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" CLASSICAL " I 00 WORLD ATLAS, 34 Maps i 50 CLASSICAL ATLAS, 23 Maps i 50 SCHOOL ATLAS OF GENERAL GEO- GRAPHY 3 75 30 30 30 60 25 75 .35 60 c 75 75 30 I 25 00 25 25 «l JAMES CAMPBELL ^ SON, TORONTO. m ifc ' ■«*»'%/" "^ «^ - 1^ National Library Bibliotheque nationale of Canada du Canada w e^ To- \\ ///-f. \ J gistoip |)riint;r$. fc;-. ji HISTORY &f CANADA. BY i J. FRITH JEFFERS, M.A./ flBAD-MASTEa OF TIIK COLLBOIATK INSTrTUTB, PBTBRBOROUOn, OHT, JAMES CAMPBELL & SON. 1878. ■/g(_)j'PTi4 ';•.. A-h i t/? I ,/\ ^1 ;•* •->Tf' » BON, m the Office of the Minister of Agrioulture. ' \. t>UDVKT & BaRKa, Printers, Totanro. CONTENTS- CHA». PitB. I. INTRODUCTION— DISCOVERIES ...... 5 II. SETTLEMENT OF CANADA BY THE FRENCH . . II III. ENOl/SH COLONIES— INDIAN WARS— EXPLOR- ATIONS 17 IV. COLONIAL WARS— CONDITION OF CANADA . . 23 V. COLONIAL WARS— CONQUEST OF CANADA . . 27 VI. MILITARY RULE— QUEBEC ACT, 1774— U. E. LOY- ALISTS 31 Vn. CONSTITUTIONAL ACT, 1 791 . 36 VIII. LOWER CANADA UNDER A PARLIAMENT ... 42 IX. UPPER CANADA AS A SEPARATE PROVINCE . . 46 X. THE WAR OF 1812, '13, AND '14 5I XI. UPPER AND LOWER CANADA AFTER THE WAR . 63 :ZII. THE REBELLION AND PATRIOT WAR .... 72 ran. THE PROVINCE OF CANADA 80 XIV. THE PROVINCE OF CANADA — (Continued) . . 86 XV. THE OTHER PROVINCES 94 XVI. THE DOMINION OF CANADA lOI TV f • »-■ • «' f 4 y:17-/r,>>5(i:f-. y.- "VA >l\ -i ■! "f-rv '.-f r'''r f nCi'fy,;^'- -^.%h'lJ //'iTV: i'5 :'■ .i^v ,i • •<•», 7;-4rA -t >i :"■» '■'"C'v'^'t- <^X>":^ JAii'^rU'^/'^ ) .'.i .'. ■\ ,'. i X ':':>. •I-ir>-Ti^ V 'A /^ J A Tt;.^ ,:i - ;■ 1*:^ :::.'iH?r.j(/->-srjif? v^Axtim jt < i' .•" *[ . « «.. • • . «. » • • ♦ • t« . ^■vi^i^o^a ;A'rA^Asr A3' :tHT:-^tT^i!.' 404-^ ^'v3 .j^ « »■ V -«>.W ♦: t-^ «■ # • • " ,' ./- • ,',«.■ *i^: ■■,«. , >• . ■.»• •;■<.» f.V. 3J.^A*i >, rr^ *^^^';':t. • TM . i..'i;') ,:V^\-:i.W^ V* (Vi»..'\V. '• 'Hi I .J t , ■ f 1: ■-' I :■»■*.• /"I .'i^v. HISTORICAL PRIMERS. f, CANADA. >.' f\ . r, 1 » CHAPTER I. . ,. ., . . :. 'INTRODUCTION— DISCOVERIES. -^■.-■'iiy-r 111. I.'. ?''i^». _. .It .» 1. Sister studies. 2. The Hislory of Canada. 5. America four hundred years a^j^o. 4. America now. 6, 6. Wiiat led to the settlement of America. 7. Trade four hundred years vgo. 8, 9. Columbus. 10. The Spaniards. <"») 11. England— Cabot. 12. Newfoundland. 13. Franco— Cartier. ■• - .'I I. If we wish to know everything about a country, we must study both its Geography and History j hence these have been called dfiter studies, and they should be carried on at the same time. The former names the limits of the country, traces its rivers, measures the height of its mountains, or describes the number and position of its cities j the latter relates all that is known about the people who have ever lived in it, their condition when they first settled there, and what they have since done to make themselves either better or worse. If the nation has waged any wars we learn their causes and what re- sulted from them, what happened in times of peace, how the country has been governed, and through what changes the government may have passed ; while, mingled with the story, we shall read the names of the men who have had anything to do with making the name of t^eir country an honor. HISTORY OF CANADA, [chap. 2. The History of Canada describes the condition of this country when people first came hither from Eu- rope, relates how the Province of Quebec came to be settled by the French, and the other provinces by the English. It explains why the United States, where the English language is spok n, are not under the same government as Canada, and tells why Canadians call England the Mother-country. It also tells us how each province began and grew in numbers, extent, and wealth ; and how they all came afterwards to form the Union called the Dominion of Canada. In it we read the names of such men as Cartier and Champlain, Wolfe and Montcalm, Brock and Tecumseh, and many others, who have done much to build up and advance Canada. 3. Take the map of the world and note well the posi- tion of Europe to the east, and of America to the west, of the Atlantic Ocean. Four hundred years ago the people of Europe knew nothing about America. No ship had then been known to sail directly across that wide water ; no city of New York, or Halifax, or Quebec existed then, but great forests grew where these cities now are. The only people living at that time on this continent were the Indians, who built no houses, but dwelt in tents made of bark or skins, and called wig- wams. They had no roads, but travelled, hunted, or fought their battles through the woods that shaded all the land ; while long journeys were made upon the rivers and lakes in bark or wooden canoes. They had no books, and knew very little of the Creator, whom they called the Great Spirit. They were bold and cunning, generous to their friends, but bitterly revengeful to their foes. There were, however, some great chiefs among them, who were noted for their love of the people, their honesty, and their kindness to enemies. T.] INTR OD UC TION-- DISCO VERIES. 4. How different is America now, studded with cities, towns, and villages, crossed by roads and railways, while steamboats and vessels go to and fro upon its large lakes and rivers ! Much of the forest has been cleared away, and in its place fields of grain wave in the sunlight, and churches, schools, and farm-houses dot the surface of the country. You seldom see an Indian now, and the most of the people in America have light complexions like the people in Europe. The reason is, they are either Euro- peans, or the descendants of Europeans. 5. How have these changes happened ? What led the people of Europe to find their way across the ocean — across three thousand miles of water — to this continent ? And when they found it covered with forests and inhabited by savages, why did they come back to it again, more and more of them, until the whole land is now in the pos- session of the white man ? 6. If you look around you thoughtfully, you will learn the very cause that led to the settlement of America. You will see that the people do not spend their time in hunt- ing and fishing, as the Indians did, but in tilling the ground, in buying and selling, and sending their grain and merchandize to other lands, for which they bring back goods not produced in this country. It was this desire to trade which led the white man across the Atlantic. 7. Look next at the map of the Eastern Hemisphere. Four hundred years ago, the European nations that were great traders were the English, French, Spaniards and some others bordering on the Mediterranean sea. Ships used to sail as far eastward on this sea as Constantinople and other ports, and were there laden with rich goods brought overland from various parts of Asia. A large portion of these goods consisted of spices, beautiful cloths, gems and precious stones, and gold and silver from India. 'I m HISTORY OF CAbTADA, [CHAP. In this way Europeans heard of that distant land, and many were the fables related of its rich mines, its people, fruits and animals. Merchants wished to reach it, and travellers who had been there and to China, came back and told that there was a great sea to the east of Asia, like that to the west of Europe. As time went on, the strife in trade increased, and Spain and Portugal became the greatest of commercial nations. Brave mariners ven- tured tu sail down the coa st of Africa, and the Portuguese had small settlements here and there, as far as the Cape of Good Hope, but their ships were yet too frail to weather its storms, and their courage was not bold enough to lead them around it, 8. All these years learned men, merchants and sailors were thinking of the Atlantic Ocean, and wondering whither a voyage westward on its waters would lead them. Some thought, and among them Christopher Columbus, a brave sailor from Genoa in Italy, that it must be the same sea that washed the east coast of China, and that by it they might find a shorter way to the famous India. But none were willing to venture, until, in a.d. 1492, Queen Isabella of Spain fitted out three small ships for this purpose, and gave the command of them to Colum^ bus. This great man was the first to believe that land could be reached in this direction, and he was engaged several years in trying to persuade the kings of different countries to give him ships, before the Queen of Spain granted his r'jquest. In August of that year he set out from Palos, in Spain, and on the 12th of October landed on one of the islands of the Bahama group. After exploring many of the islands now called the West Indies, he returned to Europe, taking with him specimens of gold, and fruits, and several of the natives, whom h^ called Indians, for he thought he had landed on islands near the eastern I.) WTRODUCTION-^DISCOVERIES. coast of the fabled India of Asia, which he had set out to find. ID. There was great surprise when Columbus returned, for no person in Spain expected to see him or his com- panions agam. But when nobles and merchants heard of the beautiful islands he had found, of the strange people he had seen, and above all of the gold to be had across the Atlantic, surprise gave way to eagerness to go there themselves, and it was not many years before the Spaniards had spread over much of South and Central America. In these regions were rich mines of gold and silver, which led that nation to claim possession of them. In the more northern parts they did not discover the precious metals, so were not anxious to settle the country, and thus all north of Mexico and Florida was left to be explored by the other nations of Europe. 11. Of these, England was the first to explore the coasts of America. In 1497, King Henry VII. sent out John Cabot, a merchant of Bristol, to make discoveries. This man arrived off the coast of Newfoundland, which he was the first to see. In the next year his son, Sebas- tian, visited all the coast from Labrador to Florida, and claimed it in the name of England. But England was then disturbed by civil war, arising out of the rebellion of Perkin Warbeck, and was not able to follow up the advan- tage of her prior discoveries in the region about the St. Lawrence, and thus lost her chance of peaceably pos sessing what she afterward acquired by conquest 12. France was the nation which ranks next in projects of discovery. As early as 1 506, French vessels came to the Banks of Newfoundland for the purpose of fishing foi the cod and whale, which were highly prized in Europe- They also tried to settle the adjoining coasts, but these attempts did not succeed, for the stories of golden trea- lO HISTORY OF CANAD/i [chap. I : i sures found by the Spaniards farther to the southward made the French restless to acquire like riches. More- ov er, the old thought of reaching India by a short route westward, still possessed the minds of men in Europe. 13. It was this thought which influenced Jacques Cartier, in 1 1534 and '5, to explore the St. Lawrence Gulf and River, to which he gave their names. He went up the river as far as Hochelaga, where Montreal now stands, and gave to the chief rivers and islands he passed the names they now bear. The word Montreal is derived from the French name, Mont (English, Mount) Royal, which he bestowed upon the mountain standing behind the present city ; while the name Canada became applied to the whole country, because he often heard the natives use it, although it meant simply a village. 14. In 1 541, the king of France made the Lord of Roberval the first viceroy of Canada. Roberval and Cartier made several voyages to the St. Lawrence, touch- ing at Newfoundland, and exploring the neighboring islands and coasts. The last voyage was in 1 549, when Roberval set sail from France, taking with him a large number of people, in order to form a settlement ; but they were all lost at sea, and this disaster so discouraged the king that for nearly fifty years no effort was made to col- onize Canada. Cartier, in one of his voyages, had left a small settlement at a place a little above where Quebec now stands, but it dwindled away. The people were not used to the circumstances of a new country, and did not know how to support themselves, so that many died from disease, and the remainder went back to France. II.] SETTLEMENT OF CANADA BY FRENCH, w 1'^ CHAPTER II. SETTLEMENT OF CANADA BY THE FRENCH. 1. English voyages — Frobisher — Gilbert— Drake. 2, 3. Fisheries— Fur trade. 4. De la Roche. 5. Pontgfravd and Chauvin. 6. Champlain. 7. Quebec founded. 8. Cliaraplain's explorations. 9. 10, 11. Champlain's difficulties. 12. Tlie " One hundred associates.'* 13. Treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye. 14. Death of Champlain. 1. About the time that France relaxed her efforts, England began once more to take an interest in the New World. The latter nation laid claim to the whole of the coast-line from Labrador to Florida, because she had been the first to visit it in 1497. The voyages of the French aroused the jealousy of the English, so that this feeling between the two countries became one means of keeping their attention directed to this continent. In 1575, the English under Martin Frobisher arrived at Newfoundland, and in 1 583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert took possession of the island in the name of Queen Elizabeth. Sir Francis Drake visited it in 1585. 2. Although, for nearly fifty years after the death of Roberval, the court of France sent out no expedition to the St. Lawrence, the vessels of private merchants came regu- larly every year to Newfoundland, to fish^ and the French began to trade with the Indians for furs, or pelts. The wild animals, from which the furs were taken, were very abun- dant in the forests of America, and the Indians very ■skilled in the pursuit of them. In exchange for these pelts, the traders gave beads, trinkets, colored cloth, or other cheap goods, and afterwards sold the furs in France at good prices, often making thereby large fortunes* Thus, two sources of rich traffic opened to the French in 12 HISTORY OF CANADA. [CHAr America, namely the fisheries of Newfoundland and the fur-trade, which, if wisely used, would have done for France more good than the gold and silver mines of the south did for Spain. 3. Several sea-port towns of France, Dieppe, BochoUe, Rouen, and St. Malo, became rivals in sending out ships and men to engage in the fur-trade. They ried to get the advantage of one another, and each sought to per- suade the king to give it the sole right to carry on this trade, promising, as a return for such a favor, to carry out settlers, and to do other things for the public good. It was the custom, in those days, for kings to hold the power to grant leave to certain persons to pursue a special trade, and for this privilege, or monopoly, the merchant so favored had to pay the king a fixed sum of money, or do some service for the state. If he could not perform his promise, the king would take away the privileges he had granted, and give them to some one else. 4. The French king, Henry IV., thought he might secure all the benefits of the fur-trade for himself, and in 1598 appointed the Marquis de la Eoche viceroy of Canada and Acadia, giving him all the power that Roberval had formerly held, and instructed him to break up the traffic which the merchants had carried on. But just as de la Roche neared the coast of Acadia, a storm arose, which drove him back to France, and made a failure of his expedition. 5. In the meantime, a merchant of St. Malo, named Pontgrav^, and a master-sailor of Rouen, named Chauvin, joining together in 1 599, secured the privileges bestowed upon the viceroy, and promised to settle a colony of five hundred persons in Canada, the king granting them a monopoly of the fur-trade in return. The title of Lieutenant-General was given to Chauvin II.] SETTLEMENT OF CANADA BY FRENCH, 13 During four years they made three voyages, bringing to France large cargoes of furs ; but they took out only six- teen settlers to Tadoussao, who would have died from starvation but for the kindness of the Indians, who sup- plied their wants. 6. Chauvin died in 1603, and De Chastes, the governor of Dieppe, was the next Lieutenant-General of Canada. He persuaded the merchants of the several towns already named to form a company for purposes of trade. Three vessels were fitted out, and the command of them was given tc a young naval officer, Samnel do ChamplaiiL This man cared nothing for trade itself, but only as a means of attracting settlers to Canada, and busied him- self in travelling through its forests and along its rivers, in order to learn all about it. He was a pious man, and of a generous disposition, thinking only of the good of the people. He spent thirty-two years in trying to found the colony on the St. Lawrence, and was in fact the founder of the Province of Quebec. 7. In his first voyage, 1603, he ascended the St. Lawrence as far as the rapids above Montreal, and, because of the prevalent hope of reaching Asia by a short water route across this continent, he called these rapids Lachine, from the French words — i la Chine — to China. When he re- turned to France, his report of the country excited a greater interest with regard to Canada than had ever been felt before. But De Chastes had died while Champlain was in Canada, and was succeeded by De Monts, who selected Acadia for settlement, in preference to Canada. A small colony was founded at a place on the Bay of Fundy, called at the time Port Royal, but now Annapolis. Champlain, however, advocated the claims of Canada, as the country along the St. Lawrence was called, and ob- tained two vessels, with which to proceed there. He did .^"A:.V_'.''.-i'_ki*.-'- 14 HISTORY OF CANADA.. [chap. so, and on the 3rd of July, 1608, laid the foundation of the present city of Quebec, by erecting a few rude build- ings of wood for dwellings, and a wooden fort whither the settlers might go in times of danger. In 161 1, he named the present site of Montreal, Place Royale, and the island in front of it, St. Helen, after his wife. 8. Champlain was the first white man who made a journey further west than Lachine. In 161 5, he went up the Ottawa, and reached Lakes Nipissing and Huron, and then passed down to Lake Ontario. In this year missionaries of the Catholic church came out from France, and by their zeal and dihgence, not only kept the settle- ments together, but also persuaded large numbers of the Indians to profess the Christian religion, and live some- what as white people do. 9. Champlain must have been very persevering, or he would have given up the work of settling Canada, on ac- count of the many difficulties. Shortly after the founding of Quebec he made an error^ by mixing himself and the French in the wars which the Indians were constantly car- rying on among themselves. At this time there were two large tribes of Indians living north of the St. Lawrence, in the country through which Champlain had travelled. These tribes were the Algonquins and Hurons. To the south of the river, in what is now the state of New York;, lived the Iroquois nation, made up of several smaller tribes, from which they afterwards took their name of the Six Nations. The Algonquins and Hurons were always at war with the Iroquois, and asked Champlain to help them. He thought by doing so he would make the Algonquins friends of the French, who could thus live more safely in the country. But it proved otherwise, for the Iroquois were very powerful, so that the Algonquins were beaten, and, after a time, looked to the French to Ti.-] SETTLEMENT OF CANADA BY FRENCH. 15 protect them, instead of being a safeguard to the young vColony. ID. Another source of trouble to Champlain was the constant change of governors. In 161 2, De Monts gave place to the Count de Soissons, who died the same year, and was ;followed by his brother, the Prince de Condd. In 1616, Condd sold his office to the Admiral de Mont- morency for 11,000 crowns, a fact which shows Canada twas beginning to be valued. Montmorency became dis- satisfied with the trouble his office gave him, and, in 1624, handed it over to his nephew, the Duke de Ventadour. These governors lived in France, and never came to. Canada, but each one in succession made Champlain his Deputy-Governor. All these changes disturbed his plans, and obliged him to spend much time in going to France, in order to maintain an interest in the colony, which grew very slowly, the settlement in Quebec having only sixty inhabitants in the year 1620. 11. The "Company of Merchants'* was a third great cause of much anxiety to the Deputy-Governor. According to their charter, the company should have sup- plied the settlers with all that was necessary for a young colony, until the people could support themselves. But the merchants thought only of the profits of the fur-trade and the colonists, not being able to clear the land and raise food for themselves, engaged in hunting, and thus had to depend upon the ships of the company for their chief support. Champlain had to complain so often of the bad faith of the merchants, that at length their char- ter was taken from them, and given to two gentlemen named De Caen, in 162 1 ; but these only made matters worse, and six years afterwards things were altogether changed. 12. At this time Cardinal Richelieu was the Prime mmk i6 HISTORY OF CANADA. [chap. Minister of France. He undertook, in 1627, to help Canada, by forming another and a stronger protection for it, called the " Company of One Hundred Associates." In their charter, the new company promised to send out three hundred tradesmen to New France, and to fur- nish all those who settled in the country, with all neces- sary tools, and food for three years, after which each per- son was to be allowed sufficient land, and grain for seed. They also engaged to have 6000 French settled in the country before the year 1643, ^i^d to establish three priests in each settlement. The latter v ere to be maintained for fifteen years, after which they were to receive cleared lands, for the support of the " Catholic Church in New France." In return for these services, the king gave the company all the rights of the fur-trade, and ' >f all the com- merce with the settlements along the sea-coast and the River St. Lawrence, but withheld the whale and cod fish- eries. He also gave them two ships of war, and — what was more important than anything else — granted the company the ownership of all the land and forts in Canada, Acadia, and Cape Breton. In the charter these provinces received the name of New France (Nouvelle France). Cham plain was made Governor, and the office of viceroy was done away with, after having lasted eighty-six years, from 1541 to 1627. 13. Just at this time, however, war broke out between France and England, and in 1628 the English under Sir David Kirke captured the first ships laden with stores sent out by the company. The next year, 1629, ^^ English took Quebec, and remained masters of Can- ada until 1632, when by the treaty of St. Qermain-en* Laye, Canada, Acadia, and Cape Breton were given back lo France. 14 The next year, Champlain came again to Quebec III.] COLONIES^WARS— EXPLORATIONS. 17 with plenty of stores, and some more settlers. He now became very busy arranging the affairs of the colony, and trying to keep peace among the Indians. But Christmas day of 1635 was a very sad one in Canada, for on that day Champlain died, and the country lost its best friend. In the same year the first Canadian College was opened at Quebec. CHAPTER III. ENGLISH COLONIES— INDIAN WARS— E5U'L0RATI0NS. 1, 2, 8, Engliah and French colonies 9. Royal Government, compared. 10. Marquis de Tracy. 4. Montreal founded. 11. Cataraqui (Kin^^aton) founded. 5. Missionaries. 12. Marquette-Jouebte— La Salle. 6. 7. Indian wars. 13. Liquor tratlic. 8. Earthquakes. 1. At the time of Champlain's death, the French popu- lation in Canada consisted of several small settlements, extending from Tadoussac to Lachine, the most in.portant of which were at Quebec and Three Rivers. In Acadia, which included the Provinces now called New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, there were only a few forts, or trading posts along the coast, or at the mouths of rivers. 2. Take a map of North America, and while reading the following list of dates, find the places mentioned. Virginia, founded by Sir Walter Raleigh, 1607. New York, founded by the Dutch, 1609. Massachusetts, settled by the " Pilgrim Fathers," 1620, New Hampshire, settled by the English, 1623. . Maine, settled by the English, 1625. New Jersey and Delaware, settled by the Dutch and Swedes, 1627. 2A i8 HISTORy OF CANADA, ICHAP Rhode Island, settled from Massachusetts, 1631. Maryland, settled by the English under Lord Balti- more, 1634. Connecticut, settled from Massachusetts, 1635. 3. The English had again turned their attention to America, and, in Liie short space of thirty years, had done more in forming settlements than the French did in all the time since Cartier sailed up the St. Lawrence. It is necessary to keep these facts in mind, for in Eu- rope, France and England were often at war, and the strife was then ke^^t up between the French on the St. Lawrence, and the English along the Atlantic. Again, the English made friends with the Iroquois, and bought furs from them, in the same way that the French dealt with the Algonquins and Hurons. The English devoted them- relves to cutting down the forests, and tilling the land, the same as they do to-day ; while the French liked bet- ter to hunt, and engage in the fur-trade, thus neglecting their farms. The result was, that the English colonies grew faster, and supported themselves ; but the French had to depend very much upon supplies from France. 4. De Montmagny succeeded Champlain, and ar- rived at Quebec in 1637. He found that he would have much trouble in protecting the interests of his colony. The Iroquois had obtained fire-arms from the English and Dutch, and for several years there was an Indian war, until peace was made in 1642. In this year the Dcttlcment on the Island of Montreal was increased, and received the name of the city of Mary, or Marianapolis, but we will speak of it as Montreal. From this time it . began to be a place of importance in the history of the country. The "Company of One Hundred Associates" now became as lax as the former company, and, in 1647, ceded the fur-trade to the inhabitants of Quebec, Mon- ITI.] CHRISTIANITY— INDIAN WARS, 19 treal, and Three Rivers, for one thousand beaver skins a year. 5. The following year D* Ailleboust became Gover- nor. He was very diligent in his duties, and Canada became more prosperous. The priests, who came out as missionaries, did very much for the people, and the suc- cess of the colony at this time was largely due to them. They persuaded the Hurons to live together in villages, and taught them Christianity. They sought to induce other tribes to do the same, and went boldly among the Indians at great distances from the settlements, even among the Iroquois. But nothing could conquer the enmity which this nation had towards the Algonquins, and still more towards the Hurons. The Iroquois said it was a shame for the Hurons to lay aside their Indian habits, and be- come Christians. They were jealous also of the friend- ship between the French and Hurons, and were resolved to break it up. This they did in 1648, when they stole quietly along the rivers, and through the woods, into Canada, and f^ suddenly upon a Huron village near Lake Simcoe, killing the inhabitants and missionary, and burning the church and buildings. Then they went away as suddenly as they came. The next year they treated other villages in the same way, so that the poor Hurons, only some three hundred of whom were left, had to find their way to Quebec for protection. 6. The story of Canada, for many years, is largely made up of these Indian Wars. The Iroquois became so troublesome, that the French were obliged to work with their guns always ready, for they did not know when the Indians might attack them. The tops of trees, the bushes, and even old logs might be a hiding place for some foe. The Eries, a tribe that lived on the shores of Lake Erie, were treated even worse than the Hurons, for not one of their number was left. mmmm ap HISTORY OF CANADA, [chap. 7. De Lauson was made Governor in 1651. H^s sent to France for three hundred soldiers, but the wars went on, and in 1658 Viscouat d' Argeason took charge of the colony. He was succeeded, in 1662, by Baroa d' Avaugoor. Four hundred soldiers more were sent to Canada, and increased the strength of the French so much that the Iroquois left them alone for awhile. This Governor advised the King of France to do away with the " One Hundred Associates," and to take the Province at once under his own care, which was done in 1663. In this year De Laval, who was at the head of the Catho- lic Church in Canada, founded the Quebec Seminary, which has since become the Laval University. 8. There also happened in 1663 a succession of Earth- quakes, which lasted from February until August. They occurred several times during each day. The first shock was very severe, and was felt throughout the whole extent of Canada. The waving motion of the ground caused the houses to reel backwards and forwards, and large stones to bound hither and thilker, while trees were uprooted, giving the forests a swaying motion, which the Indians described by saying, "all the trees were drunk." The ice in the rivers was more ihan six feet thick, but it was rent and thrown up in large pieces, while from the openings came up clouds of smoke, or fountains of dirt and sand. " Violent as the earthquake was, through the mercy of God not one life was lost, nor any one in any way injured." 9. It has been shown that Canada had, for years, been governed by " Fur Companies." It now came under Royal Govenuaeat, in 1663, and ti^e people became sub- ject to the same laws that prevailed in France, or to what was called the " Custom of Paris.'* Pe Mesy was sent out as Governor, and a council was appointed III.J INTERNAL AFFAIRS^PROGRESS. 21 to assist him. Several of ihe leading residents of the colony were named members of this council, and were thus led to take a deeper interest in its affairs. Courts of law were established at Quebec, Montreal, and Three Rivers. The public officer next in rank to the Governor was called the Intendant. He was a very important person, for he performed the duties of a minister of finance, police, justice, and public works. He held office as long as his conduct was good, and thu*) became a great help to the Governors, who were changed very often, and were at first ignorant of what was good for the colony. Indeed the Intendant did the most of the governing, while the Governors who were military officers, busied them- selves in fighting the Indians. 10. The new Governor died before two years passed, and was succeeded in 1665 by the Marquis de Tracy, who brought with him a whole regiment, and many new settlers, as well as a supply of sheep, cattle, and horses, now brought into Canada Tor the first time. This assist- ance aroused the drooping spirits of the colonists. 1 1. De Tracy, although seventy years of age, was a very energetic soldier, and resolved to punish the Iroquois at once. He built three forts along the River Richelieu, and, in the middle of winter, waged war against the Indians with such success that they were glad to make peace with him. In 1667, De Courcelles became Governor. He fol- lowed up what De Tracy had done, and made haste while peace lasted to make the colony stronger, and to explore the western country. Talon, the Intendant, was a wise and good man, and helped very much in the work. A new trading-post was made at the Sault Ste. Marie, be- tween Lakes Huron and Superior, and a new fort was begun at Cataraqoi (Kingston) which was not finished till 1672. About this time the smallpox appeared in Canada, and was very fatal among the Indians, wBrn-Kii'Mii^i^-m Il' 32 HISTORY OF CANADA, [CHAP. 12. The Count de Frontenac was the next ruler, in 1672. He was a great soldier, and a very haughty man, He had heard of a great river in the far West, and sent ou«- Father Marquette, and a merchant named Joliette to find it. This they did, and came upon the Mississippi, in latitude 42°, 30'. They followed the course of the river below the mouth of the Arkansas, and then returned to report their discovery. Father Marquette commenced a mission among the Miami Indians at the foot of Lake Michigan, while Joliette was rewarded with a grant of the Island of Anticosti. One would think, that hereafter we should hear no more of a water route to China across America ; but it was not so Adventurous men still held the notion, and, shortly afterwards, we find a gentleman named La Salle asking the Government of France for aid in searching out surh a route. Many people still thought it was possible, and Li: Salle was rewarded, before start- mg, with the grant of the Fort at Cataraqui, and the adjacent land. There went with him a large party, made up of gentlemen, workmen, and pilots. In 1678, he reached Cataraqui, and built a small vessel, the first on Lake Ontario. In this he proceeded as far as the mouth of the Niagara, and built a small fort there. The next year another vessel, called the " Griffon," was set afioat on Lake Erie, and in this La Salle and his party passed up the lake, through Lake St. Clair — which he named, and into Lake Michigan. From here the vessel was sent back with a large load of furs, and wcs never heard of afterwards. La Salle and the rest of his company went on exploring. In i68i he passed down the Missis- sippi to the Gulf of Mexico, and claimed possession of all the country along its banks, giving it the name of Louisiana, after the name of Louis XIV. king of France. Thus his expedition to China ended IV.] WARS— CONDITION OF CANADA, 23 13. During these ten years Frontenac continued Gov- ernor of Canada, but though he seemed desirous of doing great things for the colony, his bad temper led him to quarrel with his Council, the Intendant, and Bishop Laval. The Bishop was much opposed to the traders selling brandy to the Indians, while the Governor took the part of the traders. The king decided against Fron- tenac, and recalled him to France. CHAPTER IV» COLONIAL WARS— CONDITION OF CANADA. I, 2, Indian troubles. 3. Claims of English and French to Now York State. 4. Frontenac. 7. Feeling between the Colonies and Canada. 8. Treaty of Utrecht. 9. Condition of Canada— Seignlora. 5. Colonial war— Treaty of Ryswick. 10. The North- Wcbt e-xplorcd. (J. Indian Council. I. In 1682, De laBarro became Governor, just at a time when there was beginning to be fresh trouble about the fur-trade, and the Indians. You were told that tlie Dutch were the first to settle New York, which they called Manhattan. In 1664 the English got possession of it, and called it New York. At the same time, they obtained New Jersey also, and, by their energy, had become great rivals of the French in buying furs from the Indians, not only from the Iroquois, but from the Canadian tribes also. This state of things brought on another Indian war, in which the French were so badly beaten, that the king was obliged to send De Denonville, in 1685, to take the place of De la Barre. 2. The war grew so fierce that the French sent an expedition, two years later, all the way to Hudson Bay, and seized the small English trading-post there. wm. 24 HISTORY OF CANADA, [chap. 3. That one may know how fast the English colonies g^ew, attention has to be paid to this quarrel between the English and French Governors. When the French marched into what is now New York State, in order to punish the Iroquois, the English Governor, Colonel Don- gan, protested against the invasion, because, said he, " It is British ground, and the Iroquois are the allies of the English." Denonville replied, that the French claimed it long before the English settlements were commenced, and that the sovereignty of the Indians inhabiting it, belonged to the King of France. But he did an act which turned the Iroquois forever against France. Having in- vited their chiefs to a council, he made prisoners of them, and sent them to France. The Indians were so enraged that although they could not resist the French in battle, they spread through their settlements, burning their houses and barns, and killing the people, so that there was no safety outside of Quebec, Montreal, and Three Rivers. Denonville was obliged to write to the king, and have the chiefs sent back to Canada. 4. Events were occurring at this time in England, which kept that country and France at enmity with each other. To prevent any more misfortunes to Ca^iada, Fron- tenac was appointed Governor for the second time, in 16S9. He carried on the war in such a manner, that the French again had the advantage. His troops and Indians, in the depth of winter, penetrated to the English settle- ments in Maine, burnt the villages, and killed the peo- ple, as the Iroquois had dene in Canada. 5. This aroused the English colonies. They met in council at New York, in 1690, and, at their own expense, fitted out two ezpeditions to attack Canada, one, to j;o by land against Montreal, the other, by sea against Que bcc, after taking Acadia. The first reached La Prairie, IV.]' WARS— CONDITION OF CANADA. 25 and was defeated by Frontenac. The second, under Sir William Phipps, took Port Royal in Acadia, but found Quebec too strong, and had to retreat much damaged. These successes so encouraged the French, that, although their crops failed and there was little food, they carried on the war of pillage, as in the former winter. This bit- ter struggle, known as "King William's war," was brought to a close by the Treaty of Ryswick, 1697. In the fol- lowing year, Frontenac died, in the 78th year of his age, and the 21st of his rule, respected by both friends and foes. He was buried at Quebec. 6. The next Governor was De Callieres, in 1699- He made a strong treaty with the Iroquois and other tribes, at Montreal, where t«he chiefs all met. These could not write their names, but instead, each one made a rude sketch of the particular animal which the tribe adopted for its sign. One chief drew a spider, another a bear, or a beaver, as the case might be. In 1701, the Canadians formed a settlement at Detroit In 1703, when the Marquis de Vaudreuil became Governor, war again broke out betweeik the English and French, both in Europe and America. Queen Anne at this time ruled England, and Louis XIV., France. You will say, that there was little else but war, and you will say truly. First, the French and Indians, as you have read in the 5jrmer chapters, and now the English, French, and Indians. It is not pleasant to have to tell of these sad times, and it is hard to believe that peo- ple, whose children now live as brethren under the same government, were once shedding each other's blood. We should be glad that we live in peace with our neigh- bors, and that other means of settling troubles have been found, besides going to war. But still it is necessary to tell that these things did happen, and what came of them, 26 HISTORY OF CANADA, [chap. I ^ 8. This contest was called "Queen Anne's war," and lasted ten years. At. this time, Canada could only muster 4,500 fighting men, while the Atlantic colonies had 60,000 The object of the English colonists was to take Canada, so as not to have an enemy so close to them, as ♦he French on the St. Lawrence, and in Acadia. Their plan was similar to that in the former war, a land army to attack Montreal, and a fleet to sail against Quebec. In America the English lost Nc /foundland and failed in all their attacks, except in Acadia ; but in Europe the French were continually defeated, so that when a treaty was made at Utrecht in 17 13, the king of France gave up to England Acadia, Newfoundland, the Hudson Bay Terri- tory, and the sovereignty over the Iroquois. 9. During the period of peace that now commenced, Canada improved very fast. For its better government it had been divided into three districts, Quebec, Mon- treal, and Three Rivers. These were now divided into eighty-two parishes. Many of the officers who had come out from France, at different times, were induced to settle in Canada. They received the title of Seigniors, and were granted large tracts of land. Many of the parishes in the Province of Quebec still retain the names of the old Seigniors. A ceiisus was taken which returned the whole population as twenty-five thousand, seven thousand of these belonging to Quebec, and three thousand to Montreal. Greater care was bestowed upon the cultivation of +he land, so that the people raised more than enough to sup- port themselves, and were able to send the surplus to Europe. The exports to France included furs, lumber, staves, tar, tobacco, flour, peas, and pork ; while the imports were wines, brandies, linen and woollen goods. In 1723 nineteen vessels sailed from Quebec, six new merchant ships were built, and two meii-of-w£ir, TI^q v.] WARS— CONQUEST OF CANADA, 27 education of the people did not receive that attention it does at the present time. There was no system of schools, and only the larger towns enjoyed this advantage. 10. Vaudreuil died in 1725, after governing the Pro- vince for twenty-one years. He was succeeded the fol- lowing year by the Baron de Beauharnois. In 1731 a party of Montreal merchants explored the regions now called Manitoba and Keewaydin. They built several trading-forts, one of which near Winnipeg, was called Fort Maurepas. The same party explored the Missouri in 1738, and reached the Rocky Mountains in 1743. CHAPTER V. COLONIAL WARS— CONQUEST OF CANADA. 1. Boundary lines. 2. Eii^dish plans. 3. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle— Halifax founded. 4. The last French Governor. %. Montcalm and Wolfe — Louia- boursf and Quebec. 6. Quebec surrendered. 7. Surrender of Canada. 8. Treaty of Paris. 9. Terms of surrender. I. Trouble was again brewing in Europe, and its influ- ence spread to America, where the colonies of France and England renewed the strife of the former two contests. The direct cause of the war on this continent was the jealousy of the two nations about their boundaries. The English now owned Acadia, which they called Nova Scotia, while the French still possessed the country north of the Bay of Fundy, and the dispute was, who should have the isthmus connecting the two. In the valley of the Ohio river there was a similar difficulty, the French claiming all the country between the Mississippi and the Alleghany Mountains, over which the English were ex- 28 HISTOR Y OF CANADA, [chap. tending their settlements. Hence this war came to be called that of the " Boundary Lines." 2. It lasted fourteen years, and only differed from the others, in the larger forces engaged, tlie different men who took part in the strife, and the attacks on the French were made in three quarters, instead of two. A fleet was to proceed against Cape Breton and Quebec, one land force against Montreal, and another against the French forts in Ohio and along the lakes. There was also fighting between the two parties in Nova Scotia The French fought bravely, as they always did, and won many battles ; but the English colonists out-numbered the French, and were assisted by generals and soldiers and ships from England. France had all she could do in Europe, and the result was, that piece by piece the English won all the French territory in America. Let us mention the leading facts briefly. 3. In the first year of the war, 1745, England took Cape Breton, but gave it up again three years afterwards by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. In 1747 De Galissoniere became Governor. He built a fort at Roullle or TorontOi and another where Ogdensburgh stands, as a connecting link between Cataraqui, or Frontenac, and Montreal. He also organized a Militia, and found the number to be 10,000. In 1748, he induced a large number of the French inhabitants of Nova Scotia to leave British rule and live under the French in Isle St. Jean, now .Piince Edward Island. To supply the place of the Acadians, and also to found the settlement of Halifax, three thousand eight hundred colonists came out from Britain m 1749. The city of Halifax took its name from the Jilarl of Halifax, who acted as patron to the colony at this period in its history. 4. In this year de la Jonquiere arrived at Quebec as v.] WARS— CONQUEST OF CANADA. 29 Governor He received his appointment some three years before, but on his way to Canada was taken pri- soner, and only now released. He would have made a good ruler if he had not been so greedy of gain. The Intenda n Bigot was worse than the Governor. Between the two, Canada fared very badly ; the people were refused payment for their produce, and the troops left unsupplied. In 1752 the Marquis du Quesne was made Governor. In this year two ships laden with wheat were sent to France, being the first exportation of this grain from the Province. Du Quesne strove to carry out many useful reforms, but was constantly opposed by Bigot. He asked to be recalled, and was succeeded by the Marquis de Vaudreuil in 1755. He was the last French Governor of Canada. In this year the English gained some successes in Nova Scotia, and at Lake Champlain ; but General Braddock, who commanded their forces in the Ohio Val- ley, suffered a severe defeat. During the winter the French were in a bad condition from want of food. 5. General Montcalm was sent out, in 1756, to take command of the French troops in Canada, and by his ability prolonged the struggle a few years more. Two years after, England sent out Generals Wolfe and Am- herst, and several other officers, with large forces and a fleet In 1758 the British took the fortress of Louisbourg in Cape Breton, for the last time. In the Ohio Valley they also gained possession of the country, so that in the succeeding year they were able to direct all their armies and fleet against Montreal and Quebec. While General Amherst attempted to conquer the French forts at Lake Champlain, and General Johnson the fort at Niagara, General Wolfe proceeded to the conquest of Quebec. With a large fleet bearing his army, he arrived at the Island oi Orleans in June^ 1759. ^ ^^^Z ^^^ desperate 3<5 HISTORY OF CANADA. tCHAP VI. siege commenced, and lasted until the 1 3th of September. During the preceding night the English had succeeded in scaling the rugged heights leading to the Plains of Abraham. Here a short and bloody battle ensued on the 13th, which decided the fate of Canada. Wolfe and Montcalm were both mortally wounded. The former died on the battle-field, the latter a few hours later within Quebec. 6. On the 17th, the keys of the city were surrendered and the English army took possession of what was now almost a heap of ruins. General Murray at once set about putting the city in a state of defence and preparing for the winter. The French troops outside of Quebec under General de L^vis retreated to Montreal, where de Vaudreuil had takeA up his headquarters. 7. Early in the spring, do Levis attempted to retaite Quebec. A second battle was fought on the Plains of Abraham, in which three thousand English were beaten by seven thousand French. General Murray shut himself within the city, while de Ldvis was obliged to retreat again to Montreal, for the British fleet was coming up the river. In July, Murray left Quebec with all the force he could spare, in order to join General Amherst before Montreal. Seventeen thousand British surrounded this city in September, and de Vaudreuil seeing it was useless to resist longer, surrendered all Canada to General Amherst on the 8th of that month, 1760. 8. By the Treaty of Paris, in 1763, France assented to this cession of her possessions in North America, with the exception of the islands of JSliquelon and St, Pierre in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, which she yet keeps as stations for her vessels fishing on the Banks of Newfoundland. 9. The terms of surrender were, that the P>ench Cana- dians should retain possession of their homes, goods, and ch ha )ec ani in 1. 2. 5. 6. VI.] MILITARY RULE- ACT OF 1774. chattels, enjoy the free exercise of their relieion, and have all the civil and commercial rig:hts of British sub- jects. All who had engaged in the war were pardoned, and the Indians friendly to the French left undisturbed in the possession of their lands. set CHAPTER VI. MILITARY RULE— THE QUEBEC ACT — U. E. LOYALISTS. 1. Military rule. 2. English law introduced. 3. 4. Quebec Act. 5. Causes of American Revolution. 6. "United Statea." 7. Character of the war. 8. Canada invaded. 9. Treaty of Versailles. 10. United Empire Loyalists. 11. Upper Canada and New Bruns- wick. 1. As soon as the articles of surrender were signed at Montreal, in 1760, General Amherst, as the commander of the English army, became Governor General of Canada. He divided the country into the three dis- tricts of Quebec, Three Rivers, and Montreal. General Murray was appointed to Quebec, and given the duties of Lieutenant-Governor over Canada ; Colonel Burton was appointed to Three Rivers, and General Gage to Montreal. Each of these was assisted by a council com- posed of military officers, which decided all cases brought before it, subject to the approval of the Lieutenant-Gov- ernor. This form of government, which is called military rule, lasted from 1760 to 1774. It is not always the most pleasant to a people, but, at this time, it was the best that could be given to Canada. The French Canadians were not unhappy under it, for they had never had a voice as to how they should be governed, and had always been (bliged to do as their own governors or intendants bade 1« HISTORY OF CANADA. fCHAP them, besides, the English brought money with them and paid for what they got, whereas, during the years of the late wars, the Intendant Bigot paid them only in paper money, which the French Court afterwards refused to honor The difference of treatment by France and England had a great effect in leading the French Cana dians to prefer English rule. 2. In 1763, the form of law and the courts which are so much prized in England were introduced into Canada; but the change was not agreeable, for the French could not understand either the language or the justice of Eng- lish law. General Murray strove to make its operation as mild as possible, yet there were many complaints. 3. In 1766, the Hon. Guy Carleton succeeded General Murray, and proved also a great friend to the French Canadians, who were constantly asking to have their old laws restored to them. Governor Carleton recommended the English government to make the " Custom of Paris'* the law of Canada, and, after several years of delay, the British Parliament in 1 774 passed an Act for this pur- pose, called the Quebec Act By it the boundaries of the Province were made to include Labrador to the east, the settlements in the Ohio valley to the south-west, and all the country to the north as far as Hudson Bay Territory. It permitted the French Canadians to hold office in the colony. In addition to the Custom of Paris, the English law regarding criminals was to be enforced. The Gov- ernor was to appoint a council of not less than seventeen, nor more than twenty-three members, to be composed of both French and English colonists. These were to have the power to make any necessary laws, subject, however, to the approval of the sovereign of England. 4. While this Act pleased the French, it displeased the Englilh lettlerif who had begun to,.Dour into Canada. vr.] CAUSES OF AMERICAM REVOLUTION. 33 In the Ohio valley the feeling was very stubborn against it, for there was a population of twenty thousand English in that region, and to them the ** Quebec Act" was unjust. But along the St. Lawrence, the French were by far the most numerous, and it had become a very important matter that they should be contented just at that Lime. 5. For many years England had been obliged to wage great wars in Europe and Asia, and these wars had been very expensive. Moreover, there wcs the struggle in America, which lasted fourteen years, and cost much money and many lives. Now, when Canada had been conquered, and the colonies on the Atlantic were thus able to live in peace, England thought it was only right that these colonies should assist towards the expenses which had been incurred, and attempted to impose a tax on certain goods brought into America. This act of the Home Government at once divided the people of the old colonies into two parties, one of which, called United Empire Loyalists, was loyal and willing to submit to the tax; but the other refused to pay it, because, said they : " It is contrary to our freedom that we should pay taxes to the English Government, when we do not send members to the English Parliament. We should have something to say about the voting of our own money." For ten years a quiet resistance was maintained, during which time the English Parliament modified its demands, until a light duty on tea was the only tax levied. But these concessions had no effect. The one party refused to pay even this, and, when the Home Govern- ment attempted to compel the payment, war broke out in 1775, the year following the passage of the "Quebec Act." 6. The war had only been in progress a year, when the thirteen colonies determined to throw off their aUeg^nce to Great Britain altogether, and, at a Cong^ress 34 msTorv OF Canada. [chap. held at Philadelphia, declared their independence, July 4th, 1776, under the name of the United States. This Congress invited Canada and the other British Provinces to join the " States," but the Provinces refused to do so, and remained steadfast to the British Crown. 7. The war of the "American Revolution" once com- menced, it was carried on with more bitterness than any that had been fought before in America. It was very sad, because it was between people of the same blood and language ; even families were divided, fathers and sons fighting against one another. What made it so bitter was, that each side claimed to be doing right — the Rebels in not paying the tax, and resisting what they called tyranny — while the Loyalists were ready, not only cheerfully to submit to the law, but also to die in the defence of the mother country. , 8. The contest began with the skirmish at Lexington, in 1775. In the same year the Americans invaded Canada, and on the last day of the year attempted an assault upon Quebec ; but they were defeated with the loss of their leader, General Montgomery. During 1776 they were driven out of Canada, and tried no more to take it while the war lasted. In 1778, General Haldimand became Governor of Canada. For six years the fierce strife went on in the thirteen States, until it was ended by the sur- render of the British army under Lord Cornwallis, at Yorktown, in 1782. 9. Great Britain acknowledged the independence of the thirteen United States by the Treaty of Ve: ^lilies, in 1783, and the boundaries of British America were reduced to their present limits. 10. The party in the States which had remained loyal to England during the late war were now left in a very unpleasant position. England asked the Congress tQ VI.] UXITED EMPIRE LOYALISTS, 35 show them leniency, and Congress did recommend the governments of the several States to treat the Loyalists with kindness ; but Congress had not much influence then, and, wherever these people lived, their neighbors looked upon them with great disfavor, and treated them often with great harshness. Many of the Loyalists were very wealthy and had a great deal of property, which was coveted by the victorious party. Victory did not make the latter generous, but they allowed all the bitter feelings of the war to control them, and passed laws confiscating or taking away the property of the Loyalists, and declar- ing them enemies of the new government. This act hastened the departure of these brave people fror the territory of the United States. But the greater n ber gave up their lands and houses of their own accord, pre- ferring to live under the old flag. Many went to Eng- land, but more emigrated to the Provinces — about twenty thousand to Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and ten thousand to what is now the Province of Ontario. II. From the time that Canada became an English province up to the year 1784., the ooontry west of the River Ottawa had not grown muck in population. But in that year Governor Haldimand sent surveyors to lay out in lots the country along the St. Lawrence and Bay of Quintd, and around Niagara and Amherstburg. It grieved the English Government to see the manner in which the Loyalists were treated, and a list of them under the designation of United Empire Loyalists, was ordered to be made. Nearly ;£4,ooo,ooo sterling was voted to be divided among them, besides large grants of land in the new country. Five thousand acres was the allowance to field-ofiicers, three thousand to cap- tains, two thousand to subalterns, and two hundred to private soldiers, uiid Others ; v^^hiletwo hundred acres were il 3« HIST^ORY OF CANADA, LCHAP. to be given to each son on coming of age, and a like num* bcr to each daughter whenever she married. They were also given tools for building, implements for tilling the land, seed to sow, and the food and clothing necessary lor three years. All this was very generous but it did not make up for all the Loyalists had been forced to leav behind in their old homes. But they were true men and women, who chose rather to lose all than give up their allegiance to and love for the mother country. These were the people who laid the foundation of the provinces of Upper Canada or OutariOf and of New Brunswick CHAPTER VII. CONSTITUTIONAL ACT, 1 79 1 1. The Governor-General. 2. Division of Upper Canada. 8. State of Government. 4. Agitation. 6. Two younsT nations. 6. Land tenuras. 7. Seigniors. 8. Freeholder. 9. Two provinces. 10-13. ' "^rms of the Act 1. In 1785 General Haldimand returned to England, and Henry Hamilton and Colonel Hope administered the government in succession until the next year, when General Carleton, who had been made Lord Dor- chester, arrived at Queboc as Governor-General. Siuce the late war it had become the custom to appoint a Gov- ernor-General, who represented the English sovereign, and who resided at Quebec and ruled Lower Canada, while Lieutenant-Governors were appointed to the other provinces. It was thought, in this way, to preserve a kind of union among the several provinces. VII .] CONStJTt/TldNAl Act '79' » ii 2. In 1787 the Duke of Clarence, afterwards William IV. visited Canada, and m the following year Lord Dorches- ter divided the western province into four districts, named Lunenburg, Mecklenburg, Nassau and Hesse, the one farthest to the east being Lunenburg. 3. You have been told how the English governed Canada at first by " Military Rule," from 1760 to 1774, during which the military rulers and their councils of Officers tried to do the best they could, in their ignorance of French law and customs. You have seen the efforts made by the English Parliament to make the French contented, and that for this purpose, the " Quebec Act " of 1774 was pGssed, making French law the law of Canada, although the English settlers did not like it. But the French were many times more numerous than the English then, and the " greatest content of the greatest number," must be the excuse of the Home Government. The English settlers had always complained against the " Quebec Act," and their complaints became more frequent after so many U. E. Loyalists came into the country and settled west of the Ottawa. 4. The English Canadians sent petitions to the king asking him to have the Act repealed, while the French Canadians sent petitions to have it retained. The king and his ministers were very much perplexed, but they did nothing hastily. Lord Dorchester was told to find out all he could about the true state of the matter, and what would be best to be done. He divided his council into committees and gave each of these a distinct work to do. One committee had to gather all the information possible about the agriculture and commerce of Canada ; another, about the militia ; another, about education ; and another, about the courtSi and how justice was dealt d8 HISTORY OF CANADA [chap. to the inhabitants. This was in 1786. The work was done carefully, and the reports sent to England, for the guidance of the Parliament ; in addition, some Eng- lish and some French Canadians went to England and told the story of their grievances. By means of this knowledge the British Government expected to be in a position to settle the complaints of the colonists. Per- haps you may think this a great deal of trouble for a government in England to take about places so far off as Canada. But it is the right way. Laws should never be made or changed, without knowing every- thing possible concerning what the law is intended to do, what evils it will remove, and what benefits it will confer. If laws had been always passed thus carefully, the United States might to-day be under British government. 5. If the Canadians had been either all French or all English, it would have been easier for the king and his ministers to determine what to do. But there were two young nations in Canada, a little France that had been growing for two hundred years, and a little Eng- land just springing up. Why were the French so eager to keep their old laws ? They liked British rule better than that of old France, for they were now freer and more prosperous, and there were some English laws which they preferred, for instance that against criminals. But the English law regarding land and property was so different from the French law, that the French Cana- dians were afraid to have it established, lest they should lose their farms, or be disturbed in any way. 6. That you may understand something more on this subject, which is of great importance in Canadian his- tory, let us point out the difference between these two kinds of law. At first all the land settled by the French was held VII.] CONSTITUTIONAL ACT, lygi. 39 by Fendal tenure, that is, the king always kept the right to it. The holders had to do certain duties as the king desired, and he could at any time bestow the lands on others. With such a law there was little encouragement for people to leave old France, and come to the New World. When Richelieu formed the company of " One Hundred Associates," the law was changed, so that colonists held their lands by Seignorial tenure, which means that the land of Canada was divided into portions, and given to gentlemen in favor with the king and Richelieu, or to the religious orders that sent out missionaries. These divisions were not all equal, but varied a great deal, some being as large as a township, and others less or more. For instance, La Salle received the Seigniory of Cata- raqui or Frontenac, Joliette was given the island of Anticosti, and the island of Montreal was bestowed on M. de Lauson in 1635, and passed to the religious order of St. Sulpice in 1664. The Seigniors afterwards divided their portions in lots among those wishing to settle, the holders paying the Seignior certain sums every year. 7. It was after this "tenure" became the law, that Canada grew and increased in population, and all the French owned their land under it. The French Cana- dians were not used to governing themselves ; they de- pended upon the Seigniors, and looked up to them. No person could take their land from them for it belonged to the " lord," and they might live upon it as long as they chose. But this was not a good law for the improve- ment of the country. There were so many ways in which the tenant had to pay the Seignior that the farmer became careless. The more valuable he made his farm,* by working it well or erecting good buildings upon it, the more he had to pay, so that he had no motive for making his coildition better, or for improving his land. 40 HISTORY OF CANADA. [chap. 8. Under the English law, if a man wished to possess land, he bought it and paid for it at once, and received a deed either from the government, or from the former owner. This deed made him a freeholder, that is, he held his land free from all payments, except the usual taxes to the government. He had no tribute to pay to a Seignior. But if he got into debt, he was liable to have his land taken and sold to pay his debts. The French Canadians were afraid of such a law, for it would make them depend more upon thrmselves; and when the Eng- lish began to come into Canada, with their new ways of farming, and their eagerness to possess large farms, the former inhabitants became alarmed, lest they should be crowded out of the country. They were generally at- tached to the Seigniors, and preferred their old law3, to which they were used, and one cannot blame them. But this very thing had an important effect upon the action of the British Parliament, in trying to arrange the trou- bles of Canada. If it had not been for these long estab- lished customs in the Lower Province, there would only have been one Canada, instead of two separated by the River Ottawa. 9. As it was, however, in 1 791, an Act was passed in England called the Constitiitional Act, which divided Canada into two Provinces, the Lower and Upper, sepa- rated as we have just said by the Ottawa. 10. Each province was to have a Governor of its own, and a Parliament consisting of two Houses, namely, an Assembly elected by the people as now, and a Legis- lative Council whose members were to be selected by The Governor from the older and more wealthy men of the province. Moreover, the Governor was to select an Executive Council composed of a few men, to advise him especially. All laws and ordinances made under VII.] CONSTITUTIONAL ACT, ngi. 4t the Quebec Act were to remain in force until altered by the new parliaments. The tenure of land in Lower Canada was to be fixed by its local Legislature, while in Upper Canada, where the colonists were mostly of British origin, all lands were to be held by " freehold tenure." This Act of 1791 also sought to provide for the support of a Protestant clergy in both Canadas, by set- ting apart a large extent of wild lands for that purpose. These lands were called Clergy Eeserves, and were afterwards a source of much contention, as you shall read further on. 11. With regard to taxes, the British Government retained in its own hands the right to impose duties for the regulation of trade and commerce ; but the Canadian parliaments had the power to collect these, and also to tax themselves for the building of public works, such as roads and bridges, and for education. 12. In Lower Canada the House of Assembly was to have fifty members, and the Legislative Council fifteen. In Upper Canada the former was to have sixteen mem- bers, and the latter seven. A census of the whole coun- try was taken at this time which showed the population to be 1 50,000, of which 20,000 belonged to Upper Canada. 13. This Act took effect in the two provinces on the 26th of December, 1791. Lord Dorchester had at this time returned to England, and General Clarke acted as Lieutenant-Governor. 42 HISTORY OF CANADA. lCHAI'. CHAPTER VIII. r LOWER CANADA TJNt)ER A PARLIAMENT. .1. The Maritime Provinces. (J. 2. The functions of Parliament. 7. 3. Parliamentary terms. 8. 4. First Parliament. 0. 6. General condition of things. 10. Jeauit estates^ Slaverv. Alien Bill. Steamboats. Signs of war. 1. The Act of 1 791 made the third g^eat change in the government of Canada subsequent to 1760. By it parliaments were introduced, for the first time, into this part of British America. But a similar form of govern- ment had already been given to Nova Scotia in 1758 ; and to New Brunswick in 1784, when it became a separ- ate province. 2. It is important for us, then, to know something about the meaning of the word "parliament," and about what is done in parliament. The name comes from a French word meaning to talk^ and you have before been told how the Canadian Parliament was to be composed. The members of the Assembly were elected to serve four years. The two Houses do not sit together, but in sepa- rate chambers, to talk over the affans of the country, and to make laws. It has never been necessary foi the Parlia- ment to continue its meeting throughout the whole of the four years, but only for a few weeks or months of each year, and this period of time is called a session. When it meets, each House chooses a Speaker, who is one of its members, and who presides over its actions while in session. The records of the debates and doings of each day are called the minutes, and these must be entered in books, kept for the purpose, and called the VIII.] /.. 6. UNDER A PARLIAMENT, 43 journals of the House. When any member wishes to propose a law, which he thinks ought to be made, he must first ask leave to propose it, and does so by writing a short statement of what he wants. This written re- quest is called a motion, and must be signed by the proposer and another member, who thus become the mover and seconder of it. As soon as the House grants the motion, the mover brings in a more lengthy state- ment of the proposed law, telling everything about it, and drawn up after a regular form. This longer state- ment is called a bill. In order to become law a bill must be passed, or agreed to, by both Houses, and receive the assent of the Governor. It is then called an Act of Parliament, becomes law, and must be obeyed. If a bill does not become law, it is said to be defeated. This may be done in three ways. It may not be agreed to in the House where it was first moved, or it may pass there and not be agreed to in the other, or the Governor may not give his assent, after it has passed both Houses. 3. There are three ways of closing the business of a session, either by adjourning, proroguing, or dissolving Parliament. When it is adjourned, the members are dismissed, to meet again at a certain time, when they resume any unfinished business, as if there had been no adjournment. To prorogue Parliament is to stop all its work, and any business not completed must be taken up afterwards, as if nothing had been done about it. But when Parliament is dissolved, not only is its business ended, there must also be a new election before it can come together again. 4. The first parliament of Lower Canada met at Que- bec on the 17th of December, 1792. Of th^ fifty mem- bers elected to the AssemMy, only fifteen were of British origin, so that it became necessary to decide whether If 44 mstdtfV 6f caMada, [chap. 11 French or English was to be spoken in the House. It was agreed that each member should have the privilege of speaking in either language, but that all motions, and the minutes of parliament, should be written in both lan- guages. 5. The new order of things gave an impulse to the country, which now began to make steady progress. New roads were opened up, and the navigation of the St, Lawrence was improved. At this time it took four months for a mail to go from Canada to England and return, in the sailing vessels which then crossed the ocean, in 1792 there was a monthly mail between Halifax and Quebec, and seven years afterwards a weekly mail passed between Montreal and the United States. Lord Dorchester returned to Canada in 1793, and remained until 1797, when General Prescott became Governor-General. Sir Robert Milnes succeeded him in 1799. 6. When the English took Canada, they confiscated the estates or seigniories of the religious order called Jesuits. In 1800 the revenues of these estates were devoted to education, which about that time received more attention. 7. The practice of keeping llaves had been brought into the province by people who came from the United States, where it had been in vogue for a long time. The feelings of Canadians were not in favor of the practice,and it was passing away as fast as circumstances would permit. There were at this time three hundred slaves in Lower Canada. No Act of Parliament was passed against slavery in that province, but in 1803 Chief Jus- tice Osgoode declared in court, that it was not consistent with the laws of the country. People saw that the courts would not uphold them in keeping slaves, and as a con- sequence the blacks received their freedom. VIII.] Z. C, UNDER A PARLIAMENT. 45 8. The first English Cathedral was built at Quebec in 1804. Sir James Craig assumed the duties of Governor- General in 1807. In the meantime the people took a great interest in the actions of the Government, and there was often a good deal of bitterness between the two races, both in and out of Parliament. Several news- papers had also been published in both French and English, and these kept up the strife even when the Par- liament was not in session. Some people in the United States thought this a favorable time to spread disloyalty among Canadians, and many strangers were found throughout the country trying to teach rebellion. But the Parliament passed the Alien Bill, that was, an Act to punish aliens, or people of other countries, found guilty of such sedition. As there was much bad feeling spring- ing up in the United States against England, a Militia Act was also passed for the safety of Canada, while Sir James Craig made a tour through the province and everywhere received the assurance of the loyal feelings of the people. 9. The trade of the world was about to get a new impulse from the use of steam in navigation, and young Canada was not behind the other nations in applying it to boats upon her rivers. The first steamboat of which there is any record was one built by Lymington, a Scotchman, in 1802, and which was used on the Forth and Clyde canal ; the second and third were launched upon the Hudson river by Fulton, in 1805 and 1809. In the latter year the Hon. John HolflOn, a wealthy merchant of Montreal, built a steamboat on the St. Lawrence. On the 3rd of November it started down the river, and made the voyage to Quebec in thirty-six hours. A newspaper of that city gave a description of the little boat, which excited great wonder in those days. The paper said : 4« HISTORY OF CANADA, [CHAP. "The steamboat 'Accommodation* has arrived with ten passengers. She is incessantly crowded with visitors. This steamboat receives her impulse from an open- spoked perpendicular wheel on each side, without any circular band or rim ; to the end of each double spoke is fixed a square board which enters the water, and, by the rotatory motion of the wheels, acts like a paddle. No wind or tide can stop her. The price of a passage is nine dollars up, and eight down." Such was the first Canadian steamboat. lo. Sir George Prevost became Governor-General in 1811. During this and the preceding year the trouble between the United States and England grew worse and worse, and signs of war began to appear ; but, before speaking of this, let us see what Upper Canada had been doing since she became a separate province in CHAPTER IX. UPPER CANADA A SEPARATE PROVINCE. 1, 2. Social condition. 3. First Parliament. 4. Slavery. 5. London— York. 6. Customs duties -Tratle 7. Sir Isaac Brock. I. When Upper Canada was first made a separate province in 1 791, it had only a small and thinly scattered population of some twenty thousand people. These were to be found along the St. Lawrence, the Bay of Quint!^, the Niagara frontier, and the Detroit river. Small villages were to be found at Kingston, Newark or Niagara, and Amherstburg. All the rest of the country was a wilderness, covered with forests of fine, large IX.] U, C. A SEPARATE PROVINCE. 47 timber. The early settler went into this forest with very few goods, except the clothes on his back, a flint-lock musket, and an axe. Some had not even these, and all were more or less obliged to accept the help which the Government offered to them, when "drawing" their land. This help consisted of food and clothes for three years, or until the settlers were able to provide these for them- selves. They were also given seeds to sow on their ** clearings," and such tools as they might require. Each family received an axe, a hoe, and a spade ; a plough and one cow were given to every two families ; large saws to every fourth family, and even boats were fur- nished for their use, and placed at suitable points on the rivers. As there were no mills, even this want was sup- plied in part, by the distribution of "portable corn-mills" made of steel plates, and turned by hand like a coffee mill. Where the people had not these mills, they used to place the grain in the hollow of a hard wood stump or log, and pound it fine by means of a heavy stone swung above, so as to be easily lifted and lowered. 2. A log hbuse was first built. This was done by the skilful use of the axe, and the help of the nearest neigh- bors. A small clearing was then made and the fallen timber burnt to leave the land free for tillage. Here the pioneer planted his first seed, and while awaiting the harvest, he extended his clearing by chopping and burn- ing ; then fencing it in, prepared it for larger crops. Burning the fallen trees was sometimes very dangerous, for if the woods caught fire, the flames spread very swiftly, and very far, causing the poor settlers to flee for iheir lives. Many brave men and women, thrust out from homes of comfort and plenty aftet the war of the Revolution, made for themselves new homes in the Canadian forest. By industry their little possessions 48 HISTORY OF CANADA, fCHAP. % i increased, their stock multiplied, and the lonely families after a time had all things needful for living. These were perhaps cuai &c in quality, but abuimant in quantity, and the best for health and strength. In course of time they produced their own cloth* "'^- The skilful fingers of the house-wife and her daug . i worked the flax and and wool through all the stages of preparation ; and weaving them in their own houses made good strong clothes which would endure wear and tear. The table, also, of the Canadian settler had its good things, for deer roamed through the forest, and the rivers teemed with fish, several kinds of which we do not see now at all ; while wild ducks, geese, and pigeons often fell victims to the old musket, which may already have done duty in by-gone wars. 3. The province had, sine *ts settlement in 1784, been under the government le Legislative Council of Lower Canada, which was founded by the Quebec Act. But in 1 791, Upper Canada stood by itself, as infant colony, with the privilege of making its own laws Colonel John Graves Simcoe became the first Lieutenant-Governor in the following year. He selected the village of Niagara or Newark as his head- quarters for the time, until he should be able to select a place more suitable for a permanent capital There he opened his first Parliament, on the 17th of September, 1792, in what was little better than a log-house. The House of Assembly consisted of sixteen members, the Legislative Council of seven, while the Executive Coun- cil was composed of five members, appointed to advise and aid the Governor. The plain, honest men who formed this primitive parliament went to work in making laws to govern the country as earnestly as they did in chopping its forests and clearing the land. They wasted IX.] V. C A SEPARATE PROVINCE. 49 he He ad- ct a he >er, The the un- ise ho ing in ted no time in vseless debate, and two months before the Parliament of Lower Canada had met, they had finished their work of iaw-makinj?, and returned home. Thev made the civil law of England the law of the province ; introduced trial by jury ; provided for the recovery of small debts ; and fixed the toll for millers at one-twelfth for grinding and bolting. They changed the name of the districts into which Lord Dorchester had divided the province, and called them the Eastern or Johnstown District, the Midland or Kingston, the Home or Niagara, and the Western or Detroit ; and these were again divided into twelve counties. An Act was also passed to erect a jail and court-house in each of these districts. 4. In the next year, the second session began in May, and was marked by the passing of other useful Acts. One offered a reward for the killing of wolves and bears, wh h shows that the number of these animals was large enoli h to prove a source of trouble to the early settlers. The most important Act was that doing away with slavery, forbidding the bringing in of any more slaves into the province, and making all slave-children free at the age of twenty-five. The elections for the House of Assembly were held every four years, and the first Par- liament held its last seseion in 1795. The first Upper Canadian newspao**- the Gazette., was started during this period. 5. In the meantime Colonel Simcoe was trying to select a better place than Newark for the seat of Gov- ernment, for Newark was too near the frontier of ano- ther country. He was in favor of going further west, and for this purpose chose the site of the present city of London, which he named, calling the river on which it IS situated the Th.imes. But the Governor-General, Lord Dorchester, wished to make Kingston the capital. 4A io HISTORY OF CANADA [CllAi'. Thus the two Governors could not agree, and at last Colonel Simcoe fixed upon the site of the old French fort Rouilld, now Toronto. Here he pitched his tent until block-houses could be built for himself and his soldiers, whom he employed in making roads. In 1795 there were only twelve houses besides the barracks, i:i York, as it was then called. 6. In 1796 Governor Simcoe was recalled, and the lion. Peter Russell, President of the Executive Council acted in his place. The Government offices were now moved to York, and the Parliament was opened there in the same year. When the two provinces were separated, they agreed to divide between them the revenue collected at the ports of Quebec and Montreal, Upper Canada to receive one-eighth, which was thought to equal her share of the import trade, and therefore of the duties. This eighth amounted, in 1796, to five thousand dollars. The trade of a country is a good index to the way in which the country is making progress. In thirteen years this eighth increased to twenty-eight thousand dollars, and Upper Canada's share was changed to one-fifth, showing how prosperous both provinces were becoming. But besides the trade by way of Lower Canada, a direct commerce had rapidly grown up between the Western Province and the State of New York, so that it became necessary to open ten ports of entry, which extended from Cornwall on the St. Lawrence, to Sandwich on the Detroit river. Meanwhile the province was rapidly growing in population as well as wealth, and, for so young a country showed a vigorous spirit of enterprise. In 1807, the year after Francis Gore 'fcecame Lieu- tenant-Governor, the Parliament granted the liberal sum of ;£8oo for the purpose of paying the salaries of p[iasters of Qrammar schpols^ in each of the eight dis< ri rx.J IVAR OF 1812, 'is, and 'j4* 5" tiicts into which Upper Canada had by this time be- come divided ; and in 18 10, a first grant of £2000 was r ide for the building of roads and bridges. 7. In 181 1, a census was taken, which gave the popu- lation as seventy-seven thousand. In the same year, Mr. Gore returned to England, and General Sir Isaac Brock took charge of the Government at the same time that Sir George Prevost took up his residence at Quebec as Governor-General. CHAPTER X. WAR OF 181 2, *I3, AND '14. \. War declared. 17. Lake Erie— Moravian '■ w 2, 3. Feeling in Canada. 18. Chrysler's Farn>. 4. Precautions. 19. Chateaujruay. 6. Mackinaw— Detroit. 20. Niagara burnt. 6. Quoenston Heights. 21. Reprisals. 7. ImICoIIo River. 22. Winter work. •8. Army Bills. 23. Lacolle Mill. 9. American plans. 24. Oswego. 10. Overland march. 25. Chippawa. Lunuv's Lane. 11. York taken. 26. 1:. Fort George taken. 27. Fort Erie. 13 Retreat at Sackett's Harbor. 28. Maine. 14. Sir James Yeo. 29. Plattsburg. 15 St^ney Creek. 80. Treaty of Ghent. 1({. Heroism— Beaver Dams. I. In 1 81 2 war was declared between England and the United States. For three years the cruel strfe went oni and m.uch innocent and brave blood was spilled on the soil of Canada, where the people had done nothing to cause the war, their only fault being, that they preferred to live as a province of Great Britain, rather than join their lot to the States which had succeeded in throwing off the control of the Mother Country. All the States were not in favor of the war; but there was a large 5a HISTORY OF CANADA, [chap. party, the ruling party then, which hated England, and which had, for several years, been anxious to pick a quarrel with her. This party talked a great deal about libertyf and yet had no sympathy with England in her contest with Napoleon, for the liberty not only of Europe, but also of her own island kingdom. Great Britain tried to satisfy the complaints of these discontented Ameri- cans, but with no avail, their Congress declared war on the 1 8th of June, 1812, and England was forced on her part to declare war on the 1 3th of the following October. 2. For several months previous to the 18th of Jtme Up- per Canadians knew that, though they had d«ne nothing to bring war upon themselves, the United States would invade the provinces. They felt that the real object of the war party was to gain Canada, and make it another State of the Union. They resolved not to submit, but bravely to fight for their new homes, and for their honor as British subjects. The U. E. Loyalists thought of all the wrongs they had already suffered from the same party during the Revolution, and the memory of that only made them the more ready to defend themselves and their little ones, to the last. 3. In Lower Canada the feeling of the French was just as strong to fight against the enemies of England. Since 1774 they had learned that England meant to keep her promises to them; since 1791 they had tasted the pleasure of governing themselves, and had begun to enjoy a liberty which they felt they would lose if con- quered again. 4. In Upper and Lower Canada, therefore, as early as February, measures were taken so as not to be sur- prised. England, being engaged in a war against Napoleon in Europe, could not spare any troops for Canada, and in both provinces there were only 4,500 ^'] IVA/^ OF J8t2, 'rs, AND '14. S3 regular soldiers. But the Militia turned out promptly to be drilled, while the Parliaments voted all the money they could. In the Upper Province the population was much scattered, yet the militia used to meet six times a month to drill, some of them walking many miles through the woods to perform this duty. 5. Upper Canada was the first to be invaded. Gene- ral Hull, the Governor of Michigan, crossed the Detroit river on the 12th of July with 2,500 men, and attacked Fort Maiden near Amherstburg, garrisoned by 300 British regulars under Colonel St. George. But he did not succeed. Colonel Proctor captured his convoy of provisions, and cut off his supplies ; while Captain Roberts took Port Mackinaw, situated between Lakes Huron and Michigan. These things made Hull uneasy. When the news of the invasion came to York the Legislature was in session, but General Brock dismissed the mem- bers and set out at once for Amherstburg with only 700 men. After a toilsome journey by land and water, he reached that place on the 13th of September; and there met the great Indian Chief Tecumseh with 600 of his warriors. Meanwhile Hull had retreated to Detroit, whither Brock followed with his little force of 700 men. As Hull saw him advance his heart failed him, and he hoisted the white flag in token of surrender General Brock allowed the American militia to return to their homes, but the regulars and their officers, more than one thousand men, were sent prisoners to Quebec. The British thus got large quantities of stores and provisions, and the whole .State of Michigan passed into their hands. The chief result of this victory was, that it raised the confidence of the Canadians, and secured the fidelity of the Indians, who hated the " Long knives,'* as they called the Americans. 54 HISTORY OF CANADA. [chap 6. On the morning of the 13th of October the Ameri- cans under General Van Rensselaer crossed the Niagara river and attacked Queenston. Here a great struggle took place, first one side and then the other gaining the advantage. Early in the battle General Brock, and a Canadian officer, Colonel Macdonell, were killed, but this only made the small party of British more deter- mined, and at last the Americans were driven bock, many of them over the steep river bank, and the rest, nine hundred and fifty in number, surrendered. In Nov- ember, another attempt to cross the river was defeated. 7. In this month General Dearborn invaded Lower Canada by way of Lake Champlain, but he also was deieated by Colonel de Salaoorry at Lacoile river Thus the attempts to take Canada in the >ear 1812 proved failures. 8. In 1 81 3, General Sheaffe succeeded General Brock m the Upper Province. Both Parliaments met for short sessions, and passed Acts giving more money for main- taining the defence of the country. But to prevent ihe com going out of Canada, they issued papei-uioney called Army-bills, like bank-notes of the present day. only that these could not be exchanged for cash until the end of the war. 9. The Americans kept up the contest during the winter. They hoped by striking Canada m several quarters at the same time to divide her small forces, and thus gain an easy victory. They threatened our frontier with three armies, one in the west under General Harrison, one along the Niagara river, under General Dearborn, and a third near Lower Canada commanded by General Hampton. la In the depth of winter the 104th British regiment marched overland from New Brunswick. X.J IVA/? OF 1812, 'is, and '14. 55 1 1. Colonel Proctor was very active, and with his small band kept General Harrison at bay for several months. At Prescott, on the St. Lawrence, Major Macdonell, with what force he could collect, marched across the ice, and after a sharp struggle captured Ogdensbur^, getting as a reward a large quantity of stores and arms, which were much needed, for there had not been muskets enough in Canada to give a gun to each man of the militia. Early in the spring, both sides began to build vessels on the lakes for the purpose of carrying on the war. The Ame- ricans were able to take the lead in this enterprise, so that on the 25th of April fourteen vessels left Sackett's Harbor with 2000 men under General Dearborn, for an attack on Tork, which was guarded by only 600 British regulars and militia. Against such odds York could not stand long, but before it was surrendered, the Americans had to fight every foot of the way into the only fort that . the place had. Two hundred and ninety-three militia were taken prisoners. General Sheafife having retreated in time towards Kingston, taking the regulars with him. For his remissness in the defence of York, this officer was removed to Lower Canada, General de Rottenburg taking his place in the Upper Province. 12. From York the Americans sailed to the mouth of the Niagara river. Here were two forts, one on each side of the river opposite to one another, Forf Niagara on the American side, and Fort George on the British side. General Vincent held the latter with 1,400 men. When General Dearborn appeared off the fort with his fleet, General Vincent had very little ammunition, but as long as it lasted, he kept the Americans from landing^ driving them off three times. At last he was obliged to spike the cannon of the fort, blow up the magazine, and retreat towards Queenston. The following day, having 56 HISTORY OF CANADA, [CHiy*. 1 1 ] • i withdrawn the garrisons from Fort Erie and other posts along the river, he continued his retreat to Burling^n Heights. His force was now reduced to sixteen hun- dred men. In the defence of Fort George he had lost about four hundred in killed, wounded and prisoners ; while in the assault the Americans had thirty-nine killed, and one hundred and eleven wounded. 13. While Fort George was being bombarded, Sir George Prevost left Kingston with seven vessels, crossed the lake to Sackett's Harbor, and did a good deal of damage to the Americans, but failed to take the place, much to the disappointment of the officers and men, who were ordered to retreat just when they were on the point of victory. But Sir George Prevost, although a good Governor in time of peace, was too undecided to make a good general. 14. At this time there arrived out from England a naval officer named Sir James Yeo, who brought with him four hundred and fifty seamen and several officers, for the purpose of manning the British vessels on the lakes. He left Kingston on the third of June with two hundred and eighty regulars and some supplies for Gen- eral Vincent. These numbers are mentioned in order to show you how small the resources of the Province were, when only so few men could be spared for such an im- portant position as the peninsula between Lakes Erie and Ontario. 15. But before aid reached him. General Vincent had turned his retreat into a great success. A few days after his retreat nearly four thousand Americans had followed him and encamped at Stoney Creek, six miles distant. General Vincent sent Colonel Harvey to observe what the enemy were doing. This officer, seeing the careless- ness with which they guarded their camp, proposed a X.] IVA^ OF tSta, '13, AND '14, 57 night surprise. General Vincent assented, and Harvey with seven hundred men set out at midnight of the fifth of June for the American camp. The attack was a com- plete surprise, for though some stood their ground and fought bravely, the most of the enemy ran away in all directions. Harvey, not wishing the smallncss of his force to be seen, withdrew before daylight, taking with him four cannon and one hundred and twenty prisoners, including both their generals, Winder and Chandler. When day broke the fugitives returned to their camp, destroyed their stores, and retreated hastily to the mou^ of Forty-mile Creek, where they were joined by another American force of two thousand advancing to their sup- port. Here a camp was formed, before which Sir James Yeo appeared on the 8th. After a short cannonade the Americans retreated to Fort George, leaving their tents standing, and their wounded and provisions to be taken possession of, by Vincent's advanced guard. Twelve batteaux laden with baggage were also captured. 16. You see by the narrative of the war thus far, how determined the Americans were to get Canada, and how the Canadians were just as determined to resist the invaders. The enemy had everything, cannon, arms, ammunition, warm uniforms and provisions constantly furnished to them from their own country ; on the other side, only the few British regulars were fully armed. The militia left their homes to be taken care of by their wives and younger children, and the fathers and elder sons went out to protect them by fighting on the frontier. Without mniforms, armed with flint-lock muskets, sometimes with little ammunition, they went away to do their duty on the front. Many deeds of heroism were performed, not only in the ranks as related here, but also by individuals. Indeed the defence of Canada, during these three years, 58 HISTORY OF CANADA. [chap. was as heroic as any of the struggles of which you may hereafter read in history. The women were not a whit less brave than the men. As an instance may be related the long walk of twenty miles through the woods made by Mrs. Secord, to warn the British out-post at a place called Beaver-dams. After the battle of Stoaey Creek, " Dearborn had sent a force of six hundred men to sur- prise the camp at Beaver-dams, but the latter, through the timely warning of this brave lady, was able to compel the Americans to surrender. General Vincent in his turn besieged the Americans shut up in Fort George. ■^'''' 17. In September the British suffered a severe defeat on Lake Erie, where Commodore Perry with nine Ame rican vessels captured the six British vessels under Cajy tain Barclay. This compelled Proctor and Tecumseh tc leave Detroit and retreat into Canada, closely followed by Harrison with four times their force. The latter harassed Proctor's rear, so that he was obliged to make a stand at Moraviantown. Wearied and destitute, the six hundred British, and five hundred Indians could not make a long^ resistance against the four thousand Americans. Tecum- seh was killed, and Proctor and all who could escaped through the forest to join General Vincent. 18. Elated by these successes, the invaders thought they would make a great effort against Montreal. For this purpose they assembled nine thousand troops at Sackett's Harbor under General Wilkinson, who was to take Kingston and Prescott, and thus leave the way clear for Harrison to follow, while he went on to join another army under Hampton, who was to approach Montreal by way of Lake Champlain. But Wilkinson, afraid to attack Kingston, passed it by and descended the St. Lawrence, while the Canadians followed along the bank to watch the American army^ embarked T P X.] PVA/^ OF 1812, 'is, and '14, 59, in more than three hundred boats and schooners. So much w?.s Wilkinson harassed by the British cannon from the land, and the few gim boats that kept close to the rear of his fleet, that he was obliged to land two thousand of his troops at Williamsburg, in order to beat off his assailants. But after two hours of severe fighting, they were obliged to seek their boats and cross to their own side of the river. This battle is known as that of Chrysler's Farm, in which the British had only one thousand men engaged, under Colonel Morrison. 19. On Lake Champlain the British were successful in . capturing the American shipping, and in burning Platts- burg. This was in July. Again, in September, Colonel de Salaberry with four hundred brave French Canadians, defeated Hampton, with three thousand Americans, who were on their way to join Wilkinson. This victory at Chateaug^ay saved Montreal, and ended the campaign in Lower Canada for the year. 20. In Upper Canada, however. General Vincent had been obliged to fortify himself at Burlington Heights, while the Americans scoured the peninsula, carrying off the provisions and cattle of the inhabitants, and burning their buildings. The village of Niagara was burned, only one house remaining out of one hundred and fifty. The winter of 18 13 was very severe, and the night of the loth of December, when this act was done, was one of the most bitter of the season. The villagers were given half-an-hour to leave, and with what they could gather in. that short time, were turned out in the cold, to see their homes consumed by the flames. 21. Shortly afterwards. General Drummond, who had been appointed to the control of Upper Canada, arrived at General Vincent's head-quarters ; and Colonel Mur- ray was sent to attack Fort Niagara, which h« took^ 6o HISTORY OF CANADA, [chap. •■I capturing three hundred prisoners. Another officer. General Riall, took Lewiston on the American side, and, in retaliation for the burning of the Canadian village, com- mitted it to the flames. Three other villages were also burnt. So angry were the British at the way in which the Americans had treated the people's homes in Canada, that they in their turn swept over the American country be- tween the lakes, spreading terror wherever they went. The inhabitants of Boffftlo fled at the first warning, and the British burnt that town also and much of the shipping. This happened on the last day of the year 1813. 22. In 1 8 14, as the Americans still kept up their forces along the border, it became necessar)' for the Legislature ♦:o vote more money, and take further measures for the defence of the country. During the winter, all kinds of necessary stores were conveyed by sleighs from Mon- treal to Kingston and Toronto ; and another battalion of regulars, and two hundred and fifty sailors marched over- land through the woods from New Brunswick. 23. In March, General Wilkinson led five thousand men against five hundred British posted at Lacolle Mill in Lower Canada. For more than four hours these kept It bay this large force, after which the American General beat a retreat to Plattsburg. 24. In May, General Drummond with Yeo's fleet, em- barked a force of twelve hundred men for an attack on Oswego. Its defenders were dispersed, the forts de- stroyed, and large quantities of stores carried ofif. 25. On the Niagara frontier the Americans had been massing a large force, and, ere the 3rd of July, Generals Ripley and Scott, with an army four thousand strong, crossed the river, and received the surrender of Fort Erie, held by only one hundred and seventy British. They X.1' IVA^ OF iSi^, */Sf AND '14, 61 then pushed on towards ChipipJiWa;. • To resist this inva- sion General Riall had not two thousand men altogether. He however fought the battle of Cbippawa, and was obliged to retreat, taking up his position at " Lundy's Lane." In the meantime the enemy spread over the country, and plundered and burnt the buildings of the Canadians, and destroyed the village of St. David's. These acts so enraged the people that they attacked the marauders, whenever they had an opportunity, and scarcely a party returned to its camp without leaving some killed or wounded behind. 26. As soon as General Drummond heard of the inva- sion and of the battle of Chippawa, he hastened from Kingston, and arrived at Fort Niagara on the 24th. With eight hundred men he hurried forward to aid Riall, who had begun to retreat. But General Drummond changed the order, and pushed on and reached the sum- mit of the hill where Riall's camp had been, just as the Americans were within six hundred yards of it. And now took place the battle of Lundy's Lane, the bloodiest contest of the whole war. It commenced at five o'clock in the afternoon and lasted until midnight, when the Americans withdrew, having lost twelve hundred men. The loss of the British was nine hundred, including General Riall, who was taken prisoner while being carried off the field wounded. 27. General Drummond pursued the enemy and be- sieged them in Fort Erie. The latter held the fort until the 5th of November when they blew it up, and retired across the river. In the west the British still held Mackinaw, although efforts were made to take it from them. ?8. During July and August Sir John Sherbrooke of Nova Scotia invaded Maine, and subdued the State from 62 HISTORY OF CANADA. [chap. the Penobscot river to New Brunswick. The British held ft till the close of the war. • 29. During these three years of Canada's invasion England had not been able to send out any troops to help her faithful colonies. She had been fighting Napo- leon, and in this year had succeeded in having him 'banished to the island of Elba. This permitted her to send to Canada sixteen thousand soldiers, who arrived ai Quebec in September. Sir George Prevost led eleven thousand of these against Plattsburg, but his bad gen- eralship made his expedition a failure, on account of which many of his officers felt so ashamed that they broke their swords in vexation, declaring they would never serve again. 30. On the Atlantic sea-board, Washington, the capi- tal of the United States, was sacked by the British, but they were afterwards defeated at the battle of New Or- laans on the 8th of January, 181 5. Two weeks before this occurred, on the 24th of December, 1814, the Treaty of Ghent had been signed. By it peace was restored to Canada, and the Americans received back the forts and ' territory taken from them during the war. The blessing of the God of peace upon the loyal resistance of Canada's defenders preserved to this you^- nation its liberty and its laws. T XI.] THE CANADAS AFTER THE WAR. 63 CHAPTER XI. UPPER AND LOWER CANADA AFTER THE WAR. ,ii w 1. Reaction. 11. 2. Arniy-billa redeemed. 12. 8. Social condition. 13. 4. Cholera. 14. 6. Oovernors of Lower Canada. IS. 0. Governora of Upper Canada. 16. 7. Exclusion of Americans. 17. 8. Schools— Steamboat. 18. 9. Clergy Reserves. 19. 10. House proro|;fue4. Social condition. Canahe two Canadas to form a Union ; but though Upper Canada was favorable to the idea, it was not at air agreeable to the people of the Lower Province. 13. Although Upper Canada had political troubles somewhat similar to those of Lower Canada, her pros- perity was steadily advancing. The construction of canals and other public works gave employment to num- bers of mechanics, and caused an increased circulation of money, while the cost of living was not so great as at the present time. Steamboats passed to and fro upon the lakes and rivers, and numerous schooners carried on a freight traffic of great profit. On account of the rapids, the navigation of the St. Lawrence was still performed by means of Durham boats or batteaux, which, leaving Kingston, passed the rapids, and after discharging their freight, were generally sold at Montreal or Quebec, as the labor of going against the current rendered the return voyage profitless. This was not destined to last much longer, for even then the building of the St. Lawrence canals was being thought of In 1826 the village of Bjrtown was commenced by Colonel By, who was sent out from England to superintend the construction of the Rideau Canal. Bytown has since become the city of Ottawa, the capital of the Dominion of Canada. There was also a large business carried on in the lumber trade, but the practice of smuggling robbed the Government of much of its revenue from that source. In the operations of farming there were none of the time-saving machines of the present day, and some of the implements used were of a very rude kind. Schools sprung up all over the land, and although sur- rounded by many disadvantages, they performed a noble work in the young country. The Province was not 70 HISTORY OF CANADA, [chap. without several newspapers, but their circulation was very limited. 14. The year 1827 was marked by the founding of King's College at York. Its name has since been changed to that of the University of Toronto. - In this year Sir P. Maitland was removed to Nova Scotia, and Sir John Colborne took his place in Upper Canada. Sir John was a veteran soldier, and h; J made himself an honora- ble name, by his unswerving adherence to whatever he thought to be his duty. He was a man of few words, and had a curt way of replying to the many addresses or petitions presented to him. At one time, making a tour through the province, his uniform answer to addresses of congratulation was, " I receive your address with much satisfaction, and I thank you for your congratulations.' And in 1830, when the House of Assembly presented him with a petition full of grievances, he simply replied, " Gentlemen of the House of Assembly, I thank you for your address." The Governor was, however, the right man in the right place during these early days of Canada. Party spirit was very high at this time in both provinces, and sharp words were said which often threatened to lead to riot ; but both parties feared the cool, stern man of few words, who was at the head of the government. 15. Up to 1834, the capital of Upper Canada was known by the name of York, but in this year the town was made a city, and its name changed to Toronto. Mr. W. Lyon Mackenzie was elected its first mayor. He was also a member of the House of Assembly, and took an active part against the doings of the Executive Coun- cil, which made him popular with a large section of the country. But he made many enemies by his sarcastic speeches both in Parliament and out of it, as well as by his stinging writings in his newspaper, the Colonial ^4voQat^y XI.] POPULAR DISCONTENT. 71 16. The Clergy Reserves still formed the great source of contention between the Assembly on the one side, and the Upper House and Executive Council on the other. The latter, with the Governor, determined to prevent these la,nds being turned aside from their original use, and for that purpose quietly formed fifty-seven rectories of the Church of England, and provided for their sup- port from the Clergy Reserves. This act caused a good deal of excitement, especially in Toronto ; but the Gov- ernor had done nothing but what the Act of 1791 per- mitted him to do. He was soon after recalled from Upper Canada, and Sir Francis Bond Head became Governor in 1836. 17. Sir Francis was just the opposite of Sir John in character, and action. While the latter thought to manage parties and Parliaments by saying little and acting promptly, the former hoped to control events and overcome all difficulties by his fine oratory, while he neglected proper caution. At any other time he might have made a brilliant and popular ruler, but at this time his course of action only hastened on that crisis which ended in " Rebellion." He had been sent out with in- structions to arrange the difficulties in the province, but on his arrival was induced to disobey his orders, ^nd so only increased the discontent. 18. During the summer of 1837 a severe commercial crisis swept over the United States. A seeming pros- perity, which had been increasing for some years, sud- denly ceased ; merchants became insolvent ; the banks refused to pay coin, and even refused to pay their own notes. The two provinces were affected by this crisis, and in Lower Canada the banks followed the example of those in the United States. But in Upper Canada they pursued a different course, redeemed their notes, con- 7« HISTORY OF CANADA, [chap. tracted fheir business, and boldly met the " hard times." Sir Francis at once assembled Parliament to take into consideration the condition of the country, and although many advised that their banks should pursue the same course as those in Lower Canada, the Governor thought not, and the House supporting his view of the matter, allowed the banks to continue as they had begun. The storm was weathered, and the good name of the province maintained. 19. The population of Upper Canada was, at this time, about three hundred and ninety thousand. During the year, letters passed between Papineau and Mackenzie, and both continued their appeals to the people to throw off their allegiance to Great Britain, and seek independ- ence. They found much sympathy for their scheme, although the greater part of the people sided with loyalty and order. CHAPTER XII. CANADIAN REBELLION AND PATRIOT WAR. 1. Causes of Rebellion. 2. Executive Council. 3. Canadian and English Parlia- ments contrasted. 4. Control of Revenue. 5. Arbitrary action. 6. Other Provinces. 7. Responsible Qoverument desired. 8. Rebellion leaders. 9. Lower Canada. 10. Toronto attacked. 11. Navy Island. 12. The "Caroline." 13. Mild winter, 14. Trials. 15. The Wind-mill aflfair. 16. Courts-martial. 17. End of Rebellion. 1. In order to learn the causes of the Rebellion, it is necessary to trace the working of the Constitutional Act of 1 791. We have spoken of some of the effects of the clause which set apart the Clergy Reserves. Let us see XII.] IRR£:SP0NSIB1LITY OF EXEC. COUN, 73 what were the results flowing from the selection of the Executive Council in the way recommended by the Act ; and, from the House of Assembly not having control of the revenues from customs duties and the sale of Crown lands. 2. By the Act of 179 1, the Executive Council appointed to advise the Governor was to be chosen by the king, that is, by his representative the Governor. It thus became independent of the House of Assembly, for the latter, representing the people, might wish to pass certain Uws which the Council might advise the Governor not lo sanction, and even to do the opposite of that which the country wished. This form of Executive Council was given to all the provinces, when parliaments were first introduced into them. 3. It must be remembered that the provincial parlia- ments were formed after the general model of that of Eng- land. The House of Assembly was elective, like the House of Commons, and, as there are no Peers in the colonies as in tne old country, the Legislative Council appointed by the crown bore the nearest resemblance to the House of Lords that could be made. The Ezecutive Council to advise the Governor stood in the place of the Privy Council, which advises the monarch of England. But there was this difference, that the Cabinet of the Privy Council was mostly chosen from the House of Commons, and could be changed, or was obliged to resign its execu- tive functions, if it did not give advice in accordance with the views of the representatives of the people in the Com- mons. If the king at any time wished to retain a Cabinet in defiance of the Commons, the latter could compel the king and his advisers to yield, because all the money re- quired for the government of the country had to be voted each year by the Commons, and unless this annual vote 74 Hi:^TORY OF CANADA, ICHAgj were passed the government could not be carried on. Therefore the king's advisers would be obliged, in the end, to submit to the people's representatives. A similar power was not given to the colonies in the first place, because it was thought that in a scanty population, there was not a sufficient number of men qualified for sych an important position. 4. Again, you have seen that the English government levied the duties on the imports into Canada, owing to the fear of English merchants that the provinces might put on too high duties. The Assemblies could* only tax themselves for money necessary for bridges, roads, and such public works. They had no control over the money, or revenue, arising from the duties put upon goods coming into the country. The Governor and his council in each province kept possession of this, which gave them a power that made them independent of the Assembly, so long as the expenses of the govern- ment did not exceed these revenues. They also had the keeping and use of the money arising from the sale of timber and wild lands, called " Crown lands," because the government claimed the right over all lands not surveyed and regularly settled. 5. As already said, the form of the Executive Councils had been established because it was thought the best under the circumstances, and if the men who composed them had felt their true position, that they were placed in their high offices not because they were to have these things for themselves, but in trust for the monarch and the people, there would have been none of the trouble' and quarrels v/hich afterwards arose. But having no account to render of their actions, they began, after a time, to do as they pleased, and instead of studying the wishes of the country, we find them oftert advising th^ XII.] THE REBELLION, 75 Governor to a course which could not help but stir up angry and obstinate feelings in the Assemblies. The Legislative Councils were also found to side more fre- quently with the former than with the latter. 6. This state of things existed not only in the two Canadas, but also in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. In the latter province, and in Upper Canada, all the chief offices of government became filled by the members of a few families in each province, so that each was said to be ruled by a family compact. The chief complaints made by the Assemblies were : that judges were mem- bers of the councils ; that the Crown lands were managed or sold so as to favor friends ; that public offices were given in the same way ; and, in Lower Canada, that Roman Catholics were excluded from places of trust. 7. A sti'^ng feeling grew up that some check should be put upon the Executive Councils, and the only check possible was to make them responsible to the Houses of Assembly, and to give the latter the control of all the revenue. All the means were used by both parties that had already been employed previous to the passing of the Act of 1 79 1, but the Executive Councils had a great deal of influence, and the struggle went on for many years before the Assemblies gained the victory. 8. In Nova Scotia and New Brunswick the struggle was more quiet and reasonable, but in Upper and Lower Canada some extreme men were led astray by their intense feel- ings against the men in power, and went so far as to take up arms to overthrow the government, and rule the country after their own plan. This crisis was called the Bebellion, and occurred during the years 1837 and '8. Rebellion is a very great offijnce against law and order, and all nations and people are agreed that it should be punished very severely, with death or impris- 3ie HISTORY OF CANADA, [chap. onment} and the confiscation of all property. Rebellion constitutes the crime called high treason. Notwith- standing these great penalties against such conduct, there were men bold enough to attempt to do by arms what they had not patience to allow to be done by the Home (Government. In Upper Canada William Lyon Mackenzie agitated rebellion, and in Lower Canada Louis Papineau and Dr. Wolfred Nelson. 9. In Lower Canada, a riot occurred in Montreal on the 6th of November, 1837. Warrants were issued for the arrest of the leaders, but they escaped, and began to excite outbreaks in several parts of the province. Sir John Colborne sent troops to the different places, and quelled the insurrection at once. This first attempt was put down by the 17th of December, when Sir John returned to Montreal. On the 29th of May, Lord Borham arrived at Quebec, as Governor-General. He was em- powered to inquire into all the causes of disturbance, and subsequently made a very able report upon the state of all the provinces. He suggested that all the British American colonies should be Joined in a union, or if that were not thought possible just then, that the two Canadas should be united. We shall see how these suggestions were carried out. In the meantime, in order to pacify the rebellious portion of the people, he proclaimed a general pardon on the 28th of June, 1838, the day on which Queen Victoria was crowned monarch of Great Britain and its dependencies. But rebellion was not yet at an end, for on the very day, the 3rd of November, on which Lord Durham took his departure for England, a second rising took place in the district of Montreal. However, in seven days this also was put down by Sir John Colborne. As the mer- ciful action of the Governor-General had been so badly XII.] REBELLION AND PATRIOT WAR. 77 returned, nothing was left but to make an example of those who had engaged in this second <> "%" 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80 (716) 872-4503 ^t *4^ i'€P. l^.. e \ 90 HISTORY OF CANADA, [chap. 9. In order to form some idea oif the growth of the Canadas during the twenty ears of the Union, let us look at th^ census returns dni Ing that time : — Census of 1 04 1. — Upper Canada 465,000 " ■" Lower Canada 691,000 Census of 1851. — Upper Canada 952,000 ■ " " Lower Canada 890,000 Census of 1861. — Upper Canada 1,396,000 " " Lower Canada 1,111,000 This larger increase in the population of the Upper Province over that of the Lower originated in the for- mer a desire that its interests should have a more pro- portionate representation than the Union had secured. This feeling was paving the way for a Union of all tho Provinces, a scheme which was now discussed from time to time both in England and Canada. In October, 1861, Lord Monck succeeded Sir Edmund Head as Governor- General. 10. In the meantime, the civil war between the North- ern and Southern States had broken out, and had a great influence upon the British provinces. In the first place, there war, danger of war at one time on account of the Americans taking two Southern commissioners from the British ship "Trent" while on her way to England. But they were surrendered again, and the danger passed by. Again, this war caused much money to flow into Canada, where live stock of all descriptions \'as readily purchased by American dealers at good prices. Wages were also high, and the farmer, the mechanic, and the merchant were enjoying great prosperity. The civil strife lasted until 1865, atid during this and the preceding years Canada had much trouble from thfe lawless men who came into our land as quiet visitors and then formed XIV.] THE PROVINCE OF CAISTADA -Continued. 91 themselves into bands to make raid^ across the border into the United States for the purpose of plunder. 11. In 1864, Lord Monck communicated with the Lieutenant-Governors of the other provinces in regard to a union, and the result was, that a convention of thirty-three representatives met at Quebec in order to take the question of Union into consideration. A union was agreed to, and seventy-two resolutions passed, which were to be submitted to the several Parliaments and to Great Britain. In the following year, the Legislatures of the Canadas, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick adopted the scheme, but Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island left It for further consideration. 12. For several years societies had been forming in Ireland and the United States, called Fenian Brotherhoods. These societies declared themselves enemies of English power wherever it might be, but especially in Ireland, which they vowed to separate from Great Britain. The Fenians in the United States had avowed their intention of invading Canada, and at the close of the civil war purchased at a small cost large qantities of arms and ammunition for this purpose. Disbanded soldiers joined their ranks, and they suc- ceeded in creating a large organization, which was sup- ported chiefly by the lowest class of people, by those who had nothing to lose, and those who felt no respect for order and good government. During the spring of 1866 rumors reached Canada of an intended invasion, and the volunteers were put in readiness for any emergency. On the I St of June, a body of Fenians, twelve hundred strong, crossed from Black Rock near Buffalo, and took possession of the ruins of Fort Erie, and the Railway depot. They were led by an ex-officer of the American army, named "General" O'Neil. They marched towards w 92 HISTORY OF CANADA, fCHAP. the Wellancl Canal, and took up a position at a place called Ridgeway. Here they were met by some nine hundred volunteers from Hamilton and Toronto, com- manded by Colonel Booker. A sharp engagement took place, and, although the volunteers were forced to retire, the Fenians received such a check that they were obliged to retreat to Fort Erie. The loss of the volunteers was one officer, Ensign MEachren, and si^ men killed, and four officers and nineteen men wounded. As the Fenians were left in possession of the field, they were enabled to bury their dead, so that their actual loss was never known. At Fort Erie they were met by seventy volun- teers under Colonel Dennis, and lost five killed and seve- ral wounded. On the 3rd of June they withdrew to the American shore. Those taken prisoners in Canada were sent to the Toronto jail. 13. This raid created a wonderful excitement in Canada, and corps of eager volunte(^rs were rapidly moved to different points on our extended frontier. Many Canadians scattered throughout the United States left their business and started in companies for their native land, ready to share in its defence. Bands of Fenians assembled at different places near our borders in Lower Canada, but the American Government had commenced to do its duty, and its own troops dispersed the marauders, and arrested their leaders. The trial of the prisoners captured in Canada took place in Toronto dur- ing October, when several of them were condemned to be hanged ; but, through the clemency of Her Majesty, this sentence was changed to imprisonment in the Peniten- tiary. Short as the disturbance had been, the country had been put to a great deal of expense an^ rnnoyance ; but all this was as nothing in comparison with the indig- nation at, and mourning felt throughout Canada for, the xiv.l THE PROVINCE OF CANADA^Continued. 93 death of the gallant few who fell at Ridgeway. A monument has since been raised to their memory in the Queen's Park, Toronto. 14. In March, the Reciprocity Treaty between Canada and the United States expired, by lapse of time, and has never since been renewed. The American Government refused to form a new treaty, because it thought Canada had got into such a habit of commercial connection with the Republic that without a treaty she would be obliged to join the Union, and become one of the States. But this action of the Americans only effected a contrary result, for while it was damaging to themselves, it has led Canada to extend her commercial enterprise to other countries, with a consequent benefit. 15. The first meeting of Parliament in the new build- ings at Ottawa was on the 8th of June of this year. The ministry introduced resolutions which embodied the re- maining steps necessary to complete the work aimed at by the Confederation of the Provinces. They were passed by large majorities, and the House adjourned on the i8th of August. Delegates from the provinces now proceeded to England to finally arrange the terms of Union. On the 7th of February, 1867, the Bill for Confederation was brought before the British Parliament, under the title of The British North America Act, 1867. It passed both Commons and Lords without delay, and received the royal assent on the 28th of the month. On the following day " The Canadian Railway Loan Act" was also passed, whereby a loan of ;£3,ooo,ooo sterling was to be guaran- teed for the building of the Intercolonial Railway, in order to connect the Maritime Provinces with theCanadas. It was carried by a very large majority. 16. The first of July of this year (1867) was appointed by Royal Proclamation as the commencement of this new era in the history of our country. JI/STOKY OF CAN^ADA, [CilAT. . ■. .. f t . CHAPTER XV. .' THE OTHER PROVINCES. -N. 1. Mutual interest. 2. Ncwfoundloml. 3. Nova Scotia. 4. New Brunswick. 5. Prince Edward Island* I 6. The Nortli-West. 7. The Pacific coast. 1. The several provinces did not take any real inter- est in one another until about 1864. Previous to that time, each was content to look after its own affairs ; and the fact of their having similar systems of govern- ment lent a character of sameness to the history of each, which did not awaken in the mass of the people of one province any great curiosity with regard to the progress of the others. Whatever had been said about union, before 1864, was said by only a few far-seeing governors, and a few patriotic public men of the colonies. But when, in 1867, the union of the four leading provinces was completed, a mutual interest was created, and unity begat sympathy. Let us, then, before speaking of the " Dominion," review the leading events in the story of each of the other British provinces which lie east and west of the " Canadas." 2. Newfoundland.— This island was visited, in 1575, by Martin Frobisher. In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert took possession of it in the name of Queen Elizabeth ; and, two years afterwards. Sir Francis Drake visited its rocky shores. Sir George Calvert, the first Lord Balti- more, founded its first English colony in 1622 ; and, four years from that time, the French began a settlement at Placentia, which, in 1634, paid the English a tribute of five per cent, for the privilege of fishing. In 1854, ano- XV.] THE OTHER PJiOVlNCES. $5 la 5 rt ;i- ther English settlement was formed by Sir David Kirkc In 1696, the French obtained the chief control iu the Island, but, in the next year, the " Treaty of Ryswick" restored it to the English. During " Queen Anne's War" the French again obtained the ascendancy, and retained it until 17 1 3, when the "Treaty of Utrecht" gave back Newfoundland and its coast to the British, with the ex- ception of the little islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon, and the right to French fishermen, in perpetuity, to fish on certain portions of the Newfoundland coast, and land for the purpose of curing their fish. In 1762, its capital, St. John's, was captured by the French, but retaken by the English. The famous navigator, Captain Cook, took part in this expedition, and, in 1676, he suiveyed the coasts of the island. In 1763, the Labrador coasts and Magdalen Islands were joined to Newfoundland, but Jri 1773 they were restored to Canada. Latterly, however, Labrador has been united politically with Newfoundland. In 1800, a conspiracy to overthrow the government was discovered by the Roman Catholic bishop, O'Donnell. In recognition of this loyal action, the king conferred upon the bishop an annual pension of ;£5o sterling. Newfoundland, from its earliest dis- covery, has been of great importance on account of its vast fisheries, but its cold climate, and foggy, rocky coasts have prevented its rapid growth in population. It was accorded responsible government in 1855. The government consists of a governor, appointed by the Crown, an Executive Council, a Legislative Council, and an Assembly. In 1858, the first Atlantic cable was laid between its shore and that of Ireland. 3. Nova Scotia. — Under French rule, this province, along with what is now New Brunswick, was termed Acadia. Its settlements then were few, small, and scat- 96 niSTORV Of CANADA, [chap tered — the chief one being at Port Royal, which was founded in 1605, and another at the mouth of the St. John river. The French settlers devoted themselves to hunting and fishing, and tilled only the more fertile portions of the land. Acadia was taken several times by the English, and as often restored to the French. In 16 14, Samuel Argall, with three ships from the English settlements in Virginia, appeared before Port Royai, and after destroy- ing the place, sailed away. But on the strength of this expedition, and of the early voyages of Cabot and Gil- bert, England laid claim to Acadia; and, in 1624, granted it to Sir William Alexander, by whom the country was named Nova Scotia. In the meantime, however, the French, resumed possession of Port Royal, and formed other small settlements along the coasts, so that the English under Sir David Kirke were again, obliged to take possession of it by force in 1628. It was restored to France in 1632, by the treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye. It was next captured by the British in 1654, when Crom- well ruled England, but the treaty of Breda, in 1667, gave it back to France. In 1690, Sir William Phipps de- stroyed the fortifications of Port Royal, and, in 1 7 10, General Nicholson took it for the last time, and changed its name to Annapolis, in honor of Queen Anne. The treaty of Utrecht, in 17 13, confirmed England's claim to the country. In 1749 ^^ city of Halifax was founded. The final capture' of Cape Breton, with its strong fortress of Louisburg, in 1758, assured future safety and peace to the new province of Nova Scotia. From this time until 17S4, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, Prince Edward Island, and New Brunswick formed one province. They were then separated, but Cape Breton was again joined to Nova Scotia in 18 19. Nova Scotia was governed, at first, by the English General commanding in the colony. li XV.] THE OTHER PROVINCES. 97 lO, ace ime ard hey led I, at }ny. Af:erwards a council was appointed to assist him, and, in 1758, it received a constitution from England. This pro^ vided for a joint Executive and Legislative Council, named by the crown, and an Assembly elected by the people During the Revolution in the United States, much sympa- thy was expressed in Nova Scotia for the rebels, so much so that the members for disloyal counties were not allowed to take their seats in the Assembly. After the war, about 20,000 U. E. Loyalists settled in the province. In 18 14, Nova Scotia granted $10,000 to aid those who suffered by the war in Canada. In 1820, measures were taken to pro- tect the coast fisheries. In 1838, the Executive and Legislative Councils were separated, and ten years after- wards responsible government was introduced. The "Reciprocity Treaty'' of 1854 contained clauses which regulated the fishery difficulties between the United States and B'-itish America. Up to the time of Con- federation, Nova Scotia made great progress, as was shown by its lines of railways, and a system of schools and colleges generously supported by the government. . 4. New Brunswick. — This province was called the county of Sunbury when it formed part of Nova Scotia, but in 1784 it was made into a separate government similar to that of its older neighbor. Fredericton became its capital, and its first governor was Thomas Carleton, under whom it prospered greatly. From 1804 until 18 17 it was governed by presidents. In 1809, the British Par- liament laid a tax upon timber imported into the United Kingdom from the Baltic, but allowed timber from New Brunswick to be admitted free of duty. The result was of great benefit in starting the timber trade of the young pro- vince. The population was largely increased by the influx of U. E. Loyalists after the Revolutionary war, and, again, after the war of I8i2-'i4, when many disbanded soldiers 7A 98 HISTORY OF CANADA. [CHAl' received land-grants in the province. During the hot sum mer of 1825 extensive fires raged through the forests of the country, six thousand square miles were desolated, and five hundred lives lost. In 1837, the city of St. John was visited by fire, and 115 houses burnt. In the same year, the revenues of the province were given over to the control of the local government. In 1842, the " Ashburton Treaty* settled the harassing dispute about the " Maine Boundary Line," by dividing the land between the province and Maine. New Brunswick, with the great resources of her soil, her mines, and her forests, has rapidly overtaken her older sisters, and, like them, can point to her rail- ways and her schools as evidences of advancement 5. Prince Edward Island. — Champlain gave this island the name of St. John. The 'Lnglish claimed it in 1745, when they took Louisbourg, but the " Treaty of Aix-la- Chapelle" restored it to France, three years afterwards Lord Amherst took possession of it again, in 1758, and- in 1763, it was confirmed to England by the same treaty h . 1. Bribish North America Act. 2. Duli'js of CJoveriior-GeiierHl. • 3. The Si'imte. 4. Tlic House of Commons. 6. Til- l*ro\ii»ciai LcjiihliiturcM. (i. Atlmiiwio' ot other provinces. 7. Dutie. o Piirliuinent. 8. Dell ail' revenue. 9. Dominion Day. 10 Nov» Scotia dissatisfied. 11. Manitoba. 12. British Columhia. 13. Washinjyton Treaty. 14. Dual Ue|trcMcn^ation. 15. New Jlnuis\vicl\ JScliool Act. 10. C'liaiigu in the Dominion Minis- try. 17. RicI aiui Lcpine. is. Proi^rcss in 1870. 19. Dc|nes.sion of trade. 20. Halifax Cominist>ion. 21. Canailian sentiment. 22. Concludiiiif wurUs. 1. The Dominion of Canada began in 1867, with the union of the four provinces of Upper Canada, Lower Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. By the " British North America Act," the name of Upper Can- ada was changed to Ontario, and that of Lower Canada to Quebec. It is important to understand this Act, be- cause it made provision for three important things : first, how the Dominion was to be governed ; second, how pach province was to be governed, and, third, how the poniinion might, in the future, be enlarged by adding other provinces. 2. According to that Act, the authority of the Sovereign of the British Empire, was to be represented by a Gov- ernor-General, in whom was to be vested the power by which the laws are to be carried out. For this reason, he appoints the Lieutenant-Governors of the provinces, and the judges of the various courts. He is the com- mander-in-chief of all the military and naval forces in the Dominion, and no Act of Parliament can become law until he has given his assent to it. In him resides the power to commute the sentence of a court of justice. I i I02» HISTORY OF CANADA, [chap. His responsible advisers were to consist of thirteen mem- bers of Parliament who possessed the confidence of Par- liament. 3. The Senate of the Dominion was to consist of seventy-two Senators, appointed by the crown for life, namely, twenty-four for Ontario, twenty-four for Quebec, twelve for Nova Scotia, and twelve for New Brunswick. A senator must be a British subject, a resident of the province for which he is appointed, and an owner of property to the value of $4000 over and above the amount of his debts. The Speaker of the Senate is appointed by the Governor-General. 4. The House of Commons was to be made up of one hundred and eighty-one members, namely, eighty-two for Ontario, sixty-five for Quebec, nineteen for Nova Scotia, and fifteen for New Brunswick. The number of sixty-five for Quebec was to remain fixed, and form a standard num- ber, in proportion to which, and to the increase in popula- tion of the several provinces,compared with that of Quebec at each taking of the census, the numbers from the other provinces might be adjusted. A member of the House of Commons must be a British subject, and own property worth $2500. This House elects its own Speaker, and in no case can a Parliament continue in existence for a longer term than fiv. years. We see then, that the gov* ernment of the Dominion consists of four units ; the Gov- ernor-General, the Executive Council, the Senate, and the Hous£ of Commons. 5. Each province was to have a Lieutenant-Governor, and a Legislature consisting of one or two branches, ac- cording to its choice. All the provinces, except Ontario, chose to have two branches, an Assembly elected by the people, and a Legisla*^ive Cour.cil named by the crown. Ontario chose to have only an Assembly, which consisted XVI.] THE DOMINION OF CANADA. W3 i/ led at first of eighty-two members. In all the provinces the Assemblies are elected for four years. Each of the Lieu- tenant-Governors is aided by an Executive Council or Ministry, responsible to the Legislature, and through it to the province, for all measures and acts of government. 6. When any other province wishes to enter the Do- minion, the majority of its inhabitants muf:t express their willingness, after which the legislatures of the province and the Dominion Parliament pass the necessary Acts, which must also receive the sanction of royal authority. 7. This Confedercttion of the provinces did not take from them the great boon of responsible government, but only secured it to all in a more complete form. To the government at Ottawa was given the charge of those matters which ( oncerned all the provinces, such as trade and commerce, the postal service, the taking of the census, the military and naval defence of the country, navigation, the fisheries, coinage, banking and the issue of paper- money, the Indians, criminal law, and the penitentiaries. The duties of each provincial legislature included the levying of direct taxation within the province, borrowing money on the credit of the province, the regulation of municipal institutions, licenses, local public works, pro- perty and civil rights in the province, the administration of justice, and education. 8. Each of the provinces had a public debt of its own, but at the union the Dominion promised to pay these debts. The provinces also gave up their public revenues to the central government at Ottawa, and, in lieu of this, the latter was to pay each local government a fixed yearly sum to defray its expenses. It was agreed, moreover, that an Intercolonial Eailway should be built, joining the Maritime provinces with those in the interior. 9. While the first " Dominion Day " was observed ^ 104 mSTOIiV OF CANADA, [CHAP. with rejoicing thfoughout the country, at Ottawa Lord Monck took the oath as first Governor-General of tha , Dominion of Canada, He then, in the name of the Queen, bestowed various imperial honors upon the public men who had been foremost in bringing about Confederal tlon. Sir Jolm A. Macdonakl was directed to form a Ministry, and thus became the first Premier cf the Do* ininion. Sir N. F. Belleau was appointed Lieutenant- Governor for Quebec, and General Doyle for Nova Scot in. The government of the other two provinces was adminis- tered by military officers until the following year, when the lion. W. P. Rowland, CD., became Lieutenant-Gov- ernor of Ontario, and the Hon. Judge Wilmot, of New Crunswiclc; lo. The elections were held durmg the summer, and within a few months after they had taken place the several legislatures met. The working of the new constitution gave much satisfaction in all the provinces except Nova Scotia. Before one year had passed, it was found that the share of the Dominion revenue received by that province did not suffice to meet the expanses of its gov- ernment. The people at once expressed their displeasure, and sent petitions to England to have their part in Con- federation cancelled. But the Home Government refused the petition, and advised a friendly settlement of the causes of complaint. " Better terms" were come to, and the province became contented. In British Columbia, an agitation commenced in favor of joining the Dominion. . II. In 1 868, Lord Lisgar became . Governor-General. This year saw efforts made to obtain the cession of the North-West Territory to Canada. The two hundred years of the Hudson's Bay Company's charter were ex- piring, and two delegates, Sir G. E. Cartier and the Hon. W. Macdougall, C.B., were sent to England to take the I XVI. J THE DOMINION OF CANADA, xos