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 BRITISH COLUMB 
 
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 \ tanadian Pacific Railway. 
 
 i V ,^ 1886. 
 
 
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 THE PROVINCE OF / 
 
 British Columbia 
 
 CANADA 
 
 • • 
 
 ITS RESOURCES, COMMERCIAL POSITION 
 AND CLIMATE. 
 
 AND DKSCaiPTION OF THE NEW FIELD OPENED UP BY 
 
 THE CANADIAN FAGIHG RAILWAY 
 
 WITH MAPS AND INFORMATION FOR 
 
 INTENDING SETTLERS 
 
 *'A Prorlnoe whioh Canada should be proud to possess, and whose association with tiM "^ 
 
 Dominion she ought to regard as the crowning triumph of Federation." 
 
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CONTENTS 
 
 lNTiu)i)i;crr()UY Kkmakks .--••••••• 6 
 
 THE MAIxNLANI) OF lUllTISll COLUMBIA: 
 
 jHifcriptidn, UeHoiircos, Vuncouver, Now Wefltminster and Towns • 7 
 VANCOITVEU ISLAND: 
 
 Dosiriptiuii, Victoria, Esqnimalt, Nunulmo, etc. - • - • 22 
 
 liosourcos of laUmd, Climuto, etc. .---.. 26 
 
 Thk Inlands ok tiik Stuaits ..---«... 28 
 
 Taxaoa, Qukkn ('iiaui.ottk Lsi.ands, ktc. .-.•«, 28 
 
 The ( ioM) riici.DS or Burnsii Columuia, Coal, Era • • • • • 80 
 
 The Eisiikuiks ov the West Coast ■...«..• 33 
 The Fohest Tuioes -------....34 
 
 The TiiAUE of the Province -----.... 38 
 
 The Climate ok Ukitish Columbia .-..-.•,39 
 
 SpoKT and yOENEUY ---••-••-•• 42 
 
 Land Regulations -----••-•..44 
 
 How to Reach British Columbia -••••••• 47 
 
 Hints to Settlebs ---•••••••«48 
 
-^^'■"-- ■■ ■ • ■„ ijnTtiTiMmfi'^^ 
 
 RIVER STEAMERS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
ITS POSITION, RESOURCES, AND CLIMATE 
 
 INTBODUGTOBY REMARKS. 
 
 CONCERNING the Province of British Columbia, which the Canadian 
 Pacific Railway so suddenly transformed into an easily accessible and 
 profitable field for commercial enterprise, the majority of peojjle have 
 only very indistinct ideas. This publication may perhaps supply use- 
 ful information. 
 
 Its object is to impart reliable information of the country, its present con- 
 dition, its characteristics and capabilities, and the important position it now 
 holds, and in the future will more distinctly occupy, in its relations with the 
 other provinces of the Dominion, the trade of the Pacific Coast, and the 
 commerce of the world at large. 
 
 The completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway was tne dawn of a new era 
 on the North Pacific Coast. The province that has been lightly spoken of as a 
 "Sea of Mountains)." deriving a certain majesty from its isolation, its wilder 
 attributes and undiscovered mysteries, is now traversed by a railway, accurately 
 described as the highway between Liverpool and Hong Kong. The completion 
 of this road dispelled the mists of British Columbia solitude, and allowed the 
 current of trade to flow uninterruptedly between the Atlantic and the Pacific. 
 
 The trade of the past has been mere dabbling on the shores of the ocean of 
 commerce; a handful of men essaying the work of a milUon, and that they 
 achieved success at all in the then far dista'^^t Pacific colony afforded a suggestive 
 indication of what is being rapidlv accoriplished under the new conditions 
 
 The history of British Columbia may be summed up in a few sentences. 
 After a number of years, during which British Columbia, under various names, 
 was occupied only by Indians and Traders ot ohe North-west Company, after- 
 wards amalgamated with the Hudson's Bay Company ; Vancouver Island, an 
 important port of the province, was made a colony in 1849. In 1858 the Main- 
 land territory became a colony, with the name of British Columbia, and in 1866 
 the two colonies were united, and so remained until July 20th, 1871, when 
 British Columbia, retaining its appellation, entered the Confederation of Canada. 
 During the first years of its colonial phase of existence it was governed by Chief 
 Factor James Douglas, afterwards Governor Sir James Douglas, with great 
 ability and unqualified success. To a just and kindly rule he added a courage 
 
6 BRITISH COLUMBIA 
 
 and firmness that made his word respected amongst the Indians from the Gjl- 
 umbia to the Skeena, and when the discovery of gold brought a rush of white 
 men into the country, he displayed the same ability in governing them. 
 
 Until the discovery of gold on the Columbia and the Fraser in 1856, the 
 trade of the country was almost exclusively in furs, which were collected at Fort 
 Victi)ria, on Vancouver Island, and shipi^ed to England via Cajie Horn. The 
 people of British Columbia, walled out of communication with Canada by four 
 ranges of mountains, and hamiHjred in their intercourse with California by 
 national distinctions, were without any immediate prospect of improvement, 
 wiion the confederation of the British American colonies, witn an invitation to 
 British Columbia to join, on terms of unexpected generosity, opened to them a 
 vista of ])ossibilities that transformed their apatlietic conteii'D^ent into sauguine 
 exi)ectation 
 
 After the admission of the colony into the Dominion of Canada in 1871, con 
 siderable dissatisfaction arose from the inability of the Canadian Government 
 to construct a railway to the Pacific within the time siiccified in the conditions 
 upon which British Columbia had entered the confederation. Remonstrances 
 were folhnved by a re-arrangement of terms, which in their turn were not 
 entirely fulfilled, and fresh bickerings arose. 
 
 At lust in 1881 the CanacTian Government entered into a contract with a syn- 
 dicate of capitalists to build a railway from Ontario to the Pacific Ocean and to 
 complete and ojierate it by the year 1891. An Act of Parliament was passed 
 embodying the contract with the Syndicate, a company was organized, and work 
 was immediately commenced and prosecuted with such vigor that the last rail in 
 the gigantic railway that now binds British Columbia to the Eastern provinces of 
 Canada was laid in November, 1885, six years before the time stipulated in the 
 contract between the Government and the Company. This road has pierced the 
 successive ranges of the Rocky Mountains, Selkirk, Gold ranges, etc. ; it has 
 penetrated the then unknown country on tlife north of Lake Superior and opened 
 a way from ocean to ocean. The busy life that teems on either side of the Atlantic 
 already surges towards the west, impatient to reach the latent wealth of the 
 'Western provinces, and to seek on the shores of the Pacific new fields for its 
 enterprise and capital. 
 
THE MAINLAND OP BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 THE GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION OF THE PROVINCE. 
 
 British Columl)ia, tlie most westerly Province of Canada, lies between the 
 49th parallel of north latitude (the international boundary between Canada and 
 the Unitod States) and latitude 60® N.,and extends westward from the summit 
 of tlie Ruckies to the Pacific Ocean, and includes A'ancouver Island, Queen 
 C'luulotte Islands, and others in the Straits of Georgia and on the coast north 
 of it, as far as the 54th parallel of latitude. 
 
 Even were there no Island of Vancouver, and no harbor at Esquimalt, British 
 Columbia would still be one of the most important provinces of the Dominion, 
 as well from a political as from a commercial jjoint of view. "With that island 
 it is to a maritime nation invaluable, for the limits of British Columbian coal 
 fields can only be guessed at, while enough coal has already been discovered on 
 Vancouver Island to cover the uses of a century. The harbors of this province 
 are unrivalled, and are so situated that the Straits of Georgia could, without 
 difficidty, be made impassible at either end to hostile ships. Their possession 
 gives command of the North Pacific, and that in its turn goes far toward dom- 
 inating the China Sea and the coasts of Japan. The commercial position of 
 British Columbia is not less commanding. Besides its coaling facilities, it affords 
 the shortest route between Eurojoe and the East It will soon be the highway 
 to Australasia. Its principal seaport must attract not only a large portion of the 
 China and Australian rapid transit trade, but must necessarily secure much of 
 the commerce of the Pacific Ocean. Its timber is unequalled in quantity, 
 quality or variety ; its mines already discovered, and its great extent of unex- 
 plored country, speak of vast areas of rich mineral wealth ; its waters, containing 
 marvellous quantiti?s of most valuable fish, combine to give British Columbia 
 a value that has been little understood. 
 
 The author of " Greater Britain " says : " The position of the various stores 
 of coal in the Pacific is of extreme importance as an index to the future distribu- 
 tion ol power in that portion of the world ; bat it is not enough to know where 
 coal is to be found, without looking also to the quantity, quality, cheapness of 
 labor, and facility of transport. The three countries of the Pacific which must 
 rise to manufacturing greatness are Japan, British Columbia, and New South 
 "Wales ; but which of these will finally become wealthiest and most powerful 
 depends mainly on the amount of coal which they respectively possess, so 
 situated as to be cheaply raised. The future of the Pacific shores is inevitably 
 brilliant, but it is not New Zealand, the centre of the water hemisphere, which 
 will occupy the position that England has taken on the Atlantic, but some 
 country such as Japan or British Columbia, jutting out into the ocean from Asia 
 or America as England juts out from Europe," 
 
 The mainland of British Columbia is about 760 miles long and 500 broad, 
 and it contains a superficial area variously estimated from 230,000 to 350,000 
 square miles. Of this a large portion is comprised in the mountains which iu 
 four ranges traverse tlie greater length of the province. 
 
8 BUITISH COLUMBIA 
 
 Tlie Rocky ^lountains rise jibruptly at their eastern base from the plain or 
 priiirio region of Central Canada. They are composed of a number of more or 
 l'.'ss nearly parallel ranges, whicli have a general direction a little west of north 
 nn*l u broadtii of over sixty miles. Between the 51st and 52nd parallels the 
 ranges docroaso rapidly in height. 
 
 The surface of the country between the Rocky Mountains an*! the Pacific 
 Occiiin nuiy be divided into two subordinate mountain districts, flanking on 
 either side an irregular belt of higli plateau country, which extends, with an 
 average width of about 100 miles, up the interior of the province to about 55.30 
 N.L., and is, in fact, a northerly continuation of tlie great basin of Utah and 
 Nevada in tlie United States. On the eastern side of this plateau are mountains 
 th;it run generally parallel to the Rocky Mountains. The large islands of Van- 
 couver and Queen Charlotte slielter tlie mainland coast. In the extreme north 
 of the province the mountains generally, except those of the coast range, dim- 
 inish in height, and the surface has a gentle northerly and north-easterly slope. 
 
 The coast of British Columbia has been well described by the Earl of 
 Dufferin, who, while Governor-General of Canada, visited the Pacific Province 
 in 187(), and in a speech at Victoria on his return from the north, said : " Such 
 " a spectacle as its coast line presents is not to be paralleled by any country in 
 " the world. Day after day for a whole week, in a vessel of nearly 2,000 tons, 
 " we threaded an interminable labyrinth of watery lanes and peachts that 
 " wound endlessly in and out of a network of islands, promontories, and penin- 
 " suias for thousands of miles, unruflied by the slightest swell from the adjoin- 
 " ing ocean, and presenting at every turn an ever shifting combination of rock, 
 " verdure, forest, glacier, and snow-capped mountain of unrivalled grandeur and 
 " beauty. "When it is remembered that this wonderful system of navigation, 
 " equally well adapted to the largest line-of-battle ship and the frailest canoe, 
 " fringes the entire seaboard of your Province and comniunicates at points, 
 " sometimes more than a hundred miles from the coast, with a multitude of 
 " valleys stretching eastward into the interior^ while at the same time it is fur- 
 " nished with innumerable harbors on either hand, one is lost in admiration of 
 " the facilities for inter-communication which are thus provided for the future 
 " inhabitants of this wonderful region." 
 
 THE HABBOBS. 
 
 Of the many harbors, the principal are English Bay and Coal Harbor, at 
 the entrance to Burrard Inlet, a few miles north of the Eraser River. Vancouver, 
 the terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway, is situated between these harbors. 
 Port Essington, at the mouth of the Skeena, promises to be much used for the 
 northern gold field traffic, and AVaddington Harbor, at the head of Bute Inlet, 
 is said to be the natural outlet for a large tract of valuable country in the in- 
 terior. But numerous as are the harbors along the coast, their respective 
 merits have all been duly weighed, and all have been discarded in favor of the 
 harliors in Burrard Inlet, which have been adopted by the railway. For the 
 coast trade the others are all valuable. 
 
 THE BIVEBS. 
 
 Of the rivers of British Columbia the principal are the Eraser, the Columbia 
 and the Peace. The Eraser is the great water course of the province, it rises 
 
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10 BRITISH COLUMBIA 
 
 In the northern part of the Rocky Mountains, runs for about 200 miles in two 
 branches, in a westerly direction, and then in one stream runs due soutli for 
 over 300 miles before turning to rush through the gorges of the coast range to 
 the Straits of Georgia. On its way it receives the waters of a number of other 
 streams, many of which would be rivers of some magnitude in other countries. 
 Amongst these are the north and south branches of the Thompson, tlie 
 Chilicoten, the Lillooet, the Nicola, the Harrison, the Pitt, and numerous 
 others. 
 
 The Columbia is a large river rising in the southern part of the province, in 
 the neighborhood of the Rocky Mountains, near the Kootenay Lake. It runs 
 due north beyond the 52nd degree of latitude, when it takes a sudden turn and 
 runs due south into Washington State. It is this loop made by the abrupt 
 turn of the river that is known as the " great bend of the Columbia. " The 
 Kootenay waters fall into the returning branch of this loop. 
 
 The Peace River rises some distance north of the north bend of the Fraser, 
 and flows eastwardly through the Rocky Mountains, draining the plains on the 
 other side. It more properly belongs to the district oast of the mountains that 
 bears its name. In the far north are the Skeena River and the Stikeen flowing 
 into the Pacific, the latter being in the country of the latest gold mining 
 operations. 
 
 The Fraser River is navigable for river boats to Yale, a small town 110 miles 
 from the mouth ; and larger vessels, drawing 20 feet, can ascend to New West- 
 minster, situated about 15 miles from the mouth. 
 
 THE 7BA8ER BIVEB DI8TBI0T. 
 
 On either side of the river below New Westminster is good arable land. It is 
 subject to occasional overflow, but this quickly subsides, and floods the land 
 only for a short distance from the b.anks. The whole of the lower Fraser coun- 
 try is much esteemed for farming. Tlie soil is rich and strong, and heavy 
 yields are obtained without much labor. Very large returns of wheat have 
 been got from land in this district — as much as 62 bushels from a measured 
 acre, 75 bushels of oats per acre, and hay that yielded 3J tons to the acre. 
 Good prices are realized for all farm produce. In some places near the riyer 
 the land requires dyking. This part of British Columbia is fairly well settled 
 but there is still ample room for new comers. Those having a little money to 
 use, and desirous of obtaining a ready-made farm, may find many to choose 
 from. These settlements are not all on the Fraser ; some are at a distance from 
 it on other streams. 
 
 The climate, described elsewhere, proves to be a great temptation to many. 
 Tlie proximity of the great river and the Canadian Pacific Railway are addi- 
 tional attractions. The Thompson is navigable from a point on the Canadian 
 Pacific Railway at Spence's Bridjte, through Kamloops Lake to Clearwater on 
 the North Thompson, and through the South Thompson, and Shuswap Lake, to 
 some distance up the Spallumcheen River. The Columbia is navigable between 
 the point at which the Canadian Pacific Railway crosses the western side of the 
 loop which the river m«tlres< at Re v«l0toke, and ColviUe,^ a town in Washington 
 State. 
 
BRITISH COLUMBIA 11 
 
 ^ BURRABO IHLET. 
 
 YAICOWZB, POPULATION 15,090, THE CANADIAN PACI7I0 TlBMINaS. 
 
 About two or three miles from the delta formed by the double outfall of the 
 Fraser River is Burrard Inlet, a land-locked sheet of water accessible at all 
 times to vessels of all sizes, at the entrance to which are the harbors of Coal 
 Harbor and English Bay. Port Moody is at the head of the inlet, 14 miles 
 above Vancouver City. Vancouver is 75 miles from Vicitoria and 35 from 
 Nanaimo, on Vancouver Island. This, the most accessible and in several ways 
 best anchorage on the mainland, was the one selected by the Canadian Pacifia 
 Railway at which to make their western terminus. 
 
 On a peninsula having Coal Harbor on the east and English Bay on the 
 west, the new city of Vancouver has arisen. Rising gently from the sea to an 
 undulating plateau thickly wooded with giants of the coniferous tribe, and trees 
 of deciduous growth, the site of the City of Vancouver is surrounded by a coun- 
 try of rare beauty, and the climate is milder and less varying than that of 
 Devonshire and more pleasant than that of Delaware. Backed in the far dis- 
 tance by the Olympian range, sheltered from the north by the mountains of the 
 coast, and sheltered from the ocean by the high lands of Vancouver Island, it 
 is protected on every, side, while enjoying a constant sea breeze and a view of 
 the Straits of Georgia, whose tranquil waters bound the city on two sides. The 
 inlet affords unlimited space for sea-going ships, the land falls gradually to the 
 sea, rendering drainage easy, and the situation permits of indefinite expansion 
 of the city in two directions. The Canadian Pacific Railway was completed to 
 Vancouver in May, 1887, when the first through train arrived in that city from 
 Montreal. That year, also, the Canadian Pacific Company put a line of steam- 
 ships on the route between Vancouver and China and Japan. Those two im- 
 portant projects gave an impetus to the growth of the city, T>y placing its ad- 
 vantages entirely beyond the realm of speculation, and the advancement made 
 was truly marvelous. 
 
 A great conflagration, in June, 1886, nearly wiped the young city out of 
 existence, but before the embers died, materials for rebuilding were on their 
 way, and, where small wooden structures were before, there arose grand edifices 
 of stone, brick and iron. Under the influence of the large transportation interests 
 which were established there the next year, the building of the city progressed 
 rapidly, and during 1887 most of the city plat was cleared of timber, and a large 
 amount of street work was done. Since that time its progress has been un- 
 hindered by any disaster. The city is laid out on a magnificent scale, and it is 
 being built up in a style fully in accord with the plan. Its residences, business 
 blocks, hotels and public buildings of all classes would be creditable to any 
 city. During the year 1888, building aggregating in value $1,350,000.00 were 
 erected within the corporation limits. The record for 1889 shows even a greater 
 result, the new buildings footing up to a sum of $1,400,000.00. In January, 1888, 
 the city assessment showed a taxable valuation of property aggregating nearly 
 $3,500,000.00. In January, 1889, the total assessed valuation of property was 
 $6,600,000.00. For 1890 the figures exceed $9,000,000.00. During 1888 $85,00a00, 
 
IS BRITISH COU'MHIA 
 
 were expended in street improvements. Tlio total niilouge of j^nulod streets in 
 the city in IhOO was 40J, und there were 40] miles of sidowiilks. 
 
 Fucts like these show how rapid tlio projrroH.s was. Vancouver has a thor- 
 oughly equipiKid paid fire deparljTieiit, and has also all the attrihutes of a live 
 modern city, such us water-works, eloctri(! lii,'lit an I gas, teliiphone, etc., eto. 
 Several miles of track for an electric street ruilw;iy are laid. Early in ISDO the 
 «'ars were in oirt^ratioii. Kducatioiial iiifcrcsts are \v(dl looked after. The new 
 ' high und central bcIk ols, the liouuin Cutholic jjarochial school, and oxcollont 
 ])ublic schools afl'ord every facility for a cheap and thorough education. 
 
 The business institutions of the city are of a stable character, many of them 
 being branches of old eastern estaldi.'^hinentH. There are three chartered bank- 
 ing liouses, there being the J>ank of Montreal, the Ikink of iJritish North Amer- 
 ica, and the Bank of British f'ohunbia, as well as two private banks; and the 
 total capital rejiresented by them is $")0,nn(),0()0.00. During the year 1S89, the 
 Canadian racific Kailway brought to the city nearly ril.OOf) tons of freiL;ht, und 
 forwarded al)out 40,000 tons. Over .510,000 ])acka^es of nierchandiiso were ex- 
 ported to China and Japan via the Canadian I'acific steamers, and the imports 
 from the same source aggregated over 574,000 packages; tlio total tonnage in- 
 wards being 34,427 tons, and outwards 21,S0l tons. The Canadian Pacific Com- 
 pany disbursed in Vancouver !?(i4S,L';}4.(>r). The local Custom House records for 
 1889 showed that for the last fiscal yearthere arrived in Viincouver marine craft 
 carrying inwards 59,131 tons, und outwards some 214,947 tons ; a grand total of 
 274,078 tons. The Custom House collections were $14.'3,(i08.7!>, or double that of 
 1888. The total imports were $.')25.275.00 against $74,808.00 in 1888, and the ex- 
 ports $430,782.00, against $121 ,401.00 in the previous year. The goods shipped 
 to the United States were valued at $195,474.82 against $20,087.75, and the ship- 
 ments through Vancouver from tlie United States were valued at $1,500,000.00. 
 The Post Office business in 1888 was about 150 i)er cent greater than in 1887, and 
 last year it was 35 i^er cent, over that again. These figures show specifically 
 what advancement the city made in the lines whicli are quoted, and when the 
 fact that the mercantile and manufactunng interests correspondingly increased 
 in importance is considered, a definite idea may be formed of the rapid growth 
 vwhich the city experienced, and this rate of advancement has not in the least 
 ;abated, but rather increased. Lumbering ojierations luivo attained immense 
 importance, Vancouver being the centre for this industry. The various mills 
 employ 1,500 hands, and their combined output for 1889 was valued at $2,500,- 
 000.00. Other manufactories flourish in proportion. The city has a well or- 
 ganized Police department, a hospital completed in 1888 at a cost of $10,000.00, 
 ;and one of the most beautiful parks in the world, known as Stanley Park, an- 
 other in the east end und one on the soutli side of the city. Fraternal and be- 
 novelent organizations are numerous comprising lodges of Free Masons, Odd- 
 fellows, Good Templars, Knights of Labor, Knights of Pythias, Locomotive 
 Engineeis, United Workmen, Foresters, Sons of England, and a St. George's, 
 St Patrick's, and a St. Andrew's Society. There are also a Public Heading 
 Room, Young Men's Christian Association, and a "Woman's Christian Tempe- 
 rance Union. In 1889 there were eleven churches : two Metodist, three Presby- 
 terian, three Episcopal, a Congretional, a Baptist, and a Roman Catholic. There 
 fire two flourishing daily and weekly newspapers. 
 
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 b 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^1 
 
 
 ■#%. 
 
II- HUniSH COLUMBIA 
 
 In iicMition to tho srr«Rt trftn«iK>rtuti()n lin«H of tlif- riiim<liuii Puclfli! Railway 
 and tho BtuutnHhip lliioH to China au<l Japan and to AiiHtnilia, tito city lias con- 
 nectioim with uU important pointM ul <ng tlio I'acill(; CoaHt Tim tranH-l'acino 
 HtnaniHliip lines oaoli nu;oivo(l u Hul)Hidy of $.500,000.00 from tlio lirit'iHli und 
 Canadian (iovnrnnionts, and tho boatH tliut havu boon mnployod in tlio Hcrvico 
 dnrin^ tlio oxintriintMital atago of tlio linn aro sniMiracxled tiiiH yoar by throe 
 ma!j;nili('unt now sUud Htoanishipa H])0(;ially doHignod '')r that trado. Btoainora 
 ply b«ftwoon Vancouver and Victoria <laily, to Nanainio tlireo tinios a week, 
 and ail ruK»'t Honnd porta and to Portland and Han FranciHco. Tho Seattle, 
 hako Kljore & Eastoru and the liollingham Bay Koad, and otljor valuable con- 
 nectin;.; Hyatoms, will Boon bo in working order and give doaer cunuectiona with 
 the different citiea and towna of tho Pacific Coaat 
 
 Tho following table of diatanoea will bo useful for reference: 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Vancouver to Montreal 2,900 
 
 Vancouver to Now York, via Brockville 3,102 
 
 Vaacouver to Boaton, via Montreal 3,222 
 
 Vancouver to Liverpool, via Montreal 6,713 
 
 San Francisco to New York 3,271 
 
 San Francisco to Boston 3,471 
 
 Yokohama, Japan, to Liverpool, via Han Francisco 11,281 
 
 Yokohama, Japan, to Liverpool, via Vancouver 10,047 
 
 Melbourne to Liverpool, via Vancouver 13,707 
 
 Melbourne to Liverpool, via San Francisco 14,211 
 
 Liverpool to Hong Kong, via Vancouver 11,049 
 
 " via San Francisco...., 12,883 
 
 '• Yokohama, via San Francisco 11,281 
 
 " " via Vancouver a 10,047 
 
 Vancouver to Yokohama 4,334 
 
 " Hong Kong 5,930 
 
 " Calcutta 8,087 
 
 '• London, via Suez Canal 16,735 
 
 NEW WE8TMINSTEB. 
 This flourishing little city waa founded by Colonel Moody during the Fraser 
 River gold excitement in 1858. It is the headquarters of the salmon canning 
 industry, and the population in 1889 was about 0,000. It is situated on the 
 north bank of the Fraser River, fifteen miles from its mouth, is accessible for 
 deep water slupping, and lies in the centre of a tract of country of rich and 
 varied lesources. 
 
 New Westminster is chiefly known abroad for its salmon trade and its lum- 
 ber business, but the agricultural interests of the district are now coming into 
 prominence and giving the city additional stability. The largest and most valu- 
 able tract of farming land in the province is in the south-west corner, in the 
 valley and delta of Fraser River, and New Westminster is situated in the midst 
 of that great garden. Lulu, Sea and Westham islands, comprising the delta of 
 the river, have an area of over fifty thousand acres of the choicest land. It is not 
 heavily timbered, and rich, alluvial soil yields crops of first quality and in 
 
lUUTISH COLUMHIA I.') 
 
 •urprifling quantity. Thmo toiiH of huy uro tukcii from an ur.re, ninoty hiiHholij 
 of oats, aevonty'tivo of wliout, utul of root cropH four huudntd to(M((ht him<lr«til 
 huHliels. At the lo(*ul fairs tiirni|M wuiKliiiiK forty poiiiuls nuch hu.n buuii fn'< 
 <liioiitly nxliil)lto(l; uiwl outs woi^liini; flfty-flvo iKXindsto tlio maaAurtMl ImihIioI. 
 What is known as tiio iniinioipality of Dultu is u Niinilar arou lyin)|( Imtwonn the 
 Fraser and Boundary Buy, on tlio south. Uichmond niuniripality is t) thtt 
 south ofVancouvor and North of the Frusor Ilivor. Tho municipulitlos of Hur- 
 r«y, Langley, Maple Uid|j;e and C^iiilliwuck occupy tlio valloy on hotii sides of 
 tlie river above Now Wcstniinsttir, and oml)raco an area <»f nearly five liumlrnd 
 fl(iuare miles of t lie very best at;ricultnral hindu. These extend nort!iward 
 from the American boundary a distance of about twenty-five niiles, but only 
 include what is in tho political district of New WostininHtcr. Furniiiiij hiiidH 
 reach much farther up the Fraser and also up the valleys of its tributarioH, the 
 Pitt, the Stave and tho Siwash. A choice tract, comprising some fifty thousand 
 acres, has recently come into notice on the Htuve, and is as yet ahncwt (Mitirely 
 unoccupied. These are all excellent fanning lands. They are eanily cleared 
 for the plow, and the soil is an alluvium mixed with u clay loum. Tho agricui* 
 tural productions include the common grains, roots, vegetables and a variety of 
 fruits. A failure of crops was never known in that region. Dairying is a pro- 
 fitable industry, and it is growitgin importance. While in the valley there 
 is no government hind to B{)eak of, a considerable ]>ortion of the area is yet un- 
 improved and may be purchased at moderate pri(;os. On the northern bran- 
 ches of the Fraser there are still eligible locations which may be obtained from 
 the Government or from the Railway Company on reasonable terms. In the 
 interior there are large amounts of land of all degrees of fertility and in all sorts 
 of locations, that are waiting for settlers. 
 
 There are twelve large salmon canneries within easy reach of New West- 
 minster. Tiiese establishments represent an invested capital oi $000,000.00, 
 they employ over five thousand men during the fishing season, and pay out 
 over $400,000.00 a year for supplies. The Fraser River canneries turned out 
 during the season of 1889, 307,580 cases, against 60,016 in 1888. This is one of 
 the most important industries of that region. Lumbering operations are also 
 extensive and profitable. New Westminster has direct connections with all 
 transcontinental trains, and the New Westminster Southern, to connect with 
 the American system at the boundary, will give that city ample shi])ping facili- 
 ties. Here are located several Provincial and Dominion institutions, such as 
 Provincial Jail, the Asylum for the Insane, the Royal Hospital, and the Provin- 
 oial Penitentiary. All the religious denominations are represented, as are also tho 
 benevolent and secret societies. Tho educational facilities are likewise excellent. 
 
 ALONG THE LINE OF THE CANADIAN PACIFIC BAILWAT. 
 At Yale, a small town about 90 miles from t e head of Burrard Inlet, and 
 at the entrance to the mountain gorges throujih which the Fraser River rushes 
 to the sea, a change of the characteristics of the country appears. From this 
 noint to the Gold Range, about 200 miles by rail, the rainfall is slight and un- 
 certain. Agriculture is carried on by means of irrigation, a mode preferred by 
 many as enabling the cultivator to regulate the growth of his crops, and cer- 
 tainly possessing advantages after the first slight outlay has been incurred. 
 
10 UHITIHH COLUMBIA 
 
 Klfty-Bovon milon north of Yulo, (»n tho lino of the railway, m Lytton, » 
 Bmiill town, ow hiK itH oxiHtniuo to a now wiiHliod out ({old bur in itM vit'inlty. 
 JIiTu tho ThoinpHoii How into tho rriiNor, iind rroni this valluy a lur^u district 
 ofarultlu and paHtonil land ht>;,'inH. In fact ovur very ooriflidoriiblu urtsiH, fur 
 excuudin^ in tho u;;;{r(«;;uto tho uruhlo iiriMiH of tho coaat n^Kion, tlio inti^rior is, 
 In purtM, afurniin)^ conntry np to '2,'ii)0 to Il.OOO fin-t, hd fur uh tlio soil \h conoern- 
 e^l, w liicli liuH IxKMi provod ti> lin ua fttrtilo ad tiie Itost on tlio count Cnltivution 
 la, liitwovur, roHtrictod, uh a riilo, to tho valleyd und tcrrm^oH. Tlio Boil conHlstH 
 <-()tiiruoidy of niixtnros of cluy and Haml, varv iii)^ with tho cliuructor of tlio local 
 forni.ilion, und of vvliltOHilty dopoHits. Thciy ovorywhoro yield lurKO cropH of ull 
 t!io curealH, vo;j;utuhl(^H and roots, wiuni favorably uituuttul. Tho clintato is 
 nuK'li hottor in Bnninier tlian tho climato uf the coast rot^ions. Toniatoeg, 
 nit'loiis and cncnndutrs thrive in tho oinni air in moHtpurta. Very lino fruit (uin 
 1)0 grown. Now that uccohm to tiic inarkotH on tlio Eustem side of tho nionn* 
 tains has boon oiKincd by tlio Caiuidian Tat if h; liailway, fniit growing will 
 become one uf tho principal indnstrios both in this und other ])arts uf the 
 ]>rovinco. 
 
 As a grazing conntry this wido swoep of territory is nnrivulled. Cattle and 
 sheep that food on bunch-grass, which is tho pasturago uf this region, produce 
 tho host beef and nnittou on tlie continent. In the district where tiie heavier 
 rainfall occurs, tlio bunch-grass is HU[iplanted by rod-top, blue-joint and other 
 more familiar grasses. Tho buncii-grass country is eciually valuable for iiorses; 
 it atfords thom excellent i)a8turago during tlie winter, for though tho outside 
 may be frosted, the heart remains sweet and good, and the animals kooi» in ex- 
 celloui, condition. There is a steady demand for British Columbia hors(>s east 
 of the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 UP THE FBASEB. 
 
 There are numerous small settlements in this district, particularly up the 
 valley uf the Fraser, on tho Lillooet, ai.d between the'Fraser and Kamloops 
 Lake. In summer a steamer runs on tho Fraser from Soda Creek, 150 miles 
 north of Lytton, to Quesnelle, sixty miles farther up tho river, the •urrounding 
 country, which is traversed by the Government waggon road, producing heavy 
 crops of grain and fruit. Beyond this is the Cariboo country, from Mhich a 
 groat deal of gold has been taken. In 18(50 and the following few years a num- 
 ber of gold bearing creeks were discovered in the Cariboo district, great num- 
 bers of men flocked to the place, and very large quantities of gold were taken 
 out, but the work was mainly confined to placer mining. Rich veins exist, and 
 with the use of proper machinery, which can now be taken into the country^ 
 large results will be obtained. Westwards of the Fraser lies the Chilicoten 
 prairies of large extent, but they are not likely to invite much settlement while 
 quantities of excellent land nearer the railway remain to be taken up. 
 
 KAM.OOFS AND THE SOUTHERN DISTBICT. 
 
 Abou'ii 40 miles north of Lytton the Canadian Pacific Railway turns due 
 east to Kamloops, a thriving town situated on the South Thompson, a few miles 
 above its junction with Kamloops Lake. Kamloops was originally a Hudsona 
 Bay Company's post, and round tliis a prosperous little town has grown up, the 
 
nUITTSH rOM'MniA 17 
 
 {)o[)iiliitlon In 1800 bcliiK 2/)0(). It in in a (TotmI itrnr.iun nui^borlxMMl, atwl 
 I. UN Iwon UHod by tbo II. it. Co. an ii borNo br«<(><liii^ diHtrict. Tbo ('oiintry 
 rminil iri wt'll Ht'ttlod, ii lar^'o nnrnbor nf t'arni*'rH biiviiii^ <>HtiibliHli<*il tbiMUHclvoM 
 ill tl>o neit^blxirbood of tbo liik(\ un<l on tliu l)unkM of tbo Tliiini|>Hiiii, witliin 
 tbo luHttwo or tbriM) yiMirs. TbiM tbritrict buH iniuiy uttriictionH, but in tbo 
 latt^rnl viilloyH, uh yot nioHtly unoccuplitd, aru tnictH of hind 0(|ally advuntaptoim 
 f >r fartuint;. Tlio lai^oiM '_'.'> ndli>H lon^, and a NtoaniiT rnnN t'roni KindoopH 
 t )\vii to fiuvonu'H I'ormy at tlio otlKir «^nd. Soiitli of tliin in a liilly, wcil-tiinber- 
 «d country, in wbiidi larj,'o nundmrH ofcattio aw raised. In parts it is w»dl- 
 waturud witli laltus, niarHbos and Hinall HtroainH, and in tliu Okanauan and 
 S|ialIutncliPon valI«yH, tbo hoU \h a doop, clayi'y loam, Ilro^bu•in^r «ood cropH of 
 cfroalH and mots witliout irrit^ation. Tlio climate of tliis Houtlicrn part oftb() 
 province is boaltliy, witb moderato winters and tberu is oltuity of tind)(>r for 
 the n^u of aottlors. A small stuamur runs on tbo Spallumcbcon Uivor tbroii;;b 
 tlioSbuswap Lakos, lyin^f bctwoun Kainloops and tbo mountains, and down 
 tlio JSoutb Tbompson to Kamloops. 
 
 THE NICOLA VALLEY 
 Forms part of tbo Yalo District, and is duo soutb of tbo main lino of tbo Canadian 
 I'acitic Railway, Hihmico'h Urid^o bcinjjj tbo principal outlot for tbis fb\o section 
 of country. For many years tbo Nicola \' alloy was reco^^nizod as tbo principal 
 gazing and stock-raisini; section in the province. It still maintains a bijfb 
 position in rosjKM't of tbo lines above referred to. Wbilst it is Hjxicially adapted 
 to pastoral jnirsuits, it is no less fitted for agriculture and tbo growtb of all classes 
 of cereals. Of late years, now tluit a nnvrket is to be bad for tbo i)roducts of tbe 
 farm, greater attention is being given to agricultural pursuits tban lias been tbo 
 case in tbe jiust. Tbe crops already grown are excellent in (piality and tbo y i(d(l 
 uuexceptionally large. Tbere is a greater tendency now to mixed farming tban 
 in tbo past. In a few years Nicola Valley will become as famous for its grain, 
 roota, vegetables and fruit of all kinds, as it basboon for its bumdi-grass fed cattle. 
 
 Tbis valley is also ricb in its mineral deposits. Here are to be found gold and 
 silver bearing quartz, as well as jilacer fields; coal and iron deposits. Tbe 
 principal mines for tbo precious metals are at Stump Lake and at Coulter's. Tlie 
 coal fields are at Coldwater, wbere magnetic iron ore is likowine found. 
 
 It is not improbable tbat one or more lines of railway will sbortly pierce 
 tbis somowbat isolated section of country in tbe near future. Wben tbat is done 
 Nicola's beautiful valleys, tbrougb whicb run streams of tbe purest water, teem- 
 ing with mountain brook trout, will become tbe home of hundreds of happy, 
 contented settlers. 
 
 Tbe climate is all that could be desired. There are large tracts of land yet 
 to be taken up at Government prices, and under tbe conditions regulating tbe 
 sale and pre-emption of public lands, which are very liberal. 
 
 THE OKANAOAN DISTBICT. 
 
 South and south-east of Kamloops, and the lake of that name, and the 
 Canadian Pacific Railway, is situated the Okanagan District believed to 
 be one of the finest sections in the whole province for agricultural and stock- 
 raising pursuits. In this part are to be found the most extensive farms 
 
18 BRITISH COI.UMBIA 
 
 in the province, as well as tlH> largest oiittle ranges. Many can count their herds 
 by the thousands of head, and tiieir broad lields by tliousands of acres. The 
 district is an extensive one and witliin its borders are to be found large lakes, 
 the principal one being Okanagan, whilst such streams as the Spallumcheen, the 
 Simelkameen and other large rivers flow through the district. 
 
 Okanagan is famous as a grain growing country. For many years this 
 industry was not prosecuted with either vigor or ])rofit. Of late a marked 
 change has taken place in this respect Samples of wheat raised in Okanagan, 
 sent to the Vienna Exposition in 1886, w«re awarded the highest premiums and 
 bronze medals. 
 
 One of the oest flouring mills in the Dominion is now in operation at 
 Enderby, some 35 miles south of Sicamous, a station on the line of the Canadian 
 Pacific Railway, which is reached by navigation for vessels of light d iht. 
 The flour manufactured at these mills from Okanagan grown wheat is e ' ta 
 any other to be found on the Continent. The climate is specially adaj. to 
 the growth of wheat, which is now reaching extensive dimensions — said ^ -o 
 several thousands of tons a year. The capacity of the Enderby mill is 150 barrels 
 of flour per day. It is operated to its utmost capacity. Farmers here find a 
 ready cash market for all the wheat they can possibly grov/, an advantage whicli 
 every farmer will fully appreciate. 
 
 There are still to be taken up immense stretches of the very best land, 
 whicli is but lightly timbered and easily brought under cultivation. AVater is 
 abundant in some sections, whilst in others it is scarce, rendering irrigation by 
 artesian wells a necessity. 
 
 Okanagan is also a very rich mineral district Valuable mines are now 
 
 being operated within its limits, which extend southerly to the American 
 
 boundary. 
 
 The eany completion of the Shuswap «& Okanagan Railway to Vernon, the 
 
 capital of the district, from the main line of the Canadian Pacific, a distance of 
 52 miles, will prove an immense impetus to this splendid section of country. 
 When this railway is completed it is to be oiierated by the Canadian Pacific 
 Railway for the owners on the percentage of the earnings. From Vertion tliere 
 will be first-class navigation up Lake Okanagan for a distance of IvIO miles. The 
 country tributary to the lake throughout is capital, and will shortly become 
 thickly populated. 
 
 There id room for many settlers in this southern area, and locations are 
 plenty where good soil, excellent pasturage, and an ample supply of timber are 
 to be found. This comprises pine, spruce, cedar, hemlock, balsam and other 
 kinds. On the high lands that back the valleys, forest succeeds forest, the trees 
 of which attain the enormous growth for which this province is so famous. These 
 places, like many other desirable localities in British Columbia, were formerly 
 reached only by the adventurous who secured homesteads and founded settle- 
 ments that are now within a day's journey from the line of railway. In the 
 region that lies between the Shuswap Lakes and the coast range, there are two 
 distinct climates, the dry and the humid ; the one to the north of the Thompson 
 and Fraser, and the other between the 49" and 50° parallel, each possessing its 
 distinctive attraction to settlers. A short distance east of the Shuswap Lakes 
 

 
 
 ';f.f N,^; •?;■<; 
 
 ■.,"*j'*''5'»,;':. •..:■■ ■• 
 
 
 ,, , ,,;Jji:;- 
 
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 •• •■■■ '■-^*';"- ^■i---.'';? 
 
 
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 *: 
 
 
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 -1. 
 
 
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 ,; 
 
 
 ■;••.; 
 
 ■i^.' 
 
 •f 
 
 
 
 •h' 
 
 J^tiii, 
 
10 BRITISH COLUMBIA 
 
 the Canadiai. ?5«cit centers the mountain passes of the Gold or Cohimhia Range. 
 This is another region of magnificent timber. Tlie fir and cedar attain dimen- 
 uions far exceeding anything known in the east of America, and only equalled 
 by those found on the west side of the coast range. Their value is enhanced by 
 proximity to the prairies, where there is an ever-growing demand for this species 
 of timber. 
 
 THE KOOTEITAT OISTBICT. 
 
 The Kootenay District, including the Lower and Upper Kootenay valleys 
 and the Columbia Valley, is a most vaiuable region now attaining considerable 
 prominence. Lying in the south-eastern corner of British Columbia, it is 
 separated from the North-West Territories of Canada by the Rocky ^Mountains, 
 and is in shape a huge triangle with a base line of some loo miles resting on 
 the 49° No. lat., which forms the international boundary between that portion 
 of British Columbia and Montana, Idaho and Washington State. About the 
 centre of this triangle is the Selkirk range of mountains, bending like a horse- 
 shoe with the open end towards the south, and within the horseshoe lies the 
 Lower Kootenay Valley, while the two remaining valleys comprising the 
 Kootenay District, i.e., the Upper Kootenay and the Columbia valleys, are out- 
 side of this horseshoe, isolating the Selkirks from the Rocky Mountains and 
 ■Gold Range. These valleys are formed respectively by the Columbia and 
 Kootenay rivers, and in addition to splendid timber, possess v,onsiderable 
 wealth of minerals and much valuable land admirably suited to agriculture 
 and grazing purposes. 
 
 THE VALLET OF THE COLUMBIA. 
 
 Passing east from Shuswap Lake along the line of the road, there is a sud- 
 den change of climate from the region where rain is seldom seen to that where 
 it falls frequently through all seasons of the year, except in the depth of winter, 
 when at time it becomes snow. This is the Gold Range, and in the valley of 
 the Columbia and its tributary streams, including Kootenay Lake and River. 
 This south-east corner of the province is remarkable for its pasturage lands. 
 It is a hilly country with rich grass lands and good soil There is a great 
 deal of prairie land, and about an equal quantity of forest in which pine, cypress 
 and cedar grow luxuriantly, as well as birch and other deciduous trees. An ex- 
 cellent tract of farming country is a belt along the Kootenay River, varying from 
 two to ten miles in width. Here the soil is light and bunch-grass grows. There 
 is a series of lakes near the river where the valley, which is about fifteen miles 
 wide, has a heavy soil, prwlucing grain and vegetables of the ordinary kind in 
 abundance. Salmon from the Columbia make their way in great numbers into 
 the Kootenay. The ordinary brook trout are plentiful in the mountain streams. 
 The country produces some of the best timber in the province, and is a good 
 district for large game. 
 
 Considerable placer mining has been done in the Kootenay District, and 
 recently some rich quartz ledges have been discovered. Steamers run on the 
 Kootenay T.iver and Lake, and a company has been chartered to construct 
 a railway to connect these with the Columbia River, and so with the Canadian 
 Pacific Railway, which crosses that stream in two places, and with the towns in 
 Washington State. 
 
BHITISH COLUMBIA 21 
 
 An Kiiglisli company is engaged in a scheme for widening tiie dutlot of the 
 Kootentiy Lake, with a view to reclaiming about 40,000 acres of lirst-class alluvial 
 land, on which they intend to form a colony of ex-ofllcers and other selectevl jx^r- 
 sons. Tills district is well timbered, yet a splendid grazing country; it has a 
 Biidicient rainfall, yet is out of the constant rainfall peculiar to the mountains 
 further north ; itis a good game country, produces cereals and roots in abundance, 
 and is witiiin easy reach of rail. Gold and silver have been found and mined in 
 this southern as well as in the northern parts of the province. 
 
 THE UFFEB KOOTENAT YALLET. 
 
 With the Rocky Mountains guarding it from the cold north and east winds, 
 and the warm breezes of the Pacific Ocean, the " Chinook Wind, " to regulate 
 all extremes of temjierature, the climate of the Upper Kootenay is healthful 
 and pleasant The snow-fall is light, though at times the cold is severe, but 
 cattle and horses remain out all winter without shelter or fodder and keep fat 
 and hejlthy. The springs are early, the summer warm and free from frosts, 
 and the winters moderate both in duration and range of cold. The valley is 
 lower than the plains east of the Rockies, its elevation above sea varying from 
 2,250 to 2,700 feet. The soil is good, producing fine crops of wheat, oats, peas, 
 garden produce, etc. ; tomatoes, cucumbers, and such dslicate growths do well 
 anywhere in the valley. Hop culture has not been tried extensively as yet, 
 but wherever the vines are grown as ornaments to houses they thrive supris- 
 ingly, proving that more extensive planting would be both safe and profitable. 
 Owing to the shelter afforded by the mountains, excep,'- with occasional thun- 
 derstorms, high winds are unknown in the Kootenay valley. The timber is 
 most valuable, including yellow pine, fir and tamarac, the former being a most 
 usei'ul and handsome tree, frequently attaining a girth of twenty feet. Large 
 deposits of excellent steam coal have been discovered in the Crow's Nest Pass, 
 and it is confidently believed that gold exists in paying quantities at many 
 points in the valley, including Bui River, Gold Creek, Moojea Creek, etc-, now 
 in the hands of enterprising companies. During 1863 and 1864 there was an 
 invasion of miners and much placer gold was taken out, over three million 
 dollars being credited to Wild Horse Creek alone. From latest reports, the 
 nrospects for future successful quartz mining appear most encouraging. 
 
 THE LOWEB KOOTENAY VALLET. 
 Following the erratic course of the Kootenay River in a southerly direc- 
 tion, it is found to cross the international boundary and flow for a considerable 
 distance through American territory. Ere it bends again within the limits of 
 British Columbia, it enters the broad expanse know as the Lower Kootenay 
 Valley, which ends with Kootenay Lake, a beautiful sheet of water some 90 
 miles in length. The river varies from 600 to 700 feet in width, and the average 
 depth is about 45 feet, rendering navigation by the largest steamers safe and 
 easy, the current being slow. Lofty elm and Cottonwood trees line the uanks, 
 leaving the valley an unbroken expanse of tall grass, without a tree until the 
 level ends at the pine-covered hills on either side. Above these hills rise the 
 mountains to a height varying from 1,500 to 5,800 feet There is no question 
 but that this valley contains some of the most productive land known, and per- 
 
\ 
 
 \ 
 
 22 BRITISH COLl'MHIA 
 
 haps the heaviest crops of cereals, roots, hops, etc., on record might be ecHpsed 
 here were it not for the overflow of Kootenay Lake and River, which occurs 
 nearly every season about June and July, and, while it certainly enriches the 
 soil to a marvelous extent, seriously interferes with agricultural operations. 
 Dyking the bottom-lands would of course work admirable, as it has done on 
 the Fraser River, but a better method is now under consideration. The outlet 
 •of Kootenay Lake is not sufficient to accommodate the surplus water coming 
 down from the mountains, hence the present overflow ; but it is proposed to 
 widen the natural outlet sufficiently to carry off all this water, and reports agree 
 that this can be done sucessfully. When accomplished, one of the most valua- 
 hle tracts in the province will be reclaimed. The valley is rich in minerals. 
 On Kootenay Lake immense galena deposits have been discovered, containing 
 a valuable proportion of silver, and mining is easy. On Toad Mountain, near 
 Kootenay Lake outlet, rich deposits of copper and silver have been located and 
 promise to be of great importance. Two small steamers at present ply upon 
 the lower Kootenay River and the Lake, and offer a delightful trip. The 
 lake is claimed to be one of the most beautiful in the world, and is a very at- 
 tractive point for sportsmen. In its clear depths are land-locked salmon, and 
 on the mountains in the vicinity are found grizzly bear, mountain goat and 
 
 caribou. 
 
 THE BIO BEKD OF THE COLUMBIA. 
 
 Between the Gold Range and the Selkirks is the west side of the great 
 
 loop of the Columbia River, that extends north above the 52nd parallel, or 200 
 
 miles from its rise. This bend drains a gold region not yet well explored, but 
 
 which has every indication of great mineral richness, and certainly possesses 
 
 an amazing quantity of fine timber. All the lower plateaus and valleys are 
 
 covered with cedar of enormous size, fir, spruce and white pine, and along the 
 
 streams are cotton-wood, birch and aspen. Within easy reach of the Canadian 
 
 Pacific Railway is enough timber to supply all the vast treeless plains east of 
 
 the Rockies for ages to come. Gold has been found in paying quantities at 
 
 many points north of the Bend, and indications of it on the Illecilliwaet River 
 
 and Beaver Creek. This is a region of frequent rains, and snow in winter, and 
 
 is characterized by a luxuriant growth of vegetation. 
 
 VANCOUVER ISLAND, 
 
 Vancouver is the largest island on the west coast of America, being about 
 three hundred miles long, and with an average breadth of about fifty 
 miles, and contains an estimated area of from 12,000 to 20,000 square miles. The 
 coast line, more particularly on the west side, is broken by numerous inlets of 
 the sea, some of which run up to the interior of the island for many miles, 
 between precipitous cliffs, backed by high and rugged mountains, which are 
 clothed ?'n fir, hemlock and cedar. At some points are sheltered bays which 
 receive small streams watering an open gladed country, having a growth of 
 wild flowers and grasses — the white clover, sweet grass, cowslip, wild timothy 
 and a profusion of berrieS: The two ends of Vancouver Island are, comparati- 
 vely speaking, flat, but there are mountains in the interior ranging from 6,000 
 to 8,000 feet on the highest ridges. The interior of the island, still unsettled at 
 
BRITISH COLUMBIA 28 
 
 any distance from the sea coast, is largely interspersed with lakes and small 
 streams. The surface is beautifully diversified by mountains, hills and open 
 prairies, and on the east coast the soil is so good, that great encouragement is 
 offered to agricultural settlement. 
 
 In other parts the soil is light and of little depth, but it is heavily wooded. 
 The greater part of these arable tracts is found in the south-eastern portion 
 of the island, in the strip of land lying between the mountains and the east- 
 ern coast. At the extreme north there is also some arable land, and a little on 
 the west In the inland lakes, and in the indentations of the coast, there is a 
 plentiful supply offish, and a fair variety of game on shore. 
 
 There are many harbors on both sides of the island in which large ships can 
 find anchorage, and very many more available to smallex coasting vessels. 
 The principal harbor is that at Esquimalt, .v^hich has long been the rendezvous 
 of the English squadron in the North Pacific. It is situated at the south end of 
 the island, on the eastern side, and can be approached in foggy weather by 
 means of soundings, which are marked on the admiralty charts, for a consider- 
 able distance seaward, an advantage possessed by very few anchorages, and 
 with the exception ofBurrard Inlet, at the terminus of the Canadian Pacific 
 Railway, by no other large harbor on that coast. The scenery of Vancouver 
 Island is exceedingly varied and picturesque. 
 
 VICTOBIA. 
 
 Victoria (pop. 15,000) is the capital of British Columbia and the chief city of 
 Vancouver Island. It was formerly a stockaded post of the Hudsons Bay Com- 
 pany and was then called Fort Victoria. It is delightfully situated on a small 
 arm of the sea, commanding a superb view of the Straits of Georgia, the 
 mountains of the mainland, and snow-capped Mount Baker in the distance. The 
 city's age may date from 1858, when the discovery of gold on the mainland 
 "brought a rush of miners from thr south. It is now a wealthy, well-built, and 
 very English city, with business and shipping interests of great importance. 
 Victoria is pre-eminently a place to delight tourists, and has ample accommo- 
 dation for a large floating population, having several comfortable hotels, one or 
 two of which are noted for the excellence of their tables. Various public build, 
 ings are also worthy of more than passing notice. Prominent among the more 
 important structures is the provincial Capitol on the south side of James Bay, 
 forming quite an imposing group in the midst of tastefully laid out and well cared 
 grounds. The new Court House is a massive pile lately completed at a cost of 
 about $60,000. Other good buildings are the City Hall, city and provincial jails, 
 college and school buildings, several churches and business blocks. Some of 
 the private residences and grounds are remarkably attractive. Most of th'^ 
 manufacturing interests of the province are centered at Victoria. It has tht 
 largest iron works on the Pacific Coast outside of San Francisco, and several 
 smaller foundries and machine shops, also many factories, etc., etc. The city 
 is amply provided with educational facilities, both public and private. There 
 are five ward schools, besides the large central high school, and an eflRcient 
 corps of instructors is employed. The public schools are supported by the 
 ■Government and controlled by a school board elected by popular suffrage. 
 
24 BIUTISU CULUMJUA 
 
 Besides •■lese there are the ladies' college, under the auspices of the Auylioan 
 Church, and an academicOinstitution, as well as a primary school, maintained 
 by tlio Koman •Catholic denomination. There are Protestant and Ronum 
 Catholic orphanages. The city has a ])ublic library of about 10,000 volumes, 
 and several of the fraternal and benevolent societies also have libraries of con- 
 siderable size. 
 
 Victoria has command of a valuable and extensive steamship service, 
 which atiords regular communication with China, Tapan and Australia. One 
 of the finest steamers on the Pacific Coast jilies daily between Victoria and 
 Vancouver, and the trip from city to city through the clustered isles of the Gulf 
 of CJeorgia is very pleasant. Daily boats ply to all important Ptiget Sound ports, 
 and to points northward on the island and mainland, and all regular San 
 Francisco and Alaska steamers call at Victoria. 
 
 The city has for many seasons been a favorite resort for tourists, and ap- 
 pears to be steadily growing in ix)pularity, the beauty of its surroundings and 
 the many delightful drives, facilities for boating, etc., furnishing ample means 
 of amusement 
 
 The country for some miles about the city is called the district of Victoria, 
 and supports a scattered farming population and furnishes a portion of the sup- 
 plies of the city, but it is not a particularly good farming country, being better 
 adapted to fruit culture. Here every variety of fruit grown in a temperate 
 climate attains peculiar excellence, and fruit culture promises to become a 
 leading industry in the near future. 
 
 ESQUIMALT. 
 
 Esquimau harbor is about three miles long, and something under two miles 
 broad in the widest part; it has an average depth ofsix to eight fathoms and 
 aflbrds excellent holding ground, the bottom being a tenacious blue clay. The 
 Canadian Government has built a dry-dock at Esquimalt to accommodate ves- 
 sels of large size. Its length is 450 feet, and 90 feet wide at the entrance. It is 
 built of concrete, faced with sandstone, and was nearly three years in construc- 
 tion. 
 
 There is a small town at the northern corner of the harbor bearing the same 
 name, Esquimalt. The nucleus of it are some British Government buildings, 
 consisting of a naval hospital, an arsenal and other dockyard buildings. In 
 the immediate vicinity of these the town has arisen. There are two churches, 
 a public school, two hotels or inns, and a number of residences and business 
 buildings. In the territorial division of Esquimalt there are several farming 
 settlements and one or two manufactories, including a boot and shoe manu- 
 factory ad a sawmill. Esquimalt is only three and a half miles from Victoria 
 by land, and is connected with it by an excellent macadamized road, 
 
 KANAIHO. 
 
 Situated on rising ground and overlooking a fine harbor on the east coast 
 of V ancouver Island, is the thriving city of Nanaimo, with a population of about 
 4,000, and, ranking next to Victoria, in importance. It is seventy miles north 
 of Victoria, and depends chiefly upon its coaling interest and shipping business 
 for support. I^anaimo Harbor is connected by a deep channel with Departure 
 
«1 
 
 03 
 
 W 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 w 
 
S6 BKITISIl (OIX'MHIA 
 
 Bay, where the largest craft find sufo aiu;horuye. Vaiuiouvor Island bituminous 
 coals are now aclcnowlodged to l)u 8U(>eriur for all practical pur])o8os to any 
 coals of the Pacific Coast Four companies operate mines in tlie immediate 
 vicinity of Nanaimo, the combined output for 1880 being about half a million 
 tons, most of which was exported. Large quantities are sent to San Francisco, 
 to the Sandwich Islands and China, being shipixid from either Nanaimo or De- 
 parture Bay. Nanaimo is also the coaling station for the British siiuadron in 
 the Pacific A large number of men find employment in the mmos and about 
 the docks, and the town for its size is well supplied with the requirements of a 
 growing population. It has churches, schools, hotels, water-works, telephone 
 etc., and such ii dustries as a tannery, boot and shoe manufactory, sawmill, 
 ahipyard, etc., and weekly and semi-weekly newspapers. The present popula- 
 tion of the district of Nanaimo is about 8,000; much of the land is excellent for 
 agricultural purpose. There is a daily train service between Nanaimo and 
 Victoria, and connections by steamers with the different island and mainland 
 
 ports. 
 
 These three places, Victoria, Nanaimo and Esquimalt, all on the south- 
 eastern corner of Vancouver Island, are the principal centres. There are 
 smaller communities on the island, mainly on the south corner, and at no great 
 distances from the three principal places already spoken of. Such is Cowichan, 
 a settlement on the east coast, about midway between Victoria and Nanaimo, 
 where the quality of the soil permits farming to be carried on to some advan- 
 tage. Saanich, another farming settlement at the extreme south-east. Maple 
 Bay, Chemainus, Somenos, all in the neighborhood of Cowichan ; Comox, some 
 60 miles north of Nanaimo, in the vicinity of which are some of the principal 
 logging camps; Sooke, a short distance south-west of Esquimalt, are being gra- 
 dually developed. 
 
 THE son. OF VANCOUVEB ISLAND. 
 
 The soil of Vancouver Island varies considerably. In some parts are 
 deposits of clay, sand and gravel, sometimes partially mixed, and frequently 
 with a thick topsoil of vegetable mould of varying depth. At other places 
 towards the north of the island on the eastern shore are some rich loams, im- 
 mediately available for cultivation. The mixed soil with proper treatment 
 bears heavy crops of wheat; the sand and gravelly loams do well for oats, rye, 
 barley, buckwheat, roots, etc., and where the soil is a deep loamy one, fruit 
 grows well. The following average of the yield of a properly cultivated farm in 
 the Comox district is given by a member of the Canadian Geological Survey. 
 This is from the best land in Comox, but there are other parts of the island not 
 much inferior : 
 
 Wheat from 30 to 45 bushels per acre ; barley 30 to 35 bushels ; oats 50 to 60 
 bushels; peas 40 to 45 bushels; potatoes 150 to 200 bushels; turnips 20 to 25 
 tons per acre. 
 
 Some of the rocks of the island furnish excellent building material, the 
 grey granite being equal to Scotch and English granites. 
 
 TIMBEB. 
 
 The timber of Vancouver is one of its richest products. Throughout the 
 island the celebrated " Douglas Fir "is found, and a variety of coniferous trees, 
 
BRITISH COLUMHIA 27 
 
 grow on all parts of tho island. It is imiKissiblo to travel witljout marvellinj? at 
 tlio fonist yrowtl). Tliis exuberance is not conlined to tiie inammotii lir tr*.,^, 
 or tlio enormous cedars; trees of many of the deciduous varieties abound, so 
 that eitlicr for lumber and square timber, or for tlie settlers' .immediate re- 
 quirements for the use of cities, and as arboreous adornments to the homes, the 
 forests of Vancouver Island have a value that every year will become more 
 
 apparent 
 
 CLIMATE OF yAHCOUVEB ISLAND. 
 
 Concerning "Vancouver Island, it only remains to say In the important 
 matter of climate its inhabitants believe, and with some reason, that they enjoy 
 jKiculiar advantages. They have a mild and even winter, with rain; the 
 annual rainfall is estimated at 45 inches; and occasionally snow ; early spring ; 
 a dry, warm summer, and a dear, bright and enjoyable autura. Sometimes 
 the frost is sufhciently hard to permit of skating, but this is exceptional. As a 
 rule flowers bloom in the gardens of Victoria throughout the year. It is spoken of 
 as England without its east winds ; in reality it is Torquay in the Pacific. 
 Fruits of all kinds indigenous to the temperate climates ripen in tho open air. 
 and amongst them, some that are in England brought to perfection only under 
 glass. Thunder storms seldon break over Vancouver. It is this climate, com- 
 bined with the situation of Victoria, that makes that city such a pleasant abid- 
 ing place. 
 
 WAGES. 
 
 The wages earned in Victoria and other parts of the island are, of course, 
 governed by the demand for labor, and the amounts paid on the mainland, but 
 it is unlikely that they will be reduced for many years to the level of those 
 paid in Eastern Canada, Average figures are about as follows: — Carpenters 
 and blacksmiths, $2.50 to $3.75 day ; laborers, $1.50 to $2.00; miners; (contract 
 work). $3.00 to $4.00 per day ; fishermen, $50.00 to $60.00 per month ; stone- 
 cutters, stonemasons and bricklayers, $4.00 to $5.00 per day ; plasterers, $4.00 
 to $4.50; carpenters, $2.50 to $3.00; painters, $3.50 to $4.00; ship carx)enters and 
 caulkers, $4.00 to $4.50; waggon makers, $3.50 to $4.00; machinsts, $4.00 to 
 $4*50; tinsmiths and plumbers, $3.50 to $4.00; longshoremen, 50 cents an hour. 
 
 An ordinary unskilled laborer receives $1.50 a day ; if he can lay claim to 
 skill enough to attend to a garden he readily commands $2.00 a day. 
 
 Farm servants, engaged by the month, are paid at wages from $20.00 to 
 $40.00 per month, with board and lodging, according to the kind of work requir- 
 ed of them. A few Indians are employed in the seaboard districts, at $15.00 
 to $20.00 per month, with board and lodging, by farmers who understand their 
 character. In the interior, Indians are largely employed as herders and for 
 
 farm work. 
 
 EMPLOTMENT FOB WOMEN. 
 
 Women servants are well paid. Nurse girls receive $10.00 to $12.00 per 
 month ; general house servants $20.00 to $25.00 a month with board, if they have 
 some little knowledge of cooking and can wash. A great many people employ 
 Chinamen as cooks at $15.00 to $25.00 a month and board. 
 
 As in all backwoods settlements, the earlier work is done by men exclusive- 
 ly, but a pioneer soon finds that his new home is not complete without a wife. 
 
2S lUllTlsll col.l MIllA 
 
 The coiiHoquoiico iH tlmt youiitj; wotnoii rutuintj to tlio colony, uiul propnred to 
 tako tliiiir Himro of tlio dutkiM oflifo uh lli« wivos ot'wMtlorH m tlm buck diHtrictH, 
 <lo not lonj< roniuin uh Horvanta or factory K'f's. Tlmy may at lirst uiisa sonio <if 
 tlio attractioiiH of u city life, but by indiwtry and orderly living, a((iiiiro a posi- 
 tion in thoirnoigliborhood, and gatlior about tiicrn luucii to ownipy their tuno 
 and yive an intoroHt to tiudr houK^ and a.s tlio yearn roll on positiouH of cnidit 
 and rosponHibility como to thoin, tiuit in tiio early day.s did not even occur ti> 
 
 them iM uoMsible. 
 
 THE ISLANDS OF THE BTSilTS. 
 
 On the east side of Vancouver, intiie Slraita ofClnorgia, tluit is between 
 
 the island and the mainland, aro ininnnorablo islands of smaller size, (ieii- 
 
 orally they aro wooded, and some of them have spots well fitted for'agricultiin'. 
 
 They aro not much sought for by widto men at present, as there is plenty of 
 
 land in places nearer the settlements. 
 
 TAXAOA. 
 
 Near Vancouver, in the island of Taxada, opposite the settlement at Comox, 
 whicii from its wealth of iron ore, is dostintul to bo of considerable value. 
 
 It is largely owned by speculators. Tlio ore i3 in a mountainous mass that 
 can be traced for miles, and it can be mined, smelted and whipjied without dilli- 
 culty. It is a coarso, gnmnlar magnetite, containing a large ^jercentage of iron 
 with only .00;} per cent, of phosphorus. 
 
 A little to tho north of Taxada is a small group of islands, and then the 
 island of Vancoi. ,or and tho mainland approach one another to within two or 
 three miles. Here it was at one timo intended to brinj. the Canadian 
 Pacific Railway across by way of Bute Inlet on the mainland, and Valdez 
 Island to Vancouver, and down to Victoria with tho terminus at Esquimalt 
 
 THE QUEEN CHABLOTIE ISLANDS. 
 
 North of Vancouver Island, and close to the coast of the mainland, there is 
 a succession of islands continuing to the extreme limits of British Columbia. Of 
 these, the Queen Charlotte Islandf^ aro tho largest and most important. These 
 are a group of which there aro three princl])al islands, Graham, Moresby and 
 Provost islands. They are the homo of tlio remnant of the Hydab Indians, 
 once the finest and most warlike tribe on the coast. They now otdy number 
 about 800 people, who live in villages scattered about the throe islands, their 
 principal place being at Massett and Skidegate, on Graham Island. They are 
 expert canoemen and fishermen, and find occupation in extracting oil from the 
 livers of the dog fish, whicli abound on that coast. A company was started a 
 few years ago called the Skidegate Oil Company, which, by introducing proper 
 machinery for extracting tho oil, obtains an excellent article, especially for 
 lubricating. It manufactures about 40,000 gallons annually, and gives employ- 
 ment to the Indians during the summer months. 
 
 These island are heavily wooded, but not with the larger kinds of fir. Tho 
 interior is mountainous, and there are numerous small streams flowing into the 
 bays. Sorde of these bays afford good ancliorago. The soil of the island is not 
 rich, and opinions differ as to the quantity of arable or grazing land in the 
 interior. It is believed that there is gold on the islands, and in years past 
 
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 is 
 
 w 
 
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30 HUITIMII ('OLl'MMIA • 
 
 mu'crul attnnipto woro inudo to And it; but, itrobtibly owlii^; to ltii|)erf«ct 
 mutiuxlH und tliu opiMmitiun of tlio thou poworful IiidiiiiiH. witli no buccohh. 
 
 THE GOLD FIELDS OF BSITIBH COLUMBIA. 
 
 It would ))o diM'KMilt to iiidinito uiiy dolliicd Hnotioii of IlritiHh Columhiii in 
 wliicli Kol<l huH not luMtii, or will not bo, found. Tlio llrHt ntint'H diNfovi>ntd woro 
 in tho Honthorn part of tbo proving), tho next in tlto Oiiribuo dlHtrict, in tlio 
 rontro of IJritiHJi Colnnibiu, und at prcHimt tlm richdst diKKi">f'* bi work aro tbo 
 CuHHiar niinoH in tbu far nortli. liuountly Huvoral nuw minus huvo been uiienod 
 tdHowlu'r(>. 
 
 («ol«i liuH boen found on tho oaHttirnHido of tlio Rocky Mountains, on Quoon 
 Cluirlotto islandH, at tlio oxtroino wost, an<l on ovory ran^^o of inountaiiiH tliab 
 int«'rvono botwoon thoHo two oxtronio points. Ilithorto tlio work has b<!on 
 practically placor mining, a moro Hcratdiing of tho surfuco, yet noarly fifty mil- 
 lions of dollars have boen scraped out of tho rivers and crooks, liars liavo been 
 washod out and abandoned, without Hull'icient effort being mado to diHcovor 
 tho (jiuirtz voin from whicli tho streams received their g<jld. Abandoned dig- 
 gings havo boon visited uftur a lapso uf yoars, and new discoveries made in the 
 noighborhooil. 
 
 Tiio railway now piorces tlio auriferous ranges; men and material can be 
 carried into tho heart of tho mountains, and with each succeeding season fresh 
 gold deposits will bo found, or tho old ones traced to tho quartz rock, and capital 
 and ade(iuato machinery bo brought to l)oar upon them. There are hundreds of 
 miles o])en to tho poor prosj)Octor, and thoro are, or shortly will be, numerous 
 ojjenings for the capitalist. To tho agricultural settler tho existence of gold is 
 of double significance. Ho is certain of a market for his produce, he is not de- 
 barred from mining a little on his own account, and he is never deprived of the 
 hoj)© that he will one day become tho fortunate discoverer of a bonanza. 
 
 In giving evidence before a committoeof the House of Commons, a member 
 of tho Government Geological Survey said : " After having travelled over 1,000 
 " miles through British Columbia, I can say with safety that there will yet be 
 " taken out of her mines wealth enough to build the Pacific Railway." This 
 means many millions. Another gentleman in the same service said that, " it 
 may soon take its place as second to no other country in North America," which 
 is even stronger language than the other. 
 
 In 1800, Antler Creek (on the Fraser) yielded at one time not less than 
 $10,000 per day. On one claim $1,000 was obtained by a single day's work. 
 
 In 1862 a more scientific system of working was adopted ; some .companies 
 were formed, shafts were sunk and professional mining engineers employed. 
 The gold returns for 1870, for which year an official report was made, from the 
 mines of Columbia, Yale, Silionet, Lytton, Cariboo and Lillooet were $1,333,745, 
 in addition to large quantities carried away by individuals and purchasers of 
 gold dust. From 18G2 to 1871 gold to the value of $16,650,036 was shipped from 
 British Columbia to the banks, and fully $60,000 more was taken out by miners 
 and others. The export of gold for 1874 was $1,072,422. Stickeen River, rising 
 in the north-west of Alaska, has been worked since 1875, and still yields well. 
 It must be remembered that these 8])lendid results were obtained by a mere 
 
imiTISlI (OLUMHIA ;il 
 
 ■cratcliing of a f«'W rlvor mIiiiHowb IIkmi uctoHHihIo. Tho total output of mM 
 sinou itM ilrHt tliHcovory in JSntiHli ('oliiiiihiii, Ih ()Htiiiiiit<nl ut $(in,0< )(),()()(). With 
 |ir(fH(<iit fiiciliticH for pnmjK^ctiiijj iiiucli IicuvUt mtiirim aro «<xiK)ctotl, f<»r tli« or* 
 uf Hciuiititic luiuing in DritiHli Cultunltia lias only comnioncod. 
 
 GOLD BEA&INO BOCKS. 
 
 In Britisli Columbia) a lu'lt of ro< ki* i)roi)ul)ly corroBpoiuliiiK' to tlio jroM roolts 
 of California, liaH ulroady Itocii provt'tl to l)o riclily auriftToiiH, Willi agoMfral 
 Biiniliarity of toiM)^rai)liii'ul foatiin-H in tho diHtiirlu'd boll of tlio west coaMt, a 
 gr(Mit uniformity in tlio litliolugical charactMr of tlit) rockn is foiiiul to follow 
 from HoutliHMiHt to nortli-wost. Gooloj^icalnxploratioiiHffo to hIiow u gonoral ro- 
 S(!nil)lanco of tho rocka tu thoso uf tho typical HoctiotiH of Californiu and tlio 
 WtiHtt?rn States. 
 
 The gonoral llHtrlbutlon of alluvial j^old ovor tho provinco may indicato that 
 
 aevoral dilforent rock formations produce it in groator or less quantity, thouyli 
 
 it is only whoro "coarso" or " boavy" gold occurs that tho <tri;,'iiiiil auriffnuis 
 
 veins must bo supposed to oxiHt in thu initnediato vicinity of tlio d(<iM)Hit. 
 
 Colors, as tho flnor particles of gold aro called, travel far along the IhhIs of tho 
 
 rapid rivers beforo they uro roiluced by attrition to inviHiblo shreds ; and tho 
 
 northern and other system of distribution of drift material liuvo, no doubt, also 
 
 assisted in spreading tho flno gold. The gold fonnation j)ro|H'r, lu)\vever, of tho 
 
 country, consists (tf a series of talcoso and chloritio blackish or greenish-gn^y 
 
 slates or schists, which occasionally become micaceous, and generally show 
 
 evidence of greater metamorphism than the gold bearing slates of California. 
 
 Their precise geological horizon is not yetdetenuinod. 
 
 Silver has been discovered in several places, and its further discovery will 
 
 probably show that it follows tho same rules as in Nevada and Colorado. Tho 
 
 best known argentiferous locality is that about six miles from Ilojje, on the 
 
 Fraser River. Tho lodes occur at an elevation of about 5,000 feet. 
 
 Great iron deposits exist on Taxada Island, and coj)i)er deposits have been 
 
 found at several points on the coast of the mainland, Howe Sound, Jarvis Inlets, 
 
 the Queen Charlotte Islands, and other points. Mercury, cinnabar, and 
 
 platinum have been found in small quantities during the process of washing 
 
 gold. 
 
 COAL OK THE MAIKLAND. 
 
 Several seams of bituminous coal have been discovered on the mainland, and 
 
 sonie veins have been worked in the New Westminster and Nicola districts, 
 
 and other indications of coal have been found in several parts. Tho large 
 
 quantities on Vancouver Island of such excellent quality and so well situated 
 
 for slnpment have probably discouraged tho search for coal in the interior. 
 
 The same formation exists on the mainland as on tho island, and the Now 
 
 Westminster and Nicola coal-beds are probably small portions only of large areas. 
 
 Anthracite coal, comparing favorably with that of Pennsylvania, has been 
 
 found in seams of six feet and threo feet, in Queen Charlotte Island. Fragments 
 
 of anthracite have been picked up on several parts of Vancouver Island, and 
 
 this would seem to indicate that the seams found in Queen Charlotte islands 
 
 will be traced to Vancouver, 
 
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BRITISH COLUMBIA 33 
 
 And attention to the significance of the British Columbian coal discoveries 
 'Cannot be drawn in a better manner than by quoting the remarks of Lord 
 Duflerin on the subject. " When it is further remembered that inexhaustible 
 "supplies of iron are found in juxtaposition with your coal, no one can blame 
 "you for regarding the beautiful land in which you live as having been 
 "especially favored by Providence in the distribution of its natural gifts." 
 
 THE FISHEBIES OF THE WEST COAST 
 
 An Important part of tlie future trade of British Columbia will arise from 
 the wealth of fish in the waters of her coast. Of these, the must valuable at; 
 present is the salmon. They literally teem in the Fraser and Columbia rivers, 
 and frequently passengers on the Canadian Pacific Railway are astounded by 
 the sight of broad expanses of river, or deep pools packed almost solid with wrig- 
 gling masses of splendid fish, their motions being distinctly visible from the 
 platforms or car windows as the trains roll along. The greater number of the 
 canneries are on the Fraser River, but there are some in the far north. 
 
 The Salmon make their way for great distances up the rivers. The salmon 
 of the Columbia fill the streams of the Kootenay ; those of the Fraser are found 
 six hundred miles in the interior. There are several kinds of this fish, and they 
 arrive from the sea on different dates. The silver salmon begin to arrive in 
 March, or early in April, and continue till the end of June. Their weight aver- 
 ages from four to twenty-five pounds, but they have been caught weighing over 
 seventy. The second kind are caught from June to August, and are cojisidered 
 the finej-'u. The average size is five to six pounds. The third, coming in August, 
 average seven pounds, and are an excellent fish. The humpback salmon comes 
 every second year, lasting from August till winter, weighing from six to fourteen 
 pounds. The hookbill arrives in September and remains till winter, its weight 
 ranges from twelve to forty-five pounds. 
 
 The Government of Canada have taken some pains to acquire accurate 
 information concerning these fisheries, and a statement published by them 
 gives the names of several other classes of fish. Amongst these is the oolachan, 
 a valuable delicate fish, about seven or eight inches long, which comes to the 
 shore in spring. It enters Fraser River in May in great numbers. Farther north 
 it is fatter. It is extremely oily and is caught by the natives in great numbers, 
 who extract the oil and use it for food grease, as some tribes do whale oil. These 
 fish are also dried and then burned for candles, being on that account known as 
 " candle-fish." The oil has been bottled and exported to some extent, and is 
 pronounced superior to cod-liver for medical purposes. 
 
 The black cod, a superior food fish, abounds from Cape Flattery northward. 
 It is very fat, and some of the tribes use its oil in place of oolachan. Experi- 
 ments in salting the black cod for easterix markets have proved successful. Cod 
 similar to the eastern variety, are taken on banks off the coast of Alaska, and 
 the same fish is said to haunt British Columbia waters. Halibut of fine quality 
 and large size are plentiful in the inner waters, on the banks ffthe west coast 
 of Vancouver Island, and further north. Sturgeon up to 1,000 pounds weight 
 are numerous in the Fraser and large rivers. The surf smelt and common smelt 
 are abundant, and valued for the table. Shad are taken occasionally, a result of 
 planting in the Sacramento River in 1878, 
 
84 BRITISH COLUMBIA 
 
 A fish closely resembling the common herring is very abundant In the 
 Interior, besides the brook and lake trout, the white-fish is found in the central 
 and northern part of British Columbia. Next, however, to the salmon the most 
 valuable sea product is the fur seal — not found on the Atlantic coast — which 
 has yielded nearly $200,000 a year. 
 
 The native oysters of the province are small, but the large eastern oyster 
 probably would thrive. The eastern lobster should be introduced. Its food is 
 much the same as that of the crabs, which are numerous, on the coast of the 
 province, and the lobster, like the oyster, would be of great value commercially. 
 
 The fisheries, however, have been worked principally for the salmon, but 
 many think that in the deeper waters of the west coast there are banks where 
 cod will be taken in quantities not less than those of the Atlantic The country 
 is too inviting to fail in attracting men who have the means and the energj' to 
 make their own fortunes. The combination of a few men each of small means 
 secures that which in the older east is reserved for millionaires. There are 
 scores of men in the fishing trade of England and Scotland who struggle year 
 after year for an uncertain i)ercentage, who, in British Columbia, would find 
 competency in a few years' working, and hundreds who are no richer at the end 
 of December than they were at the beginning of January, who would experience 
 a very different condition of life on the coast of British Columbia. 
 
 This coast is peculiarly a land for Englishmen. The climate of Devonshire 
 and Cornwall, without the excessive rains, is reproduced along the Straits of 
 Georgia and the west coast of Vancouver; the colder climate of Scotland is re- 
 peated from Queen Charlotte Sound to Alaska. These coasts afford wide fields 
 for occupation and dispense reward with less niggard hand than in the older 
 home where every loaf has many claimants. There is no rent to pay, no leave 
 to ask to run a boat ashore. The land is his who occupies it A man who in 
 the British seas toils year in and year out for others may own his own home, 
 his piece of land and his boat, by no mans' favor. 
 
 The chief consumer of British Columbia's salmon, is Great Britain, but how 
 small does the quantity taken per annum appear to be when the vastness of the 
 market and the demand for cheap food is remembered. With a properly organ- 
 ized system the waters of British Columbia could feed the large cities of 
 England with food that the poorer classes never taste, and a good profit could be 
 
 made at the business. 
 
 THE FOB£ST TBEES. 
 
 It will be gathered from what has been already said that British Columbia 
 is rich in timber, In this respect there is no other province of Canada, no 
 country in Europe and no state in North America, that compares with it 
 
 There are prairies here and there, valleys free from wood, and many open- 
 ings in the thickest country, which in the aggregate make many hundred 
 thousand acres of land on which no clearing is required. But near each open 
 spot is a luxurious growth of wood. A settler may be lavish as he pleases ; 
 there is enough and to spare. 
 
 The finest growth is on the coast, and in the Gold and Selkirk ranges. 
 Millions of millions of feet of lumber, locked up for centuries past, have now 
 become available for commerce. The Canadian Pacific Rdlway passes through 
 
♦ BRITISH COLUMBIA 86 
 
 a part of this, and crosses streams that will bring untold quantities to the mills 
 and railway stations. The Government Department of Agriculture has pub- 
 lished a catalogue and authoritative description of the trees of British Columbia, 
 in which the several species are ranked as follows : — 
 
 Douglas Spruce (otherwise called "Douglas Fir," ''Douglas Pine," and 
 commercially, "Oregon Pine"). A well-known tree. It is straight, though 
 coarse-grained, exceedingly tough, rigid, and be'^rs great transverse strain. For 
 lumber of all sizes, and planks, it is in great demand. Few woods equal it for 
 frames, bridges, ties, and strong work generally, and for shipbuilding. Its 
 length, straightness and strength specially fit it for masts and spars. Masts 
 specially ordered have been shipped, 130 feet long and 42 inches in diameter, 
 octagonally hewn. For butter and other boxes that require to be sweet and 
 odorless, it is very useful. There is a large export of the Douglas spruce to 
 Australia, South America, China, etc. Woodmen distinguish this species into 
 two kinds — red and yellow. The one has a red, hard, knotty heart ; the other 
 is less hard, and with a feeble tinge of yellow — the latter is supposed to be 
 somewhat less lasting, though both are very d urable. The Douglas spruce grows 
 best near the coast, close to the waters of the bays and inlete. There it 
 frequently exceeds eight feet in diameter, at a considerable height, and reaches 
 200 to 250 feet in length, forming prodigious, dark forests. Abounds on main- 
 land coast ; also in Vancouver Island, but not on Queen Charlotte Islands. In 
 the southern interior of the province, it grows on the higher uplands, and in 
 groves, on low lands, where the temperature, rainfall, etc., are suitable. Occurs 
 abundantly on the Columbia, and irregularly in northern portions of the interior. 
 
 The Western Hemlock occurs everywhere in the vicinity of coast, and up the 
 Fraser and other rivers to the limit of abundant rainfall; reappears on the 
 Selkirk and Gold ranges; on the coast (particularly Queen Charlotte Islands), 
 reaches 200 feet in height Yields a good wood ; bark has been used in tanning. 
 Is like the eastern hemlock, but larger. 
 
 Englemann^s Spruce (very like "white spruce"), tall, straight, often over 
 three feet in diameter — wood good and durable. Is in the eastern part of 
 province, and interior plateau (except dry southern portion), what the Douglas 
 spruce is on coast. Forms dense forests ii the mountains ; believed to be the 
 tree of the dense groves in upper Alpinu valleys of Rocky Mountains ; also 
 borders all the streams and swamps in the northern interior, between about 
 2,500 and 3,500 feet in elevation. 
 
 Menzic^s Spruce chiefly clings to coast, a very large tree, wood white and 
 useful for general purposes. 
 
 Tlie Great Silver Fir, so far as known, is specially a coast tree. It grows to 
 a great size, but the wood is said to be soft and liable to decay. 
 
 Balsam Spruce appears to take the place of the last-named in the region 
 east of coast range. Abounds on Gold and Selkirk ranges and east of McLeod's 
 Lake. Occurs in scattered groves in northern portions of interior plateau. 
 Often exceeds two feet in diameter. 
 
 Among the pines may be mentioned the familiar tree known locally as " red 
 pine," " yellow pine," or " pitch pine," considered to be a variety of the heavy 
 
36 BRITISH COIAMIUA 
 
 yellow pine (Pinua Ponderom ) of California and Oregon. It grows in open grove? 
 in the valleya.and on the slopes up to about ;},(»0(> feet A very Inuulsouie tree ; 
 half the shaft branchless; seldom exceeds four feet in diameter. Is used for 
 building and general purposes. 
 
 The Wh'ttf Pine (" Mountain Pine") resembles the eastern white pine, and 
 may be used for tlie same purposes. It is found in the Columbia region, on tho 
 Gold range and about Sluiswap and Adams lakes, and scattarod in the aoutliern 
 portion of the Coast range ; also in the interior of Vancouver Island. On tho 
 coast, tiie white pine reaches 60 to HO feet, and a diameter of 2 to 3 feet. 
 
 The Black Ptue ("Bull" or " Western Scrub " Pine) occurs everywhere in 
 the province, at varying heights. It reaches (50 or even 100 feet in height, but 
 seldom exceeds a diameter of two feet. The wood is white and fairly durable. 
 
 The Wistern Cedar ("Giant Cedar" or "Red Cedar") is a valuable tree. 
 The wood is of a yellowish or reddisii color, and very durable ; splits easily into 
 planks ; has been used chiefly for shingles and rails. Abounds in the Columbia 
 River region; on slopes of Selkirk and Gold ranges ; at north-eastern part of 
 Shuswap Lake, and portion of North Thompson Valley ; abundantly along the 
 coast and lower parts of rivers of Coast range. Occurs sparingly in northern 
 interior. On coast, is often found 100 to 150 feet high and 15 feet thick. 
 
 Yellow Cypress (commonly known as " Yellow Cedar"). A strong, free, fine 
 grained wood; pale golden yellow tint ; slight resinous smell ; very durable ; has 
 been used in boat-buik4ing and for oruameutal purposes; often exceeds (i feet 
 in diameter. Occurs chiefly on coast; also in interior of Vancouver Island, and 
 abounds on west coast of Queen Charlotte Islands. 
 
 Western Larch (sometimes called "Tamarac"!, occurs in Rocky Mountains 
 and valleys of Selkirk and Gold ranges. Stretches westward nearly to head of 
 Okanagau Lake. Not found on the coast. A large tree, yielding a strong, 
 coarse, durable wood. 
 
 The Maple, a valuable hardwood, sometimes well adapted for cabinet-mak- 
 ing. Found on Vancouver and adjacent islands, also sparingly on mainland 
 coast up to 55 ° , and on Queen Charlotte Islands. Occasionally attains a 
 diameter of 4 feet. The Vine Maple, seldom over a foot thick, yielding a very 
 tough, strong, white wood, suitable for helves, seems to be strictly confined to 
 coast. The Yew is found in Vancouver Island and on opposite mainland shores. 
 It goes up the Fraser above Yale. Very tough, hard wood, of a beautiful rose 
 color. Crab Apples occurs along all the coasts as a small tree or shrub. Wood 
 very hard, but liable to check, takes a good polish and withstands great wear 
 in mill machinery. Alder is found two feet thick on the Lower Frai^ier, and 
 occurs as a small tree along the whole coast. A ijood furniture wood ; easily 
 worked and takes a good polish. There are two birches — the Western Birch and 
 the Paper or Canoe Birch. Both occur in a number of localities. The " Western 
 Birch " is a small tree, found in the Columbia region. The " Canoe Birch " is 
 found sparingly in Vancouver Island and on the Lower Fraser, but is common, 
 and larger, on the Upper Fraser, and in the Peace River District The only 
 Oak in the province, so far as known (except a few trees above Yale), is on 
 Vancouver Island. Reaches a diameter of 3 feet, and a height of about 70 feet, 
 and yields a hard wood, but not very tough, which has been used for building 
 
38 BRITISH COLUMBIA 
 
 purposes and in making kegs. The Dogwood, on the mainland coast opposite 
 Vancouver Island and on Vancouver Island, reaches the dimensions of a small 
 tree. The wood is close-grained and hard. Another close-grained wood, heavy 
 and resembling box, is furnished by the handsome evergreen Arlmtm, which 
 reaches 50 feet in height and about 20 inches in diameter, but occurs often as a 
 shrub. It is found on Vancouver Island and neighboring islands, but never far 
 from the sea. 
 
 The Aspen Poplar abounds over the whole interior, and reaches a thickness 
 of two feet. In the southern interior, occurs aFong streams ana on the higher 
 plateaux. In the north, grows everywhere, preferring the most fartile soil. 
 
 There are three other varieties of poplars, commonly included under the 
 name of " cottonwood." They attain sometimes a diameter of 4 to 5 feet The 
 coast " Cottonwood" is the same wood that has been largely used in Piiget 
 Sound to make staves for sugar barrels. The other kinds occur in the valleys 
 throughout the interior of the province. 
 
 The Mountain Anh, as a small tree or bush, has been noticed in the interior ; 
 and the Juniper' or " Red Cedar," commonly known as " Pencil Cedar," has been 
 observed on the east coast of Vancouver Island, and, in a tree form, with a 
 diameter of about a foot, along the shores of Kamloops, Francois and other 
 lakes in the interior. 
 
 The following list comprises shrubs met with : — 
 
 Hazel, red elder, willow, barberry, wild red cherry, wild blackberry, 
 yellow plum, choke cherry, black and red raspberry, white raspberry, prickly 
 purple raspberry, prickly gooseberry, swamp gooseberry, several kinds of 
 currants, bear berries, mooseberry, snowberry, blueberry, bilberry cranberry, 
 whortleberry, red and white mulberry. 
 
 THE TIMBEB BEOIOIT 
 
 Between the mountains and the sea the Canadian Pacific Railway passes 
 through many forests of these valuable woods, and brings within reach of 
 lumbering operations, vast additional quantities growing in the neighborhood 
 of those streams that fall into the Columbia, the Thompson, and the Fraser. 
 Timber on the western plains of Canada will now be obtainable at considerable 
 less prices than those paid in the Western States. And such timber will be of 
 a class, and in such variety of kinds, as are unobtainable in any other market 
 of America. What the Canadian Pacific Railway has done for the Manitoba 
 lumber marKOt by its construction round the north sliore of Lake Superior, it 
 will do for the centres west of Manitoba by its passage through the mountains 
 of British Columbia. The distance from the Rocky Mountains to the great 
 farming and cattle raising districts of which Calgary, McLeod. Medicine Hat, 
 Maple Creek, Swift Current, Moosejaw and Regina, are the centres, is less than 
 that from Winnipeg to Minneapolis, from which market the earlier settlers in 
 Manitoba were supplied before the Canadian Pacific Railway was built east- 
 ward to the Lake of the Woods. Cheap lumber, so essential to the settler, is 
 therefore secured by the opening up of British ( 'olumbia. 
 
 THE TRADE OF THE PBOYINCE. 
 
 Though the trade of British, Columbia is still unimportant when compared 
 with the extent, resources, and immense future possibilities of the province, 
 
 \ 
 
BRITISH COLUMBIA 
 
 Btill it has improved and developed wonderfully during the past few years 
 showing an increase since 1884 that si)eaks volumes for the pmgress and 
 enterprise of the people. Prominent exports are fish, coal, gold, timber, masts 
 and spars, furs and skins, fish oil, wool, hops and spirits. A large portion of 
 tlie salmon, canned and pickled, goes to Great Britian, the United States and 
 Australia; the States and Sandwich Islands consume a large share of the exported 
 <;oal, and great quantities of timber are shipped to Australia and ports in Soutli 
 America. To Great Britian and the United States are sent tlie valuable furs 
 and peltries of land animals and the much prized seal and otter, etc. China 
 also receives a considerable amount of lumber, timber and furs. Valuable, 
 shipments of fish oil, principally obtained from tin dog fish at the Queen 
 Cliarlotte Islands, are consigned to the States annually, and also to the Sandwich 
 Islands. It must be borne in mind that all these industries, though of consider- 
 able importance, ^^re but the initial steps in wliat are surely destined to be 
 most profitable enterprises. With the shipping facilities offered by the 
 Canadian Pacific Railway, and the new steamship lines to Japan, China and 
 Australia, backed by her natural advantages of climate and geographical 
 position, and immense resources in timber and minerals, British Columbia is 
 now in a position to command her proper share of the commerce of the world, 
 and demonstrate her importance and value as a province of the Dominion. 
 There is no other country on the globe more richly endowed with varied sources 
 of wealth, as fisheries, timber, minerals, pasture and arable lands etc., and all 
 are open to those who chose to avail, themselves of these new and attractive 
 fields for enterprise. 
 
 THE CLIMATE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 The climate is one of the greatest attractions of the province, and can hardly 
 fail to please, since in reality there are several climates to choose from. On 
 Vancouver Island and the coast line of the mainland it is delightfully serene 
 and mild, greatly resembling the climate of Devonshire and Cornwall, without 
 excessive rains , and from Queen Charlotte Islands to Alaska the climate of 
 Scotland is closely matched. Records show that the gooseberry buds have 
 opened in Febuary, and native plants come into leaf early in March, and native 
 hemp is then generally grown several inches ; on April 13th strawberries have 
 been seen in bloom, and by May 1st strawberries are ripening, spring wheat, 
 potatoes an 1 peas showing well above ground ; the plains covered with wild 
 flowers and native roses in bloom. 
 
 It is on Vancouver Island and in the extensive districts west of the coast 
 range as well as in those in the southern strip of the province between the 
 parallels of 49° and 50° that the great fruit-raising farms of Canada will be 
 located. Apples, pears, plums, peaches, apricots, nectarines, the finer class of 
 grapes, berries of every description, fruits not common to tt e eastern coast, a 
 profusion of flowers, and all the more delicate vegetables will grow luxuriantly. 
 The strawberrieK grows wild on the prairie lands, nearly of the same size as the 
 garden fruit. The demand for these is limited only by price, the market for 
 them begins at the eastern door of the province and extends for nearly a 
 thousand miles, radiating as the distance increases. 
 
40 HUITISII COLUMBIA 
 
 Tlut HiKM'iPS and vnriotifs cif i)lants urowinj,' ill tlic rich and fcrtilo district 
 are exceodingly ninnuroiiH. tirowiiit^ on tlie nioiidow laiulH an; tliu fullowing: — 
 
 Wliito pua, wild bean, grounil nuts, a 8i)OcioH ot'wliito clover, nied meadow 
 graws, bent spear grass. Mild oat, \vii<l tiiiiotliy, sweet j;rasH, cowslip, crowsfoot, 
 winter cress, parlridi^o berry, wild siinllower, marigold, wild lettuce, nettles, 
 wild angelica, w ild lily, brow ii leaved riisli. 
 
 Tlio fern attains tlio enorinuus lieight of from six to eight feet, and the 
 grasses have all a most vigorous growth. 
 
 This hIiows the elimato of the country to ho far removed from a tropica: one, 
 where Huiuiuer is eternal and proportionately enervating to man and beast. It 
 I's, on the contrary, though drier and steadier than Kngland, in ordinary sea- 
 •Sims not unlike the western counties, more particularly Devon and Cornwall. 
 What str'kes un Englisliman m<iHt about the climate is its serenity, and the 
 absiMice of the biting east vind. lie notices, also, with surprise and i)leasure, 
 that rainy weather here does not tend to depress the spirits as it does in Eng- 
 land. The invigorating quality of the climate remains throughout the year. 
 Tlieso remarks apply more ])articularly to the nuunland coast and the eastern 
 side of Vancouver Island. 
 
 North along the coast of the mainland, which generally is mountainous, 
 there is a great rainfall — greater than on the west coasts of the British Isles — 
 on tiiat part of tlio coast of tlu» mainland lying open to tlio westerly winds 
 between Vancouver and Ciueen Charlotte Islands. This also is the case further 
 north. 
 
 The coast further south including Burrard Inlet, the south of the Fraser. 
 Ki\-er, and in fact all those i)arts sheltered by Vancouver Island, resembles the 
 east coast of Vancouver; although the settlers on the mainland assert that 
 tlioirs is the finer climate of the two. No general descrijjtion will serve the 
 purpose in speaking of the climate of the mainland of British C(jlumbia. On 
 the coast it varies considerably, while in the interior the differences are yet 
 more jUainly marked. It may be divided into the southern, middle and north- 
 ern zones. 
 
 THL SOUTHEBN ZONE. 
 
 The southern zone, taking that to be between the international boundary 
 line (49"), and 51" north latitude, and east of the coast range beginning at Yale, 
 comprising much but not all of that country in which irrigation is essential to 
 the growth of cereals. This arises of course from the air losing moisture in 
 crossing the range. 
 
 It is in this zone that so much bunch-grass country exists, which offers so 
 many advantages for cattle and sheep raising. The mean annual temperature 
 differs little from that of the coast region; a greater difference is observed, 
 however, between the mean summer and winter temperature and a still greater 
 contrast when the extremes of heat and cold are compared. The rainfall at a 
 point on the Thompson, 700 feet above the 8?a, was measured in the year 1875 
 and shewed 7.99 inches together with melted snow making 11.84, while at 
 Esquimau it was 35.87. The winter is shorter and milder than the district 
 further north, and though snow falls, the wind-swept slopes are usually very 
 thinly covered. Cattle as well as horses winter out, and as the former, unlike 
 
BK1TI8U COLUMmA 41 
 
 the latter, will not scrape fortlioir food, this circurastanro sorvos in soino dogree 
 as a guide to the nature of the climate. 
 
 The report of tiie Geological Survey of Canada, says of it ; " The whole of 
 British Columbia south of latitude 52° and oust of the Cascades is really a graz< 
 ing country up to an altitude of 3,r)00 and a farming country up to 2,500 fi'ot, 
 where water can he conveyed for irrij^ating purposes. The question of water in 
 this district must he ever kept in sight." Some years ago (lenoral Moody, R. K., 
 formerly Lieut-Governor of the colony, in speaking of the interior and its ad- 
 vantugos for settlement said : " It will demand not a little faith by thoHo living 
 in the sumo luirallels of latitude in Europe to believe that wheat will ri|Km any- 
 where at all, at altitudes from 2,500 to 3,500 feet, and other grain at even more. 
 * * * Nevertheless such is the fact." 
 
 THE MIDDLE ZONE. 
 
 This comprises the region between 51" and 53" north latitude and contains 
 
 much of the mountainous parts of the province, including tiio Cariboo ^lutm- 
 
 tains the locality of the most celebrated gold-tielda yet discovered in British 
 
 Columbia, The rainfall is heavier there than in the southern zone and the 
 
 forest growth therefore becomes more dense. The altitude of the settlements 
 
 in this division varies from 1,900 to 2,500 feet al)ovo the level of the sea : 3,000 
 
 feet being about the maximum height for wheat, though otlior grains ri|)en at a 
 
 greater altitude. From longitude 122" the land falls towards the valley of the 
 
 Frascr, tlio climate becomes milder than in the mountains, and bunch-grass 
 
 grows in the valleys and on the benches. The ell matt?, if loss attractive thuu 
 
 that of the two great divisions east and west of the coast range, is particularly 
 
 healthy. 
 
 THE NOBTHEBN ZONE. 
 
 A consideration of this country hardly lulls within the scope of this pam- 
 phlet. It is necessarily remote from the line of the Canadian Pacilio Railway 
 and except for its gold mines and the fish in its waters will not by reason of 
 its distance attract immediate settlement. Of its climate, however, an authentic 
 record states that from July 17th to August 5th, the mean of the observed 
 minima in this part or the country is 39.7*. The mean of the early morning 
 and evening readings of the thermometer seldom rises much above its 
 minimum when observed at 6 a.m. The heat is sometimes great in the middle 
 
 of the day. 
 
 It will be seen from the foregoing that British Columbia possesses a greater 
 
 variety of climate than any country of its size, and that the lines of demarcation 
 between one and the other are singularly abrupt and well defined. There is 
 the equable genial climate of Vancouver Island and the mainland co 'St, in 
 M'hich every fruit, from the wild strawberry to the finer kinds of grape, grows 
 luxuriantly, in which every flower, from the wild crocus to the orchid, blossoms 
 in profusion, and the enormous Douglas fir grows side by side with the moun- 
 tain ash. Within a few miles of the border of this land is a tarritory in which 
 rain seldom falls, where the sky is ever clear and the air bracing, with shurijer 
 differences between the winter and the summer temperatures, but with a mean 
 diflfering but little from the adjoining region. Close on the edge of this is a 
 climate of almost constant rain where timber grows so thickly as to induce the 
 
42 JUUTISil COl.UMiliA 
 
 bdicf tlmt the vr.lloys uro iriij»oiiotriiMo, niid whero tlio troon attain tho Htui)en- 
 (li)iiM ni/,o tliiit iniikt'H tlifiu II tiiiirvol of tlio fi)ruMt wnrld. North ofi.'ll tlicso uro 
 fiirt'.it'r viiriiitioiiH of cliiiiutu iiititriniti^Iiii;; to a cortaiu oxt(Mit from local caiimta 
 and each udaptml for tlio tUnidopinent uf une or otliur uf tliu luuuy ruuuuruuii uf 
 that buuntoously ondowod country 
 
 SFOBT IN BBinSE COLITMBIA. 
 
 Til addition to its many advantagoH already roferrod to, British Oolumbia 
 odbrs miO(|uallt'd attractioiiH to tlio lovor of rod and gun, and jKirliapM no coun- 
 try in tlio worUl la hotter oiitiitlcd to that inuoh-ahiisud Uinn " Sjiorts man's 
 Paradise. " Those who consider that tho idual of human hap[)ine8S it) attained 
 while lln;,'<;invf a Hfream, can lino plenty of occupi.tioii for their liiiest tai'kle in 
 killing tho beautiful mountain trout— (ish every whit an gamo and toothsome 
 as tiio brook-trout of tho East, and plentiful in the majority of streams through- 
 out tho provinco. Of gamo, hirgo and small, there is a groat variety. On the 
 mainland uro grizzly, black and brown boars, jiantlier, lynx, oik, cariboo, deer, 
 mountain slioej) and goat, heads and skins of which aro tho finest trophies of a 
 fiportsmsn's rillo. Water fowl geese, duck, etc., aro very abundant on tho 
 larger lakes, and these and sevoral varieties of grouso aro tho jirincipal feather- 
 ed game, and can always bo found ill tho season. On Vancouver Island bear 
 and (bier can bo found within easy distance of lines of travel, .siii])0 allbrd rare 
 good sport, and tho valley quail is as swil'tof wing and as fascinating au object 
 of pursuit as his famous cousin "l$ob White" of Ontario. Tho English phoa- 
 saiit w as introduced some years ago, and tlio golden i»lumagod strangers took 
 kindly to their new home, and aro now numerous on tho island. Tho soft 
 climate suits them admirably, and sportsmen from England can forget for tho 
 time that thoy have left tho " tight little island " far away , while stopi)ing their 
 "rocketers," as tho hmg-tailed beauties whirr away above tho tangled covers 
 of Vancouver. For big game, bear, caribou, sheep, goat, etc., there is no part of 
 tho continent that offers a nu)ro j)romising chance than the Selkirk Ilange, and 
 taken all in all, Mith its great variety of game and noble scenery, there are no 
 
 such ijihouting grounds now open to sportsmen as are awaiting all comers iu the 
 picturefjviuo western province. 
 
 THE SCENEBY OF BBITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 To attempt to convey a proper idea of tho marvellous beauty of tho scenery 
 of British Columbia in a work of this description would be sheer folly. With- 
 in tho limits of the provinco aro crowded all the mountain ranges of Western 
 America, forming a combination of scenic magnificence that simply battles 
 portrayal. Blest Avith natural resources of immense value, the province also 
 excels all others for beauty, and the journey from tho extreme eastern bound- 
 ary to the coast, is something that once enjoyed will never be forgotten. Tra- 
 versing the passes of the Kocky jNlountains, and continuing through theSelkirks 
 and Columbian ranges, tho eye wanders from peak to jwiak, gorge to gorge, and 
 valley after valley, as they are revealed in endless succession for nearly 650 
 miles before the Pacific Ocean is reached. On the coast tho scenery is 
 softer, but none the less attractive. The natural canals of these tranquil 
 waters and deep inlets of the coast are in some places flanked on either side by 
 
44 uurrisH (oi.imiiia 
 
 precipitoua mountaina rifling flhoor out of unfuthnmahlu m iitor, uiul thoy look 
 
 liku HtriiM of piilo unwn ribuiul curling about betwnun uiouikIh of u durkur hue. 
 
 TliH HuinniitH uftlu'HO inountuituB uru at ono nioiiuMit viHililt) uud tit tlio next 
 
 hiddtMi iiisoino piiHMiug cIoikI, un<l down their Hidt^H, from poiiitH fur towardH 
 
 the Bunitnit, long liiiua of Hilvor Htntiikn of foiituing watttr full into tiio turn. 
 
 Butweuii thu (MUMin und thoHo iidotii aru JHlandH which Hliinid thiMU from the 
 
 forcH of any storm, bu that u bout muy truvulfur u thoudund miluo in ubuulute 
 
 •ttfuty. 
 
 LANDS. 
 
 For tho informaticn of intending Hcttlers a few wordn concerning th«« ucijuiro- 
 
 mont of landn in tlio rrovincu of Britiuh Columbia nuiy bo UHofui. Along tiitt 
 
 Canadian PucKic liailway and within twonty iniloH on each Hido of tho liiiu is u 
 
 tract of land known ustho Railway JJdt.tljo regulations (lonccrning whit ii differ 
 
 flliglitly from tiumo governing otln'r ])ortion8 of tlio country. Tliin belt is vested 
 
 in tiio (Jovornment of tlio Dominion as diHtinguished from the (i'jvernnient of 
 
 tho I'rovinco of British Columbia, whoso regulations are in forco fur all other 
 
 parts. Tho country in laid out in townships of six miles S(iuan% and oacli of thu 
 
 thirty-six enclosed stiuare miles (called sections, und numbcrel 1 to IMi) is 
 
 divided into four quartiT-sections, containing ItiO acres eacii. Tln^so «iuarter- 
 
 soctions nuiy bo i)urcha8ed ut a pricom)W flxod at $-.50 (l(»s.)i)er aero, subject to 
 
 cluingo l)y order-in-council. They nniy bo " homcsttnidod" by settlers who inttMid 
 
 to rosido on thon>, in wliich caso no money is paid for tho land, tho only charge 
 
 being a tuo of $10 (£!.') at thu time of application. Bix ntonths aro allowed in 
 
 which to tako jjossession, and at tho end of threo years if tho settler can show 
 
 to the local agent thut ho has cuitivuti'd tho land, ho acquires a patent on easy 
 
 terms and becomes owner of tho homestead in fee simple. In case of illness, or 
 
 of necessary absence from tho homestead during tho three years, additional 
 
 time will bo granted to tho settler to conform to the Government regulations. 
 
 These condition? apply to agricultural lands. 
 
 OBAZINO LANDS. 
 
 Persons desiring to engage in cattle raising can acquire leases from the 
 Government on easy terms, subject to a termination of their lease by tw o years 
 notice from the Government 
 
 Stock raising is a pleasant as wtll as profitable occupation in British Colum- 
 bia. A settler pre-empts 320 acrt's of land, for which ho pays one dollar an at re, 
 infouretjual instalments. Ho can put up a small lodge at little ex])enBe, und 
 use the balance of his money in purchasing cattle. These he will brand and 
 turn loose to graze where they will. In due course, the calves must be branded, 
 and steers sold, and with little care or anxiety a man grows rich. 
 
 HXBEB LANDS. 
 The timber lands withia the Railway Belt may be acquired from the Domin- 
 ion Government on payment of an annual fee of $50 (£10), and 80c (Is. 3d.) for 
 each tree felled. This refers to the large timber-making trees cut for sale, and 
 not to the smaller deciduous trees that may be required for use. These Terms 
 apply to licenses granted for " timber limits " east of the 120° parallel of longitude, 
 all timber west of that to the sea being governed by the regulations of the 
 
BRITISH COLUMBIA 45 
 
 Provinrial Govorninoiit. Mining and niimtral IuikIh witliin tlio Uuilway }Mi 
 art'. *liH]M)H«il of l)y tim Dominion (iovornniunt on Hixtciul UtrniH ^ovornttil by tiie 
 circuiiiHtiincoH of tlio cuac. 
 
 Tli(> followiiii; <ir(> t^" ret^ulutionii of thn Provincial Govnrnnieiit of British 
 Columbia ifovurnini; lan<lH not in th*^ Uuilway Iti^lt. 
 
 PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT LANDS. 
 
 Crown lantlH in Itritiflli ('olnin))iii iin' duHHitUHl an i>itl)(>r Hiirvoyc*! or iinsur- 
 voyod lands, and may b«i actjuirod oitiier by record and pn'M»mj>tion, or 
 {)un'liaH<>. 
 
 PRE-EXFTIONS. 
 Tlio following jtorsonH may riicord or jin'-t'mpt Crown landH:— Any person, 
 boin^' tlio boad of a family, u widow, or a sin^tln man ovor IH y«iarH of age, buint; 
 a HritlHb snbjcct, may n-cord Hnrvcyt'il (ir unHnrveyed Crown landN, wbicli are 
 unuccnpiitd, or unreserved, and nnrecordiMl. 
 
 Aliens nuiy also n rd smli Hiirveyed or nnsurvoyod landH on making a 
 
 declaration of int«'ntion to bocome a UritiHb Hid)jeet. 
 
 Tlu* (juantity of land wliich may be recorded or pnMMupted is not to exceed 
 320 acres northward and eastward of the Cascade or Coast Mountains, or 100 
 acres in the rest of the province. 
 
 No p<'rson can hold mon* than one pre-emption claim at a time. Prior 
 record or pre-emj)tion of one claim, and all ri^dits under i' are forfeited by 
 aubsequent record or pre-emption of another claim. 
 
 Land recorded or j)re-empted cannot be transferred or conveyed till alter a 
 Crown arrant has been issued. 
 
 Such land, until the Crown grant is issued, is held by occupation. Such 
 occupaticm must bo a bona fide jx-rsonal residence of the settler or homestead 
 settler, or his family or agent. Indians or Chinese cannot be agents. 
 
 The settler must enter into occupation of the land within thirty days after 
 recording, and must continue t*) occupy it. 
 
 Continuous absence for a longer i)eriod than two months consecutively of 
 the settler or homestead settler, and his agent or family, is deemed cessation of 
 o(!cupation; but leave of absence may be granted not exceeding four months in 
 any one year, inclusive of the two months' absence. 
 
 Land is considered abandoned if unoccupied for more than four months in 
 the aggregate in one year, or for more than two months consecutively. 
 
 If so abandoned, the land becomes waste lands of tiie Crown, without any 
 cancellation of the record. 
 
 The fee on recording is two dollars (8s.) 
 
 The settler may either have the land surveyed at his own instance (subject 
 to rectification of boundaries), or wait till the Chief Commissioner causes it to 
 be surveyed. 
 
 After survey has been made, upon proof, in declaration in writing of him- 
 self and two other persons, of occupation from date of pre-emption, and of 
 having made permanent improvements on the land to the value of two dollars 
 and fifty cents per acre, the settler, on producing the pre-emption certificate, 
 obtains a certifiate of improvement 
 
46 BRITISH COLUMBIA 
 
 After obtaining the certificate of improvement and paying for the land, the 
 settler is entitled to a Crown grant in fee simple. lie pays five dollars therefor. 
 PAYMENT FOR LAND AND CBOWN GRANT. 
 
 The price of Crown lands, pre-empted, is one dollar per acre, which mnst be 
 paid mfaur ((luiil inxtolmnttK, as follows : First instalment, two years from date 
 of record or pre-emption, and each other instalment is not payable till after the 
 survey. 
 
 The Crown grant excludes gold and silver ore, and reserves to the Crown a 
 royalty of five cents per ton on every t'^n of merchantable coal raised or gotten 
 from tlie land, not including dross or fine slack. 
 
 No Crown grant can be issued to an alien who may have recorded or pre- 
 empted by virtue of his de(;laring his intention to become a British subject, 
 unless he has become naturalized. 
 
 The heirs or devisees of the homestead settler are, if resident in the province, 
 entitled to the Crown grant on his decease. 
 
 SALE OF SURVEYED LANDS. 
 
 Vacant surveyed lands, which are not the sites of towns cr the suburbs 
 thereof, and not Indian settle rrents, may bo purchased at tlie rate of two dollars 
 and fifty cents per acre. Surveyed lands purchased under the provisions of this 
 section must be paid for in full at the time of the purchase thereof. 
 
 SALE OF UNSURVETED LANDS. 
 
 The applicant to purchase unsurveyed Crown hinds, after staking, posting, 
 etc., must give two months' notice of his intended application in the " Govern- 
 ment Gazette," and in any newspaper circulating in the district where the land 
 is situated. 
 
 He must also have the land surveyed at his own expense, by a surveyor 
 approved of and acting under the instructions of the Chief Commissioner. 
 
 The price is two dollars and fifty cents per acre, to be paid as follows : Ten 
 per cent, at the time of application, and ninety per cent, on completion and 
 acceptance of survey. 
 
 The quantity of land must be not less than 160 acres, nor more than 640 
 
 acres. The purchase must be completed within six months from date of 
 
 application. 
 
 WATER RIGHTS. 
 
 Landlords may divert, for agricultural or other purposes, the required 
 quantity of unrecorded and unappropriated water from the natural channel of 
 any stream, lake, «&c., adjacent to or passing through their land, upon obtaining 
 a written authority of the Commissioner. 
 
 HOMESTEAD ACT. 
 
 The farm and buildings, when registered, cannot be taken for debt incurred 
 after the registration ; it is free from seizure up to a value not greater than. 
 $2,500 (£500 English) ; goods and chattels are also free up to $500 (£100 English); 
 cattle " farmed on shares " are also protected by an Exemption Act. 
 
 TITLES. 
 
 Not unfrequently settlers are anxious about their titles to property, when 
 locating in a new land. There need be no uneasiness on this score in British 
 Columbia. Titles are secure. 
 
BRITISH COLUMBIA 47 
 
 OOVEBNICENT. 
 The Canadian Government rofjfuliitcg all mutters connected with tnido and 
 navigation, the customs and excise, the udmiiiistration of Justice, militia and 
 defence, and the postal 8ervii«!; hut the Provinciul Government of I'.ritisU 
 Columbia has control of all local matttirs. The province is at present repre- 
 sented in the Canadian Parliament by three Senators and six members of the 
 House of Commons. Its own Liyislature consists of a Lieutenant-Governor, 
 appointed by the Governor-General of Canada, an Executive Council of four 
 members and a Legislative Assembly of twenty-seven members, elected liy the 
 people for a term of four years. In practice the Executive Council hoi Is ollice 
 at the will of the Assembly, precisely as the English Ministry do<\s at the will 
 of the House of Commons. There are thirteen districts for electoral purposes. 
 A short i)eriod of residence, with registration, qualifies vottirs, an 1 every settler 
 who shows an aptitude for public business, and enjoys the conlideiice of his 
 neighbors, lias as good a chance as another of representing his locality in the 
 Provincial Legislature or the House of Commons at Ottawa. 
 
 HOW TO BEACH BBITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 The Transatlantic steamships from England from about 20th November to 1st 
 May, land their passengers at Halifax, Nova Scotia, the Canadian winter i)ort, 
 and at Boston or New York. From Halifax passengers are carried to ^lontreal 
 via the Canadian Pacific's Short Line, the trii> occupying but 20 hours. During 
 the summer months (about 1st May to 20th November) steamers land passengers 
 at Quebec and Montreal, and at Boston and New York ; when at the former city 
 the journey toMyntraal is continued over the Canadian Pacific along the north 
 shore of the St Lawrence River. Thence by the Canadian Pacific Railway 
 across the continent to Vancouver. 
 
 The Atlantic passage takes from eight to ten days, and the railway trip 
 from Quebec across the continent five Jays. A lirst-class passenger can go 
 through to British Columbia from !Engh,nd in fourteen days, by crossing the 
 continent on the Canadian Pacific lino. 
 
 It is best to take " Through I'tcbts" to Vancouver, or as far as pfjssible. 
 Efforts may be made to induce passengers to take tickets by some roundabout 
 route, which oftentimes necessitates expensive stoppages by the way. A pas- 
 senger should insist upon having a ticket by the Canadian Pacific Railway, 
 which is the only direct route. 
 
 Third class passengers should provide at least part of the necessary food for 
 themselves for the railway ' ip across America, as provisions at the way-side 
 stations are expensive, and the " through " ticket price domnot iudude prorixions 
 except on the steamers. Colonist's meals are 50 to 75 cents each. 
 
 Surplus money should be sent through the Post Oftice, or a Bank, to avoid 
 risk from loss on the way. 
 
 It is the practice in North America, on the part of interested or dishonest 
 persons, to fill the ears of passing colonists with stories about the places they 
 are going to. No attention should be given to these men. 
 
 Wliile passing through Eastern Canada, colonists for British Columbia will 
 apply, in case of need, to the local immigration officers of the Dominion of 
 
48 BRITISH COLUMBIA 
 
 Canada, who will give honest advice and information. The coin and paper 
 money of Canada is of a uniform standard and is curreut throughout tue 
 Dominion. 
 
 Intending passengers can obtain tickets through to all points in British 
 Columbia, together with the fullest information relative to the most desirable 
 places of location for farming, cattle growing, mining, and trading, by applying 
 to Agenta of the Canadian Pacific Railway in London, Liverpool and Amster- 
 dam. 
 
 HOW TO SEND H0NE7 TO BBITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 The colonist is recommended not to take English coin to British Columbia. 
 In Great Britain, he should pay that portion ot his money, not wanted on the 
 passage to the Post Office, and get a money order for it payable in Vancouver or 
 Vi.^toria; or he may pay his money either to the Bank of British Columbia, 
 L i:i(lon (the bankers for the Government of British Columbia), or to the Bank 
 of iJritish North America, London, and get from the bank, in exchange for his 
 money, an order j)ayable on demand from its branch bank in Vancouver or 
 Victoria, British Columbia, for tlio etj[uivalent of his money in dollars and cents. 
 
 The colonist, on paying his money to tJie Bank must sign his name on a separate 
 piece of paper, and ask the Bank to send the signature to their Branch Bank in Van- 
 couver or Victoria, so that the person who applies for the money in Vancouver or 
 Victoria may be known to be the proper person, Jf this is neglected, the colonist may 
 not be able to get his money rmdily. 
 
 The above banks have agents in England, Scotland, and Ireland. The 
 Bank of British North America has its own branches in the Dominion of 
 Canada, New York, and San Francisco. The Bank of Montreal is the agent of the 
 Bank of British Columbia throughout Canada and New York. The Bank of 
 Britisa Columbia has a branch in San Francisco. 
 
 OH ABRIVINO IN BBITISH COLUUBIA 
 
 It is sometimes better for an intending farmer of moderate means to place 
 his money, on first arrival, in the Government Savings Bank (which allows 
 interest), to take lod^^ings, an 1 13 work for Avages for some time, in order to gain 
 a knowledge of colonial life and modes of management. 
 
 Colonists are recommended not to linger about the towns at which they 
 may arrive, but to proceed, with as little delay as possible, either to their 
 fidends, if they have any in the province, or to the localities where they are 
 likely to meet with employment. 
 
 The immigration Agent, at port ot arrival, will furnish information as ot 
 lands open for settlement in the respective districts, farms for sale, demand for 
 labor, rates of wages, routes of travel, distances, expense of conveyance, etc. 
 
 The colonist should be careful of his cash capital, and not put it into invest' 
 ments hastily. There are Canadian Government Savings Banks in the province. 
 
 PRICE OF BOABD AND LODQING. 
 
 Very erroneous ideas prevail in some quarters as to the actual expense of 
 living in the province. In old days, during the mining boom and prior to the 
 opening of the Canadian Pacific Railway, rates were undeniably high. But at 
 present the increased shipping facilities and livelier competition have lowered 
 ])ricss all round, and necessaries of life cost much less than in the adjacent 
 American territory, and can be purchased at a very reasonable advance upon 
 ruling prices in Ontario and the older provinces. Good board and lodging at 
 hotels (meat at every meal) costs from about $5 to $6.50 per week, or 208. to 26s. 
 Sterling currency. Board and lodging per day, $1, or 48. Sterling ; single meal, 
 25c., Is. Sterling; beds. 50c., and 25c., 2s. and Is. Sterling. 
 

 
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 gPffiCIFIC RRILWM. 
 
 xii iiiv wuBi, ouuabmiiviiH miu rvii eotlv Built Railwsy on tho Coittiiiant of AmoHen, and miwrbly 
 •qaipporl w ithjtho finest rollins a tock inorlerD skill onn produoo. Coaohes. Dlnins and 
 ^ ' ' a of luxurioua eleeaucei and ozoel To Stabiliiy and Bmaty of 
 
 In the Mott Snbitantlal and PorfeoU 
 •oaippo'l with too finest rollins i 
 Bleeping Care are triumph 
 nnlsl! an/ia tlw world. 
 
 TOURISTS 
 
 ^ 
 
 win 'find the New Boate through Canada from tbo Atlantic to tho PaoiOo unappmaehed fornuur- 
 niflcenoe and vnrioty of Kconnry by any nth )r linq of travel. The rugged wildernenj of the Nortk 
 
 ghore of Laku Superior, t ho piotiirorquo Liiko of the Woods Region, tho Billowy Fnilriesof tha 
 anadian North-west, tho stately Rrandcur of the Rookies, tho inarrpis of the Kfltkirin and 
 Gold Kange, the wondrous beauty nf tho Puoifio Coast, aro travor^od by The Crcat Dustleiia 
 Route. Doing ontirolv oontrollod and manntrod by one Company, the Canadian Paciflo 
 Railway offers special adrantoges to tran^^^oontinontnl travellers that oanuot M giantedbr 
 any other tine. It is tho Best, tho Safest and Fustest route from Uooan to Ocean. The Company 
 have spared no expense in providing for tho wants and comfort of thoir patrons, an their tine of 
 
 Sning Cars and Mountain Uotels will at all times testify, being supplied with all that the most 
 itidloua can desire 
 
 Transcontinental Sleeping Cars 
 
 Are provided with Sofa Sections and Bathing Aocommodntion, and offer all the oomfott and 
 convenience of First-oloaa Ilotela. They aro spcoially^nnstruotod to admit of the i^oenery being 
 . viewed in all dirootions. 
 
 •'.-"''^^ pARBRHaKR FaRKH AS I.OW aB ANV OTHRR LtHC 
 
 Through Tiokota from HaupaxI Qukiikc Muntukal, Ottawa, PaKBrorr, BROflKvttLi.ToBomo. 
 Hamilton, Lo.vnox and all points in Unmida ; alfio from Nkw yoRK,BuSTON and all tho nrinoii;al 
 points iu New England States, to Vaki:ouvkr, Viotobia and ether points in British (Jiolumbi»i 
 
 and to fc-TLAND, Oro., Puokt 
 
 Soi;nd Ports, 8am Fravcisou, oto. 
 
 ZInsiat on gettini^your tickets via the Canadian Pacific Railway. 
 
 Colonists receive special attention by this mute. Free Colonist Sleeping Cars being aapplied 
 
 for their aocummodiaf.ior. 
 Flight Shippers ean hkvB their ifoods transported without the voxatioua debya and damage 
 incidental to tlie frequent transfers nccrsaary by other rontea, and without tna ezpenae and 
 
 I annoyance of customs requirements. 
 
 Bat es are Low er than by any othep Bqute 
 
 Bosinesa Corresppndence invited, ond will mee^'with prompt and courteous 
 attention if addressed to any of tiie undermentioned Ofiicers or AgentSt 
 
 a.'M. BOSWOBTH, A>st. Fr elgbt Traffic Mgr., B. KEHB, General Passenger Agent, 
 
 0. A A. and E. Divlalona, Toronta W. A P. UivtslonSi Winnipeg^ 
 
 W. B. 04MJLWAT DIstriot Passenger Agent, »■ ▼• 8K1HHKB, General BasternAgCTitjJ 
 
 »u»u». 118 King 8treerw«st,T<ilroBtq: 86J Broadway, «ew Xfr*. 
 
 ^ B. O. MePHKRS0N,Asst.Gen.Pa8a.ABt. 
 W. Vk BQCI, DUtrict Possenqter Agent, Mew Brunswick Dlv., Ac., St. John, K.B. and 
 
 Windsor Street Station, Moatraal. 811 WaatilugtonStraet,KMU>n. 
 
 0. SEUOHBT, DlaMptJPassenger Agent, . j.. P. r.^rs, District Freight and Passenger Agent, . 
 
 , ■ llraRStraet West, Detroit, HUik. im Soutb Olark Street, Olilcago, UL 
 
 GBOBOB OIiPS, Ikaaral 'Aratto MaaagoA D. MtHICOiXi, OenerOl Pass en ge r ^^X">*>y^^^ 
 
tttx^mm^mmmi^mmtmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmimmmmmmmtmfmmmmmmammtmmm^matm 
 
 ■ J.^-1 ' 
 
 tHE ri!G||^\yAY 
 
 TO THE PACIFIC 
 
 ThelBwt. Cheaprest and COAST. 
 Li. t Quickest Way to 
 
 British Columbia 
 
 AND TMt PuGtT SaurtD Country 
 
 • • . m BrrNB 
 
 ^l^B Qr9»k Rail Boate ^hriiQgh Piotures^ue Canada* 
 
 IiaziiHotlB/nirqnirli pil^Qping Gara are run from the 
 
 , itian)t^t(iiho Pa eifio Ocean. 
 
 Eandfwe I^siinf Gaarii en all Transcontinental Trains. 
 
 Geii^ft)ftfaKl^ free Bleepers: for OoMiste; 
 
 Ifo Oii^ob|iBi#rdnb^^,^ ^4nU1te?Bi ittc^lelayii/np Worry* 
 
 TilE B0 lioip fill |q|ri^^;^ 
 
 i«w«»A«h ^* 
 
 Tre^^XSafetj «i|<i9B«pci^ry<3randar titan by any oih^r! Rcpte^ 
 
 hi %... ;:j J i:...^ jf ^.i' liir^.(.V'.>^^ • ,- i.i. i ^ ^ i:- l^u ,M v,: 
 
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