space, where Windmills in motion are exhibited. They are of all iicra, and I counted about 100 in active operation. Windmills are in great request in America for pumping water to farms, driving grist mills nnd dairy utensils, &c. They are very handy and easily controlled. Should the wind get too strong ami the machinery bo driven too fast, simply by pulling a lever the wheel of the mill is thrown around parallel with the vane entirely out of the wind, and brought to a dead atop. Governors are also attached, which re- gulate the mill to a steaily motion. J. E. I'eraoi), Toronto, exhibits gates fitted witli side levers, whereby a man in a machine or on horseback can open or close the gate without diHmountiug. The contrivance ia very simple. Levers about 14 feet long are placed at the side of the roadat-ight angles to the gate. These levels by a mere touch throw the gate up on end nut of the roadway, and after pausing through a slight touch to the other lever brings it back to its place. The contrivance looks like doing. AMONG THE RED INDIANS. SURROUNDED BY SQUAWS. (Prom the Dundee Courier of AuguU 22.) BIr Andrew Osier, the Dundee Courier Commis- eloaer in America, who was accompanied by Mr Taylor, member of the Weekly Newt Expedition, his sent the following letter : — Wh^n I set out on my journey I fully intended to have kept my despatches abreast with my travels, and to have in imagination carried my readers along with ine in my roamings over meadow and mountain, plain and prairie. But as our great I .tional Poet vaiil, " The best laid schemes o' mice and men gang aft agley," and I now find that it is quite impossible for me when on my journey to give even a vidimus of my observations. The utmost I can do is to give a few brief notes of objects which strike me most forcibly as I pass along, and afterwards to fall back upon my notes, and comment upon the merits and demerits of each province and district in detail. The other day I finished up my remarks on the agricultural department of the World's Fair Exposition, and on Friday Mr Taylor and myself separated from tho other members of the Expedition, and went to view some objects of interest about the city of Chicago. And in this I was much assisted by Mr Andrew Oilruth, son of Ml James Oilruth, late farmer, Kilnhill, Kirriemuir, who, hearing I was in the city, came in all the way from Rockford to meet me. Mr Oilruth is a member of the firm of Hollard, Oilruth, k King, real estate a„ ts, Rockford, who are doing a large and lucrative business. Consequently Mr Oilruth was in a good position to give me reliable information on the land question. We stayed the most of Saturday in Chicago, and visited the stock- yards, the largest live stock markfta in the wjrld. The Union stockyards, which were organised and opened in 1865, are indeed well worth seeing. At the present time the Company own 400 acres of lund, and the capital is, roughly speaking, about £4,000,000. In 1891 there were received at the yards 3,250,359 cattle, 205,333 calves, 8,600.805 hogs, 3,153,537 sheep, and 94,396 horses. Alto- gether there are 75 Companies engaged in the manufacture or packing of meats, and twenty great trunk railroads deliver and oarry away the raw and manufactured articles. The Stockyards Company own all the lailroad tracks (over 150 miles), and do all the switching or shunting connected with them. The buying and selling arrangements are completed very quickly, and the cattle are then driven on to the weighing scales, which have ^ capacity to weigh lOO.CNOO lbs. Animals which are brought in for shipment are then driven over to the shipping division, but the dressed beef men generally allow their cattle to remain in the pens overnight. Next day the cattle are driven over to the xlaughtering houses, and arc put into separate compartments, which are just large enough to hold one bullock each. Over these compartments is i wooden footpath along which a man can walk, and it is from this point that the animals ar? either shot down or felled. Between the compirtmenti and the slaughterhouses is a moving dour which slides up mechanically. A chain is pass' d round the horns of the animal, and it is dragtici into the main slaughterhouse, in which the aniinil is pro- perly bled. Lifting pulleys worked by steam- j)ower are provided for lioisting eacii carcase while being dressed, and there are iron runs for moving the carcase in halves or quarters from the hanging- rooms to the chillrooms. In the refiigcrators the carcaacs are cooled off in a temperature of about .% degrees Fahr. I also saw the cattle, hog, and sheep slaughtciing establishments of Messrs Armour, Libby, Macneil, k Liliby, and otlicri. As an indication of the maj^iiitude of the opeia- tions, I may mention that in 1891 10 Reports of the Dundee Conrier'a 11 !' !:;i Messrs Armour & Co. (lirl Ijusinesa amounting to nbout £13,000,000. In that year they flaughtorcd 1,714,000 hogs, 712,000 cattle, and 413,000 sherp. The employes during the period numbered 7900, and tlie AgKro!;ate wages paid amounted to something like £700,000. The total area covered by the buildings of the firm is about 50 acres ; the floor area of the building is 140 acres ; and the 'toiage capacity 1S0,000 tons. Wc nl.so visited the pork-carin>r and tinned meat packing establiwlimnnts, and other places of interest in the city, of all of which I have taken elaborate notes, and will amuse my readers with a description of them later on. "SVe then took train for Kook- ford, where wc stayed a couple of nights, and were driven by Mr Gilruth, Mr Henderson, banker, and Dr Boyd around a number of the largest farmers of that (liitiict. I picked up a lot of valuable in- formation as to their modes of management, values of land, and prices of produce. These farmers seem to ho a thriving and prosperous class of men, and I will have pleasure in agiiin going back upon my notes and introducing my friends into their wages and means of farming and living. Our Next Journey was to St Pauls nnd Minneapolis, again ae- eompanied by Mr Gilruth, who was remarkably useful to us in getting us introduced to and showii tlirough the great flour mills and lumber yards of the, ,nne back to I the band- them, and thcrR. Wo cultivation, in the dix- iry farming buggy and cngngod in ;he women rees around preparatory irite winter lativc. Oil laid-" You jueen?" I oil woman ; Wliito man ndian learn tlie women, n with white o very glail, )f them all ihaking hands. I bought some trir.keta from tlieni, and left them highly ploaiied, Ben saying as I came away — '* Me Queen b mew too ; me from Canaila." On Satunlay afternoon wo took train for Winni- pog, where we safely arrived on Simday evening. Our j urney now is over the Reeky Mountains to British Columbia and back. OVER THE ROCKIES. BRILLIANT DESCRIPTION. THi5 GREAT PRAIRIE STEPPES. PIONEER FARMERS. MORE ABOUT INDIANS. ANTHRACITE COAL MINES. withered, stunted prairie grnsii not appearing 8uffl< cieiit to afford snstena: ce to the numerous gophers which are everywhere to be seen. No trees ara visible, and the country hnsa desolate, barren look. All ar'<' nd the suiface is marked with butfviu trailn, u.id pitted with thrir wallows. No live butfaluc-s are now to be seen, but at almost every station we see scores of tons of their bones oolleateu into \n\e* ready for shipment. These bovines m few years hack must linve been very numerous and their entice extinction is the greatest loss which the red men oould Lave su-stained. There is yet a species called the timbt r buffalo, existing in the forests of the Rockies, and propo.sals are being made by the Canadian Government to have them protected by law. At every stntion groups of Indians appear offering carved articles of wood, knitted beadwork, and other small trinkets for sale, and they appear veiy grateful when a few coppers are put into their hands. We are now in the land of (From the Dundee Courier of August 29.) Mr Osier, the Courier's Commissioner, writes :— On the morning of Monday, 24tb July, Mr Taylor and I left Winnipeg by the C.P.R. Leaving Win- nipeg, the train passes through a broad plain as level as a bowling green, extending to the west apparently without end. It comprehends the valley of v.ie Red and Assiniboine Rivers, which unite' at Winnipeg. Far to the hft is a line of trees which marks the course of the river, and between us and it is a continuation of well tilled farms, witn attractive whitewashed buildings peering from amongst clumps of recently- planted trees, the age uf tlie plantation in most oases announcing the date at which the hoMings had been taken up. Standing on the platform at the rear of the train, wu see the track stretching away behind us, without curve or deflection as far as the eye can reach, and the motion of the train is hardly felt as we fly along. One hundred and thirty miles fiom Winnipeg we cross the Assiniboine Rivei and reach Brandon, next to Winnipeg the largest town in the Canadian North- West. Here are sevral Urgegrain elevators and mills, telling us the fact tiut we are 1111! in the midst uf a great grain-growing district. Leaving Brandon, we have now reached the first of The Great Prairie Steppes that rise up one alter the other at long intervals till the Rocky Mount.ilns are reached. And now we are out on the real piairie, a great billowy ocean of grass and flowers, now swelling into low hills, and again dropping into broad basin;), broken iiere and theic by valleys and irregular lines of trees. We pass btation after stiition, nearly all alike, mostly consisting of a stationhouse for pas- sengers, a store shecl for goods, a great round water tai>k for the engines, and the never-absent giain elevators. Soon we reach Regina, the capital of the Province of Asslnlboia, and, speeding on, pass Moosejan, four hundred milei west from Winnipeg. For the la^t hundred miles or lo I have observed that the deep black lioil of the valley we left in the morning has given placeto a soil of lighter colour, overlying a porous clay less inviting to the ex- perienced a|,/iculturist, and giving indications of the presence of alkali, a lubstance very detrimental to the successful cultivation of crops. We are now BRoending another prairie steppe. We have reached the end of continuous settUment, and between this and tLa Rocky Mountains we oily find Pioneer Fanners In groups here and there. Hour after hour we pass through a distriot not at all inviting, the dry, The Crowfoot Indians, the most warlike and most revengeful of all the tribes. They are now perfectly peaceable and friendly. They do not, however, take well to work, and do not do much in farming, their lirincipal industry being the rearing of horses. Every few miles as thn train proceeds we se3 canvas encampments, browned with age and smoke, around which bunches of thirty to fifty horses are grazing. As Crowfoot iStation is approached, all are on the outlook for the first view of the Rocky Mountains, yet more than a hundred miles away, and soon we see them, a seemingly impenetrable harrier of snow- clad ])eak8, rising .straight from the plain, and extending the whole breadth of the western horizon. As we speed on, peak rises behind peak straight up from the plain ; then iliirk bands of forests that reach up to the snow- line come Into view. Tlie snowflelds and glaciers glisten in the sunlight, and over the rolling tops of the foot-hills the passes are seen cleft deep intu the heart of the mountains. We have been running alonK tlie banks of th: Bow River, beside which stands the new town of Calgary at the base of The Bocky Mountains, 2264 miles fiom Montreal, G02 miles from Van- couver, and 3388 feet above tlio ocean. Before us and on either side the mountains rise in varied forms and in endle)<8 change of aspect n^ the lights and shadows play upon them. Northward is the fertile and well-wooded district of Uilinuii- ton and North Saskatchewan ; 150 miles south- ward Is the United States boundary. A railway to the left extends to M'Leuil, the centre of a great ranching country, and another railway to the right leads north to what is said to bo tlie best wheat-growing district in the world. Our course is, however, stiaight ahead, following up the valley of the River Bow. Soon we enter an almost hidden portal, ami iind ourselves in a valley between two great mountain ranges, grand and stern and close at hand. At every turn of the valley alternations of precipitous gorges and overhanging precipices present themselves. Serrated peaks an>l v.ist pyramids of rock, with curiously contorted and folded strata, are followed by gigantic castellated masses, down whose sides cascades fall thousands of feet. Through the gorges we catch glimpses of glaciera and masses of cvei lasting snow, thousands of feob deep, over- hanging the precipitous cliffs above, seemingly w,ilting but a finger's touch to send them in an avalanche crashing into the valley below. Three hours after leaving Calgary we pass w 41' 12 Reports of the Dundee Courift*! " '1 1 1 ir ^ The Famous Anthracite Goal Mines, and soon atop itt the station of Banff, famoa< for itH hot Hulphurous gpriiig!i. Here we Icavu the train, and find luiuriouN quarters for the night in a large, well-appointed hotel, perched on a height over- looking the beautiful valley of Bow River. The river eomes down from its glacier sources in the west, and plunges over a precipice beneath tlie hotel balconies. Half-a-dozen ranges of magnificent loftly, snow-tipped mountains centre here, and well-made carriAge roads and bridle paths lead to the different hot springs, and wind about among the mountains everywhere. After tea a convey- ance is at the door, and we are driven along the new steel bridge over the Bow, up the spiral cork- screw road to the top of the Cave Mountain, down the descent at a breakneck pace, and away to visit and inspect the anthracite coal mines at the base of the Cascade Mountain, and back to the Sulphur Mountain to visit and taste the hot sulphurous water in the cave and bathrooms. It was an excit- ing and venturesome drive, and one which is not likely to be soon forgotten. Coming down the corkscrew, the gradient was ao steep, the turns so quick, and tlie pace so great, that liail a buckle given way or a strap broken we would inevitably have been precipitated down the mountain into the river, hundreds of feet below. Next morning a convoyance and four horseii was again at the door of the hotel: and we were driven along the base of the Oasoade Mountain!! and Inglismaldie to Minniewanka or Devil's Lake— where we boarded a small steam launch, and steamed along the batie of the mouDtaini for several miles. The waters were perfectly blue, and the sun reflected the mountains, until their snow-clad tops were seen reversed in the bottom of the lake, giving the scene a weird and awe-inspiring rspeot. At 3 p.m. we returned to the hotel, and getting our baggage in order again took train for the west. THE CANADIAN CATTLE SCANDAL. INVESTIGATIONS UN THE SPOT. PLKURO-PNEUMONIA UNKNOWN. STATEMRNTS BY PROMINENT AGRICULTURISTS. (From the Dundte Courier of September 5,i Mr 0-"'•'* neighbourhood. At Quorn Ranche. where 1200 horses and 2000 cattle are kept, I met and in- terviewed Mr Riohanl B-oderick, grandson of Sir Charles Warren of Warren's Court, Ireland. Mr Biodeiiek is headsman of all the round-upa in the M'Leod ranching district, and perhaps knows better about the heal'.h of cattle in the province of Southern Alberta than any man living, aad he says that no infectious disease exists in that province. A good many cases of luinpjaw occur, and cattle are sometimes lost through the severity of the weather, and occajionally wolves uesiroy a few of the calves, but as for lung or any other infectious tlisease, be Never Heard of Any except through reading the home papers. Mr Patrick Burn^ss, Calgary, whom I met in the Re I Deer River Valley, has dealt in cattle for twelve years, handling 3000 annually. He ships them to the West Coast, and therefore has no interest in booming the East Coast export trade. Ho is quite certain that no disease exists in the provinoe. Mr Walter (a Scotsman), resident at Edmonton, 200 miles north from Calgaiv, has been in Canada for twenty-three years, and for the last seventeen years has been a raiser of cattle, generally having 100 on hand. He says he never heard of pleuro- pneumonia except through the newspapers. He never had an infectious disorder amongst his cattle, and is quite certain that no disease exists amongst the herds of Northern Alberta. Mr Thomas Anderson (an Englishman) has been in Canada for fifty years, and has been Crown Timber Agent, and Dominion Land and Emigration Agent for the last twelve years, and his business has led him to be most intimately acduainted with the oattle-raisine industry of the North-West. He has never known of ft case or heard of a case of pleuropneumonia except through what has been said about it in the English newspapers. Major Griesbach, superin- tendent of Mounted Police, and Commandant of the district of Saskatchewan, has b.-en Twenty Years in the North-West Territories, ten of which have been spent at Fort Saskatchewan. The Maior said it was his duty to inquire into any suspected case of infectious or con- tagious disease that might occur. Only one sus- picious case had been reported to him, which, upon careful and scientific investigation, turned out to be lumpjaw. The Major spoko confidently as to the very healthy state of the cattle in the provinoe, and as to their perfect immunity from disj-ase, Mr John Coleman, homestead inspector and forest rniiger for the Valley of Saskatchewan, said, " I am forty years of age, was born in Canada, and have lived in it all my days. For the last sixteen years I have been interested in the raixing of cattle, and on an average have a regular stock of 40 head. I never lost an animal in my life, except one horse tli«t got cast in a neighbour's stable. My duties lead me iptu constant contact with the farmers and ranchmen in Northern Alberta, and I am quite certain that no dineaia has evar Sj)edal Agricultural Commissioner to North America. 13 existed amongst any of their herds in my time." Mr Donald M'l^od (a true Scotsman, wlio has an undying veneration for his native heather hiils), farmer, rancher, and general commisHion agent, said the existence of cattle diaeaae in Canada was only in the mind of those whu wished to pro- tect cattle breeders of Ireland against competition from tite Canadians. He has a large herd of cattle grazing on his ranche, and has a great many bullock teams, moving all throughout Northern Alberta and the Valley of intaskatcliewan, and had any infectious disease existed in either of these districts his oxen would have been certain to have contracted it, seeing that in the course of trade his teams come in contact with all the herds. But he never had a single case of cattle disease, and is sure that no sucii disca»in infected with pleuro-pneumonia when it left the Province of Manitoba. Dr Young is inspector of quarantine for that distriot, and explains tliat a Cordon of Mounted Police is kept on patrol night and day along the line between Canada and the States, and it is their duty as well as the duty of the Customs authorities tu detain all cattle coming over the line, and immediately send for him to inspect them. Should tl,ere be anything si'.spicious as < ' the perfect immunity of the cattle from disease, it is his duty either to order immediate slaughter or send th rm back into the States, hut should they appear all right he orders them into (juarantine for ninety days. He says this rule is most stringently enforce)), and that it isquite im- possible for States cattle to enter into the Dominion without undergoing the ninety days' ordeal. The only disease for which he ever had to turn back cattle was actimonycosis or lump jaw. He has had suspicious cases of glanders amongst horses, for which lie turned them back. The suspicions, how- ever, weie not confirmed. Had they been so he would have ordered slaughter. All the cost of feed- ing and tending the cattle while in quarantine is defrayed by the Canadian Government. Dr Young is a practitioner of the highest standing and probity, and I was particularly struck with his appurent sincerity and earnestness when speaking uf the unfortunate Pilot Mound ox case. I had the pleasure of spending several days in the company of Mr John J. Hobson, Mosboro, Ontario, chairman of the Guelph Agricultural College Board, and judge of best managed farms for the lust eleven years. He is a large and very successful farmer, an extensive breeder of pedigreed shorthorn cattle, and An Undoubted Authority on all matters connected with agriculture and the cattle trade, he being taken out as a judge of cattle at almcst every large show and fair iu the Dominion. Speaking of pleuro-pneumonia, he gf^yg ._'• I know of none and never knew of any case of pleuro-pneumonia, and I conscientiously believe that the cattle of thii country are entirely H Tieporls of the Dundee Courie r'a W free from it, ami I urn piepareil if calliKl uitoii to innke this ilcclaratiuii on uiitli." Henry Carter, farinur, Wvlliiigton, Ontario, lias hudi a rearer of cattle for sixty yearti, breeiling twenty calves iinnualiy, and keopiii^ tliem until uoUl fut at tlireu years of age. Ho says the ProTinoe of Ontario is free from all contagious or infectious diseases amongst cattle. I'leuro-pneumonia was never known to exi.tt, and lie never heard o! any in- fectious disease of any description amongst cattle in any part of the Dominion of Canada. John M'Kerlie, Fergus, Ontario, has reared cattle for forty years. His herd consists of a breeding stock of twenty cows, and ho purchases twenty calves annually, the whole being kept until tlioy nre three years of age and sold otf fat. He says his cattle have always been Extremely Healthy. He never knew of contagious disease of any kind amongst Canadian oabtle, such a trouble being an entire stranger to the farmers of Ontario. Wm. Levick (a 8cotsmaii)i a butcher in Toronto, has been twenty years in business, and kills 150 to 175 cattle weekly for tliu wholesale trade. Uu never saw a single case of lung disease since he came here, but knows it well, as he saw plenty of it in Edin- burgh before he left iscutliind. The Jcw.i kill in his premises, and have dune so for the past ten years, and it is well known that they will not eat the tiesk of any animal that shows the slightest spot or blemish, and the fact tliat they have never rejected a (tingle animal during all tiiat period for unsound lungs shows how free the cattle of the district are from lung diHi'ase. Mr Kitcliingx, Wellington, came from Kngland forty years ago, and lias dealt amongst cattle for the last tea years ; Mr Harnett, Toronto (an Irishman), has been in the cattle trade in that city for twenty year.", handling WO cattle weekly. Both tliete gentlemen are firm in their assurance that uo infectious diiteaKC exists ii>. the rrovinee of Ontario. They have, however, no wish for the porta of Creat Britain being opened for stockers, as they say it is bad policy for Canadian farmers to send their lean cattle out of tlie country. And in this theory, after careful study, I must say I distinctly agree. Coming to The Province of Quebec, I went to the Board of Tiade Buddings in the City of Montreal, luid met Mr Cuiiniiigiiam, stock agent. He suya there has never been a question asi to the health of cattle thioiigliout the Dominion of Ciiiiada. The evidence submitted by the Dominion Coveinment to the Home <;oveiuini.nt was most conclusive, unil ought to have convinced the most incredulous that no disease existed. The Canadian cattlemen hold that the restrictions are not imposed as a safeguard against disi-use, but as a politiciil movement in favour of Irish voters. " It is votes," said Mr Cunningham, "the Government want, not immunity from disease, and so long as Mr Ulad- Btone depends upon the Irish party for his power and position, the restrictions will not be removed." Ml David Currier, agricultural editor of the H'iliusa, Aiontreal, aays :— " I have travelled overall parts of Canada, including Manitoba, and part of the north- west, and have constantly been visiting cattle markets for the last twenty years. I am in laiiy oommunioation with cattle dealers and stock raisei s, and have never seen or heard of a single case of uleuro-pneumonla outside the quarantine of Quebec. About right years ago all the cattle in the quarantine there were slaughtered, and the carcases burned, although there weie only two suspected animalH amongst them. Thia occurred in a con- Biguroeut of cattle from Great Britain, which were not allowed to come into contact with any of the stock of the Dominion. We never at any time import hides or feed or anything by which infection can be oommunioatod, and there is No Possible Way by which infection could be introtluced into the country, as all imported animals have to undergo a regular ninety days' quarantine, and are under strict veterinary supervision all the time. Some years ago cattle were allowed to be taken from the Xorth-VVesterii States for breeding purposes, but the quarantine rules now apply to these also, and are most rigiilly enforced, although no disease has occurred in these North-West States for the last ton years. Tuberculosis does pi ovail here !o a cer- tain extent, but not nearly so bad as in the old country, and no case of Texan fever has occurred in the Dominion for ten years. Mr Harkin, city editor of the Star, Montreal, says no disease what- ever exists amongst cattle throughout the whole of Canada, and the precautions against its introduc- tion are now so strict that it could not possibly be intioduced. Everywhere I visited I was most care- ful and exhaustive in my inquiries regarding' the health of cattle, and took every possibly oppor- tunity of interviewing the best authorities on the dubjcct, and the foregoing are only a few of the |i:irties whose attestations I could give in proof of the freedom of the cattle of the Dominion of Canada from infectious diseases. All these parties interviewed personally, and herewith glvt^ their evidence in as near as possible their own words. I can also give their names and addresses, so that shouhl anyone in the United Kingdom doubt the veracity of theevidenoe adduced they can correspond with the parties theniselvos, when they will get the fullest contii inatioii of my Ktatt'mon^ As at iiome there are all kinds of people in Canada, many of whom would have been only too ready To Blacken the Character of the cattle if there had been anything to say against them, but though I travelled through the Dominion from the Maritime Provinces of Quebec and Ontario on the cast coast, to British Columbia and Vancouver's Island on the west coast — from the United States boundary on the south to Kaskatchewan River on the north — thruugh the Provinces of Manitoba, Assiniboine, Alberta, and Hudson Bay territories, and interviewed all kinds of i>i'ople evirywhere I went, yet I never heard a single whisper against the healtii of tlie cattle in acy respect whatever. On the contiary, one anil all bore ample testimony to their entiie iminuiilty from contiiglous disi-ases. The only tiouhle which sei'ins to give them any serious bother is actiinoiiy- co-iis or lump jaw. This is a cancerous affection wliicl. atfects the jaws and head, and by which the head is enlarged and deformed to a fearful extent. HiT'.c.ngst a batch of about three hundred beef stiers rounded up for my inspt'ctiou on the piairie I counted about half a score >o affected. Neverthe- less they were in good condition, so that it ilnes not seem to affect their health much. Their ti.sh is not, however, considered fit for human fool, iiid is condemned by law, and generally it is used a- >>od for the ranch dogs. Throughout the Dominion I found the inhabitants remarkably loyal ami faithful in their allegiance to the British Crown. But both with those connected with the cattle trade and those who ate not, there is a deep-seated Feeling of Disaffection over the action of the home Goveinmeut in regard to their veto upon Canadian stockets. Why, they ask, should the cattle of the Dominion be sdut out, when they have been conclusively proved over and over again to be entirely free from contagious Special AgiiciiUuml Convni.iuonf.r to Nriii;;4 u|> and takes their place, and these young fore-its present ,\ snmewhat weird and woe-begnna ai'pearance, the tall, bare, dead trunks of the firmer occupants towering above the dense under- growth like the ghosts of the departed. To bring the enormous lieiglits of tliese mountains better homo to Scottish readers, I may mention that the Law of Dundee is .V23 feet hi«ii, so that it would require 34 Law Hills piled on the too of each other to reach the height of Mount Klias. Craigowl, the highest peak in the Sidlaw range in Forfarshire, is 112(K) feet high. and it would retpiire more t!ian a dozen Craigowls to make a ladder to Mount Klias. lien Nevis, the highest mountain in (ireat ISritain, is 44(Mi feet, scarcely one-fourth the height of Mount Klias. It will be remembered that I left off the description of my journey at lianfT on purpose to give an epitome of my inquiries into the lieaLli of the cattle of the Dominion, which I consideied of primiry importance at the present crisis. I will now return, and, taking up my journey where I left off, c^rry my readers in imagination with me over the heights i.f the Uooky ^lountains. On reaching the station we found that the railway company had reserved a stateroom car for our accommodation, not the one we formerly occupied, but another equally as comfortable and commoilious. Leaving liaiiff, we soon re;^aintheValley of the Bow River, which the railway had left for a time. The mountains giadnally become farther apart, and the valley is eovcreil with heavy timber, with a rich undergrowth of wild flowers and native grasse.s. We see numerous Tribes of Bed Indians, their tee-pees forming; freijuent villages along tht side of the track. The bucks are engaged on horse- back herding the bunches of horses, the rearing of which fill ms the principal industry of those chil- dren of the forest. A few bunches of cattle belong- ing to settlers are yet to bo seen, but these arc getting few and far between. 15y-and by the hills close in around us, and we find ourselves in a narrow valley between two great mountain ranges, whose tops oven in this broiling July sun are covered with perpetual snow, and tower to the clouds in si rrated peaks and vast pyramids, down whose sides cascades fall for thousands of feet. Onwards atid ever onwords speeds the train, twist- ing and turning in its course, the scene ohanging and rechanging, yet ever the same in its feaiful and magnificent grandeur. Stopping at the little way- 16 t'fi Reports of the Dundee Courier's tJl ■ 1 »i lidti slatiun uf Lng^nii, wo are introthicod by Mr Pearce, Inspector of Minen, wlio lias been our travellinK companion for a time, to Charlie Carrey, the king and Hero of Enginedrivers. Manv thrilling stoiieaaru told of Charlie'H coolnexH and intrepidity in the hour of danger, and of hia hairbreailth advontiircR and OHcapoH, and lie in credited with having by liiH great picseiice of mind and readincsfl to net, saved Ins train from imminent destruction on ncveral occaHiociM. Vnlikn most enginedrivers, (7h»rlic is spick-nnd-i>]inn, without a speck of soot or ilu^t upon his person or snow- white linen, anil wlicn strotchinj,' his legs on the pliitform, with gold tings on his tiiigers, he has more the appearance of nn opulent railway director than an engincdriver. Indeed, it is oponly whispered that he is quite as much the one as the other. Bo that as it may, Charlie was very obliging and accommodating to us, and with a quiet smile invited us to take a ride upon the cowcatcher, A triangular frnino attached to the front of all American engim s, its purpose being to clear the track of cattle and other ol)struction:<. And here I may observe that American railways are in most places entirely innocent of side fences, and even where they are fenced no gates arc placed at tlie crossings, so that it is no uncommon tiling to run into a buncli of cattle or hnrses. i liarlie's invita- tion to ride On the Cowcatcher, although fraught with a ^oo.l deal of danger, was too much in keeping with the s))irit of aiveiituro which then possessed us to be refused. Ho, pulling our caps firmly down over our brows, and feeling that our toggery was all right, we mounted to our Fomewhat novel position in front of the engine, and after being warned by Cliai lie not to attempt to jump off whatever happeneo, we resumed our journey. Here the accent is very steep, and three engines are put on to propel the train, the one on which we are seated being in front, another in the middle of the train, and the third pushing behind, and all three putting and straining with might and main. We soon leave the valley of the L>ow, and giin a tributary which comes down a gap in the ow Range, and through this gap the huge peak of Mount Hector appears in view, a good view being here obtained of The First Great Qlacier. It ia a broad crescent-shaped river of ico hundreds of feet deep. It ^eems quite close at hand and almost on a level with the track, but distance and altitude are very deceptive in these regions, and we learn afterwards thnt it is twelve miles away and 1300 feet above us. We are heading straight for it, and, as no way of avoiding it is to be seen, I find myself meditating as to the result of the mighty plunge which seems inevitable, when sud- denly we turn a curve, sharper by far than any- thing I ever saw upon a home i ail way, and, ^-rrti>(rr," and he thought his caj) would he liftnl off his head by his hirsute oppendage ; but, as my scalp is somewhat destitute of its natuial coveiiiii,', I felt no forebodings in that respect. We are now just half-way across the Kockies, and in my next letter I will continue the journey, and en- deavour to describe the terrific sublimity of the scenery, and the exciting adventures wo passed through, besides giving a description of the inhabi- tants and industries which are to be found in these fearful solitudes. MOUli: ABOUT THE ROCKIES. MARVELS OF RAILWAY ENGINEERING. THE INDUSTRIES OF THE MOUNTAINS. A GIGANTIC LUMBER TRADE. DEMAND FOR AfiRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. (From the Dundee Courier of September SG.) Mr Osier, the Courier'!: Ai^ricultuial Commis- sioner to America, writes : — In my last letter I narrated the experiences of Mr Taylor and myself on the cowcatcher, and our interview with Charlie Carrey, tho king of enginedrivers. At Hector, after Carrey had got his engine watered and oiled, he kimlly invited us to come up beside him on the engine, on purpose, as he said, to give him a better opportunity of showing us the beauties of the road. American engines are fitted with a covered com- partment on each side of the boiler, and we were instructe l to take a seat in one of these, along with two young ladies, who were up before us. The track being for a time downhill and quite within the power of two engines, Carrey had his engine detached, and started without the train, telling the conductor not to start for lialf an hour after we left. Passing three laige lakes which wash the perpendicular base of tho mountains, we follow the west-bounil stream down through a tortuou.s rook- ribbed caflon, where the waters aio dashed in incessant leaps and wliirls. The track and the II!' Spfdnl Agricultural Commissioner to North America. 17 river are Hide hy side, ami we know hy the inn'i impfltuosity aiiil wilil niali of tin; watciH tliat tin- licHOuiit JH vury kU'»|i, hiiiI nre tuM by Carrey that tlie railway giailient lii>rc in 240 Feet in the Mile. We are now in tiiu W'npta or Kicking IIorHe Pa)'8, and thi; iinencry ii §uhlitne and terrific. Ti.c mountainM riHe gtrniglit up front the river on hoth HidP8, and they are ho near thiit one could toMd a biscuit from one to tlie othi-r. l^uokinK np we Hec their topH picicin); the oh)Uil.s thoiiHiun'.s of fret above us. 'I'lic tiaok ruius on n, narrow Hlielf cut out of the mountain 8icen erecteil to pi oteot the railway from the heavy falls of Miiow which freijui'uily occur in thin ilistrict. A »liarp curve brings the train in front of the great glacier, which is now very near us on the left— a vast plati'aii of gleaming ice, extending as far as the eye can reach, and larger, it is said, than all ihoMo of the Alps jiut together. Wo are now far up the mountain side, and suddenly behold the broad waters of the Columbia Kivcr, gleaming like a Hhi'et of burnished steel far, far below us. I)own ilio mountain side, between us and the river, ve see half a dozen ]>arallel linos of railway, rnd puzzle our biaiiis to know wlia( can be their purpose there, but soon learn that wo have to wind Like a Corkscrew along those, the train liuuliling and turning upon it-elf until it reaches tlie level of the river, 500 feet below. For some time the shades of evening have been gathering around u-', and it now becomes (luito dark. Tim oomluctor tells uR it is twenttj-lwo o'clock, and that our hods are pri'iiared ; so, retiring to our stiite-rt'om car, wi; undress ourselves and go to sleep. All niglit long the train speeds on itR wcstwaril course. We rise with the dawn, and just as we reach the observation car the train pulls up at Kamlonps, the principal town in the interior of IMtisli Columbia, flere we arc given half-nn-hour to stretch our legs on tlie platform, a luxury for which we were very thankful. A new oiigino is attached to the tiaiii, and we again resume our journey, following the shore of Kamlooks Lake and the mighty Thomson liiver, through tuiiiud after tunnel, and then the valley shuts in, anil the scarred ami rugged mountains frown upon us again. For hours we wind along their siile.-, looking down upon a tossing, tumbling river, its waters sometimes almost within our reach, and sometimes lost below. Wo suddenly cross the deep black gorge of the Fraser River on a massive hri'go of steil, seemingly constructed in THK PRASRB OANON. m \i !• 18 Rfjwrh of thf Dundee Cflurifr'i* mill-Air, pliin);o tlirnugli rv tiinnt'l, ami enter tlic fainoiiR caiVm of tho i^'iaMcr. Tlip view hero cliitn|;C'i from tlio ^laixl to tlic ton idle. 'riir(iui;li tliiH fiOTnc, fo tli-e|> nml ho narrow in many |ilact't* tliat the ray 'I of tlio »»n lianlly unter it, tlio lilncl< anil fernciuUH watora of the ;;roat rivor force tlieir way. We are in tlio lieart of the CaHcaile KanRe, anil ntmve tlic wallM of the Rnl^oll we oocaHJnnally see the mountain jiealcH gleamin;; a^ainHt the Hky. The railway ii< liiindri'ilM of feet nliovu tlie river, notcheil into tlii^ fucc of tlio cliifx, and now ami then croMsing a cliaxm liy a tall viaduct, or diMai>- |N!aring in a tunnol through a projecting Hpur of rook. On tlio oppoHitc Hide of tlio cafion The Old Government Road Ih Keen along the Francr and ThomHon HivcrH twinting and turning amongiit tho clitf.H. It Homu- timoH vontiiroH down to the river's nIiU', wlionce it Im quickly iliiven liy an angry turn of tho watorM, thonco tu mount to a di/./.y height and wind along shelves c\it out of tho mtlid rock. cros.sing tho gorges which come down tho nmuntain Hide on hridgeH of huge uiidreHsed 'roen, Hueminglv very precarious and dnngeroun. Along this road until the advent of the railway a'l the mcichandiHo nnl hy the Hullen roar c' tlio water helow, :ind we long for tho broad HUUHhine onco inoro. The scene is faHcinating in itn terror and wo finally leave it gladly, yet regret M:^ XU Wl'\. u* V \ I \ --<.:^'k;r_i YALE. fully. At Yale the caAon end«. and the river widens out, hut we have mountains yet in plenty, at times receding ami then drawing near again. Suddenly turning a cuive, a gleaming white cone risen towards the south-oast. It is ftlount Uaker, sixty miles away, and fourteen thousand feet above us. We cross large rivers flowing into the Fra«er, all moving nlowly here as if resting from their tumultuous passnge down between the mountain ranges. The waters are all dark, thick, and muddy, the river being in flood by the melting of the snow on the mountains. As the valley widens out, farms and orchards become more and more froi|nont, and nor hearts are gladdened by the sight of hrooin-- tho fii^t wo have seen Hince loavi'ig the old country —and other shrubs and plants familiar to our eyes, for, as we approach the coast, we tiiid Climate Like that of Britain, but with more sunshine. Jty-and-bye we reach Hariison Station, whore wu " lie over' on purpose tu visit the fertile valley of the Chilliewack, the groat productivonosH of which will form the Dultjcot of a future article. It may he imagined, after such a description, that few people would take up their abode in such an inhospitablo legion as the Kooky iSIountains, but the numerous villages we pass along the side (if the railway, and the busy passenger tiallicat the stations, show ut that a vast popula- tion obtain a subsistonce in the.so wIIiIh. We sco trilios of Indians herding hnnclioH of cattle and horses along the sides of the rivers, and every jutting rock at tho rivers' sides is 'jticiipied by Indians tithing with dip nets, the numerous salmon hanging on the tivos alongside showing that this iiiilustiy is veiy siiccossfni. flusters of tee peiH, or wigwams, browned and blackened with exposure and smoke, occur at fre- ipieiit intervals, altorii.ktod with cullectioiis of huts, wilt re the Chinamen congregate, great numbers of tliesi- Chiiiamon boing employed by the ICiilway Company in altering the construction of the track, renowing bridges, and widening the ombankinents HO as to make the railway moie substaniial. Kands of Chin.imeu are also to be Hveii on tlio bars of the river washing for gold, an industry which is said to be very lucrative. Nu'nurous sportsmen wander through tho mMiintaiuH in soaicli of bulfalo. MOOSK DKKK. moose deer, elk, bighorn sheep, caribou, wolves, and hears, wild fowl, such as ducks and geese being also very abundant. Whole Armies of Lumberers are employeil cutting down the timber and dragging it to tho rivor, where it is floated down to the sawmill, hundieds of miles away. The most valuable timber obtained to the east of " The Great Divide" is the tall and gracefully tapered tamarack, which in appearance very much resembles our home larches, quite as gross as the largest of them, but Special Agriculland Voininimone,' to North Jmcrica. 19 much tailor atnl Mtruislitui. 'I'lu! uiily Iiuha 1 iv. i Haw at home that could oomparo with thum were thoMo finu larohuM whicli nru to bo fiiuiul hi tlio Din of (ilamiii immciliatcly Ih-Iow the mlllilam. Tam- aracks aJMo abound on Iho JiritiHli C'ulumhia MlopfN, but there they are coinplotfly thrown into the Hhado by the enormouit l>oui;laM piiios which ^-row therein groat plenty— numbor« of thoin hoint{21(> feet high and 50 foot in cirouniforer.co —their trunki* an xtraJKlit M a plumb lino finely taperod and oloar from branchc-i to almost the veiy top. CVdiirn are ul«o nnncrous, (luito as gro^H, Intt not ho tall, and, bcin^ clollieit with branohos, liavo a ^roat roHonibhinci! to our spruce treoH at home. The timber <>f the cedais in very valuable, largo (piantiticn of it lioini; cut up Into shingleH for roofing purpo.so><, much in demand all throughout Caunda and thu I'liiteil iSt.-ttos. Immoiiiio numbers of workini'n also find employ. mcnt at the niiinprous mines which are wrought in the mountains, 8ilver, nupper, ami coal being the |irinei|>al output. Such a numcioiiH population oreatcH a constant demand for Agricultural Products, ami, though grain cannot be HuccosHfully grown, dairy produco ami beef are largely produced. Wherever pr.icticable, clearings have bocii otfootod and the land cultivated. The only grain crop which I taw aticmpteil was oats, which do not ripon well, KometlmeH not at all, but are cut green aird converted into hay, which, when mixed with native hay cut from the Rwamp!>, forms a very grateful and nutritive bit for winter feed. Potaiues and turnips are also grown, though the crops apjiear very diminutive, but small thuugh they be, they arc very valuable wheic better cannot be obtained. The cattle are grazed along the tidtrs of the lakes and rivers and on levul spaces between the moun- tains, and appear to be thriving and in fair con- dition. They arc a scrubby, lanky breed, I "it are good rustlers, and well adapteil for a district vlioro food is su precarious. Kachcow has a bell attacind to her neck, which, by its constant ringiti},', lots the whereabouts of the herd be known when concealed amongst the thick scrub. The demand for the pro- duce being always in excess of the .-upply, (here is at all times a reaily sale at remunerative prices, the average price of '.mtter being is 3d per lb., and clieese from Gd to 8d per lb. Stores are to bo soon at every station, where provisions of all kinds ami hard as well as soft goods can be purcha-^eil. And, besides all this, the lailway across the moun- tains is fast becoming a regular highway for the conveyance of passenger.* and gooils from .Australia and (Jhina to the eastern provinces of Camilla, and, in numerous instances, oven to Circat Ijritain. On lo.iMiig the tiain at Uarrison, wu luund that the news of our coming had gone before us, levnral Scotsmen being waiting at the station to bid us I I I SOJOUllN IN HUITISU COLUMBIA. CLIMATIC CH.ARACTKRISTICS OF THE PROVINCE. ITS GRE.AT LUMBER INDUSTRY. SOMETHING ABOUT IIS FISHEUIES AND CANNERIES. THE ELYSIUM Ol<' FISHKRMICN. (Prom the Dundee Courier of October 3.) Mr Osier, the Courier's Agricultural Commis- siuuer to America, writes:— r.MIIHIIIIAL ItOC'K, HDCKV BIOUNI AINS. woloome. Foremost amongst them was Handy .Macilonalil, a typical Scotsman, who, despite his thirty years' residence in the Province, still speaks his native Doric with the broadest of Scottish accents. "RIac." the name he is locally known by, is a rancher and larmer, local postrunner, and ferry boatman, and a general favourite in the place. Sandy knows everybody, and everybody knows and respects Sandy. He liad been expecting us for some days, and had been constantly in waiting on the arrival of the trains on put pose to boat us Across the Fraser. a river almost as broad as the Tay at Dundee. ISiit, unfortunately for us, a number of ladies who arrived by the same train claimed .Sandy's piuron- ago to ro'v them over, and as he was too gallant to refuse, and there being no room left for us, we had to seek another boat. The one we got scarcely commended itself to us as a moilel of safety, it beinr an Indian " dugout"— that is, a canoe dug CANOEING ON FRASER RIVER. out of the trunk of a single tree, and so small and slim that it seemed scarcely possible for it to carry us along with the two Indians who were to row us across. It had neither oars nor rudder, and as there were no thwarts on which wo ouuld seat our- selves we were told by the Indians to sit right in the bottom, it being sj narrow that when I ex- tended my arms over the side both hands touched the water within three inches of the gunwale. One Indian stcod in the prow, another at the stern, and sculled us across with scoops shaped like a farm labourer's shovel. However, we got over in safety, so Ileporfs of the ^hindee Courier's and " Mac," having lamlud lii:i ladicB, met us uii the left ba.'. with his buckdoard, and drove us all around The Chilliewack Valley, in the province of JSritisii Coliiinbia. ISritish Columbia is tiie most westerly province of tlie Dominion of Canada. It is i^ituated in latituile 4!)°— 55° nortii, and longitude 115°— 132" west, its latitude l)eing nnalagoiis to liritain and the nortii of France. It measures 700 miles in length from north to south, and 420 miles in breadth frum east to west. It is bounded on tin- nortii by Alaska, on the south by the iiiternntional boundary, on tlie east by the watershed of the Rocky JNIo\intains, and on the west by the Tacifu- Ocean. As a rule the climate ia more like that of G-e.it Jiritain than uny of the other ('anndia.i provinces, but it varies considerably in the different districts as influenced by local causes, such as jiroximity to the Ocean, altitude, and the contour of the moun- tains. Along the coast, and for a gond distance inland and especially along the deltas of ilie great riverR, the climate is mild and eijuable, being tempered by the warm waves of the racilic, just as the climate of liritain is tempered by the warm ourreuts of the Gulf Stream, with this difference, however, that a cold Arctic current runs south along the coast, which renders the air colder than that of Britain for the first half of sum.iier, but which, when heated by the long suinmei days of briglit sunshine which prevail in the Arctic re^dons, Tenders the latter half of the summer wirmer than that of Britain, and very congenial for the maturing and ripening of crops and fruits of every desciip- tio-. The cold Arctic current has also tiiceflfect of condensing the warm vapours patis.ng over tlic Pacific, causing Plentiful Rainfalls during early summer, when moisture is most needed. Heavy falls of snow frequently occur, but are quickly melted by the warm Chinook winds from off the Pacific, so that stock grazing outside have never much ditliculty in obtaining thrir food. Away back from the seftL)oard is pn oxtensivo elevated terrace of a lava formation, well adapted tVr cultivation and pasture. It is abuiulantly stocked with forests of timber, which draw down the rains in sulticient ainindancc, the formation of the mountains arresting the air currents and rain- deariug clouds, and rendering the district well adapted fur ("owing and maturing all kinds of agricultural produce, and for grazing purposes, THRKSHINO O.V A KANCHK NRAK KHASKH RIVKIl. Farther back still, and elevated on a third and higher terrace, is a district composed of ecpuillyas good soil, but where the rainfall is not HO generous, and which is, therefore, not so wi'll ada]>ted for cultivation, except wliero irrigation can be adopted. Where this can bo done splendid crops of every description oan be produced, but, as the rivers in many parts run along deen gorges, irrigation schemes are dilHoult to accomplish, Con- aequcntly this belt is better adapted for grazing purposes than for cultivation. The famed bunch grass, which grows abumlantly bore, resists the drought well, and is said to be more nutri- tire than even the far famed Kcut\tcky l>lue-joint. Farther back still is the moun- tain district, comprehending a very exten- sive area, aimuigst which are many sylvan re- treats (>nd level passes, where crops can be success- fully grown. (Jenerally speaking, however, this district is of a wihl, forbidding aspect, and very sparsely inhabited. The lofty ranges of mountains that tower above the whole Province on the east and north, act as windbreaks, and shelter it from the cold, chillii,^ blasts which come from that direction. Throughout the whole Province forest lands are of vast extent. The |irincipal trees are the Douglas pines, cedars, yellow firs, hemlocks, maples, alders, and cotton wooil. The Douglas pine is almost universal on the West Coast, anil up to the Cascade Kange. The cedar, white pine, and maple are found everywhere, and the Scots fir, willow, and cotton wood on the bottom lands. Huge Industries in Lumbering have been estal)liMhcil all over the Province. The trees are cut in the mountains and floated down the rivers, sometimes fur hundreds of mdes, to the sawmills below, large booms being erccteil across the rivers immediately al)ove the mills to divert and guide the logs into the bays where the mills are situatoil. It is quite a common sight to witness miles of timber covering the rivers from side to side waiting to be operateil upon. At New Westminster we visited two large sawmills — the Koyal City •Mills and the Ikunette Sawmills— each with a daily cutting capacity of one hundred thuusan>l feet of oue-incli hoarding, cut from enormous trees of cedar and pine, some of the trees being 10 to 14 feet in diameter and 250 feet in length. A sloping plat- form or gangway connects the saw-shed and the river. Along the centre of the platform runs an endless chain, with notched teeth like hooks or claws. Several men armed with boathooks take their staiiil upon the floating logs, and guide them end-on to the lower en^i*;e cf hoiiiK tlic freest from warping, and tlie nio8 durable of any. A GRAIN Kr.KVATOIi. The Fisheries of British Columbia are undoubtedly, without pxccption, tlie richest in the world. Wlialesand spbIh abound off the nortliorn coast. Sturgeon from .WO to 1000 lbs. are plcnti- ful in the rivers. I'lack cod, a supi'rior food fish, abounds from Cape Flattery nortli. Haldiut of (ino quality and large size are idontifiii in the inniT waters. Tlio surf smelt anil common smelt, so valued for tho table, are abundant. Herring i-ialso abundant, and both !ak') iind bronlt trout are found on the mainland, but the most valuable of all is the salmon, of which there are several kinds which frequent the rivers at diffcient seasons. The}' literally tco;n in the Fraser auil Columbia rivers, and it is said that passengers on tho Canadian ]*aciflo llaihvay are sometimes astonished by the sight of broad expanses of river, or deep pools, packed almost solid with a wriggling mass ol splendid fish. Those of tho Fiaser ore found 000 miles up the river. The great-^st number of canneries are on the Fraser, but Miere ars many farther North. At New 'Wcstminsler there is a salmon-canniug establishment where about six Inmdred thousand salmon arc am.aally propareil and put into half-pound an> vcv acre, while large fruit oichards realise from £:J0 to £40 per acre, besides affording a rich crop of grass undcrnenth, either for grazing or laying. It will be seen from these figures that farming, and especially fruit-farming, in British Columbia is Very Lucrative, and would be a very desirable location for emi- grants were the jjresent state of matters to con- tinue. The colony being comparatively new, the cultivation ot the land has not kept pace with the growth of the towns, Victoria, the capital, has a population of 25,000. Vancouver ho i a population of 20,0(K), New Westminster (iOOO, and many other inland towns are increasing remarkably fast. This vast urban population creates n greater demand for food stuffs than the cultivated area is yet able to supply. Consequently, instead of having a surplus to run down prices, it has up to this time had to import largo quantities of grain and beef from the Canadian Provinces to the cast of the Hocky Mountains. There is a doubt, however, if these prices will long continue, as there are already signs of a large import trade springing np from ■Australia and other caste n countries. Just as the soil is productive and the prices luciative, so is the land dear in proportion. Improved farms sell at from £10 to £25 per acre, while unimproved lands, generally thickly studded with IJougUs pine and cedivr roots, and which would require an expendi- ture of from £5 to £10 per acre to clear, cost from £4 to £'20 ]K'r acre, according to location and the (piality of the s .il. Advice to Intending Settlers. I would not, therefore, recommend farmers to think of taking; up land there uidess possessed of a good round sum of money. But to those possessed of the necessary funds, tired of the trammels of tenancy at home, and desirous of becoming their own landlords, I could reooinmeml nothing bettor. Money judiciously invested is sure to yield a good return ; and, besides, 50 acres well laid out and well attended to would be as much as any man need po.sse.ss, as it would bring in more cash annually than four times that number of acres at home. It must not be supposed, however, th:it British Columbia is in general such an El Dorado, as this favoured valley of the Chilliewack, although there are many large areas along the deltas of the great rivers equally as good. About nine miles east from the city of New Westminster we crossed what is known as ihe Pitt Meadows. This is a tract of about 30,tXK) acres of splendid meadow land that is oveiJlown for about two months of the year by the rise of the Fraser River. The river is now being dyked out by the Government at a cost of £75,000. Already 250O acres have been reclaimed, showi ; the dyking is to be successful. This land has been inormed through ages by the river deposit, and is therefore inexhaustible. It is now being sold out to settlers at £10 per acre, fee simple, and is con- sidereil the cheapest land in the Province. Away back in the Second Terrace, already referred to, in the Nicola and Okanagan valleys of the Yale dis- trict, and in both the ICootnays there are large ex- tents of very good soil, in some parts, as in the Okanagan section, requiring iriigation, and in others visited with a siithcieiitly al)undant rainfall. Lord Aberdeen's Enterprise. In the Okanagan district the Earl of Aberdeen has purchased a large tract of laud, which he in- tends to appo-tion out to settlers. His Lordship has started two large faims there on his own account, which are giving good results. He has gone largely into fruit-growing and hop culture, and this year the crops are remarkably rich. He is shortly to erect a fruit cannery, which will afford a ready market for the fruit grown in that neigh- bourhood. At Agassiz the Dominion Government has established an experimental farm. Every kind of grain, vegetable, and fruit likely to succeed in a temperate climate is tried here, and settlers can obtain free such seeds and cuttings as have proved suitable to the country. In the best districts the good land is mostly all sold to settlers, or is in the hands of s][)eoulators, who sell it out to new-comers at the prices already indicated, but further up the country the Dominion Government yet possess millions of acres, which they oifcr to settlers free, in farms of 100 acres, with |M>wcrs to purchase at very low price< up to 040 acres. A good deal of ditliculty must be encountered in clearing those lands, but, the clearing accomplished, the abundant yield and good prices obtained for agricultural pro* duoe on the west ouast, together with a reasonable ainuuut of industry, Hteadinuss, and perseveranooi Special Agricultural Commissioner to North Aimriai. 23 tlio Kooky er, if tlii'Ht! kre alrh ulo, as this lough there i the groat Qs east from led what U a tract of land that ia rear by the now being of £75,0(H). d, show I ; nd has been 3sit, and is ng sold out and is con- ce. Away irred to, in le Yale dis- re large cx- as in the nd in others fall. ise. f Aberdeen 'hich he in- is Lordship 1 his own I. He lias Jp culture, ioh. He is 'ill afford a that neigh- lovernment Kvery kind succeed in icttlers can ave proved iatricts the >r is in the lew-comers 'urther up yet poHsesR ttlcrs free, urchase at od deal of ring those ! abundant Itural pro* reasonable severanoe, »rc sure to coininand success. There is a steady Demand for Lai >urers all througiiout the Province. White labourers are preferred, but the scarcity of thejf causes great numbers of Chinamen to be employed. Farm servants are paid from 4s to Os per day, with rations, and Chinamen from £3 12s to £4 per month, also with rations. Ten hours per day, or sixty hours per week, are supposed to be the hours 3f labour, but in busy times the rule is from sun- up to sundown, without any extra ninuueration. Emigrants going to British Columbia are best t.) take ship to Montreal, a steerage passage for an adult CDsting £4, children from five to twelve half- price, under Ave years of age free. Thence they go to Vancouver by the Canadian Pacific Railway. The railway fare is £7, the distance between Montreal and Vancouver being nearly SOOO miles. Rations are supplied free on shipboard, but on rail p:»sfrngors have to purchase their own food, facilities for whic!. are given at suitable stations on the route. The whole distance from IJritain to Vancouver, nearly GOOO miles, occupies about eighteen days. In concl uling this letter, I would return my Ijost thanks t) Mr De Wolf, a large and successful ranclici' and fruit grower in the Valhy of the Uhiilicwack, who afforded me most valuable infor- mation H8 to the prospect and capabilities of the land for farming purposes. Mr De Wolf met us by mere chance when being ferried across the Fraser River, and on learning that we came from Scotland surprised us by asking if we knew the firm of iMessrs Thomson & Sons, proprietors of the Cowrier and Wiekly Ncwi, Dundee, when wo were proud to confess ouiselves the representatives of a firm so well and favourably known, even at the very gates of the Orient. Sandy pointed out a piece of pasture ground which ahoweil A Perfect Sward of Clover, ami explained that about twenty years ago he accidentally got a large section of tlie timber part of his ranch burned. He got a parcel of clover seed, the first ever sown in the province, and strewed it amongst the ashes, whore it struck root, anil has flourished luxuriantly ever since. On the steamer there were about three score of cattle being conveyed to the fat market at Vancouver. They were mostly shorthorn and Hereford grades, would weigh al)out 10 cwts. on the hoof, and were in what we at home A^ould call good store condi- tion. I was told by a local dialer that they would realise aliout £11 ; they were merely grass fed. A good many carcases of calves were hanging in the hold of the boat, and they appeared to be well fed and good weights. I was told they had all been sucklings. The general cargo of the boat was ''.'imotliy hay, which wa« being sent to Victoria, where it woulil bring from £2 10s to £3 per ton. .Stei)ping off the boat at New Westminster, where there was a conimodiou", well-equipped harbour, we went straight to the Government I.and Office, where we were courteously Received by the Grown Agents, who kindly gave us all the information in their power, and showed us round the town. I have already said the chief industries of this c>ty are its lumber mills an 1 salmon canning ')s^?kblishments, VISIT TO VANCOUVEll ISLAND. ITS AGRICULTURAL FEATURES. INTERESTING STATISTICS. CHINAMEN IN AMERICA. (From the Dundee Courier of October 17.) Mr Andrew Osier, the Courier's Agricultural Commissioner to America, writes : — i'utting up all night in a coininodious wooden hotel in the little town of I'hilliewack, I asked a waiter to have my boots blacked and ready for me in the morning. He looked indignant at the re- quest, but showed me a shed outside where I got blacking and blushes and performed the operation myself. This was the first Canadian hotel in whioh they refused to do the shining process, but when in the States I found that the blacking of boots was not inoludrd in the hotel arrangements, there beinfi,' 8e|>arate establishments for hairdressing and boot- blacking. At Chicago I went into a barber's shop, the floor of which was actually paved with real silver dollars, and got my boots " shined " by a darkey whose fingers sparkled with gold rings, and who charged me 25 cents for the operation. But to return to Ohilliewack. After breakfast, who ahould iitep into the room but our ipiondam friend Sandy Macdonald ? He told us ho had his buck- board at the door, and would drive us to a jetty on the Fraser, wheio we would get on board a flat- bottomed steamer, propelled by a single broad paddle wheel in the stern, and be steamed to New WeHtminiter. When going along to the Jetty I SALMON' WHRKL ON COLUJfniA RIVBR. nearly all the tinned salmon imported into Great Britain coming from here. From New West- minster— ar, as ic was formerly called, the Royal City— wt went by electric railway to the enterprising City of Vancouver, a distance of 12 iiiiles, up and down some very steep gradients, in little over half an hour. From Vancouver, which is the terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway, we crossed the Gulf of Georgia, <^>\ the magnificent steamer Premier to the groat city of Victoria, the capital of the proviiioo situated in the south east extremity of the Island of Vancouver. Victoria has a population of 25,000, ia principally built of granite, and contains many IP ' ! ■ ' i 34 Reports of the Dundee Courier's |j ' !!i 1^' apaoioua and lofty blocks of building**, its public and municipal buildings and private residenoes being remarkable for tbeir inAgniQccnoo. It bas •Itogetber a distinctly British appearance, but there are in it whole streets occupied by Chinese, the strangely decorated and arranged shop windows of which have a unique (Oriental ap- Searance. It has already become a famous resi- ential resort for wealthy people of th? colder part of the Dommion ; i?i on account of the warm Japanese current striking its nhorei*, it has a climate similar to that of Penzmce in Kngland. The principal harbour is that of Esquimalt, whicli has long been the rendezvous of the Eui^lish squad- ron in the North Pacific, and contains naval store- houses, workshops, graving docks, &c. On the occasion of our visit a number of British men-of- war were anohorec in the harbour. Next day we had a long drive in a circuit of twenty miles around the city, and were delighted with the advanced Appearance of Agriculture which met our gaze on every side. The country has more the appearance of a wcll-tillcd Scottish rural district than anything I iiave seen in all America. The farms are not large, hut thi? fields are neatly and squarely laid out, and well fenced. The dwellinghousea, allhough of wood, are sub- stantial anil comfortable, and the 'arm erections are suitable for the holdings. All crops suitable to a temperate climate similar to tii.it of Great Britain are grown very successfully. Sown grasses and clovers also grow, and hold well, so that a system of alternate husbandry ami mixed fanning similar to our own has been adopted. Since I came home the Agricultural Department of the Government of Canada have sent me their 18t)2 report for British Columbia, which contams very accurate statistics as to yields of crops, &c., and I find that last year's averages for the Island of Vancouver were : — Wheat, from 30 to 45 bushels per acre ; barley, 30 to 35 busliels ; oats, 50 to GO bushels ; peas, 40 to 45 bushels ; potatoes, 180 to 200 bushels; and turnips, 20 to 25 tons per acre. The average prices were : — Wheat, 30s per qr. of 8 bushels ; barley, 23s per qr. ; oats, 20.s per qr. ; peas, 30s per qr. ; and potatoes, £3 10s per ton. Cattle, horses, sheep, and pigs are reartd in great numbers, and, although The Grading of the Cattle did not seem to me to be so judiciously attended to as on the mainland, still, they appeared to be ^vell fed, und, although rough and scrubby, they were big and carried a good deal of flesh. Horses are light, active, and hardy, but somewhat unsym- metrical. Farmers are beginning tu grade them up with Clydes and percherons, the Clyde grade being considered the best. Sheep are of an altogether nondescript breed, and stand much in need of grading up. Pigs are excellent sorts, and are fed to great weight, indeed it has been forced u|)on me from what I have seen of Canadian pig breeding and feedin? that old country farmers might well take a lesson from their Canadian cousins in this line ..f business. Atlaohed to every farm is a systematic and well laid out orchard of fruit trees and bushes, which are said to yield a prodigious crop, up to the value of £40 or £50 per acre, and from what I saw I can well believe it, for to my eyes tho trees appeared literally laden with fruit. The area of lancl in tho island capable of being cultivated is not by any means extensive, neither does it seem to me to bo of such a deep, rich texture M that which I have already described on the main- land, but, the great bulk of the soil being of sharp loam upon a gravelly subsoil, is well adapted to yield a tapid aud grateful respouie to the Abundant Rainfall which prevails there. As the system of alternate husbandry provides abundanco of foud for tlio house feeding of stuck during winter, a good supply of fatmvard manure is maile and carefully applieil to the land, which keeps it in good heart aud good cropping conditio,. I was greatly oblig'jd to Mr Higgiuson, Crown ti.nher agent, who accompanied us all tho way from New Westminster to Victoria and back, and who furnished mo with reliable statistics ns to the price of land in the district around Victoria. Land about ten or twelve miles from the city having partial clearing and fair improvement (that is fair housing and fencing) is worth from §50 (£10) to .¥75 (£15) per acre. Nearer to the city it is worth more, and unim|iriived land about tliree miles from the city is wortii $150 (£30) to ?200 (£40) per acre. Wild lands (unimproved) not farther than ten miles from the city arc worth $40 (£S) to $50 (£10) per acre. The island is about 270 miles in length, ami from 30 to 50 miles in breadth. It lies out from the western shores of North America about 80 Miles in the Pacific Ocean. Its situation to the New AVorld bears a great resemblance to the situation of Great Britain to tho Old World. It lies in just about the same latitude, and just as the climate of Great Britain is tempered by the warm waves of the Gulf Stream, so is it tempered by tho warm waves of the Japanese current. Its whole outline is boldly picturesque and beautifully diversified by mountain precipices, hills, dales, and lakes. It is in general thickly wooded, but many open grassy plains occur well fitted for cultivation and pasture. There are no rivers of any consequence but springs are abundant, and these forming into small streamlets, trickle down the mountain side ami water the valleys below. Coal of very good quality is abundant, and the mines of Nanaimo give employment to great numbers of workpeople, these mines being the chief source of the coal supply fur the mainland as well as for the numerous steam vessels which ply on the Pacific. Owing to the great influx of China- men to all tlie Western States an in each township belong to the Hudson Bay Company. The even-numbered sections are set apart by the Government as free grants to settlers, and the odd-uumbered aeotions are set apart for sale. For twenty- four miles along each siile ^f the great lines of railroads the odd- numbered sections have been granted to the railway companies as inducements to th-^m to exteiul their lines into hitherto unsettled districts, ami in such cases the lands are usually utTered to the public at leasonable rates. Fiee homesteads of 100 acres each may be obtained by any person (male or female) who is the sole head of a family, or by any male who has attained the age ot 18 years, on either of the following conditions :— (1) By making entry and within six months thereafter erecting a habitable house and commencing actual residence on the land, and continuing to reside ou it, for at least six months in each year for the three next succeeil- inr years, and doing reasonable cultivation dutie dui'ing that period ; or (2) by making entry for the land, cultivating it for three successive years, xo that at the end of that period not less than 40 ncies be under cultivation, redding for at least six months in each year during that time within a radius of two miles of the homestead, and erecting a house upon the homestead and resi1, breaking and prep.tr ing for crop, within the flr.'-t year not less than five acres, cro))i)iiig the said five acres, and breaking and |Ji'cparing for crop not less than ten acres in ailditiun, and erecting a habitable house thereon before the expiration of the second year, and theio- after residing thereon and cultivating the land f"r at least six months of each of the three years next prior to the elate of application for patent. The only Charge for a Homestead of 1*^0 acres is the entrance fee of 810, equal to £2 sterling, and to induce parties to settle on the land the following bonuses are offered by the Govern- ment to tlio.se taking up land within eighteen months of their arrival in the country, viz. ;— $10 to the head of a family, $5 for the wife and each adult member of the family over twelve years, and a further sur. of §5 to each ailult mentber of the family over eighteen years of age taking up land within the specified period. To tho.se who actually wisii to become settlers there is no difficulty what- ever implied in these hoincstead duties. In every district in the North-West there are yet thousands upon thousa tds of acres upon which the settler can make choice of his farm where no updigging of roots is neoessury or unearthing of stones, the Land It! 28 Reports of the Dundee Courier's 1 •' * being a green level swanl. Tlie plough, with two light horses or team of oxen, is sufticiciit in inoHt caat'B to do the breaking, nor is the obligation of erecting a habitable houne an undertaking which need frighten settlpr.x, as it may be of the most fiimple and primitive deHoription, tl.e eiectiunH being for the moMt part of wooil, a sutlicicnt supply of wliloh is given by the Government free. For a single man A Log Shanty is the cheapest and easiest ericted. It is made of logs squared with the axe, laid tlie one nbove the other and notched at the corners, the spaces between the logs forming the walls are carefully clinkeil with pitces of wood and are then plastered over with clay, and if properly done the shanty is as warm and comfortable as a stone and lime building. The entire woik can be done by tlio settler himself, although it would be as well to got the assistance of some one who knows about the work, the only outlay will be for the windows and planks for the floor and door and also the nails, the entire cost need not be ovt;r £2. For a married man a log- house is to be jireferred. With the assistance of some one acquainted with the business and handy with tools the settler can in a couple of weeks finish the house, making it warm and comfortuble. Such a house in size, say 12 feet by IG, can be divided into two bedrooms upstairs and a kitcliun and sitting-room downstairs, the lowest cost of sucii a building would be simply the cash outlay on boards and nails for flooring, doors, partition, and gables with four windows, and misjht be done for £10. In parts where timber is scarce, A Better Style of House can be builk with sawn timber, with two rooms measuring 18 f'et by 12 feet, for £24. Or a four roomed frame house, say 16 fiet by 20, two bed- rooms upstairs and kitchen and sitting-room below, will cost about £60. This is an average house, and will accommodate any ordinary family. Stables, barns, and other outhouses can be readily erected by the settler himself, the wood for these, as well as for fencing, being also supplied free. Siiu.id a settler desire to own a larger estate than the 160 acres given to him as a free grant he can generally purchase as much as he wants alongside, which, except in exceptional cases, such as vicinity to m town or the existence of valuable minerals, is generally offered by the Government at 12s per aero on easy payments spread over m number of yeftrs. Large areas of country called Indian reservations have been set aside for the exclusivi use of tlie Indians. The^e are oftentimes the best of t!ie land, and as the Indians arc restricted from the powers of sale, they cannot be purchased by oi settled upon by white men. It oftentimes hanpens however, that the Indians desert these reservavions, when, if they remain vacant for a specified period, they are advertised for sale by public comiietition, and the proceeds devoted for the benefit of the red men. MORE ABOUT THE NORTH- WEST TERRITORIES. EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES. THE GAME LAWS SIMPLIFIED. PUIMITIVE ROADMAKING. PO.STAL AND POLICE SYSTEMS. (Prom the Dundee Courier of November 7.) Mr Osier, the Courier's Agricultural Commis- sioner to America, writes : — Tliroughout the length and breadth of the North- West Territories the facilities for education are very superior, schools are already plentiful in all thickly-settled districts, and in any newly-settled locality any three ratepayers, two of whom shall be heads of families, may form themselves into a Committee to secure the erection of a school dis- trict, and may petition the Lieutenant-Governor i^r such erection, and, on his approval of the scheme, a poll of the ratepayers for or against it shall he taken. If the majority is favourable, the erection of the district into a school district will be forthwith declared. A school district must comprise an area not more than five miles in breadth and length, and must contain not less than four resident heads of families, and ten children of school age, which shall mean between the ages of five and twenty. The school shall be managed by a Board of Trustees, elected bjr the ratepayers, and it shall be the duty of the Trustees to select and acquire a suitable school site, as near as possible to the centre of the district, to engage a competent teacher, to have custody of all school property, and to mnku such assessment on real and personal property within the district as may be necessary to defray all lawful expenses connected with the Management of the School. Government aid is paid to every school organised under this ordinance as follows : — A grant of 75 per cent, of thu teacher's salary to every school employing a teacher holding a first-class certificate from the Board of Education of the North-West Territories ; a grant of 70 per cent, to a teacher holding a second-class certificate ; and a grant of 65 per cent, for every teacher holding a third-class certificate. The balance is )>aid out of the pro- ceeds accruing from Uie 1280 acres of land set aside in every section for school purposes, and if that shouhl prove insufficient, an assessment is imposed to raise the necessary amount. No fees ore charged from the children of ratepayers for attendance, but a small fee, only amounting to a few pence annually, may be charged for the attend^ anoe of those children whose parents are not rate- payers. All teachers are sulijected to a rigid examination before i^^ing certificated and allowed to teach, and the schools are regularly and systematically visited and reported upon by a very etfioient staff of inspectors. In addition to the public schools, collegiate institutes are provided for higher exolusivt the beat icted from laaeJ by oi Bs haopenx mervauoDB, fled period, i>m|>etition, t of the red IITH- :s. ED. EMS. mher 7.) il Gominis- the North- icntion iire itiful iti all iwly-settled whom shall Ives into a Hchool din- itt-Gcvernor )val of the or against favourable, liool district liatrict mu^t ve miles in lot less than I children of I the ages of managed by jpayers, and select and s possible to a competent roi)erty, and id personal lecessary to ith the Ol. )l organised ?rant of 75 very school the public 1 for higher Special AgriruUural Commissioner to North America. education. These are maintained ami governed in mucli the same way as the public hcIiooIh. Allhoiigli throughout the Dominion there is no estiibli.ihi.'d form of relii(io:i and no !Statu-aid<'d (Jliurciies, still the spiritual welfare and the eiluca- tion of the people are well provided for. Ohuiclies have been huilt and ministcrM ))laced in them in every populous centre, the miuisteis being clio:*on and paicl by the people themselves. Pre.sby- terianisin i» the most ciinmon form, l>ut churcliusuf all denomination!! are to be found, Kpiscopacy and Roman C'atholici.-^m being quite common. The Game Laws are very simple, no game license or gun licence being required by any one whose residence i.s in tlic Territories, but a license ing of any species of wild fowl, grouse, &c., is proliibitcd. Close time during which animals cannot be destroyed is as follows : — Deer, from 1st January to 1st October ; grouse, jnairie chickens, pbcisants, and partridge, 1st Dceeinijor to IClii September ; woodcock, plovers, and snipe, 1st January to Ist August ; wild duck, se;i iluck, &c., 1st May to 1st September ; otter, beaver, musk rat, and sable, 15th May to Ist Ootol)er ; marten, loth April to 1st November. Offences against the Act shall be punished upon summary conviction on iiifoimation or complaint before a J.P or Police Magistrate. T.akes are very numerous throughout the North-West Territories, and the couiitiy literally swarms with water fowl, such as ducks, goese, &c. The prairie chicken, a fowl about the size of our pheasant, is also found in great numbers on the prairie. The buffalo has alto'^etlier disap- peared, but bears can yet be found iu the more secluded parts, as also can timber wolves and lynx. There are no wild horses east from the Uockies, all the numerous bands of those animals being tame and belonging to the settlers, and branded with their own mark. It is a very serious offence to allow a stallion to go at liberty on the prairie. Roadmaking is very far behind in almost all parts of the Terri- tories. Coating with metal is never resorted to. Any makinugh and uncouth, it bears up the wheels of the vehicles and the feet of the horses, and answers the purpose very well. Roads are laid out parallel to each other, (!(} feet being the breadth allowed by law. There is one mile distance between the north ami south roads, and two miles distance between the east and west roads. The Postal System of Canada extends to every village and hamlet in the laiiil. The ordinary rate in the Dominion and between Canada and the United .States is IJd per ounce, or fraction thereof, and to and from the United Kingdom 2J!d per half-ounce. The news- paper postage in Canada is nominal, and there are parcel, sample, and book posts at cheap rates. Tho money order system is similar to >liat in operation in the United Kingdom. '1 he commission charged on local onlers ranges from 2 cents (Id) f..r 4 dollars (Kis) to 50 cents for 100 dollars (£20). Money orders are also issued payable in the United Kingdom on the same terms as tho.se charged on similar orders issued in Great Biitain payable in Canada. The telegraph system is in the hands of publio Companies chartere I by Act of Parliament, and the rates are moderate. For a message sent by mo fromtlietownof Vancouver — the farthest west town on the mainland of British Ameiica — to Dundee tho sum charged was 7s l>d. The telephone is also in very active operation in most of the towns and cities of Canada, and is used to a very great extent, the number of telephone messages sent yearly being about ()4 millions. For the maintenance of law and order a force called A BETIXBU IN HIS SLEIGH. The Mounted Police is employed. This force consists of J50 officers and lOOO men. 'J'lie headquarters are at Regina, and there are stations at all the principal towns ami centres iu the North-West. A thorough system of discipline prevails, and, the men being all young, able-bodied, and active, and mounted upon splendiil horses, this force has been found to be very erticient. Applicants for the force must be between the ages of 22 and 40, of thoroughly sound con- stitution, and must produce certificates of exemplary character. They must be able to read and write the English or French languages, must under-tand the care and management of horses, and be able to ride well. The term of engage- ment is five years, and the rates of pay are as follows :— Constables— First year's service 50 day ; second year, the same, cents per day adde juTson ix peimittt'tl to practiHC without a license from the piuviiicial mediciil buardH, The privilege is generally giaiited without examination to holders of diplomas or degrees in medicine and surgery from IJritish Universities ; and certificates obtained by teachers or Kcbool- masters in the United Kingdom are available in Canada when endorsed by the Minister of Educa- tion in the Province in which the holder desircn to reside. Tlie forcgring rules, regulations, and con- ditions apply equally to all the North-West Pro- vinces of C^inada. In my next letters I will take up the districts I visited in detail, and describe their grain-bearing and stock-producing oapabilities. ALBIiillTA AND ITS RANCHES. THE PROVINCK AND INDU'^^TRIES. ITS AGRICULTURAL FEATURES. A VISIT TO KLIJOW PAKIv RANCHE. (From the Vitmhe Courier of November I4. J Mr Osier, the Courier's Agricultural Commis- sioner to America, writes : — The provisional district of Alberta, situated at the base of the Kocky Mountains, embraces an area larger than that of Scotland, Etigland, and Wales put together. ITp to 1883 it had no direct com- munication with Manitoba or Eastern Canatln, the postal service being then through the United States. The construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway, however, ushered in a new era, and it has now direct postal and railway communication with all parts of the world. Alberta is bounded on the noith by the district of Athabasca, on the south by the international boundary line, on the east by the provisional drstrict of Asfiiniboia, and on the west by the summit of the Rocky Mountains. It includes in its 107,000 square miles every variety of forest and ••tream, grazing and agricultural lands, with deposits of gold, coal, iron, and petroleum. Ai'ieri.a is divided into two judicial districts, known as Ixorthern Alberta and Southern Alberta. The northern district extends from the northern boundary of Alberta to Mosquito Creek, fifty miles south of Calgary, and the southern district extends southwards from Mosquito Creek to the United States Ix-undary line. A Judge of the Supreme Court presides over each district, the Judge for the northern district residing at Calgary, and the Judge for the southern district r.MIM HOUSE AND OARDEN NEAR EDMONTON. living at MaclecHl. Alberta was, however, formerly diviiled into three distiicts — Edmonton, Calgury, and Macleod — and as such tliey are still better known. The Eilmonton district comprised all that part frun the northern boumiaiy of Aliicrta to a point on the Red Deer River, about lUU miles north of the town of Calgary. The piinuipal town in the province is Calgary, which was establishi'd in 18.S3 on the advent of the Canadian Pacllii: Railway. It is situated almost in the centre of the district which bears its name. It nestles in a sheltered valley in the triangle formed by the rivers Row and Elbow immediately at their conlluencc, and is surrounded on thrie sides by the waters theieof, and walled in on either side by high precipitous banks. The present population is put at nearly 5000, and it is doubling itself every two or three years. It has goud hotel accummudation, good public schools, one hi^jh-class school, Protestant and Roman Catholic private schools, five churches, one public hospital. There are two electric light systems. Its water supply is obtained by pumping with steam from the River Bow. It has good sewage arrangements, and large and complete stores of all kinds of merchandise. The town is the distributing centre for a very large district of agricultural lumbering and milling country around. ^V'ithin the last two years two new lines of railway have been constructed, and oon. nect with the Ciiiud1. These its, and in- ;reon blade e they are as a mown cornfields, scarce, and n to them, I grain, the lent. All II myriads, leir heads ithin a few into their kestrels are count these be a non* eaemblnnce oine to the ance to any t will take about the a sort of kangaroo, they are irere rattle- seen any of came along whioh the were told frequented 18 drought al of the id coolies le herds of there, and I on its feet e arrived at UT team of it bronchos had nulled the beavjir waggon eontaining the five of uh along Indian trails that never had got the slightest shadow of making or repairing for a dis- tance of sixt^ or seventy miles still they were as frcwh and lively as when we started, and pricked Up their ears, and bowled us along without th<3 least sign of fatigue, showing that they are Of Oood Bottom, and very hardy and durable. They were of the common, rough, scrubby breed, rough In their hind- quarters, and having nothing to admire about them so far as their symmetry was concerned. Still they would make good, useful cab horses, and could be bought in any number at from £10 to £15. Arranging with our driver to hitch up another rig for us on the morrow to drive us to the Maoleod ranching district, we retired lo our hotol. IN THE MACLEOD UANCHING DISTRICT. INTERESTING EXPEUIENCES. A HORIIIBLE INDIAN FESTIVAL. A FINE GRAZING COUNTRY. PROFITABLE DAIRY FAKMING AND riG-KEIiPING. AN AWKWARD I'RKDICAMENT. (From the Dundee Courier of November 2S.) Mr Osier, the Courter'sAgricultural Commissioner to America, writes :— We put up for the night in the principal hotel in Calgary, and next morning, after getting a splendid breakfast of porridge and milk — the porridge made out of rolled oats, which we greatly relished — we saunt. red along the street to find the Post Office in hopes of getting news from home. Every morning all the time we were away, whatever town we were in, we did the same, but found to our disappointment and chagrin that letters were like angels' visits, few and far be- tween. The morning was fair, but the sun was obscured by a dense haze or mist, and to me it looked as if it was going to bo a great downpour of rain, but we were told by the people of the place that the daikness proceeded from a hush fire in the mountains, and sure enough we then remem- bered that two days before, when coming east through the Rocky Mountains, we had passed through a great forest of fine timber all ablaze, and this was the smoke, more than a hundred miles away, that was enshrouding the district as if in a thick fog. Betimes our red-coated jehu drove up to the door of the hotel, and, our party being now augmented by some gentlemen farmers from Ontario, Mr Thomson, homestead inspector. Calgary, also hitched up his team of cayuse in his backboard for our accommodation, and, aa it after- wards turned out, it was lucky for us that he did so. Wt Started South in the direction of the Macleod ranching district, and not far from the town we crossed the Elbow River on a substantial wooden bridge. I was seated on the dickey beside the driver, and for a time I must confess I saw "ery little of the country around, my attention being engrossed with the bad behaviour of our team of bronchos. They had only been once or twice in harness before, and were a pair of as wild, untamed demons as I ever sst behind. They had never been shod, and appearod M they had bean very little handled. I soon saw It was to he a regular fight for mastery between the driver and them, but I saw at the same timo that he kept cool and collocted, and that he was a stout, reHolute young fellow who knew bis business well. So he kept them well in hand, and sometimes by coaxing, sometimes by a good ap- nlication of whipconl, he managed them admirably. He told me one of them would make a good horse, but the other was a mean skunk, and the sooner he was shot the hotter, nor would it have taken much to Lave made him carry out his threat. I knew he had his shooting-irons with him, and I would not have been a bit surprised though he had dropped the savage brute in his mad career. Evi- dence that such things are sometimes done was not awanting, for we passed four dead horses by the wayside that morning. On the wny out wt; met a great number of Indians, who had been a'. The Annual Sun Dance farther east the country, and wnre returninij to the Sarcee Reservation, about 10 miles south-west from Calgary. First came the buck^, riding along ahead like gentlemen. They bad neither sa the squaws, -vho had charge of the camp furniiure and papoo. J, tlieir mode of conveyance being called a travoie. Long poles are attached to both sides of the horse, and the ends trail far behind. The small ends of the poles are crossed over the horse's neck and fastened there, and immediately behind the horse a hammock or wicker baiket is strung between the poles. Into this hammock the children and all their worldly possessions are packed. The old ladies were seated astride the horses, and urged them along at the hard gallop, and, although the children were getting A Rough, Jolting Ride, the/ were laughing and crowing with great glee, and seemed to be enjoying it very much. A number of foals whose mothers had the misfortune to be in the travoies were running alongside, and accom- panying the cavAlcade were a number of dog-i, which they breed and rear for food in times of scarcity. These barked quite furiously at us in passing. Their herd of horses were of a somewhat mean order, small, droop-rumped creatures that would not draw above from £2 to £4 when at their best. They are, however, a hardy, mettlesome race, and will staml any amount of work and hardship. They are of all shades of colour — blacks, browns, greys, sorrels, chestnuts, and cream-coloured. Cream or lavender is the favourite, but chestnut is the most common. i'he Indian sun dance is a horrible annual festival, and as I had a description of it from an eye-witness a recital of it will not be uninteresting. It takes place about the end of June or the beginning of July, when the whole Indians, male and female, for twenty or thirty miles round, gather to the place appointed, and pitch their camps in the vicinity. First a hole is dug in the ground, then the largest tree to be found within easy distance is out down, hauled, and the stump end placed in the ground. An outer wall is then made, with many similar ones at regular distances. From these to the large centre-post rafters are strung. Then the whole is covered with greon foliage, a large doorway being left open on the east m W\ 34 Reports of the Dundee Courier* s II >! Hide facing tiie sun, Wlien tiiey are engageJ hauling the trees to the 8un lodge, threo or four well-mounted bucks will drop their lariats over the stump end, the other end of the rope being attached to the horses' wentherlock. Then off they go, bga going, arms flying, laughing, shout- ing, and yelling, followed by a number of others, who discharge numerous shots among the leaves of the fallen tree and in the air to drive away the devil. The First Fart of the Dance is '^he presenting of six virgins by the head ohief to the sun as a token of the moral standing of the tribe. Then follows the making of braves, only one being made at a time. He, by a pre-arranged plan, finds his way to a place at the west side of the tepee, occupied by the medicine men, who perform the transformation act. AVhile this is going on f'.ey are hidden from view. Suddenly the candidate for honours appears on the scene, a most perfect demon painted most hideously. Each aspirant wears different colours, aiid is 4imu6t nude. On either side of the breast can be seen twc outs, with blood oozing therefrom. Through tl' ese a skewer is passed, and between the shoulder bladae a similar cut and skewer are seen. From the centre pole hang two light ropes, generally strips of untanned hide, a loop at the end of each. These loops arc placed over the skewers on the breast, and a large turtle shell is hung by a cord from the skewer on the back. A whistle is then placed in his mouth, and the tom- toms strike up a hideous kind of music. Then the young man's father, friend, or relative steps for- ward, and every sound is silenced when he, in a continued flow of native eloquence, relatesi much of the young man's past, predicts his future, tells of bis brave ancestors and their deeds, and ends by Galling upon the Oreat Spirit to protect him always. And now the real business begins. The tom-toms again strike up, the can- didate keeping time to them with the whistle in his mouth, and boating time with his feet. He gradually creeps clo.ier to the centre pole, and, bending him- self back till his body reaches en angle of 45 degrees, the whole weight being now supported by the particles of skin under which the skewers pass, ho, hopping up and down to the time of the tom-toms, moves along in a quarter circle. The skin on the breast is now stretched away from the flesh like a piece of elastic, and on he goes bobbing and whistling, when suddenly the skin on the breast gives way, and down h'- fal' , but sudilenly springs to his feet like a JKT.piiig deer, and stalks majestically away, and takes his place among tlie fighting men of his nation. Only those who succe^isfully pass through this ordeal can take a place among the braves. Should they fail or faint they are squaws, and not considered fitto associate withthemenof the council. All this time we have been bowling southwards at a great pace, up and down, over the east and west spurs of the Foothills. There are big ranches here, and all along the way is a fine grazing country, and one which affords almost perfect shelter for stock in the winter season, for, no matter which direction the wind blows from, it is an easy matter to find a lea corner behind the rugged rises or amongst the numerous clumps of wood which everywhere abound. "Water is also plentiful, for in the hollow of every valley between the ridges is a stream or oreek which, taking its rise in the Kooky Mountains, has an everlasting supply, even in the driest summers, from the melting of the snow. Generally speaking, there is not much cultivated land around here, and on a ranch proper the plough ii seldom put int^sequisitioD, but on Dairy Farms, a great many of which we pass, where, perhaps, from twenty to thirty cows, with their followers are kept, a good extent of land around the home- stead is cropped, generally with oats. The altitude is, however, so high — 3500 feet above the level of the sea — that the ripening of the grain is very prs- carious, and no dependence is placed on it as a marketable commodity. Any grain that is reaped is gristed and fed to the pigs, and, along with the skim milk, make-i splendid hogs, averaging from 20 to 30 stones per dressed carcase, and selling at 3(d to 4d per lb. Thus, the feeding of pigs is very re- munerative, and from fifty to a hundr-d are kept upon every farm. The great bulk of the crop is, however, out green, and converted into oaten hay, which makes good winter feeding for the dairy cows. The dairy industry, too, pays very well, for, considering that the land is obtained or held for little or nothing, and considering also that from ]0d to 15d per lb. is readily obtained for the butter (quite as much as at home), and 5^(1 fur cheese, such an industry must be far more profitable than in Britain, where high rents have to be paid for the land, and the cost ot working is very much greater. Continuing our drive through scenes of this kind, we reach the open prairie, where no cultivation is to be seen, and where houses or homesteads are Ivm six to ten miles apart. The whole district is One Unbroken Expanse of grass and flowers, with an occasional patch of low scrub, composed of Saskatoon bushes, on which a most delicious fruit, about the size of a goo!)ne by one with his backboard. He asked me to jump up l)esiile him, telling the others to follow in his trail, the marks of the wheels being easily discernible amongst the rank grass. Accordingly, I was set down on the south side of the river, and he turned back to do the same service to the others. I got upon a trail, and followed it on alone until I oame to Quorn Banche. On approaching the buildings the first thing that attracted my attention was a stalwart, good-looking young fellow, G feet 2 inches at least, quenching his thirst at a pump which stood in tlie yard. Thirst is contagious (nt least I believe ho), and step- ping up to him I asked if the water was good, and got the answer, "Very weak, sir, very weak." I said that might be amended by-and-by, but I was sorry I did not have my pocket pistol with me just then. I gave him my card, and we got i..to conversation, when he told me that he was the grandson of an Irish Baronet whose name I am not at liberty to mention, and that he had friends in Forfarshire in good positions, to whom he asked me to present his compliments on the first opportunity. Dick was very pleased to see a Scotsman, and in the absence of the manager did all he could to show me ranohe life. Ue and another man were engaged Breaking in a Oow, and a most laughable farce it was. The milk on the ranohe iiad run short, and a oow that was suckling a calf, and had never been handled before, was brought into the carrol. AVlien I arrived she was jammed up between a wall and a big gate or door, and they were busy buckling hobbles upon her feet. Her four feet were then strapped so closely together as would just allow her to take short stops, but be unable to run. Two lariats were (hen thrown over her horns, and she was relieved from her confined position. Dick walked before with the end of one lariat in his hand, and the other man walked behind and held on by the other lariat. Then Dick led her forward, and when she attempted to go too fast the other man held her back, and she had rather a bad time of it between the two. She was awfully fierce, and struggled and bellowed most desperately, pawing up the soil with her forefeet, and even lying down in her endeavours to get free. Often she attempted to charge her guarus, but her every movement was watched and checked, «nd she had to submit. After a time they led her into the byre, where she was tied up and given Her First Milking Lesson, the hobbles preventing her from kicking the operator. Half-a-duzen big, powerful hounds were lying about the premises ; they were of a grizzled grey colour, quite as tall as staghounds, but double tlieir weight. They are kept for the purpose of hunting down the timber wolves which come from the mountains in great numbers, and would do a vast amount of damage amongst the stock if not scared and kept back by the hounds. Bears some- times come down from the mountains, and the hounds are sent after them, but, strong though they be, they are no match for Bruin, and one stroke from bis powerful paw would kill the best of them. ThF,y are therefore taught not to attack him in front, but to molest him in the rear by bitiiig his heels, which causes him to turn in self- defence, and by this means he is detained until the cowboys come up and despatch him with rifles. There are 96,000 acres of land upon Quorn Ranuhc, which is leased from the Canadian Qovernmeut at A Halfpenny per Acre. The stock consists of 1200 horses and 2000 cattle. When stocking the ranclie the company purchased and imported 1^00 good upstanding carriage .mares from Ireland, and purchased, regardless of coat, ten fir>t-class thoroughbred stallions from England. The stallions are kept in loose boxes same as at home, and are well fed and attended to, a thoroughly practical English groom having been engaged and taken out to sujierintend these (iutie>-,. The horses were all shown out to us, and I admi'.ed them very much. "Eagle's Plume" is considered the best. He is breeding remarkably well, and his offspring, both male and female, are greatly in demand for bre'ding purposes. When his services are let a foe of $100 is charged. " Acrostic" is alio a splendid sire. He was imported from England in 1881 after winning the Ascot Hunt Cup. But it is iiiviiliuus to individualise where all are so good. Such excellent parents cannot fail to breed well, anil the colts of the Quorn Ranche are fast becom- ing famous throughout Canada, and at the annual draught sales are much on demand. A great many of them go for remounts to the Mounted Police, the averaf^e price at four years of age bo>ng £25. Mr Thomson volunteered to drive me over the ranohe, and, Dick having saddled and mounted his bucking broncho, we sallied out for A Bound-Up. We passed through some beautiful glens of really excellent pasture. It was brown and withered, to be sure, as all the grass on the prairie is at this season of the year, nevertheless it was plentiful and nutritious, as the horses, with their sleek, glossy coats, and actually rolling in fat, and the oattle, all thick fat, amply testified. The sward is composed of buffalo and bunch grass, both very nutritious, and well mixed with pea-vine, a herb somethmg like our Scotch tare, with leaves and pods almost similar. It is a sweet, nutritious plant, much relished by horses, and of eioelfent feeding 36 Reports of the Dundee Courier'$ qualitiog. After proceeding some miles Dick gave a »hri!l whistle, upon which two mounted cowboyM made their appearance from a clump of wood about a mile distant. He signalled sumc instructions to them, when they again disappeared, and shortly afterwards a great mottled Band of Horned Cattle came in sight, descending from the crest of a bluff far away on the right. We drove on to meet them, when Dick displayed some splendid horsemanship in rounding them up, his long whip with a terrible crack swishing along the sides of any obstreperous bullock that tried to brea^ way from the band. At last they stood in a bunch, perfectly subdued and quiet, but they had an unsettled glitter in their eyes and a wild, untamed look about them, which intimated that they were ready to make a stampede on the slightest opportunity. There were three hundred four-year-old beef steers in the band — big, strong, thick-fleshed animals, a little rough in the bone perhaps, and not exactly the kind that would sell at the highest price per hundredweight here, yet withal good ileshers' beasts, the majority of them showing evident signs of careful grading up. They were all shorthorn grades, or Durhams, as they are called out West. According to my judg- ment, they would weigh about 12 cwt. on the hoof, and they were sold the day before I was there at £8 sterling per head. Fourteen cowboys are kept on the ranchc during summer and ten during winter. Cowboys they are called, but if these are The "Boys" of Canada I winder what like they will be when they are men — six feet every one of them, witii great develop- ment of bone and muscle, hardy, active, young fellows all, and, oh ! such splendid riders. This is the class of men from which Buffalo Bill picked his Broncho B >>rs who so astonished the natives of this country some two years ago, and how different they are from the befringed and long- haired genus which we have so often read about. Why, these fellows have actually linen collars, and clean ones, too, peeping out from above their jumpers ! They wear blue overall breeches and blue jumpers, and the only signs t'.iat betray their occupation are the big felt hats, and the lariats hanging in a neat coil from their big saddles. Speaking about buckinK horses, it is a remarkable fact that all the native horses contract this vicious habit, and even the offspring of imported horses, if brought up on the prairie, are all more or less addicted to it. When going at full speed they will stop all of a sudden, with their forefeet firmly planted before them, head down, and back arched. Then they will leap up with all fours off the ground, with their back arched and rigid, and tlieir heads almost touching the ground, and unless the rider have a thoroughly secure seat he is sure to he thrown. So thoroughly secure, however, are these cowboys' seats in the saddle, and so excellent horsemen are they, that the wildest horse .n earth cannot pitch them off, and these btonnho busters are never more at home or more in theu element than when mounted on the back of one of those vicious bucking bronchos. MORE ABOUT RANCHING. " POT LUCK" AMONG THE COWBOYS HOW SOME RANCHES ARE MANAGED. CANADIANS AS CATTLE-BREEDERS. A "BBOMCUO BUatBR" BIUINQ A BUOKIMO HORBB. (Frovi the Dundee Courier of December 12.) Mr Osier, the Courier's Agricultural Commis- sioner to America, writes :— The cowboys on Quoin Ranohe are paid an average rate of £6 per month, with rations. The value of the rations is not easily computed, but from what I saw I have reason to believe they live on the best the land can produce. They had no idea that we were to pay them a visit, and were in no way pre< pared for us, but anked as in to get a share of their dinner. We therefore got " pot-luck '■' as it were, and a better spread table no one need desire to sit down to, a whole leg of a heavy, well-fed calf being roasted, followed by rich, delicious puddings and fruit. A special cook ftcxn England is engaged. He is a married man, and in conversation with his wife, who sat at table with us, she told me she had not seen another woman for two years. There is a good deal of carrol accommoilation about the ranche, and a few sheds, but the shedding is oidy meant for a few exceptional animals, such as milch cows, broken horses, and weaklings of either Hpecies, so that the whole herd of cattle and horses may be said to be Winterec, Outside. It is said that, owing to the warm ohinook winds from the Pacific coast, the snows never lie deep, and that stock have never any difficulty of obtain- ing their food ; but, even granting this to be the case, I hold it is downright cruelty to animalsto keep them outside with the thermometer often- times down as far as 30 degrees below zero, and I am sure the death-rate would be consider- .!>- reduced were shelter provided during nighc, anil such quantities of natural hay put upas would be • bite to the stock during heavy storms. There need Special Agricultural Commisnoner to North America. 37 , and their es and their lariats krkabia be no difficulty in obtaining plenty of hay, aa any portion almost of the prairie would yield a heavy iwatlie with a mowing machine, so that the hay would cost no mure than the labour expundod on the curing. I am aware that Ranching in America just now is reported as being far from lucrative, and this knowledge made me most careful to inquire very minutely into tlie facts and prospects concern- ing tlie ranches. I am thoroiiglily convinced that tliey ought to yield a good profit, and if tliey do not there is sometiiing very far wrong with the manage- ment. Upon Qiior:i llanche 25 acres are nilowed to summer ami winter eacii head of cattle beast:^ ; the land would keep far more, in fact, it looks as if it were never eaten. The object, liowever, is to keep the grass rough and ranlc so that the stock may have no difficulty in getting at it amongst the snow. But, even allowing tiiis large area, as the rent of the land is only one cent per acre, that is on';- one shilling and a halfpenny eacli beast costs for keep annually, and if kept till four years old, the cost of the food he has eaten all the days of his life only amounts to four shdlings and twopence. If at this age he is worth £8, as just now tliey really are, surely it is impossible that the balance can all be frittered away in management and attendance. From what I learned, however, the management of too many ranches is From the Billiard Table of the hotel, perhaps some hundreds of mile:) away, and when that is the case it is little wonder though things go to the bad. But let a man with the necessary capital take up a ranche on his own account, and look after his own interest with as careful an eye as stockholders do in this country, then I have no hesitation in saying tliat I know of no investment that would pay better. To follow up this subject still farther, and see what relation the production of beef in the AI'Lcod district bears to its production in the old country, I may mention that to bring a steer from Calgary to Montreal by rail, a distance of 2200 miles, wouhl cost £2 10s ; ocean freight from Montreal to Glasgow, £2 ; fooil and attcnilanco by the way, say, £1 10s, or perhaps £2 — amounting '•o £6 10s altogether, which, added to £8, the value of the 12 cwt. steer before starting, makes his cost £14 10s, or 24s per cwt. live weight. So that, seriously speaking, I am nut of opinion that we in this country have seen the worst in regard to the reduction of the value of our home proiluotion of beef by the importation of Canadian-fed cattle. It may be that just now our home animals are worth more per live cwt. than the Canadians ari*, seeing they are finer bred, but that is a defect which will soon cure itself. The very difference in value, as evidenced in our London and Glasgow market)!, is showing the Canadian breeders the groat ni'oeHsity there is for High-Qrade Breeding, and certainly they are upon the high road to attain that object, seeing that quite as high-class and finely-bred sires are being used in almost every herd as there are at home. It is only, however, by the ranohe or prairie cattle bred upon those illimit- able and almost free grazingn, that I have fears of our home markets being flooded and prices still further reduced. In Ontario and other settled dis- tricts where cattle have to be kept upon the pro- ducts of cultivation, I am not of opinion that tney can be produced and sent here at cheaper rates than have been prevailing for some time past. But we in this country, by our short-sighted policy of rifusing to admit the cheap Canadian stores, are rejec iir.g the only chance we Iiave of holding our own against the ranchers, and giving the Ontariaus an opportunity, of which they are not slow to avail themselves, of purch^ising western stores and putting them up to feed upon their cheap grains, and be able to send the finished article to our markets and sell it at such prices as we in this country, with our dear-rented land, can never con- tend against. It seems to me that the prairies of America are pre-eminently adapted for pruducing the raw material— that, in fact, the bones and frame must be built up and formed of cheaper materials than we have at our command ; and that our homo products, which are ever so much more costly and_ valuable, must be devoted to the pro- duction of beef alone (not bones), whicli is really the commodity which constitutes the value of the aniinxl. Our inspection of Quorn Ranche aooom- plished, we began to bethink ourselves about how wo were to get Back to Calgary, which lay due north nearly forty miles distant. "\Vo learned that about ten miles due east there was u railway running north and soutli between Calgary and the coal mines at Lethebridge, and tiiat a train was due at Okotox Station at 9 p.m. which would take us to Calgary. There was no spring conveyance of any kind about the ranche, the manager having the only one belonging to the place away with him j but Dick made a cowboy hitch up two heavy farm horses into the farm waggon to drive us to the station. It had four wheels but no springs, and the horses were yoked abreast with pule between. The horses had to be driven at a hard pace to get to the station in time, and as there was seldom any semblance of a road the ride was rougli in the extreme— rougher by far, I am quite sure, than an Indian travoie would have been. Darkness began to set in, and just as we were ncaring Okotcx an engine passed south the line. We wondeied what could be the meaning of an engine going south just as our train was ex- pected from the south, and when wij got to the station we found the officials In a Quandary about it also. They had no telegraphic connection by which they could discover the cause, but thouglit there would be a breakdown somewhere in the south. There was no help for us but wait on, but, unfortunately, there was no waiting-roum to wait in, and as we could get no iutelligonoe as to when the train would come in we could not leave the station to seek shelter. Fortunately there was a store not far away kept by Mr Patterson, who, at one time, was a shoemaker in a village near Mon- trose, Forfarshire, and afterwards a farmer on Donside, Aberdeenshire We stepped into the store to make some small purchases, and soon dls« covered that Mr Patterson and I had several mutual acquaintances in the old country, and talk- ing about them soon made us fast friemls. Mr Patter- son says there is a better chance of a man getting on in the world out there than at home, and if one is steady and industrious he is sure to succeed. A great proportion of Mr Patterson's store business is done by barter with the farmers around, and in this line he has been fairly successful. At five o'clock in the morning the train arrived, and with right goodwill we responded to the conductor's cry " AH aboard," arriving at Calgary at 7 a.m., making twenty-four hours that we had been away ou our M'Leod Bauohe inspeotiuu tour. mIH ' is^n ' W' 38 Reports of the Dundee Courier'a EN ROUTE FOR EDMONTON. RAILWAYS AND RAILWAY TRAVELLING. FARMING IN RED DEER COUNTY. AN INFLUX OF SETTLERS. TROUBLE WITH THE KEDSKINS. (From the Dundee Courier of December 19.) Mr Osier, the Courier's Agricultural Commis- sioner to America, writes :— Our train from Okotox took ua into Calgary at 7 a.m., aiici was due to start to Edmonton, whither »'? were bound, at 9 a.m. So we went to our hotel and had breakPast, and after packing up our baggage again proceeded to tke station. Shortly the conductor's cheery announcemeni:, " All aboard," warned us to take our seats. Edmonton lies 190 miles straight north from Calgary. On leaving the latter city tlie route is for some distance east the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway (the C.P.R., as it is called). Leaving the main line, we cross the TSow River, and then the track trends in a north-east direction so as to get to the eastwards of tlie rolling spurs of the foothills. It then pinceeds almost in a straight line northward over a country almost as level as a billiard table. We frequently cross rivers of considerable size, all flowing eastwards to join the Saskatchewan on its way to Hudson's Bay, but even the livers do not detract from the Icvel- ness of the prospect, there being no valleys along their sides, the waters having merely cut a deep gully for a channel through the soft soil, and these being generally spanned by steel girders. The Railway Track is continuous along the flat surface with scarcely any cuttings or emban'.ments. This line had been remarkably easy and cheap in its construction, a ditch merely being excavated on each side, and the soil taken out of it thrown upon the track and levelled. The ties or sleepers were then laid upon the soil, and the rails fastened to them with spikes, with no metal chairs snoh as we have in our home railways. I thought the construction very in- adequate and unsafe, but it is the same throughout all America, and, in my opinion, in all tliat great Continent there is scarcely a mile of railway tiiat our Board of Trade would allow a train to run upon. I understood before going to America that their speed of travelling was much faster than ours kt home, but my experience is that it is very much slower. To travel the 196 miles from Calgary to Edmonton took us from 9 a.m, to 9 p.m., being a speed of barely 14 miles an hour, and even when travelling with the express upon the main lines we could never calculate upon a greater speed than 25 miles an hour. Nor are they particular in keeping up to their advertised time. The first thing pas- sengers do on going into a station is to examine the blackboard in the booking-otfice window. Occa- sionally it will be written with chalk " Train on Time," but oftener it will be marked several hours behind time. One morning when on the main line at the income of daylight I was awakened by the unusual stillness that prevailed. I dressed, and went out, and found the engineers busy cooling a hot box on one of the axles of the engine. There was no station or house of any dcscripUon in view, and I had a good time of it for two whole hours picking strawberries on the prairie before the conductor's "All aboard" told me they were agiin ready to start. Such delays would certainly not he tolerated at home, end in contrast to their rate of speed how different I found it on my first railway journey on my arrival home when tr.ivelling by the Flying Scotsman between London and Dundee. The dis- tance of 434 miles was covered in ten hours, includ- ing two half hours ^pent by the way to allow of passengers taking refreshments. For some dis- tance north of Calgary the surface vegetation has a white sickly appearance, and to a casual observer looks as if it had been attr.ck':d with mildew. There is, however, no mildew about it, the white appear- ance being caused by a thick growth of a weed called wormwood or sage, a plant having medicinal qualities and an uctv), bitter taste. This weed is not eaten by stock, and where it prevails to any ex- tent it detracts very much from the value of the pasture. Large areas of the great plains in the drier districts are much overrun with it, and my opinion is that Settlers should be Careful not to locate <-hemselves where it is prevalent. As we go north the wormwood weed gradually becomes thinner as the soil becomes thicker, and as we approach the district of the Red Deer River it disappears altogether, and the verdure as-iumes a green and luxuriant appearance. Up to this time we have not observed many herds of stock, but we have passed many rich hay meadows, \.-here the farmers are busy with mowing machines securing large quantities of hay. In many places ;, and if tlie settler breaks up a few acres annually for the first three years, and builds a habitable liuuse on the holding, he gets bis patent papers, and the land belongs tO himself and his heirs for ever. Millions of acres around here are lying waste waiting to be Bolii, so that a newcomer has plenty of scope from which he can take his own choice in select'ng a quarter section, and if he wants more than a quarter section (160 acres) he can purchase any quantity alongside at 12.-I Gd per aero, payable in instal- ments, spread over eight or ten years. This section of country is not what is properly known as a ranching country. The snow, often falling to the depth of 18 inches, and remaining for weeks together, endangers stock that are left to depend solely upcii what they can procure for themselves, but for Mtock held in such numbers as can be housed or sheildud and fed when occasion requires, it is Unsurpassed on the Continent. The grass is rich and abundant, the water is plentiful and pure, and wood for the erection of shedding and fencing is ciicap and con'v anient. From Government statistics put into my hand I find the following yields recorded : — Variety. vTAce Meas»red Wheat, Defiance and Ladoga, , , 42 ti3 White barley 55 66 Black bailey, 35 70 Oats, Sandwich 70 46 Oal8, White Bgyptian, .. .. (>5 48 Oats, New Weloonie 60 48 Pea< SO 66 Flax, 23 60 Futatoes 400, and Turnips 600 bushels per acre. The fuel problem is solved by the fact that, in addition to this district being fairly well wooded in all parts, and the upper waters of all the rivers being lined with dense forests, extending far up among the foot hills of the Rucky Mountains, the entire uistrict is reported by the geological survey to be underlaid with coal of excellent quality, though no workings are yet opened. The Calgary and Edmonton trail is a beautiful and natural road ruiming through the centre of the Red River dis- trict for 80 miles. The recent expenditure of the Territorial Assembly in bridging the streams has made it a very excellent traffic road. Branching off from the main road are numerous trails, con- venient to any section of the distiict, and the firm smooth face of the country allows the settler to make a road with ease in any direction that suits his couk'cnience. Towns are Springing Up at almost every railway station. Some of them already contain several thousands of a population. Those town sites are all surveyed and laid out in uniform squares and streets before any houses are allowed to be built, so that uniformity and con- venience in the embryo city is provi led for and maintained. Some of these towns are being built where good sized timber, principally poplar, at present grows. The wood is being cut down and cleared off the streets, and around the houses groves and rows of trees are left standing, a I'ow of uice comely trees being left along each side of the fc'ireet. Thus thoae young towns will be well sheltered, and provided ith excellent avenues and boulevards, which townt, of the growth of centuries might envy. Juat ai I was finishing this article the post handed in some letters to me from America. One of the Crown agents tolls me there is every appearance of trouble with the redskins in British Columbia. At the fall Assizes just finished two Indians were tried for murdering a white man, convicted, and sentenced to death. No fault was found with the justice of this sentence, but im- mediately after when a white man was tried for murdeiing an Indian, found guilty of manslaughter, and condemned to twelve years' penal servitude, a Howl of Indignation got up amongst tho Indians at the leniency of the sentence. Amongst those who watched the case with great interest was an old Indian chief who had been a friend of the murdered Tom. AVhen the sentence was pronounced he became very angry, and, turning to the Chief of Police, expressed his indignation thus— "Twelvu years in Skookum House for killing one Indian. Too bad, too bad. Next time white man kill Indian, Indian know what to do. He no live to get twelve years iu Skookum House. Indian murder, he have to die ; white man murder, he have to die too." IN THE RED RIVER DISTRICT. VISIT TO AN INDIAN RESERVATION. TYPICAL REDSKINS. UNITED STATES FARMERS GOING NORTH, (From the Dundee Courier of December S6.) Mr Osier, the Courier's Agricultural Commissioner to America, writes : — As wo steam northwards over the plains of the Red River district we observe a large train loaded exclusively with cattle following close behind us. There seems to be no block system in vogue on the railways here, for this train is never far behind us, and comes close up at the stations at wliioh we stop. I went back at one station, and had a look at the cattle. They were mostly oows and heifers, and some stockers. They were all horned, and flaked red and white. They did not seem to be particularly well-bred, but in one car were a number of shorthorn young bulls, fairly good sorts. These cattle were from Britiali Columbia, and were the property of some settlers recently arrived between Red Deer and Edmonton. The same party had brought through about lOU horses, and were herding them on the prairie ou very good grass that belonged to nobody, and waj' costing them nothing. We crossed Battle River, Slid entered Mf »2 *."». ^mmm:^ BAROBR INDIAN CAMF. ( -I ' 40 Rtporta of the Dundee Courier* s I i [S ! An Indian Reservation governed by three chiefs— Samson, Ermine 8kin, and Bobtail. The land appeared excellent, as indeed the land on all the Indian reservations generally is. We saw very little cultivated land on these reservations, but great plenty of oayuse and some cattle. The cayune were for the most part mere ponies, but a few of the young ones were bigger and better sorts, indicating that some weak endeavours were being mnde to improve the breed. Tile cattle were big, but fearfully rough and scrubby ; the worst I Haw in all my travels. Tiiey would, however, be excellently adapted for draught-, being big of bone and strong muscled, and, as the work oxen which I saw in the possession of the white settlers in tlie neighbouring district!! bore a strong resemblance to tliose cattle, I have no doubt but that the most of them are purchased from the Indians. The grading system now practiced by mostly all the whites, tending to diminish the size of bone and increase their fattening proclivities, renders the cattle bred by them less suitable for draught purposes. A lot of these Indian cattle got upon the track and scampered before us with their Tails Hoisted Like Flags for a long distance. Our driver slowed the train and screamed incessantly with his whistle, but it was a long time before they gave in and cleared out of our way. At Wetaskwin Station we see a lot of samples of grain in the straw hung up for show, t^ose for whom Cooper's novels have had an early c.'arm find room in their hearts for regret and dis- appointment that the blanketed nondescripts stand- ing with outstretched palms, these fiov.sy beggars, are the real material from which the novelist biilt his red-skinned hero. A bevy uf young squaws attract our attention. These' are certainly the Ofe' * ! '— IM BLACKFOOT BRAVK. These were very tall and rich in the ear, and gave us sr me idea of the richness of the country we were coming to. Wetaskwin in the Indian lan- guage »ite race. It is their clear perception of the white nan's weakness for relics that prompts the astute gentlemen of the plains to load themselves with these wares and take up their stand at the railway station. These pipes are imported by the gross, and cost perhaps a shilling each, and the Indians charge at least from seven to ten shillings. The Crowfoots are straighter and more finely-built men and women than the mfijority of Indians we en- countered, and time was when they struck terror to the hearts of those daring settlers whose enterprise and hardihood led the way into this vast and fertile territory. They are titme enough now though, and SQUAW 3PKCTAT0RS. best-looking representatives of the red race we have yet seen. It may be that the chiefs in the Tepee camp below the station are astute enough to select the best-looking girls for this expedition. They run along beside the cars hc'ding out their hands and reiterating the word " money," of which they seem to have a good underslandinu'. Many kind-hearted passengiTs throw these damsels small silver coins, for which they scramble and fight in a most unseemly fashion. Soon they are left behind, and attention is again drnwn to the large herds of ponies grazing on the rich grasses that stretch away on each side of the track from east to west, and through grazing lands and herds of horses, foaled and bred where they now roam wild, the train rushes for the next couple of hours. Kach pony bears his owner's brand, and he is as safe almost though he wanders a hundred miles from home as though penned in by a six-foot fence. Again the country undergoes a change. We have left the Indian reservations behind us, and have reached a district open for Wliite Settlers, and though it was cidy opened up two years ago by the construction of the railway, it is already dotted with farmhouses and other buildings. A good deal of land is under wheat, and the crops ap- pear good. Square black blocks every here and there indicate where farmers ate break- ing up the prairie. The district is thickly interspersed with clumps of timber, which afford good shelter, but there are plenty of open plains, where the settler can put in his plough, with neither tree, scrub, nor stone to interrupt its course. Hundreds of farmers from the Uniteil States are coming north and taking up land round heie about. They say they are tired of a country where the average of wheat-taking one year with anotliei is not over 13^ bushels, and prefer to come to a country where they expect never to reap less than 30 bushels an acre, and sometimes 60. They say they were borne dov/n with taxation iu the States, but which th.y will almost be entirely exempted from in Canada ; that, although The Winters are more severe, they find the climate more salubrious and healthy than the States. They also say that the Government of the Dominion is much more equitable than that of the United States, and that life and properly is safer in the north west territories of Canada than in any other part of the world they know. As we pass northwards lakes and ponds become very numerous. These are beautiful expanses of water, surrounded by wood- special Agricultural Commmioner to North America. 41 lands, and literally swarming with ducks of every descriptiaii, geese, swans, and innumerable other species of waterfowl that I don't know the namie of. Prairie chickens, startled by the onward rush of the train, arise on each side of uh in m-^-riads, all prov- ing that it is a splendid country for sportsmen. The district has a park-like look, and with its grand old woods and broad expanses of meadow, with browsing herds half-hidden amongst the luxuriant herbage, reminds a native of the old country of the princely avenues surrounding the castloa and manors of our aristuoratic proprietors, the only blur to the land- scape being frequent broad strip:! through the woods, where the tall trees stand fortli like signal poll's against the sky, dead, bare, and branchless, marking the track where the lire fiend has swept along. SPOTTED-TAIL'a PUIMK MINISTER. VISIT TO EDMONTON. RAILWAY EXTENSION IN THE NORTH-WEST. AN EXCITING ADVENTURE WITH HOTKL PORTERS. A SUTHERLANDSHIRB SCOTSMAN'S GREETING. ACROSS THE SASKATCHEWAN. (Prom the Dundee Courier of January 2, 1894.) Mr Osier, the Courier's Agricultural Commis- sioner to America, writes:— Wo are now at Edmonton, a town of considerable importance built on the banks of the great North Snskatohewan River. Only two passenger trains arrive there weekly (on Mondays and Thursdays), and two leave weekly (on Tuesdays and Fridays), So we got there on Thursday evening, and had to stay until Tuesday morning, which gave us good time to inspect the town and the country around. The principal part of the town is built on the very brink of the perpendicular banks of the river, and as ;.ae Railway Company have failed as yet to bridge the river, and have constructed the station on the south bank, a new town is fast springing up around the station, and a good deal of jealousy exists between the owners of property and town lots on the different aides of the river. Certainly the Railway Company have the making or the marring of the success of either side in their hands. Should they persist in refusing to bridge the river, and carry the railway into the north town, the enter- P' ise of the settlers is sure to direct itself to the south ."ide, and the future town will develop itself there. But should the river be bridged soon, the old town would retain its present high prestige and increase. Over and again the Railway Company have been petitioned To E.'itend Their Line across, and there are hopes they will shortly do so, but the hesitation to deciile is retarding the onward progress of both sides, owing to the uncertainty as to which of the towns is likely in tlie future to be of the greater importance. Last summer a proposal had been made, and surveys were being taken with the intention of building a briilge for tne construc- tion of an electric railway to connect the old town with the station. Much dissatisfaction and dis- appointment were sustained by the route through the Kicking Horse Pass being fixed upon by the Canadian Pacific Railway Company for the con- struction of their line, it being fully expected that the main line would have been brought from AVinnipeg, up the Prince Albert ai.d Battle- ford Valleys, along the banks ri the Sas- katchewan, through the town ri Edmonton, and along the old Mackenzie trail, piercing the Rockies by way of the Peac>; River Pass. Tliis route would have opened up % richer district of country, and developed the resources of the North- West Territories in a greater degree, but the object of the railway company in building this track was to obtain the nearest and speediest route between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans irrespective of the best mode (if developing the agricultural resources of the North- West, However, there are yet hopes that the Prince Albert Railway will before long be extended to Edmonton, and, once that is so, the construction of a line through Peace Pass to British Columbia is only a matter of time. Edmonton has water Communication to Winnipeg, and a number of steamboats carry passengers and freight during the summer months by wny of the Saskatchewan and Lake Winnipeg, but the route is 80 circuitous, and so beset with bars of rock, rapids, and shallows, that navigation is very dangerous. As the resources of the North-West are opened up, however, there is no doubt whatever that western enterprise will improve the way, and m»ke naviga- tion safe for fair-sized vessels, and then Edmonton will : ave direct communication with the Atlantic by way of Hudson's Bay. There are 198 miles between Edmonton and Calgary, and until the branch line of niilway was opened two years ago all the traffic was carried over the old Indian trail bet'veen these towns by bullock waggons, and during winter by bob-sleighs. The Government have bridged all the rivers except the Red Deer, which is crossed either by a ford or by a ferry raft. But before the advent of the main line of railway to Calgary eight years ago the whole traffic to Winnipeg was by bullock waggon. The journey going and coming occupied three mouths. Little wonder though the great agricultural capabilities of the district lay long in abeyance. Beset by " Liveried Gentlemen." A great crowd of passengers occupied the train by wliich we travelled, and when we arrived at the station a very busy scene presented itself. A great number of carriages, some with four horses, and some with two, were waiting to convey pas- sengers to the old town on the north side of the 42 Reports of the Dundee Courier's river, ftnd hotel porters crowded the platform aolieititiK patronage, making a perfect Uabei uf noise in HhoutinR the name of the hotel they represented. Amongst the most importunate were the representa- tives of the Victoria and the Albert. When I got to the small platform at the rear end of the car, with a valise in each hand, a dozen liveried gentlemen gathered round, all grasping at my grip-sacks, and shouting "Viotoiia," "Albert," Ac., &o. Ideclined (o give up my property, and ordered them to clear out, but one fellow, more importunnte than the others, barred my way, and, extending his arms, looked as if he was going to hug me, grip-sacks p.nd all. I saw verbal remonstrance from me was of no use, so glancing for the position of hiH toes, I let myself down two steps at a time not over gently, ntid my full weight (and that is no joke) coming full force on his corns, made him clear out in a couple of hurries. If he screeched before, he howled then to a different tune, and hopped away with his paw in his hands. As I reached the end uf the station platform a respectable-looking old gentleman extended his hand, and recited in a dramatic attitude, " Mv foot is on my native heatli, and my name is Macgregor." This turned out to be Donald M'Leod, A Sutherlandshire Scotsman, who had gone out nearly fifty years ago in the em ployment of the Hudson Bay Company, and had made his pile, he having a good deal of pro- perty in the town, besides several farms in the neighbourhood. Donald had been apprised of our coming, and had come to the station to give us a welcome, and his quotation from " Rob Roy" was his mode of introducing himself. We got into a carriage drawn by four spirited horses, and were driven away in the direction of the old town, and, of course, had to be ferried across the Saskatchewan. The great rivet, 200 yards broad and very deep, runs in a gorge between perpendicular walls 200 feet deep, cut out by itself in the soft clay. A zig-za{ carriage road has been cut down the wooded bank.< at each side. 1'his road is very steep and ver> rough, a great part of it being corduroy, i.e., paved with great trees laid side by side across the road- way. Down this incline we went at a break-neck pace, having a regular lace with some otiier vehicles also laden with passengers, all striving who would be firat at the ferry, the launch being wrought on the principle ot "sraiddy room," first come first served. A Saskatchewan Ferry Boat. To work the launch a strong steel rope is pitched from cliff to cliff some distance above the ferry, on which runs a wheel with a hook. From the hook to the launch are vwo smaller ropes, one being attached to each end. When the launch is laden and about to start, the ropes are manipulated with hard tackle, and the head of the launch is drawn up until it presents an angle of about 45 degrees to the run of the river, and the downward sweep of the water, bearing upon the side, foices it across, the wheel on the cross ropes preventing it from being swept down the river. In returning, the opposite end of the launch is drawn up stream, and the force of the water, bearing on the other side, pro- pels it in the contrary direction. Provided the ropes are sufiBciently strong, this is quite an efficient and Cheap Mode of Transit. There are three such feiriea wrought on the same principle within a short distance of the town, and for the working of which the lessees have to obtain a license from Government. On the rail of each launch a bill is attached on which, printed both in the English and French languaj^es, is a copy of the license, and also the rates of charges and rules of the ferry. The river was quite thick and muddy when we were there, it being in flood, caused by the melting of the snows in the Rocky Mountains, and we were told that all summer it would continue in the same stute, but that in the fall it would diminish in volume and the waters become as clear as crystal. In this state it would continue until the summer thaws again swelled it into flood. AGRICULTURAL FEATURES OF EDMONTON DISTRICT. A SOIL OF INEXHAUSTIBLE FERTILITY. ABUNDANCE OF TIMBER. THE STAPLE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. PRODIGIOUS YIELDS OF CROPS. (From the Dundee Courier of January 9.) Mr Osier, the Courier's Agricultural Com- missioner to America, writes : — Around Edmonton the soil is a black vegetable mould, from one to three feet in depth, ovei lying a light coloured marley clay subsoil twelve feet in depth. This rest.i on a blue clay which is broken at irregular intervals by water-bearing seams of sand or grave], and by beds of coal of varying thickness. There is practically no stony or sandy soil except in isolated or outlying localities. This soil is not only exceptionally fertile to commence with, but has practically an inexhaustible fertility. If the black mould were worked out there would remain the twelve feet of marley clay underneath, which is almost equally fertile, and can never be wrought out. Of course, the land is the better for good tillage, and manure as well, but instead of there being a continued battle as in the bepc parts of Great Britain to keep up the fertility of the soil, necessitating the bringing in of extraneous manures, this land can be kept at the highest pitch of fertility for ever merely by good cultivat' oii, 4iid returning to it the refuse of what is taken from it. The difference the staying power of the Fertility of the Soil makes to the farmer, whether at home or abroad, cannot be over-estimated. It is the difference between wealth and poverty. The farmer who settles on a farm in a region where the soil lacks depth may do well for a time, but as the years go in, and th« !r side, pro- rovideil the quite au t. on the Barae e town, and ive to obtain rail of each nted both in copy of the and rules of and muddy a used by the untains, and ountinue in U it would becomu aa uld continue it into flood. rURES RICT. BLE ER. URAL CROPS. ,uary 9.) Itural Com- >d Edmonton from one to ;ht coloured spth. This at irregular nd or gravel, 38. There is 3t in isolated IB not only ith, but has If the black remain the th, which is be wrought tter for good ead of there leFt parts of lity of the ' extraneous lighest pitch :ivat'o:i, and ken from it. I or abroad, e difference farmer who he soil laoka the years go Special Agricultural Commissioner to North Amniea. 43 his land after going up to a certain pitch in value invariably declines as it becomes worked out, for the simple reason that the farm consumes too much according to the amount it produceH. The result is disappointment and loss. How many localities can be pointed out all over the Dominion where settlers went in on light, quick-producing land, and spent the best years of their lives in making in their homes, only to find that their land had become worthless through exhaustion, and that, therefore, their lives had been wasted. On the other hand there were those who went on deeper and more ditiicult land to reclaim and work, and found a veritable ;jold mine, which, b," keeping up its fertility, while wealth and the conveniences of civilisation grew around it, continually increased in value anci maiie wealthy the owners almost in spite uf themselves. This is The Kind of Land that the Edmonton dixtrict hai to offer to settlers to a degree not attained by any other part of the North-West territories that I visited— where a man may take up a farm and be satisfied that his children's childrer. will find it as fert le as he did — where a man having once driven his ^takes need never require to pull them up. The surface of the country is very gently undulating except where cut by the deep valley of the Saskatchewan or the lesser valleys of its tributarien. Woods and prairies alternate irregularly. In some parts there are large plains free from timber, and in others considerable stretches of woo CATTLE. A REMARKAULH INCIDENT (Prom the Duixdte Courier of January 16.) Mr Osier, the Courier's Agricultural rommig- sioner to America, writes : — All around E;1t ronton the country is thickly wooded with Balm of Oilead poplnr.'*, and as the town is increasing very fast, the land has been surveyed and'laid out in regular street blocka. The wood along what are to be Uie streets of the future is being out down and roadways formed, the walks at the sides being floored with buarding. The trees on the squares where the buildings are to be are left growing, so that builders will have their choice of leaving whatever number of trees they wish around their houses. The result will be that even the new streets will be interlined and the houxes surrounded witli stately groves of timber, which will afford goo pared to say, but it is tho fashion of the country and likely to continue so. For ono thing, one-horse carts would not be very handy on the trails, as the roaus are called. 'iiiese seldom get any forming, being merely tracked by the tratfio over thom, and tho teams being always in pairs, one animal walks in each track, which, by the action of the wheels and hoofs, forms a hard-beaten and pretty smooth roadway. Between the tracks, however, is generally a grassy ridge, on which a single horse between tho shafts could hardly walk, and perhaps this also is tho reason why road vehicles of all kinds are four- wheeled am' drawn by two horses. Wliile speaking of road trairio I may mention that tho rules of the road wl;en meeting are entirely the reverse of ours, drivers holding to tho right hand instead of to the left. For the benefit of intending settlers I will conclude this letter by giving the prices of a few of tho articles likely to have to be purchased by a newcomer. Yoko of iixen, $130 = £'J7 8 Two cowB witli calvus, 70 = 14 12 WftHgon, 75 — 15 12 I'luugli, 80 -- 5 Harrow, 10 = 8 7 Set of liimiosBfor oxen, . 10 - 2 2 Cooking stove, 2t! - 5 8 iSniiiU tools 25 " ."> 5 (iun, .. 12 ■-- 2 10 Two pigs, 'i - 1 1 In addition to the foregoing list tho settler will require seeds, a certain quantity of furniture, pro- visions, ho. NORTH-WEST FARMERS AT CHURCH. A VISIT TO BLACK MUD RANG HE. description of~the buildings. ciiaracter"of"tiie stock. . (Fvom the Dundee Courier of Fchruary 13, l^DJf.) Mr Osier, the Courier's Agricultural Commis- sioner to America, writes:— Wo are still at Kdmonton, and on Sunday Mr Taylor and I wor- shipped in the Presbyterian Church there, the incumbent of which is a young minister named Mr M'Queen, fioni (.ilasgow. The service was exactly the same as in our I'rosliyterion churches at home. Tliore was a very good harmonium, which was very well played by a lady member of the congregation, and the singing was very correct, earnest, and sweet. I was seated in the middle of the church, and had no book, but when wo stood up to sing tho first hymn tho minister observed our want and descended from tho pulpit and handed us books. I thought it was veiy kind of him, and wondered how many of our own ministers at homo would have been so con- siderate. The church is entirely of wood, but is very artistically and comfortably f urn shod and finished. The pulpit ia a kind of plattorm, very little raised above tho general floor level of the ohuroh. There are no galleries. The congr«gation '1 60 Jfepm'ts of the Dundee Courier's ■eemed very devoufc and attentive, and I saw no sleepers, wbioh I rather wondered at, tlie tempera- ture iit the shade being above 100. Some of the worshippers had come great distances, and had driven to church in four wheeled bugggies with two horses, which they did not unyoke, but merely tied to posts around the church. A number of foals, whose mothers were in the buggies, accompanied them, and scampered and frolicked around, making their mothers pay tribute by way of a suck when- ever they wearied. In the afternoon we again got our driver to hitch up a rig, and had a drive out to the ranche of our friend, Donald M'Leod, which lies beside Black Mud River, about ten miles south from the town. On this drive we encountered The Worst Roads we had seen in the country, having to pass through a great many slews and swamps, in which the buggy sank up to the axles. In many places these were laid with corduroy — large trees laid side by side across the road, very open in some places — but the horses seemed to know their business well, and by discreetly avoiding the holes and planting their feet upon the firm logs, they piloted their way nicely. The bridges were also very dilapidated, and our driver had several times to dismount and arrange the planks bcFore venturing upon them. One bridge was completely broken down at the end, and lay with a fearful slope to one side, but our driver, after testing it with hi:* own weight, said bethought it safe, so we ventured and got safely across. On reaching Black Mud Kanche we found Donald in waiting for us, and adjourned to his house to have tea, after which we sauntered out to have a look of his buildings and stock. Donald's buildings are very extensive, and all of wood, whole trees being squared and laid on each other and notched into each other at the corners. A roof tree is laid lengthwise along the middle of the building, only a foot or two above the level of the wall, and from it to the walU roof poles are laid, the whole being covered by a thick coating of prairie hay or straw, and clayed over. There are large oarrols around each building, and altogether Mr M'Leod had good winter accommodation for bis stock. The Houses for the Farm Hands ikie erected in the same way, clayed between the interstices of the lo<;s, and plastered with clay in the inside. In this way plenty of warmth is secured, hut they are small miserable hoveln. On many farms the stables and byres are roofed by building a rick of straw or hay over the walls, and as these are seldom thatched and no means are taken to prevent the water from getting in, the stuff is always rotting and diminishing in bulk. Each succeding crop of straw is piled on top, and in time these steadings have the appearance of huge dung piles. I told one roan that if bis stable had been within two miles of my farm in the old country that I would have given him £20 for it for manure. Mr M'Leod's ranche is stocked with breeding herds of horses, cattle, and sheep. The brood marea are mostly of the native broncho breeds, graded up with sires of a stronger calibre for draught purposes. I could not exactly say what breed his stallions are, but woul<^ suppose them to be a grade between Ontario Clydesand Poroherons. They have good thick, well-shaped bodies, short legs, and altogether of the class that seems to be most appreciated in the country, but they are far behind our Hootch Clydes, both in size and quality of bone. In fact, all the stallions I saw in the country, with the exception of a few imported Oiydes, were too round of bone, with somewhat fleshy legs, and short, upright pasterns, and in my opinion A Thorough Qrading Up with Clyde blood would be very beneficial. Mr M'Leod's cattle were not a particularly handsome lot so far as our Scottish eyes could judge them, but I learned that Donald's object in breeding is quite the reverse of ours. He is a large carting contractor, and uses a great many work oxen in his waggons and bub-sleighs, and for that purpose he wants them big and strong. Consequently, although his breed ^f cattle be what we would call rough and scrubby, they suit his purpose better than our finer bred .,nd smaller-boned animals with quicker fattening propensities would. Uis sheep are called Leicesters, but certainly they have nothing pertaining to the appearance or stamp of our home I^icosters. I know they have no High- land blood in them, but in appearance they rather resemble the offspring of crossbred ewea with Leicester tups. But whatever breed they may be, I believe they suit the exigencies of the climate much better than pure-bred Leicesters would. These, I think, would be too soft and tender for the climate of the North-West, the thermometer some- times going thirty degrees below zero. Nor do I think that any ^.irt of the North-West is so well adapted for the rearing of sheep as it is for horses and cattle. For a great part of the summer the grass is too dry, being cured on the stalk to the consistency of well-made hay, very nutritive indeed for cattle and horses, but not the right thing for sheep. My idea of Sheep Pasture is that it cihould cor^ain as much moisture as is necessary for their maintenance without their hav- ing to drink water, and that when they have to drink they never do so well, especially when they have to walk a considerable distance to obtain it. Cattle and horses, especially the latter, are different ; they will do very well on dry food pro- vided they have free access to water. The great heat is abo against sheep. The summers are very warm for weeks, the thermometer standing at over a hundred degrees in the shade, and the poor creatures may be observed with their tongues lolling out like hunted dc^. hO tl;at they '■aniiot possibly feed well. DonalU''< ;:"■ ' ', vcrc oonsidered good for the country, aii'' ■■>■■•'.■ .ug drafted away as tat; they would, howevei, - > y ')e looked upon as medium stores at home. FLx ^innaters are much bothered with a weed call^d spoar grass which growii thickly on the prairv. It hap a small stalk about eighteen inches hi^'i, on tL? trp of which is a single seed like wilil c its. This seed is very hrtrd and very sharp at the point, and an inch or so of the flower stalk is as hard as a piece of brass wire, and twisted like a screw. When this seed and small piece of stalk gets amon);st the wool the mot'on of the animal causes it to work its way into the Uesh, and as it often pierces Mome vital part, many animals are lost before the evii is discovereil. Sheep are not, however, so liable to be struck by maggots as they are hero— the dry nature of the climate renders every part of the fleece too dry to allow the eggs of the fly to be hatched— nor are they subject to footrot. Taking Mr Donald M'ljeod's ranche as a whole, we were very favourably impressed with his mode of managing his stock. There were several systems on widoh we would have been inclined to have suggested some alteration, but these pioneer farmers Know by ex- perience their business better than we can tell them. Besides, it was not our business to ondeavour to teach our Canadian cousins, our mission being to get '"Mier than to give information. Special Agricultural Commissioner to North America. 51 DIUVE OVEll THK PRAIRIE. GOLD PROSPECTORS INTERVIEWED. A DliSERTED INDIAN RESEUVATION. ANIMAL AND INSECT LIFE ON THE I'KAIRIE. A FASCINATING HELD FOR SPORTSMEN. (From the Dundee Courier of February 20.) Mr Osier, the Courier's Agricultural Commia- sioner to America, writes:— Still another day sijent ill the neighbourhood of Eilmoutoii, for, as I 8ai Vary 63 Reports of the Dundee Courier's iM:j I!' I'' generally they arc from two to three feet liighi uf a circular, conical shape, rounded on the top, and resembling a mound of dried clay. On a stick being pushed into some of them, the insects swarmed out in myriads, but they did not seek to attack us, although I have no doubt they would give an ugly bite if they got the chance. On breaking up the mounds, tlie whole inside was seen to be intersected with open galleries or roadways, and the first care of the ants seemed to be to seize the larvae which we had exposed, and carry it down the nest to a place of safety. I was often told that rattlesnakes and other dangerous reptiles existed in places we were going to, but always when we leached that place and iiiquiied, none of the inhabitants had ever seen or heard of any, so that I am doubtful if any poisonous snakes exist in the North-AVest territories of Canada. Garter snakcn ore plentiful, but these are perfectly innocuous. On the jouincy I am describing I saw one of these garter snakes. It was about 2C inches long, and about the thickness of a heavy whip, nf a most beautiful speckled colour. Insect life on the prairie is numerous beyond all description. On walking over the plains every footstep raises them in myriads. Butter- flies of large size and of every colour under the sun flit about in every direction. Grasshoppers are found in swarms. One species, possessed of wings of a dark crimson colour, has a great resemi ' .^noe when on the wing to our dark red butterflies, but is much larger. It does not appear to be capable of any lengthy sustained flight. Wo leaps up from amongst a person's feet when walking through the grass, and flies to a distance ot twenty or thirty yards. The Prairie Chicken, a f' vl about the size of our hen pheasant, and somewhat resembling her in colour, is very numerous on these plains, and affords excellent sport during the open season. No licence is re- q<'.iied to shoot them, but no person is allowed to sell them or send them out of the country. Every few yards a covey of ten or twelve would start up before us within nice shooting distance, and I regretted very much that it was then close time so that I could not get a shot at them. Sportsmen go out to the prairie in their buggies accompanied by pointer dogs, and when the dog makes a point, they drive up to him and often- times shoot without dismounting. Every lake and pond we passed was literally dotted with ducks of many kinds, gceae, and swans. These also give grand sport in the open season, and settlers need never be at a loss to have their larders well sup- plied for winter with the best and most savoury of fowls' flesh. A MODEL HOMESTEAD. TWO ENTERPRISING LONDONERS. HOW THEY BECAME AGRICUL- TURISTS. THRESHING OPERATIONS CANADA. IN (Prom the Dundee Courier of February S7J Mr Odler, the Courier's Special Commissioner, « rites :— Still bowling south in the direction of iiandy Lake, over endlesn exiMnses of prairie, where ato lemblnnce of trail or road is to be seen, through which tall graia that reaches up to tha ail« of tlie buckboard, bumping upon ant hills concealed amongst the gratis, and through deserted beaver dams, we at last reach the farm of Cloverbar, where we unyoke in order to feed the horses and procure shelter for ourselves for an hour or two from the blazing sun which threatened to roast us alive. Cloverbar Farm is owned by two young men called Elliot, who emigrated from London some five or six years ago. Their father was a coMchman, and they knew noth:;^g about agri- culture, in fact they had never seen a plough at work until they came to Edmonton, ami knew nothing whatever about the rearing and manage- ment of stock. They had very little money, but they were possessed of health and strength and willing arms, stout hearts, and independent, per- severing spirits that enabled them to overcome all difiiculties and carve their way to success. When they arrived in the country tlie eldest brother was just over eighteen years of age, and was, therefore, entitled to a homestead of lUO acres of free land, which he took up and located on, breaking up and bringing his farm under cultivation, and erecting his buildings. The younger brother was only sixteen years of age, and therefore could not get his homestead, but he Hired Himself to a Farmer and earned money to support himself and brother while the latter was breaking up his land. Two years later, when the younger brother was eighteen, they saw that the eldest brother's farm would sup- port them both, and the youngest being now entitled to his homestead took up his 160 acres of free land alongside his brother. And now they work the whole 320 acrer as one concern, living in the same house, herding all their stock together, and housing them in the .lame buildings. They are very handy with tools, and have in their leisure time erected a nice four-roomed house of dressed timber, which is very comfortable, and even elegant. Their barns, stables, sheds, and oarrols for cattle, accommodation for )>igs, and houses for poultry, and even pigeons, are very commodious, and are composed of squared logs, covered with straw and clayed over, and although not so elegant as old country steadings these buildings are equally as comfortable and as well fitted for the welfare of stock as anything we have at home. To show how young men possessed of energy, perseverance, and steadiness may get on out there I will now give a vidimus of The Possessions of these two young men. They have 12 acres of wheat, 30 acres oats, 10 acres barley, 2 acres potatoes, 1 acre turnips and mangolds, 14 cows, 14 calves, 14 one-year-old steers and heifers, 14 two- year-old steers and heifers, 10 horses, 12 pigs, a large number of poultry, mostly of the Plymouth Rock breed, and a large number of pigeons, which affords them excellent pics on festive occasions. They have no housekeeper or any womankind about them, but they are themselves nice and handy at housekeeping, and manage the dairy to perfection. AVe had tea here, prepared by one of the young men, and better done ham and egg, or nicer naked bread, done by themselves, I never partook of. Their yield of grain last year was :i5 bushels wheat, 60 bushels oats, and 40 bushels barley per acre. This year their crops are much better, and all over they expect to exceed last year's yield by 6 bushels per acre, the prices they got being 70 cents per busnet for wheat, 25 cents per bushel for oats, and 30 cents pel bushel for barley— the ptioes for the two latter being scarcely up to an average rate, the grain being badly damaged in harvesting. Tha brothers must have been well advised ia seleoting Special Agricultural Commissioner to Nwlh America. 53 their cows, and have Hiiice displayed inucii skill in grading them, tiieir stock being the nicest lot of grade cattle I saw in the whole country. 'J'he cows arc good Durham grades, and their bulls are of the pure Aberdeen-Angus breed, purchased from the (^t fine breeding herd of Angus Doddies belonging to Mr Gordon Gumming, tracing back to some of the best blood in Forfarshire. The result is that the young stock are nearly all biuck and polled, inheriting to a great extent the thick, blocky, short-legged, fine-boned, quick-feeding propensities of their sires. The whole herd are grazed during the summer on the prairie on grass that belongs to nobody, so that the grazing does not cost thum a penny. They are not lierJed, but are allowed to roam at will, one of tue brothers taking an occasional ride out on horseback to turn them back if they stray too far. In winter they are comfortably housed at nights and are allowed out on the prairie during the day. The youug stock get a daily allowance of prairie bay, but no grain. The feeding stock are liberally fed on hay and light grain, >^nd sold olT fat at three years of ago, the average weight being 640 lbs. of dressed carcase, for which they obtain 7 cents per lb., or from £9 to £10 per head. The hay tor winter feed is cut off the prairie with mowin;; machines, a permit being given by Government to out any quantity at 5 cents per ton, but it is never weighed, and little supervision is taken of the quantity, and if a man gets a permit to cut ten tons he can cut twenty and never be challenged, the Government agents rather encouraging settlers to secure plenty of winter feed, su as to maintain as many head of cattle as possible, the license being merely imposed to prevent parties from establishing a right to the land without purchasing or homeateading. Working a Homestead. Any occupant of a homestead, quarter section, having no timber of his own may upon application obtain a permit to cut such quantity of building timber or fuel as he may require for use on his homestead not exceeding the following :— 1800 lineal feet of building logs, 400 roof poles, 2000 poplar fence rails, 30 cords or loads of dry wood for fuel, and any quantity of burnt or fallen timber of a diameter up to 7 inches for fuel or fencing pur- poses, and if that is not sufficient he may upon pay- ment of a quarter dollar (one shilling) get a permit to out all he needs from off the nearest Govern- ment lands. The brothers Elliot had taken full ailvantage of this privilege, and besides taking as much free timber as erect their stables and other outhouses also had their farm all well fenced, the only outlay on all their improvements being the expenditure of their own labour, cutting down the wood, hauling, and erecting. The building of the house had of course cost more — the sawing and dressing of the timber, the cutting of the shingles, nails, and other necessaries— but the whole cost in addition to their own labour, according to their owu calculation, did not exceed $100 (£20). During Spring and Haying they hire in one extra hand, and during harvest and threshing they sometimes have two additional hands, but in all ordinary seasons they manage the whole work on the farm themselves. No farmer that I visited in all Canada had fixed in threshing mills of their own, the whole threshing in the country being done with portable threshing nucbiues hauled from place to place with traction engines, the fuel used being straw, fed into the furnace in a steady stream by a machine invented for the purpose. The owners of the threslwog machines carry a full staff of men with them to work the machines, who are boarded and lodgo(l in portable bothies also carried along with them. The threshing commences as soon as the wheat is cut, large quantities of it never being stocked, the climate being generally so dry that the grain is ready for threshing and storing the moment it is cut off the stalk. Harvest generally takes place in the month of July when the days are long, and the threshing men being paid by the number of bushels threshed. Op' .ations go on continuously from sun up to sun down at the rate of 1500 bushels a day of wheat and 2000 bushels a day of oats and barley, the rate charged by the mill- owner being 4 cents per bushel of wheat, b cents for barley, and 2>, cents for oats. An automatic arrangement on the machine records the number of bushels passed through daily. The grain is run from the thrcshing-machme into the box of a waggon, and hauled by the farmers to the nearest grain elevator, where the whole waggon- load is dumped at once into a great hopper, where it is weighed, and run by the elevating machinery into the dressing-machines, and then run to the different bins, into which the particular quality of grain may be graded. After the threshing is finished and the machine hauled away, a match is struck and shoved in below the straw pile, and this, I must say, is a most thorough and expeditious mode of redding up a cornyani, and it is also looked upon as a kind of feu dc joic announcir.o *" the leighbourhood that the work of threshing i.; accomplished. FAREWELL TO EDMONTON. A CHEAP ESTATE ON THE PRAIRIE. A FIELD FOR INTENDING EMIGRANTS. THE DAIRYING INDUSTRY. GOLDEN OPPORTUNITIES FOR SCOTTISH GIRLS. (From the Dundee Courier of March 6.) Mr Osier, the Courier's Agricultural Commis- sioner to America, writes : — On our return journey Ivom Cloverbar to Edmonton, Mr Walter made a detour on purpose to see a large extent of prairie which he had rented at a few coppers per acre from the Government for haying. The sward was largely composed of peavine, and would yield about three tons per acre. He thought it about ready for cutting, and intended to start quite a number of mowing machines in a day or two, the only obstruc- tion to the working of the machines being the ant- hills, which, I am sure, would prove a serious bother. Near Edmonton we came upon a large parcel of land which Mr Walter had purchased some years ago, a great part of it being broken ami under crop. Mr Walter has few buildings to speak of on his farm. . His crops were really grand. He computes he has 60 bushels of barley upon first brealking (that is the first crop after the prairie has been broken up), 70 bushels oats upon second 54 Repmts of the Dundee Courier's wi i' breaking, and 40 bushels wheat per acre, and I am sure that no one who saw his crops grow wouhl estimate them at less. Mr Walter kreps on an average 100 head of cattle. He generally feeds oil at three years of age, but sometimes has a few four- year-olds. Winter Feeding. Every morning during winter a man distributes a load of prairie hay amongst them, each animal consuming about 1^ ton of bay during the winter season, and the feeding steeis get 1 gallon gristed barley a day. The young animals not feeding off get nothing but the hay, but are constantly out on the prairie, where they pick up a good deal of food for their own support. Last year Mr Walter sold 21 three-year-old steers in one lot to a British (\)lumbian dealer. The gross live weight of the 21 animals was 26,0G8 lbs., and the total price obtained was $938.45, this making the average live wciglit 1241 lbs., the average price £9 Ss per head, andtheaverage rate per owt. IG-i lOd. He also sold two three-year-old cattle to the Hudson Bay Company (it £10 each. Another gentleman named M'Kernan, a neighbour of Mr Walter's, sold 28 cattle — all three-year-olds — the gross weight of which was 34,079 lbs., or 1220 lbs. per head. The price obtained was $3.G0 per 100 lbs., or £9 13s per head. Neither Mr Walter's nor Mr M'Kernan's cattle were ever in a house. Mr Walter pays bis farm labourers $15==£3 a month, with rations ; and his carpenters ^l^'^Bd 3d a day, with rations. In the south town of Edmonton — that is on the south side of the river— there is a new flouring mill, erected by and owned by the Edmonton Flour Milling Company, and managed by Mt Robert Ritchie, who kindly showed us through the works. It is fitted up on the patent roller flour milling principle, with a capacity of turning out 100 barrels of flour a day. They are having steady employment all the year over, and during last season have been purchasing wheat from the farmers around at from GO to 70 cents a bushel, or from £1 to £1 3s 4d per quarter. They sell the best fluur at $3= 12s 6d per 300 lbs., and baking flour at $2.75=lls 5d per 100 lbs. It will be observed that these prices are very much higher than at Winnipeg or in any other district of the North-West territories, the reason being that the other industries of the district give employ- ment to A Much Larger Population than the cultivated areas are yet able to support. Previous to the erection of the mills, the flour had all to be shipped from Winnipeg, a distance of 1000 miles ; but, before the construction of the railway, only two years ago, it had to be hauled from Winnipeg with bullock waggons, the journey occupying three months. Although, as I said before, the town of Edmonton is not well supplied with water, the country around is well watered with running streams and creeks, and where wells have to be dug, water is always found within 20 or 30 feet of the surface. Digging and building a well costs $1 per foot, and all throughout America it is customary to place a pump in the well, driven by a windmill over- head. These windmills are a prevailing characteristic of American landscapes, in some districts every farm being provided with one. On our return to Edmonton in the evening we found a regular fHe provided for us, for, as we were to leave in the morning, quite a number of friends that we had maretezt whatever. Shortly before we viaited Regina, a white instructor upon an Indian reservation had inadvertently left a press unlocked in which was a bottle of whisky. An Indian stole the bottle and ([ot himself intoxi- cated. The white man was tried for the offence, convicted, and sentenced to six months' imprison- ment witiiout the option of a fine. Sauntering along the street Mr Taylor and I oame upon an Indian lad leading a young bear. He had a smattering of English, and we got into conversa- tion with him, and tried to buy the bear. He asked $4 for it, but as the pns.oession of such stock was scarcely in our line we declined the purchase, The town being so crowded we had a difficulty in procuring a bed, but through the intercession of some parlies to whom we had letters of intro- duction, w« were accommodated in an attic room in one of tlie hotels. A great noise and uproar prevailed nearly the whole night through, and just as Mr Taylor and I were composing ourselves to sleep the bottom of the bed gave way, and we were precipitated to the floor, but we had been accustomed to roughing it by this time, and, without even rising to examine matters, we drew the sheets around us and lay still. A TOUtt AROUND REGINA. FRATERNISINa WITH THE BLACKFEET INDIANS. VISIT TO A GOVERNMENT EXPERIMENTAL FARM. AMERICAN SYSTEMS OF CULTIVATION. (Prom the Dundee Courier of April 17.) Mr Osier, the Courier's Agricultural Commis- sioner to America, writes :— On the forenoon of the day we left Begina we had a drive out to the country around. In the Government pamphlets and other prints this is reported as a good agricul- tural country, but, to tell the truth, we were only fairly-well impressed with its appearance, though this may have been due to the time of year we visited it, the dry, withered, somewhat- stunted, and thill appearance of the grass not re- commending itself to our fancy. The crops of wheat were fair, but nothing in comparison to those we saw around Edmonton. AVe saw some herds of very good cattle, shorthorns, or Durhams, as they are called, of a very good grade, aud the efforts and care which we observed were being exerted on every hand to improve the quality of the cattle were such as to make us be- lieve that in a few years the herds of the Dominion will not be behind those of the old country. A great number of cows belonging to the townspeonle were being grazed around the town in one common drove, several mounted cowboys being engaged in herding them. The price paid for each cow for herding is $1, and to winter a cow costs from $12 to 915 for hay. Milk sells at 6 cents per quart in summer and 8 cents in winter. A cord of wood for fuel costs from 83 to $6 according to the time of year. We saw waggons drawn by two oxen abreast bringing in great loads of firewood to the town. They were harnessed in collars, and it was only on tare ocoaiioni that we saw the old- fashioned wooden yoke over the necks in use. They had No Bridles or Halters, only a small cord tieil to the horn of the near ox, which the driver held in his hand. From what I saw I am inclined to think that the oxen of the country are more serviceable in draught than the native homes. On driving around, we were struck with the great piles of buffalo bones which every- where met our view. These bones are worth about $7 per ton for the sugar refineries, but, judging trum the large quantities on hand, there does not Aeem to be much demand for them. The word Wascana, the name of the river upon which the town is built, is an Indian name meaning the place of bones, and refers to a great precipice near the town where great numbers of Indiana would annually collect for hunting expeditious, and, forming a cordon around the herds of buffaloes, drive them in great numbers over the precipice where they were dashed to pieces. This they did in a strange belief that the more they killed annually the more numerous would they become. At the station were collected great bands of Indians, and they were more stately and warlike than the majority of Indians we have yet seen. These Indians belong to the tribe called lilackfeet, and time was when tbey struck terror to the hearts of the white men. They are tame enough now though, and those travellers for whom Cooper's novels have had an early charm find room in their hearts for regret that these blanketed nondescripts standing with outstretched palms — these frowsy beggars— are the real material from whith the novelist built his red-skinned heroes. A number of young squawi, probably the best-looking young ladies from the Tee-pee Camp near by, ran alongside the train reiterating the word money, the meaning of which they seem to have a clear per- ception of. Just as the train was starting some kind-hearted passenger tlirew them a number of small coins for which they sciamhled and fought, tumbling and rolling over each other in a most unseemly fashion, muking ua contrast in our own minds the rude outlandish behaviour of these Damsels of the Plains with the staid deportment and lady-Mke bearing ot our young women at home. Leaving Regina, we pass' Que Appelle, and continue our route to Indian Head, which we reach early in the afteroon. On this journey the prairie is broken and bumpy, and numerous ponds and slews occur in the depressions. Large expanses of the land are covered with a low scrub of a kind called buffalo willow. We pass numerous deep summer-dried coulies and creeks, the banks of which are thickly overgrown with scrub, amongst which the grass appears greener and more luxuriant. A coulie is a deep hollow or ravine opening into the valley ; a creek is a stream or ravine opening into a coulie. On arriving at Indian Head, we were met at the station by Mr Mackay, m-nager of the Government Experimental Farm at Indian Head, who had been made aware of our coming. Getting seated in a four-wheeled buggy, drawn by a pair of high- stepping bronchos, we were first driven to the hotel in the village, where we bespoke bedrooms, then out to the experimental farm, where we were most hospitably entertained by Mr Mackay in his own house. And here I cannot help remarking about the frequency of fruit in the menus ot American meals. Every di^t is prefaced by a service of delicious grapes, pears, bananas, cherries, peaches, or whatever sort may be in season— a custom which we relished very much. 08 linports of the Dundee Courier's I t iv- The Oovernment Farm. After diiint- r Mr Mackay drove ii8 over the farm, and we were much struck wi>h the general excellence of the crops. The chief object of the farm Ih, ns its name denoteii, one of experiment, and to show forth to the farmers the best methods of cultivating the soil, the propagation of improved kinds of grain and other seeds, and the production of trees suitable for the soil and climate. Monthly bulletins are sent out to all the farmers of the territories describing every new process tried and the rcHult — describing all new grains and plants, the time they take to grow and ripen, and the quality and value of the produce. Forty-nine varieties of wheat were being experimented on, and as many of barley, oats, peas, and maize. The common sunflower that grows as a flower in our gardens at home wns being cultivated as a field crop out there, and is expected to be cuoocssful. It yields a large quantity of seeds very rich in feeding properties, and is very easily cultivated. It is said that a good crop of sunflower will thresli 50 bushels per acre, ami that each bushel will yield a gallon of very valuable oil, the residue being pressed into cakes of a high feeding value. The stalks yield a fine fibre well adapted for textile or paper-making purposes. The sunflower grows and ripens to perfection in our gardens at home, and I see no reason why it should not be tried as a field crop here. A field of these tall plants in full bloom, with their large golden yellow heads following the course of the sun, has a most imposing and beautiful appearance. IBesides tlie cultivation of crops and propagation of new seeds, Experiments are Carried on with live ctock todiscuver the kinds best adapted for the country both as beef and milk producers, and at present shorthorns, polled Angus, and Holsteins appear to be the favourites. All new implements are also tried, and their utility demonstrated to the public. One circumstance which seemed strange to me was that the applications of super- piiosphates does not seem to have any appreciable effect, proving that, if properly cultivated, the virgin soil of these prairies has inherent all the lequisite ingredients for the production of crops without any auxiliary assistance. In the evening Mr Mackay's son, who assists his father on the farm and in the laboratory, drove us out for a long distance through the country around, ami we passed through what might be said to be a perfect manufactory of wheat, miles after miles of the land being covered with the cereal alone. It is a grand sight to pass through between great fields of golden wheat, waiting for tlie hand of tiie reaper to convert it into dollars. In the middle almost of every field was a round portable granary capable of holding a day's threshing. Into this the grain is run from the threshing machine and stored until it becomes convenient to haul it to market. The usual and most approved system of cultivation is to take two wheat crops in succession, and to have one-third part of the land in bare fallow. After the spring seeding is accomplished t'- ■ fallow is wrought and cleaned, and any farmy ight his way to independence. He hat now 480 acres of land all his own, 150 acres of which were in wheat. He has about 20 horses and 70 cattle. He says he is pleased with the way he has succeeded, and although he intends to come to Scotland to see his friends he could never think of staying here again. He thinks there is a far better chance for able- bodied men willing to work out there than there is at home. At least, he says that at home he never could have aspired to be anything better than a common labourer, hut out there he is His Own Master, with a comfortable home of his own, and good prospects for his family. Ho sold $555 worth of cattle last year. Few farriers have threshing mills of their own, the gtJa all being threshed with portable threshing mills, wrought by traction <;ngines. The fuel used is straw, which is fed into the furnace by a machine invented for the purpose. It is said that straw gives a sharp, quick heat, and keeps up » good head of steam. The owner of the Special Agricvltural Commissioner to iVorth America. 59 the milla carry a full staff of hands along with them, and charge for the threshing at 4 oentd per bushel for wheat, but if only four men are provided the price charged is 1 J cents per bushel. In tiiis way 2000 bushels are often threshed. During the threshing the farmer's own men and teams are employed hauling away the graia to the elevator, where it is dumped from the waggon louse into a hopper, weighed, and pansed tlirough tiie dressing machinery, and raised by the elevating macliinery into tlie vaiiods binns into which it is graded. The farmer gets a receipt from tht> elevator com- pany for the number of bushels consigned. This receipt is a negotiable document, and when the farmer sells the grain to the flour niiller or grain merchant he hands him the receipt and gets his money, and the elevator company have to deliver a like number of bushels of the same grade, though not neoesitarily the same wheat. It is said that this part of the country is somewhat subject to warm winds, which cook the wheat sometimes, destroys its grade, and renders it less valuable. Occasion- all) it is nipped by frosts, but snaps of frost are becoming less frtquent now that the bulk of land is being brought into cultivation. The great bulk of the land hevesbout is being devoted to wheat- growing, and few herds of cattle are to be seen, but this I think a mistake, as a system of mixed farm- ing seems to pay better, the feeding of cattle and pigs with the weak grains being a more profitable way of using them than selling them at a very low rate to the miller. A Hint to the Farmers. We left Indian Head about mid-day on Friday, and proceeded eastwards to Brandon, a distance of 180 miles. During this journey we passed through some vtry poor portions of country, and saw many hundreds of acres of wheat that would never b^- worth reaping, doubtless owing to its continuous cultivation, much of it being completely smjthered with weeds. Sheaf-binding reaping machines were at work in every direction ; in faut, on my whole journey I never saw anything else than self-binders at work — sometiimes drawn by three horses, sometimes by three oxen. I was much surprised by th.^ carelessness displayed by the farmers iu keeping these costly machines. They are scarcely ever put under cover the whole year through, and we saw hundreds of them lying rotting about the homesteads. Im- plement sheds would effect a vast saving to the aettleis, and apart from that I suggested that they might draw their implements together when they were finished with them, and build piles of straw on the top of them to keep them dry. As the idea seemed to take, I have no doubt but that many of the farmers to whom I spoke about it will avail themselves of this suggestion. The town of Bran- don has a population of about 6000. It is nicely situated on rather steep ground immediately south fiom the railway station. The Assiniboine River flows past the north side, and rising from the river on the north side is a somewhat steep, well- cultivated country. Some miles to the south may be seen the Brandon Hills all covered with wood, and between the town and the hills is a bioad ex- panse of well-cultivated farms, with farmhouses and steadings. Brandon itself is A Splendid Town, with broad, regular streets, a great many of the stores and public buildings being very large and very elegant. I counted about half a dozen great grain elevators, and visited one very large saw- mill, owned and run by Mr Christie. He cuts his lumber in the Riding Mountains, 400 miles above the mills, and floats it down the Assiniboine River and its tributaries to the mills, where it is diverted and kept back by a great slanting boom. The river is about 100 yards broad, and when I was there the whole of it for about four miles above the mills was completely covered from side to side with great trees waiting to be operateil on. The mills are driven by a 200 horse-power engine, and cut about five million feet of timber annually into scantlings, hoarding, flooring, shingle.x, &c., which are run away from the mills by macliinery and built into great stacks of deals, covering acres of ground. Between these stacks railway sidings are run for convenience in loading. The sawdust and planin^^ are automatically run to the engine furnaces, and used as fuel. The slabbings and trimmings are sent down hoppers, cut up into convenient lengths, and sold to the townspeople for fuel. Mr Christie employs 75 hands at the mills, besides great armies of lumberers in the forests. There are two great planing machines, sawmills complete, with four saw odgers and trimmers. Tlie great logs are dragged from the river with powerful self-actin;^ machinery ; caught with great arms, which adjust them upon the saw table ; automatically run through the olaning, edging, ami tiimining machines, and out nto tlm great yard to be built into the stacks, without scarcely ever being touched by human hands. There is a good steady demand for the dressed timber in the immediate neighbourlmod for house- building, furniture, machinery, implements, and other purposes. DUIVING AROUND BKANDON. MORE ABOUT EXPERIMENTAL FARMING. WIND AND WINDMILLS. AMERICAN COOKERY. AGRICULTURAL WORK AND WAGES. (From the Dundee Courier of May 1.) Mr Osier, the Courier's Agricultuial Commis- sioner to America, writes :— On Saturday n. ning, while we were sitting at breakfast in the hotel at Brandon, Mr Thain, (iovernment agent for the dis- trict, called and offered to spend the day driving us around the country. This kind offer we thankfully accepted, and shortly his buggy and pair of horses drove up to the door, and we got seated. Our first visit was to the Brandon Government experimental farm, managed by Mr Bedford. This farm, like the experimental farm I have described at Indian Head, was a wonder of neatness and methodical management. The farm buildings were of the best description, and the arrangement for the cattle and horses very much lesembled some of our best steadings at home. The huge barn was a wonder in itself, being suflBciently large to store all the hay and straw required for the stock over winter. In one end was the grain store and the gristing and straw-cutting machinery, the power for which is obtained from a windmill placed over the barn. Mr Bedford manipulated a lover and put the mill in operation, and I was delighted with the smooth steady way it did its work and with the easy 60 Reports of the Dundee Courier's manner of controlling it. ])y self-acting governors it adapts itself to the air cvirrentii, and no matter how strong the wind blows it never races or goes faster than the desired speed, and if the gale rises too strong the vane is so constructed that it throws the fans right into the teeth of the wind and stops it altogether. These windmills are very numerous out West, and very useful, and it is surprising to me that more advantage is not taken of wind power at home. The root cellars, containing sufficient room to store all the roots grown on the farm, are beneath the barn under the ground level, where it is impossible for them to be touched with frost, and they are said to keep very well here. We saw some very good specimens of pure-bred cattle about the steading. Two bulls of the short- horn and Holstein breed had been bred in Ontario, and were well grown and developed. There were some really excellent females about the place. Mr Bedford had a one-year-old shorthorn quey led out for our inspection, and I must say that I never saw a sweeter or better specimen of the breed at home. We drove all over the farm, and got a great deal of insight into the systems of Oanadian Husbandry. Here, as at Indian Head, the approved mode is to take two wheat crops in succession and the third year bare fallow. The same diiBculties apply to sown grasses here as at other places out West, no kind being as yet got hardy enough to stand the winter, but great hopes are entertained as to tiie success of a grass called Hungarian brome lately introduced. Mr Bedford told us that in his nursery he had 84 variety of trees all doing well. We then drove to the great Sandison farm, and had a look through the buildings. On this farm was the only stone and lime farmhouse I saw in all the country. It was really a grand house, and was erected the year before last at a great cont. The stables, made to hold 25 teams of horses, were built of logs, and roofs covered with straw. Turf walls three feet thick were built outside the log walls, which rendered the stables exceedingly com- fortable, mai'ing them less cold in winter and less warm in summer. We then drove to a farm owned by an Aberdeenshire gentleman named Mr Nicoll, who kindly entertained us to luncheon, and while waiting its preparation by his wife in the large capacious kitchen I had an insight into American cookery. Every kitchen has an excellent cooking stove fitted up with all the necessary accessories for cooking and baking, and all American housewives bake their own bread. Mrs Nicoll was busy baking when we went in, and her bread as it came from the oven was as good and palatable as could be produced bv any baker here. Mr Nicoll owns and farms 480 acres. He keeps four men, whom he pays from $22 to 925 per month during summer, and from $35 to $40 per month during harvest. He reckons his average yield of wheat over a series of years would be 18 bushels per acre. He says summer fallowing is a necessity, and that the land would be all the better of being manured. He is con- templating growing a forage crop to plough down green on purpose to manure the land. He is satisfied sowing upon stubble with press drill without ploughing is to be a success. After this we had a very long drive to the farm of a Scottish gentleman called Matthewson, the name of the farm being Longview. We passed through A Oreat Wheat-Growing Country. The crops varied greatly in appearance, and it ap- peared to me that oontinuoos wheat-growing was Deing too much persisted in. On the way we met a number of Indians, and I asked Mr Thain if they were at all troublesome. "Oh, no," he said, " none whatever. The Yankees say there are no gooir or two in interesting anil instructive cunvcrsation. Ho told me his father was a grieve on a large farm in Fife, not far from Dundee, his name being Kirkcaldy. He has got on very well in Canada, having steadily climbed to the head of his prot'esuion, and is much likod and liiKlily respected. On Simdoy we had a drive of at least 40 miles out and 40 miles in by another road tu the south of the town of Brandon. For a long distance we passed through a good agricultural dis- trict, the land being mostly all broken and under wheat. The yield appeared fair, and would average, I would say, about 18 or 20 bushels. As we went further inland we saw greater expanses of the original prairie, and passed numerous great black squares where the sod had just been broken with the plough. We did not see many cattle about, tlie land being mostly all devoted to grain-growing purposes. We came to one field where a tlock of eight score of pure bred Shropshire ewef aud lambs were grazing. The field on which they were had been seeded with oats in sprmg, and after it had grown a certain length the ewes were put on to graze. It provided good succulent food for a time, but unfortunately there was too little of it, and when we examinei' it there was little sign of oats to be seen, b^ r ,he whole field was covered with the rank growth of a weed unknown to me, and which the sheep would not put a mouth on. The ewes were excellent sorts. True to Their Breed, hut they did not seem to me to be in a good thriving state, and the lambs were stunted and small— at least they appeareJ so to me, though several citizens of Brandon whu were with us in the buggy, thought them re- markably good. I observed a water-cart and troughs in the field, showing that water was having to be driven to them. Continuing our journey, we left the agricultural region behind us, and got intu what is known as the Brandon bills, and passed a wild unbroken, scrubby, well-woodcJ district, with numerous ponds and small lakes occurring in the depresssion. Many boats with picnic parties were rowing about on these lakes, and the margins swarmed with holiday-seekers. Several large tents were pitched at convenient places along the shores, and, as I observed they had their bedding material and cooking utensils with plentiful stores of pro- visions along with them, it was obvious that these pleasure parties meant to make a lengthy stay, and indeed I learned that this is a common way of doing a holiday out west, hotel-keepers and furnU ture dealers providing tents on hire for the purpose. Amongst these bills the soil appeared very thin, stony and barren, and not at all suited for oultivg- if' ■ v"' r^ - 1. ; I ;i l'! 62 Reports of the Dundee Courier's tion. Nevertheless, in glades and openings in the wooJs we came upon occasional clearings where some hardy settler was making for himsiolf a home- stead. This is a splendid district for sportsmen. The ooveys of prairie chickens were literally rising before us in swarms, and tlie ponds and mus-kcgs were black with great swarms of wild diickH. Deer is also plentiful, and there is no lack of wolves and even bears. We saw the huts of the musk rat built like coles of hay amongst the water in tiie shallows of the lake, and the GUI ' >us inhabitants, something like our grey rats, buu bigger, sitting eyeing us from the top. Gi>phrrass at the best) gradually became more indistinct, and at last disappeared altogether. After a time our driver had to confess that he had fairly lost Lis whereabouts, and did not know which way to turn or go. A Council of War was held, and as our party knew that the trails to Liandon all leil in a westerly direction it was resolved to strike across country in an easterly direction, in ord'>r the sooner to get upon one ot these north and south trails. But which was east? That was the rub. The sun was obscured, and there was nothing to direct us. How we longed for the instinct of the Indian, who could tell his way by the forest signs, but, being inferior to the Indian in that respect, we had to rely upon our own resources. Luckily for our party I remem- bered I had upon me a small pocket compasR, and, referring tc it, we steered our course accordingly. After an hour's driving through thick scrub and dense undergrowth — sometimes higher than the b ses' heads — and so thick and strong as almost to lift the buggy off the wheels, we got upon a north-going trail, and following it for another couple of hours we emerged from the forast. When we reached the clearing a fierce gale was blowing, which lifted the coal-black dust off the "ultivated land in clouds, and wafted it into our faces. The weather was uncomfortably warm, and we were perspiiing freely, and the dust sticking to us we were soon all more like niggers than wliite men. However, it was dark when we arrived in town, and wo got to our hotel unobserved. Alter a thorough .vcrubhing in the lavatory we hadsujiper itnd woiit to bed, l)ut we had more on hand before wc went to sleep. A swarm of mosquitoes had got into the r be industrious and thiifty, and to be all mostly in prosperous circumstances. Pilot Mound, which we passed on this journey, was the place from which camu the cattle beast which was suspected to be in- fected with picuro-pneumunia wlien it landeil in ISritain, and which had the effect of stopping the importation of Canadian stockers. It was oi> this journey I interviewed the parties who gave mo so convincing proofs of the non-existence of that disease in the Dominion, all of which I detailed at length in a former letter. (lOing down the Red River Valley the farms and fields are much larger, and we saw crops of grain than which no better could be desired. The laml is deep and rich, but the preponderance of wet land to dry land is perhaps rather great, anc! as we approach Winnipeg the great bulk of the land is too marshy and wet for cultivation, but affords great crops of natural hay ; and so level and even is the surface that a mowing machine might be wrought for scores of miles in one direction without the slightest obstruction. Altogether, I am of opinion that the country we have pMsed through tu-day between Napinka and Winnipeg is th« best land we have seen, with the exception of Edmonton ; would be' 9 a.m. on Friday. On Tuesday morning | and as the country becomes more settled up and i Special Agricultural Commissioner to North America. 65 land more valuable, means will be found to dry a great many of the slews, which will then make grand farmn. The beds of the rivers are al! very deep within perpenilicular banks, and great ditches made from them through the low-lying parts of the country would make excellent 1( a lers into which the drains could be run. DRIVING ROUND WINNIPEG. A GREAT CITY. TRAFFIC OF THE NORTH-WEST. ARRIVAL AT MONTREAL. (From the Dundee Courie. of June 26.) Mr Osier, the Courier's Agricultural Commis- sioner to America, writes :— We arrived at Winni- peg about 5 p.m., and as our train for Montreal did not start till eleven, our guide, Mr Burpe, secretary for the Dominion Land Hoard, tuck us to the Dominion Land Office, where we met Cumraissioner •S^mith, with whom we had a long talk. I handed in an elaborate report of my impressions of the country, with which he was well pleased, and regarding which the Dominion (Government have since written through their officials to the Messrs Thomson, proprietors of the Jourier, congratulat- ing them on the faithfulnep. ' of their Commlssionei. AftCi this Mr Burpe obtained a rig, and drove us through and around the city of Winnipeg, and we were much struck with the great Hize, elegance, and architectural design of the majority of the buildings, the great width and orderly appearance of the streets, and the basking, opulent, and prosperous look of the inhabitants. Situated just where the forest ends and the prairie begins, with thousands of miles of river navigation to the north, south, and west, and with the rail- ways and Indian trails radiating in every direction like the spokes of a wheel, Winnipeg has become, what it always must be, the commercial focus of the North-West. It was formerly known as Fort Garry, a lonely trading station of the Hudson Bay Company, the gate of the old fort being still stand- ing. The old name is now abolished, and The Winnipeg of To-Day is a fionrishin^ town cf more than 20,000 in- habitants. Returning to the Leiland Hotel, we ordered supper, and reluctantly bade goodbye to Mr Burpe, our kind and obliging cicerone, who had accompanied and guided us in all our wanderings through the great North-West and over the Rocky Mountains, even to the gates of the Orient, and who had been so assidious and painstaking in catering for our comfort, enjoyment, and information. I already saiil that our train was timed to leave Winni- peg at 11 p.m. So, proceeding to the station a little before that hour, we went to the booking- office on purpose to o' tain sleeping berths, but found to our disappoiittment that they were all engoged. This was rather a staggerer seeing we had three nights and three days continuous rail- way travelling before us. However, we had to face tliP inevitable, and commenced our long journey of 1424 miles with little prospects of comfort. The oars were quite crowded, and each passenger had no more than his own sitting space, and even though there had been more room the seats in American cars are bo short— only sufficient to seat two personM— that there was no earthly chance of getting a stretch out (or » sleep until wo reached our journey's end. Leaving Winnipeg, we strike northwards down the Red River Valley on the east side of the river, through a flat, rich thiokly-popu- lated and well-cultivated country. On reaching East Selkirk the railway makos a sharp bend, and, turning to the east and i-outh, we soon leave the broad level expanses of prairie behind us. We now pass through a wild, Rocky, Broken Country. The deep rock-bound lakes with waters as clear as crystal are very numerous, and are said to he thickly stocked with many kinds of fish which are easily caught. We pass for long distances down the side of great rivers all eastwards and south- wards bound, and we cross many others on girdered bridges of great length ; the rivers seem all in a hurry, and we are seldom out of sight of dancing rapids and foaming cataracts. The whole district through which we pass is thickly wooded with great trees of natural growth of enormous girth and height. Forest fires have swept through the woods in places, and the gaunt, tall dead trunks with their naked branches stretched against the sky are weird and ghost-IIke as we glide through them In the moonlight. Up through this terrible district by much the same route the railway now takes Qeneral Wo!sel<;y led an army from Fort William to Fort Garry (now Winnipeg) in 1870 to quell the Indian Rebellion, and I saw two of his boats lying stranded just heyon'l the station at Savaune. Four hundred and thirty miles from Winnipeg we reached Port Arthur, a shipping port on the north shore of Lake Superior, and here travellers set their watches forward one hour in conformity with eastern standard time. I may mention that all west from Port Arthur the Railway Ooinpany do not use a.m. and p.m. as we do here, but after 12 o'clock noon they go on 13 and 14 o'clock up to 24 o'clock at midnight. A short distance from Fort Arthur is Fort William, the tei minus of the eastern division of the Canadian Pacific Railway anil the Lake Port of the Canadian Pacific Railway western section. Here along the shore of the gpreatest sheet of fresh water in the worM is scenery more diversified and beautiful than anything the minu can conceive. The wide green waters of Thunder Bay are enclosed by abrupt black and purple basaltic cliffs on the one side, and by hills rising roll upon roll on the other. Here on every side we see evidence of The Enormous Traffic of the North-AVest — long trains laden with grain, flour, and other freights, great piles of lumber, coal, and merchandise, long wharves crowded with siilppiiig, with the railway grain elevators looming above all. Three of these elevators at Fort- William are monster.'(,each having room to store from twelve to fifteen hundred thousand busiiels of grain. The enormity of these Kgures is difficult to conceive, but when I say that any one of these elevators or grain stores would hold a year's oiop of all the grain grown In Forfar and Kincardine shires my readers will be able to fcrm some conception of their enormous size. Nearly all the gra'u brought from the North-West Provinces by *iie C.I'.R. is transferred from the railway here, run up into the elevators, and stored »Lere until it is convenient to ship it down the lakes and rivers to the Atlantic ports. If time had been at our disposal we certainly would have preferred leaving the rail- way here and coming to Montreal by boat, but wc had no choico. Our time was limited, and we had to stick to the iron horse as the quickest means of reaching our journey's end. Leaving Fuit- William we run along the precipitous snore of Luke 66 Reports of the Dundee Courier's Superior for hoor after liour, with deep rook cuttings and viadiiota constantly ocourrins. At times we are back from the lake and high above it, again we are running along the cliifH, as low down as the engineers dared venture through tunneU and over immense embankments and bridges, every- where impressed by the extraordinary difficulties that had to be overcome by tlie men who built the line. AV'e move on through never-ending hills, forests, and lake^ and on Thursday we reach Sud- bury, a new looking town planted in the forest. All the way from Winnipeg to Sudbury, a distance of one thousand miles, may be said to be One Continuous Forest, for only «t long intervals do wu come upon some hardy biiokwoodsman clearing for himself a farm, tiie monster piles of tree roots lying here and there upon the fields, and the blackened stumps sticking up from amongst the fields of standing grain, giving evidence of the vast amount of labour which has to bo expended before a farm can be reclaimed here. I said to an Ontarian farmer, who was sitting be.iide me in the train, that I could form some conception of the bri'adth of this great forest, but could he tell me how far it extended north ? He looked at me in a confused kind of way, and said tliat nobody knew. No wonder then though the Canadians say that "Scotland might easily be lost in one of their woods beyond the power of white man to discover it. were it not for the smell of whisky." But wild and rough as it is, the country is full of natural wealth. Valu- able minerals and precious metals abound, and from here mainly is procured the timber to supply the wants of the great and fertile countries lying to the east and west. We come upon great sawmills, around which are huge stacks of deals covering acres of ground, Near Sudbury are the most extensive copper and nickle deposits in the world. Ijarge quantities of ore are shipped from tlie mines, and a number of great smelting furnaces have been erected to reduce the ore on the spot. At Sudbury a branch line of railway leads off to Algoma Mills, on Jjake Huron, and thence to Sault Ste Marie, at the southern outlet of Lake Superior. Leaving Sudbury we pass through a rough, rugged, anil tree-clad country. The large, clear rockbound lakes are very numerous. AVc pass liake Nipissing, an extensive and beautiful si.eet of water, 40 miles long and 10 miles broad, on the shores of which is situated Noith Bay, a new town with 1800 in habitants. At Mattawa, an old fur-tiading port of the Hudson Bay Company, and now a town with 2000 inhabitants, the line joins the Valley of the Ottawa River, which it follows until within a siiort distance of Montreal. We pass the town of Ottawa, the capital of the Dominion, and in the dawn of the early morning I could see the Government Build- ings and the Parliament House of the Dominion with their Gothic towers and many pinnacles, making a magnificent group, on a high cliff over- looking the river. I am not able to speak definitely upon the agricultural prospects and appearances of Ontario, the rate at which we were going preclud- ing the possibility of judging correctly, but we see that the country is thickly populated and well cultivated. The fields are squarely laid out and well fenced, alternate husbandry prevails, and crops of all kinds similar to those grown at home are fairly good. Cattle, grazing in the fields just as they do here, give this district a very home-like appearance. Many wooden houses are to be seen, but the most of the newly-erected farmhouses and steadings are of brick or stone roofeil with shingles, and have an opulent and comfortable appearance. Large orchards are attached to every form, the trees literally loaded with beautiful red-cheeked apple.a, which m ike our mouths water. Groves of sugar maple are frequent, together with timber plantations, and clumps and rows of trees along the sides of the highways and fields give the country a park-like, lich, and pleasant appearance. We reached Montreal at nine a.m. on Friday, thoroughly jaded and tired. We had never been in a bed, and our clothes had never been off since we left Napinka on Tuesday morning. Beyond a snooze on our seats in the car, with nothing to supporter steady our heads, we had Never Got Any Sleep. The weather had been excessively warm, and as we were always in a stata of perspiration the dust raised by the train had adhered freely to our bodies. I assure you I was in such a condition that I would not have cared for nieeting any of my old country acquaintances on the streets of Montreal. So we hired a cab, and drove straight for the wharf, and were gladdened by seeing the red funnel of thelona standing up amongst the shipping. The officers observed our coming, and gave a welcoming cheer. We stepped on board, and got thoroughly chaffed and laughed at for our dirty, uncouth, and un- civilised appearance. I dived below, and begged the steward to have the bath immediately charged, and I was soon enjoying the delicious coolness of the water pumped from the mighty St Lawrence River. Donning presentable apparel, which I had left behind me in a trunk in the Messrs Thomson's office at the docks, I emerged to the civilised world wilh a somewhat civilised appearance once more, but two stones lighter in physical corpora- tion than when I stepped down the lona's gang- way two months previously. The City of Montreal has been so often described in our home papers and literary works that I consider it would be super- fiuous of me to take up the time of my readers in dwelling upon it. There is, however, one institu- tion existing in its midst which ought to be better known about here than it is, and which I cannot pass over without making i* mother possibly could in looking after their wel- fare, and who, by her great influence in that great city, would get them into comfortable situations, where they would be well paid ami kindly treated. Mrs Campbell told me that she could find employment in Scotch families for any number of girls, and she wished me to let this fact be known in Scotland, nnd to recommend the girls to go straight on to her, when, if they behaved themselves, there rvas i( : fear as to their future welfare. To married men, too, this home would be invaluable, seeing they couM leave their wives and families there in perfect safety, and without any costly bills running up, while they themselves were away on the outlook for work or land. On arriving at Montreal \ was taken possession of by a gentleman born and bred in Thrums, now located in Montreal, and a very successful mprohant and highly-respected burgess of that city. He was very kind in his attentions and hospitality, and devoted Friday evening and the whole of Saturday in show- ing me around the town. CHATS WITH ONTARIO FARMERS. SCENES ON THE ION A. SHIPPING CANADIAN CATTLE. TREATMENT ON BOARD. (From the Dundee Courier of July S.) Mr Onler, the Courier's agricultural commissioner to America, writes :— Ihave already said that as we passed through Ontario and Quebec, in so far as the railway passed through these provinces without stopping, I could scarcely of myself hazard an opinion as to the state and prospects of agriculture. I must now, however, go back upon my jo ey, and give the gist of conversations which I had in the cars with several Ontario farmers who had been away seeing friends in the Far West, and who came with us all the way from Winnipeg to Sud- bury. Henty Carter, farmer, Guelpli, has farmed land and reared cattle for sixty years. He rears twenty calves annually, au-J keeps them until sold off fat at three years of age. He grazes them during summer upon the arable and waste lands. From middle of September to middle of October they are put on rape, after which they are put up for stall feeding, getting chopped iiay, together with peas and oats gristed and mixed with a few roots. They average when sold from 1500 to 1600 lbs. on the hoof, and this year the price got was $5.12^ per 101) lbs., live weight, averaging ahout £16 per head. His stock consists of good grade shoi'tliornii, pure bred shorthorn bulla being pur- chased. Mr Carter goes in for Mixed Farming. Timothy grass and clover sec<1s arc sown amongst the last grain crop of the rotation. The first year's grass crop is out for hay, which generally averages two tons per acre, though last year it yielded three tons per acre. The following three years the fields are grazed with stock, and, on breaking the grass, peas are sown, followed by wheat, then barley and oats, a half break of each, after which comes green crop, composed of turnips, rape, and potatoes, followed by wheat, cown down with timothy and clover seeds. AN' heat averages 25 bushels per acre, barley 30 bushels, oats 50 to 70 bushels, peas 32 bushelx, turnips 30 tons, and potatoes 4|| tons. All the produce is consumed on the farm, with the ex- ception of wheat, which ii sold. The straw is all converted into farmyard manure, and applied to the land. Servants are paid $175 per annum, with Kard. Mr Carter says that farms all under cultivation, with suitable buildings and fencing can be pur- chased at from $45 to $60 per acre, and fair good farms farther from a station can be bought at $20 per acre, farms run from 100 to 200 acres, and when let on lease, bring from $2^ to $3 per acre. Tho soil is generally sandy loam. Fat pigs are worth 3^ cents per lb. of dressed caroas*. The kind of sheep kept are Leicester*, Cots^volds, and Downs. John M'Kerlie Fergus has been a rearer of cattle and farmer for 40 years, he keeps a breeding stock of twelve cows, the calves from which are reared and fed off as steers ; in addition to these he purchases a score of calves annually, and keeps the whole until they are three years of age when they are sold fat, averaging from fourteen to sixteen hundred pounds on the hoof. He sells his cattb in Toronto stockyards, and last year they brought $5J per hundred pounds on the hoof. His cattle are grazed on the sown grasses in the fields, and in the woods all summer, and stall-fed during winter, the calves and one- year-olds get hay ad lib., and a limited quantity of gristed peas, oats, and roots. The steers rising three years of age getting their full of all these ingiedients. His system of cropping is similar to that of Mr Carter, but his yields are not quite so good. Wheat averages 15 bushels per acre ; barley, 35 ; oats, 30 ; peas, 20. The average prices are — Wheat, 64 cents per bushel; barley, 45 cents; oats, 25 cents ; peas, 55 cents ; and potatoes, 50 cents. His servants are paid 20 dollars a month with rations. Neither of these gentlemen ever heard of pleuro- ))neumonia existing in the country, except only what they have read about in the British papers. They believe the scare to be a political stratagem on the part of the British Government, and consider the Dominion of Canada very badly treated by the embargo put on Canadian store cattle. On Board the lona. It had been announced to us that the lona would leave her berth at five o'clock on Sr \Iay morning, so Saturday evening, the 20th Augn&t, found us on board, with our baggage safely stowed in our former quarters, namely, that known as the doctor's room. All the freight of flour, grain, and hay had been loaded by dusk, and it only remained to get the cattle, numbering 552, on board, when the vessel would be ready for starting on the homeward journey. I was told that the cattle were all lying at the stockyards, and that they would be shipped between two and four o'clock in the morning, and, being desirous to see them put on board, I resolved to stay out of bed until they came. A very busy scene was being enacted on board, a great number of carpenters being engaged erecting the cattle fittings, the clinking of the hammers, driving home the uiiils, and the rasping of the saws, reducing the boards to the desired length, making an unceasing and unharmonious noise. I was sitting in the saloon reading a vast pile of letters from friends at home, which I hid only received on my arrival at Montreal, the only budget of letters that I had been able to get delivereil for six weeks. AVhen about one o'clock I heard a most extraordinary bellowing of cattle, intermingled with the shouting and yelling of men, I rushed to the side, and observed a drove of upwards of two hundred steers driven along the shore and into the large shed on the Thomson Wharf. Stepping down the gangway and into the shed, I had a good view of the beasts. \ large space of the shed opposite the ship had been cleared for their reception, bales of hay being built around like walls to confine them within proper bounds, and so arranged that ■m 168 Reports of the Dundee Courier^ s the compartment narrowed towards the end of the gangway connecting it with the ship. The gangwaj in a narrow passage, with the bottom and siiles made of atrong planking, with the bottom or floor thickly bestrewed witli 'lay, so a* to make it less frightsome to the cattle. The cattle were in a great state of fright and excitement, and terribly heated ; in fact, they were just as wet with perspiration as if they had been swum through water, and the sweat was not only dropping, but actually running from their boaies. I never saw cattle so hot in my life, and I make no wonder though they catch chills on board after being warmed up to such a pitcli, and I am of opinion that some supervision is neces- sary to prevent the beasts being treated in this fashioii before being shipped. They were allowed to stand a short time in the shed, and when all was ready the barricade at the end of the gangway next the cattle was renewed, and in an instant the shouting and vociferating of the drovers and long- shoremen recommenced, some bitting freely with sticks, others proding with spikes attached to the end of abort poles, and all Telling Like Demons. The cattle were so frightened that they were fain to run along the slip and into the hold to get nvr,\y from their brutal and noisy tormenters. Once in, a less noisy gang were in readiness to receive them, who, provided with coils of head ropes, slipped a noose over the horns of each steer, and passing the other end through a hole in the head beam, quickly secured him in his place. The work was done so expeditiously tliat in less than an hour all the 200 were tied, and another 200 or more were waiting in the shed, and before four o'clock all the 552 cattle were on boaril and safely bound. 210 of these were placed on the upper or hurricane deck, and 342 on the main or sbelter deck. All along the aides of both decks from foc'sle to wheelhouse the cattle stood with their hind quarters close up totheoutside of the ship, and their heads, facing amidships, are attached by the horns to a beam 3 feet 3 inches above the deck, the rope by which they are bound giving them ahout two feet of head loom. An alleyway passes along in front of their heads'. Amidshipi are other two rows of cattle, with their heads facing out- wards to this alleyway, and tiieir hindquarters meeting in the middle of the ship, Trouglis to hold feeds and water arc placed below the head beam-*, and the alleyway forma a convenient passage by which the cattlemen can feed and water the beiists. The head beams are firmly bolted to the ship's stanchions, and strong wooden divisions are erected between every four of the animals. 2 ft. 8 in. by 8 ft. is the space allowed for each steer, and it is amply sufficient to allow them to lie down at pleasure. Timothy hay is fed to them ad lib., and I calculated they eat about a atone of 22 lbs. daily. A mixture of ground oats, maize, and peas is given to them *wice a day, from 6 to 8 lbs. being the daily allowance. Fresh water from tanks in the bottom of the ship is given them twice a-day. The first day or two the cattle appeared tired and leg-weary, and terribly jaded and drawn up in their bellies, caused by the long journey of 344 miles from Toronto to Montreal in the cars, but excepting a few that appeared some- what frightened they rested very well, and appeared quite peaceful animalM. It was evident these cattle had all been tied up before or they would not have taken so readily to the Treatment on Board. It is said the prairie cat'^iie are more difiicnlt to deal with. It is difficult to get them to submit to the constraint of confinement, and they do not rest well or eat safficieut fur their maintenance on the voyage, but by the third day the cattle on the lona were perfectly reconciled to their quarters and rested as well and fed as freely as they would have done in a comfortable byre at home, and by the time they were put on shore at Deptford I couhl Serceive they were far better filled up and ecidedly impkoved in appearance. At no time during the voyage is the manure cleared away. From the way the cattle are placed in the ship this would be quite impracticable. Certainly the devising of some means by which this could be accomplished daily would be a great desideratum, but I cannot see how this could be managed without too much space being taken up to allow of its being done. But they are by no means iu the bad mess that might be supposed, for, as a consequence of all their food being of a very dry nature, the droppings are comparatively dry also, and these being littered over every day the cattle have quite a preseatable appearance. I think the Thomson Line of steamers, in so far as they are fitted up for the cattle trade, to be as near the acme of perfection as could possibly be conceived ; in fact, although I studied the matter minutely, I did not observe a single feature in the fittings or arrangements of the ship in which I could suggest an alteration. I think, however, that the regime of attendance might be altered for the better. On board the lona there were 25 cattlemen, four or five of which were bosses, or one man for every 22 cattle, and I could not see any use for neatly so many men on the job. They did not have half work, and they were so thick in the alleyways that the one hindered the other. In a farm steading at home one man is expected to sort eighty cattle, having the byres to muck daily, and hurl heavy barrow- loads of turnips. Neither dung nor turnips have to be dealt with on board, the meal and iiay is drawn up from the holds with tackle, and conveniently placed for dividing it out with buckets and forks, and the water is run by hose into large tubs con- veniently placed at short distances along the alley- ways. The whole work is light and easily accom- plished, and I see no reason why a cattleman should not be able to feed as many cattle at sea as on laud. It may be argued that might do in good weather, but if it is rough, vvliat would be the result with so few, but the officers told mo that neither are the geneial class of Sea Cattlemen any use in rough weather. In fact they do not appear on deck at all, and at such times the work has to be done by the sailors. Without going the length of suggesting that each man should have to feed eighty cattle, I should decidedly say that a man should have no trouble in attending to fifty ; thia would allow eleven men for a cargo such as the lona carried, over whom there would require to be one general boss, the whole men to be selected by the ship's company, and directly amenable to the orders and superintendence of the ship's officers. By such a system the cost of transit would be greatly lessened, and the proper attendance and welfare of the cattle better assured. I considered that the weight of the cattle on board would average about 1250 lbs. on the hoof. I learned that they cost $4*60 or £11 per head at Toronto ; the cost of bringing them from Toronto to Montreal is $36 per car load of twenty head, or 7s 6d each ; aud the cost of attendance, hay, ke., in the stockyards at both ends and on the railway would run up to about £1 per head ; feed and attendance on the voj age, stockyard expenses at TA)ndon, commission on sales, &c., about another £1; freight on vessel £2 per head, which with iusuranoe, &c., added will bring I Special Agricultural Commissioner to N^wth America. 69 I the lona •11(1 have V the sou 1(1 and time way. the ainlv Id be turn, inged allow the expenses of the journey up to fully £4 per head— the total oost of the animal up to the time of his being cashed in London being £15 \Qi, or 28h per owt. live weight. We had a pleasant voyage all the way home. Coming through the Straits of ]ielleisle, we saw five or six icebergs, some of them of great size, a strong head wind was against us, which retarded our progress, and we had to lie at anchor both in the >St Lawrence and English Channel, in consequence of thick fogs. We drev- iip to the pier at JDeptford, and disembarked the whole 552 cattle in the short space of half-auhour, without a single casualty or case of sickness amongst them the whole voyage (cattle are not subject to sea sickness as human beings are). We leached our destinaliun in London on Saturday evening too late for the train, and on Sunday even- ing, at 8 p.m., Mr Taylor and I took our seats in the "Flying Scotchman," and reached Dundee at (> a.m., and, after having breakfast, we went to the Courier Office, where we met the Messrs Thomsun, and gave them au account of our stewardship, and thus concluded our eventful journey of over 12,000 miles. CONCLUSION OF THE TOUli, IMPRESSIONS OF AMERICA. THE COUNTRY'S RESOURCES. ITS AGRICULTURAL PROSPECTS. WHAT BRITISH FARMERS HAVE TO FEAR. (Prom, the Dundee Courier of Jvly 7.) Mr Osier, the Courier's ngricultural commis- sioner to America \«ritus: — 1 have now taken my readers with me in imagination in a descriptive tour over the billows of the great Atlantic, through the United States and Canada, over the wilds of the Rocky Mountains, out into the Pacific Ocean as far as the island uf "Vancouver, and home again to Dundee, where I must now bid them an affectionate goodbye. But before doing so, I would like to make a few general remarks upon the impressions I have formed in regard to the western hemisphere and its relations to this country. Well, as a grain imijorting country B I do not think America c.an liarm us more in F our markets than it has already done. True, it has cheap land and abundance of rich virgin soils, which require no manures for many years, but it has dear labour to contend against, just as we have, and the long land carriage which Las to be paid for before their grain is got to a seaboard will always handicap them in respect to the British markets. Still their surplus produce has to be got rid of, and as our markets provide the only outlet, they will continue to send it, even although it may be at a loss, and I am therefore of opinion that the tendency from America would be to raise the price of grain stuffs, but when we turn to India and Africa, with their countless millions of acres of splendid wheat-producing soils, which can be purchased at next to nothing, and teeming populations, who supply labour at the cheapest possible rate, together with low ocean fr' ght, which land their produce at our doors for a mere trifle, so that, taking everything into considera- tion, I have no hope whatever that any improve- ment will take place in our market in regard to prices. Still, I surely think that we have touched bottom, and that no considerable reduction is to he anticipated. But with regard to meat stuffs — that i«, bouf and mutton— I am very much afraid that we hf. ve not by a long clialk seen the worst. True, I do not think that America is well adapted i'or the production of sheep, and if we had only it to compete against us, I would have no fear for a reduction in the price of the fleecy tribes ; there is, however, no doubt whatever but that the trade in fiozen mutton from Australia, already assuming gigantic proportions, is only in its infancy, and that it will year by year increasi; as establishments for slaughtering and refrigerating are opened up. And considering the cheap rate at which mutton can be produced there and sent over here, there is not the shadow of a doubt but that in a very short time the price of the home article will be run down and greatly lowered. It is, how- ever, in regard to The Cattle Trade that we (the British farmers) have to fear America most. I have already shown that well-fed prairie cattle can be raised at the foot of the Rocky Mountains, and sold in our home markets at 2:3s per cwt. iive w-';ht or thereabout. At present home-reared cattle of similar quality are selling at about 30s per cwt. live weight, and farmers are unanimous in declaring that even at that price they are losing money by their transactions. What then is to be the result when the American cattle trade assumes such proportii ns, as it assuredly will do, as to case a levelling down. I know -^ry well that cattle in the eastern province of America, or, indeed, in any part of that continent wiicre they have to be reared, o. agricultural products cannot possibly be produced and delivered here at the rates I have quoted, hence the outcry amongst Ameiicnn cattle rearers as to the low prices, but it is the Wi stern provinces where good pasture lands are rented from Government at ^d or at most Id per acre, that are to run down the prices both in Eastern Canada and the States and at home. But the farmers in Eastern Canada have an alternative which a short- sighted policy on the part of our Government has deprived us of, and whicli they have not been slow to avail themselves of, and is proving a source of relief to them in the meantime. By purchasing cheap stores from their western neiglibours ami putting tliem up to finish off upon their cheap meals and other products, they are enabled to put fatted beeves upon our markets, which neither they themselves, if left to tlieir own resources, noi us could contend against. Why, then, sliould we k)0 deprived of the same privilege if the nnished article (that is, the fat steer) is to be allowed into our markets to run down our prices? Why should we he debarred from procuting the raw material (that is, the car or store ox) at the same cheap rate? It seems to me that the pi airies of America are pre-eminently adapted for producing tlie raw material ; that in fact the bones and frame must be built up and formed of cheaper materials than we have at our command in this country, and that our home products, which are ever so much more costly, must be devoted to the pro- duction of beef and bones, which is really the com- modity which constitutes the value of the animal — that, in siiL 1 1, ii we are to be in a position to compete successfully against the foreigner, we must get the Canadian store cattle at a cheaper rate to put beef on and finish off here. And the getting of thei-e cheap stores, which we surely will do before long, is The Only Bright Speck that I can see in the whole agricultural horizon, and every farmer in this country nhould employ his utn.ost influence with our home legislators in getting the present embargo removed. And now thai an exhaustive inquiry is being made into the 70 Ih'poi'ls of the Dundee Couriers Special AyricdUnal Commissioner to North America. health of Canadian cattle, it i8 to be hopeil thai the greatest care will be taken to have it cond'icted upon proper lines. I have already described my voyage honno upon the lona, which carried a cargo of 650 Canadian cattle, which were all put ashore at Deptford, London. While they were beine dis- loadea I had a walk through the cattle lairs there, and was surprised to find great quantities of United States and South American cattle confined in the same sheds waiting for slaughter with in some oases only a narrow passage between, and I thought how easy it would be for a little carelessness o!* connivance to cause a mixture of the herds. Surely wiien such a momentous issue depends upon the result separate sheds ought to be provided by the Government, where a mixture of the cattle wouhl be impossible. I have now only one duty to perform, and it is to return my warmest thanks to those parties who lent their powerful influence and assistance to make ray tour a pleasure and a success. And, first of all, my best thanks are due to the Messrs Thomson, proprietors of the Courier, who spared neither trouble nor expense in completing all the arrange- ments and carrying them to a successful issue. To Mr Murray, the Conductor of the Weekly Neics Expedition, I also feel greatly indebted fur his un- varied kindness and attention during all the time I was in his company. To h11 the officers of the good ship Ions, and especially to Captain Cummings, the commander of that vessel, would I convey my best thanks, for ho kindly and unweariedly attending to our comfort and welfare during the voyage out and home. Nor would I forget the members of the Weekly News Expedition, one and all of them being able and intelligent men, well qualified, from their great powers of observation and descriptive abilities, to discharge the duties which they had undertaken. We, indeed, farmed a very mixed company, no two of us being of the same occupation or district. We had altogether different views and aspirations with regard tu things in general, and the debates and conversations that took place amongst us wero of a most varied description, but most interesting and instructive. We were withal A Happy, Jovial Company, and all of us contracted and cemented friendships which can only die with ourselves. I have also to acknowledge the deep debt of gratitude I lie under to many kind friends and new acquaintances I met out West. It would take up too much space to name all the gentlemen who ingratiated them- selves in our favour by their kindness, hospitality, and help, hut I cannot stop witiiout mentioning Mr liurpe, Winnipeg ; Mr Anderson, Edmonton ; Mr Coleman, Edmonton ; Mr Higginson, New West- minster ; Ml Thomson, Calgary ; Mr Thain, Brandon, &c., ami the commandants of the mounted police at the variou' fort^*, for so kindly supplying us with ma(......es and drivers to gn out to investigate tlie country. Major Griesbacli, at Fort Saskatchewan, and Major Sneider were particularly attentive in this respect, going out with us themselves and giving us all the iafurmatiun in their power. And, lastly, would I return most grateful thanks to my readers who have followed me in the columns of the Courier throughout all my wanderings, many of whom have so often expresseil the pleasure they have experienced in perusing my articles, and thanked m^ repeatedly for the amount of information I have been able to give them in regard to the New World. In closing my correspondence on the New World, I have only to say that, although I must now bid adieu to thaii subject, I have no intention of being a stranger to them, but intend still, through the columns of the same paper, to keep up my connection with them in another capacity, and trust they will give me the same kind attention and consideration in perus- ing my articles on matters connected with home as they have done in regard to matters on the other side of the Atlantic. I ' .' DUNDEE COURIER AND DUNDEE WEEKLY NEWS ARTISAN EXPEDITION. AGRICULTURAL COMMISSIONER'S REPORT. (Prom the Dundee Weekly News of July 29, 1S93.) CllOFTIi:RS~lN CAf^ADA. Mr James Ta3'!or, Raosmill, Arbioatli (Agri- cultural Rupresentative on tlib Weekly News Expedition), ri'poits :— After a very good passage across tiie Atlantic we first sighted land on the morning of tlie 2<1 July. All tliat day's journey was along the desolate-looking coasts of Newfound- land and Labrador, where .scarcely any vegetation is to be seen except some stunted trees and shrub.s, with a iiouse or two at long intervals along the coast. After reaching Father Point, it is more in- habited, anil cultivation seems to improve. The farms are mostly small, ranging from thirty to forty acres, and the occupiers are all their own landlorils. It is no uncommon occurrence to see a horse and a cow going together in the plough, where only one horse is kept. Their cattle seem to be rather rough, and have a " want of rib," as we in Scotland would term it. We can see some flocks of sheep, bjt cannot very well say of what breed. Their horses ate all of the light "mustang" kind — a very good class for doing light work, and working in the light " buggies " they use on their farms. The crofters are for the greater part of the year engageil in fishing, and the good laily of the farm is generally mistress of that department. After passing Quebec things in general begin to improve. The land is better and earlier, and more stock kept. We can now see some very good herds of cattle, and swine are grazing in lots together. Fences are of the most primitive kind, not fixed together in any way, just hung together, the one leaning against the other. The crops appear to be mostly of oats, with an occasional patch of barley and very little wheat. There appears to be a tendency to move further west, and many of the small crofts are deserted and the land rapidly going back to its natural state. After we come nearer Montreal crops begin to improve very muc'i and are much earlier, some very fine crops ot h'^y being out down. State cf Farms. We landed in Montreal on Thursday, 6th July, and had a look througli thecity, but did notsee much to which an agricultural correspondent can refer. We took train ac 9 p.m. for Toronto. As seen from the train farming iu in rather a backward con- dition until we come into the vicinity of Toronto, when it improves considerably, also farm buildings are in better order and fences seem to receive more attention, and it is also much earlier. They are in the middle of their hay season, and ii seems a very fair crop. The principal crops seem to be wheat, barley, oats, masuley, but very little turnips or potatoes. Their horses are all of the mustang breed, what we in Scotland would call "shalts. We see some very good cattle iu this district, and pasture is plentiful. Fences are all of wood, no stone, wire, or hedge fences being to be seen. Their farm buildings are also much of the same kind as seen in the province of Quebec, consisting of farm- house built with wood but very comfortable-look- ing and a baru. A Famous Agricultural Machine Establishment. Arrivingat Toronto we had a i est, and set out to visit the works of Messrs Masscy, Harris, k Co., Limited, engineers and manufacturers of farm machines and implements. Upon asking at the works we were very cordially received by Mr Slienstone, manager, who at once showed us through the place. The most interesting part of their work to me was the part engaged in the construction of the " Massey Harris " wide open binder. This machine is built almost entirely of steeL The entire frame work, including elevator frames, truss ro>ls, and frames are of solid steel, and that, too, largely of angle steel, the strongest form known for agricultaral machine construction. The driving wheel, grain whoel, parts of knotter, cutting apparatus, and shafting, are all of steel. The " Massey Harris" machine is about as simple in construction as a binder can be. Being so light and having the gearing at the centre under the decks, it is easily and correctly supported, and can he shifted a (greater distance witliout danger of throwing a heavy weight on the necks of the horses. Most binders shift only a few inches, and the grain must therefore be moved end- ways to the knotter. It is obvious that the less the grain has to be shifted, Mie less "shelling" there will be and the better sheaves. The cons truction of hay-mowers \r, also a large branch of tl'cir business. They are made of various sizes, cutt.ng bars being from four and a half to seven feet wide, as they have to suit the requirements of all crops and all countries. American Implements of Husbandry. They also do a large business in drill-sowing machines. They are not the same as used iu Scot- land. Their "Shoe" drill-sowing machine is the kiod commonly used in America. It is narrower than the machines used in Scotland. They cost £12 UDon raiL They also do a large business in the coi-.'trii'^tioii of t'urb:;hing machines, mostly of the movable kind, as they best meet the requirements of the American, who like, to set bis mill in the middle of t'is field, and when that is finished shift to another ;ield. I shall be better able to pass my opinion upon their merits when I see them at their work, as I expect to do in a few weeks. Messrs Massey, Harris, & (^o. have also large works at Brantford and at Woodstock. In all they employ 500 hands, not including clerks, agents, &c. Find men mostly steady and reliable, and generally Scotchmen turn out best, and get the most important positions. The whole work is done on the system of piecework, which Mr Shenstone finds works best. The men are making from 12s to 16s a day in some departments, and the average wage over all the work is 8s a day. Four years is the common term of apprenticeships, with the exception of ironmoulders, who have only three. By their rules any labourer may rise from the ranks and do the work of a skilled tradesman without the interference of any union, and there is no union connected with the work. They are all members of a mutual benefit sick society, of which the superintendent of the works is manager. I' p* ■■ m 1 • Dundee Conner and Dundee Weekhf News and payment ia made every furtniglit. They work 65 hourM per week, havinn a lialf-holiilay on Satur- day, and a fortnight is tlie general rule for holi- days during summer. Messrs Massey, Harrin, k Co. have a strong objection to working overtime, and never do so unlcHs in cases of absolute ncoes- ■ity. A Qood Farming District. Upoii leaving Toronto for Chicago we find crops after leaving Toronto much tlie snme as in Eastern Ontario, As we proceed they gradually begin to improve, and by the time we reach the ]-). Plougl, boots cost .?2 (Ss) per pair, but shoes are mostly worn. Skin overcoat for winter, $10 (£2) felt boots for winter wear, $3 (12s) ; fur caps fo; winter, $1 (4s). Very few marrieil men are empU yed as farm ser- vants, and their nmbition seems tu be to get farms of their own. The general rule s that they all live in the same house with the /armer, and \\\ take tlieir meals at one table. They have no regular hours, and mu>t work from daylight till dark if a^ked to do so. What is called a "poll" tax is imposed for the maintenance of the public roads. Elach man, be he farmer or servant, i between the ages of 21 and 50, has to work for two days every year giatis upon the' roads, or pay $1^ (6s) in money each day for a substitute. Farm hands are rather scarce, and | there is the same tendency as in Scotland to seek employment in large towns or get farms of their own, one cause of that being the want of house accommodation for married ploughmen, as in this district there ia not such a thing as a ploughman's house to be seen. In my opinion, as far as I have seen, the Scottish ploughman is much better off than bis cousins on this side of the Atlantic. A ploughman in Scotland can depend upon getting work all the year round acconling to engagement, while the American has only work he is sure of for eight months a year. (Prom the Dundee Wcek-h/ Xcws of Septcmbir 0.) OVER THE ROCKIES. TWENTY-FOUR O'CLOCK. GLIMPSES OF THE REDSKINS. PLOUCiHIN(i BY BRIGADES. THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN PARK. Mr James Taylor writes : — It rained heavily when we left Winnipeg, but as we proceeded westward we left the rain behind anx or eight miles, and at nearly all are tall and massive elevators for the convenience of farmers in the neighbourhood, with now and then a flour mill. After passing through a bushy district, with frequent ponds and small streams, containing many stock farms, for which, having a plentiful supply of water, it ta Well adapteil, the railway rises from Austin Station along a sandy slope to a plateau, near the centre of which is situated the town of Carberry, an important grain market. The next stop is Brandon. It is what is called on the rail- way a divisional point, as The Standard Time pjianges here to "mount.iiu time," one hour slower. Tlie time changes four times between Montreal and Vancouver. There is Eastern time. Central time, Mountain time, and Western time, falling back an hour each time as we proceed west. 'i hey have also abandoned the a.m. 8n(l p.m. system on this railway, and just run on from twelve noon to twenty-four o'clock. Biaiidon has the largest market for grain in Manitoba. It has five grain elevators and a flour mill. Beyond Brandon tlie railway now draws .way from the Assiniboine River and rises to a " rolling" prairie with small !>atchcs of cultivated land here and there. As we come to Vinlen Station the farms arc gradually disappearing, as the land here is again held by speculators. The froquent ponds and copses here offer excellent opiwrtunities for sport. Water fowl and prairie chicken seem to be abundant. At Broadview Station a reservation of Cree Indians is not far away. As we stop there for several minutes we got a fine view of some of the "red- skins" with their war paint and feathers. Westward we now follow a grailually rising prairie, bounded by low wooded hills at the south. This section is almost exclusively devoted to wheat and cattle. A little beyond Sintaluta Station is the celebrated Bell Farm, containing 100 square miles, and fiom the next station, Indian Hea>l, near tlie centre of the farm, the headquarters buil lings can be seen on the right. The neat square cottages of the farm labouicrs d<)t the plain as far as wo can sec. The furrows on this farm are usually ploughed four miles long, and to plough one furrow outward and another returning is a half-day's work for a man and a team. The ploughing is done with an almost mdiiary organisation—" Ploughing by brigades and reaping by divisions." We enter, after passing Broadview Station, into Many M.Ues of Golden Prairie, as far as tiie eye can reach along a broad treeless Dundee Courier and Dundee iVeekly News tixpnnge, which Rtretoliex, vnrieil here ami there by amnll towns and frequent herds of cattle anu horRcs, to the entrance to the Rocky MouittaiDB. Calgary w our next gtoji. It has a population of 4500. It is charmingly Hituated upon the level prairie in flight of the white peaks of the mountains. It is tiie centre of the trade of the rancliing country, and tiie chief source of supply for the mining districts in the mountnins beyond. Lumber is Inr^iely made here from logs floated down the Bow River. From Calgary a branch line of the Canadian Pacilic Railway runs north to Edmonton, thus throwing open a new and vast coimtry, which is already attracting settlers in large numbers. As We Approach Kananaskis, the mountains Huddenly appear close at hand, and seem an impenetrable barrier, their bases deeply tinted in purple, while high above, dimly outlined in the mist, are distant snowy p>oking westwards through tliis gap towards Bow Tiaku and The Huge Peak of Mount Hector, a view is obtained of the first of the grcit glaciers. It is a broad, crescent-shaped river of ice, 1.300 feel above, and a dozen miles away. The station at the highest point of the mountains is Stephen, 529^ feet above the level of the sea, and, like the enor- mous mount some miles ahead of it, is named in honour of the first President of the C.P.R. The line here now begins to descend very rapidly. We cross the Wapta Lake at Hector, and, crossing the deep gotgo of the Wapta or Kickinghorse, the scenery is now sublime, and almost terrible. The line clings to the mountain side at the left, and the valley on the right rapidly deepens until wo can see the river like a silver tliread a tliuus:inr8e, the The ami the ' 1* Artisan Expedition to America. Great Glacier, a vast plateau of gliaminK ice ex- tending iiH far HH the eye can icach, as large, it is said, at oil tiioue ol Switzeriaud cunil>ined. Leaving the Glacier tlie train entera upon The Most Exciting Fart of the Journey, the descent of the "Loopa." The line makes THE LOOPS. several startling turns and twists— first crossing a valley tliat leads dowu from Ross Peak Glacier, then doubling back until we can see half-a-dozen parallel lines of railway, and along these the train, by doubling itself again and again, and moving at not more than six miles an hour, b»s to crawl down- wards to a depth of 500 feet. We now follow the Illecillewast Kiver, with its waters pea-green, from the Melting Glaciers. The gorge is sometimes of consideiable width, filled with a forest of gigantic trees, for which British Columbia is famous. Just cast of Albert Canon Station the train runs sud- denly along the very brink of several remarkably deep Assures in the solid rook, whose walls rise straight up hundreds of feet on both sides. The most striking of these canons is the Albert, where the river is seen 300 feet below the railway, com- pressed into a boiling flume scarcely 20 feet wide. The train stops here for a few minutes to give passengers an opportunity of viewing from the solidly-built balconies the boiling river below. As we approach Craigellaohie the Columbia River is crossed by a bridge half a mile long. Here the last spike was driven in the Canadian Pacific Railway— the lines from east and west meeting here. Still onward we go to the pretty town of Kamloops. A divisional point on the railway, and also an old Hudson's Bay post, and through the Thomson Biver valley to Gherry Creek and Spatsura. Three ALBRRT CANON. miles beyond Ashcroft the hills press close upon tht Thomson River, which outs its way through a wind- ing gorge of almost terrifying gloom and desola- tion, fitly named The Black Canon. Emerging, the train follows the river aa it meanders swiftly among the round-topped, treeless, and water- cut hills. The scenery now becomes very striking ).>nd peculiar. The train runs upon a ledge cut out of tho bare hills un the irregular south side of the river, the headlands are penetrated by tunnels, and the ravines spanned by lofty bridges, and altogether it is a sight that leaves a strong impression upon the memory. The mountains now seem to draw together again, and the railway winds along their face hundreds of feet above the struggling river. This is the Thomson Canon. The gorge rapidly narrows and deepens, and the scenery becomes wild beyond description. The frowning cliffs opposite are streaked in many striking colours, and now and again snowy peaks can be seen glistening through the clouds. At Lytton, a ^mall trading town where ranchmen at;d Indians appear in num- bers, the canon suddenly widens to admit the Frazer River, the chief river of the province, which comes down from the nortli between two great lines of mountain peaks. The railway now enters the canun of the united rivers, and the scene becomes even wilder than before. The old Govern- ment ri>ad attracts attention all along this valley — it is sometimes forced to the height of a thousand feet above the river, and is pinned by seemingly slender sticks to the face of a gigantic precipice. The canon alternately widens and narrows. Indians are here and there sitting on projecting rocks down at the water's edge spearing salmon or scooping them out with dippets, and in sunny spots the salmon are drying upon poles. Chinamen are seen on the occasional sand or gravel bars washing for gold ; and irregular Indian farms and villages, with their quaint and barbarously decorated grave- yards, alternate with the groups of huts of the Chinese. At Boston, four miles below, the prin- ciiial canon of the Frazer commences, and the scenery is not only intensely interesting but start- ling. The great river is forced between vertical walls of black rocks, where repeatedly thrown back upon itself by opposing cliffs, or broken by ponder- ous massea of fallen rook, it madly foams and roars. It- Dundee Courier and Dundee Weekly News FKAZKll CANON. Kmerfting at Nortli Hend, the train etiterH the grand OKUon of the Frnzer, tlu' awe-insiiiring character of which in beyond descriptiiiii, and when we again reach daylight at th« pretty riverside Htation of Yale, it seems as though we had come through wliat han been described as "a journey tiirou^ii the regions of eternal night." We are now witliin 100 miles of the racitic coast, and the country widens out into Flat Qrassy Plains backed by Uie dense forests for which ISritish Columbia is famed. Ntoitping off at Harrison 'Station, as we had resoiveii to visit the Island of Chilliwack, we were rowed acrosi the Frazer River by a native Indian. After a very pleasant stay fur a day on the island, wercsumeil our journey next mori,- ing t)y steaincrdown the river to New Westminster, where, after a look lound the city and a view of its fine marine haibour, we again got upon the cars. am'. in less than an hour we reached Vancouver City, the I'aciflu termii.us of the railway. The city was founded in 188(>. From May to July that year its growth WBH very rapid, but in July a tiie spreading f'om oao of the surrounding forests, which arc so numerous in that district, swept every house but one iu the p'acc, and with this exception every building now in it has been made sinoo that time. Its situation is most ]>t!rfeat as regards pioturcsqceness, natural drain- age, harbour facilities, and commercial advantages. It has many splendid buildings of brick and granite, and somf of its private residences would do creilit to a city of a century's growth. Its streets are well made, and it is lighted with gas and electric light. An amjile supply of pure water is provided i.y means of pipes laid to a mountain stream opposite. From Vancouver City we went by steamer 80 miles across the Paoiflo to Victoria, the capital of British Columbia, and drove to many places of interest iu the city and around the island. This ended our journey West, and after staying in Victoria we again proceeded East to visit the North-West 'I'erritories and ranching districts of Canada. I have long wished to see the West Coast of America, and see the sun set behind the waters of the great Pacific, and my wish has tu-night been grautuu to the full. (From the Dundee Weekly News of September 2^. ) THE CHICA(JO STOCKYARDS. ARMOUK'S PACKIN(} HOU.SI.S. CANNED MEAT OPERATIONS. Mr Taylor, Racsmil), Arbroath, reports :— During our stay in Chicago I on two occasions visited the stockyards, which are situated on the south-west side of the city. Centrally located and drawing MR I'HILIP D. AKMOUB. supplies from a fertile country of almost unlimited extent, Chicago has fur many years controlleil tho |)acking business, and indications point to the main- tenance of her supremacy. The output of hug and beef products manufactured in Chicago has of late years increased enormously, and gives employment to many thousands of men. Finding it impossible to visit the works of all the different firms, wu selected Armour k Co.'s houses as being capable of giving us a good id' '1 of how the ditferent processes of killing and pai uiiig are done. In 1S8<> the number of hofi'H killed by Armour k Co. was 20,000; in 18!)2 it was l,7r>0,000. T\w number of cattle killed by the same Company iu 18'.)2 was 8,50,000 ; shcL'p, 600,000. Usually the cattle are left in the 'I^^^^SJJS UNION HTOOKYAUI). pens ailjoining the beof-houso twenty-four hours after having j-.cu driven from the stockyards. This ensures an oven, cool tem|ierature. They are then driven into narrow passagc-waya beside the pens, each compartment being only large enough to hold one animal. Overhead is a raised platform, upon which stands the grim oKecutioner. The cattle are killed by the utroko of a heavy hbniinor. Sometimes by means of n heavy spear the sninal column is severed at its junction with the slcull. Directly opposite the animal as it falls ia a sliding door, which is lowered, and the animal is drawn on to tho dreuing floor by a ohain attached to the Artisan Expedition to Amenca. er 23. ) horns. It is then raixed autnmaticalljrb/ the hind- quartors, and suspemled fiDni a rail, and busy hands attack it. The hend ia out off, and the tonKiie removed by one man, the fuet stripped by tlie next, the entrails are romuved by anutlicr ; tiie hide stripped oti by ono, anil a general liiiisliing touch given by another. Tlie Killing and Dressing process over, tliu animal Htill hangs suspended from tlic rails, on wliicli it is now moved past the weiKlimastor, who records its weight and nature, auil then it is slid along on the rail to the chill- room. Here the air, by means of cold air machinery, is kept constantly near the freezing point. The oliillrooms of Armour & (Jo. have » capacity for 15,0J0 carcases. Here the carcases are allowed to hung from 40 to 80 hours, and then, still suspended from the rails, they are riiii out to the loading platform, divided in fore and hind quarters, care- fully inspected and transferred to the refrigerator cars standing ready to receive them, and are then distributed to nil parts of the country. Every carcase is iusprcted by an ntlicer of the City »f Chicago Health Department, who issues a certifi- cate as to the health n soundnos-i of every animal, which certificate is ransmitteJ (o the dealer who buys the moat. About 1200 men are employed ■"WITWl Kir.LIVO CATTI.R. In Armour's Beof House, and the killing capacity is about 5000 cattle per day. Thecleaniii;.', coolinR, anil shipjiing of the carcases is. however, not all that has to he done, as almost every item of the by-products is ntiliseplyiug the vehicles uf nnK.ssiNo nuKF. transportation. The cars are thoroughly washed and cleaned before and after loading, wisile largo and expensive icing stations are jilanted midway between Chicago and the i.Tge Eastern centres, that the cars may be re-iceil during transit. The work is all done on the piecework system, and Is minutely sub-divided, and the unaca storned spectator is astoinshed at the rapidity with which the experienced hands perform their woik, each in his own ditfercnt department. The Canned Meat Department is one of the most interesting of the whole business, and I was affonh'd at\ excellent opportuidty of see- ing nil the ditfercnt proce-^ses. Kiom the top lloors where the meat is cooked and trimmed down to the label-room where the finished cans are painted and imcked everything is life and bustle. Cood, prime, well-selected be f is used for making this great staple, but besides there is a multitude of articles turned out. Ox tongues, lunch tongues, canned soups in great variety, potted ham, potted tongue, roast beef, compressed ham, canned tripe, canned pigs' teet, Oxford sausage, and, in fact, almost every delicacy in tlio meat line is thus preserved in convenient form and guaranteed to keep sound and sweet in any climate. (vornod beof, wiion cooked, is stuffed into the cans by automatic machines. The cans are filled with the proper (piantity, and then tested by haul, then (hey are capped, soldered, an>l sealed up The "processing," as this sealing is nan)ed, cons'sts uf the iuHortion of the can, when closed, in buil'ng water or steam. After a time the nir, which has been forced to the top, i.4 permitted to ehcape by means of a small perforation in the lop of the c«u. As the heated H' Dundee Courier and Dwtdee Weekly Newi air is blown out the hole is immediately re-soldereil and the cans nro again subjected to the hot bath. After this they are treated to a coll shower, waHhed, freed from grease, dried, painted, and liibclled. The labelling isdcme with much dexterity, ill fact, the visitor in apt to suppose that it cannot be done tiioroushly. A close examination, however, shows us that tlie girls who perform tills work have attained a doftncss that is really wondt-rful. Extract of Beef. Armour's extract of beef lias taken a firm hold on the popular palate. Its manuracture and preparntiou for market possess much interest to the observer. With the assistance of experts thorougliiy practiseil in the latent developments and discoveries of science ns applied to the extraction anil concentration of all that is stimulating and palatable In fre; h beef of fine quality, Armour & Company aie able to produce an extract superior to anything of the kind in the woild. It is nd- mitted by all tliat extract of beef made from tlie coarse and practically will cattle of South America cannot possibly equal In substance and flavour that produced from the well fattened linil graded lieeves of the United States. Forty-five pounds of lean beef are required to make one pound of Armour's extract. The consumer is saved all the time, trouble, and expense for fuel and obtains this concentrated soup stock cheaper than it can be made fiom the beef and bone, " Billy the Bunco Steer." There Is still one more valuable adjunct of the business wiiicii must not be missed. This time it is neither a r.ian nor a piece of machinery, but an old and venerable member of the bovine tribe known as "Billy the Bunco Steer." He has long had the freeilom of Packingtown, is monarch of all his bretliren, and bears his honours easily. His particular line of work is to lead the unsuspecting train load of cattle from the cattle pens to the slaughterhouse. Every day, with a regulaiity born of high Intelligence '■,.u'. much iiabit, he taiies up his station at the cattle pens. When the time to (From the Dundee Weekly News of November IS.) AMONG ALBERTA RANCHES. A SUCCESSFUL ABERDONIAN. BREEDING ENGLISH HUNTERS. A SUGGESTION FOR LEGISLATION. Mr Taylor, the Agricultural Representative on the Weekly News Kxpe litlon, writes ;— Returning from British Columbia we spent three days at Calgary, a very substantially-built town with nearly 5000 of a population, situated at the confluence of the Bow and the Elbow rivers. From the town a fine view of the Rooky Mountains is got. The buildings are chiefly of good sandstone, which is very plentiful in the vicinity. The North- west Trading Company do an extensive dead- meat trade here. They also do an extensive export business with Vancouver and Victoria. To enable tliem to carry on their business success- fully they have built a slaughtering and cold storage establishment about a mile from Calgary. The trouble in shippln;; live cattle was the falling off in weight and quality during transit. The cold storage building Is capable of holding the carcases of 2500 cattle and 2000 sheep. Here they can be preserved for several months. By this method ranchmen can bring in their cattle, see them killed anil weighed, and get their money at once. The Eaii Claire and Bow River Lumber Company has timber mills with a capacity of 30,000 feet of lumber and 10,000 laths per day. For somes miles round Calgary the Company ia well settled, but crop-growing does not appear t(» be very successful, owing to the drought, although there are some very good fields of oats to be seen. Elbow Park Ranch. We drove out in company with Mr Thomaon, Homestead Inspector, for about twenty miles to the west, and visited the Elbow Park Ranch, owned by Mr Robertson. This ^eutleman has been in the ranching business for five years, breeding sliort- horns and Herefords. He sends all his cattle to Montreal at a cost of £2 8s a head. Mr Robertson is most emphatic in his assertions that no pleuro- pneumonia exists among cattle in Canada. We ■ BILLV," move arrives "Billy" takes his vietims in hand, and having probably coinmunicatnl to them in bovine language that there is suinething good to eat over the way he marches deliberately at the head of his rogiment, and delivers them safely with* in the slaughterhouse jiens. Having tlins betrayed his friends, he turns coolly and marches off to per- form the same service for ano'^her load. Old " Billy" is a drawiny card. OATTLK BANQHINQ IN ALBBItTA, i Artisan Expedition to America. November IS.) NCHES. ONIAN. JNTERS. SLATION. entative on the eturning from ys at Calgary, nearly 5000 of icnce of the I the town a is got. The dstone, whioh The North- xtensive dead- an extensive and Victoria, i]nty miles to the lanoh, owned by lias been in the breeding short- nil his cattle to Rlr RohertHon is that no pleuro- 1 Canada. We then visited Mr M'l'hevson, a native ' . Banchory, Aberdeenshire, who came out to Ontario in 1856, and moved west to his present farm in Alberta in 1883. Mr M'Plierson is quite well pleased with the way he has succeeded in America, as he came out a poor man, and has now a well- stocked farm free of debt. His cattle are all of his own raising, and of the shorthorn breed. He finds there is A Scarcity of Farm Hands in his district, and wages here are from £5 4» to £C a month, with the peiquisites common in Amerina. During the summer monthH iticn's hours are from 7 a.m. to 6 p.m., with an hour and a half off at mid-day. There is a good deal of lanil still to bo taken in in this district, and it can be bought at from 16h to 20s an acre. Next dav we drove from Calgary to the Qnorn Ranch, 25 miles south j of Calgary. The Quorn Hanch is one of the | principal ranches in Alberta. It is 17 square miles in extent, and is well stocked with cattle and horses. We were met by Mr Richard Broderick, a native of Ireland, who did everything in his power in the way of showing us the stock and driving us over part of the ranch. On it there are 1500 horses and several thousand head of cattle. The twelve stallions are nearly all imported from some of the best blood in Britain, several of them having been prize-winners. 300 Mares from Ireland. Three hundred of the mares were imported from Ireland four years ago, and a number of their stock prosperity. The settlers who have already tried their fortunes in this district have proved beyond doubt that the land is fruitful and capable of main- taiamg a large population. Kdmonton is a town of over 2000 inhabitants situated on the north bank of the Saskatchewan River amid beautiful groves of poplar trees. It is lighted by electricity, and has a complete telegraphic system, and many inatitu- tions which bespeak the progressive character of the Canadian citizen. We visited MrD. JJaloney's farm, and saw a field of wheat of extraordinary growth, which Mr Maloney expects will yield from fifty I to sixty bushels an acre. Last year his oats yielded 100 bushels, and his barley sixty bushels an acre. His crops were undoubtedly the best we saw in the Edmonton district, and eave evidence of what splendid crops can he growifunder proper cultivation without the aid of any manure. Government land can be bought in this district at 12s an acre, and it will take £4 an acre to clear and brenk it. Farm hands are rather scarce, and are paid from £4 to £4 10a a month, harvest hands receiving 88 a day, with focd and lodgings. Next day we visited Fort Saskatchewan, where is stationed a detachment of the North-West Mounted Police, eighty strong. The soil is of a more sandy nature. We Visited Many Farms too numerous to mention individually. At several of them we saw timothy hay growing, which has been sown for several years. The crops were well advanced considering the lateness of the spring. The soil on the south side of the Saskatchewan will be sent to England this year to be trained for j River, between the Fort and Edmonton, is of a rich hunters and cavalry remounts. Horses bred in Alberts are noted for cheir endurance, and such a thing as a broken-winded horse has never been known there. Water and natural shelter abound in this place, and the grass is of the best quality nnd plentiful, making the district highly suitable for stock-rai.sing. But, with all these advantnges, there is no denying that Alberta has a severe winter. In fact, I think it ought to be made com- pulsory that no ranchman or farmer should keep more stock than he can house a^d feed during the most severe part of the winter. Their present sysf' 'n of allowing them to go outside in all weat. rs without any attempt at shelter or feeding ■ found whatever must often cause great cruelty and priva- tion to the animals, besides being a loss to the owners. In my opinion, some such method as I have suggested, if ailoptod, not only would add greatly to the comfort of the animals, hut increase The Profits of the Ranchers. ' .sandy black loam, very similar to that of British Columbia, with a clay sub-soil. In Eastern The Iron Rannh is held on a lea^e from the Government at one per cent, an acre yearly. There are fourteen men employed upon it during the summer .reason, their wages ranging from .CO to £7 per month during summir. Eight is the usual nnmboi' kept durini» the winter, when the wages conies down to £1 12s per month, with rations. I8RTA, fFfom the Dundee Wcck-h/ Ncivs of December 2.) THE CANADIAN NOKTH-WF.ST Edmonton District. Mr Taylor, Raesmill, Arbroatii, the agricultural representative on the Expedition, continuing his report of his journey from Vancouver, says :— After spending two days in the Calgary district we took train on the morning of August 3 for Edmonton. 200 miles north of Calgary. The greater portion of the lanil lying along the lino of the Calgary and Edmonton branch is a country unsurpasHed in all the natural elementa necessary to unsure its Canada it is imagined by some that the Edmonton country must be too far north to successfully grow wheat, but when one is here and sees the crops that are grown, and hears the settlers talking of the very fine crops produced in the districts of the Peace and Mackenzie Rivers, several hundreds of miles farther north, he is convinced that it is ono of the best districts in Canada, Edmonton, as a matter of fact is in the .same latitude, 54° (longitude, 114°), as Dublin and York, and consequently is further south than Scotland Coal ia all over this district, and can be seen standing out from the banks of the Saskatchewan and Sturgeon Rivers. The seams vary from two to twenty feet deep. What is burned in the town of Edmonton is taken from a tunnel run iu under the town from the bed of the river. AVe also saw men washing for gold from bars along the banks of the river opposite Edmonton. The gold is washed out in the form of fine dust, and every year the floods bring down fresh deposits of mud, in which the gold is found. To extract the gold from the sand a blanket is used covered with mercury, to which the gold adheres, tlie sand being washed off with the water. Miners can n..ike from two to six dollars a day, and the amount taken out in some seasons amounts to 20,000 dollars worth. At Furt Saskatchewan we saw some samples of the gold taken from the river there. Breaking the Prairie. When in the Eilinontoii district we had a splendid opportunity of seeing first ploughing on the prairie, or "breaking" as they >all it here, and I had t!ie pleasure of hoMing a furrow my.ielf. It is generally b.okoii earlier in the season, about the middle of July, to give some time for the decay of the vegetation for cropping next year. In some places two furrowed "sulky" gang ploughs are used, drawn by three or sumctiincs four horses or oxen, aa 1: 10 Dundee Courier and Dundee Weekly News the case may b\ We were told, however, that the work w ah 'ays best done by single-furrowed ploughs, which can be diawn by two hoi sea. The breaking is vt-r' shallow, not over two laches deep, and the furrows, which, of course, fall flat, are twelve or fourteen inches broad. After the lapse of five or six weeks the land is ploughed ngnin, the process he'mz dialled back-setting. I'ractically speaking, the first furrow is just turned back, only they go a few inches deeper. As soon as a thaw sets in and the frost is out sufiiciently to allow of the g' und being harrowed in the spring, a comraencenient is nnade to the seeding. The PLOt'GHINO THK PRaIRIK. seeds are mostly put in by drills, and after it has received a run over with the disc-liarrows the land TCts no more work, as rolling is conHidered im- practicable in most cases on account of high winils, which blow away the soil in exposed places and leave the seed bare where it has bern rolled. It is the general rule to take two or throe croiis of wheat and tlien allow the ground to lie fallow. By this means the fallow land is got properly ploughed and clciined during sumirier, and appears to work very wt'i, as wp saw some splonilid crops of wheat after one year's fallov. On inquiries we found that it is A Prevailing Idea that the application of manure to wheat lands is as yet unnecessary, nnd the general desire is to get manure out of tlu' way. But there can he no doubt that, rich as the newly hroken-up North-West ter- ritories are at present, their fertility cannot bf maintained indefinitely under continued croi)ping. In my opinion, the farmers ought to preiiare a method for returning to the soil the elements which they take from it by continued crop|)ing, and the sooner a repulnr method of mixeil farming is adopted the greater will be the success of this great asricnitural country in the future. When farmers do not possess steam-threshers of their own, hired threshers are used, the owner of the thresher having a gang of men moving with lii'n from place to place. The farmer has only to cirt away tl>e grain, and, if lie has sufficient teams available and a railway station within reasonable dis- tance, the grain is at once sent on to the nearest elevator. The average chaige for threshing i^ from 4 to 5 cents a Imshel, and they can put through from 2000 to 3i')00 bushels of wheat per day. Straw, of course, is no ohject, and consequently they leave a very high stulilile when cutting, generally from (J to 8 inches of straw being left on the ground, Iiy which means the liulk to be carted and threshed is greatly reduced and the threshing made much eas.er. Homesteadiug Regulations. Any male person not under 18 years can obtain a free grant of land to the extent of KiO acres by |>aying an entry fee of 810. At the time of making entry the homesteader must declare under which of the three following systems he wishes to hold his land, and upon application for his patent must prove that he has fulfilled the conditions named therein — (1) Three years' cultivation and residence, during which I)erio(l the nettler may not be absent for more than six nionthg in any one year without forfeiting his entry. (2) Residence for two years and aine uiontlis anywhere within two miles of the humestead quarter aection (160 acre-), and afterwards actiuil residence in a liabitable house upon the houieatead for three nionthB at any time prior to application for patent. Under this xyateoi 10 acres must be broken the first year after entry, 15 uddition.'il in the second, and 15 in the tliirdyear; ten acres to be in crop the second year, und 25 acres the third year. (8) The five years' pystem, under which a settler may reside anywhere for the first two years (but must perfect his enti7 by commencing ciiltivatiun within six months after the date thereof), breaking five acri the flrtt year, croi)ping these five acres, and breaking ten acres addi- tional the second year, and also building a liabitable house before the end of the tecond year. The settler must cummence actual residence on the homestead at the expiration of two years from date of entry, and therea ter reside upon and cultivate his homestead for at least six months in each of the three succeeding years. Application for patent can be made before the Local Government Agent or Homestead Inspector, but before doing so the settler must give six months' notice in writing to the Commissioners of Dominion lands of his intention of doing so. Government lands can be bought outright (unless where they are specially reserved) at 12s an acre, but I think any man going to America, or rather Canada, with the intention of buying land if he has the means, should buy land within reasoi able dis- tance of a railway station, and an improved farm if possible, of which there are always some tc be disposed of at from £1 128 to £2 an acre, according to lu location. Settlers and others are warned against Cutting Timber upon Government lands without first obtaining from an authorised agent of the Crown a peimit to do so. Any owner of a homestead quarter section liaving no timber of his own may upon application obtain a permit to cut such quatitity of building timber, fencing timber, or fuel as he may require for use on his liomest';ad, not exceeding the follow- ing : — 1800 lineal feet of building logs (no log to bo over 12 inches at the butt end), 400 roofing poles, 2000 poplar feiioo rails (not exceeding 5 inches at I lie butt end), 30 cords of dry wood, burnt, or fallen timber up to a diameter of 7 inches, inclusive, lor f uei or fencing. (From the Dundee WcMy Nevis of Jan. IS, 1S94.J CANADIAN NORTH-WEST. The Regina District. Mr J. Taylor, the agricultural representative, repoits : — We left Eilmonton on the morning of August 8th and reached Rc;^ina next day before noon. It is u very substantially built town, with 2200 inhabitants, and is the cajiital of the province of Assiniboia. The land here is of a clayey nature, liut we saw come magnificent croiii where it is broken, and tht, luxuviant croim of fruit and veget- ables to be seen growing in the garden)- give good evidence of tiio capabilities of the so'I. But the country in general around Kegina, as in many other parts of the North-West, has a very bleak ar • b ire appearance, which I think ought to be impi } ^d by planting belts of timber, and until lie Government see their way to plant sections of land here and there with trees, to afford slielter to cattle and break the force of the high winds, this district will never bo well adapted for stock-raising or mixed Artisan Expedition to America. 11 IC8 to hold his patent must ditions named :e, during which r more than six 15 his entry, lontlis anywhere irter aection (160 in i\ habitable ntliB at any time : this Hyateni 10 after entry, 15 tliird year; ten S acres the tliirJ h a settler may out must perfect .)iin bix months the flrtt year, ten acres iiddi- Jng a liabitiible I'lie settler miut jmestead at tlie f, and therea ter I for at least six lais. ide before the bead Inspector, ve six month)t' a of Dominion Government ss where they i, but I think Ltiier Canada, if he has the sasorable ilis- mproved farm iya some tc be icre, according ca are warned first obtaining wn a peimit to quarter section ion application ,ity of building le may require ing tiie follow- 58 (no log to be J roofing poles, ing u inches at ood, burnt, or ches, inclusive, Jan. IS, IS94.J -WEST. representative, lie morning of ext (lay before lilt town, with of the province clayey nature, |>i where it is ruit and veget- I'denF give good 8o