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Las diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 H O ■pi o T. § U3 9^ I I 'A ofc* ■ . TH>< PROGRESS \ t \ I I OV MARITIME DISCOVERY, FROM THE EAKUEST PERIOD TO J ' ' ' - . THE CLOSE OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY, VOHMINO an Cjrttttttitoe •pMem of n^jflNrosrapli;. »: I BY James Stanise Clarke, F.R.S. DOMESTIC CHAPLAIN TO HIS ROYAL HIOHNESS THE FBIVCB BKOIOT. ■B ' Cessem do wlno Oicgo, e do Trajnum Ab NsTm9o i- .hioiTs\aia TO THE PRINCE. 1 . . / . MAY IT PLEASE YOUR ROYAL HIGHNESS. Ihs Favours with which you hare conde- fqen^e^, Sir, to honour me, demaod this public acknowledg- menjt of my gratitude,: i^ud firft induced me to requeft permii- fion to exprefs that gratitude, by dedicating this Volume to your Royal Highness. iu: , ,, Yet I had alfo, Si a, other reafoiis for thus'prefuming to draw your attention tpwards the prefent Work. With the reft of my countrymen I not only regarded you as the Prince of The Britisi^ .Ist.Es, but as the Heir Apparent of al Monarch, during whofe Reign the progrefe of Maritime Dif. covery has been extemded to the moft diftant regions, and the commercial interefts of the United Kingdom have been pro- A 2 portionably Ci,i^i I ^dCi^2 iv DEDICATION. portionably augmented. In your Royal Brother, William Henry Duke of Clarence, the World has beheld the noble example of a Prince, fubmitting to the Spartan difciphne of the Britifli Navy, and afcending by due gradation to the diitinguifhed ra'pjc oi' Admiral, j %| ^ T The Naval Proteffion, thus highly honoured, was flill, Sir, further upheld by your own conduct. It is the peculiar privilege of Royalty to Mc€t its friends from every rank, to raife unobtruiive Merit from obfcurity, and to confirm the path of hereditary Honour. '-With^lfti^/ei^tfSnfiV'^' rairtge' id t^otife fVom, you feledted as the firfl, and mofl confidential of your Fri«tid6, tw>o N^a.vab OfTfCEii^: *he Wbrth and profeffional Menity o# ZiOrd) Hugh SeynMMr ^tfi«d yidvtf chcfie« ; whS^ i\d iMe/pefideti9!& stfiA Sii^ceiity of A^fuAnl Paynes have* iAeWti whft« k' the' iioblefti ^' well, as' tlie^ moA fuccefsftll eonSid to obtain the confidence of a- Prince. yi /HlBiAa? plainnefs of Manners^ whieK your Royal IIigh- HBvs) admired in thisfe €hara<^r6, you have feduloufly en- Qouraged in Society. By your Example, Sia^ yea bave re^ lievfid exalted Rank from unmeaningi Pdmp^ and< cumbrousr S^tehnefk,. and by the; eafti of your dtetneaaoul^, have i^n- . 4eoedi thp: dJQporbnentt of our Nobilitu^ mcMie conciliating. a Thus DEDICATION. Thus the liberality of your mind hath diffufed the ele- ments of Courtefy throughout the different ranks of Society, and given additional attradiions to the noble character of an Englishman. In this view, Sir, the prefent Volume, containing the commencement, and completion, of that arduous Maritime Defign which originated with the Prince of Portugal, the renowned offspring of Philippa of Lancafter, grand-daughter to £dward the third, has a claim to your attention ; and more particularly fo when it is recollected, that the Son of this Monarch, whofe military attainments you need only Occaiion to emulate, firft wore the Inpgne of your Princedom on the Field of Cresst. I have the Honour, Sir, to profefs myfelf With fentiments of gratefiil attachment, And wifhes for your happinefs, Your Royal Hiohnbss' obliged and dutiful fervant JAMES STANIER CLARKE. I v!) 37nc?I '»; bnA HI/ PREFACE TO THE FIRST VOLUME. 1 u» introduAion to this Volume wUI be found to contain aprognjfivt Memoir of Maritime Difeoveriet by the Cuthitei, and Phenicians, the Greeks, Car< tbagiDiani, and Romani. TheVJork. it/elf, after fome illuftrations of Com- mercial bifiory, in which, among other fubjeils, the doubtful progreft of the Norman Mariners it glanced at, proceeds to review the early periods of Portuguefe Hiftory prior to the fifteenth century ; an account is then given if their mfi di/HngwJhed writers on Portuguefe Afia and America ; and the hiftory of their Difcoveries follows, from the reign of JoHir the firft in ^7t^S% *o the arrival of da Gama in 1498 on the coaft if Malabar ; which com- putes the firft great divifion of my labour's. In the Appendix are many curious and fcaree Traffs ref^dit^ Navigation, which are intended to elucidate the preceding p(^es. But the reader may be curious to know, why the prefent Work was under- taken, and with what authority an obfcure Individual like myfelf, has ventured to embark OH fo perilous a voyage. A general idea tf the Plan may have been formed from the ProfpeAus already circulated, b irformed the public that the Outline was projected under the as^iceSf and with the approbation, of Earl Spbncsh, who prefided at the board ttf Admiralty ; but I did not then mention another Patron by whom the ar- rangement of the whole was formed, that zealous Mariner Admiral John Willett Fayne: Tuque ades, inceptumque und decurre laborem, dectu, Ofanut meritbpars maxuma noftra, MJtCEifAa! pelagoque volans da vela * patenti* Under * Georg. lib. II. 39. vill PREFACE. • Under this eminent Officer my attention wasfirft directed to Naval Literature. His ardent mind pointed out whatever of novelty ^ or of utility ^ bad hitherto been negleded ; and whilji bis genius cajl new light en the defiderata thus pre- fentedt his Conver/ation cheered my fatigue, and his Enthufia/m prolonged my indujiry. On my return from a Crui/i in the IiQpetueuXt my JSrJl. * efforts werefub. mitted to the Prefs, and favourably received. When I contemplated the next objed that offered, I trembled at its magnitude : my profejfional duties were ' increafed ; and I felt that I not only wanted the ability, but the leifwre^ rt- quifiie to compkt* an ttndertaking fo great, as the proigrefs of Maritimt Dif covery from the earliffi Period to the clofe of the eighteenth Century. Wfiilfi I hefitated, the importunity of Friendjbip increafed, and at length prevailed. It repeatedly urged, that a Complete Syfiem of Hydrography was wanted by the literary world, and particularly by naval men ; that it would prove an ejintial fervice tafutur* Navigators to have the principal Difioveries of their predeceffors conneiUd and arranged; that a perufal of the numerous' workt relative to this fubjeil demanded rather the leifure of a Reclufe, than the agitated and interrupted day, which the Mariner conjiantly experiences. The Labour which Friendjhip tfius urged me to attempt, has been greatly lef- fined by the fuggejiions and remarks, among many others, of the following GentU' men. To my good friend Mr. N icholas Pocock ; to my brother Ctptain George Ctarke, Capuin Francis Mafon, and Lieutenant Gourly of the Royal Navy ; to Captain Burgeb of the Eaji India Service ; to Mr. Baitey, Majier of the Royal Academy at Portfmoutb ; and Mr. Whidbey,^r whtfe acquaintance, and for many valuable hints, I am indebted to Captain W. Tremenheere of the Royal Marines i my firfi thanks are defervedly due. From the Reverend Mr. Bowles, and from Mr. Selwyn, / have experienced attention, though only, known to them by the courtefy of literature. From Sir Georgo Shuckburgh Evelyn, Bart, from the Reverend Samuel Henley, the Reverend" Mr. Maurice of the Mufeum, the Reverend Mr. Greatheed, and from Mr. Pollard * Scrmoni on the Chara6ker and Profeflioqal Duties of Mariners ; with, the Jlr/l,/eeomi, and third Volumes of the Naval Chronicle. PREFACE, Pollard the learned friend of the late Sir William Janet ^ t have received that ajyiance which cheers and alleviates fatigue. The fkill and experience of Mr. Arrowfmithy as well as his numerous MSS. have been always generouflj contributed; nor fhall I on this occafton emit to acknowledge the great affiance I have invariably obtained^ from the liberality and bibliographic information of that truly refped'able and honeji bookfeller^ Mr. Thomai Payne. An explanatory Catalogue of Collcftioni of Voyages, and other geographical works of repute^ is given by Mr. Locke in the * Appendix ; many of them are now become extremely rare, and can only be purcbafed with difficulty at a great advance on their original price : but to Mr. Locke*/ Catalogue con- ftderable additions may be made, which will be inferted in the courfe of the prefent work. It is at prefent fufficient to conftder the Volumes that are Jiyled COLLBCTIONS. I. Simon GkynoivI) the fon ofa pcaront of Sualia, and the friend of Lulhtr, of Melmabon, and Erafmtu, publiihed the firft Colle£lion of Voyagei, in Latin, at Uafil, one volume folio, 600 page*. (See Appendix, p. 202.) An Edition was printed at Parit in 1533, another at Bqfil in 1537, and a third in 1^$. There alfo wai an edition at Cirm. Sitqfi. in folio 1534, and one at B*lg. jtnlr. in 1563. Thii CoUeAion contained the Voyages of Cada MosTo, Columbus, Paoao Alonzo, Finzon, and VisruTius. Crjimiw vifited England in 1531, and died at Bafil in I54t. 3. Pbtcr Martyr, born at jtHghitra in the Mtlanefe, I4f5> publi(hedin i;oi at Bafil \ut three Decadu d$ Rtbus Oteanit et Novo Orbt. Folio. — An edition afterward* appeared in 1530, I533» and one in ^arto, 1587, entitled Dt Navigatlont et Territ de novo rtpert'u. The following Copies among others are in the Brlti/b Mufeum. (i) De InfuRt nuptr in- ventit,CotHf Int. 1S$1. Folio. Rotter Jam, 161(1,^^0. {2) De Retus Oceanis.Col. fSJi^,Svo. An abridgement of thtfe Decadet is given at the beginning of Ramufio't thitd Volume. Like him, Martyr was foon famous for his diplomatique Talents. Ferdinand the fifth, of Arragon, entrufted him with the education of his children, and afterwards fent him as ambaflador, firft to Venice, and then to Egj^. He died in 1525 at the age of feventy. Campbell in a note to Harriett ColleHion obferves, that Peler Martyr't account of Magal- haen'e Voyage was burnt, in the fack of Rome by the CooflabU de Bourbon. J. Alexaniier Geraldinvs compofed, what he termed, Itinerarium ad Regionesfub JEqw- noBiali pla^a conjlitutat, anno 1520. Compltdene Antiquitalet et rilus populorum JEi.'i.fU, ^/ric* VOL. I. • Appendix, p. 171 a PREFACE. Jf,k«, Ai!anih\ Ocetfii, a InJicartsm r^onum. Thw work however did not appcir wita 1631, when it was edited at Rom in an odavo volume, hj hit grandfon Ouupirutt •• CeraleBniu, 4 Ramusio, or Ramnusio, pubh'flied his Raccolta bellb Navioationi, bt ViAoai» IN TKB VoLVMi BiviiE, at thc repeated folidtations of feveral learned men. particuiarif the celebrated SiQMOR Hickoniho • Fkacaitoko, to whom the firft Volume is dedi- cated. Ramufio there obferves, " The reafoni which more particularly induced me to print this Raccolta, were, the defeAa I had remarked in the Maps of Fto/emy refpeaing /m&f» and J/rita. I therefore imagined x would prove an acceptable fervice to the world, if I colleded the beft accounts of thofe Countries that have been given us by modern writers j. to which, if fome notice of the Portuguefi Charts was (ubjoined, it would then be an eafy talk to make fuch improved maps, as would form a moft valuable acquitiiion to nautical, men j fince they would then be certain of having the longitude and latitude, at leaft of the Coafts of the above countries, correftly inarked. — ^The beft editions of the Raccolta, and its contents, are given in the Appendix, (page 173.) The principal editions are Fenlce 1583, 1584, 1588, 1606, 1613. There arc two fets of Ramufio in the Britifli Mufeum 1565, 83, 88. and 1583, 1606, 13. In the fame library it an Englifh tranflation of iiam^a by John Flatio, 4(0. l^ond. 158O. As no memoir of this learned foreigner haa yet appeared in our language, the following f Sketch is given from Tirabcfihi. (Tom. 7. page 346. Svo.) The family of Ramusio ranked among, the Venetian hourgeofie ia the 15th century, and had previoufly diftinguilhed itfelf in Literature, before the appear* ance of Battista. Jerome Ramufio was celebrated not only for his fkiH as a phy. fician, but for hit knowledge of Arabic : his Brother Paulo, aha praftifing at the Bat, became fupreme piagiftrate at VeroMt and is extolled, as a man of the moft pro. found learning and the ftriAeft integrity, in a letter from Giovita Rapicio to the younger />Wo.— Gio. Battista, fon to thii refpedable magiftrate, waa botn in 1485, and pro. .bably at Verona t when yet young he was fent on an embafly to France, and afterwards to Switzerland, and Rome, and executed his refpedUve duties in each with credit. In France he fo much diftinguifhed himfelf, that according to Pau/o Manuiiiu in a dedication of Czfar's Commentaries to Ramufio's fon the younger Paulo, his father had been requefted by Louis XII. to travel through the interior of his kingdom, and report his obfervations. As a reward for his valuable fervices to thc republic of feiuct, BATTisTit was afterwarda appointed Secretary to thc Council of Ten ; and on retiring from this honourable poft, aa we learn from a letter ) The following Works of Hakluyt are in the Britilh Mufeum. i. Voyaget. Lond. 1589. Folio. 2. Vnyaget and Difcamriet of the EngVifh Nation. Lond. 1598. Folio. ^. Hi/lory of the IVefi Indies. Lond. Bvo. ^ Hiflory of the Difcovery and Conqueft of Terra Florida, London 161 1. 4to. 7- The India Orilntalis et Occidentalis of du Brt and Me ri an, commonly Ilyled by the French Lb Collection db Grakdes et des Petits Voyages, is contained when complete in feven folio volumes, printed at Frankfort 1590 ft ann. feqq. ed annum 1634* The Firjl Divifion confills of Voyages to America and the Wejl Indies in thirteen parts ; the Second of Voyages to the Weftern and Eallern Coafts of Africa, and to the Eafl Indies, in twelve Parts. (See Appendix, page 172, and de Bure's Bibliographe In/lruSive, tom. 5. ' p. 67. whofe defcription of this rare Colle£lion takes up 120 pages.) The fined Copy of De Bry is probably that hi the pofleifion of Mr. White in Fleet Street. This Colledien, when complete, has fold for as much as three hundred guineas. Mr. White's copy includes Jeven volumes of fcarce Voyages, the original editions of fome of the works noticed by De • Bry, The CoUeAion itfelf confifts of the Wejl Indies in feven folio volumes, thirteen parts ; and the remainder, relative to the Eajl Indies, is in fix volumes of a fmaller folio, in twelve parts. The whole is elegantly bound in blue Morrocco, and in fine prefervation. 8. Claudk Darthelemi Morisot, bom at D'yon In 1592, publifhed in folio during the year 1643, ^" Orhis Maritimus, five rerum in Mare, et Littoribus gejlarum Generalis Hifloriai, This CoUeftion is fraught with much hydrographical information. Morifot died at Dijon, at the age of fixty-njne, in 1661. 9. The Revertnd Samuel PuRCHAs,beingin poffeflion of the unpublifhed MSB. oi Hahlaytt which nearly amounted to a Volume, laid the plan of a more extetifivc CoIIedlion ; but previous to this he publifhed, what would now be termed, A Gsogkapuicjl Grammas, in folio, 1 6 17, confiding of Relations of the World, and the Religions ohferved in all Ages : in which his great objeft was, as he informs us, to trace Relations of Foreign Countries to their firft authors, that the authorities hitherto paffed over might be prefcrved, and to epi- tomife extenfive works often into one chapter. This Volume confilts of 1 102 pages, and is fupplied with an excellent Index j it is dedicated to Abbot Archliifliop of Canterbury,, to whom he was Chaplain. From a pailage in the Preface, it would feem that this was the third edition And now reader the pdg rime comes vnto thee tlx thirtl time.). The firll appeared • in 1613 ; and in a poftfcript Purchas mentions that the edition of 1617 was an Improved one. He alfo alludes to the good reception this work had met with, and fpeaks with par- ticular pleafure of his being eftablifhed in London, by his promotion to the reftory of .St. Martin's, Ludgate, whicli took place through the intereft of his patron Dr. King, Bifhop of London.. / joy to acinowledge with all thankefulnefs thai the relater hath beene collated Il' KIT . PREFACE. Vttfo tiu Watch Tower, where I may behoU aU the Kingdomet of the Earth, Ij the epptrtu- nitiet of boohes, conference and manifold intelRgencee in thit Honourable City of London, by Honourable, learned, and Reverend Pajlor thereof. Thefe Relation i are divided into nine ooks ; five of which are alligned to jtfia ; two to Africa ; and the remainder to America. The numerous Catalogue of authors confulted precedes the firft book. Encouraged by the reception of his firft publication, Purchas proceeded to contmue his labours ; tad in 1634, or 162;, (for the dates vary in the engraved and printed titles) this learned divine, having engaged with a bookfeller Mr. Henry Felherjlon in St. Paul's Church-yard, publiflied the four volumes of Hakluytvs Posthumus, or Purchas his Pi L GRIMES, the firft flieet of which appears, from the Preface, to have been put to prefs in Auguft 1621. Ihxjirjl folume is divided into five Books, and is dedicated to Charles Prince of Wales. The £'froM COLNB, Lord Keeper of the Great Seal. In this dedication Purchas pafles a juft encomium on St. John's College Cambridge, where he was educated. The Fourth Volume confills alfo of five books, and is particularly interefting. The dedication,, like that of his firft publi- cation, is to Archbiihop Abbot. {For the contente fee Appendix, p. 194.) Bmfard in his Biblioth. gives a very high charader of Purchas. He alfo publiihed, A Theatre of Poli. tical Flying Infers, which is in the Brili/h Mufeum. 10. Bergeron's choice Collection principally of Jfiatic Voyaget and Travel/ from the xitb to ihe i^th century, firft appeared in 8vo. during the years 1650, and 1634, at Paris. It waa afterwards reprinted at the Hague in two quarto volumes, 1735, and at Ley den 1742. Of Bergeron little is known ; he is (lyled in the avertiiTement Ecrivain du milieu du Steele preu' dent, et Homme parfaitement tniendu dam cet fortet de Compo/itiont. This Colleflion is ren- dered more valuable by Bergeron** Treatife on Maritime Difcoveries prefixed to the fird ' volume ; the abftra£t of the hiftory of the Saracens and Mohammed in the fecond ; and the learned Preface to Marco's Polo's Voyages by ulmlre Muller Grieffenhag. H. MELCHisEDtC Thevbnot, Librarian to the King of France, obtained confiderable credit by his publication of Relations de divers Voyages Curieux qui n'ont point efie puUiies, ' */ qu'on a traduit des Originaux des Voyageurs Frangois, EJpagnols, dllemaads, Portugais, jinghis, Hollaadois, Perfans, Arahes et autres Orientaux. This Wotk was firft publiflied in four folio parts; the firft of which appeared at Paris in 1663, and the fucceeding ones ■ in 1664, 1666, and 1672. An odavo edition appeared in 1681, which is in the Bn'tiih ■ Mufeum ; and another confidcrably enlarged in two volumes, Parit, 1 6y6. This Col. leAion is enriched by the infertion of an Routier, pour la Navigation Jes Indes Orien- tates, par /ileixa tia Malta, qui a navige dans ces Mers fEfpace de 3; ans en qualiie de Pilolt Major des Caraques de Portugal, traduit d'un Manufcrit Portugais. It is to be la- mented PREFACE, XT nentedthit Thtvmtt did not give thewhelt of this muufcript, which hefap in hiiprefkce - would have too much delayed the publication of hi« worlc. Hia death prevented a more exaft arrangement of the CoUeAion, and in confeqoence of this manjr Copiea are defcAive. Fur the Content*, fee De Bure, torn. 5. p. 188. and the AraEMDiz, p. 175. la. A good CoUeAton was pubtiflied at Paris in quarto, during the'year i674> entitled^ Rtciuil it tSvtrt Vejaget fak» *n jt/rigtUf tt /« Jmiriqui, ntm etuanfuUie, avie Jgmtt m taiffe douee. 13. A CoUeAion of Voyages is mentioned by Du Frefnoy, as being publiflied in four volumesy foh'oi London 1674. 14. The ll'Genio Vagante, in two vohimes lamo. by the Conti Avkeli» Amzy* appeared at Parma In 1691. 15. The firft ColIeAion of repute that ocVurs in the Eighteenth Centurt, was that by Churchill in 1704 ; this when complete, with th<.- two volumes of fcarce Voyages printed from Lord Oxford's colIeAion, the firft of which appeared in 1732, amounts to eight volumes in folio, and bears an high price. A new edition api>eared in 1732, aud 1752. 16. Harris's Collection in two volumes folio, entitled Navigantium atqpe Iti< NCRANTiuM BiBLioTHRCA, followed the above in 1705, and was confidered as a rival publication. It has fince been reprinted with confiderable additions by the learned Jit. Campbell in 1744, 1748, 1764. An Abridgement, principally of fuch Voyages as relate to the Difcovery of utmeriea and the tVtfi Jn£ett was edited at Pant in lamo. 1707, entitled, Hifieire UnivtrfelU At Voyageifatti par Mtr it par ttrrt dant tant'un et It Nouveau Monde, avec un Dtfcqur* pre» Bminaire fur r UtiRte des Foyaget. This is given by Du ^r^oj) to the Abbe Bbllegarde. But in the Tranflation of it into Englifli, printed in oAavo, London 1708, the original work is afligned to M. du Perier of the Royal Academy. One of the moft interefting paiTagcs in this Volume, is that, wherein he informs the reader, that Jaqutt de V'ttri in the fecond book of bis Oriental Hljiory affirms, that The Needle has been in ufe at fea, ever fince the year 1215. 17. The great ColleAion by the Dutch entitled, Retsbn na Oosten, West Indisn,, confifting of voyages by the navigators of that Country, was publlihed in 29 o£Uvo Volumes at Leyden by the Sienr Vander jia, 1 707 — 17 10. iS. Previous to the above work a Colk&Ion of Voyages for the Eftablifliment of the Dutch Eaft India Company, had been publiflied at jlmfierdam in five volumes iimo. 1706 ;. and » fecond edition appeared In 1754. 19. The Dutch ColleBion of Northern Voyages, containing many valuable and fcarce Memoirs relative to Navigation and Commerce, was printed In feven duodecimo volumes, Amfierdam, 1715, 1718, and 1720. to. The learned Prefident M. de Brosse publiflied in two quarto volumes at Paris 1756, bis excellent Histoire deb Navigations aux Tbrrbs Aubtrales ; of this hlftory i Mr, Dalrympk has given the following opinion {Preface, p. 14.) " This Work muft ever XTi PREFACE. be held in great efteem, by men folicitous afur real knowledge, as there is no where to be found fo curioui an alTemblage of inftruAiag materials on this important fubje£l, and very few Works of any kind where there is fo exa£l an arrangement of matter : having faid thus much, I muft, at the fame timet be allowed to explain myrdf, that my opinion differs in many points, from the ingenious author of that work." Dt Broffe died at Paris on the feventh of May, 1777. His work was tranflated by Mr. CaUandar, under the title of Terra Aufirattt Cogmta, 3 vols. 8to. EiSniurgh, 1766. 31. A CotLBCTiON from Lei Lettret edi/iantes, and Journal* of the Mifflonary Jefuitt, was printed at Parh, during the year 1767, in four duodecimo volumes, entitled, Me moires GEooKArHiQues, Physioijss, f.t Histori^ue sua L'Asie, L*AFRi(y>B,'ET L'Ame- RiQ^E, i^c. Much curious Hydrographical information is contained in thefe Volumes ; particularly in the fecond, which relates to tHc ItuUan Ocean, and in the fourth which is confined to America. In all of thefe CclleSliom the impartial reader loillfind much more to commend than to blarney and the colkBive mafs of information is extremely valuable. Tet, whatever may have been the reafon^ almofi every one of thefe publications ivas. introduced to the public with fame abufe of its predeceffors ; whereas each pof- feffes its refpeSlive value and utility. If the palm can be yielded to any one writer in particular t itfeems to have been merited by the modefi and anonymous author who fucceededf Mr. John Green. This gentleman in conjunction with a bookfellerofthenameofA^lt^ipubiyhed, 22. A New and General Collection of Voyages and Travels in four thick quarto volumes, the firft number of which appeared in December 1 744. The Volumes as they came out f\\ere dedicated to yfJmiral Vernon, jiJmital y/n/ott. The Duie of Beif/brd, -who tlitn prefided at tlie Board of Admiralty, and the laft volume, 1747, to Lord- Chcjlerf eld. Some of its principal Patrons were. Admiral Vernon, Lord Barrington, Sir Thomas Cave, * Bart. Dr. Bolgiiy, Reverend Charles Bowles of Donhead, Lord Egmont, Hdrry Gough, Efq. Profefor Marlyn, Commijioner Hay, Sir William Irby, Bart. The Honourable Admiral Steuart, Colonel Selwyn, and the Bijhops of Winchefler, Exeter, and Briflol. Of its anonymous • author Mr; John Or fen 1 can give no account. Mr. Charles t Green the aftronomer, who accompanied Captain Cook oij his firft Voyage had an elder bro- -H ther • The following works by Mr. J. Green are in the Brili/h Mufeum. ( 1 . ) A Chart of North and South Americai ini.inAlng the Atlantic. Lond. 1753. Folio. (2.) Remarks in fupport of 1 where to be eft, and very having faid >pinion differ* t Paris on the title of Terra f JefuUi, was i, Memoikes 8,'ET L'Amk- lefe Volumes j )urth which i» e to commend Suable, Tet, Tuations was. ;as each pof- nyone writer lymous author Sl'ton with a in four thick 'he Volumes as Bedford, who .ord'Chtflerfield. Thomas Cave, try Goiigh, Efq. Idmirai Sleuart, Mr. Charles |kd an elder bro- ther Chart of ^/br/A Larks in fupport of PREFjiC'E, ther The Reverend Mr. John Creen, who kept a fchool in Soho, but the fimilarity of name is all that can be offered. Mr. Grieni as I am informed, had proje£ted a more extenfive Work, but the impatience of his publiftier brought it to a condufion on the publication of the fourth Volume. Thefuperior merit efthii Collegian was acknowledged even by foreigners^ and before the completion of the firji volume^ the Chancellor of France deemed it worthy of attention. He accordingly requelied the Abbe Prevost, Chaplain to the Prince of Conti, to traii/late it : the execution of this occupies the feven Jirji volumes of his Hiftoire Gcnerale des Voyages, and part of the eighth. But I amforry to add, that, in the performance of this tajh, Prevoft has taken very unwarrantable liberties ; has fhewn throughout a defire to fupplant the fame of the Original Work, which is not once liamed in the title, and by affixing his own portrait to the firjl Volume, few readers in the prefent day are aware that the Original exijis in their own language. Such was the confufion the Ahhc produced in his tranflation, by tranfpoftng pafj'ages he afterwards inferted as his own, and by the mijiakes which he made ; that M. Pierre du Hondt, an excellent judge cf the merit ^ Aftley*/ work, brought forward a new Trariflation at the Hague, in which he rejloredthe mutilated parts. An Edition was alfo printed by Didot at Paris in nmo, 1749, and fame of the volumes at Dn^efden; the whole amounted to fifty-fix volumes. 33. A valuable Historical Collection or the several Voyages and Diicoveries , IN the South Pacific Ocean, was given by Alexander Dalrymple, Efq. in 410. 1770. . To which was afterwards added in 17751 anotlier Volume confilling of A ColleBion of Voyages and Ohfervationt in the Ocean between South America and Africa, One of the mod valuable of the Journals publifhed by Mr. Dahymfle is the following — An HiHorical Journal of the Expeditions, by Sea and Land, to the North of California in 1768, 1 769, and 1770 : when Spanish Establishments were firftmade at San Diego and Monte- Rey. From a Spanifh MS. tranflated by fVilRatn Reveh, Efq. publifhed in 4to. by Mr. Dalrymple in 1790. 34. The ColleAion publifliing by EJlnla at Madrid, entitled El Viagero Universal, began in 1796, and, when completed, is cxpcdled to extend to forty Volumes in oftavo. 25. De of the new Chart oi North and South America, Lond. 1753, 4to. Mr. Tljomat Afiley, fon of a clergyman near Sali(bury, who was coiifin to Sir John AJlley, was formerly a bookftller in Paternofter-row ; whence he retired, and was fiicceeded by Mr. Baldwin. Mr, AJlley af. tcrwards recommenced bufmefs in Cornhill, where he continued until a conflagration took place, which dellroycd many of the houfcs in that ncighbourliood. VOL. I. b xvS •I* xvm PREFACE, 15. Dt t A Harp b in hit CollcAion, whiohxonfiftt of twenty-niiw volumei oAsto, W made an cxteaGve abridgement of Mr. Orttn't ColleAion, after making fome alteratioM k th» arrangement of its content*, and of the fubfequent volumes of the Hlfiairt Gtneralt ir# Voyagct t which extended to 2 1 quarto volumet : three of the additional volumei» to thoCs publiihed by Previjl, were written by MeiTn. ^rlon, and De Lefit. De La Harpe added to his abridgement the names of Bouganvilte, Byron, ffallu, Carteret, and Coifi, jafi^ ftcottd, and third Voyages. This CoUedion is defcribed, and commended, in the Monthly Review for 171)1. (Vol. 64. p. 298.) h all of theft Colleiliom^ though in AfiUy*s leafl of any ^ Hydrography hasbtem cwfukred in afecondaryy and frequently in a fubordinate point of view. The great objeils of this branch tffcience^ fo interefiing to a great commercial nation^ and fo important to its Navigators^ are difperfed through an inanity ^Volumes, and often erroneoufly given. Authorities have been feUom cited ; the claims qf nations^and individuals^ to the merit ^ their refpeQive Difetveries, are toofaintlj traced i the remarks of the Navigator and Traveller, united in the fame^ %twA, defiroy that connexion and arrangement each wight feparately poffefs ; the Differtaiums and Remarks rf Nautical men have multiplied^ until fome ef the forlie/if and mo/i valuabUy are nearly lofi anudfl the mafs of information that exifts) fo that it appeared neceffary at the clofe tfthe eighteenth Century ^ to arm range, andfeparate, the Stores which preceding ones had afforded; and thus t» form a General Syfiem of Hydrography, equally interring to the Navigator, the Statefman, the Merchant, and to readers in general. Such is the general Outline of my Plan, which, notvnthftanding the number of Volumes marfhalled in dread array before me, Ifhould imagine might be executed in about fix, or at the utmojl in feven thick quartoes. The Voyages of the prefeni Reign alone amount to more than twice that number. J wijh not, even iflpoffeffed the ability, tofuperfede the valuable Colleilions that exiji ; but am anxious to form a Work, which fhall produce afyftematic reference to the contents ^Hakluyt, Purchas, Thevenot, Churchill, Harris, ««/ Aftley, and thus render them more generally known, and by comparifon with later produdions mere cor» refl. An Explanatory Catalogue of Voyages, and other Philofopbical ptdflica- tiens conne£led with the progrefs of maritime Difcovery, will enable the Mer* chant, and the Man of Science, to form that Library, which opulent individuals^ in thefirfl Commercial Nation in Europe, fhould have an ambition to poffefs. A Work inMMiMMi«4r"'* and D. Auguftin Zarate. Paflage from Seneca* - • Pagt ii. )■; -.'t'ii'N SECTION II. Rn'uvi ofSaercd Ptriodt> •iAiiii^^Xd Pheniclans ; their Jealoufy of a Rival. Arabians. Communication with India prior to Mofes. Irruption of the Ninivitet into India. Mizraim. Auritae. Invention of the Sphere. Cunocephali. Acephali. Phcnician Purple. Canaanites. Edomites, Navigation of tlve mmH CONTENTS. «1it Red S«a. Tyre. SaMa. Cypnii. Stacd Record of Pheniclan Commcrc*.' Hcbrcwt. Hcbrtw Voyages. Poit* of Elath, and Efiongeber. Spikenard. Balm. Ophir. Tarfliifli. Infiilar Tyrt. Phcnkian Periplui of Africa, • Piig$ hi!I. !':! SECTION III. RnUm »/ Greciam PtrioJi. Prcniling Erron in the Grecian Hiftory. Geogn^phy of Marinua. GolTelin. Ptolemy. Pmgrefi of the Maritime Colonies from Egypt. loniani. Doriani. Myrmidoni. Pelafgi. Examination of the fabuloui Navigatori of Greece. — Perfcui. — Orpheui. Dionufui. — Cadmui. — Danaui. Argonaut!* Toyage. Voyage of Salafpci. Maritime Hiiloryof theCydopci. Charaaer of Merchant artd Pirate united. Sircni. Cydopei. Nautical Science. Ancient Mapi. Tidet. Athenian Commerce on the Euxine. Marfeillea. Rhodei. Grecian Ships. Naval CharaAer of the Greeks. Grecian Knowledge of India. Macedonian DifcOTerica. AbftraA of Dr. Vincent's Voyage of NofchuH • * • • ^4V*sci h !' Ml SECTION IV. CMlh.igimaHt aad Romm PiritJtt Carthage. Situation of the Metropolis. Treatica of Peace and Commeree preferred by Polybius. Gades. Commerce and Ingenuity of the Carthaginians. Trade for Gold Dttft. Hanno's Voyage. Himilco's Voyage. Caffiterides. Rome. Succefsful Nanl > AAion of the Romans. Succefsful Naval AAion of the Carthaginians. Naval Skill of {lannibal the Rhodian. Voyage of Difcovery by the Hiftorian Polybius. Atlantic Iflands, Sertorius. Juba's Diliroveries. HyJrographical DiviHons. Winds. Roman Emfiki. Virgil. Province of Egypt. Province of Phenicia. Moafoons. Voyage of the Freedman of Jtnniui Flocamiu, to Ceylon. Hippalus. Difcoveries on the Eaftem Coail of Africa. Abftraft oF Dr. Vincent's Periplus. Hyperborean Ocean. Caraufius. Naval Power of the Goths. Differtation on the Commerce of the Romans* by the lau Reverend William Clarke, Refidentiary of Cbichefter, - p^gt d. SOOK C0NTBNT81 toon I.^CHAPTE% I. SECTIOV J. CMBOMocMaent of the Libcrtin of £wo^. Siege uid Capture of CoaAantinopU. Ocao» Vcaioc. Crufadct. Port of Alenandrk. Florence. Holland. Nethcrlanda. Nor* aian Difcorerict. Dantfti Navigators. Vandalic Han* Town*. Order of the Ship and ECsallop Shell. Alfred. Hull and BriAul. Newcaftic upon Tync. Obftadea to Na> vigatort. Lawa of Okron. Golden Noble. Fleet of Edward the Third. Firft N^ ligation ASi. ExtraA from a Commercial Poem in 1433. Maritime Power of Scot* kad.^Spwo. Mercaatik TraniafUon* ia 1430. Oencral Stau of Europe,, Pift 3. SECTION II. PtrtupMfi I^flerf pruiJmg ihtj^huui CnUmry, Conde Henrique. Camoeni* Lufiadai. Portua Cale. Medulk Hifpam'ca. Eipnlfion of the Moor*. Alphonfo Henry. Battk of Ourique. Coronation of Alphonfo. Gain* Poflcffioa of Santarene ( and Lifbon. Early EngUlb Settlement in Portugjil called Cor^ nuaUa. Firft Information relative to the Eaftern Plurtt of Afia. Travekof Rabbi Ben> Jamin de Tudek* 1160-1173. R'ign of Sancho. Alphonfo the Second. Sanch» the Second. Carpini'a Narrative. Reign of Alphonfo the Third. Kingdom, of AX. ganrc annexed to that of Portugal. Narrative of Rubruquii. Reign of Deniiy IS79. AJphonib the Fourth. Pedro the Juft. Inez de Caftio. Espkaatory Catalogue of the Portuguefe Hiftoriaoa, . . . ftpGi* PORTUGUESE VOYAGES^ BOOK L-CHAPTER U. SECTION I. Ferdinand. Reign of John the Firft, 1385 ; marries PhiUppa of Laneafter, Diughter to John of Gaunt Duke of Lancafter. Firft Invaiion of the Afrkaa Coaft by the Portu. guefe, 1414. Don Pedro, and Don Henry, the King's Sobs, created Dukea of Coifflbra» aadVifeo. Charaacn^of tkcdifiacat branchei of the Royal FaB%' Firft Voji^ of the 6 Foitu» i^ V.19 CONTENTS. Portuguefe to the Coaft of Africa, for the Purpofct of Difowery, under the Di'reaion ot Henry Duke of Vifeo. Cabo de Nam. Cabo Bojador. Prince Henry fixes his Refidence atSagres. Porto SanAo difcovered, 1418. Geographical MSS. in the Poireflion of the Duke of Vifeo. Difcovery of Madeira by Machin } andby the Portuguefe in 142c. Pre- vailing murmurs againft Difcovery. Its Progrefs fupported by Pope Martin V. Rtign of Edward the Firft, 1 433 . Cabo Bojador doubled, 1 4 33* Voyage of Gilianez, and Baldaya, 1435, along the Weftem Coaft of Africa. Regency of Don Pedro, 1438. Voyage of Gonzales along the African Coaft, 1441. Second Voyage of Gonzales, 1442. Gold Duft firft offered to the Portuguefe Navigators. Voyage of Nuno Triftan, 1443. Commer- cial Company firft eftablifhed at Lagos. — Names of its principal Dire£tors. — Sailing of their firft Ship in 1444. Fatal Voyage of da Cintra. Reflections on the Condu£t ob- fenred by the Duke Vifeo. Counter- Opinions of Dr. Johnfon, and Adam Smith. Re- port of Juan Fernandez, who had been left in Africa. Cabo Verde difcoTered by Denis Fernandez in 1446. Voyage from Lagos under Lan9arot in 1447, to the Sanaga River. Voyage of ^uno Triftan to the Gambia, 1447. Ballarte a Dane enters into the Ser- vice of the Portuguefe Prince, and is killed by the Africans. Cabal formed againft the Regent Don Pedro; his Death. Re'tgn of Mphonfo the Fifth. Difcovery of the Agores. FiVfl Voyage of Cada Moflo, 1455. Second Voyage of Cada Mofto, 1456. Progrefs of Difcovery interrupted by the Death of Henry Duke of Vifeo in 1463. CharaAer— . - - Page 140. SECTION II. ' Progrefs of Difcovery traced frotn Cape Verga to Cape Catharine. Priority of Difcovery claimed by the French. Conje&ures on the Difcovery of the Iflands in the Gulf of Guinea, tlluftrations of a Portuguefe Pilot, as given by Ramufio. Voyage of Pedro de Cintra, written by Cada Mofto. Reign of John the Second, Settlement of St. George del Mina. New Grant from the Pope. Lorenzo de Medici, Congo dif- covered in 1484, by Diogo Cam. EmbafTy to Edward the Fourth of England, 1481, to prevent his Subjefts from making a Voyage to the Coaft of Africa. Voyage of Bar- , tholomew Dias, i486. Travels of Covilham, and de Payva. Hydrographical Re- marks— - - -^-^ Page 2^0. t>t v':v BOOK L— CHAPTER III. SECTION I. •*?1U)^ arif yV5 fteoO .i«x Brief Survey of Indian Hijlory. x-i" • .rij Ir, ,t>?. • Connefting Rctrofpeft of Indian Hiftory from the Time of the Macedonian Difcoveries by Alexander, and ' Nearchiis, to the clofe of the fifteenth Century. Mohammedan 13 InvafioiiB. CONTENTS, Inniioai. Torkeftan luvifioni. Mogul Dynifty. Babar. Hlftory of the Coaft of Malabar. Conjeduret refpeding the Fleur de lia on the Mariner's Compafs, Pttgt 373. • SECTION II. RtigH of Emmamiel. Da Gama's Voyage. Embarks from Lifbon, July 8. 1497. Doubles the Cape of Good Hope on the twentieth of NoTember ) and arrives off the Coaft of Mahtbaryon the twentieth of May, 1498, - ■ ^V* 399f nv APPENDIX. 1. Cahaiuft Memoir on the Progrefs of Maritime Difcovery, tranikted from the original Pottuguefe by Hakluyt, - ^ - - Pt^e 3. 2. The «debrated Mr. Locket Memoir on the Hiftory of Navigation, as afiigned to that eminent Writer «n the authority of Biflmp Law, - - Page 75. 3. Explanatory Catalogue of Voyag«.4, and fcarce Geographical Works, by Mr. Lode Page ijt. 4. Dr. Rotert/on'a Obfervations on the Difcovery of the Cape of Good Hope, Page 203. 5. Voyages of two Mohammedans in the Indian Ocean, during the ninth Century ; tranflated from the Arabic MS. by the Jbii Senambt, - • Page 217. 6. CoRRsspoMDENCE, , • - ■ • • Page 254. I , Tallow imagined to have an effeA on the Compafs, • • iiuf. a. Effeftual mode of purifying Water by Charcoal, - - Page 2 $6. 3. Nautical Remarks, with an account of the variation obferved on board the Romney during her paflage to the Cape of Good Hope in 1 800, - Page 258. 4. Account of the going of one of Arnold's Chronometers, No. 66, in a Letter from Captain Durham to Admiral Payne, - - Pt^e 260. 5. Scarce Works on Navigation, recommended for infertion, i. Page 263. VCL. 1. 'tt'i I' P 'i .vV V PESCRIPTION OF THE ENGRAVINGS. ^Wi**«i^ FRONTISPIECE. In this Plate the Table Land of the Cape of Good Hope isfeen through the drift of the Tempejlf towards the eqji, . The mountainous andfweeping Sea it alfo de- fcribed by Mr. Pocock, which fo continually rages around thefouthern extremity of Africa. (See chap. 2. page 367. and chap. 3. page 42 S' J The portrait of Da Gatna'^ Ship is reprefented as broached to in the Tempe/l, without any fails except her fore/ail which is flying to pieces. The height of the Poop and Prow^ thefquarenefs of the lower Tards, the taunt Mqfis, and tbefmall round Tops, are the chief peculiarities in the naval Architeilure of that age. The remainder cfthe Scenery is given from the Lufiadas I'l li i «vm DESCRIPTION OF THE ENGRAVINGS. Have pa fi' (I ihe Bounds whlehjealout Naluri drew . * To veil herfecret Shrint/rom mortal view ; Hear from my lift what direful H^oes attend, jind bur/ling foonjball o'er your Race defeend . ... " He paua'd, in aA.Aill farther to difclofe A long, a dreary Prophecy of Woes ; ' Wlien fpringing onward, loud my voice refoundi, What art tlioii horrid Form, that rideft the Air, - ' By heaven's eternal fight, ftern fiend declare ? V In ME THE SpII^IT OF THE Cape BEHOLD 1 Will) vfideJlreuh'dPiht t guard The pathlefi Strand,. \ 'Jnd /tr»ic's Southern Mound unmoved I Jland" Both this De/ctipiioTiy and the Engravings arc Jirikingly emblematic ofthofe vi- ftonary Horrors which pervaded the minds of Portviguefe Mariners during this tnemorable Voyage^ and are alfo chara£lertjiic of timt peculiar Cloud, whofe fudden envclopement of the Cape is a fare forerunner of a Storm. ' , \. VioNfiTTE THE FIRST. (Se£t. I. page il.) J\^ Reprefentation of the celebrated Apamean Medai. frMi Bryant, luboy be- fide the attention which he paid this Coin in his Mythology , publifhed afterwards^ a vindication ofthefame^ (4/0. Payne, 1775.) This was in anfwer to a letter which appeared in the Gentleman's Magazine, for May 177s* P'S^ 225.— *' In this coin of Philip, the fide of the Ark is divided, as it were, into two tablets ; andfeems to have been dejignedfor the names of the two perfons above them. Upon thefirjl ofthefe, under the figure of the man, is infcribedthe name Noe: but upon that of the woman no name occurs. The reafon probably was, that the name was either unknown, or elfe too long to be inferted. . . Take away the letters Noe, or ajftgn them to a different purpofe; yet the Hiftorical part of the Coin can neither be obliterated, nor changed." Falconerius thus reads the in- fcription round the laureated head o/" Philip the Elder, Imp. Caf Jul. Philippus; and that round the revcrfe. Sub Marco Aurelio Alexandro iterum Archiprafule Apamenfium,—^^ this Medal was ftruck, when Marcus Aurelius Alexander was a fecond time chief PoDtiK* of the Apameans." (^ee Introduction, .Se£t I. page xxxviii.) - ' .-. VlOKiETTE iil DESCRIPTION OF THE ENGRAVINGS. Vignette the second. (Seft. 2. page lyiii.) That learned medaUl/if the Reverend S. Henley, has enabled me to give this valuable and appropriate head-piece to the Second Seflion. // contains an en- graving of a Phenician medal, from the Collection of Dr. Hunter ; •which con- ft/is of an uncoined lump of Silver Bullion : the imprejjion has beenjlruck by force. The Shipt or Galley^ in Mr. Henley V opinion^ is of higher antiquity, than any he remembers to havefeen. Other Coins, with fimilar devices, prefent a date and itfcription, which prove them to have beenjiricken at Tyre, on the elevation of the laft Darius to the Perfian throne ; and in the fame year on which ALZXAUOBVifucceeded his father. The Head of Ai.b:xavdek, placed near the Murex Jhell, is engraved from the fragment of an ancient gem : the Phenician date is fubjoined from one of the ^bove mentioned Coins ^ when he became fovereign of the Eq/ly viz. 330 years before Chrifi ; and the Sacred Epithet of Tyre, The Crowning City, is added in the original^ from the prophet Ifaiah, Plate the second. (Sed. 2. page kczzi.) View of the fort and town of Columbo, in Ceylon, from the anchorage in the rQod. The near Veffel is an Englifh man of war Brig, of the prefent built. , Vignette the third (Sed. 3. page zci.) Reprefents two of the Amonian fire towers, Hght-houfes, or Sacred Collets, fo celebrated in the early periods of Maritime hijiory. (See IntvodufUon, page xlvi, xlvii. Seft. i.) They are given by Mr. Bryant in his firfi volume of Mythology, (page A\o.) Thefquare one defer ibes an ancient Tower at To- rone, and the circular Light-houfe the Tower of Cronus in Sicily. , '-^. XXIX Vignette the fourth (Se£l. 4. page d.) ' ' Marks the origin of the Trident, as taken from the Sacred Triads of the Indian Seeva, on the ancient pagodas o^Deogur. Copied by Mr, Maurice's permijfion from the Indian Antiquities. (See Introduftion, Seft. 1. page iii.) M- ■ Vignette ««♦ DESCRIPTION OF THE ENOIIAVINOS. m ¥ ' VfoNBTTB THE fiFTU. (Book L Chap. I. page 3.) Madeira, bearing mrth-w^t And by va^t ab«ut ten leagues diftant. The near Vejfel it the Portrait of a Bean Cod, and in the dijiance is a Sbif tfthe built of the fifteenth centwry^ nuihingfor Funchal Rtad. VicNSTTB THE SIXTH. (Chap. I. Seft. 3* page 139.) Head of the celebrated epic poet Camo£ns, from the DWon medal. Vignette the seventh. {Chap. 2. page 140.^ Cape St. Vincent f asfeen at the difiance of about a mile and a half bearing eaft and by north. A Spanijb boat is introduced in the centre^ audio the right a GzWtaSt from an old print. Plats thb third. (Chap. a. page 1*$') View of St. George del Mina and Cape Corfe, bearing north-^q/i and by Mji^ at which Settlement the Portuguefe built the jirfi Church that was founded in the Countries then newly difiovered. The Outline isfrm I^rbot. The near Boat is of a very early date from De Bry, andfeems to have been hollowed out of afolidfiece of timber. The Man cfWar^ at anchor^ to the rights as well as da Gama's Jhip in the Frontijpiece, is taken from the dejigns tf Henry Cornelius Vroom, born at. Haarlem in 1566: Being cajl away on afmallljland near the Coajl (/Portugal, he was preferved by fame monks, and carried to Li/bon, where he greatly improved his Jiill in painting Ships. -^Pifferent Veffels of the ^fteenth century are at ancljar tffthe coqft% ViGNETTE THE EIGHTH. (Chap. 3. page 373.) Portrait of the kind of Galley the Portuguefe ifed en the Indian Ocean, and which probably differed hut little from the Veffels which Nearchus cotti* manded. The drawing is taken from De Bry. \ - Vionett* th€ ninth. (Chap. 3. page 398.) Specimens of the Indian Lotus ^ by Mr. Daniell R.J. as they appear 'on the no^ ancient of the Hindoo temples; in order to elucidate the real r.tme of the i^rnament DESCRIPTION OF THE ENGRAVINGS. tmameni which U generally ufed on the Mariner's con^t to deJipMt the North. * Capital ef a Pillarntar Gyaht Bahar, •» Part tfth* baft of a Pillar at Dio, Bahar, «M Froffiunt near the temple of Seta, Remai^r^ Cheynpoor difiriff. *•«• D9» Do* ViONBTTB THE TEKTH. (Chap. 3. page 4QI.) Cabo Verde, atjeen at the dijlance of four leagues, bearing fouth-eaft and by fotah. A bead view of a Vejfel of a very early date is introduced, under her eourfes t^n a wind. This View ofherjhews the railing of the Prow, and the peculiarity of the Forect^le, *«* The communication of Sketches, which Officers have made of head- lands, and of the entrance of harbours, and rivers, in different parts of the world, would prove of eflential fervice to the futiue volumes of this work ;, as it is my intention that the Engravings fliould, as much, as poffible, be takea from original Drawings. «ui Charts drawn by Arrowfmith from various geographical MSS. , I. Coaji of Africa, from the Straits of Gibraltar to Cabo Verde. 2. From Cabo Verde to Cabo Formofo. The drawing of Cabo Verde on a> larger f cole as inferted in this Chart, differs from the other, and is taken from a MS. chart in Mr. Arrow/mith's poffejfton. D'Ahvilley^^flu to have copied the fame authority, 3. lllufirative Chart, No. i. of the Calabar and Bonny Rivers, from an. ori- ginal furvey by Captain William Newton. 4. CoaJi of Africa from Cabo Formofo to the Cape of Good Hope, 5. Southern coaJi tf Africa. The Lotus is rejlored to mark the North in thefe Charts, from the drawing by Mr. Daniell. (S^tf Chap. 3. Seft. i.) *^* It is recommended to the purcbafers of this work, not to bind up the Charts with the volume, but to referve them in order to form a feparate Neptune when the whole is completed, 6 ADDITIONS A^D CORRECTIONS. Ij^JtV'""^^ » 1 INTRODUCTION. P/t OS*. *Mlk» tt ttttt. Pliny U of opinion th*t the firft Wta of Oart wa« deriTcd from th» fini of Fi(h ; and ihat the mtnntr In which the Flight ot a Bird li direfted by its tail, ftiggefted the ufe of the Rudder. \PIMi Nat. Hift. lib. xii. />. 5 Si-) Pit' .V '• ?• " ""'' appeal to heaven for the truth of hii opinion," read ftripturc. fate IX. /. 8. " and beheld it wa« very good," read behold.— 7»W. fS''^ "'"> f""" " M'teUaneain" read MUcellanei in. fage 6s, addilion to note (§) on the Purple Jhell fijh. Dr. Hawkefwotth inform* us {Ccoi'i firft VoyaBe, vol. 'a. 8to. p. US') that in the paiTage from Af«»"" to Sh de JaAo, fome of the Shell Filh, called Helix Janthina, and Fiohcea, were taken up, about the lize of a Snail, fupported on the furface of the Water by a fmall Clufter of Bubblet. " It is probable that it never goes down to the bottom, nor wiUingly ap- oroaehes any Shore. Every Shell contains about a Te»-fpoonfiil of liquor, which it eafily difcjurge. upoti being touched, and wliich is of the moll teautiful Xed Purple that can be conceived. It dies Linen Cloth, and it may perhaps be worth inquiry, as the Shell is certainly found in the Mediterranean, y/hc- ther it be not the Purpura of the ancients." Page 8i. /. 6. from bottom, dele, " a$ a (rontifpiece to the pnfcnt volume." Page 89, margin, for Grecian periods, read Sacred. Pate too, addilion to note the firft. Dr. Vincent makes fome remarks on thi. Voyage in his Peritlus of the Erythrean (page 9.) " Whatever difficulties may occur in the return of the Argonauts, their palTage to Colchis is confiftent ; it contains more real Geo- graphy than has yet been difcovcred in any record of the Bramins, or the Zendavefta, and is truth itfclf, both geographical and hiftorical, when compared with the portentous expedition of Xam to Ceylon." fate loi, addilion It note. See alfo Gibbon (vol. 7. p. 321.) " The waters of Colchos or Mingrelia, im- pregnated -with particles of gold, are carefully ftrained througli Sheep-lkins, or Fleeces." Page 105, ml c fecund. " Among us, theic a relarge," read, there ate large. Page 1 06, /. 7. from hollom, " will in fome grec" read, degree. Page 117, note the ibird, I. 8. for " Ramafio" read Ramufio. VOL. I. Page «04, /. 7. from Uttom, Infert a comma after the word apparent. Page aiS. oddlliM to note the third. The fame cir- cumltance is alfo noticed in the cnnflruQion of canoes at Otaheite. " Of the fibres of the Cocoa Nut they make Thread, for faRcning together the feveral parts of their Canoes : the planki being fupported by (lanchions, »te Jewed or clamped together with ftrong thongi of plaiting, which are palTcd feveral times through holes that are bored with a Gouge or Auger of bone. As the platting (bon rots in the water it is renewed at lead once a year; in order to which thfi vend is taken entirely to pieces." (Hawkefworlh'i a> count of Lieut. Cook's yeyagt, vtl. 3. 81M, p. 63-— 7a.) Page aa4. for the catchword Difcourft, read Diflcr* tation. BOOK THE FIRST. Page a. Kings of Denmark, for " Eric the feTcnth," read Erie the tenth. Page >, add to iMe, See alfo Chap 3. Se£t. i. Page 76, /. 4, after " intereft," add. As a foreigner > remarks, it is fingular that the glory of Portugal fliould commence under the auipices of an Hcnbt, and fet during the Reign of an Hcnrt. Jbid. page, I. 8. for " pormote," read promote. P'g' 78, Addition to the firft note, A moft authentic account of this Siege is given in a Latin letter, 1147, written by Arnutfo, a perfon of diftinAion on board the Combined Fleet, and addrelled to the bilhop of Terone in France. Thit Letter was difcovered amon^ the MSS. in the Library of the Ajuitenian Abbott in France, and was publilhed in the CoUeQion of Mar- tene, and Durand. (Tom. i. Vetenim Monumento- rum, printed at Paris in 1784.) See Murphy's Travels in Portugal, p. 137, who fubjoinsa tranflation, Piig' 79i oddiliin to the firft note. The above faft Is alfo given on the authority of the Marquis D' Almeida, the late Portuguefe ambaifador. Page 87, /. 8. for « twenty-one gallics," read fifty- four : and in the note, fecond line from bottom, foi: " Bomarc" readUe Dure. , Page 88, /. 11. for" their patriotic fpirit" readthh patriotic fpirit. Page 9a, Note the fecond, I. 3. for « quadem" reai quxdam. Page 94, note the fecond, I. 10, for '« R. P. Gaubil" read P. A. Gaubil, d Pag^ xxxir ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. Part 05, tute HI the Ttrtm, aid, Thtre is alfo 1 cu- rious Difcourfe concerning the 'TarUirt in the Memoirs of the life end writings of Mr. W. Whifton (« vols, 8vo. 1749.) Originally by Giles Fletcher, ambaflador from queen Xlizabeth to the emperor of Ruflla. The eruption of the Mtnli from their romantic Tallev, ii dclcribed by Mb Maurice (Modern India, vol. i. |i. iij.) It was frobably from this paflige, In their Jiidory, that Ur. J^iifi» derived his Happy Valley In Rallelai. Faxe 116, ihiri Hnefnm htlfin, add, at mtc It Ca- TAVAt Refer to the end of Bryant's Analjfii (voL 3.) for his account of the Sy by the Clicviilier de Fiiito. In the Miimiias de Mathemalica et Pliifica da Aeademia Xeale das Sciential de Lijhoa, (tom. ». 1801.) A Memoir on Navioatjon has been publiflied by M. de Efferitt Santo Linipo, Page 140, qii'jtalioa from Micltle, I 3, for " Viflor** liannor" read viOor-binners, Fage iss, I. 19, for " cord*" read records. Page 158, note (f ) /. 4, dete. See preceding hift. Me- inoir of the Progrefs of Difcovery by the ancients. Fage 161, tine i,from bottom, dele the word to. Page 167, addition to note (»), Gabriel de BoRr, ■vho died at Paris in i8ei, made a voyage to Madeira In 1753 to determine It* fituatlon. HI* oblcnrttloni appeared in the Memtires of 1768, and 1771, part ad. Previous to hi* Voyage he jwblilbed a dcMription of a fea oAant by refleiion. Pate 187, tddiilon lo I. 8. The following Anecdote of thl* Monarch, a* given by Mr. Murphy {Ttawlt ht Forlugaltp. 57,) on the authority of a Portuguefe gen- tleman, IS particularly interedingi " Don John wa< To fccure in the Afle^ionsof hlsTubjefts, that he fre- quently walked abroad without any attendants. In one of hi* morning perambuUtions, he chanced to ob- fervc an Old Man, who wm lame and blind, at the oppofite fide of a rivulet, waiting till Tome one came to guide hi* fteps over a plank tlirown acrof* it. A* there wa* no one at hand but the King, he inftantly approached, ttrrw him on hit Ihouldcr, and carried him in that pofture tu the next road. The poor man, furprlfed at the eafe with which he was carried, ex- claims, / viijb Don John had a legion of/uehjlout Pel- lows to humble the pride of the Casiilian*, ivm depriv- ed me of the life of my leg. " Here, at the requert of the ^ing, he gave a ibort account of the fevcral AOions in wnich he had been engaged. In the fequcl his Maiefly recoUeAed, that this was FoNsacA, the brave Soldier, who had couia- geoufly fought by hi* fide in the memorable batti. J ALjuiARaoTA, that fixed the crown on hi* h»d. Grieved to fee him in fuch a dillrcired State, m UC' lired him to call next morning ai the Royal Palace, to know how he came to be neyleAed by hi* rerv&at* in power. H^htfiall 1 inquire for .* quoth the bravo Bclirariut. For jour gallant Companldn at the Battle of Aljubarrota, replied the King departing. " A perfiin, who at a diftance witnelTed the Scene, Ihortly after acroAed Fonfeca, and informed him of what his fovcreign had done. Ah I faid he, (when •he recovered ftom his furprife) / am tint/ convinced of the truth of -wuat h.ts often been ajferted ; the Poiildeis of Monarchs arc certainly accujfotied lo bear great Burthens. I rejoice in having devoted the >'ime of mj life to the fer- viceof me -who, like the P«i. -jx or Uz, 1* lEnsTO THE LASSE, AND EVES TO TliC ELINJ*." Pt^t 191, addition lo note («), Refer to the JPi- viagton'% Annual Rcgiller for 179*, Natuial hiffon. page 8a •' ^ ^ogt ««3. /• 10, add, but having landed, and placed a Wooden Croft en the Promontory, he returned Page 118, addition to note {c) line 8. According to Bai/cc (vol. a. p. 104.) the various names which the Seneoa went by, were all Ahijfmian words. '• Se- nega comes from Afenagi, which is Abjjfmian, and fig- nines carriers, or caravans. Page m8, /. 10, for " ought" read aught. P-'gt 133. ""e (1) for " Decad. i. lib. i. ch. 11." read Decad. i. lib. ii. ch. 1. as cited by Melchifedcc Thevenot. (Tom. *.) See alfo Herbeht's Biblitiheque Qriciitale, under tlie article Cades. P"!' *3S< »<>" (."). My information was incorreA, in dating that the fiill edition of Coda Mojlo's Voyage was in the King's library. ADDITIONS AND C0RRSCTI0N8. ftn »40, MH (g) I. 7» to* " "»«I« th« ye»" «79"- 1793" rtad im4* in the ynn, &c. rj pi>r( ao), /. I0| tot " cirdomum Tccdt" rtni Ouinea jpperi mdtuU la mtt (r) Or MaligheUi (Orana .'•ndifi) to nlled according to Ltmirj, and /'•of/, frum JVfr/ c i. Pivr 187, /■ 10, aid at nttt. Oioaiua placet thii event In 1460, and that fpeiki of thii lilullriout prtace, 'p. it-) Puit tnim Henricui, fir mimi maxi- mi, tt religionii fanHilalt clarijjfmi. Nifut laiUim tla- bitrat VI mmen J'mm ctarum rtUtrtt, (jium vt CHaisri JteligiMim pnpagaiet : ad ami m»W/ magii vti't fart pit- labat bac nauigalione, vl poffel Chhisti iwiitn apnd Bar- barat nafiants d Jitu rnftra dhjuiiHiJfinui, ad milium fdlw lem pradi. Pagt a88, addilian la mie (x). Decada i. Lir. t. cap. 16. and probably from thli Painting the Print of HiNRi^VEi prefixed to the firft Decada, wat taken. Page %%9, add la iht eanclufian af iha ftBian, " O qual Infante," fiya de Barras on concluding the fixteenth chapter of hit firft book, " e Principe dc grandei em- preiu, fegundo fuai obrat, e vida, devemot crer efla em o Parauo entre ot eleitot de Deoi." Page 303, /. M, for " on the equlnoAial," riad be- yond the equinoAial. Page 318, /. a, rtad to within 3a» 30' of the Cape e/ Gaad Hope, or about fix hundred and fifty marine leaguet. I'dgc 330, /. 14, after the ward idolatry, add. In con- fequence of thit requeft three Ships were fitted out under Caiiiala Saufa, and fent to Canga. Page 337, /. 6.fram haUarn, after CikLZADiLiA, add^ Caftanheda fayt, that he wai a miller of art, and a good afttonomer. Page 339, 1, a, read, left the village of Santaxen for tfaples, according to Caftanheda, on' the feventh of May, ire. Ibid, page, I. ^.fram battam, add as iiate. In the reign of John the riasT, the jevis had their Synagogues and Rabbins in Portugal ; and John Tiik accoNn, and Emmanuel, tolerated them at the be- ginning of their reigns. The celebrated Edition of the aiBLE publiOied at Farrara in 1553, was tranflaled by a Portiigucfe Jew. I'here is lometJiing in the air, and foil, of Portugal fo congenial to the Jews, that many of them have been known to import Earth from Lilbon, and enjoined their lurviving friends, as their laft dying requelt, to dipofit it with their Corpfe [Murphy's Travels in Portugal, p. aaa.)— . OsoRius gives the bell account of tlicir czpuilion from Partiigal. Page 348, /. 8. from bottom, for " the twenty-third of June" read the feventh. Page 358, addition to note (i). Osbeck (Forfter's Tranr. vol. 1. p. top.) calls the Mar di Sargasso, ite Grafs Sea : " The Grafs Sea it that part of the ocean in which Maft Mm Sallon meet with the Sea Weed (Pucui Nalam) fwlmming In greater or left quantitieii though all fortt ofVirm are called St* Ifetdi. We entered the Grafs Set In our return on the feventh of May, I7ja, in feventecn degrees, and a half of north latitude, and twenty-two degrees, and a half of weft longitude from AfcmfiaH ijlaad, and 37* ai' weft longitude from taM^M. The Weed in the firft Days came but ever now and then, in fmall auantitiet ; hut in li" latitude in great Heaps, fnnie- mes fevcral Fathoms long. ThFi appearance con- tinued to the twenty-fifth of this month; when a frefli foutherly wind at twenty-four degrees ami a half latitude, twenty-four degrees and a half Weft from /Ifcnfiaii tjland, and 39" 9' Weft from /.andaii, brought ut out of the Grafs Sea. We may conclude tliat tl)it Plant comes from America." An extra- ordinary kind of fea weed it noticed in Caat'i firft voyage, on their entering the ftreightt of Le Maire (Hamlufwarth, vol a. 8vo. p. a7a.) ** The Leaves ire four feet lonjj, and fame of the Stalks, though not thicker than a man's thumb, above laa Mr. Banks and Dr. Soiander examined fome of them, over which we founded and had fourteen fathom, which it eighty- four feet \ and at they made a very acute Angle with the bottom, they are thought to be at leaft one half longer : the foot Stalks were fwelled Into an air vcf- fcl, and Mr. Banks, and Dr. Solander called this Plant, Fucui Gigaattut." An engraving of the Sargaffi it given by Dt Brj. Paget 4i>. 4»»i 4»4f >»m»X'*i *<* " «49«" f'^d 1497. Page 459, lint 8. fram ballam, Dx Bar glvei thi original appellation Baxat da Judia, corrau in hit map, but not In the text, *' KL Augufti, breula, ilk Indie, qux Nantc Oi Baxot de India vocant preter- veAi fiimut. diftant ea 30 miUiaritiut a Capo dat Cor- lentet." (IL Imlid Orienlalit, cap. 5. p. 17.) Page 478, mit (*), /. 4> for " tempeftalibut" read tempcftatiboi. APPENDIX. Page a9, Mte, for « plate the fecond" trtti plate the third. Page S3, /. i.fram hatlem, for " Iia9" read 1324. Page 113, uate, for " plate the third" read Plate the fecond. Page aoa, line 6. from ballam, for " Piaxon" read Pinzun. Line 3, read, ddla Bibiioteca, ^:^c. che de- monllrano I'lfole Antille. Page 130, /. 14, add ai note. This evidently deftroys the boafted Antiquity of tlie Chhiefe; and proves theiii to have been a Colony of the ancient Siadi, or Indi, This pilTajre is accordingly noticed by Mr. Bryant (vol. 3. p. .'!,!6.^ It was alio tlie opinion of iViV M'l/i Ham Janes that tlie Chiiicfe v.ere an ancient race of emigrated Indians. {Maurice's Modern Hi>.dojian,io\. i. p. 115.) Page 146, /. 8. from hitom. " Zcilah." Tlie Bay of Zellah is noticed by Dr. Vincen(. in bis Peiiplii- (page III.) •1*9* m^i^g^smiss^m^^^nfifsm* WK S TERIS" C O A S T of AFHI C A . J/u.*tn,tnY C/t.trf. i. Pl't-hihrdjinriltta ^' i^ubH k narirf .fmnj * J:.'JllntrJH4-fJ-'t'^ A « ^ o J P4 s 5 c £ ^ ^ ^ ^ s --1^ B! ^ N w lid ^ ? ^^ tx ?; Ka s ri^ p«S ^ f< > ^ y pi t«l !^ ;?. 5 xnt ^ •u a*i 4, «l |H^ ^ g '< ant T" ;* ^ ■V —1 ai ■^ &, ^ c •^ ^ hj '< »* a« ^ *!) 5^ f*\ *-i ■^ il ?i r ^? ^*^ A. HH^ t ■ I f] .-'♦•ij^ 'M, niHirh,:! .lun'. it'.K.I'v iU,MI »■ />mir.' SlntfiJ Fitf'h.fh.-.f yfutr. H'.rt.M- (h.M/ .*■ ^aiif.r Sfmn.i ■■-'*• ■-' ■ Kr-t^ii.'.^ i'hir< f. Chart >. I. U.V fij I K N I N \ 5 ^ i t \r m~j;{ '^ — :_-zs:j % I />>M.-A.u' ./•//'■' i ! _^ M U./f,/ i f\t%u' Chart 4, / i a' < .rjOrtC' tf,n^'.n,'t3..l'ti»""/ f I INTRODUCTION. HISTORICAL MEMOIR OF Ancient iVlaritime Biftobetiesi. '.'■- 'i -'. Am MOM, who firil, o'er Ocean'* Empire wide* Didll bid the bold BARK ftem the roaring Tide; , , ~ , Sesac, who, from the Eaft to fartheft Weft, Didft rear thy PILLARS over realms fubdued; ^ And Thou, whofe bones do reft In the huge pyramids' dim folitude. Botultt't Seng ef the Battle of the Nik, VOI-. I. » I I I SECTION THE FIRST. Review of the earliefl periods fucceeding the Deluge^ with fame conjeilures en the empire of Atlantis. SECT. Imagination has delighted to trace the Origin of Navigation from ^' the inftinA of boyant Nautili *y or the appearance of a floating Oak, which amidft the fudden ravages of inundation fupported the animal that * Beuani obferves, that this genus of fhell fittx is well nimed from the Greek vat/nXo;, which fignifies both a (hip and a failor ; for that the (hells of all the Ncutiti carry the appearance of a (hip with a very high poop. When this fpecies intends to fail, it expands two of its arms ; and between thefe fupports a membrane, which it throws out on this occafion for its fail : its two other armb hang out of the (hell, and ferve occafionelly either as oars, or as a fteerage. When the fea is calm, numbers are feen diverting themfelves in this manner ; but as foon as a fiorm arifes, or any thing interrupts them, they draw in their arms, and receive as much water as makes them fpecitically heavier than that in which they float, and then fink to the bottom. When they rife again, they get rid of this water through a number of holes. — There is an exa£i account of this fingular animal in the Gent> Mag. (vol. xxii. p. 6—8 , and 301. ; and alfb vol. XXV. p. 128.) ( ill ) that had repofed beneath its ftiade. The celebrated Fragment of Sancho- s r c T. niatho the Phcenician*^ which Eufebius has preferved, declares that Oufoiu ; one of his countrymen, was the firft that formed a Came from a tree h;iU" Intiodudion. confumed by fire : but the more enlightened Hiftorian will defift from the accuftomed repetition of Pagan fables, and refer his readers to more fublime and authentic records. He will recal to their attention that ilupen< dous A& of Divine Mercy and immutable Judice, by which the human race was punilhed and preferved ; by which the earth was purified throughout its mod didant extent : he will affirm, and appeal to Heaven for the truth of his opinion, that the great archetype of Navigation was The Ark of Noah, condrufled by divine direftion. The Pagan Sage ignorant of that Sacred Hidory, was urged by an unpar- donable impulfe of vanity, to augment the obfcurity which time and apodacy had cad over the earlied ages : he therelure afligned with no fparing hand to his own nation, whatever tended to give an idea of high antiquity to its Annals ; and employed the fcattered events of pojidiluvian hijlory^ as fair fpoil, to enrich the fplendid tiffue of his own narration. Even the infigne of the triads of God, which Eadern fuperdition had didinguilhed as the Trident f of the Indian Seeva, was given by a drange infatuation to the Pagan Neptune ; whofe throne is defcribed as placed in thait' abyfs, which had been employed to dedroy the impiety of preceding ages. The plaufible tale of Grecian Mythology being once fabricated, was con- tinued and adorned by fucceeding generations. The great maders of Hidory even in our own times have confufed themfelves and their readers, by re- ferring the important events of the earlied periods, to Ofiris and Sefojiris^ to * Tin's curious fragment li noticed by the learned IVurburton, who thus tranflates it from the Greek of /'/j/7«-5yW/Mj; «' Of the two fird \x\orU\h, Protogonus -mA Oeoii, (the latter of whom was the author of ftckiiig aiul proeiuiiig food from forell trees) were begotten Gciws and Genea. Thcfe, in the time of ji;roat diouglus, llrctclied their hands upwards to the Sun, whom they regarded as a Cod, and fule ruler of the heavens. From thefe, after two or three generations, came Upfouran'ws, and his brother Uufuiis, One of them invented the art of building cottages of reeds and rullics ; the other llie art of making garments of the iliins of w ild bealU. In their lime, violent teir.ptlls of wind and rain liaviug rubbed the large branchei of the foreft trees againlt one another, tliey took lire, and burnt up the woods. Of the bare trunks of trees, they firll made Veffels to pals the waters ; they confecrated two I'illais to Fire and Wind, and then offered bloody facrifiees to them as to gods." f Placed on the ancient pagodas of Deogur. Kce the engraving prefixed to the fourtJi ftftion, copied by permilTion from the Indian Antiquities of Mr. Maurice. B 2 >! S E C T. to the Argonauts and Hcrcuks : when at length a Sage appeared, who arrefttd 1 the progrefs of fable, and vindicated the caufe of truth. — The fame of the venerable Brvant needs no eulogium, but enjoys an elevation which fucceed- ing centuries will lupport. By pointing out a path which all preceding writers had neglected, he recalled his countrymen irom the legends of that Mythology which had difgraced their writings. Admired and abufed, imitated and blamed, Mr. Bryant has preferved the even tenour of his courfe, and given a new impulfe to the literary world. — " I Ihall be obliged," fays this great Writer *, '• to run counter to many received opinions, which length of time, and general aflent, have in a manner rendered facred. What is truly alarming, I (hall be found to differ not only from fome few hidorians, as is the cafe in common controverfy, but in fome degree from all ; and this in refpefl to many of the mod eflential points upon which hidorical precifion has been thought to depend.— I (hall be obliged to fet afide many ancient lawgivers and princes, who were fuppofed to have formed republics, and to have founded kingdoms. I cannot acquiefce in the (lale legends of Deucalion of TheflTaly, of Inachus of Argos, and JigiaUus of Sicyon j nor in the long line of princes, who are derived from them. No fuch conquefts were ever atchieved as are afcribed to Oftrlsy Dionufus^ and Sefo/lris ; the hiftories of Hercules and Perfcus^ are equally void of truth. I am convinced, and hope I (hall fatisfaftorily prove, that Cadmus never brought letters to Greece ; and that no fuch perfon exifted as the Grecians have defcribed. — I make as little account of the hiftories of Saturn, Janus, Pelops, Atlas, Dardamts, Minos of Crete, and Zoroajtcr of Ba6lrta> In refpeft to Greece, I can afford credence to very few Events which were antecedent to the Olympiads. I cannot give the leaft affent to the ftory of PZ'/j.vw.r, and the golden fccce. It feems to me plain beyond doubt, that there were no fuch perfons as the Grecian Argonauts ; and that the expedition of Jujon to Cdchis was a fable." To • Vol. i. Preface, p. 8., of a Nfw System, or an Analysis ok Ancif.nt Mythology, wbereln an aitempt is made to divfjl Traitltion of Fable, and tn reduce the trxilh to its C'rii;lnid purity. Tilt Whole contains an account of llie principal Events in the firll ages, from the Dlluce to tlie Dispersion: alfo of the various migrations which cnfued, and the fettkiiunts made afterwaids in different parts. By Jacob Bryant ; 3 vols. 410. (Vol. i. and ii. 177.1. \'ol. iii. 1776.) A Coinjtendium of this Work, together with fome c\tra>ils from Mr. Brjani's Obfervations upon the Ancient Hilfory of Egypt, puLli/hed in 1767, lias betn pubiillicJ in one oflavo volume, by the Rev, IVdIiam Hoiwid, ( 1 793. ) ( V ) ) arreftcd lie of the 1 fucceed- ig writers lythology ated and d given a this great length of at is truly ians, as is ,nd this in ^cifion has ; lawgivers 1 to have eucalion of : long line were ever liftories of need, and Greece ; 1 make as DiirJaniiSi :an afford ipiads. I Jen Jlccce. ns as the >/.f was a To fTHOLOOY, ils cr{^iniil , from the I ftttkmcnts lidil. 177.1. ir. 13r)anrs lublillicJ ill To this judicious Sceptic my principal attention will be given in the following fedions ; if they contain cither novelty or merit, the whole mud be afligned to the pure fpring whence I have drawn copioudy, and without referve. The fcarcity of this valuable work will excufe long and frequent citations ; for I have endeavoured, as far as the limits affigned me would admit, that the nervous language of Mr. Bryant (hould not be impaired by the interpolations of an inferior writer. 1 have alfo availed myfelf of the valuable publications by * Mr. Maurice, who has followed and extended the track of Mr. Bryant. The other authors referred to will be marked by an occafional reference. M. Bailli, in his hiflory of Aftronomy t, after defcribing its connexion with Agriculture, Chronology, Geography, and Navigation, takes a general view of the Inventors and Origin of this fcience ; and, in his third book, CQXiC\CitX'i the Jiatc of Ajironomy before the Flood. He fcruples not to aflign a knowledge of the Mariner* s Compafst and of the Clepfydra J, to the Ante- diluvians ; and alfo feems inclined to add the ufe of the Pendulum.-— Mr. Maurice, with confiderablo ingenuity, fupports the fame opinion in his valu- able Hiftory of § Ilindoftan ; and after invalidating many of the extravagant and dogmatical affcrtions of M. Bailli^ introduces a fhctch offuch Arts and Sciences as may reafonably, and without exaggeration, be prefumed to have been cultivated by mankind before the Flood. Though Mr. Maurice does not * Pfincipally, 1. Hia " i'nterelliiig Dinirtatlon on the Commerce carried on in very remote ages by the Phanidaiis, Carlhagln'ians, and Gncts, with the Britifh lUands, for their ancient llaplc of tin ; and on tlieir extenfivc barter of that commodity for thofe of the Indian Conti- nent ; the whole confirmed by Extradls from the Jii/litnhs of Menu, and interfperfcd with Stridturfcs on the Origin and Progteft; of Navigation, and Ship-Building in the Eaft. (Indian Antiquities, vol. vi. p. 250.) II. A Diflertation on the Wealth of the Ancient World. (IbiJ. vol. vii.) Thcfe valuable Tn-iitifis far furpafa Monficur Hiiet's imperfeft Hiflory of the Commerce and Navigation of the Anticnts, and feem to require a feparate Volume. \ Hijloire Je VAjlnn'jm'ie aiic'icunf, cf, puis Jon orlgbie jufqu' a I' EtaUi/fement ile PEcoIe d'yilex- aihlrk. M. Bailli' s conjediire nfpefting the firfl difcovery of the form of the earth was new and ingenious. He imagined that it was made by fomc philofophical travellers, who purfued a foutherly courfe, and obferved unknown ftars appealing above the horizon, which they again loll on tiieir return. J According to Dr. Hulloih a ki"d of '•uiater clod or hour ghfs, employed by the Egyptians to afcertain the divifions of time, and the courfe of the fun. By means of this fimple, but er- roneous inflrument, T^cho Brake meafured the motion of the ftars, and Dudley made his Ma' rilime Obftrvations. § Vol. i. p. 429, • SECT. I. Introduftlon. turliift P.milu r E C T. ]. { vi ) not particularly contend for the cxiftence of an Antcdihivian Sphere^ he ex- patiates on the probability of many invaluable aftronomical record* having been preferved by Noam, among the remains of the wifdom of the antient world } and cites the few paflages in profane hiftory, from yofcphux. Ma- iiethot and Diodorus SiculuSt that fcem to illuflrate this opinion •. I3ut the xnoft curious atteftation of this occurs in the Oriental Philofophy off Mr.S/anlcjy who gleaned it from the old Chaldean and Arabian authors. Killlcus, a Mahomcdan writer, aflcrts that the Sabians pofleifed not only tlic books of ^eth and Edris^ but alfo others written by AJivn himfelf ; for Abraham^ after his cxpulfion from Chaldea by the tyrant NimroJf going into the country of the Sabians, opened the C/je/i of Adam ; and, behold, in it were the books of Adam, as alfo thofe of Scth and Edm ; and the names of all the Prophets that were to fucceed Abraham. JuoAL, the father ofallfuch as handle the harp and organ, U introduced by Mr. Maurice, as the original Apollo of the Eaft, and the Indian Ncreda. jAUiVL, the father of fucb as dwell in tents, and offttch as have cattle, as the prototype of the rural Pan, the Apollo Nonius of the Greeks, and the Crcejhna of India. In Tubai, Cain we mark the \ firft difcovercr of a faditious metal, formed by a mixture of lapis calaminaris with copper in fufion ; fmcc this renowned antediluvian is mentioned as being the inftruftor of every artificer in Brass and Iron. The origin of Fire § Arms is fliadowed out in the * Vol. i. p. 259. ■\ Lib. iii. c. 3. p. 36. edit. fol. 1701 ; cited by Mr. Maurice. % Maurice's Indian ^ntlquUkt, vol. "I. p. 282. $ Hiftory of Hindoftaii, vol. i. p. 442. «• The ufc of Fire Arms in the enrlicft, and confequently the antediluvian period of their empire, (for to the antediluvian hypothcfis I mull ftill adhere, as the only rational mode of explaining the extravagant, ilioii^jh in fome inftances the authenticated chronological details of the Indians,) opens a wide field for refleftion ; fiiice it appears to prove that the natives of this country had imimmorially the life of gun powdery and tiie metallic Iiillruments of death which are employed in the oflVii- fivc ufe of that dellriiftive article. If the AoNi-ASTiiR of antient times bears any refcniblautc to i\\ejire rocht ufed in the modern wars of India, and which was alfo introduced with fuch fuccefs in the militaiy fcliool of the great Timtir, it proves that they had the ufe of iron alfo ; the extraftion and fufion of which ore, and the preparation of it foi ufe, are among the moll complex and elaborate operations of chemillvy. The Fir 1; RocKbr Is defcribed l)y a (gen- tleman who perfonally examined them in India, ' to confill of a tube of iron about eight inches long, and an inch and an half in diameter, clofed at one end. It is filled in tlie fame nuinncr as an ordinary ^ji rociet, and faftened towards the end of a piece of bamboo, fcarcely as thick as ine account ofthefitfrv ck,r ... ^■^ ^"iWries; and -"«alk;ng cane, and about ro..f..,, , .' '""'"''"^ «l'c tube from ei.e .Von „o/„t .. ^^' "•'"^•'' '' P°'"ted w/th ,V«n calJy aniong cavalry.' /;^y "> "V''^''^ ' ^''^ fo'mt/mes afl, J ,. '^' .^^ '^ '•"■•cgulanV ^yf>u, .J w,..V,. ,.?d i ;:f -,-"- of 1,., exb.-.- ' , jr--" <>f '"e I„. •nflir.a uith l.Tc, i;k,. ,,,^ ,. ^ ^' V '"•'''i."'aMt ^o,,.^. j^ • .. 7'"' "'"''■« or fymbol i I, ( • •• Via ) SECT, according to the Chinefe records, the emperor Cblngvangi above a thoufand ■ years before Chrift, prefented the Ambafladors of the King of Coch'm-Chma with a fpecies of Magnetic Index, which, fays Martinius, certe monjira- bat itCKf five terra illud^ five tnari facientibus. The Chinefe, he adds, call this Inftrument Chi nan ; a name by which they at this day denominate the Manner's Compafs *. In refped to the Indians, there can be but little doubt of their having been as early acquainted with the Magnet, as the earlieft of thofe nations, whom their Gems and rich Manufactures allured to their coad, and whofe fhores they themfelves vifited in return: and that they were, in the remoteft seras, engaged not lefs than the Phoenicians in projeds of diflant Commerce and Navigation, which cannot be extenfively car- ried on without a knowledge of the Magnet's powers, I have this ftrong and curious evidence to produce ; for in the mod venerable of their facred Law Trafts, The Injiitutes of Menu, that is the firft, or Swayamhhuva Menu, fuppofed by the Indians to have been revealed by that primeval Legiflator many millions of years ago ; and to which, in fadt, after mature deliberation. Sir William Jones cannot aflign a lefs ancient date than one thoufand, or fifteen hundred year,', before the Chrillian sera, but which is probably of a far fuperlor traditional antiquity ; there is a curious paflage on the legal In- tereft of money, and the limited rate of it in different cafes, luitb an exception in regard to adventures atfea. At all events, I fliall hereafter be able, by additional arguments, to prove the Magnet to be of very ancient ufe in Afia ', and the knowledge of it was probably the gift of IJoah to his pofterity, who fettled on the Coad of PImnicia ; for without that gift it was impolTible for them to have explored, as Tradition and Hiftory prove they did, in the earlied seras, the mod didant quarters of the habitable globe. If, however, the fird race of men fliould not even partially have been acquainted with the ufe of the Compafs, that attention with which their prolonged lives enabled them to mark the periodical revolutions of the heavenly bodies, would pro- bably have led them to the invention of fuch a fmiple Indrument as the Ma- rine Ajlrolabe ; by which the altitude of the Pole, and the Stars mod ufeful in Navigation, might have been taken at fea, and their courfe regulated ac- cordingly f." Though the Egyptian Hermes may be derived from the Patriarch Enoch, who, according to Manetho, traced the principles of antediluvian Aftronomy Martinius, Hid. Sin. p, jcO. t HiRory of Hindoftaii, p. 435. •4 in ( Ix ) in in facred charaflers on columns in the land of Seriad ; and though Mr. W/ji/e. burji may with reafon * urge the poffibility o" the Newtonian doftrine re- fpedling Gravity^ Fluidity^ and Centrifugal Force, having been known in re- moteft antiquity, but afterwards totally forgotten and loft ; yet I cannot believe, notwithftanding the authority both of M. BailU and Mr. Mcinrice, that the Magnet was difcovered previous to the Flood. Tliis would argue a Ikill in fcience among the antediluvians, fufficient to have counter- afted, or oppofed, the overwhelming chaftifement of the delu<;e ; and it is rational to conjedure, that if mankind had then poflefled a knowledge of the Magnet, or had attained to any perfeflion in the fcience of Naval Archi- tefture, the more powerful and pervading operation of Fire would have been called from its volcanic prifons, and poured forth upon the Globe. Befides, as the facred writer has noticed the origin of many valuable arts, can we fuppofe that difcoveries of fuch importance as the Magnet f , or the fcience of building Veflels which in the fmalleft degree refembled the awful and myfterious Ark, would be pafled over in filence? In the divine THtUATH we firft behold the origin of Naval Archite£lure : conftrufted without either Sails or Oars, Rudder or Anchor, its progrefs and prefervation were alike miraculous, and needed not the affiftance of any inferior or fecondary power. The Abyss on which thisTniiDATH floated, like the Defcrt through which the Children of Ifrael pafled, offered no point to which a courfe might be direfted by human ingenuity ; in both inftances, the immediate inter- ference of Omnifcience was neceflary and apparent. The nioft minute circumftances relative to the conftrudlion of the Ark are, therefore, on every account worthy of attention ; and though, as an Hiftorian + obferves, on a narrow bafis of acknowledged truth, an immenfc but rude fupcrJlruBure of fable has been cre^cd^ we muft prefer this bafis how- ever narrow to any other, fince that alone is founded upon a Rock. In * Hiftory of Iiidoftan, p. 459. Whltehurjl^s Inquiry, p. 18. I Tb.' Magnet w;:s probably an fnJian or ^rattan difcovery, long before the period it was krunvii to Europeans : though Dr. Vincent is inclined to think that the queftion has been fct at reft by Niiluhr, MlckL; and Sir William Jones, who fliew that the Arabian,. Indian, and Chiiiefc Conip.ifb is formed from that of Europe. (Periplus, p. 177.) I am informed by :i gentleman lately returned from the Eaft, that confiderable light will bo thrown en this difcovery in a treacifc which Proj'ejfor AJfemam is .about to publifli at Padua ; who affigns it to the Arabians ; and is of opinion that they were the firft difcoverers of Amtr'ica. \ GilboH, vol. i. p. 350. ed. Jvo. VOL. I. C SECT. I. Introduftiou. Harli'Ji i'ch.iu SECT. I. ( ^ ) In the year of the world 1656*, two thoufaud three hundred and forty- eight years before the Chriftian xra, the epocha of the General Deluge is allowed to be placed ; the univerfality of which the Arabians to this day ilrikingly exprefs by their appropriate term of Jl Tufan. The f royal or patriarchal family of Noah, on account of their didinguiflied virtues, were alone • Dr. Sharpe, in his Tranflatlon of Baron Holhtr^s valuable Introdndllon to Univcrfal Hiftory, which certainly in many refpefts is fupcrior to the famous work of Bnjfuet, feems to prefer this date of 1 656, and adds : " Concerning the difference of thefe hirge numbers, as they are found in the Hchretu, Samaritan, and Greek copies, much has been faid by many- writers ; and yet, after all, many doubts yet remain : and if they are not made fubfervient to the wicked purpofcs of infidelity, there is certainly no greater harm in mndeftly doubt- ing where the bcft men have differed, than in being very pofitive and dogmatical about matters of fuch remote antiquity ; and where the data are fo few, and miftakes in numbers of all others the moil likely to happen, efpccially in thefe languages." f Mr. Maurice is of opinion, {Hi/lory of InJoJlan, vol. i. p. 415.) that no abfolute mo- narchy exided in the antediluvian world, till the mild primitive patriarchal government had been exterminated by the overbearing power and violence of fome fuccefsful ufurper ; and that charailer is better fuited to Tubal Cain, than any other antediluvian defcendanr oi jidam. — Vulcan is by fome learned etymologiRs thought to be only the corruption of the Tubal Cain of Scripture, who firft taught mankind the ufe of the forge. Now, ftncc the inventor of brafs and iron indrumcnts became probably the firft tyrannical fubjugator of his fellow creatures, we may fairly conclude that the churafler of Agni (an Indian Deity, fee p. 7) has reference to fome renowned antediluvian fovercign, and moft probably to this gigantic defcendant of the vicious Cain. (Ibid. p. 414-) Mr. jWaur/V* then proceeds ro ftate the names of the Antediluvian Sovereigns in the Chaldean hillory ; and adds the line of Seth from Mofet. 1. Alorus. I. Adam. 2. Alasparus. 3. Seth. 3- Amelon. 3- Ends. 4- Amenon. 4- Cainan. 5- Metalarus. s- Mahalaleel. 6. Daonus. 6. Jared. 7- EuEDORACHUS. 7- Enoch. 8. Amphis. (!. Methuselah. 9- Otiartbs. S- Lambch. 10. XlSUTHRUS. 10. Noah. Sanchoniatho's Phoenician genealogy of Antediluvian Princes, confirts alfo often gene- rations ; and is fuppofed to exhibit the fucceffion of the Line of the impious Cain. San. CHONiATHo, according to Cumberland, wilhing to eflablifli a fyftcm of atheiftical Cofmo- gony, conceals the event of the Flood ; and dtrives Noah in a diredl line from Cain, that he may carry on the genealogical defcent to Ham, Misor, and Taut ; the laft of whom was the immediate founder of the Phoenician empire. (Ibid, p. 4iy, 420.) 8 ( xi ) alone preferved ; and to this antediluvian monarch God himfelf revealed the firft principles of Naval Archiic^ire and Navigation.- Prior to tli'S memorable event, the Waters that were under the Heavens., had at the Creation been gathered together '.rJo one place; and probably formed a regular and circumambient boundary to the Earth, or dry land, then confifting of one unbroken Continent. Such fymmetry and regularity is apparent from the Mofaic Hiftory, and the wifdom of that God, " who faw every thing that he had made, and beheld it was very good." But, after the Deluge, this regularity which had not been univerfally affefted by the fall of Man was totally deftroyed : the Earth, or dry land, was then firfl broken into feparate (.'ontinents, and fcattered Iflands ; and the fciences of Naval Architecture and Navigation, bequeathed by Noah to his poflerity, became fo eflential to their happinefs and mutual neceflities, that the Pa- triarch was foon worfhipped as a fuperior being ; whild his real hidory was diftorted and obfcured under a cloud of fable. Every particular relative to the conftruftion of the Ark, that awful and myfterious origin of Navigation, is corredtly recorded by Mofes. Noah was commanued to felect Gopher wood for this purpofe ; refpefting the identity of which a number of opinions has arifen. What in Hebrew is called Gopher wood, in the Septuagint is Square Timbers. The learned • Nicholas Fuller obferves, in his Mifccllanea Sacra, that the Gopher was what the Greeks called the Cyprefs tree ; and that, omitting the termi- nation of the latter, Cupar and Gophar are not very difllmilar. The great t Bochart confirmed this opinion, and offers many ingenious conje£lures on the fubjeft, in the fourth chapter of his Phaleg. According to VitruviuSy Cypress wood was the leaft fubjedt to decay ; the fap which pervades every part being fo offenfive, that no worm, or other corroding animal, will touch it. The particular form of the Thebath, to ufe the Hebrew term for the Ark, was neceffarily adapted to the fervice it was intended to perform ; and probably carried an equal breadth throughout, as is now done in the weft- S E C T. [ntrudiiftion, taitt.Jt fcrioiti. * Born at Southampton in 1557 ; died in 1622.— His Mifcellanea'in four books were firft publilheJ at Oxford in ifii6, and at London in 1617; two more books were added in 1622 ; they arc all printed in the ninth volume of the Crilici Sacti. ■f Styled by Mr. FRYAMr, who could beft appretiate fuch abilities, that curious, InJefati- gable, and particularly Itarned man. Bochart was born in 1599, and died in 1667. Ki« great work, to which further reference will be made, is entitled Ceogniphia Sacta; divided into two parts, Phaleg and Canaan. C 2 ( x'» ) S E C -T. wefl-country barges, the bottoms of which are flat yet fomewhat narrower -'_— _ than the upper works. Without mafls, fails, and rigging, Stability was not an objeft in the conftruftion of the Ark, but Capacity. Its dimenfions were; in Av/^/A three hundred cubits, in breadth f[hy cubits, and m height thirty cubits. , If \v6 reckon the Hebrew cubit at twenty-one inches, which Jrbuthnot * gives as the extent of tlie facred cubit, the length of the Ark was 520 feet, its breadth 87 feet, its height 52 feet, and its internal capa- city 357,600 cubical cubits: Arbuthnot computes the tonnage at 81,062.' If, on the contrary, we make the Cubit only eighteen inches, which Ar- buthnot gives as the diinenfions of the common cubit, the length of the Ark would have been 450 feet, its breadth y^ feet, and its height 45. This aftonifliing Veflcl was divided into threcjlories, or decks ; a door, or entering Port, was cut in the fide ; and one large window, with probably many fcultlcs, were fo placed as to give light aiid air with the greateft advantage and fecurity : the whole was then paid both within and without with a thick coat of pitch, or Afiatic bitumen. — Thefe dimenfions have been con- fuJered attentively by the moft able geometricians and fhip-builders ; and after an attentive review of the whole they have declared, as Wilkins ob- ferves, that if the ableft mathematicians had been confulted they could not have proportioned the fort of Vcilel more accurately. In confirmation of this opinion it may not be irrelevant to add an account of Ships that were adually built after the fame proportions, which proved the moft complete and perfe£l models ever conftructed for veffels of burthen. About the middle of the feventeenth century, Peter jfanfon, a Dutch merchant, caufed a (hip to be built, anfwering in its refpe£live proportions to thofe of Noah's Ark. At firft this Ark was looked upon as a fanatical vifion of yan/on's, who was by profeffion a Menonijl ; and whilft it was building, he and his Ship were made the fport of the feamen. But after- wards it was difcovered, that Ships built in this manner were, in time of peace, beyond all others moft commodious for Commerce, becaufe they would hold a third part more, without requiring any addition of hands f. Hornius alfo, in his Hiftory of the feveral Empires, gives an account of two Clips built about the fame time with that by Janfon, after the model and pro- portions of the Ark, by Peter Hans of Home. The attempt was at firft lidiculed, but experience afterwards attcftcd its fuccufs. • Confider- • T;ihles of a.nricnt coins, weifjhts, ;inJ nieafurcs, p. 73. f Blbliotlivca Ijiblica, vol. i. Occas /Iniiot. 13. Shipi built after the proportions of the Ark. ( Xlll ) Confiderable learning has been employed to afcertain the exaft time * of SECT. year, when this tremendous Thebath firft appeared on that Abyfs which covered the ruins of the antient World. A fcene more fublimely dreadful Introduftion. cannot be imagmed ; and the awiul filence m which the lutiernigs or the Antediluvian race are fhrouded by the facred Hiftorian, is more expreflive than any defcription which language can convey : all Flesh dud that MOVED ON THE EaRTH ! For one hundred and fifty days the Waters prevailed ; the Lord then re- membered NoAH : a wind pail'ed over the dreadful Abyfs, and iird agi- tated the folemn calm that had continued. At the command of God the Waters f returned to their volcanic retreats, and the myfterious Thebath > , , refting • Jacques Bafnagtf who was born in 1653, and died in 1723, in his Ant'tquUh jfuddiquet, (2 vols. Hvo.) gives the following Calendar of the melancholy year of the world 1656. (Vol. ii. P- 399' MONTH. I. II. HI. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. A. I. II. September — Meihufahh died. r Oaoher — Noah and his family entered the ark. November — ^The fountains of the Great Deep broke open. December 26 — The rain began, and continued forty days and nights. January— Tht earth and its inhabitants entirely covered by the Deluge. February — The Rain continued. March — The Deluge continued at its height until the 27th, when the waters began to decreafe. April 1 7 — ^The Ark retted upon the Mountains of Ararat. May — The Patriarch continued waiting until the Waters returned irom off the earth. June I — The tops ceived from Charles 1 1. 5. Dr. Woodivard't EfT.iy towards a natural Hiftory of the Earth, &c. With an ac- count of the Univerfal Deluge, and of the efFefts that it had upon the earth. 6. Kircher"! Area Noc. 7. Bithop Wiikins's EfTay towards a real Charafler, and a Philofophical Language. 8. Biihop of Lland;tff's Sermons, p. 123. ed. 1788. 9. Catcott on the Deluge, publifhed at the end of that learned writer's remarks, on the fecond Part of the Lord Bifliop of Clogher's Vindication of the Hiftories of the Old and New Teftament, chiefly with refpeft to his Lordfliip's inter- pretation of the Mofaic account of the Creation and Deluge.-— Mr. Catcott exerts his abilities to prove that there is a great Abyss of water within the earth; with which ;ill feas, lakes, rivers, &c. communicate ; and that the eruption of its waters, was wliat Mofes terms the breaiing up of the fountains of the great deep. This interefting Theory is fupported by the following Arguments. I. That all the rivers run into the Sea, and yet the fed is not full. H. As the quantityof Water that is poured into the Ocean from the mouths of ;ill the rivers upon the e;irth, proves the certainty of an Abyss beneath the ocean and ilie land ; fo the quantity that is thrown out at the heads or fources of all the rivers, equally proves the fame; a'ld ejpecially that this Myfs Heth beneath the earth, as well as the fea. III. Mr. Cutcott's third proof of a fubterranean abyfs of water, is drawn from tvhirlpools, under-cur- rerts, and gulphs in the ocean. IV. A fourth proof of a fubterranean refervoir of water is deduced from laies. V. From the conpdcration of fame phenomena attending earthquakes. VI. From the quantity of water difcovered withinftde of the earth, on opening its ^r at a forflone or coal} on digging wells } on fearching after minerals, and ly other means. This the Moors term Bahar tdht el Erd, or fea below ground. Mr. Catcott (Ircngthens his idea by feme (Iriking pafTages from fcripture : " He P.retched out the Earth above the Waters" (Pfalm xxxvi. 6.) " He gathered up the waters as in a Bag," as the bed tranflators have it, " and laid up the deep as in a ^torthoufe," (Pfalm xxxiii. 7.) This learned author then proceeds to prove that the whole earth was covered to an immenfe height by this Subterranean Water ; and that the Deluge in the time of Noah was univerfal; the fountains of the Great Abyss having been brcken up, and the water thereof elevated above all the high hills under the whole heaven, (p. 159.) •^ !^i. /"^-y ( XT ) With an ac- invaluable treafure. On this fubjeft I have ventured to diflont from general 3 £ C T and received opinions, and have preferred the fentiments of Bf.n Gorion, '. and Sir Walter Ralegh, who place Ararat at the fources of the l"t'<>hc(l continuous Ridge of this part, .Tjipears to be that which pall'cs by the fuuth-caR of the Cnfpian Sea and Hyrcania ; hetwecn Jrla on the nortli, and Dran^'mna on tlic fouth ; and iVom thence between BaSriana and the Indian jH'ovinccsj wlurc, as it approaclies towaid-. Iimiin, wliich (as has been faid) t'orms a part of a yet more elevated region, it fwells to a great bulk and height, and is covered with fnow till the ir.cnth of A'.'in'll. TIi's is properly the Indian Caucafus of thfi Greeks ; in modern !an£Ua\;e Uhuloo- FJio. [Geo. of llcroihtus, p. Jyy') f Rulojjlt, p. IC3. :J Ib'.d. p. icH. ^ Gensfi.s c. xi. ?, ,/ Caucasus: ■1 ( xvli ) ' Mofes ; for to come out oi Armenia, an-l to arrive in that valley of Dabylonia, SECT, is not a journying from the Eaji, nor fo necr unto ihc Eaji as the North ; for Artucnia is to the >vcll of the North itfelfe. — But tliis is infallibly true, Introduawn. that Shinnar lyclh weft from the place where the Ark of Naah refted after the FloiKJ ; and therefore it firfl found ground in the Eaft, from whence came the firfl: knowledge of all things. The Eafl parts were full civill, which had Noah himfelf for an in(lru£ler ; and dire<^ly Eaft from SLinaar, in the fame degree of 35, are the greateft grapes, and the belt wine. The great armies alfo, which overtopped in number thofe millions of Sc/ni- ramis, prove that thofe parts were fir ft planted. And therefore did the Ark reft on thofe Eaftern mountains, called by one generall name Taurus, and by Mofes, the Mountains of Arakatj and not on thofe mountains of the North-weft, as Berofus firft feigned ; whom moft part of the writers have followed therein. It was, I fay, in the plentiful! warm East where Noah refted, where he planted the Vine, where he tilled the ground and lived thereon.— " Now • another reafon which moves me to beleeve that Noah (layed in the Eaft, far away from all thofe that came into Shinaar, is, that Mofes doth not in any word make mention of Noah, in all the (lory of the Hebrewes, or among any of thofe nations which contended with them. And Noah being the Father of all mankiide, and the chofen fervant of God, was too prin- cipal! a perfon to be either forgotten or negleded, had he not (in refpeft of his age and wearifome experience of the world) withdrawne himfelfe, and refted apart ; giving himfelfe to the fervice and contemplation of God and heavenly things, after he had direfled his children to their deftined portions t-" As I have ventured in this inftance to differ from that excellent Mythologift, whom I have otherwife followed as my guide, and as the further elucidation of this fubjeft is of great importance in a review of the carliejl periods ; I cannot difmifs it, without introducing or recalling to the reader's attention, the powerful * Ralegh, p. 101. f Thcfe ideas of Geropliis Becanut, and Sir Walter Ralegh, did not crcape the atteniion of Mr. Maurice, in his Hillory of Iliiidoftan, (vol. ii. p. 4 — 13.)— They not only appear to nie confident with the general fenfe of the .Sacred Writings, but as the or.Iy nuans liy which the profefled high antiquity of the Indian /limalt can be rcmkred confiRcnt wiih llie iNFALMBiLiTY of the Mofaic records. VOL, I. U lOllI 1! I.: I l-^'l "I 'ill ( xvili ) SECT, powerful fupport which thcfe ideas lately received, from Ciiptaln Francis ' ira/.rd's rcn-.. ks on Mount Caucasus; inferted in the fixth volume of the /JJititic ■\.cj'carchcs, R;ilcgli re- " This appellation (Caucasus), at leafl in its prefent ftatc, is not Scan- ctntly iiip- /jy./^ . ;,ij as it is not of Grecian oricin, it is probable that the Gteeks rc- Wiliord. ccivcd it through their intcrcourfe with the Perfians. In this fuppofition, the real name of this famous mountain (hould be Cafus^ or Cas ; for dm, or Cohy in Perfian, fi^^nifies a Mo?//i/a/«.— The true Sanfcrit name is C'hasa- GiRi, or the IVlountain of the C'hasas, a mofl ancient and powerful tribe wluj inhabited this immenfe range. They are often mentioned in the facrc>.l books of th;; Hindus : their defcendants ftill inhabit the fame regions, and are called to this day, C'hafas, and in fome places, C hafy.is and Co/Jais. Tiiey belonged to the clafs of warriors, or CJhcttris ; but now they are confidtred as the lowed of the four Clafles, and were thus degraded, according to the Inftitutes of Mknu *, by their omiflion of the holy rites, and by feeing no Biiilmcns. However, the vakeel of the Rajah of Cdmanh, or Almora., who is a learned Pandit, informs me, that the greatcft part of the Zemindars of ■ that country are C*hafas ; and that they are not confulered or treated as cutcafts. They are certainly rt very ancient tribe ; for they are mentioned as fuch in the Inftitu'^es of Menu ; and their great anceflor C'hasa, or C/hasya, is mentioned by Sanchoniathcn, under the name of Cassius. He isfuppofcd to have lived before the Flood, and to have given his name to the mountains he feized upon. The two countries of Cajhgar, thofe of Cajh-tnir, C'Jiivar, and the famous peak C^hajhgar, are acknowledged in India to derive their names from the C^hafas.— " The denomination of C'hafa girt, or C^hofa-gbar, is now confined to a few fpots ; and is never ufed in any Sanfcrit book, at leafl that came to my knowledge. This imuienfe range is conftantly called in Sanfcrit, Hinuicbc!, or Snoii'y Mountain ; and Himalaya, or the abode of fnow : from Hinia the Greeks made Imau:;.— " Strabo and Arrian were certainly miftaken when they fuppofcd, that the followers of Alexander, in order to flatter his vanity, had given out that the mountains to the north and north-weft of Cabul were the real Caucasus. An extenfive branch was called by the Greeks Parapamisus : it is a part of the mountainous region called Devanica in the Puranas. I believe there P;!i-o 3i)4. I ( xlx ) tain Franch \ volume of is not SciDi' 2 Gteeks rc- luppofilion, }s ; for Cutt, e is C'hasa- iwerful tribo in the facrcil regions, and :ojh!s. They e confidtred irding to the by feeing no Almora, who Zemindars of or treated as mentioned as C'hasa, or ASSIUS. He name to the of Cnjh-wir, ndia to derive confined to a 1 came to my ";» it, Him ache!. am. Hima the )ft:J, that the ■ -4 out that the ^^ Caucasus. '>S : it is a part believe there is is no general name ai pvefcnt for iho whole range ; but tliat pan which lies r E C T. between Cti/>ul, ll./i'i'ytvi, undJ/hLriib/is calleil Hi/klu-aiJJ.^, and Uindii-LJh ; ^- _ which lalt ilenomlntition has been didorted hyPerfian authois, and travellers, lutioiUirtion. iiito Hinm'>yan ; but the Mufulmans have malicioufly diftorted this venerable title into BiU-Bthniyan, or Bdmhn of the Evil Spirit, or of the Idols. Para, which fignifies pure and holy, is alfo one of the thouland names of Vishnu. Para, or Paras, is obvioufly the fame with the Latin purus ; for the letter a here founds exaftly like u in murmur in Englilh. " Bc'imiyan is reprefented in the books of the Bauddhijis, as the fource of holinefs and purity. It is alfo called Sharma-B.'imtyan, or Shafn-Bam'iyan ; for in Sanfcrit, Sharma and Shama are fynonymous. This is alfo one of the thoufand names of Vishnu, and of the famous patriarch Shem j by whom, according to the Bauddhifts,567H/}'^« was built : they fay that he was an incar- nation of JiNA, or VisiiNU, and the Brabmcns in general are of that opinion. " This famous City, the Thebes of the eaft, being hardly known in Eu- Ancient city rope, I beg leave to lay before the Society a Ihort defcription of it, with an °^ li^m'/^n' abftradl of its hiftory. " It is fituated on the road between Bablac and dibul.— The city of B^';- m'lyan confifls of a vail number of apartments and receffes cut out of the rock ; fome of which, on account of their extraordinary dimenfions, are fuppofed to have been temples. They are called Samiicb'h in the language of the country, and SamaJ in Perfian. There are no pillars to be feen in any of them, according to the information I have received from travellers who had vifited them. Some of them are adorned with niches and carved n 2 work ; ( XX ) E C T. I. work { and there are to be feen the remains of fome figures in relievo, which , were dedroyed or miferably disfigured by Mufuhoans. Some remains of paintings on the 'valls are ftill vifible in fume of them, but the fmoke from tlie fires made there by the inhabitants has almofl obliterated them. It is faid in the Ayeen-Akhcryy that there arc about 12,000 of thefe recefTes in the Tunidn or Tt'igelvi of Bam'tyan ; this is alfo confirmed, from general report by travellers. The country of the A/gbans, as far as BMac and Badacjhattt abounds with Samac/j'hcs or Samajes ; fome of them are very rude, whilft others are highly finifhod and ornamented. The moft perfect are at a place called Mo/jif on the road between Bam'tyan and Biihlac : as they are fituated among precipices, the Mufulmans have never thought of living in them } and the paintings with which they are adorned look quite frefh. ** But what never fails to attraA the notice of travellers, arc two Colos- sal Stati;es which are feen at a great diflance. They are erefl, and ad« here to the mountain from which they were cut out ; they are in a fort of niches, the depth of which is equal to the thicknefs of the Statues. It is faid in the Ayeen-Akbery, that the largeft is eighty ells high, and the other only fifty. Thefe dimenfions are greatly exaggerated, according to the opI> nion of all the travellers I have feen ; and the difproportion is not fo great between the two. According to the author of the Pharangh-Jehangiri^ cited by Th. Hyde, they are faid to be only fifty cubits high ; which appears to be the true dimenfions. At fome diftance from thefe two Statues, is another of a fmaller fize, being about fifteen cubits high : natives, and Perfian authors, have mentioned them.— The few Hindus ^ who live in thefe countries, fay that they reprefent Bhi'm and his confort ; the followers of BunmiA, that they are the Statues of Sbdlxima, and his difciple Sa'l/a'/a. The Mtifuimam infift, that they are the Statues of Key Umursh and his confort, that is to fay, Adam and Eve; and that the third is intended for Seish or Setii their fon ; whofe tomb, or at leafl the place where it flood formerly, is fliewn near Bdhlac. This is in fome meafure confirmed by thii author of the Pharangh-'Jc- hanghiri, who fays that thefe (latues exifted in the time of Noah. —Ac. cording to Per/tan authors, Bdiniyan muft have exifted before the Flood j but the followers of Buddha infiil:, that it was built by a mojl religious many called Shama, who appears from particular circuinflances to be the fame with the famous Patriarch Siir.M ; titul that his pojlcrily lived there for fiveral, ^tncrfltions. Hence B.UkhBunuyun is faid to have been originally the 8 place ( xJti ) place of abode of ^Abraham, who, according to fcripture, and the Hindu facred books, removed with hit father to diftant countries to the wed- ward. *• According to Diodorus the Sicilian^ Bamiyan exited hcfnre Ni- Nus ; for this hidorian, liice the Pcrfian authors we have mentioned, has midaken Riihlac for Bamiyan ; which he defcribes as fituated among deep hills ; whild Bdblac is fituated in a low, flat country, and at a great didance from the m'ountains. ** The natives look upon Bamiyan and the adjacent Countries, as the place of abode of the progenitors of mankind, both before and after the Flood. By Bam'yan and the adjacent countrict, they underdand all the country from Si/ian to Samarchand, reaching towards the ead as far as the Ganges, This tradition is of great antiquity ; for it is countenanced equally by Pcrfian authors, and the facred books of the Hindus. The fird heroes of Perfian hidory lived and performed there innumerable achievements. Their facred hidory places alfo in that country their holy indrudors, and the fird temples that were ever eredted. In the prefatory difcourfes, pre- fixed to the Puranah, and which appear to have been added by a more modern hand, a general defcription of the whole world is inferted ; which one would naturally fuppofe to be extracted from that Purdna, to which it is annexed : but the reverfe is a£lually the cafe ; for it has no adinity what- ever with fuch geographical notions as are to be found occafionally in that Purana.—Bamiyant as well as Cabul and Bdlikbt were at an early period in the hands of the Mu/ulmans. There were even Kings of Biiimyan j but this dynady laded but a few years, and ended in 121^. The Kings and governors redded at G/julghulch, called at that time the fort or palace of Bdtmyan. It was dedroyed by GenohizKhan, in the year 1221; and becaufe the inhabitants had prefumed to refid him, he ordered them to be butchered without: didinftion either of age or fex. — ♦« According to the Purdnas Swayamuhuva or jidima, Satyavrata or Noah, lived in the north-wed parts of India about Cajhmir.— From parti- cular circuniftanccs it appears, that Satyavrata before the Flood lived generally in the countries about the Jndusy between Cabal and Cofimir ;. and if we find him in Dravira or the fouthern parts of the peninfula, it leenis that it was accidentally, and that he went there only for fome reIi};ion.-? purpcfes. Even after the Flood, he redded for fome time on the banks of 8 K C T. I. Introduction. * 71. Hyde, p. 25, and 494. ( xxU ) !■ F, C T. of the Iiklus. According to tradition, which my learned friends here inform . ' me is countennnced by the Puranas, he lived and reii';ned a long time at Bclioor, on the banks of the Gauges, and to ihc ibuth of Ccinogc In the Vciraha-purdna, Vasu, the father of Vivaswata, is declared to have been king of Cajhmir, and the adjacent countries. They fliew to this day the tomb of his father Lamtcm, a5 mentioned in the y/v;r«-y//;/,v;-/, at a j.'pce called Kaulakhi, between Alijhung and Mundcrar, about twelve or thirte^'n rrales to the north-wefl of yahilabuJ, in ti::^ country of C.abuJ. 'i'hc Miiful- fiiniu called him Peer INIaitlam ; and in the dialed of Sam.-irrvul , Maitiir, or IMaITRI BtlR-KIIAN. " The Bauddb'ijh fay, that it is BiuhVha-Karayana^ or Dj.ddha dwelling in the waters; but ihe Himh/s, who l.'ve in that country, rail iiim Macii'- hodar-Natit *, or the Sovereign prince in the belly of the fip. All thefe denominations are by no means applicable to \,\va-.cii, but to Noaii alone. The tomb is about forty cubits in length, whicli was adually the ftature ofLAMi-.CH, according to tradition ; under it is a vault of the fame dimen- fions, with a fmall door which is never opened, out of refped for the remains of this illullrious perfonage. — " The title of Macii'hodar-Nat'ha is by no means applicable to La- MECii, but properly belongs to Noaii; for by the belly oi the fJJh they underltand the cavity or iiijlde of the Ark. There is a place under ground at Benares, which they call Macb'bodara. The centrical and moft elevated part of Benares, is alfo called Alac'/bodara ; becaufe, when the lower parts of the city are laid under water by fome unufual overflowing of the Ganges, this part remains free from water like the belly of a fifli. The city alfo is fometimes thus called ; becaufe, during the general floods, the waters rife like a circular wall rounc' the holy city. In fliort, any jjlace in the middle of waters, either natural or artificial, which can aflbrd {belter to livintr l^ein's, is called Mach'hodara. — " The famous Peak q{ C baif.':-ghar, which we mentioned before, is fituated on the rv/.iJ between Gc/;::/;/ and Dcrd-Jfinahil , the Mufidmans call it 7ii6l- Siile'.num, or the throne of S'ilomon; and to the adjacent mountains they have given the name of Cob-Sideiman. It is fecn at the elillance of one hun- dred ccfs, and begins to be vifihle near the extenfive ruins of tlie famous city S':ngaU, about hxty miles v.eft by north of Labore. Si'/igala is fituated in a forell, and though defolatc and uninhabited, it fliil preferves its ancient namet * This \voi\l is fj)cll niachch 'hoihira in Siinfalt. • •• xxni name At rl Pi,,:Ji. le. It was built by the famous Puru or Purus, great graiKlfon of S EC T. Ri. It is called Sinkol in Per/inn romances, anil its king. Raja Sinkoi,, ' - It has been confounded by Arrian with Silffalii or Saltrada. which is now Ii>fo''i"-^''^"- ^ o o J:..ii nej called Calanore ; clofe to which is dill an ancien'- pla:e called Saloeda to this day, and its fituation anfwers mofl: minutely lo Arri an'.s dcfcription. Salgala and S(''.gad'!, are two derivative forms; the firll is Sanfcrit, and the fecond is conformable to the idiom of the dialeds of the Pi'nijjb. The fummit of C'haifa-ghar is always covered with fnow ; in the mid(t of which are feen feveral ftreaks of a reddifli hue, fiippofed by pilgrims to be the mark or impreflion made by the feet of the dove which Noah let out of the ark. For it is the general and uniform tradition of that country, that No^vii built the ark on the funiniit of this mountain, and there embarked: that when the Flood afluaged, the fijmmit of it firft appeared above the waters, and was the refling place of the dove. The Ark itfclf refled about half-way up the mountain, on a projecting plain of a very fniall extent; there a place nl' Worfhip was ereded. — The Bhamhlbijls^ who were tiie firfl: iiihabitaiits of that country, are, I am told, of the fiime opinion as to the j^h.ice where the ark reded ; but hitherto I have been able to procure a finglc paffagc only . homxhc Buddha-dharma-ch^irya-ftndbtih ; iu which it is declared, that Sham a or Shem, travelled firit to the north-ead, and then tuiniiig to the north- wed, he arrived on the fpot where lie built afterwards the town of B 'ni'jan. Shama, they fay, having defcended from the mountain of C^/.-.n/.'-^/mi; tra. veiled north-eaft as far as the confluence of ihc Jfiock v.ith the LiJus, wl-.crc he made Tapnfja ; he then proceeded north-welt to B.'.m-jan. " The Paurcuiics ir.fid, that as it is declared in their facrcd books, that Sa- . tyavrata made fad the Ark to the famous peak, called from -.hat ciicum- {izxiCQ Nan-bandii, with a cable of a prodigious length ; he mu't iiave built it in the adjacent country. Kciu (a fliip) and bandba (to make i'.,lt) is the n-^'ne of a famous Peak, fituated in dijhmir, three days journey to tho north north-', ad of the purganah of /-(7/-. This famous place is refoitcd to by pilgrims from all parts ol' Lh/itj, who fcramble up among the rocl:s to a cavern, beyond which they never go. A few doves frightened wit'i the noife l]y from rock to rock ; thcfe the pilgrims foncy to be their guides to the holy place, and believe that they are the genuine ol]sj;riiig of the dove, which NoAii let out of ti;e ark.-.-Tlie mountains oi CJj-Sukiniiin arc foine- times called by the natives the Mountain.^ of the Dove : the w!i<-)le range as far as Gaioii is called by Ptolemy, iha Pai uctoi rtounhiins, pi-ob\iL\y from the Parvlta. ( xxlv ) SEC I. r'tt Pagan ap. peliiifions the Ark. T. Parvata or Paravat, which fignifies a Dove. The Peak of Chaifa-ghar is called alfo CdU-Rob, or the black viountain\ the fummit aione being co. vered with fnow, is not always feen at a great diftance ; but the body of the mountain, which looks black, is by far more obvious to tlie fight. Perfmn romances fay, that there were feventy or feventy-tvvo rukis, called StiMi- MAN, before Adam ; this has an obvious relation to the fcventy-one Mini' tvantarm of the Hindus; and of courfe Noah or Satyavhata was a Su- leiman. The followers of Bwddha acknowledge that the ark might have been faftened to Nait-bandhai near CaJImiir ; but they fay the ark refted on the mountain of Aryavarta^ Aryawart^ or India^ an appellation which has no fmall affinity with the Ararat of fcripture. Thefe mountains were a great way to the eaftward of the plains of Shinar or Mefopoiam'ia ; for it is faid in GenefiSy that, fome time after the Flood, they journeyed from the eaft, till they found a plain in the land of Shinar, in which they fettled. This furely implies that they came from a very diftant country to the eaftward of Shinar. The region about Tuckt Suleiman is the native country of the olive-tree, and I believe the only one in the world. There are immenfe forefts of it on the high grounds ; for it does not grow in plains. From the faplings the inhabitants make walking fticks, and its wood is ufed for fuel all over the country; and, as Pliny juftly obferves, the Olive-tree in the weftern parts of Ifidia is fterile, as leaft its fruit is ufelefs hke that of the Olcajier. Ac- cording to FiiNHSTALLA, an ancient author cited by Pliny *, there were no olivc-tiees in $pain^ Italy, or Ajiica, in the time of Tarquin the eldeft. Before the time of Hi-sioD it had been introduced into Greece; but it took a long time until it was reconciled to the climate, and its cultivation pro- perly underftood ; for Hesiod fays, that whoever planted an olive-tree, never lived to eat of its fruit. The Olive-tree never was a native of Armenia ; and the paflage of Strabo, cited in fupport of this opinion, im- plies only, that it was cultivated with fuccefs in that country." The I'ubjeQ of this Seftion may allow me ftill further to expatiate on an c'f event fo awful, as the facred Origin of i^aval Architecture, and Navigation. The Ark of Noah was diftinguiftied and worfhipped by the ancients, u.ider innumerable appellations ; Theba, the t Mundane Egg, Argo, Boutus, Cibotus, • Pliny, 1). sii. c. 6. t An I'-^g, which contained In it the elements of life, was thought no improper em- blem ol" the Ark : it fccms to have been .T favourite Svmbol, and very anticat. It was r.iid ( XXV ) ifa-ghar is ' i^ being co- ody of the ■\ . Perfian Ji ed Suiji- '\ one Miin- vvas a Sn- ') light have \ refted on ich has no ''j ;re a great ■f t is faid in e eaft, till rhis fureljr of Shinar. % olive-tree. ■^ is of it on 'M ih'ngs the '% 1 over the ■| lern parts :,^\ 'ler. Ac- :S here were m he eldeft. >^: It it took i tion pro- )live-tree. "> native of ) lion, im> ate on an > wigation. i ancients. 1, Bouiusy :■ CibotKSy oper cm- 1 . It vas m f.iiJ m Cibotus, * Centaurns^ Ar chains, Amphiprwimais, Laris, I/is, Rhea, and Atar- gatis. — The principal t Heathen accounts of the Flood are given by Mr. Cat- cot of Briflol, in the treatife already noticed ; and the curious reader may fiill gratify a laudable fpirit of inquiry, by referring to the Oriental accounts of the general Deluge, as given by Mr. Maurice \ in his Hillory of Hindoftan. He will then perceive, to ufe th^ words of that writer, that Moses was a far more fkilful geographer than Horner^ whom Strabo pronounces the firfl and greateft of Geographers ; fince he goes back to the very foundations of the moft ancient kingdoms and cities of the world, and recounts the names and pri- mitive hijiory not of a few nations o/" Asia engaged in alliance to vanquiJJj the Trojans, but of all that inhabit the earth : even from the Cafpian and Ferftc feas faid by the Pcrfians, that Oromofikt formed mankind, and inclofed them in an Egg;. (^jlnalifis, vol ii. p. 325.) • 1< :' this re ifon many of tlie Arkitcs had tlic ninic Centaori ; and Mr. Bryant is inclined to think, that feme of che cavlitll lliips received this appellation. The Amoniani occupied all the upper part of the Adriaiic Gulf; and the i^eitetl at this day call iheir principal ^i7//c_y the Bucentaur, which jfujliiiiuni (L. 14.) flyies navlgium maximum et orna- lyjimum. This fort of Ships, and iShips in general, are fuppofed to have been firll formed in Cyprus; and here Nonnus fuppofcs the Centaurs to have firft exifted. This notion arofe from the original Ship, thb Ark, being built of Giipher •wood; interpreted the wood of the ifland Cupher, wliich was the ancient name of Cyprus. (Vol. ii. p. 441.) f Principal Heathen Accounts of the Flood. I. The Roman, as given by Ovid, {Metam. lih. i.) 2 The CJrecian, Syrian, and ^rabian, as recorded by I.ucian, in his Treatife de Dca Syria. This narrative is noticed by Mv. Bryant (vol. ii. p. fcSl.): " Lucian, who wa, a native of Samofala, -a chy of Comagene, upon the Euphrates; apart of the world where memorials of the Deluge were particularly obferved, gives the moft parti- cular relation of this Event, and the neareft to the Mofaic hiftory : he dcfcrihes Noah ur.dcrthc ch.;ra6ter ci' Deucalion " {Analyfis, vol. ii. p. 215.) •\. The Egyptian, as retained under the hillory oi' OJiris and Typhon, from Plutarch. 4. The Babylonian, as prcllrvcd by jfofephus and Berofus\ 5. The Assyrian, iVoni Mydnmis, as recorded by Eufebius, (P/epar. Evang. lib. ix. cap. 12 ) 6. The Persian, from Dr. Hyde's If'ijloria veterum Per/arum. 7. The accounts of The Flood, as retained by the inhabitants of the East Indies. {Lord's Difcourfe of the IJiini::n Religion. Pere Bouchet.) 8. As prefi-rvca ,iition;4 the Chinese. i) Tlic d'-fcriniions of it, as given by the fevcral nations of America, in general. {^/Ic'flti's Ilijlory. Hcmirphi'i Neiv Difcovery. Herrera. Nieuhujf. Mo.if. Thevtt.) X Vol. i. p. 505 — jyi. vol. I. s SEC T. I. Introdu6liuii. Earlieft Ptri.iti. ■J 5^ I ( xxvi ) E C T. I. /eas to the extreme Cades, and all this in one Jhort Chapter ; tracing them to their original, and recording at once the period and the occafton of their difper- fton *." — Continued evidence of the univerfality f of the Deluge is offered to roffll bodies, the attention of mankind, at repeated intervals, in the variety oi fojil bodies, both animal and marine, which are dug up amidft inland countries far re- moved from the ocean. Two teeth of an Hipjjopotamus, and the entire tufk of an Elephant, nine feet in length, which is one of the largeft ever known, together with other bones of the fame animal, were found buried at the diftance of thirty feet under ground, by fome workmen of Mr. Trimmer, at Brentford, fix miles from London ; which Mr. Maurice % perfonally exa- mined : and in the Philofophical Tranfallions §, an account is given by Mr. Baker of the difcovery of the remains of an Elephant ; which fell, together with part of a rock, from an exceeding fteep cliff undermined by the waves of the fea, at Munfley a village fituated clofe to the fea (hore in Eajl Norfolk : which animal, a& Mr. Baker remarks, could not have been buried by the Romans, nnce it was bedded in a rock that hung over the fea. Though the Mofaic account therefore of the Deluge is concife, it abounds with the moft valuable and correft information. The particulars of this aftonifliing event were long remembered with gratitude by the defcendants of Noah ; but in procefs of time, as either enthufiafm or vanity perverted or obfcured the truth, this Patriarch was worlhipped as a Deity ; and the eight perfons who had been fo highly favoured by Heaven, were adored in Egypt as The Sacred Oodoas. The fubfequent Progrefs of the Cuthite Colonies, that great Amonian Family, was marked by traces of this idolatry ; until the genius or ignorance of the Greeks united to reduce it into a magnificent Syftem, which obfcured the hiftory of mankind. This obfcurity Mr. Bryant has removed by his Analyfis of Ancient My- thology. Noah thus revered, was honoured by different Gentile nations under various titles : his name by the Greeks was interpreted reji or comfort ; he Ppgan titles i-f Noah, m if ii I W \h''M * Vol. i. p. \')\. — See alfo Bocli.irt's Geojrrapbia Sacra, Phalec, lib. iii. iv. t A learned follower of Z^Td/w/l/ affured Sir William Jones, thati in the books which tlic BehdiHS hold facrcd, mention is made of an Univkksal InuhdatioNi there named the Deluge of Time.— ( /fiat'tc Refearches, vol. i. p. 240.) t Ibid. p. ^iC. ^ AbrlJged, \o\. iv. p. 27J. !i ' Ji! f : ( xxvii ) ng them to leir difper- offered to ■)JJil bodies, ies far re- ;ntire tuflt er known, ed at the rimmer, at nally exa- given by vhich fell, mined by ea (hore in have been lung over it abounds irs of this efcendants perverted ; and the adored in he Cuthite of this reduce it nd. This cient My- 5ns under comfort ; he )ooks which lere named SECT. I. IntroduAion. F.arlieji I'emi!. es he was alfo ftyled Prometheus, Deucalion, Atlas, Inachus, and Oftris. When the worlhip of the fun was introduced by the pofterity of Ham the Amonians, the title of Melius y/zs added: he was alfo called Dcus Lunus, and Selene. In this patriarch we* difcover the original Zeus, and Dios, from Zeuth^ which fignifies ferment ; fmce he planted the vine, and introduced fer- mented liquors. Noah was alfo Dionusos ; compounded from the eaftern title of the patriarch, Nufus, by the Greeks, and improperly interpreted by the Latins, Bacchus ; a ni:me which belonged to his grandfon Chus. The ancients confidered the firft life of Noah or Osiris, as terminating on his entrance into the Ark ; the interval that elapfed during the Flood was looked on as a State of Death, and what followed, as a fecond life, or a renewed exiftence. The patriarch therefore was reprefented with two faces, and received, in reference to the antediluvian and poftdiluvian world, the name of Janus Bifrons, who was reputed the fame as Apollo, and had the title of the deity of the door, or paflagc : in memorial of his hiftory every door among the Latines had the name of jfanua ; and the firft month of the year was named fanuarius, as an opening to a new sera. But not to dwell too long on this individual charafter ; Noah, as Mr. Maurice ob- ferves t> was the Xifathrus of Chaldea ; the venerable Kronos of the Phoe- nicians ; the ancient Fohi of China j and, above all, Saiyaurata, or feventh Menu, of India. The immediate children of the Patriarch were confecrated to pofterity Noachida;. under the names of J Cabiri, Diofcuri, and Corybantes. Sanchoniatho and Damafcius reprefent them as the offspring of Sadyc (Saturn) the Juji Man, the very appellation given by Mofes to Noah. The author of the Orphic Argoiiautica § mentions the noble gifts bequeathed to mankind by the Cabiri : they were reprefented as three in number, and are fometimes mentioned as fons of the great artift Hephai/lus, ihe chief deity of Egypt, and * Refer piincipally to tlie following Treaiifes in the fecond volume of Mr. Bryant's Analyfis. 1. Of the Deluge, and he memorials thereof in the Gentile world. — (Page 195 — 253.) 2. Of fome particular titles and perfonages ; Jatiiis, Salunius, Plioroneus, Pofadon, Ne- reus, Proteus, Prometheus. (Page 253—272.) 3. Noah, Noas, NTS NOY2, Nufut, (p. 272 - 283.) 4. Jonah, Ckaldsorum : a Continuation of the Getiti/e I/i^urt of tie Deluge, f n. 2^3 n''.) f Hill, of Hindoftan; vol. i. p. 508. X Analysis, vul. li. p. 4151. § V. i-, E 2 ^J , ■■ 1 l! i 'n SEC i. lions to t Noachic Dove. ( xxviii ,) nnd reputed father of the Gods. The Cabiri are often mentioned at Heliada, or offspring of the fun } and alfo as defcendants of Proteus^ the great prophet and deity of the Sea : one of the moft ancient temples of there deities was at Menipbis *. From Egypt their worfhip was carried to Canaan and Syria, and thence to Greece : they are faid to have been the fird conftru^Vors of a Float or Ship; and are reprefented as Hufband- mcn, and at the fame time vicn of the Sea\. The chief proviixce of the Cabiii related to fliipping, and their influence was particularly implored by Mariners for fuccefs in their Voyages. Similar to the Cabiri were the Telchines and Ignetes, the firit who fettled at Rhodei, and in like manner were efteemed Heliacfa ; they carried their origin upwards to the Deluge, and univerfally aflumed the title of Sons of the Sea. Under the cha- racter of Heliada they are noticed by DioJorus J, as celebrated for their fkill in Navigation ; and § Nonnus, from fome emblematical reprefentation, has defcribed them as wafted over the Ocean upon fea-horfes. The TelchL- tiian and Cabiritic rites, confiding of Arkite memorials, were carried from Greece into the regions of the Cella ; and traces of tiiem have been obferved as high up as the Suevi. Tacitus takes notice that they worfliipped Jfu, and mentions, that the chief objeft was an Ark or Suit' ||. The like my- fteries, according to Artemidorus, prevailed in one of the Britijh ijlands ; in which, he fays, that the worfliip of Damater was carried on with the fame Rites as in Samothracia**. I make no doubt, adds Mr. Bryant, but that this hiftory was true ; and that the Arkite rites prevailed in many parts of Bri- tain, efpecially in the ifle of Mona, where in aftertimes was the chief feat of the Saronides, or Druids : Monai fignifies in/ula Selenitis vel Jrkitis. The hiftojy of the Dove which Noah fcnt from the Ark, and alfo the circumftance of the Rainboiv, may be traced throughout pagan hiftory aniidft other events of the Deluge : they were both recorded in Hierogly- phics; the latter was ftyled by the Egyptians Thamuz, and feems to have fignified the zcondcr. From this original came the bows both of Jpollo and Diana. litfiod ft alludes to tliis Covenant, and calls it the ercat oaih. liomcr, in two paflages of the Iliad, makes a remarkable reference « IIcioJouis, lib. iii. C.37. t Euftb PriEp. EvanR. p. 38. + Lili. V. p 32". § Lib.xxiv. p. 626. II De Mor. Gtrm. p. Coj, ■** Stralo, 111), iv. p. 304. if IlJiuJ. Thcog. V. -"^o—Pnar.i's J^mil^u, vol.ii. p. 3^7. ( xxix ) 1 .;!■ ■,■'4 » reference to this divine Sign in the heavens : in the firft, he is defcribing SECT, fome emblazonry upon the cuirafs of Agamemnon : — — '■ T ., Ti !.• 1 ¥ • 1 L I 1 Introduftion. Like to THE Bow which Jove amid the clouds Earh.Jl Vviodt. ■ ■■ '' ' Placed iis a Token to defponding Man *. ' '' In another place he notices this beautiful phaenomenon in a manner equally ftriking : Jiift as wlien ^ove, 'mid the Jiigh hcivens difpluys, Ills Bow myf.er'wus for a lasting Signf. The crefcent fliape of the facred Ship Amphiprumnais^ with no diftinclion oi head and (lern, uhich is reprefented in the form of the canoe, feems to have originated from this circumllance. The Dove, with its branch of olivsy was by many nations confidered as an emblem of peace, and the raven which never returned, as a bird of ill omen. The olive-tree was reverenced at Athens, and by them reputed to be of high antiquity. Among the Amonians, the name of the Dove was Ion or lonaii. It became a favourite hieroglyphic among the Babylonians and Chaldees ; was feleded as the national infignc, or arms, and appeared on their Standards. In hieroglyphical fculptures and paintings, where an hiftory of the Noachic Dove was reprefented, the blr.l could only be defcribed as hovering over the face of the Deep ; hence Dionc, or \ Venus, was faid to have rifen from the Sea, to prefide over the waters, to appeafe the troubled ocean, and to caufe by her prefcnce an univerfal calm. In like manner Juno the fame as Icina, was eonfidered as prefiding over the Seas, which flie was fuppofed to agitate at her pleafure : (he was alfo called Inachis, or Inachia, and was § defcribed at Samos as ftanding in a lurictfe,wkh the lunar emblem on her head. It foon became the cuftom of an- cient Mariners to let loofe a Dove or Pigeon before they failed ; that, from its movements, an idea might be formed of the fuccefs of their intended Voyage. The rifing of the || Pclciadcs, or Doves^ was always efleemed a mofl ** favourable feafon for naval Expediiions, and a fortunate time for the accompliflimcnt of any maiitiuie project. The facred origin of Navigation and Ship-duilding, was long comme- Ancient pro. moratcd by different natiops in their religious proceffions of the Ship of Ijis ^-''f" " o^ the Biprora, the ampbiprunuuiis of the Greeks ; reverenced at Rome, according to * Iliad A. V. 27. t Iliad P. V. 547. I Analysis, V(l. ii. p. 317, >i IbiJ. p. .',-13. I! Analysis, vol. ii, p. 2S5. ** Ovid. Talii. lib. v, v. 6?. 'i! SEC I. T, Cednr Ship oi' Sefoftrist ( XXX ) to their calendar during the month of March, and worshipped as a facred . objefl by the Suevi. Dr. Pocock • copied three curious reprefeniations of this proceflion, from fome ruins at Luxorein near Carnac in the Thebaist but did not difcover to what they alluded. Two of thefe reprefentations are given by Mr. Bryant f ; who obferves, that the Originals are of the higheft antiquity, and were probably the mod: early fpecimens of Sculpture in the world. In this Baris, ory^frfrf5/j/^, the Patriarch is reprefented as being placed in a fort of (hrine or Ark ; the veflel is itfelf fupported by eighteen attendants, preceded by a perfon bearing a kind of fceptre, and followed by another with a rod or (laiF in his hand. The ancient Greeks flyled thefe rites the proceflion of the P'oniphi. The Egyptians, in their defcription of the primary deities, had always fome reference to a Ship, or Float : § they of- tentimes, fays Porphyry, defcribe the Sun in the charadter of a man failing on a Float. The broad leaf of the Lotus was long an Egyptian emblem of the Ark ; becaufe, in the greateft inundations of the Nile, this leaf ro^c with the flood, and was not overwhelmed among the innumerable Egyptian aquatics that were efteemed facred. The fpecies of bean, ftyled Colocafta, deferves alfo in this place to be noticed : it was reverenced on account of its refemblance to the facred \ Ship of Ifts ; and was alfo called Cibotium, from Cibotus a boat. A perfon in Athenaeus fpeaking of fome particular cups, fays, that they were called ^/^; and adds that they probably derived this name from an Egyptian vegetable, whofe fruit was like a boat. The celebrated Ckdar Ship built according to || Diodorus Siculus by SfisosTRis, is defcribed as having been two hundred and eighty cubits in length ; its outfide was plated with gold, inlaid with filver ; and the whole, when finiflied, was dedicated to Oftris at Thebes. It is not credible, fays Mr. ** Bryant, that there fliould have been a fliip of th's fize, efpecially in an inland dillrift, the moft remote of any in Egypt : it was certainly a temple and zjhrine. The former was framed upon this large fcale; and it was the latter on which the gold and filver were expended : the whole was probably defigned as an exa£l reprefentation of the Ark : this temple was > a. • Pococi's Egypt, (vol.!. plate 41.;) :i work whole original value has incre.ifed fince the rcfearches which have hilely been made in Ej;)i>t. f Vi.l. i. p. 252. Sec alfo vol. ii. p. 230. X Analysis, vol. ii. p. 220. § Analysis, vol. ii. p. yjq. Sec alfo p. 403, for a DiiTcrtation on the Seyphus, or facred cup, in the form of a boar. II Lib.i. p. 52. ** Vol. ii. p. 221. a ( xxxi ) was called Thebat and was probably con(lru£led after the model of a Ship : SECT both the city, as well as the province, was undoubtedly denominated from it. I. re.ifed fince Throughout the greater part of the world fimilar allufions to the fublime £^"^''/,^^°"' archetype of navigation, cherifhed the principles of this Science in the human mind ; which archetype being thus made a religious Rite, and forming a leading part in the celebrated Mysteries of the Ancients, a proportionable degree of veneration was attached to thofe perfons who dared to venture on maritime expeditions. The anceftors of the Egyptians^ the Misraim, gene- rally formed their (brines in the earlied periods under the refemblance of a Ship ; and both Ships and Temples, in reference to the Patriarch Noah, were ftyled Naus *, and Naos, and mariners themfelves, Nauta. According to Panfanias f, at Eruihra in Ionia there was a Temple of great antiquity, de- dicated to Hercules, refembling thofe in Egypt ; the Deity was reprefented on a Float, and was believed to have been conveyca in that manner from Phasnicia. Arijl'.des \ informs us, that a Ship was carried in proceflion at Smyrna, on the feaft called Diotiujia. The facred Ship was borne with great folemnity through the ftreets of Athens at the Panathenaea, to the temple of Damater of Eleufis : at Phakrus, near Athens, honours were paid to an unknown hero, who was reprefented in the ftern of a Ship. At Olympia, the mod lacred place in Greece, a building was con(lru£led like the forepart of a Ship, with its front towards the end of the Hippodromus ; and on the altar placed towards the centre of this temple, particular rites were performed at the renewal of each Olympiad. Strabo mentions the city of Cibotus in Egypt, under which term the Grecians reprefented the Ark, and defcribes it as a Dock furniflied in every refped for the building of fliips. But the un- common conftruiEtion of the great floating ijland % Chemmis in Upper Egypt, near the temple of Boutus, difplayed the moft aftonifhing memorial of the firft Ship : according to || Pomponius Mela, it contained various altars de- dicated to Oftris, together with a ftately temple, and feveral groves of palm- trees : it was alfo defigned as a repofitory for the Arkite rites and hiftory. Danaus was reported to have come from this ifland to Greece, when he brought with him the Amphiprumnon, or facred model of the Ark, which he lodged in the acropolis ofArgosy called Larifa. Our • Analysis> vol. ii. p. 227. X Oral. Smyrn. vol. i. p. 402. H Lib. i. c. ix. p. 55. t Lib. vii. p. 53,4.. j Analysis, vol, ii. p. J29. « I t M.- I' ,,'■ ■ m !;,k S E C I. T. Projrrcfs !elI.ition (>f Amon, yfmmon, /Imiinus, and Onmnus, He was the I'hRMfs of F.sypt ; the Ztus vi' Gtwce ; tlie JupiTkR oi Laiium; and the Apoi lu of the Eq/l. He was alfo woilliipped liy his dcfecnda.i'.s, under the name of Ral, and Baal j terms ori}>in:illy appropiiatcd to Noali. The worfhip of Ham, ortheKuN, was the prevailing religion of (.ireece, and ixtcndi'd throutrhout the f j i coaft of E\irope.- {Anulyfts, vol. i. p. 3. 2H4.) Ham was alfo ftylcd Cham, und his images and pridls C^:>il<:rity ci witnefled in the fubmifllve and humane difpofltion of the Indians. Mr. '''^*=*"' Wilford \ has been enabled to difcover fome traces of their hiftory in the an- cient books of the Hindus ; but thefe traces are faint and almoft lod in the Maritime glory of the ylmonians. A great part of the defcendants of Shem appear to have emigrated, in the earlied periods of the Indian hiftory, from the fouthern provinces of that country to Egypt, under the name of a tribe called Pallis^ who carried with them ihe four Vedas, or facred books of Indian fcripttirc. The charafler of the Pallis was that of diftinguiihed herdf> men or fliepherds, and the following palTage feems to take from the Cuthites the fame of being the original AuRiTiE. " Sharma-st'han," fays Mr. Wilford^ " of which we cannot exaflly diftinguifh the boundaries, but which included Ethidpia above Egypt, as it is generally called, with part of Ab^tnia and Azan / received its name from Sharma, of whom we (hall prefently fpeak. His defcendants being obliged to , * As Ham \v;is ftjL-d /Imoti, and Jmmon, his fon Chu» was called Cuth, Cuthon, and Coihon. Chullilaii, to ilie call of Tigris, was the land of Chus. Several cities and temples in India were iilfo dedicated to him. {Hid, vol. i. ji. 364.) + Analyfis, vol. !• p. 2. 2f>2. and 399. % Afiatic Rercarches, vol. iii. «' Oa Egypt, and other countries adjacent to the Ca'm' river, or Nile of Ethiopin, from the ancient books of the Hindus." VOL. \. P ^, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 121 12.5 ■10 2.2 l.i us 12.0 I l.25jU|,.6 ^ 6" ► Photographic Sciences (Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STRUT WEBSTIR.N.Y. MSM (716)S72-4S03 I 5 O 6^ ^ ^ C 3i**tr y SECT. I; ,. Aa.U. to loave Egypt, retired to thii MMkntabs jof Ajiger, and fefflad near the lake . of die god*. ' Mamy Idini^ J^r/fifcifmr arc of ofMnion, that by the children of Shakva we ffttift unAerAttnd that fMe d DkiatAs ttrho wei4 fprced to emi- grate inurSgyft^ idttring* the rdgns of Sanf and RAku/ or 5<}/»r» and %ii0)ftto/riuay»-etlakl (ohsf« beenaqiliet and bhnnelds pjedple, andko faarv^fa^fiftedi by huadrig^ wild dephanti, of which th^ fold or bs^etvd the teeth, and even lived on the flefli : they built the town of RUpa^afiy or the beautiful which the Greeks called jRtf/to.». ** ii k ^litcd^y tb^ Pi^ri!ice,. and the faithful Pallis who acctmipanied him; ^ndudang them to the banks of the Cali (thie Nile)* ih dkncha-Dwip, where they found xhit Sharmiost «r 'Sbmltest ixA fotiled attaong them. in that country they built thie temple and towA PunyaV^I/ ot" Punya. Nagari | wordt implying holmels and ^rhy, which it nhparts (fay the Hin- dus) to zealous pilgrims : it is believed at this day to ftand near the CaU^ on the low hills of Mandara, which are faid, in the Furanas, to confift of red earth; and on thofe hills the Palis, under their virtuous leader, are fuppofed to live, like the Gandharvas on the fummit of Himalaya, in the lawful enjoyment of pleafure; rich, innocditj and happy; though intermixed with fome Mlechhas, or people who fpeak a barbarous diale£t, and with fome of a fair complexion. The low hills of Mandarin include the tra£t called Afifrcf or Mtrhoe^ by the Greeks ; in the c6njlr«sof which is a place named Mandara in the Jefuits' map, and Mandera by Mr, BrucCy who fays, that of old it was the refidence of the Oiepherds or Palli kings. ** This account of the Palis has been extrafled from two of the eighteen Puratias, intitled Scanda or the God of War, and firahmanda or the Mun- dane Egg. We muft not omit, that they are faid to have carried from India, not only the jltharva-Veda, which they had a right to poflefs, but even the three others, which (not being Brahmins) they acquired clan- deftinely. ; fo that the four books of ancient Indian Scripture once exifted in Egypt ; and it is remarkable, that the books of Egyptian fcience were ex. );• 'in *i>iai ■ :■•■■,'■ ' .F.2 • owVA ♦. .u<. •<{ .ii; .i«y .J4ft|y ( xxxvi ) SECT. I. The Cuthitest a^Iy four, called the books of Hartnonia, or Hermet*^ which are fuppofed . to have contained fubje£U of the higheft antiquity. Nonnus mentiont the firft of them, as believed to be co-eval with the world ; and the Brahmeni alTert, that their three firft Vedas exifted before the creation." To Chus, the origini^l leader of thofe who ventured on the feas, and to whom magic was in confequence attributed, fucceeded the mighty Nimrod, whofe hiftory is concealed under that ofyflorm, the fir A king of Chaldea, but more frequently under that of Orion; the Greeks fly led him Nebrod, and this occafioned many allufions to zfawiit and zfawr^sjk'mt in the Dmufiacat and other tmyfteries. — In the days of P^/^, when mankind had greatly increafed, they removed to the different regions that were allotted them by God ; but, as already obferved, the fons of Chus, reprcfented under the chara£ler both ,of Gianis and Titaaiam, would not obey. At length thefe rebels were dif. pcrfed, and fome of them, after roving for a long time in an unfettled ftate, arrived under the command of the arch<-rebel Nimkod in the jdains of Sifimirt already occupied by ^r and his fons. The indignant Cuthitet immediately prepared for war, and overcame the fons of 4fur : this difperfion of the fons of Chus under the rebel Nimrod, is | alluded to by the Greek poets in their defcription of the flight oi Baccbtu. Others of the difperfed Cutbites embarked, and fettled on the Erytbrean Ocean ; which event Mr. Bryant thinks is referred to by the poet Nonnut §, when he fpeaks of the retreat of Bacchus and his aflbciates : " His wavering bands now fled in deep difmay By different routes, uncertain where they pafTed. Some fought the limits of the EHflern world ; Some, where the craggy Weftern Coaft extends. Sped to the regions of the fetting fun. i!i '';*?.'' i" Sore trayel others felt, and wandered far Southward ; while many fought the diftant North, AU in eonfufion.— • \ «* Bacchus all trembling, as he fled away, { Call'd cm the mighty Erythrtan dup To yield him fhelter. Ibnit heard his cries, . And, as he plung'd'beneath the turbid wave, Receiv'd him in her arms : old Nereas too, The Arabian god, ftretched out his friendly hand, And led him darkling through the vaft abyfs Of founding waters.^' * Bryant's Analyfis, vol. ii. p. ijo. f lb. vol. i. p. 8. X lb. vol. iii. p. 40. j N«m Dlonyfiac lib. yxxiv. p. 864. .{, „..._ Although Ibid. lib. XX, p. 55a.' ( xxxvli ) Introduction. Earheji PtrUJl. Bacchus. Although Nimrod performed fo many exploits, and built the celebrated city SECT, of * Babel or Baby tony his aftiona were in a confiderable degree lod in the fu< perior reverence that was fliewn to Bacchus. This celebrated conqueror was no other than j* Chus, the fird who infli- tuted triumphs ; he was often, adds Mr. Bryant, miftaken for D'lonufus \ : , the Vine was efteemed facred both to Dionufm and Bacchus 't and though confounded by the Grecians, they were two different perfons. The hiftory of the former is in reality an account of the § Dionu/iam, who were the fame as the OJirians and Herculeans. Sir William || Jones confldered the fanf- creet Rama as the prototype of Bacchus ; and informs us, that " the Hindus have an Epic Poem on the fubje£l of Rama's atchievements, written by their • mod ancient poet ValmiCi and called the Ramayam, which in unity of action, magnificence of imagery, and elegance of ilyle, far furpafles the learned and elaborate work of Nonnus, entitled Dionyfiaca ; half of which, or twenty-four books, I perufed with great eagernefs when I was very young, and fliould have travelled to the concluHon of it, if other purfuits had not engaged me. I (hall never have leifure to compare the Dionyfiacks with the Rdtnayany but am confident that an accurate comparifon of the two Poems, would prove Diony/os and Rama to have been the fame perfon ; and 1 incline to think that he was Ranutf the fon of Cush, who might have eftabliflied the firft regular government in this part of Afia." The CuthiteSf according to Bryant^ only occupied fome particular fpots in the weft } but from Babylonia eaftward the greateft part of that extenfive fea. coaft feems to have been in their pofleffion. Owing to the confufion of Crufean for Cu/ean, the Greeks formed a variety of fidion relative to the'^ Golden Age and a Golden Race i and the country of the Cuthim was rendered the golden country. In like manner Cal'Chusy the hill or place of Chus, V"«8 converted to Chalcus brafs. Colchis was properly Col-Cbus ; but as Co/* chiLtt was fometimes rendered Chalciony it gave rife to the fable of the brazen Bulls**, which in reality were Colchic Tor, or Towers. There was according to ft jirrian, a region named Golchisy in India, near Comar : the Pegada of the country were what we now call Pagodas. In this part of the world feveral cities and temples were dedicated to the memory of Chus; fome • AnalysiSi vol. iti. p. 4f. f ^"'' *'**"• '• P* *57» J Hid, vol. i. p. 173. § Hid' vol. ii. p. 77. II Afiatic Refearches, vol. «. p. 258. On the godt of Greece, Italy, and India. *• Analysis, vol. i. p. 363. tt Ptriplut Mails Erylhifl, Geog. Vet. vol. i. p. jj. ( xxxyiii ) 8 EC T. fdnfe of which tre fiimoui to tbia day, though denominated after the Baby- the Apamean nieUiU. loniih dialed Cutba, and Cttto ; as for inftance, Catcutta^ and Calecut latter feems to have been the capital of the region called of old Colchis. Ai a colony of the Amonians fettled in ^hracct we there * alfo find me- moriala of the deluge. The river Danube was properly the river of Noah ; expreflisd Da'Nau, and Da-Nauoi. t Herodotus calls it plainly the river of Neah, but appropriates the term only to one branch, giving the name of l/ier to the chief ftream : it is alfo mentioned as fuch by \ Valerius Flaccus. But of all the places in which memorials of the Deluge have been preferved with the greateil ca^e, Mr. Bryant § feems to give the preference to the dty of Jfameot fo called from the mother of Antiochus Soter ; it was the fame as CelanXy and originally named Cibotus, in memory of the Ark. Apamea was fituated in Phrygia, far inland, at fome didance from the Meander upon •the fountains of the river Marfyas : the inhabitants were ftyled Magnetes. This city, according to Strabo, was the magazine for every article of com- merce, and the greateft Afiatic ftaple, next to Ephefus. The reprefentation of a coin of Philip the Elder, and another of Severus, relative to the Noachic hiftory, is copied by Mr. Bryant from Falconerius and Seguinus; the former of whom compofed a curious diifertation on the coin afligned to Philip. Its reverfe difplays a fquare machine floating upon the water ; through an opening of which are feen two perfons, a man and a woman } and opon the head of the woman is a veil. Over this Ark is a kind of triangular pediment, on which a dove is reprefented fitting ; and below it another, which feems to flutter its wings, and holds in its mouth a fmall branch of a tree. Be- fore the machine are two perfons, who by their attitude feem to have juft quitted it on reachmg the dry land : upon the Ark itfelf, underneath the perfons there inclofed, is to be read in diftind charafters, NnE |{. The learned Editor of this account fays, that it had fallen to his lot to meet with three of thefe Coins ; they were of brafs, and of the medaglion fize : one of them he mentions to have feen in the colledion of the Duke of Tufcany; the fecond in that of the Cardinal Ottobeni ; and the third was the property of Augu/lino Chigi, nephew to Pope Alexander the feventh. Amidft * Analysis, vol. ii. p. 339. f Lib. iv. c. 49. I Lib. iv. v. 719. and lib. vi. r. ico. $ Analvsis» vol. ii. p. 3}o. II See the engraving prefixed to the prefent feAion. ^ ' .10 ,.■■"■. ( xxxix ) Amidft the innumerable colonies which branched into vaft emplrei from SECT, the • royal Triad of Noaehidit, or a* they were ftylcd in Scripture Baalim ; ^' the Anakim, the Titani, and the Scyth^b, in the firft place claim the introdudim. reader's attention. The Cuthiies, by their addrefs and fuperiority ^•'*«/"«'^ in the fcience of navigation, obtained a general afcendancy ) in fome places they mixed with the people they invaded, but in others they maintained themfelves feparate. Anac, a t title of high antiquity, was originally appropriated to perfons Aaakim. of great ftrength and ftature \ fuch in the plural are called in Sa-ipture -, Anakinty and in the Book of \ Jolhua are mentioned as the Anokim of the mountains ; one particular tribe is % defcribed as Ganaanitcs, that d%velt in Hebron^ or Kirjatb-arba : fome of them were alio found among the Cafbtorim, who fettled in PaUJiina. From' a paflag2 in Faufanias, which mentions the tomb of AJieriony a fon of Anacy as being found in Lydia, Mr. Bryant obferves; that the hiftory of the Anakim was not totally obli- terated among the Grecians. The || title of Anac in ancient times was alfo given to gods, and their temples ilyled Tw-Anac : hence Sicily was deno- minated Trinacit, and Trinaciay and in procefs of time Trinacria. Of the fame race as the children tf Anac were the fierce and ambitious Titans. Titans, or ** Titamiams, fo named from thdr worflup of the ftnty and the places where it was celebrated. They are mentioned by fome writers as being the builders of the tower iA Babel} which Mr. Bryant is inclined to think was undoubtedly a TupboHy or altar of they»», though generally repre- fented as a temple., The terms both oi Giants and TitanUms were given to the rebellious fons of Chus : their difperfion, and the feuds which preceded, are recorded' by tt Hejiod ; but he has confounded this hiftory, by fuppoflng the Giants and Titans to have been different perfons. Hefio^i fine defcrip- tion of this memorable event is tranflated by Mr. Bryant ; the conclufion is the only part which the limit of this Memoir allows me to infert. The Godsi Tiftorions, feiz'd the rebel crew, ' And fent them, bound in adamantine chains, To earth's deep cuvems, and the Ihades of night. < -i: Here dwell th' apoftate brotherhood, confign'd To * Ahalysis, vol. ii. p. 270. f Ihid. vol. i. p. 72. \ Cb. zi. V. 21. f Judges, ch. i. v. 10. I Analysis, vol. 1. p. 407. JUd. toi. i. p. 425. •• JUd. vol. iii. p. 48. tf Theogon, v. 676. ( xl ) SECT. I. Scythx. !! To everlafting durance : here they fit '<.. i' Age after age in melancholy ftate i Still pining in eternal gloom, and loft ' To erery comfort. Round them wide extend . The dreary bounds of Earth, and Sea, and Air ; Of Hearen above, and Tiirtarut below. - • - They placed the rebeli, fall in fetters bound, Deep in a gloomy gulf i as far remored From earth's fair regions, «s the earth from heaven. The -real hiftory of the dlfperfion of the Titans feems to hare been at io\- loiws. A confiderable body retreated to that part of Scythia which bordered on the Palus Mcotis, and was called Keira ; another, and a very nume- rous Colony, fettled in Mauritania^ which was the region ftyled by Hefiod Tartarus. Diodorus Siculus * mentions the arrival of Cronus in that part of Africa, with other leaders, as Oceanus, Caust laptttUt Critu, HyfmtHt and Atlas ; from this laft general the inhabitants of that part of the continent were named Atlantians ; and owing to a confufion of a Greek word t which exprefled the weft, ot place of the fettingftm^ and alfo dark- nefsf the Titans of the weft were configned to the realms of night ; they alfo gave the title of Erebus to the Atlantic province; fince Ereb fignified both the w^i and darknefs. From the followmg paflage in the Ion of Euripides ^, Mr. Bryant is inclined to think that it was not uncommoaibr thofe who were of^refled, to migrate to thefe fettlements. Creula in great afflidion exclums, > O ! that I could be wafted through the yielding air, ' For, very -far, from HtBtt, To the inhabitants of the Hbspbrian Rsgion i So great is my load of grief. The Atlantic Ocean, mentioned by the Nubian Geographer as the Sea of Darknefs, was defcribed by ancient poets as the va/i unfathomable abyfs ; upon the borders of which Homer places the gloomy manfions where ^e Titans refided. Many re^ons in § different parts of the world were called Scythia : I. A province in Egypt} 2. Another upon the TAermodoit, above Galatia in AJa * Lib. V. p. 334. t fo^-. t V. 796. § Analysis, vol. iii. p. 135 and 143. "Account of the Scylia, Scythia, Seylkifmut, and HeUetiifmu; alio of the /o/w/ and Hilknct of Babylonia ; and of the HtUenet of Egypt." ( xn ) SECT. I. IntroduAion. Earhfi ftritdu AJia Minor ; 3. One in Syria ; 4. The country aboat Colebit and Iberia ; 5. A great part of Thraee aiid Majia^ and all the Tauric Cberfone/us ; 6. A country far in the ea(l, fituated upon the great Indic Oceattt and called Scy- thia Limyrica. The genuine Scytha were ftyled Mago^^ and were defcended from Mrtfus, or Chus, the father of the Magi, worfliippers of fire. T^monaXt a writer of great antiquity, mentions fifty nations of Scythians. Before the dawn of learning in Greece, the Scythians of Colchis carried on a very cxtenfive commerce ; and, according to Timo/ibenes, no lefa than three hundred inland nations, each having their refpeftive language, came to the Colchian marts. The Scythians went under the names of Colchians, Iberians, Cimmerians, Hy- perboreans, and Jlani. The Scythic colonies were widely difperfed ; but all nations, that were ftyled • Scythian, were in reality Cutbiari, or Ethiopian : they feized on the province of Sufiana and Chufiftan, were in pofTeffion of the navigation of the Tigris downwards; and having extended them- felves beyond Gedrojia and Carmania, are thus noticed by the author of the Periplus f. ylfter the country of Ora, the continent now, by reafon of the great depth of its gulfs and inlets, forming vafl promontories, runs outward to a great degree from the eaji, and inclofes tbefea coaji ^^Scythia, which lies towards the north ; that is, in the recefs of one of thefe bays. It is low land, and lies upon the river Sinthus (Indus), which is the largejt river of an* that run into the Erytbrean fea, and affords the greatefi quantity of water. The Scythic colonies alfo occupied the infular province, called in their lan- guage, from its fituation, Giezerette, or the IJland; and from their anceftor, Cambaiar, or the Bay of Cham, which it ftill retains. They alfo fettled upon the promontory Conutr, or Comarin \ and were Lords of the great ifland Pelxfimunda, called afterwards Seran-dive, and now Ceylon. TTie principal names of the Scythic Indians were Erythrai, jirabes, Orita, JEtl'.p^s, Cathei, and Indi. Thefe Cuthites, or Scythic Colonies, pofleflfed in India a region Ancient named Colchis, already mentioned as being noticed by Arrian } where ^^[' ^^^"T they had the advantage of a pearl fifhery, which is thus defcribed Scyth». in the | Periplus of the Erytbrean fea v — From Elabatara extends a mountain * Analysis, vol. !ii. p. iga. " Cuthia Indica, or Scythia Limyrica." f Geogr. Vet. vol. i. p. ai. % Geograph. Grxc. Min. vol. i. p. 33. AmAlysis, vol.iii. p. 204: fee alfo his Dlfler- tattoo on the E&vTHaiANs, ibid. p. 185. VOL. I. . O • E C T. I. ( xUi ) mountain called Purrbes, end th« Coaji Jlyled • Paralia (or the Pearl Coaft), reaching down to the moji fouthern pointy where it the great Jijhrry for pearly which people dive for. It it under a king named Pandion } and the chief city it Colchi. There are two placet where they fijhfor tbit commodity^ of which thefirji it called Balita ; here it a forty and an harbour.— The Coaji^ near which they ffhfor Pearly liet all along from Comari to Colchi. It it per. formed by perfont who have been guilty of fome crimi't and are compelled to tbit fervice. All thit Coafi to the fouthward it under the aforementioned King Pandion. After thit there proceedt another trad of coajl^ which formt a Mr. Bryant concludes his admirable DilTertation on the f Indi» with an extraft and tranflation from the poet Dionyftut\ \ who, after defcribing all the nations of the known world, in his valuable geographical poem the % Pe- riegefitt concludes with a particular account of the Indo-Scythvg. *' If Homer had been engaged upon the fame fubjefl, adds the learned Analyfift, he could not have exceeded, either in harmony of numbers or beauty of detail." But I can only indulge the reader with a (hort fpecimen of de- tached lines. " Upon * Paralia feem* at firit a Greek word ; but it in reality a proper name in the language of the country. I make no doubt, adds Mr. Bryant, but what we call Ftarl was the Paral of the Amonians and Cuthites. Paralia is tht land of Ptarb. All the names of Gbms, at now in ufe, and of old, were from xhcAmomant: Adamant, AMiTHrtr, OrAL, AcHATis or Agate, Praorui, Onyx, Sardonyx, iEriTSs, Alabaster, Bsril, Coral, CoRMKLiAN. As this was the Shore where thefe Gems were reUliy found, we may con« dude that ParaEa fignified the Pearl Coq/I. There was a Pearl Filhery in the Red Sea | and it continues to this day near the Ifland Delagua. (Pureiat, vol. v. p. 778.) In thefe parts, the Author of the Periplus mentions Iflands, which he ftyles rvfa\cuu, or Pearl Iflands. (See Geogr. Gr. Minores, Periplus, vol. i. p. 9.) f Analysis, vol. iii. p. ais. t Verf. 1088. § A tranflation of this geographical Poem, which is compofed in Greek hexameters, would be a moft acceptable prefent to the EnglKh reader, Pliny owns that he was under the greateft obligations to Dionyfius ; and when fpeaking of the Pirfian Alexandria^ after- wards called jtntioch, and at lad Ciarraii, informs us that Dlonjfiut was a native of that place; that he was fent by Augustus to furvey the Eaftern part of the world, and to make reports and obfervations about its Hate and condition, for the ufe of the emperor's cideft fon, who was at th:«t time preparing an expedition \ux.o jtrmeoia. Partita, »ad Araiia. Thebcft editions of this Poem are thofe of Henry Stephens, 4to, 1577, with the Scholia ; and by Hill, 8vo, London, 1688. A very neat edition was printed at Oxford in 1697. 8 ( xiiii i Upon ** Upon th« banki of the great RWer Ind, The fouthern Scuthx dwell > which River payi Its watery tribute to that mighty Sea, Styled Eiyttrum. Far removed iti fource, Amid the ftormy Cliffi of Caitcafiu : Defcending hence through many a winding valci It fcparatea vaft Nations* To the weft The Ort/tf live, and JrUu t and then The jtratatu famed for linen geer. Next the SatrditU / and thoie, who dwell Beneath the (hade of Meunl Parfanifut, Styled Ariini. No kind glebe they own, But a wafte fandy foil, replete with thorn. Yet are they rich i yet doth the land fupplf Wealth without meafure. Here the Ctfro/ grows Ruddy and fmooth t here too are veins of Goldi And in the quarries deep the Saffhlri'i found, The Sapphire, vying with the empyreal blue. To the East a lovely country wide extends, India, whofe borders the wide Ocean bounds. On this the Sun new rifing from the Main Smiles pleafed, and flieds his early orient beam. — Not far from hence, but near the fouthern Main, The limits of the country CoTu reach. By others Colthit named. Here towering (le To tanincnu alt» who rov« this wide domaini SurpafTfls human pow'r i the Oods can tell, The Oods alonti for nothing's hid from heaven. Let it AiAcet if I their worth declare. Theftwere the firft OtiAT Fouaoias in the world, Founders of cities and of mighty Rates i Who fliewed a path through Seas, before unknown i And when doubt rcign'd and dark uncertainty, Who rendered life more certain. Thejr flrft view'd The ftarrjr lights, and form'd them into Schemes. In the firft ages, when the foas of men Knew not which way to turn them, they afijgn'd To each his Juft department i they beftow'd Of Land a portion, and of Sea a lot i And fent each wandering Tribe far off to fliart A different foil and climate. Hence arofe The great divcrfity fo plainly feen 'Mid nations widely fevered.— Now farewell. Ye Shores and (ea>g!rt Ifles % farewell the Surge Of ancient Nertut, and old Ocean's ftream. Ye Fountains too, and Rivers, and ye Hills That wave with (hady Forefts, all farewell. My way I've fped through the wide pathlefs deep. By the bluff Cape and winding Continent t 'Tis time to feek fome refpite and reward. As the overflowing of the Nile, whofeycient name was Ogenut or tbt Oceatit carried away the different boundaries by which the various divifions of landed property were afcertained, it is with reafon conjeflured, that in * Egypt we muft look for the origin of Ceometryt and the firft inven> tion of Charts f. Clemens Alexandrinus | notices the early maps of the Egyptians, and then: Charts of the Nile. Sefoftrh (or rather the Setbo/Sant) * Amalvsis, vol. i. p. 385. 398. — " I>iferution cm Tempk Science." See alfo, in vol. iii. p. 31 1.— « Diflertation on the Egyptian Kings and Dyiufties." t Mr. Bryant't Hypothefu is fupported by HiaonoTue (lib. ii.), Dionoaus (lib. i.)> Strabo (lib. zvii.), and Proclus. ^«^ii«/, on the contrary, afcribcs the invention oi Geometry to the Hebrews. % Strom, vi. p. 757. C xlv ) SECT. I. IntrodiiAion. Seth^iant) gave die EgyptUni, and Scythiani, plant of the eoontriei he had traverfed delineated upon boardi, which were held in great e(limation*> Porphyry mentioni the Egyptian Almanack^ a kind of nautical ephemerii, and gives an account of its contents. They thus recorded the phafes of the fun and moon, the riflng and fetting of the ftars for the enfuing year* with the afpefl and influences of the planets. The inhabitants of Cokbitt who came from Egypt, conllruAcd Clutrtt that defcribed the Seas, and Shores, where their extenfive Commerce carried them } and according to the Scholiaft upon Apollonius Rhodius f, in his poem on the Expedition of the Argo- nauts, the Colchians had fquare pillars of (lone, on which Maps of the Continent, and Chartt of the Ocean were engraved. Thefe remarks throw confiderable light on the hiftory of jitlat, feigned Atlontians. to fupport the heavens upon his Iboulders : the whole of thii Fable arofe from not underftanding fome verfes in the Odj^ty: At LAI her flre, to whofe fw-piercing eye The wonders of The Deep expanded lye t The Eternal CoLOMM I which on earth he reart. End in the tarrjr Vault, and prop the Spheres. Pora %. Homer is fpcaUng of Calypfo, who U bid to be the daughter di Atlas a perfon of deep and recondite kiu)wledge : now by Atlas the ancients defcribed the Atlantianst already noticed as a branch of the TUatu, who were ikilful mariners ; and according to the Greek Poet, knew all the foundings of the deep. Tbey had af/b Jengpillart, or obeli/it, which referred to the Sea ; and upon which was delineated Jflte whole fyfiem both of heaven and earth ; (cijMf k) ell aroundt both on the front of the obelijii and on the other Jides, Mr. Bryant then fubjoins the following paraphrafe of a paflage in Eu/ebius, connefted with this illuftration '.—-The Herculeans were a people much given to divination^ and to tbejludy of nature. Great part of their knowledge they are thought to have had tranfmitted to tbepi from thofe Atlantians, who fettled in Phrygian cfpecially the hi/lory of the earth and heavens ; for all fuch knowledge the Atlantians had of old configned to Pillars and Obelifks in that country ; and from them it was derived to the Herculeans^ or Heraclida, of Greece. The chief anceftor of the Atlantianb was father of the Peleiada, or /o«/w, the • Euftatli. Pr*f. Epi/l, to Dionyf. p. 12. t Lib. iv. V. 279. X Pope's Tranilation, Book the Firft, verf. 67, or L. & v. j;2. Fy C T. I. Nautical Colleges and Light* Houfes. ( xlvi ) fuppofed brother of Satarn, and the Hellenes were of his race: they re- ceived their knowledge of aflronomy, and geography, from thefe facred pillars of the Atlantes ; and this knowledge was carried from Phrygia into Hellas by Anaximander^ the firft perfon, according to • Strabo, who intro- duccd a geographical chart, or as t Laertius exprefles it the circumference of the terraqueous globe delineated. Though the origin of Maps and Charts is thus ingenioufly traced by Mr. Bryant J, he cautions his readers to beware of being led into an error, by imagining that this branch of fcience came from the Native Egyptians; fince in faft it proceeded from the ingenuity of the Cuthites^ or Shep- herds, who fettled in that country. Among other titles they were called Baitat by whom Athens, and Thebes in Bceotia, were founded ; and from them alone aftronomy and geometry muil be traced. The MizRAiM did not encourage commerce ; yet it neverthelefs was car-* ried on by the Cuthites, who inhabited the lower provinces of Egypt towards the fea. The towers which they conftru^ed as fea-marks by day, and ligbt-houfes by night, were at the fame time temples^ denominated from fome title of the deity, Canephy Proteusy Fhanes, or Canobus : they were on both accounts much reforted to by Mariners, and confequently enriched by their votive oflferings. Here were depofited Charts of the coaft, and of the navigation of the Nile, engraved at firft on Pillars, and in after times fketched upon the Nilotic papyrus ; there is likewife reafon to think that thefe charts were fometimes delmeated upon the walls. The celebrated, though mifnamed column at Alexandria, called Pompey's Pillar^ feems to have been originally conftrudted as a facred beacon ; which the lownefs of the coaft of Egypt particularly required. The oracle of Ham was flyled Omphi ; and when particularly fpoken of as the Oracle^ it was expreffed p*omphi, and p'ompi. The prefent pillar at Alexandria was conftrufted |j on the ruins of a former one by Sojiratus of Cnidos, ac- cording to an infcription which has been preferved by Strabo •*. Similar pillars ft, facred to Hercules, were placed near Gades ; others ftill higher on ♦ L. i. p. 13. t Diog. Laert. jtnattlmander. X The learned Anal^fi is alfo inclined to think (vol. i. p. 303.) that the central jiart of thejhuld ofAthillts, as defcribed by Homer, reprefented a map of the earth, and a repre- fcntation of the conftellations. II Analysis, vol. i. p. 262. •• Lib. xvii. p. 1141. tt Dr. Whttet in the firft part of his Egyptiaca (1801), offers a new conjeaure, and exerts his great abilities to prove, that the celebrated Column called Pompty'i Pillar, formed ^piiTtof the jtUxandrian tmple 0/ Seraph. 4' ( xlvii ) on the coaft of Lufitania : two of the moft celebrated flood upon each SECT. fide of the Mediterranean, at the noted paffage Fretum Gaditanum ; that on h; the Mauritanian fide was called Ahyla^ from Ab-El^ parens Sol ; the other in Int'oduaion. Iberia had the name of Calpe^ a compound of Ca-Alpe^ the houfe or cavern of the fame oracular god : for it was built near a cave, and all fuch recelTes were edeemed oracular. At places of this fort mariners came on (hore to make their offerings, and to inquire about the fuccefs of their voyage. There was of old hardly any headland but what had its Temple or Altar ; and as thefe * Colona were facred to the Apollo of Greece, he in confequence was often called the tutelar God of the Coaft. The Amoniam, who firft conftrudted thefe facred Maritime Temples, gave them the name of Tar, or Tor t ; which fignified both an hill, and a tower : when compounded, they were ftyled Tor^Is, or Fire-Towers ; and hence the Greeks derived their tu^^k, and Tv^o-of, which they at length changed to Txvfofi a bull: thus a new opening was made to indulge their fabulous propenfity. When the Hatrurians fettled in % Italy, they introduced the art of forti- fication, and built many ftrong-holds } and as they occupied an extenfiva tra£t pf fea*coaft, they ere£led towers and beacons for the fake of their navigation. Before the Hetrurians had invented trumpets to give warn, ing from their towers to pafling veflels, the maritime watchmen were obliged to ufe the fea-conchy which every ftrand afforded. The manner § in which the AmorUam conftrudied their niaritime beacons, or toraint on the fummit of thefe towers, is thus defcribed. The torain confided of an iron or brazen frame, wherein were three or four Tinesy which flood upon a circular bafis of the fame metal. They were bound with an hoop } and had either the figures of dolphins, or elfe foliage, in the intervals between them. Thefe filled up the vacant fpace between the Tines, and made them capable of holding the combudible matter with which they were at night filled. This inflrument was put upon an high pole, and hung doping fea-ivard over the battlements of the tower, or from the dern of a ihip : with this they could maintain either a fmoke by day, or a blaze by night. Thefe towers were alfo employed to form fome judgment of the weather, • Being facred to the Suk, they were caUed, fays Mr. Bryant, Col-On, or altars of that deity. f Bochart's Geographia Sacra, lib. i. c. 228. X Analysis, vol. i, p. 403, & 408. § See the engraving prefixed to feftion the third. ( xlviii ) SECT. I. weather, and to obferve the heavens j thofe built In cities or towns were placed on the greateft eminences, and were ftyled bofrah by the Amonlam : the citadel of Carthage was thus denominated. The Greeks, according to their prevaih'ng cuftom, confufed this term, and changed bo/raA into bur/at a (kin. When thefe Amonian lighthoufes were • fituatcd upon eminences fa- fhioned very round, they were called Tith, Tithonus, fo much cele- brated for bis longevity, was in reality one of thefe ftruftures, a pharos facred to the fun. Thetis, the ancient goddefs of the fea, was only a fire-tower near the ocean, called Titb-Is ; and the dreadful ilaugbter of the Cyclopes by the s^oWs of Apollo, merely relates to the manner in which the beacons on the Cyclopean turrets in Sicily, facing due eaft, were extinguifhed by the rays of the rifing Sun. Chiron, a compound of Chir-On tbe tower of the fun, fo celebrated for inftrufling youth, was a facred college which pro- bably ftood at Ntphale in Thefialy, and was inhabited by priefts ftyled Cen- tauri, from their deity Caben-Taur : here young perfons were inftrufied in the Sciences ; both Achilles and Jafon received a Chironian education ; and it was only in thefe places that the early navigators could be inftruded. Castor, the tutelar god of Mariners, was in reality a Chironian edifice^ which ferved both as a temple and a pharos. Charon, the celebrated Ferryman of the Styx^ was a name of the like import and etymology with Chiron : the mod remarkable temple, with the former appellation, ftood oppo- fite to Memphis, on the weftern fide of the Nile : near this fpot perfons of confequence were buried ; and as the temple ftood adjoining the catacombs, the region of which was called the Acheronian Plain, an offering was made at the Charon, or tower, when the body was landed f. Cerberus was properly Kir-Abor, the place of the fun : this was called Tor-Caph-El, which being changed to -tfm^oixoi, Cerberus was hence fuppofed to have three heads. That this fable took its rife from the name of a place ill exprefted, may be proved (torn. \ Palaphatus, who in his learned work explains fabu- lous and mythological traditions by hiftorical fads : they fay of Cerberus, that he was a dog with three heads : but it is plain that be wasfo called from a City named Tricaren, or Tricarenia. Minos • Analysis, vol. !. p. 417. f Ibid. vol. !. p. 4J9. X De Jnertdii'Mut, p. 96. M. Bryant thinks (vol.!. p. 411.) that Palaphatus was an alTumcd name, which the author chofe to ikreen himfelf from perfecution. ( xlix ) MiKoS) fo greatly celebrated, was in reality a pagan deity, the * Moigs and S Menen of Egypt} the Manes of Lydia,Perfis, and other countries: thelunar god E C T. I. us was an Neuaif the fame as Noat or Noah, was flyled in Crete Minos, Min-noas, whofe IntroduciioJi. city was Min-Noa. Diodorus mentions him as the fir ft lawgiver, a man of a moft exalted foul, and one that was a great promoter of civil fociety. A tower Orfginof the called Men-Tor, the tower of Men or Menes, was dedicated to this deity in name. the ifland of Crete,* who, being Worfliipped under a particular hieroglyphic, they ftyled Minotaurus ; and this Tower like the other light-houfes, or naval colleges, was the fcene of cruelty and injuftice. Some of the principal youth of Athens were annually facrificed in this building ; in the fame manner as the Carthaginians fent their children to be maflacred at I'yre. ScylLa, on Scylla. the Coafl of Rhegium, was another of thefe Towers, and therefore dreaded by Mariners : this Temple was a Petra, and the dogs with which the Greeks furrounded it, were Cahen, or priefts. It is believed that human flefli was eaten in thefe places; and accordingly UlyiTes, when entering the dan- gerous Pafs of Rhegium, had fix of his companions feized by Scylla, and loft the fame number in the cavern of the Cyclops. Here then we difcover one great and univerfal obftacle to Navigation, during thefe early period., from the cruelty of pagan rites, and the treachery of thofe perfons who were ftationed in difficult pafles, to warn mariners of their danger. The LB8Tiriitft>NBS, tlie Lami^, and the Cyclop£ans, the priefts and prieftefles of the Leontini, fettled nearly in the fame part of the Ifland of Sicily, and were alfo difperfed, with the like cruel difpofition, throughout Greece, Pontus, and Libya. The Furiks, cr Furia, and the Harpies, were originally thefe Priejis of Fire ; whofe Cruelties became fo enor- mous, that they themfelves were at length enrolled with demons. The chief place where the Lamia fettled in Italy was about Formiie. the inhabitants of which had their chief temple on the fea coaft at Caiete; fo called, not from the name of the nurfe of JEneas at Afcanius, but from being fjtuated near a Cavern, facred to the god Ait, who was alfo named Atis, and t Atfu, Mr. ' * Anaiysis, vol. il. p. 8. and 418. f One mode of facrificing ftrangers, and the moll platifiWe, was to oljlige thorn to wreftle in the area before the Light-Houfe, or temple, witli an athletic piieft, tniiiieti to the exercii'e and fkilled in the work of death. Mr. Bry.iat adtls, {^nalj^lit, voi. ii. p. 59, ) th-U when th? SptmiarJt got aCcefs to the We^tnn IVotU, there v ere to be obferved man y Bittt and many Termt% fimilar to thofe which were fo coramoa anioiig the foiis of Ham. Among others was this particular cudom of making the perfon, who was dtfigncJ for a viftini, engage in fight with a pried of the temple. (See /'tf?v7'.ij, vol, v, p. ^i-z.) VOL. u u ( I ) SECT, i. Ancient Sphere. Mr. * Ctjlard in his valuable Hiftury i>f 4/^ronmy^ znd alfo In hia four let- ters addrefled to Martin Folkes, offers many inter^ding remarks relative to the fubjeft of this memoir } fome of which are confidered by t Mr. Maurice in the difcufljon of the following Queftion : Whether there were not^ in the revioteji agcit a more Ancient Sphere than that^whicb has defcended to us from the Greeks ; a Sphere allufive to an earlier mythology^ to the tranfa^ions of a more ancient race ? The former writer is of opinion that there might have been, at fome remote period of time, a different Sphere from what we at prefent poffefs ; and he gives, in the courfe of his letters, the name of one, or two Con. fleilations which poffibly adorned it ; but adds, that all this pzrtofeqfiern qftronomy has been long Hnce, if not totally loft, at lead greatly obfcured by the prevalence in Afia of the /Irabian, and in Europe of the Grecian fydems of adronomy. Pie is inclined to adlgn the fird invention of the terref- trial Zones, as Strabo had done, to I Parmenides^ the pupil of Xenophaneq or Anaximander ; and mentions Thale as the firll perfon who ufed the word Tropics. It is uncertain at what time the earth began to be conlidered, or, adds our § author, rather fufpeded to be fpherical^ but hardly before thq undertaking long Voyages ; the firft of which were probably down the Ara. hian G«//i&,and out of the Straits oi Bdb-AUmandub, by Europeans corruptly called Babelmandel.. The earlieft divifion of the || horizon was (imply into four cardinal points ; and this fhould be particularly attended to in the perufal of fcripture. Mr. Coftard notices the firft mention of any planet, feven hundred and ten years before * The fume of this fcholar, diftinguifliedi both for OruHtal and ^^ftronomital learninfr, merits an higher elevation in this coantry. . He was born in 1764, and died in 1783. His Hillory of Aftronomy, with its application to Geography, Hiftory, and Chronology, appeared in 1 767. That part which treats of the Aftronomy of the Arabttnu has been re- printed at Calcutta in the Afiatic Mifcellany.— The firft of Mr. C^arttt four tetters to Martin Folkes was publiflied at London in 1746; the three lad at Oxford in 1748. He was alfo author of fifteen different literary prodnAions, chiefly on afironomical fubjcAs, which are enumerated in Nichols's anecdotes of Bowyer. f Hiftory of Hindoftan, vol. i. c. 5. p. 160. X This pbilofopher flouriflied at ERt 505 years before Chrift. § Hiftory of Aftronomy, p. 195- Q Ibid. p. 9. " Ths tti/t ivittd is faid to have brought the locuftt Into Egypt, bnt more properly; perhaps, the uorth-eaft wind ; called, however, the ta/l, becaufe that was ( H ) before Chrid, in the Star which * Uaiab defcribed at HttaUhen'Shabar^ or 3 £ C i; Helal tbe/on of the morning ; the fame as the planet Ytnus^ to which Py- ^' thagoras gave the name of Pbofphorus. — Obfervations on the Fixed Stars as intraduQiun. guides through the tracklefs wafte, were firft made by travellers on land, *^''«'"''"*' and being found of fo much fervice, were afterwards adopted by navigators • that this praAice was very ancient, appears from the following paflage in the Koran. He (that is God J hath given you the Start to be your Guides in the dark, both by land andfea. The mode of dividing the day and night into f watches, was introduced at a Day and very remote period ; mention is made of it as early as the time when the '^!F,^^]jg, Ifraelites left Egypt, 1531 years before Chrift. Thefe watches were probably afcertained by means of water, or fand running from one veflfel into an< other; and alfo by marking the progrefs of the fixed Stars and afterwards the Conilellations, as they rofe, culminated, or fet ; Whofe is tke Watch ? What Star now pafles The dufky noon of % night ? ' The earlieft alludon to the dire^ive power of the Magnet, if it can be Magnet. admitted as an allufion, occurs in the life of Pythagoras by Jamblichus, who aflens, that Pythagoras took from Abaris the Hyperborean his golden dart, without which it was impoffiblefor him to find his road ; ftiled golden, as Mr. Coftard adds, on account of its ufefulnefs as a magnetical needle : but yet nothing can be concluded from this with any certainty ; and Porphyry, in his life of Pythagoras, increafes the improbability of the above fad, by faying that /ibaris ufed to fly in the air. Such are fome of the principal fads, which appeared to elucidate the hiftory of the earlieft Periods, as conneded with the Progrefs of ancient - Maritime Difcoveries. In the perufal of them the reader has beheld the light that has been thrown on the Hiftory of the Atlantian Navigators, and is therefore prepared to confider the celebrated palTage in the ^Tiinaus cf Plato, which has given rife to fo many conjedures. Critias, was the ncareft cardinal point. The lilte fecms to have been the cafo, where it is fiiJ, that the Lord eau/ed ihefia to go back hy afirong Ea/i wind." * Chap. xiv. t Hiftory of Attronomy, p. lio. % Eurip. Rhe/ut,\. jj;, ^ From the tranflation of the Timxus by Mr. Taylor, 8vo. 1 jyj. p. 445. IV. -i Ha. SECT. I. ( Hi ) Critms, \ht relater to Socrates, 77;«*«>, ana Bermoerafis, confefled that he received the following account from his grtandfather, of what the F.gyp- Plato'sidand tian priefts told Solon, when ftudying under them, relative to the cxiftence of t)f Atlantis, jjjg j^j^^j AxLANtis ; and that his grandfather received it from Solon him- felf.— Upon his enquiring refpefting paft events of thofe priefts who polTelTed a knowledge in fuch particulars fupcrior to others, he perceived that neither hlmfelf, nor any dne of the Greeks, as he himfelf declared, had any know- ledge of very remote antiquity. Hence, when he once defired to excitfi them to the relation of former tranfaftions, he, for this purpofe, began to difcourfe about thof6 moft early events which formerly happened among us : but upon this one of thofe more ancient priefts exclaimed, Solon! Solon! you Greeks are always children, nor is there any fuch thing as an aged Grecian among you. All your fouls are juvenile ; neither containing any ancient opinion derived from remote tradition, nor any difcipline venerable from its exigence infor- mer periods of time.— Whatever has been tranfa£lcd, either by us or by you, or in any other place, beautiful or great, or containing any thing uncommon of which we have heard the report, everything of this kind is to be found defcribed in our Temples, andpreferved to the prefent day. While, on tlx contrary, you and other nations commit only recent tranfaSliotts to writing, and to other Inventions whicfj fociety has employed for tranfmitting information to poJierity.'-Thc tranfa^iom, therefore, Solon, which you relate from your antiquities, differ very little from puerile fables. —Tou are ignorant of a mofi illujirious and excellent race of men who once inhabited your country, from whence you and your whole City defcended, I will, therefore, curforily run over the laws and more illt^rious anions of thofe cities which exi/led 9000 years ago. *' In the firft place then, confider the laws of thefe people, and compare them with ours ; for you will find many things which then fubfifted in your City, fimilar to fuch as exift at prefent. For the Priefis paflfed their life fe- parated from all others. The Artificers alfo exercifed their arts in fuch a manner, that each was engaged in his own employment, without being mingled with other artificers. The fame method was alfo adopted with Shepherds, Hunters, and Hufbandmen, The Soldiers too, you will find, were feparated from other kind of men; and were commanded by the laws to engage in nothing but warlike aflfairs. A fimilar armour too, fuch as that of (hields and darts, was employed by each : thefe we firft ufed in Afte» •~But though many and mighty deeds of your City are contained in our facred writings, and are admired as they defervej yet there is one tranfac- i| tion ( Hil } tion which fuipaiTes tfll of them in magnitude and virtue.— For there writ. SECT, ings relate what prodigious ftrength your City formerly reprefled, when a ^- mighty wslrlike power, ruOiing from the Atlantic fea^ fpread itfelf with Introduaion. hoftile fury over all Europe and Afta. For at that time the Atlantic fea ^"'"J* ''""" was navigable, and had an * JJland before that mouth which is called by you the Pillars of Hercules. But this I/Iand was greater than both Libya and all AJa together, and afforded an eafy paiTage to other neighbouring iflands ; as it was llkewife eafy to pafs from thofe iflands to all the Continent which borders on this Ailqntic/ea. For the waters which are beheld within the mouth, which we juft now mentioned, have the form of a bay with a narrow entrance, but the mouth itfelf is a true fea. And laftly, the earth which fur. rounds it is in every refpefl denominated the Continent. In this Atlantic JJland a combination of kings was formed, who with mighty and wonderful power fubdued the whole Ifland, together with many other iflands and parts of the Continent ; and, befides this, fubje£led to their dominion all Lybia, as far as to Egypt ; and Europe, as far as to the Tyrrhene fea. And when they were colleded in a powerful league, they endeavoured to enflave all our regions, and yours, and befides this, all thofe places fituated within the mouth of the Atlantic fea. Then it was, O Solon, that the power of your City was confpicuous to all men, for its virtue and Arength. For as its ar- mies furpailed all others, both in magnanimity and military flcill, fo whh refpeft to its contefls, whether it was aflifled by the reft of the Greeks over whom it prefided in warlike affairs, or whether it was deferted by them through the incurfions of the enemies, and became fituated in extreme danger, yet dill it remained triumphant. In the mean time, thofe who were not yet enflaved it liberated from danger ; and procured the mod ample liberty for all thofe of us who dwell within the pillars of Hercules. But in fucceeding ,V. _ _ ■ . * Mr. Taylor, in his Introdudlion to the Timteus, obferves (p. 397 ), ♦' But that the reader may be convinced that Phito's account of the Atlantic ifland is not a fiiflion of his own de- viling, let him attend to the following Relation of one Marcellas, who wrote an hiftory of Ethiopian affairs, according to Proclut (In Tim. p. r$ ) That fuch and fu ^reat an Ifland ence exi/ltd, it evinced by thofe tuho have compofed Hi/ioriet of things relative to the ettternal Sea. For they relate that in their timet there were Seven Iflands in the Atlantic fea facred to Proferp'me : and bejtdet thefe, three othert of an immenfe magnitude i one of which was fatrcd to Pluto, another to Amman, and another, which is in the middle tf thefe, and is of a thoufand Jladia, to Neptune. And hcfidft thit, that the inhabitants of this lajl ifland prefervcd the memory of the prodigious magnitude of the Atlantic ifland, as related by their ancejlors } and of its govermr^g for many, periods. alt the Ifland* in the Atlantic fea." Opinions of })uilly, Rud' hecic, and ( HO fl £ c T. fucceeding time prodigioua earthquakes and deluges taking place, and ^' bringing with them defolation in the fpace of one day and night, all tha* warlike race of Athenians was at once merged under the earth ; and the Atlantic ijland itfelf being abforbed in the Tea, entirely difappeared. And hence that fea is at prefent innavigable, arifing from the gradually impeding mud which the fubfiding lOand produced. — ^And this, O Socrates, is the fum of what the elder Critias repeated from the narration of Solon.** This pafTage contains a moft important hiftorical h&, fomewhat height- ened by the craft or ignorance of the original narrator. M. Bailly expa- Wlii'teiiurft. tiated upon it in a feries of letters addreiTed to Voltaire, which compofe the fecond volume of the former's obfervations on the origin of fcience, and the Afiatic nations. Yet, defervedly high as M. Bailly's name is placed, one page of Mr. Bryant, who preceded this lively writer in a notice of the * At- JLANTIANS, is worth all the elegant verbofity of this ingenious foreigner. M> Bailly leaves his reader, after rather a long voyage, feeking for the i/Iand of Jtlantis amidft the dreary regions of the north pole. — With a greater degree of patriotifm, and with infinitely more learning, Olaus Rudbeck ftrove in his elaborate work called j- Atlantica, to make Su/^^/pn the celebrated ifland of Plato } and fcruples not to derive the Englijh, Danes^ Greeks, Romans, and all other nations, from the fame country. Mr. | Maurice, when conlidering this paiTage in the Timaus, cites the opinions of Sufon and Whlteburji, and fcems inclined to think with the latter, that this Atlantic i/landvns probably the por« tion of land, which Ilretching from Ireland reached to the Azores, and from * See preceding page xlv. j, f Olaut Rudbeci was born at Arojin in 1630; and was afterwards Profeflbr at Upfal,' where he died in September 1 703. His great work is entitled, ManiUa, Jtve ManAeiti, vera Japheti pojlerorum ftdet at patria, i^ig, it^i), 1698. 3 vols, folio. To have this com- plete, there Ihould be a fourth volume in manufcript ; which it frequently fupplied by an atlas, containing forty-three maps, two chronological tables, and a portrait of Rut&eei, This work is extremely rare ; a good copy cannot be procured under thirty guineas, and even this price will neceflarily advance.— 0/au/ Rudttci is thus noticed by Gibbon, (vol. i. p.- 351.) " Whatever is celebrated either in Hiftory or Fable, this zealous patriot afcribes to his country. Of that delightful region, (for fuch it appeared to the eyes of a native) the jttlant'u of Pltrto, the country of the Hyptrttnant, the gardent of the Nefperldet, the fortunatt Iflandt, and even the EljfiiUi Fieldi, were all but faint and impcrfcA tranfcripts. BaykXym given two moft curious extruAs from the Atlantica, {Republique det J^«r«/, Janvier ct Fevrier, 1685.)" RuSeei publifhed many other works; the rarcft of which is that entitled, Le^et Wafl-Golh'icte, folio, Upfal. • t Hiftory of Hindollan, voJ. i. c. 13. p. 540. i SEC r. I. ( Ir ) from the Azores extended to the Continent o{ America, " Whofoever, adds Mr. Wbitehurji^ attentively views and confiders thefe romantic roclis (Giants' Cau/eway, and the adjoining cliff's) together with the exterior appearances of Introdiiftfon. that mountainous Cliff, will, I prefume, foon difcover fufficient caufe to con- clude, that the Crater from whence that melted matter flowed, together with an immenfe traCt of land towards the north, have been abfolutely funk and fwallowed up into the earth, at fome remote period of time, and became the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean. A period indeed much beyond the reach of any hiftorical monument, or even of tradition * itfeif." Notwithftanding fuch f authorities to the contrary, may I prefume to add, piato's At* that I cannot change an opinion long indulged, that America was the real 'i?"'''' Ame- Atlantis of Plato. In fupport of this idea, a paffage from ^lian may be cited, who relates from I'heopompus, that in a converfation which Silenus held with king Midas, he informed him, that Europe, AJia, and Africa, were (/lands; and that was alone thb Continent, which lay beyond the world. Another curious palfage in fupport of this opinion, occurs in } Zarate's Hif- tory of the Difcovery and Conque/l of Peru. " Many doubts and objedlions have been formed concerning the firft Supported people who fome ages fince dwelt in Peru ; and it has been often aflced, how ^y^- ^"^ could they get thither ? feeing this country is parted (as is really the fafb) f^^* by fuch an extent of Ocean from that where the firft inhabitants of this world lived. It feems to me that this difficulty may be folved by an account given by Plato in. his Timaus, or Dialogue on Nature', and which he more fully difcuffes in the following (^/A7;>//V) dialogue. There he relates what the Egyptians laid in honour of the Athenians ;" that after the defeat of fome certain Kings, who came by fea with a numerous army, they had part of a vaft Island called Atlantic, juft beyond the Pillars of Hercules, That this ifland I. A'i^S'' • Whitehurft's Theory, p. 91. i^- t The fubje^t of the ifland Atlantu is difcul&d in the French Encycli^eJie (Geographit Jn- t'tenni) torn. i. part I. Mon/, Mtnldle does not, however, much perplex himi'elf on this fubje£l; and feems inclined to the opinion which Bufibn entertained, (Ed. Smellie, vol. i. article 17 and 19.) that the iflands in the Atlantic, are only the fummits of mountains be* longing to an Ifland, or Continent, fubmerged. j: Don Attgufltn de Zarate, a Spaniard, was fent to Peru in 15431 as Treafurer General'of the Indies. The bed edition of his work is that printed in Spanilh at jinvert, 8vo. 155;. It has been tranflated into French, and publiflied both at Paris and Amllerdam, in two volumes lamo. 1700. 'M ^ I "H)' •%' ,:|il' :il/l I " ^-Mi- ll m E C T, I. ( M ) Ifland vrat larger than all JJia and J/rica together ; and that It was divided into ten kingdoms by Neptune^ one of which he allotted to each of his ten fens, beOowing the largcd and bed on his eldeft fon Atlas /" To this he adds divers particulars concerning the cuftoms and the Wealth ofthislfle; but above all, about a fumptuous Temple in the metropolis, the walls tf which were entirely decked and covered with gold and ftlvevy and the roof covered with copper, vrith many other particulars, too long to enumerate here, and which may be found in the original. It is certain that many of the Cuftoma and Ceremonies mentioned by this author are yet to be feen in the Provinces of Peru. From this JJle one may pafs to other large ijlandt beytndt and which are not far from The Firm Landy near which is The True Sea. But hear the words of Plato in the beginning of his * Timaus. — Some deem this rela- tion an allegory, as Marfiliiu Ficinus tells us in his notes on Timmtu. Ne> verthelefs, moft commentators on PlatOy even Pbtinus and Ftcinus himfelf, Jook on this account, not as a fiAion, but an hijiorical truth. Befides, one can by no means think that the 9000 years which he mentions, is a proof of its being a fable, becaufe, according to Eudoxus^ one muft count them, after the Egyptian manner, not Zifolar^ but as lunar years; that is to fay 9000 months, anfwering to 750 years. On this fubje^ one may obfcrve, that all hidorians and cofmographers, ancient and modern, call thatfea^ in which this ifland was cngulphed tht Atlantic Ocean ; retaining even the very name the Ifland bore, which feems a fufficient proof that there had been fuch an ifland. Admitting then the truth of this hiftory, no one can deny this ifland (beginning near the Straits of Gibraltar) to have been of that extent, from the north fouthward and from the eaft weftward, as to be more than as large as jifia and Africa. By the other neighbouring Iflands are doubtleis meant Wfpaniolay Cuba, yamaica, St. fohtCs, and thofe on the coaft : by the Continent or Jtrm-land, (oppofite to thofe ifles) mentioned hy Plato, is cer- tainly meant that land, which is even to this day called Terra Firma, with the other provinces, which from Magellan ncH-thward comprife Ptfr«, Po- pay an, Casdeloro, Paraguay, Nicaragua, Guatimala, New Spain, Seven-towns, Florida, the Bacallaos, and north up to Norway. Without doubt this vaft tra£t of land is larger than the three quarters of the then known world. And one muft not be furprifed at this new world's not having been difcovered by the Romans, or any of thofe other nations, that at difi'erent times abode in Spain) See precedin^j page lilt. SECT. I. ( IvU ) Spain : becaufe one may reafonably imagine that the 'fore>mentioned fup- pofed difficulty of navigating thii fea then remained. Thii indeed I have heard faid, and can fee no difficulty in believing that it naturally prevented ^^"^^^^1^^ a dircovery of the new world mentioned by Plato. The authority of tliat philofopher ii enough to convince me of the truth of this drcumftance, and I make no queftion but our newfound world is the iame as that main-land or continent of which he fpeaksi as whatever he has faid of it perfeAly corre- fponds with our modem difcoveries ; particularly in what he lays of this land, that it is adjacent to the truefea^ which is what we now call the Grea^ South Sea i in comparifon of the vaft extent of which, the Mediterranean Sea, and Northern Ocean, are but as rivers. Having cleared up this difficulty thus far, it feems no way hard to fuppofe that men could eafily pafs from the con- tinent or terra fama, and thence by land, or even by the South Sea, to Peru, " Thus I have declared what feems to me mod probable refpeAing a fubjeft fo perplexed on account of its antiquity, and alfo becaufe no intelligence can be procured from the inhabitants of Peru; who are ignorant of any mode by which the memory of things paft are preferved. In New Spain indeed they have certain pidures which ferve them for letters and books, but in Peru they have nothing but knotted Jiringt of various colours. In regard to the Dif* covery of thefe vaft trails of land, what Seneca fays as it were in a pro* phetkal fenle in his Medea, appears to be not inapplicable :'* ** Venient annis Sscula feris, Quibus Octanut vincula rerum Laxet, novofque Tiphys detegat orbes. Atque ingens pateat tellus, Nee fie terrls ultima Thult. " In hteft times our hardy fons fliall brave Stern Ocean's rage» and (lem the didant wave ; In them retiv'd fliall TJf Ayx wond'ring fee The tuw'found World emerging from the fea ; No more fliall Thule be the utmoft bound, But earth from pole to pole be fcarched round." VOli I. :3 ■' I ''M tiP. ^ ! i' •:M SECT. II. #^ioCm.ftPcom Review of the Jaered periods of U\lkry^ as. conneSled with lb» Progf^fs of Maritime Difcovery. — Conje^ures on the Country of Ophir and the Tar* fhijb of Solomon, — Voyage of the Phemcian Navigators who failed under the orders of Pharaoh Necho, Upon the Syrian Sea the people live Who ftyle themfclves Phbnicians. Thefe are iprung From the true ancient Erjihrean (lock ) From, that Sage race who firfl eflayed the Deep(. And watted Mcrchandife to Coafts unknown :. Thefe too digcfted firfl the (larry Choir, Their motion* marked>.and called them by their names. TranflatioH of tit Fftrlegefit fy BrymK 1 HI fubjed.of this Section recals us to the early periods of the Egyptian, hiftory, and particularly to that maritime people called Pheniciansy who con- ducted the fleets of Solomon to Ophir, and regulated the commercial tranfac- tions of the world. Thefe celebrated navigators mud have difcovered maiiy countries, the exigence of whicb^ being carefully concealed, was afterwards obliterated ; ( «» ) i: c T. II. Iittrodiidion. obliterated ; and there !i every reafoii to fuppofe, but for thii circumftance, Tome evidence would have r^maiaed that ih« anclenfi were not ignorant of fo extenfivc a continent ai Ainr/ira. 1 be cotirfe of the trade winds was furely favourable both to the enterprise ind fliiU of Phedieia^ but the paflage from the Mcdittrranean into the Atlantic to a Phenician feaman wa3 a fecret of (late, and confequently all their Difcoveries in that ocean were rcligioufly concealed : yet Mr. Cojiard * is inclined to give thefe HiYigators the fame of having Brfl viflted, and named, the Canary IJlands. Myftcry to a Plienician commander was the great principle of his profeflion, a principle he was obliged to fupport even at the rifle of his own exiftence : for, according to Strabo f, when the captain of a Phenician veflisl, who was on a voyage to the Cajftteridts for tin, imagined that he was obferved by a Roman; he immediately ran on a flioal and was fliipwreclied, rather than forfeit the myftery of his voyage, by giving the fmalleft degree of information to another country. For this condud he was rewarded by a policy worthy of the Dutch, and on his return to Tyre, the honours of that city were laviflied upon him. Such were the people on whofe early annals Mr. Bryant has thrown confiderable light, and refcued from the obfcuHty which their illiberal policy had fuch a tendency to perpetuate. h The commercial intercourfe with India antecedent to hiftory. forms a part Commerce of Dr. Vittcent'a Prelimmary Difquifitions J to his Periplus of the Erythrean with India Sea. This intercourfe may occafionally be afcertained by different paflages '^*""'^*"'*' in Scripture, but the means by which it was fupported will hardly admit ofhiftorical elucidation. Thebes and Memphis^ in their refpe£tive ages, feem to have preceded Jkxandria as the edabliflied marts of this commerce ; and as neither the Per/tans^ Indians^ or Egyptians^ ever appeared as navi- gators on the eaftern feas, the Arabians are thought by Dr. Vincent to have opened the communication with India prior to the age of Mofest and by • He conje^urcs that " when the Phtiildans firft difcovcred tlie Canary IJlands, they ^iive the pidup, from the richncfs and fertilicy of the foil and temperature of the air, the name of Hen-ara, or the ieauly of land. Hence rhe Greeks, by foftcning the PJienician words, formed their Canaria Nifos, and came to call thcfe lilands EuSal^on,- Nio-w ; and this we fee gives a belter reafon why thefe iflunds are called the Canary IJlands, than that given from Can, which in Spanifh is faid to fignify a Dog, becaufe the Spaniards found great numbers of dogs there when they difcovcred them afterwards,"—/'//^, of /f/lro' tiimy, p. 60.) ■J T.ib. iil. p, log. t P'^gcj?' I 2 ( l^ ) m SECT, by their early monopoly of eaftem ftores at • Sabea (the modern Tmen) on< ^^' the coaft of the Red Sea, to have beea acquainted with the motifoons evea before the building of Thebe*. The intercourfe which Sbsostris is.&id to have eftabliflied between Egypt and India is fo enveloped in lable, diat the reality of his Indian expedition is. denied by Strabo ; and though Herodotus f dwells at length on the exploits of Sefojlr'ts, his conqueft of India is not noticed by that hiftorian. In addition to what Mr. Bryant has faid relative to the cedar ihip \ of Sefoftris, he has^ alfo inferted a feparare Dilfertation § on that character, and gives the pre- ference to Diodanu Sicultu above all other writers for the fullcQ: and moA uniform account of this queftionable perfonage. According to the hifto- rian, Se/ojiris when young fubdued the extenfive tra£t of Arabia, and after his father's death, having formed a refolution to conquer all the nations, upon earth, invaded the Ethiopians to the fouth, and made them tributary to Egypt ', he then built a fleet of Ihips on the Red Sea, and is mentioned as the firfl; perfon who conflrufted Veflel> adapted for the purpofes of diftant na« vigation. By Sir yobn Marjham and Sir J/aac Newton, Sefoftris is fuppofed to have been the fame with the Sefac of Scripture. The author of the Cbrom nicon Pafchale mentions him as firft of the line of Ham who reigned ia Egypt ; he is alfo reprefented under the names of Sethos, Sethojis, and Sefon* chofu, ApoUonius Rhodius notices the great anions of this prince, but omits his name, as if he did not know by which properly to diftinguifli him» In this injlance, as in many others, adds Mr. Bryant, the ancients have given ta a perjhn what related to a people. The irruption oftheNinivites iatolndia under Semiramis, and their return by the route which Alexander afterwards followed, is an event of great im- portance in tracing the progrefs of ancient Maritime Difcoveries ;, and muft render every writer on the fubjed: particularly anxious to glean fome portion of truth, from the fiflitious or real charadler of Semiramis*^ Mr. Wilford has ^ publiflied. *Pbriplus» p. 61. — Mr. Bruce (voL i. bookii.), in his Jtuount of thtfirJlJgts of the Indian mJ African Trade, places the territory of Saba along the Goaft of Africa, extending to the caihvard of the Straits of Babelmandib, ::s far as Cape Gardefan. The fubjeAs of the ^een of Sbtbot or Saba, were, according to Mr. Bruce, a diftin£t people from the Ethi- opians, or the Sabean Arabs. (Vol. i. p. 471.) y«^W makes her the Queen of il/itrsf ; but the greater part of his countrymen fay. (he came fom Aljemin, the S^outn part o£~ the Red Sea. ^ Euterpe, cii. % See preceding p. 30. j Amalysib, vol. ii.p. 85. Aflyrians of Niuiveh. ( Ixi ) publiOied a Dijfertation on Semiramis,from the Hindu/acred Books^ in the fourth SECT, volume of the AJiatic Refearches ; which Mr. Maurice, in his Hiftory of ^^' Hindoftan *, thinks abundantly demonftrates the exiftence of that charadler. IntroduAion.. This diifertation is however, as he confefles, almod inextricably blended with mythology ; and though he has analyfed the narrative, I ftill refort to the ex* cellent conjectures of f Mr. Bryant, many of which have been confirmed by this Afiatic treatife : for, as Dr. Vincent % remarks, where h't/iory Jiops, an ingenious hypothecs is all that rational inquiry can demand. NiNus and Sbmiramis, according to the former writer, were ideal per- fonages who reprefented the great exploits of the Ninivites and Samarim ; for what credit can be given to the hiftory of Semiramis as an individual, when the period of her having exifted cannot be afcertained within 1535 years ? The fuppofed marriage of Ninus and Semiramis alludes to the pe- riod when Niniveh was ruined, ?.nd th? kingdom of y^r/a became united with that of Babylon. The FKuivites and Samarim were powerful both by fea and land j they conquered the Medes and Bailrians, extended their do- minions to the weft as far as Pbrygia and the Tanais^ and to the fouth as far as Egypt and Arabia. The iryigne of the Babylonian Samarim was a dove ; and the very term Semiramis, which has occaiioned fo much confufion, was a compound of Sama-Ramas, or Ramis, the former of which iignified a fign or token, and the latter fomething exalted and great. Semiramis was there-^ fore an emblem of the dove, the token of the Moft High, the type of Provi- dence ; and as a military enfign, it may with fome latitude be interpreted the Stakdard of the Most High : it confifted of the figure of a dove, probably encircled with the /r«, as thofe two emblems were often reprefented together. Mr. Bryant § reduces the unwarrantable height to which the Egyptian Annals had been carried, by (hewing that the number of years (36,525) which milled fo many writers, belonged to an ancient Ephemeris^ and that days were thus taken for years. Plutarch || was himfelf fenfible of the dif- ficulties which attend the hiflory of Egypt, and fays. There are after all fome flight and obfeure traces of true hiflory here and there to be founds as they lie fcattered up and down in the ancient writings of Egypt ; but it requires a per- fon of uncommon addrefs to find them out^ one who can deduce great truths from fcanty premifes. Upper Egypt was early occupied by the Mizraim^ who retired to their Ancient place of allotment before the Titanic war, and were attended by their bre- ^^ypt •' ■' , Mwraim». . thren • Vol. li. p. 99. 30 J. t Analysis, vol. ii. p. 99. 303. t Perip. oftheErythrean. $ Analysis, vol. iii. p. 311— 367.— i)i^/fl/«c» on tht Egyptian Kings andDytutJim. H EpuTixce, p. 762. Jnit If; ' ' ii'X 4 ■ Jill SECT. 11. -n ( L^ii ) thren the Ions of P/jut : this fettlement was called Mezor, and the land of . Cham, from their two chief anceflors, Mifor^ and his father Ham or Amon. Ham, worfliipped as the fun, was (lyled ^// ; and Egypt, or the land of Ham, was called Ait^ and Ai-Ait^ exprefled by the Greeks Aet'ta. Two of the mofl ancient names of Kgypt, according to the fcholiaft on the Periegefis of Dionyfius, were Myfara and Elria ; and as the front of the ancient Amo- nian temples were ornamented with figures of the eagle and vulture, the infignia of that country ; it alfo obtained the name of Ai-Gupt, from<7// and . gupt^ an eagle and a vulture. The firft feries of Egyptian princes, according to the old chronicle preferved by SyncelluSf was that of the Aurita, who were alio called Demigods, Pbanices, or Shephhrds ; the fecond was that of the Mizraim j and the third that of the Egyptians. The original lift confided only of fifteen * dynafties j the remainder are fpurious, and have been a chief caufe of the uncertainty that pre* vailed. The Auriiis were, expelled from Egypt a few years before the arrival of thelfraelites; and fettling in different parts of Greece, were ftyled Pela/gi, Le- leges ^ Inachida, Danaiday HcracVda, and Cadmians f. The following curious fragment from DioJorus Siculus, preferved by P/jotius, wonderfully elucidates both thefacred and profane hiftory of mankind; though the latter event men- tioned fliould have preceded the other : Uj>on this, asfome writers tell us, the mojl eminent and enterprifmg of thofe foreigners who were in Egypt and obliged to leave the country, betook themfelves to the Coajl of Greece, and alfo to other re- gions; having put themfelves under the command of proper leaders for that pur pofe. Some of them were conduced by Danaus and Cadmus ; who were the vwji illuf- trious of the whole. There were befides thefe, a large, but lefs noble body of people, who retired into the province called now Judea, which was not far from Egypt, and in thofe times uninhabited :' ihcfc emigrants were led by IVIoses, who wasfuperior to all in wifdom and prowefs ; he gave them laws, and ordained that theyjhould have no images of the gods, becaufc there was o)Uy one Deity, the Heaven which furroimds all things, and is Lord of all. The very term Okeanos, by which the Grecians expreffed the fea, In its moft extenfive fenfe, was borrowed from Ogenus, an ancient name of the Nile. Ogenus, originally written Ogehonus, was a compound of Oc-Gehon, and fignified the noble Gehon, a name taken from one of the rivers in Paradife J. 'J'he Egyptians were never debtors to the Greeks §, whereas they on the contrary feera to have derived every thing from • Analysis, p, 315, X Ibid, vol. i. p. 391. f Il)iil. vol. iil. p. 407. § Hcroilntus, Eutcipt, 49. ( Ixiii ) from a kingdom, which became an Intelleftual ftorehoufe to Europe. SECT. Mr. Coflard, in his Hijiory of AJlrommy *, declares that the Greeks procured !• the firft rudiments of that fcience from abroad, and quotes a paflage from the Introduaion.. Epinomis of Plato as his authority : Thejtrji luho obferved thefe things was a ^'"^^"'"i'' barbarian who lived in an ancient country ^ where ^ on account of the clearnefs of the fummer feafon^ they could jirji difcern them: fuch are Egypt and Syria, where the Stars are clearly feen, there being neither rains nor clouds to hinder their Jight ; and becaufe we are more remote from this fine fummer weather than the barbarians^ we came later to^tht knowledge of thefe Stars. In this paffage, the Egyptians and Syrians -ax^ principally alluded to under the^ term barbarians; and by the Syrwwj, the Gxeeks comprehended, the y^rww/, the Chaldeans y, and the Arabians; Sir Ifaac Newton afligns the invention of the Sphere to Ghiron-\y or Mw The Splitrc* faus ; others give it to Atlas (the /Itlantians)^ or to Palemedes ; but Mr. . Bryant brings forward fome ftrong arguments to prove, that the Sphere was in reality of Egyptian origin, and was an invention, of the Mizraim, The Zodiac, which Sir Ifaac Newtonthought had fome relation to the Argo- nautic expedition, is (hewn by this learned Mythologift to have been an aflem> blage of Egyptian hieroglyphics : Aries, of Amon ; Taurus, o£ Apis; Leo, of Arez, the fame as Mithras and Ofiris; dXid^Virgo^ of Ifis. The Egyptians in their Jphere neceflarily omitted conftellations which could not be feen in their • degrees of latitude, or in thofe which they frequented ; hence many Afte- rifms near- the fouthern pole, fuch as the Groziers, Phcenicopter, and Toucan^ remained for a long time unnoticed ; and have only been iaferted iince our voyages on the other fide of the line. Whoever is led to examine the progrefs of Maritime Difcoveries by the Cunocephalw. Ancients, will find himfelf often bewildered with their ftrange accounts of men with dogs* beads, of others with dogs' teeth, and of fome without any heads. The earlieft travellers into Tartary J, and the eaftern parts of Afia^ found the fame fables exifting, and brought them back to Europe with other wonders of ftrange countries : for this confufion we are indebted to the Greeks, and for its elucidation to Mr. Bryant. Cahen, and the Hebrew term C(?/jtf«§, denoted ^.prieji, or profeffor ; but the Greeks and Romans, deceived from the found of a word fo nearly refembling xu«k and canis, mif- , conftrued it a dog. The • Page 113. f Analysis, vol. ii. p. 482. 484.— See preceding page 50. X See Car^ini's Narrative, Chap. i. fed. ii. p. 98. j Analysis, vol. i. p. 329. ; and Ob/ervatisut, Sec. p. 162. ' :1l SECT. II. Fhcnlcian purple. ( Ixlv ) The Egyptians founded their colleges for aflronomy, in Upper Egypt, upon Rocks and Hills, and called them Capb : as they were facred to the fun they were alfo denominated Caph-EU Caph-Aur, and Capb'Arex^ this the Greeks uniformly changed to Cepbale ; and from Cahen-CaphElf the facred Rock of Ortut the royal Seminary in Upper Egypt, they formed the term Cuno- cepbalusf which they fuppofed mud relate to an animal with the head of a dog. The Cunecephali were in fad members of a facred college, whofe pro* feifors were perfons of great learning, particularly converfant in aftronomical obfervations \ they were not only eftabliflied in Egypt, but likewife in India, and other parts of the world. Near the Cunocephalit or men with dogs' heads, whom the earliefl travel* lers fpeak of as being feen by the Hde of rivers, were generally found men without beadsf or the Acephalt^ to whom Herodotus * out of humanity gave eyes in their bread : they were thus named from their place of refidence, Ac-Capb-Elf the facred rock of the fun. The Men witb teetb like dogs, mentioned by Sclintu and Ifidorus, were denominated like the reft from their deity Cbtm-Adon, whofe votaries the Greeks called Cunooontes. Nor does Mr. Bryant addoce this merely as the parade of a learned ety- mologift, or the illuftration of a GermaA Commentator ; he by this means enables his reader to unravel fome of the moft perplexed and knotty parts of ancient hiftory ; and until fome more perfect Clue can be formed to guide us through the labyrinth of Grecian Mythology and Fable, they furely prefer darknefe to light who attempt to depreciate the labours of our learned Analyfer. Hie ftrange ftory relative to the Dog of Hercules^ who difcovered the purple dyCi is by this means brought within the limit of belief; and we no longer won- der that the animal (hould feed on IhelUfilb, or be infenllble to the iharp and ftrong protuberances of the murex. Henuks of Tyre, like other f oriental di- vinities, was flyled Cahen and Cohen; and we are told ^, that Hercules in th» lan- guage of the Egyptians is called Chon. Johannes Antiochenus, who gives the ftory of the dog at large, fays that purple § was the difcovery, kunts poimenikou, • Herodotii!:, Melpoment, chap. cxci. Mr. Bryant's conjeAure is certainly fraught with erudition, though Mr. Larcber does not approre it. f Analysis, vol- i. p. 343. | Etymologicum Magnum. J A learned piper by M. Bifchof, on the hiftory of the art of dyeing, from the earlicft ages, appeared in the Verfitth* t'mer gefthichtt Jtr Farbtrlunjl ; a tranflation of which was inferted by Mr. Tilloch in his Fhilofophical Magazine (vol. ix. p. soo.}. M. Bifchqff' ob- *S fcrvcs ( l^^v ) poimnihu, which in the original hiftory was undoubtedly a Shepherd SECT. King. ^^' The Camaanites, defcended from Canaan the Ton of Ham, formed an Introduaion. extenfive and maritime branch of the great Amonian Family *. Their na- ^'"^ ^'""''' tional appellation was varied and confufed by diSerent people : by the Egyp- Canaanlteii. tlans and Syrians it was pronounced Cnaan^ by the Greeks Cnas and Cm. Their commercial and enterprifmg fpirit appears from the extenfive works they accompliihed : one of their numerous colonies fettled in Liguriay on the banks of the Eridanui, where they drained the river towards its mouth, and formed fome vaft canals, called by Pliny ffoja PhUifiina. This river de- clares the original fettlers by its name, which has no relation to the Cel. tic, but is apparently of Egyptian or Canaanitifh etymology ; it occurred iu the ancient Sphere of Egypt, and was thence conveyed to Greece. The Canaanites probably joined the Cuthite rebellion in Babylonia J, and afterwards formed one of the difperfcd tribes j for when Abraham traverfed the country, it is repeatedly faid, that the Canaanite was then in the § latid. The region which the Canaanite invaded was in great meafure vacant, and had been referved by divine appointment for the children of Ifrael ; who after- wards only held it at will, as it was ever the Lord's \\ portion. The fons of / Chus firfl: ufurped the region allotted to 4/*«r, and afterwards tranfgreffed Aill farther upon the property of their neighbours ; but of all others the offence of Canaan was the mod heinous, for he voluntarily invaded God's peculiar territory, and feized it for himfelf. Eufebius marks the daring cha- racter of the Canaanite: Canaan the fan of Ham was guilty of innovation ^ and trefpajfed upon the allotment of Shem, and took up his habitation therein contrary to the commandment of ** Noah, '] ferves, that Doo and Colour are cxprefled in the Syrian language by the fame word. {Bo- thart de ytnimal. p. iv. lib. v. cap. xi.) The purple fliell-filh was ftyled by the Hebre»vs arcanum. It is thus defcnbed by Pliny ; The pvrpU Jbell-fjb has a conical Jheli,furrounckd with a feven-fold row of priclles which proceed lo the moulh, through which the animal can projcS its tongue s the latter is as long as the finger, andfo hard that it can penetrate thejhells ofqtherfjh, and nourifh hfelf on their fiibjlantt. (Lib. ix. ch. 38.) There were two kinds of this Jheli fi(h, and tooth employed in dyeing purple : one was termed tuuinum, from its figure ; the other was the Ihell-filh properly fo called, purpura. • Analysis, vol. i. p. 367 ; & vol. iii. p. 16?. f L. iii. p. 173. X See preceding page 36. § Genefis, c. xii. v. 6 ; c. xiii. v. 7. H Leviticus, c. xxv. v. JJ, ** Eufebius, Chroa.- p. 10. VOL. U K -#■ E C T, II. f 'i '■ i iii -3 ,8*' 'f f !. ( Ixv! ) The land of Canaan, a term which fignifies merchant or frtf Pars Pofier. lib. i. cap. 43 ; & Ibid. Part Prior, lib. Iv. cap. 3+. % P&enician was originally a title aflumed hj different people* but was ufed by the Greeks as afeparate provincial name. (Analyfis, vol. i. p. 324.) The learned reader will find many points difcufled relative to the progrefs of Maritime Difcovery by the Pbemciant, in Gs%}iiiii.'sOhkrvJit\ons de Navl^ationiiut extra CoJumnas Nircttlit (Prxl.i.). Someobferva- tioiis refpefting their acquirements in fcience occur in M. Goflclin's Gea. da Greet yina- lyfe ; where he remarks (p. 43.) that they never attained to any pcrfeftion in the know, ledge of ajlronem'ual seography ', even two centuries after Eratojlbtntt, the principles which they had then acquired of this fcience were very erroneous. % Genefis, c. xxv. v. 30. II Dr. Vincent confiders the various tales relative to a king calbd Erylhrat, in his Voy Vigt oi Kearchut (p. 318.).— '♦ The yiral/ians carried the name of the Red Sea, whence tliey commenced their courfe, to the utmoft extent of their Difcoverica ; and hence the Indian Ocean received the title of Red. The Arabs, or at lead the Oii;ntiils, delight in appel- lations limilar to that of the Red Sea ; thus ihc Euxine is the Ji/aci Si'a, tlic Proponth h tlic IVhite Sea, the Metlilerranean is the Blue Sea, ar.d the Indiiiri Oaun ihe Orc-n S.n," K 2 -1? ■ -■ l.i X II' % wm 8 F C T. II. Dangerous navigation fit the Red ( IxviU ) di)>nity of their national charafler furvivei in a page that cannot deceive : T/j( wife Men * out of Edotn^ and Underjianding out of the Mount of Ffau ; and thy mighty men, Tcman /" — ** Concerning Edom f, thus faith tlie Lard ofllojis ; Is Wifdom no more in Teman ? is Counfel perifhed from the prudent ? is their Wifdom vanijhed?" and (adds Mr. Bryant) fo truly noble and royal do they feem to have been, that the prophet '^ borrows his ideas from their fuppofed dignity and appearancey when he myftically defcribes our Sa- viour in his ftate of manhood, making his glorious advances upon earth :* Who is this that comethfrom Edom, with dyed garments from Bosrah ? thir that is glorious in his apparel, travelling in the greatnefs of hit ftrengti f In the time of the Greeks, the Arabians, whofe early (kill in navigation has been already mentioned, got poiTeffion of Edom ; and hence the Arabians have been mentioned as coming from Phenice, and are fometimes called Phenicians. The dangers and perils which the Edomites endured in navi- gating the Red Sea, or what with more propriety, might be termed the Phe' nician Gulf, are ftill vifible in the different names of its headlands, as ex* plained by Bruce, from the Abyfllnian language : *' The (Irait of Babel- mandeb is the gate or Port ofaffliilion; the laft cape on the Abyffinian fliore^ Cape Dafui, or Def an, the Cape of burial ; the point which ftretches out before fliips arrive at Babelmandeb, Cape Gardefui, or Gardefan, fignides the Straits of burial ; a fmall port in the kingdom of Adel, called Mete, means in Abyffinian death, or he or they are dead; a cluder of iflands fituated in the canal, after paffing Mocha, is called Jibbel Zekir, or the iflands of prayer for the remembrance of the dead ; and ftill in the fame courfe, up the gulf, others are called SebaatGzier, ox praife be to God, as we may fuppofe, for the navigators' return from fo many dangers J." — Yet after all, thefe names might have been given by an artful people, to deter others from following the track which they originally had explored, and found fo produflive of commercial wealth. The Edomites in procefs of time obtained poiTelHon of Tyre and Sidon cities of Canaan, and the adjacent country afterwards called Phenicia ; but how early they fettled there is uncertain § } we can only learn from an extra£l * Obadlah, v. 8, 9. f Jeremialii .xlix. v. 7. X Bruce's Travels, vol. i. p. 443. jl The Pheniciant, fays Herodotus, by their own account, once inhabited the coafts of the Red Sea, but migrated from thence to the maritime parts of Syria ; all which diftridl, as far as Egypt, is denominated Paleftine. Bclee't tranjlatign, (Polymnia, v. iii. ch. Ixxxix.) ( Ixix ) €Xti-a£l in Eufeblus*, that Phanix and Cadmus^ retiring from Thebes in Egypt towards the coajl of Syria^ fettled at Tyre and Sidon, and reigned there, Judea, Paledine, Syria, and Idume, were all feparate and diftinft from Phe« nicia. A confiderable part of Canaan long retained its original appellation, and as fueh is mentioned by the Apoftles f, who Teem induflrioufly to didin* guifli the coaft of Tyre and Siden from it, which they call Phenice ; and this word, though not generally received, is the mod correal orthography of that national term. Phenicr, properly fo called, was only a flip of the fea-coa(t of Canaan, fituated within the jurifdi£iion of the Tyrians and Sidonians, be- tween the 3'4 and 36 degrees of north latitude, and fignified Ora Regia, or, according to the language of the country, the coajl of the Atiakim \, Tyrk, anciently Sor, is commonly denominated the daughter of Sidon ; and three different cities appear in order of time of this name : Tyre on the continent, OT Pale-Tynis (Old Tyre) ; Tyre on the ifland ; and Tyre on the peninrula, after the ifland was joined to the main land ^. Byblusy the feat of the famous fuperflition in memory of Adonist is thought to have been the city firft built in Phenice. The glafs of Sidon^ the purple of Tyre, and the fine linen which • they wove, foon became valuable articles of commerce. Their language of the country was a diale£t of the Hebrew; Bochartll is inclined to think that \ht Pheniciatts mud have been con- - verfant with the wed oi Africa ^ before the time oijojloui; and Dr. Bor- lafe** adds, that it is probable they then came as far wed as Tingis (Tangier'), if two piHars really exided with this Phenician infcription : «* We are those WHO FLED FROM THE FACE OF JoSHUA THE SON OF NaVE." E'ufebius ff mentions, that fome Canaanites efcaped from the avenging fword of the chil- dren of Ifrael, and inhabited Tripoli in Barbary. Of the numerous Phenician colonics. New and Old Carthage were the mod diftinguiihed ; and according to Appian %%* ^^^ '*"^^ ^*' ^"'^' ^^^^ ^^^^ before the taking of Troy. The exaft date of the difcovery of the British Isles, by the Phaiiciatis^ is not known: according to Strabo, they fird palTed the Straits foon after the Trojan war ; but probably both the building of Old Carthage, and the latter event, are only referred to the above Expedition, from our poflfelfing no cer- tain chronology by which periods fo remote can be regulated. Tfec • Chron. p. 27. f Afts, xi. v. 19 J chap. xv. v. 3. X Analysis, vol. 5. p. 323. § Univerfal Hiftory (Ancient), vol. ii. Hi/ltiry of the Phanidans. {| Vol. i. p. 326. •• Antiquities of Cornwalli p. lC>. SECT. II. Introduction. S« nierable names * by which Cyprut was known to the ancients, the following may be felefled : Macariat from the fruitfulners of its foil, JErofay from its copper mines, and Ceraftist from its innumerable promontories. The more modern name of Cyprut is derived by fome writers from the Greek cryftu (Jjidden)^ fince the ifland is often concealed from mariners by the waves. If the iflandg of Rhodes and Crete were not firft difcovered by the Phe- nicians, they were at leaft vifited and explored by ihem at a very remote period. Amidft the Pheniclan idolatry, a curious circumftance occurs which illuf- trates a Angularity in their veflels. They were accuftomed to place fome fmall Hatues, called Patad, on the poops of their ftiips, as the tutelar gods of fea« faring men ; and to thefe images the unfortunate mariner was taught in that age of darknefs to look for fupport. According to He/yehius, the Baat of Sidon was called Thalassius, or the Sea Baal. A confideration of the origin of Phenice^ and its maritime chancer during the periods of Sacred Hidory, naturally leads me to that memorable tedimony ; which the prophet Ezekiel, who flouriOied two hundred and fixty years be« fore the fall of Tyre, gave of this city and its mod ancient commerce. The whole of that fublime record (hall therefore be prefented to the reader's at. tention, from the tranflation f by Bifliop Newcombe, with a feleQion of his notes. filvlf ,(CHAr. xzvii.) — <• O Thou X that art fituated at the entering S In of the Sea, that art a nierchant of the people tom.tuy ifles, thus faith the Lord Jehovah > ' O Tvai I thou haft faid, I am perfcdl iii beauty. Thy borders are in the heart of the feas ; thy builders have perfedlcd • Univeif:il Hiftory, Am'uhI, vol. vU. p. 119. '^ I'rinted >t Dublin, 1788, in quarto. I Ma-Jbtm (Can. Citron. fcA. iS. p. 537.) thui extoll this dcfcriptlon by Eztkieli << Fytt Tyrui tmper'mm lilmntitniU nttiliffimum, dititnt ntn fdm itrrtftti fmm ftr mart Ittcffarja, tfiiyi etfiifjui Jt<,rint Jfimum, Uimifl/tn- Jtrtm, rtm luttitamt vim anJu&itmt, nunatuiufiit nhtnimtm [rtflict dejtrifp Eathii I ^ Which formed its harbour. Krwnmh adda in a prcced!n(! note (p. 93.) ) Probably Old Tyre, nr its fuburbs, flood in the fca on a peninfula. Fiit'uiga tbinkt it probable ibat i>r/«/«r Tyrt lerved a« a flation for tht (hips of Old Tyre. AlixatiJtr employed the ruini and ruhbifh of ihe old city in maldng hit caufey from the continent to the ifland, wliicli henceforward were joined together. It it no wonder therefore, at Bifltop Ptcttk ebferve* (Travels, 1. fi. i. c *t. p. Si, 8a.), that there are no figns of the ancient city ; and a> it ii a fandy 4horc, the fa.e of every thing is altered, and the great aqueduO in many parts it buried in the fand. (Newton*( Ditr xi.) However.^Dr. PtcKi mentioni a gicai Bay fouth of lyre, and afTigni fome reafons for fuppoflng that (lU 7y ftood in a comer of thii bay. ( rxx&t ) the inn«- foHowing , from iti The more wk crjptot the wavei. f the Phe- ery remote ^hich illuf. fome fmall odi of fea* ight in that he Baal of £ler during teftimony; ty yean be* erce. The reader's at- leleQion of , that art a I thou haft >ui]ders have perfe^cd • T)r«« trnfetium )\A Tjrre, nr iti a nation for the caufey from lh« M Bifliop Ptctet d as it it a fandy nd. (Newlon*» r fuppofing that s perftAcJ thy bcAtity^- Of fir trcei from * 5*nir they hart mad4 the* all thy f fliip-boardt i thty haw takea Cedars from Lthanom to maka mafta for thee i of the oaki from Bqfttm have they nadc thane oars t thy X beriche* have they made of ivoryt inlaid in boi from the Iflei of ^ CkUiim. i~ne lineiit with embroidered work from Egyfl, wai f^ad forth by thee to b« thy Aaadartl . blue and purple from the Iflei of || Eiyba were thy f covering. Tite inhabitasti of StJeu and * * Arwut were thy rower* > thy wife men, O Tyrt, that were in thect were thy pilots x the ancients of ff Gtbtil, and the wife men thereof, wure in thee thy calheri. All the ihips of the fea, with their muMiicrit were in thee to trade in thy market. They of Pirfiti, of XX ''"<'> •'*n(l ^^ H ^'^"'i w*fo t**.' ^'> '■'<>■'* '^^ '>^' "m^y > they hanged the fliield and th« helmet iu thee ; thny fet forth t^ glory. The men of Arvad, and thino army, were upon thy walls round about, and the || || Oammattim were in thy towers : they hang- ed their quivers upon thy wuIN rotind about ; they made thy beauty peri'cA. f f TarJhAJh was thy trafficker, through the multitude of ul! thy fiihnance ; with filver, iron, und lead, they finmilhed thy fairs, (a) Javan, Tubal, and (<) Atfjbtch, thefc were thy merchants in the ptrfont of {t) men \ and with vcflels of br.ifi they furniflied thy market. They of the houfe of (d) Togarmah furniihed thy fairs with horfei, and horfemen, and mules. The men of (#) DtdM were thy merchants : m^ny Iflcs were the Mart of rijy handywnrk : they return- ed (hce for thy price (/) horn, ivory, and rhony. Syria {g) was tliy trafficker, through the mnltitade of thine handy works ; with rubitt, furple, and embraiJertJ luori, and ^n« /intn. Mi * A part of the rUtge of Mount Hom^n, in the eaftcrn half-tribe of Man^ch, "f Some account fur the ule of the druil number, by Aippoflnt; the plankion each fide of a (hip to be mfsnt. Diitbius undernandt the word, of the ornamcnti placed at the litiiil tnd Jim of a ililp. I Perhaps the feati t« the csbini of the royal ganiet. 5 iTALr^The Mands and eosfti of the Mediterranean. Cttjictt wtt hmons tor the Irot tree. II Pthfmnefut, famous for Its purple. 5 Perhaps the awning. {Barmtr. IL ;}a) «■ The iflami Arndui, at the mouth of the river Eleuthems, on the ceaft of PheenleU. ff Probably Blblos on the eoaft of Phoettlclo. \\ Wo read that Lu4 was • fon of 9hem. (Oen. s. 13. ai.) Btthtirt thinks that Ltii denotes African Etiii opia ; but Muhnclii places this people eullward iu Afrlea : both think £ud an Egyptian colony. 9§ The African NtmaJet, II II Piobably a people of Phiniick, and perhaps the inhabitants of Amm, W Mhkaclit thinks that there was only the Spanllh Turjhijh, and that fhlpt Ailed to it from Ezhn-tther sound Afric-i. Spain was anciently remorkuMe for Alver mines. a (11) CnciC. i (h) The people called Tihartni and Mtfthi, fituated towards Mount Ctuctiflti. {c) Btehart obferven that Fentns, to which the Tiharcni extended themfelves, h 5 Or bright. •* A people (f Arabia Felix. RaamJi was fon of Cufi, and father of Sheia. (Gen. x. 7.} According to Bochart, Raamah is a city of Arabia on the Petfian Gulph. But Michatlis (Spic. geogr.) alleges authority for fuppofing that it may be a city of Arabia Felix. fj- Net Charan or Charrx, a city of Mesopotamia, but Haran Alcarin in Arabia. {Michatlis.) \\ 'lliis is the reading of Grotiut and Houbigant. Catnth or Chjifhca in Babylonia, is mentioned, (Oen. z. 10. If. X. 9. Am. vi. a.) But Michaelis obferves, that CbalJ. here mnderftands Caantli of the city Nefibis in Meib> potamia. (Spic. geogr. «»?. 9.) However, in his note on thisverfe, he fays, that Camu'az eape and Port of Arabia Felix on the Miait Sea, in the country of Hadramant, §5 Mentioned with ^aron, a Kings, xix. la. Af/r^iir/M underftands it of ^i/(», a port of Arabia Felix. ^^..This is probably another Saia, as it appears A-om (Gen. x. 7. 28.) that there were three nations of this name. (MUhatlii.) (a) It is very difficult to propofe a latisfaflory fenfe : polfibly it may denote cordi of fine linen, purple or filk. (b) Allum urges, Hor. Urder thefe beautiful and exprcflive figures, Tyre is reprefented as brouglu into danger by her Statefmen, and deftroyed by Nebuchadnezzar. Grotius refers to Hor. Od. L u ziv. (c) Shall fall, notwithAanding thy flrong fituatlon in the fea. (i) Some of the Tyrian pilots endeavoured to efMpe, but were intercepted in theyn^ur};. (See cb. xxvi, ij.) ( ^^^^ ) that handle the oar (hull come down from their Ships, the mariners and all the pilots of S £ C T< the fea (hajl ftand upon the • ihore, and {hall caufe their voice to be heard for thee, and fliall cry out bitterly, , and (hall caA dull upon their heads,.the]r (hall wallow themfelvcs in Introduflion. afhes ; and they fliall make their head bald for thee, and gird them with fackcloth } and ^■'''^ feriadi, they (hall weep for thee with bitternefs of (bul, and bitter mourning : and in their wailing they (hall take up for thee a lamentation, and fhall lament over thee, faying, IVhat City u at Tyre, which it cut of in the miij/l of the fea f^When thy wares went f forth from the feas, thou didil fatisfy many people ; with the multitude of thy fubftance, and of thy merchandife, thou didft enrich the kings of the earth. Now art thou broken in the Seas, and thy mer. chandife in the midft of the waters ; and all thy company in the midft of thee are fallen. All the inhabitants of the Ifles are aftonifhed at thee ; and their kings are horribly afraid, they are troubled in their countenance. The Traffickers among the i>eopIe hifs at thee > thou art become a terror, and thou (halt not be any more for ever.' • The Origin of the Hebrews is illuftrated by Mr. Bryant in his learned Hebrew.. Diflertation on the \ Sparto-Hebrai, where he thus paraphrafes the accounts given of yudea by Alexander \\ Polyhi/ier, and Claudius lolatu, Judea^fays Alexander Folyhijiory was fo denominated from one Judah ; whot together with EdofHy was looked upon as of the ancient Jlock of the Semarim in Chaldea ; for their ancefiors came from that country. But according to lelaus, the region had its name from Judxus^Jiyled Sparton ; fo named, hecaufe his an- teflors were among thofe of the difperfion in Babylonia. They were of the family efthofe who came out of the ark with Dionufus ; and who were confederate with thefons ofChus infome of their frji enterprifes. In refpe£l to the Hebrews and Israelites, adds the learned analyrer,whom Claudius Klaus deduces from yiidaus Sparton, they were, according to the fcriptural account, the fons of Heber, by which name is (ignified, one who paffes over ; an appellation that was prophetically given : fince it marked the Apoftacy of his poderity, who pafled over from the (lock of their fathers, the defcendants o( Shem, and dwelt on forbidden ground among the fons of Ham and Chus, in Shinar and Chaldea, where they ferved other gods } from this land Abraham was called, who therefore did not give, but received the name of Hebrew. ^ • The * The, shore of the adjoining Ifland, from which they Tiewed the confligratioa of their city, yfrem fayt from the anticnt hiftories of th« Adyrians, that, when the fafety of the city was defpaited of, great nuijibers of the Tyrioas feftireJ themfclves and their riches in their Ihips. . f Were landed at the feveral mart;. t Analysi;, vol. iii. p. 416. || Stephanus Byzant. '' ( IxJtvi ) SECT. 11. M Hebrew Voyages. The Holy Land, called originally the land of * Chmaan, from a grand- - fon of Noah, and alfo Palejiintt from the Pc^e^ines or Pbiliftines, did not take the name oijudea^ until after the return of the Jews from thdr Babjr- lonifli captivity. According to the lateft and moil accurate Maps, it ex- tended near two hundred miles in length, and to about eighty in its greateft breadth ; from 31% 30', to 33', 20', north latitude, and from 34% 50', to 37% 15', eaft longitude. *Judeai in its hirgeft fenfe, was divided into ntari' lime and inland^ as well as into mountainous and champain j the country, pro- perly called *^udca^ contained the tribes of Benjamin^ Judaby Dan, and Simeon. This Canton was the moft fouthern of any, having Samaria or Ephraim on the north, the Mediterranean on the weft, Idumea and Egypt on the fouth, and Jordan, with the Dead Sea, or Lake of Sodom on the eaft. But of the twelve Tribes among whom the Holy Land was divided, the ma- ritime tribe of Zebulon particuhrly claims our attention. It had the Medim terranean on the weft, and the Sea of Galilee on the eaft, fo that it was waflied by two feas : on the north it was parted from Aflwr by the river yeptiael, and on the fouth from Iflachar by the river Kijhm, Zebukn was enriched with nineteen Cities, befides its capital ; and in the number of its PortSt and the extent of its commerce, fttikingly verified the bleflings that were prow nounced both by the Patriarch Jactb, and by Mofes. The five Piilifiitu Satrft* pies cMtfined within very narrow limits along the coafts of the Meditem* nean, confifted of Gatb fourteen miles fouth of Joppa ; Eiron or Accaroa, ten miles fouth of Gath ; jizoth, AJhdod, or Jzottrs, a celebrated fea-port, about fifteen miles fouth of Ekron ; Afcalon, a maritime town about nine miles fouth of AJhdod ; and Gaza, fituated at a fraall diftance from the Me* diterranean about fifteen miles fiauth of Afcakn, furrounded with the moft; fertile valleys, through which the river Bezor direAed its courfe. RefpefUng the earlieft Voyages of the Hebrews, hiftory is entirely filent ; nor has conjeAute been able to faraifii any furmife to elucidate the fub- \c& previous to the reign of David* Probably, as the more enterprifing <, fpirit of Phenice fupplied the ifaips of the Hebrews with mariners, the whole of their commerce had been blended with that of their neighbours, until the riches and fame of David and Solomon gave it a mo^e difttnft charader than it had previoufly received : for it is dtfficnlt to fop- pofe that the Jfraelites, who had fo long refided in Egypt, and muft have obferved * Univerfal HiAQry^v/nWfR/, vol. ii. p. 50. ( IXXTU ) obfemed tbe commerce of the Red Sea $ and who alfa> wheft eOabllflMd in ^ ^^p T< Canaariy bad, as * Hur/ remarks, a nearer view of the mirkhne indiiftry of theP/$vsic/pof« ^Si'iM^ that the Ifraelites, thus fituated, (hould not have been led to imitate lb fplendid an example. They were certunly thus iadted to attempt the con- queft of a fmall part of Edem^ in order to lecure the harbours of EUah and Efiongebtr, on the t Red Sea. Eupolemusy aa ancient aotbor quoted by Eufcfoicj^, aiKrms that Datid built a fleet at Achamis, (Efiongebcr) a city of Arabia ; and ordered it to fiiil with feveral miners on board to Urpkcn, an ifland that abounded in goM. The quantity of bullion imported during this reign wa« immenfe ; fince the gold and filvcr which David { bequeathed his ion, amounted to three thou&nd talents of the gold of Ophir^ and feven thoufand talents of the pu- reft filver. The fum thus amafled, if reckoned according to % Prideaux by the Mofaic talent, amounted to dght hundred millions fterUag. SoLOMOK having focceeded his father, prepared withotit d^lay to encou- Reign of rage a voyage that had proved fo lucrative. He H vifited the ports oSElatb Solomon, and ^EJiongeber, fuperintended tbe cooftru^on of their fortifications, and Ordered * Hift. of the Cpn»iR«rce of the Anci'ents, (p. i8.) NoU. \ Dr. Vincent obfcrves, (Voyage ofNearchos, p. 318. 8ff.) that wh^ our t'faiiftsitdf!: hsve rendered tteRtd Sea, was, m Che Ot'iginz}, i Krngi, d^. ix. 26. 9*J« tneifffia ; Mid he refers to Parkhurjl for a further elu. .dation of the propriety of this term. ^ I Chron. ch. xxix. v. 4. § Comeaion, book the firft. || 2 Chron. vii!. 17. f Efioftgtttr, or jt/ki^nierf is thus deicribed by the editor of HaA-is's Vojag es (vok i. p. 378.). " The Arabian Gulph, nmning up between Arabia a*d Egypt, bnuKhetout 'into two leflfer baysi with a track of country between them. The lefler bay tm tbc Arabian fide, b by ancient writers ftyled Siniu Elanitieurrfrom the port oiElath or Elan, as the Greeks called it, that ftands upon it. The port of Efiongibtt ftood on the point of had, that by running out intor the Arabian Gvdph produced thefe fmaUe' gniphs." yofephut, as Bi^p Patrick obferves, makes E/un^r tbe ikme as Btrmeef a city on the Afficaa flrare, over againft Syeni ; whereas the fcripture exprefsly fays, that it was 3 povt of Idmrnt, not far from Ada upon the Red Sea. Ooffidlin confiders the fituation of Efiong^r, in his Differ. tatlon on the Arabian Gulf (R*ftercb§t, vol. it. p. 991). '* The fcite of £/l»ngthr preftnts feme uncertainty, fince the jE/aniiic Guiph is not precifely known : all that we can glean from antiquity is, that ji/iongaitr Wax not far diftant from .Xianai, (Deutdrottomy, ch. ii. ▼. K.— I Kings,ix. 26.-~ai Chron. viii. 17.) aad that iElana is fituatcd on the northern ex> tremity of this gulf. The remains of the ancient JBlana, are now called Ailah or AiaiO' //«. I know not of any authority clMt will enable me to form^ aiv opinion on this fubjeA, preferable to the repnt of the monks of Mount Siaai. Tbey informed Sicartf Siawt and ■-,-*« 'O - Peeoei, (Wt'l-lil f ' tli l\ h SECT. II. ( Ixxviil ) ordered a confiderable number of new fhips to be built : thus making every — exertion to eftablifli that permanent foundation of a kingdom's welfare, which his great wifdom pointed out as being fuperior to all the vanities of mili- tary ambition. In thefe commercial arrangements, Solomon received confiderable aflift- ance from his father's ftedfafl friend and ally, Hiram king of Tyre ; who no fooner heard of the maritime fplrit which pervaded the mind of this young monarch, than he ordered a confiderable number of fhipwrights, experienced pilots, and fkilful mariners from Phcnice, to haften the equipment of the Jewifh fleet, and to conduft it to the land of Ophir. This Commerce, begun by David, and thus fupported by his fon, was afterwards encouraged by the kings of Judah ; with whom the province of Edom or Idumea remained after the diviflon of the kingdom. Jehoshaphat and Ahaziah fitted out a * joint fleet at Eftongebery which confided of ten fail, and was deflined to viflt Ophir for gold ; but on leaving port, it was wrecked on the ridge of rocks, '^* whence ^ Efiongeber received its name. Jehojhapbat afterwards feparated " himfelf from his commercial alliance with the king of Ifrae), and was induced to prefer, during the fucceeding year, the pert oiElath for the equipment of a fecond fquadron. Jehoram loft both Ports by the rebellion of the Edoniites, and this occafioned a confiderable chafm in the Commerce of the Jews, until at length the port of Elatb was recovered snd fortified by Uzziah ; which for a time reftored the niaritime { occupation of his fubje£ts. But in the reign of Pocotk, that at the diftance of two or three days' journey to the north-eaft of their convent, < there appeared a fpacious harbour, called Minah ed-Dahab, or the Golden Foar ; and that, according to a tradition prefervcd among the Arabs, it received this name from gold being brought thither by the fleets of Solomon. It therefore follows, that Afiongaber is fltuated on the wedern fide of the ^lanitic Gulph, and not on the eaftcrn, as it is placed by WAnv'tlle. This opinion is rendered more probable, becaufe the latter coaft was occu« pied by the Midianket, whom neither David nov Solomon could fubdue." \ * t Chron. xx. 36, 37. I Kings, xxii. 48, 49. f This ridge of rocks was covered by the fea at high water, but, when it was low, ap- pearcd at intervals in aline, and gave the name ofEfiongcier, or the Baei-ienf, to th« port. % Among the innumerable articles of Hebrew Commerce, the following have been felefted for the curious reader. Sir IVilliam Jonet publijhed two Diifertations on the Spikenard of the ancients, in the Afiatic Refearches (vol. ii. 405. and vol, iv. p. 108,). As a fupplcment to thefe intereding obfervations. Dr. Roxburgh printed (vol. iv. p. 451.) a botanical account of the fame plant.— The bcft fort d fpiktnard, or Nard of India, grew, ( Ixxix ) pf Ahaz, this fource of wealth was finally diverted from the Jews ; Brft to s £ C T» /ira/;2 king of Damafcus, and afterwards to Tilgath P/Zig/fr king of Affyria.— H» We Introdu£tioa. ' Sacrtd Virudi, grew, according to Ptolemy, about Rangamritica or Rangamat!, and on the borders of the country now called £»/<{«. It is alfo mentioned by i>/'^«r/Jlr/. It was thought by jLm* n«»f to be a fpecies of dfu/iro/ef on. The word A lents of gold from Ofhitf and almt^ trees, and precious Jiones. PuRCKAS } paid an early attention to this fubjedl, and judly obferves, (p. 25.) that ** this golden Country is like gold, hard to find and much quarrelled, andneedes a wife myner to bring it out of the labyrinths of dark- nefie, and to try and purifie the myners themfelues and their reports : and here our beft Athenians feeme owles indeed, which dazzled with Salomon's fplendour hide themfdves affarre off, and feeke for eafterne Ophir in Peru and the Weft Indies....The Ophirian voyage, it b probable, comprehended all the gulfe of Bengahy from Zeilan to Sumatra, on both fides : bat the region of Opbir we make to be all from Ganges to Menan, and moft properly the large kingdome of Pegu ; from whence it is likely in procefs of time, the moft foutherty parts, euen to Sumatra inclufiuely were peopled before Salomon's time." (Page 32.) To the abilities of Purchas, if it were needful, ample teftimony has been given by § Boiffard, who ftyles him a man exquifitelyfiilkd in languages, and all arts divine and human ; a very great philofofher^ hiftorian, and divine. His opinion refpefling Ophir, though rather too vague and ex- tenfive, feems to have direded the attention of learned men towards that part of the globe, where it is moft probable Ophir was fituated. This firft V(riume of Purchas appeared in 1613 ; and in the year 1646, Bochart condenfed and brought the above ideas of our countryman more to a point, in his valuable work on facred geography, entitled Phaleg and Canaan, He there demon, ftrates with equal ability and reafon, that Ophir was the great iiland Taprobana, fince • Chap. t. 29, 30. t Ch. ix. 2O, 27, 28. Ch. X. II. See alfo i Chron. 1. ch. 23. 2 Chron. vi'ii. 17, 18. ix. 10. X Vol. i. cli. 1. yl large Treati/e of King Salomon' t navit, fint from Exiot^ittr to Ophir, and vol. V. p. 858. ,. . ^ ^ . ,, ^ In BibliorJi. Joannls BoifTirdi. ( Ixxxi ) fince called Zeilan and Ceylon ; which * produces gold, ivory, precious S EC T. (tones, and peacocks. Dr. Cq/leil thinks that by the almug trees, the wood called 1 5fl«<7«/K»i was alluded to, which is RUl found in India; but Kimcbi &*^^]S.* x>n the contrary prefers the red wood called brazil, in which, adds Patrick^ he was confufed by the Hebrew word Bargel, which fignifies iron ; and a dark coloured wood refembling it is now found in the kingdom of ^ Java, Co/iard^ in his hiftory of aftronomy, notices fome of the different opinions reQiefling Oph'ir ; and obferves, that the name of Taprobanf., which the Greeks gave to Ceylon^ agrees with the fignification of the Arabic verb waphary and the participle waphir, whence the Phenicians probably formed the word Ophir. For in the Hebrew the word Eben and in the ChaldeeEben and Abana (ignify a ftone, and fo might the laft word in the Phenician ; if then from Aphar or Waphar they formed, according to their dialed, Thop* har or ThaphaVy then Thaphar* Abana, or TaprobanOy will be as much as to fay, a land rich in, or abounding with ftones that were precious. Ha- drian Reland in his diiTertation follows Purchas more clofely than Soc&art, and thinks that Opbir fhould be placed in the country where the city of Oupara or Souparay Ophir or Sophir, was fituated on the Indian Cherfon- efus, within Ganges, between 112" and 11 3° of eaft longitude, and about 15* of fouth latitude. — Such have been the mod plaufible accounts of this ce> lebrated aild myllerious country ; among which, after much conflderation, I am inclined to give the preference to that diftinguiflied fcholar, Samuel Bochart \ and have therefore prefixed a view of the coaft of his Opbir y as a frontifpiece to the prefent volume. But for thofe readers who cannot fubfcrlbe to his fentiments, it may be neceffary to mention the opinions of other writers ; and firft thofe to whom venerable Purchas gave the appellation of Owls. I. Poftellus, Goropius Becanns> Arias Montaniis, Vatablus, Poflevinus, Genebrad, Marmus Brixianus, Sa^ Engubinus, Avenarius, Garcia, and Moraey, />lace Ophir in Peru. 2. Calmet, • For a more minute account of the riches of Ciykn, refer to Profeflbr's 7^unierg*f Voyage', and Dr. Vincent's Periplut, Appendix, (p. ai.) and JTron's hiftory of the ifland. Spice, according, to Dr. Vincent, is not to be found nearer Egypt or Paleftine, than Ceylon, and the coaft of Malabar (ibid, p- 58.). Fareniut obferves, (vol. i. ed. 1734, p. i6o.) that this ifland is ftiil called by the Indians Tenerafw, or the land of deVightt, a? repref:nted by the ancients. It was probably difcovered by the Phenicians, as their Seamca conduced the fleets of Solomon to Ophir. f Patrick's Commentary. I Gouffet, from Tbevct, unJ other authors, in his Comrmnt, Lingut Hehr. • ' •' VOL. I. M ' ( Ixxxii ) SECT. 11, 2. Calmet, in hi& Prolegomena to the iacred hlftory, bas written a loBg diftrtatioa to prove, thai Ophir wat in Calch'u on the iantt of lie Phafit. 3. Cornelius a Lapide prefers iht weflem coqfi of jlfrlca. 4. Vutable, G^n^brad, and Robert Etienne, ihe ijland »f Si Dam'mga. 5. Juan dos Snntos, Raphael de Volterre, Barros, Orteliui. Thomas Lop^s, Lo Grantf, Huet, Pluche, Montefquieu, O'Anville, L'Abbe Mignot, and Bruce who is fuppertc4 by Dr. Vincenti (Voyage of Nearchus, p. 280, n. 384.}! are ail inclined lopltui Ofiir h iht iingAm ofSofah, on thtiajltrn coafl of Jfrica. 6. The leuriMd Jcfuit Jean Bapii/h PkeitH, who publiOted his Treatifc of Geography and Hydography* in twelve booki, at Boulogne in t66i, q^iu Of hir ta Sumatra : but }Ar. Marfdcninhit hiftory of that ifland.does not fubfcribe to this opinion, (p. *.) and iiH forms us, that the mountain in Sumatrai called by the name of Ophir, has a modem ap« pellation. 7. OossiLiN,in his late publication, Rechtrchet fur la Giegraph'te fjiftimatlque el p^tivt dti anc'ttni, ( a vols. 410, 1 798, ) after reciting the greater part of the above authors, favours an opinion, in ibme mcafure exploded by * Bochart : and wifhcs l» plate Ophir vA Dtfir m iht ^rabian/ideoflbeRedSta,btlQV> Saia, ihe eapilal 0/ fcnen i in about 15° 30' of aortb latitude. In the above account I have Aeceflarily omitted many authors, fuch a» Jofephusy St. Jerome^ and Theodorety who place Ophir in the golden Cher- fonefe of India ; as well as Rabanm Maunis, Lucas Hol/leniust and others who fix it higher up in the Continent. After all, the beft and only mode of determining this hiftorical queilion, is to follow the inftruQions of t Grotius to his brother ; which may here be offered to our Orientali^s, and the dif- ferent members of the JJiatic Society : ' To confider what commodities were brought by Solomon's fleet from thence, and to enquire of merchants trading to the remote parts of the world, where gold, and filver, and precious (lones, and ivory, are found in the greatefl: plenty.* Dr. Vincent^ in his Periplus ^ the Erythrean, feems inclined to doubt the validity of his former ppinion, that by Ophir^ Sofala was intended ) for in fpeaking of Rhapta^ he adds, * The articles of import here are nearly the fame as an African in- voice at the prefent moment ; and in the exports it \%fome degree ofdi/ap^ pointment not to find gold. For as the fleets of Solomon are faid to have obtained gold on this Coafl, as well as the Arabs of a later age, and the Portugueze, we naturally look for it in a commerce which is intermediate ; and the nearer we approach to Sefala^ the more reafon there is to \ expeft it.* ProfefTor Michaelis, in one of his forty-nine learned works, entituled Spice* Icgittm Geograph'ta Hebraorum exteray poji § Bochartuniy reprobates the idea of ♦ Phuleg, lib. ii. c. 27. -f- Epiftol. 483. § Two Vols. 410. Gottt. 1769. 1780. (Pars II. p. 199,) % Periplus, p. 156. ( IxxxiiL ) of ttacing any refemblance between the namet of Sofala and Ophir^ or ^ophlr as it U written in the Septuagint, and by Jofephus ; and adds, that Sofala in Arabic fignifies i\it fea Jhore. Thefe various and oppofite opinions refpefting Ophlr^ are nearly equalled by a flmilar diverfity and confufion concerning Tarshish. The firft men- tion of Tarjhijh or TharJJiiJli in fcripture, appears m that valuable hidorical document, preferved in * Genefis } as being the name of one of the four foos of Javarii aniongd whom the Ifles, or extenfive regions of the Gen- tiles, were divided. It afterwards does not occur until the time of Solomon : The t King had atfsa a navy ^Tharshish with the navy of Hiram : once in three years came the Navy ^Tharshish, bringing gold and ftlver, and ivory ^ (fenhabim) and apesy (kephim) and peacocks (tbucdjim.). The fame term is afterwards ufed by the % Pfalmift and § prophets, and particularly occurs in the II book of Jonah : But Jonah rofe up to flee unto Tarjhijh from the prefence of the Lord, and went down to foppa ; and he found a Jhip going to Tarjhijh : fo he paid the fare thereof, and went down into it, to go with them unto Tarjhijh from the prefence of the Lord. The following are the writers, cited by Gof- feiin, who have confidered Tarfhifli as a commercial mart ; or who, like Bo- chart, have imagined there were two of the fame natne, fituated in different quarters of the globe. 1 . Euftbius,Pin6da, Bochart, Riccioii, Pluche, Lowth, and Mlcha^lis, all refer their re:td- crs loTarteffiit in Sfain. Biihop Patrick thinks, that the navy mentioned in the firft book of Kings belonged Co Hiram, and went out of his port of Tyrt ; and chat Solomon had only liberty to trade in it to Tarfhifli, which was a very ancient commercial mart to the Ty^ rians : Hiram, therefore, was the chief in this voyage, as Solomon was in that to Ophir. Bochartus, adds Palrici, hath made it very probable that this place w:is Taritjus in Spain, where gold and filver in ancient times, if we may believe Strnbo and others whom he quotes, was plentiful ; but I do not find any proof that ivory, apes, and peacotkt were the commodities of that country. To this it may be added, that no mention is made ia fcripture, of either irw, lead, or tin, being ever brought home by the fleet fiom Tatfhifb. 2. The Septuagint, St. Jer6me, Thcodoret, Robert Etienne, and L'Abb^ Bellcy, fla/e Tarfii/b at Carlliage. 3. L'Edrifi, at Turn. 4. Bruce, w» tie ea/Um coaft of JJrica at MeTmda. 5. Bifhop Huet, on the wejlem eo(^ ef/lfrica. 6. Le Grand, on ihefoutbem eoajl of Arabia. 7. Saint SECT. II. Introduction. Sacrid ftrioill. Tarlliifh. • Ch. X. 4. — I Chron. ch. i. v. 7. X Pfalm zlviii, 7. and Ixxii. 10. f 1 Kings, X. 21.— a Chron. iv. 21. § Ifaiah, Jeremiah, Ezcklel, |1 Ch. i. v. 3. M 2 m 1 !■- iJ ■■I 1 ( Ixxxlv ) SECT. ?• Saint J«rAme, Thiodent, Robert Etienne, Le Cl«rc, and L'Abhi Mignot, in InJUt, II> 8. Bochart, in Ctylon. ■"'———— ^, Jcfephui, Saint Auguftiii, Vatable, Don Calmet, and L'Abb< Bclley, c» Tar/ut |(i Ciiitia, lo Jofephusi OR titjhort of lie Blaci Sea, and in Thract. PuRCHAS in his firft * volume has given a diflertation on this AibjeA, and cites the authors of a new and more rational opinion, that by Tarjhtjh wot meant the Sea in its mojl exten/ive Jignificationt as oppoTed to the other He* brew, or ratiier Syriac term, lam ; which was expreffive of inland feas, like the Red Sea or the Mediterranean^ or of lakes, like that of the Dead Seat and the Sea of Galilee. This fuppofition firft originated with the Septua- gintf which is noticed by St. f Jerome in his learned Commentary, who was born about the year 340. The learned Emmanuel Tremeliius, who was born at Ferrara in 1510, and died in 1580, in his latin translation of the Hebrew bible, followed the fame idea : Nam clajfu oceani pro rege cum clajfe Chirami erat: femel ternis annis veniebat clajfts ex oceano afferent aurum, ^c. (i Kings, X. 12.)' The devout Matthew Beroaldus, in his latin | Cbronicont fupported during the year 1 $y$ the above conjecture.; which was afterwards- followed by many later writers, and has been recently illuftrated in an able manner by M. % Gofellin, who confines the maritime commerce of Solomon to the Arabian gulf. Thus, when Ifaiah (lyles Tyre the daughter of Tarfl!>' ijhy the epithet becomes intelligible and appropriate, if we tranflate it, the daughter of the fea* The exprellion of mariners, as Purchas obferves, is fttflSciently common, that gold^ fdver^ and ivory came fromfea ; that they brought thit or that from fea; that Jhortly they are to go to fea, or have lately come from fea^ without naming any Port. It may alfo be added, that when Jonah attempted to fly from the prefence of God, it is more natural to fuppofe that he went toy^^, than that he could hope to conceal himfelf in any quarter pf the globe, becaufe it was diftant from Ninivehi His punifliment ftrikingly • Page 44. f Pro Tbarfii, quod omnes funUiter trandulerunr, foH lxz man interpretati Aint. He- braei putant lingua proprie fua mare TV&a/// appellarl : quando autem dlcittir /am, non hebraico iermone appellari, fed Tyriaco. . . Melius aatcm ell Tharfit, vel mate, \c\peldgiu abfolute acciperc. (Commen. in Efaiam, vol. iii. p. 39, 30.) I Thii work on chronology folely and wifely regarded the authority of fcripture, a^itr, " title evinces. Chronicett./dijilura/acr* auSoritaleeon/lilutum. Beroaidus died in 1584. ' j Reckerchks (torn. ii. p. 126.) Det Voyagu de Thaffix, ' ' ( Ixxxv ) SECT. 11. Introdu£liun> Sairtd ftritJi. ftrikingly accords with this idea ; when the Tarjhijh^ or ttean^ to which he had trufted for conceahnent, threatened his indant diiToiution : for the Lord faifed a mighty tempeft, and declared unto the prophet, that, though he ihould take the wings of the mornings and dwell in the tittermcji parts of the fiat (Tarfliifh) he could not efcape from the knowledge of his God. In the retrol)>eA fubjoined to Harris's * Col1e£libn, a curious paiTage is ex> trailed from a treatife on Trade and Commerce^ relative to thefe Voyages that were made under the aufpices of Solomon. The author's objefl is to prove, ttiVit the Arabiam were the ^r^' traders by fea in the world ; but in treating of this hr feems, like other writers, to have greatly negledled the ancedors of the Phenicians, and to have Io(t the fame of the Edomites in the more general term of Arabians : the whofe paflage is too long for infertion. ** By this adventurous Navigation he brought into his country, curfofities not only unfeen, but unheard of before ; and riches in fuch abundance, that as the fcripture finefy exprefles it. He made ftlver in ferufalem as fionesy and cedar trees asfycamores that grow in the plains. The metaphor is very bold and emphaticaU but when we confider it is recorded in this hidory, that the return of one Voyage only to Ophir produced 450 talents of gold, which make 5 1 ,328 lb. of our Troy weight, we cannot doubt of the immenfe prolit that accrued from this Commerce. It is alfo obfervable, that the queen of Sheba or Saba^ which lies in that part of Arabia before mentioned,, furprifed at the reports that were fpread of the magnificence of this prince, made a journey to his court on purpofe to fatisfy herfelf, whether fame had" not exaggerated the fa£t \ and from the prefents flle made him of 120 talents of gotdy of fpices in great abundance, zcnA precious fiones ; we may difcern the true reafon of her curiofity, which proceeded from an opinion that no Country could be fo rich as her cwn» And there is another circumdance very remarkable, and which feems flrongly to fortify what we have ad- vanced in the beginning of this difcourfe j it is added, neither was there any fuch Spices as the queen of Sheba gave to king Solomon ; which feem& to inti- mate, that the Arabians had penetrated farther into the Indies then even the fleets of this famous prince, and brought from thence other Spices, (perhaps Nutmegs and Cloves> than had ever been feen before." The fiege of Old Tyre by Nebuchadnezzar, recals our attention to the in*. Eftabirni'. tcreding country of Pheniee. The Edomites ^^on their arrival in that part of the fea mcnt of in coafl^"'^''^>«' Vol. ii.p. ro44. cd. I7<)4. 1 !... ( Ivxxvl ) S K c T. co«{l of Afu Mtaor, which had been occupied by the Canaaniut^ early efta- II. Ph:nicl;in Pcripluj of Africa. . blifhed at * Rhinoctlura^ the neareft port in the Mediterranean to the Arabian Gulf, an intermediate mart } to which the varioug articles of commerce brought by them from India, were conveyed acrofs the idbmus of Suez, and refliipped for Tyre. Here they eftabliflied their great mr^azine for the valuable goods of the £a(l ; and by keeping them at a didance from the Tyrian market, they were enabled to raife its price, a« circumftances might prompt them. In thii channel, for upwards of eight hundred years, the commerce of Sidon and of Tyre, and their extcnfive trade with India, was conduflcd ; until the All'yrian tyrant, Nebucbadnezziir, came forward to chaflife the mono- polies and arrogance e/tbe crowning city. This memorable event took place in the deftru^ion oiOld 'Tyre, after a fiege of thirteen years, 572 years be- fore Chrid. Its fulfering inhabitants having abandoned their city to the; ' conqueror, tranfported their principal efie^s to an ifland, fituated at the diftance of about half a mile from their harbour ; and as the AiTyrian mo- narch was entirely ignorant of the ruded principles of Navigation, or Ship- building, the Phenicians commenced on this Ifland a new career of com- mercial fplendour ; which contiimed until their final overthrow by Alexander, who was dedined to fcourge their obduracy, and to complete the immutable ordinance of God. Previous to this dedruflion of Old Tyre, and about two years after Ne- buchadnezzar had taken and plundered the city of Jerufalem ; fome Phcni- cian navigators are faid by Herodotus io have failed, according to the orders of Pharaoh Necho, from the Red Sea, and to have circumnavigated Africa. This monarch, who flourifhed 60 1 years before the Cbridian period, was the fon and fucceflbr of Pfamntetitbus, and the fame who flew f Jojiah, king of Judah. In the beginning of his reign Necho had in vain attempted to cut a canal from the Nile to the Red Sea ; nor did he defid until an incredible number of his fubje£ls had periOied in the undertaking. His perfeverance or vanity were equal to the mod Herculean talks ; and after the failure of the above projeft, he fitted out fome vefTels for the purpofe of making difco- veries on the eadern road of Africa. It is probable that a mortified fpirit was prompted on their return to magnify what they had performed } and that • The learned Editor of Harris'i Voyages (vol. i. p. 378.) has given a curioas ac- count from DloJorui Sicuks, (lib. i.) and Slraio, (lib. xvi.) of the m.inner in which this port was originnily founded by fome baniflied Egyptian malefa^ors. f 2 Kings, xxiii. 29.— a Chron. xxxv. ao. • ( Ixxxvii ) chat (oni« ingdiHofis gioogt'aphcr (fompofed a fabulous report which Pbaratk 8 E^C T. Hecho ifl'ued, ai the public notice ot tbiir incredible voyage. How otherwife II. can we account for the orighi of a tradition, which reft* upon a fingle tefti- I""'"''"^'"" mony ; and it only thui noticed by one hidorian, who lived 160 yean after the evont is fuppofed to have * taken place : Wlitn he (Net bo) bad dtfi/itd frim bii attempt to join by a canal tbe Nile with tbt Arabian Gulf, be dij* patched ftine vefiltt under tbe conduH of PboeniciiMtf with direitiont tt paft bf the columns of Hercules ^ and after penetrating tbe nortbern ocean to return W Egypt. TIjtfe Pbotniciam, taking their co^trfefrom the- Red Sea, tnttred into the Southern Ocean : on the approach of autumn they landed in Lybiu, and planted fouie corn in the place where tiny happened to find t hemf elves ; when this wat ripet and they Itad cut it down, they again departed. Having tlms confumtd two years, thty in tbe third doubled the columm of Hercules, and returned to Egypt. Their relation may obtain attetitivn from others, but to me itfeemt in-t credible, for they affirmed, that having failed round Africa, they had tbe fun on their right -^ hand. — No account ia given of the Capes which they pafled, nor of the dangers they furmouAted ; ho mention is made of the illuftrious com* mander who atchieved what furpalfes all other events in hiftory, nor did a fingle direction remain, by which other navigators might have been induced to follow the fame track. But it is unaeccSary to dwell on this fubje€t, after the clear and decided I verdi£k which one of the moll liberal fcholars of the prefent age has given, refpefting the progrefs of ancient maritime difcoveries. There is Ko evidence oi^ a farther pro- gress TO THE SOUTH, ON THE WESTERN COAST OJ AfRICAi THAN THAT OF HaNNO, nor ON THE EASTERN, THAN THAT OF THE ^ PeRIPLUS. The following remarks therefore, extracted from the full and judicious opinion which Dr. Vincent has U delivered, are bed adapted to clofe the prefent Se£lioiu ** It does not appear in the whole hiilory of Ancient Na- vigation, • This Voyage is placed by Blatr, 604. A. C, >■ Herodotus read his hiftory, 445 f Melpomene, 42. Beloe's trwf. vol. ii. p^ 216. % Dr. \ ivcBUT, Periplut of tit Eryibrean, {p, 170.) § Whofc lud tinrhoar, Rl>apta,oix the coall of Azunia* Dr. Vincint is inclined to place at ^liloa, (p. 162.) and if he is allowed to fix the potiiion 01 the Pntfum of Ptolemy :it A/eydvi^/gii/ ; the final limit of Ancient DiicQvcry is (liil tnrthcr advanced towards the fouth. II Ibid. p. 168. ij . . ( Ixxxviii ) SECT, vigation, that any Voyage was performed either \n the Mediterranean^ or . on the Oceant by any other means than coafting, except the Voyages ^om Arabia and Africa to India, and back again by the Monsoons. It does not appear that there was any fort of embarkation known in the world which was fit to encounter the mountainous billows of The ftormy Cape. Hiftory Q>eak8 of no Vcflels fit for the Ocean, but thofe which Csefar defcribes on the Ck>a(l of Bretagny ; and if the Phenicians came to our liland for tin, aflfu- redly it was a fummer voyage, *• It is with great reluftance that 1 controvert the teftimony of • Hero- dotusy for it is no light offence to queftlon hiftorical fa£ls upon evidence of mere fpeculation. It mud be confefled likewife, that the fa£ls he gives us of this Voyage, though few, are confiftent. The Shadow falling to the South, the delay of (topping to fow Grain and reap an . harveft, and the fpace of three years employed in the Circumnavigation, joined with the fimplicity of the Narrative, are all points fo ftrong and convincing, that if they are in- filled upon by thofe who believe the poffibility of effefling the Paffage by the Ancients, no arguments to the contrary however founded upon a different opinion, , • (P. 173.) Dr. iniKfltfV oplnfen refpefttng the impolIibiHty of Africa's having been cir- cumnavigated by the ancients, correfponds with the fentiments of Rohertfon, and of M. Cffelliu. ( Rccherches fur hv Geograph. vol. !. p. 199.) Exgtncn det principalet autoritis d'aprtt tefqueUtt on penfe cemmutiimmt que let ancient otitfaxt le tour it I'AJriqut i he alfo cites the principal authors who have given credit to the report of Herodotus. 1. Huet. i. MoNTiaoyiEu* (EJ^r.detLou,\.tt.c.tO.) 3. Phv cue, {Concorde de /a CeograJ>l>iedet different agei, p. 333. SpeSack de la Naturct torn. iv. p. 331. 33;.) 4. Dapper's Defcriptiott of Africa, 5. L'Abbe Paris, Memoiret de VAcadem. dtt Bellet Lellret, torn. vii. p. 79. 6. L'Abbe MiGnot, Mtntairet de PJcadem. det Btllet Lettret, (torn. xzxi. p. 193. t«in. zlii. p. 39* 54-) J- ^ovKiK\iivM.i.t, Memoiret de fJtadem dtt Bellet Lettret, (torn, xxviii. p. 3C9.) 8. SA«.MASiut, Mxerdkitionet Pliimnue, (p. 877.) 9. Michaelis, Spicilegium Ceo. Jiebrsorum extent, (pars. I. p. 98.) 10. Brace's Travelt, (vol. i. p. 53Z.) To thefe may betidded, 11. Major Kennfl, Geo. of Herodotui, (p. 672.) " Relying on fo many authorities, I was induced, adds M. GoffeUm, in my work intitlcd Geographic det Greet ana- Ijfk, (p. voli. ) to affirm that the ancients had circumnavigated Africa ; but a more minute inveftigation of the fub)ed has made me fenfible of thtimpqffibility of making fuch an opinion cor- rtfpondwilh lie inowle^t they poffeffed." This ingenious geographer then f-nters into a long difcuffion of every particular relative to the Voyage under the direAions oi Pharaoh Necho ; and afterwards pays an equal attention to thefuppofed voyage $f Eudoxnt ofCyzicut,from tht Ara^n Gulf to Cadix, which he eileems the mod impofing narrative of any that remain. It is preferved in a fragment which Pomponiut Mela (lib. iii. c. 9. p. 294.) e..*". acted from a worJc. of Comeliui.Nepot, fincc loft.— See in Appendix, Gtlvano't Progrtfi of Maritime Dif «tirry, (p. 19.) ( Ixxxlx ) o))Ihioii, can leave the mfhd without a doubt upon the queftion. T&at dif- SEC T. ferent dpinim i cmftft it mine, but I wifli to ftate it with all deference to the ^^* jbeencir- »nd of M. f/M d'afres cites the . HoET. rraphie det apper's torn. vii. P- «93' xxviii. 'tic'tkgtum 'o thefe To many •eet ana- minute mion nt' a long Necho; ^rom tht 'emnin. from a Father of Htftory, and with the prbfeflibn that I am ftill open to conviaion, crS«^!J.S; whenever the weight of evidence ihaU' preponderate againft the reaTom I have to offer. ** I allow with Mmtefquieut that the attempt, commenced from the eaft- em fide of the Continenf, prefents a much greater facility of performance than a fimilar attempt from the weft ; for we now know that both the winds and currents are favourable for keeping near the coaft from the Mo- Jambique channel to the Cape ; and that after pafling the Cape from the eafl; *, the current f^IT holds to the northward up the weftem coaft of Africa. But the prodigious iea, raifed by the jun£Uon of the two oceans, almoft per. petnalTy, and at every feafon of the year, is fuch, that few of the Fleets of Fortugal, in thdr early attempts, paiTed without lofs ; and the danger is now avoided only by (landing to the f fouth. The latter means of fafety could not have been adopted by the J'beniciam, they could dot ftand'outto fea;- and if they adhered to the coaft, by all that we can now judge from the conftruftion of their ancient veflels, fhipwreck muft have been inevitafa9i.>.* Had this fleet no diiHculties to encounter, becaufe we read of none b\it the want of provifions ? Can we fuppofe the Pbeniciant fo fuperior to the Greeki in the Art of Navigation, as to have no dread of paifing the greateft' pro* montory in the wotld, when Nearchus and his officers (huddered m'MuJfen* dm, and dare not attempt Raf-eUhadt-^txe all thefe, which the Portuguefe furmounted only by repeated attempts, and by a perfevering fpirit exerted for almoft an hkindred years, to be pafled by Phenicians on their firft expedi. tion, and in the courfe of a few months ? Raife them as we pleafe above Creeks, Romans, and Arabians in fcience, they were doubtlefs inferior in courage to them all. And whatever fcience we allot them, the fmalleft bark could have been conduced by the knowledge of a Portuguefe pilot in great* er fafety, than the largeft veffel ever fitted out of £gypt.«~ ** But as it is not in our power to prbv;e a negative, let us new examine the pofitive teftimony of other authors in oppofition to that of ^Hirro feveral ibips have fallen ia witb th. .c iflands fo graphi- cally defcribed by the illuftiiout Cook. VOL. i. H 8 E C Ti II. ( xc ) l*iolemyt who certainly muft have been acqusMivtei wltk Herodotus^ however . ignorant we may fuppofe Hannt^ Scylaie, or the autbpr of KhcPeriplNs. And Ptolemy is fo far from believing the reipart pf NeccQj .the i^gypticUis, that he not only fuppofes the Voyage nev^r performed, but deflares it impo^ble; that is, he brings round the Continent of Africa unbroken with a fweep to the Ead, till he makes it join th^ continent of Afi^ to th^.e^ftward of ithc golden Cberfpmfe."'D' Anville fiippofes that PtoUniy aflumed tjiis Syfteiw from the prevailing idea among the ancietits, that thete ought to be Ant'ipfldes ia the fouth, correfpondent to thofe of the northern hemifpheret Perhaps alfo a counterbalance of Conrinc-iis was as favourite j^ nofioi^ in the early ^gjss as in modern. But however this error originated, the ^oncjunon ojf * O'^a^ ville is remarkable : Nothings fays he, w^j lefs a/certaing{t amng the arkkntf^ if we may judge from Ptolemy , ^hah the account of fame Voymges which were f aid to have been effected round the continent of Africa by thefouth. And parallel to this is the opinion of •^Vq/ftus.y— Certain Jt is, whatever. may befaidfo tfte contrary, that the an f tents were fi far from. pa^ng the Cape pf Good Hope, tfiat they never approached it. Both thefe qpimons at? lik^wife fupport«d by JStrabo." It is however highly prpbable that the aCertion of fpch a £i^» as th^ poflibility of failing round Africa, mull have had its due>weight on thofe early Portugueiie. navigators, who were formed in the maritime fchool of 5<7^r^.r. Such ffli idea is favoured by Dr. Vincent in his § voyage of Nearchusj where he obferves that a remarkable coincidence exifts, between the date of the firft edition of Herodotus, and the voyage of de Cama, This coincidence is ftill more apparent, if, inftead of noticing de G'im?.'s voyage, we fubjoin the year when the Cape was firft doubled by Sartholen^ew Dla^. ^ . Firft edition of Herodotus, — I474 j{ The Cape firft difcovered by Diaz, — ^ ,1486 • Geog. Ancien. torn. lii. p. 68. ^ Voffiiu a^ Melam. p. 303. X Lib. i. p. 32. ^ \ Page 376. Note 170. ' It is net impoffiUe,' adds Dr. Vtucml, * that all tbcie .ifler* tions of Circmnnav^ation arofe from the idea of the aiKte&t$, that the oceaa furrouoded the earth like an illaad,' (p. a&i..o< ^i6) ■ ■%■ L i 1 *- ..•i<^'<»'K>ir<#:^ "-"^ SSLCttOtf Prevailing errors in the Grecian Hiflory* Troffreft of the Maritime Cehniet from Egypt* Examination of the fabulous Navigators tf Greece,— 'Ferfeus.'^ Danaus, — Jrgonautic expedition, Satajpes, Cycles. Sirens, GrernnNavy, and charaSer of their Seamen, Voyage ofNearchus, Les cliff(Erens fyftimes de C^ographie Aftronomiqne des Grecs, avolent tous pour baie une Anciennb Carti dont ils ont meconnu la con(lru£lion : et tout paroit annoncer (|ue cette Carte, qu'ils ont fans cetFe alt^r^e, oSroit dans fon origine les refultats d'nne longue fuite d'obfcrvations aufli exafles que celles que nous pofKdons aujourd'hui. CtfiSm's Rnbtrthttfut la GeogfapiU dit Anciini, vol. ii. p. 68. rr^HE above aflertion, which M, Gobelin endeaTOun to fuppott through* '*' out his learned and valuable, though in ibme mcafuic erroneous vtrork) corref^nds with the refearches of Mr, Bryant ; and niuft induce every introduaion. twitcT to confider with increafed diftruft the vague opinions, and lying va- ^"'''"' '''""''• nities of the Greeks. The ancient Chart, alluded to by M, Goffelin, was ^ Ma ^. probaUy SECT. III. ( xcU ) SECT. HI. probably compofed by the Egyptians^ Atlantians^ EdcmittSt or fom« lOthcr branch of the numerous Amonian navigators; he * is indined t« think that this Chart was a carte platt^ or plain chart, on which the ms- ridians and parallels were marked by ftraight lines at an>uniform diftance; and that Marinas of Tyre, who lived towards the dofe of the firft century of the chriftian xra, was thus led into an error which continued, according t» Ptolemy, for feventcen centuries. Marhius had pevufed the greater part of the writings of the ancients, and thus formed a complete body of geography from the voyages or travels that had appea/ed. The works of this phllo. Ibpher have long fince perifhed.; it is however to thefe that Jtf. Gajfel'm as- cribes all the merit which Ptolemy has furreptitiouily enjoyed : but on fo important a fubje£t this learned foreigner nuid fpeak for himfelf: Cejl en s'apprcpriant I'ouvrage de cet auteur, en U fri/eniant fous utw forme mieux ordonnky plus rapide et^lus imfofante, que PtoUmee a ufurpi unt partie de cette grande celsbriti quHla xmfervee juftpC^ nous. C*^ ce Larcitt qui a fait eroire, pendant plus de >quinze fiicUSi qtfon lui devoit toutes les cen» noijfanca accumulies dans fon livre ; tandis qu*ellet ne font dues qu*auM re- cberchet de Marin. II eji (knc jujlt de d^truire une erreur trop long-tempt .accreditee, etde rendre a la memoire de cet homme laborieux la portion degloire qu'il s'efi acquife parfej utiles et pinibles t travaux. The confined nature ofan Introduftion will not allow me to enter at large on this, and other various difculTions, conne£led with the navigation or fydro' graphy of the ancients, and for fome of thefe omitted particulars, the reader is neceflarily referred to the % UiiTertations fubjoined in the Appendix. To Tefleft lightj'borrowed from Afr.5ry<7«/, on the fables of Greece} todefcribe, with his afllftance, the eftablifliment of its maritime powers ; to confider their (kill in navigation and ihip-building, and to mark the mod authentic k)f their voyages ; (ucb are the Jeading Dibje^ts of the prelent Section. The * Geogrnphie des Crccs onalyfSEe, (p. 39.) and Rccherehts fur la Geograp. (voL !u t Rechcpches fur la Gcog. vol. ii. p. C-. , , . % Galvano'iPregrtftofMarittmeDifcc'€ryi''Locie*tH'ifioryofNayigalhHS (p. 75.) and other fioiilar Trads of equal merit, by which thcfe will be fucceeded. It has been my an* jiious.endeavour,aot. to introduce the fubjod matter of fiich DiHertations in the prefenc memoir ; in order that the four Seftions, 'Whicfa compofe it, might furniih obfervations rhat (Iiould not be again nrepeated in the courfe of the preicnt work : and in confcquence of this, many things relative to the navigation, or maritime commerce of the ancients, vwittedilt this Jlotrodudion, will hereafter appear in the Appendix. ( XCIU ) SECT. III. The firft inhabitants of the country called Hellas, were defcendants from .*• yapbetb ; by tbefe were the IJJes of the Gentiles^ the regions of Greece and £uropei divided in tbeir lands ; every one afier bis tongue, a/ier tbeir/ami- Introduiiion. !• CiKian Paiulu The [voL lu • ) and ly an- prefent Rations )uence cicntSf * ANAtTSiSr (vol. i. p. t8>, and liiJ. .p. 143.) Dijirlathn upon tit HellatSan an i other •Crtetan vtriten. At Mr. Bryant follows a path unbeaten by preceding hiftorians, he thu> . informs his reader of the autboril'ut he has preferred, and his rcafons for doing fo. * All ^knowledge o^*G^ntile tttiqiuty mud be derived to us through the hands of the Grecians : vt|ie HelladSan^ however^ from whom we might expeA mod light, are to be admitted witli •the giveateft caution. They virere a bigotted people, highly prejudiced in their own fa- ;«(wr i and fo devoted to, {die tradition, that np arguments could wean them irbm their foUjr. Hence the fureft ^fources are from Greeks of other countries. Among the poets* Lyecfinn, Ca^kueiiui and jlpottonlut RhoJiut arc principally to be efteemed. Homer llktNrife abounds with a deal of myfterious lore, borrrwed from the ancient Amoniaa thw^gyi with^iHiich his eommentators have been often embarralTed. — Much light may alfo be obtained frpm thofe learned men, by whom the SehoRa were written. Nomut too, mho wrote the Dionyfiaca is not to be omitted. He was a native of Panopolis in Egypit and had opportunity of colleAing many ancient traditions, and fragments of myfterious fiiftory, which never were known iii Greece. To thefe may be added. Porphyry, Proelut, and .Jamhlitim, who profeflcdly treat of Egyptian learning. The Jfit and Ofirlt of Plutarch may be admitted with proper circumlpeftion.— But the great refource of all is to be found among the lafir antiquaries and hiftorians. Many of thefe are writers of high rank ; par- ticularly DioJorut, Stride, and PMifaniai, on the Gentile part ; and of the fathers, Theopbi- Jiu, Taliamu Jtlhenagoreu, Clemens, Origenet, EufeUus, Theodoretut, Syncellut ; and the com- •piler of the Fi0i Sicuii. othcrwife called Chronieon Pofchale. Moft of thefe were either of Egypt otAfta. They had a real tafte for antiquity ; and lived at a time when fome infight could be obtained.— The native Hc!/adians were very limited in their knowledge. They -had taken in the grofs whatever was handed down by tradition ; and aiTumed to themfclvcs every hiftory, which was imported.— The writers to whom I chiefly appeal, lived in parts of the world, which gave them great advantages. The whole theology of Greece was de- fived from the Eaft. We cannot therefore but in reafon fuppofe, that Clemens of Alexandria, Eufehius ofCtfarm, Tatianui of AJfyria, Lucianus of Samofata, Cyril of Jerufalem, Porphyry of Syria, Proclus of Lydia, Philo of Biblus, Strata of Amafa, Paufanias of Cappadocia, Eratoflbenet of Cyrene, muft know more upon this fubjeft than any native Helladian. The like may be iiiid of Diodorus, Jofiphu:. Cedrenus,Syncelltu,'Zonaras, Euflathius, and numberlefs more. Thef« Jhadthe archives of ancient temples, to which they could apply, (Philo Biblius mentions many authors' in Phenicia to which he applied ; ) and had traditions more genuine than ever reached Greete. And though they were pofterior themfelves, they appeal to authors far prior to any Helladtans j and their works art' crowded with extrafts from the moft curious, and thcAioft ancient hiftories. Such were the writings of Sanehoniathon, Berofut, Nicholaut Damafcenus, Mocus, Mnafeas, Hieronymtis JEgyptius, Apion, Manelhon ; from whom ifydenus, /Ipollodonu, j^clepiades, Artapanus, Philajlrius, borrowed largely. We are be. holden to Clemens, and Eufelius, for many evidences from writers, long Imce loft j even Enjllathius, and Tzet%»s have refourcts, which arc now no more.* f i ( KCIV ) SECT. ^'*ti>* tbeir * nathm. Whence thefe defccndantt of Japirtb drigSliallf cttne, is ^^^' no where cacaAIy afccrtained ; they however foon degenerated into barbatiant, and became a rude nndyilized people. Accu'ding to t Tbtaydidei, Greece was not formerly poflefled by any fixed inhabitants, but was fubjedl to fre> quent tranfmigrations, as conftantly every diftinft people eafily yielded up their feats to the violence of a larger fupervening number. Commerce there wa« none, and mutual fear prevented intercourfe both by fea and land. Helladians. The Helladxans; properly fo called,were % colonies of an Amonian family diftin£t from ihii oi yafheth\ they introduced (hemiielves later from JEj;^ and Syriat but originally from Babylonia^ for though by family hniatu, the Helladians were not of that race. A long interval of darknefs fucceeded their firft fettlement, and even when they emerged from ><* few atten^pts were made to retrieve any knowledge pf pafl: events.— P^^«/ bifitry, exclaims Mr. Bryant, wm tbere o/Cor'mtht cr ^ Sparta f What antuds were then tf jlrgott or Meffinai ofElhy or the Hties ofAcbaiaf None: not even of Athens* So true is this, that when in procefs of time the Greeks came to be fen- fible of their ignorance, their philofophers, . as Larcher obferves, fought for improvement in other regions ; and Homer, Lycurgus, Solon, PJato, and Py- thagoras vifited Egypt their mother country, to obtain <^ information. lonlus. The moil confiderable of the other Amonian colonies that fettled to the weft- ward, were found in (| /oiwa, and Hellas, about Cuma, and Liguria in Italy, on the coaft of Iberia in Spain ; in Cyrene; in Mauritania, and the adjacent iflands. The coaft of the Captborim, a Cuthite colony who brought the fymbolical marks of the Deluge into Paleftine, was at one time called the coaft of the lonim, and the fea by which it was bounded received the name of the Ittnian fea, quite to the Nile. Under the fable of the flight of lo, the poets reprefented the progrefs of the lonim on their difperfion from the plain o/Shinar: the Knim, called afterwards lonians, were in h&. co- lonies from Egypt, and are fometimes mentioned under the name of ^At' lantians. Befides the above colonies, the Amonians alfo poiTeiTed many of the beft iflands in the Mgtan Sea**, particularly Lejhos, Lemnos, Samos, Chios, f SiQith'c Tranflfttton, voL i. p. 4. book !• i See Larcher. £^trpt, c. 49. 'S:;,: * GeneAs, x. 5. X ANALYdlt TOI. i. p. I$0. f AvALYill) VOl< U p. 353. ^ Ib!d. vol. iii. p. 369. Pregnft »/ tU IONIC WORSHIP { mJ rf tie IONAH> HELENIC COLONIES. •• Ibid. vol. iii. p. 4«9. Introdudion. (i)tuJt> ( xcv ) ChWi an^ C'Oit which latter ifland it often expreiTed Coiist from the Grecian 8 r. c T. name of Chus. Stephantis befides informs us, that Cos was formerly named ^^^' Meropit from ^erops^ one of the earth-born giant brood. The fons of Chus may be traced by their worOiip of the ferpent to the ifland Eubaa, which fignifies the ferpent i/land (oub-aia); they alfo fettled under the title of HeliadsB zi Rhodes ^ ^nd this iflapd is faid to h&ve received its name frotn Rhod, the Syriac term for a ferpent } they moreover edablilhed themfelves in Crete^ and at Argos : from all thefe places the Cuthites expelled the Tons of Japheth. The • whole continent of Africa, as well as the iflands of Rhodesy Cythnusy Befbicusy and Tenosy formerly received the title Ophiufay from this worfliip of the ferpent. HcLLEN was originally a facred term, confined to thofe priefts who nii« grated from Egypt, and introduced the rites of the ark and dove at Dodona ; which country was the firft Hellas^ and here were the primitive Hellenes. This .opinion is fupported by t Ariftotle, who affirms that ancient Hellas was the country which lies about Dodona t and upon the river yfcheloiis. The Dorians, a branch of the Hellenes, came originally from J Egypt, Dorian? and received a name from their deity Adortu. Their early § hiftory, and contefts with the original inhabitants of the region they afterwards occupied, may be traced in the account of the Heraclidse, for the Dorians were the fame as the Herculeans. They not only fettledin Greece, but like other branches of the Apionian family, in various parts of the world : their chief refort was on the fea-coalt of the Mediterranean, where they poflefled many excellent ports. In Greece, they at firft occupied the country adjoining Parnajfusy called T/- thorea, and afterwards the Theflalian Pthiotis. The Dorians alfo penetrated by force into Laconia and Mejeniay and were befides found in Phenicia, Caria, Crete, and Hetruria. Even the Perflans were in great meafure of the fame family. The Dorian language was the true Hellenic, and according to Paufaniasy all the ancient hymns of Greece in every province, were com- pofed in their dialed. Amidft • Ibid. vol. !. p. 487. t Ariftot. Meteorol. 1. i. c. i+. p. 772. X For a general view of the Migrations from Egypt, fee ^nal^s, (vpl. ii. p. 189.) where among other writers Mr. Bryant mentions an ancient hiftorian IJrus, who compofed a curtous treatife refpcArng thefe «o/enw, long finceloft; and cites the following Ihort paf- (age from Zonarw, CtoI. i. p> it.) as the beft account of the piK>gr«fs of Science from tl|e £aft. ^11 thefe thingt came from Chaldea to Egypt ; and from thence were derived to the Greekt. 5 Analysis, vol. iii. p. 385. Of the DoritnSf Pelajgi, Cmcone:, Myrmldonet, and /Ir.. tadiant. ^ ^' .9 '^' AmUft theft vatlous branchet of the Dorian race, or HeracUdie, one of the _ moft renowned yet leaft underftood in hiftory was that of the MyiImidons Myrmidons, ^ho fettled ;n Theflaly, and were fuppofed to be defcended from Myrmidon a king of the country. This term in the ancient Doric was exprefled Mur- medon, which Mur-Meden denotes Marit Dominum, the great Lord of the Ocean; and clearly related to Noab^ who was faid to have firft con« ftrufted a (hip, and to have efcaped from the abyls. The Myfmdint are accordingly thus diftingui%d by HeHod : Thefe firft compofed the manageable Float. They accordbgly obtained the name of M«r>Jlf a/oh/, or fea Captains. Pelafgi. Another and a very ancient appellation of thefe colonies, before the termt of loniam and DoriatiSy or that ftill more univerlal one of HblleMes grew fo predominant, was that of Pclasoi. Strabo fpeaks of them as a mighty nation ; and fays, that according to Menecratei EiaU*tt the whole coaft of loniot from Mycale, and all the neighbouring iflands, was once occupied by them : they alfo poffefled the entire region of Hetruriat and extended through fuch a fpace, that it u now impoflible for the hiftorian to afcertun thdr utmoft limit.-- The country about Dodtna, at the fiune time that it was fiyled Hellas, was alfo called Pelajgia : this name was in hSt the oldeft and rooft general, of any } it included the ancient Hellenes, lenes, and Dores, Inachus, Pelafgus, and Danaus, ate titles of the fame perfon. Mr. Bryant cites a paflage from the Greek poet *Jfius, of Samos, who wrote refpe^ing the genealogy of ancient heroes and heroines } in which a manifeft aliufion is made to tbe Fatriarch Noah, under the character of Pela/gus, <-"^ On a high tnoontain't brow The gloomy cave gave back again to light Godlike Pilamui, that the race of man Through him might be renewed. PerTeus. Among the renowned demigods of Greece, the Murmednu or illuftriout navigators of antiquity, the name of Fbrsbus often occurs to perplex and aftoniih the reader : he is fpoken of by Natalis Comet as a great aftronomer, a perfon of uncommon knowledge. Perfeut inftru£led mariners to dired their way in the fea by the lights of heaven, and particubrly by the polar conftelladon j • AMAtviii, voL iii. p. 405«— Paafia. L 8. p^ 599. ( xcvii ) conftetlat'ion, whic!) he is faid to have firft obferved, and to have then 3 ^C T. given it the name of Hclicc : he alfo fubdued the Gorgons, defeated the III. Ethiopians upon the Weftern ocean, and was famed to have been the ^""■"^"^'°"' only perfon befides Hercuks, that had paiTed Mount Atlas, Perseus, 'was in reality a * title of the Amonian deity the Sun, chief god of the Gen- tiles; and Herodotus informs us that f ChemmiSf a place of confider. able note in the Thebaid, was remarkable for a temple of Per/eus : ** They Informed me, adds thehidorian, that Per/eus was a native of their country, as were alfo Danaus and Lynceus^ who made a Voyage into Greece." There was alfo a temple at Memphis dedicated to Perfeus^ befide others in differ- ent parts of Egypt ; and upon the Heracleotic branch of the Nile, near the fea, a celebrated Watch Tower was named from him. The ancient hidory of the exploits of Perfeus^ relates to the Perejiant, Parrhajxans^ and Perezitet^ the fame people with the Heliada and Oftrians : their great progenitor is '. defcribed as having enjoyed a renewal of life; as having been indofed in an ark, and expofed when a child upon the I waters. The charaders of Orpheus § and Zoroaster in fome refpefls correfpond Orpheus, with each other. The former travelled over fhe molt diftant regions of the globe, and in all places where he came, was efteemed both under the charader of a pried and a prophet. He was not only celebrated for his (kill in mufic, and in various other branches of fcience, but was alfo famed for calming the Winds, and appeafmg the rage of the Sea. The name of Or- pheus occurs in the lids of the Argonauts, and he is mentioned in the two principal poems upon that fubje£t : yet fome writers place him ten genera- tions before the period afllgned the Argonauts, and Pherecydes Syrus declares he had no (hare in that expedition. The truth, as unveiled by Mr. Bryant, feems to have been, that under the appellation of Orpheus, a people called Orpheans or Orphltes were defignated ; who, according to Vojftus, were the fame as the Cadmians : they obtained their name from Orphi, by which is meant the oracular temple of Orus, or the God of Light. They were cele- biated for their ikill in adronomy, mufic, and medicine, and were revered by the i •■7 * Analysis, vol. ii, p. 62. — Differtation on Perfeut, t Euterpe, Beloe's Tranf. ch. 91. vol. i. % Mr. Bsjant cites as his authorities, Scliel. in Lytophr. v. 838.— Cj4r»n. Pafch. p. 39. from Euripides. \) Analysis, vol. ii- p. 126. Diferialion on Orpheus. VOL. I, O ... ( xcviii ) E C T. III. the barbarous natives of Thrace with whom they fettled : among other places they founded a college of fcience on mount Ha:mus, but the greater part of the profeflbrs, or priefts, were at length deftroyed for their cruelty. DIonufus. DioNUSus *, the Fingal of the Grecian bards, was multiplied into as many perfons as Herculet, in whofe exploits an hiftory of the f Hereu/eam is re- corded ; and the hidory of Dionuftts is clofeiy connedted with that of Bacchus f. though they were in hOi different charaflers. It is faid, that the expedition of Dionufus into Lybia as far as the Atlantic, was celebrated by Thymates in an ancient Phrygian poem. His Indian expedition took up three years. During a Voyage in the Mediterranean he vifited many places, par- ticularly Campania, and the coad of Italy, where he was taken prifoner by Hetrurian pirates. Dionufus was in reality the fame as Q/fm, and acknow- ledged as fuch by the later mythologifts. Cadmus. Cadmus, like the other fabled heroes of Greece, is recorded to have been a great | traveller, and by birth a Phenician; but his Voyages or Expedi* tions, like thofe of Perfeus and others, relate to Colonies which at various periods left Egypt or Syria^ and fettled in different regions. Thus Cadmus is faid to have failed firll to Phenicia and Cyprus, and afterwards to Rhodes ^ he then vifited Ionian and all the coaft upwards to the Hellejpont, and Propontis, He was alfo at Lejbosy and at Anaphe, one of the Sporades : he refided for fome time in Thrace ^ where he difcovered a mine of gold, as he had before one of copper at Cyprus, The progrefs of his maritime difcoveries after- wards extend to Euboea ; he remained a confiderable time in yittkOy then vifited Boeotia, and built Thebes : he was likewife at Sparta j and having crofTed the Mediterranean, he founded many cities in Africa, and, according to § Silius Italicus, was ranked among the fbunders of the city of Carthage, But thefe were not the atchievements of an individual, nor of a Tmgle age. Cadmus was one of the names of OJir'u, chief deity of Egypt } and this title was accordingly aiTumed by thofe colonies that failed from thence to the above places, where they fettled. Mr. ♦ A.NALTLIS, vol. li. p. 77. Dijirtat'ton on the charaaer of Dionufut, who was celebrated by the bards, Linut, Orpheus, Panopidet, Thymttes, and Dionjifittt Milefius. t The Sardinians, Corficans, Iberians, Celtx, Galatx, and Scythac, were all Her- tuleant. X Ibid. vol. it. p. 138. DiJirtalloH on CaJmut.—'RoQ.hzn fiippofes that CaJmus was a Canaanite, who fled with others from the face of Jojhua, § Sacri cum pcrfida pafti Gens Cadmcu fuper regno certamina movit. L. i. v. j. ( xcix ) Mr. celebrated all Htr. «ui was a Danaui. • Mr. Bryant is of * opinion that the name Danaus does not relate to SECT, an individual, but was originally da N'ius, The Ship, and that therefore the ^^^' sera of Danaus is the ara of the Jhip ; or the exaft period when fome Introduftion. model of the facred t fliip of Ifis, was brought from Egypt to Greece. The fifty daughters of Danaus were the fifty prieftelTes of the Argo, who bore the facred veifel on folemn fcftivals. Plutarch \ informs us, that the objeft in the celeftial fphere, called by the Grecians The Argo^ is a reprefentation of the (hip of Ofirut -wliich out of reverence has been placed in the heavens. Argo, or jlrgus |, as Mr. Bryant would exprefs it, fignified an arkf and wat fynonymous to Theba, Of the innumerable Fables, which the ingenuity or ignorance of the Greeks Argonamtc confpired to form, none has experienced greater fuccefs in deluding pofterity. Expedition, than their celebrated Argonautic Voyag£. It gratified and increafed at a very early period that love of the marvellous, which pervades their writings ; and it allowed their predominant vanity to attribute a merit to their anceflors, they would not otherwife have received. Jason therefore appears as a luminary amidfl the darknefs of the Grecian annals \ he was not only an '' expert and daring navigator, but alfo the illuftrious founder of the em- pire of the Medes § ; and in like manner Annenus his companion was ac- counted the father of the Armenians^ Nor was this fufficient : the Pelujium of Egypt could only derive its name from a Grecian original y Sais muft receive its buildings from a Greek ; the foundation of HeliopoUs was claimed by the Athenians ; Canobus was named from a pilot of Menelaus ; and even the walls of Mi^mphis could not be conflru£led without bringing Epaphas from Argos as the architeft. ,^-,^ ^ It is not perhaps fo aflonifhing that a vain people, who accounted all other nations Barbarians^ fhould have been induced to forge thefe, and other fimilar falfehoods, as that fome of the moft eminent and learned of modern hifto- ,... ..,. rians * Vol. !!. p. 247. t Ifis et Ofiris, vol. ii. p. 359. X Vol. ii. p. 238. ' It is made ufe of,' adds Mr. Bryant, * in that fenfe by the priefts and he diviners of the Piiljjlim ; who, when the ark of God was to be reftored to the Ifrael- ites, put the prefents of atonement, which were to accompany it, into an Argus, or facred receptacle, (i Samuel, vi. 8. 11. 15.) The word occurs only in the hlftory of tljis Phi- liftinc tranfaftion.' . , , . ., , , ^. ,„ . ,., . „, ,.-,, ., . , -. ^ Analysis, vol. i. p. 155. ... . ^ , , ( c ) SECT, riant, (houM fo long have been the dupes of impodort, to whom, as * yam- "^' Mebui obfervei, tbe invffiigation ^Troth wat ahuayt tw fatiguing. In the examination of this celebrated Voyage, at well at in the ilhtftratbn of other fa£li, Mr. Bryant always learned, always ingenious, may fometimes expa- tiate with too much freedom amidft the regions of conje£ture : but furely we ought not too feverely to reprehend or mark the falfe fteps of a com. mendable seal } when, tn attempting to let in light on apartments that have been long haunted by ideal, and vifionary monlters, it occaflonally ftumbles over the rubbilh with which the edifice had been himbered. It is in vain to foHow our great mythologift, through his excellent Differ* ation On the Argo^ and ArgonaUtie f expedition : fome fcattered rays may however ferve to direft my readers to the origmal. Sir Ifaac \ Newton who endeavoured to afcertain the date by the place of the Colures then, and the degrees, which they have fmce gone back, argues on a fuppofltion, that there really had been fuch an aftronomer as Chiron, and that he, or Af»* fausy formed a Sphere for the Argonauts. This argument has been com> - ' bated by Rtttherforih § in a manner tending to prove, that if either Chiron or Muftut, or any other Grecian aftronomer had delineated fuch a Sphere, they muft have comprehended under a figure, and given the name of ArgO' , to a coUeflion of flars, with many of which they were unacquainted } confe- quently their longitude, latitude, and reciprocal diflances, could not be known. The ancients themfelves were equally in doubt, as to the aera of this ex< pedition, the architect who built the fhip, or the place to which its courfe was direfled ; whether to Colchis, or the Ganges. The Greeks, by taking the merit of this Voyage to themfelves, were plunged in difficulties. What can be more iidiculous than to hear that the firft conftru6led fliip was purfued' by the fleet ofOetes, which was prior to it : befides Danaus, many ages before, was faid to have come into Greece in a longjhip \ and we are alfo informed that • Jamblichus dc Myftcr. {CcA. 7. c. 5.) quoted by Mr. Bryant. -^The moft eminent of the ancient authors who admitted the ylrgonautle exfef/i/ion, as an hiflorical faft, were fffro- Jotut, Dlodorui, and Siraho. Among the fathers, Clemens, Euftbiut, and Sjncellus \ among the modems, Scaliger and Petaviut ; and of our own countrymen, Archbi/hop UJher, Cum- herland. Dr. Jocifon, and Sir Ifaac Newtoa take the lead. f Vol. ii. p. 475. - t CArow/oyi, p. 83, 84. § Syftcm of Natural Philofophy, (vol. il. p. 849.) See alfo preceding p. Ixiii. (fefl. 2.) .( ci ) be hat 2.) that Mi»ojt if fuch a perfon ever exifted, had a fleet conftrucled in the S L c T. fame form. In the courfe of this expedition, which is faid to have oc. r— 1 — cupied from two to four months, thefe fifty navigators performed feats that ]ill^,^!^f^j^j"' would have required ten times their number. 1 hey built temples, founded cities, paflcd over vaft continents, and through unlcnown Teas } and this in an open boat which was dragged over mountains, and occafionally carried on their iboulders. Whence then could this Nautical Romance arife, fimilar in pomt of credit ^ with the circumnavigation of Africa by the * Phenicians i The quellion is thus anfwered : t/je pre/ervatm of the family of Noab, and the fubfequent difperjion of the Arkite colonies ^ gave birth to this tradition ; which the Greeks afligned to the Arcades^ jdrgai^ and Argonauta of their own. Country. Jafon was in reality a title of the arkite god, the fame zs Areas ^ Argus ^ Inacbus^ and Prometheus. Many temples built in the ead, and alfo on the coaft of the Great Atlantic^ and all along the coafl of HetruriOf were ftyled yafonea. It is even faid of Jafon, that he underwent a fimilar fate during childhood with Oftrisy Perfeusy and Dionufusy and like them was concealed and enclofed in an arky as if he had been idead. Some parts of this Voyage, like the hif- tory of Danauj already mentioned, had a reference to the facred fltip of ■ An * Mr. Maurice, in his Diflertation on Ancient Commerce, (Indiun Antiq. v. 6. p. 4a7.) takes a different view uf the fubjeA. " ErtUq/lhtnti in Strabo informs us, (lib. ii. p. 87.) " that the merchandize of tntUa pafled by tlie Oxut through the Cafpian, which the ancients,. ' ' ■ with indexible obftinacy, per'fevered in fuppoflng to have a communication with the nertberit, and fome even with the ImBan Ocean, into the Tea of Pontut. We alfo learn from • Pliuy, that it was but a journey of feven days from the frontiers of India, through the country of the BaArians, to the river harm, which falls into the 0«cw, down which ftream the commodities of India were tranfpcrted into the Cafpian Sea. Thence, he adds, they were carried up the river Cyru* to a place within five days' journey over land to Phafti, the capital of Cokhis, in Grecian fable renowned for its golden fUece ; which, in nil proba- bility, was nothing more than the golden produce of India, which the Argonaut fccured by opening the Commerce of the Ptmitu Eu»inus, or Blaei Sea. At this day, the Omt no longer flows into the Cafpian, the miferable policy of the modern Tartars having induced them to divert its Courl'e, as well as that of the laxarteti and thefe two noble rivers are now loft and fwallowed up in the fands of that boundlefs defert. Cokhit itfelf is now only a ▼aft forcft, and its few inhabitants are not only flaves themfelves, but carry on the horrid traffic in human flefli to a vaft extent." t NatalisComes, lib> vi. p. 315. . ,; .« .' .; , >i-. « { cii ) E C III. T. An Expedition of greater plaufibility, and tj the truth of which no ob> jeftions arife, occurs in the Voyage that was made along the weftern coaft Katiifpcs. of Africa, during the reign of Zerxes, by 5a/^fj the Perfian. This no- bleman, who was of royal defcent, having been guilty of a llagrant z& of violence, was condemned to die : through the importunities of his mother, fider of Darius, his fentence of crucifixion was changed ; and Satafpes haft- «ned to attempt the perilous talk which his parent had fu^gefted to Xerxes of failing round AfricOy until he Jhould arrive at the Arabian Gulf. " To this, adds * Herodotus^ Xerxes aflfented, and Satafpes accordingly departed iot Egypt t where he embarked with his crew, and proceeded to the Columns of Hercules ; pafling thefe, he doubled the promontory which is called Syloet, keeping a fouthern Courfe. Continuity his Voyage for feveral months, ia which he pafled over an immenfe tradt of Sea, he faw no probable termina- tion of his labours, and therefore failed back to £gypt. Returning to the xourt of Xerxes, be amongft other things related, that in the mofl remote places he had vifited he had feen a people of diminutive appearance, cloathed in red garments ; who on the approach of his vefiel to the ihore, had de> ferted their habitations, and fled o the mountains. But he affirmed, that bis people, fatisfied with taking a fupply of provifions, offered them no vio- lence. He denied the poflibility of his making the circuit of Africa, as his ; «veffcl was totally unable to proceed. Xerxes gave no credit to his afler- tions ; and, as he had not fulfilled the terms impofed upon him, he was exe- cuted according to his former Sentence." Cyclopes. The hiftory of a maritime nation ftyled t Cyclopes, has been particularly obfcured by the Greeks. Thefe Cyclopes were of the fame family aa the Phoe- nices and Cadmianst and alfo as the Hivites or Ophites who came from Egypt that African mother of many European nations. The Cyclopes, with the Galatee., Illyrii, and Celta, appear to have belonged to an Amonian tribe ftyled Anakim ; they fettled among other places in Sicily, but memorials of them remained in many parts of Greece, where their fkill in various branches of fcience was known and encouraged. — It is the obfervation of one weU verfed in maritime hiftory, that hberty and f(;ence, and that independent chara£ler which can alone difplay or encourage the originality of mind which promotes difcoveries, have always appeared either m iflands, or on peninJiu 1» Herodotus, Mtlpomone, 43. Analysis, vul. i. P' 491. Beloe's Tranf. (vol. ii. p. 217.) Dijfertatim on tht Ciu/oftSf or Cychpti. 4 ^t^.. i ( ciii ) SECT. III. Grecian Verkiitt lar * (Ituations. The noble and ftupendous efforts of the Cyclopes in archi> te£lure, are vifible in hiftory, by the general acceptation of ^''elorian for any thing magnificent or great; an epithet originally given to edifices facred to iiuioduaion. the Cyclopian deity Pylorus or theyaw. The Iclai Da^lyli, who are generally faid to have been the firft that forged metals, and brought them into general ufe, were f Cyclopiam. An Infular fituation, joined to their celebrity in fcience, and the high eftimation in which their works were held, may allow me to conjefture, that the Cyclopians paid a very early attention to the improvement of naval architedure. Their forges near mount ^tna, which afforded fuch a fcope to the imagination of ancient poets, enabled thefe iflanders to render iron fubfervient to the purpofes of navigation ; and if they were not the firft to introduce the ufe of iron anchors, they at leaft fupplied the Phe- nlciam with fome of the moft valuable materials, and tools, for the conftruc- tion of their (hips. The Cyclopes are alfo mentioned as being employed to form the mari> time cities of ancient Mycene and Tiryns. Euripides fays, that they built the walls of the firft after the Phsnician rule ; and Strabo \ obferves, Pratus feems to have been the firji, who made ufe of Tiryns as an Harbour / which place he walled round by the ajft/lance of the Cyclopians. They loere feven in number^ filled Gajirocheirsy and lived by their % labour. Thefe leven Cyclopes^ adds Mr. Bryant, were, I make no doubt, feven Cyclopian towers built by the people of whom I have been treating. Some of them ftood towards the harbour to afford light to (hips, when they approached in the night. The defcription which the ancient poets gave of the Cyclopians was founded on truth; the dreadful eye, that glared in the centre of their forehead, was in reality the circular cafement that was placed at the top of their light-houfes, as a direction to mariners; and what confirmed the miftake, into which the Grecians were led refpe£ling this circumftance, proceeded from an eye which the Cyclopian ariiils reprefented over the entrance of their facred temples. The Arimafpians were Hyperborean Cyclopians^ and had temples named Charts or Charifta^ on the top of which a perpetual fire was preferved. The great archi- tects TrophoniiUi and Agatnedes^ feem to claim an afGnicy with this cele- ; brated • Sir John Macpherfon, who will, I truft, colleft the various MS. remarks on this Ail)- jeft, at prefent in his pofre(fion. This idea is alfo encouraged by Major Rennell in hi-s geography of Herodotus, (p. 292. note), f Apollonius Rhod. L. i. v. 11 29. % Eurip. Here. Furcns. v. 944. ]J L. viii. p. 573. ( civ ) SECT, in. It N Ohftnclcs to Maritime linterprilc. brated people, who not only built the cities of Hermlone and ylrgos^ but alfo enjoyed the fame of fending forth a colony ftyled Academians^ who fettled in Attica, where they founded the Academia and Ceramicus. There was how- ever a favage and terrible charafter, which hiftory feems to have afligned with reafon to thofe Cyclopians who poffeffed the Sicilian province of Leoti' tt'na, called Xuthiay and of whom Polyphemus is imagined to have been chief. I was their horrid cuftom to facriBce all ftrangers who were driven on their Coaft ; and perhaps the * poet is correct, when he makes Silenus declare, that the fiejh of the unfortunate fuffierers was looked on as a deiicious repaji. Notwithdanding therefore the flcill, or enterprife, of the various Cuthite colonies we have now confidered, the progrefs of Maritime Difcovery, and the improvement of navigation, muft have been confiderably impeded by thofe inhuman cruelties, which formed an effential part of the Anionianf re- ligion. Nor is it eafy to imagine, even if the ingenuity or perfeverance of ancient navigators had attained that perfeAion which many learned writers are inclined, or wifli to believe ; that the immenfe continent of Africa could - have been circumnavigated, and have afforded a place fufiiciently fecure for the purpofes of fowing and reaping corn, when its coafl was occupied at in* tervals, by the favage defcendants of the Titans^ the \ Amaxonsy and the Hyperboreans. But notwithdanding this obflacle to Difcovery, another, and a very powerful one, exifted in that ftrange union of the chara^er of merchant and pirate, which the early navigators difplayed ; and even when feparate, the profeflion of the latter was not conHdered as diihonourable. Accordingly Neftor, after he had given a noble repaft to Te/emachus and Mentor at Pylos, alks the following queftion of Strangers whom he meant to treat with refpeft : // is now time, faid the aged prince, to afk our guejis who they are, as they have fimjhed their meat. Pray Sirs whence come you, and what bufmefs has brought you over thefeas ? Are you merchants dejiined to any port ? Or are you mere adventurers and pirates, who roam thefeas with- out any place of deflination ; and live by rapine and ruin § ? Thucydides alfo informs us, in the beginning of his firft book, that Piracy was by no means fin employment of reproach, but was rather an inflrwnent of glory. So alfo in the •■* Euripid. Cyclops, v. 126. f See alfo preceding page xlix. X See Mr. Bryant's Differc-itions, (vol. iii. p. 4.57. and 487.). The fabulous liiftoryof the y//na««w is among the moft intcrcfting of thofe events which this great mythologift has developed. . . 5 Homw's Odyir. r. v. 69. ;( «v ) tlie ancient poets^ thofe that fail along the coqfls are every where tquatty acco/led s with this que/liotiy Whether they are pirates f as ify r.either tftey to whom the EC T. III. quejiion is put would difown their employment y nor ttjey, who are dejirous to be Introduaio*. ir^ormedt would reproach them with it. And to thts "ery day many people ^^ ^"""' ^""•**' Greece arefupported by the fame prailices ; for injlance the Ozolian Locriansy ■ and JEtolianSf and, jieamanians, and their neighbours on the continent : and the cujiom of wearing their weapons ^ introduced hy this old life of rapine y isjifll retained amongft *them. TheTe Piratical depredations gave rife to innumerable Sea Monfiersy tirhich difgrace and obfcure the hiftory of Greece : they were in reality mariners and. pirates, ftyled t Cete'i, Ceteniy and Cetoneiy from Cetus which iignified ^ fea monftet or Whale, and aifo a large fhip ; but they were -more generally mentioned under the term of Ceteans or Cetoniatrs. 'In the j: Sirens, when their real hiftory is confidered, another and a Sirens. tremendous bbftade, \vas oppofed to the enterprife of. ancient mariners. Like the cruel Lamiiy thefe Siren; were Cuthite, or Canaanitifli priefts and prieftefles, who lived chiefly in th^ir temples on the coaft of Campania, and particularly near three fmall inlands, that «rere called after them. The lam« of thefe temples was confiderable, on account of the women who officiated ; their cruelty and profligacy was beyond defcription. The fliores on which they redded, are defcribed by % Virgil as being covered with the bones of mariners, feduced thither by the plaintive harmony of the Canaanites, which was exquidtely exprcfled in the artful warbHngs of thefe Sirens. Their facred hymns, accompanied by this ancient mufic, were too often fatal to the pafling crew : Circe therefore advifed Ulyfles to avoid their places ofrefort. " Neit • Smith's Tranflationi (vol. i. p. 6.) f Analysis, vol. iii. p. 550. The learned writer alfo obferves in a note, that the Greek term xtire; was by the Dorians exprcfled catus. Among us, there a relarge unwieldy vefleU called Cats, particdarly in the north. Cat-waUry near Plymouth, flgnitks a place for veflbis to anchor ; a harbour for kaloi, or ihips. ->• % Analysis, vol. ii. p. 17—25. Mr. Bryant is inclined to think, that among the many fymbols of Thf Ari, that of Seiia or the Hive prevailed; (vol. ii. p. 377.) As the RleRttt and Mirijpt were priefteflTes of MeRnay and the Cup/elides of the CupfeUt ; fo the Srireiits were prieftefles of the Sfira or Stircn : all which terms related to the Ark. § ^ncid. L. 5. V. 873. VOL. 1. . » < ttl ) SECT. III. Acquire- merits ia niiuical Science. *• Nest where the Sikims dwelt, you plough the {kkMf Their Song is death, and makes deftruiftion pleaft, Unbleft the man, whom muflc makes to flr.iy Near the curd Coaft, and liiten to their lay.— Fly, fly the dangerous • Coaft !" Po»«. Similar rites prevailed at Cyprus^ and as it was cuftomary in the perilous voyages of the ancients, for mariners to haften to the altar of the chief deity of the country, on which their (hip had been wrecked ; they who expe- rienced this calamity on the weflern coail of Cyprus^ were only faved from a watery grave, to endure a more dreadful death. The natives of Curium efteemed it a religious rite, to feize on fuch defencelefs ftrangers, as had thus fled to their altar of Apollo ; and without compun£lion alTembled to' fee them hurled from the precipice, on which his temple was placed. This reign of fatanic cruelty is noticed by t Herodotus^ as prevailing in the Tauric Cherfonefus : The people of this place worjhip the virgin goddefs Artemis : at whofe Shrine thty facrifice allperfom who have the misfortune to be Jhip. wrecked upon their coaji ; and all the Grecians that they can lay hold of when they are at any time thither driven. All thefe they without any ceremony brain with a club; though ethers. fay, that they fiove them off headlong from a high precipice ; for their temple is founded upon a cliff. The Lycaonian priefts of fire, in their maritime towers, dedicated to Jupiter Lycaus, or Apollo, firft in- troduced human facrifices, and gave a preference to t^ofe of infants, tnto fuch enormities was the reafon of man led by natural religion, and from fuch miferies was it at length delivered by Chriftianity. A confideration of the hydrographical knowledge which the Greeks pof- feffed, and their method of accounting for thofe various phenomena of the ocean that have fmce occupied the attention of fcientific men, will in fome gree afcertain how little can be expelled from their hiflory, towards elucidating the progrefs of ancient maritime difcoveries. The writings of Herodotus J, as Major Rennell obferves, contain the earUeft known Syftem of geography ; and from his hiftory " it ipay be inferred, that the Greeks knew but little concerning the Weftern parts of Europe, befides the mere fea coaft; and although Herodotus feems to entertain no doubt of the exiftence of a North- ern Ottan, he confefles his ignorance, whether, or not, Europe was bounded on • Odyff. L. M. V. 39. f Melpomene, c. 103. X Geography of Herodotus, Preliminary Oi/ervationt. . ., '.^ 4 . ^' ^ ( cvli ) SECT. III. Po>i. on the north and eaft by the Ocean. . . .The Britijh IJlands he knew in part, as being the place from whence the Pheniciam, and from them the Greeks* had their tin. . . .As a man of fctence he ranks very low indeed, as is too con. introduAion. fpicuous in feveral parts of his work. Such is his ignorance of the exiftence of Snow in elevated fituations in warm cUmates; (Euterpe^ ^2.) his belief that the Sun was vertical in India before mid«day ; {Tba/ia, 104.) and his very unphilofophical way of accounting for the fwelling of the Nile; in which he talks of the fun's being driven out of his courfe ; (£«/^/^, 24.) It appears alfo, that he did not believe that the Earth was of a globular form ;'* (Melpomene, 36.) I cannot but think it exceedingly ridiculous to bear fame men talk of the Circumference of the earth, pretending, without the fmalleji reafon w probabirtty, that the Ocean encompajes tlje Earth ; that the Earth is round, Os if mechanically formed fo ; and that AJia is equal to Euripe. His great error confided in not perceiving how infeparably hydrography and q/lronomy are united ; and that the former can only be eftablilhed on found principles from obfervations made by thpfe, who have attained a (kill in the latter. It was this that rendered the Voyages of the Phenicians of fo little fervice. Hipparchits, the great aftronomer o( the fcbool of Alex* andria, who lived near four hundred years before Ptolemy, is * generally elteemed the fird by whom aftrooomy W9sreduce4 to a fydem, and he applied it to corre£t his geogr^hical refearches ; his own words may be cited from iStrabo : For wejhould not know, whether Alexandria in EgypU l/^y north orfouth ^Babylon, nor bow far they were afunder, was it not for our knowledge ofcli- mates. Nor would any one know, with certainty, whether places lie faji or weH of each other i, unlefs by comparing together eclipfes of the fun and moon. But as Dr. Robertfon f obferves, this method of fixing the pofition of places, in- vented by Hipparchus^ though known to the geographers between ^i» time and that of Ptolemy, and mentioned both by Strabo and Pliny, was not em* ployed by them. The prejudices of Strabo and his countrymen, are thus recorded by himfelf. A geographer is to pay no attention to what is out of the iorth ; nor will men engaged in /ondu^ing the affairs of that part of the earth \ which • The merit and labours of Hlpparchus are confidered by M. Goflellin, {Recltrches fur Ja Gea. da Ancient, vol. t. p. i. and Geo. dt Grecs, p. Ji.) Hipparchus was born at Nice in Bithynia. He difcovered the precifion of the equinoxes; and iuvented inllruments by which the refpeftive magnitudes, and places of the ftars could be aicertaiued : his 6rft obfervations were made in the IJle i(f Rhodes, This plalofopher compofed mauy works, but the only one extant is his Commeatai-y upon Aratiu't Phenomena, f Ancient India, (p« ^o.) - , 9 2 ( ctHi ) 6 V. C T. wbiab is inbabittd, dt<">s: tbt diftinilim and JMJions of tlifparchus vierthy of *"• •notict. r^^^ Mbdithrrahban wu the firft and principal divirion of tlie ocean tfiat occupied ihe attention or exercifed the (kill oiP the Greeks ; but like the inhabit- ants of other nations by whom it was alfo frequented, the former were unable to afcertain its extent. M. Gcffillin f is of opinion, that the particular Jiflances given by Erat0benesy can only be confidered as the refult of the errors of its different navigators. Great as were the acquirements oi HipparchtiSj who came after Eratofthenes, his ideas refpeAing the other divifions of the Ocean were extretrely vague and confufed : he imagined that it was feparated by extenfive idhmus's, which formed, as X M. GolTellin e^tpreiTes it, de granJ^ haffins ifoles Us um det autres ; and this idea prevailed in the fchool of Alexandria^ even to the time of Ptolemy. — It is probable the Greeks derived from Alia an opinion, fupported in the time of Strabo, that the fea flurted the earth in parts adjacent to the equator, and that under it no land exifted. Eratq^benes therefore called the eqftem^ or foutb-eqfiern ocean, the Atlantit ; fince he imagined it was a part of tiiat Tea which thus formed a boundary at the equator, and flowed without interruption into the ocean to the weil of Iberia. The fame philofopher, and many of his fucceflbrs j believed the Caf^ian to be a gulf in the Scythic or northern ocean ; an idea which it is % imagined was firft introduced by the Greeks, who accompanied ^/rxtfiu^ in his expedition. The ignorance of that nation refpefling the polar feas, is evident from a remark made by Larcher in his tranflation of Herodotus. This hiftorian had | declared that the Cimmerian Bofphorus, and adjacent fea, were frozen over during eight months of the year ; but his countrymen would not believe it, and were confident that the fait water of the ocean was never congealed : they accordingly rejeded this obfervation of their countryman as fabulous. The celebrated Cape St. THncent, near which the marithne fchool of 5^. gres was afterward^ eflablifhed by the illuftrious Duke of Vifeo, was early diftinguilhed a» the pronuntoriumfacrum of the ancients, at the fouth comer of their Sinus Gaditanus. Parallels of latitude were firft drawn by Eratos- thenut who lived 223 years before the Chriftian sera} the meridians of lon- gitude * Lib. ti., 194. C: (cited by Dr. Rehertfon.) + Geo. des Grecs, p. 45. M. Cbabert was emplbjed by the French Miniftry to take an aAual Survey of the Coaftsofthe Mediterranean; and fome account of his labours ap- peared in the 45 torn, of the H'iftoire de PjtcadmU de Scitneu for 1767. % IKd. p. 5t. 131. $ Ibid. p. 31. II Mtlptmme, c. 38. ( clx ) gliude were a fubfequent invention, that foon fucceeded the former : and it is S E C 1\ ofSa. as early comer EratoS' of lon- gitude III. a fingular fa£t, which M. GofTellin has recorded, that at the promontory of Gape St. Vincent, Eratojibenest Hipparchust Pojftdmim^ and Strabo^ began to c"L~^"S; reckon their longitude. The origin of Maps or Charts has been already mentioned } fome of the Ancient earlieft are noticed by * Herodotus, and other Greek writers ; but none prior ^»P^- to thofe formed to illudrate the geography of Ptolemy, have furvived. Anax- imander, a difciple of Tba/es, vrho lived 550 years before the Chriftian eera, is highly commended by Diogenes Laertius for having firfl difcovered the perimeter or circuit of the terraqueous globe; and to him the invention of geographical tables or maps is afcribed. Thofe publiihed by Ptolemy » about the middle of the fecond century, contained meridians and parallels by> which the fituation of places might be afcertained with greater accuracy }: but this geographer owns that hi» maps w^re copied, with fome improve- ments of his own, from thofe made by Marinus of Tyre. Ptolemy, however, as Varenius obferves in his excellent and comprdhenHve f Work, propofed in the lad chapter of his firft book of geography, a new method of conllruAing maps ; according to which, ihe equator and circles, of latitude ^ are alfo nrcbes of circles; and ihe meridians ^ arches of an ellipfis. The eye is fuppofed to be above the meridian, which is in the middle of the earth inhabited, and in the middle between the greatejl and leajl latitude known. Ptolemy, and the Arw bian geographers who fucceeded him, diftinguiihed the latitudes of places by the \climate they were in^ by which term they meant, according to Dr.- Hutton's- * Ter^ehore, 49. " During the reign of Cleomenes, Ariflagorat prince of Miletus, ar- rived at Sparta, with a Tablet of brafs, upon which was infcribed every known plirt ofthi kabilabk vorlJ, the Seas, and River*." t Entitled, a Complete Sjjlem of General Geography, orxgrniWywrittai in Latin by Bernari>' Varenius, M. D. a Dutch phyfician, and printed at AmAerdam in 1650. It was re- publiflied at Cambridge in 1672, with great improvements by Sir Ifaac Newton-, and af.- terwards in 171a by Dr. Jurin, at the requeft of Dr. Bentley, to whom this edition was de- dicated] It was then tranflated into Englilh by Mr. Dugdale, revifed and correfted by D. Shaw; and a fecond edition appeared in 1734. M. de Pulfieux tranflated it into' French, and printed his edition at Paris 175$^ in four vols. izmo. Varenliu alfo publiflied a curious Latin defcription of Jopan^ and the kingdom of Siam ; printed at Cambridge, 8vo. • 1763. This writer died in 1660. I The editor of Harris's Colleflion of Voyages has paid confiderabfc attention to this ■ • ancient mc^de of reprefenting countries. ( Introdu Aion, p. 4.) " The Ancients finding that this divifion of the furface of the Globe into five Zones, was too general ; and, as they - fuppofed feveral ofthefe to be uninhabitable, that it was fubjed to many iuconveuiencies, they , • ( « ) SECT. HttUon*% definition, ** a part of the Airface of the eatth, bounded by two lefler - Circlet parallel to the Equator \ and of fueh a breadth, ai that the longeft d^ ' they had recourfe to another inventioa^the moft ufeful in J«ed of anytbejr introduced into this Science I and this was their diftinguilhmg the world into Climates. The old Geographers reclconed bnt feren Climates, from the miftake they made in imagining only a fmall part of the earth to be inhabited ; bat the Moderns have correAed this error, and carried the diftance of Climates to its utmoft perfeAion. They reckon 14 between the equator and the arflic pplar circle ; from hence to the Pole they reckon but (\u each of which differs in the length of its longed days a ntonth. By this diRinAion into CRmatu, we have i\n . opportunity of looking round, and comparing the fevenil Countries of a like temperature at once : by it we are enabled to judge what commodities may Imi MpeAcd ia a neir-dif<* . covered land. Twenty-four Climates fr'om the Equator to the Polar Circle, I. This commences at the Equator, and ends in the latitude 8* jVt j/t Ui tnlrtmitf. lit dtiy ii-lv/tlve hnirt and an ba!f. Within this climate lie the Makttatf the MtJJivtt, Maigcca, Sumatra, and other fmaller iflands in the Ei^ tncHu. a. Extends from 8" 41' to l6» 43' : Tht hngejl day in this CUmati etm/iJIs of thirtien houn. 3. Reaches 16° 43' to 140 l t'l Tb* hngtjl ^ay htrt it thirtttn hmirt and an half. 4. Takes in from 24° 1 1' to 30" 47' 1 Th* longtft day n tldi Cbnat* itfmnieenheuru In it lies the famous Ifland of Qawuz '\a xltiA Ptrfian Gulpb, Ap>A the capiul, and a great part of the dominions of the Gre^t MoguU ^9tk*. in Ciinat Akt^qnt^ in Enpl, ^a4 the Canary IJlandt. ' . ' , . 5. Extends from 30 47' to 36' 30' : 7hehngt}{ dajfisfinrtienhmnaitdmt'aff. 6. Commences in 36" 30', and reachcst to 4 1 » aa' : Tht longejl daf htrt i* fifteen iturt, . 7. Reaches from 41° iz to 45° 29' : The longe/t day itfiftien hourt and an half, B. Extendsfrom 45'' 29' to 49* i': The iongeft dayisfixteenhoart. 9. Commences at 49^ »', and. ends at 51" 58': Tht hngefi dajfixteen hourt and an half. In this Climate lie London, Rouen$ jimitntt Prtgue, Franiforl, Cracoto, the fouthern Pro* vinces of Mufcovy, and both Tartariet. In North America, part of Canada, the Stragbtt of BtU-I/h, and fome of Ntmtfitmdkmdi 10. Beginning at. 51° 58', and reaching to 540 39': Thtlongefidayfevtntttnhnuri, II. Extends from 54? 29' to {6° 37' : ^h» longtfi day fiventetn hourt and an half. 14. Begins from 56° 37', and raaohef to 58° a 6' : Tie hng^ day htrt it eighteen hourt. 1 3- Begins at 58* 26', anenty-thret htart. 23. Commences at 66° 10', and extends to 66<> 28': The longe/l day heing' twmty-ihree hours and an half. 24. Comprehends from 66° a8' to 66° 3 1 : The longe/l day it twenty-four hourt. Six Vorthem Climates, 1. Commences at 66° 31', and ends at 69° 48': The longtjl day con/ijlt of a tomplete month. In it lies Mufcovitt Lafiand. 2. Reaches from 69* 48' t6 73" 37'.: The longejl day It of tvto month, or Jixty-tiuo dayt eonthmanee. In this Climate lies Groenland. 3. Begins at 73° 37', and extendi to 78° 30' : Tie day it three monlht complete. 4. Comprehends from 78* 30' to 84° 5' : The kngefl day in thit Crtmate taiet in four montht, J. Extends from 84° 5' to the very Pole ; The longefl day here con/iftt of Jive montht, or one hundredjifty-five dayt compleat. 6. Immediately under the North Pole, vohert there it fin months day, and fin montht night. See alfo the Tables of CBmatet in Fareniut't Geography, (yol. ii. c. 25. prop. 13.). • The different, and incorreft ideas which the ancients poffefled of the figure of the earth are thus detailed by the learned editor of Harris's Voyages; (vol. i. {eii. 1.) *« Thalbs the father of the Greek philofophy believed, that it floated tipon the water like a Bov^l } andjftutteimanderxtovid have it, that it rcfembled a Column or Stone Pillar ; Democritut, otherwife a very greJit man, thought it hollow like a Difti ; and Jnaximtnes taught, that it was flat, like a Table, and fuflained by the inferior air. Leucipput defcribed it as approaching nearell the figure of a Drum. In fucceeding times LaSantiut and ^u- ■gufiine, thought the earth infinitely extended downwards, grounding this notion upon the Scriptures, or rather feeking afTiftance from them, in fupport of their opinion. It is moll evident from this diverfity of fentiments, that they could draw no juft conclufion, cither as to the parts of it that \cere then undifcovered, or of the means of difcoveriug them." . . , . ; ; . .. fi-ECT. The knowledge which the Greeks 9cquir«d ofTiofs, is examined bj "^- Mr, • Cf/lard. The firft mention of them is afligned by Strabo to Horner^ Phenome. when defcribing C/^d/^^dEu in the f Odyfley } aonofTidci. « For thrice ea^h day it ilfett thrice retires." :Marit!ine .-i>tate!>. Herodatiu was the next Grecian^by whom the tide was noticed; who,in Tpeak* ing of the Red Sea, fays, there is a flux and reflux of water in it every \ day, Diodorus Siculus % defcribes it to be a great and rapid tide. In the Euripus^ the Streight between Euboea and Boeotia, the fea was obferred by the ancients to ebb and flow feven times in the day, and as often in the night, and this with fuch violence, as would, according to Strabo and Mp/a, arreft a veflel in full fail : it is believed that Arjfiotle deftroyed bimfelf, becaufe he could not explain the can fe. The 6rft perfon among the Greeks who knew more than the mere pheno- menon of tides, was Pytheas of Marfeilles. This philofopher lived about the time of Alexander the Great, and had ibme idea of the influence of the moon in this Tefped. But his obfervations in general were ftrangely erro- neous, particularly when he i| declared, that after having pafled the Streight of Gades, and being arrived oflF i\it /acred Cape^ (St. Vincent) the flux and reflux of the fea could not be perceived. M. \ Goflellin is therefore inclined to think that Pytheas had difcovered fome ancient documents, which he mutilated in order to conceal their author; and that thefe defiderata could only be the counterpart of others which Eratoflhenes confufed and ahered. -.v.ty'* The principal Maritime States of ancient Greece, were Ck>RiNTH, Atheyts, and Rhodes. The advantageous fituation of the (irft, near the fouth-wefl: point of the ijlhmus^ made it an intermediate Mart between the north and fouth * of Greece ; whilft its two ports, the one on the Saronict and the other on the Corinthian Gulf, attracted all the Commerce both of the eall and weft. Syracufe and Corcyra were only Corinthian colonies, which for a long time increafed the riches; and power of the parent ftate. The pre-eminence of the mother country was celebrated by Pindar : " Lot •• Hiftory of Aftroromy, p. 336. X Page 91. edit. Gronov. ^ Geo. de Grecs. p. 50. i P. i7»- f Lib. xii. ver. 105. II Strab. lib. iii. p. 148. ( cxiii ) ( , «• Let my layi The fame of happy Corinth bear afar | Wliich ,u » gate to Neptune'i Ifthmui (landst Proud of licr blooming youih, and manly bands." SECT. III. __ IntroduAlon. CfKISH i'liudt. Pye't Qlym. xiii. Though Eufebius, and Africanus, prefent a catalogue of feventeen na- tions among the ancienta who held the dominion of the fea, it may afford a lefs confufed idea of the fubjeft, to follow this authority of Pindar^ which it fupported by Thucydides • ; " The Corinthians are faid to have been the firll, who, by varying the make of their Ships, brought them to that model Which, adds the hidorian, is now in ufe j and Corinth to be the fird place of Greece where triremes were built. It is a known faft, that Aininocks, a fhip-carpenter from Corinth, built four (hips for the Samians : Now, from the arrival oi Aminecles at Samos to the conclufion oiKhewar which is now my fubje£b, there pafTcd at mod but 300 years. The oldell fea-fight we know any thing of, was that of the Corinthians againd the Corcv- REANS : but the diftance between that and the fame period is not more than a6o. For the city of the Corinthians, being feated on the ifthnius, hath ever been a place of trade, as formerly the Greciam both within and without PehponnefuSf more accuftomed to land than fea, could have no traffic with one another -without pafling through their territory. They were alfo re- markable for wealth, as clearly appeareth from the ancient poets, who have given that city the epithet of rich : and, when once Navigation was pra£Ufed in Greece, they lod no time in their own equipments ; they cleared the Tea of pirates ; and, opening their town as a Public Mart both by land and fea, made Corinth powerful by the increafe of Its revenue. The Ionians had no Naval force till a long time after this, in the reign of Cyrus firfl king of the Perfians and his fon Cambyfes : and waging var with Cyrus, they were for a time mafters of the Tea which lieth upon their own Coads. Polycrates alfo, who was tyrant of Samos in the reign of Cambyfes, having a powerful Navy fubdued many of the Iflands, and among the reft Rhenea, which as foon as conquered he confecrated to Delian Apollo. The Phoceans alfo, when planting their colony at Marfeilies, had a fuccefsful engagement at fea againft the Cartbaginianu " Thefe vol.. I. * Smith's Tranflatlon. (book i. p. 13.} • V StCT. III. Athens. 1 ' ( cxiv ) " Thefe were the mod remarkable equipments of a Naval force ; and thefe, though beyond conteft many generation! later than the war of Troy, had a very fmall number of triremes^ but confided chieBy of vefleU of fitty oart and Barges of the more ancient model. And it was but a little while before the Median war and the death of Darius ^ who fucceeded Cambyfet in the kingdom of Perfia, that the tyrants of Sicily and the Corcyreatu became mailers of any conflderable number of triremts : for thefe lad were the only inftances of a Naval (Irength in Greece, before the invafion of it by Xerxes^ that deferve particular attention." Cecropia, the ancient capital oi Attica ^ was built on a rock about three miles from the fea-fliore ; and as it gradually reached the zenith of maritime power, under the more celebrated name oi Athens^ its three harbours, * FirauSf Munyclxia^ and Phalerum^ difplayed the commerce and enterprife of a volatile nation, which at length became a prey to its own intolerable levity and caprice. Mr. Maurice is of f opinion that the ruin of the elder Tyre by Nebuchad< nezzar firft called forth the maritime ambition of this republic, whild the final deftruAion of Tyre^ and Carthage^ threw the whole commerce of the Mediterranean into the hands of the Athenians. ** Their progrefs, however, in Navigation was heceflarily flow, from the infant (late of aftronomical fcience among them : they only (leered the Courfe of their VelTels by the Stars in Urfa Major^ a moft uncertain guide in remote and hazardous Voy. ages ; fmce that conftellation very impcrfedly points out the Pole ; and the Stars in its extremities are at the didance of above forty degrees from it. It was not till Thales^ the inventor, according to the Greeks, of the aderifm of the Lejfer Bear^ whofe prior name was % Pbanicey had returned from Egfptt that they became acquainted with, and were able to fail by, the uner- ring light of the Pole Stax. . . . The Athenians were not without rivals in the conted • The bed account of the antiquities of this Harbour is given in a Traft by Mturfiui% called PiHXUS. Lord Sandwich, in bis Voyage round the Mediterranean, defcribes its modem ftate. It ii now called Pwlo Leone. Mr. Gilion i>blerves, in a note, (vol. ii. ed. 8vo. p. a57.) " the arfenal in the port of Plneus coft the Republic two hundred and fixteen thoufand pounds ; and whilft the jithenjunt maintained the Empire of the Sea, their fleet conftfted of three, and afterwards of lour hundred Gallies of three ranks efOars, all completely erjuipped and ready for immediate Service." -{- Diflertatinn on the Ancient Commerce with the Br'ui/h IJlands. (Indian Antiquities, vol. vi. p. 398.) t Ibid. p. 256. ^ . fr \ ( «v ) and conttH for Maritime dominion ; the indf faiigable race of Jigina, and the SEC T. voluptuous, yet mercantile fons of Ctrinlh^ long combated their claim to that enviable diflin^ion ; till, at length, the former being fubdued by the Introduftion. Athtnian arms direfted againft them by the immortal Pericles, and the latter having called ia the lame power to aid them againd the Spartan, army, vrhich, under the command of AgcJilauSf had laid fiege to their fumptuous metropolis, the Athenians became triumphant on the Ocean ; and, clofely purfuing the tradt of the Phanician Veflels, difplayed the banners of Greece on the (horcs of the Cajlteridet, and in the gulph of Cambay. . . , Iiifurance as well as * fpeculation, frequently ran as high on the Exchange at /Athens, as ever they have been known on that of Lont/on.— Whatever might be their ambition to rival the Tyriant and Cartbaginianst they were compelled iu general both to employ veflels of jefs magnitude, and load them with car- goes lefs valuable than thofe nations ; though in their more diflant voyages to India and Britain, they mud of neceflity have made ufe of larger velTels. An account which we have in Xenophon, in his Oeconomicat of a Phanician merchant- VelTel, then in the Port of Piraus, in which the dimenfions of that Veflfel are compared with thofe of Greece, is an unanfwerable confirmation ~ of thisflatement."-Their exports confided of a great variety of rich wines ; of the pureft Oil ; the valued Honey and Wax of Mount Hymettus \ the in- imitable produflions in ftatuary, painting, metallurgy, and every branch of . . Mechanic Science : and, finally, the rich filver mines with which Attica was llored, afforded her the abundant means of carrying on an extenfive traffic in . that precious metal with lndia."''Ftom India, their veflels, in return for the Silver of Suniumt and the Copper of Colonos, of which their admirable works in bronze were fabricated, brought the precious Gems and Spiceries native to the Peninfula ; the fine and delicate Muflins which the ancients called Sin- dones \ and the Sugar, Indigo and dyed Cottons brought down the Indus to Pattala. From Perfta and Arabia they imported Brocades, Carpets, and various rich Drugs, Perfumes, and Cofmetics. . . . The Nautical Genius of the Athenians arrived to an adonifliing height of fplendour, which they en- joyed for nearly 300 years.'* Among the important commercial events in ancient hi{lory,whichhave been Athenian. too much neglected for the more dazzling exploits of the military chara£ter» Commerce ^. on the £uz> we inc. r ... ., * Indian Antiquities, vol- vK p> 430. ( cxvi ) E C T. III. the important Trade which Athens eHablKhed on the * EuxinCt par. - ticularly merits our attention.— It waa this extenfive Commerce that fur* niflied feamen for the republic, and gave a new impulfe to the invention and ingenuity of their artifts. In tracing the Connexion of the Romany Saxon, and Englijh t Coins^ my grandfather has introduced fome interefting obferva. tioUK on this commerce. The Milejians J, a colony of the./f/i&m<7nj,werethc firft to open fo lucrative a branch of trade ; but their example was foon fol- lowed by the mother country and the other ftates of Greece; and from the variety of Grecian colonies, that in confequence fealed on the coaft, it received, according to Strabo, its name of the JCuxine or hofpitable fea. . The irfivjence which Athens enjoyed as the principal maritime power of Greece^ arofe from her taking a lead in this Commerce. Its Exports con. fifted of all forts of furniture, both for ufe, elegance, or improvement. The iroir works of Attica furniflied arms to the favage warriors of the north, and prepared the fcourge hereafter deftined to chaftife the arrogance of Im> perial Rome. A tade for literature was alfo introduced through the medium of * The Periplus of the Euxine, by Arrurn, would form a new field of gepgrapliical refcarch to Dr. Vincent, who has already paid fiich attention to this writer, in the Voy- age of Nearehus. The commerce of the Pcntus Euxlnut is confidered in a curfory mannci- .by Hurt, (p. 142.) who alfo mentions the filhery on the Euxine, for fturgeons, and the tunny-fiili. t Forming a CkjIJkal hifiory of ancient and modern Money. To reprefs my own opinion of its difiinguiihed author, and to jullify my infert'.on of the above remarks on the Euxine, I f}i:,Il content myfelf with giving the following crifis of our literary ceiifors on this comme1ci.1l publication. " We have lately had occafion, on account of Mr. Bijau:'s Diflertations, to affert the- honour of the prefent age, and of our owu Count 7 in particular, with regard to the exiftcnce among us of the profoundeft Literature. A frefli reafon for maintaining the fame claim is furniflied by the work now before us, which is as eminent as Mr. Bryant's for its great learning, though exerted and difplaye d in a different way. The fubjed which Mr. C/arfc has chofen promifes, upon the very face of it, much curious and difficult in- quiry ; but he has extended his views ftill farther thaa could at firft be expefted. Some of his Difquifitions might, indeed, on a hafty judgment, be thought to fly too far from liis main point ; but, when we take in the whole o!)je Ill- times foothe, or enlarge the mind, of the ambitious chieftains of Thrace. Introduftion. nil r L r- f n t r Grecian temtti,, 1 he Imports from the Euxine confiiied of corn, (kms, leather, honey, wax, falt-fifli, cavear, anchovies, ilaves, and, above all, timber and naval ftores. The Naval temple of Jupiter Urius, if it did not owe its exiftence to the Euxine trade, was indebted to it for many fplendid ornaments, and for the veneration in which it was held by mariners. The Euxine^ owing to the adjacent mountains, was always expofed to dangerous fqualls of wind; it was therefore at this temple (built near the mod dangerous pafs) that votive oiTerings were made, and probably fome inftrudions given relative to the nature of the coaft.— The * Turks, who lofe yearly olie Ship out of fifteen^ / in confequence of thefe fqualls, have called the Euxine, the Black or ftormy fea. From the Greeks it received the title of Pontus by way of eminence ; which feems to prove that they were acquainted with the Euxine, before they had explored the extent of the Mediterranean. The Athenians were fo jealous of this Trade, that Centinels were confl&ntly ftationed on a tower at Sejiusf * M. OUvler's Travels in the Ottoman empire, Egypt imd Perfia, (1801,) give the moft recent • account of \.\\^ Euxine, with u Chart oi the Bofphorut con^m&iA irom plans drawn by ordcv o( M. Je Cioi/eul : a part of it was alfo reftified from the obfervations of Citizen Mmmier, engineer. " The Current is fo ftrong, that the Channel in fome places, rathcf rcfembles a river than an arm of the fea : it is fcen to oppofe the progiefe of a Ship when the fouth wind blows but faintly. The dire(!lion of the coafts compels the waters to fet more towards thofe oi jifa, and to form on that fide a more rapid Cuirent; however, at the point of Arnaoud-keui, one is obliged to afccnd by tracking, by means of a rope vhich is thrown to fome failors who remain continually on the Ihore (p. 72.). The Turks having always oppofed a barrier to the navigation of the European powers on the Hlack Keaj it follows that the Charts pjblifiied to this day are very dcfciTtive. Citizen Bcauchamp, having been reijuefted by the National Inflituce to ilttenninei in a pre- cife manner, the true pofitinn of the Capes and principal Towns fituated on thut Sen, C')ula only procure from the Cattain-Pacha ; — We lave navigated on this Sea for a Img time pajl I we do not want to be belter acquainted with it, and all your ol/ervations would tend en/y to give a more exail knowledge of it to our enemies. However, by dint of felicitations, Ciii/cii Beauchamp obtained permilllon to travel as a Nattiraliil ; and it was under this title that he furveyed the Coaft as far as Trebifund. It refults from his Obfervations, that rlie Sou^h Coaft advances in fume places about a degree more towards the North ; that Capes AV- «n^ir and /neif^ are nearly in the 42', that the Gulf of Samfon is much deeper, and that Trebifond I'i^five or fix leagues more to the wcftward thap it is laid down on the Ch-iri*;." (p. 80.) - ~ (' civHi ) E CT. III. Greek Colo, ny of Miir- feilies. Rhodes. Se/hu, commanding a profpeft of the Hellefpont, in order to obferve the . number and force of the Ships that pafTcd. The Enxine Commerce at length pafled writh the liberties of Greece into the hands of the Romans ; when a confidcrable portion found a new Channel in the mart of AleX' andria. The attention paid by the Aiheniam to Dclus affords a memorable indance of their mercantile genius, which even induced them to render the appearances of religion fubferylent to an improvement of trade. Delus had long been confidered as facred and inviolable, when the Athema7is availed themfelves of this fuperdition, to edablifli there an Exchange for the whole world ; and though a Board of Trade was held at Athens^ they had alfo a ' Judge or fuperintendant at Delus ^ to hear and determine all maritime Caufes. Of the different maritime colonies which thie Greeks formed, the cele- ' brated one of Marseilles reminds us of the navigators Etithpienes and Pytbeusf who were both natives of that place. It was founded by a' colony of PhocaanSf and according to Solinus 600 years before the Chriftian sera. They afterwards made other fettlements on the coafts of Gault Italy, and Spain, and were among the earlieft of the navigators that ventured into the north Atlantic. Mr. Maurice condudls the Grecian veflels to the Stilly JJlands for tin, from the harbour of Marfeilles, about the period of Alexan- der the Great ; and it was in confequence of this traffic, that the Phenician term of Baratanac for Britain, was changed into the Grecian Cajjiterides* To Pytheus our country was known by the appellatbn of the Hyperborean IJles; The ifland of f Rhodes fuftained for a fliort period the title of Sovereign Lady of the Sea, which Strabo ailigns it ; but the Rhodians long merited their | hiftorian Simias's appellation of Sons of the Ocean. Their ihipwrights acquired an early fuperiority in their conftruflion of veifels ; and if the dock yards at Rhodes had been opened to foreigners, with the fame liberality thofe of our own country have been to Ruilia, from the reign of the Czar to theprefent houf} the improvement of naval architeflure ' would • Maui ice's Diflertation on Ancient Commerce, p. 435. f An excellent account of the iflands of Crete, Cypriu, and Rheict, and their antiqut* ties, was publHhed in a quarto volume by the learned Profeflbr J. Mturfm, at Amftef dam in 1673. X Rcloc's Herodotus, vol. ill. p. j6o, w. 118. * ■ ( c'ti'c ) would not have been cramped by maxims, Mrhich diftinguifli and dirgrace s E C.T. the annals of ancient hiftory. — The Marine Laws of Rhodes were the I^^* produd of a founder policy, and form the bafis on which thofe of Oleron Intioduaioii. were compofed : the remains of the former are preferved in two frag- ments by Peckhis in his Commentaries de Re * Nautica. The learned Selden in his Mare Clau/unit or TuL^ti/e on the Dominion of the Sea, pays a juft tribute to the wifdom contained in the' above fragments: " Of all the antient I^ords of the Sea the Rhodians are moft renowned ; chiefly in this refpefl, becaufe the Sea-Laws which were ufed and in full force and virtue in both the empires, were borrowed from them, and put into the T)igeft8 by Juftinian. * Saith the emperor Antoninus to Eudamon of Nicomedia, let Suits about Navigation be decided according to the law of the Rhodians* And by the Teftimonie of Conjiantinus Harmenopulusf a judge of Theffalonicay they are '. the moft antient of all Sea- Laws, that have not been Icjl, They were taken into ufe among the Romanes from the time of Tiberius, Their beginnings are placed about the reign of Jehofaphat : But the Rhodians are wholly omitted both by Marianus and t F/orentius." The principal antiquarians who have exerted their talents in an elucidatbn Greciaa of ancient nautical terms, and the manner in which they formerly conftrufted, S'^'Ps* rigged, and ornamented (hips, are iirft, Vegetius de re militari, who lived 386 years before the Chriftian xra, with the dictionaries or lexicons of Hcfychius and Suidas', to thefe fucceeded Scbeffer, who in 1659 publifhed a quarto treatife at Upfal, dc militia navali veterum ; to whom may be added the monuments publifhed by \ Ba^us, and the fplendid volumes oi Mont- faucon. Our learned antiquarian, Evelyn, in 1 674 printed fome remarks on the (hips of the ancients in a fmall treatife, entitled. Navigation and Commerce^ their original and progrefs ; but the fubjed is difcufled at greater length by Arbuthnot in his tables of ancient coins. General Melville an ingenious foreigner refident in this country, has perhaps formed if not the bcfl, at leaft • Should the reader \vifli to enter on a further confideration of this AibjcdT, he is refer- red, among other books, to ihe/econd/eaion of a valuable work on the lawt, eniitiances, and • • - injlitulions of the yidm'itaky of Grtat Britain, publiflied in two oft.ivo volumes, by Miller, 1746, and dedicated to the Duke of Bedford, then firlV Lord of the Board: wherein a diflertation is introduced on the Naval Injllutiont of the Ancients. f Page 59. Nedham's tranflation. X This w< rk, which is fcarce, is entitled, Laaari Bayifi aniwtalionts in 1.. IF. De Captivis, tt poftliminio reverjis : in quihs traUatur de 7( navali. luteti^t. ex ojicina R, Sliphani, 1549. 410. I : ( cxx ) SECT. 1«a(l a mod curious * model of a quinquireme : it is to be hoped To valuable III \ a fpecimen of his naval 'alents will be carefully preferved, and reprefented by an engraving fuitable to its merit. The lateft modern writer who has given this fubjeft the attention it deferves, is Mr. C/jarnock ; when in 1796, he publifhed a profpeflus of his very cxtenlive work on marine ar- chiteflure, which has not yet appeared. In this profpedus an abridged ac- count was giver of the Ancient galley^ and the following rational explanation of its different rates, or banks of oars, is cited from L'Efcalier. *' i. The Uniremes, we fuppofe to have been thofe Galleys or Vcffels, which had only one row of oars exrendiag between their marts, or, perhaps, the entire length of the veffeJ, like the modern Feluccas of Barbary ; and confequently required only one rank of rowers. 2. The Biremes had one tier of o?.rs be- tween their mails, and another abaft the main or principal maft. 3. The Triremes appeiiT to have been galleys of a rtill more formidable defcription than the preceding ; having one tier of oars extending between the mady, a fecond abaft the main-maft, and a third forward, near the prow or item, before the fore-mail. 4. The ^adriremes had their oars ranged like the Triremes^ with the difference of having two tier of oars, one above the other, abaft the main-mad. 5. The ^nnquiremes were alfo of the fame defcription, with the addition of a fecond tier of oars forward. 6. The OHoremes had two tier of oars in the midfhips, and three at the ftem and (lern, making in the whole eight. We cannot deny that fome veffels had three entire tier of oars." The t Grecians in the con(lru£lion of their veffels fought only to form a compact row-galley, and the helmet at the rhad-head denoted it to be a fliip of * An officer of high rank in the navy favoured me with the following brief defcrlp- tion of this fingular model, which the general has conftrufted in his court. " The higheft Itation afligned the rowers docs not require an Oar much lai-ger than the launch of a (hip of the line ; there is a rullocic and an hole for each oar. The projeAing fides, where the rowers are placed, are at an angle of 45 degrees from the plane of the deck of the vclFcI." •)■ The Greeks at prefent vary but little in their mode of navigating (hips, from their anceftors : the curious reader will find many ingenious remarks relative to rheir Mnrliime CharaSer, in a journey through Greeee, by M. de Guys of the academy of Marfeilles. *• Tlic Greeks are in fome nieafureieamen by nature. The Turkifli (hips are manned with them. They make ufe of the Compafs, but have no Charts to direcft them ; and are therefore obliged to truft to their knowledga of the Coafts for the fafety of their navigation. Of lourle they never ventilre far from land. The greatcft part of their Ships referable thofe of 1^ ( cxxi ) HI- Iiitrodudion. Orttitn tiTuxli, of war : their merchantmen were called olkadest and were ufually of a round S EOT form. The row boats, or galleys, were at firft without decks, with a moveable maft, and a fingle leathern fail ; and as hempen cordage was un- known, thongs of leather were employed for their rigging. The Greeks were long ftrangers to any ufe of anchors \ nor does that opinion feem cor- rect, which fupplies the early navigators with fome made of * ftone ; their prevailing cuftom being either to draw each veflfel afliore, or to moor them to large ftones, placed for that purpofe on the beach. It is more probable that the firft anchors were conftruded of hard wood, to which a confiderable quantity of lead was attached ; even afterwards when thofe of iron were in- troduced, the fmgle fluked anchor continued to be ufed : experience necef- farily fuggefted its prefent form, and gave to each veflel, as its fafeguard, one of larger dimenfions than the red ; which they ftyled the Sacred Anchor^ and never ufed but in times of imminent peril. In a Grecian fleet, the principal officers varied but little from the modern lift ; though naval and military duties were too much blended with each other* The commander of the troops appears to have preceded the admiral \ of which rank, the Greeks had ufually from one to three officers in a fquadron : yet fuch was the prejudice, or jealoufy of the times, that when an admiral had once difcharged the important duties of that illuftrious ftation, he was ever after- wards deemed by the Spartans incapable of occupying the fame rank. His title as Commander of a fleet was Dux prafeitufque Claffis. To the Admiral fucceeded ih.t captain (Navarchus)^ and then followed a pod of great honour and of the ancients, having but one mad, which is crofled with very long yards. They have alfo great f;^l$, and a high flat poop ; the prow projeAing lilce that of Thefeut' (hip, def- cribed in the paintings of the Hereulantum (torn. ii. pi. i49.)* You will frequently fee a Greek feated on the poop of his voRk (a Greek vefTel), failing on that beautiful canal the Black Sea, the coafts refounding with his lyre ; while a favourable wind, fwelling the fails, wafts him along the water with a pleaftng rapidity. No man can view this fcene without imagining he exifts in the fineft age of Greece. . . . Fifliery was the prelude, and, if I may be allowed the expredfion, the apprenticeihip of navigation. . . . Some filherman, accuftomed to coaft the Mtditerranean, was probably the firft perfon who pointed out to our anceftors the fpot on which they built the famous city of Marfiilles. M. Carry conjeiflur.s ( Fondation de Marfcilles, p. 59.) that the Phoclant, touching on that part of the coaft, difcovered a fiflierman to whom they threw a rope, in order to laftj their fliip to the fliore; and the two Greek words, which figuify /o/a^fn, a.ndj!fierman, gave, he thinks, the name of MnJJUia to the future city ; (/uowtew to faften, and «<^»eo,- -^Jiflurman.)," * Mitford's Hiftory of Greece, vol. i. p. 175. 8vo. ed. VOL. I. . & . If.? ■'•!'! y 1 -• 1 P I- la ' V ( cxxii ) SECT. And refpcofibiUty, tb* pilot {Gubernator), to whom the charge of the veflfel ^ and the difcipline of its crew were affigned. Under the Pilot was ap* pointed a fort of mate called ProrAt^ from his ftation at the prow ; he had tlie keeping of ftores for the flirp's rigging, and was allowed to diftribute places to the Rowers. Commanders of gallies, in addition to the above title of Navarcbus or eaptaitiy were ftyled Trierarchs ; and, when two were on board* oach commanded for fix months. This appellation of Trierarchs was alfo given to thofe cities, that in time of war were appointed to fit out gallies. The modern Boat/wain is difcovered in thofe duties which the Keltuftes of the Greeks performed ; he paflTed the word of command throughout the veiTel, and alfo aflifted in diftributing the (hip's allowance of provifions. The ap- pointments of Purfer and Secretary Mtere always united, as they fometimes are at prefent; and the fprightly notes of the drum and fife, by which the labour of the capflan-bars is at prefent fo much abated, was a delightful taik afHgned to the Grecian Trierauies, who ftood before the mall, and cheered his weary ihipmates with the exhilarating mufic of the Ca« naanites: Agalnft the Maft the tuneful Orpheus (lands, ]'lays to the weary'd Rowers, and commands The thought of toil away ! Statius, Theb. V. v. 343, WhiUl on board, the hardfliips which the Grecians endured, mud have been confiderable, from the fmaltnefs of their veflel, and the badnefs of its accommodations. The Rowers had only a wooden bench to repofe on, and even the fituation of their officers differed but little from the reft of the crew ; fince it was objeded againft Alcibiades^ as a mark of great effeminacy, that he was the fir ft Grecian who had ordered his bed to be flung, in order to break the motion of the veflel. The Crew was divided into rowers (Re- miges *), mariners (Nautae), and the foldiers or Marines^ who were ftyled Clajiarii. A (hip's complement rarely exceeded 200 ; the ufual pay of their feamen was three oboli a day ; and if we add thc/ourtby that was given by Cyrus at Lyfander's requeft, it would amount on the whole to nearly fixpence- halfpenny. This however was fometimes raifed to a dracbmot or about nine- pence. * Thefe were again fubdivided into the lower rank called Thalamls^ the middle Zugita, and the uppermoft Thranka. Thucydides adds that the latter were paid the bedi becaufe they worked an heavier oar. ( cxxiil ) pence, though Tome authors make it lefs } as when the Athenians fitted out a SECT. £«et againft Sicily. '"• In all ages the grateful piety of a devdut mind Teems to have exalted and Introduaion. confecrated the Naval Character. Before the Grecians failed they implored ^""'" "" " . the protedion of Heaven by prayer and facriRce, and in thefe duties the fur. rounding fpe6lators fervently joined. A Dovef that ftriking memorial of the Deluge, was then fet at liberty ; if // returned, the omen was deemed aufpicious. Every thing being prepared, the fignal was given during day by Trumpets, and at night by Torches. When in AAion, a gilded fhield or red banner, that was fufpended on board the yfdmiral, regulated the duration of an engagement ; and by its inclination to the right or left, their plan of attack was changed, or the direction of a retreat made known. The RtA duty of a Grecian officer on his return, was to offer a portion of honourable fpoil to the gods of his country : fometimes entire veflels were thus prefented ; for the Grecians, after their victory over the Perfians, at Salamis, dedicated * three Phenician triremes to their gods. The profeffional Character of Grecian feamen was influenced by the man. Naval Cha- ners of the different ftates to which they belonged; and it therefore fluftu- Q^^^sf **'* ated on an extenfive fcale, from the cold or forbidding policy of the Lacedamoniansy to the capricious yet captivating difpofition of the Athenians* The firfl: was too haughty and auftere to gain the hearts of thofe who ferved ; the other of too unequal a temper to fecure or reward the enterpriHng fpirit of thofe who commanded.— Even among the Atbemans, the naval charader bad not fufficiently emerged from the warehoufe of their merchants ; and at Lacedamon, where the higheft objeft of ambition was a command in the cavalry, ihat valuable nurfery fur feamen which the honourable avocations < of commerce furnifli, was purpofely neglcfted. The iron coinage of Sparta (hackled the fpeculation of its inhabitants ; and when Ljeurgus prohibited Navigation and Commerce throughout an extent of coaft that furniflied fo many excellent harbours, he proved how impoflible it was for a rigid rao» ralift to entertain a due conviction of thofe liberal principles, which are eiTen- * ' tial to the charafter of a legiilator. He allowed but of little intercourfe with foreigners } and never fufiered his countrymen to diveft themfelves - of • Herodotus, Urania, ch. 121 — In the Voyage du Jcune Anachar/is, a churt is inferted to illuftrate this celebrated Naval ailion. 1 ^ 'i'i ( cxxiv ) SECT. III. Naval Pre- judices of Pbto. Pericles on the Naval CharaAer. of national partialu'es, by aflbdatmg with thofe, to whom by the chance of war they were occafioually oppofed as enemies. Lacedamon therefore, like PruJfuMt could fm'nifli legions of foldiers, but bad not one able mariner to fend on board her fliips. The prejudices of Lycurgust ftrange as it may appear, darkened the com- prehenfive mind of Plato, who, in this refpe£t, difplayed a memorable in- ftance of the fallacy of human wifdom. Plato, as Dr. * Robertfon obferves, delivered it as his opinion, that in a well-regulated commonwealtb the ciiizcnt Jbwid net engage in Commerce ^ nor the State aim at obtaining maritime power. Commerce, be contends, would corrupt the purity of their morals, and by entering into the fea-fervice, they would be accujiomed to Jind pretexts for jujiifying con- duQfo inconfijient with what was nmnly and becoming, as would gradually relax theftriSnefs of military difcipline. It bad been better for the Athenians to h§ve continued to fend annually the fons of feven of their principal citizens to be de- voured by the Minotaur, than to have changed their ancient manners, and /a have become a maritime ^ power. Whilft opinions fo erroneous were encouraged by the iages of pbilofophy, it is aftoniihing that the Athenians, otherwife fo capricious, fliould fo long have perfevered in fuflaining a naval power. They were, however, bleflfed with mea of extraordinary genius ; and the brilliant talents of fuch ftateftnen as Pericles would more than counteraft the moft fpecious fophifms of clofet reafoners. Let us therefore hear the fentiments, which this Athenian delivered, on the neceflity of encouraging and fuflaining the Naval CharaAer of his countrymen^ for as the learned :|: tranflator of Thucydides remarks, "Perici-es is an Eng- lifliman both in heart and judgment. England hath adhered and will adhere to the leflbns which Athens neglected and iorgot.**— If rmly perfevere, Athenians^ in the fame opinion that I have ever avowed, to make no concejftons to the Lace^ damomans ; though at the fame time fen/ible, that men never execute a war with that warmth rffpirit through which they are at firfl impelled to undertake it but Jink in their ardor at difficulties mcreafe. . . . The Peloponneftans are a people, whofubjtft by their bodily labour, without wealth either in thepurfes of individuals, or in any public fund. Again, in wars of long continuance, or wars byfea, they are quite unprailifed ^ JincCy the boftilities irt which they have been. embroiled • Ati-'ent India, 8vo. ed. p. 366. ^ t Smith's Thucydides, vol. i. AtrotheioH, (p. 44.) and the ffiflory, book i. (p. iii.).^ ' '■!i***w fUtimtt*^,- SECT. III. ( cxxv ) embroiled with one another have beenjhort and t ran/tent, in confequence of their poverty. Such people can neither cotnpleatly man out a Fleets nor frequently march land armies abroad^ abandoning the care of their dome^ic concerns, even Introduflion. whiljifrom thefe they muji anfwer a large expence, and more than thisy are ex- ^'"""' ^"^'""' eluded the btnifit of the Sea jisfor any forts they can ereil within our territory, or their application to a Navy, it is beneath us to form any apprchcnfions from thence For, we are better qualified for Land Service by the experience we have gained in that efthe Sea, than they for fervice atfea, by their experience at Land. To learn the Naval Skill they will find to be by no means an eafy tafk. ' , Far even you, who have been in confiant exercife everfince the Perfian invajion, have not yet attained to a mafiery in thatfcienee. How thenfhall men, brought up to tillage andfiremprt to thefea, whofe praSlice farther will be ever inter' rupted by us, through the contimol annoyance which our larger r umber ofShip^ ping will give them, effed any point »f eclat ? Againfi fmall fquaf* -ens they might indeed befometimes adventurous, emboldening their want offkill by multiplying their numbers : But, when awed by fuperior force, they will of necejftty deft/i ; and fa, by practice interrupted the growth of their fkill will be checked, and in confequence of it their fears be irureafed. The Naval, like other Sciences, is the effeil of art. It cannot be learned by accident, nor ufefully exercifed at flarts ; or rather, there is nothing which fo much requireth an uninterrupted applica- tien We have Commanders Athenian born, and Seamen to jnan our fleets^ in larger numbers and of greater fkill than all the refi of Greece together, ... Of vast conslquence indeeo is the dominion of the Sea. But, confider it with attcntion.^ For, were we feated upon an IJland, which of us would be fttbdued with greater di^ulty The greatefi dangers are ever th: refource of the greatefl honours to Communities at well as individuals. It v:3s thus, that our fathers withflood the Medes, and rujhing to arms with rcfoiirces ' far inferior to ours, nay abandoning all their ftibflance, by refolution more than fortune, by courage mare than realjlrength, beat back the Barbarian, and ad- vanced this State to its prefent funmxit of grandeur. From them we ought not to^ degenerate, but by every effort within our ability avenge it en our fees, and de- liver it down to pojlerity, unblemifhed and unimpaired. In this manner, adds Thucydides, Pericles fpoke j and the Athenians, judging that what he ad- vifed was moil for their intereft, decreed in conformity to his exhortation. The theoretic vifions of Plato, fo adverfe to the naval charafter, were how- ever adopted by many philofophers, and among others by his Iludent Arijlotle, Yet they could not afie£t the enterprifing mind of his Macedonian pupil ;. , a. "'^" ♦^ • - and SECT. III. Grecian knowledge of India< ( cxxvi ) and it it Angular that a prince educated under the Stagyrite, (hould have decidedly made it the principal objed of a fliort life, to deftroy by real fa£ti» the delufive ideas, which hit preceptor encouraged refpeAing the pernicious confequences of * Commerce. Alexander^ by the force of his own reafon and difcerning judgment, a£led in oppofttion to the fatal fyftems which philofophy would have impofed } and thus laid the foi ndation of that extenfive mari. time trade by which fo many nations have fines been enriched. The earlieft Grecian writers who mention India^ previous to the Voyage tf Nearchusf were f Homert Herodotus^ and Ctefiat. Homer appears only to have known it under the name of Etiiiopia, and, as Dr. Vincent obferves, * when he conducts Neptune thither, he feems to place htm in the centre between two nations both black, but both perfe£lly diftinguiflied from each other ; and he adds, that they lived at the oppofite extremities of the world, Eaft and Weft.' Herodotus mentions the eaftern Ethiopians confidered as Indians^ and differing from thofe of Africa in their long hair, as oppofed to the woolly head of the Cafre. Ctesias the phyfidan of Artaxerxes Mnemon, at the diftance of rather more than 60 years from Herodotus, gives an account of IntUa, as preferved in the abridgement by Pbotius, which, when divcfted of foble, contains little more than a defcription of the cochineal plant. This writer was contemporary with TLenepbon, and preceded Alexander by nearly 70 years. The Greeks, therefore, for a long period had no correal know, ledge of India ; and, according to the curious Afiatic documents which the refearches of our countrymen have explored, the Indians had long pre* ceded the Creeks in their maritime or commercial character. The date which Sir William Jones ailigned to the Institutes of Menu, places this curious record of the ancient tranfadions of India, in about the twelfth century be- fore Chrift. The following article, lays % Mr. Maurice, decidedly proves, that 1200, if not 1500 years before Chrift, the Indians, not lefs than the Phaniciam, navigated the vaft Ocean : For a long %pajfage, the freight mujl be proportioned to places and time ; but this mtt/i be underjlood ofpqffages up rivers: Ax sea there can be no settled freight. But the fubfe- quent • jlri/iiilk, in his Treatife de RiptA. (Lib. vii. <:. 6.) ftates as tJke fubjea of argument, Whether a State rigbtlj tam/HtuteJJ^nU be eemmtrtial or naif + Dr. Vincent's Periplus, (p. 9. ii. 15.) '^tjoiift v. ? .' I Diflertation on Ancient Commerce, (p. 360. vol. vi. Ind, jinttqtutia.). j. ^^[\ j ^ ( ^ /iifiilutei,p, 241. ( cxxvii ) quent extra£k is ftill more curioui. Whatevtr * intirf/f, or price of the r{^, SEC T. flmll be fettled between the fortieth by men well AcqirAiNTED with sea ^^'' VOYAOBti, er joumits by land, with timet and with places ; fucb inter^ Jhalt Introduaiou. have legal force. In another paflage we find, that the ancient Indians not only pofleffed the art of obtaining Sugar from the cane, but were alfo able to extrad a Spirit from melajfes refembling rum, and another from rice re> ' fembling arrack \ and thefe doubtlefs reached the didant regions of Greece, through the medium of the Phoenician commerce : Inebriating f liquor may be tonfidered at of three principal forts ;• that extradedfrom dregs offugar, that ex»- traced from bruifed rice, and that extrailed from the flowers of the madhuca. That connection between Greece and India, which the daring mind of Macedontnn Alexander attempted and opened, has been mod ably elucidated by Dr. ^'f<=°vcrie>. Vincent ', and as his valuable \ work is unavoidably intermixed with many learned digreflions, it may poflibly be rendered more known, and fought after by profejftonal men, if I avail myfelf of his liberal permifllon to make ufe of it in any manner that may promote the object which the prefent vo- lume has in view. A fliort Abstract is therefore fubjoined, in order to give the reader a more correal idea of the Voyage of Near chut than what is generally referred to, in the ColleAion of Voyages by Harrit, improved by Dr. Campbell.— TYit narrative of this Voyage from the hdut to the Euphrates has * Infiitutet, p. 310. t UiJ' p> 3>o. % Entituled, The Voyage tfNearcbtu from the JnJui to tie Euphrates, colleAed from the Okioinal Jovknal preferved by Ahrian, and illudrated by authorities ancient and mo. dcrn; containing an account of the Firft Navigation attempted by Europeans in the Indian Oct AH. To which are added, Three Differtatiotu s Two on the jfcronythal rj/fng 9/ the Pleiadei, by Dr. Uorfry, Bilhop of Rocheller, and by Mr. William Walei j and one by Mr. de la Rethette on the firft mer'ttRan of Ptolemy, (4to.) with five maps and charts, 1797. {$yo pages.) The Voyage ofNearchut had been previoufly confidered in a general manner by Rama/lo, jthUutcourt, and Rook; and more particularly by Campbell in his improved p-li- tionot Harris's Voyages. An abridged e::traft is alfo given by i'urfia/. It was too haftily condemned as fpurious by DoJwell, who followed Strabo and Pliny in this refpeft ; its vc racity bad alfo been impeached by Hardouiu and Huet. — The fupporters of its authenticity are Salmafus, who points out the errors of Pliny ; UJher, Sainte Crein who particularly anfwers Dodivell; Gofftllin, D'Auville, and Dr. Vineent who gives the following decided opinion, (p. 64.) " The circumftantial detail of minute fafts, the delineation of the coaft with the fame features it bears at prefent, the defcription of manners, cuftoms, and habits, all charafteriftic of the natives ; the peculiarity of the climate, feafons, winds» and natural produdions, all befpeak a knowledge which could have been obtained from aduat infpeAion only •, and all prefent a Work which ArJiphanes, Euemerut, Jamiu/ut, EtUhymauet^ vbA all the f>>rgers of antiquity could not have put together.** s^. ^^^. ^.V^c IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 11.25 128 ■50 -B4 ■ 2.2 1^ U IIIIII.6 ^^^^A^"" /; Photographic Sciences Corporation \ #^v ^ N? :\ \ '>.V 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. M580 (716) 873-4503 SECT. Ifl. ( cj^mm ) has been prercrved hf Arriant uid hi? pti^fitflct t»g^Teut extlvft froM tliie JoarDa! otNeartbus % wbofii repoft* M. w^ u UuU ol QnsiferlM* the ptl«t, • is ftilt extant ia the #ritingt .of StnAK*, £KQ4o»m» and * PUny. Arrkm dt- ctam that he had read vith great s^cntipf th9 yif0i\»i>iOnffitrih(i and Jkfi- g^bmest u well as that of /f<^Mn, and was by him: made governor of Cappadocia, He is alfo faid to have been preceptor to the famous philofophA and emperor Mafcus Antoninus. The Duiian fii^ij, of Arrian was long fup- pofed to have been loft, with fome of bis other works ; until at length it was difcovered, that this treatife exifted under the fuff>o&d title of the eighth book of the § Life of Alexander. Arrian fo entirely kHp^wtd Xfnof&on as his model, that he was called, ayS'^n^ Xentflm ; and u the Akabasis » the iineft m///tory narrative that has defcoided to ns from the ancients, we are fortu^ nate in alfo ppflelBAg, through the induftry (^Arrian, and tbe eluddat«Mi of Campbell and Dr. Vincent, an accurate accoimt of the moftimpottaat naval expedition which the Greeks ever accompliflied for the purpofes of maritime difcovery. The author of the Periplus of the Erythrean fea, has been often confounded with Arrian of Nicomdia ; but Dt. Vincent is of opinion, that \t Arrian be the real name of the former writer, be mud have preceded the dj/cipU efEpi^etiu by little lefr than a century. Nearchus was the fon of Androtimus a Cretan, and early, in life vris en- rolled a citizen of Ampbipelis, on the fntxStrymm, one of the moft confider. able places in Macedonia ; where he probably gained fome experience in the Naval profeflion. When Ampbipolu was taken from the Athenians by Philip, Nearcbus was recdved at the Macedonian court, and attached himfelf • Dr. Vincent'i Nearchui, p. 13. t Vol. vii. p. ^fj. X Harris's Voyages, vol. i. p. 407. j Printed at 1.9^, in folio, 1704* At.«/ig/!!miMi,in 8vo. 166S. /(»£ cum notis Va- riorum, 8vo. 1757. There have been four Latin tranflations. Leo of Modena alfo pub- liflied One in Italian at Venice, (554: CUut£us A Flvart one in French at Paris in 1581 1 lyMlmtmrt gave a fecond, which has been thrice reprUited. An Engliih trandation was publiflied by JImIt in * vols. 8vo. with notes, 17x9. ^^ x^^ -^ i^. ( osxix ) to the fortune of Alexander. The former was aftermrdt baniflied on account SECT, of fome family diflenfioni, but was recalled to «ftjft]r the iMmoun he me- "^- rited on the acceffion of the young monarch. Jtftcf^lliedi^iaf Alexander, Intioduaion. Nettrebut was made governor of Lyckt voA Fa^flfyllmmiiMawtd the °"''"''^'' adherents of *Antigonus. Profelfional ikin, eft«Bi|tii% aadpHfeverance, are all equally vifible in the fubfe<)uent Voyage. = v When Alexandbr had gained his two dedfiv* iridaiiev over Darhu at ' Ifus and ^rbela, and had fitcked the city of f Tyre afi^ an obftinate reflft. ance, which oppded his valour during the courfe of feven months, he re. ceived the fubmtffion of Egypt ; and having given orders to the architeft Dinocrates for building the celebrated city of \ Alexandria, he direded his darmg • Vincent'* Nuarchutt p. 457. f The date of thefe Events appears toliaTe been, ). Battle at Ijffiu in Cilicia, 33} yean before the Chriftian cra< 3. Tyre and Egypt conquered by Alexander daring the fnbfeqnent year, 33s B. C. 3. Battle of JrUa, or rather, according to Arrian and Platarcb, of Gtmgamla near the above town, dnring the enfuing year, 331 B. C. /- A Diflerutioa on the birth of Alexander ii given in tlie work of Banm A Stuntt Croix (p. $*!•)' Nor hai this event been aegleAed in Dr. Vincent's volume. * According to ' / .» Plutarch, Alexande>- was bom in the firft year of the hundred and fixth Olympiad, on the h fixth day of ir«raton&iM, anfwering to the Macedonian month jLmw. This, according - to (^br, was on the 34th of September, but by Dodndl is made the 36th of July, 356 . years before the Chriftian era. AkxanJer Aicceeded to the throne in the year 536 B. C., and, as Uflier thinks, on the 34th of September.' (p. 31.) % The motives of Ataumitr for building this celebrated *mp»rium of Commerce are de- tailed in an interefting manner by Mr. Maurice (Hift. of Hindoftan, vol. ii. p. 590.}.— *' It was the refult of an accurate Survey on that part of the Coaft, and of thr advanta- geous fituation it afforded for eftabliflimg there an emporium for the commerce of the whole world, brated City, which, for ugbteen cenhiritt, continued the Glory of the Eaft, and, from its opulence, was denominated tbt GeUm, Alexander himfelf projefted the magnificent plan, and marked the extenfive boundaries. It is faid to have originally refemUed, in form, a . . ^ Maademm mamb, having one vail ftreet a hundred feet in breadth, and no lefs than five ' ' miles in length ; open through its whole extent to the falubrious Si*/!m breeses blowing from the MtJkerrmutm that bounded it on the north, while the great lake MarMit con- ftituted its fouthem limit Its excellent Poar he caufed to be deanfed and deepened, but it was referved for his fucceiTors, the Pttbmiet, to add the ftupendous mote that joined jtbMMdria to the Ifle of Pbaret, and divided the fpacious Harbour into two, as well as inat majeftic PwAaos itielf, creAed entirely of white marble* which, for beauty and gran- Voi. 1. . . > deur. ( ' cxxx ) SECT, daring mi^d, to new objects. From thit time Alexihder feemi only to III. have confidered Conqacft as the means by which an eAteniiTAfyftem of com- merce might be formed. His conduA at Babyhn difpiayed a zeal for litera. ture, and proved that even in the mod (^lendid moments of a military career, the Tafte which h» had ;mbibed from Jtriftttk was not inadive, or fubducd by the din of arms. Under the! immedbte fandUoa of AltKontUr, a feardi was diligently ihade fur the Aftronomical Obfervatioils of the CbaUaan priefts at the obfervatory of Belus ; thefe curious documents which, accordug to Porpiiyry, were afterwards fent by Califihenes to Arift^jth, firft * opened to the Greeh an acquaintance with ItidUt beyond the Euphrates, and laid the foundation of our prefent knowledge of that country. laftead thoe- ibre of being regarded as what t Warburton ftyles, ** that moral plague, an Hero or a Conqueror," Alexander in purfuit of this objeA deferved the praife which the Bramn Mandanh beftowed, Tou are the only man whom I tverjcund curicut in tie inv^igatieh ofpbil^epln, at the bead rfan \ armj, Tht five rivers of the Panje-abt commencing from the weft, which 611 into the Imdos, are the Hydif/pes or Gheluro, the Akefinst or Chca-ab, the HydrMtet or Ravee, the Hypbqfis at Biah, and the Saranget or Satludj. The progrefs of the Mac(!doiiiaa Svnsa was arrefted at the Hyphajit by the refra^ry dew, had BO rtt«lj uid wu jnftly enmnerated among the wonders of the ancient world. lu Ibperb Palace, iu famous Mufeam, its vaft Gymnafium, iu noble Library, though not aJl the immediate work of AUmmtJtrt but probably exa^y finiflied by Pttlny Lagui according to the plan of his fovereign, his friend, and his brother i all combined to render Alexandria a Lifting monuttient of the towering genius of its founder, while it exhibited indubitable ulUmony of the grand Commercial Deflgns, which he had thus early fbnned, but which unfortunately he lived not to mature." * Maurice's Hiftory of Hindoftan, toI. ii. p.. 54. 17a. 601. t Vol. i. 4to. ed. p. 344* t Strabo (p. 7 1; .) cited by Dn Vincent. f Th« reader is rcfencd for an excelloit narratiye of the miBtary career of jKtiHudWt to Mr. Maurice's Hiftory of Hindoftan (vol. ii. p. j7s.). /ragfiM tf tte ta/kn hmi rf tie Imko (p. 634.). Rtfi/al •fthi Maaimmm topafi tit HjpiqfU (p. 658.) Fuji difattmt tftkFkttip. 668.). " Taking his ftation confpicnotafly on the Prow of his Ship, the King then poured out libations from a golden goblet, and folemnly invocated the three great Rivers, the HjdaJ^t the Jt^nut, and the RnJh, down whofe Streams he was fuc- ceffivcly to defcend to the Oeumi HtraJtt alfo, and JtpUer H ammm, he endeavoured to fender propitioas by renewed facrifice. Immediately aAer, all the trumpets foandinf, which was the appointed Signal, the Fleet unmoored, and under the guidance of thoft ttperitneed Mariners who affifled in its fabrication, glided leifurely and raafeftically dow» the tnaqoillized cnrreau" (dnia»t Ei. vi. ttip 4. CwWitf, U. ix. a^, 4 J ( exxxi ) refiaftory fpirit of the Ibldien, who refufed to advance any further. Alex-> s C C T.- ander therefore returned to the Hyda/^tf and having vanquiflied Porta, the ^^^' Macedonian fleet, chiefly felefted fron> the innumerable veflels employed in Introduaion. th^ commerce of the Indus* left Nicsea which is fituated on a bend of the Hy- ^"""' d0es, on the * 33d of October, 337 years before the Chriftbn sera. The< commanders of gallies, whc^e names are g^ven, amquuted to tbirty.threet ; their crews confided of PhenieUms, Egypiiam, Cypriam, and Imiaru ; and' the number of veflels employed, from the galley to the tender, has been- eftimated at aooo t* of uhich 800 were Ships of war. Alexander's navigation of the Indus was attended with confiderable danger } and the rapid eddies of its ftream, where the Hyda^s and Akejinei form a jundion, had nearly proved £ttal to this monarch. / Wbilt they were' fiUl at fame difiatue, lays % Anian, upon bearing the noi/e and dafliif^ of the watertt the Rowtri r^ed on tbeir oart, tbe Modulators were fiknt^ with- q/ior^mfnt I but at tbe Stream carried tbem nearer, tbe commanders recalled, both to their duty, md direQed them to exert their xtimoft Jirenph, that the* nt^els might nit be cat^bt in the eddies, but ptfited tbnitgh by dint offarce^ U> turned out, however, that tbe traa/porttfrom their buik, by yieUUng to tbe eddy^ efcaped with little injury, eueeft tbe alarm etcated in theft on board f but tbt gallies, which /torn, thewi, length and fbarpnefi were Itfs adapted to eneamter a ^gjtr of this fin, Jiffered greatly ; and^^ne,Jrom hawng two bankr ofaar*- and tbt diffituky ff mamftgang thofi wbieh were, nearly on »■ level with the> watff't tuere et^fd to tbe m^ imminent dai^en Alexander's Ve^, botuever,^ efa^ to a prye^ng point cm the right handjhere, which covered him from tbtt volence of the ftream; but be fkwtwa of hit vefilt Jink, and withdifkukp foMdfuch tf their crewt at were able tafumu. Their progrefii was alfo d»», layedin order to fubdue fuch of the adjouung tribes, as ^fliewcd an hofttlq difpofition ; and as Alexander coofidered the In^ as the eafterft frontier of hi* empre, he on that line built three cities, and fortified two others* Oii his arrival in the " Pattalenr, which relemblea lower Egypt, he ordered Hf*. phef/iion to conftrui. a fortrefs at Pattala at the head of the Delta ; and then fettuig fail with feveral half*decked veflels, and fome of the bed failing tranf- forts. * DrcVineentV Neardmt, p. loe. \ For their nanus refer, ibid. p. loa. % Ibid. p. 106. 11 Ibid. p. 142. $ IMd. p. lit* 8 2 ( cxxxii ) « ECT. III. port!, the king in perfon, affifted by the experience of the native piloti, «x* . plored the vi^tm branch of the river to its mouth, and afterwards the t*/l«m : for m tvtrjfcbtfM tf magnttude, zid* * Dr. Ymceatt afigr procuring tie if/l in* fcrmathftt be toot thefirft tfp try tbegrwnd bimfelf, before be eommiited tbe eiieeu- ticHifit to otbert. It was during the fir ft expedition down the weftern branch, that the Macedonians were with reafon alarmed at the extraordmary t Ude, or bore as it is termed by Major Rennell, which operates m a moft alarm* ing manner along the Coaft, and round the whole peninfuU of Cwurat, Either ^on AU)tander'% return to Pattala from exploring the eaftem branch tA the river, or before the departure of the fleet from Nieaat a fcene took place between himfelf and Neartbiu, which jfrrian thus rebtes : ** He dreaded the length of the Voyage, the danger of a defert coaft, the want of harbours, and the difficuky of fupplies ; he was fearful leaft a failure (hould tamifli the fplendouir of his former anions ; ftill, however, the defire of attempting fometbing new and octraordinary prevailed. But who was to command fuch an expedition ? Who was capable of infpiring the men with confidence, or perfaadii^ them, that in undertaking fuch a fervice ihtf were not abandoned to dtiftruAion ?— Such, lays NemxbiUt was the perturba> tioo of Alxxamdxr when he ordered me to attend him, and confulted me on the choice of a commander. Our, fiud he, eutujes bkofiy beeaufe be tbmks tbe danger infi^abU; otbers are w^ for tbe fervice front timidity f otbert tbink ifmtbing bat bow to get borne ; and maty I cannot throve for a variety tfaber recfont. Upon hearing this, lays Nearcbtu, I offered myielf for the command, and promifed the King that, under the protedion of Ood, I woidd cottdua the Fleet bk into the Gu^b ^Perfia, iftbefea were navh- gabie, and tie umkfiating witbin tbe power if man to perform." Nearchus was probably acquainted with the general eflleft of the Monfoont, even at this early period, fince his native Uhmd Crete, and Amphipolis where he long refided, bodi lie within the track of the anntiai or Etefian vnndi ; under which name jthrioM has mentioned the 5 Momsoon: TbefeEtefUm winds do not blow from tbe * P. 1^4. t Ibid. p. 149. X This 'anecdote vgiftut in Arrian after the fleet Iiad readied Paitala, and in thit he is iallowed by .Dr. Campbell (Harris** ColieAion, vol. i. p. 401.). Dr. Vincent on the con- trary thinks (p. ioi.)> ' it is much more probable that the confnltation took place before tht ^>pointincnc tdlftanlm atMtM, than after he was atSnalljrin oommand.'i— The above tnnflation is extrafied from Dr. Vincent's work. I IMd. p. $9, $9. ( cxxxiii ) tbt north in tbt/ummer nufitbt, at v/itb us in the Mei^tnmnean, butfnm the 8 E T. foittb. On fbe emmtntement rfwinter^ or at lateft on tb* fitting tf tbe Ploi' "^' adet, tbtfia itfaid to be navigable till tbe wnterfiyiice* Thi» however does JjU^fjI^^t not remove the difficulty of palling through an unknown fea, in (hipi fo inade- quate to the fervtce. Nearebut therefore defervet our utmoft praiie, both for hit courage and profeffional fldll ; and his Voyage will ever be considered at the moft valuable naval relic of antiquity. We learn from tbis * Voyage the true Jiate and condition of Maritime affairs at that time. We plainly Sfi tem^ that their Veffels drew very little water^ that they were managed chiefly by OarSf that tbey neither carried^ nor were capable of carrying, any confidn'able quantify tf froK^fiotu ; but that they trtffled chiefly for itbe/e, either to nu^a- zines eroded onfittTCy or, where thefe were wanting, to what they could obtain by making de/cents. We learn from hence, what fermcer thefe Veffels were fit for, and for what they ere unfit t and, in fbort, what they could, and what they could net perfomu ^ Every thii^ being finally arranged to the latit£iCUon of Ax.bxander, and the honour of hit admiral, the former did not long remain at f Pattala, but began hit mareh into Gadrofia, near a month earlier than the failing of the fleet, in order to explore the dreary | coaft, and facilitate the Voyage of Kearchut. To Craterus he affigned. the more pleafing taik of conducting a divifion of the i|rmy thrqugh the inidland provincet : in all expeditions he perfonally eiueuted that part which prefented the great0 dj^culties, * .Cainpbetl, NarrWt Vcyapi (▼ol. i, p. 408.). t Dr. VincentV Ntaniiu, p. 157. " X For a general view of the Coaft, and tbe peculiarities coqneQcd with it. fee ibid. p. 159. . ABtTRACT ( cxxxiv ) • ECT. III. Voyage of Nou-cBOS. Abstract of thb Voyaob ot ^Nbabomvb. (Frm Dr. Vineenfs learned Ultffiratm.J (My mum ^(^ftm munkmdt an Aoft of fi^cwkn thi fn tf JMuaJihu, MiOmtiCRiTv* rfJ^tjftlm^ $kt PUn, vhthadhim mafiir tf Almumdn'tJI^'-.Tim m^kfttl frm tit Imha H C^ J^% fomfivtw^t lo/nmly/vt dajt : rtal tS/hmi, lAoiaJit hmM tmd twMli,fiv$ I. I haTO alreaijy iiied thfli 4«|n>«ur« of th» flm firam tbe Indm P« tlM ifiaml of Oaober, ia the y«ar )t6 B. C- NsAacifVii after baviu cleared the ^T«rk wu obliged to lie in harbour twenty-four dayi« till the feafon wa« faVoifrable. The reaibn for pro- ceeding before the aw|^ commenced, h aferibed by Strabo to the diftohtent of the na* tiTcts lUmnhmtfift, Sktt 4!fiirAtt*Mtn.mHumfmiummvht it felfiil himfi^m^ ttim' Hq rifag tftki PtiiAf,. tkmigh tht vimd wot mt }*l fmmr aUt. M^ tie tmtivtt ttttadtd tiimt tmdJnm titm mit, Awiy nt fimJt i ii r tutr^ m tie deftrtwntftii Uiig, mi mffta^ to ncavtr tint JmbfuuliMti. If thefe circumftancei, adds Dr. Vincent, were in the jqumdi of Near/ ' chut, which there ii every realpn to believe^ jtrrum cannot be julti&d in iuppreffing them.~«The t ^1**^ ^^ »ot **^ '*> departure from PattJUf bttt- flom a CMttlioa near the month of the river. This Sution ia doiibtlc& the po bably at Killota (JCWuta) i for there, o«r author ftys, ho had fowd wMw and food at* choragc, with proteAion both from the Tide* and the Monfoop. When the Fleet weighed from this fiation, thejGgf li^'t courfe dpw^ tbf Riv^ ynt a|4f fix miles, and they anchored at a creek or inlet called Stura (Aowv), wher« they continued two days t on the foBtmug iaj they weighed again, bat came to ad anchor at 'Ktumimit before they had prr)eeeded two miles. In thie Creek here ihey fbmid tho water fidt^ or a( leaft brackiiht even upon the tide of ebb. The next day's couHe was little more than one mile to Knvatit ; and fcarce had they weighed from hence before thoy w«re checked by the violent agitation now vifible at the bar; for as they had proceeded with the tide of ^b, the wind was conftquently in a direAion exaAly oppofite. This brought them to an anchor again immediately ; when, after waiting till it was low water, they observed that the projefting land (which probably formed the bar) was (oft and oozy near the fltore« and • PrindpsUjr from the lUri Book, p. 167. -f Or. yincciil, wiw ttife«flio«t hb work U indefatigable to preferte wcaruyi sfterwarli fhewt how eafy it i« for a liMral mind to acknowledge anjr ertort, quatmitiiicwia/tdit, mt ka—Mfanm.tavitnatva. He thcKibre defirei the reader to carry back the date one day, throngboDt the Voyage, and for OAober %, to lead OOober the firft (Appendix, p. 495.). ( I ha*e looked in vain, by* Dr. rinetnl (p. 189), for authority to give At mmitr tfgtUitt, «r other Ffffelt tf-whtth the fleet anfiftei. The number of Commanderi appofaited at Ifhta wat thirty-three ; and by thefe I etUnate the Oallie*. There was alfo a greater proportion of half-decked veflclt, and Tranfportf in abundance. That Nearcbut had Tianfportf as well at GalUei appear* by the wreck of one on the preceding day ; and if we were to allot him all the Galliet, it would perhapi not appear like exaggeration. The Oallie* were all of thirij otrt ; if theiefore there were only one man a| an oar, we cannot cftimate left than figif or Jeventj men to eadi.tcflcl, which makes the whole nnmber abont two thonftnd, cxdnfive of thoft oa board the TraaTpoitt. 13 ( eiuttt ) iiAd little mora tliaii a (jairter of a mile in l>re*dth. Tlili tiMy dttMrtntned t« cat * throogh, g E C ^. n the readied and fafisft paflkge into th« open fta. They had A> far effcAed tlMir |>arpoa HI. during tlie raceft of tli« Tide, tliat upon the ittum of the flood they carried their Vtieit intrododion! through it in fafety, and after a courfe of ahdut nine milta reached f i f w i d h the fuM OrtHmt f»«rMW dajr. Here thejr remained the day folioturing. At KroMa, Arrian pljicei the commencement of the tenritol7 of the t ^trtMh, and its termination at the river jlr^l- Weighing fron[t KrdJa, the fleet proceeded to the ttMHf, having a promontory liamed tnu (Ctpt Matmt) on the right, and a iow iOahd aimoil level with the ita. on the left i thii Ifle runt parallel with the coaft, and fo near a* to leave bflly a narrow § channel winding between both. They cleared this paflage, and doubled the Cape, apparently under the proteAion afforded by the Iflet againft the prevailing Wind i the CbsUt, at foon as they had pafled the flreight, prefented a 1>ay or harliour under cover of a ftcoad ifland called BibaAa {ChUiity ^) not more than three hundred yardi' fh>m,th^ entraliiie. This tiarbour Nunhtu thought fo large and commodious, that he honoured it with tlie name of ALSXAMOtai and determined to avail himfelf of the fecurity it afibrded, till the feaibn Ihould be more favourable for his progrefs. A camp therefore was formed on ittore, and fortified with an incIoTure of ftones to guard againft any attempt of the natives } ahd this precaution was no more than neceflary, as they were now within the conSnes of th< ArtMt*, whoni AiixANDia had attaclced and difperfed not many days l>efore theur arrival, Security b(Aii from the natives and the feafon they found i but the people fuf* lered greaUy, having no water but what was braclci(h^ and little fqpd to fupport life except miifdes, oyRers, and another fpecies of large flieU.fiih (the KmM toeili), which they ' ^ coileAed on the ihore. .... In this Camp Nearchus continued four-and^wenty days i Akiitg aA ivhich time the nmjbai continued without wavering, and with unremitted Violence. Prom Port JtltMrndtr, upon a relaxation of the || wind, the fleet ventured once more t6 |>roceed on the third of Ntvtmbtr ', the Coulfe, however, was apparently clofe in with the Coaft, and the progrefs Ihort of four f miles. They took refuge under an Ifle called DomM. The Coaft itfelf was without inhabitants and without water ( but the latter was found, and of a good quality, at the diftance of little more than a mile from the fliore. The following day (Nov. yt, thirty-fowrib day), they proceeded nearly nineteen miles to Sanmga, and arrived not till night. Water was found here at half a mile from the fliore. Weighing from SarangOt they reached Sakala and anchored on,an open coaft } when finding this poflibly uafiifc, they fcem to have advanced again the fame day, and pafling two rocks the * I hSTe altMred tw« Yldet for thli, or twinty-four boon; It poflibly wis oae only. . . Ilie difficulty of carryiDg a fleet of Onek galflc* out to fe» in opporition to the mnfitn, U »t le«ft as great u the danger XtrxH «odld hive eUCeantercd in donbling AAtt: and even after the neck of that promontory was ctit, b« bad two mote to paO. t OtHtlt Sif, the flitt barboiinr In the /Atfra Oeethi, «rbidi tteOtti an Murtftan ntvj (pw 17a.}. \ Page 174. % I would render h, adds Dr. Vincent in a note, with an allowable licence, a fq/ptgt (urvi»x ""iili '^ J p. i7g. ^ Sixty flttlhu ( czxztI ) SECT. III. Voynet of Nearehiu. rocki fo clofe to tieh oth«r that Uw osn of a OMaj nii|bt touch * both* «ft«r « coorft of about ninetetn niltt tlwf eaoM to I fa w rt ita m , tli« f harbour of which is burgt, wall protcAad from wind on all fidci, mas far withia the landi and is pcrfcAly quiat i the en- trance into it is narrow. Thej thought it no fmall atthierement tohafa paAd theft rocks in fafety, for the waves ran high, and the Sea was in great agitation They left tha harbour of Mtrm H ^t u rm on the following day. and proceeded towards the river JhtUit having an Ifland on their lefti and the Main on their right. The pa(bge through this channel was ibmewhat more than four miles, but fo narrow, as to appear like a work of Hit I the coaft was woody, and the ifland in a nunncr overgrown with trees of all Ibrts. They did not clear the paflfage till the following morning, when they found the Tide ont^ and the water Jhtal and bnlun \ they got through faowfever without damage, and, after a Courfe of between feven and eight miles, anchored at the mouth of the ^ 4rM$. No mention is made of any ftay at the jlraUt, we muft therefore make the Fleet lUl the following day (Ntv. 9.), and proceed twelve miles and an half to Pag^a. The Courft is defcribed as cloft along the Coaft, and a flirf at the place where they finiflicd their pro« grefs, but the Anchorage was good. The men were forced, however, to continue oa board, and only a few landed to procure water. They failed the mat mmntkg, and after a Courft of almoft nineteen miles, reached KtiMm in the evening. The place was only an open and deftrt fltore, on which a violent Surf broke, which hindered Um vciTels from ap« proachingthe land. The progreis of theft two days fufficiently iadkates that the Wind was not yet fettled at north-eaft, and in the prefent day's Courfe they aapcrienced dircAlf the reverft ( for a ftrong Gale came on from the foutl^wefi, in which two of the gallies and a tranfport foundered, but the courfe was (b near the fliorc that the laen were faved by fwimnoing. They left this defolate place at Midnight, and reached KtluJa neat morning {Nov. 11. fvrlkkh dof), after a Courfe of about twelve miles. The Cooft here was fuch, that the veflels could not be drawn on fhore, but rode at anchor without the Surf. The fu£fering of the people was however fo great, from being confined on board lev* f mtiu, that it was found • Tbey did not |mA between tlwm, if we say ]«age Amn tlw espitOoBf o/M. t (P. i>a N. 44.) A« Dr. Vincent bu gifea two deicriptioae, I htve preferred the meft litcraL * This hirbonr, or fonctking to reprefent it, I Im*c no donbt will b« fennd, if CTcr tbU Ce«ft flMold be eiploicd •/«» ; Jbr tbe defctiptlon of It te vety ptecife in Arrtmi." Thb Coaft had been ciplored In 1774, by a fmali fqnaiiron equipped at Bombay, e*n) f llie number offiadia-^nn by Jrriaa and Straba ftam the Adas to the AraUt, it a thoaAnd; Dr. Vin« rent mikes tlie diflance fomething fliort of eighty milei. The month of the AraUi to placed by fHlimj in longitude 105*, and latitude io» ij', and by Major Rennell in longitude 6j* 34' fram OrecBwkh, latitude tje s6', and about 44' weft from tbc weftern mouth of the Indu*. {tftarthu, f. 183.). < In Vefleli like thofe of the 0^eek^ which aflerdcd neither Space for moUon, or convenience for icft, the contlmdng on board at night was always a calamity. The Gatlict of Alctander had perhaps a deck ; but the H/M*k«H ire esaAly tbe Tcfleli of Htmtr't *ge, the forepart and waift open for the rawert, with a deck laifed •»er ( cxkxvll ) TMi eiploKd • finaU », Ifdf Fimn rhb the f, (U vt Jr.VJn- \thmjl i» iUtitude found neceffary to dlftmbark them, and form a Camp on fliore, which Nearchut fortified SECT, as uftial. . . ; It (hould fecm they knew that relief wai at hand, for here it wai that Lmi- ^*^' Mfw joined them, who had been left: in the country by jUnandtr^ with a particular charge IntroduAiun. to attend to the prefcrvation of the fleet. He had, after the departure of the mnin Arptjr, GruUm ttrMi, fought a battle with the Orita and their alliet, in which he had defeated them, killing fix thoufand of the enemy, and loAng only fifteen of his own horft, with Afollofhatui the new * appointed Satrap of Gadr^a. He now joined Nearchus, bringing with him a ftipply of ten days' provifions, colleAed by the order of Mxambr, and poflibly i}>ared out of his own immediate wants. . . . The attention of Jbuaadir is ftill confpicuous i and a fecond un« fuccefsful attempt he made in Cftuk^a, when he would have hasarded famine himfelf to preferve his fleet, ought to exculpate him from the charge of tifelefs vanity in penetrating through that defert region t a charge which even Ntarthm is fald to have countenanced. I fliould have wilhcd to have placed Koiala with precifion, on account of the tninfac- * tions which took place here \ for t>efides the fupply obtained from the arm/, Ntanbiu dif. charged feveral of his people, who appeared not to have fuffictent fpirit or fortitude for the enterprjfe, and received others in exchange from Ltonnattu i he likewife repaired here fevcral of his Veffels which had fu£Fered in th£ Voyage or the Storm. This proves that the weather grew more moderate during his continuance at this place, for upon his firft arrival the Surf was too high to admit of drawing iheiii on Aore. On the t tmnnty'firfi of November, at which period the wind, if it had fixed at nort!h-ean, would be ofltlhore, and the Surf confequentlydiminiflied, the fleet prdcedeed with afairwind, and made good a X courfe of thirty-one miles to the river tvmirvt > anid it is the firft time Arrian i^cifies their failing with the wind fettled in their fkvour. . . . At the Ttminit^ inhabitanu were found living on the low ground, or marfiki, near the fea, in cabins, which feemed calculated rather to fufibcate their inhabitants than to protect them from the weather } and yet thefe wretched people were not without courage. Upon ftght of the fleet approaching, they colle^ied in arnu on the ihore, and drew up in order to attack tha grangers upon their landing { perhaps they were not unacquainted with fimilar vifits of thASMgamtuu. Their arms were fpears, not headed with iron, but hardened in the fire, nine feet long, and their number about fix hundred. AMr^iiKr' ordered his Vefiels to lay their heads towards the fliore, within the diftance of bow-fiiot, for the enemy had no mif- file^veai^ons but thiir fpears. He likewife brought his Engines to bear upon them (for fuch it appears be had on board) ; and then direfted his light-armed troops, with thofe who were the mbft aftive and the bcft fwimmers, to be ready for commencing the attack. On a bignal given, they were to plunge into the feii s the firft man who touched ground wa« oVer the hhider |Mit ; tbb In turner U calted luim, and formed an elevatipn on which the Aeerrman ftopd. Ob this deck, or nnd«r it, 'thfc )>erfont onboard fometiniei flrpt ; and there perhaps tlie Cablet were coiled { '. but, whien a whole CrtW waito neepon board, thii wasiihpoflible, and the fuffcring wat in pniportion to the eonflnement. (JV^orcfai, p. i8d. N. 59.) ,,, , * In the joornsl^ Arrian followi Ntarchtiiy !n tlie hiiflory, Plolcmj or Arifttbulut. (Ibid. p. 187. N. 61.) •f Ibid p. »"90.; sni preceding pajMtSS, I S9'. f LitutnMt Ptrter repeatedly nie'ntidhs'the lownefs of the coafi, and \.\\e appc^ance of the high country inlarid. So dba, add back agiin. (Iliid. p. 191.' 3n^ X 7I-) VOt. I. T • ( cxxxtHI ) PC III. 'I'. Vojraf J of Ncarchusi wni to be the poiot at which th« lina w«i to bt fonmd, and wai not to advanet till Join«d hy tba others, and the fik could be ranged three deep. Theft orders wcreexaAljr obeyed i the men threw themfeWes out of the fliipi, (Warn forward, and formed themfcUet in the water, under * cover of the en|inei. At loon a* they were in order, they advanced upon the enemy with a (hout, which was repeated from the Aipi. Little oppofition wa« cipe- rienced, for the natives, (Irocli with the novelty of the attack, and tlM glittering of the armour, fled without refiftance. Nnuvitu ftaid at the Ttminu Rx days, durin| which time he drew feme of his Veflcls on flwre and repaired them, . . . The Fleet left the Ttminu on the fixth dayi and, after a padkge of nearly nineteen miles, reached Mtlami in the evening. At M*lmm, Arrian fixes the boundary of the Orilt, ... He defcribes them as being drefled and armed like tbq InSan trUu \ but their cuftoms, manners, and language, mark them as a different race. At t MiJmui we find a circuniftance recorded 4»y jtrrian, which demands no Anall de« gree of attention ( for here it is that he introduces the mention of % Pkmem*noit, which* however familiar to the Navigators of the prefcnt day, was, in his own age, a matter of no fmall curioTity. Th* Sim, he tells us, mnuftm fy Ntarchtu in li* mtruBam to ti* mrii, tmi thtJkukwtJtUH thtfmmh. As they failed along the Coaft of /a^, that is the country of the jlnAkm and Orilt (for the Ltbytfhti^ are not accounted an Indian tribe), Nnuxbti* lays, that the Shadows had noc the fame eieA as in thofe parts of the earth with which they were acquainted! for when they ftood out to Sea a good way to the fouthward, the Son was either vertical at noon and no, Aadow was to be feen, or fo far to the North that the fliadow fell to the South. The Ntrlhm Ctm^lktktu, which, are always above the horizon, fet ajmoft as foon as theyrofei and others which they were nfed to contem* plate, were either dofe to the horizon or not vifible. In this Ntafibiu appears to aflert nothing improbable} for tif. Sjtiu in Egypt, when the fi)n reaches the fummer tropic, they (hew • Will not ths retdcr, addi Dr. rhcnl, think thit I deftrlbt tlie Inndlof of ■ pwt]r, from the IgiHnmw, ia Km ZttlMd.vnitt proteAion of tlic ftip't g«ini t (p. 19s. N. 74O f Ibid. p. 198. , I Xtr. rteMf ii nnMli perpleied with tlili paflatCi Md cntort en • digrcffion nfytOing it, In which he diA pleyscqnal cnndoar and lewrniof. « Ncarchm wu in N.lat sj* 16', whccc theft cimimftsncei could not occur. If thit pbsnonMnon, I m w e i e r, wh to be recorded, it it estnordinary thit it fliaald not hs? e found itt place at the point fartlieft ibatbwafd which the Macedonian* ever reached.— I muft aclinowledge I hare found Nitrm tim a mod faithful and anerrinf guide. If I cannot eicafe him in the preftnt innante, I can join him in hi* error with companiont fo illutlrioai, that I hope the reader will pardon me for entering upon a digrelCon, in which the linowlcd|eof the Andenti in geography it materially concemed.-<-7V/« wat acquainted with the fpherical figure of the earth, and AmuimnUtr had dcfcribcd the known world on a globe ; yet it wat not till 350 yean alter TMri, that SrthjUnn drew a line parallel to the equator, which fiiggeftcd the doArine of LATiTDDct to the Sdml tf AUximM; and finally enabled Ptolemy to apply both ImgiitiJt and Mhult uni- verially to the fiteice. Jbritm it contemporary with fHltmj, but (o little wm he acquainted with thit great dUco«ery, or rather the appUcatien of it, that he h^t in no one inftance made uie of the term.— . •• It wlU at lesft be kmm palliation, and 1 matter of no finall cnrioCty, to Ihew bow generally the vanity «hkh gave rife to this error, eaiftcd in tlie writingt of the ancienu —TnTcllcrt, poett, and MAnriant, have ^U confpircd in placing a tnie phanomcaon in a falft latitude. They had all heard that thit took place Mm- where in the north, and they have all fixed it at the extremity cl their own knowledge, or the knowledge of «kc age they lived in." (Page 199—905.) ^ ( exxxix ) Omw a wtll, in which at noon thtn ii no fliadow i and a* th« t»mt circnmftanM occnn In SECT. JMSmr, it i« probablt that in /mAi alfo, which lici, towards th« Southt th« Shadow (hould III* . h« AibjtA to th« fluM law, and mon particularlx in the /mAm Ottmt, which '«itflad« Aiil i„iroj„au-'. farther to th« fimthward. Ormim fmiidu N» C mm nt t H t hai vtithmd It Irmt li* ytjtif •/ Ntanhfu Jtttg lit *CoaiT or th« IcTHVorHAOit «wkrv it n^tritrntJ mrf talmily ktU adurfi mtinJt. TUt iffilaH Mf|f, u$- ttmSiq /nm Csft MMmit Ctft y^/i, It lul Itft litn ^fO mihi im s rfghi Knt I mid mtrfy 6»s, «r lofioo JtuBa, tf lit timfi tfiit FItti, Tit m nk n nam ^ Mikkam tfftart f k lit Ptf Jan tr ImSm tffMnitn fir lit mtitit ^liU Cmj/I fim lit InMu H Kirmtm wr KanumUi. ... /« lit limt ^Ainumitr lit lllb 0/ IcTMVorNAoi ww ti^bitJ H lit iniMlmilt tflit Cia/I, wait lit CmuHry wilik kmd, fim lit eotf/lmt ^ lit Orils 1$ XmummM,' mMuJyhi OnJitfia, ^ino/l ffUiUfy A/Utitt mJ M hitt^fM ^fifftrti^ M 4urmy at lit Ct^. Ntanint Hayed only that day at MaUma | and, weighing at night, proceeded thirty ft? en milee to f Btiga/tra, There wa* a good harbour here, and a village citllcd P^ra, about fo&r milei up the country. The fleet weighed from Ba-g^ra early in the morn- ing, and ftretched out round the Cape {Arraia) which pr^eAed fatf into the fea, and ap. peared hi^h and bold. After doubling the head, they were obliged to ride at anchor without landing the men, ai the Surf ran high upon the (bore : fome of the people, how* ever, were with dilficultjc landed, in order to procure water 1 thii wai effcAed by opening . pit! upon the beach, but the quantity wai fmall and bad. The Next Day's fail was only twelve miles and an half to Koba \ and that of the day following fomething more than thlrty-fcTcn to Kalama ( Ciarmnt rivtr) . At Kalama the natives were difpofed to be hofpitable 1 they fcnt a prefent of Filh on board, and fome Sheep 1 but the very mutton was fiOiy, a* were all the fowls they met with on the Coaftt neither is this extraordinary, for there wae BO herbage to be feen 1 and the animals* as well as the inhabitants, fed on fifli. A few Pabn % trees were obferved about the village, but the Dates were not in feafon. From Kalmuk • JUwtrd Btrttft, who wu Pilot on boarJ one of th« Poktoovsii Fleet* which firft TlTited this Coall •bout Um 7Car.ijX9, hat the following remirkable ptllag«a u eorrobortttng the tcAtmony of Arrlan. " Thejr, ■ have fcw Port*, little com or cattle | their Country U a low plain and delert 1 their chief Aippoit i« filh, of vrhlch they take fome of a prodigioo* fne 1 thefe they fait, partly for their own nfe and partly for. eiporta* tlon; they eat their Filh dry, and give dried filh Uliewife to their horfet, and other cattle." '80 iavariilile,, ■dd* Dr. Vincent (p. S07.), hat been the miftry of thii Coalt for aooo yean I and To poficlTe are th« ifHirtlans of modern voyagers In corre()M>ndence with the teftlmonjp of Aniat, MtAiciivt dwelli upon feme Airtker particular* (p. 165.). Thefi: people, though they lire on lilh, are few of them Ftlhcrmen ; for their barl(i are » few, and thofc few Tcry mean and unfit for the fervice. The lillt they4>btsln, they owe to tk* flux and reflux of the tide I for they extend 1 net upon the fliore, (a* i* the cudom in Sandwich Bay on the Coall of Kent) fup. ported by ftske*, of more than 100 yard* in length 1 within which, at the tide of ebb, the fiih are confined, and lettle in the pit* or inequalltle* of the fani). Their net* are compofed of the baric or fibres of the palm, which they twine into a cord. . . The generality of the people tive in cabin*, fmall and ftlHlng ; the better fert only have houfe* conllruftcd with the booe* of IVhalit i many of thefe mooller* are found fifty ymd* in length. f Upoe the mention of Ba-gajira, I muft be prrmitted to notice, (p. xix.) that the term Ga/irn indicate* «n ArMt» navigaikH on tM* Coaft prcTiou* to the age of'AUxanier; for It it neither more or Uft than Cifira, fig< nlfying in Arabic an Ifland or Penlnflita, confelTcdly, and a* I apprehend, a Cape Ukewlfe. t t Several Voyager* acquaint ui, (p. sia) that wherever the Palm Trees grow, however arid the foil, tliere 1* always water to be found, by (^ning the ground to the depth of from ten to fifteen feet. ( cx» ) E C III. T. Voyage of Kearchus. KtJama^ they £et &U the fotbwing' day, and, after a Courfe of little more than twehre inilett anchorsd at Xarih, which is the name of an open (hore, with a village caHed Kjfa, about two miJet from the fca. The inbtibitants HeUt O) on the approach of the Sliips, and no* thing was found in the place but the Boats which the wretched fifliemien of the Couft ufedt and foroe, goats whfch. they ieised and carried on board. Cbm they fearched for wirlwut fnccefs, and their own ftocic (probably <«hat they had obtained from Leonmalu) was almoil exhaufted. Yho following day they doubled a Gape {P&fktt) which projected ' nine miiei into the fea; aiid» after getting round, anchoi'd in a (vtfe harbour called * Mo/arua. MosAKNA u ArStatim at which tht Voyage U lo ajfimt a mw a^pearantt. At Mofama, Near- ehutfuunda Pihl who widerlooi to conduS the Fktt to the Guifh rfFer/ltii he wat a native of Gadrofia, and from tht name (Hjdraut) given him ij jlrritm, IhnagiHe% an inhdhitant ofHydriaau', a town near the bay of Churiar mr Chewtbad. The minute cireumfimue tf meeting with a Pilot at tbit place denotee fomething more Commercial than any thing that hat yet occurred on the Coa^i and Arriemfuggejit, that from hence to the Gulfb of Perfia, the Voyage wa* more pra^caUe, and tht Ration* bettet known. Upon the aeqiufition ofHydracet, or the Hydriacan, two circnrnfiancei occnri that give a new face to theJiUure courfe of the Voyage; one it, the very great addition to the length of each, daft courfe t and the other, that they generally weighed dur'^ig the night : the former depend' hgufem the ctfefdtmct they ac^mred'bjf having apilet on board; and the latter, on the nature of the landbree»e» H. It does not appear that any Supply was procured for the Fleet at Mofamo but- water, and perhaps fifh { but taking the Pilot on board, they weighed anchor in the night, and proceeded f forty-feven miles to BaKmut {Dee, 4., J^My-third day), a Village on an open ihore. Wp havefeen the Fleet fafi two Capet, AaaABA and Posmee, with fame fymptom of alarm or- ■ d^ficidty, and both noticed in the Joumai ; bat we eure now approathing a third at Guadel, which Arrian never mentiont. Wefhould reafmably btfurprifedat thit, a* the dmiiSngt^a Cape it ahvayt ati atehievemmt in the efiimation of a Greek navigator; but having now a native Pilot on board who wat dmbtkft acqutunttd with the nature of the tVindt, it it evident be look advantage of tire land Breen* to give the Fleet an offing, and an head-land wat no logger doubled by creeping round tht Jhore to itt extreme point. The next Station is the village of Arnio, twenty-five miles from Balomut, containing fruit- trees, and ^dens producing flowers and myrtle, of which they made chapters. From Barna the Flfcct p/oceeded twelve miles to Dendribofa \ and here the Ships could not approach the iTiore, but rode at anchor. From Dendribofa the Fleet weighed at midnight, and reached XKophat, after a paflage of twenty-five miles. From Kophat, in the eaftcrn Bay of Guaibit • Which Dr. Vincent thinks mult be placed st fome (hort diftance to the weftward of Cape rafcntt. + The length of this day'i Courfe it fueh at has not occurred before, and muft thtieioie be impute4 to the charge Hjiiacet had taken of the Fleet ; and we diall find, on /bmc of the folio wing days, their Courfe eiteoded to CTcn Si or 60 miles, (p. lai.) I This Dr. Vincent is inclined to place to the eaftward of AltmitUtir, or Cafe CiuJclj and adds, (p. «7.) •* The Fleets from Mgjft whfch failed with the Mcnfion from the promontory Sjagru in Jratie, if they eror «Mdc the CoaA of Ctinfa, nadc it at this Cape of Alambattir, as a point of eminence ; ar. J left all the Coaft '' ftom ( exit > I to the itendcd »»7) ey e»or Coaft fium Guadil, the Fleet failed early in the evening, faiewl liejlrjl Walch,Ji)t tfcloti) and ifter a SECT. Courfe of fifty miles, reached * Ajfiea, or GuUar. At Kyha the inen could not land, as III. it wai an open fliore with a great Surf j they therefore took their meal on board at an- fJi^Jftlon. chor, aJid then weighing, proceeded upwards of thirty miles to afmall Gty placed on an Cuiitii iVW<. - eminence, at nd great diftnnce from the Ihbte. Nmrchwt fa]rs, ■{• that oa the morning he was off Kjhui, they were farprifed by obferv* ing the Sea thrown up to a great height in the air, as if it were carried up by a whirl- . wind; The people were iihtrmed, and inquired of their Pile ., what might be the caufe of the phtBnomenon ! he informed ihem, that it proceeded from the blowing of a Whale, and tlmt it was the prafiice of the creature 9s he fported in the Sea. His report by no means quieted their alarm; they (lopped rowing from aftonilhment, and the Oars fell from their hands. Neareint encouraged them, and recalled them to their duty, ordering the heads oftke Yeflels tO'be pointedat the fevei'at creatures as they approached, and to attack th«m as they wotiM the Veflel of an enemy in battle : the Fleet immediately foi^med as if going te engage, and advanciid-by afignal given; whenifaouting all tog«thec, as loud ' as tbey could (bout the *Ua, or cry dfvAt, and dafhtng the watei^ with their Oars, with the trumpets Ibundiag at the ^tne time, thby had the fatisfabth of his judgment and fortitude, employed in tbek- uuexpe^ed delivery. "' "' . r .. When the fleet reached this place' (fyxa!^ it was totally without bread or grain.of any kind'; and ATmrci^tM', ^ They came out to receive him upon his landing, and prefented him with baked filh, (the firft inftanct of cookery he had yet feen on the Coaft) accompanied with cakes a>id from Cape Jajk on their left out of fight. The head of Cape Gtiadtl (p. 219.) ftretchet but parallel with the Coall like the Pbtns of AltxanJria, and being joined to the Main by a neck of land not half a mile oTcr, nafcci t^o bays, one to the caAward and the other on the oppofite fide ; that on the weft is Urged and moft flicltered, with twelve or thirteen fathoms at the entrance, and'lhoaling to the upper part. . . 'I'hcieare ftill the remains of a town built with (tone ; poflibiy a work of the PtrUiguefc, who had a fcttlcment here, if not of more ancient date : the prefent inhabitants live in mat houfes. Water is procured by opening pits nn the beach I goats, fhcep, and fowU are likewife to be purchafed. Good water is a commodity fpecified In tlic ' ' Journal, which adds, that the plact ivas inhabiteih} fifitrmaiy labo vere f^^tdtf fmall »»d ■unld(d £eits, vihich !ity managtd -with a Paiitt infitai of an Oar, The expieflion it chara^riftic, for Ariian fays, it wai Hie Jirgiiig the -water with ajpade. No where have I found more difficulty to render tiie narrative confillent, than 'from JW9/arMd ti) this place" » • We mnft place (p. a^i.) Kjize on the Coall fomewhat Aort of the Nta Btint of Lieutenint Pbrtei. Marcian places it at 50 miles froAi Atan^ateir or, Cape Guadel. fP.afi?. ' , ( cxiii ) E C III. Voyage of Nearcnas. and dates. Thefe he accepted with jproper acknowledgtnents, and informed them he wifhed for permiflion to fee the town : this requeft was (ranted without fufpicion } but no fooner had he entered, than he ordered two of. his archers to take poll at the gate, and then mounting the wall contiguous, with two more and liis interpreter, he made the fig- nal for j/retku, who was now under Weigh, to advance. The Natives inftantljrnm to their arm* : hut Ntanius, having t»ken an advantageous pofition, made a momenCary defence till ArtUtu was dofe at the gate i ordering his interpreter to proclaim at the fiune time, that if they wiihed their Citj to be preferred from pillage, they mulUieliver up their Com, and all the provifions which the place afforded. Thefe Terms were not rejeded, for the gate was open, and Jrtlua* ready to enter ; he took charge of this poft im- mediately with the force which attended him, and Ntforclmt fent proper officers to examine fuch Stores as were in t|ie place, promifwg the inhabitants that, if they aAed ingenuonfly, they ihonld ibflfer no other injury. Their Stores were immediately pro« dnced, confiding of a kind of meal or palle made of fifli, in great plenty, with a fmall quantity of wheat and barley. This, however infufficient for his wants, Nearehu re- ceived, and abftainiugfrom farther oppreflion, returned on board with his fuppjy. The fleet hauled off to a * Cape in th« neighbourhood called Bggtu, and there anchored at no great diftance, as I coniclqde, from the ^wn. The f Fleet weighed from St^aa at midnight, and proceeded a thoufi|nd.^!f»&i, fixty- two miles and an half to Tahuiui. No circumftances relating to Tdmena are recordefl in the Jonmal, but that it was a fafe harbour. From T«£ww,the diftance to X Kaiu^da is eftimated at twenty- five miles. Nearehu does not mention a River here, and probably did not ad> vance far enough into the .Bay to fee it ( but they found a Well ready dug, which faved the trouble of opening the fands, and the wild Palm Tree, from which they took the tender (hoots of the head to fupport life. From Kamf/ldof Niarchtu proceeded four>and-twenty hours without intermiifion to a Defert Coaft (, where he was obliged to anchor at fome diftance from the Shore, as the diftrefs of the people was now rifen to fuch a height, that, if he had fuffered them to land, he had reafon to fufpe£t that they would not have return- ed on board. This defert fhore has neither name or diftance, and the day and night allots ted to the courfe, as well as the number ofJIaJia given to Kmati, the following Station, apparently comprehend both the fpace and time to that place. The Journal afligns no at- tributes to KmuUi but that of an open fliore, with the mention of fome (hallow water couHes, intended poffibly for the purpofci of agriculture, and the bettering of an arid Soil. It does not appear by the Journal that the people were fu£Eiered to land at Kanati\ neither is there any mention made of a fupply being procured. I afligQ * The wcfteni point of Gtittm Bay, (p. ajj.). t Page a4a - I The river at Tii or Tidij, which Otttr calU the Khur-KieiA, or Sab Xivtr. 5 The point I wonld afliune (p. a43>) for this Anchorage is Gtitim, at the weftem extremity of the Tecood rurre in Churhtr Bay. GtJeim i> an Hc^lland viry level along the top, with deep cliffs next the fca; from whence CotUt or Kalat is feen, which it a remirkabte objeA,and (bmewhat thort of which it the mouth of the TanU Crftk. It it oblerrable, that headlands of thit kind frequently attraA the Fleet to an Anchorage s but whether far the putpoft of furreying the Coaft before doubling them, or any other leaibn, does not appear. This flteam tbcrcfoie nsturally Gorrerp>.ndt with the Kamiti of the JouniaL C cxlffi ) • I * aflign another dajr for the paflage to f Tre^, the Tnifin of Arrian » the Courfe made good was fifty milet) and here, at laft, a fcanty fapply of provifioniVat obtaiued. The pla^e prefented feveral mean and wretched Villages, deferted by the inhabitants upon^ tlie approach cf the Fleet i but a fmall quantity of Com was found, with ibme % dried Dates, and thefc, with the flefh of feVen Camels which the natives had not carried off upon their flight, afforded ti repaft, of which perhaps nothing but the utter diftrels of the people could have induced them to partake. - . From^rog/f to Dagafira, the Courfe was (hort of nineteen miles. The Fleet failed at %dt^-brtaki and as this is ihe 6r(l inftance fince Hydrahu was on board, it may not be improper to obfei-ve,~ that if we fix the hour between fix and feven in the morning, the land breeze would hold good for an hour or more to fccure an ofiing. The Ihortnefs of the Courfe was determined either by this circumftance, or by another which occurs fre- quently, the appearance of a Cape. The diftrefs of the people, and the impoffibility of procuring a fupply at Dagqfira, urged a hafty departure of the Fleet. They failed in the evening, and continuing their courfe all that night and the .following day without inter, mif&on, they reached, after a ftretch of almoft fixty-nine miles, a || Promontory projecting far out into the fea, with a Surf beating upon it to a great extent. This they did not dare to approach, or to double the Cape while it was dark. They rode at anchor confequently during the night, as near fliore as the Surf would permit, and the following morning got round into a bay, where they found the town of Badis, {Jafi Town) and where they were at lall relieved from the miferies they had experienced on this defolate Coad. This Pro- montory is the boundary between the country of the Icliycfbmgi and Karmmia; and, at Ba^ they found Corn, Vines, and Fruit>Trees of every kind except the Olive, a town in« habited, and the inhabitants ready to relieve their wants. We are now to enter ufon the Navigation ^fthe Gn^ of Perjin, and fortvnatelj for tint part ^ the Voyage our materiali are a* amfU a* ttnldie dgfired. ( Vhuent't Nearehiu, Book iv. 285. 289. ) III. After weighing the following day, the Fleet proceeded 'fifty miles, and came to > an anchor again upon an open Coau, (at Elioarz, in a curve previous to the Cape ytrmo- con of Ptokny.) . . • Jlrrian feems to confider the Gulph of Per/ia as commencing at a line drawn between Cape Mujfenfhnt and the ihore where the Fleet npw rode. His language SECT. III. Introdu£Uon« GittiM Ptri'.ii. econd from >rthe but )pcar. • P. %%$' f Adhering to the meafarci c( Arrim, Dr. Yincent, with allowance for the excrfi attending the iwhbte of thU Coad, places Trttfi Oiort of the Cape which rucccedi firft weft ward of the Tanka, and fixe* (p. 347.) on that Cape for the Dagafira of Arriait. I The copioofnefiof the Greek language did not fupply a term for thi* fmit. It is literally the Acorn of the Palm. J On all other occafiona from Mefana, failing in the night if mentioned, or the time is omitted al. , together. I Upon the approach ta the Gulph tf Perfia (p. S51.) there are two Capet kboot twenty-feren miles afmiiler t the eafternmoft of which i< the Cape Alwttfa of Robinibn, Porter, &c and the weftemmoft their Cape yajk. Here i« the origin of that embarraflinent which involret the whole queftion in obfcurity ■ for in reality Muck/a it the true Jajk, and their Jajk it Cape Btmbmrttk It it this Bemiarttk which it the KarftUa of Ptolemy, and ' confequently when IfAiimUi brings Beiit to thit point, he fixes it at twenty-fcven milet farther to the viefi thaa it nally it.— Dr. Vincent payt confidcrable attention to thit fubjeA. . »3 ■t^i^ E C III. T. Voyage of NcarcHus. !s A) prccifi:, that I fliall adduf^ l)i;i v^rjr words > " Near j/rmnHt liei tbc round mountain of i it ihould feem, of extending the Voyage to xhe Gulpb ofAraUa, He aflerted that they were ifi diUrefe, and likely to be driven about the gulph they were now-entering, without koowledge of U19 Coaft, or any determinate point to which they might direA their courft. Nearcbui reftfted this proppfal with the utmoft fteadinefs \ he riprefpnted ^o the council of officers, tliat Ontficritut »pftmrti ignttoMt of tbtHtfigm »f h.\.\xK-»\i^\^ ntiht badnat put tbt ftopit M boifrd itttud* ibtrtvitrt n» mums ifitoHiuQingthtm iy land; but tbat his txfrifi fmrfefi ii/at, to tbtaiu » kiwudtdg* rftbt C»M/t,nniik/utb Harbturs, Bayi,and Iflandi at might occur iu the Qourfi of tht f^ojagi ; /• uftirlaiu ■'wbotbtf lhn0 ntitrt any towns tordirini on the Octau {. and ntibitbtr tbt country vitt habitabit or dtfirt. He added, tbat tbty bad ttow altuo/l ottafntd the ob;*ff oftbtir txptditia^ \ and tbat tbty ought ml to batard tbt comfktion of it, ty tbt purfuit rfa difftrtut dtfign : that tbt Copt in vitw pnvid, that tbt Ctafi. btlow it ttndid to tbtftutb, wbtitt tbt comsiry might it mtrt dirtQj^ u^tf tht infintnct of tbt Sun, mtrt torrid$.parthtdt anddi/Hlutttf-HMitti-i endihati fintt tbty bad. ruthtd tht Coafi tf Karmttma% tbty tmrt no Uugifin d^ir tf'fiippert. TUtfi lutrt all rtajint.he alleged, y^ pnrfiung tbt Cturft tbty viert nmu in, faihtr tba»AviMij^frtm it ; and if 4lti'*^ bad eompltttd bit txp t dil it* by land, thtrt vmu rta/oitaUf ground fir htpt that a temmnnicatiui. luith the arnfj/ might it titaintd ; nnbtn all tbt dmgtts tbty bad ixptritniid ivould it rtwardtd by the. apprtbatitm of tbt King, aud tbt appUmJrt iftbtir etmuiymtnj This addrefs had its due eSeA upon the Council ; the advice of the Admiral was adopted ; and in thiitnftance* fays ^rridii, lam pcrfuaded that the fuccefs of the Expedition, and the .prefervation of all that hadcmbarked in itf Is imputable fo^ely to Nearcbut i an encomiunl to which no one can refufe to fubfcribe who is acquainted with the Coaft oi Arabia, and confiders> the toul unfitnefs of the-Fl^ for fuch a navigation. Aceor&ng to Pittro della Vdli, who mfitedtbe Coajl of Ptrfia in 162 1, every VWage where a veffel can land her cargo, or whence there are a few naeffcU fent tofta, oitaint the name of Sender. Such a. Port as this was probably Netplana, a place which the Fleet reached the following day, after a courfe of forty-four miles. Bender Ibrahim, the port at the river Ibrahim, or t An AMIS, feems to occupy the very fame ground on which Nearcbut formed his- Naval Camp, • The &ih anil Afnh of Ptolemy, the Mujfenden of our modern Charts) (pw-i^a.) and Stnngylus or the KmMd Mmmaia, is the £litiirz of D'AnviUc, transformed by our Englilh navif^atbn into £btrwers, Hoitttt, Hnufe, and Chtwfc. t The River AiiAMU (p. awO i» fised by Anion in the country of Htrmtttidi an appellation which im- mediately fiiggefti the refcmblance it heart to Harmuz or thrmuz, the celebrated Iflc of Oimuz, in the irtlgh, bourhood. The fame title is given to this Traft by Pttltmy, of which his Capev/AlMtM Is the boundary ; and the mear i by which, the name paObd from the Continent to the Illand are common to almoft every Ifland in the gulpb. '.''his Ttaa is ftyled Mogfnftiu, otthe d'-.lfr country, in oriental geography, extending to Karptlhi or- ]>erhi|ps J'">nhiM'lcatHm here itczpicfled iq Criimta^Ut, tenni pf. joy, that intimat«'the&,piH|tvi«u« emfinmtiint^tht pepi^ day 1 1 a grievanee almoft. iMoifniblc, cgafidwilil .the * «oaftruaioq of ^ Greek Veflel, and a deliverance from which WjM ^ grcateft of all refrefluqtnti. A lip*^ Cm^ ytn efta- bliflwd here iramediatalyj 1^ drawing a |ip« from the river to the beach | wtd fortified by a double rampart with a mound of earth, ^d a deep ditch, which feemi to have beei| filled with 'water from the river. Within uit inclofure, the veflek were hauled on ihoren ..andf all the pic^per meafurei adopted both for their Security ;uul repair. It waa the in* untion of !^, (C omm and e r tpleaye hit petyle in thi«Camp» under the command of proper .jp^isers, whtln \^». trlAd M^iftlf y* pbtaia. aa intfrview i^ith, the King. ,Ii.'At the river AfiXMii, then, ;Miitrvaad as they were now in -a friendly Country, •without apprehenfioa either of fiunine or danger, the people were fbon di^Mrfed over the aeighfaicMirind traA, - either from curiofity, or a defire of fnpplying their feveral wants* : .One flMf MM eoavwMd ipHtiO^tnm bpMbabtfth* nMdium ftc vnitiiig ttitm' both. . . 4 . /I'jtevWf Sndttm periodi, wbeo the HarmozttMt on the Main Alight have fled to Gtnm, tnd carried their name with them Vf their «ew abode. Om \a the begmaing of the 13th ccaturjr, when SaltdSh a na^ve chief on the CSoaft, fled firom an inroad of the Wf«frt Turf^mtu, who about that tiaw eftablilhed thenfelTei in fbtrjijltii and . Ktrmmi »ni amihir ta the yearia;^, when the defeendanti of Cn/M^iCku were naflert ot the Pcrfian tmjAit. To theft two period* I nnft add a ttirj-. in tlie year 1407, or rather 1397, for there if an error of ' 10 yean'in the chrvnology of Chtrtf-tiiin ; when MAamtt the fbn of Vimmr wm ftnt down fham Mirt by bit fMher t» tld» Coaft, in oidn' to fobdue Mthmtt SMt the Ibvereign of OnMk.OnnM wat at that tia»4»i- dtodj^ai tile continent; (n t|wion>«f Ttntar toqii ftten fiirtrtflea wUch were the defence of the AWs kii^dom, and compelled him to fljr tn Genum, cxafBng e*ea there from him a tribute of fia liandred thouAnd dinar*. Thi* tranfaAion pro* e*, that the Ifland wai not yet called Ormuz in 1407 1 while it i* almoft evident that GenM wu die place of retreat for the inhabitant* of the Continent on thefe three different occafioMt and, according to thie obftrvation of NitMr juft mentioned, thi* i* the cnftom of the Coall. The floOnation of thi* word in European orthography juiUfie* much greater Ubertie* In regard to name*, than any which occur h thi* work. ORM. if Ibid-p^sO*. • , .-, .. ,,,! 4 I>r. Vincent placet Alesandw** camp (p. 3P4.) at (r(»/) in ,JICarnM«i«, the i)jiriyi of OM^^ ;jlbid.p.3«. . . ; ... .: : . .. , .... ,* \ XOi. I. w 4 • ( «3dvi ) Voyajjtetjf Nfeit-chttu. Otaiii tlfefefMkktf Mt l J ^ltoltfaifi iHt> tt ftini)tl*«'V ^)>oA Artfs iuid lMg«ag* 4i^ covered him e&^ AOi^li Hm% bitfft flrMn tlMir «]r«* upon feein|^ once more a attiTC ' df ttieib ofttii t&aatrf, Mfid hitiag one* n«re die ibufid bf their own I.aiigtMig«; In. 4tiiHei aAiilnciiccd v^th di)) «^p»«ft natttr*! W their dlftrefii when thef leiutit itai A* ttimt M^l^iyrth'^fitHiAtittlr flw y tmo afm'pm- M mm . - They i*a«iitly bvrritd di« Stnb|er Irith Id) tRe MtiHttIt «f j«yU'MNir«i«»t liiMlfl^^ th»lkliM lM|>!^7 dUL cei«t ^^'¥)B^<»iMH^< with aflifeMtten iOttt the: Kiilt *»«• K^diia fi«wdiqrif jeA^riMyk tud that dtte'^t^VeM^'df lbi>rtKrinte%M ti)iMk ^^t frbdi Whotn fib«lM^^Meltij|«Ke'lbitltt be 0bMiiied>' ' n, - ■ TtoafCHrrt W il U lWie o#gobd ftHMiroeetirred on thedaj oT their arrival* .MMtt^w t*. ftkMiy WttrttainedtiVtaiUhn-ttfi^tM jMHirf.' ibid the aext dXy ord«r«dJtN fibips «» J» JhMMi (MJlM»/fc>id ^ aikt^ M hiribmR«^^^ the Governor, who wdi AM «y«iq«Ullt«d^ith'di«iuii(le«fWjlt^^ fkst, lifad Uiia&iay id reetoweiM MibWby amtiagtiM itit JnieUigteeeof iti wrival, hiuMad «p to tba cvfap fay thefflnit»ftiro«tt,t aad fataii% adbiiuuaie>t»thf hcd^Atched parties idilEnreat w«yt>inifa»c% (tfiJto i ty j fci» tkber to find him oat if he were npon hit road, or, if found, to proteQ him from the aa- tives t bat when ieveral of thele parties returned without fucceft. concluding the Cover- Bor*t Wbrmation was a deTuIion, he ordered him into conEhement, not^wlihoullM !&• «ercft ieftoMthta for i«ad«ri«g ^> vcaatiaa man kciMe firw* the dtfq>pc Thr Adsihikit aad his attcndbat^ from their «n^ais h»ha«% Mea paflbd maHricad. ' Thei^ hair Jmigand oej^baed^ their gatmeotk! d*- kHefei^^^^^th^i'aMkX pala ttd weikher>warth and their perfoas cimei«tcd'h]i> ftiigiwe ^d'fiitlgiie, ibHiiHetiy rotAied th^ ittwaehm tf the friends they had «n<;6untfered^ .??>cy Vere brtth, however, and olCntlt it wasniturat to inquire alter tl^e Atmy^ and where it was apw encaaopcd. An anfwcr was given to their inquiry ( bat (liU they were neither JtcoogoiM hy the partyi . nor was aay ^^ftioa alked in retunu Juft as they were fepara- ^ifig from aaohl ailkitv, JtfithMft 'tvyt Ardrias< lih wttfUafttrtyfiM^^frr n6tf;^m wUbtMnMkt^orom-yftyai^mt h tfiMj^Ji. Lttti Mrtfrtim iiieemen,itndinJbmHni wi* we dr(t, andharujft'm mm am mitit[par^tih^ Urt atft^M emplijtd. 'NiAkcHv's approved of ^s adT ice, and approaching them again, inquired .wiwii «wjr tEty vtn £na'mg tttir Cott^ f Wtaninjtarth of Neanhv md iis ftt^ replied the officer. «4pd / «■. Iftaniiu, 6ud die ad> miral, mJ tbu it Jtrthiat t tate tu tmdtr year tutdaa, and we wUl twr^va repurimir kifhrg t» thel'mg. Tbtfy%efe kc^ordiagly ph«ed in the CaflriagiH, 'and coadoAed towajxh the Army without delay. While they were upon their progrefs, fomc of the horftmen, hn. patient (( «!b1«H ) |MttBMfMt«wif dMipii«£ tliUkimr.fl«Ht» fttcf ftr^ odnp to iafem th* kiiM, iT B C T. tknVmtltmiKifi.jttntMm www wfi^ «IAi«eflMi«attMdaai% boeof tht nftthijr III. i>ad'a»iiiwlH|M[li Thuihggeaai. ta AlnmAt, tht* paihafi theft ralf wen fnftrved, iitrodudiM. and Um dMt itaft of tbt (eopk ktd ptriflMd* «klicr b]F Eeaiiae «r Shipwreck » nor did he Gr«d«i tttkit. f«eL$> ttaeh fieefiure hi the pteAmtien of the fcwy •■ diAreft for the h>fi of the renaio* 4»f» ■ Ptoii^t >hie M>terWl» : ITepwiii* ajid his attendMtt urimd. Itwaa notwilhont ^MiCTilty tht tht hinf dift oweec 4 who tlhey »ere, tinder the di%wift of their lypcaftuwe » iutdthis Ottctm^hMMe eoairihnttd l» Ooafin* hkaiia UoflMAok^ ioMiiwnf ^ pMbai aid'dtcir dreft ht^kefld|^«Uieeh;aiid dte^ftmailn of thftfeeb . He held oat hie haqd, howereryto ywniih^ tod led Mm aftdc from hitgtwnk ud tte ad i ati< witheot beiagaUotoatterawOrdt ■< iboii as thejrwerr alone, he bur A into Mflrs« and contained ^raeping for « conAderaUe tiaee t tiU at length r*coyering»{a fiiiao dejcreorhis conpifilM JV'eoiitii^, A)rt he, /yW>w>SMiglGiaiM •fdnTNoriM/ie mlttmmmtMmf Flmmimif P,mfib,fMrj(k-t-Tmt Fkit, repSed Neerchntiir biH fiw> a diiwaM iboree* now ftU moeh fafter from his eyes t irifpf iy^ fiqrs hi.-Tn<#4f 4*Mwi w« fc|rt>edNearthtM»«V>*'t/^ *ililfUmii)$H^1ffi9 Fhit mitkfiilimetf.tiu.)«>iftJUeiHMt4ttm mUrialam « tt atttUgkn) t htnmepini^ Sndi wasdietecepiion of tho Adiniral» irhilc the Governor* who mu the firft hewer of the glad tidiafs, was ftiU ia^beadst npon the fight of i^wrwiei^ he fell at hit felt, a«d implored his ioMrceflwR* It may he if»ll iattgined that his pardon wis as rsndilf granted, «s it was nikedt ■ ■. < . . Xlw jojrinasnftwaaiterlhllflmiu^thoarfnjrt a fakmkiSoai^ceww fttoctaimed in hoMwiv ^y»tiUr aMFio{etvtti^ikr!aiki^i£j^tlb theavcrter lof deftroaion, ff Mfimm, •ad ofiiry. deity of the^Oteaai.thegaatee'weK eeiefaeated, tod k 4>lendid proeefiDaoK* . hibited, in which Nearehu was the principal ornament of the pomp,and.the obfeft which ^iiaed the attention of eveiy tye. ,: flfwers and ch4plets w«i« Mntathed for his head, and (howereti npon him hjr tiur grat«fy4 miUit^de i while the fiicceft of his enterpriie was profl^imcdbf their acclaniiitipi)*, and «elebrau4 in their ibogsa Ac the coadufioa of th$ feftival, the king informed Kiarcbtu, that he (hould no longer expofe him to the ha* zard of the Sea, but fend dbwn fome other officer to conduft the Fleet to Sufa. I am iouul t» oity jeu, replied the Admiral, «r mjp King, and I tale apUafun in mj theHencei InH if yarn ni/h t0gral^ m in ntmn^fi^ m /» ntmn aijr nmmanJ, till I iave tmfbttd the et^ieMof. iJiaU fid k*tam it^u/fye, if, e^ having Jhwggjkd thm^gh all the d^iealtitt of the Vegi^t oaaAerfiM JU^ tht remdnier ahimfi vAhtu* am tffirt, ami yet reap the htmtw •Jcti^Uing mhat Ihavtkgtm Aitt&finttL, fcarcely permitting him to conclude his reqneft, ^Ated all that he defired^ tod'fettt htm down again to the Coaft ^1 . Thb Fleet took its departure with the commencement of the new Year (385 B. C) ^ and after paffing a dcfert Ifland called Organa, the celebrated Oraius of modern geography, they anchored in fsfety at the *ilrgf« on the 5th of Fobraary,the hundred and twenty-feventh day of this memorable Voyage^ Thence they proeieedcd On the navigation of the Coaft of • " * ' ^ ' Sifialtas * For tKe intermediate detail of the voyage the reader is icfcrrcd to Dr. yinceiu'i lUuftratioii (p 3>'*>*ft>'«^ tl>^'*''^» liM^ ^Hte ittdiMl MiMiipnM kb graufal lbwt^»iffk% m t mn wiuug i>t»»%ltty la lMrit wtMi ww wJ utirfc m ^ that of lUmhm with th« dttnghMr ■ttOlim t m ' and 'Ap^fiMb ai«ft him' bM» aNn4Bd with mrtU cnbir Immua* fto aiww m Aawnuii.,; and ftr g j t wtomlht Wwtli iti r ^ ^ ttia ffc«VJ>»» cti«Ml«r«i«nMoff«ld, IWM»Altsiuid«r b«ftoiidd«*tl»ifflflmof UkhUf^gda^ 1^ «MlMinia aifo eiMliwid'fa'tawMlMri^ i«A'i»«JeWit»d. i«d AI««iii4b^ in«empied!dtaciiMaHb%ttlai»«Cairilfa'M.tlii>iMA^ Cvm • iew dafb bekm hfi daatki Ai,u*ii»»R coavirftd :wUk ia tka badb^ wUkMNMhw opea hh Voijrtlg* froim /■dhM «adgawMHv4iMlhaf4m»k«nad7.'>-3!b aCftkldipi*^ DiToowry, tfcne Hgki firiiict of tMty'oanutMK, iMd ikiWd «» dUkrUt titnmi Am* b»tir J^^ aftil aiodara fHifktf/hift in tMs Vt^fe twa Ifliadi d»«i« iW^owndf «ine at ti« dif- laaea ti- tw Hd^lftoi^ the mkntlk of the BaphratM, to wbkk Alexander fave the aniaitaf AiriMb^^Mhtr SJIilby'ddMfM «r«l|.iMKNkd# aad pradaai]^ IMiiiiai riWdi|haiM«f a>daf a«y aigkc'i^ttteiii^V^Mi^wd 4^ Hk iM«pid aad prepare a fleet of velkli. mitt. ,ll\?it Ot) • IbkL |k V^ f n>M. p. 454. I IbU.p.477• f 8011- b fappaTed (p. 47!) to eccepy nctHr the fite of ^lraMf (p. 4Sa) b higUr dangeroa* from AtiiffMm toRiAcl.Hadi the wtodt inOnate acar SliMe; and, ciccpt M^ktt, then b hwdijr an Inlet which a Veflel caa enter without haaard of Ship* t lb* wind b beiftcroiM. ( cxHx ) baUk aft«r tht Gftdaii nuHMtr. If AniAwta had Mwi mif > Jwr ymn JBHWV ifct pcogrtft of MafMoM dUbovwry would have kf«i dMMafltf wtntmuim ftat iato MmM^ with bo kfi a Aim dun oat fc— iw< mA fli dMAadlt «%ht ■■d tbhty piwwMU, to procora marimwt ft— tll» &■■ tamtUf fcrtynAuB ?t baaa takaa to pkcatt wtrt eoBvtycd ovar laad toThaplfccoi.aad thaaca Wait* to labf • loa I otberi affi> wtra ordartd to ba bulk oa tha fyatt of cypiaft weodi aad» lAovt all| » dock wat dhaAad to ba formad at Jal j fci, ca f db h of coataiaiag looo Vaftbi «kk boUdingi and arftndt fai proportioa to tha aftabliftwit Itii*iM)tthcl«igthoftbaCowrftthatowjdittorriftthaaainaaf CilbilwMi^tha^ that ofNmrhiut tha c oa ft stt aacai dafttad from tha'DMSwrariat of both are aqnally im> porumt«aad the Commarca wHh tha Eaft India* upon a kral wHh that of America i bqt if the communication fixad at JImmMt k Aa origin of tha Pmnigmm D^immimt and tha QrcmnnaTigation of^^^^ NiAitCMQa » in rAcr ma raiMMv noTHoa or micoTUff -IN oaNsaAi.( Ann rna luaTin aoT* aH&nit* Mn CoLVMioa* ■ BCT. III. HNMMnK|il* *M.^8rl. n T ^ J 8 tA .'»«!1 ';■■ 4: ■i::!". )w«4 1 ■ ii>i< IV. SECTION THE FOURTH. SECT. I* Carthaoi. Situation of ibe Metrofclis, Syrtet, Treaties of Peace and Conmeree prefervediy P^ylmu, Gades, New Carthage, Spain the Peru eftbe ancient World. Ingenuity of the Cartbagmian Sbipvnrigbtt, Ancient mode of Traffic on the Weftem Coaft of Africa. Trade for Cold Dufi, De. dine rf Carthage, Intentions tf Alexander, Hanno's Voyage of Difcevery, The Magnet, Hinulco*s Voyage, North Atlantic, Caffiterides, II. Rome. Rye of the Republic.— 'Rrji Appearance as a Maritime Power,— Singular Mode of training their Marintrs.—Corvi, — Naval YiHory, — Naval Defeat, Naval Skill of a Rbodian. Dejlruilion of Carthage. Voyage of Difcovery by Pofybius. Atlantic I/lands. Hydrographical Divijions of the Ocean. Winds. III. Roman Empire. Auguftus. Egypt a Roman Province. Indian Ambaffadors from Porus. Pbenicia. Claudius, Monfoon. — Hip' palus. Maritime Difcoveries on the Eaftem Coaji of Africa. Hyperborean Ocean, Goths, Rife of the Modem Commercial States. Reman Commerce, H Ti.t ( eK ) " ThU Sun from dwrkiieft nft lUiHBialaf the laadfcapi wid** »bc>il3ff (f £S3 oii: TEt Tcnu, the (we-cS Shipt, add t&t pa|c ■wra^('T(4t i Now the Prophctick Song bdifUjMit Boiri~ ; ' TUm, lt«M*«» it m nithrft ■ KwuM,AtmUiWtMkm»> TUt na»d RocE mg JbyH mdtUiJult .:Ji. . ' ; In iti.-. SECT. IV. . ■ ■/j.ii. r.n ;»►-' B9wt.11, w. n.jb,}ji^ jThi llHM^f of the ntritlme Pi bw wlei, taA ■ Comiiwtg of tlie Ca»- '^i-HMMiMAiM, luit been' often ncglcfM fai orAtr -10 allow tmioim minift fjpiM'to ddbffte Hw bold nd rapiidotfl^iigfit eltlM RMMii^&igli* la the j^^^^^^ conqneft of ClMbagt,WtQinim ha«n»l Jf->i J.. ■ • .. ' J. * Ulkdt Jfifft A JnmHt mf and Lipt'u, are all tBonfKt to hare been foandfcd before CartlM^t. AauTOTLi (de mirabilibus) placet the building of Utka sSo yean before tfte ' fot-nier Citf . . . j.'/i t Ration. Tempor. lib. ii. cap. 13; ■ . , --^^r^ ■ X Eyfieb. in Chron. lib. i. p. 1 1. Procop. de Bell. Vand. lib. ii« cap. 10. . ,j j i Apud Euieb. in Chron. ad ann. 804. ICAaAiHdeCol. Phoen.Iib.i.cap. «4» * -» ' -^^i 8 E C T. IV. Intru and two dlffertations, with maps. " VOL. I. X . . ( cliv ) E C T. The inner port, or Cothon, difplayed the genius and refonrces of this Re- IV« public. It was lined with innumerable ftorehoufes, and contained docks fufficicntly capacious to Ihelter from the weather two hundred and twenty * Veflels of war : marble pillars of the Ionic order adorned the entrance of thefe docks, and gave additional beauty to the fccne. On the Ifland, in the "centre of the harbour, appeared the admiral's palace, commanding a delight- ful view of the opening to the fea. Their merchant fliips were feparated by a double wall in the outer harbour from the men of warj and to each divifion a particular landing place, and entrance to the city, was allotted. Carthage, in the zenith of its power, had three hundred cities under her jurifdiftion, and poflefled a line of Coaft, nearly 2000 miles in length, ex- tending from the * Syrtis Major to the Pillars of Hercules, The climate was * Major Renncll, \n]\\i\\\\i^rM\on of the Geography of Ferodotus, pays confiderable at- tention to thefe SvRTks, the terror of ancient mariners, (p. 646.). " 'V\iq greater Syrtis bordered on the weft of the province of Cyrenaita, and penetrated to the depth of about IOC miles within the two Capes, that formed its mouth or opening ; which were, that of Boreum on the Eaft, Cefhalut, or Trieorlum, on the Weft. In'front, it was oppofed to the opening of the Adriatic fea : and the Mediterranean in this part expanding to I'.e breadth of near 10 degrees, (which is its greatcft breadth.) expofed this gulf to the violence of the northerly viindi.'-Scylax reckons it a paflage of three days and nights acrofs its mouth, wJiich, however, meafures no more than 180 G. miles, on the beft modern maps. It is not, however, pixtended, cither that the whole extent of this fpace was equally dangerous, or that there weoe dangers in every part : on the contrary, there is every reafon to fuppofe that the dangers were confined to particular paru of it. — The /efer Syrl'u lay oppofite to the Iflands of Sicily and Malta. It appears to be no more tlian 40 to 50 G. miles in breadth, but penetrates about 75 within the continent ; and we have Scylax's word, that it was the moft dangerous of the two. The Iflands Cercina and Ctrtmnitu (Cyranis of Herodotus), bounded its entrance to the North ; Meniiix, or that of the Lotophagi, on the South. — Pliny informs us that Folylius had written a defcription of them ; which, perhaps, from the acutenefs and accuracy of that author, might have been a better one, than any that has come down to us. It may be Aippofed to have been a part of the information colledled by him, whilft employed in exploring the coafts di Africa, by Scipio (lib. v. c. i.). It is certain that the fingle faft of wading a mile or two into the fea, does away all idea of quickfands in this place (the lejfer Syriit), fo that thefe muft necefliirily be confined to the other Syrlist although this one may be equally, or even more dangerovs.— Dr. Shaw was informed (p. 194), that frequently at the Ifland of Jerba on the fouth fide of the Syrtet^ the fea rofe twice a day, a fathom or more above its ufual height : but during hrs ftay on the Coaft, the eafterly winds were too violent to enable him to notice it j that is, we may fuppofe, the fea was kept up to a pitch nearly equal to high water mark, by the prefiure of SECT. IV. ( clv ) was fo healthy, that, according to Sallujit few of the inhabitants died of any infirmity but old age. Tbey enjoyed a free government confiding of three cdates, the Suffetes^ x\it SenatCy and the Commons ; in which, according to IntfoduAioiu VoVjHM^t Monarchy^ Arijiocracyy and Democracy were all centered : nor was RtmaTe'riJH the (lability of this great nation ever impaired, until the power of the people obtained an undue afcendancy ; from that period, fays ancient hidory, the celebrated date of Carthage began to decline, and in a few years the circle of its gloryy which for centuries had never ceafed to enlarge itfelf, was dif> perfed for ever. Two mod curious documents, refpefling the Naval Hldory of Carthage, Early Com have defcended tb us in the Treaties of peace and commerce preferved by sl^'e,. Polybius. The fird, concluded twenty*eight years before the expedition of Xerxes, in the Confulfliip of Junius Brutus and Marcus Horatius, is marked by a watchful commercial fpirit, anxious to encourage Navigation. Polybiut declares, he had given the fenfe of it with all the (kill and accuracy of which he was mader; but the language ufed in thofe times was fo differ- ent from any fpoken among the Romans at a later period, that frequently the bed interpreters, even after theclofed application, were unable to ex« plain it. ** Between the * Romans and their allies, and the Carthaginians and their allies, there fliall be peace and alliance upon thefe tonditions. Neither the Romans nor their Allies fhall fail beyond the Fair t Promontory ^ unlefs com- pelled of the wind on the waters, in the moutli of the gulf. The Marqu'u Je Chabert, during his fliort ftay on this Coaft in 1 766, remarked that the tides rofe three feet : but the marks on the fliore (hewed a rife of five (French) feet, at the higheft tides; agreeing nearly with the report of Dr. Shaw. The Marquis perceived the rife and f:^ll to be mor& fenfible along the CnaA of ylfrica proper, between C. £ oh And Kulesy than elfewhere; ana that it diminiflied, all the way caftward to the Greater Syrtit (Hlfl. de rAcaiimk det Sc'tencet, 1767.). This might reafonably be expcifted. The wave of Tide is fiiddenly oppofed in front by the eaftern coaft of Tunis; and alfo comprefTed laterally by the ifland of Sicily. — The Tides in the Syrtei are fpoken of by fcveral of the ancient authors, as well as by Edrl/it amongft the moderns ; but none of th'em mention the height to which they rife." • Tranflation by Hampton, vol. j. p. 314. book iii. \ The Puhhrum Promontorlum, or Fdir Promontory, yras the head l;md of a long Cape, projefting nortliward into the fea, on the eaft fide of the bay at the extre- mity of which Carthage was fituated. This Cape divided the bay from the Syrtit Minor. Polybius imagines that the defign of the Carthaginlant in not permitting the Romatu to fail to the foutliwai'd of this Promontory, arofc from their with to X z conceal V E CT. IV. ( Clvi ) pelled by bad weather or an enemy. And in cafe that they are forced . beyond it, they fliall not be allowed to take or purchafe any thing, except what is barely neceflary for refitting their veiTels, or for Sacrifice ; and they fliall depart within five days. The Merchants, that ihall ofier any goods to fale in Sardinia, or any part of Afric, fhall pay no cuftoms, but only the ufual fees to the Scribe and Crier : and the Publick Faith ihall be a fe. curity to the Merchant, for whatever he (hall fell in the prefence of thefe officers. If any of the Romans land in that part of Sicily which belongs to the Carthaginians, they (hall fuSer no wrong or violence in any thing. The Carthaginians (hall not offer any injury to the Ardeates, Antiates, Laurentinet, Circaant, Tarraciniansy or any other people of the Latiru, that have fubmit- ted to the Roman jurifdiflion. Nor (hall they polfefs themfelves of any city of the Latins that is not fubjefl to the Romans. If any one of thefe be taken, it Hiall be delivered to the Romans in its entire (late. The Cartha- ginians (hall not build any fortrefs in the Latin Territory : and if they land there in a hoftile manner, they (hall depart before night." This Treaty, concluded in the firft year of the Romap Common- wealth, was fucceeded by a fecond, the great Navigation Adt of Carthage, It probably was framed at no great diftance from the other } but the date unfortunately is not known, and therefore conje^ure muft be allowed to fupply what has been loft by time, and the negled of hiftorians. In this Treaty the Carthaginians include the States of Tyre and Vlicay and extend their line of limitation to the Roman commerce from the Fair Promontoryy^ to the cities of Majiia and Tarfeium near the Pillars of Hercules ; which at once excluded their rivals from the whole extent of the Carthaginian Coad. " Between conceal the knowledge of the country that lay round Byzacium, and the le^r Syrl'u f which, on account of its uncommon richnefs and fertility, was called the Ma&kbts. Dr. 7aylor, in his Elements of The Civil Law, notices this Treaty (p. 506. eJ. 4to.)« ' In this Treaty, and fome renewals of it afterwards, it is pleafant to obferve the future Mafters of Mankind ftipulating, like very fmall Merchants, to keep within proper bounds at Sea, to confine their huccanicring, for it was no better, within a particular point, and never to double a certain Cape, that lay off Carthage, unlefs they were compelled by ftrefs of weather. Thefe conditions, on the fide of the Carthaginians, fliewagreat Power at that time of day, or a great fpirit, that could in a manner give laws to trade : and on the fide of the Romans, it fpeaks little of a Maritime Power, to fubmit to Terms which muft be of the hardeft digeftion to any people that turned their thoughts, with the fmallcA de- gree of attention, to the confiderations of Commerce aud Navigation.' ^ ?t\?- ( civil ) ■'*' " Between the Romans and their • aUie?, and thie Carthagmans^ Tynans^ SECT. Vliceam, and their allies, there (hall be peace and alliance upon thefe condi- ^^" __ tions. The Romans (hall not fail in fearch of plunder, nor carry on any Introduftion. traffick, nor build any city, beyond the Fair Promontory^ Majiia and Tar- Rman Pcmdi. fcium. If the Carthaginians take any city of the Latins, not belonging to the Roman jurifdidion, they may referve to themfelves the prifoners, with the reft of the booty, but (hall reftorc the city. - If any of the Carthaginians gain any captives, from a people that is allied, by a written Treaty with the Romans^ though they are not the fubjefts of their empire, they (hall not bring them into the Roman ports : in cafe they do fo, the Romans (hall be allowed to claim, and fet them free. The fame condition (hall be obferved alfo by the Romans : and when they land in fearch of water, or provifions, upon any Country that is fubjeft to the Carthaginians, they (hall be fupplied with what is necefiary, andthen depart ; without offering any violence to the Allies and friends of Carthage. The breach of thefe conditions (hall not be refentcd as a private injury, but be profecuted as the publick caufe of either people. The Romans (hall not carry on any trade, or build any City in Sardinia, or in uifric : nor Jhall they even viftt thofe Countries, unlefs for the fake of getting ptoviftons, or refitting their Ships, li they are driven upon them by a Storm* they (hall depart within (ive days. In thofe parts of Sicily, which belong to the Carthaginians, and in the city of Carthage, the Romans may expofe their goods to fale, and do every thing that is permitted to the citizens of the Republick. The fame indulgence (hall be yielded to the Carthaginians, at Rome." To Carthage i^ccttAcA the valuable Phenician colony of t Gades ; and Gades. in fupporting the caufe of the mother country, at this fettlement, againft the native Iberians, the Carthaginians are firft recorded to have palTed the Straits. In the performance of this duty Carthage was not unmindful of her own interefts, fince (he eagerly embraced the opportunity to fecure confiderable polfeffions in the adjoining province of Boetica. Phenicia at length yielded the palm of maritime glory to her afpiring offspring ; the foundation of a commercial mart in the province of Tarraconenfis, now Va- lentia, gave an additional fcope to the enterprife of the Carthaginian fettlers, - . and • Ibid. vol. i. p. 213. J\ Sir Ifaac Newton, in his Chronology (p. log.), cites a pafTige £rnm Solinut (C. 23. edit. S.ilm.), to prove, that among the many places called Erjthra, the illaad Gades re- ceived fiom the Phetticiaas the aame of £r)i//;M, or £ry//;r*. • ( clviii ) • SECT, and as its advantageous fituadon in fome meafure reminded them of their — ^^' own metropolis in Africa^ they endeavoured to abate the painful idea of abfence, by giving the appellation of * New Carthage to this rifmg city ; the fite of which may ftili be traced in modern Carthagena, They alfo occupied many valuable iflands in the Mediterranean, and eftabliflied fa£tories m^^t Balearet ; whence they procured excellent honey, corn, and wine. Sardinia, Cor/tea^ Malta and Goaw, ftU belonged^to the Carthaginians, and a ccnfiderable part of the ifland of S/V/7)f was.even fubjefl to their republic, before • Maurice's DifTertationt p. 3*3, (Indian Antiq. vol. vi.). The following defcrip- tion of New Carthage is given by Polyblut in his tenth book, who declares, that he vifit- cd this celebrated emporium of ancient commerce, and examined it with particular at- tention. " New Carthage then is fauate near the middle of the Coaft of Spain, upon a gulph that looks towards the fbuth-weft, and which contains in length about twenty ftadia, and abfut ten Aadia in breadth at the firft entrance. The whole of this gulph is a per. fe£l harbour. For an Ifland lying at the mouth of it, and which leaves on either fide a very narrow palFage, receives all the waves of the fea : fo that the gulph remains en- tirely calm ; except only that its waters are fumetimes agitated by the fbuth-well winds blowing through thefe paflages. 'All the other wiuds are intercepted by the land, which inclofes it on< every fide. In the tnraoft part of the gulph (lands a mountain in form of a peninfula, upon which the City is built. It is furrounded by the Sea, upon the eaft and fouth ; and on the well by a lake, which is extended alfo fo far towards the north, that the reft of the fpace, which lies between the lake and the Sea, and which joins the City to the Continent, contains only two JlatRa in breadth. The middle part of the City is flat ; and has a level approach to it from the Sea, on the fide towards the fouth. The other parts are fm.ounded by hills; two of which are very high and rough; and the other thrge, t]u3Ugh much lefs lofty, are full of cavities, and difficult of approach. Of the former two, the largeft is that which ftands on the fide of the eaft. It extends itfelf into the Sea, and has a temple confecrated to JEfculafnut upon the top. The other is in like manner fitu- ated oppofite to the former upon the weft. Upon this laft, is a magnificent and royal pa- lace, which was built for Afdrubd, when he defigned, as it is laid, to declare himfclf Sove- reign of the country. The other three hills, which are of fmaller fize, inclofe the City on the fide towards the north. The firft of thefe, which ftands neareft to the eaft, has the appellation of Vulcan. The fecond, that oiAUtes', who is faid to have obtained divine honours, from having firft difcovcred the Silver Mines. The third is called the hill of Sa- turn. For the conveniency of thofe who ufe the Sea, a communication is made by art be- tween the lake and the Sea. And acrofs the narrow Chsinnei which joins tho two toge- ther, there is alfo a bridge ; which fervesfor the pafliige of carriages and beafts of burden as, they come loaded with neceffarics from the country into the City This City formerly contained not more than Xvrentyjladia in circumference. Many writers injleed affirm it to have been forty. But in this they are miftakcn. For my own part, I can fpeak of this matter with afTuraace." noti before the foundation of the Per/tan empire. But the Carthaginians derived SECT, their principal fource of wealth, from thfe valuable mines of Andalufia and Corduba, which they probably fhared with the Phenicians ; as alio from Introdiiaion. others which their own ingenuity and perftverance had difcovered in the /t^^^iw" rich and productive foil of * Spain, ftiled by Silius IlaiicuSj ^ttrifera Terra, According to Arijiotle, as cited by t Mr. Maurice, when the Phenicians Hrft vifited the rich coall of Iberia^ they found Gold and Silver in prodigious abundance ; fo that the Spaniards of that age wonderfully refembled the unfortunate Mexicans, whom the avarice of fucceeding generations was doomed to perfecute. The rhenidans beheld, with the aflonifhment of Cortezy l\\& x'lchts oi Iberia ; the tonnage of their (hips was ill adapted to fatisfy the monopoly in which they invariably had indulged j and thty at length proceeded not only to make their anchors and other implements of filver, but aftually to ufe it as ballaft. The Carthaginians ^ according to Strabot found the very mangers in Iberia conftrufted of filver, and their h'orfes (hod with it. Pliny mentions feveral of the rich filver mines that were worked by the Carthaginians in Spain ; and we are | informed that from the mine called Bebelf Hannibal daily received three hundred pounds of filver. The fituation of Carfhage^ as a commercial ftate, was greatly fuperior to that of the mother country ; fince the former enjoyed a more centrical fitua- tion in the Mediterranean. The Carthaginian commerce was various and Their Com- extenfive, and the profeflion of a merchant was cfteemed the mod honour- ?*^^''" ^"^ able. A lucrative branch bf trade was carried on with the Per/tans^ Gara- mentesf and Ethiopians, for carbuncles of ineftimable value } and from the abundance • The origin of the term EJpanna, firft pointed out by Bochart, is thus given by Mr. IVynd^ lam Beatvet, in his Dijfertal'wm on Spain and Portugal { 1 793. p. 3 -. ), from the fathers Moiet/a- not: " The mod likely then thit we find concerning the origin of the vford E/fianna, is its being derived from the Phanic'mn monofyllable fpan, or faphan, which fignifies a rabbit t and fo the Phoenicians would cAWt fphqnijam, or fpanifan, which is the fame as a rabb.t bur- row'' If we may credit M. Varro, cited from Pliny (L. viii. c. 29.). at leail what the faid Pliny refers to ( Ibid. c. 55.), and Strabo (Lib. iii.), the inhabitants of the Iflands Balearet found themfelves fo opprefled by rabbits, that they inireated the emperor Augujlus to fend fome troops to attack them. A couple of rabbits had been carried from the continent of Sipain to thofe Tfles. They were then unknown to all Europe, except Spain and Languedoc. Father Flornt has two medals of Spain, coined at Rome durinir the reign of Adrian, each ■with the figure of a rabbit."— Compare this account by Mr. Beatuis, with the Portuguefc fettlement at Putrto Sanfo {chap. ii. p. I56.). f Ibid. p. 261. - X Strabo^ lib. xxxiii. cap. 61 iigenuity. ( clx ) SECT, abundance of thefe precious gems at Carthage, they derived, according to IV Pliny, the name of Charchedoniatiy or Carthaginian, The ingenuity of her artificers foon became fuperior to thofe of other countries ; the different Punic wares, on which tafte or fafliion ftampcd an imaginary value, were always didinguiflied by the peculiar neatnefs and elegance of the workman- fhip ; Punic beds, Punic windows, and Punic * tables, were even celebrated by the implacable enemies of this Republic. A learned f writer thinks it pro- bable that the Carthaginians were the firft who made Cables for large vef- fels of the fhrub y^^r/um, or at lead that they communicated this invention to the Romans ; and as the latter nation certainly derived their principles of fiiip-building from the Carthaginians^ we may be juftiBed in attributing to them, what has generally been efleemed the modern art of caulking and jheathing ihips : fmce a velTel, thus fecured, which had belonged to Trajan^ was J weighed out of the lake of Riccia^ by the order of Cardinal Profpero Colonnajt. All kinds of Naval Stores were procured in the greateft perfetlion at Carthage ; the firft quadrirenle, or four-oared Galley, was, according to Ari/iotlc^ launched from the dock yard of this republic ; and the ingenuity which planned it, muft have awakened the emulation of other artifts to fuggeft improvements in the fame line. In the equipment of their (hips the Carthaginians encouraged the talents both of the painter and fculptor: with the produdions of the firft their (hips were orfHamented, the exploits of their illuftrious anceftors afforded a conftant fubjed of emulation to the crew, and the facred pafaci, or images, that were placed on the moft elevated part of the fhip, called forth whatever firmnefs the imperfed principles of pa- ganifm could fupply. The Romans, however, exerted fuch continued dili- gence, and cherifhed furh implacable malice, in blackening the chara^er of this ingenious nation, that it behoves every one to preferve a conftant fcepti- cifin in perufing their accounts. The dark § pidure of Carthaginian man- ners • The fadiion for the Ciiron wood of jifr'ica prevailed to fuch a de;Tree at Romci that, ac- cordinj; to Pl'my, as cited by Gibbon (v(.l. ix. p. 457, note)^ a round boarc^, or Cable, of this wood, four or five feet in diameter, fold for ten, or twelve thoufand pounds fterling. f Umverful Hi/lory, vol. xv. p. 264. X Al'PliNDIX (p. 86.). § A writer in the Univerfal Hiftory exchiims (vol. xv. p. 274.^ '« Mad the writings of Phlli/tlus Syracufimus, F.phorut, TimMiu Sicu/ut, /iratut, Tmgus Pempeiut, the fiith, feventj^ figlith, uiiuh, and tenth books of DioJorut Sicu/ut, or any of the Fuijic hiUorians, be .a uov, 0» extant. E C T. IV. ( clxi ) ners which hai furvived the wreck of time and barbarifin, it drawn by that remorfelefii enemy, who deftroyed all the archives of Carthaget and, trampled on talents, long exerted to promote the elegance and comfort introduaion. e r • % t ^ r Catihtri»u» and offociallntercourfe. R,m<,,Pm^. Even Herodottu condefcended to favour the envy or prejudices of his Ancient - countrymen refpefling Carthage f however, he was, as an hiftorian obliged t*"*"*^ to record fome tranfadtions, and the following is more particularly intereft* ing, fince the *fame cuflom remained when the Portuguefe firft re-dif- coviered the north-weftern coaft of Africa. ** The Carthaginians failing beyond the Straits or pillars of Hercules, traded with the Libyans of thofe parts in the following manner : after they had run into fome creek, they landed their goods ; and leaving them expofed on a pomt of land, returned on board their fliips. They then caufed a great fmoke to be raifed, at the fight of which the Libyans came to the place where the wares had been left ; and depoflting a quantity of Gold, retired at a good diftance from them. The Carthaginians then land a fecond time; and if the Gold appeared to them an equivalent, they carried it off, and failed without delay ; if not, they continued quiet on board for fome time. The Libyans, finding them not yet fatisfied, return and add more gold; and if this proved infuffictent^ they continued iacreafing it, until the Carthaginians were iatisfied, and th^ bargain made. Neither of thpfe nations offered the lead injuftice to the other. Hie Cartbaginiam did not touch the Libyan gold until it was ol «qi;ial value with their wares ; and the Libyans did not attempt to remove the Carthaginian merchandife, until the CoU which they offered as an equiva^ lent, was t awepted." u From the &me hiftorian may be derived fome information, refpeding the Trade for |)laces on the African coaft, whence the Carthaginians procured Gold Duft, ^'^ ^"^* «nd Fitch. ** According to the % Cartbagittiant, we next meet with an Ifland called «xtant, we might have received fufficient light from them« in many material points, re- lating to the firft ages of Cartiage ; but thefe have, for a long feries of ages, been no more. Thefe the Roman Virtue, Generofity, Greataefs of Soul, and Love of Truth, thought proper to deny pofterity." % • See C« S Dr. Symomds' Remarks on an Eflky, intitled the Hiftory of the Colonization of the Free States of Antiquity (1778.). II Don Pedr. Rodrig. Campomanbs, antiquedad maritima de Cartago, con el Periplo de fu General Hannon traducido e illuftrado. ^ublic of Carthage. It is not therefore furprifing, if their poets and hiftoriana negle£Ud to cele- brate the fiune of Hanna as a navigator. P/r'ny, at the diftance of many centuries, ftrives to difcredit the Journal, becaufe no veftige could then be traced of the Cities, or Towns, which Hanno founded on the coaft oi Africa, But let the fentiments of the great Monte/quieu be cited, to counteract what. ever the envy, or prejudice of the Romans may have effeded. ** It vnuid indeed have been a wonder, ifanyfuch v0iget bad rtmained. Wac it a Corinth, or an Athens, that Haono built 00 thofe Coafts ? He left Cartbagi* man fiunilies in thofe places moft commodious for trade, and fecured them, as 8vo. (vol. i. p. 351*) II* Ramviio, Racolte de Viaggi (vol. i. folio lit.). Pokchas (vol. i. p. 76.). MoNTESQj^iiu Efprit des Loix, (L. zxi. c. 8.) Rihnbll'i Geographj of Herodotus (p. 7i9<)- ' * FMhiehu, and Mtbtf fix it in the year 300 B. C. DoJmett, in about CtuHfomatut, • Florian tfOcamfo, Mariana, De Briquigny, about Bot^amxiBe, J t Efprit del Loiz (L. xxi. c. 11 .)« 407. 448. 500. 57«« ( clxv ) SECT. IV. at well ai his harty would permit, againft favagei and wild beads. The ea. lamities of the Carthaginians put an end to the Navigation of Africa ; their families muft neceflarily then either perifli or become favages. Befides, were Intioduaion. the ruins of thefe cities even dill in being, who would venture into the woods HmMyiZ". and marfhes to make the difcovery ? We find, however, in Seylax and Pofybiuj^ that the Carthagimant had confiderable Settlements on thefe coafts. There are the veftiges of the Cities of Hanno \ there are no other, for the fame reafon that there are no other of Carthage itfelf. . . . Hanno's Voyaoe was written by the very man who performed it. His recital is not mingled with oftentation. Great commanders write their actions with Jimplicityy becaufe they receive more honour from fails than from words,** RamuJiOf and Purchase were among the firft who favoured their refpeflive countrymen with tranflations of this interefting Voyage. The former fub- joined an elucidation from the verbal narrative of a Portuguefe commander, who was accuftomed to trade to the ifland of St. Thomas, which is thus tranflated by Mr. Falconer : " Having obferved, in this Voyage ofHanno^ many parts worthy of attention, I thought I fhould give great fatisfaftion to the learned, if I wrote out fome few remarks that I have inferted at different times in my Journals, and which I have heard related in converfation by a * Portuguefe Pilotto, a native of the town of Condit whofe name is con- cealed for proper reafons. This perfbti, who had arrived at Venice with a (hip laden with fugars from the ifland of beginning in the firft perron plural. I i.m inclined to tliinJc, that thii Title might have been aAied by the Cm'Aagkimu thcml'elveii at a kind of expla- natioHt or an index, for the ufe of thofe perfons who might rcfort to the temple of Saturn to eiamine fuch public records. — The Narrative feems to have been originidly designed for the information of the Cttrtbaginiani, or of fuch traders ai reibrtcd to Carthago alone ). and, for this realbn» the detail of the Voyage from Carthage to the Pillars is entirely omit* ted. The parts of JfrUa immediately following are flightly defcribed, in order to give a genera] notion of the fituation of the new Colonies i becaufe the places were familiar to thofe who were addrefled, and by whom they had probably been formerly examined. (FaUmur.) t The firft city was founded at no great diftance beyond the Strait of Gibraltar, the reft Ihort of Capt Bojador / fo that the paflengei-s did not continue on board any great proportion of tlM time employed in the voyage (Rmmll), THVMiATiaiUM feemes to the Portugall pilot in Rmm/n to be Amamtr in JS lutd an halfe, where runneth a fpacious Elaine to Mo- rocco (PmnhMi). X The pofition of the Promontory of Sotoiit, becomes of great importance towards the meafure of regulating our ideas of the ancient fyftem of African geography ( and of ad- jufting the limits of ancient Navigations. . . These are few parts of Ptolemy's geography, m which the Latitudes agree lb well with the modem obfervatiens, as in the part between the Strait of Gibralur, and C. Bojador |»— fo that this part of the coaft muft have beta much frequented : but it is remarkable, that, although the Parallels ai-e fo generally ex. aA, the bearing is out full lour Points of the Compafs | it being nearly S. by E. in Pto- lemyi when it is in reality about S. W. by S. And hence it may be colleAed, that, when. the latitudes could not be applied to the correAion of the bearings^ the Ancients formed very erroneous calculations of them. .... From a review of the argument, then*, it ap* pears, that the S9I01U of Haum, and of Stylam \ and the S(£t of Piiny, and of Ptolemy, muft have been fituated between the Capes Blanta and Gttr, on the Coqfi ofMomtctt ia. which quarter alfo, the Sohm of Hcrodotus» as being a part of the inhabited traA, muft of neceflity be fituated. . . . On the whole we muft conclude that to be the Promontory in- tended, from whence the Coaft turns fenfibly to the Southward, after projeAing Weft« ward, from the neighbourhood of Gibraltar. For, the circumftance that ieems to have marked it, was, the difficulty of doubling it from^the northward, with the prevalent winds of that region 1 which are wefterly ; and which diflkuky was greatly iacreafed by an in* draught of current towards the mouth of the Strait. ... In a word, it may be conceived, that only the Capes Cantin and Bojador can have any claim to a preference in this matter ) and $kat, from tittir frmintaey beyond the line of the Coaft { and for which quality the M-f-*'! Promontory. .i'm ■%* r^* ( clxviit ) S E C T. with vroodst And haumg here built a temple to Nefitme, we failed halfie a IV. Hanno's Voyage. day towards the Eq^, till we arriued at a fenne, which Is fituated not farre from the fea» very full of great and long canes > and there were in it, feeding, elephants and many other creatures. " Then hauing gone about a dales faile beyond that fenne, we built Cities on the Sea^coafl;, calling them by their proper names * Murus, Caricus, Gitta, Jcra^ Melitta and ArambU. Departing from thence we cathe to The great Riuer Lixtis, which defcends from Africa : by it there were certaine men called Lixita, feeders of cattell, tending their flockes ; with whom wee con< tinued fo long, that they became verie familiar. Moreouer, vp in the coun- trie aboue them, the Negros (Ethiopians) inhabited, who will dot traffique with any, and their countrie is verie barbarous and full of wilde beafts, and enuironed with high mountaines, from which, as they iay, iflues the riuer t Lixus ; and round about the mountains inhabit men (Trogiodyts) of I diuers fhapes, which haue their abiding m canes ; they runne fwifter than horfes was ' and «( Promontory of Solobis feems to have been diftingalflied. In point of relatiTe fitnatioa, BtjaJwt from what has appeared, a% abfolutely out of the qneftion: and it moft then be concluded, that Camln was the Promontory intended by Herodotus, and the Gneks in genera] ; whiift P&gr and PtoUw^ placed it more to the South, perhaps from mi&ppre* henfion (RemuH). * Mr. Falcomr keeps nearer to the originaI«-*Cfir(rMNf(r«/, Gyllt, Atra, MtSita and Artmiys, and adds, ' thefe names feem to have been tranflated from the Pum into thf Gruk language, and to have been originally chofen as indicating the predominant locd peculiarities.* Betkart fuppofes Jramijt to have been named fiitMn the Vines growing i« the neighbourhood, or on the (ituation of the colony. iftEum he deriTes from a word that fignifies a City in which a great quantity of mortar was employed. . . Dr. Siav (p> »}.) defcribes a city conftruQed in a fimilar manner, and on the fame Coaft. M^/l oflbe wtib ofT/em'Jim havt bem hubp or rather mtuUed m frrnnu i a method of bMbig which P6i^ «> fomu Ml (lib. znv. c. 14.) «m« ufid hy ih* Afiitmu tmi SpamanU in hit timt. The Mortar of which they eonjij, it made up offaadt Erne, and gravel, which, hy heiag atjar/l mil timftrtd amd wrought together, hat atttuued ajirtmgth aadfiBdity not irferier tofitm, t Thought by the Porlugue%e fiht to be the river lus, which runs into the fta at Meffa (Purchat). \ Mr. Falconer tranflates «XXtifi<(^ with more propriety, of eiwMiv affearaacu, or rather ' <^ an appearance different from the natives whom we had feen before.' A fimilar ob> fervation was made by Coda Mo/io, when he firft reached the river Sunga, (See p. 251.) We are left totally in the dark during the early, and greater part of the Voyage, refp«d< ing both the rate of failing, and the number of days they were in motioo. This bterval i^adc9 the fpace, generally, between the Strut of Gibraltar, and the river fit. C:^fiet» (taken ( dxix ) hories at the LtMians report : from thence taking feme interpreters we fuled SECT, by a delart Countrie towards the South two daies. And then we vered one '^' , day towards the Eaft, where in the bottome of a gulfe we found a like Intraduaion. lOand, that was fiue furlongs in compafle, which we inhabited, naming it ^jl^^^^^tf * Cerne {ILi^ynv) and by the way that we had failed we judged that ifland was t oppofite to CartbagCt for the Nauigation from Carthage to The Pillars, and from thence to Cernet feemed \ equal!. ** Parting from thence, and § failing by a great Riuer called Crete (CbretesJ, we arriued at a Lake, which had in it three lilands greater than Cerne. (taken for the greater Lixui), with the exception of the two firft days' fail, between the Strait and Thjnmterium, fuppofed to be Marmora. But from the Lixus, the tLoK feems to be regularly givent to the conclufion of the Voyage, fouthward (RenntU). ~ '"- * The Ifle of jlr^n.— The ifland Ctrne probably derived its name from the abun- dance of Flies. Bocbart explains it by the Arabic acher or achir, which correfponds, he faysi with the Hebrew acharon. Now Accaron was the fly-god, and hence Cerne might be the Ifland of flies (Falconer). t The words of Hanm appear to convey as fcientific a defcription of the fituation of the Ifland as the (late of his knowledge would exprefs. ... If we fuppofe the Pillars of Hercules to be the vertex of au ifofceles triangle, and the dillance from Cerne to be its equal fides ; Cerne, the point terminating one extremity, may be faid to be oppofite, and In a ftraight line with Carthage, the pcint terminating the extremity of the other fide. This idea, though rude, is not perhaps unnatural (Falconer). X The Navigators of antiquity feem rarely to have had recourfe to aflronomical obfer- vation. They had no inftruments fuited to a moveable and unfteady Obfervatory ; and though by their praAice of landing frequently, they might, in fome meafure, have fup* piled that defeA, yet no ancient author, as far as I know, has given an account of any- adronomical obfervation made by them during the courfe of their Voyages. It feems to be evident from Ptolemy (lib. i. c. 7—14.), who employs fome chapters in fliewinghow Geography may be improved, and its errors may be reflified, from the reports of Navigal tors, that all their Calculations were founded folely upon reckoning, and were not ihe refult of Obfervation (Rolcrtfon^t Ancient India). J In our idea, it \% impoflible to refer the firft feventeen days to any part of the coaft of Africa, except to that between the river St. Cyprian, and the mouth of tlie Gambia. Tiie two Jirjl days,fiulhtoartl,from the Llxut, and the third, ea/ltuard, to the l/land of Cerne, expTefs the fail • ing round the land of Cape Blanco, and from that Cnpe, aciofs the bay to Arguln; which they found fituated «o a reeeft of a bay. Next the twelve days fouthward, eoajling ihejbore of the Ethkplant, on the laft of which days, they approached fume large mountalnt covered with trees, (the wood tf which was fiueetfcented and variegated), agrees to the defcription of the Coaft between trgun and Cape Verdt for, falling round thofe mountains. In two d(^ 5 i: C T. Cemt. From whence filling die fpace of a day, «e came to the further pavt ^V- of the lake : there we faw vesy high mouDtainca which ouerlboked alk the Manno*t hlbc : where were fauage people doathed ki beafts fldns, who diafed y$ Vova^. 2waf ^h {tones, not (uflbring vs to land : failiag from thence we came to anolbey great and large Streamc full of CroatUlu, and * River Her/is,** n. Second divijion of the Voyage^ eor^nedfoUly to Objects i^Difcvuerp **■ From thence turning f backe againe, wee returned to Cerne, Sailing then twelue daies Southerly not going &rre from the Coaft» which was peopled with l^egros (Ethiopians), who upon fight of vs fled away, and fpake *' an immenfe ^am^ of the fiai on lach Jtdt of which, towards the Continent, was a fiUuH .•'" now this is pcrfeftly deftriptive of failing round the hiigb Itati of Cape Verdt which is corered with trees of a lively verdure ; and of their arriral at the mnie oAtaelmre of the Gttmiia river, knowa to them only as *' a great opening of the fea/' (RmiulkX * Thcfe animah were formerly faid to bear a natural antipathy to each other, and coit» fbqnently fome fufpicion of a &rg[ery might arife, fince they are here faid to be in a kind •f focial ftate. But we learn from Femunt fHift. of Qoitdrup. voLi. p. 146.), and the authors quoted in his work,.that» " among other errors related of them (tie bipfepttamij^ h that of their enmity with the Crooodile. an eyc-witnefs declaruig. he had ieen them: fwimming together." f Falconer.}: \ This was the j^eeiu/ time that our voyagers had failed to the fiiuthward from Ctmi t: the firft time they went no farther apparently, than the ∈pack, they came again to Cem£." In this river then, we recognife the SenigJ. At prefent its emimuhurt is. aiore than aoo mikS' beyond Cafi- Mitiet but it has been (hewn that there is reafon to fiippofe that it once joined the fea, at a place 60' higher up, towards JHine.— >Had the gicat River in qucllimi been Tbi GamUsi we fliould have heard of . fiiUuig rmmd the mtm* Itimt, (i. e. Cape yerJ) in thtjrfi Voyage. On the coatrary it appear^ that Cape FtnL wai a WW objcA ia the feeoad Voyage (ReimtOJ, ( dxxt ) fpake fo, as the Liic^ that were with r» -vnderftood them not; the lall SECT. day we arrived at a * Mountaine full of great trees, the vood i^ereof was '. fodori&rouSf and of various colours. Hauing aow coafted two dales by ^^^^j^ this mountaioe, wee found a deepe and trotiblefomc race of Sea ; oh the biMn > ^fidSluM^, tfllr^tJlMMnifie/ntitftoVghmtMnetifehro, quando H fete i in gue/H aofiri fegnifetlentrionah, et hano il maggior giomo duMei tort, -et inatxa, et ehe tome Ji fa notte cofaed^ e ,iigm aa^ lie ^mhnatrnk l9rehi,j! **ggtao mdar tor giti, hir lifaeenio k lor b^hgiu t etdilon- tano in mare apparono Jimil fuochi, etjifcntono molti 1 . tori etjlrepili £ comi e d'airo cbefatUO i diiti n^ri.— See alfo Bruce's Trawls (W. iup. 565.). <^ Dr. Robertfon (Hift. of America, ed. 8vo. vol. i. p. 3s*') '^ inclined to make Cape P4diimt tile Weft Horn, and Cape dt Trtt Pantat, the South Homr But Major Rennell tlhiftrates the paflagc in a different manner. <* The Bay or Gulf of Bifliigo (or Bi/p>o) is about 190 G. miles from the mouth of the Gamtia, and the Ifland of Bulam, which forms a part of its foothem fliore, fliort of 200. There are feveral Iflands within the bay, and oppoitte to the Coaft lien the extenfive range of Iflands and (hallows, known by the name of x!l\e B^agoit (the Gorgades of PRny); (heltering the Coaft for about ito miles. . . No other part of the Coad, within fuch a diftance as is at all applicable to the flueftion, forms a Sound of fuch a fliape, as anfwers in any degree, to the idcA.of a Horn. We are aware that Ptolemy and Pliny, in which they are followed by M. D'Anville and M. BoHgainville, refer the Nomt to Promtntoriet, and not to In/ett ofthejea. However pro- bable fuch an idea might have been, had the Term been given, ^vithout the defcription, vet here the de&riptioii is pcrfeA in both the Wejltm and Southern Horm : they were Bays, ■.--•■ »-)k. ' « ( clxx'ii ) SECT. IV. Hanno's Voyage. (the weftern horn). In this there was a great Ifland, and In the Ifland a Iakt> which feemed a fea, and in this there was another Ifland ; where haumg landed, by day wee faw nothing but woods, but in the night many fires were kindled, and we heard Pbifes and the noife and found of cimbals and drummes, and befides bfinite fliouts ; fo that wee were exceedingly afraid* and our diumers commanded us to abandon the ifland : then fwiftly failing from thence, we pafled by a countrie * fineUing of fpices ; from which fome fierie friuers fall into the fea, and the land is fo hot that men are not able t» goe in it ; therefore being fomewhat affrighted, we fuddenly hoifed out our failes, and running along in the maine the fpace of four dales, we faw by night the country full of flames, and in the middeft an exceeding high fire, greater than all the reft, which feemed to reach unto the Sf&rres : but wee law this after in the day time, which was a very loftie mountaine, called the the* arriuec part t\ it, and | werei were none, we tool that le flead t| failed sr Gulfs, and contained lilands ; and The Weftem Horn, in particular, was faid to be a large bay. Moreover, the defcription of The Ifland in the latter, is that of a flat alluvial traft, covered vnth trees ; agreeing to that of Thf Iflands. in and about this gulf, which are formed of the depofitions of Tbi Rio Grande, and other Streams, that roll down vaft quantities of mud and fand< when fwoln by the periodical rains. . . . The W^km Homt according to D'AenXUt, is Ci^ Roko ; the Southern one Ce^ Si. Amu, or the Ptntf tf Shtrir^ Samtd. ... As to M. BmqaiimUe, his judgment appears to have forfaken him en- tirely. 7'he foundation of his principal error lies in the fuppofition that the ancient Ships .failed m luuch the fame rate, as the modem ones." * Mr. Falconer with more propriety tranflates it, A Comhy heimg wiltJSret and ptr^ ftmu. f This paflage is illuftrated by Mr. Bnue. ** After the fire (which was lighted for the purpofes of dellroying the cover of the animals which they hunt) has confumed all the dry graft on the plain, and, from it>done the iame up to the top of the higheft mountain ; the large ravines or gullies, made by the torrenu falling from the higher ground, being (haded by their depth, and their being in poflefllon of the laft water that runs, are the iateft to take fire, though full of every fort of herbage. The large bamboos, hollow canes, and fuch like plants, growing as thick as they can (land, retain their greennefi, and are ,not dried enough for burning, till the fire has cleared the grafs from all the reft of the country. At laft, when no other fuel remains, the Herdfmen on the top of the mountains fet fire to thefe, and the fire runs down in the very path in which, fome months before, the water ran, filling the whole gully with flame ; which does not end till it is checked by the Ocean below where the torrent of water entered, aod where the fuel of courfe ceafes. This I have often feen myfelf, and been often nearly enclofed in it ) and can bear witnefs, that, at a diftance, and by a ftranger ignorant of the caufe, it would very hardly be diftin- guiihed from a River of fire." (voU ii. p. 553.) ECT. IV. ( clxxiii ) the * Chariot of the Gods. But hauing failed three daies by fierie riven, we arriued in a golfe called Notucerasy that is, the f South Home: in the inner part thereof there was a little ifland like vnto the firft, which had a lake in Introdnaion. it, and in that there was another | Ifland full of fauage men, but the women Rmm Pcm pofed. He fays he came to " another yle where the folk ben alle ikynned roughe hecTf as.ai tough beft, iaf only the face, and the pawmc of the band.?' : m: ^ . - M ( clxxlv ) SECT. IV. Goffellin't opinion of Hanno's Voyage. The principal argamenu in favour of the audiendcity of Hamno*« Voy- . AOB, have now been detailed with candour; but it is alfo requifite to confider the opinion of an able and ingenious foreigner, M. Go^Jlin, who feems to have formed a more judicious efUmate of the nautical (kill of the ancients, than any preceding writer. This geographer fixes on Cape Bcja^ dore, as the limit of ancient navigators on the Weftern Coaft of Africa ; he therefore reduces their difcoveries in that part of the-Atlantic, from i a to 1500 marine leagues, to a 14, and accordbgly confines the voyage olHanM within very narrow bounds : nor can it be denied that thefe ideas accord with the fiibfequent tenour of the Portuguefi: difcoveries, and with the general opinion that has been received, refpeAing the advance that was made by the ancients towards the fouth. M. G^ellin places Thymiaterion on Cape Mollabat ; the promontory Soloeis he afligns to Cape Sf artel ; the Lake which they afterwards reached, is ia btuede Jereme ; and the river L/xux, the Lucos of Leo the African. Csme *, on the fite of which particular attention is paid, he at length fixes at the fmall ifland oiFedaUti the river Cbretes is the Buragrag^ or riviere de Sali of M. Goflellin ; and the Lake the lae du Nigret, or ia- au Nigrarum of Abulfeda, between Kt^ Abdel-Karimiy and Sola. Hie Coaft inhabited by Eibiofiam he places in the kingdom ofMorrocco; the high moun- iaim ctwered with fweet4caited trees, at Cape C«r; the deep and trouble* fome race efihefeat which fuceeeded, is Ugtlfa de 8ainte-Cr»iK ; the Weftcm Horn le Cap d*jlgulon; and the ;rAi/ bay adjoining^ the gulph that Kes be* tween the above Cape and Cape Nan. In plachig the Charift tfthe Cpdt at the ibuthem extremity of Mount AtUu, l/L GoOellin cites the delcription given by Ptiny !■ his fijtth book ; the (buthera Horx he afligns to Cape ^m^ and fcruples not to terminate the ¥oy«ge of Hanne at the IfMi, or Aianm river. The progrefs of ancient navigators towards the fouth, is thoroaghty inveftigated by this geographer, who has carefully examined every document that hiftory could Aimifli ; the voyage of Htauu, the voyage of Scylax, the voyage of P«fybimt, the taUes of Ptalmy^ and whatever Scattered traditfons remained refpe^ng the jitlantic iflatuU, The Ti •000 narratil to rec^ almig count ( havensj as the of cole age by I * OftTSLtot makes the Ifitmiif Ctnt to be Pmrtt ttttH t Makmol ene of the A^aret ; G«sii«« and CaM«OMANEr oonfine it to Madami wbilft others, who coofound it with Tviwik. idaceitin the fitoation of /w/M^f Mnu:AT«t> dtc Hansons, and P. Haadovin, extend the fite of Ctne to Maiig^fim* ( rfxxv ) The Voyage of Hatm* h placed by M. GofeUin in a very eatly period, about SECT, tooo yeaift before tkc Ghvtftian eraj and acccrdiag to hh opinion, the 1^* narrative we poffeft is only an abridjgment of the original journal, drawn up Introduaion^ to record the principal beads of the expedkioii. The progrefs of Hanm iu^/t"riiZ al(Hig the Weftevn Coaft of Afriea was extremely flow } not merely on ac count of the number of (Kips that failed in company, but from the innumerable havens, creeks, and bays, which he was purpefely fent to examine, as well: as the particular fpots that appeared moft fevourable for the eftablilhment ' of colonies. Hai$no has unfortunately only marked the length of his Voy^ age by the numbei of days that * elapfed : this opens an extenfive field for conjeAure, * Major Renuell in hit Gtographj ^ Htndtttu (p. 679.) hat colkAed the foUovriag Examplei of the Rate 0/ SaiBtig, by the bed itisutaged* and bed conftniAed Ships of the Pienieimt, Crttiant, and Sgyptiant, * t. MiLTtADEs, under favour of an eafterly wind> pafled in a Ungle day from Elauiaihit Chetfonefe (of Thrace), to Lenuut (Erato 140.). The diftance is only 38 G. mile*. 2. The Fleet of Xerxes failed in three days from the Euriput to Pitbriu, one of tfi* portsof Attica (Urania, 660 • This is about 96 G. miles, or 32 per day. The Fleet wa»- unufually great. , 3. Neakcuus reckoned the Promontory oSMactta a Day's Sail £rom him, when he flrft difcovered it; and it is (hewn by circum&aaces. that flat diftance was about 38 G. mikt* (Arrian*s Voyage of Ncarchut.) 4. ScYLAz allows 754 days for the Navi{ration between Canoptu and the Pillart ofHtr^ nlen equal to about 3a per day. (Periplus of Scylaz, p. 51.) 5. The Red Sba is forty days of Navigation, (Euterpe, It.) The track which a ^ip ilnu(l neceflarily make through it, is about 1300 G. miles, or lefs j fo that the rate may be taken at 3a per day. 6. The EuziNE isfaid by the fkffle author (Melpom. x86.) to be 16 days' navigation from the BoJ^henu to the Pia/ut producing about 38 per day. He &ys, indeed, nine days and eight nights ;. which, according to his own rule, given in the fame place, is equal to 16 days. 7. The Caspian SrA^ is Tatd by the fame author (Clio, aoj.) to be i5days' navigation^ ior a fwift rowing Veflel : and being about 630 miles long, this allows a rate of 4*. 8. PSny (Lib. vi. 33.) fays, that it was40 days' fail from the Outltt of the Red Sea to the / Coaft of IiuSa (Malabar) which is about 1750 G. miles, equal to 44.^—116 alfo reckons it 30 days' fail from Beremce to the outlet of the Red Sea i this would give aboQt 30 pev day only. Mean or the bight examplv.s, • • S7 Mean of the six first, which may bie reckoned the faireft,. and are the ' moft to the purpofe, ' ' ~ 3f Wc may add that the meanrateof JVMro&w, was no more than ssti during hit whole Voyage ; and lefs than 30, through the Perfian Gulf. But wc regard his rate at niuv» Aiailylow,for the reaibas above ftaud.'. ...... * ( clxxvi ) SECT. conjeAure, and enables M. Bougainville, who in this refpeA is more mo- • derate than Campwianes, to condud the Carthaginian fleet in two days from Cap« Spartel to Cape Cantin ; whereas the ancients, in M. Cefellin't opinion, afligned only twelve hours for each day's work of their veflels. The generality of tbofe writers who have confidered this interefting fub- je£t in maritime difcovery, give to Hanno without fcruple, a Navigation un- embarrafled by any difficulties, and a Courfe which demanded neither time nor circumrpeftion to explore, though it was then probably firft attempted. In this Expedition the Carthaginian commander, when in danger, could only rely on the experience he had acquired in other Seas, and on fuch re- fources as his profeffional ikill might fuggeft. In order therefore to afcertain the extent of Hanno* s voyage with more corre^lnefs, M. Gojfellin prefers a comparifon with fome modem Navigator, whofe difcoveries may appear to oflfer fuch particular circumftances as accord with the expedition in queftion, and our great circumnavigator Cook is fele£ted for this purpofe ; whofe Sur- vey of the Coaft of New Holland ofllers, in M. Goffellin't opinion, a pofition fiivourable for the intended * comparifon. Whether * As tbe Gt«gnfth€al Rtftanhet of this learned foreigner, are not generally known in ear country, the reader may on this occafion prefer the original : " NuUe part Cook ne s'ell tronv6 dans une pofition plus femblable a celle du g^n^ral Carthaginois, qu'en arrivant fur la c6te orientate de la Nouvelle Hollande. Cette cdte £toit inconnue : . Cook fe propofe de la vifiter toute emigre. Aprts avoir termini {a obfcr- vations a la baie de Botanique, il en part le 6 Mai 1770, et arrive au Cap Grafton le 9 Juin au matin. Cell trente-trois jours employes, fur lefquels il faut d^duire le temps qu'il a paff^ dans la baie de I'Ontarde et dans celle de la Soif, ainfi que le temps ou il a M iotci dt Jeter I'ancre ou de mettre a la Cape, pour eviter les dangers qui le mena(oient. Nous trou. ▼ons dans (on journal (Cook's firft voyage), qu'il a confum^ dans ces diflifrentes circon- ftances, cent quatre-vingts heures, qu'il faut 6ter des trente-trois jours ; reftent vingt cinq jonrs et demi qu'il a employes pour fai/e quatre cent cinquante lieues, depuis la baie de Botanique jufqu' au Cap Grafton. Ainfi, il n'avanfoit gueres que de dlx-fcpt lieues et demie par viiigt-qnatre heures. Samarche a done £t6 moiti^ plus lente que la courfe moyienne de nos navires, fix£e ci-devant a environ trente cinq lieues. " La Makchi d'Hannon doit ttre foumife a une r^duAion a-peu-pres fembhble. Si la vlteffe des vaiiTeaux anciens pouvoit fournir mille ftades, ou vingt-hults lieues eu vingt- quatre heures dans des parages frjquent^s, ils n'en auroicnt fait que la moiti^, comme ceiui de Cook, le k>ng d'un rivage inconnu, et n'auroient pu avancer que de cinq cents ' ftades or quatorze lieues. Mais Cook marchoit jour et nuit, tandis qu' Hannon ne navi* guoit que pendant le jour : la moiti^ dc fon temps fe paflbit done dans I'inaAion : et au Heu de cinq cent ftades, il n'auroit pu faire dans les douze heures que deui cents cinquante 2 ftades. ( clxxvu ) SECT. IV. Whether Homo therefore really advanced fo far along the weftem Coaft of .A/riea ai many of his commentators have ei^eavoured to )>rovCi U ftill an obje£fc of rational doubt, though his fkill as an experienced navigator, for Introduaion. that early age, canno^ be queftioned. Had he poflfefled a knowledge of the k!J^/p!^Mi^ Compafs, he might probably have reached, and even doubled the Cape of Good Hope ; and though foroe writers are inclined to give this knowledge to the Pbemcianst their arguments however ingenioufly adduced, are dubious and hypothetical. ^:i^f,rs :. Among the mofl: rel^iefkable advocates for this theory, Mr. * Maurice^ whofe opinion has been already noticed, deferves to be placed. He is in- clined to think that the ftation* of the Abury temple^ and the ftupendous * iblar one of the Druidt at Stonehen^Cf were fixed with mathematical precu fion, to corrcfpond with the four Cardinal Points, an idea which is fup- ported by Dr. t Stukeley; who imagines, that, in thus fiung thdr fituation, they ufed a Coropafs, or magnetic ijaftrument : and the fame writer has moft mgenioufly attempted to afcertain, £rom the variation of that needle, the cnift nra of the conftru£tion of either building. Mf . Maurice then adds, ■ tbftt the M^^ntt h meatioBed by the moft ancient claffical writers, under the name (^ L0J»/ HeracHtu^ in allufion to its aflerted in^^fntor BertuUt, Oae \ of the looft curious and remarkable of the raythologic feats of Herat- let vm^ failing in a gtldm atp, which Jpoiii, or the Sun hzd given him, to the Coafts of Spain, where he fet np the PiUavs that bear bis name. ... it «^ght ftdt to be concealed, howcwer, that by fooic mythologifts, and efpe- daily . ftadc!!, c'c(l'^-dir«» fcpt lieuei. Obfervons encoir qxa Coqk n'aroit qu*un fcul Vaiilean> toujotm flottant> toujoars pr£t a panir ; au lieu qu' Hannon en tntinoit foizante apres lui ; que letir marche, ntceflUirement inegale, ralentlilbic celle de la flotte entiere t que Je Ibia de ckercbcr t«us les feirt im Havre, ou nne plage qui pfit les eontcnir, celui de les j ■amuigtr, fheure de la mmit qui deToit les remeUre k flot ct qu'il falloit attendre pour le dep^rfi tout devoit lui prendre un tennps confidcrable : et comme nous arohs tenu compte d«s plus petits retards ^prouv£s par Cook« nous devpns en accordur egaleti^ent a Haonen. Enn'^valuant ces retards qu' a deux heures et.dcniic par jour, fa marche fe trouveroit encore reduttc d'un clnquieme ; ct la Journ^e commune de l;i flotte Car- thaginoife, n'auroit iti que d'environ deux cents ftadeA. ou de cinq a fix grandcs licues de vingt au dcgri," (Rechtrthtt fur la Geopaph'u du Ancient, vol. up, 6^.) • Indian Antiquities, vol. vi. p. 189. f Stukeley 's Mury. -X! X Ind. Antiq. p. 197. ■ VOL.1. -^ V- AA * , .4:'%^'- SECT. IV. ( clxxvn! ) clalty by the authbr of Tome letfm, on this AibjeA, to Sir Hltdebrand Jacobs this myfterious Vafe, given by Apollo to Hereu/es, is contended to have been itfelf the Mariners Compafs Box ; by which, not in which, he failed over the vaft Ocean. The fame author contends, that the image of Jupiter Hammon^ whofe Libyan temple according to Herodotus toolc its rife from P/jertlcia, was nothing more than a Magnet^ which- was carried about by the priefts, when the Oracle was confulted, in a golden /typhus : that the famous Golden Fleece was nothing elfe : whence, he fays, the Ship which carried it is faid to have been fenfible, and poflefled of the gift of fpeech ; and, finally, that the high authority of Homer may be adduced to corroborate the conjefture, that the Pbaacians, a people renowned for nautical Science, had the knowledge of the Magnet ; for he obferves, either that certain lines in the eighth Book of the Odyfley, defcribing the Phaacian veflels as in(lin£t with foul, and gliding, without a pilot, through the pathlefs ocean to their place of deftina- tion, allude to the attractive power of the Magnet, or elfe are utterly * unin- telligible. Whatfoever truth there may be in this ftatement, it is evident, from the extenfive intercourfe anciently carried on between nations Inha- biting oppofite parts of the globe, tci&rr/ the Start ^peculiar to their turn native regienf could no longer afford them the means offafe Navigation ; that the import- ant difcovery mud be of far more ancient date than the year of our Lord 1360 ; to which it is generally affigned, and by the means of Marco Polo, a man fiunous for his travels into the Eaft.' t To thefe obfervati<^ I (hall not prefiune to oppofe any remarks of my own, but fliall refort to men of eqUa! talents and attainments with Mr. Maurice,Md firft to my learned relation Dr. Wotton; who was of opinion, in his reflexions upon ancient and modern f learning, that the Magnet was known and admired by the ancients^ hut was never employed fir the purpofes of navigation. ** But I fhall rather chufe to fpeak here of the difcbveries which have been made in the mineral kingdom without the help of dKmiftry : the greateft of which is, of a Stone which the ancients admired (their opi- nions are coUeded by Gaffendi in his animadverfions upon Laertim*s Life of Epicurus, p. 363.), without ever examining to what ufes it might be applied ; and that is the Magnet; the nobleft properties whereof Sir William Teazle acknowledges to be anciently unknown : which is more indeed than what fome * See an laquir^ into the Patriarchal and Druidical Re]igioa> bj the Rev. Mr. Ctele, (p- »7.)' f PrJntedin 170J (p. a47«)« SECT. IV. ( clxxix ) • • fome do : this ihey have collected from a paiTage in Plautust where by vor- for'ta they uoderftand the Compafs, becaufe the needle always points towards the north : whereas vorforia is nothing but that rope with which the mari- Inttoduaion. ners turned their fails." In this opinion Dr. Wotton had been preceded by x^^'iv^X' an earlier * writer, whofe valuable Treatife on Navigation appeared in the fecond volume of the Harleian Mifcellany. Mr. Philipott (Indent of Clare Hall obferved, that, * although the Lwdjione was certainly called by the Greeks LapU HeradiuSf it was not becaufe Hercules Tyrius firft made known the virtue of it, but from its being difcovered near Heraclea^ a city of Lydia. It was alfo called for the fame reafon Lapit Lyditu : but to the ancients it was only known under the idea of a Toucbjione. — Nor does the name of Magnett promifcuoufly ufed both by the Greeks and Latins^ owe its original etymo< - ■ . logy to any other root, or caufe, than that it was found near Maptefioy a city of Lydiut of which Heraclea above mentioned was likewife a part; whence it hath ever fince obtained the denomination of Lapis Magnes : this Suidas aflerts for the Greeks, and Lucretius affirms the fame for the -f Latins.* At the fame time that Hantto failed on his African Voyage of Difcovery, Himilco's another Carthaginian Navigator was fent by that Republic to the northward Voyage, of the Straits of Gades ; whofe orders were probably to furvey the adjacent Coaft of Spain and Lujitania^ and to explore parts of the North Atlantic, Of this interefting Voyage little is known, for it related to countries, whence the Carthaginians imported their mod valuable articles of commerce. IfHi» MiLCO however was not the firft difcoverer of the \ Cqffiterides, his expedition might &■ ..■ . * An Hlftorical Difcourfe of the fird invention of Navigation, and the additional im< provements of it. With the probable caufes of the Variation of the Compafs, and the Variation of the Variation. Likewife fome reflexions upon the name and office of Ad> miral. To which is added a catalogue of thofe perTons that have been from the firft infti> tution dignified with that office. By Tbamu PhiRfolt, M. A. formerly of Clare Hall in Ctmhridge. Z.on(&n.* printed in 1 66 1. .>.. ' t The author of an Introduftory Difcourfe concerning Geography, prefixed to the feventh volume of CbwrebUN coUeAion of Voyages, introduces thefe remarks of Mr. Phi- s /i]^/ (p. 32,), but docs not refer to the original. X Obfervations on the ancient and prefent ftate of the Ca/pteridet, or Scilly //lands, were publilhed by Dr. Sorla/e (i 756) in a letter to Dr. Charles Lyttleton, Dean of Exeter, F. R.S. *• That the Pbemmu accounted their trade to thefe Iflands for Tin of great advantage, and were very jealous of it, \i plain from what Strabo fays (fee p. 59.). The Romans, however. „._. - • . .- A A * .. per- - i ( CIXKK ) SECT, might have tended to arceriain the fituitlon of the SeUly fjlet, ind the adja. f5: cent coaft of Comwali, with greater corrednefi} vrbiilt hiv obfervationi ferved perTilKng in their reibluiion to hnve a (hare in thia Trade, at laft accompUflicd It. Now« plain it if, that the few workings upon Triicaw were not worthy of fuch a competitioii | H^inie* thtu bad tiff th*ir Tin f I will anfwcr this quedion as well as I can. Some Tia might have been found in the low grounds wathed down from the hills, and gathered to« gethcr bf the flood and rain. Some found pulverized among the fands of the fea fhore walhed out (>f veins covered by the fea, and thrown in upon the fand by the fame rcftleCi agent. In CenmmU we often find Tin in the iHw Atuation. There nay be aUb Tin^vcini in thofe cli£fii which we did not vifit, although the inhalbitants, upon cnquirj, could not re* colIcA that diey contained anything of that kindt as the GmI-HUI of BaiHAa, Ciiil Ifland i the name Guci (or Huil) in Cornj/b fignifying a working for Tin. Other Tin they had from their Mines, for though their Mines at prefent ektant are neither ancient nor nun^erous, yet the wieieflt natives had mines, and worked them, aa appcanirom Dhd, SMiu. (lib. *. A. a.), and from ttrato (-Oeogr. lib. iii.), who tells v», that, " afur the " Romaiu had difcovered a paflkge to thefe Iflands, PMlut Craffiu having failed thither " and feen them work their mines, which were not very deep, and that the people loved " peace, and, at their hifbre (when they were net> employed about their Ifai) navigation " alfo, inftrufted them to carny on thit trade to a better advantage than they had done " before t though the lea tbey had to,crofi was wider than betwixt it and Britain i" in- timating (if I underftand him rightly) that, before that time, the Pbtnieiau and Grtih had engroffed the fole benefit of buying and exporting their Tin i and that Mlbu Crmfiu, jfkeing ihdir mines (hallow, tangbt them how topoifne the On to a greater depth i and, finding the inhabitants peaceably diPptMi with regard to dwir neighbomra, and therefore the fitter ibr Commerce and very apt at Navigation, and therefore able themfelves 10 carry the produA of their country to market, encouraged them to enter npon this gainful trade, and depend no longer on foreign m^hants and (hipping | although it was fomewhat farther for them to fail tu the Ports of Gaul, Spain, and Italy, than to the Coafts of Brilam, which had till that time been their longeft Voyage. Befides the Tin therefore, which they found granulated ana pulverised in valleys and on the fea> ihore, they broke Tin out of their Mines, though thnfe Mines are not now to be fonnd { and, in the laft place, it mud not be forgotten that the ancients had great part of their Tin from the neighbouring coafts of Cortnuall, famous for their Tin-trade as anciently as the time of Jiugujiut Cafar; and whoever fees the land of Cornwall from thefe Idands, mnft be convinced that the Pbmciant and other traders did moft probably include the weftern part of Cornwall among the Iflands called Cassitirioes. . . . Diod. Suulut (lib. iv. p. 301. ed. Han. 1604) does as plainly confounu, and in his defcription mis, the weftern parts of Ooruvtall and the Cassiterioes indifcriminately one with the other ; for talking of the promontory BtUrium, alias BoUrium, the Tin-commerce, aad courteous beha% iour of the inhabitants ; he fays, that they carried this Tin to an adjoining Brit^ ifle called lent, to which at low tide they could have accefs. Now there was no (bch Ifland as Ictis on the weftern Coafts of CarnwaH in the time of Diod. SItuliu, XKithcr is there at preftnt any one fervedl and pJ ( clxxx) ) ferved to regulate the future courfe of the Merchant Vefleli from Carthage, SECT, and pointed out fuch intermediate marts a« were bell calculated to furnifli '^' provifioni Intraduf\iun. JtoDMII tt'itJt- one with the properties he mentioni, unlefi it be St. Afkbatl't Ut,iml, and tlic reparation between that and the continent mud have been made long fince that time. By the firO, thrrefore, Diod. Sicului ciin mean nothing but the Laitdi tnJ, by the geographers called Stltriumi but (confounding the Tin-trade uf thofe weftcm parts of Cornwall with that car- ried on in ScitLv) by the fecond, he means one of the Scilly Iflcs, to which they con< veyed their Tin before exportation from the other fmuller ifiands { for thus he goes on i " There is one thing peculiar to thcfe Iflands (meaning, that there was no fuch thing in the Mtdittrraiuan, where the fea (lands nearly of one height) which lie between Briiam and •• Eurefti f(ir at full fea tliey iippear to be Iflandsi but at low water, for a long way, " they look like fo many Pmt{fula'i i" a defcriptiun esaAly anfweriug the appearance of the SciLLY Iflands, which were at that time fucceffively IJlandt and Ptnmjula't, and lie between Europ* and Brllain, as the old authors all agree, but, through the inaccuracy in geography, were not able to point out the fituation of thefe lOands more dilUnAIy> This IcTis of DhJ. Sievlui is probably the fame Iflnnd which PHny (lib. iv. c. \6.), from 7imnu, calls " Mictis, about fix days' faiKfrom Britain, faid to be fertile in Tin i" where I muft obferre, that the diftance here laid down is no objeAion to MiCTis't being one of the Scilly Ifles, for when the ancients reckoned this place fix days' fail) they did not mean from the neared part of Britain, but from the place moft known, and frequented by them (i. e. by the Roman* and Ganlt), which was that part of Britain ueareft to, and in fight of Gaul, from which to the Scilly lilands the dtllance was indeed fix days' ufual . fail in the early times of navigation i therefore I am apt to think, that, by Miciis here* F/inj meant the largeft of the Scilly Ifles (as Baxter, Gloif. in voce Sigdekt), as I do not at all doubt but Diodortu Situlut alio did, in the palfage mentioned above. . . . How came theie ancient Inhabiuuts then, it may be alked, to vanilh fo, that the prefent have ao pre< tcnfions to any affinity, or connexion of any kind either in blood, language, or cuftoms^ How came they to difappear and leave fo few traces of trade, plenty, and arts, and no pofterity that we can hear of behind them ?— In anl'wer to which, as this is the moft re« markable crifis in the hiftory of thefe Iflands, you will excufe me ifl enlarge t and if I make ufe of the fame arguments which I had the honour lately to lay before the Royal Society, (in a Letter to the Rev. Dr. Birch, Secretary.) Two caufes of the extin^ion of the old Inhabitants, their habitations, and works of peace, war, and religion, occur to me ; the gradual advantet ofth* Sta, and a fuddtn fubmerfion of the land. . . It has before been men- tioned that many hedges now under water, and flats which ftretch from one Iflwd to an. other, are plain evidences of a former union fubfifting between thefe now diftindt iflands. Hiftory fpeaks the fame truth. Tfe Yto ^/"Cassitbiiidbs, fays Strabo (lib. iii. (J'N}^.)^ are ten in number, clofe to one another, one of them u Je/ert and unfeipled, the rtft are in^biteJ i but fee how the Sea has multiplied thefe Iflands ; there are now reckoned more than 140, into fo many fragments are they divided. . . Again j Tin Minei they certainly had n\ thefe Iflands aoo jitt% before Chrift. . 1 1 c«aci«de, thaniofe, tbat theft Ukadj, have nnder> gone ^•* ( dxxxit ) SECT, provifions for tl.e crew, or commodidea for the trader. Some mutilated Latin verfet comprife all that has furvived of this important Voyage } their author * jtvienus, who alfo turned the hiftory of Livy into iambics, flouriflied under Tbeodofius the elder, and vouched for the authenticity of every thing contained in tbefe lines, fince the h&A mentioned were taken from the Journal tfHtmilco, which Avienus himfelf examined. The annaU of Car- tbage were t extant about the middle of the fifth century, when Avienus wrote, and in thefe an accurate narrative of the Voyage in queflion was preferved. In this Journal the Britifli Ifles are mentioned under the name of The CEfirymnidest iflands infected by the OE^rum, or gad>fly. Cafliterides. It is a curious fa£b, that the oldeft claffical appellation for the extreme weftcrn point of CornwaJlli»vAd be Belbriitm, or the Prtmentory ef Hercules the reputed founder of Tyre, alfo known by the title of Melicartus ; and, ac- cording to I Pliny, a perfon of that name corruptly written Midacritus^ was the Navigator who firft brought Tin from the Illand Cafjiteris. Without the afliftance of this metal the celebrated fliield of Achilles could not have been § wrought, for Tin is abfolutely neceflary to the painter, the gilder, and the dyer. It was an article of great value in ancient commerce ; and Homer feems to have alluded to the high eftimation in whichit was early held by introducing ]] Minerva as a foreign merchant going to Tbmsse, to procure tin. From another paifage in ** Pliny, it would feem as if Tin, or plumbum albunit was firft ft difcovered in Lufitania, but in a fmall quantity and of an inferior gODc (bme great cataftrophe, and befldet the apparent diminntion of their Iflets hj Sea and Tempeft, muft tiare fuffered greatly hj afubfidenceof the Land (the common confe- quence of earthquakes), attended by a ftidden inundation in thofe parts where the above- mentioned Ruins, Fences, Mines, and other things,- of which we have no veftiges now re- maining, formerly ftood." (p> 72—91.) * Orm Maritime, ytxt. I7«>4i5. f Dr. RanoU Ft^Ur on the Difcoveries of the ancients, prefixed to his Difcovertes in the north (p. 10.). X Plinii Nat. Htft. lib. vii. cap. 56. . . jf Indian Antiquities, vol. 6. (p, 434.) . N Odyfley, lib. i. V. 182. ** Nat. Hid. lib. xzxiv. cap. 16. t ft The Ctuik^miau might have found this metal in their own continent : for accord- ing to Rymer's Foedcra (vol. «• p. 4a J«J« King Charles the Firft was alarmed on hear- » ing ,1- SECT. IV. ( clxxxiii ) inferior fort; arid it was probably the fight of this Lufitanian Hn which in- duced the Carthaginians or Phenicians, as they were often called, to fit oat a fquadron under Himifto, in order to fearcK the diilant reeions of the North I">t«^"&'o«>' Atlantic for a more ample and perfect fupply of this precious metal. Jt«"<" ^"'<^- Whether the CassitsriDes were firft difcovered by the Pbeniciantt or by the Carthaginian navigator HimtlcOf it is certain that this event rook place .at a very early period of hiftory. The ancient Pharos of Corunna, on ^e coaft of Galicia in Spain^ offers a favourable point whence it is highly pro« bable the Phenician or Carthaginian fhips embarked for Baratana the tin IJland. The Spanifli writer * Orofius is of opinion, that this Pharos was built by Herculest and was purpofely conftruAed for the direction of fhips bound to :he continent from Britain ; and it is a remarkable circumftance, no> ticed by Mr. -(- Maurice, * that the oppofite land, confiding of a promontory running about three miles into the fea, on the Cornifh, or rather Devonfhire coaft, it called Hertland or Hertey Point ; that is Herculit Prematorium, v parate flate. The Republic of Carthage was not apprehenfive of die ambi- tious defigns of her implacable rival, until the Remam ventured to interfile with the Carthaginian commerce in Sicily. To command the paffage of the Straits !ngt during the year 164O1 that a tin mine had been difcovered in Barhary, Since the time of the Carthaginians, Tin has been found in Bohtmia and Simony, and on the ifland of Malacca in the.Eaft Indies. The tin of Cornwall is now carried to the Eaft Indies and. China: of 3000 tons raifedin the year 1791, 800 were exported to the above places.. * Pauli Orofii adverfus Paganos Hift. lib. i. p. 17. f Indian Antiquities, vol. vi. (p. 306.) X The fosndation of Rome, if Varro is followed, may be pliued in the 754th year be* fore Chrift : but, according to G'Mon, ' fo littli: i'l the chronotegy of Rome to be depended^ on, in the more early ages, that Sir Ifhaclfievtomhu brought the fame event as low as the year 617.' § Progrefs and terminaUon of the Roman Republic, admirably narrated by Fcrgu/tn* Btcr, IV. ( clxxxlv ) Straitt oi Mi^t vat the grett political objeft of that period. A Roman gfrrifoa had been fern to Rbtgitm at the deflre of the inhabitant! } the op- pofite eoaft of ^eily was defended by fome Italians, called Mamertitutt who had been placed there by the king of Syraeufe; whilft the Cartfoaginiam, be- iide other pofti in the iOind, were eftabliflied at Lilybitutnt which they had thui named from iti fituation oppofite the promontories of Libya^ at the di- ftince of one thoufand ftadia. Whilft things were in this (late, the Mamero fitut fuddenly rofe on the cirisens of Medina, whom having murdered, their eft£li were fciied ; md the fame tragedy was admpred and imitated by the Reman legion at Rbtgiam, The perpetrators of it were, however, con* dueled in chains to Rome, and many of them loft their heads by fifty at a time: but when this tribute had been paid to juftice, the fcruple of the Roman Go- vernment did not greatly aflfed their fubfequent proceedings ; and an early opportnnity was embrKed to fupport the caufe of the Mamertinet, Thek * hiftorians attempt to palliate this, by obfenring that the Carthaginians had been received into Mefflnat--^. pr&icipal part of the ifland had long been under the jorifdiAion of Cartbsgt^ and was eflimtial to its commerce, and they (eem xaXy to have interfered in order to afford fome fecurity to the ter- f ified Sitiiiam* The fiibfiequent fuccdc of the Romans formed the events of die firft PmU war, and led them to attempt what demanded their utmoft talenu and perfevetance, for nothing lefs than the conqueft of IKcily, and die dcftniAion of Carthage, would fatisfy the unbounded dcfiie of their am- bitious and reftleft fpirk. When the JiMmtu thus commenced the firft Punk War (U. C. 490.) | ac- cordbg to the teftiacoy of Folybios, which muft not be t taken in too li- letal * The learned Dr. Taylor, in hit Elements of Civil Law, prefents an ingenioui ibnrce of literary fcepticifm refpeQing the Roman*, (ed. 410. p. 519.) *' I won)d recommend to my reader this confideration, viz. WbnUr it it ttrUun, that all the RomM JVrittrt, that the frtfnU Ag* thinh thtmfehtt P^Jti ^% an Onghult i rndtoajk hl^fttf, if h* doetnnt rttt^Bt that thm m»f iefim, i^ tbit Jitggrjlhm, nohith kti Bit trmfldtiant—and bad mu.** t Ai the SaOij/loftht French nation, the ceUbraud j^Ui it Saint Rtal, obferves in his Eflay Dt la Navigatiom det Rommnt ; — notwithftandisg what Pofyiiut aflerts, the Romans had ceruinly given their attention to their Navy before the firlt Punic war. Not to men- tion the e^rly Trtalitt between them and the CartlUginians, which Polybiui has recorded, there is one noticed by Xngr, in whteh it was ftipuhited that Rom (hould be Aipplied with Ships from Carthagt, both for the purp«fes of Commerce and War. Alfo in the year 416, which preceded the firll Pumc war by fevcnty-foor years, the Reinaiu deilroyed the Port of j/iitium, mnsms -Ai ^^ mtae&imt'M liju) ^in^y .*^ ( ' clxxxv ) teral a fenfe, they had neither decked veflels, a fingle ihallop, nor any barks s r C T. they could ufe as • tranrports. But their fertile invention was never at a }X^ ' lofs ; and having borrowed fome fifty'oared VeiTels, and a few triremct from Introdud^ion. - the Tarentitieiy Eleata^ Lecriant^ and Neapolitant^ their legions were com- ^^^''antl'luf pelied to f embark on a new element, under the command of Appiut Clau- diust one of the Confuls. On this motley fquadron, if the fad has not been mifreprerciited by the prevailing falfehood of the Roman hidorians, the Carthaginians bore down with too much eagerncfs; in confequence of which, one of their quinquiremes unfortunately flruck upon a fand-bank* From this perilous fituation it was afterwards extricated by the Romans, and employed as a model for their (hipwrights. The \ genius of Rome at this period was not deprefled by the indolence of an Heliogabalust and it had been ordained, that the dofcendants of the Tyriam (hould fuflfer in a diftant generation, for the iniquities of the crownino CITY. Every exertion was accordingly made by their enemies to profit by the late unexpefled event, and made with fuccefs : whilfl their workmen clumfily attempted to imitate the (kill of the Carthaginian Shipwrights, a fchool was formed on u adjoining beach, in order to difcipline and inllruA a fuificient number p'' i \ .7 Seamen to man the intended fleet. Thi# fmgulat fcene is thus c <■ <' .i by % Polybius : ** While the workmen were bufy in building and fitting the Ships, others were employed to draw to« gether a bodyof failors, and inflrufl them.in theexercifeof theOar. This was jlntium, vrhok name ftill remains in the Capo ttjlntto, and took twenty-two galleys, and with fome of the beaks or rofira of thefe veflels, they adorned their Rostra in the Forum, which from this circumftance received its name. Befides this it lliould be remembered that a Naval Duumvir, or Lord High Admiral was eftablifhed at Rome in the year 445 (Livy, I. xii.), whofe duty it was to fit out and man the Roman navy.— The credits thvrefore, of PolyHut himfelf is queftionablc, and mud not be conf'idered as infallible when he alludes to the government, or CharaAer of the Carthaginiant. ,, • Polybius, lib. i. \ f This part of the naval hillory of Rome is illuftrated by Sir Waller Ralegh in Jiis Ilif- tory of the World (p. 295.). X It is fingular that in the year before the firll Punic war (489,), the Romans, who ]»ad prevtoufly uibd only ftamped pieces of brafs in trade, began to coin Silver, and to introduce it into commerce. This early Mint was eftabliflied at the temple oi Juno Moneta; and hence, according to Suidas, came the word Menr*, and the modern term monry, § Book i. c. a. Hamfton't Trattjlation (vol. i. p. 59.). VOL. I. - « B ^' " '^^ \ ( clxxxvi ) S P C *I\ ^AS ^one in the following manner. They placed benches along the (hore, ^ IV' upon which the rowers were ranged in the fame order as at Sea, with a proper officer among them to give the command. In this fituation, they accuftomed themfelves to perform all the neceflary motions of the body : to fall back together, and again to bend forwards ; to contrail: and extend their arms ; to begin, or leave off, according to the Signals." Thus in fixty days, from the time the timber was felled, did the Romans fit out, and fend to fea, one hundred Gallics of five tier of oars, and twenty of two tier ; the firft of thefe rates carried three hundred rowers, and two htndred foldiers. The fubfequent fucccfs of the Romans was equally rapid, and aftonifliing, and the fatal progrefs of this Military Marine is well known. The Carthagi- nians were particularly baffled in their diflferent adions, by the Roman inven* tion of tremendous machines called Corvif confiding of a round wooden * pillar, placed on the prow of everv veifel, about twelve feet in height, and three palms breadth in diameter, with a pully at the top. When the Car- inian * To this Pillar, fays Polybtiu, was fitted a kind of Stage, eighteen feet In length, and four feet broad, which was made ladder-wife, of (Irong timbers Istid acrofs, and cramped together with iron : the Pillar being received into an oblong fquare, which was opened for that purpofe, at the diftance of fix feet within the end of the Hage. On either fide of the ftage lengthways was a parapet, which reached jull ^bove the knee. At the farthefl end ef this ftage, or ladder, was a bar of Iron, whofe fliape was fomewhat like a peftle ; but it was (happened at the bottom; or lower point ; and on the top of it was a ring. The whole appearance of this machine very much rcfembled thofe that are ufed in grinding corn. To the ring juft mentioned was fixed a rope ; by which, with the help of the pully that was at the top of the Pillar, they hoifted up the Machines, and, as the VelTels of the enemy came near, let them fall upon them, fometimes on their Prowi and fnmetimes on their fides, as occafion bed ferved. As the Machine fell, it ftruck into the decks of the enemy, and held them faft. In this fituation, if the two Veflels happened to lay fide by fide, the Ro- mans leaped on board from all parts of their (hips at once. But in cafe that they were joined only by the Prow, they then entered two and two along the Machine : the two fore- mod extending their bucklers right before them, to ward off the drokes that were aimed againd them in front; while thofe that followed reded tlie bofs of their bucklers upon the top of the parapet on either fide, and thus co- •red both their flanks (lib. i. c. 2. Hamptou't Tranjlatlon, vol. I. p. 61.)' An engraving of t'-i Corvut is given by Rtllin in his Hidory of the Arts and Sciences of the Ancients (vol. il. p. 129.). The idea feems to have been taken from the iron Dolphin of the Greeks. An ingenious foreigner, M, k Roy, has pub- lifhed a curious Memoir in the ATemoiru dt Plnfiktit National, 1798, in order to recommend the adoption of the Corvut to French privateers. This Difl*ertatIon is entitled, Neiu Reftarchtt rej^a'mg the Ship* employed by the Ancientt, from the origin of the Punic Wars to the lit lit of Aa'ium i and on the ufe ivh'uh might ie made of (hem in our Marine. SECT. IV, ( clxxxvit ) ihaginian Fleet advanced under the command of an oiHcer, with the aufpi- cious name of Annibaly the fatal Corvi of the Romans were fufpended over their enemy's fhips in every diredion. In vain did the Carthaginian officers Introduftioii. difplay the dexterity of their manoeuvres, and their profeHional (kill ; the a'LTi'ol",. novelty of the pondeious Corvi (truck their crews with a fudden panic, and enabled the Romans to exert the (Irength and folidity of their legions. The Carthaginian fleet was obliged to retire before the Roman commander Dui- liuSf and reluctantly conveyed the difgraceful tidings to Africa that fifty of their fliips had been captured. . It may interefl the profedional reader, and enable him to form fome idea of the Naval Tadtics of the didant period we are confidering, beyond a * detail of the names and rates of their velTels, if an account is given of two , Naval A£tions between the Carthaginians and Romans. In the firft the Ro- mans were fo fuccefsful, that they were enabled to land on the territory of Carthage, and alarm the metropolis; the fecond, on the contrary, was favourable to their rivals, and for a time enabled the Carthaginians to regain the Sovereignty of the Ocean. The Carthaginian Coaft, at the commencement of the 6r(l Punic War, Naval Ac and for a confiderable time afterwards, was too open to an invading enemy, li,""' ^"^ Unaccuftomed to any rival, they implicitly tru(led to the wooden walls of u. C. 503. the republic. This drcumftance did not efcape the watchful ambition of Rome ; and orders were accordingly ilTued to their Naval Duumvir^ to fit out a t fleet of 330 decked (hips; which failed under the command of the Confuls * See AuJus GtUiut (lib. x. c. 25.). This has been v'Sa accurately performed by Dr. Adcm in his Roman Antiquities (p. 398. Ntvoal Affatrt of the Romans.). Line of battle fliips were called navet long*; merchant veiTels, oneraritt ; light built fliips for expedition, jiauart/ara velorum ; the ballaft/iiurra; the rigging of a fliip, armamenta ; rh Gani;ways,ybW; the Lead for foundii^f; tolis, or catapiratet ; the Yards, antenna, or brnch' The wood employed for Ship'Building was fir, alder, cedar, and cyprefs ; the fenctl ;., firft mentioned. by Cacfar (Bell. Gall. lii. 13.) as emoloying oak. The Admiral of ii._ fleet was ftyled, Jux prifeaufjue clqffls, -inA the Flag Ship, navu pratoria. The Captains had r'le titles of navarch't, tr'urarthi , or magiflri navium. The Marines were called CIti/Jiarti, or Elliots. ^ t PolybiuB, lib. i. Each Vcflel carried 120 foldiers, and 300 rowers. BBS :s le hta. .ire le ^'W .^i:Hvri ( clxxxviil ) F. C T. IV. Confuls M. Atiilius Regulus fo renowned in hidory, and L. Manlitu Vulfi» Leaving Sicily ^ they doubled the promontory Pachynusy now Cape Paffarot and fleered for Ecnomus, in order to co-operate with the army there ftationed. The firfl Punic War was at this time extended to its eighth year ; during which the Carthaginians had loft the valuable iflands of Corfica and Sardiniii, and only retained, of their fettlements in Sicily, Lilybaum, Pamrmus, and a few adjoining places. The turbulent fpirit of the people had not yet, how- ever, quite exhaufted the energy of government, and preparations were immediately made to repel force by force. Under the command of Hanno, and Hamikar, a fleet of 350 (hips failed from Lilybauniy and arriving off Heraclea Minoa prepared for action. The principal objeA the Romans had in view, was to counteraf): the lightnefs and celerity of the Carthaginian (hips, by preferving the four divifions of their own fleet firm, and compaA. To accomplifli this, the two Gonfular galUes of fix banks of oars, were fta- tioned abreaft each other in front, followed by the firft and fecond fquadroni on the right and left, in feparate h'nes of battle, forming an angle whofe apex was towards the admiral gallies. The Prows of the veffels were all turned outwards ; and when the third divifion was drawn up frontways, iex- tending from point to point, it formed a bafe to the triangle ; by means of fmall boats, this divifion of the fleet towed the tranfports, with the horfes and baggage. The fourth fquadf on, ftyled iriariit followed in the rear, and preferved a line parallel with the third divifion. — How impoffible^ is it, ex* claims Polybius, I do not /ay to behold Jh vaft an Armamenty but even to hear a bare defcription efity without being fixed in admiration^ both of the importance of tlte contejiy and of the power andjirength of the two great Republics that were thus engaged. The Carthaginian Seamen were fenfible that the liberty of their country, and the fafety of their families, depended on their prefent exertions } for their commanders Hanno, and Hamilcar, had employed every argument to animate the refpeftive crews. The fignal for failing was therefore obeyed with cheerfulnefs ; and they left the harbour of Heraclea Minoa full of hope and determined refolution. The difpofition of their Fleet was calculated to furround the Roman triangle : three divifions were ranged in a fingle line ; extending the right wing under Hanno, compofed of all the quitiqueremes and galleys, far out to fea with the prows turned towards the enemy ; the re- maining fquadron of obfervation was ftationed under the command of Hamilcar near the fliore, uad was drawn up in the figure called Forceps. 9 Not. ( clxxxix ) Notwithftanding the ftratagem which Hamilcar executed by fignal, in SECT. order to deceive and detach the Roman fliips by an appearance of flight, and Y^l which feparated the battle into three detached actions, vidory at length ^"^'^''"^J""; declared for the Romans. Hamilcar was obliged to retreat ; and Hanno R^uu PtrUt. feeing himfelf aflfaulted on all fides, at length clofed a tremendous conteft. The Romans, if their hiftorian is to be credited, captured fixty-four veflels, and deftroyed more than thirty ; and this with only the lofs of twenty-four fliips which funk during the engagement. In a fubfequent A£tion between the Roman and Carthaginian fleets, which Naval Ac * Polybius mentions, the fkill and enterprife of the latter were more fuccefs- ch^iyi'^. ful; but the hiftorian, in bearing witnefs to this event, feems with reludance U. C. 511. to yield the palm of viAory to the enemies of his country. The fiege of Lilybaum in Sicily, now Marfaloy had been carried on by the Romans for a confiderable time with unwearied refolution ; when during the Confulate of P, Claudius Fulcber, and L. 'Junius Pullus, the naval power of the republic experienced a fevere wound. Pulcher, who inherited the pride and ra(h- nefs of the Claudian family, became impatient of that caution which oiEcers of greater experience had obferved. Having gained the tribunes, he em- barked at midnight with a fleet of 1 20 gallies, then lying at anchor before Lifybaum ; and carrying with him fome of the braveft of the legionaries, he hoped to furprife the Carthaginian admiral Adherbal at Drepanum, now Tre- fano del ValUt, a port on the weftern fide of Sicily. The hour of midnight feemed propitious to this bold attempt : keeping the Ifland on his right, he proceeded in dofe order along the (here, unperceived by the enemy ; and the break of day firft rendered Adherbal fenfible of the impending danger. The promptitude of his refources difplayed the greatnefs of his profefllonal charafler ; his ibidiers immediately embarked with ninety gallies, and the orders of Adherbal quickly circulated throughout his fquadron — Obfervey and follow the courfe of your Commander .' Some projefting rocks concealed the inferiority of his force, until the Romans began to enter the harbour's mouth ; and Adherbal afterwards fupplied his deficiency in point of number, by a knowledge of the coaft, the fituation of the flioals, and the rapidity of his manoeuvres. The diforder of ihe Romans was complete ; but after con- fiderable difficulty, Claudius was enabled to form in line of battle along the > fliore. The Conful Pubtius, who at firfl: failed in the rear, and had been carried »ni .n-u -I'-j il^^Jff il^j .ff « 'Lib. i. T' '),)'«r'f ;f.?(j,a* 1 1 I ! ( «c ) SECT. IV. carried out to Tea, took his ftation on the left. AJberbal jaSKci him with five of his largeft fliips, and then gaining the open fea, turned the prow of his Galley towards the enemy : the remainder of his fquadron, as they came up, extended the line, and on the fignal being given, advanced with rapidity againft the Romans. The conteft was for fome time equal. But at length a confiderable part of the Confular fleet being either a-ground on the fhoals, or wrecked upon the rocks, Pulcher retreated with only thirty gall'es. •• The Carthaginiam" fays Polybius, •• drew the vidory to their fide, by the help of many favourable circumjiances, in which they were fuperior to the Romans during the whole engagement. Their Veflels were light, and fwift in failing : their rowers (kilful and experienced : and laflly, they derived no fmall advantage from having ranged their Fleet in battle on the fide of the open fea. Whenever they were clofely prefled, as they had full room to retreat, fo were they able alfo by their fwiftnefs to tranfport themfelves at once out of the reach of danger. If the enemy advanced too far in the pur- fuit, they then turned fuddenly upon them, and making their attack with vigour and agility, now upoa the fide», and fometimes on the (lern, funk many of the Roman veflels ; which being unwieldy by their bulk, and in- cumbered with unflcilful rowers, performed all their motions heavily and without fuccefs. When any of their veflels feemed ready to be roaftered by the enemy, they advanced fecurely through the open fea, and by rangiiig fome frelh Gallies in the ftern of thofe that were engaged, refcued their friends from danger. But on the part of the Romans ^ every circumftance was contrary to thefe. When prefled, they had no room to retreat : for every veflel, that retired before the enemy, either ftuck fad upon the Sands, or was daflied againft the (hore. As their Ships were alfo heavy, and their rowers deftitute of flcill, they were quite deprived of the advantage, the great- eft that is known in Naval Battles, oi failing through the Squadron of the ene- my, and attacking in fiern the fhips that were already engaged with others. Nor could they on the other hand fend any (uccours, or fupport their own veflels from behind, as the diflance was fo narrow between them and the • land." Previous to this celebrated Victory, a curious anecdote is recorded by the fame hiftorian, which may give the reader a further infight into the nautical fkiil of the Roman oflicers. The * Hampton's Tranflation, vol. i. p. io8. Book the firft. SECT. IV. The inhabitants of Carthage had for a long time anxioufly expected ne^f s from their countrymen at Lilybaum, without being able to elude the vigilance of the befiegers, when a perfon of rank in the metropolis, furnamed Hannibal Introduaion. the Rhodianf undertook to elude the blockade of the Roman admiral. This RiLT'eZ",. daring oifer was accepted with joy ; a quick failing veflel, that belonged to him, was equipped without delay } and Hannibal with no fmall degree of exulta- tion, left the port of Carthage amidft the prayers and acclamations of innumer- able fpe£lators. At fun-fet he cad anchor near one of the fmall Iflands oppofite to Lilybaum. In the morning a favourable breeze carried Him through the midft of the Roman fleet ; the enemy in mute aftonilhment fullered his galley to pafs. Hannibal glorying in his fuccefs, entered the harbour. In the morning he prepared to return. The Conful during the night had Ra- tioned ten of his fwifteft (hips with fufpended oars, as near the harbour's mouth as the Ihallows would permit; and in confi^erable agitation waited the event. At length the Rhodian appeared : the indignant Romans eagerly purfued, but in vain. Hannibal glided without moledstion over the calm fur- ,face of the Mediterranean, and even brought-to in order to infult the enemy » yet not a fmgle fliip would again advance. This perilous duty was repeatedly performed with equal fuccefs, and his example followed by others : when at length, either from raflinefs, or the exafperated fpirit of the Romans, the brave Rhodian was taken after a fevere engagement, by a galley confider- ably fuperior both in (Irength and numbers. For nearly three hundred years, the Carthaginians had flruggled to fup- port the fovereignty of maritime Commerce, and their dominion of the Tea, againll the progrefs, and infatiate ambition of military power ; when Scipio Mmilianus in the year 146 before the Chriflian sera, was enabled to fatiate the revenge of his country. The choiceft treafures of the ancient world were confumed in the auguft Metropolis of Africa ; nor could its rifing flames be viewed even by Scifio without emotion : -be openly lamented the dreadful confequences of fuch implacable animofity, and, in the ruin of * Carthage, its conqueror was alarmed for the fubfeijuent degradation of Rome. The ««»' * Dr. Shaw, in his learned Geographical Obfervationt on the Coq/l of Barbary, endeavours to afcertain thijite of aiulent Carthage (p. i5o.)» Neither hath Carthage, the next place to be defcribed, much better fupported itfelf ag;aiuft the encroachments of the N. £. winds, , and d ;' .-^'M ( cxci'i ) E C T. The learned geographer. To often cited in this memoir, * M. G^ellint has • rendered hydrography a particular fervice by illuftrating the almoft forgotten fragment and the Me-jerdah (or river BttgraJa, fo famoui in hiftory), which together have (lopped up its ancient Harbour, and made it almuft as far dillant from the lea as Utict. Tli<: place ftill continueth to be called (El Mtrfa) The Poft, lying to the N. and N. W. of the city ; and formeth, with the Lake of Tun'u, the peninfula upon which Carthage xvas built. Upon the other fide of the Peninfula, towards the S. E. Cartioge hath been a lofer to the fca ) for, in that dircAion, near three furlongs in length and half a furlong or more in breadth, lyeth under water. A little to the northward of tliefe ruins, but to the S. £. of El Mcrfa, are the traces of a Cothon, fcarce a hundred yards fquare. This was pro- bably the AVw Port which the Carth/fgimtmi built, after Scifio had blocked up the old ; and might be the fame that was called the Maiu/racium in the time of Procepiut. " The greated part of Carthage hath been built upon three bills, fumcwhat infcriour to thofe upon which Rome was ereAed. Upon that which overlooketh the S. E. flu>rc, there is the Area of a fpacious room, with feveral fmaller ones hard by it. ^me of them have had leflellated pavements ; but neither the defign nor the materials are worthy of our notice. The Bjrfa, I prefume, had formerly this fituation. In rowing along the Sea Shore, the common fewers difcover themfelves In feveral places j which, being well built and cemented at firft, time hath not in the leaft injured or impaired. The cifterns are other ftruAorcs, which have fubmitted the leaft to the general ruin of this city. . . . Be- fides thefe, there are no other tokens left us of the grandeur and magnificence of this an- cient City, and rival of Rome : we meet with no triumphal arch, or fumptuous piece of architeAure { no granite Pillars, or curious entablatures ; but the broken walls and ftroc- tures that remain to this day, are either built in the Gothick manner, or according to that of the later inhabiunts. . . ,,,^ " PRny feems to make the Ancient Carthage much bigger, than when it was a Romin colony ; which, according to what Livy informeth us, was twenty-three miles in circuit. Siraho circumfcribeth the Peninfula upon which Carthage was built, with 360 fnriongs, or 4 J miles, but doth not aflign any number for the extent of the city. According to an eftimate made upon the fpot, I judge the Peninfula to be about thirty miles round, and that the City may have taken up near half that fpace ; and more, I prefume, it could never lay claim to. For Llvy telleth us, that Carthage was twelve miles nearly from Tunet I which is the diftance that ftill fubfifts betwixt this city, and a fragment (we meet with near the greater Ctftems) of the old wall of C«r/ikr;«. And as there are feveral Salt Pits immediately under this wall, which reach as far as the S. £. (hore, Carthage could not have extended any farther to the W. or S. unlefs thefe pits, which cannot well lie fuppofed, were received within the city. Nay, if Poljbiut is to be credited, who maketh the dillance betwixt Tunei and Carthage 1$ miles, the boundary this way will be thrown farther backward, and we may be induced to fufped, that the wall I have mentioBcd, was ercJlcd * Recherches ft,!r la Geo. des Anciens (torn. i. p. io6>). ( cxciii ) fr^iRinent In • Pliny, rerpetJting the Voyage of Difcovery by the hidorian SECT. Polybiust the tutor or confidential friend of Scipio ^milianus. Having flu- JV. jmitfN and died with minute attention the diil'erent Nautical journals prefcrved by the introduaion. Carthaginians, this hidorian indulged a hope that he fhould be able to pih '^'^j: beyond hit predeceflbr Hanno. Upon the deftruflion of Carthage, the refllefs jealoufy of Rome foon fuggefted an expedition to the Weftcm Coafts of Africa, in order to deftroy the celebrated city of L'lxa, and wharever colonies" might remain that had been eftablifhed by their rivals. Polybius was the pcrfon appointed ; and though it is probable he was confidcrably afliiled by Carthaginian pilots, there are erefted by the Romiim, and took in it greater fpace of tlic Peninfiila, than might be the jirea ot the Hiiciciit City. A large nioials, that was forujorly the I'ort, continues to be the ian.c limit, it always was, to ihc N. and N. W., whilll, to the E. and N. E. the whole extent oFthe C.ipis Carthage and Cummarl, to the diflance of one, rometinics two furlongs from table World, have fallen into numberkfs mi/lakes^ in almoji all which they re- late. It will be neceflary therefore to refute and reflify their accounts, not by fume flight and curfory remarks, but in a full and deliberate examination of iliem. We muft be careful however to remember, that their labours dcferve upon the whole rather praife than cenfure ; and that their errors are always to be correded in the gentled manner : fmce it is certain, that they would themfelves retract and alter many paiTages in their works, if they were now alive. For in former times, there were but few among the Greeks^ that made any attempt to extend their fearch into thofe places which we call the boundary of the earth. The difficulties in their way were indeed almoll infupcrable. Many dangers were to be encountered by Sea ; and more, and greater upon land. And when any, either by choice or accident, had gained an entrance into thofe countries j yet becaufe fome parts were deftitute of alt inhabitants, and others poflefled by a race of men, whofe manners were un. cultivated and wholly barbarous, it was fcarcely poffible, that they (hould be able to examine with their own proper eyes, even into a fmall part only of the thinga that deferved their notice. Nor could they, on the other hand. * Hampton's Trauflation vol. i. p. 366. j ;'>? •• ... f Ibid. p. y>J. C C a SEC T. IntrudiiAion. CiirrhaitHiait /it^M R.miin y limit. 11"' X'5. ( cxCvi ) -^-^ S EC T. as they were ftrangers to the language of the natives, ever gain the informa- > '■ tion that was requifite, in thofe which they had opportunity of feeing. And Polybius. even thofe few, that were able in fome degree tofurinount thefe difficulties, were all difpofed to enlarge their defcriptions far beyond the bounds of probability : and having neither fenfe nor candour to be fatisfied with the plain and finipie -'. ■ - ' truth, invented ftrange and incredible Fictions of prodigies and monders ; reporting many things, which they had never feen, and many alfo, that had no exidence. Since therefore all thefe circuinftances concurred to render it not only difficult, but utterly impoflible to gain any accurate and certain knowledge of thofe countries, we ought by no means to pafs too fevere a cenfure upon the old Hidorians, for their piidakes or omilTions in thefe matters : but on the contrary^ fhould rather be perfuaded, that they deferve our acknowledgements and thanks ; on account.evea of the little information which they have left behind them ; and that, amidd thofe numerous difficul- ties, they were able as it were to lay the foundation of more genuine Dif- coveries. ** But in thefe times, fince all Afta has been opened to us by the arms of . Alexander ; and the other part^ of the World by the Roman vidories, fo that every Place and every Couatry is now become acceflible either by Sea or Land ; and fince men of eminence in the world have (hewn great eager- nefs and zeal in making thefe refearches ; employing in them all that leifure which they now enjoy from the bufinefs of War, and the care of public af- • fairs ; it may with reafon be expeded, that, by the help of thefe advantages, •wejhould at laji be able to remove the obfcurtty^ in which thefe inquiries have hitherto been involved. And this is the Tafky which I fhall undertake in its proper place : and fhall endeavour to give thofe readers, whofe tafle is gratified by fucb defcriptions, a clear and perfeil inftght into all thefe fubje£ls. Fori have expofed myfelf, without referve, both to great fatigue, and n^uny dangers, in traverftng all Afric, Spain, and Gaul ; and in veyageing alfo upon the ^yii^. v.\OK^hA,by which thefe parts of the World are bounded; that I might be able to corred with fome affurance the miflakes of former writers, and lay e^en the knowledge of thefe countries to the * Greeks" The • PoLVBius, \a, his fourth boot, makes fome remarlcs on the favourablle fituatioh of ^v- nattlium with refpefl to the fca ; explains at large the caufes to which it was indebted for the great advantages it enjoyed s and offers many ingenious remarks relative to the Ptuliu, Sojjfhoru*, and Paltu Mtotit. ** We may aUb add» that the Mtrotis, as all writert ;. .J -/ have ( cxcvii ) Inftead of beginning the Journal of Polybim, as Pliny did from Atlas, M. Gof- S EC T» feUin, after redoring the rivers Anatts and Lixus to their proper places in th« L__ narrative, conjeftures with reafon that the following is more ralculated to J^*t°J,£'°"; defcribe the Courfe of our Navigator : fince by introducing the name of Atlas *»"''• ''"'*''• fo early in the Voyage, previous to his arrival at the Straits, Polybius could p°7i^' °*^ only mean that the fquadron failed from that part of the northern coaft of Africa^ where the mountainous ridge called Atlas firft arifea. The following is the fragment, according to the illullration of M. Gq/fellint which contains fome particulars of the Voyage conduded by this hiftorian. " Whilji Scipio JEmilianus governed in Africa^ he gave Polybius the command qf a fquadron in order to explore the we/lern Coaji of that Continent'* Having reached The Pillars^ and gained the Atlantic^ Polybius arrived at the gulf Saguti, which anfwers to the Cotes of Scylaic, or rather to the Bay Al-caxar, He then doubled ihe promontory Mulelacha, which appears in the modern Mollabat ; and obferved on its fummit, though he does not • mention its name, the ancient city Thymiaterion founded by Hanno. The adventurous hiftorian, before his arrival at the harbour of * Rutubis, which during the height of the Carthaginian Commerce was a fluuriHiing city» pafled the river L/xux, firft difcovered by Hannoy and afterwards named Lucos ; the Uivc declared, was anciently a Sea, and flowed intermingled with the Pontus." {Hampton' t TranJkt'wH, vol. ii. p. 85 )— In the fame book a palTage occurs, which informs us what the ancient Navigators really intended, when, in defcribing an unknown Coaft, they u'ed the technical expreffion of an Horn.. '* Now the water, coming from the Pontus, at firft flows on in the fame uniform and unbroken conrfe, becaufe the Coail on either fide is fniooth and equal. But as it approaches near HeriMum, being now inclofed, as we have faid, in the moft narrow part of all the Strait, and driven with violence againft tliis Promontory, it is fuddenly ftruck back, and forced over to the oppofite Shore of jl/la. From thence it again returns to the fide of Europe, and breaks againll the Hejluean Promonioritt. From thefe again, it is once more hurried back to jifia, to the place called Bot; where lo is fabled by the poets to' have firft touched the Land, when (he pafled this Strait. And laftly, falling back again from Boi, it direAs its Courfe towards Byzantium : and there breaking into eddies, a fm;ill part of it winds itfelf into a Pool, which is c.illed, the Horn.**" llbiJ. p. 90.) The reader will find this fubjeft more fully difcufled by Tournefort ffoy- age into the Levant). His fifteenth letter contains a fcientific account of the Cunal of the Black Sea, with an occafional reference to the writings of the Ancients j and the fixteenth defcribes its Southern Coafts. * Traces of which appear in the Fort of Ma%agan, defcribed by Dapper (p. 1 36. ) . ( cxcvlii ) « E C T. IV. Voyage of Polybius. the Salmr and * Sala, now the rivers Subu and Salee ; and the Anatis^ the Ommlrabih of Leo, which runs into the Sea at Azamao, a fmall port town of Morrocco. The Squadron then doubled the Promontory of the Sun, or Cape Cantitif and afterwards reached a fecond harbour called Risardir, which M. Ge/jil- litt afligps to Safi or A/lrfi, the Coaft of which Was inhabited by the Getulian AuiololAs. Rifardir, which is the laft Port mentioned in the journal, exaftly correfponds with this fituation ; fmce Edrifi relates, that in the time of the ancients, j'(/^ was the laft Station of their (hips on the African Coaft. — Poly biut however having left this harbour, prepared to extend his Voyage to- wards the fouth \ and having pafted the mouths of the Cofenum or Tenftjly 9nd the Mafatat or Mogador, he arrived off the promontory Surrentium, or Cape Gety which forms the weftern extremity of the gulf where the Portu- guefe built their town of Santa Cruz. Our navigator then pailes the river Darat, or S«/, which defcends from Atlat into the above gulf, and alfo the river Palfum or -^ffa^ flowing midway between Cape Ger and Cape /igulon. On the banks of the latter river Polybius found the Perorfi and Pljarufu Aitbi' cpesf who according to Strabo had deftroyed the moft remote of the Pheni. cian fettlements ; and heard of the Goftuli Dara further inland, who confine on the territory of the Daratita Mthiopes, Having at length reached the river Bambotum or ^un, Polybius returned ; and therefore, not being able to give an account of the Coaft beyond this River, fubjoins the beft information he could procure : — that from the Bam. botum to Theon Ochema the chariot ofthegods^ an unbroken ridge ofmoun' tains fucceeds ; it requires a voyage often days and nights to fail thence to the Wejiern Promontory or Horn, This erroneous report is a fufficient evidence that the hiitorian did not advance beyond the river Bambotum : fince, if he had, he would have difcovered an immenfe Plain of Sand, raifed in fome places towards the Sea by the adion of the Winds and Waves, and alfo, that agreeing with the Journal of Hanno, it was only four days' fail from the chariot of the gods, to the Wejiern Horn. In a note, which M. Gojfellin has fubjoined to a fubfequent DilTertation on the Geographical Syftem of t Polybius, he favours us with the following additional ♦ The jifmir of Edrifi {Geo, NMenJu part prima CttmalU Uriii, p. 77.), and the Buragrag of Leo (Africie Defcrip. lib. ix. p. 733. )• + Rtthtrcbtt, iom.W-^- I— 10. ." ' ( cxcix ) additional argument, that the ancients never pajfed the tremendous Bojadore. SECT. * I am informed by the French Conful refident at Mogadnr, that a Sand ^V- Bank extends feaward to the diflance of more than two iea^ ues, from the Ir.ttoduafon. mouth of the River Nun. This obftacle entirely prevents fn, all vejfeh from ^Zmmt'tUxf keeping irtjhore, and has been the caufe of many * Shipwrecks.' The different Colonies of the Carthaginans on the Weftern Coaft of Atlantic Africa^ and whatever other Settlements, or Difcoveries, they had made among l^*'**'*- the neighbouring Atlantic JJlands, pafled with the red of their empire under the dominion of the Romans. It is therefore neceflary, before we confider the progtefs of Maritime Difcovery during the decline of the Roman em- pire, to take a brief view of the knowledge which the ancients poflefled of * the SouTHT Ala>jtic. Hesiod is generally conHdered as the firfl: writer, who has made any men- tion of the Atlantic Ocean, fince he places on its Coaft the Hejperides and Gorgons .* and yet his ideas in this refpedl could not have been taken from any maritime Difcoveries of his countrymen ; for, according to the evidence ' of the t Greeks, it was not until three centuries afterwards, and about the year 639 before the Chriftian aera, that Colaus of Samos was driven by an eafterly wind, without the Straits, to Tartejfus, at the mouth of the river Batis. It is however I truft apparent from the preceding pages, that long be- tore the age of Heftod, fome of the illuftrious navigators or Murmedons, whofe exploits have been noticed, were either driven by adverfe winds, op impelled by an enterprifing difpofuion, to explore parts of the Atlantic ; and that fuch occafional trips, then attended with perils far beyond the prefent circumnavigation of the globe, gave rife to various traditions refpedling the renowned country J Atlantiiy the § Fortunate I/lands, the gardens of the Hef- perides, • Rtiherthts, torn. ii. (p. 28.). . + Herodotus, Melpomene (lib. ivj, ch. 151.—" On leaving this illand (Platea) with a . wiflj to go to Egypt, the winds compelled them to take their courfe weftward; and conti- nuing without inteimiflion, carried them beyond the Columns of HeraJes, till, as it flioulJ feem, by fomewhat more than human interpofition, they arrived at Tarte£us. As this was ■ a Port then but little known, their Voyage ultimately proved very advantageous." (Beloe's. - Tranflation.) X M. Gojinm terms it {Rtcherchet, vol. i. p. 144.). ' L'ile fantaftique que le philofophe d'Athenes avoit cree, ct qu'il avoit eu foin d'abimer au fond de I'ocean. pour qu'on ne la. cherchat plus apres lui.' § M. Goffeili]!, to whofe Diflertation, da Tradttiotu fur lu ijltt de P ocean Allantique ( Ibid, p. 1350» I aw greatly indebted, eierts his geographical learning to prove, that the term Fortunate^., Sertorius. 7- ( CC ) • SECT, perldes^ the Ifland * Aphrodijias^ and other delightful folitudcs j whofe beau- • ties were either heightened by ihe vanity of the difcoverer, or accurately re- prefented in a defcription of the rich fcenery of Madeira. Ari/lotle\, the difciple of Plato, in his account of the uninhabittd Ifland beyond the Straits of Gades, which the Carthaginians } difcovered, mud either allude to Fortaventura, or Lancerota among the Canary Ifles, or elfe to Madeira, The great fertility of this country, when firft vifited, ren- dered the Carthaginians fo anxious to emigrate, that the fenate was coiu- pelled by a fevere decree to reprefs the romantic fpirit that prevailcJ. When Sertorius, a native of Nurfta in Sabinina, fled before the arms of Syilay and having pafled the Straits of Gades, reached the coaft of the river Boetis ; he there met with fome feamen, who were but lately returned frum the Fortunate IJlandsy and fpoke in the higheft terms of the beauty of tiie country. This fa£l is identified by Plutarch in his life of Sertorius, with the additional information that the Iflands mentioned were two in number, didant about § 10,000 ^adia from the coaft of Africa. Thel'e happy re- gions feemed to offer fo much tranquillity to the haralTed partizan of Ma- rim, that Sertorius in a moment of defpondency had refolved to embark ; but the war which broke out in Africa, awakened the military talents he poirefled in fo eminent a degree. He therefore returned to fcenes more congenial with his nature ; delivered the Mauritanians from the yoke of a tyrant ; and having accepted the proffered friendOiip of the || Lufttanians, was invefted by them with abfolute authority. The information which Ser- torius had received refpeding thefe Iflands, and the difpofition he had fhewn to refide there, induced others to make the voyage : about twenty years af. terwards Fortunate, as given by ancient navigators, was advanced ivtjtward from one beautiful Country to another, until it at length was fixed on the Canary IJlandt, the final limit of their difcoveries in the Atlnntic (p. 139 — 142.)' . ' • Appendix, p. 13. f Arillot. de Mirabil. Aufcultat. vol. t. p. 1157. \ See alio ^^«df*, p. 16. - f It is the opinion of M. GoJelTm (Recherches, vol. i. p. 147.). that an error has in this phtce been 'introduced into the text of Plutarch . for Libya he propofes to re:id Iberia. An excellent Memoir On the State of Lufitania, till it became a Roman province, was pub- lilhed by M. A. C. Do Jmaral, in the firft volume of Memorial da Acad. R. da* icienciat dt Lt/ioa, 1797. 3 ( cci ) terwards, Statius • Sebe/us coIle^Ved the various accounts that had prevailed, and whatever journals had appeared ; but vainly attempting to make fuch different narratives agree, he was led into errors that required more than fourteen csnturies to corre£]t. The inort account which Juba, the young king of Mauritania, compofed refpe£ling fomc Iflands in the Atlantic^ was preferved and confufed by Pliny. The In/ula purpuraria^ where Juba eftablifhed his manufa^ory of Getulian purple, are placed at the diftance of 625 M. P. from the In/ula Fortunata, defcribed as fituated to the fouth-weft. In order to navigate a veflel from the former to the latter iflands, feamen are to fleer at firfl for the fpace of 250 M. P. towards the wefl, and afterwards %5 M. P. towards the eaft. In this royal Journal of maritime Difcoveries, a new Ifland is added to the number which Sebo/us h^id previoufly noticed, (i.) Ombrios, is de- fcribed as being uninhabited ; the Mauritanian feamen found a lake in the mountains, and alfo obferved many curious trees, fome of which yielded a bitter kind of water, whilft from others they procured water by no means uhpleafant to the tafte : a circumftance which induces D'Anville to flyle this the Ifland oi Ferro, fince a celebrated tree was afterwards found there which diflilled water from its leaves. (2.) Ti\e/econd ifland is called Jumnia ; it prefented nothing worthy of notice except a fmall ftone temple. (3.) Near Junontay they fell in with a fmaller ifland, to which they afligned the fame name. (4.) They afterwards vifited Capraria, infefted with enormous li- zards. (5.) The Mauritanian navigators thence ilretched acrofs to an op- pofite ifland, which from the continual mift and fnow that enveloped it they called Nivaria. (6.) Adjoining Nivaria, they difcovered another ifland, to which they gave the name of Canariaj from the number of large dogs found upon it. If to the above account that information is added, which the Chart of Ptolemy contains, we fliall have confidered the prmcipal fources of hydro, graphical knowledge poffeffed by the Romans refpe£ling the Atlantic. But in afcertaining the fituation of the Fortunata Infulat Ptolemy, in point of corre^lnefs j muft yield both to Strabo and Pliny ; fmce thefe iflands are placed by the former nearly fifteen degrees more to the fouth, than a learned t Geo- graphef • Stat. Seb«fus, apud Plin. lib. vi. cap. 36, 37. , f Goffcllin, torn. i. p. 156. VOL. I. D D SEC T. IV. .^ — I 1 - Introdu£lion. Carthaginian aril Rman Htrimli, Juba's Dif. covcries. .^i ( ccti ) SECT, grap^er ^H allow ; and this has induced fome writers to think that Ptolemy IV. had in view the Cape de Verde iflands. SirabOf on the contrary, places the In/uJa Forttmata oppofite the coaft of Mauritania^ and Pliny defcribes them as being fituated over againft the Libyan nation of Autololes. The following table by M. Gojelltn^ at one view conne£ls and elucidates thefe remarks, and will enable the reader to form a more corred idea of the fubjeft. Atlantic Islands, known to ancisnt Navioators. Han NO. Hbiiod. Plato. AtisroTLi. SlITORIDt. Plutarch. Siioiua. JUBA. Ptolimt. MoDtRN Names. Cerne. Gorillx. Gorgoni. AtUntla. Derert lOe. Atlantic. Atlantic. Fortunate. Fortunate. Herperidei. Hefperidet. y«mnia. Pluvialia. Capraria. CoHvallis. Planaria. Purpiiraria. Purfuraria. J yantnia I farva. Ombriti. Cafratia. Nivaria. Canaria. Junonia, Apnfilts. ( yunouia I Aattlola. Pluilalia. Cnjperia. Piiituria. Canaria. yumnia. Poena. Erjthitt. Fedalle. r atthe mouth i of the ri»et ' ^Nun. Fortarentura. Lanceiota. Oraciora. Ferra Oomera. Tenerifie. Canary. Palma. Mazagan. Mogadore. Hydrogra- phical divi- llODS. Though the Romans gave the name of Mare or Sea^ to any large collec^ tion of water, they in general confidered the Ocean as divided into Maru Externum, and Mare Internum. Thtjlrji of thefe was again feparated. into Oceantu Septemtrionalisy or the Northern Ocean j Oceanus Eousy or the Eaftern Ocean ; jlufiralis Oceanus^ or the Southern Ocean \ and Oceanus Hejperius, or the Weftern Ocean. The/e(ond was fubdivided into eight por- tions: Mare Sardountt or SesL of SBTdinini Mar^ /»/^ru;;;, flowing between Sar- dinia, Corfica, and the fare of Meffina ; Mare Ionium,, extending from Sicily to Crete ; Mare JEgeum ; Mare Parthenium, now the gulf of Satalia j Mare Lybicum, refrefhing the coafts of Tripoli and Biferta ; the Pontus Ewtinus ; the Palus Maolis ; and the Propontisy or Sea of Marmora. To the FOUR Winds, Venti Cardinales, which the ancients at firft diflin- gttiflied, and worOiipped as deities j intermediate divifions were foon added by II their regions but Mr. (C ( cciii ) , their earlieft navigators ; and thefe points of the Compars were * increafed SECT, until they amounted to 24. This fiibjedl is dircuifed at length by f ^'"y and ^^- Solinuj. Wind* that blew off the land were called altani or apogaij and Introdaaion. thofe arifing from the fea tropai. To Hippalus is generally, though per- 'rm^h^'^Tm'. haps erroheoufly, alligned the firft difcovery of the monfoon ; and Dr. \ Vin- cent aflfumes the feventh year of Claudius^ anfwering to the forty-feventh of the Chriftian aera, for this event. Aulus § Gf///tfj defcribes the names and regions of the winds, as difcuffed at the fecial table of his friend Favorinus ; , but Mr. Bryant thinks that the whole of this Diflertation is a burlefque upon criticifm, the chief fpeaker being fo confufed and inconfiftent. The former author however afterwards difcuffes this fubjefl in a more philo- fophical manner, and feems to give the opinion of the Roman navi- gators on the motion of the waves, and their different undulations, according to the blowing of the wind from the fouth or north. ** A difference", fays || Julus Gellius, " has always been remarkable in the fwelling of the Waves as affe£ted by the north wind, and thofe blowing from that quarter of the heavens, and thofe from the fouth va^ fouth-wefi. The Waves raifed by the north-wind are large and rapid as poffible ; but as foon as the wind fubfides they difperfe and become calm, and the furface is almoft inftantly without any fwell ; but it is not fo when t\it fouth zndifouth-we/l blow, which, if not very high, niake the Swell continue longer ; and when the wmd ceafes to be felt the Sea continues for a long time tempeftuous. The caufe of this is fuppofed to be, that the Winds from the north coming to the Sea from the more elevated parts of the heavens, fall downwards per- -pendicularly, as it were, into the depths of the waters, and do not agitate the Waves fo much from its outward impulfe as its internal commotion, which continues • In Mr. Bryant^i work, already quoted, Ob/ervationt relating to varhut parts of AncUni Hyhry, the nautical reader will find many remarks connefted with the above fubjeA, in a treatife on that particular wind which St. Paul ftyled Euroclydon. In this Diflertation (p. 15.) Mr. Bryant introduces an account of the Alexandrine (hips which conveyed corn to Rome, and compofed a fleet called Commeatut Jkxandrinut ; the light frigates that pre- ceded the Squadron, received the names of PrMurfares and Tabellarite. ' . + Pliny, I. ii. c. 27. SoFinut aJ Salmafium, pages 1239. 1244, 5, 7, and 57. ^ Periplus of the Erythrean, p. 46. j Lib. ii. C. 22. II Lib. ii. C. 30. ^^r/w'/ 7r«j/Za/ion./ D D 2 ■ ' SECT. IV. ( cciv ) continues no longer than its outward force affeAt the furface. But the feutb ztid foMtb'We/it a£ting in an horizontal direction, rather impel the Waves upon each other than raife them aloft. The Waves, therefore, not a£led upon perpendicularly, but rather compelled againd each other, retain, after the wind (hall have fubfided, for a fliort time, its original motion. What I intimate receives farther confirmation from the verfes of //om^r, if they are perufed with fuitable attention. Of the fouth winds he fpeaks thus : ' When the Sotah impels the Wave of the Sea againft a Rock.*^ " On the contrary, he fays of Boreast which we call Jquilb, * And the culming Boretu rolling a great wnve.' '* He reprefents the north windt as ading in a more elevated and perpendi- cular direction, to raife the waves, as it were, from their inmoft depths, whilft thofe from the fouth, which are lower, impell them with greater vio- lence backwards and forwards. " It has alfo been remarked by the moil accompliflied philofophers, that when the/outb winds blow, the fea is of a blueifh colour ; when the nortb blows, it is dark and * black, the caufe of which, as I have extracted it from the problems of Arijlotlet I here infert : Why^ when the fouth wind blows j is the Sea blue; when the norths darker and more gloomy f — Is it becaufe the north agitates the fea lefs ? for every thing which is not moved feems black.'* As the power of the Roman" Republic haflened to its clofe, the wretched ftate of their Navy is apparent, from that extraordinary and daring manner,, in which the fovereignty of the Mediterranean was entirely ufurped by a fquadron of Pirates, who a£ted under the protection of Mithridates. A thoufand gallies defied all the legions of Rome, and for a long time infulted Italy unmolefted. Its villas on the fea-fliore were plundered ; the ports of the Republic blockaded ; a part of the confular Fleet was dedroyed at OJlia ; Sextilius and Bellinuy two praetors, were furprifed and carried off in their • Virgil, adds Mr. Beloe in. a note, fpeaking of the Waves as agitated by the North MTtnd, calls them blacl : ' Interea medium .£neas jam et efle tenebat. Certus iter, fluAufque atros aquilone fecabac' ( «cv ) SECT. IV. (heir purple robei y and a general fcarctty pf provifions wa8 produced, which extended from Europe into Jfia and J/rica : To dreadful wai tne name of thefe ancienr Buccaneers, whom the fuperior genius of Pompey at length ex- c"n'/°^mi^» « 4to etl. vol. i. p. s^j. ( ccvi ) SEC IV. T. The fcaitered events in hiftory defcriptive of the naval chiraAer of the Roman emperors, have been ably colleded by * Dr. Campbell, who gave an intereft to every fubjedt he confidered.— Auguftus, according to this writer, reduced the maritime as well as the civil affairs of the Romans into a regular fydem : the former confifted in keeping three numerous fquadrons, well equipped, conftantly ready for fea. The fird was (latinned at Frej'us on the coaft of the Narbennenfian Caul^ in order to awe the SpaniJIi coad, and the maritime diftrifts of Provence and Languedoc ; the fecond afted as guard- fhips at Cafe Mejfmai and the third commanded the upper ^ or Adriatic \Sea. This emperor alfo, in order to obtain a correct knowledge of the didant provinces under his dominion, fitted out veflels fur the purpofe of making difcoveries on the coaft of Africa, towards the equator; others were fent to furvey the coaft of Europe, as far as the Cimbrican Cherfonefus (yutlandj, whilft a third divifion, ftyled Naves Luforia, received orders to afcend the flream of fome of the princip'al rivers in the Roman empire, whofe courfe had not hitherto been explored. ^STPt- The reduction of Egypt to a province of the empire by Attoustus, opened an extenfive nurfery for feamen, and an ample fcope of commercial occupation to his fubjeds. Th^ PraefeA that fat on the fplendid throne of the Ptolemies, • Harris's Voyages, ed. 1764. (vol. i. p. 415.) The History or thi Indian Trade, as carried on through Egypt by the Red Sca, under the Romans. — I . The Romans lUtle adJiSed to maritime affairt before the ftcoitd Punic war, and incited thereto chiefly by the defire of dtjirojing Carthage. 2. The progrefi of their Naval Power, till they be- came majler* of tl)e fea, 3. The eKtraordinary eflabli/hmentt of A\xgaf\.n%, for the fufport of the Jtlaritime Forte of the Roman empire. 4. Hit maxims for the gcvemment of Egypi, eonftdered at inviobbk laivt by the fucceeding emperors ; and contributed greatly to the prefervalion of the pro- vinee. 5. Jfn account of the expedition of A\\\m GmIIus inf Arabia, the many difficulties he met with therein ; and the confeguencet which it produced. 6. T/&» Ethiopians Mvodk Egypt : are rt- pulfedby Publius Pctronius, the Roman Prefe8, who penetrated as far as Nepatai the capital of Ethiopia. 7. The fame of A.\ig\xik.\xs reaching the li\ii\QS, Vorws fends ambaffiidors to defire hit friend/hip. tt. The hifiory of this Commerce continued to the end of the reign of VcCp.ifian, including the Embafftes of Indian princes. 9. jIn fxaS defcription of the annual fleets fent within this period to the Indies ; the nature of their Voyaget; the frnnt employed in them, and the profit, \o, Obferva- tions upon the Stale of that commerce, within this period} and the objeSions raifed againft it by I'liny. II. Of the new channels bf trade opened from Egypt by the Romans, within the compafs of ihit period; and lli advantages derived from them. t Dion. Halicarn. lib. i.— Vcget. de Re milit. lib. v. E C T. IV. ( ccvU ) Ptolemiei, to avoid the danger of a powerful rival was alwayt felefled from among the Roman knights ; and fuch was the wakeful 4ifti'u(l of Auoustus and his • fucceflbrs, that no fenator or other perfon of rank, was allowed to c!If/i,!!f"M w enter this province without a paiTport. The whole fyftem of Its government *"~» i'"'*^ was confidered as one of the great myfteries of t State : this, united to the jealoufy of its former fovereigns, and the policy of the Phenicians, occaflons the filence which prevails in hiftory refpe£ling any Difcoveries that had been made in different parts of the Indian, or Erythrean Ocean. On this account, ** whatever was done is not \ recorded ; the Courfe of Difcovery was doubt- lefs in progreflion ; but there is a great difference between effecting the dif- covery, and bringing it into general § knowledge." Ptolemy, who profeffed to derive his information from the bed authorities, extended the coaft of ^ Malabar eail and wed ; a memorable proof that fctence had derived but little benefit from the maritime commerce of his countrymen. '^ Cornilius Gal/us, the poetical friend of Virgil, was appointed firft pracfe^t of Egypt; but either his talents, or principles, were not adapted to fupport the Ration. After four years he was fucceeded by Publius Petronius, during whofe government the troops of Auguftus, in fearch of Gold, firil entered, the wilds of Arabia under the command of JEUus Gallus. In this unfuccefs- ful expedition the emperor was affifted by Herod, king of Judea ; whilft an Arabian prince || Obodas, employed his minifter Syllaus, to render the exer-^ tions of Gallus ineffectual. According to the crafty Arabian there was no fafe paffage by land ; the Roman general therefore provided 130 tranfports, and failed from Cleopatris, at the extremity of the Arabian Gulf, to Lucocome a port of the Nabatheans, on its eaftern fide. The navigation was found extremely dangerous, owing to innumerable rocks and fhoals, but afrer a voyage of fifteen days, and the lofs of many (hips, the troops reached their deftination. Campbell obferves, ** that it was undoubtedly a well laid defign ; and if it had taken effeA, mud have contributed greatly to the opening a free commerce throughout the whole gulph, from the city of Arftnoe to the city of Ptolemais ; and as Strabo likewife fuggefts, it would have afforded a (hort and eafy paffage acrofs * Germanlcui vifited the province of Egypt without aiking the permiflion of Tiberius;, and wot afterwardt poifontd. \ Tacit. Anna!, lib. ii. cap. 59. :{: Dr. Vincent's Pcriplus (p. 4.!.). , ' . § This maritime fubjefl is confidered by Gibbon (vol. vii. p. 9^,) ' ' II Dion. Cu(Gu5, lib. iii. p. 512. Sueton. in Augullo, C. 66. , , \}r- Y ( CCVUI ) E C T. acroft the Strcights of BabehmandeUxo th^ region of the Tro^aJytes ; the reduc- ■ ' lion of which mud have been very advantageoui, becaufe, the Commerce ul that Country when opened proved very benef cial to the Egypiiam. One good eflfcdl, and perhaps the only one that followed from this expedition, was the fpreading the fame of the Romant^ and o( Augu/hut through the iNOiiia, which produced two feveral embaflles \ an honour the Romans never re- ceived before, and which might, very probably, operate favourably for their Commerce ; and, if fo, the expence of this undertaking (which fell, however, moftly on the allies) was not wholly thrown * away." Though Augujlui had according to Gibbon relinquished the ambitious defign of fubduing the whole earth; the expedition under G/i//ui pruvcb-, that he looked with an eye of curiofity or avarice, towards the regions of Arabia and India. In th" tenth year of his reign he refolvcd to vifit the eaftern parts of the empire } and accordingly fpent a winter in the ifland of Samos : there Augudus received the ambaflfadors from Candace, queen of Ethiopia, and at their entreaty concluded a peace which continued for many years. Prom Samot the emperor failed for the coad of Syria, and obtained a reditution of thofe Enfigns which the Parthiam bad taken from Crafut. The name of Augudus by thefe means reached the ears of Perm, who was monarch of India, on this fide the Ganges : a remembrance of the exploits of Alexander, gave an additional terror to the report that circulated of the power of Augujlus : and a folemn embafly was therefore prepared without de< lay : but of the peribns whom Portu deputed to execute this important trud, only three lived to deliver his letter and prefents to the emperor at Antioch. Thefe were borne by eight flaves, and feem to have been calculated to deter the Romans from penetrating into the country. When Augujius had feen the Indian -birds purpofely fele£ted of a prodigious fize, he was (hewn Ser. pents that meafured iifteen feet in length, and fliells of Tortoifet four feet and an half acrofs : but what mud have been the terror of the Roman courtiers, when for the fird time they beheld the bulk and fiercenefs of Indian Tigers : the curiofity of Augu/ius was fatisfied, and having vifited Athens he returned to Rome. Of thefe three ambafladors, who thus fur- mounted the perils and fatigue of the journey, Dion f Cafftus mentions one, as being a Brahmin : delighted with the reception he had experienced, he followed Augujius to Athens \ and having there ordered his funeral Pile to be . raifed * Hiirris ColleAion« "vol. i. p. 437. f Lib. lii!. p. 527. ( CCIX ) raifed, the venerable hiJimi refolved to terminate an exlftcnce lirtliertn tin- nifllcil by cither calatnity or ficknefs. He accordingly anointed \m body; advanced naked to the fccne of death, and leaving extended himrelF with the utmofl cumpofure on the wood, was immediately confumcd. In the lame ntanner Calanus is reported to have expired in the prefencc of /iUxandir. A tomb wan raiicd by the ^/hmans to the men\ory of the devoted Brahmin^ and * Strabo has preferved the infctiption: Hchi; i.ius /AiMANoctiAoAti, AN Indian of Baroosa, wuo, according to the cufiTOM of hih COUNTRY, THE INDIES, VUI.U'NTARII-Y QJHTTED THIS I.I IT.. The fituatran of Phenkia under the Roman empire, was nearly like that of Qattbagc in the preftnt day. ' Phanicia t and PaJcJi'mc were fometinies an. nexed to, and Ibmetimes feparated from, the jurildidion of ^•^ria, I'he former of thefe was a narrow and rocky Coalt; the latter was a territory fcarcely fuperior to Wales either in fertility or extent. A fandy defcrt alike deftitute of wood and water, ikirts along the doubtful confines of Hyria^ from ihc Euphrates to the Red Sea,* ..-.,.. , Perhaps the only inftance which Caligula difplayed of being the fon of Ccrmanicusy was bis conAant attention to the intereAs of commerce, and the liippgrt he thus gave to the Maritime Force of the empire. Whatever were his motives, they at leaA produced a beneficial eAc^ to the Aate, and raifed the Roman navy to its greateft height. During the reign of Claudius his fiicceflbr, the effect of the Xmonfoons was difcovered^ and firft made known CO R E C IV. T. IiittddtiCl C.i.f/.,' I., Rmiul Kill. ;i I. Ph. * Lib. zv. p. 686. f Gibbon, vol. t. p. 39. % Some remarks are made on this Aibjeft by Bruce (vol. 5. p. 368.). *' It would appear he (Stfojlnt) revived, rather than firll difcovered, this Viiy of carrying on (he trade tO the E«Jl Indus ; which, though it was at times interniittcJ, (perhaps forgot by the Princes who were contending for the tiovercignty of the Cimtim-iit of .'(fia), was ne- yerthclefs, perpetually kept up by the trading nations ihcmfoNoi, from the ports of /«(//'a and jifrka, and on the Red Sea from Etlom. The Pilots from iliefc Ports alone, of all tlie world, had a Secret confined to their own knowledge, upon \vliich tlie fin;ccr< cf tiicu; Xoj-' ages depended. This was the phoenomennn of the Trade Winks uikI Monsoons (far from being fynonlmous terms), which the Pilots of Se/oftru knew ; Pud which thofe of A>- arebut feem to have taught him only in part, in his Voyage iifierw.ird'-, Hiiloi y f;iys further of Se/afirit, that the Egyptians confidered him as their grcaull bcncfaiflor, for having laid open to them the Trade both of India and /iiaUa. ... I will not entiir into die defence of the probability of his reafons for having built a fhip of this fi/.e, and for fuch a puppofe ; as one of ten yards would have fufficiently anfwercd. The wfc it was made for, was apparently to fcrve for a hieroglyphic of what he had acioniplidieJ, vi/. •VOL. I. . ^. .. . * « tbjt i'.'i 1 "'"" "' '^^ f --ex ) knovn to the Ro- SECT, to the Romans, by the free-' -n oi Plocamus ; prior to obfervation* tha« ^^ afterwards reflcfled fo much credit on the name of Hippalur. In order to receive the produce of the Egyptian ruftoms, which probably were fird farmed by Claudius^ who aUb, according to Suetoniutt proje^cd Infurances on (hips and merchandize ^ the freedman oi Annius Plocamus vi> fited the Coad in a reveniie galley ,^ and having pafied the Straits of Babeli- matufebj his veflel was fuddenty driven out lo fea by aa heavy gale from the north, that continued for fifteen days. The coaft of Carmania at length prefented the profpeA of deliverance ; but the &3rs of the Romaa did not abate, until he had reached the more diftant port of Uifpuru:^ in a remote Illand (Ceylon,). The freedman of Plocamus was here moil hofpi> tably entertained, by the king of the country, for fix months, who was de* lighted with the accou!:ts he thus received of the Romans, and above all was afbnifhed at the different fpeeimens of their coin. At length, when a veflel was provided tu carry back this interefting flranger, a» s vefpeft for the power of Rome four ambaffadors were appointed to attend, with a per- fon of fuperior rank, who, according to the opinion of PaoJino and Dr» Vincent, was a * Rajab* ** We mufl conclude that they came in an Indian veflel that ht had kudoptntbt GbU/mdSihirYr^JhmliemiutiHStihpia, anHmliuniigatiJ thOam IK Shlpt made of 'mood ; which were the only ones, he thereby infinuated, that could be em> ployed in that Trade. The Egyptian Skipt at that time were all made of the reed papyrut^ covered with Ikins or leather, a coaftruAion which no people could vcatare to prafe&t on the Oceaa."— It i» fm^nlar that tha real charaAer cf the. Monsoon, (boiiJdevea at :he ' clofe of the eighteenth century not be generally underftbod. For as Mr. Ct^er remarks^ in his preface to an excellent Treatife on the ful>jeA (p. ig*),. both ^oii^ ahd Dr. JoknftH have given very erroneous explanations of the Trade w'ludt ac-i the Monfoon. " Tht Thadb Wind blowi alvtayi, tut at etrlaiH timet, from lie E^fi ttwardthe We/l.i, and im aU part* rftlt Ocean within the tropics, where it it beyond the ii^uenu of the Lmd, it itfulje9ta very JUght^ari*- llont from that point : In the norlhtm tropic, a few digreet beyond thatjide of the equalory it variet. only a point or two, more or left, to the northward; anr^Jo Hiewife at the fame ^fhnte to ihefouth of tht equator, it inelinet occafionally rather more or left to the fovthward. But at thofe WindtMrt equaUy vfefnl both to Trading Shipt, and Men of IVar, they might, I think, with more propriety bi ealkdT hi PsRBK N I AL Winds, being tht only current oftdr which coi^antly movet the fame way in any fart ofihe world. The term Monsoon w not dtrrntd, at it ofiem fuppoftd, from tht nam* of a fom mout Mariner, but from the Perftan word monlura Stafen. There are two Wittdt ofthii name, . diflingu'i/hed in India by the N. E. and S^ W. mtnfiuu, which infemere^at may hi f aid to thangf olitmately every fix moniht, according to the^luatien of the Sun in the eeliptie." * Principe eorum Rachia (Pliny). Dr. finrtnt't Ptriplut (p. 55.}, • • etih^i, merce. The advantage which Claudins made of this difcovery, and the pro« fecution of it fo beneficial to Egypt, rendered his name dear to the Alexart' 'drians ; his writings wer« rehear fed in their Mufeum, and the account he * gave of this Commerce is juftly believed by Dodwell to be the fource of Pliny's information," According to the account drawn up by * Pliny of this curious maritime event, he had himfeif feen and converfed with perfons who heard the report given by the Rajah. The remote Ifland whence he came, is defcribed as contain- ing no lefs than 500 extenfive towns. Its capital was ftyled Palajimamluni ; fituated on the fouthern coaft with a capacious harbour, and a population cftimated at two hundred thoufand inhabitants. A large promontory ftretched out from the continent of India, at the dlftance of four days* fail from the Ifland ; and midway, between both, there was an iflet facred to the Sun. The adjacent fea was remarkable for its deep green tint, and at the bottom were obferved trees whofe branches were often broke by the paflage of vefTels. The Coaft of the Rajab*s country that lay oppofite to the Indian tontinent, extended for the length of 10,000 ftadia, in a fouth eafterly direC' tion, beyond the Bmedian mountain? : within fight lay the region of the Seres (Chinefe) ; and the Rajah affirmed that his father had traded with them. As to the name of this Ifland, Pliny declares that it was f Taprobana ; , • and * Hift. Nat. lib. 6. c. 31. _^ f As the profeflcd intention of this work is to bring into a more general view, the merits of thofe by whom my labours have been preceded. I (hall here introduce the title and con- tents of another v-iluable DilTertation by Hr. CampbtH, in Harris's CoHeft. of Voyages (vol. i. p. 493.). An Accoumt of the Diickiptions l^ft ut by fHi Ancients of THE EasTSRN and NORTHERN PartS OF THE InDIKS, THE MOTIONS THEY HAD OF THlilR Riches, TocETHi^a with an ekq^iky into the Keasoni which hindered tii:: ev- TENDiMO their Discovemes ON THAT SiDE. (i.) A br'ttf dtfciipt'ton of the eoitnlry of lie Sinas or Thinxfrem ancient authors, (a) OLfeivatiom on the foregoing defcripiion, proving that ihii C:.::tryv/as lie Kingdom ofSintn. (3.) Of tit Indian //lands, at Jtfcribed by old authors ; and more particularly of the famous Ifland of Tw^Tch-Am, itnd lieir mi/laiet about it. (4.) Thit boint more particularly inquired into, and the Taffobina of the aneientt fhetuu to be no other than the Ifland of Ceyloii' (5-) Of the country caHeJ SesiCi, and the nation vftht Sue:, from the lie/1 S E 3 tvriteis ;f ' ( ccxii ) SECT IV. Hippalus. DIfcoveries on the eaft- crn coaft of AlVicii. and according to the report of the ambaffadors, gok^ and fdver,- together witd precious (tones and pearls, were in high requeft among the inhabitants. It alfo produced fruit-trees in great abundance, but no vines. 'Vhe hdian am- bafladors on their arrival at Rome were particularly ftruck at their fhadows falling to the north, and often mentioned the brightnefs of^he itar Campus-, that was vifible in their hemifphere. ■ ; .,,^-1 ,;s v We poifefs no information by which the date of the fubfequent obferva- tions of the Pilot Hippalus, refpefting the monfoon, can be correftly afcer- tained. Dr. Vincent prefers the feventh year of Claudius, anfwering to the forty-feventh of the Chriflian aera. *' DodweH fays, in pritnis annis Claudii, and fuppofes that Pliny takes his account of Hippalus from a work which Claudius himfelf * wrote." The Roman commerce from ^gypt to the Eaji. Indies, and their difcoverie* on the eajlern coajl of Africa, are admirably elucidated in the Periplus' of the E&YTHREAN Sea, an ancient nautical journal which has recently employed the geographical abilities of the liberal and learned Dr. Vincent. The original text, as he informs m&, was firfl printed at Bajle in 1533 ; afterwards at Zuricb in I ffTj \ and then by Hudfon at Oxford in 1698. It ftill however remains a doubt to whom this curious geographical TraA may be a(Ggned. Dr. Vincent was at hrft inclined to f think that Marinus, who preceded Ptolemy, might have compofed it , but changed his opinion on reflecting that Matinus was no navigator. The author, from internal evidence, feems to have been a Greek mercnant of Alexandria, who failed on board the fleet from Egypt as far at lead as the gulf of \ Cambay. Its date may be fixed to the laft years oflhe reign of Claudius, or beginning of Nero ; and in the difcuflion of this point. Dr. Vincent introduces the following remark : * There is a Dioddrus Samius tvrilrrs of antiquity. (6.) /In el/jfUion arifing from the knowledge which the andenti bad of the Cl.'mefc fully Jiatfd, and clearly refolved. (7.) A fecond oijeSion taken from the Commerce (f the ancient Chinef, flated and examined. (8.) j1 third oijeSion from the feeming difcordancy ofthefe Jicoiints, explained and refuted. (9.) jfn account of the ijland of Panchaia (Dicdorut Siculut, lib. V. p- 220.), and a full proof of its heing abfolutely imaginary. "(lO.) 77^ high ideas which the ancients had of the riches of tlx undifcovered Indies. (11.) Their errors as to the pojfilility of ejl.ihlijhin^ a regular cot merce with thofe countries. (12.) The caufes which impeded their Difco- vrries, and oceafioned the decline of that Trade which they adually had to the Indies. * Pcriplus of the Erythrean (p. 46.). t IbiJ. p. iSrt. t Ibid. p. 5. 9 ( ccjuil ) Samius mentioned In Ptolemy from Marinus, who notices the courfe held by s E CTi veffels from the Indus to the coaft of Cambay, and from Arabia \o the coafl ^^' of Africa. ' He aflerts that in the former Voyage they foiled with the Bull in Introduftion. the middle of the heavens, and the Pleiades on the middle of the main yard ^ ^Rmt^eltiJ'f in the latter that they failed to the South, and the ftar Canobus, which is' there called the Hor/e. I can find na mention of this Dioddrus Samius w any other author j but whoever he is, if the date of his work could be fixed, it would go farther to afcertain the progrefs of the ancients, the na- vigation of Hippalus, and the account of the Periplus, than any difcovery I have been able to make. I have reafoned only from the materials before- me J and if future inquiry (hould develope Dioddrus, it is not without great anxiety that I muft abide the iflue of the * difcovery.' This Periplus or circumnavigation is divided into two parts : one comprehending the Coa/l of Africa from t Myos Hormus to Rhapta ; the other, commencing from the fame point; includes the coaft of Arabia both within the Red Sea and on the Ocean i and then paffmg over to Guzerat runs down the Coaft of Malabar to Ceylon. It is the firft part only which has yet been compared with the obfervations of modern navigators. A Survey of the Eaftem Coaft of Africa, from the Straits of Babel- mandeb^ Eaftern to the Cape of Good Hope, forms one of the great de/iderata in the geo- Xivica graphical refearches of the prefent ape i and our ignorance of a confiderable part of this Cc«ft, however attempted to be concealed, difgraces the Charts of the firft commercial nation in the world. The country that extends from the Straits to Cape Gardefan was ravaged by the Porttiguefe, under the com- mand of Soarez, during the years 1516 and 1517; fmce which it has- feldom if ever been vifited by our fliips. It may therefore be acceptable to my profeflional readers, if an abftrafl is given of that part of Dr. Vincent's, learned J work, which defcribes the eftabliftiments or marts on this coaft, from the Straits of Babel'tnandeb to Rhapta. V Thefs * Periplus, p. 1S3; t Bruce remarks (vol. v. Appendix, p. 222.1, that the name of this Ancient Port has bc;n improperly tranflaled by commentators, the I'ort of the Moufe, whereas it literally fignifies, The Harbour of the MufsL i one of the three forts of Ihell filh in the Red Sea,, which is fought after for Pearls. (.See IntroduBum, feci. ii. p. 79. note), \ The Periplus of the Erythrean Se.\, Part the firft, containin,-^ an account of the Navigation of the Ancients from the Sea of Suez to the Coaft of Zanguebar, by Dr, Via- cent: with Differtations, 410. 1800. (pages 314:) -.4.,^,,.,^ , . • ,, , ^-j. , 't'tiJ r i > ( ccxtv ) SECT. Thele tremeiidoQi * Straits, are called by PtoUmy Diui, or the Neck. The Periplus IV. only gbfcrves, that the poiiit of contradion *( cloft to MtUtu, or the /HaTiiici Mori, the ^———"^ fjfft jjf thg four Marts, or Anchorages on the African Side of the channel, called Ta-fera, Add. or \ MarU beyond the Strmti. In the modem JttU, Ayled Bariaria in the Periplus, Dr. Vincent traces a refemblance to the ancient MtJ-ket ; and obferves, that when the Par. tugutjk firft entered theft Seas, dicy found the country and commerce in the fanK (late, a& t^c Greeks dcfcribed it f 500 y«art bclbre. MaRtu only furnjflied a roaddcd to the Roman ihips , and the articles of merchandrfe were conveyed to and from the (hips, in boats or rafts. The import! are defcribed as being Flint Gla/s of various Sorts, Tm in fmall quan- tity, &c. Its etcfortt, conveyed by the natives in fmall craft to KeUt and Moofa, on the Co^fi of jlrabia, confifted of gunu, ivory, tortmJeJktU, and a fmall quantity of the fineft fort of A^>Ti. From * Periplus of tlie Xtyttirean Soa, p. i It. _ f See alfo P. 119. A viewof the Straits was given bjr Mr. Ii-u.'ii{ in Uie quarto edition of Itis Oangerous Voy» age up the Red Sea. They are thus dercribed by Bmce, (VoL L P. 311— 3»»,) " On the 30th (Juiy, 1769,) at ieven in the momini;, with 1 gentle bat (leady nind at wcft,«re fidltd for the MMth of the Indian Oocan. '{'he Cetjf ifjirMa, all along fron Moclia to the Straits, is m Md Coaft, ckfe to which you may tun without danger night or day. Abput four in the afremoon we lew the Mountain which forms one of the Capes of the Straits of Babclmtndeb, in ihape reTembling a Gunner's j^mm'o. Th« jtft, at nine in tha ntorning, w« <«mo to an anchor above JiblKl MAmi, vt JNWs JJlaml, juft andcf the Cape wbieb, on the Arabian fide, fomi* the north entrance of the Straits. At noon, I made an obferration of the fiin, juft under the Cape of the Atabian Shore, with a Iladlty't ^iiairaHl,vti found it to be in Lat 11* 38' 30"; b«t by many pafiages of the ilars, obferred by my large aftfonoiaical quadrant in the ifland of FtriH, all dedaAioiia made, I fituod the true latitude of the Cape ibould be rather x jt" 39' w/' north. " This Entrance begins to ftew ilfclf, or tJie a Ihape between two Canes; the one on the Contioeat of Africa, the other on the Peninfula of ArMi. That on the African fide Is a high land, or Cape, formed by • chainof Mountains, which run out In a pointer into the fca. The^orAyaf/r, or fVw/(«u,thc firft Chtiftian Traders in tbnfe Parts, have ceiled it Cgritfm, which has no (ignifiaation in any language. But, in that of the country where it is fituated, it is called Garitfan, and means the Straiti of Burial, (or perhaps Cape, lee Dr. Vincent's Periplus, P. 131.) The oppofltc Cape is Fetiett, on the eaft coaft of Aratia Mix, and the di& tance between them, in a line drawn acroA from one to another, not above 6Hy leagues. The breadth be* tween thefe two lands diminilbcs gradually for above ijo leagues, till at lad it ends in the Straits, whole breadth does not feem to me to be above fix leagues. After getting within the Straits the channel Is divided intotwo, by the illand of ^en'm, otherwise called iMiriaa. The inowft and northern channel, or that towards the Arabian Shore, is two leagues broad at moft, and from twelve to feventeea fathom of water, Tb>^ other entry is three leagues broad, with deep water, from twenty to thirty fathom. From this, the Coaft on both fides runs nearly in a north weft direflion, widening u it advances, anj the Indian Ocean grows Oraiter. The coaft upon the left hand is part of the kingdom of Adtl, and on the right, that of Arabia Ftlix. The pafluge on the Arabian Shore, though tlie narroweft and Ihaltoweft of the two, is that moft frequently failed tlirongh, and efpecially in the night ; becaufc, if you do not round the footh-point of the lfland,as near as poflible, iaat* tempting to enter the broad one, but are going laigc with the wind favourgble, ypu fall in with a great number «riow fmall iflands, where there is danger. At ten o'clocii, with the wind fair, our courft- almoft north-eaft, we pafTcd tlirec rocky iflands about a mile on our kit. On the id, at Sun-rife, we faw land a-hrad, which we took to be the Main, hut upon nearer appro.ich, and the day becoming clearer, we found tv/o luw iflands to ,'he leeward; one of which we fttched wiihgicat difficulty... About foar wc paflinl a rocky IQand with breakers on its fwith end, we Icit it about a miie to the windward of us. The Raii called it Crab-JftuiiJ. About five o'clock wc came to an anchor clofe to a Cape of no height, in a fmall Bay, ii| thicc fathom of water, and leaving a fmall liland juft on our ftvrn. While I) ing at Cral-Ifland, I obfcrvcd two Stars pafs the Meri- dian, and by them I concluded tlic htitude of that iland to be 13° l' 4j" north," ( ccxv ) From jtlalitet our navigator proceeded eightjr miles to Ma/ai, or DeJaqua, where he fbund the inhabitants of a more peaceable difpoficion than their neighbours. Among the importt are mentioned eloah, or ilanieling, manufaAured at Arfmoe or Sue*, with the knap on, and dyed. Brafi, or ctfptr, prepared to imitate gold. Irmi and Caffta or inferior cinnamon. — Mooiuhn, the next anchorage may probably be fixed at the Zeyla ai Bruce ; and the fucceeding grand Mart of the ancients, Mefylhn, diftant two or threo days' fail, at the town of Barbtrj. or Btrbera. In the Periplus no defcription is given of this place, but it is twice mentioned by PttlUmf as a promontory. The anonymous navigator on leaving Mofyllon, ftood along the Coaft for two days, and after a run of an hundred miles, arrived at Nih-Pleltmion, (Soel,) which feenu to have been the laft of the fa-paea. The next places that occur at ■ TCapatigi, with the lefler Daphniir, and the promontory Ardmata or Gardtfan, with its inferior capes Elephant and Ttiai. The country is reprefented as having two rivers, one called the Elephant river, and the other the greater Daphnin, or jUannai ; thefe Pr. Vincent allots to the fynony- mons town and cape, and thinks they may be reprefented by the Mtti river, and the Rio dafatOa Pedra of the Portuguefe. Cape Elephant, whirh prefents itfelf the firll, is formed by the land jutting up to tlie north from the direflion of the coaft, which is nearly eaft and weft, and from its northemmoft point the land falls off again foutheaft to Cape Gardefan the Arimata of the Periplus. The Promontory of /tromata, which next fucceeds, deferves particular attention. It H the extreme point eaft of the continent of ^^/fd/ it forms the fouthern point of en- trance upon the approach to the Red Seai and is the boundary of the Monfoon, from caufes that are almoft peculiar. * BeauBeu, who anchored within four leagus of Garde/an^ defcribes it as a very high bluff Point, and as perpendicular as if it were fcarped. The Current comes round it out of the gulph with fuch violence, that it is not to be ftemmed without a briilc wind ; and dmiitk^, the fouth-weft Moh/oom, the moment you are paft the Cape to the north, thla^ is a ftark calm with inftifferable heat> The Periplus marks in the moft pointed manner, that the Coaft falls in at jtromala to the fouth ; and in another place fpecifies its foutherly, or foutb wcfterly f direAion, to the limits of Ancient Difco- vcry» The author alfo exprefsly nnentions that Arimata is the moft eaftern point of the Continent { t!i« Anchoragerhe adds^is totally expofed, and infome feafons very dangerous, becoufe it is open t* the north. The certain prognoftick of an alteration in the weather i« when the Sea changes colour, and rifes turbid from the bottom. Upon the figiii of this, the veffels which are at anchor here weigh inftanily, and fly to Tabd for ilielter. At ^r^mafo terminates the modern kingdom of Adel, xha Barbarla of the Periplus, and here the imaginary kingdom of Aden commences with the coaft of Ajan, or according to the Periplus Amaitia. If any actidtntjhould lead an EngTifh navigator again to tbit barbarous and ntgUSed % coafi, it is very pojjible that the defcriptioiu of places, brief as they are, may be recognifid by a judicious ohfervtr, and the ancient narrative be ejlablifbed on modern inve/ligalion. Capi • HarrU's CoUeAion of Voyages, voL i. p. 716. •J- Dr. Vincent notices the difcotdaney of the Points of the rompafs, or rather of the <{uarlers of the Heavens, ia the Periplut, Bndcorre6b them, (p. 136. note 147. p. 127. n. ija] ; and in the Afpeniix, (p. 68,) obferves that the Navigator had certainly not more than eight quarters of the Heavens, tlie Time number as Is marked upon the eight fronts of the Temple of the Winds at Athens. Not that the whole eight occur in the Ptr'iJ>liis> knt it certainly has not more than eight. He iifes Apjri}i.is for the jVci/A.and Dufn foi the Iftft, % A Fleet was fcnt to Ck-uifc at the mouth of the Ked Sea in 1798 and 1799. SECT. IV. IntroduAion. Caritagiman and Reman Pnttdi, Delaqua. Zeyla. Soel. Cape Ele- phant. Cape Gankfau. I 11 il! 1: M *4f»i \ \ ( ccxvl ^ SECT. C/pi TABir, the d'Orfui of the Poriiigvefe, lies about 75 geographical miles fouth of ^^' Garde/an. Its Exports confiftcd of different forts of cinnamon, and frankinccafe. The Cap* d'Or- Coaft that extends between ^romata and Tabai, is called the Bay of Be/ha, or Bry,'a. iai. The Hate of the inhabitants on the Coqft 0/ Axatiia is thus defcribed in the Ptriphit : Every rhy viat a frparate gowrnmatt, andfvtry government had itt independtnt chief. Such they Coa'ft of were, adds its le-.irned • iliuftrator, in that age, and fuch they might have continued if an Azania. European power had not arifen, whicli overwhelmed them all in a period of lefs than twenty years. Sofala, Mofamliique, ^li/oa, /tngoxa, Ociia, Pati, Mombaiut, Brava, and the Zanguebar t/lands, all fubniilted to Dk^o /yfmeida, and Triftan d'^leugna, before the year 1508. Mt/inda, which had always been friendly, loft all her importance, and Magadoxu only refiftcd with efFc^l. Pcoleiny's f jtimiiti commences at Zenglfei, which he places at Mount Phalmg'it, defcribed as a forked mountain with three heads, anfwering probably to the Marro Cabir of tlie Por- tuguefe, in S* of N. latitude. The mention of a'Current fetting round Tabai or Cape d'Orfui down this coaft, is vn all probability con^lftent with the experience of the navigators of that age ; but whether this Current is conftant or changes with the monfoon, muft be determined by thofe who vifit this Coaft in different feafons of the ye.ir. The firft place Ban-del- mentioned in the Periplus on this Coaft, is % OpSni, or Bantlel-Caui, a bay or port, at the 'Caus. diftancc of forty miles from Tabai: both this. navigator and Ptolemy honour it vvirh the title of a mart. The exports were two forts of cinnamon ; fragrant gums ; flaves of afuperivrfort, mid principally for the Egyptian mariet ; tortoife-Jbell in great abundance, and of afuperior quaHty, The feafon for failing from Egypt to all thefe ports beyond the Straits, is defcribed as being in Epiphi or July s and many articles of commerce are mentioned as being regularly im- ported from the Marts of Ariake, 9 Malabar, and Barygaza, Cambay or Guzeraf ; fuch as corn, rice; butter ov ghee, being the former in a half liquid (late ; oil of fefcmum ; cottons coarfe andfnes fajbes ; honey from the Cane called \\ Sugar. The Navigator, adds, tliat many veffels arc cmpli)ycd in this Commerce, exprefsly for the importation of thefe articles ; and others which have a farther deftination, difpofe of part of their cargoes on this Coaft, and take in fuch commodities as they find here in retunu ' This paffage ** I have rendered lite- rally, as containing one of the moft peculiar circumftances in the Ancient ComnnKce of this Coaft. It manifeftly alludes to an Intercourfe, totally diftm£l from the Navigation of the Egyptian Creeh, carried on by the native merchants ofGuzerat and Malabar, with the in- habitants of the Coaft of Africa, whom we fhall prefently find to be yfrabsi it fpeaks oi this Intercourfe as eftabliflied, and that feemingly previous to the appearance of the Greeks in the Country ; and when it is immediately fubjoined, that there is no Potentate who has an extenfive influence, but that each Mart has its own peculiar Sovereign; it prefents a pidure both of the trade and country, identicilly the fame as the Portuguefe found them after an interval of fifteen centuries. I cannot contemplate this pidlure without indulging my imagination, in fuppofing that the Enfl India trade exifted in this form, as long before the * Dr. Vincent's Periplus, p. H4. t l-''^- •■ '■ l?- J Dr. rincent, p. 14^. ^ 5 Malabak is properly the; coaft lower down tov/nids Cipe Comarin ; but the whole Western Coatt takes. this name generally, Arink'i is confined to the part between Guzerat and Bomitiy (Dr. Vincent p. 145 )• II Ml^» TO x«?.a>i»» TO \E>o(*r/o>' 9-*it*af», •• Dr. Vincent'* Pciiplus, p, 1. 15. *" ( CCXvii ) 4 ', • / / th« intf ticrence of the CrtHt, as it coatioued after the deftruAIon of the Roinaa power !a £g/pt { and tliat the nature of the Mut/otm was perficdly knowp to the inhabitants of the two oppofite Coafts, as ina^y centuries before it was difcovered fd^r.the Qrt$lt \)y Hip^mt as it continued afterwards till the arrival of Gam a at MtftuJa. The PERirbus then advances during a run of Ax daysi and the diftance of 30Q miles froo) Op$ni, along the coaft of wfcanid* tending fUJI more to the fouth wed, to Ap6KorA the lefs and the greater : and it is evident from a previous palTuge in the Ptrij^lm, yf\itn Cape jtrSm^a is peculiarly snarked as more to the call than A^9p^, that the latter is itfelf a promontory ; anfwering to the Sputient Hom of PtiUmy, and the Cqpt Baxat of tJw Mo- derns- It is worthy of remark, adds * Dr. Vincent, that the tcrminatiun of ancient knowledge on the Weftem Coaft of Africa, was a Horn, as well as on the Eaftern ; the IVtfiam Horn is a limit to the Vojagt of Honuo, and the Geography of i*. Mela, as this SoutlMrn Horn formed the boundary of the Eq/li-m Coafi in the age of Strabo ; {the Southern Hom it the Iqfl Promontory on this Coqft. Lib. 16. p. 774). Vet it is not quite certain thai; the Southern Horn ofStraho is the fame as f PtoUmy's. But Difcovery had advanced to JiJuipla before the writing of the Peripllu, and to Prafiun in the time of Ptolemy : by com- paring this progrefs of knowledge, it feems as well afcertaiued that the Author of /^f Periflnf is prior to Pttlemy, as that he is podcrior to Siraio." The PEKirbus nest defcribes its two lall divifions of the navigation of the Eaftern Coail of Africa* The firfi occupied a Courfe of fix days ; along what is termed, the fitile and great Ctf^, amounting nearly to five degrees of latitude, and terminated, according to Dr, Vin- cent, at the modern Brava, which correfponds fufficiently with the EJJina of Ptolemy : but no name is mentioned, neither is there an Anchorage noticed, or the leall trace of Com- merce to be found 1 even on the modern Charts only one place, Magadtiflio, is mentioned. The /t«««/ divifiou, wluch employed a Courfe offevendays, is miu-ked by a river being fpecified at each anchorage ; and the part of the Coaft, now called the Coafl of Zangvtbar, can be precifety afcertained where thefe % Streams begin to make their appearance. Not that the Seven Anchorages can be diftributed to the Seven Ri'-ers, but there arj fevca rivers, or probably more, and the general piAurc of the traft is all that is contended fur as true. They are the more remarkable, bccaufc from Cape GarJefan to Brava, a fpace of more • • Dr. Vincent's Periplui, p. 148- + In a fubfequtnt part of his work, Dr." Vincent oltett farther remarks on this fubjcct. (p. 170.) " The Stuthtm Hmaol Fulcm^ton the liaftern Coaft, is in Latitude 4" 50' o' North, and the extreme Point of ArnicA (Cape Agulhas) is nearly in 35' South, making more than thirty-nine degrees difference; the Soiilkrii Horn of Haiino, on the Wtftern Coaft, is in Latitude 7° North, making two and forty degrees from the fame titrcmlty; but if we take both togetlier, reckoning eighty-one degrees from one Sctilkcrn Horn to the other tliii is a fpace that PUny reduces as it were to a Point, and confiders the junfiion of the AtlMtUi Ocean as taking place almoit inftiintty ; Jula takes .1 much l>older ftijht, and reckons the commencement of the yUlanthk Octan from the B»y of Mofyllon, anniliilating by this melhod, if it were po(Til)le, tlie immcnfe Trianele of this vaft Continent, and bringing his own Mmirilania almaft in ct.iit,ift with Aruhij." i ScTEN RivEHS are noticed ou this Coafl by Rifcndc, (Sheet 16, M.S. Brit. Muf.) commencing from the north. SECT. IV. Introdu^iun. Cartba^tiian and Rtman J'^rMu '.''■ 1. /?;j..'-a. 5. Punts ic B,igMt, J- I'-l'- 6. PaUe. 3. Mane. 7. JiTaniljrit 4, ^un/. .'¥ VOL. 1. F F ''^ii.wa ( eexviU ) SECT. IV. Ifland of Zanguebar, or M->afia. Qnlloa. more than 760 milei, water Ii found at only tbree placet ; at Baudil iPjfjta, north of Caft Bantu ; at Doura, an obfcurt ftream where we find BamUl^o / and at Magaii^. The two firft Anchorages arc called Strt^ion, and NUtn, both in Ptolemy, and the Periplns. The firft mufl have been the name of an Egyptian, or an "Efpiptitxi Greek ; and probably thii place was fo named from him, by fome navigator, or he might have been himfelf a navifrator on this coaft. Cicero * mentions a Sirafien at a geographer, who contradiAed Erato/lhenet. Among the number of thefe Strcams muft be comprehended the mouths of the ^iBmmei, or CranJRh^ of d'Anville, (the Obii,) which falls into the Sea not Air from MeBnda by three moutht, or perhaps more. My own f deiire is, to aflume thefe fpots furrounded by the divided ftreams of the River for the f^raUtim {/Umli, and to make up the number of the Seven Rivers with thofe feparate dreams which occur previbufly on the coaft The general chaniAer of the Coafl is clearly marked by the adual exiftence of the Rivers { and the termination of the Seven Courfes.at the Pjniian ^Uutdr^ points to Mombafa almoft to a certainty. From the Pyralaan Islands, and the place calTed the New CAnal, the Courfe in the Periplus is % defcribed as not direAly fouth-weft, but fomething more to the fouth ; and after two CourTes of twenty-four hours (in this direAion ) you meet with the Ifland Mnitie- Jlat, lying almoft direflly fouth from the Pyrakum Iflands, at the diftance of about thirty ftadia from the continent. MenOtbefitu itfelf is low and woody ; it has rivers, and abounds with a variety of birds, and with the mountain or hind tortoife.. It has no noxious ani>- mals, for, though it produces tncoJUet, they are harmlefs. The natives ufe the Rkfi* or fewen veflels, both for filhing and catching Turtle ; and they have likewife another me- thod peculiar to themfelvei for obtaining the latter, by fixing bafkets inAeadof nets at the interftices of the breakers, through which the fea retires, when the Tide is going out. Rtapta (Quiloa) is mentioned as the lad Harbour on the Coaft of j/uauia, and the Peripliu adds, that it obtained this name among the Navigators who were Greeks, from the greek rafto to few { which was applied to this place, bccaufe they found here Veflcte not built like their own, but fmall, and raifed from a bottom of a ftngle piece, with planks which were § Tewed together (with the fibres of the cocoa) and had their bottoms paid with fome of the odoriferoos reiins of the country. The inhabitants are defcribed us men of the tailed ftature and thegreated bulk, and the Port as being fubjed to the fovereign of Mapbart'u, which is in Ttmen, lying between Moo/a, and the Straits; befides this power fif the king, the merchants of Moofa likewife cxa Aed either a tribute, or demanded cudom ; for they had many (hips themfelves employed in the trade, on board of which they had Jrabian Commanders and Favors, employing fuch only as had experrcncc of the country,, or had contrafted marriages with the natives, and who underilood the Navigation and the language. The Importt at Rhapta were, Javctint, more efpecially fuch as were aflualiy the mannfadure of Moofa ; hatchets, or b'llh ; knivet ; awls; eromn ghfi of vAnnus Cons ; befides a ftore of corn and wine carried out by the traders to ingratiate themfelves with the natives. ' ^-.-i-i i-j, .- ■ .,,if Thus • Epift. ad >.;''<- im, Kb. a. Ep. & f Dr. Vtncent, p. 151, 4 Dr. Vincfnt's Periphis (p. Ij8.),ind Appendix ;p. 75.)- § " Is it not," eicliiims Dr. Vincent, (p 154.) "one of the mod extraordinary Faflt in the Hiftory of Navi- gation, that this p'culiarity Ihoutd be among the firft ohjcAs which attra^edthe admhation of the Portuguefs upon theii reaching- the f' ne Coaft, at the diftance of almoft fifteen Centuries .> They fasv tlicm firft at A/c- ftimlUui, where they were called Ah.ciiini, but the principal notice of them in moft of their writers it generally lUicdat ^.;.'4.i, the rcry fjiol wl.ich we hjvc Aippofcd to reccire its name from Vcfllls of the fame conftruAion." ( ccxix t ' '■ Thus thh Pbriplus pixes * its oHvn limit, without Monstbrs, SECT. Prodigies, or Anthropophagi; a circumstance this, above all ^^^ .. OTHERS, which GIVES REASON TO SUPPOSE THAT THE AUTHOR VISITED Inti^uft'O"* Carlbagmi*!! ana IT HIMSELF; FOR THE MARVELLOUS USUALLY COMMENCES WHERE Ktnuii Ptriotli. KNOWLEDGE ENDS. The Hyperborean, or Scythic Oceans occupied at different periods the Hyperbo- attention of the Roman Navigators ; their progrefs of Maritime Difcovery •"**" Ocean, on the northern coads of Europe, may in fome meafure be compared with the more daring and fuccefsful exertions of our own countrymen in the Pacific. In the remote darknefs of the north Great Britain was heard of at Rome the New Holland of the ancient world ; but it was not until the reign of Domitiattf that a fquadron was purpofely fitted out, under the direc. tions ofJgricolat to circumnavigate the Ifland, during which expedition many of the adjacent iflands were difcovered. Previous to this event, as we 1: .m from t Dio, a cohort of VJipiam levied in Germany, having flain their centu- rion9 embarked in three veflels from the eaftern Coaft of Britain with the vain hope of reaching their own country. A refrafkory fpirit, increafed by the obiUcles which every h(»ir prefented, at length incited them to murder the pilots whom they had forced into this fervice: thus they were aban* doned to the mercy of tbe winds and waves ; and after fuftaining the greateft hardfliips, complied the circumnavigation oi Britain, and landed on its weftern Coaft. During the reign of the noble and upright Pertinax many oppreilive re- ftriAions were removed that had been laid on commerce : but the Pretorian guards foon levelled an authority which bad dared to refpe£t the mari< time interefts of Rome, and thefe military tyrants, having firil murdered their emperor, proceeded to offer the purple to the higheft bidder, who ac> cording to hiftory was the lawyer Didius jMlianus. .. Whilft \ Diocletian and his three affociates divided and dillradted the go- Caraufius. vernment, the appearance of Brita.n as a Maritime Power, whofe Fleets rode * Dr. Vincent, p. 161. f L'b- 66. p. 754. X During this reign, /Ikxandna wafted by the fword of Diocletian, and by famine, ex- perienced the cnicl fevciity of its conqueror ; and, with the ancient cities of Bujris and of Coptos, increafed the triumph of a Nutiou, whofc ambition was unfatiated by the ruins of Carthage and Corinth. F P 2 'V\U I, , ^(i'"^~ f.. .4 rl itit;^;* ill vm\: T ccxx ) SECT, rode triumphant in the Channel, and carried terror beyond the Sfrattt ef ^^' Gadest aiTorded no unfavourable prefage of if$ future pre-eminence. The ikill of Caratifius as a Pibt, and hii Talour a« an Officer, arc noticed by the * hiftorian, who will not allow with Dr. f StiktUy, that he was a native of Sr» David's and a prince of the blood royal. The Roman fleet, under the com* mand of this admiral, had been for fomt time (lationed at Ge^riacum, or Boulogne, when Caraufius was induced through his ambition, or fear of Maximian, to aflume the Purple in Britain. The power of Caraufius was afterwards acknowledged by the other emperors ; and for the fpace of feven years the Naval Charafler having regained an afcendancy, was not opprefTed ' by the military defpotifm of Rome. But the celebrated Ifland of Albiom which thus early raifed the \ trident, was afterwards enveloped with other Maritime Difcoveries of the ancients, in the obfcurity, that pervaded the world on the fall of the Ronuin empire in the weft. ** The % dark Cloud,, which had been cleared by the Phmniaan di/ioveries, and finally difpelled by the ernu of Caefar, again fettled on the (bores of the Atlantic, and a Roman province was again k)ft among the fabulous Iflands of the Ocean. One hun. dred and fifty years after the reign of Honerim, the graved hiflm^ian of the times defcribes the wonders of a remote Ifle, whofie eaftern and weftern parta are divided by an antique wall, the boundary of Nfe and death, or, more properly, of Truth and Fiction. The Eaft is a fair cpimtry, inhabited by z civilifed people : the air is healthy, the waters are pure and plentiful, and the earth yields her regular and fruitful increafe. In the Weil, beyond the wall, the air is infeftious and mortal ; the ground is covered with Serpents | and this dreary Solitude is the region of departed fpiritj, who are tranfported from the oppofite fhores in fubflantial boats,and by living rowers. Some familiea of Fifhermen, the fubjeAs of the Franks, are excufed from tribute, in cond* deration of the myfterious office which is performed by thefe Charons uf the Ocean. Each in his turn is fummoned, at the hoinr of midnight, to hear the voices, and even the names, of the Ghofts ; he is fenfible of their weight, and he feels himfelf impelled by an unknown, but irrefiftible power, ^teir thi» • Gibbon, vol. ii. 8vo. p.. 1*4. f Hift. of CaraufuM, p. (3. % From the time of Diocletian the nppointmcnr of a Naval officer is noted to protcA • the Coaft of Kmt, who was ftyled Ctunt cftht Sta Coajt. S Cibbofl, vol. vi. p. 400. ( cexxi ) SECT, IV, if)!t Dream of futtj, we read with aftoniOtmenf, that the name of this Ifland is Brittia, ihat it lies in the Octan, againfl the mouth of the RktH^, and lefs than thirty miles from t]ie Continent ; that it is polTefled by three Introduaioii. nations, the FrifiatUt the Anglett and the Briiont ; and that fome Angtct had K^'^fi'l^ld^lf appeared at Conflantinople, in the train of the French ambafladors." Such were the rifions of that dreary night which fo long continued through. Goths. out the civilized kingdoms of the earth, concealing amidft its darlcnefs the various Maritime narratives we have now reviewed. It may, therefore, on con> eluding the prefent Se^ion, be inrerefting to the reader to glance at fome leading events in the Naval Hifiory * of the Gotbst and mark the eruption which, during the third century of the Chriftian era, burft forth from the Euxine. We find the Goths fird mentioned when Deeiut was emperor of Rome, '^^"'^ power during the year 250: their fwarms, according to 7'o/7>a;»/^/, iflued origi- nJths. nally from the peninfula of Scandinavia^ which comprifed Swedtnt Norway, Lapland, and Finmark, imagined by the ancients to have been an ifland. From the nmth to the twelfth century, the Goths and Swedes divided the inhofpitable regions of the north, Their celebrated temple at Uffal was en>. riched by Spoilt of the Scandinavian Pirates : and at their general feili- val that wa» held on every ninth year, its facred grove difptayed the horrors of paganifm. The Vandals and Goths are allowed to have been originally the fame : the iirft branched out into the Heruli, the Burgundians, and Lom- bards ; whilft the latter were termed 0/lrogoths, or eajlern Goths, Virigoth!?^ or wejiem Getbs, and Gepidse ; for, according to Jomandes, as cited by t Gibbon, " when they firft departed from Sweden, the infant Colony was contained in three Veflels ; the third being a heavy faiier lagged behind, and the crew, which afterwards fwelled into a nation, received from that circumftance the appellation of Gepida, or Loiterers,** The origin of the Naval Power of the Goths is beautifully illuftrated by the fame | hiftorian, in the three expeditions which they made trom the ports on the Bofphorus between the years 253, and 260. The conllrudioil of the Veflels they employed partook of the daring character of the nation : -\.A\ ,1 , r ...« v..^. .. their • The naval hlftoryrf the Goths is confidered by Burchet (p. 183.), and the general iwriativ; by the writ rs of lUc Univarfal Hiftory ^//ncunt), vol. xvii. p. 166. Gibuon has combined the ditfci c.it i;ii5l: , and given an elegant di£lion to the coulufed a^rrative of their traditionj, partitiiarlv i'l hi» tint and fcveuth volume. ^ t Vol. i. p. 393 (noiej. % Ibid. p. 4*3—430' i'l fti : ''i '.''■■a im k- mi ■■«>ork;, over which-a (hel!iripg.roof was oecafionadly fitted, as fome defence agamft the weather. Their Mariner^ «0Dfifted of trfcmUidg •fi()wrnien who were prefled into the fervice) and a llrikihg' contrail was formed between the daring fpirit pf the northern war^ dorSfBtid the timid appvehenfion of their guides, who were accuftomed pni/ to embark in a fettled calm. ** When we are * informed that the third fleet, equipped by the Qotbt in, the Ports of Bo/pbonu, confifted of 500 fail ■of (hips, «iir ready imagination inflantly computes and multiplies the formi- ediiion. Impatient of the limits of the Euxine, they fteered their deftruAive courfe from the Cimmerian to the Thracian Bo/pbvrut. When they had almdft gained the middle of the Straits, they were fuddenly driven back to the entrance of them; till, a fevourable wind, fpringing up ihc oejct day^ carried them in a few hours into the placid fea, or rather lake, cifro' poHtis.^ Thar landing on the little Ifland of Cyxicus, waa^atteskfed urith the ruin of that ancient and noble City. From thence ifluisg again Uirough the narrow pafiage of the Hellefpont, they purfued tbeh winding Nav^tion amidfl: the numerous Iflaads fcattered over the Arcb^hgo^ or the JEgean Sea. The affiftance of captives and deferters mull have beeii very neceflary to pilot their vieflek, and to direft thdr various incurfions, as well on the coaft olGreau as on that oiAfta. At length the Gothic Fleet anchored. in the Fdtt o( Piratu, five miles diftant from JtienSf which had attempted to m&e fome preparations for a vigorous defence. Cleodamusy one of the en^ gineers employed by the emperor's orders to fortify the Marhime Gties againft the Gatbtt had already begun to repair the ancient walls fallen to ■decay fince the time of Sylla. The efforts of his fkill were ineffectual, and the Barbarians became mafters of the native feat of the mufes and the artk 6ut while the conquerors abandoned themfelves to the licenfe of plunder and intemperance, their fleet, that lay with a flender guard in the harbour of Pirausy was unexpectedly attacked by the brave Dexippust who, flying with ihe engineer CUodamus from the fack of Athens^ colleded a hafty band of volunteers. « I * Gibbon^ vol. i. p. 498. t L. x\. p. 495. ( eexxUi ) tolattfeert, peafantt at well as fbldieiv, and ia fome meafiire aveqged the SECT, caltoihiet of his Conntry. - ^^• ■'** But tfab exploit, whatever luftre it might flied on the declining age of Introdudion. Jtbent, fenred rather to irritate than to fabdue die undaunted fpirir of the lu^n'pZ!!,. aorthent invaders. A general conflagration blazed out at the fame time in ^ery diftrlA of Greece. Thebes and .Argot, Corinth and Sparta, which had formerly waged fuch memorable wars againft each other,' were now unable to bring an army into the fidd, or even to defend their ruined fortifications* The rage of war, both by Land and Sea, fpread from the eaftera point of Simium to the weftem coaft oiEpirur, The Goths had already advanced" within fight of hafy, when the approach of fuch imminent danger awakened' the indolent Gailienus from hisdream 6f pleafiire. The emperor appeared' ni arms; and his prefence feems to have checked the ardour, and to have- divided thi ftrength, of the enemy. Naulebattis, a chief of the Heruli, ac- cepted an honourable capitnlatbn, entered with a terge body of his country- men into the fervice of Rome, and was ihvefted with the ornaments of the confular dignhy, which had never before been profaned by the hands of a barbarian. 'Gteat numbd-r of the Cothr, difgufted with the perils and- hardfbips of a tedious voyiigCj. broke into Mafias with a defign of fbrcing- their way over the Danube to theia fettlement» in the Ukraine. ' The wild attempt would have proved ineyitabte deftru^oa^ if the difcord of the Roman generals had not opened to the barbarians the meana of an efcape. The fmall remainder of this deftroying, hoft: returned on board their veflfels ;; and meafutmg back then' way through the HeJleJpant and the Bofphorus, ra* vaged in their paflage the fhores of Troy^. whofe faofie, immortalized by^ Homer, vdll prolKibly furvive the memory of the Gothic conquefts. As foon^ as they found themfelVes in iafety ^thin- the bafon of the Euxine, they land- ed at Anchialut in Thraet, near the foot of Mount Hamus ;- and, after alH their toik, indulged themfelVes in the uTe of thofe pleafant and falutary hot baths. What remained of the Voyage was was a (hort and eary navigation.- Such was the various fate of this^ third and greateil of their Naval Enter- prifes.'* Amidft the fubfequent havoc of Military ambitioa as at intervals it burft Rtfc of the forth in all its fury to chaftife the defpotifm of Rome;, whether appearing; in Modern the ravages of jihxric the Goth, in the conquefts oijittila the Hiin, or in the Suu"!*"^"* fplendid vidones of the Lombards under their renowned but inhuman yf/- '. ss■,^^i( 8 boin; M EOT. IV. bMHf the mind it occafioully gntified, aad r(lieved,by the gradual re>dUVili^* ment of Maritime Power. The emigrants who fled before the fitrocUy of ^ Hwut abandoning tbe fertile country which, under the name of Vifntda, ex- tended from the confines of Pannma to the river Ad4M, and ftat he will find further remarks in a Di/Ter- tation by Mr. Covert, entitled) Some aiitmfti lo iffctrtmt tht utme/l ixttnt of lb* know- lulsttftheAKckiaimiheEaJIiuBtt, in the Philofophical Traiifaaions for 1767: See ahb Gentleman's Magaaint, ( 768. ▼«!. 38. p. 499. and 547O for a criticiiin on the above l^iffertation, wicj^ Mr. CtvcrkUl't reply. ■ ■ ■ • !I 4* Vol. vi. 8to. edit. p. U7. D1SCOUII8B .^ ( cexxT ) Dissertation • on the Commerce cfthe Romans, fy the late Rev, Wil- SECT. tiAM Clarke ^CHicHEbTER. ^^' By the Roman lawi whofocTcr lent money to repair or re-build a houfe in the city of Canbt^m^r. •»/ Rome, had, wtthont nny farther agreement, a tacit pledge or mortgage (jut taeUm hjfa- ^"^ ^irixh, ,thu0j of fuch houfe (a) : fo as to be preferred to other creditors (i). And this is faid to (fr^aAed for the futtic uiilify, that the afped of the City might not be deformed by ruins { Cor ulf'Si^hails with incredible pains and care promoted tlie fplendour, ornament, and Otagnlftceaet of thdfr City t and to this end many laws were made by tht Deeemviri, the emperon Augi^t Tn^an, Hadrian, Martiu, and that remarkable law of Fe/pq/iaH't, men« lloned by Smtonhu, In his life ofth.it emperor («), by which it was lawful lor any one to " build np all empty fliells of houfes, and enjoy them as his own, if the owners of them ■ ^ left them unfinlAed." Mod interpreters of the Civil Law are of Opinion, that the fame law obtained in favour of Commerce, and that Ships, built or refitted with money lent, were tacitly pledged or mort> gaged to the lender. But, with great deference to learned names, I believe the contrary may be proved to be true, and beg leave to obferve, that fuch a law would mod certainly be prejudicial to Navigation i for fo it might often happen that Ships would be detained by creditors, and Commerce hindered. Co^antiiu the emperor, in three conflitutions, which are extant in the Thetdofian Code, forbids the detaining or damaging of Ships, fo as to prevent or retard their Voyage, on any pretence whatfocver (fuits relating to Commerce Ihould be carried on in thofe fix months only in' which Ships were not ufed to put to Sea, that fo they might not ■ lofe their Voyage by the impediments of law-proceifes : hulbandry-tools, and inftruments likewife were forbidden to be pledged, and whofoever detained them on any pretence wa< fined fourfold the value of them, leli by fuch detention the Lands fliould lie uncultivated. It is mod certain that the Romaiu did not* take •the fame care of Ships as they did of < Hnufen, fmce they appointed particular officers called Aedikt, whofe bufinefs it was to fee that the buildings of the City were kept in good repair; but where do we find that they ever appointed any magiftrate, whofe particular bufinefs was to infpc^l the affairs of Na- vigation i Not one law was made in favour of Commerce, in the times of the com- monwealth : on the contrary, it was greatly dilcouraged^ a^ introdudlory of riches and luxury, which were edeemed to ill fuit with the feverity of their manners. Livy (" ''"° Taylor'* Elements of the Civil Law, 4to. p. 497. ; [«1 I>. SO. i. 1. [/>] D. 20. 4, 5. L 6. eod. [0 S 8« • [0 Tit. de NavicuUriU. [f] XXI. 63. [/] Verr. VII. 48. .-,-.;... VOL. I. . ' c a m ■ ■K.-jI -pi '> •r' . •• E C IV. T. I' I ( cexxvi ) when he was diAator (";). The Thebau alfo made a lnw, that no perfon Aould be capaUir of any office in the ftatet' unlefs he had defifted for the fpace often years from all Trade. The Jlniuun went ftiH forther» when they ASoivxAj foriid aB.tmKbaM£*ing t« tilt iwAi% {b). Nay fometimes Merchants themfelves were compelled to refrain from Trade by way of punifliment, though no man could be compelled to be a Merchant (t). Moreover the Remau were prohibited to trade beyond Nifibu, CtJBmau, and jtriaxata (1). And confifo cation of good.*, and perpetual exile* was the puniOiment of the offender* (i)* It may be afked» why fo many laws againft Trade ? I anfwer, becaufe it was {a &r tfmm being ferviceable, that it wis frgiuEthJ to tie Roman Stat*. This will feem very firuif^U> th« inhabitants of this Ifland, who every day find the benefit and ad»a»t«|^ yj gwb'jWl' W *• It is expre&ly faid («), that mtrtbamBrnhg u fmucmu t* dlitt. Tim na£m, ^ -tbb ml ^^ pear hereafter. Comnercc nay be advantageous to a State for divers reaAai. - JthttmA fey^h Is oi' icr^ice in gaining the firiendlhip of Princes, and the good-will of forriga ibitts ; befidesr ie inereafes the public cuftoms, and revenues of a State ) and the mor* Merchanu flock to> ■my city, the greater tribute and, gain is acquired, as XrMg^Ee»exprcf^es it ia the begin- ■ing of his book Jk RadUHtu, .And laftly, hence proceeds plentyt and affluence of riches,, and the multitude of people in a State. DitJonu Sicului (•) teUs vs, that ^bnufioila^ perfuaded the people of Athens to build so new fliips every year, and to grant privileges and iamunities to artificers, that fo the number of inhabitants might be encrcafed, and variety of arts be introduced ( for he kxtfced upoa botik thefe as conducive towards tSof bliflung a power at Sen. But the Rmuuu went another way to work. They, by humanity, terror, triumphs^ tributes, and taxes, impofed on the conquered countries, encreafed the riches of their City. They drew all nations to Rome4>y the fplendoUr d' their buildings, and the magnificence of thor public games and fpedades, and the freedom of the City, which they granted t» ftrangers. And fuch was the vaft coacoarfe cf people to Rome, that they fent above \6a eoloiuea into Italy alone : . , , ** JanpsUcn Synu ia Tybeiim dcAiiit Orantet («)." It vrould be very idle to cite pafiages from ancient writers to prove that the Romanr were an immenfely rich people. It is a well-known faying of Craffiu/thsx ** no man oughr to be efleemed rich that could not maintain an army out of his own revenne :" but fo for was commerce from adding to their riches, that it greatly diminiflied them. PRny gives a remarkable inftance of this (/), where he complains that the Adk* and jtrabia took away every year from the Roman empire near 30,000,0001. fterling of our money (Qn. not half a million ?). Add to this the great fums of money fent to fo many other provinces^ from whence the Romans had " in exchange the moft delicate things that could in any wife contribute to luxury," according to Sidomut jtpeWmarit {q). For all thefe things they paid filver and gold, having nothing of the produA of their own Country to txcbange for mtnhamRzeu Hence it was that the Emperors forbad the people to [*] C 4. 63. 4. WXI.43. [f ] Cam. V. 4S. [i] C 4. 63. 3. {[\ L ult. cod. [«] JuTCflsL IIL 6a. [f]D.48. 19.9. [m] L 3. cod. W VL 13. . *: ( ccxxvU ) to fend gold to the Barbarians (r) » which law wai in force before, n appean from SECT Cieero'i oration for L. Flateut (i) j Exportari mrum tm optrlert, cumfatpt auttaftnMut, turn IV. * mu CMrfuktgravi/limjwiitavit, The reafoii of this diicouragement pvea to Commerce wasi -7— that it earritJaviaj their money, wd inmil thm mtb'mg m rtlurm but Iwuty, the bane of J.n*'oduaioD, virtue and deftmaioa of empire. I need not obferve that, after tlie conqueft of Afu, all Sl^^'^^JHf forts of luxury were i&rrodaced into Rmtt and utterly enervated and overturned an em- pire, wJiich ieemed to be cternaL V * SMriorirmh * XiViniia Incabnhi vlAiimqne oldicitar erbem (f).** * ttipllk itwBt lii «b)«fttd that many paflages of the Roman Law, and of the ancient wriMrt, laon (O^ «milnidi(k what is here advanced. We read in Smtoiuui (u), that the emperor grmtcd great privileges and immunities x.6 Ship«buiiders and Merchants< particu- . lariy that if any tradfaig ihips were call away, or damaged by ftorms, the State Ihould bear Che lofs. We aUb find in Taiilm («) mention swlde of a conftitntion of A«r>'s, that the 6hips of Merchants flioold not be enteivd in the books of rates, nor any cuftoms paid for them. Ltmtftijhu, in the life aS Jllexander Sevtrtu, tells us, that emperor granted to Merchants divers immunteies. And Ulfim (jp), (peaking of a certain privilege granted to Merchants, gives this general reafim, becaule " Navig.ition is of the greateft advan« tage to the State." In anfwer to this I obferve, that all thefe paflages relate to Corn-Merchants, who tm« ported provifions in their own Ships for the ufe of the City. Clai&u gave great and cer* tarn advantages to Merchants for this reafon : that once, in a time of great fcarcity of pKovifions, he was ftopt in the Forom by the populace, and fo difagreeably entertained trith fcandal and crafts of bread, that he with grcat ^iBkulty got out of their clutches bf a back-door 1 and from that tinle he made it his great care and concern to get com im- ported even in the winter. The fame CknSut granted the freedomi of the City to him Chat built a Ship capable of 10,000 moJa of bread where he fays, the popu« lace were highly inceofed againft that essperor, becaufe, in a time of great fcarcity, a Ship from \f\ C. 4. «3. %. \*\ XIII. Aiinal.5.1. [a] D. 47- 9- 3- 8- i/jNer.545. W$»8- [jr] D. 14. 1. 1. [<] jHven. VL Sat 191. aa [z] Tit. in. 6. [c] XIIL AniuL ii. [»] Chad. § iS, 003 ( cexxvUi ) -SECT. ^^^ Alexandria, inftead of Ctrn, was fatd to hare brought nothing bat a cargo of Dij/I for*' IV. the Court wreftlert. ~~~~~" The fame may be faid of the immuniries granted by Mxambr Stvmu. They et. tended only to Corn- Merchants, as appears from CtMfiratui («\ who lived in the empe- ror's time, and Pmhti {/), to whofe counfel Stvtnu paid a very great regard, and from l/ffinH (g)f who was in good repute with that emperor. Thefe Com Traders were lilcewife a corporation, which enjoyed many privileges and immunities (/&), which to entitle them- felves to, they were obliged either to navigate Ships in peribn, or to employ tht greMxft part of their fubftance in the Corn Trade. , ^ -^ The fame immunities were granted to the fame fort of people by (hc'Cmperpr Cm- Jlaa'nu, as appears from a whole title of the Theodofian cod* (0« This Uw;|k the Roman territory * did not produce fufHcient for the fuftenaUce of fo great a number of inhabitants, for which reafon it was imported from Sardinia, Sicily, Africa, and Spain [i). At firft the AtiiUt diftributed Cora at a very low price, in procefs of time iraAt. Clodiiu was the author of a law by which Com was to be diftributed to the people ;ra/w; nor was the expence of it fmall. P/s/arvi& tells us, that in Colo's time there werefpent in that commodity 1350 talents. J^uBiu Ctt/ar, after the conqueft of Africa, imported 1,200,000 bufliels for the ufe of the people. A bufliel weighed ordinarily about 25 pounds. P. Vlaor relates, that Awgi^ui imported yearly from Egypt 20,000,000 bufbels ; double the quantity was fenc from Africa, as Jofephus informs us. In the times of the emperor Jufiiiuan, 8,000,000 buiheU were carried from Egypt to ConAantinople (/). Of fo great concern was the pro- vilion of Bread-Com, that Jlugufiut, finding in the granaries but enough for three days, determined to kill himfelf by poifoa, had not the Cora Fleets arrived from the provinces within that fpace of time. * I have but little,' adds* Dr. Taylor, < to fubjoyn to thefe juft Refleaions* I would only add, that every branch of the Roman Hiftory and character juftifies the truth of thefe Obfervations. A People of Soldiers, whofe Tradt was their Sword, and whofe Sword fupplied all the advantages of Trade; who brought the Treafures of the World into their own Exchequer, without exporting any thing but their own perfonal bravery; who raifed the Public Revenues, not by the culture of Italy, but by the tributes of Provinces ; who bad Rome for their manfion, and the World for their farm ; a people, I fay, \g\ D. 14.1t I. M D. JO. 6. 5. 3. [A] D. 3. 4- 1. \}i\ Tacit. XII. Annai. Plin. Paneg. • Hemnli of Civil Ltmi, 4to, p. joi. [/] D. so. S' 9' r. ['] De NaviculariiA [/]Edia.Jttftin.XIII. 8. { ccxxix ) I Tay, of this Difeipllne and Conftitudon, could have no letftire to fet for. .wards the article of Merchandise, nor were they very likely to pay any re. gard to the character of its Profeflbrs. * No employment with thefe people was reputed honourable but the Plow and the Sword. It Was the original trait of the Conftitution, and of the appointment of the founder himfelf, that his fubjefts fhould be brought up to thofe two profeifions alone; and that the illiberal counter and Ship>board, though ever fo neceflary, fliould be configned to Aliens and Slaves ; becaufe he imagined that the domeftic and fedentary Arts would tend to break the fpirits, and enervate the limbs of a peopley that he deftined to be mafters of the world. And my * Author adds, that for a long period the mercantile profeflions were looked upon as unfuitable to the Roman Charafler: and not a citizen was. found to^pradUfe them. Every Roman therefore was z Soldier by Birth^ and a Gentleman Volunteer by' nature. ... * The Rotnant were indeed Adventurers^ but of another fort : their Gaior was Glory, and tradefmen were little better than Sutlers. For it is but a cold compliment that fTully pays to Commerce, when he fays, that it is im' pofliblefor the counting-houfe to admit of any thing ingenuous : that Trade, when confined to a narrow circle was fordid and illiberal ; and the mod ex- tenfive, ^n magna et copiofa, multa undique apportans, non admodum vitupe* randttm ... * But it was not the National Genius of this people alone, that turned afide their attention from trade. The terms of Defiance, upon which they Uved, in confequence of it, with all mankind, would have prevented all the good effects of Commerce^ 'had their Martial Spirit given them leave to purfue it. That i-eftlefs fpirit Imperii propagandif which kept their Levies a- foot, and their Swords in their hands, for a fucceflion of centuries was fatal to Factories and Correfpondence. The World was in Arms, and . u< ranees,- and Under* Writing were but a dead letter. ... It is no wonder, tL ;refore>' that in all the magnificence of Rome, and the fplendour of fome very unne- ceffary buildings, we meet with nothing like a Bur/e, or public Exchange for the refort of Merchants, and the circulation of Commerce. And upon this principle it is, that all the terms of her traffic amount to no more than the- articles of Farming and Excifmg. SECT. IV. Introdu6\iun. Ciirilagmian and Rtmaii Peritdt. • Cionyf Hulic. 11. aS. f I. De Ofnc. 41. « ECT. IV. ( eexxx ) ' It U not to!)e'Vi4«rAooil by (bit, ai tfthey «ev«r puliv fa, mndm* . l^loQed all iiMcreoarfe with their iidghboun. The contrary it true in many jnftancei. And I come nowio give fonnc accoant «f their Navigation. ,*> They began with Sifffy, When Dm^benn bid of Athens (and lie laid it mora than * onee), Tbert it nttttmtry in the werUt that im/ortt/o nuub Cent as they did, he had no idea of the people 1 am concerned with : to whom it might be applied with much greater propriety. The attemiont thierefote, which they had to Sicily, t\tk intereft in fecuring the tenure oflt, both from the commodioufiieft of its fituation, and the growth jof 'The foil, made a very cionfiderable part oCtheur hiftoiy. ... * But their dealingi wei« not oonfined to Sicily alone : tor fo fiur back at A. V. C. a44c, the very Aera of the Common- Wealth, we ffind them carry- ing on a kind of illicit trade upon the Coaftt of Ulrica, . . . Pofybitu very juftly obftrvea, that they never made any figure by Sea. Indeed they never engaged in a Naval Action before the Punic War, A. V. C. 493., or fcarce iBBMr the ficft principles cf Ship-Building. For fome tune after this, fo he down as the year 56^ when they were engaged with Jntioehus, it was re- marked of them, that they were very unfldlfiil in the Art of Navigation. And when they arrived at their utmoft perfedion, the general ufe they made «f their Fleet was, to convoy home the Spoils of ruined Provmces, and bring to die Rmtm Market the Com from the fevexal Granaries of Sicily, AJriait nnd Aegypt* * C. Laptin. p. 17. T. III. and pro Corona* ]>. 501. T. 11. £dit. Cant, t See preceding page, ijj. THE. PROGRESS or MARITIME DISCOVERY, M,CCCC. jportttguefr Ho^afle*. ILLUITRATIONS OF COMMERCIAL HISTORT, AS COMNBCTBD WITH THB FROeRBSS OF MARITIME DISCOVERT. REVIEW OF THB CHARACTER OF THB PORTUGUBSB MONARCHt. DEVELOFEMBNT OF THE EASTERN BOUNOARIBS OF THE ATLANTIC, AND ITS CONNECTION WITH THE INDIAN OCEAN BY THB CAFE OF GOOD HOPE. PROGRESS OF MARITIME DISCOVERY IN THE SEAS OF INDIA, BY THB PORTO* CUBSEj TO THB DECLINE OF THEIR SUPREMACY IN THE BAST. Then from ancient gloom emerg'd The rifing world of Trade ! the Genius then Of Navigation, that in hopelefa floth Had flumber'd on the vaft Atlantic deep For idle aget, darting, heard at laft The LusiTAMAN Prince, who, heaven-infpired. To love %i ufeful glory rous'd mankind, And in unbounded Commerce mixt the world. Thomson. VOL. I. A I SUCCESSION OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF MARITIME STATES OVRINO TMI rimiMTH CINTVaV. Tbe different Kingdoms art arranged according to the rank tbey held h the frogre/s of Maritimt Difcovery, KmOl Of PORTVOAI. John the Baflard, to — — — Edward, to — — — . Alphoofo V. to — — — John II. to — — — EiMDuel the Gitai> to — — ^ KiNOi or Ca«tili» or Spaiw. Henry III. to — «_ — John II. to •" -r — — lenrrlV.to — — — - ItabcUa and Ferdiaand V. to ^ — KiNOi OP England. Henry IV. to — — — Henry V. to ^ ' _. _ Henry VI. to — — - Edward IV. to -. ~ ~ Edward V. to — — — Richard III. to — — — Henry VII. to — — „- KiNOi OP Scotland. Robert III. to — — — lamei I. to — — —■ II. to — — — III. to — — — .— .IV. to — — — MJJ. 1481. »49l- eatditjMd. 1406. »454' . «474' IJOO, »nd btftndt «4«3' 14«. 1461. U8J- «4«S- 1485. IJOO, 1406. »437- 1460. 1488. 1500, aiij bijtiul. KiNOt OP DlNMARK. The Monarebi o/tiu Kingdom tarly engagidln Maritime ExjuJiliom. — -- — 1412. — — — 1439. — *- — 1448. -" — ' — 148 1. John, to -• — — — Margaret, to Eric VII. to Chriftopher III. to Chriftian I. to KiNOt OP FaANCi. 1500, and iejottd. hajt among tit great European powert, ilt national charaBer heing alviajt rather military, than eommerdal. Charles VI. to — VII. to Louis XI. to Charlei VII. to Louii XII. to 1422. 1461. «483. 1498. lyoo, emd beyond. a .I'll f"t'J^i .'m^i.iliJ tf tiM k J)an4t.Xrmt. BOOK THE FIRST. CHAPTER 1. I. IHi(firat$enj e/ Modirn Commircial Hifiory to the beginning of the fifteenth (entury, (onneSed with the Prcgre/s of Maritime Di/covery. II. Conftm. deration of the Rife and Progrcfs of Maritinu Interofts, as cherifhed by the different Monarcbs of Portugal to the reign of John the Firft -, father of the illuftrious Printt HtHry^ Duke of Vifeo, the great Patron of Di/covery. SECTION I. Jie/ltiHont.— Beginning of thtfifttenth etntury the ctmmen cement of the libertiei of Europe.— . Prevailing ignorance in the early periodt of Modern Hi/lory,'— Rife of the Marilime Cha» raffer.'—Conneffion ietiveen Europe and India preferved.—Confiantinop/e.—The Italian State/.— Trade of Alexandria.— -Mediterranean fea not favourable tia nnewal rf the pro- greft »f Maritime Di/covery. — Seven United Provinces. — Netherlands, — Han/eatie League,— View of the early Maritime Charailer of the Njrpiant and Danes, — Frame, Eng^nd.— 'Spain. — General view of European Commerce, 1 o illudrate the courfe of the renovated fpirit for Maritime Dif- covery, which, during the more remote periods of modern hiftory that preceded the fifteenth century, cheered the gloom that had chilled or B z over- PROGRESS Ot BOOK I. I overfliadowed the commercial genius of Europe, Is the arduous tafk I (hall next endeavour to perform. Looking forward with a becoming diffidence of my own abilities, and feeling a refpe£kful anxiety for the fuffrage, or gratified perufal of my readers. We have contemplated the progrefs of maritime difcovery from the remoteft ages ; and, having beheld its devious or uncertain courfe, ftruggling with furrounding obftacles in the confined limits of the ancient world, which the fuperior mind of Alexander firft at- tempted to pafs; have feen its benign fpirit fink amidft the morn than Egyptian dafknefs, into which the irruption of the northern hordes plunged the nations both of Europe and Afia. The rude and de- ilrudlive clans that poured in from Scandinavia, and the Cimbrian Cherfonefus, came, like the vifitation of Divine wrath at Babel, to confound the language of all the earth, and to fcatter its difierent nations. Human pride and vanity were thus arrefted in their career; but at the fame inftant an awful paufe was formed in the hiftory of mankind: tbe/e were times^ fays Rymer, in the dedication of his third volume of the Foedera, of great Jiruggle and diforder all Europe over^ and the darke/l period of times. — Perhaps it was an interval * of re- pofe, which infinite wifdom had decreed for the reftlefs mind of man : like the long dreary night of winter, it preceded difcoveries of the mod momentous confequence, which the enfuing day of fcience has * Many infUnces of the almod ftagnation of human reafon and improTcment in the middle ages, are fele^ted from different authors by Dr. Robertfon, in one of his notes ( page 39 1 , 8 vo. ed. } to the firft volume of Charles V. — At the beginning of the twelfth century, the Monks of Fcrrie.es, in the diocefe of Sens, did not know that there was fuch a city as Tournay in Flanders ; and the Monks of St. Martin of Tournay were equally unacquainted with the fituation of Ferrieres. The mutual intercft of both monafteries prompted each to find out the fituation of the other. After a long fcarch, the difcovery was made by accident. The moft ancient geographical chart, which now remains as a monument of the ftate of that fcience in Europe during the middle ages, is found in a manufcript of the Chronique de St. Denys. There the three parts of the earth then known are fo reprefented, that Jerufalem is placed in the middle uf the globei and Alexandria appears to be a« near to it as Nazareth. , -.. ,,^ , ,„.... .'J MARITIME DISCOVERY. f has difplayed. The compafs "* encouraged the mariner to leave the Ch. i. § i. fhore, and truft his fpreading canvas to the wind : aftronomy taught MlurT'aifiJy, him to detedk its variations, to determine the correct fituation oi fifumkcJury. countries that were hitherto but imperfedlly known ; and by what courfe the expectation of hope, as it led hitn onward through un- frequented feas, might be gratified with the faireft profped of aggrandifement or renown. The neceflity of repelling the difciples of Woden, and the milder Arabs of the eaft, early incited the revival of maritime enter- prife. The great improvements that were made in ftiip-build- ing, during the fourteenth century, foon encouraged that hardi- hood, or fpirit of adventure, which the invention of the com* pafs had fuch a tendency to call forth | and impelled men to lay the foundations of the future commerce, and naval power of their refpedive countries, on a wider bafis than thofc which the ancients had conftrudted : though the Feudal Syftem, and the inquifitorial fupremacy of the Court of Rome, created many obftacles againft the renewal of maritime fcience and difcovery; the perfevering energy of its charadler gradually levelled the ty- ranny of the feudal powers, and even furmounted the caballing jealoufy of the Jefuits. n .i. jw ■'; . r . r : Voltaire dates the commencement of the liberties of Europe, and the abolition of fervitude, from the reign of King Charles the Vllth j who fucceeded to the throne of France in 1422, and died in 1462 : commerce ' * Dr. Robertfon places this difcovery foon after the clofe of the Holy War, 1291 ; and is of opinion that the Arabs, who gave it the Itah'an name Bojfola, had it from Europeans. Others date this invention from the year 1200, and think it originated with the French, as the north is always marked by a flenr de lis, the arms of France. Mod author^" fix on i he year 1302, and give the credit of the difcovery to Flavio de Gioia, a native of Anialphi in the king- dom of Naples. For a more minute difcuflion of this interefting fubjed^, I mud refer tlic cur:- ous reader to the Effayt on Philofophical and jljironomical InftrumentSt as employed for the purpcjcs of Navigation, in the /Appendix, H. Ill!f n. ■•'■'if'i'i hm PROGRESS OF BOOK I. M 1 1 commerce, and navigation, had then cemented their illuftriqus unloOi and rapidly prepared to form The goodly golden chayne, wherewith yfere The vcrtues h'nked are in lovely wize, . ^nd noble mindes of yore allyed wers In brave pourfuit of chevalrous emprtze. SrGNSSK. ' I fhall therefore take a curfory view of the maritime ftate of Europe at the beginning of the fifteenth century ; and (hall conHder fome of the preceding events, as connected with the fubjeffc of this work, which combined to reveal the naval chara^er in the earlier periods of mo- dern hiftory. The city of Conftantinople was above all places well adapted by its fituation, to preferve or renew, during more than two centuries, the commercial intercourfe which fubfifted between Europe and Afia, after the port of Alexandria had been (hut to the Europeans by the Arabs' ; who, infpired with the enthuiiaftic ardour of Moham- med, had wrefted Egypt from the Greek empire, and had alfo added the extenfive kingdom of Perfia to the empire of their ca- liphs. — Conftantinople, fays Huet **, had all Afia in its front, and all Europe behind it. The factors who fupplied the Greeks, having purchafed their goods of the caravans that travelled from India through Candahar into Perfia, expofed them for fale at the great fairs, on the frontiers of the two empires ; a confiderable part alfo of the Indian commerce, carried on by the northern routes, and the * Cafpian .- i. ■■■' -■':'•! >.:>. .-■■•>.'■. >io;,..4 iea, tah. v-y I ' The cnrious and early voyages of two Mohammedan merchants in the ninth century, (fee Appendix, D. ) fromtlic Petfiaii Gulf towards the eaft,prcfcrved by Monf. Renaudot, will give the reader an aucuraie idea of the early attention paid by the Arabians to the progreTs of mari> time difcovery. The Journal dcs Scavans is of opinion it was w/ittcn in the twelfth century. * Ilillory of the Commerce and Navigation of the Ancients, p. jjz. ' The Ahbe Kaynal has fome ingenious remarks relative to the Cafpian, (vol. i. p-43.) •' The Cafpian Sea olonc haa preferved its ftation within the limits of this vaft traft of land fihf coutinent .if ^/inj, which has been emerging from the deep through a feries of ages. It it evidently the reftrvoir of thofe large rivers that fall into it. Some philofophcrs have imagined, bMt without any foundation, that it communicated with the Ocean and the Black Sea by fub< ttrrantous pallages. Againll fuch conjefture? it may be uVgcd, that the evaporation would be 19 fuifici'cut , I " MARITIME DISCOVERY. 7 fea, found its way to ' Conftantinople. So far back as the age of Ch. 1. 1 1. Charlemagne ■, the Italians, particularly thofe of Amalphi and Ve- MJJnli\p4, nice, eftablifhed an intercourfe with the Greek cities for the fpices di fiPf"ic.ntwj. India, and were foon imitated by the inhabitants of Marfeilles. This maritime fpirit, together with their mutual exertions in fupporting the crufades, eftablifhed,- at an early period, a friendly alliance between the Greek emperors, and the northern fovereigns of Europe; and thus diffufed a general defire to participate in the lucra- tive trade with India : which after being carried on, firft by the Tyrians, then by the Greeks of Alexandria, and afterwards by the Romans, centered, for a confiderable time, in the Conftantinopolitan empire ; until the Venetians, finding the afcendency which the Genoefe had acquired at Conilantinople, obtained the fandlion of the Pope to conclude a treaty of commerce with the infidel fubduers of Egypt ; and, thus fandlioned, reforted to Alexandria, which the Soldan of the Mamelukes under certain reftridlions had rendered a free port. Conflantinople affords a rnemorable inftance of the gradual decline of the firfl emporium in the world, through a negleft of cherifhing and maintaining her naval power. Contented with the immenfe riches arifmg from her Indian commerce, fhe fuffered the Italian States, particularly thofe of Genoa, Venice, and Florence, to derive, from the conveyance of this merchandife to the different ports in the Mediter- fufficicnt to carry off the water, as faft as it was conveyed there by the rivers ; and that fubter- raiieous pafiages might eafily be obftrufted by the mud and fand which the waters would carry along with them. It is for this reafon alfo that the Cafpian Sea is fait, as all lakes are which receive the waters of rivers without pouring them out again. It appears certain from the ob- ftrvations made with the barometer at Allracan, that the furface of the Cafpian is below the level of the two neighbouring feas ; confequently, it is equally probable that it (hould commu- nicate with thofe feas by overflowings from tlieir furface, as that it (hould furnith them with water by means of fubterrancous canals." See alfo the oriental geography of Ebn Haukal, an Arabian traveller of the tenth century, tranflated by Sir W. Oufeley, 4to, page 183, for the fea oi Khtir % and the valuable chait tranflated from the original Rufs, under the di- rcdtion of Arrowfroith. — Obf. by Buffon, vol. i. 37 — 253. vol. ix. p. 99. Smellie's edit. ' Univerfal Hill. Modern, vol. viii. lall 8vo. ed. t Robertfon's Charles V. vol. i.— Murat. Antiq. Ital. vol. ii. p. 882. — Gibbou's Hift. ToL X. p. 279. lux the tradt of Amalfh'i. ite/l >'%^^ %. PROGRESS OF ! BOOK Mediterranean, the fource of a maritime force, fo neceflary to the ■ .. ■- fecurity or continuance of the Greek empire. Accordingly, in the year 1204, Venice, confederated with the leaders of the fourth cru- fade, aimed a fevere blow at the Imperial crown, and placed the V fceptre in the hands of Baldwin Earl of Flanders ; " every one," as Anderfon obferves ', " plucking a feather out of that declining impe- rial eagle's wings." The rival republic Genoa, when a fpace of fifty- feven years had elapfed, wrefted the prize from the Venetians and their allies in 126 1, notwithftanding the excommunicating thunders of the Vatican ; and placing Michael Palxologus on the throne, ob- * tained the fuburb of " Pera at Conftantinople. But the cffeds of that poifon, which their own indolence had prepared, were only fufpended for a time j in the year 1453, the final overthrow of the ' venerable emporium of Indian commerce was complete. Mohammed the fecond befieged Conftantinople, with an army of three hundred thoufand men, and eftabliihed the feat of the Turkifti government in that city ; by which means an intercourfe with the Eaft reverted entirely to Venice, through the port of Alexandria. — It is fmgular, that in this downfal of the great mart of Indian trade, and in the late overthrow of the tyrant of Myfore, who made fuch powerful ex- ertions to injure the more modern fyftem of European intercourfe with the Eaft, circumftances occur that have a ftriking fimilarity with each other : Conftantinople, like Seringapatam, was taken by ftorm after a moft bloody refiftance j and the Greek emperor, who, like Tippoo Sultan, refolved not to furvive his empire, was found under one of the gates, trampled to death by the multitude. The fifteenth century early claimed the pre-eminence, which it gra- dually eftablifhed over preceding ages,intheimprovementof commerce, ■ ' * ' • and t Anderfon's Commerce, page 1 89, vol. i. 410. edit. *• Gibbon, vol. xi. p. 390. * The Greek o: Coultaiitinopolitan Chvlftian Empire had exiftcd 6ne thoufand one hun- dred and t'venty three years. — The Siege, April 26 — ^fay 29, is given by Mr. Gibbon, vol. xii. r* 209.— To the fame hiftorian, vol. xii. p. 142. I refer the curious reader for a defcription of Condaiitinople as given by the leariied Emanuel Chryfoloiaa, whofc anceftors migrated with Conftantins. MARITIME DISCOVERY. and in the attention paid to navigation : owing to the fuperior eon- Cb. I. § i. ilrudlion of fliips, remoter voyages, even prior to the difcovery of India, MldX"mp°j, were Undertaken ; the names of at leaft iht eight principal winds, or fif"mthcmurj. points of the compafs, were then afcertained by the merchants of Bruges ; the advantages of the mariner's compafs began to be known, though not generally eftabliihed ; the dates of Genoa, Venice, and Flo- rence, had obtained an high maritime charadler, and noried its rifing powers with peculiar folicitude. The countay of Cdurabus was the firfl to oibtain an afcendency at fea: fo early as the year 1064,2 Heet of merchant fhips from Genoa arrived at Joppa, as we are in- formed by Ingolphus abbot of Croyhmd inius voyage to ' Jeruialem ; J., iv .:.. ;>-• ... -and '*^THk''etiriiSuft '▼6yl|||e<6F Ingolphus ie profervecl by Hackluyt in \m fecond vblume, page 8, and is thus quaintly rendered by him into Englifh from the original Latin. — " 1 Ingulphus, an humble fervant of reverend Guthlac, and of his monailery of Croiland, borne in IBngland, and of Cnglifh paYents> M the -beMltifuIl «itie of London, 'was in tny youth, 'fur .theattainiDg of good letters, placed iirft atWeftmjiificF, and afterwards fent to the univerfitie'of'Oxford. — And as I grew in age, difdayning my parents meane eftate, and forfaking mine owne native foyle, 1 affected tfie'courfs^ifkihgs and 'prineeSftindwas aefirons to becladin (Ilk«, -andto" wnte bntTc andcolUyattire. And loeyat the fame time William out ibvereigne king m>w, but then Erie of Normandie, with a great troup of followers and Attendants, came unto London ( 105 1 }, to eohferre T^ith King fidwardthcGonfeffour, his kMfman. Into whofe company intmding my- felfe, and proffering my fervice fbr the performance of^i>y-(peedy or weightie afiaytes, in fluirt time, aftfT I had done many things with good fucceffe, I was knowen and moil entirely be- hJved byfce TJftbrioUs Erie himfelfe, txA with him I fayled into Normandie.— When asthere- foK, being carried with a youthfiile heat and luftiehumour, I>began to be wcarie-even of this place, wherein I was advanced fo high above my parentage, and with an inconftant minde, and affeAion tbo a«ii1)it!ou8, mcsft Veheftiently afpired at all occaflons to clirtbe higher : there went a report throdgh'oot airHormaodie, that divers afihb((K^lftf'tiie.cnipir«« and fecular princes were defirous for their foules health,-and for devotion- fake, to.gae bn pilgrimage to Jerufalem. — Where we were received • by the'moft reverend, aged, and holy pitriarke Soplironim, with great' melodie of cymbals and with torch light, and were accompanied unto the moll divine church of our Saviour his fepulchre, with a folemne proceffion as well of Syrians as of Latincs.— Howbeit, the theevifh Arabians lurking upon every way, would not fuffer us to travell farre from the city, by rcafon of their huge and furioas multitudes. Whcrefoie about the Spring there arrived at the port of Joppa a fleet of (hips from Genoa. In which fleet, ^vhen theChriitian merchants had exchanged all their wares at the coaft townes, and had likew'ifc vlfitcd the holy places, wee all of us embarked, committing our felves to the feas : and being toffed with many itormes:and tcmpefts, at length weeairived atBrundufium; and (b with a profperous journey travelling iliorow Apulia towards Rom#, we there vifited the habitations of the holy apoilhis Peter and Paul. - From thence the archbifliops and other princes of the empire tjavelling to- voL. I. C wards 'K I? 10 PROGRESS OF BOOK and throughout the twelfth century, the dominion of the Tea on their ■ own coafts was fo decided, that the government granted licences to different ftates or merchants to trade on the coafts ^ of Genoa. Nor was their fupremacy in the Mediterranean difputed by any other powers, than the repuUics of Veiiice and Pifa, who ihared with (hem the commerce of that fea. Raymond, Count of Touloufe, Man* quis of Provence, and Duke of Narbonne, yielded to Genoa, in 1 174, the citiicff of Marfeilles and Monaco, and all the ports between the caftlie of Turbia and Narbonne : and was obliged to prohibit the mer- chants of his dominions from going themfelves, or fending others- to fea, on account of trade, vdthout the confent of the confuls, and ma- jority of the counfellors of Genoa ; under forfeiture of all the profits of their voyage, and of one^third of the principal or ftock exported. Having taken Ceuta on the Barbary coaft, oppofite to Gibraltar,- in the year 1 2:3 1^ the Genoefe gained a complete afcendency over their rivals ; and feem to have merited the following encomium of Baptifta Burgus'— '* fo fuperior was the maritime flull of the Genoefe in thofe days, that authors have preferred them before all other nations whatever : and indeed our city has fo excelled in maritime fkill. at all times ;. that no commander of any other ftate can fcarcely be found, who has taken fo many towns,, fubdued ib many ifles and bai^ barous nations, or fo frequently brought home the enemies' fhipsand fpoil triumphantly, as many of our commanders have done.'*^^The dominion of Genoa extended from Marfeilles weftward; to Tufcany eaftward i the ifles of Sardinia and Corfica, were among their pof- feffions; wards tlie right hand &r Alemain, and we dedimng towardi the left hand for Fnnee, departed afunder, taking our Icavet with.unrpcakable thankcs and courtefict. And fo at length, of thirty horCcmen which went out of Normandie fat, lufty, and frolique, we returned thither flcacfe twenty poorc pilgrimi of us, being all footmen, and consumed, withleannefle to the bare bones." ' Pet. Baptift. Burgui de Oomiaio ftttaifSnK Gcnucnfi* reip. in marl Liguftico ; Lib. ii. ««P« 14* ,"■■ .'' , ■.-.■.,• * Ibid. Libi ik cap. 13. * , . MARITIME DISCOVERY. II feffions ; and they bore, moreover, a confiderable fway in the Eail Ch. i. f u through the favour of the Greek emperors. During this height of mXTk^^, their mercantile {kill and power, an attempt was made by the /fiKxTcLiury. Genoefe, in the year 1291, to renew the progrefs of maritime dif- covery, but without efied: both Baptifta Burgus and De Mailly affirm, that at this time two gallies were fent from Genoa under the command of Theodofius Doria, and Ugolin Vivaldo, to fearch for a new world : they were dtreded to fail far weftward, without the Straits of Gibraltar, but never returned to relate the (lory of their perils. The advantageous fituation of the ancient city of TheodoHa on thefhore of the Pontus Euxinus ", or Black Sea ; induced the Genoefe, when in the thirteenth century they carried their arms into the Crimea, the Taurica Gherfonefus of the ancients, to reftore it to its ■former eminence as the emporium of the Euxine. The Genoefe had already founded Azoph and Jambold ; when, perceiving the advan> tages they would derive from rebuilding Theodofia, they fent a co- lony thither of their own countrymen about the year ic6i, whofe pofterity form its prefent inhabitants, and at the fame time changed its name from Theodofia to Caffa. To this celebrated ftaple, the fpices, and coftly produce of India, conveyed by different routes acrofs the extenfive plains of Afia, traverfing the Cafplan and its adjacent rivers, were firft brought to Sinope % Trebifond % and other V . • . cities ■ Its more ancietit name was jfxmus, fix>m Afttkenaz the ton of Gom^, who fettled near It. The latter Greeks, when its) original was forgot, explained the appellation from Asenotf in- hofpitable ; and fmce the inhabitants of the adjacent countries had become more civih'zed, the later term Euxinus was preferred, " SiNors. This had been the mod famous of the Pontic cities, and, according to Strabo, poflefled an excellent port on each fide of the ifthmus on which it was built : It was a city of -very great antiquity ; its origin by this geographer Is referred to the Argonauts : but it did not wi%'l9 th^^ iote(|ioe . ^Al4. fnrl "*?? "^^ Tir'-TT.-'r .r:- rt,. their coiu, to indicate their Greek origin and inftitutioni, and appUcatfon to learning. Mela mentions its fplendour and magnliidence. Eu/lathiut fpeaks of it as a great ftaplc* for com- merce I and Fliiiy M Situated on a ptninfula furrounded by mointaini. Qurchet' in ^is niv|l bifiory fays, that when Mudanui was fent by Vtfpa^an to fupport his pretenfions to the em. pire, Aticetut, ^ho took up arms for Vltellius, invented a new kind of (hips, fomething refem' fating the defcription wc have of Noah'« ark, and hating got together a oonfidei|tblc number of Tftfel* of that build, Ctizedon Trapexu*. Mr. Gibbon defcribes the manner in whichthis city was taken by the Goths ; and the fuccefsful exertions of its Duke to render himfelf inde- pendent of the Greek empire (vol. i. ed. 6va^ 4i;< xi. 254). Anderfon cites a curious paiTage from Grolbu't jfwful* (/ tbe Netitriandi, in which the SrrcE Trade is traced to Ttebifituf. About the year 1015, according to this author, (book xv.) the Chinefe, who had great dealings all over India, got poiTeiTion of the Spice IJlandt after much bloodlhed : yet they quitted them in about fucty. years. Next the peojple of Malacca poflefled them ; but they were driven out by the natives. The Arabians and Perfians fuccceded them, and introduced Mahometanifm amongft them. Thefe ifles were utterly unknown to the ancient Greeks and Romans; yet they enjoyed the merchandize of cloves, by means pf -the people of the Eaft. Long after the fall of the weftern empire, when the Genoefe got thie port of Gafpa, in-the peninfula of the Taurica Cherfonefut, they for a time -enjoyed' the'fplc£ tjade V" andlto them fucceeded the 'Ve- netians. When a new Greek empire was eflabliflied at Trdybmdi'tlaX. trade was drawn thkher through the Cafpian Sea ; and on the incrcafe of the Turkrfli power, they brought the fpiccs from thence by caravans to Aleppo. The Soldans of Egypt reftored the trade by the Rtd Sea to India, and back again to Alexandria down the Nile. The Portugucfe obtained pof> feflion of the Spice Iflands in the year 1513. t Sir John Chardin's Voyages. MARITIME DISCOVERY. »l CDininotions, thp power of Genoa was gradually ,dlmin!{hed ; and Ch. I. ^ i. ^as obliged to become fi^^pit to Chiles ^he Vlth pf Frapce for pro- mITSS^, te^ion, from 1396 to t^ic year 1411: h^r former fplendour after- ;^^^?a^. wards revived, tike the doubtful flame of the expiring taper; l^ut the {effort* was feeble and tranfient : haying ventured to encounter the fleet of Philip Viiconti, Duke- of- Milan, four out of fix of the Genoefe gallies were captured ; and the Oate of Genoa found itfelf obliged to fiibmicfor a (hort period to that Prince. A Genoefe arma- mtnt of eighteen gallies, was in I424.fent qut by the Duke to opppfe the fuperior force of Alphonfo King pf Arragon, combined with that of the Florentines : this fleet was alfo unfuccefsful ; and thus the commerce of the ftate received a frefh wound, which was ren- dered more fatal by the final overthrow of the Greek empire. Venice, fo called from Venetia^ a Roman province in Italy, was founded about the year 452, and fucceeded Genoa in a maritime point of view : fhe had already excited the jealoufy qf the Italian Hates, and the admiration of Europe. Her confular power yielded to that of the tribunes, about thirty years after the building of the city ; and this was fucceeded by the a,\it]hority of the doge or.^jwke in theyear 697. The Doge Sebaflian Zani having taken a. fuccefsfiil part with Pope Alexander the thir^, againft the Emperor Frederic Barbarofla, bis Holi- nefs as a pledge of gratitude, during the year'i 1 73,prefented him with a gold ring, in token of his miarriage with the Adriatic ; adding, Take this ri/i^y and (find the .Adriatic Sea therewith to thee in wedlock ; which ce- remony^ you and your fuccejfors Jhdll annually per/orniy that latejl pojlerity may know you have acquired the dominion of thisfea by right of conquejl ; and that as the wife isfubje£l to her hujhandfo is thisfea to your repuh- , lie. About the middle of the fourteenth century, the commerce of Venice was very extenfive in conveying the fpices of the Eaft from Alexandria, to the different marts of Europe ; which the great fairs, firfl eftabliflied by Charlemagne, circulated throughout their refpedive .■.o-^ii s Lite .-. "j.>i,i)^ e /K.a; kingdoms. fm !'' ■'■niii < :1 t4 PROGRESS OF BOOK kingdoms. The ufe of cannon was introduced by the Venetians '-T-^ during the Hege of Tenedos in the Archipelago ( 1376), then attacked by the Genoefe : Madiiavelj in his hiftory of Florence, is of opinion that thefe guns were Invented by the Germans. Even the Crufades, Which fo much exhaufted the ftrength and refources of other European kingdoms, augmented the commerce and maritime power of Venice, and bf the principal Italian ftates. The fleet that conveyed the troops, or attended the motions of the army, was fupplied by them : Taflfo beautifully introduces this at the clofe of his firft canto— ' Along the findt hit •rmiea fafe they guide. By mift fecure> to them well known before t Upon the tumbling billowi fraughted ride The armed flu'ps, coaftmg along the (hore, Which for the camp might c«'ry day provide To bring munition goodt and vlAuals ilore : The iflet oF Gmtt fent in pravifion meet, And ftore of wine from San came, and CrtU> Great N^tunt grieved underneath the load Of fliipi, huUu, galliei, barkti and brigandinet i In all the Md-tarlh feu wai left no road, Wherein the P^m hi* bold faill untwinei t Spread vnu the huge armado wide and broad. From Vtiuie, Gtnett and towni which them confine. From EngUnd, HoUrniJ, Frame, and Skil fent. And all for Juda ready bound, and bent. 't TAlHtAX. The Crufadcs, though the hiftorian may conflder them at this diftance of time with too fcrutinizing an eye, were of great import- ance in removing the abfurd prejudices refpefUng foreigners, which injudicious * ftatutes had fo much encouraged : navigation and ' La Oerufalemme LiberaU, Canto I. 78, 79. «< Conduce ci fempre alle marittime ond« *' Vicino il campo per diritte ftrade-^' 1 Itobertfon's Charle* V. vol. i. p. 39;. By the ancient lawi of Waleii tlffee Torti ^ pcr< fons might be murdered with impunity ; a madman, a ftrangcr, and a leper. MARFTIME DISCOVERY. and commeice were indebted to them for an early fupport. Different Ch. I. f i- cities that had long traded with India were fubdued ; and Antioch MUJ^^'ISuJy, and Tyre were opened to the merchants of Europe. — The pilgrimi of j^^^cw.^ Europe, who in croud* vifued the Holy Land both before and. after the crufades, concealed the character of » merchant, like the Faquirs of India, undier the cowl of a devotee ; and thus were of fervice in furnishing information refpefting the riches or countries of the Eaft. At the beginning of the fifteenth century, Venice was rapidly in- creafing her commerce and territory : (he at this time poflfefled, on the • eaftern fide of the Adriatic, a confiderable part of the ancient Greek empire ;, was alfo miflrefs of the Morea, as well as of many of the Greek iflands ; and had pofTeflfed herfelf of Vicenza, Feltro, BaC^ fano, Verona, and Padua, to which (he foon added the iiland of Cyprus ; in confequence of the aifignment of Catherine, daughter of Marco Coroaro, a. noble Venetian, the widow of James, baftard Ton of John the laft king. Venice was at tlus time more connefled with the potentates of Europe, than any other of the Italian fiates, except the Papal See '. The jealoufy of its government did not ex- tend to the naval department ; and though it only trufted foreigners in the more ijplendid ftations of military allegiance, it readily allowed the nobles of Venice to become admirals or merchants. As the fpice trade was long carried on by the Venetians from the port of Alexandria, and was at this time the great fupport of their maritime power.; I: (hall here fubjoin, the curious remarks con- cerning this branch, of commerce at Alexandria, which the diligent Uackluyt has.preferved'.. ** Alexandria in Egypt is a free port ; and when a. man.commeth within the caftles, prefently the Ermyn fends aboord to have one come, and fpeake with him,, to know what goods ace aboord ; and y.-^a — ■ .i then ' RobcrtfonU Vi«w of tht State of Eiuvpe i Chariet V. toL i. ed. 8vo. • Vol. ii. page 176. i*-» '-»*4' I. B O 6 k tfiim hee nvilt fet guards aboord the (hip to fee all the goods difchar^d. ■ And then from the Ermyn you goc to the Bye (anotlier officer) onely for that he will inquire newes of you ; and fo from thence to the confuPs houfe, where you lie. The Venetians have a conful themfelves ; but all other nations goe to the French nation's conful, who will give you a chamber for yourfelves apart, if you will fo have it. " The cifftoms inward of all commodities are ten in the hiindi-ed, and the cuftoih is paid in wares ai(b that you buy } for the fame wares in barter you jpay alfo ten in the hundred, at the lading of the wares. But if you fell for mony, you pay no more cuftome but (he ten aforefaid, ^nd one and a half in the hundred, which is for the cuftome of the l^oods ^ou lade for the fayd mony ; fdr more cuftome you pky not. But fet' all the mony you bring thither, you pay nothing fbr tt^e cuftome of the fame. And if you fell your wares for mony, and with the fkme Mony buy waires, you pky btit two in the huridred for 'the cuftom thereof. Atid if you ftieale any cuftome, if It be talcen, you pay double cuftome for that you fteale. «...,,. 4 " The waight of Alexandria Is called Pais uFdi|^ffe/« mity of the ftiores : when the wind has fpent its fuiy, it immediately becomes fmooth. The failors of the different dates, whofe ftiore is waflied by this fea, to the prcfent hour never ftand out a gale ; but, having always fome good harbours under their lee, they immediately refort thither. It is even difficult for the more experienced mariners of the north to keep this fea in a gale of wind, the popple is fo confiderable. The ftorm which Virgil, in his firft book, de» fcribes Eneas to have been in, is an exaft reprefentation of a gale of wind in the Mediter- ranean } fuch as the poet mull have often beheld : j,^ . ., «' Hi fummo in fluftu pendent ; his unda dehifcens Terram inter fluftus aperit ; furit a:ftus arenis." The great epic poet of Indian commerce, as tranflated by Mickle, when dcfcn'bing the boundaiies oi Europe, accurately marks the difference between the roariiip; of the Nortliern and Wcftern Oceans, and t)ie generally Imoother undulation of the Mediterranean : «' Around her northern and her wcftern fliorcs, ^ Throng'd with the finny race, old ocean roars ; The Midland Sea, where tide ne'er fwcll'd the waves, Her richcft lawns, the fouthern border, laves." IJoos; iii. p. 86. S\i>, ci!. D 2 ■;:| M ftd PROGRESS OF BOOK fplrlt of difcovery, no objed adapted to create that train of fearching '- doubt and bold conjedlure, which the boundlefs fweep of the At- lantic fo much tended to encourage in the mind of Henry Duke ofVifeo. It is however probable, that among the innumerable manufcripts, and antiquities, collected by the diligence of the family of Medici, their clafTical erudition often led them to preferve or illuftrate fuch works of the Greek philofophers and geographers, as be- came of eflential fervice to the heroic monarchs of Portugal in pro- fecuting their defigns. A continued intercourfe fubfifted between Florence and Conftantinople : and in the library of S. Marco, found- ed by Cofmo de Medici with the books colle£ted by Niccolo Niccoli, we are informed by Mr. Rofcoe, that the Greek and oriental ma- nufcripts formed a difl;in€t clafs. The recovery of the three firft books, and a part of the fourth of the Argonautics, the interefting naval poem of * Valerius Flaccus, by Poggio Bracciolini in the con- vent of St. Gallo, during the year 141 5, muft foon have been known throughout Europe ; and have had its effedl on the inquifitive and learned minds of the maritime princes, who fo much adorned the reign of their illuftrious father John the Firft, king of Portugal. The Seven United Provinces, confifting of the northern part of the Netherlands, more commonly known under the general appella- tion of Holland, were not yet incorporated by that bond of amity which they formed in the fucceeding century ; when the memorable league at Utrecht (1579) oppofed the tyranny and oppreffion of Philip II. of Spain. Probably at this early period, the very coafl: of diftridts that afterwards compofed fo powerful a maritime ftate. was * This naval poet, who flouriflied under Vefpafian, and who in point of merit has been placed by critics next to Virgil, continues to be ftrangely negle^led in the firft commercial kingdom of Europe — *' Ira maris, valliqac placent difcrimiaa ponti." MARITIME DISCOVERY. ^f- was difierent from what it appears in the prefent day. Sir Wil- Ch. I. § i. liam Temple is inclined to believe, that the Bay which now feparates Awi« w^'r/ the provinces of Holland and Groningen, under the name of the ^/'ww/cl/wry. Zuyder Zee, was formerly a traft of land confiding of low fwampy marfties : the Netherland hiftorians affirm, that it was for the moft part dry land, and a well inhabited country. Morifotus, who pub- lifhed his Orbis Maritimus in 1643, Peaces the date of the dread- ful inundation in 142 1, whilfl: others on the contrary make it flill later, in the year 1446. — After the fail of the empire of Charlemagne, the provinces which now form the Republic of Holland expe- rienced frequent revolutions : the great Lords and officers of the crown rendered their governments hereditary ; fome provinces were under the authority of dukes, others were fubjed to counts ; whilft that of Friellaiid was termed a kingdom, and that of Utrecht a biflioprick. Voltaire is of opinion that the foundation of the Re- public of Holland, during the fucceeding century, was laid with- out defign, and againft all the rules of probability. — " A little corner of the world," fays that lively writer, " almofl buried under water, and which fubfifted only by its herring fifhery, became a formidable power ; made head againil Philip the Second ; ftript his fucceflbrs of almoft all their pofleffions in the Eaft Indies, and in the end be- came the proteftors of them." So early as 1408, the towns of the province of Holland poflefled a naval force refpedtable for that age : fmce penfionary De Witt, in his Interefl of Holland^ informs us, " that the feas being infefted by certain Eaft Friefeland pirates, thofe of Amfterdam, and fome of the cities of North Holland, with the affiftance of the Lubeckers, Hamburgers, and Campeners, fiipprefled thefe * robbers." In 1441, we find the Hollanders and Zealanders with the Spaniards, Venetians, and PrufTians, as their allies. Eleven of their afTociated towns, in which Dort, Haarlem, Amfterdam, and Rotterdam, are mentioned, having fitted out a formidable fquadron to * De Witt's Intereft of Holland, part ii. chap. i. 4 V ii'rt IHlll •ft I iS I ii!-, ■'>■ ■'S.lfi I . i 22 PROGRESS OF M BOOK to cliaftlfe the depredations committed by the Hanfeatic Eafterlings, '■ overcame them twice at fea ; and at length brought them to agree to a truce for twelve years with the Hollanders, Zealanders, and their confederates. In the year 1444, when King Henry, the Sixth of England ^ renevved her ancient commercial correfpondence and friendfhip writh the places, countries, and dominions of Holland, Zealand, and Friefland, it is remarkable that there is no mention of any prince or fovereign of thefe countries; which confirms what Pen- fionary De Witt, Sir William Temple, and others relate concerning the great independent power of the ftates 6f thofe provinces in old times. In the fame year, as Mr. Anderfon informs us, the old French book, intitled the Grand Chronique de Hollander Zelande, &c. relates, " that Henry BurfTele, or Van Borfelen, Lord of Veere, or Camp- vcere in Zealand, did in that year fit out feveral large merchant Ihips, with which he traded far and near on the feas, and thereby gained a vaft eftate in lands and lordfliips in Zealand j and by which means likewife the city of Veere became flourifliing in navigation and commerce." * - —i ■ : - The city of Amfterdam, which in the year 1585 enjoyed a com- plete triumph over its rival Antwerp ; when the latter was for three days abandoned without remorfe to the mercilefs foldiers of the Duke of Parma; was originally, in 1203, a fmall caftle named Amjlel from the river whofe banks it defended. Some peafants, induced by the liberality of its lord, Gi/berty to build their cottages near its walls, began a confiderable traffic by means of their fiihery. Thefe labours being crowned with fuccefs, the rifmg hamlet, which had cheered the gloom of the adjoining caftle, foon loft all traces of its former poverty : the fiftiing boats were turned into merchant fliips, and the fiftiermen into merchants. The new town was foon furrounded with '• Rymer's Fadera, vol. xi. p. 67. • MARITIME DISCOVERY. 23 with bridges and a dyke : when the term Dam was added to that Ch. I. § i. oiAmJlel', fince corruptly turned into y^/w^^ri/a/w. m.>'»'hV"j'. ' That extenfive territory, which in general is ftyled the Low fifinmh cmury. Countries, or Nether-Lands, from their fituation in refpeft to Germany, came under the dominion of the Houfe of Burgundy in 1433. Its commerce was of fuch a magnitude, that, according to the anonymous author of the Annales Flandrice^ no lefs than one hundred and fifty merchant (hips were feen in the year 1468, arriving at once at the port of Sluys, which was then the harbour of Bruges. The alliance made by the maritime cities of Hamburg and Lubec to open a trade with the Baltic, encouraged other towns to follow their example ; and thus was formed the famous * Hanfeatic League, confifting of eighty of the moft celebrated cities fituated in the * Wcrdenhagen the hiftorian of the Hanfeatic League, according to Anderfon, fixes on the year 1370, as the period when this famous confederacy was at the fummit of its glory. Their exaft number was generally flu£luating. Werdenhagen, in his fei:ond volume, page 89, gives the following curious liil of fixty-four of thefe cities, with the annual fum paid by each into the public treafuty : Imf trial DolUri. ' Lubeca 100 Luleck. Colonia 100 Cologne. Brema Co Bremen. Hamburgum 80 Hamburgh. Roftochium 50 Rofloci, in Mectknlurg dutchy. Straelfunda 50 SiraeJfund, in Pomerania. Wifmaria 25 IVifmar, in the dutchy of Aleclhnlurg. Magdeburgum 40 Magdeburg. Brunfviga 50 Brunfwici. Dantifcum 80 Danlzici. Luneburgum 60 Lunenburg. Stetinum 40 Stelin, the capital of Pomerania, Grypliifwalda 25 Grypefwald, in Pomerania, Hildeftiemium 30 Hihlejheim, Goflaria r 30 Gofliiv, in the dutchy of Brunfwick. Gottinga 30 Gottingen, in the fame. Eimbecca 10 £ imbed, in the fame. Hanovcra 25 Hanover. ^"^ yi '"I t ',1 Mi Hamela 24 PROGRESS OF ;/? II > I BOOK the countries, that extend from the bottom of the Baltic, to Cologne . — ■- on the Rhine. Of the different towns where they eftabliihed flaples for the fupport of their commerce, Bruges was the moft cele- brated: HameHiit in iht Jutchy of Brmfwicl. ^i Coleberg, in Pomerania. Stargard, in Pomerania. Anclam^ in the fame. Staden, in the dutchy of Bremen. Boxlfhude, in the fame dutchy, Golnaw, in the dutchy of Pomtrama, Thome, in Poli/h Prujfta. Eliing, in the fame. Komngfierg, the capital of Brandenburg, Pn^, Braunfierg, in Poli/h Pru/Jia. Capital of Livonia. Revel, in the fame. Dorpt, in the fame. Pamatu, or Pemaw, in the fame. .,-''- ^ Culm, in Poli/h Pruffia. Nimegueu, in Guelderland. ' ,>, , ' < Davenler, in Overy/ftl. j,, , j. Campen, in the fame. Swoll, in the fame. Zutpbea, in Guelderland. -f Arnheim, in the fame. Bommel, in the fame. Tiel, in the fame. Harderwici, in the fame. Dui/burg, in the dutchy of Clevet. Stavem, in Friejland. Groningen, in the fame f /nee made a d(fiina province. Bolfwerd, in Frie/land. Ruremonde, in Guelderland. ' Venloo, in the fame. Emmerici, in the dutchy of Clevet. Ofnaburg, in Weflphalia. Soefl, in the fame. Dortmunde, in the fame. Mun/ler, in the fame. Wefel, in the dutchy of Cleves. Mindent in Weflphalia. Paderboma Imftrltl DaUari. Hamela 30 Colberga 25 Stargarda 2J Anclamum 18 Stada 20 - Boxtehuda 20 Golnovia 8 Thoruna 20 Elbinga 20 • Koningiberga 60 Braunfberga 20 - Riga 50 Revalia 50 Dorpatiim 20 • Parnovia 20 Culmenum 10 Neomagium 35 - Davantria 50 Campenum 40 SchwoUa 23 Zutphania 30 Arnhemia 30 Bommelia 10 • Thiela 10 • Hardervicum 30 Duifljurgum - 20 - Suvera 35 • Groninga 35 Bolfwerda 30 Ruremunda 25 Venloa 20 Emericum 30 Ofnabruga 30 Sufatum 35 Treraonia 30 Monafterium 40 Vefalia 30 Minda 30 MARITIME DISCOVERY. *i .i/;Vif rv. •i brated : to this port the Lombards conveyed the productions of Ch. i. f i. India ; which rendered it the great emporium of trade, and the AtJ/n'iii^crf, intermediate ftore-houfe for merchandife, between the more northern fjuicih cenwry, countries of Europe, within the Baltic Sea, and the moft remote fouth- crn parts, within the Mediterranean. When the glory of the Ne- therlands was at its fummit, and its extenfive woollen manu- fadure without a rival ; their illuftrious chief, Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, eftabliflied in the year 1429 at Bruges, the fplendid order of the Golden ^ Fleece j on the day of his marriage *,,.;rj ^. ;,.'■' . . .• ■, V - :'S - with . ' PaJerlorn, in Weftphalia. 'itj') Hervorden, in the fame. Lemgoiv, in the fame, ' ■ Lipftadtt in the fame, Unna, in the fame, Hamm, in the fame. Wariergf in the fame. Bielfield, in the fame. The four great Comptoi rs of the Hana Towns were, Bruges, London, Novogrod, and Bergen. To the above fixty-four cities and towns, the hillorian adds forty-four, who did not pay- any annual contribution, and may therefore be termed allies : to thcfc many more were after, wards added. •" >j^t«||,| JO PROGRESS OF » ■> » D O 6 K tbat all ports Litdy opctted to the prejudice of ejlabllpied marts ^ Jljould - befjul up ; I hilt tio duties Jhould be exa^ed but where they were im- pofcd by laiv ', that all nutmier of a ffijlance Jhould be given to foreign merchants^ otidfiilurs^ particularly in cafe of Shipwreck and viisfortune ; without expe&ation of reward^ except what was provided for by law : in a wordy that every circumjlance enjoined by humanity and found po' licyyfhould be frilly obferved with refpe^i toflrangers. During the reign of Margaret's fucceflbr, the impolitic Eric the tenth ; who though formed to reign by the counfels and example of this diftinguifhed woman, yet was irrefolute, imprudent, and dif- rcgardful of the laws and liberties of his fubjedls ; the commerce of the Hans-Towns was confidcrably " aifedted by the adlive genius of the Hollanders ; who taking advantage of the diAurbances in the North, rendered their trade fo confiderable, that they reforted to aU the ports of Mufcovy, Livonia, and Prufiia. On the renewal of their ancient treaties ; which in 1426 took place between Eric the tenth, and James the fird, of Scotland ; we find that the right to the Ifles ■•■ ' •-•*-. ,:- ■--. -i- . , Margaret, though at that time one of the mod powerful, if not the firll maritime ftate !o Eu- rope, yet did not refpeft the Neutrality of other powers. In the reign of ChriHian, tiie firft prince of the ilhiftrious Houfc of Oldmbuigh j wliich to this day continues featcd on the throne of Denmark ; the Danifh fleet in tlie year 1469 attacked a rich fleet of Lubeckersi under pretence of their fiipplyiiig with proviliuiis and warhkt ilores the enemies of Denmark. The booty WP3 prodigious, and the Liibtckers fiiit deputies to demand reftitution ; but Chrif- tian anfwcred, that it was impoflihle ; the booty having been divided among his whole fleet and army : an anfwer with which the Lubtclici-s were forced to remain • fatislicd. " Universal History, Modekn. Vol. xxix. page 148. - Mr. Andcrfon in his valuable work on Commerce, fceins to have fallen into an error, by faying " tliat about the year ijo», Eric the VIII. king of Lenmark, being engaged in a defperatc war with the Hunfealic I^eague, called in the Zcalanders and oilier Netherland fliips to hin aid, whofe aflillance enabled him to humble the Hans-Towns." If I am corrcft, for I fpeak with dcfcieiice of one to whofe labours I am fo much indebted, Eric the X. fucceeded to the dominions of Mari'met about the year 1412 ; and Eric the VIII. furnamed the Pious, fucceeded his diflipated parent £ric the VII. in 1286, and died in 131S. • Mcurrius, p. 10.— The paffjge is cited by the writers of the Motlern IVt of Univcrfal Hiftorv, vol. Kxix. ^1. i9», J»fc/<— (Ed. i/iJj.) MARITIME DISCOVERY. n of Man and Sodor, pr Icolmkill, and that to tltc Orkney Ides, was Ch. i. \ i. ceded by the king of ' Denmark to James ; who amiuiled the m'JLThX'L treaty by which the fovereign* of Scotland were engaged to pay jijhfJlhltmrf, tribute for thcfe ifla hIs ; the original treaty, y///cr inju/it yEbudis^ ' had been formed by Alexander the third, of Scotland, anil Magnus the fourth, king of Norway. The maritime forcf of tlic vandalic Hans- Towns, which during the whole of the liltccnth century conti- nued very great, was in 1428 diredcd againll the kingdom of Denmark. A fleet of no lei's than two hundred and lixty Ihips, on board of which 12,000 men embarked, failed from the ulual (lation, the port of Wifmar, to attack Copenhagen: they were however obliged 10 re- turn, without fucceeding in their bold delign. 1m ic, throughout the whole of his reign, proved an inveterate enemy to the confederacy. During the violent war which this monarch carried on with the Holileincrs^ and the vandalic Hans-Towns ; the Engl Ih and other foreign nations, as well as the Hollanders, began to appear in the Baltic ; which gave a fatal wound to the maritime afcendency of the Hanfeatic Aflbciation. This wound, once inflided, was confiderably increafed by Eric's fucceflbr, Chriftopher the third ; who, from his inveterate hatred towards the combination, granted in 1443 a free commerce throughout his kingdom of Norway, formerly almoft en- tirely monopolized by the Hanfeatics, to the people of Amfterdam j. and alfo to thofe of Zirickzee in Zealand. This monarch alfo, in tJie fame year, removed the feat of government from the biflioprick of Rofchild, which had hitherto been the capital of Denmark ; and on account of th^ fine havbour, and favourable fituation of Copen- hagen, eftablifhcd it at the latter city, originally the property of the bi(hop of Rofchild. The genius of France appeared late, when compared with other nations, in the progrefs of maritime difcovcry ; and for this reafon. among. • Mevirf. Hift. Danica, Uh. v. 32 PROGRESS OF D o O k among others, becaufe a maritime charadter was never congenial '■ with the habits or employments of its inhabitants : their minds were too volatile, and too fond of military parade, to find any charms in the plain manners and patient abiding of the mariner. The crews of her (hips were intrepid, fkilful, and enterprifing ; but yet it was not the enterprife, or lltill, or intrepidity of feamen : like thofe of the prefent day her mariners were rather military, than na- val ; the latter appellation was loft, in the more brilliant pageantry of the former. ■ • ' ■ ' - ' - \ »-> ^- The commercial fpirit of trade which Dagobert had excited in the feventh century, and which " Charlemagne, at the conclufion of the eighth, and beginning of the ninth, had revived ; by various wife inftitutions ; by repairing the cities of Genoa and Florence, and particularly by rendering Hamburg a place of confequence ; was con- fiderably injured and abated at the period we are now confidering. The unfortunate ftate into which Charles the fixth was thrown, by the irritation and fatigue of his mind, increafed by the impru- dent follies of a mafquerade, at which he with difficulty efcaped from being burnt to death ; fatally prepared the way for that confufion and anarchy, which the implacable fpirit of the houfes of Burgundy and Orleans combined to ftrengthen. — ^The inftitution of a Naval ^ Order in France, called the Ship and Escallop- Shell, or as it was fometimes ftyled, the order of the Ship and Double Crescent, was celebrated by St. Louis in the year 1269 : yet even this had little eScQ. in creating a maritime fpirit, or in re- ' warding P Charlemagne fuccecded his father Pepin in 768, and died in 81^. * This order was inftittited by St. Louis, in commemoration of the hazardous naval expedi- tion which he undertor)k witli his three fons, Philip, John, and PnTtn, to affift tlie Chrill- ians againfl the Infidels. The collar was compofid of gold efcallop fliells intermix d with double crcfccnts ; to which was pendarit a Jb/p rigj;ril argent, Routing upon waves of the fame. The cfca!lop fhclls are fiippot'ed io reprefent the port of /ligues-h'ortei, wluie St. Louis and his fons embarked ; and 'he crefcents, his inteution of waging wur with the Turks. ♦ ,_ MARITIME DISCOVERY. 33 warding what had appeared : mod writers are of opiaion, that the Ch. i. $ i. Order did not furvive its founder. - ulliTmjicf, . ., . • . friiiditig lit '■'. ,'*''•.,! '■»;'■■ ; .' ■• ;■. " ■■■. ." ■ > I ■• . . , /i/tetiith Ctnluy. - i;V".' "1 '« i. '-J .' ff'- t X .-# <•; ..p. The Negotiation which was opened between the crowns of France and England, on the acceflion of Henry the fifth, of Lan- cafter, (20th of March 1413,) inftead of promoting the general inte- refts of trade, or tending to renew the progrefs of maritime dif- covery, ferved only to deceive both kingdoms : Ic Involved them In the miferles of war ; and even rendered the conqueror the dupe of his own ambition. It was an age of military expeditions and con- queft ; without an Alexander or a Nearchus to render them fubfer- vient to the purpofes of commerce. Yet notwithftanding the turbu- lency that prevailed, we have a memorable example given us in France, about the year 1449, of what the diligence of a fingle individual may produce : It Is recorded In the preface to the memoirs of the Dutch trade, which Is beHeved to have been written by Bifhop Huet. Charles the feventh, having refolved to regain Normandy, VOL. I. F if ■■'■Im 34 PROGRESS OF BOOK if pofliblc, from Henry the fixth ; Jacques Coucr, intendant general of tlie French finances ; and who at the fame time, as appears, was the moft celebrated merchant, not only of France, which indeed had very few merchants in thofe times, but of all Europe ; became the leading inftrument of that great revolution in Normandy : and though he fupplied King Charles with an army, and with feveral millions of money, he yet had confiderable wealth remaining. Couer was fuch a patron of commerce, that even whilll he held this high fta- tion under the crown, he had a great many large (hips trading to the Levant, to F'gypt, and Barbary ; whence he imported gold and filver ftuffs, filks of all kinds, and furs : which merchandife he fold by his fadors, clerks, and agents, at the Hotel Royal ; in all the principal cities of France ; and in foreign courts : where the people greatly admiring them, they were purchafed at high prices. He employed three or four hundred commifTaries or fadtors ; and gained more in one year than all the merchants of the kingdom together. A very confiderable increafe of ftrength was given to the maritime power of France, in 1453, by the taking of Bourdeaux from the Englifh by Charles the feventh : who befides the redui^ion of the dutchy of Normandy, fubdued Aquitaine, or Gafcony. In three months the expence of blood and treafure, which the Englifh had laviflied for a century, was rendered of no avail ; their only ac- quifition that remained was the town of Calais, and the adjacent town and country of Guines. In 1457 ^'^^ French even ventured to turn the miferies of invafion on their enemies; and diftrefltd their trade, by burning the confiderable town of Sandwich in Kent, and that of Fowey in Cornwall. Lewis the eleventh, who aflumed the title of Most Christian King, and to whom the appellation of Majefty was firft given in the addreffes offered by his own fubjedts and foreigners ; notwith- 5 Handing MARITIME DISCOVERY. Si ftanding his innumerable crimes, and the errors in the early part of Oi. i. § i. his reign ; which on his death-bed he acknowledged to the Dauphin, M'JJ'fn^lf, had brought him within an hair's breadth of deftrudion ; had fcarcely ^fi/nfJtfcoLy. fuccecded to the throne, before he difplayed a keen attention to promote the maritime power of his fubjedls. In 1462 he eftablifhed the fairs at the city of Lyons, which afterwards became fo famous for the affiftance they gave to commerce. Under this monarch's reign the kingdom of France, which from the time of Hugh Capet had been of little or no confideration, and had been almoft entirely deftroyed by the Englilh, became a confiderable ftate : but this great- nefs was purchafed by ingratitude and treachery ; by the poniard and poifon of the aflaffin ; and the tortures of a Baftile. A difpofition for maritime enterprife appeared in England about the reign of Alfred ; but its efforts were weak, and expired when the fun, that called forth fuch powers, had fet. Even the law made by the Saxons, that if a merchant: crofled the wide fea three times, he fhould be honoured with the title of Thane ; muft have had its influence during the turbulent periods of that barbarous age. Henry "^ cites a paflage from OJian \ whom he juftly ftyles the British Homer ; which informs u. of the name of the daring Prince who firft invented (hips, and led a colony into Ireland. Larthon^ thefirjl of Bolgas race^ "who travelled on the winis. — Who firft feut the black Jli'tp through the ocean^ like a whale through the hurjl'tng of foam ? J fee him dark in bis ownfoell of oak I — Sea-toffed Larthon^ thy foul isjlrong ! He mounts the wave on his own dark oak in Clubas ridgy bay. That oak which be cut from Lumon^ to bound along the fea. — Now he dares to call the winds ^ and to mix with the mift of ocean. The ' Rapin, page 15. — Hiftory of England, vol. ii. 8vo. p. 266. • Oflian, Temora, p. 129 — ijr. 410. and the note. The bed edition of this poet is that firil publifhed in quarto ; the oflavo is very inferior. The Highland Society has it in coatempla- tion to print the original. The Italians have publifhed an excellent tranflation in two fmall volumes. • . F2 Si B)|tunH 'fi A 11 -4 s» / -?! PROGRESS OF BOOK I. The fifherles of Europe moft effe(flually confpired to entice the genius of navigation from its long night of flumber j and to cherifh that maritime chara > '• The town of Hull, founded in 1296, by Kinjg Edward the firft, foon eftablifhed a confiderabie trade to the Baltic, and became a place of general refort for the North Sea fi(hery. The more ancient and neighbour- « Anderfon, vol. i. p. 273. ' ' " The ftatute of herring;; made in the year 1357, is a memorable record of this. King Ed- ward the third cnafta, «' tliat herrings (hould be brought freely and uiifoW, into the haven of Varmouth, where the fait was kept ; and that none fhall buy any herrings to hang in their houfes by covin, nor in other manner, at an higher pjice than forty ftiillingspcr lall, containing f«a tbotafand herrings." MARITIME DISCOVERY. 37 neighbouring port of Heydon in Yorkftiire was thus entirely deferted. c!i, i. $ i. In Sir Robert Cotton's " abridgement of the records, King Henry MotTir}'4. the fixth, in the year 1440, dircds the fees and liveries of his juftices, ^ftrrJlVrL,. attorney, and fcrjeants, to be paid yearly out of the cuftoms of the ports of London, Briftol, and Hull : which feems to indicate at that period a leading fuperiority in their commerce. But owing to fub- fequent difputes with the Hanfeatic towns, the port of Hull, at the clofe of the fifteenth century, loft much of its maritime influence. We are informed by Rymer ' that in the year 1484, " King Richard the third — in confideration of the ruin, decay, and poverty, which his town of Hull had lately fallen into ; and alfo on account of the great expences and fervices, which the magiftrates and people of that place had been at, and done to him, in his voyage to Scotland, when Duke of Glocefter, and on other occafions; grants them for their relief, and for the repair of their harbour, a licence for twenty years to come, to (hip, and export as much me«:handife (wool and woolfels except- ed) as will make the cuftoms and fubfidies of exportation, and the duties on the exportaaon of other merchandife in return, amount to fixty pounds per annum ; without paying any of the faid cuftoms, fubfidies, and duties, during the faid term." The city of Briftol, mentioned by Gildas under the appellation of Bristou fo early as the year 430, received its charter in 11 65 from Henry the fecond ; at which time it was ftyled the king's own town. Camden is of opinion that it took its rife on the decline of the Saxon government. .■ Hackluyt gives the following account of what William of Malmef- burie writeth of traffike in his time (about 1139) to Briftowe, in his fourth booke iii g^J^is pontijicum Anglorum^ after this manner: " In the fame valley ftands the famous towne of Briftowe, with an haucn belonging thereunto; which is a commodious and fafe recep- tacle ' PrlgC 623. 1 Vol. xii. p. 213- * '' #8 PROGRESS O F ^f A '/ BOOK tacle for all fhlps dircdling their courfe for the fame ; from Ireland, '■ Norway, and other outlandifli and foren countreys : namely that a region fo fortunate, and blefled with the riches that nature hath vouchfafed thereupon, (hould not be deftitute of the wealth and com- modities of other lands." 1 bwards the clofe of the fourteenth cen- tury it became a place of confiderable commerce ; and was efteemed of fuch importance, that in 1374 it obtained a charter from King Edward the third, conftituting it a county within itfelf : in confider- ation^ fays that great monarch, of the good ferviccs done to us by their Jljipphtg. In 1461 Briftol was become fo confiderable, as to obtain a charter from Edward the fourth, in the firft year of his reign ; ex- empting both the city, and its diflri£t, from the jurifdiftion of the king's admiral both by land and water. London, founded about the year 52, during the reign of Claudius, is mentioned by Tacitus who refided there for fome time, as a place of commerce — Londinum^ copia negotiatorum et commeatUy maxime celeberrimttm : owing to this circumftance it made a more rapid progrefs than its rival Paris, and by the year 1355 had increafed near a tenfold degree in the number of inhabitants. Its coal trade with Newcaftle, which forma another valuable nurfery for feamen, began to be " eftablifhed about the year 1379.— In the eighth volume of Rymer's Foedera '^ we find the following mention of a merchant fliip from London being detained at Lifbon. King Henry the fourth complains to king John of Portugal, that the fhip Thomas of London, of two hundred tons burden, had been violently feized in the port of Lifbon ; having befides the commander, a merchant, and a purfer (burfa-magtjler) belonging to her : her lading, taken in at Lifbon, was oil, wax, and fundry other wares j and the owner valued her freight at fix hundred crowns. — . ■ ■- '•" I' Andcrfon, vol. i. p. 370. » Page 727. •S MARITIME DISCOVERY. 29 . It might be deemed inattentive to notice a maritime occupation, fo Ch. I. § i. much connefted with the interefts of Great Britain as the coal trade, 'MolrTm^, and which certainly has a confiderable efFe Hakluyt iaforms us '', that towards the clofe of the fourteenth century, an Englifli fhip from Newcaftle of 200 tons burden ; on hei: voyage up the Baltic Sea towards Pruflia, was captured by fome fliips belonging to Wifmer, and Roftock. This circumftance is thus quaintly noticed, in the ftate paper drawn up as a pacific agreement between Henry the fourth, and the cities of Lubcc, Bremen, Ham- burg, Sund, and Gripefwold : " About the feaft of Eafter- in the yeere of our Lord 1394, Henry Van Pomeren, Godekin Michael, Clays Shcld, Hans Howfoote, Peter Howfoote, Clays Boniface, Rainbek, and many others ; with them of Wifmer and of Roftok j being of the focietie of the Hans, tookc by maine force a Ihip of Newcaftle ■• Vol. i. page 166. MARITIME DISCOVERY. ^ Newcaftle upon Tine, called Godezerb, failing upon the fea to- Ch. I. § i. wards Pruflia, being of the burthen of two hundred tunnes, and be- MJJnUi'p^j, longing unto Roger de Thorneton, Robert Gabiford, John PauUn, ff<"<«>' '^"•'"y - and Thomas de Ghefter : which (hip, together with the furniture thereof, amounteth unto the value of foure hundred pounds : alfo . the woollen cloth, the red wine, the golde, and the fummes of money contained in the faid (hip, amounted unto the value of 200 marks of Englifh money : moreover they unjuftly flew John Patanfon, and John RuflTell, in the furprifing of the fhippe and goods aforefaide, and there they imprifoned the fayde parties taken, and, to their utter undoing, detayned them in prifon for the fpace of three whole yeeres." The flyp's cargo was worth about one thoufand pounds of our prefent money. This maritime (late paper tends to illudrate the naval chara^er of Great Britain during the reign of Richard the fecond ; and clearly proves that its enterprifing fpirit ftruggled with a moft powerful ob- ftacle, in the domineering fupremacy of the Hans-Towns. This alone • was fufficient to reprefs whatever the glowing mind of our mariners might have attempted, or the induftry of our merchants might have explored ; and certainly had a confiderable influence in reftraining the genius of our countrymen from taking an early ' lead in the progrefs of maritime discovery : (hips that failed from the principal com- t . ,« mercial * Evert when Camoens wrote the firft books of his LusiAn, which his elegant tranflator Mickle conjeftures to have been about the reign of Henry the VIII, of fo little importance - did England appear in the commercial and maritime fcale, that the poet in his defcription of Europe (/oo/{ lie third.) entirely omits this countr)' : and in the beautiful epifoAe f hoi tbt fixlh) rclpefting the chivalry of the twelve Englifli knights, fo intimately connctled with the hillory of Portugal, which Veloso introduces to cheer his companions of the mid-watch, Camoens merely notices England as being always covered with fnow : *. ' < I " La na grande Inglaterra, que de Boreal femper abunda — " neve %\. .> VOL. I. G 4* PROGRESS OF BOOK merclal marts in the kingdom were plundered without remorfe, and ' their crews murdered. King Henry cites no lefs than twenty-eight inftances in his treaty of pacification : but I fhall only add the follow- ing, to the one already given : " Item, in the yeere of our Lorde 1402, certaine of the Hans, of Roftok, and of Wifmer, tooke upon the coaft of England neere unto Plimmouth, a certaine barge called the Michael of Yarmouth (whereof Hugh ap Fen was the owner, and Robert Rigweys the matter), laden with bay fait, to the quan- titie of 130 wayes, and with a thoufand canvafle clothes of Britaine, and doe as yet detaine tire faide goods in their pofleffion ; the faide Hugh being endamaged, by the lolTe of his {hip, and of his goods aforefaid 800 liobles ; and the forefaid matter and the mariners loofing, in regard of their wages, canvas ^ and armoury 200 nobles." Owing to thefe depredations which were encouraged by the Hans Towns ; to the •* piracies and cruel condud of the feamen of the Cinque Ports ; and to the prevailing diflike for merchant ftran- gers, who were alone fupported by the ' favour of thofe in power ; England was later than the kingdoms both of Portugal and Spain, in renewing the progrefs of maritime difcovery : yet ftill, even before this period, fhe had formed a moft refpedable naval force. Richard Coeur de Lion in the year 1 189, when he joined the crufade, drew up at Chinon in France fome curious ' regulations for his navy ; which Hackluyt ■' «' The mariners of the Cinque-Ports having provided a powerful fleet, fcoured the feas, and greatly interrupted trade ; fcizing every fliip they met, and Ijarbaroufly butchering their crews, whether they were foreigners, or their own countrymen ; they threw their bodies into the fea, and applied the fliips, and cargoes, to their own ufe." Chronicon Tho, Wykes, ad ann. 1264 } cited by Henry, vol. viii. p. 338. 8vo. ed. ' Henry's Hid. vol. viii. p. 336. ♦ The Laws, and Ordinances appomttd by Richard thejirjlfor his Navy. I, That whofo killed any pcrfoii on fhipboord, fliould be tied with him that was flaine, and ihrowen Into the fca. » a. And o MARITIME DISCOVERY. 43 Hackluyt has inferted (vol. ii. p. 21.) from Foxe's ads and monu- Ch. i. ^ 1. mcnts of the church of England. This monarch alfo on his return, mLTH^M, after being releafed from his cruel imprifonmentin Germany, cnafled /y: v.«>' ciMu,y, in 1 1 94 the famous -code of marine laws, ftylcd The Laws of Oleron ; Vijjiich (hall bfe* i^oticcd more fully in another part of this work. T|iefe laWs fucceeded to the ftatutcs of Rhodes, and at pre- ient . formi ^c foundation of our judicial proceedings in maritime caufes : th\|^, occupy forty-feven chapters, and are inferted in Go- dolnhin's vi^' of the admiralty jurifdi59 Loo — Shippes • 20 Poole — Shippes 4 Mariners . 3'5 Mariners • 94 Talme — Shippes - 2 Warham — Sluppes 3 , Mariners - 47 Mariners 59 Fowey or Foy — ■ Shippes - 47 Swanzey^ Shippes I Mariners - 770 Mariners 29 nriflol— Shippes - 22 Ilfercombe — Shippes 6 Mariners . 608 Mariners 79 VTtnmouth— Shippes - 2 Patrkhjlotue or Shippes 2 Mariners • 25 Padftow Mariners . 27 Hajl'mgi — Shippes - 5 Polertuan — Shippes I Mariners - 95 Mariners 60 Romney— Shippea ' - 4 IVadwortl— Shippes I Mariners - 65 Mariners H f Rye- Shippes - 9 Kardife— Shippes I Mariners - 156 Mariners 51 HUhe- Shippes - 6 Brldg-jiater— Shippes I Mariners - 121 Mariners »5 Shoreham— Shippes - 20 Kaermarthen— Shippes I »■•* Mariners - 3*9 Mariners 16 SofordorSeJord- -Shippes - 5 Caikchefworth- - Shippes I Mariners - 80 Mariners 12 Newmouth — Shippes - 2 Mulbrooie — Shippes 1 - -; Mariners - »8 Mariners • 12 . Hamowlhoolie— Shippes ■ 7 Mariners - "7 ^^ ■■'. Summe of the South Fkele Shippes 493 t '< ■ / Mariners 9630 t •'■-■■ * THE NORTH FLEETE. fiambuig— Shippes - I IVakrlch— Shippes > t Mariners - 9 Mariners la Newcajlle — Shippes • 1 7 Hertilpoole — Shippes 5 .' Mariners ■ 3'4 Mariners '45 Full MARITIME DISCOVERY. 47 Hull^ ' Shippes • ti Donwich— Shippes • 6 Ch. I. Si. Mariners - 466 Mariners . 102 Early fuioJi tf Modern Hiftury, 3 frecfding iht Torkt— Shippes - I Orford— Shippes m Mariners - 9 Mariners r. 62 ff"""l> Century. Rauenfer— Shippes - I Goford— • Shippes - »3 Mariners . 27 Mariners . 303 • Woodhoufe— Shippes - I Herwich— Shippes - 1/ . Mariners . 32 Mariners . 28^ ■ Slrokhlthe or Shippes • I Ipfwich — Shippes \. 12 StockhUh Mariners - io Mariners . 239 Barton — Shippes - 3 Merfiy — Shippes . I Mariners • 30 Mariners . 6 Swinefleete — Shippes • I Brighteingfey, Shippes . 5 Mariners - II now Bricielfey Manners . 61 SahJUrt— Shippes • 2 Colebejier — Shippes . 5 Mariners . 49 Mariners . 90 Cr'mejiy — Shippes - II Wh'ttbanet— Shippes . I Mariners - 171 Mariners . »7 IVayntfleel— Shippes - 2 Maiden— Shippes . 2 Mariners • 49 Mariners . 32 Wrangle — Shippes - i Derwen-^ Shippes _ I Mariners > 8 Mariners « IS Lenne or Llnne — Sliippes - 16 Bo/lon— Shippf . 17 Mariners ■ 382 Manners _ 361 £laciney — Shippes - 2 Sivinhumier'^ Shippes . I Mariners • 38 Mariners . 3« Scarborough-— Shippes - I Barton— Shippes • 5 Mariners - '9 Mariners . 91 Ytrnmoulh or Shippes - 43 ' i ' ' . Termouth Mariners 1950 or 1075 r 1 Tl-e Summe of the North Fleete « Shippes 217 ! - 1 - Mariners M»« . Thefumme iotale of all thi ' Engli/h Fleete Shippes' 700 Mariners 14151 • :ti Bayon — EsTRANGERS THEIR SHIfPES AND MAKIHERS. Shippes Mariners 15 Spaynt-^ Shippes 439 Mariners 184 ^Ireland BOOK I. il- i * PROGRESS OF 4 Ireland— Shippe* - i GtUerland— Marinert - t$ . iFlandcn— Shippea - 14 . Marinert - 133 .14 Sliippei Marinert I ' The/umme of all the Eftranger-i \ % Shtppet Mariners 38 805 To the CiN(urE Poart Haftings in Suflex, Dover, Hjthe, Romney, and Sandwich in Kent, were added in 1268 WincheUea and Rye as principals, and fonte otlier towns as members ; though they ftill retained the original appellation. Their merchants were ftyled barons ; four of whom had the privilege of fupportitig the king's canopy at bit coronation, and dining at a table on his right hand. __^,. ^, v. The cominercial treaty with England and Portugal in the year 1308, tUe firft that appears in Rymer's Foedera ""between thefe two ■powers, reftored a friendly intercourfe wltich had long fubfifted be- tween them ; but which the condudl of the Spaniards interrupted, who, under Engliih colours, had attacked and plundered the fhips of Port-ugal. In 138 1 King Richard the fecond, during the fourth year of his reign, palfed the ' firft navigation ad that had been made in England : this was of eflential fervice to the naval inte- reft, and the augmentation of maritime power ; as it in fome meafure broke through the pernicious cuftom that had hitherto prevailed of employing foreign fliips, for the purpofes of commerce or fecurity. It enacted, " that for increafing the (hipping of England, of late much diminifhed, none of the king's fubjefts fliall hereafter fhip any kind of merchandife, either outward or homeward, but only of fhips of the king's fubjedls, on forfeiture of (hips and merchandife • in which (hips alfo, the greater part of the crews (liall be the king's fubjefts." ■ ' During the fourteenth century, and foraconfiderable time afterwards the (hips of war were merchant veflTels, partly hired by the crown, and partly ■■ Rymer, vol. iii. p. 107. , ' , • The firft commercial treaty, 011 reeonl, between England, and a foreign power, was coti . eluded by Henry the third in his minority, 1217, with Haquin king of Norway. MARITIME DISCOVERY. 49 partly fupplied by the Cinque " Ports : the bullets ufed for their ch. i. § i. cannon were long made of ftone : there is preferved in " Rymcr Ml'/trfHipJJ^ an order of Henry the fifth, to the clerk of the works of his ordnance, fft'Ji'bc'Jury. for making feven thoufand ftonc balls for his cannon, of various fize, from the quarries at Maidilone in Kent. But the benefits arifing from the navigation a£t of Richard the fecond, were confiderably abated before the following year had elapfed ; fince it then appears, that where no Englifti fliips were to be had, merchants might export, or import in foreign fliips. — ^Thus did indolence, and ignorance, co- operate to- deprefs the naval charader of England during '' infancy : it however poflefled an energetic fpirit, which no obftacle could fub- due J and like Hercules in the cradle difplayed an early promife of future renown. The legendary tale of Macham, who is reported to have difcovered the r'uad of Madeira in the year 1344, and which in another part " Anderfon extrafls from the Focdera a mandate by king Richard the fecond, in the year 1394 to John Beauchamp, conftable of Dover Caftle, and Warden of the Cinque Ports, re- lative to this fcrvice : the number of fliips to be thus fupplied was fixed at fifteen, well armed ; each having a mailer and twenty men. After failing to whatever port the king fhould ap- point, and continuing there fifteen days at their own cofts, they were to receive the following pay: 1. The Mafter of each (hip fixpence /^r day. " • ■• ■ ; >• \]' ' -, i ■ :' 2. The Conllable, the fame, who probably was commander in chief. 5. Each of (hip's company threepence per day. Henty eftimates, that three halfpence in the fifteenth century, contained as much filver as threepence ; and would purchafe as many of the neceffaries of life, as fifteen pence of our money would do at prefent. (Vol. x. p. 262. 8vo. ed.} When wheat was 6s. ^d. fcr quarter, a famine was dreaded, and the ports were opened for importation. ° Vol. ix. p. 552. , , P A remarkable inllance of the imperfeft Hate of navigation, and of the ideas that prevailed refpefting the perils of a voyage, towards the middle of the fifteentli century, occur in the tenth volume of Rynier's Ftedera ; where a licence Is preferved, which Htiiry the fixth gave the bifliop of Hola in Iceland, to hire the mailer of a London Ihip going thither ; who w;is to be his proxy to vifit that biiliopritk for Iiitn : he, tlic faid bifliop, being afraid of the gieat didance by fea. VOL. I. - - -:■■ H"- ■ •' •■ . ■•'■ ""'''«' ilil'<^ \um : :'J'- '■:m ':-m lljitl" •■■■■ ^^m ■ ■■ xij 5d V u PROGRESS OF In BOOK of this work fliall be confidered more fully, might have had, whe- ,1 ther true or fabulous, a confiderable efFedt in calling the attention of his- countrymen to the fubje£l of maritime difcovery. At the beginning of the fifteenth century, the commerce of England was fo much in-- creafed ; that in 141 3 fevcral merchant fliips failed from London to the " weftern parts of Morocco, laden with wool, and other articles, to the value of twenty-four thoufand pounds; and m 1481, two Eng- nfhmen, under the aufpices of Edward the fourth, and the Duke of Medina Sidonia, undertook a t.'ading voyage to thofe parts of the coafts of Africa, which had then been lately " redifcovered by the Por- tuguefe. During this century the English, by fludying the conftruc- tion of the Venetian and Genoefe carracks, made confiderable im- provements in their naval architedure ; and though their attempts in this fcience were probably but few, the perfons who thus exerted their abilities were treated with a marked refpe£t. Kennedy bifliop of St. Andrew's is celebrated ' for conftruding a veflel of uncommon mag- nitude, called the Bi/bop's Berge ; and John Tavernier of Hull was pointedly diftinguifhed by Henry the fixth, for conftrufling a ihip as large as a great carrack — navem adeo magnam ficut magnam car- rakantf feu majorem^ fays Rymer. — The king ordered it to be called, on account of its fuperior dimenfions, the Grace Dicu Carrack ; and licenfed it (1449) to carry merchandife from the ports of London, Southampton, Hull, and Sandwich, belonging either to Englifh or foreign merchants, and freely to expert it through the Straits of Morocco •■ (Gibraltar) to Italy. The " Verfut paries eccSdentalet per Sftr'iQo* de Marrei, without mentioning any port. Thcfe tftipi were captured by .ne Genoefe. f See page 27, for the difcoveries of the Normau. * Henry's Hiftory, vol. x. p. 274. • Gibraltar was at this time in the hands of the Moors, but was foon afterwards, in 1463, taken from them by the Caftilians. In the geographical trad of Ebn Haukal ( loth century) ft is termci Jtiai al Tarei, and is defcribed as a well inhabited mountain, with villages or. faoall town* on it ; the CKtrcme point and Uft paft Qi4,ndatuit or Spain. P, 25. MARITIME DISCOVERY. 5« The Commons of England in 1442 began to turn their attention Ch. i. $ r. towards the maritime interefts of their country, and brought forward AfX» wj^r/ a Bill for the Guard of the Sea ; in which they afcertained the num- /r/»»r/c'M«r^ ber of (hips, aflefled the wages of feamen, and made an arrangement for the fale of prizes. During the reign of Edward the fourth, we firft meet with Ihips that actually belonged to the king ; yet even thefe were employed by him more in the capacity of a London merchant, than to fuflain the chara^er of a naval monarch. That the Englifti, about the beginning of the fifteenth century, began to indulge an ambition of fliaring the fovereignty of the feas, though then • furpalTed by other kingdoms in maritime experi- ence, we have indubitable and incereftlng proof, front the quaint rhymes of an anonymous author in the year 1433. This venerable portraiture of the commercial character of our ancefliors, which Hackluyt ' has preferved, is termed The Prologue of the Procejfe of the ' Libel . • Dr. Robeitfon in his Prooft and Illuftrallom, fubjoined to the iirft volume of Charles the V. (page 406,) afllgns the following reafons for this affertion : «• During the Saxon Hep- tarchy, England, fplit into many petty kingdoms, which were perpetually at variance with each other ; expofed to the fierce incurfions of the Danes, and other northern pirates ; and funk in barbarity and ignorance, was in no condition to cultivate commerce, or to purfue any fyftem of 'ifcful and falutary policy. When a better profpeft began to open by the union of the kingdom under one monarch, the Norman conqueft took place. This occafioned fuch a violent fhock, as well as fadi a fudden and total revolution of property, that the nation did not recover froir. b during feveial reigns. By the time that the coiiftitution began to acquiie fome liability, and the Englifti had fo incorporated with their conquerors as to become one people, the nation engaged with no lefs ardour than imprudence iu fupport of the preteiilion> of thtir fovereigns to the crown of France, and long wafted its vigour and genius in its v/Ilil efforts to conquer that kingdom. When by ill fucccfit, and repeated Jifappoininu'iits, a pcrimi was at laft put to this fatal phrenzy, and tlie nation beginning to enjoy fomc rcpofe, b:iJ Ici- fure to breathe and to gather new llrength, the dtllrudive wars between the houfes of York 8\nd Lancailer broke o'.it, and involved the kingdom in the worll of all calainities. Tlius iiefides the common obltruftions of commerce occafioned by the nature of the feudal goveni- mtnt, and the ilate of manners during the middle ages, its progccfs in England was relaidtd by peculiar caufes. Such a fuccelTion of events advctfe to tlie Commercial Spirit, wns fnlliinent to have cheeked its growth, although every other cireiimdnnce had favcuired it. The Kiiglifti were accordiiifly one of the hid nations iu Europe who availed tliririfelve-. of ihofe eoiiniiereial advantages wlilch were natural or peculiar to thtir co\intr\ ." ' Vol. I. p. 187. II 2 iiii '■iii *i ¥ "'itlli I I W4 ! 52 "f'!^ . PROGRESS OF h t/4l ^ BOOK LiM of Englijh policie ; exhorting all England to keepe thefea^ and '- namely the narrowe fea : Jheiving what profite commcth thereof ^ and alfo what ivorjhip andfaltiatkn to England^ and to all Engltfbmen, I- *« The True ProcelTe of EnglilTi PoUcie, . . Of utterward to keepe this regne in Of our England ; that no man may deny Her fay of footh but it is one of the bed, Is this— that who feeth South, North, Eaft, and Weft, i ,J*.* Cherifh marchandife, keepe the admiraltie, ,' ' , That we bee mailers of the narrowc fea.— i! V. w ** Tlierefore I caft mee by a little writing f 1 ' *■' ■■4 To (hewe at eye this conchifion ; For confcience, and for mine acqutting Againft God and ageyue abullon, And cowardife, and to our enemies confufion : For foure things our • Noble flieweth to me, » '.• King, fliip, and fwerd, and power of the fea." , T We are informed, in a marginal note, that the Flemings, and others, made the golden coin of King Edward a fubjedl for their rail- lery J and recommended to the Englifh to remove the (hip, and add a fheep : this circumflance is thus noticed in the prologue— VI. *< Where ben our (hips, where ben our fwerdi become i Our enemies bed for the fl>ip» ftt a flieepe 1" He then proceeds. VII. ' " Shall any Prince, what fo be his name, ' Which hatli nobles moch leche ours. Bee lord of the fea ; and Flemings to our blame. Stop us, take us, and fo make fade the flowers Of Englilh ftate, and diileyne our honours ? ' , For cowardife alas it fliould fo bee, 4'; Therefore I ginne to write nowe of the fea." • Alluding to the gold Noble already mentioned, caft by Edward the third. P. 44. Our 'I MARITIME DISCOVERY. S3 Our anonymous author, who feels all the enthufiafm of a poet for Ch. I. § i. the naval interefts of his country, after noticing the various branches Ma/Jn'w^,^, of European commerce in that age, which are introduced at the fpt'i'hcl'Ly. end of this fedion, thus begins his " Woful complaint of lacke of navie if need come : •• For I would witte why now our Nav!e fayleth When manic a foe us at our doore aflayleth ; Now in thefe dayes, that if they come a nede ., " >' ' • What navie (hould we have it is.to drede, In Denmarke were full nobl^ conquerouts In time paft, full worthy, warriours : • * Which when they had their marchants deftroyed * . To poverty they fell } thus were they noyed. And fo they Hand at mifchiefe at this day ; This learned I late well writon, this no nay. Therefore beware, I can no better will, If grace it woll, of other mennis perill. For if marchants were cheriflied to her fpeede, We were not liitely to fayle in any neede ; " _ , If they be rich, then in profgeritee Shal be our Londe, Lords, and Commontee." The author of this commercial prologue has obtained due notice from Anderfon in his chronological dedudlion of the Origin of Com- merce, and from Henry in hie valuable hiftory of England : in the * conclufion of this depending of keeping the feOy which merits the perufal of every one, he appears to have poflefled a juft know- ledge of his countrymen : *« Than I conclude, if never fo much by land Werrc by carres brought unto their hand ; If well the fea were kept In governance, They (hould by fea haue no deliverance : ^ Wee ihould them ftop, and wee fliould them deflroy, At prifoners wee (hould them bring to annoy. And fo wee (hould of our cruell enimiea Make our friends for feare of marchandieE^i II 'mm ,..-4 Hti'^'--^ Haklwyt, vol. i. p. 19J. 1. 33. Ibid, p. 197. M BOOK I. PROGRESS OF V If they were not fuffered for to pafle Into FUnden. But wee befrayle as glaji, Jnd alfo brUlle I not thought nivtriAiding, But when grace Jimethfoone are weejluiing.'* I (hall only at prdfent extrad another paflage from thU anony. mous writer, which gives a maritime view of " Ireland in thofe days ; and (hews his opinion of the neceflity of a perfect Union between the two kingdoms : *« The Irlfhrnen have caufe like to oiTTt , . • Our land and hers together to defend ; \ , That no enemie (bould hurt ne offend >, •.. ^ I Ireland ne U8 ; but as one commontie ' Should heipe well to keepe about the fea: For they have havens great, and goodly bayet* Sure, wyde and deepe, of good aflayes, \ ,■ AtWaterfoid; and Coves, many one : i And as men fayne in England, be there none ' • • • * ■ "f » Better havens (hips in to ride, .. . > No more fure for enemies to abide. Why fpeake I thus fo much of Ireland : . , ^ For all fo much as I can undcrltaiid. It is fertile for things that there doe growe "■ And multiplien; loke who luft to knowel '• >''♦'* ;' ' So large, fo good, and fo commodious, . .m : ;>i . C , TJiat to declare is ftrange and marvailous." |. . ! The various and extenfive fifheries, which at prefent form fo aJ;nlrab1e a nurfery for our fcamen, were in earlier ages the firft, and principal feature of naval power, in all maritime countries. tk) far back as the year 836, we are informed by Anderfon, that fomc writers fpcak of the inhabitants of the Netherlands reforting TO Scotland, for the purpofe of buying falteJ fifh of the Scotch fuhcrmen : a trade, thus early commenced, gradually led to the crtablKhrnent of maritime power. The commerce which this na- tion carried on with Flanders, Brabant, and other parts of the Ne- thcrkinds, * HukUiyt, vol. i. p. jQtj. 1. 14. MARITIME DISCOVERY. 99 therlands, about the year 1302, appears by the liberal ' anfwer, which Ch. i. § 1. Robert Earl of Flanders made to Edward the firft of England, m>v„« i/,iur,, who had requeued him to prevent it. — Our country of Flanders is fifutmb cmurv. common to all the worlds where every per/on Jinds free admijjion. Nei- ther can we withhold this privilege from perfons concerned in commerce^ ^ without bringing ruin and deJlru£lion on our country. If the Scots come into our ports y and our fubje£ls go to theirs ; it is not tber£by our intention^ nor that ofourfuhjeSis^ to encourage them in their error ; but merely to carry on our trajic^ without taking part with them. Notwithftanding the obftacles, which Edward the firfl thus endeavoured to oppofe to the riflng maritime charafter of the Scots ; they had the addrefs, dunng the reign of Richard the fecond, to procure a treaty of free navigation with England :. accordingly,, in the truce made during the year 1386, between the Lord Nevill warden of the Eaft Marches ef England, and the Earls of Douglas and March, wardens of the Eaft Marches of Scotland- — H is accordit^ thatfpecial affurance fall be on the SeCyfra the wat^r of Spee^ to the water of Tamyfe^for all mer- chandes ofbofb the roiolmes^ and their godes. The Maritime Power of Scotland was confiderably injured, at the beginning of the fifteenth century, from the fuccefsful expedition under Sir Robert Umfreville, vice-admiral of England, in the year 1410 ; who had long blocked up the port of Lelth with ten fhips of war : he brought home in triumph fourteen ^all fhips^ and burnt many others, with the great galliot of Scotland. The Scots, how- ever, throughout the fifteenth century, never loft fight of the im- portance of their fifheries: and by an a£t of parliament (1471) it was ordained, " That the lords fpiritual and temporal, and burowes, gar mak greit fchippis, bufches, and uther grcit. pinkboiltis, with nettis and abelzements for fifching ; for the common gude of the realme, and the great entres of ryches, to be brought within the realme, of uther * countries." 1 Ryner't F«d«r«, toI. ili. p. 771. When * A£ts James III* ch. 60. m : m m^ IJ O O K I. P R O G R E S S O F When King James the firft, of Scotland, was in 1424 releafed from his long captivity in England of eighteen years, the towns of Edin- burgh, Perth the ancient metropolis, Dundee and Aberdeen, iflued obligatory letters, tnider their fcals, as collateral fecurity for the payment of their monarch's ranfom. This is a proof of their being eftcerncd, at this period, confiderable places in Scotland, both in point of general commerce, and of Ihlpping. The city of Glafgow did not appear nndcr its mercantile, and opulent character, until about the year 1430. The lirft promoter of commerce in that city is re- corded to have been a Mr. Elpiiingston, of a noble family, who fettled there, after the return of James from England. The moft ancient ports on the eaft coaft of Scotland, advantageoufly fituared for the trade of Norway, the Baltic, Germany, and Hol- land, befides that of Dundee already mentioned, were thofe of Aberdeen, Montrofe, Dyfart, Kirkaldie, Leith, Borrowllonnefs, and Dunbar. During the reign of James the third, of Scotland, a confiderable rcftraint was laid on maritime euterprife, by the law which allowed all his mariners to be cowards with impunity, from St. Simon's and St. Jude's day (Odtober 28) to Candlemas: failing being efteemed particularly dangerous during this period, an embargo was accord- ingly laid, for that * time, on all the fliipping of Scotland. In the year 1466, the ftaple for the merchants of Scotland was removed from *■ Bruges in Flanders to Middleburg ; and not long after- wards to its prcfent refort, Campvere in Zealand. It was ufual in this century for the prelates, lords, and barons of this kingdom, to be their own merchants ; which, though it muft have (hackled the general interefts of commerce, yet at the fame time tended to cherifli a naval charader in the country, and in fome degree aflbciated it with the higher orders of fociety. --,.. K " The II Yt Acls Jaraes III. ch. i8. " Ibid, ch. 19, 20. MARITIME DISCOVERY. W The kingdom of Spain, though it appeared next to Portugal in Ch. i. ^ i. the progrcfs of maritime difcovery, was a mere fcion in this refpeft ; Mjlfn'iijo'i, taken from an older tree, which the (late of Genoa had long culti- /.yCl/fcv, '.,,. vated. Columbus, a Genoefe, having firft offered hi« fervices to Portugal, and other countries, in vain, at length forced them on the attention of Ferdinand and Ifabella. The fame caufes, mentioned by Dr#Robertfon, which have been al- ready noticed as preventing England from attaining an early mari- time afcendency, had an equal effect on Spain : but for the fortunate circumftance above mentioned, that kingdom would have appeared equally late in the progrefs of difcovery. In the hiftorical intro- duQion which my Father prefixed to his valuable * letters on the Spaniih nation, he has tranflated the judicious remarks of the '^ Mar- quis de Mondecar on their hiilorians ; which, in a concife manner, clearly trace the rife and progrefs of the kingdom of Spain from the innumerable petty ftates, into which it was originally feparated. After being invaded by the Vandals, the Suevi, the Goths, and the Moors i the mountaineers of the Afturias, having fliaken off the yoke they had impatiently fuftained, revived the power of the Goths, by placing Don Pclayo, a prince of the blood, on the throne j who headed thofe nobles that retired to the mountains after the fatal battle of Xeres : and thus the firft monarchy was eftablifhed. As the chriftians gained ground on the infidels, other kingdoms gra- dually fucceeded ; until the different independencies that arofc amounted to nearly as many as there were provinces : thefe were gradually loft in the refpeflive fovereignties of Castile and Arra- OON ; which were afterwards united by the ' marriage of Ferdinand and « Letters concerning the Spanidi nation, written at Madrid during the years 1760, an J J761, by the Rev. Edward Clarke, chaplain to the embafly. . " Noticia de los mas principales hiftoriadorcs de Efpana, par el Marquis de Mondecar, 4 vol. folio. ' Dr. Robtrtfon dates this event from the year 148 1 ; Voltaire, and the authors of the Modern Unlverfal Hillory refer it to 1469. As the alliance was fought by the king of Por^ VOL. I. I tugal, • m ■feife i?i^; 1* BOOK I. PROGRESSOF and Ifabella. The Spanifli troops took Gibraltar from the Moors In 1463, and fubdued their kingdom of * Granada in 1492 ; and thus the independence of Spain became finally confirmed : but before this was effected, according to the magnificent ftyle of the Spanifh hiftorians, eight centuries of almofl uninterrupted war elapfed, and three thoufand fcven hundred battles had been fought. Though Alphonfo the eleventh, king of Caftile, is thought to have compofed his famous agronomical tables, about the year 1253, and was the celebrated mathematician of that age ; we do not find that fuch refearches were of any fervice, in promoting the progrefs of either maritime difcovery, or the interefts of commercial intercourfe. In 1308 fome attempts were made, by the firfl ' treaty that appears between England and the monarchs of Caflile, to eflablifh peace be^ tween the two countries ; and to open a maritime intercourfe for trade. During the war carried on between England and France in the year 1340, an order was ifTucd by King Edward the third, for the protedion, and fafeguard of the Spanifli merchant fliips, trading from Caflile, Catalonia, and Majorca, in great numbers to Flanders ; and, about the fame time, their large fliips of burden, which derived a name from the Spanifli word Caraca^ and anfwer in fome refpedt to what are now ftyled galleons ; began to make a formidable ap- pearance on the ocean, both from their fize and ftrcngth. To fuch a degree had the dread of them increafed by the year 1350 ; that the fame Englifli monarch, who only ten years before had ordered his fubjeds to allow thofe fliips to pafs unmolefted, thea defired ■ his ' /' '' bifliops. • '.. .= -•'>. ; j.ft ♦ t. tugal, and alfo by th: king of France for V.i brother, the marriage was performed at firft in fecrct at Valladolid by the archbifhop of Toledo, which may have occalioiied an uncertainty refpcfting the date. • The conqiieft of the lad Mahometan power in Spain required fix years to cffcft. For this fervice Ferdinand obtained the title of Catholic, from the Pope. Henry the feventh of Eng- land ordered a tt Dtum to be performed in St. Faui't cathedral to folemnizc the event. ' Rymcr'a Foederai vol, iii. p. ii2. • Page 679. / MARITIME DISCOVERY. 59 bifliopa, and clergy — " to put -up prayers, make proceflions, fay Ch. I. § i. maflcs, and to diftribute alms, for the appcafing of God's anger ; in m'J/SISuj, that the Spaniards had not only taken and dcdroyed many Englilh %','.n'l c^Lry . fhips, and much merchandife of wines coming from Bourdeaux, and alfo of wool, and killed the men ; but were now arrived to fuch a degree of pride, that having drawn together a vaft armed fleet on the coaft of Flanders, well furnifhed with foldiers, they threatened no Icfs than the total deftrudlion of the Englifli navy j and boaftcd, that they would reign mafters of the Englifli fcas, and even that they would invade our kingdom, and fubdue our people :" threats, which at the beginning of the ninteenth century can hardly be credited. Thefe carracks of Spain, are defcribed by hiftorians as huge floating cadles ; and prove, that even at this period, Spain was fkilful in naval architedlure, and condrudted her fliips on a larger fcale than thofe of other nations. The Engli(h monarch however dared to oppofe their fleet; and embarking with the Prince of Wales, the Earls of Lancafter, Northampton, Warwick, Salisbury, Arundel, Hunting- ton, and Glocefter, fell in with the enemy off Winchelfea, and ob- tained a complete viflory : taking " twenty-fix of their bcft fhips, laden with rich merchandife, which doubtlefs ferved Co improve the models of the Englifh fhipwrights. The Spaniards, however, feem at this period to have poflfefl!ed the unfubdued ardour of maritime enterprife. When the truce had expired, which they concluded with England, after the above defeat, for twenty years ; they in 1372, combined with the French fleet, furprifed an inferior fquadron of the Englifli, under the command of the Earl of Pembroke ; totally defeated it, and took that nobleman prifoner. The Englifh were going to the relief of Rochelle, *> Burchctt, in his Naval Hiftory, makes the number taken only feventcen ; and declares, that the retnuiodcr efcapcd with difficulty under covert of the night. la i 'Hi ' ' ,/ri' ' 'iiii. i;!-ii (i#**'11 6o .f PROGRESS OF }\U. BOOK Rochelle, then befieged by th« Fifnch, and had twenty thoufand' — — ^ marks on board for the payment of their army. The difcovery of the Canary Iflands by the Normans between the years 1326, and 1334, induced a Spaniih nobleman, Don Luis, to procure a grant of them from the Pope : thele, as well as the Cape de Verd Iflands, have improperly been efteemed the Fortunate Iflands of Ptolemy ; and, as fuch, were fought for by ' John de Betan- court. Sugar, mentioned by the Greek writer Paulus Mgineta^ as reed or cane honey, came originally to China by way of the £aft Indies and Arabia : an attempt was made in Sicily to cultivate fome plants, which had been brought from Afia, about the middle ©f the twelfth century. Herrera obferves, that formerly fugar grew in Valencia, probably brought thither by the Arabian Moors : thence it was tranfmitted to Granada, and afterwards to the Canary Ifles. Ludovico Guicciardini, enumerating the goods imported into " Ant- werp about the ye»r 1500, mentions the fugar received from Spain and u.' > lit;.; . •- , ..'/i-. ■• '. . ''•■- ^^- , - ',, .-,.- .■ . ■ i-.\ -, ' For a more particular account the reader is referred to the Apjffcndix, F. " * The firft time that Antwerp is mentioned in hiftory is in the year 5 1 7, when, as Mafcou relates in his Hi ,ory of the ancient Germans, Theodoric the baftard fon of Clovis, king of the Franks, drove the Danes or Normans from A'ntwerp. Wheeler, who was fecretary to the Engiiih Mtrchant-AJventureri Company, and publiftied in 1601 a quarto trcalife on commerce relates, " that in the year 1444 tlie iaid company, under its then name of the Merchants of the Brotherhood of St. Thomas a Becket, quitted their refidence at Middleburg in Zealand, then judged unhealthy, and fettled at Antwerp; where," fays he, ■ and at Bcrgen-op Zoom, the company.has for the moil part rclidcd : fave that in king Henry the eighth's reign, they re- moved to CahU for a time ; till, by the catntll inteiceffion of the lady Margaret the Duchefs of Snvoy, thty fettled again in the loiv countries at Middleburg, and afterwards at Antwerp ; on thtir arrival at which lall named city, tiiey were met by the magiilrates and citizens witli. out the town, and condiKflod with fokmnity to an entertainment." He adds, " that wlien Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, firll granted privileges to this company, in the year 1446, under the name of the En^lijh Nation" a name, fays Wheeler, tliey have ever fmte been known by there, <' there were but four merchants in llie city of Antwerp, and only fix vellels, merely for river navijration, they luiving then no Maritime Trade : but in a few years after this company's fettling there, tliat city had a great number of (hips belonging to it, wlierehy it was. foQU much culuigcd ; and houfts therein, which ufed to be let for forty or fixty dollars, MARITIME DISCOVERY, «fl and Portugal as a contiderable article ; which he confiders as the Ch. I. ^ i. produce of the Madeira and Canary iflands. Spain therefore, at ^Jl^^'np^, the period we are about to confider, was poflefled of a powerful fifuntict^wj, marine force ; and difplayed a greater extent of commerce than her prefent fituation might have led us to fuppofe. ■■■p-^ .' > j , The inhabitants of Catalonia and Arragon, even after they were refcued from the Moors, difplayed confiderable remains of the bold- nefs. and impatient ferocity of the Saracens ; and fupported a cha- racter, on which a difpofition for maritime difcovery might have been engrafted with fuccefs. The principality of Catalonia, then annexed to that of Arragon, was fo favourably fituated in this refpeft; that we foon behold a germe of the naval oak again unfolding its embryon powers. Edward the third of England, in 1353, granted his protedtion, and a liberty of commerce, to the merchants of Cata- lonia, fubjeds of his kinfman, the king of Arragon ; that they might freely refort to England, with their (hips and merchandife, and there buy wool, leather, and lead. De Mailly's hiftory of Genoa, in- forms us, that fome years fubfequent to this, the Catalans had ob- tained fuch an increafe of naval power, as to contend at fea with Genoa, and capture fome of her richeft Ihips : during the year 141 1, the Catalans proceeded to threaten a defcent on the ifle of Chios, be- longing to the latter ftate, but were repulfed with lofs. Their capital, »:■--,■ ' ■ "^ '• Barcelona, '* 1' were now, that is in the year 1601, let for three hundred or four hundred, and fome for eiirht hundred dollars yearly rent." We are however, fubjoins Anderfon, to dillinguilh carefully between this company, and that of the merchants of the ftaple, which wai, in the year 1313, fixed at Antwerp ; but was merely for wool, and at a time when commerce was, every where wellward, at a low ebb : whereas, the other comj)any was for wool, woollen elotli, leather, lead, tin, and all other Englifli (laple wares, and in a time of much more advanced Hate ol' commerce. During the war, which the Vkinlngs, in 14B2, commenced wiili their prince the arch-dnke Maximilian, Shiys the celebrated port of Bruges was much injured : which both ilie inhabitants of Antwerp and Amilerdam turned to their future advantage ; and began to par- take in the vali commerce of Bruges. This the city of Antwerp gradually augnuutiiig, in the year 1516 fhe fucceedtd to the trade of Bruges, for nearly a cciituiy ; which ihe toiUiiuicd' to fuppott, until in turn fl»e yielded the fway of Commerce to Amilerdam. ! I 'n iT. ., ij HI* I 111"! fe " - ^ '^ PROGRESS OF l^ '^ ^' JJ o o K Barcelona, in point of dimenfions, was compared ' by H. Paulas, — — ^ in 149 1, with the city of Naples; and vied with Florence in the elegance of its buildings, and the variety of manufa•- To refrefli the memory of thofe, who have already confidered that portion of commercial hiftory on which I have dwelt in the preceding pages ; and to inftruA others, who may be unacquainted with a fubje£t fo intimately connedted with the progrefs of mari- time difcovery, is the objeA of the prefent fedtion. In contem- plating a fcene of fuch extent, I have endeavoured rather to form an outline of its mod leading features, than to make a regular or finifhed difplay of the whole view : beyond this neither the limit or intention of the work allowed me to advance. It appeared to me, that a preliminary " furvey of this nature was equally eflential, as an ' Hicron. Paulus ap. Schottum Script. Hifp. li. 844. "■ To what I liave already inferted, the following cxtraA by Mr. Mickle from the work of Far'ia y Sm/a, which gives a view of the commerce of the caftem world, and the channels into which it flowed ie/ore the arrival of the Portuguefe, forms a valuable addition. *• Before thefe our difcoveries, the fpicery and riches of the eaftern world were brought to Europe with great charge and immenfe trouble. The merchandife of the clove of Malacca, the mace and nutmeg of Banda, the fandal-wood of Timor, the camphire of Borneo, the gold and filver of Luconia, the fpices, drugs, dyes> and perfumes, and all the van'oiis riches of China, Java, Siam, and the adjacent kingdoms, centered in 'he city of Malaca, in the golden •CherroDcfus. Hither all the traders of the countries, as far weft as Ethiopia and the Red Seaj MARITIME DISCOVERY. 6S ati hiftorical memoir of commerce, and the progrefs of maritime Ch. i. § i.. difcovery, during the periods of ancient hiftory ; and that without mLTHiftiry, fuch an illuftration, the minds botl: of the learned and unlearned fifteenth Cintury. reader, would enter on the gloriou; .iubjedt of the fucceeding pages, without being previoufly impreflcd with a jufl idea of the naval cha- rader of Europe, at the period when the Pbrtuguefe difcoveries began. For the fame reafon, I fhall fubjoin a further extraft from the va- luable Prologue of the Procejfe of Engli/h Pol'tcie^ already noticed ; as giving a general view of mercantile tranfaftions in every country we have confidered, in or near the year 1430. On this occafion I have • preferred the mode, in which Mr. Anderfon has condenfed the words of this maritime poet, to its original and more venerable ftrudure, " From Spain come wines, figs, raifins, dates, llquorirti, oil, grai" (^;.•^bably for dyers^, foap,Avax, iron, n'ool, wadmol, kid (kins, faffron, and quickfllver ; all which," fays our author, •* are tranfported to Bruges, the then grtat emporium of Flanders, by her haven of Sluys, where are fo many fair and large (hips : but then," fays our poet, " they muft all pafs between Dover and Calais." «« From Flanders, the Spanifh (liips lade homewards fine cloth of Ypres, and of Courtray, of all colours ; much fuftian, and alfo linen cloth. Thus," fays he, «« if we be maf- ters at fea, both Spain and Flanders, who have fueh a mutual dependence on each other, muft rvi ■ t. - ■ ; ■ ■ _■ .' neceflarily Sea, reforted ; and bartered their own commodities for thofe they received : for filver and gold were eftecmed as the lea(t valuable articles. By this trade the great cities of Calicut, Cami- BAYA, Ormuz, and Aden, were enriched ; nor was Malaca, the oaly fource of their wealthi The weftern regions of Afia had full pofTeflion of the comineroe of the rubies of Pe6u, the filks of Bengal, the pearls of Calicare, the diamonds of Narsinca, the cinnamon and rubies of Ceylon, the pepper, and every fpicery of Malabar; and wherever in the eaftcrn iflands and (hores, nature had lavifhed her various riches. Of the more weftern commerce Ormuz was the great mart ; for from thence the ealkrn rommodities were conveyed up the Perlian Gulph to Bassora on the mouth of the Euphrates ; and from thence diltributed in caravans to Armenia, Tkebisond, Tartarv, Aleppo, Damascus, and the port of Barut on the Mediterranean. Suez on the Red Sea was aUb a inoft important mart. Hen; the caravans loaded and proceeded to Grand Cairo, from whence the Nile conveyed tlieir riches to Alexandria ; at which city, and at Barut, fome Europeans, the Venetians in partlcu- lar, loaded their vefiels with the riches of the caileni world ; which at immenfe prices thej- dil\ributcd throughout Europe." I ,#t^l {| H V >i H P R O G R E S S OF H A T^ BOOK "tccflailly keep meafmcB witli ns. And If England Aould think fit to deny to Flanders ]it\ !• wool and t.'n ; and fliould alfo prevent th;; Spanifli wool, whicli they work up with EiiglilU wool, from getting to Flanders ; the laft named fmall country would foon be ftarved," " Portugal is our friend; it fenJ» much mcrchandife into England, and our people refort thither for trade. They have wines, ofey, wax, grain, f\g3, raifins, dates, honey, cor- dovan leather, hides, Jcc. all which arc carried in great quantities to Flanders," ( which our author here juftly terms, the ftaple at that time for all Cliriilendom ;) «' and as Portugal u elleemed changeable, ftie is in our power, whillt we are mailers of the narrow fcas." " Bretagne fupplies Flanders with fait, wines, linen, and canvas. Tiie Bretons, cfpc- cially thofe of St. Maloes," whom their Dukes, who were generally friend* to EDgland, could feldom keep under due fubjedion, " have been great fea robbers ; and liave often done much hurt on our coafts, landing, killing, and burning, to our great difgrace : whereas if we kept poffelTion of the Narrow Seas, they durft not be our foes." *' Scotland's commodities are wool, woolfels, and hides; their wool is fen t to Flan- ders to be draped, though not fo good as the Engliih wool, with which it is there worked up. The Scotch muft pafs by the Engliih coaft in their way to Flanders, and may therefore be eafily intercepted. Scotland brings from Flanders fmall mercery," which, in thofe times, meant many kinds of fmall wares, " and haberdafhery ware in great quantities : moreover, one half of the Scottirti fhips arc generally laden home from Flanders with cart wheels and wheel-barrows." " The Easterlings, Prussia, and Germanv, fend beer and bacon into Flanders; Ofmond, copper, bow-lbves, fteel, wax, peltry, pitch, and tar, fir, oak boards, Cologne thread, wool cards, fuftians, canvas, and buckram. And they bring back from Flanders, fil- Ter plate and wedges of filver, which come to Flanders in great plenty from Bohemia and Hungary, alfo woollen cloths of all colours. They alfo venture greatly into the Bay (of Bifcay) for fait, fo neceflary for them : all which they could not do without our per- miflioii, if we kept the narrow feas." " Genoa reforts to England in her huge fliips named Carracks, bringing many com. modities ; as cloth of gold, filk, paper, much woad, wool," (of Spain, probably,) " oil, cotton, rock allum, and gold coin. And they bring back from us wool and woollen cloth, made with our own wool : they alfo often go from England to Flanders, where their chief llaple is : fo that the Genoefe we have likewife in our power." " The Veketians and Florentines, in their great Gallies, bring all forts of fpicei and grocery wares, fweet wines, and a great variety of fmall wares and trifles, drugs, fugar, &c. And from us they carry home wool, cloth, tin, and our gold coins. They alfo deal much in ufury, both in England and Flanders." — This fliews that the balance was then againft us with thofe Italian republics. " To the Brabant marts, which we call fairs, we fend Engliih cloth, and bring back mercery, haberdafhery, and groceiy." •' To M A R I T I M E D r S C O V E R Y. , ' ^-' " To thofe marts repair the I'liglidi, French, Catalans, Lombards, Genocfc, Scots, Spa- Cli. I. W. niards; and the Irifh alfo live ihcrt, and deal in great quantilios of hides, kc." But he adds, lifr/y perkiii of as he fays, on good authority, '* The Englifli buy more goods at thofe marts, than all the err.«//"r th"^' other nations do together. Wherefore," fays he, " let us keep the fca well, and they muft /•/'""'I' Century. be our friends." And here he laments, with great propriety, the negleft of our (hipping for the guard of tlu f:-a. " Bkabaht, Holland, and Zealand, afforded little merchandife pioperly of their own, but madder and woad for dyers, garlick, onions, and fait fi(li : For the other articles of rich merchandife which the Engliflt buy at their marts, come in carts over land from Burgundy, Cologne, &c." " Ireland's commodities arc hides and fifli, as falmon, herrings, and hake; wool, linen cloth, and fkins of wild hearts," (here we may remark the antiquity of a linen manufaAure in Ireland). " To keep Ireland in obedience to us is of great importance, and cannot be done without our being mafters at fea. The fame may alfo be faid in refpc£t to Calais." To this abflradl of Commercial Hiftory I wifh to add a few remarks, fomewhat out of the limit of time I had afTigned myfelf in this fedion, which tend further to iliuftrate the fubjed of this work, and to prepare the minds of my readers for an unprejudiced perufal. The general idea which prevailed refpe£ting the fouth polar regions, until the Portuguefe had made a confiderable progrefs in maritime difcovery ; was founded on an error originating in Ptolemy, that the continent of Africa extended in breadth towards the weft ; the countries alio in the torrid zone were deemed uninhabitable, accord- ing to the opinion of the ancients. Venice, and Europe in ge- neral, had been greatly indebted to the voyages of " Marco Polo* a Venetian nobleman, who about the middle of the thirteenth cen- tury penetrated into the diftant regions of Afia, as far as the frontier • of China : yet the eaftern part of India was but imperfedly known ; and it was the opinion of the age that this country was the next land to the weft of Spain. Tht account given by Antonio Galvano ° of a chart of Africa, one hundred and twenty years old, copied from the manufcripts of Marco Polo, which had been found in tlie monaftery of " See Appendix E. VOL. I. ° Appendix, p. 1 1. Gahano's Progrefs of Maritime D./hvery, K ^'fii'-'i V^: 'i. !i 66 PROGRESS OF BOOK of Acobofa d'lring the year 1526, a confiderable time after the " voyage of De Gama ; was an idle talc fabricated by Venetian difap- pointinent, to difcredit the maritime reputation of Henry Duke of Vised. This illuftrious prince, finding, by the obfervations of his navigators, that the African coaft extended at lead to the line, and, hearing from the moft refpedable travellers that the Arabian fea , waihed its eaftern limit, firft furmifed that this continent was ter- minated by a fouthern promontory. ' When the Portuguefe renewed the progrefs of maritime difcovery, and at length attained the gratification of commercial hope, the dif- covery of the Cape ; all European intercourfe with India had nearly centred in the republic of Venice. Denina, in his Revolutions of Italy, tranflated by the Abbe Jardin, affirms, that Venice was at this time fuperior, in naval power, to all the commercial ftates that appeared in the Mediterranean : about the year 1420, this republic fupported three thoufand merchant fhips, on board of which were feventeen thoufand feamen : (he employed alfo three hundred fail of fuperior force, manned by eight thoufand feamen ; and had alfo forty- five carracks with eleven thoufand men to navigate " them : her public and private arfenals at this time employed fixteen thoufand carpenters. The expences requifite to fit out a fquadron for difco- very, and to have continued its progrefs, muft have been very heavy to any kingdom, and almoft ruin to individuals, in an age when the ^ intereft of money was at twenty per cent, and upwards : even over this refource, Venice had a commanding influence by the firft eftablifhment of a bank In Europe about the year 1 157 : the pe- riod of the commercial afcendency of the Italian ftates, during which the intereft of money continued moft exorbitant, extended from the clofe of the eleventh century to the beginning of the fixteenth. Thus • Mar. Sanuto Viie de Duchi di Venczia, ap. Mur. Script. Rcr. Ital. vol. xxi'i. p. 959. P Philip IV. of France fixed the intereft to be demanded at the fairs of Champagne, 1311, at 20 per cent. The intcrelt of inuney at Placentia in 1490 was 40 per cent. 'I \ MARITIME DISCOVERY. Thus in Europe the whole power and dark intrigues of the re- ^7 Ch. I. §1. public of Venice, at that time the miftrefs of the feas, were ready to MltCTifjIJ/, ftrangle the hopes of the Portuguefe navigators at their birth ; by %urnhcl,Ly. prefenting the moft powerful obftacles to the gradual progrefs of their niaritime difcoveries. In India, the implacable and fecret animofity of moorifh Arabs, with all the clan of Venetian factors and agents ; though their machinations were prepared with greater fecrecy, they were ftill ready, like the fudden explofion of the mine, to overwhelm the firfl: European mariner who (hould dare to pafs the ancient limits of the Atlantic. Such were the difficulties which the genius of maritime difcovery had to encounter and to fubduCt The combination of ignorance, and credulity, was purpofely en- couraged by the narrow principles of a monopolinng fpirit ; and the darknefs, which pervaded Europe, was treacheroufly continued, to conceal the oppreflion and riches of a few individuals. Let us now view the hiftory of a nation, whofe heroic fovereigns poflelfed fuflicient courage, and perfevcrance, to withdraw the veil : and hav- ing placed ourfelves, as it were, in the town of Sagres, which the Patron of difcovery, Henry duke of Vifeo, founded near the Cape St. Vincent, let us attentively contemplate the progrefs of their navigators towards ' the Cape of Tempefts— Ckas ingens itekarimUs A(lyOR. ^ Jl Cabo Jos Tormentot. The name which the Cape received from the feamen of Bartbolo' mew Diaz in i486 ; who then firil doubled this tremendous promontory. K 2 % *4« mi ml I 1 41 H,^^; .68 BOOK I. PROGRESS OF T. SECTION II. Rift of tht Maritime Kingdom of Portugal ; view of the early periods of its Hi/lory, pre- vious to the reign of John, the Father of Henry duke of Vifeo. — Correfponding illujiration of the curious narratives of the firfi European travellers into Tartary, and the tajlern provinces of Afta ; by whom the earlieft accounts of China, Japan, and India were con- veyed to Portugal. — Benjamin of Tudela. — John de Piano Carpini. — William de Ru- . _ truquis. . .^^,„ , ,,. , ... ... , , . .; . ■I- " The Heroes of thofe happier days. When LusiTANiA, once a mighty name, Outftripp'd each rival in the chace of Fame." Hay/ey't EJfaj on Hiftory. , '-'■ Portuguefe J. HE fertile banks of the rivers Minho, and Douro, were the boun- A. b. daries of a province of Caflilc, whence the kingdom of Portugal »o 7— >3 J* gradually arofe to give laws to the fubmiflive realms of InJiay and to direct the courfe of its European commerce. The fceptre of the Eaft, held by a precarious tenure, has fmce caufed the profperity or adverfity of other nations; whilll Portugal exhibits a ilriking example in the revolutions of its hiftory, to humble the arrogance of mari- time power, and to moderate the excelTes of commercial aggran- difement. ' ^, The hiftory of this country commences with the arrival of its renowned Count Henry on the banks of the Douro; from that period to the death of Pedro the jiiji^ the title of Hero was equally merited by the fovereigns, and fubjeds of Portugal: Yet no Englifh writer of eminence has hitherto illuftrated a fubjefl; of fo much import- MARITIME DISCOVERY. «9 importance to a ' maritime kingdom, as the rife and fall of this com- Ch. I. s ». mercial power. Human nature, in the early hiftory of Portugal, is fZ!ilt%f feen in its moft favourable colours : without the aid of fable, or the f7St'cX^. exaggerations of romance, an heroic age is held up to our emula- tion ; an age, which the epic mufe might have taught her hiftoric fifter to admire. III. •' " que conte, deckrando • De minha gente a gra5 genealogia, Nao mc mandas contar eftranha hiftoria, Mas mandas-ine louvar dos meus a gloria. IV. Que outrem poflTa louvar esforco alheyo^ / 'ilCf .•,' Coufa he, que fe coftuma, e fe ocieja, ■" ' ' .'i .y/.O *•:>'',;!,■ ^'" louvar os meus proprios, anvceyo, ,' fun; Vi,: I ■ i U ', J ■»■ ::^jii »,.f",.'!i,,i ■.i-Jl Que louvor tao fufpeito mal me efteja : E para dizer tudo, temo, e creyo. Que qualquer longo tempo curto feja t ' Maa pois a mandai, tudo fe te deve, t tilLT ei^iatrfcJ 7 (i1?<,» hii't Irej contra o que devo, e ferejr breve* Alem diflo, o que a tudo em fim me obrig* He nao poder menti'r no que difler, Porque de feitos taes per mats que diga^ Ma!( me ha de ficar inda por dizer : :- , ;.,"'■',; . Mas porque nillo a ordem leve, e figa> Segundo o que defejas de faber,. Primeiro tratarey da larga terra, Depois direy da fangutnofa guerra." : ' ■• , Os LusUDAS, C. III.— Z^ed, i8mo, 1749. H. r. ,■" ' . '■■■ .: .,-. .. . , , , n,i. , » At ' No leflbn," fays Mickle in his Introdu£lion to The Epic Poem of Commerce, The Lv- 31 AD, " can be of greater national importance, than the hiftoty of the rife and the fall of a com- mercial empire. TIk vitw of what advantages were acquired, and what might have been ilill added ; the means by which fuch empire might have been continued, and the errors by which it was loft ; are as particularly confpicuous in the Naval and Commercial History op Portugal, as if Providence had intended to give a lafting example to mankind: a Chatty •where the courfe of the fafe voyage Is pointed out ; and where thejhehes and rocks, and the fiafoni oftempejl, are difcovered and foretoid^ 'M ' Hii^'' . „ ; }J* 70 BOOK I. PROGRESS OF " At thy command The martial ftory of my native land I tell I but more my doubtful heart had joy'd Had other wan my praifeful lips emjiloy'd. When men the honours of their race conimeiid, The doubtH of fti-angers on the talc attend : Yet though rehiftance faulter on my tongue, Though day would fail a narrative fo long, •'; . Yet well alTured no Kdtions glare can raifc, Or give my country's fame a brighter praife ; Though lefs, far lefs, whate'er my lips can fay, Than truth mud give it, I thy will obey." '. , Mici/t't Tranjlal'wn, Book III. I !M "■•r^.^'.fii^iVT} »^ On a threatening eminence commanding the mouth of the river Douro, and a delightful profpedt of the adjacent country, (lood, in ages whofe annals are (hrouded in darknefs, a town called Cale, A^ong, and well inhabited. When a commercial fpirit had rendered the inhabitants fenfible of the difadvantagcs of their fituation ; and that other objeds were to be confidered in the fite of a town, be- yond the high or infulated fecurity of the craggy ' cliff, they relin- quifhed the ftrong holds of their anceftors ; and built their huts in a lower fituation adjoining the Douro j which, becoming a place of great refort, obtained the name of Partus CaU^ and in procefs of time ' Portucalia. Its fituation, even at that early period, was fa- vourable • Thucydides, In the valuable introduftion to his firft book of the Hiftory of the Pclo- ponncfian war, notices, with his ufual accuracy of obfervation, a finiilar change which maritime occupations wrought in the fituation of the towns of Grtece, " As for cities, fo many as arc of a later foundation, and betttr placed for tin increafc of wealth fincc the im- provcment of Naval Skill } all thefc have been built on thefeajhore and walled about, and are fituated on necks of land jutting out into the fea ; for the fake of traffic, and greater fecurity from the infults of neighbouring people. But thofe of an earlier date, having been more fub- jeft to piratical depredations, are fituated at a great diftance from the fea, not only on iflands, but alfo upon the main. For even thofe who lived upon the coaft, though inexpert at fe«, were ufcd to make cxcurfions up into the country for the fake of plunder ; and fuch inland fettlements arc difcernible to this very day." Smilh't Tranjlation, I Cenfurae DuarJi Nonii in Jofeph. Ttxclra Libell. dc Reg. Portugall. origine. Ceng. II. MARITIME DISCOVERY. Henry. Tourable to the mercantile tranfadlions of Europe, and, like Ham- Ch. i. ^ 3. burgh, it foon became a biihop's fee " : his fucceflbrs figned them- %Z'IIu!j,"h$ felves Portucalcnfes ; and thus the name of the diocefe, whofe limits fjfumlclwf. nearly extended as fur as the fovercignty 111 its infant ilate, was transferred to the latter. Chivalry, which rendered the mod eflential beneBts to mankind, and by blending the mild and humane charadler of chriflianity with the plumes and trappings of the warrior, made the former an obje£t of emulation to the rude difciples of Woden, — gave the firft chief, or leader, to the ftate of Portucalia ; which, though not of any great extent, was fo fertile, as to have obtained, whild a province under the dominion of the monarchs of Leon and Caftile, the title of Medulla Hifpanica^ or the marrow of Spain. An illuftrious ftranger, in the romantic charadler of the age, ap- Count peared with the Counts of Burgundy, and Thouloufe, at the court of Alphonfo the fixth, king of Caftilc and Leon ; and fought with other knights and warriors under the ftandard of that monarch, who had requefted afliftance from the neighbouring potentates : after dif- playing fignal proofs of his courage. Count Henry was diftin- guifhed, amongft the foreign noblemen, by the liberality of the Spanifh monarch ; and having received from him the hand of his daughter Therefa, obtained as her dower, the frontier province to the fouth of the Minho, which had been conquered from the Moors ; with the privilege of enlarging the narrow boundaries of his domain, by the further expulfion of the infidels. y.,, ,_. . ■ :-r- , , ^^ V i • -> . 7 - ' ,. . - ., ( ,. ■ - ThUS " The firft mark of diftinftion, or confcquence, tliat was given to the principal Com- mercial marts and ports of Europe, feems generally to have confiflcd in the ellablifliment of an cpifcopal chair. Tiic duties and avocations of the diocefan, were in tlicfc periods rather inconfillent with his fpiritual charadler ; and refcmbled »hc employments of the fpifcopiu or commercial infpefior among the Romans : thus Cicero ftyles himlelf Epifcopus or*, , ct Campaiiit. % U.'*-\ ■ hi!fe, ,"/ ' S O K 1. P U O G R r. S S O I* Thu8 did the infant kingdom of Portugal receive from chivalry its firft governor, who as yet afTumed only the title of Count. Ilillo- rians are much at variance refpcding the identity of this illuilrioiis Aranger, and the particular time of his arrival in Spain. I'he whule of thefe doubts are confidcrcd in the Chronicle of the abbey of Ilcury, compofed by a Benedictine monk, containing an account of the events in France from the year 897 to 1 1 10, We arc enabled to difcover, by means of this ancient manufcript, that Count Henry was grandfon to Robert, the firft duke of Burgundy, younger brother to Henry the firft, of France. It appears moft probable that the Count was born about the year 1060; and went into Spain towards the year 10S7, to fight under the banners of King Alphonfo of Caftile : who in the year 1080 married Donna Conftance, fifter of Count Henry's father, and daughter to Duke Robert. Count Henry availed himfelf of the permifTion that had been granted him by his uncle, to extend his government by the expul- fion of the Moors, with a gallantry peculiar to his charadler. He completely reduced the fertile Province between the rivers Minho and Douro, which was rendered more valuable by its comprehending fix harbours ; the Tralos Monies^ extending beyond the mountains, and containing the dutchy of Braganza ; and the Moorilh part of the province of Beira^ advantageoufly placed between the Douro and Tagus, including the Dutchy of Viseo, which afterwards gave a thle to the patron of maritime difcovery. It is the opinion of fome hiftorians, that Count Henry, when he had fixed his capital in the town of Guimaraenz, the ancient ara duSloy fituated in a delightful plain on the banks of the river Ave, and had confiderably extended his dominions ; on being appointed general of the Spanifti crufaders, accompanied them to the Holy Land. Camoens, whom in the following pages I (hall 8 . often M A R I T I M r: D I S C O V K R Y. 73 often liuroduce to my readers, as ' the Lufitanlau Horner^ gives an Ci>. r. s «• Autnority to this opinion : p,.„iu,j,n/. vvytr , fitntnlh Cntu ry, —Em prcmii) dcrtn fciton excclleiUci , Dciillie o ruprrmo Dnii em tempo breve ^ Hum (ilko, que illulliafrc o name urano I Do bcllicofo Reyiio Luiituiu). ^^ ' - ^ .., . • xxvii „ ' ,, , . ,\, .. ,;, * •• Ja tinda vindo Henrique da conqiiida ' ■ " l)a Cidndj Hicrofolyma fagrndn, ' , E do Jordao a arcyii tiiilia vllln, ,' ■ •• (^e vio de Deo3 a came cm f» lavada.— Canto iii. ■'. ' J, . - I , To Him Is born, heaven's gift, a gallant fon. The glorious founder of the Lufian throne. Nor Spain's wide lands alone ills deeds atteft, .. ' Deliver'd Judah Henry's might ronfeft. ■ r', ,""• • I • ■ On Jordan's bank the viftor-hcro (Irode, ' ' ■ Whofe hallow'd waters bath'd the Saviour God. Micile. As this celebrated Portuguefe muft have had accefsto many authorities now loft, or not generally known, 'he is juftly entitled to the confidence as « It would be well worthy of the munificence of the Eaft India Company, or the Board of Controul, to give a new and elegant edition of their commercial Poet, and his elegant tranflator. «• From cvtry hand let grateful Commerce rtiower Her tribute to the Bard who fung her power ; ' ; As thofe rich gales, from whence his gama caught • . '^ A plcafing earned of the prize he fought, ^ . ' The balmy fragrance of the Eaft difpenfe, ^ ' So Heals his Song on the delighted fenfe ; Aftonifhing, wiih fwcets unknown before, Thofe who ne'er tafted but of claflic lore. Immortal Bard ! thy name with Gama vies, 1 hou, like thy hero, with propitious Ikies ' The fail of bold adventure haft unfurl'd, • - And in the Epic ocean found a world." Haylcy's Efiy on Epic Poetry. r Luis de Camoens, refpefting whofe diftinguifhed merit the world ftill continues too iii- fenlible, was born at Lilbon, according to Nicholas Antonio, and Manuel Corrcii, in 1517 (or yot. I. L according ' m- PROGRESS OF BOOK I. of the hiftorJa)!. This expedition of Count Henry to the Hoi y Land, la a point o'" 'uch importance in the progrefs of maritime difcovery : if he actually made fuch a voyage, he probably obtained fome ac- f .,''':. ''.,. . .ii;- count. according to otlicts in 152^,) of an anticnt and rcfpeftable family, originally (l)Ied Cuamans, which had flourifhed in the Spaniih province of Galicla. His father Simon Vaz ile Camoens, commandtr of a vcflel, was flilpwrecked on the coad of Goa ; and periflicd, with the gieat- cft part of his fortune. The education of our young poet was conduflcd by his mother Anne dc Macedo of Santarcne ; and the unlverlity of Coimbra had the honour of con plctliig it. Having jrlven offence amidll the intrigues of the court of Liibon, he retired to his mothei '4 friends at Santarene, and began his epic poem oi; the difcovery of India ; which he afterwards continued during his militiry expeditions in Africa, under John the third. In a naval acliun with the Moors off Gibraltar, he loll the fight of his riglit eye, when among the foremoll in boarding the enemy. After continuing for fevcral years in Africa, he returned to lii:, native land, to leave it with frefli reg-et : he failed for India in 1553 ; and, as the cliy of Lllbon faded from his view, was lieard to exclaim, in the monumental words of Seipio Afrleanus, Ingrata patriii, /ion pojjldebls ojfa men! — Here he engaged with the greatell bravery in the dif- ferent expeditions th.it were carried on by the Portug'iefe ; during which he vilited the Red Sea, Mount Felix, and the Inhofpitable regions of Africa, fo llriiilngly defcrlbed in his Lu- fnd. Having offended the viceroy Fratuifco Bnrrcto by fome fatlres, Camoens was noiv ba- nilhed to China ; his accomplilhed manners foon obtained him friends, and procured him the poft. of commllTary of the'cil.-.tes of the dcfuncl in the iiland of Macao. Thus, tlioui^h lie ■ Degan his Lujiadas in Europe, t1;e greater part was written, cither during the n'ght v\'hen en- camped in Africa, or when failing on the ocean, by the cnall of Indl.i and China. After five years refidence in the latter kingdom he prepared to return to India, when Don Conftantliie de Braganza was viceroy : the fhip being call away In the gulph near the river Mecon in Co- chin China, all tliat Camoens had gained by Indullry or econcnny was buried in the waves ! His poem, like the commentaries of Ca:rar, was favcd by the intrepidity of its author; wlio fu'am * with it in his hand, as he hhnftlf relates in th.- tenth book. Camoens waa received by the Viceroy with a cordiality that marked his char;;der ; but du- ring the gc^^erninent of hid fuccclTor, meeting with ptrfecution and deceit, a-id all the cabal of littl-' minds, he at length, after much dlflieuliy, enUjarked for I>Hb )n, Don Dilgo de Couto the hlHorian, failed for Europe In the fame rclFtl ; and during the voyage wrote Illullrations of the Lufiadas, which have never appeared. After an abfence of fixteeii yean Camoens ar- rived, in 15^9, in his own country, when a pelUlence raged in the city of Lilbon. At length - in the year 1572 he printed his admirable poem, addreded to the king Sr.BASTiAS, tlieu in his eighteenth year. Sebnftlan was charmed with the work, and fettled on the Poet a penfion of 40CC reals, on condition l!iat he llioiild refide at Court. But when Sebaftian's Aic- ceffor Cardinal Henry obtained the crown of Portugal, Camoens loft liis penfion. Thus did Genius " climb the ileep, where farae'e proud tomple beams afar." Tlic remaining life of CamocHS was wretched and melancholy. The cardinal monarch fuffered lu'm to die in )iU the mifery of abjed poverty. An old black fcrvant, a native of Java, who had grown grey • Catnoeni uUudes to this, hi hh/.'ifi.td.i.', Canto x. Stanza 12S. Kile rccebtra placidui c bramlo No fell rcf;a(,o o Cjnto, que motludo Vcni do inurragio trillc, e inifci;ia»o.— MARITIME DISCOVERY. count of the feas, and of the geography of India j and might thus have contributed to awaken a fpirit of commercial enterprife among his countrymen, which at length effedted the developement of the Indian Ocean, by the Cape of Good Hope. Count Henry, who never took any higher title, having marched to the afliftance of Urraca, queen of Caftile and Leon, his confort's filler, died after a ihort illnefs at the city of Aftorga, during the year 1112. His remains were conveyed with great pomp to the cathedral church of Braga ; whence they were removed by Diego de Souza, who was archbifhop of Braga in 1513, to a chapel, in which he had raifed a fplendid tomb to the memory of the founder of the Lufita- nian throne. ^ An headed in the fervice of Camoens, and doated on his mafter ; and who had been I'nftrumental in far- ing his life wlien (hipwiccked, — begged in the ttreets of Liibon to fupport the exillence of Luis de Camoens — Date Obelam Belisario. He was privately buiied in St. Anne's church ; .'• i the following infcription placed over his grave : Here lies Luis de Camoens, prince of the y-a i of his time. He lived poor and miferable, and died fiich, J. D. 1579. Don Emanuel de Souza Coutino, a celebrated Portiiguefe, and Nicholas Antonio, the learned canon of Seville, author «f the Bibliotbeca Hifpanua, in four iiols. folio, each infcribed a Latin epitaph to the memory of Camoens. Coulino, who was an aJnu'rablc judge of literary merit, declared that the genius of Ovid, Virgil, Sophocles, and Pindar, were united in the Lufitanian Homer— <' Quod Maro fublimi, quod grandi Pindarus alto, (juod Sophocles, fuavi Nafo quod ore canit, Mocilitiam, rifus, honentia praelia, amores, Junfta fimul, cantu f;d nu-liore (Uiinus. Quifnam author ? Camonius !" Befidcs the epitaph compofed by N. Antonio, he infcrted this high charaifter of Camoens in the Bibl. Hifp. — " that lie was born a poet; that his compofitions were eafy, copious, lively, and fublime. In his defcription? of pcrlbns, and places, art fcems to rival nature.— He was exceedingly wrell verfed ai the ancient poets, /id poefim veri nalum, facile, rnpiofum, fullime, •vividum In geographicis et projupographicis defcriplioniLus naluramfere aquavit arte Prxtet' fjuam quod erutUtum fe ejfe prodidit ftitis ftijierque in omnium vetenim poctarum." The Lvifiad was firlt trunflated into Engliili by a Cambridge lludcnt, Sir Richard Fanlliaw, !!) 1 655, who had been fecretary to Charles when Pi ince of Wales, and tre .Purer of the navy un- .'.er the command of prir.ce Rupert in 1648 j prjvious to which a tranfla:' )n had appealed in l!ic IVeiich language. Tliere are two tranOntioriS of it in the Italian ; four into SpanLli ; and one into Latin by Thomas de Faria, a carmelite, bidiop of Targa in Africa. Faria concealed his name ; and not informing the public that it was a tranilation, many were led to fui)pofe tliat the poem had been originally compofed in Latin. Le P. Niccron fays, that he knew of two 'rther Latin tranflations. The Lufiadas alfo appeared in Hebrew by Luzzctto, a !e;u-iicd Jew. L 2 Oh. L § 2. £arly /in lods of Ptr:u^U!je /{if. t'jry,pi:ctii'mgihl ffterr.tv Cfntitry* 'm^ M *\ M-t ■x:f BOO I. Alphonfo Henry. 1I28' 76 P R O G R E S S O F K An account of the * illuftrious founder of that kingdom, whofe — fnbje(fls renewed the progrefs of maritime difcovery, appeared fo much conne Firll Infor- mntiim vela- tivf to tlie calUrn parts of .Mia, BOOK vernment. The abfcncc of her hufband, who, according to tho cuRoin of the age, marched out at the head of his army, was therc- . fore not attended with confufion ; and the kingdom, bleft with Alphonfo and Matilda, was continually in a progreflive ftate of im- provement, which in time exalted its inhabitants above the other nations of Europe. t • During the reign of this monarch an event occurred, which, as it interefted the whole attention of modern Europe, could not fail to produce a confiderable effeQ. on the minds of the moil cntcrprifing, and beft informed, among the Portugucfe. Rabbi Benjami:;, fon of yo/ias of Tudela^ a town in Navarre, on the confines of tiic ad- joining kingdoms of Caftileand Arragon, arrived in Europe, in the year 1173 ; having travelled into the remote parts of Afia, and re- turned thence through Ethiopia and Egypt, the former of which was at that time confulered as a part of India. This early traveller may be regarded among the 'i\x^ of the moderns, who drew the attention of Portugal to the extcnfive and unexplored countries of the eaft : and as fuch he demands our attention. The marvellous narrative of a traveller of Navarre, muft have foon excited the curiofity of Alphonfo : he naturally fought and obtained a copy of the curious manufcript, which proved the poffibility of an Individual pafllng through the fiery regions of the torrid zone. As the fouthern extremity of Africa was then covered with the tre- mendous darknefs, and dreary horrors, which the ignorance of ages had accumulated ; whatever tended to difperfe the obfcurity of its eaftern boundary, or of fcas that ftretched beyond it, as they are ftill objeds of anxious refearch, muft at that early period have been viewed with all the Icnfations, that are called forth by the mae;ic pages of romance. Rabbi Ikn. Either a fuperftitious veneration for the law of Mofcs, or a foli- Tu.iela^ citudc to vifit his countrymen in the eaft, are fuggeftcd by Dr. MARITIME DISCOVERY. ' it Robertfon ^ as motives which might have induced the Jciv of Ch. I. § Tudela to undertake an enterprife of fo much hazard. In the year 1 160 he arrived at Saragofla, and thence proceeded by land to Mar- feilles : here he embarked for Genoa, and continued his route to Rome. Having pafled through the kingdom of Naples, to Otranto, he again embarked, and came to the ifland of Corfu ; and then tra- velled by land through Greece to Conftantinople, acrofs the counjry of Walachia. Our traveller continuing his journey from the capital of the Greek empire, arrived at Tyre, Jerufalem, Damafcus, and Balbeck: having beheld the gloomy ruins of Tadmor, and given a long account of the city of Bagdat, the reader accompanies him to Balfora^ or BaJhrOy which he ftyles Botzra on the Tigris, and hails his fafe arrival at Ifpahan, after vifiting Chuzeftan and the different places in Perfia, that were fituated in the track he had purfued. Four days of fatigue, with but little gratification, being paffed, which required the energy of the moft romantic mind to fupport, the Jew of Tudela arrived at Siaphaz ; this place has perplexed the moft learned of his tranflators and commentators. Harris, whom I have " followed in this account, thinks the city of Schizaz is intended: Benjamin, himfelf, defcribcs it, as the moft ancient city in that country, and fays that " it was called Perfidis of old, whence the name was given to the whole province." From Siaphaz he went to Gittah, near the river Gozan, and then having reached the famous Samarchaiid, the fartheft city of the kingdom, came in four days journey to Tblhdy which \\z defcribcs as " a capital city of the pro- vince of the fame name, in the forefts of which are the animals found that produce nnifk : about twenty-eight days journey from thence lie the mountains of Ni/Jjhr, which are fituated near the river Gozan. The country is extended twenty days journey in length, with « Robtriron's America, '"vo. ed. vyl. i. p. 45:. VOL. I. W F.J. i"(54, vo!. i. p. ^j^C'. i '1^ 1 :'ii ^K H PROGRESS OF BOOK with many cities and callles inhabited, all mountainous, the inhabiw ^ tants are abfolutcly free ; they arc at war with the children of Chus, who dwell in the defarts, and are in league with the copheral Turks ^ worlhippers of the winds." — After relating the invafion made by the mountaineers of Niflibor on the kingdom of Pcrfia, which, according to Harris, is not noticed by any other writer, the Jew of Tudela re- turned to Chu%cjlan ; and thus begins that moft interefting part of his travels, which forms the earlieft modern European account of the Eaft Indies. " When I departed out of thefe countries, I returned into '' Chu- zeftan, through which the river Tygris runs, falling from thence into Hodu, or the Indian Sea ; and in its paflage thither encom- pafles the ifland Nckrokis ', near the mouth thereof, which ifland is in extent three days journey. There is in it only ore canal of frefh water, and they drink no other than what is gathered from the Ihowers, which is the reafon that the land is neither fowed nor tilled ; and yet it is very famous through the commerce of the Indians, and iflands feated in the Indian Sea ; merchants of the country of Senaar, Arabia the happy, and Perfia, bringing thither all forts of filk and purple manufadlures, hemp, cotton, flax, and Indian cloth, wheal, barley, millet, and rice, in great plenty, which they barter, and fell among themfelves. But the Indian merchants bring alfo exceeding great plenty of fpices thither, and the natives a£l as fadors and interpreters, and by this they live : in that place there are not above five hundred Jews. Sailing thence with a profperous wind, in ten days I was brought to Kathipba. In thefc places pearls are found, made by the wonderful artifice of nature • for ^ Chuzcftan, formerly Stifana, called Ci^ii by Herodotus and Ptolemy. Sir W. Oiiftlcy in the oriental geography of Ebn Haukal, terms it Khuzjflan. ' There Is no paflage in thefe travels more perplexed than this defcription of the ifland of Kfkroiis, about which all the commentators arc divided in their fentiments. That which hitherto has been thought moft probable is, that he means the ifland of Ormu^ ; it ia however inore credible that he had in view the city and country of Bajfora. (Harris.) MARITIME DISCOVERY. «J for on the four and twentieth day of the month Nifan (Marcl>) a ch. r. § j. certain dew falleth into the waters, which being lucked in by the diTJ-TN.JJhr. oyfters, they immediately fink to the bottom of tlie lea : afterwards, about the middle of the month of Tifri (September) men defcend to the bottom of the fea ; and, by the help of cords, thefe men bringing up the oyfters in great quantities from thence, open them and take out the " pearls. " In feven days journey from thence I came to 0«A/w, which is the entrance of their kingdom, who worfliip the fun, and are prone to the ftudy of aftrology, being the children of Chus. They are men . - of " The \'ord ufed in the original Hehrcw Is BJellia. Tiie moil learned of the Jews liold, that at a certain fcafon of the year, an oily, fpirituous, and briny fubftance, floats on the fur- face of the fea; which being received by the oyfters, turns afterwards to a pearl. {Harris.) The curious reader may vvifti to compare this caily account of the pearl fifhery, with the accu- rate one given by Henry J. Le Beck, Efq. in 1797, iiifcrted in the fifth volume of the Afiatic Rcfearches : the following paflage correfponds in fome ineafure with the ilrange ideas of the Jew of Tudela refpefting the formation of pearl.— " A Brahmin informed me that it was re. corded in one of his fanfcrit books, that the pearls are formed in the month of May, at the appearance of the Soatte ftar (one of their twenty-fevcn conftellations), when the oyfters come up to the furface of the water to catch the drops of rain."— It was the opinion of Reaumur, that the pearl was formed like bczoara, and other ftones in different animals, and was apparent- ly the cfFedt of difeafe. Mr. Le Beck thinks it is very evident that the pearl is formed by an extravafation of a glutinous juice, either within the body, or on the furfi'cc of the animal : " fuch extravafations may be caufed by heterogeneous bodies, fuch as fand, coming in with the food ; which the aniii.al, to prevent difagreeable fridlion, covers with its glutinous matter, and which, as it is fucceftively fecrcted, forms many regular lamellx in the manner of the coats of an onion." — Mr. Nkbolfon is not acquainted with any modern anal; lis cf pearl ; but con- cludes, from cxperimen^is made by Nawiuim, " that it coulilts of much piiofphorated lime, of which the phofphoric acid was difengaged by the trcatmti t with vitriolic ?cid, and the lime foimeil fclenite ; fome animal mucilage, which afforileJ tlic volatile alkali and oil in dillil- lation ; and a fmall portion of foda and marine fait found in the refidue." This fubjeift is difcudcd by Hiivulf vol. v. new ed. p. 360. — Pcmuuit'A Eaftern Hindoolhrii, vol. ii. p. 2. — General view of the writings of Linnxus, by R'uhard Pulleney, M. D. p. ^l.~Briice'& Tia- V(.]s. Harris in the firll volume of his colleftion of voyages and travel;), page 482, confiJcrs the pearl lilhcvv at fome length, and refers his readers to the di'Jerent authorities, both antienl and modern, wlrich he had coiifulted. — /'/•cto/?'^ Hijl. GaicraU des Voyages^ torn. xi. page 682. under the article of the various trees, plants, drugs, and precious ftones of India. Bmiare, in his exctlhi'.t Di^ionr.iiirc Raifoiun' Uviverftl d' Hi/lure Nnlurclle, gives a concifc view of r!ie opi- nions of the French nat'iralills, r-efpci5ling pearls, with many ingenious remarks of his own ; under the title of Nacrf dc Perks, ou Mere de Pcrles. Ed. Lyon, I7yi. M 2 .if*! ■ liH**""' i *::: tm - PROGRESS OF D O O K I. of a davk complexion, finccre tempers, and of very great fidelity in all refpeils : they have among them this cuftom, that fuch as come from remote countries, when received into tlie haven, have tlieir naftics fet down in writing hy three fiicreraricp, who carry their lifts to the king, and afterwards bring the merchants themfclves ; whofc merchandife being received into his protedion, the king direds it to be landed, and left on the (hore, where it remains without any guard. In this country, from Eafter to the beginning of the fuc- ceeding year, the fim fliines with outrageous heat, and tlierefore, from the third hour of the day (nine o'clock) until the evening, all men remain fhut up in their houl'es ; but about that time lamps being lighted, and fet in order throughout all the ftreets and markets, they work and cxercife their refpedtive arts and callings all the night. It is in this country that pepper grows ifion trees planted by the inha- bitants, in the fields belonging to every city ; and their proper gardens are particularly afltgned and known. The ihrub iti'elf is fmall, and brings forth a white feed ; which being gathered, is put into bafons fteeped in hot water, and is then fet forth in the fun, that it may be dried and hardened, acquiring thereby a black colour. Cinramon and ginger are likewife found there, as well as many othe. kind of fpices. " The inhabitants of this country do not bury their dead, but having embalmed their bodies with divers forts of drugs and fpices, they place them in niches, and cover them with nets, fet in order according to their feveral families. As to their religion, or rather fuperftition, they worfhip the fun ;. and have many and great altars built along the coaft, about half a mile without the city. Early in the morning therefore they go in crowds to pay their devotion to the fun } to whom, upon all the altars, there are ' Spheres confe- crated, » Thefe Splarts were really curious, being fo contrived as to fliew the rifing and fetting of the fun, and the motions of tiic heavenly bodies : they were made, and kept by the magi, who employed 85 CI..1. ^ I. Ptrtjjmin of T«- MARITIME DISCOVERY. crated, made by magic, rcfembling the circle of the fun ; and when the fun rifcs thefe orbs fecm to be inflamed, and turn round vvitli a d,u',N,,r,anvt. great noife. From this country in two-and-tweuty days I failed unto the iflands Chtnig (ifles Cheniirai of Bergeron), the inhabitants of which worfhip the fire, and are called Dogbiim, In the fpace of forty days one may travel from hence by land to the frontiers of '" T^in (Sin in Bergeron) ; that is to the borders of China, the very extremity of the Eaft : fome hold that this country is walhed by the Nikpba^ or " coagulated fea, which is liable to prodigious florms ; by which, when mariners are furprifed, they are call fre- quently into fuch ftreights, that, not being able to c;o out, they are, after expending all their provifions, miferably ftarved to death. " It is three daysjourney to Ghigala^ from thence in feven days you fail to Coulan ; it is from thence twelve days journey to ZMi^ and » ' thence employed them to imprefs aftnnilliment on the minds of the vulgar, and to inftrufl others in the fclence of aftrotiomy. Harris. — See Bergeron's Tranflation, vol. i. p. 54. — *• Images confa- cr6e» d'une figure I'ondc, a la refcmblance de cct allre, ( Le Si)Uil>) qui tournent par art ma« giquc, a mefure qu'il fc Icvc, avec beaucuup de bruit et de lumiere comme !>'ils ^tuient ea feu." ■" China appears under the nameof Cheen in the geography of Ebn Hauknl already cited. " The empire of Cheen extends in length, a dillance of four months journey j and in breadth three. . And when one comta from the mouth of the bay or giilph to the land of MulFulmens, the borders of Mauweralknahr, Traufoxania, it is a journey of three months. And when one comes from the eaft, and wiHies to proceed to the weft, by thir land of the Nubians, r.nd the land of Khurkhiz, and of Ghurghez, and by Kaiinak to the fia It is a journey of about four months In the regions of Cheen tlicre are various dialtfts : but all Turkejlan, and Ghui^hn, and /tjfnh, and Khurkhiz, and Kiiiniiii, and Ghiinuh, and KburnjtJ] \ the peojilc of all tluTe, have the fame language, and are of one kind. The cliicf place of the empire of Cheen is tail- ed Humdati, as CoJlMtimk, Conftantinople, is of Europe, or Bagiltiii of the l.nid of JJliUn, ox Canouge of Hindooftan j but the land of Turk is feparatily fituated." Sir 11/'. Oujehy's Tratijlu- tionfrom the original .irabic, p. y. » This coagulated fea is the icy or frozen fea on the coaft of Tartary, and Ruflia, to the , north of China; througii which the north-e Jl p>ijpige, fo often fought to httle purpoft, ia fuppofed to lie. It appears cltarly from hence, that before this time fome attempts had been made on that fide, and that feveral ftiips had been frozen up ; whence the oriental name of Nitpha, or congealed fea. It is very probable, (p. 555. ) though Benjamin does not fay it, that he received from the fame perfon, what he relates of China, and of the ley fea to the north of that country ; which (hews there had been a confidcrable commerce carried on that way, though this traveller covJd give but a dark account of it. Harris. -„si!l **'nl *.t m -.\ ^, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 150 ""^^ ■^1 25 2.2 HI' :s tis. 12.0 WUk. fflJil 11.25 iU 1.6 Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 \ •SJ \\ rv ^^^^ o^ ) ^ S6 PROGRESS OF BOOK thence eight days journey to the InJies on the oppofite ' coaft. It '■ is from tlicnce to the land of ylfvan twenty days journey through the dcfarts of Saba^ that lie on the river Phtfott., which comes from the country of Chus ; the inhabhants of which are fubjed to a prince, who is ftyled "^ Sbab-Abafcb. The climate of this country is exccflively hot : when the people of Afvan make their expeditions into thcfc parts for the fake of plunder, and what they can carry away, they con(\antly take with them bread, rice, dried raiOns, and figs. Thefe they throw in large quantities among the half famillied blacks, whom, while they fcramblc for them like dogs, they feizc and carry away prifoncrs, and fell them in Egypt, and other coun- tries : thefe are the negroes, or hlack flaves, the pofterity of Flam. It is twelve days journey from A/van to Chclvan ; from Chclvan they go in caravans fifty days journey through the defart called Al Tfachra^ or Zaara^ to the province called Zulla^ which is Havilah in the land of " Gaita^ The adventurous Jew of Tudela proceeded to Europe by the way of Egypt, and having vifited Alexandria, and been deceived like other travellers with the fabulous wonder of the ftupendous mirror, placed on the fummit of its Pharos, which refleded fhips when at the diftance of live hundred leagues ; he crofled the Alps, and paffing through Germany, arrived in fafety, after an abfence of thirteen years. King Alphonso, who according to the teftimony of ' hif- tory, equally encouraged the profcffion of arms, and the cuhivation of literature, thus received a new fund of geographical information, which had been hitherto concealed from the general attention of the , , wcftcrn " Ethiopia. f King or Abyduiia. n Gulrua. ' Chroii. Var. antiq. This monarch in many rt'rpe(Ss refembled The Fredf rick of Prndia : notwithftanding the infirmities of ago, he was always in the mldll of his troops, difphiyinj' an mifiibducd adivity of mind. He was equally a politician, a general, and a patron of meu of jreniut. MARTTIME DISCQVERY. , || weftern world ; and the wanderings of a • Jew, notwithftanding Ch. 1. 5 2. their eccentricity and errors, may be confidered as having opened a IZtfflif. path for the enterprifing fpirit of a more diftant age. I now return 'fifZmt'cX^. to the conclufion of the reign of Alphonfo, and trufl: this digrefllon will not be condemned. At the clofe of Alpiionsc/s reign, who died univernilly lamented in 1185, the dawn of a naval fpirit appeared among his fubjefts. The Mooiifli fleet of the Miramolin, confifting of twenty-one gal- lies, was attacked in the year 1180 by the brave Don Fuas Rau- PINO, with a force confifting only of twenty-one fail. This gallant commander, haying captured nine of the enemy^ incautioully bore down into the very centre of the Moorifh fleet, and in vain attempted by adts of repeated valour, and a prodigality of his own life, to re- trieve ' his fd^uadron. Entombed amidil the waves that broke ou tha .„.,^«3! • The Jews pofrcfTed confiderable talents for geography, which their continued difperfion over the earth, might have originally ealled forth, or improved. Whether owing to this circum- ftaiice, or to the reputation they acquired from the fame of the labours of their countryman of Tudcla, we find that when John the setond of Portugal received the plan of inaritttne dif- covcry prefcnttd by Coliimbup, that monarch referred it to the confidcration of Diego Ortiz bifhop of Ceuta, and of two yetvi/h ph^idans, eminent cofmographrrs, -whom he ii-aj accu htned to confult In mailers of this kind. (Roliert/on'n America, vol. i. p. 98.) The travels of Benjamin 0/ Tudcla were printed at Condantinople in the year 1543 ; fince which upw.uJs of fixtetn different editions have appeared. The firft that was publiflied in Latin, came from the learned BenediB ylilas Montanut in 1575 ; his preface contains an elogy on the Jifcovcries of the Spaniards. A ftcomi tranflatiMn was made by ConJIanllne L'Empereur in flic year 163 i, with the oiiginal Hebrckv in the margin, and fome valuuijic notes fubjoined. Thtrfe trnvcls are cenfured by M. Wagenrtil [!\ut. ad I.lpmantil carmen Mzzac/jon in Tel, ign. Sal. pirr 374.) and by the ceUbratcd Hi)tling^.'r [Il'ijl Eccl.fH xii. p. 241.) Tiieir real chnratt.ri:, impar- tially given by Spantuim (Intiod. nd Hili. EccL part 2^ facid \\\. feci \'iv. p. 370.), who fays, that though highly ieafoned with lalili-s, they contain many things worthy of notice. licr- seron, in the full volume ot his Aliatic voyages, made during the 12th, i 31)1, 14th, and i jtli ctn. turies, has piihliffied an excellent tranflhtion from the Latin of Montanus, with notes, and a map : he has alfo i'uhjoined a tranfliition of the preface in the edition of Montanus. In the year 1734, a later edition of the travels of Benjamin of Tudtla, by J. Philippe Baratitr, v»a8 printed at Amilerdam, with notes and dilTerti'lions : this edition is noticed by Eoraaie, (Bib. Inllruc.) vol. v. p. 194, and is much eftecmed. ' Faria y Soufa» '*.<- s$ PROGRESS OF Saiic'lio. U85. BOOK the (hore of his native land, the valour of Don Fuas muft have '■ been long remembered by his countrymen; and the naval c1k\- radter of Portugal may date it» earlleft difplay from the watery grave ofRAUPINO. Nor wrere the immediate fucceflbrs of Count Henry, and his fon Alphonfo Enriquez, unmindful of the national character which was now eftablifhed ; though they might not all fupport it in an equal degree. Sancho had celebrated his thirty-firft year when he fucceeded his father : feated on the throne of Portugal, which his talents and virtues merited, he difplayed a charadter that claimed the affedion of his fubje£ls ; and their patriotic fpirit continued when time had abated the novelty and charms of power. Another com- bined fleet of Englifli and German crufaders arrived, during this reign, to promote the intereft of the Portuguefe monarch, and to eftablifh his dominion over the Moors : with their affiftance Sancho obtained the city of Sylves in the kingdom of Algarvc j and was af- terwards indebted to the intrepidity of the crew of an Eriglifh {hip, lying at anchor in its harbour, that the town was not retaken by furprife. The arrival of this fleet is noticed by Camoens, who gives it the general appellation of a German Armada ; though " Nunis de Leon is of opinion that it was chiefly compofed of EngJifh : Foy das valenres g<:nte8 ajudado Da Germanica Armada, que paflava, De armas fortes, e gente apercebida A recobrar Judea, ja perdida. LXXXVII. PafTavao a njiidar na faiita emprcza ' O roxo Federico, que movco O poderofo Excrcito em defeza Da cidade, onde Chrifto padeceo : ■ As Cronicas das reis de Port. Qiiando - iM'i- :-J'^ ..'"'• MARITIME DISCOVERY. Quindo Guido, coca gente cm fede acccza Ao grande Saladino fe rendeo. No lugar, onde aos Mouroi febejavao As aguas, qu: os de Guido dcfejavao. LXXXVIII. Mas a fortnofa Armada, que viera. For contrafte de vento iquella parte, ^ . ■. <-. > Sancho quiz ajudar na guerra fera, Ja que em fervico vay do fanto Marte : Aflim como a feu pay acontecera, Quando tomou Lifboa, da mefma arte, , • 1 ; ' Do Germano ajudado Sylves toma, E bravo morador deilroe, e dogma. 89 Ch. I. S *• BarlyfirieJt tf rtriygutfi Hi/' ItrfiprtttJinglbt ffiitnib Cmlurft Os LusiAOAs, Cantt III. This aflumes original. ^.....\:^* I) . u'.yi .<•, ' ' .If ,> palTage is beautifully tranflated by Mickle, though he the licence of a poet, to traufpofe the exa^ lines of the "■J t\~.Wf.->S ,..'.- (^ If: «• The winds of heaven '■ • > * Roar'd high ; and headlong by the tempeft driven. In Tago's breaft a gallant navy fought The (heltering port, and glad alHltance brought. The warlike crew, by Frederic the Red, To refcue Judah's proftrate land were led ; When Guido's troops, by burning third fubducd» To Saladiu the foe for mercy fued. Their vows were holy, and the caufe the fame. To blot from Europe's ihores the Moorifh name. In Sanco's caufe the gallant navy joins, And royal Sylves to their force refigns.. Thus fent by heaven a foreign naval band Gave Lilboa'u ramparts to the fire's command." ■* il/W/f's Tranflatlon, vol. i. f?vo. p. 1 19. i!:l "f- in 1 1 k st'r i"''=Vl ■!i IIIWil The unprecedented calamities of an age, vifited by famine, by earthquakes^ and the plague, demanded not only the refolu- tion of a great fovereign, but the talents of a political economift ; VOL. I. N and ;■¥;>! m liiiiiilli' li.. ^Ull*"^>-', illt.il>" <0' PROGRESS OF 1212. BOOK and Sancho (hewed himfclf more than equal to the talk. Without '■ oppreffing his fubjeds, he prefervcd the fecurity of the ftate ; and augmented the refources of his exchequer, enjoying rather the cha- radler of liberality, than incurring the imputation of avarice: he died in the year 1212, after a reign of twenty-fix years, univerfally be- loved and lamented. Sancho deferved the title he received— Restorer of Cities, and Father of his Cowntry. Alphonfoii. Alphonso the fecond had only reached hh twenty-feventh year when he fucceeded to the throne : from his fize and ftature, which correfponded with a majeftic and open mien, he obtained the fur- name of Gros. He was blcfled with an undaunted fpirit, and a ftrength equal to the moft inceflant fatigue : the vivacity of his countenance cheered his followers in the field ; but his general cha- racter was too rough and fevere for the relative duties of private life. The appearance of another fleet at Lifbon, confiding of Fle- mings and Germans, during the year 1 2 1 7, enabled Alphonfo to avail himfelf of the force which William Earl of Holland was con- ducing to the Holy Land. The combined armies fell with irrefifti- ble numbers, on the hitherto impregnable fortrefs of Alcaijor-do- faol, built by the Moors on a fleep and ifolated rock. Alphonfo annexed this valuable conquefl: to the order of St. James of Com- podella, though that inftitution was not feparated from the crown of Caftile, until the reign of King Denis. It is recorded of Al- phonfo the fecond, who died in the year 1223 after reigning twelve years, that he would not fufFer fentence to be executed on criminals, until an interval of twenty days had elapfed ; and the reafon he afligned for this condudl, deferves to be recorded in golden letters on his tomb — Jujiice may at any time take her courfe^ but Injujiice can never be repaired ! The cruel interdidts of the church of Rome, united with a variety of other caufes, both public and private, confpired to deprefs the ten- der Suncho II 1223. MARITIME DISCOVERY. V tier mind of his " fucceflbr Sancho the Second; whofc only Ch. I. M* fault appears to have been, that he did not fufficiently &lend the wif- p7rtiia*fi uf dom of theferpent^ with the innocence of the dove : he died, and was fifi»nik Ccuurj. buried at Toledo, 1248, after a melancholy reign of twenty-five years. Innocent the fourth, who inftead of appeafing the fpirit of anarchy which diftradled the turbulent reign of Sancho the fecond, had joined his enemies, and afTided them to depofe their fovereign ; about this time indulged his vanity in a manner that proved ulti- mately beneficial to Europe, as it tended to procure information refpeding the lemote provinces of Afia. Chriftendom had long trembled at the alarming fuccefles of the Tartars, when his holinefs fcnt a miflion of monks to arreft their progrefs. The fir ft was headed by John de Piano ' Carpini, a Francifcan, in the year 1 246 j and father Afcolino, a Dominican, with F. Simon de St. Quintin, Alexander, and Albert, direded the wanderings of the other. The reader will imagine with what emotions Quey-Yew, or Kayuk-Khan, the grandfon of the conqueror Zingis, heard the malignant denun- ciations of an Italian prieft, with whofe influence he was unac- quainted. My objedl is to confider this miffion as a curious Geogra- phical manufcript; and, by fome brief extradls, to afcertain how far it increafed that knowledge of the diftant provinces of Afia, which the Portuguefe might already have acquired from the travels of the Jew of Tudela. .. ' . , r,. . . ^ . .' •' ■„ ,i,i/ ; ;;..;v .::..■. Hackluyt " Surnamed Capel, or Sancho tuifh the HooAi he is rcprefcnted in fome of his portraits, clothed with a piiipk mantle, with a book In one hand, and a fceptre, crowned with a dove, in tht other. His character is impartially ftated by the Spanilh hidorians, particularly Mariana. Sancho died at Toledo in 1248, and was buried in the Cathedral. » The travels of Carpini are intitled by Ramusio (vol. ii. p. 234.) Due Viaggi in Tarteria per alcuni falri ihl Conllne Mhwrc, e ili j'titi Domimeo, mandati da Papa Itinocentio IV. nelhi d'Ha prouvhida per Amlnjnatnre far.no 1247. — At page 246, Ramusio iriferts, Vla^gio ilel Beato OJorko'da f'dhic ; thll'ordine de fntri Minori ;— and at page 254, yiuggo de ieato Frnir, Odorico diporlo imiv^iwe del Friu'.'i, fiUci /.,/." Jniw 131S. N 2 9» PROGRESS OF BOOK Hackluyt has " infertcd in the firft voKime of his colle£lion, the 1— narrative of Carpi ni from the * $peculum Hlftoriale of Vincentius Beluacenfts (Beauvais). It is entitled «• The long and wondirful Voyage of Frier John de Piano Carpini,/ent AmbaJ/ador by Pope Innocentius the fourth, 12,\6, to the great C.iS of T,M hiftorie, 1 p. 37. and 53. • Lib. xxxii. cap. 2.— T!»e fnbjeft of thefe early travels is confidered by Roger Bacon, in the extraft which Purchas has made (vol. iii. p. 52.) m quarta parte mojorit operii fratris Rogeri Baton, . Ingli excerpta quadem de Aquilonaribus mundi parlibus. This learned friar thus • noticc& the travels of Father Carpini, and thofe of Friar William de Rulniquit—Pofi iflos ad oricntem funt homines qui vocantur Tebeth : qui folebnnlcomedere parentis fuot caufa pietatit, ut non fucerent eis clia ftpulchra nifivifcerafua. Dc quibusfcrituntphilofuphi, ut Ph'niiis, Solinus, et alii: Elfrater Wil- lelmus teftatur in lihro fuo ; ac frater Juliannes de Piano Carpini fmililer in liiro, quern compofuit de Tartaris, inter qiws fiiit Anno Domini, 1 2 46, miffus a Domino Papa in legationem ad Imperatorem Tar/aron/m.— Purchas (vol. iii. p. 5H.) adds the account which Vinceiuiut Beluaeenfts received from the other friar, ^imon de Si-nSo ^ilntino. — There is an excellent French tranllation of Ccrpini's travels in the Colhaion by the Pere Bergeron, two vols. 4to. 1735, printed at the Hague. I have preferred the quaint language of Hackluyt, as being in charafter with the diUe of the narrative. • Purchas, vol. iii. p. 57. MARITIME DISCOVERY. 93 hiftorie, which is come to our hands, of fuch things, as with his owne Ch. I. ^ a. eyes hee fawe among the Tartars ; or which he heard from divers r J'nC ' chriftians worthy of credit, remaining there in captivitic. *' There is towards the Eaft a land which is called Mongol^ or Tartarian lying in that parr, of the worlde which is thought to be moft north eafterly. On the eaft part it hath the countrey of Kytbayy and of the people called Solangi ; on the fouth part the countrey of the Saracens ; on the fouth-eaft the land of the Huini ; and on the weft the province of Naimani ; but on the north fide it is invironed with the ocean. The ayre in that countrey is verie in- temperate : for in the midft of fommer there bee great thunders, and lightnings, by the which many men are flaine^ and at the fame time there falleth great abundance of fnowe. There bee alfo fuch mightie tempeftes of colde windes, that fometimes men are not able to fttte on horfebacke. Whereupon, being neere unto the Orda, for by this name they call the habitations of their emperours and noble men, in regarde of the great winde, we were conftrained to lye groveling on the earth, and could not fee by reafon of the duft. In the fommer feafon there is on the fudden extreame heate, and fuddenly againe intollerable colde. One * of them honoureth another exceedingly, and beftoweth banquets very familiarly and liberally, notwithftand- ing that good viftuals are daintie, and fcarce among them : but towards other people, the faid Tartars be moft infolent, and they fcorne and fet nought by l c ther noble and ignoble perfons what- foever : for we faw in the em^erour's court the great duke of Ruflia, the king's fonne of Georgia, and many great foldanes, receiving no due honour and eftimation among them. So that even the very Tartars afligned to give attendance unto them, were they never fo bafe would alwaies goe before them, and take the upper hand of them ; yea, and fometimes would conftraine them to fit behinde their hackes. » Hackluyt, vol. i. p. $$. ch. v. I , j i,; i ''\ )vj. niirt!'!"* ':■:'■ '■ PROGRESS OF BOOK I. backes. Moreover they are angrie, and of a difdainefull nature unto other people, and beyond all meafure deccitfuU, and treacherous towards them : they fpsake fayre in the beginning, but in conclu- fion, they fting like fcorpions. They are moll intollerable exaders, moft covetous pofleflburs, and mod nigardly givers. The flaughter of other people is accompted a matter of nothing with them." *' The caft * countrie, whereof wee have entreated, which is called Mongal^ is reported to have had of olde time four fortes of people. One of them was called Yeka Mongat, that is the great Mongals : the fecond was called Sumongal, that is the Water Monguls, who called themfelves Tartars of a certaine river running through their countrey named Tartar: the third was called merkat; and the fourth metrit. In the province of Yeka Mongal there was a cer- taine man called * Chinois : this man became a mighty hunter, for •• Hackluyt, Tol. i. page 57. ch. vii. ■ '' ■ ' * The Tartars, according to Voltaire, left their dcfarts about the year 1213 ; and in tlie year 13361 had conquered one half of the hemifphere. The race of Zingis continued a long time in Cathay or China, under the name of Iven. Mr. Gibbon fays that the names of Ciiibay Slid Mmi^i diltlngiiilh the northern and fouthern empires; which from A. D. 1234. to if^i), were thofe of the Great Khan, and of the Chinefe. The fcarch of Cathay, after China had been found, excited and mided our navigators of the fixteenth century, iu tlieir attempts to ilifcover the north-cad paflage. Coblai Khan having made himfelf malU-r of China, font an army of an hundred thnufand men, on board of a thoufund veflcls ca'lcd juuks, to make the conquell of Japan The liillory of the revolutions occalioned iu India, and other kingdoms, by Zingis, was written by a Chinefe ; and lias been tranflated by a Jcfuit, R. P. Gaitbil, at Pari-:, in 4to, I 739. Another Frenchman, M Petit de la Croix, employed ten yeais in coinpoftiig, from tilt Pcrfian writers, tiic tJi/hire du Grand Genghixcan, premier Empereur des Mogols et Ti.r- tares, publidicd at Paris in i2mo. during the year 1710. The prime miiiiller of Zingis, Ydut' choufay, was a great patron of Chinefe literature, and fent for men, leatned in hiltory and geo- graphy, from Arabia and Perfia : under his direftions many valuable maiiiifcrlpts were tran- flated rtlalivc to Jnilia and Chiii.i. The coi.quells of Zingis, and the foundation and progref; of the Tiirkifli monarchy in Afia, is given by Mr. Gibbon, vol. xi. p. 401. Ziii In the Mogid tongue fignilics jjf/vf;/, and Gis is tlie fupcrlalive termination: hente, as Ikntiiik remarks, ilie Moguls tall the fca, Ziugis. The French mode of writing Gengis, or Cl/mj-li ife, i'i a Mogul term exijrefiing the cry of a bird ; to whieli they afcribc extraordinary qualities, and confider its appearance as forf.i.iate. Tlie original name of thk renowned barbarian was Ttmi/Jin, or Teiiiu^iii ; that of his I'atlier, who reigned over thirty or forty thonfand families, Te[fiighi Ba hiidui-, his mother's name was Ul.in-i^a, or Uliin-huxin. TemugIn was born in tlio country of fi/uiii^u/ducif MARITIME DISCOVERY. 95 he learned to ftealc men — he ranged into other countries taking as Ch. I. s «• many captives as he could, and joining them unto himfelfc. Alfo tZv" ' ^'"* he allured the men of his owne countrey unto him, trho followed him as their captaine and ringleader to doe mifchiefe. - - - In the land of the Karakytayans^Occoday Cham, the fonne of Chingis Cham, after he was created emperour, built a certaine citie, which he called Chanyl ; neare unto which citie, on the fouth-fide, there is an huge defert, wherein wilde men are certainely reported to inhabite, which cannot fpeake at all, and are deilitute of joynts in their legges, fo that if they fall, they cannot rife alone by thcmfelves." - - - " Then returned he (Chingis) home into his owne countrey and breathed himfelfe. Afterward aifembling his warlike troupes, they marched with one accord againd the Kythayans, and waging warre with them a long time, they conquered a great part of their land, and (hut up their emperour into his greatcfl ** citie : which citie they had fo long time befieged, that they began to want neceflary provifion for their armie- And when they had no victuals to feede upon, Chingis Cham commaunded his fouldiers that they Ihould eate every Blungulduit or according to Dc la Croix, D'Jon yltdat, in the year 1163. He early rendered eflential fervice to the caufe of Ung Khan, known towards the clofe of the twelfth century, by the appellation of Prejltr John, which the Neftorian milTionaries had conferred. Zingis was proclaimed Khan, by the tribes which had fubinitted to him, in the year 1202, being then forty years old. His anceftors, and himfclf, had originally been fubjedt to the Chinefe. Zingit could neither read nor write, and except the Igours, the greateft part of his fubjecls were as illiterate as their fovcrtigii. He died in 1227, on the i8th of Augull^ aged fixty-fix, after a reign of twenty two yc.irs. Univtrfal Hiftory Modern, vol. iv. p. g^. 180. — Aftley'a CoU leftion of Voyages, vol. Iv. p. 418. 448. Hiftoire Generale des Voyages, par Prevoft, Tom. vii. p. 53. 103. A moil K-arncd and iiitcrediiig difquifition on the origin of the Tartars, was given by Sir William Jones, as the fifth anniverfary difcourfe before the Afiatic Society. Sec Refearchcs, vol. ii. p. 18. 8vo. edit. Sir William adopts the orthography of Chengiz. "• This relates to the fiege of T'tn-img, the ruins of which are ftill feen fome furlongs to the fouth-eaft of the modern Peiln, which was built by Cublai Khan : fee Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. xi. p. 409. — '• When their ammunition was fpent, they dif. charged ingots of gold and filver from their engines ; but the Moguls introduced a mine to the centie of the capital." II. , X --I . '■■" o,,v-.^ 96 D O O K I. -, q, I PROGRESS OF every tenth man of the companie. But they of the cltie fouglit manfully againft them, with engines, dartes, and arrowes ; and wltcn ftones wanted they threw filver, and efpecially melted ftlvcr, for the fame citie abounded with great riches. Alfo when the Mongals had fought a long time, and could not preuayle by warre, they made a great trench underneath the ground, from the armie unto the middeft of the citie ; and there iflfuing foorth they fought againd the citizens, and the remnant alfo without the walles fought in like manner. At lad, breaking open the gates of the citie, they entered, and putting the emperour with many other to the fworde, they tooke pofleflion thereof, and conueighcd away the golde, filver and all the riches therein : and having appointed certaine deputies over the countrey, they returned home into their owne lande. This is the fird time, when the emperor of the Kythayans being van- quifhed, Chingis Cham obtayned the empire : but forae parte of the countrey, becaufe it lyeth within the fea, they could by no meanes conquere unto this day. " And when * the Mongals with their emperour Chingis Cham had a while refted themfelves, after the forefayd vi■•(' Bohemia, , * Hackluyi, vol. i. p. 59, ch. xi. • Ibid. vol. i. p. 71. ch. xxxni. — Bergeron, coUmin 24- O2 1 ! mi*"! '" ■ lOO rr y progress of BOOK Bohemia. Daniel, and his brother " Wafilico, made us a royale feaft, '■ and interteined us with them, againft our willes, for the fpace of eight dayes. In the meane time, they with their bifhops, and other men of account, being in cOnfultation together about ibofe matters which we had propounded unto them^ in our journey towards the Tar~ tars^ anfwered us with common confent, faying — that they would holde the Pope for their fpeciall Lord and Father, and the Church of Rome for their lady and miftrefle ; confirming likewife all things which they had fent concerning this matter, before our comming, by their abbate : and for the fame purpofe they fent their ambaOa- dours and letters by us alfo, unto our Lord the Pope." Such in brief was the curious information which the Portu- guefe received from the travels of certaine friers^ predicants^ and mi- noriteSf who vifited the interior and remote provinces of Afia, at Aitihonroiii. the clofe of the reign of Sancho the fecond. His brother Alphonfo * ■ the third grafped the fceptre with a firmer hand : he arofe from the cradle with a frame both of mind and body fuperior to the deli- cate conftitution of his predeceflfor ; and enjoyed a greater portion of fame, inafmuch as he poflfeiTed more favourable means to acquire it. Though Alphonfo had reached his thirty-eighth year, a fenfe of thofe errors, into which a youthful or too ambitious mind had betrayed him, was publicly difplayed. The fycophants who had ferved the prince, at the expence of their allegiance to his de- ceafed brother, met with their reward ; whilft his former oppofers difcovered the truth of this maxim, that ftedfaft loyalty, and patriot firmnefs, will eventually claim a preference from thofe whofe irre- gular ambition has thus for a time been oppofed. In the fecond year of his reign, Alphonfo proceeded to com- plete the boundaries of Portugal, by expelling the Moors from the ftrong holds they had hitherto preferved. He accordingly entered the * The princes Daniel, and Bafilic8, or Bafiliquc. MARITIME DISCOVERY. lot the province of Atgarve at the head of a numerous army ; whilft Ch. i. ^ 2. a powerful fleet hovered on the coaft to diftradt the attention of the %Ztiu.Sfiif. enemy. Faro, the Moorifh capital, built on the weftern extremity 'fif,]ti^bCint'u'y. of the gulph of Cadiz, furrendered after a long Hege ; and the def- perate courage with which the aflailants Uormed the town of Louie, to the north-weft of Faro, fubdued the fpirit of the adjacent country. But Alphonfo's ambition was unfatiated ; and whilft he looked for- ward to new conquefts, he forgot that the foundeft policy confifted in preferving what had been already acquired. The revenue which Pope Innocent the fourth derived from the kingdom of Portugal, and the fervice which its maritime power was fo well adapted to afford him, enabled Alphonfo to enjoy the friendfhip of that pon- tiff, and to remain fecure from the terrors of excommunication. Thus fupported, the military ardour of the king did not long re- main ungratified; and his ambition viewed with impatience the fertile province of Andalufia. Mohammed Aben Afon, king of Niebta, foon perceived the intentions of his enemy ; and placing himfelf under the protedion of the government of Caftile, a powerful army immediately traverfed the kingdom of Algarve. Alphonfo difcerned his imprudence ; and the intrigues of the cabinet repaired the errors that had been committed in the field. Though a previous marriage would have embarrafTed a lefs experienced politician, the Portuguefe monarch oflered his hand to a natural daughter of the Caftilian j and, with the approbation of the Pope, Alphonfo, then in his forty-third year, led Donna Beatrix to the altar, who had only completed her twelfth birth day : the kingdom of ' Algarve was received as her dower, and gave a new title to the fovereigns of Portugal. Thus did Alphonfo gain an addition of nearly thirty- live leagues of coaft ; on a part of which, the illuftrious patron of the naval charader, Henry Duke of Vifco, afterwards founded his ' Algarve is derived from the Arabic /tl^miia, which fignifies a fertile couiitrv. i?54. .iU, ^^^ \ 1; '^ I02 Jf PROGRESS OF BOOK his celebrated town of Sagres, adjoining the ^fainted Cape^ whence •* '- the firft Alphonfo had conveyed the bones of St. Vincent to Lifbon. Every department of government derived new energy from the unfubdued vigilance of Alphonfo, and the bulwark of the liberties of his country was not forgotten. The military fpirit of the Portuguefe however too much prevailed above the naval profcfllon : thougl» their maritime power formed the fafeguard of an extenfive line of coaft and infured the fafety of the inhabitants of Liflson, yet the charadter of a feaman was loft among the various agents of commerce, or con- fidered as a fubfervient appendage to the manoeuvres of an army. During this reign the travels of Friar William de Rubruquls call- ed the mercantile attention to the diftant provinces of Alia, and gave a new flimulus to the enterprife of Europe. — " The travels of Rubruquis and others into different parts of the eaft, firft infpired that paflion for difcoveries, which has fince produced fuch mighty effeds : before that time we knew little or nothing in this part of the world of the fituation of diftant countries, and thofe who offcSled to be thought great witSy laboured to dlfcredlt whatever was delivered in relations of this " kind^ The letters of a Tartar prince, named Ercalthay^ which are ftill extant, arriving about this period at the court of St. Louis (the ninth) of France, then at Nicofia in Cyprus, interefted that monarch in behalf of the diftant Khan, who had profefled ' Chrifti- anity, * Camoehs alludes to this in tlie third book of the Lufiad : But holy rites the pious king preferred ; The martyr's bones on V'incenCt Cape interred. His fainted name the Cape (hall ever bear. To Lifl)oa*8 walls he l)rought with votive care. Mickh, vol. i. p. f ij. JFutrtiam mortem famam, Cdieta iledifli. Fir", jEn. VII. " Harritt vol. i. p. 592. • Dr. Roherlfon confiders this embalTy as the defign of an impoftor, who took advantage .of the imperfcd knowledge whicli Cliriftendom then enjoyed refpefting tl»e ftate and charaftcr of MARITIME DISCOVERY. lOJ an'ity, and appeared likely to co-operate in reducing the power of Ch. i. { 2. the Mohammedans. The names of traveller, and pilgrim, were at Narrative of this time united j and as mankind had not then learnt to diftin- ^"^j"^]^^""* guifh the pedantry of the cloifter, from the liberality of an improv- ed mind, monks were generally deputed to viftt and magnify the wonders of unexplored countries. Friar William de Rubruquis ap- pears to have enjoyed the confidence of his fovereign ; and was ac- cordingly appointed lo follow the fooifteps of Friar Andrew, who though prcvioufly fent into Tartary by the Pope, had returned in the year 1250 from the court of France, with fome Tartarian ambafladors. The interefling narrative of Rubruquis is addrelTed in the epiilolary ftyle to St. Loujs. Harris declares, that no European, except Carp'tni^ ever before travelled fo far : — " The tra- vels of Rubruquis are equally aftoniftiing in whatever light they are confidered : take them with refpedl to length, and they extend to upwards of five thoufand miles one way, and to near fix thoufand another: I mean from Conftantinople in his going out, and to Aeon or Ptolemais in his return." From him Portugal, as well as the reft of Europe, received the firft certain accounts of China^ and were in- formed that fuch a place as Japan exifted ; but I haften to introduce the venerable ^ Pilgrim to my readers. " To of the Afiatic nations. (Hid. of America, vol f. p. 47.) The whole was doubtlefs devifcd by the Tartar prince, to obtain intclh'gence refpedling the Franks j and to afcertaiu what force they poireffed to carry on the war againd the Saracens. P I, //rtfW/y/'s account in bbick letter, vol. i. p. 93 l in the original Latin, p. 71.— 2, Har- ris, vol. i. p. 556. - 3, /IJlley's coUeftlon, vol. 4. p. 552.-4, Tranflation from the Englifli by Bergeron, who collated two Latin MS. Tom i. — 5, Prevojl, Tom. 7. p. 263. — 6, I have preferred the account, wliicli Pitrchcs gives, (vol. iii. p. i.) completed from a MS. found by Hackluyt in Bennet College, Cambridge .• this was the firll complete trrtiiilation. — Riiiniquis travelled from Conllantiiiuple acrofs the B/tui Sea to ijie Port of Caja : thence he proceeded by land througti C'lm Tartary : he tlien croffcd the rivers Tanais, and Ao/frt, and came into the country of Bolgar, and lo the camp of Baatit : lie then advanced through the extenfive country of the Ca/uitiles, and fo north eallward to the court of .'hangu-Khan ; which according to bis defcription muft have lain in the latitude of fifty degrees nortii, or fomething more; con- 2 ' "fidcrabljr. •,i,f vyM 104 PROGRESS OF S O O K I. " To the mo/t txctUtnt and mofl ChriJIian Ltrd, Lewis, by God's grace, the renvwned king of France, Friar William de Ruiruk, the meanejl of the mimrites order, nuifhtth health and continual triumph in Chrijl, -: " It is written in the booke of Ecclefiadicus, concerning the wife man, bejball traveill itito forreine countries^ and good and evilljhall he try in all ' things : the very fame action, my lord and king, have I atchieved ; hovvbeit, I widi that I have done it like a wife man, and not like a foole. Notwithftanding, howfoever, I have done it becaufe you commanded mee, when I departed from your highnefle, to write all things unto you, which I fhould fee among the Tartars, and you wifhed mee alfo that I fliould not feare to write long let- ters, I have done as your majefly enioyned mee. " Bee it knowne therefore unto your facred majeftie, that in the yeare of our Lord 1253, about the nones of May, wee entred into the fea of Pontus^ which the Bulgarians call the great fea ; it con- tayneth in length, as I learned of certayne merchants, one thoufand and eight miles, and is in a manner divided into two parts. About the midft therefore are two provinces, one towards the north, and another towards the foutli. The fouth province is called SynopoUsy and it is the caftle and port of the Soldan of Turkic : but the north province is called of the Latines " Gafaria ; of the Greekes which inhabit upon the fea fhore thereof, it is called Cajfaria^ that is to fay, Cafaria. At the province of Gafaria we arrived : about the midft of the faid province toward the fouth as it were upon a (harpe angle or point, ftandeth a citie called ' Soldaia^ dire : " The fame ^ day Scacatai {Zagafai) the captaine aforefaid, gave us one man to condu£t us to Sartach^ and two other to guide us unto the next lodging, which was diftant from that place five dayes journey for oxen to travell ; they gave unto us alfo a goate for victuals, and a great many bladders of cowes milke. And fo taking our journey direftly toward the north, mee thought that we had pafled through one of hell gates. And from the time wherein wee departed out of the forefaid province of Gafaria, we travelled diredly eaftward ; having a fea on the fouth fide of us, and a wafte defert on the north j which defert, in fome places, reacheth twentie dayes journey •» Furchas, vol. lii. p. 6. line 28. * Ibid. p. 8. ch. xi. •• Ibid. p. 10. ch. xiv. 1. 4a. ,/^' ': , I'M L" H 110 PROGRESS OF O O I. journey in breadth, and there is neither tree, mountayne, nor (lone therein. ** But above all * things it grieved mee to the very heart, that when I would utter ought unto them, which might tend to their edification, my foolifli interpreter would fay, Tou yhouU not make mee become a preacher now ; I tellyou^ I cannot^ nor I will not rchearfe anyfucb words : then feeing the danger I might incurre in fpeaktng by fuch an in- terpreter, I rcfolved much rather to hold my peace ; and thus we travelled with great toile from lodging to lodging, till at the length, a few dales before the fead of Saint Marie Magdalene, we arrived at the banke of the mightie river Tanais^ which divideth Afia from Europa. - - • At the fame place Baatn and SartacJb did caufe a ccr- taine cottage to be built upon the eaQcrne banke of the river, for a companie of Ruilians to dwell in, to the end they might tranfport ambalTadours and merchants in ferrie-boatee, over that part of the river.--- i^/ >•■■,, ■:■'<■-/- .i '> .:!■.', '•i, " And wee ' found Sartacb within three daics journey of the river Etilia {or Volga)^ whofc court fecmed unto us to be very great. Our guide went unto a certaine Nedorian, named Coiat^ who is a man of great authoritie in Sartach's court. He made us to goe very farre un- to the Lord's Gate ' ; for fo they call him who hath the office of en- tertayning ambafladours. — We ftood before him, and hee fate majef- tically. Hee enquired alfo who was the greateft prince among the Francks ; and I faid, the emperour, if he could enjoy his owne do- minions in quiet. No, quoth hee, but the king of France ; for hee had heard of your highnefle by Lord Bald wine of Henault. I found there alfo one of the knights of the Temple, who had bcene in Cyprus, • Purchaa, vol. !ii. p. ii. ch. xv. 1. 37. Ibid. p. 12. ch. xvii. In the Latin verfion, Jilt fecit not ire valde huge ait Jomini jnnnam. Ila vocant illu qui habet officium recipiendi nunciot. Hakluyt, vol. i. p. 82. Sletimut coram eo, el ipfe feJebat in gloria fua et facielal fonare citharam et failure coram fe. The curious reader may be gratified with Come ipecimens of this MS. MARITIME DISCOVER Y. •It Cyprus, and had made report of all things which he faw there. The Ch. 1. s •• next morning hec comma tided mee to come unto The Court, and KXtf'm!. to bring the king'* letters, aiid my veflmenta, and bookes with mee, bccAufe liih lord wa§ deffrous to fee them. ---Then he commanded lis to invert our It Ives in the faid garments, that wee might goe be- fore his lord ; and wc did fo. Then I myfelfe putting on our moft precious ornaments, tooke in mine armes a very faire cufhion, and the bible which your majcftie gave mee, and a mod beautiful! pfalter, which the queenes grace beftowed upon mee, wherein there were goodly pictures. Mine aOfociate tooke a milTall and a croflTe ; and the clerke having put on his furplice, tooke a cenfer in his hand, and fo we came unto the prefence of his lord : and they lifted up the felt hanging before his doore, that hee might beholde us ; and they diligently admoniflied us to take heed, that in going in, and in comming out, we touched not the threlhold of the houfe, and re- quefted us to fmg a benedidion for him. Then we entred in, finding Salve Regina. •'• ' • •• 'o- . • y .-• • ' . " Then Coiat carryed unto his lord the cenfer with incenfe, which hee beheld very diligently, holding it in his hand ; afterward he car- ryed the pfalter unto him, which he looked earneftly upon, and his wife ^ alfo that fate befide him ; after that he carryed the bible : then Sartacb alked if the Gofpell were coutayned therein ? Yea, faid I, and all the holy Scriptures befides. He tooke the crofTe alfo in his hand j and demanded concerning the image, whether it were the image of Chrlft or no ; I faid it was. Afterward I delivered unto him your majeftic's letters, with the tranllation thereof into the Arabickc and Syriacke languages ; for I caufed them to bee tranflated at Aeon." Our travellers having loft a confiderable part of their property through the avarice of a Neftorian prieft, obey the orders of Sartacb in •• One of the fix wives of Sartach. ^ w .*» xim jjiii«" iia PROGRESS OF BOOK in leaving liis court, for that of his father Baatii. Rubruquis then '■ confiders the various opinions relative to Prejier Jobuy whofe ima- ginary dominions he pafled in returning to France. He derives the origin of the fidion, which eventually proved of fervice in creating a ftimulus for difcovery, from the fabricated opinion of the ' Nefto- rians : " they blaze " abroad great rumours, and reports upon juft no- thing : whereupon they gave out concerning Sartach, that he was be- come a Chrillian ; and the like alfo they reported concerning Mangu Catty and Ken-Cati) namely, becaufe thefe Tartars make more account of Chriflians, than they doe of other people ; and yet in very deed, themfelves are no Chriftians. ' " Now as ' concerning Sartach^ whether he beleeues in Chrifl: or no, I know not. This I am fure of, that he will not be called a Chriftian. For the fpace of foure dales, while wee remained in the court oi Sartach y we had not any vidluals at all allowed us, but once cnelya little " cofmos. And in our journey betweene him, and his father, wee travelled in great feare ; for certayne Ruffians, Hunga- rians, and Alanians, I eing fervants unto the Tartars, aflemble them- felves twentic, or thirtie in a company j and fo fecretly in the night conveying * Rubruquis difcuflcs a fubjeft ftill further, which at that time fo much luterefted his own, and other countries. " Cara-Cathay (Harris, v. i. p. 566.) lies behind certain mountains over which I pafled ; as alfo through a plain country, in which formerly dwelt a certain great Nef. torian prieft, who was fovercign of a nation called Naymans, and who were all Chriftians of the Neftorian feft." Kon-Khjn being dead, the Ncftorian afTumed the monarchy, and thence was called Preftre John, John the Pr'iejl. A fcarch after this monarch was of as much fervice to tilt progrefi of maritime difcovery in the fifteenth century, as the equally fruitlcfs Toil after a norlh-eaft paffage has proved in this refpcA of importance, in the eighteenth century. Harris however is of opinion that the above account is an error ; and that Prefbyter John is only to bt found in the Grand Lama or Supreme Pontiff of the Tartars. Vol. i. p. yji, ^ Ibid. p. 14. ch. xix. 1. 63. ' Ibid. p. 15. ch. xx. » Made from mare's milk. Kumis, or Koimis, fignifies the thin part of the milk ; the mode of preparing it is given by Rubruquis. Eton, in his furvey of the Turkilh empire, .liready ated, gives an account of the mode which the Tartars, and Kalmuks follow in making this fermented marc's milk : they ufe it as a n.IlQrativc to the ftomach ; and diilil from it a fuiritii- ous liqii*!*. MARITIME DISCOVERY. "3 conveying themfelves from home, they take bowes and arrowes Ch. I. f a. with them, and whomfoever they finde in the night feafon, they put R'tltjuh. him to death, hiding themfelves in the day time. In this journey we had dyed for famine, had wee not carryed fome of our biflcet with us : at length we came unto the mightie river of Etilia, or Volga; for it is foure times greater than the river of Sein, and of a wonderfule depth ; and iffuing forth of Bulgaria the greater, it run- neth into a certayne lake, or fea, which of late they call the Hircan SeOf according to the name of a certaine citie in Perfia, (landing upon the (hoare thereof; howbeit Jftdore calleth it the Cafpian Sea^ for it hath the Cafpian mountaynes and the land of Perfia, fituate on the fouth fide thereof, and the mountaynes of Mufihet, that is to fay of the people called " AJfaJJtniy towards the eaft. " When " I firft beheld the court of Baatu^ I was aftonied at the fight thereof, for his houfes or tents feemed as though they had been fome huge and mightie citie : the court is called in their Ian- . guage •" Horda^ which fignifieth, the midft. The day following, we were brought unto the court : then Baatu demanded whether your majeftie had fent ambafladors unto him, or no." — Rubruquis delivered his " Some account of thefe extraordinary and cruel fe£laries, ftyled by Mr. Gibbon tht IfmatH' ans of Perfta, occurs in his eleventh volume, (p. 417) : — from them the word AJfaJfm has been adopted. Two memoirs on this fubjefl are inferted in the volumes of the Academy of In- fcriptibns by M. Falconet (tom. xvii. p. 127 — 170). The AfTafilni are noticed by Harris (vol. i. p. 592). Their prince was termed The Old Man of the Mountain: he eftabliftied and protected a company of murderers, who were let loofe in fecret on his enemies. LouU of Bavaria fell by one of their daggers in 1231 } and four were fent to the court of Louts the ninth of France : but their Chief changing his mind, four others were difpatched to guard the king. The letter from the Shcich, or Old Man of the Mountain, in jufttlication of the cha. rafter of Richard Coeur de Lion, refpefting the murder of Conrad of Montferrat (Hift. de 1' Academic des Infcriptions, tom. xvi. p. 155-^163) is declared by Mr. Gibbon to be a pal- pable forgery. In this letter the Sheich openly acknowledges himfelf to have been the aflaflin of Conrad. The AJfaJftni were finally extirpated by Holagou Khan, fon of Zingis. • Purchas, vol. iii. p. 16. ch. xxi. P Or Curia Orda, the court of the middle. VOL. I. Q. '1'. h n \i' uf' liilj' «»4 PROGRESS OF BOOK hU meflfage, (landing bare-footed, and '' bare-headed ; and praying; '■ for the converfion of Baatu, prefented the letters of his fovereign. - Louis the eleventh, had therein requefted permiffion for them to continue for feme time in the country ; they were accordingly in- formed, that they rouft firft go to the court of Mangu Khan, with the exception of the clerk Gqfcf^ and the lad, who were obliged to return to the court of Sartacb. The narrative is refumed on their entering the extenfive mountains of '^ Karakitay. " Every ' Saturday I remained falling untill night, without eating or drinking of ought ; and when night came, I was conftrained, to my great griefe and forrow, to eate flefli. -Sometimes we were faine to eate flcfli halfe fodden» or almod raw, and all for want of fewell to feethe it withall, efpecially when we lay in the fields ; becaufe we could not then conveniently gather together the dung of horfes or oxen, for other fewell we found but feldome, except perhaps a few thornes in fome places. Upon the even of the feaft of All Saints, • . ;•'-,,•.- . ..: r .,;,>. . ■•• wee 1 Carpiui, who had previoufly vilited this court, changed his drefa, that he might not be infulted. (Paichaa,.vol. iii. p. 17). ^'■ -.- • . ,..<....• .. ' Geographers have been perplexed to arcertain the exaft fituation of this counfry ftyled KurakUay, or Caracntay. P. A. Gaub'il, in his Wftoire du Goi^hncun, Uc. t'irce dt I'HiJloire Chi- noife, already noticed, throws conftderable light upon the lubjccl, and defcribes Karakitay^ un- der the appellation of Kitan, " The Kitan were Tartar.s, who dwelt to the noith and north* t-aft of the province of Pecbeli. In the tenth century they fubdued all the countries between Korea, and Kafhgar, befidc feveral nortlicrn provinces of China : they called tlicir dynafty that of Lyau; and the name of the imperial family was Telu. In 1209 they dill maintained a- footing in the countries to the north, north.eall,and north-weft of Tur/itn," (p. 11.) Accord- ing to Couplet, and Du Halde, the capital of their eatlern and weilern courts, were Tongting :iiid Peking- This empire commenced in 917 ; and continued under nine emperors for two hundred and nine yeais, until it was overthrown by the Kin Tartan in 1126. The writers of the Modern Univerfal Hi/lory are of opinion, that the nine fouthern provinces of the antient empire of China, were in the pofleHlon of the Song Dynafty ; and that the five northern ones, except part of Shen-fi, with the adjoining parts of Tartary, were pofleffed by the Kin, from whom tlic prcfcnt Chinefe are difcended. This great domitn'on was named Kllay, or Malay, and divided into two parts; that which belonged to China was properly called Kltay, and tht part appertaining to Tartary was named Karakitay, (Vol. iv. p. 86. ed. 8vo. 1780). * Ptirchas, vol. iii. p. ig. ch. xxiv. 1. 34. MARITIME DISCOVERY. wee forfooke the way leading towards the eaft,becaufe the people were now defcended very much fouth ; and wee went on our journey by certain Alpes^ or mountaynes diredly fouthward, for the fpace of eight daies together. A few ' dales after we entered upon thofc jilpesy where the Cara Catayans were wont to inhabit, and there we found a mighty river; infomuch, that we were conflrained to em- barke ourfelves. Afterward we came into a certaine valley, where I faw a caftle deftroyed, the walls whereof were onely of mudde; and in that place the ground was tilled alfo : and there wee found a certaine village named " Equius^ wherein were " Saracens, fpeaking the Perfian language ; howbeit they dwelt an huge diftance from Perfia. The day following, having pafled over the forefaid Alpes^ which defcended from the great mountaynes fouthward, wee entred into a mod bcautifull plaine ; having high mountaynes on our right hand, and on the left of us a certaine fea or " lake, vv^hich containeth fifteene daies journey in circuit. All the forefaid plaine is moft commodioufly watered with ceitaine fr«(h€t8, diftilKng from the faid mountaynes, all which doe fall into the lake. In fummer time we returned by the north (hoare of the faid lake, and there were great mountaynes on that fide alfo. Upon the forenam«d plaine, there were wont to bee great ftore of villages ; but for the moft part they were all wafted, in regard of the fertile paftures, that the Tartars might feede their cattell there. We found one great citie there named * Coilac^ wherein was a mart, and great ftore of merchants frequenting it. In this citie wee remained fifteene daies, ftaying for a cer- « Parchas, vol. iii. p. 20. ch. xxv. 1. 42. " Prevoft reads Egiiius. (Vol. vii. p. 271.) X X!ie general term given by Rubnuiuis to the Mohammedans. y Geographers are not acquainted with any lake thus fituated of this fizc j if the lake of Sayfan is alluded to, a part of the river mull be included. • Written by Aflley, awd his tranflator Prevoft, Kayhth, or KoslaL viii Ch. T. St. NarratltH "f Ruhri yi/M \m% li""' m m M'-' 1' ' 'nK'^i ;*■ ![;ni ::iM ii6 BOOK 1. PROGRESS OF a certaine fcrlbc, or fecretarie of Baatu, who ought to have accom- panied our guide, for the difpatching of certaine affaires in the court of Mangu, All this countrey was wont to bee called Organum^ and the people thereof had their proper language, and their peculiar kind of writing ; but it was altogether inhabited by the people called Contomanni. Here firft did I fee worfhippers of idols ; concerning whom, bee it knowne unto your majeftie, that there bee many fedbs of them in the Eaft Countries. . *' The firft fort of thefe idolaters are called * lugures^ whofe land bordereth upon the forefaid land of Organum, within the faid moun- tayncs eaftward " Mangu-Can hath fent letters unto your majeftie, written in the language of the Mods or Tartars^ and in the forefaid hand or letter of the lugures. Next unto them betweene the fore- &id mountaynes, eaftward, inhabiteth the nation of Tanguty who are a moft valiant people, and tooke Chingis in battell : next unto them, are the people of Tebet ; the faid people have great plentie of gold in their land ; whofoever therefore wanteth gold, diggeth til he hath found fome quantitie, and then taking fo much thereof as will ferve his turne, hee layeth up the refidue within the earth ; be- caufe, if he fhould put i: into his cheft, or ftorehoufe, he is of opinion that God would withhold from him all other gold within the earth. Next unto Tebet are the people of Langa^ and Solanga^ v hofe meflen- gers I faw in the Tartars court : beyond them, as I underftand of a certaintie, there are other people called Muc^ having villages, but no one particular man of them appropriating any cattell unto him- felfe. Beyond Muc is great Cataya^ the inhabitants whereof, as I fuppofe, were of old time called Scres^ for from them are brought moft excellent ftuffes of filke j and this people is called Sercsy of a certaine » Their country is called by Haiton the kingdom of Tarja t the language of this people forms the root of the Turkifh. » Purchas, vol. iii. page 22. ch. xxvii. 1. 14^ MARITIME DISCOVERY. 117 certaine towne in the fame countrey. I was credibly ihformed, that Ch. 1. 5 8. in the faid countrey, there is one towne, having walls of filver, and ^r'JX^ bulwarkes, or towers of gold. There bee n»any provinces in thai land, the greater part whereof are not as yet fubdued unto the Tar- tars : and the ' Sea lyeth between them and India. Thefe Catay- ans are men of a little ftature, fpeaking much through the nofe ; and this is generall, that all they of the eaft have fmall eyes. They are excellent workemen in every art ; and their phyficians are well {killed in the vertues of herbs, and judge exadly of the pulfe. They now direfted their courfe towards the north, and on the twenty-eighth of December arrived at the court of Mangu-Kban ; where they found a Chriilian of Damafcus, fent by the Soldan of Mons Regalis and Krak^ offering to pay the Tartar's tribute. The Tartar queen was a Chriftian lady ; and her attendant Paquete^ or Pafcha^ a woman of Metz in Lorraine, acquainted the travellers that at Caracarum, two days journey diftant, lived Guillame Boucbier a goldfmith, born at Paris, who was patronifed by Manga Khan. " - We *• came to our cold and emptie houfe ; they provided us bedding and coverlets, they brought us alfo fewell, and gave us three the carkaffe of one little leane ramme, meate for fixe dayes, and every day a platter full of millet ; but there are fo many hun- ger-ftarved, who are not provided of meate ; that as foone as they faw us dreffe meate, they thruft in upon us, and muft eate with us : there I found by experience how great a martyrdome liberalitie is in povertie." — During the month of January, they paid a miflionary vifit with fome Neftorian monks to Baltu.^ the eldeft fon of the Khan, and * Hence, adds Purchr.s, is fupplyed by Maftcr Hackluit's induftrie, as hee told me, out of a manufcript in Bcniiet Colledge in Cambridge ; the other part hee had out of an impcrfeft copio of my Lord Lumlkt. The cliapters difagree, as being I thinke rather fomc tranfcriber's divifion than the authors. Yet have I followed the numbers I found, even where they are obfcureft. The friars Latin for fome barbarous words and phrafes, hath beene truublcfome to- tranflate : the worke I hold a Jewell of antiquitie, now firlt entirely publike. ' Purchas, vol. iii. page 30. ch. xxxiii. 1. 11. tm unMM I*- ■I '.;■'; U:t X-i! ih ii3 PROGRESS OF BOOK and to the Tartar queen, who refpcdively wcrlhippetl the " crofs; '• which was afterwards prefented to Mangu Khan, by an Armenian, who came from Jerufalem. " - Since ' we came to the court of Mangu Chan, he rode but twice towards the fouth ; and from that time he beganne to returne towards the north, which was toward Caracarurn : Whereupon I noted all the way, a thing of which Mafter Baldwin of Hannouia had fpoken to mee at Conftantinople, who was there, that he had feene this onely wonderfull — that he alwaies afcended in going, and never defcendcd i for all * rivers came from the eaft into the weft, ■ ' ' • - ' . ' *. > ,' • either • Purchas, vol. ii!. (page 31. line 53.) — This crofs was of filver, and weighed about four marks : a precious Hone was fet in each corner, and one in the centre. It had no figure of ChriH on it, according to the Nedorian manner. ' Purchas, ibid, page 33. ch. xxxvi. > This remark is juft, until the traveller has pafled Mount Ahay ; and then the rivers begtu to decline eailwaid. Duffon remarks (vol. i. p. 251. eii. Smellie) that in the Old Continent, the diredlion of the gfrtatell chains of mountains is from weft to eaft ; and that thofe which run to the north, or fouth, are only branches of the principal chains : the greatejl rivers have the fame direflion ; and few of them follow the courfe of the branches of mountains. The Vigo, tlie Douro, the Tagus, and the Guadiana, run from eaft to weft ; there is not a river of any confl' deration which runs from fouth to north, or from north to fouth. The courfe of the Euphrates, of the Perfic gulph, and of almoft all the rivers of China, is from weft to eaft. The rivers of the interior parts of Africa obferve the fame dircAion ; running either from weft to eaft, or from eaft to weft. The Nile, and the rivers of Barbary, are the only ones which run from fouth to north. There are it is true large rivers in Afia, as the Don, the Wolga, &c. which partly run from noilh to fouth ; but they only obferve this direftion in order to fall into the Black and Cafplan Seas, which are lakes in the interior parts of the coimtry. We may therefore lay it down as a faft, that, in general, the rivers, and Mediterranean waters of Europe, Afia, and Africa, ran, or ftrtlch more from eaji to tuejl, than from north to fouth. This is a natural confequence of the parallel diredion of the different chains of mountains. Befides, the whole continent of Europe and of Afia, is broadtr from eaft to weft, than from north to foutli. But though, both in the Old and New Continent, the great rivers run in the fame direftion, this ilUct is produced by different caufes. The rivers, in the Old Continent, run from call to well, becaufe tlicy are confined by many parallel chains of mountains which ftrttch from weft to call ; but thofe of /^mei'Ica obferve the fame diredllon, becaufe there Is only one chain of mountains ftretching from fouth to north. The theory of the Chevalier tie Buat, refpedling rivers, is defervcdly cfteemed. The following lift is given in the Encyclopae- dia Britanriicaj of thofe wiltcre who have treated profed'cd';- -^fthe motions of rivers, i. Giig' lielmiiii II MARITIME DISCOVERY. ng i':''•^| either diredty or indiredly, that is to fay, bending towards the fouth Ch. i. § 2. or north : and I enquired of the priefts which came from Cataya, who RtZt'^^y teftified this fame. From that place where I found Mangtt Chan unto Cataya, were.twentie daies journey, going towards the fouth and eaft. To ' Onan Kerttlcy which is the proper countrey of Moall (the Mon- gals) where the court of Chingis is, were ten daies journey right eaft : and in thofe parts of the eaft there was no citie, yet there were people which are called Su Moalty that is to fay Moall of the waters j for Su is as much to fay as water : thefe people live upon, fifti and hunting, having neither flocks nor heards. Towards the north likewife there is no citie, but a poore people feeding cattell, who are called Kerk'n, The Qrangei are alfo there, who binde fmoothe 11 ilM< Uclm'mi de Fluvi'u et Cq/lellit Jquarum. — DanuUus lUuJlratut. i. Grandi de Cqftellis. 3 Zen- drin'i, de motu aquarum. 4. Frifiut de Fluviis. 5. Lecchi Idrojlatica i IdrauHca. 6. M'tclielott't fpere'mze Jdrauliche. 7. Belidor's ^reh'UeSure Hydraullque. &• Boffut't Hydrodynamique. 9, Buat't HydrauUque. 10. SUier/chlag's Tieorie det F/euves. 11. Lettres de M. I.'EplnaJe au P. Frifi touchani fa Theor'te des Fleuves. 12. Tableau des principakt Rivieres du Monde, par Genctte. 13. Stevint fur let Eclufes, i^^ TraUe det Ecfufetpar Boulard, qui a remporle le Prix dePAcad, de Lyont. 15. Bleiftvyck't Diffirtalio dt ^ggeribus. i6. Bojfut tl Viallet fur la conjlruaion det digues. 1 7. Stevin's Hydrojlatica. 1 8. Tielman van der Horjl's Theatrum Machinarum Univer- fale. 19. Oe la Landi fur Its Canaux de Navigation, ao. Racolta di Julori chi traltano del Moto dell' Acque, 3 torn. 4/0, Firenxa 1723- This laft moft valuable coUedlion contains the writings of Archimedes, Albizi, Galileo, Caflelli, Michelini, Borelli, Montanari, ViviamV CaiTiiii, Guglielmini, Grandi, Manfred!, Picard, and Narduci. * The Onon and Kei ulen were two celebrated rivers. The Jefuit Gerbilloti notices the river Saghaliun, in cailein Tartary, which according to Aftley (vol. iv. p. 357) had different names, accordhiff to the countries through which it pafTed : towards the fource it was ftyled Onon. The Kerlon or Kerulon, fays the miflionary Re^is, running from weft to eaft, falls into the lake Kiilon-nor, which difcharges itfelf into the Saghalian-ula. This river, about fixty feet in breadth, wafhcs the rieheft paftures in Tartary.— Onan Kerule, is thus mentioned by Friar Racon in the extraft made by Purchas (vol. iii. p. 57) already noticed, p. 92. note 2. In this geographical difquiiition the learned friar is much indebted to the travels of Rubruquis. Prima igiliir in terra uli imperator moratur ejl, Cataia Nigra, ubifuit Prejbyter Johannes. Poji earn ejl terra fratris fiii ultra per iter trium Septimanarum. Deinde terra Moal ; et Tartarorum ultra: eos per iter quaft duodecem dieturum. Sed tota hdc terra efl in qua moratur imperator vagans per- diva-fii loca. Tei ra tamen in qua fuerunt Moal, vocatur Oman Kerule : Et ibi ejl adhuc Curia Cingis Can. ^e , ^ 'S IS3 PROGRESS OF BOOK I. great folemnlty, juft about the fifteenth of June ; and he defircd that ~ all the embafTadours (hould be prefent. The laft day alfo he fent for us ; but I went to baptif'e three children of a certalne poore Dutchman, whom we found there. Mafter William {Bouchier) was chlefe butler at that feaft, becaufe he made the ° tree which powrcd foorth drinke. At that time I faw the embafladour of the Calipha of Baldach {BagHad)y alfo the embafladour of a certaine ' Soldan of India^ who brought with him eight leopards, and ten hare-hounds taught to fit upon the horfe buttockes, as leopards doe. When I Inquired of Indiuy which way it lay from " that place, they flaewcd me towards the weft. " In the meane 'time, while thefe things were doing, my companion hearing that wee muft returne by the wildernefle to Baatu^ and that a man of Moall (hould be our guide, he ranne, without my privitie to Bulgai the chief fcribe j fignifying to him by fignes that he fliould die, if he went that way. - - - Wee therefore ' departed one from the other with teares (July y« ninth); my companion remayning with Maf« ter William, and I returning alone, with my interpreter, my guide, and one fervant, who had commandemcnt to take one mutton in foure dayes, for us foure. Wee came therefore in two moneths and ten dayes from Caracarum to Baatu, the fame ' daye I departed thence the yeare • An account of this early fpecimen of meclianifvn, by the French artlft, i« given in Pur- chas, vol. iii. p. 35. 1. 49.— Harris, toI. i. p. $"]*), fea. 46. ; and Bergeron, vol. i. ch. 41. Col. 96. who has introduced an engraving of this Angular piece of mechanifnj, with three on other fub- jedls. I. Let Chariott, ou let Traineaux, " qu'ils font tirer par dcs Chameaux, afin de tra- »erfer Its plus grandes rivieres. lis n'otcnt jamais ce» cofFres ou maifonnettcs de deflus leuro traineaux." 2. •' L' Itttrodua'ton au Baatu." " Le lendemain nous allames a la Cour et Baatu avoit fail'clevcr un grande tente." 3. Sacrificet de Jumtnt Uanchet. " Leur cofitume fit aufli au neuvicme de la Lune de Mai d'aflcmbler toules les Jumens blanches qui fe trouvcnt dans leurb haras, t-t de Ics confacrcr a Icurs Dieux." P This embafly probably camii from the Turkifti foldan of Delhi and Multan. 1 This is a ftriking proof how little was at this time known in Europe, relative to the litut. tion of India. • Purclias, vol. iii. p. 46. L 26. ' Ibid, p. 47. ch. 46. 1. i6. « Ibid, p. 47»1.54. MARITIME DISCOVERY ycare part ; and I found our young men in health, yet much afflifted with penurie, as Gofl'et told me." For the remainder, or a more minute account of thcle early travels, the reader is referred to Purchas. Rubruquis arrived at the village " of Snmerkciit on the fifteenth of Odober 1 254 ; and pafling through the Porta Ferrea of Alexander, to which has been given the name of Derbeud^ he entered on a valley, in which the ruins of fome walls conftruded by the Macedonians werp ftill vifi- ble. On the firfl Sunday in Lent, 1 255, the travellers arrived in the dominions of the " Soldan of Turkey ; and hearing at ' Ciircum^ a port of Cilicia, that Louis the eleventh had returned to France, they propofed to embark at Tripoli : their intentions were however prevented by the Provincial^ whom they found at Nicofia. Rubru- quis therefore difpatched a meflenger to carry the above relation to his fovereign, accompanied with the following epiftle : — And our Provinciall determined^ that I Jhould leave ' Acon^ not ftifferiug me to come unto you ; commanding to write unto you^ what I would by the bearer of tbefe prefents. And not daring to refift contrarie to my obe- dience^ I did according to my power ^ and underjlanding : craving par- don of your invincible clemencie for my fuperfluities^ or wants; or for any thing that Jh all be undifcreetly^ nay fooUJhly fpoken^ as from a man of little underjlanding^ not accujlomed to indite long * hiftories. In " The fcite of the city of Allracan. « The foldan of the Seljukian kingdom of Roum, or jljia Minor, called by the weilern writers the foldan of Iconium ; which is loft in Abulfeda under tlie corrupt name of Kunl/Jj. On the divifion of the Seljukian kingdom the three younger dynafties, of Kerman, of Syria, and of Roum, are thus traced by Mr. Gibbon (vol. x. p. 369.) 'VWJirJl commanded an ex- tcnfive though obfcure dominion on the (liores of the Indian Ocean, and were extinguifhed before the end of the twelfth century ; the feconJ expelled the Arabian princes of Aleppo, and Damafcus ; the thirii invaded the Roman provinces of Afia Minor. y Or Kurth, oppoiitc to tilt; eaftern point of the Ifland of Cyprus. » jlca, or ulce, the antient Ptolemais, St, John D'^crc. » Harris, vol. i. p. 589. fcft. 59. R2 »2J Ch. I. S ». ;l|t 'Ti^i5i£ '►J !:!*l ■i, Mr BOO I. Dcnit. PROGRTSS OF ' In tracing the ilfc of the maritime cliaraflor among the Portii«- guefc, fonic of the moft valuable gooj^vaphical manul'cripts of tht twelfth and thirteenth ecnturics, have now been oll'cretl to the attention of the reader ; the petufal, or fame of which, could not fail to open new profpeds of commerce, anil graihially to caulb a re- newal of the progrefs of' maritime dilcovery. — The reii^;n of Dt ni? THE MAONiiMCtNT, who fuccccded his l.itlur Alphonfo tlie third^ in the nineteenth year of his age, ' recala tlic attention of the reader to the hiftory and fovereigns of I'ortngal. This monarch was fur- named the Liberal ; yet he enjoyed a nobler appellation, as the Fa- ther OF ins Country. Donna Beatrix^ the queen dowager, by her political intrigues, exercifed the abilities and prudence of the young monarch : but the confcquences of her retiring to her father's court in Caftile, were baffled by the marriage of Denis, with Ifabella of Arragon, the moft accompliihed princefs of that age. The haughty charadler of Martin the fifth was early reflected in the condutH: of his Portuguefe clergy ; yet their fovereign bore this fecond infult with patience, and the terrors of an interdiiSt were referved for pe- riods more aufpicious to the tyranny of Rome, than the patriot reign of Denis. The mercantile intereft hailed its beloved monarch, as the Protector of '' Commerce ; and the increafe of the trade of Portugal more than juftified the acclamation. The attention that was paid by this king to the augmentation and difcipline of the navy, * Mekejran, in his TMau t!e fti/hire Morlente, tliiis notices (vol. i. p. 352.) tlufe early geojjraphicJ acquilitionii : *' /-i« reluthn curitii/t que It: miinr: donnerent. Jit connahre tl'uiilres I'ayt, iPautret cuius, il'aulret maun, et ei/e injpira fegout des Foyuges." ' Sec page 101. •• Tlie gloiics of this reign afforilcd a deliglitful fcopc for the patiiotic mufe of Camoen? , " And now brnvc DiNiz reigns ; whofe noble fiie IV'fpoke the genuine h'iKMge of iifs Sire. Now heavenly peace wide waved her olive bough, Each vale difplayed the labours of tlic plough, And fniikd with joy : the rocks on every fliore Hefound the dafhing of the Mirchaiit-oar. MULle'i Tranf, v(/l, i. /. 123, I 1, 1 1 MARITIME DISCOVERY. las nary, gave a new charaiflcr to his fubjcfli, and infured them the Ch. I. s t. Jbvcrcli^ntv of the fc;i. The maritime projcfts which his father /'•ui,|.,y# u,/- had deli>;ned, revived through the induftry and wife policy of the //'""'* ^ "••"y- fon : r'lii'i:!; ftoro-houfes, and arfcnals in all the principal ports of I't>rtug.il, declared tluit a maritime, or commercial charac- - tcr, h.i ' :«dv inccd beyond the Mediterranean ; and was about to leave its ImIiui haunts, for regions, where an * hardier race, would fuccefbfully ilruggle againft the perils of feas, hitherto deemed im- palTable; until their pcrfeverance ihould trace the union of the At> lantic and Indian Seas. The caftern travels of Marco Polo the Venetian, whofe fa- ther JV/Vo/b, and uncle Majpo^ vifited Tartary in the year 1250, attracted, during the reign of Denis, a confiderable and lafting atten- tion. Nicolo having returned with his brother MafEo to Venice about the year 1269, planned a fecond tour foon after their ar- rival ; in confequence of which Marco, who was then in his nine- teenth year, attended them to the court of the Grand Khan. Their fubfequent travels are of confiderable importance ; as the original de- fign both of Nicolo, and Maffio, was to form a commercial fyftem, on a more extenfive fcale than any which the Venetians had hither- to been able to accomplilh. For the fpace of twenty-fix years Marco, and his relations, were employed in traverfing the diftant and unexplored provinces of Afia ; during which they advanced towards the Eaft, beyond the track of any preceding European, and actually traded on the Indian Ocean ; vifiting the iflands of Java, Sumatra, and Ceylon, and the coaft of Malabar to the gulf of Cam- bay. They returned, to the aftoniflimcnt of their countrymen, in the • Tli« language of tlir fon-in-law of Turnus, (iEneid. ix. 603.) may with juftice be ap- plied to the mariners of the north of Europe : Durum a ftirpe genus : natus ad flumina primura DefvrimuSy fxvoque gelu duramut, ct undis. II Wt^ i«*'*fr 'hi ** 1' MlBSIkal pi M ..4 7x1 i !f! ^- III!''' 1 120 PROGRESS OF BOOK the year ' 1295 ; and found themfelves, from their long abfence, ia '■ the fituation of ftrangers, to whom the language, and drefs of the Venetians, were equally uncouth. The unavoidable length of their interefting narration, will not in this place admit of any ^ further notice. The favourable influence of literature on the rifing power of his kingdom, was evident to the mind of Denis the Magnificent, before the papacy of Leo the tenth, the celebrated offspring of Lorenzo de Mediciy had folemnized the revival, and advanced the fplendour, of fcience. The manufcripts of learned travellers muft have been a principal obje£l of refearch to fuch a monarch j whilft the inftituiion of two univerfities, and the eftabli(hment of fchools throughout his dominions, afforded a refuge and fupport to thofe, "whom a third for knowledge had tempted from their home, or the fame of having acquired new refources, recommended as pro- per inftrudtors, in the rifing feminaries of learning. Such was the monarch, who on the '' feventh of January 1325, to the inex- preffible ' About the fame time the celebrated Hatton, a relation of the king of Armenia, returned to Europe from the Eaft, after vifiting the extenfive regions whence the Indus and Ganges derive their fources. In France he took the habit of the Norhert'mt, an order of St. Augullin. Mr, Gibbon cites the defcription which Haiton gives of the kingdom of Roum (vol. x. p. 372). •♦ It extended from the Euphrates to Conftantinople, from the Black Se;. to the confines of Syria." The travels of Haiton into the different provinces of Afia, are given by Ramufio, with a preceding differtation (vol. ii. p. 62.) by Purchas, (vol. iii. p. 108.) by Bergeron, (vol. ii. ) par la main de Nicolas Saleon, et traduit ftiivant I'edition Latine de Amlri Miilkr Gretffienhag^ Bergeron prefixes the following Temoignage of Saleon. Voici I'hifloire des Pais Orientaux, recuelllie par le venerable frere Haiton, Seigneur de Curchi, parent du Roi d'Ar- nienie : que moi Nicolas de Saleon par ordre du fouverain pontife Clement V. ai prtmierement ecrit en Fran9()is etant a Poitiers, comme le diftoit le dit frere Haiton, fans aucune obfervation, fans aucun original. Je i'ai cnfuitc traduit du Francois en Latin I'an 1307, au niois d'Aout." An edition of the travels of Haiton was puMiflied, in folio, at Paris in 1529. « AppKNDiit, (E.) where the reader will find an ample account of this traveller, from Ramu- fio, Purchas, Harris, and other writers j with extracts from the travels of Sir John Muiidevillc. * The writers of the Modern Univerfal Hi/lory have been led into an error rcfpecling tlie «xai& day of the death of king Denis. Ftrrerat only relates that he made lu's will on the 3otli of MARITIME DISCOVERY. 127 preffible grief of his fubjefts, was called to pay the debt of nature, Ch. I. § 2. in his fixty-fourth year ; previous to which his fucceflbr had re- p'mu/u^je' h^j. ceived the laft injundlions of a wife father, and had fhed the tear of /!/^m>I cLu,j . contrition, for paft follies, on the couch of his expiring parent. A profperous reign of forty-five years, clofed with the death of Aiphonfo iv. Denis the Magnificent : his fubjedls dreaded the event ; and the '^'^' public mind, agitated by various paflions, beheld as portentous, the imprudence and diflipation of Alphonso the fourth. Yet, al- though the morning of his reign lowered on the interefts of Portu- gal, its meridian Iplcndour cheered the hearts of his fubje£ts. The voice, of truth, though it irritated the monarch, was heard by a mind confcious of paft follies ; and the noble manner in which Alphonfo forgave, and approved the ' ebullition of independence, firft infpired the hope, that Alphonfo the brave^ would imitate the virtues of Denis^ the father of his country. During the twelve years' war with Caftile, Alphonfo fuftained a powerful maritime force j and of December (torn. iv. p. 561.): but he alfo adds (torn. v. p. 7.), that he died on the fcventh of January 1325. Mariana (L. xv. § 120.) afferts that it took place on the feventh of February ; in which he is followed by La Clede (torn. i. p. i6i.) Thefe two hiftorians arc of opinion that the king died at Santarcn ; Ferreras exprefsly declares that he had returned; to Liibun. • » It Is difficult to fix the exaft date of the event here alluded to ; but moft of the Porlu- euefe hiftorians are inclined to place it foon after the acceffion of Alphonfo. The young monarch was fo paflionately attached to the pltafures of the chace, that he fpent the greater part of his time in the forefts adjacent to Cintra : the interefts of government were thus ne- gleftcd, or given up to men, who abuftd tlic confidence of their fovercign. After a long ab- fence, Alphonfo returned to Lifton, and amufed his privy council with the hiftory of a month's (hooting, hunting, and fiftiing. A counfellor fternly obferved, that they were not aflembkd to hear the exploits of grooms and falconers : Jf, Sirf, jrou ivill meet the tvi/htt of ycurfubjHh, and remove thtir grievances you ivillfmd them fuhmifive aiuUcyal } //"wo/— Alphonfo ftarted in an emotion of paflion from bis feat — If net ! what then? " 7f not," continued the counftllor, " they mujlfeek another, and a better king." Alphonfo burft from the room In a tranf- port of rage, and the council walled the event. The good genius of his father, however, foou rendered him worthy of his anceftors, and feemed to addrefs him from the grave : he re- turned, and acknowledged his error ; declaring, that from henceforth they (liould never have to confult with Alphonfo t\c fportfman, but with Alphonfo the king of Portugal, (Faria y Soufa, p. 3. c. ix.— JLa CUdc, t. i. p. 263.; m 7 '< \ p 1 It. 128 PROGRESS OF Id BOOK and throughout his reign difplayed that zeal, which had animated his " heroic anceftors in the caufe of liberty and Portugal. But, when we leave the fplendour, which furrounds and dilguifes the military charadler, and behold Alphonfo in private life, we muft reprobate his cruelty towards the lovely and unfortunate " Inez de Castro ; and his long perfecution of Don Alphonfo Sanchez^ a natural fon of the late king : the mind of this monarch could never fteel itfelf againft infidious advice j it feebly ftruggled againft the feJu(Stions of paflion, or the baneful influence of prejudice. Had Alphonfo been lefs of a politician, his charader would have ftood higher as a monarch, for though much efteemed, he was never beloved : he however enjoys, and deferved the character of an hero. After a reign ^ This memorable attachment of Don Pedro began in his twenty-eighth year. Doua Iiiex, Je Cajlro was the daughter of a Caftilian emigrant, who had taken refuge in Portugal, Her cruel death has formed the fubjeft of three tragedies ; one in Eiiglifli, named Elvira ; a fecond by M. de la Motte, a Frenchman ; and a third by Don Luis Vclez de Guevara, ftyled, Reytuir defpues de Morir. The Spaniard has followed nature and Camoens ; /««. " A mis hijos me quitais ? Rey Don Alonfo, fenor, - • ' ' ' Porque me quereis quitar ■ *- La vida de tantas vezes ? Advertid, fenor mirad, • Que el cora9on a pcda^os Dividido me arrancais. Rey, Levaldos, Alvar Gonzalez. Ine%, Hijos mios, dunde vais ? Donde vais fin vueftra madre ? Falta en los hombrcs picdad .' Adonde vais luzes mias i Como, que afli me dexais En el mayor defconfuelo £n manos de la crueldad." yflvaro Gonxaln, Diego Lopet, Pacheeo, and F cdro Coello, were the murderers of the unoffending fuppliant. Don Pedro had refided at a royal caftle near Mondego : and it was at this place that the horrid deed was perpetrated. According to Neufville, king Alphonfo avowed the afr^ffmalion. Inez de Caftro had four children by Pedro. Alphonfo, who died young ; John ; Denis i and Dona £eairix. .- vA-'i • » r . J I'll MARITIME DISCOVERY. 1I9 reign of thirty-two years, he died at the age of fixty-feven, in the Ch. I. ^ j. month of May 1357. Alphonfo was born at Coimbra in 1290; Pcnig„'fr° hi/. and married Domia Beatrix^ daughter of Sancho the iouith, and //u M/iCintl.^. filler to Ferdinand king of Caftile. Pedro the just, his fucceflbr, was horn at Coimbra on the ledm. thirteenth of May 1320, and afcended the throne of Portugal in his ^^'^' thirty-feventh year : when his grandfather Denis died, whom he much refembled, this prince had fcarcely completed his fifth year. The original charader of Pedro, was almoft the reverfe of that which appeared on his acceflion ; by nature he was gay, affable, fond of fociety, and excelled in all the elegant amufements of life, with- out being led away by their diffipation, or loft in their vanity. But the cruel murder of I/iez de Cajlro^ to whom he had been pri- vately married, ftamped a morbid melancholy on the difpofition of this monarch ; and, though the energy of his ingenuous, unyielding mind, could not be depreffed by the heavy cloud which over- fhadowed its virtues, the horizon was never clear ; a total eclipfe of this fun of Portugal was long confidered as inevitable : the heart of Pedro was fhrouded in the tomb of Inez de Caftro. After taking a folemn oath before the affembly of the ftates, and the pope's nun- cio, at Cautanedes, that, a difpenfation having been obtained from Rome, he had been fecretly married to the lady Inez at Braganza, in the prefence of the bifhop of Guarda; her beloved remains, at the command of Pedro, were taken from the grave, and placed upon his throne : the crown was then laid on the head of the fkeleton of Inez, and the nobility of Portugal, in obedience to their fovereign, kiffed the bones of her hand. A funeral proceflion was afterwards con- ducted with unufual pomp to the monaftery of Alcoba9a, and the na- tion wept with its difconfolate monarch. The irritated mind of Pedro, thus highly wrought, could only find relief among the gloomy iiles VOL. I. S of M If! WfV; ' .«^ m PROGRESS OF BOOK of Alcoba^a, or in the firm, and impartial performance of his pub- lie duties; : ' • " Nor this alone his ftedfail Soul difplayed : - Wide o'er tlic land he waved the awful blade Ofredarm'd Juftice'." ■ ' . i > The national chara£ter, under tlic aufpices of fuch a monarch, was even raifed heyond the height to which it had been elevated by Denis ; and though Pedro was dreadful to the perpetrators of crimes, he was beloved by good men. The officers, both of his navy and army, knew they had nothing to hope for, but from an emulation of their fovereign in the performance of their refpedlive duties j and in the fame degree, the various departments of government, which demand the vigilance of a patriotic ftatefman, felt and obeyed a dif- cipline they were unable to calumniate. The love of virtue, and of juftice, which was natural to Pedro, were influenced by tl.e rigid principles of a melancholy reclufe ; who, being thus remov- ed from any attention to worldly, or political maxims, raifed his mind fo much beyond the level of human nature, that his difcon- folate fubjedts exclaimed at his death, ei/ber Don Pedro Jhould not have been born^ orjlooidd never have " died! He clofed a reign of ten years at Eftrcmos, on the eighth of January 1367, in the forty- feventh year of his age : from this renowned monarch arofe the illuftrious John the fir ft, father of Henry Duke of Vise o. In the fuccefilon of " Ferdinand, furnamed the carckfs^ the degene- rate fon of Pedro, by his firft wife Donna Conftance Emmanuel, a portentous ' Mifkle'* Luliad, vol. i. p. 142. ■" Lc (>iiieii, tuin. i. p. 230. Fan'a y Soufa. n Dining this rtign, about the year 1380, an EiiglKh fleer, under the Lommand of Edmund Plantagaift, Earl of Camhid^r, arrived in the Tagus ; and, for a time, gave a f;ivouiabIe turn to the tkfigns of Ferdinand : but liis uneertaiu temper fuoii rcnik'rcd inefTeftual even this afTirtancc. He however at firll was plcafed with his Englilh allies, and mariitd tlic Infanta to the fon of Edmumf, then a child. The title of king of Callik, previous to the failing of tl/e Knglilh fleet, had been alTumed by jfotn Dtdc of l.nnc:ijcr, fon to Edward the tliird, oji \m nuiri;ige with the eldeft furviviiig daughter of PeJrij lU crtieL MARITIME DISCOVERY. »3» ')iani. portentous cloud overfhadowed the kingdom of Portugal, and threat- Cli. I. ^ 2. ened its fpeedy decline ; hut the impending tempefl: at length dif- u'ji'vi perfed, and the heroifm of the country difplayed a new or un- expected charader, which entirely changed the political fyftem of Europe. After an interval of eighteen years, Lifbon prefcnted an interefting fcene, unpolluted by the mafl'acres of civil difcord ; the fpreading canvas glided, without moleftation, on the diftant wave, and the nolle of commerce, arifing from the crowded mart, gradually directed the attention of all nations to the harbours of Portugal. * As tlic Poriiiguefe H'ljlmy is not generally known in Great Britain, I liave fubjoined a con- cife account of their moll diftinguillied writers, including tlioftr who have confnlercd Porttigwfi Ma, and America. The curious reader will find a valuable coUeftion of the Portuguefe liil". torians, probably the firft in this country, in the library, formed under the aufpices of his prefcnt Majcfty, at Buckingham Houfe. It is to be lamented, that the learned profeflbr of modem hillory at Cambridge, Dr. Symomh, whofe abilities are more than equal to the taflc, and whofe knowledge of the hillory of Europe is unrivalled, has not favoured the public with a critical analyfis of the various wi-iters, who have confidered the commerce, difcoveries, and hiftory of Portugal. The venerable John de Barros claims our firft attention, born at Fifeo in 1496, and edu. cated with the children of King Emmanuel. De Barros was tutor to the Ineanta John ; and foon after the acceflion of that prince to the throne, was appointed governor of St. George de la M'ina, on the coall of Africa : his fubfcq\ient elevation to the lucrative poll of treafurer of the Indies, incited him to compofe his Decadas da /Ifta. After experiencing a variety of criticifm, De Barros enjoys and merits the appellation of the Lufttan'tan I. ivy. The Decadat were tranflatcd into Spanifli by Alphonfo UUoa ; and have received high encomiums from Polfevin, and the prefident De Thou. Three of the Decadas were publilhed during the life- time of Barros : the ^fir/l in i^^z, the fecond in 155?, and the third in 1563 — the fourth did not appear until 1615, when the MS. was purehafed of his heirs by Philip the third. The Decadas vi-ere afterwards continued by Diego de Couto, born at Lilbon in 1616; who after many voyages to India, died at Goa in 1616. A complete colle£lion of the Decadas i» rarely to A W i4lll|| t.-i N. B. Erratum in this fedioii (p. 87.) owing to the iraiifpofition of part of a fentencc, the following niillake wan made : line the 8, " The Moorilh fleet of the MIr.'.nioliii, confiiling 0).' /■Hhvity-ow gallics," — icm\,JiJ'iy /"ur gallic?. f? 2 . ^f"" viL iii -lis 132 PROGRESS OF BOOK to be met with, many of tlie parts exifting only in manufcript. ■ The following lift Is given by !• Du Frefnoy (torn. ix. p. 1640. j and de Bare (torn. vi. p. 253). j1) Decadat Hi. da Afia de Joan de Barros, en quefe tratan os Fe'itot dot Portugutfes no defco. trimenio e conqu'ifla dot mares ct lerrat de Oriente- Em Lift)ua, 1552, 1553, and 1563, 3 vol. in fol. Lecadd prima, fecunda, y tctia da Afm yaao de Barros, in fol. em /. ifioa, 1628, 3 vols. Tins is conGdercd by Du Frtfnoy as being a good edition of the tiiiee firft decaden. Decad.i quaria da /Jta por frguir a Joan de Barros, por Diego do Couto. Em Li/boa, 1602, inful. ^arla Decada, reformada et iUu/lrada com no/at, per Jnao Bapt, Lavanba, in fol. en Ma- drid 1615. Decada quinta da Afia, del mefmo do Couto. Em Lifboa, 1612, in fol. Decada yi-x/a, in fol. ibid, 1614- This Decade is become more rare than the reft, on ac- coimt of the number of copies that were accidentally loft by fire. Decada yr///ma, ibid, 1616. , , , Decada oBava e nana, ibid 1673. Thefe, though printed, are declared by Du Frefnoy to be extremely fcarce. Decada (/ifffW, in fol. Lifboa, i673> Decada xi. manufcrily in fol. Cinco libros da Decada Jo%e, em Paris, 1645, in folio. Decada trtdecima da Afia, o Decada /n'nu de Antonio Bobcarro, por feguir Joan de Barros, et Diego do Couto. Manufcript, in fol. A complete edition of this work was printed at Lifbon, 3 vols, folio, in 1636; but ac- cording to De Bure was not efteemed by the Portuguefe equal to the earlier copies. A tranflation of part of the firft Decade, is, I believe^ all that has hitherto appeared in Eng. lift). Dt Barrox retired to Pompal to compofe this great work, and died there in the year 1570. Damiaho Goes was chamberlain to King Emmanuel, who employed his diplomatic abilities with fuccefs at the courts of Poland, Denmark, and Sweden. PaiTionately attached to litera< ture, Goes retired to Louvain to enjoy his favourite purfuit. In the attack made on that place by tbe French in 1 542, he placed himfelf ai the head of the ftudents, and was not taken prifoner, until he had difplayed prodigies of valour. Goes returned to Portugal to compofe his hiftory ; but falling from his feat into the fire, through illnefs or inadvertency, he only efcaped from its flames to endure a lingering death in 1596. The following noiicc of Goes is taken from Oforius (p. 4.). Ut aulem idfacilius exequi pojfem, Damiauus Goet pra/Utit. Is enim magna labore, vigilanlia, et indujlria ea ex quam plurimit epijlolit et commentariit eruit, el mouumentis fuis memorlit commcndavit qua ego minima potu'ifim fine fummo otio perfcrulari. According to Raw- linfon, Goes was aflifted in his hiftorical labours by the manufcripts of Rodrigo de Piro ; whofe lives of Alphonfo the fifth, and John the fecond, have never appeared. The Works of Dami- ANO Goes confill of^ i. Legatio magni Indorum Imperatoris (Prefter John) ad Emmanuelcm Lnfitanit Regem, /Inno 1513- Louvain 1532, in 8vo. 2. Fides, Religio, morefque JEiiiopum, in 4to. Palis 1544. i' Commetttaria rerum gejlurum in India a L'lfttanis, Anno 1538. Louvain IJ49. MARITIME PISCOVERY. IJ49, in 8vo. 4. l/rlit Ulj^^ponU defcrlplio, Evora 1554, in 410. 5. Chronica Jo filicifimo Hey J)om Emmanuelt in fol. em Lilbua 1566 and 15671 2 vols. — La mi/ma, rtvtfla par J. B, La' ranha, in fol. em Lifboa 1619. Chronica do Rey Dom Joao II. in folio. 1 he elegant Osorivs, bifliop of Sylves, ftykd the Cicero of Portugal, has been celebrated in tlie Eflay on Hillory by Mr. Hayley, and was alfo prefeiitcd to tite notice of ilii.- Englifh reader by the traiidatioii of Mr. James Gibbs, (2 vols. 8vo. 1752.) dedicated to Sir George Lyttelton, Uart. Oforius was born of an illuftrioiu family at Li(bon, in the year 1506, and having commenced his {Indies at Salamanca at the age of thirteen, proceeded afterwards to Paris and Bologna. He received his firft preferment from Don Lewis Infant of Portugal. — Catherine of Aullria, who waa regent during the minority of Sebadian, became hi« fubfequent patronefs, and he gradually rofe to be archdeacon of Evora, and billiop of Sylves and Algarve: his H'tftory of the rei^n of Emmanuel was undertaken at the reqiicil of the cardinal monarch HbNKY, and appeared in 1572 at the fame time with the Lujiadat of Camocns. The tieatife of Oforius, De Gloria, is compofed with fucli claflic elegance, as to have been confidered by many, to be a part of the works of Cicero that had long been defpaired of. The whole of hi& works were coUefled, and publiflied at Rome in 1592, in four volumes folio, by his nephew Jerome Oforius, who alfo wrote a life of his learned relation. The edition of his hiflorical work, which I have followed, was printed at Lilbon in 1571 ; an oflavo edition appeared iii 1574, and another in 1597. — De rebui Emmanuelis regit Lufiiani* invini/Jtm virtule et aufpicio gejlis, Itbri duodecim : this was afterwards tranflated into French by Simon Goulard, under the title of Hiftmrt de Portugal, 1581, 1587, in folio and octavo. Oforius died in his diocefe at Tavila during the year 580. FERniNANi>Lop: z DE Castaneda accompanied his &ther to India, who went thither in an high civil capacity. Ferdinand on his return publiflied, Hi/loria do defcohrimtnto e eonquj/la da India pe lot Portnguefct, em Coimbra, 1554, 8 vols, folio. Loris And.e de Resende was born at Evora in 141J8, and entered at an early nge into the order of Duini'iicanji ; he (ludicd at Akala, at Salamanca, Paris, and Louvain. jfohn the third of Portugal intruded the education of his brothers to the diligence of ]\.elt.ide; when hav- ing obtained permiflion from the Pope, the Dominican left his cell for the more fplendid dation of canon of Evora. Twenty years after his death, which took place in 1573, the following, curious volume appeared : De .iniiquitalihut Liifitaniit libri IV. a Lucio Andrtta Rtfendio oUm inchoati, et a jfacoho Menttio Vafcoiicello recogniti atquefoluti ; accejftt liber V. de antiquitate muni- tipii Eboracenfis, ah eodem Fafconcello confiriptut. Ebora 1593, /o/- In 1613, the above was followed by Delicia Lufitano-Hiffanic*, 8vo. Joseph Texeira, a Portugucle Dominican, was born in 1543, and became prior of the convent of Santaren. He was firmly attached to the fortunes of Don y/ntonio, after the me- lancholy captivity or death of Sebadian, and accompanied the fermer to France in 1481 ; where he enjoyed the favour both of Henry the third, and fourth. His work, De Portugalli* Orlu, regni initiis, relufqut a regibut gejlis compendium, was printed at Paris in 410. 1 582, and ii extreme- ly fcitrce. He alfo publiihcd. Let Adventuret de Dom Sebuflitn. — Texuira died in 1604. »33 Ch. I. § 2. i IT., ' 1!. ;.;»}'" * * ■ > ;• ! '''311 ■1^ I!!! ih'''' ,;■ .1 •■^'K )\m »34 PROGRESS or « O O K I. Garcias RESF.Nn"i of wliom little is knowni compoftd the follovviiipj woik : Fidu del Rn D. Juan ho fegundo tie Portugal, in fol. Evora 1 554. Idttn IJlbaa, in fol. 1596, ct. Jji(b.)a 1622. The laft edition contains all the works of this writer. Bernard dk Brito, a Cilicrcian monk, ia defervedly eftcemod among the moll cininimt of the Portuguefe Hiftorians ; but it is extremely difficult to meet with a complete ftt of \\U li borioiis work, entitled, Monarchia Lufytana, impr, no iii/igne Mojle'tro tie Alr^obai-a, em Lyioa 1 co - et ann. feq., •] vol. in fol. The different volumes were printed in 1597, 1609; \.\\i third and f'lurll} in 1632 ; ifijo, 1^172, and the feventh in 1683. Brito compoftd only the two fird vu. lumca, enti'.ltd, Monarchia I.iifitnna, primera parte, defde a criacao do mundo, a te K'lifdmiail'j de Chrijlo ; the fecond, Seipinda parte de Monarchia Ltifitana, a te Conde Dum Henrique ; tlin four fucceeding were continued by /Intonio and Francis Bramlamo to the reign of yjiphonl') the third', and the laft employed 'he abilities of the Jefuit Pere Raphael. The following articles complete the works of this elegant writet : Elogios dos Reisdo Portugal com nt verdaderos retralos in 4to. cm L'ljhoa 1603, with the portrait -, annexed; Brito alfo publilhed a Treatife on the antieiit geography of Portugal, and the annals of the Ciftercian order. Francisco de Brito publirtied at Liftjon, In two volumes folio, 1675, the followintr ag. count of the wars of Brafil, which is mucli elleemcd, but fcarce, and not generally known—- Nova Lufitania, Hitloria da guerra Bralllica ; Decada prima defde 1624, halla 1638$ Vid>e da Armada da Companhia do commercio e frotas do Eftado do Bralll, &c. anno 1655 et 1C56. DuARDi NoNii Leonis, Rcgum Portugallix Genealogia una cum cenfuris in Libclhnu de Regum Portngallia: Origine, qui Jofephi Texcirs nomine circumfertur, in 410. Olyffip. 1585, and in Hifpania lUuftr. T. ii. Eduard Nunet de Leon, as Chronicas dos Reis de Portugal has el ano de 1383, hi fol. em Lilboa 1600. Dcfcripcao da Reyno de Portugal, por Duarle Nune% de Leao, in ^to, em Li/boa, 1 6 ID. Flores dc Efpana, excclcncias de Portugal, i parte : por Ant. de Sousa de Macedo, in fol. em Liiboa 1631. Dialogos de varia hifloria, en que fummariamentc fe refetem muitas coufas antigas de Efpa- na e todas as notaveis, que em Portugal acoutcceraon em luas gloriofas conquiftas antes e def- pois de fer levantado a dignidadc real, com os rctratoa de todos os Reys dc Portugal por Pedro DE Mariz, in 8vo. em Coimbra 1594, in 4to. 1597. Carta de Duarte Gomez efcrita al Duque de Lerma en 20 de Novemb. 1612, a cerca del commercio y navegaciones en la India Oriental. Alegacion en favor de la Compr.nia de la India Oriental, y commercio ultra marinos, que de nuevo fe inftituyo en tl leyno de Portugal, per Duarte Gomuz Solis I'A'ino de 162H. De JuJIo imperio Lti/'itanorum /Ifiatico adverlus iiicogniti Batavi Differtationem de inari li- hero, auflore Fr. Scraphino de Fkeitar, in 410. VuUifoleti, 1625. Anton. Vasconcellos Socia. Jef. Anacei-iial^osis, idtjl, Summa capita adorum Regum Lufitanit, in 4to. Antv. 1621 : accefferunt Epigrammata in iingulos rcgcs, ab Emmanuclc Pinicnta, et illorum tffigiea xri iricifx. Item Philippi II. Lulitanica Exptditio. ' -' EMMANUtr. MARITIME DISCOVERY. Emmavuel Far'A DB S'USA, an Hiilorian of very confiderable merits who poflclTed an eccentricity of chara£)cr, and afTeCled a fingularity of dref», which, if they do not exactly re- fr::i))le the charafter of 'Jem Jaquts, ftrikinply remind us of a writer, whofe irritability, and independent fpirit, oppofid continticd obllacles to his h ippinefs. Faria publifhed Epitome ik his Hi oriat Po tu^uffiis, defile el Diluvio ha la el ano 1 628, in 4/9. em Li/boa 1 674 : the Lift, and bcl! edition h in folio, 17^0: this work waj tranflated into Englith, and publi(hcd in an ocL.ivo volume during the ye.ir 1698. H>' alfo wrote fome commentaries on the Lufiudat vf Ctimoens ; and w th confidcr;i'jIc indnilry compofed his Europa Portuguefa, of which a fecood enhiigfi ulitioii, in ■3, vols, appeared at Lifljon in 1678, another in 1679, anda fourth in 1680. jff;'. Portuguefa, tomo un'ro, in fol. em Lifbra, 168 1, jffui Portuguefa, in fol. 1666. 1674, 1675. 3 voliimei. Faiia was born in 1590, of a noble family, and was created knight of the order of Chrill : he preferred the Caftilian to his native language. This hilloriaa died at Madrid in 1649, in a fituation which bordered on penury. AntonioPaezduVugas, Principios del Reyno de Portugal, con la vida y hechot de Don AU fonfo HenriqutT, fu primero rei, hajla lafu muerte en el ano 1 i8j, in fol. Lijboa 1641. RuY DE Pr. A, Chrunica dt el R.y Don Alfonfo IV, depots do Anno do 13251 a te de 1357, Fol. Lilboa 1653 Fernando de Mf. ^ ezes, Vidae Accones del Rey Dom Joao I. depots do Anno de 1383, ate ode 1433, in 410. em Lifboa 1677. Chronica del Rey D. Junn I. e dot Reys de Portugal decimo ; compojlapor Fernam Lopez, y por Gomez Eanni s de Azurara chroni/las dejlo Reyno, in fol. em Lifboa 1544. Petri Johann.s Peri'iniani f/f i'//« rf moribus B. Elifalethte (Dionyfii conjugis) Lufita- nit regint, in 8w. Colon. 1609. Perpinien died at Paris in 1566, after attaining confiderable fame as proftflbr of eloquence at Conimbra, and as one of the firll modern writers in the La. tin tongue : this biograpliical tratt pofleffes tlie elegance and purity of Cicero. Juan Carillo, la Iftjioria de fanaa Ifabel, Reyna de Portugal, in 410. Zaragoca 1625. Em.^n. Const an i inus, Hiioriade origine atquevita Regum Lufitanix, in 410. Romse 1601. An I ONio d; H; rrera, Covquifla de Portugal en los Annas 1582, j( 1583, in 410. Madrid I59'. Herrcra was appointed hilloriographer of India by Philip the fecond, and died in 1625: his other svorko do not belong to the clafs of hiilorians we are at prtfent confi- dcring. • ' Luis Marinho de Azevedo, Prlmeira parte da Fundacano, Antijuedadcs, e Grandezas da CuLdede Iijbna,e fnis tariffs ■Ihijlra, tufol. Lilboa 1652. Mcmorias diarias dc la gueiru dtl Bradl, por uil'curfo de nueve anos empcgando difde el de i6«o, cfcritas por Du.irte dc ALBUQ^ERiiyr. Marques de Ballo, Condt. de Pernambuco, iu 4to. em Madrid \f>SA' Theodore Goijefrii, the eldfd fl/nfon, in hi» improved trandation of l)u Frefnoy's catalogue, gives the Following opinion of ilijs work : " The It.ilians who piil>li(hed this book firft at Genoa, in 1585, 410. had no rciifon lo give the honour of it to Conellaggio ; as it is well known, that John de Sylva, wlio was am, bulTador froni the king of Spain to Kmmanucl king of Portugal, in Africa, was the real au- thor. It was trandated into Latin at Frankfort, in 1602, and is to be found in the fecouil volume of the H'ifpan'ta llUiJlraUi" Var'tas Ant'iqmdaiUi Je PortugnU pov Cafpar Eftago. Em Lifboa 1625, fol. Frrira, in 1758, publilhed at I.ilbon a life of Henry Diiie of Vifeo, which has fiiicc boon tranflatcd by the y/W peradurcs, reyes, principes, &c. que del fe derivan, por Rod. Mindez Silva, in 8vo. em Madrid 1640. Tropheos Lusitamos; five ftemmata et infignia magnatum Lufitanonim, por ^ttt. Soaret Atbergaria, parte i. em Lifboa 1632, in 4to. Vida D. Duarte de Menefes terctro Conde de Viana, y fucceflbs notables de Portugal en fu tiempo: (defde el ano de 1414, hafta el de 14^4) P**^ ^- Augustin Manull y Vas- CONCELLOS, in 4to, em Lifboa 1627^ Vida del Grande D. Luis de Attayde iii. Conde de Attoguia y Virrey de las Ihdias, por Jofeph. PtRKYRA DK Macebo, in 4to. em Madrid 1633. D. Jos. Martinez de la PuenI-e, Compendio de las hiftorias, de los Defcuhrimentos, Conquillas, y Guerras de la India Oriental, y fus Iflas, defde los Ti'empos del Infante Don Enriqeu de Portugal fu inventor, 4C0, Madrid 1681. Antonio Cordeyro, Ktjlorta Infulana das ilhas a Portugas fugeytas no Oceano Occidental, fol. Lift). 1 7 1 7- Comtrentarios de grande Alonfo d'Alboqucrq capitam geral das Indfas Ohentalcs en tempo do Rtj D. Manutl, in fol. em Liftioa 1576. Ihit tvork ivat compofed by Blaife,/on of the great Albuquerque ; at the requeft of King Emmanuel, he took the furname of Alonfo, after the death of kit father. Franc. Alcafarado** hiftorlcal relation of the difcovery of the iflind of Madeira, 410, Loo- don 1675, VOL. I. T. Con»« H^\ It I' I ■fl Wrni; 1 ■mi 1 ''')i|«fl IHLi ■ '% HP i)i^'i!iiigriinit, in Americam, vcl novum orbcm juxta Rrafilinm et Rio dclla Plata, ab anno 1534, ud ann. I5e4. Latine rcdJita cuni figuris, in 4. Noribcrgx I599- Hilloire d'lin Voyage fait en la terrc du Brefd, autrement dite I'Amerique, contenant la navigation et cliofcs rcmarquabtes vuch par I'auteur J. de LkKY, avec un colloque en leitr laiigue, imprimce par Ant. Chuppin in 8, en 15751 et 1580. T/m voyagt tonlaini much on- giiuil iiiformalioti. O Valerofo Lucldeno e triumpho de libcrdade, prima parte, de trata ft da reftaura9am de Parnambuco et da expulfao do» Olandefcn do Ellado do Brafd : pello P. Fr. Manocl Calado, in fol. em Lilboa 1668. Ttit work is fought after by tht curious, Iftoria della guerre del regno del Braliic accadute tra la corona di Portogallu c la Republica di Olanda con le carte e piante del P. Gio. Ciofeppe d! S. Tcresa Carnielita Scalzo, parte prima e feconda, infil. in Rim. 1700. This worh bears an high chtira^er. An account of Portugal, as it appeared to Dumouricz in 1766, drawn up by order of the Duke de Choifeul, wa;i publillicd at Laufaune in the year 1775 ; with various additional ic- marks on the Government, Politics, Finance, Commerce, Manners, Colonics, &c. This was tra'iflated into Engliih in 1797, and though a fniall volume in i2mo. affords confiderable infor- niation Mr. Charles Brockwell, who rcfided in Portugal upwards of four years, publiflied in 1726 his Natural and Political Hiftory of Portugal, in one oftavo volume, from itsjirjl ejlablijhmmt as a kingdom, down to his time: to which was added, the hillo<-y of Bra%il, and all other dominions fubjeH to the crown of Portugal, In Jfia, Africa, and jimeriia. Tiie late Wyndam Beawes, Efq. his Majefty's conful for thirty years at Cadiz and Seville, publidied in 1793,2 vols, folio, en the Civil, Commercial, and Literary Hiftory of Spain and Portugal. Mr. Beawes confiders (vol. 2. p. 24 and 29.) the inftitution of the Almiranle, or firft admiral of Portugal ; and the creation of the Capitaon Mor Jo Reyno, or Capitaon Mor do Mar. He does not think that Don Fuas Raupino, was the officer who firft enjoyed the honour oi Almirantt ; but Is incllncj to believe the title arofe in a fubfequent reign. The prerogatives of this office are to be k^n in Nolicias de Portugal, by M. Severiin de Faria, and alfo in the Sexta Parte da Monarchia Lu- Jitania, do Chronifla mor Fr. Francifco Brandaon. The firft Capitaon mir, as well of the kingdom MARITIME DISCOVERY. »39 \' J M the fea, wa» Coiifa/o Ttnrtlro; on the ajth of July I373» king FerdinnnJ gave him ^Ijtr, (^|, j « j with its borderi, and other landi i and on the a5th of Deccmhir 1 37)!, he W4« prefcntcd with f" mtkffi fome huiifci at Lifbon, in the puriih of St. Thomai ; in both the Ictteri patent of thcfc granti, '' """'' he w called Capilaon mSr of the flceta. During the fame reign l/oaon Focin, u Cuililian gen* tlvman, in the fcrvice of Ferdinand, wai appointed ro^nm oflhtjletti without the title of hit/ (apia'm. In procefa of time, the kings trulled their maritime forces to the chief captains, and did not permit the admiral to cxercife hit authority, though he prefervcd the title of iiii rank. I (hall conclude thti fummary of the principal Portuguefe hiftorians, with tite following particulars relative to the editions of the Lufitanian Homer, Ot L\^ad,. \\, j. i. of France ; by John the Firf}, King of Portugal. — Ceuta. ChmaBcr of the Portiigitefc ' Princes. — Voyages, under the aufpices of Henry Duhc of Fi/'eo, to the veflern eoafl cf Africa 1412. Eflablifjes his refnlence at Stigres, anil becomes the patrcn of naval men. — Porto Santo. Co/i/t deration of the principal geographical MSS. to tuhich this Prince might have had refort. — Romantic narrative cf Atachin. — Aladeira. — Cape B iadore doubled 1433. — Cejfion of the Canaries. — Lagos f~ mifany. — Juan Fcrnatidtz. — Cape de Verd doubled li\\6, — Azores. Alvife da Cada Mojh. Cape Ferd ifands. — Coaji of Africa explored to Sierra Lana. — Death of the Duke of Fifo, in 1463. CharujJii: John the first, born at Lifbon the fecond of April 1337, was John the full. the natural fon of Pedro the Jujl., by Donna Terefa Louren^a, a Gali- cian lady cf good family, with whom he had lived, in order to avoid the conftant importunity of his father, who vainly hoped that a third marriage would foothe the wounded mind of the hufband of Inez de Cajlro. John was brought up under the immediate care of Louren90 da Leiria, a citizen of Lifbon ; who at an early age in- truded his education to Don Num Freire d'Aiidrade^ then grand- mafter of the order of Chrift : the amiable charadler, and fpirit of his pupil foon gained the affedion of the worthy AnJrade. Pedro had never yet beheld this fon ; and it was probably with fome hope of removing the melancholy of his fovereign, that the grand-mafter prefented John, on his feventh birth-day, to the king. The heart of Pedro was formed by nature for the Hvelieft emotions of afiec- tion, and he beheld the diffidence of the youth with the folici- tude of a parent. John was legitimated ; and having received the honour of knighthood, at the requeft of Andrade was created grand- mafter of the order of * Avis : he immediately retired from the court to the abbey of Tomar, where the principal lodge of the or- der • InftVuted by Alphonfo the frf, in remembrance of the great fervices rendered lilm by Iiis nobility, it ihc Ikge of Liflioii : though foiiii: wriuni give it an earlier date, in 1 139, nfter the battle iha was fmight on the plains of Ourtr/ue. The llatutes of this Order were taken fro u the rule .f St. licnnec. T!ic h;;bit of the kiii^^hta w.is a green cvM, wit.'i Ilowcis-de Luce. " '*' ■■'iis^ni \' ;■ ,A^^¥ A 1 5!5t!:!« 14a PROGRESS OF BOOK I. der was eftabllflied ; his education was there completed, and as he advanced in years, he foon difplayed extraordinary abilities, both as a Aatefman, and a foldier. On the death of the degenerate Ferdinand (Odober 23, 1383), the voice of the nation called for the eldeft furviving fon of Donna Inez de Caftro ; but this prince being thrown into prifon by the king of Caftilc, who wiflied to fubftantiate his own claim, by means of Donna Beatrix the young queen, daughter of the late monarch ; the way to the throne was laid open to the ambition of the grand- mafter of Avis ; and his appointment to the regency, in his twenty- feventh year, tended to awaken or extend his hopes. The venerable Count de Barcelos, and Alvaro Paez, promoted the intereft of the grand-mafter. Paez was an experienced politician ; and his favourite maxim. Be haughty towards your enemies ^ and humble to your friends^ was deeply imprefled on the mind :.! ^hn. The regent, in his conduit towards the people, had the .v\ lie of Cxfar continually before him; when he fpoke of the h ,.v.es of Portugal, his ftyle and ideas were Roman. His flandards dif- played the fon of Inez, in the CaJl'tUan dungeon, laden with irons ; and the fimilarity of their names rendered the caufe of John fami- liar to the people: the nature of this work does not admit of dwelling longer on lb eventful a period. In 1385, the ftates of Por- tugal aflembled at Coimbra, with the archbishop of Braga as their prefident : many of the nobility, with the biihops of Lifbon, La- mego, Porto, Coimbra, and Guarda, and the greater part of the de- puties of the cities, were prefent. Rcgras, who had been appointed chancellor by the regent, opened the conference with a ftudicd fpeech ; Vafco da Cunha *, and his two brothers, alone preferved their allegiance to the fon of Inez. The fophiftry of the coiftable, Don The refemblai * The loyalty of tliis nobleman to the fon of Inez, was beheld by the liberalityof a great mind : Vasco wau afterwaids mmiejlanjani karer to John the firft. MARITIME DISCOVERY. HJ Don Nuno Alvarez de Pereira, and the ' Ulyflean eloquence of the Ch. tt. ^ r. regent prevailed, who was accordingly elected king of Portugal in •^° ' "'"' his twenty-eighth year. The battle of Aljubarota, on the fourteenth of Augufl: 1385, confirmed the fuffrage of the ftates ; and the power of yobn the firji was eftabliflied by this complete overthrow of his enemies. John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancajler^ fon to Edward the thirds hav- ing married Donna Cionftantia, the elded furviving daughter of Pedro the cruel, king of Cajl'tle^ affumed the title on the death of that monarch ; and became, as already related, an ally of the Por- tuguefe. The mutual interchange of friendfhip, which had long fubfifted between their refpedive kingdoms, was greatly improved by this event ; and the fubfequent marriage of John the firft of Por- tugal with Philippa, the eldefl daughter of the duke, about a year after the battle of Aljubarota, more efFedtually blended the political interefts and character of both nations. In the progrefs of maritime difcovery, this circumftance particularly deferves the attention of the reader : by the illuftrious fon of an Engli(h mother, Phi- lippa queen of Portugal, the enterprifing fpirit of Lusitania was directed from the crufades in Africa, to the developement of its weftern coaft. The-commercial genius of England became thus ** united with the national heroifm of Portugal; and the fame country, « The claflical reader may derive pleafure from comparing the fpeech made on this occafion by the regent, (given by Jof. Texeira, Nunnez, Vafconcellos ; Le Quien, torn. i. p. 31 1.) with that of Ulyffes over the anns of Achilles (Ovid. Metam. lib. xiii. 1. 123.) «• Laertius heros Adftitit : atque oculos paulum tellure moratos Sullulit ad proceres : cxpeftatoque rcfolvit Ora fono"— The refemblance Is very ftriking ; they are both iiiterefting fpeclmens of oratory and chandler. •' This idea did not efcape the quaint and interefting Purchas, (Vol. i. p. 5. Book II.) <* Thus both at home and abroad were the Portugals indebted to the EngliHi ; as alfo in the example :; :4; i {? iiS&i 144 PROGRESS OF BOOK country, whofe dircoveries and navigators occupy fo brilliant a fpace in the hiftory ot the eighteenth century, may thus be confi- dered as promoting the glory of the maritime difcoveries, by which the fifteenth was enlightened. The devout fpirit of the crufades, which had already proved of eflential fervice in cherifliing the commercial charadter, now drew tha attention of the Portuguefe to the continent and coafls of Africa. Louis the ninth, king of France, generally ftyled Sf. Louis, the founder of an order of naval merit, conduced the fixth and fcventh crufades. From fome political reafon, which probably has not yet been fairly • ftated, he direded his attention in the laft expedition to the kingdom of Tunis ; and during the fummer of the year 1270, landed fix thouland horfe, and thirty thoufand foot, on the Moorifli territory. The he&l of the climate was infupportable ; and the death of their monarch foon became the fignal of retreat to hia troops. After the reign of this illuftrious Crufader, the extirpating fpirit of Mohammedifm continued to extend its baneful influence ; from the Euphrates, throughout the northern caift of Africa, ij eftablilhed a threatning hierarchy, and the various kingdoms, both on the continent of Europe^ and in. the weftern iflands of the Medi- terranean,, example of fome Eiiglidimen, and namely one Macham, which had beene by temped driuen on (hore in Madera : but in nothing more, tlien that Engli/h lady before mentioned, whofe third fonne Don Henry was the true foundation of the greatnelFe, not of Portugall alone, but of the wlwle Chriilian world, in marine affairs, and efpecially of thefe heroike cndeauours of tlie E;igli(h (whofe ftcfli and blood hee was), which tilis eiifuihg hillorie (liall prefent un'o you. « Gibbon alTigns, the wild hope of baplifintr the king of Tunis ; and refers his rcad'.'n (vol xi. p. 163 ) to the annals of St. Louis by IVi/Ham dt Nangis, (p. 270 — 287.) and tlu- Arabic ExtraCl* (p. 545— 5.550 of the Louvic edition o^ Jiinvillf. Such a motive was in. confident with the '.vifdoui and experience of the French monarch. But this hittorian ftcms to have indulged in a prejudiced ridicule of the crufades; which mifreprcfent« the noblell exploits of the military ciiaraif^er, in a barbarous and enthufiadic age. The fame prejudice.-, with a keener farcafm, abound in Voltaire. " The crufades, drs Brigands ligues pour venir, &c. were a band of vagabond thieves." — Is this writing hillory with candour and truth ; or are tkufe perfons who clamour the loudeil for the latter, the mult likely to pervert it ? MARITIME DISCOVERY. 145 terranean, where the crefcent was difplayed, feemed to chide the Cli. II. § t. warriors of chriftendom for ncgledting the caufe of chivalry, and ZllLzi- the political interefts of their refpedlive countries, Thefituation of Portugal was particularly favourable for a defcent on the African coaft ; and the extirpation of Mohammedifm conti- nued during the reign of John the firft and his fucceffors, to form the devout principle of their heroic exploits. The Portuguefe princes had long been ambitious to receive the fword of chivalry from their renowned father, when a general Crufade to the Moorifh coaft called them from the enjoyments of peace, to thofe military ho- nours, which their merit and valour had eminently deferved. But the dangers of an expedition againft the Infidels, (hook the tender health of their aflfedionate mother Philippa; who beheld the lives of her children, with that of their father, expofed at once to the re- lentlefs fcymitars of the Moors. Unable to fupport the dreadful uncertainty of this eventful voyage, or to fhake the refolution of her ambitious offspring, fhe funk amidft the painful conflict of her mind ; the death of fo beloved a queen awakened the regret of every one, and caft a portentous gloom on the African crufades. From the bay of Lagos the embarkation of the Portuguefe fleet was beheld with various emotions : it recalled to memory the tro- phies, and African exploits of Belifarius '. Thirty-three large (hips of war, or carracks, fifty-nine gallics, and one hundred and twenty tranf- f During tin's expedition in the year 534, {Gibbon, vol. vii. p. 164.) a memorable Inftancc of the villainy of a contraftor for the fleet of Belifarius, is recorded by this hiftorian. " Ac cording to military pra£lii-e, the breatl, or bifcait of the Romans was twice prepared in the oven, and a diminution of one fourth was cheerfully allowed for the lofs of weight. To gain this mifcrable profit, and to fave the expence of wood, the pnefcdl John of Cappadocia had • Majorca prcfided, of tlic name of ^ames^ whofc experience in navi- ■ * ■■ '' . ' .. - gation, and the conftrudlion of ' charts, had reached the ears of this promoter of fcience. Thus improved and encouraged, the Portuguefc, by the order PuertoSanio. of their prince, undertook another voyage of difcovcry about the year 1418. Every thing relative to it had been daily infpcQed by the Duke ; and with little exertion of the imagination, a fcetie of confulerahle maritime intcreft is formed on the (hore of Sagres, Two naval ofTicers of his houfliold volunteered their lives, in an at- tempt to furmount the perils of Bojadore ; the mariners of Great Britain may fmile at fuch apprehenfions, but after the lapfe of fucceeding centuries, many exploits of the prefent age will probably fhew, that fcience was even yet, and perhaps ever will be, in a pro- greflive ftate. J'tan ' Gonzales Zarco^ and Trt/lan Vaz Texeira^ hav- ing received the thanks and grateful wiflies of their patron, went oq board a veflcl that was called a " barcha^ and (leered for the tremen- dous Cape. ^ The ' Mons. D'iifyrtt, when fpfaking of the tarly Charts that were compofed under the aufplcei of the DukeofVifeo, thus dcfciibes tlie mode which was then adopted. " Ces premierei Cartes Marines font celles qu'on it nominees dtpuis earlet platet, pour let rfiftinguer des rS- tluitet ( a caufc que dans leur conftruftion on- n'iivoit aucun egard a la convexitc du globe terrellre, «t que la portion, qu'elles comprennent, etoit fuppofje i une furface plate. De plus, Its meridiens y font rcprcfcnics par dcit lignei droites paralleles entt'elles." (Preface* Neptune Oriental, p. 5.) « Juan Gonzales Zarco was the firft knight created by John the firft, in confequence of the capture ot Ccuta. He ferved in all the expe-Ji'.ions againil Africa, during the life of John and his fon ; and is recorded to have introduced the ufe of artillery in flu'ps. » The Barl, and Barcha longii, are veflels but fcldom employed, fincc the late improve* ments in (hip-building. The frj may be dcfcribed as a fort of brig with topfails, having its couifcs and topfails fct on the fame Pole, without Aiding mads, which is at prefent in ufe on hoard thofe velTtls known by the names of Tartans, and Seltcti i \.\it/i<.onil, or Barcha lon-rn, was a fmaller kind o^gall•y, with one maft, and oars. Hf. VOL. I. X i lljlHitiUnt 154 BOO I. K PROGRESS OF ; The Portuguefe had yet to learn the particular winds that were to be expe£ted on the coaft of Africa, with the caufes by which their in- fluence is varied or increafed. Between the latitudes of 28° and lo* north, feamtn conftantly meet with a frefli gale near the land blow- ing from the north-eaft. The currents alfo that prevail, and fet to- wards the continent, the long banks of ("and which extend a great way to fea, and are extremely difHcult to be diftingui(hed in the morning and -evening, were powerful obftacles to the enterprifmg fpirit of thefe navigators. About fix leagues off Cape Bojadore, a moft violent current daflies upon the breakers, and formed a dreadful objed to the inexperienced mariners : though the voyage of Zarco and Vaz was fliort, they had many * dangers to furmount. Their Ikill and firmnefs were foon tried by a fudden florm, which heightened every " The Portiigiiefc Hiftorians give only a general account of this interefting Voyage, The reader may therefore fornn a more corredl idea of the danger to which Zarco and Vaz were expofed, by the following extradl from the more recent voyages of Monf. Saugnier and Br'iffon, who were both fliip- wrecked, in different veffcls, on the north- well coaft of Africa ; the former near Cape Bojadore, in the month of January 1784, the latter near Cape Blanco, in July 1785. Monf. Saugnier relates, " that on the night of the fourteenth, they perceived the land of Africa, then at three leagues dillance, fur which the (hip was running with the wind abaft. One hour later not afoul would have been favtd. At four in the morning the ftiip ftruck on a fand bank ; nothing could be dillinguifbed : horrible cries were heard on every fide, and the failors ran about the deck without being confcious of what they did — The fta broke entirely over us ; the darknefs of the night, the dreadful roaring of the waves, our offi. cers' ignorance of the place where they had run the fljip aground, deprived us ofrecollec tion, and drove us to dcfpair. About half after five the (hip, beat by the breakers, which fol- lowed one another inceflfantly, filled with water. About feven, the captain ordered all work to ceafe that we iniglit come to fome refolution ; nobody could afcertain our fituation ; fome afferted we were aflwre on one of the Canary iflaiids, and others on the coaft of Africa. Being recovered however from the firft alarm, our whole attention was tuined to tiie fafcft means of reaching the land."— This vcflel was of about three huiidied tons burthen, and Dutch built. Let her dimtiifions, and the experience of her crew, be compared with the veffcls and fcamen of the Portuguefe, and the danger they were expofed to will proportionably increafe : let the rtadvjr alfo conipate this velTel, and the furrounding perils, with the miferablc barks of the anticnts, and then believe if he can the voyages of l^anuo and Hamilco ; or the triennial cir- cumnavij^aiion of Africa, by the feamcn of Necho, king of Egypt, fix hundred and four years before the Lhriftiaii isra. MARITIME DISCOVERY. »55 every peril : Sefore they could reach their deftination, an heavy Ch. II. § i. gale ' arofe from the eafl: ; the billows of the Atlantic were gradually ~ — — • elevated, and the fmallnefs of the veflel increafed the horrors of the fcene. For the firft time the Portugucfe were driven out to fea ; and, as if the very tempeft was favourable to their early projeds, the error, which their own inexperience could not dete£t in fo uni- formly keeping within the fight of land, was proved by the ftorm which threatened their deflrudtion. The (hip's company, on lofmg their accuilomed bearings, had given themfelves up to defpair j but unexpectedly the violence of the gale abated, and they found themfelves approaching an ifland, fituated about one hundred leagues to the fouth-weft of Africa. "When the firft tranfport of joy allowed them to make any obfervation, they beheld its coaft extending about twenty miles in length : as the only road- ftead is on the fouth-weft fide, they probably there caft anchor. Gratitude to providence for their efcape immediately fuggefted a name for the new difcovery ; and Puerto Santo^ or the * Holy Haven, the fmalleft of the Madeiras, being only two miles in breadth, cords this memorable epocha, when the Portuguefe firft abandoned the coafting voyages of the antients, for the bolder enterprife of an improved, and more intrepid age. Thus after a paflage of only one hundred and fixty leagues from the promontory of Sagres^ which at prefent in moderate wea- ther y In ftceritig to tlic fouthward from Cape St. Fincenl, whtn the wcatlier is fettled, the wind is generally from the northward ; and gradually veers towards the eaft, tintil you get into the latiiudf of t8'. oo. north, where you may expedl a confirmed Trade Wind, which is from north-eaft to eall north-eaft ; and although the (Ironp^eft gales ufually blow from tlie Well, 'hey alfo at times come with great fury from the Eaft. It mud have been an caileily wind which cairicd the Portuguefe out to fea, and brought them to Puerto Santo. * Afia of De Barros, Decad. i. lib. i. cap. ii. Faria y Soufa Afia Portug. torn. i. cap. i. Only a part of the firft decade of the /Ifia of De Barros has yet been tranflated into Englifti, whicli i* very fcarce. X 2 :s-m 'H^i^ /!/- is6 PROGRESS OF BOOK ther may be performed in three days, Zarco and Vaz returned with '- elated minds to make known the eventful ftory of their perils. They defcribed the inhabitants of Puerto Sn/ito^ as being in an inter- mediate ftate of civilization ; that neither their condu£l nor difpofi- tion betrayed any figns of favage ferocity ; that the foil was fertile, and the climate mild : both the navigators confirmed the truth of this favourable report, by requefting the duke's permiffion to return and fettle in the ifland. The anxious mind of Henry was thus confiderably relieved : a more advanced (lation towards the fouth, particularly favourable to any future difcoveries on the coaft of Africa, was fecured, whence the adjacent parts of the * Atlantic could be explored with greater eafe j and the perils of the hitherto impaffable Bojadore might now be avoided, by preferving a bolder courfe, in a fouth-wefterly direction from Puerto Santo. He there- fore granted the requeft of Zarco and Vaz, with confiderable marks of commendation ; and yielding at the fame time to the importuni- ties of a maritime fpirit, which this fuccefsful voyage had fuch a ten- dency to increafe, he complied with the earned defire of many who wilhed to behold the new difcovery ; among thefe, Bartbolemew Perejlrelloy a nobleman of his houfliold, was the moft diftinguiflied. f5ettlement of Three veflels were immediately fitted out in the courfe of the ucrto ante. ^^^^ year, 1418, commanded by Percjlrtllo^ Zarco^ and Va%^ who accordingly failed for Puerto Santo. The different animals and feeds, which Prince Henry had feleded, having been landed and dif- tributed under the eye of Pereftrello, he returned to Portugal. Zarco and Vaz remained to fuperintend the infant colony, and foon perceived, that their introdudion of rabbits would in time, from the rapid increafe of thofe animals, deftroy the vegetable produce of the » On leaving Puerto Santo, or Maikira, the Portugucfe were gradually taught, in the pro- crefs of their difcoveries towania the Cape of Good Hope, to keep to the fouth-weft ; by which means they left all the African iilands to the eaftward, and had a clear ocean, without any dangers from the coaft of Africa, or tlit currents that kl townrda it. MARITIME DISCOVERY. ^57 the Ifland, and baffle every hope of rendering it a place of refrefl\- Ch. Ii. § i. ment for the Portuguefe (hips. '■'''^' ■ It was the firm belief both of the inhabitants of Puerto Santo, and of the ':10ft enlightened among the Portuguefe, that the fea to the vveftward beyond that ifland, which had originally been difcovered by '' yttba^ was not navigable on account of weeds and mud ; that the courfe of a (hip would alfo be arretted by concealed rocks, and dreadful whirlpools. This idea had originated with the antients, and was fupported by a ftrange appearance in the horizon, that per- plexed the minds of our navigators : to the fouth-weft of Puerto SantOy a thick impenetrable cloud continually hovered on the waves, and thence extended to the heavens. Some believed it to be a dreadful abyfs ; fuperftition traced amidft the gloom, the infcrip- tion and portal of Dante ; whilft the learned pronounced that it could only be the ifland of Cipango, where Spanifh and Por- tuguefe bifhops had retired, with other Chriftians, from the per- fecuting Moors, and that no one could approach under the penalty of death. Gonzales, and his companion Triftan Vaz, bore this ftate of fuf- penfe with the impatience of feamen ; from the earlitft return of light to the clofe of day, the meteor preferved an uniform fullen afpeft. At length Gonzales, after a long refidence in the ifland, unable to poflefs courage fufficient to develope the myftery, or to obtain inftruftion that might elucidate the real truth, ' returned to Portugal. But neither his patron, nor any of his followers, could give * Puerto Santo, and Madeira, were ftyled InfuU Purptiri*, from the manufadlory of Getu- lian purple eftablKhed thert by Jiiba. * I have endeavoured, in the following account, to reconcile the relation by Alcaforado, who was efciuire to Prince Heury, witli that of De Barros (decade the firft, book i, chap. ii.). The reader may compare tliia w!ih Galvano's remarks in the Appendix. .-iccordiiig to Jlcnfuradot Gonzales having left Puerto Santo two years, was in 1420 fenl to tlie coal! of Africa ; when he captured Morales the pilot, with whom he afterwards lailed to difcovcr Madeira. W^,*' ihiiitti yf- i l:^' \ '■J-fh ' 1 i ' i . • ■> i ■J ; iff A: t; 11^ ^ .m m m iili ' * ;'!'!! 158 BOOK I. Geojrraphi. eal MSS. , PROGRESS OF give Gonzales the explication he fought ; the diftance at which they were placed, increafcd the terror of an obje£l they could only ' behold in imagination. , , • ,. - The geographical knowledge which the Duke of Vifeo received from the Arabs and Moors of Africa, muft have been very exten- five ; hut no light was thence rcfle£tcd on the undlfcovercd iflands of the Atlantic. It may however be intercfling to the reader, to con- fider what particular fources of "^ information it is probable the Portu- guefe prince in this refpe(5t enjoyed. The chara£ler of a noble Arabian, Ism AEL Abulfeda, Prince of Hamah, a city of Syria, bears a ftriking refemblance to that of the Duke of Vifeo ; not only in his rank as a prince, but in the zeal with which he ftudied and improved the fcience of geography. Abulfeda was born at Damafcus about the year 1273, and was inverted with the dominions of his anceftors by the Soltan al Nafcr in 13 10. In the eleventh year of his reign he compofed his learned ' geographical work, entitled, " Chorafmice et Mawer- * Confiderable additions may be made to this fubjeft by the indiiftry of Sir IVllRam Oufeley in his purpofed examination of the geographical fyftem of the Afiaticks : through the in- niimerable Arabic and Perfian authors that pafs in review before him, a moft interefting ac- count might be given of thofe maniifcripts, which were the moft likely to have formed the library, or enlarged the knowledge, of Henry Duke of Vifeo. Befides the works of Ahulfeda, EJr'ift, and others, that are well known, Sir William has mentioned many Oriental manufcripts, whofe names are by no means common to Europeans. Heft AUim, or feven Climates, by Emir Raiizi ; Ajaieh al Boldan, or Wonders of Regions ; Tahiil al Irab, a geographical diftionary by Mohnmmcd Saduk Isfahani ; and the Tohfut al Jratein, or poetical defcription of the two Iraks, Arabian and Peifian provinces, by the celebrated Khakani, with many others. (Preface to Ebn Haiikal, p. 31.) « This had been preceded by the obfervations of fome travellers, relative to Imlij, about the end of the fourth, or beginning of the fifth century ; which appeared in the Collision of Ptilladlui, an anonymous writer, and .Mrofinjler, printed at London 1665. The famous Egyptian merchant, Cofmas furnamtd Indicopleuftes, or the Indian navigator [fee preceding Ilijl. Memoir of the Progiefs uf Difciivrry by the Anlknts), performed his voyage A. D. r^j and comijiifcd hiii fnbfequcnt wmk, Chiiflian Topography, at Alexandria, between A. I), car* and 547. The moft valuable part is. given in Greek by Melchifedec Thevenot in his valu- able Colleaion of Voyages, with an engraving of It Mufc and le Pourceau Cerf ; and the Pere Mountfaucon has publifhcd in tlie French language, a fplendid edition of the whole (Nova Colletlio Patrum, Paris 1707, 2. voli, folio.) n h ■ MARITIME DISCOVERY. »59 Maweralnahr, hoc eft, regionum extra fluvium Oxum defcrlptio, ch. II. { i. ex tabulis Abulfedx Ifmaelis, principis Hamah : *' A defcription of 7°^" '^'^'•^- Cborafmht and Mawaralnabre^ or the regions beyond the river Oxus^ from the tables of Abulfeda Ifmael^ Prince of Hamah. In the courfe of this work, he cites no lefs than thirty different geographers, but expreffes his principal obligations to the labours of ^ Ptolemy^ Albi- runiy AlfaraSy Ebnfahid^ and the author of a work, entitled. The fourth part of the habitable world; which he fays was tranfluted from the Greek into Hebrew, and from the Hebrew into Arabic, by the orders of Almamoun, another Arabian prince. Abulfeda pafled fome time in ■ England ; but his work did not appear before 1650, when it was printed by our learned countryman Dr. Greaves. Abul- feda's geography confifts of " tables of the latitude and longitude of places, in imitation of Ptolemy, with their defcriptions, under the title ' See Relation de tUvtrs Voyages Curieux, qui n'ont point efiS puiliees, 2 vols, folio, par M. MclchifcJec Thevenot, Paris 1696. Tom. premitr, p. i8. i His work on Geography, however,, could not be found in England by Hahluyt, fince he commiflioned his friend M. John Newberie to procure one abroad ; who in confequencc fent the following Letter from Aleppo, May 28, 1583 : " Right wel beloued, and my affured good friend, I heartily commend me unto you, hoping of your good lieahh, &c. — After we fet faile from Grauefend, which was the 13th day of February laft, wee remained upon our coaft until the nth day of March, and that day we fet faile from Falmouth, and never ankered till wee arrived in the road of Tripolle in Syria, which was the laft day of Aprile laft paft, where wee ftaycd fouitecn daycs ; and the twentie of this prefent wee came hither to Alepo, and with God's heipe, within Hue or fixe dayes goe from hence towards the Indies. Since my comming to Tripolis, I hauc made very earntft inquirie both there and here, for the booke of Cofmographie of Milfacia Ifmael, but by no meanes can heare of it. Some fay that poflibly it may be had in Purfia ; but notwithftand- iiig, I will not faile tg make inquirie for it, both in Babylon, and in Balfara ; and if 1 can fiiide it in any of thtfe places, I will fend it you from thence. - - • This yeeic many men goe into the warrcs, and fo hath there euery yecre fince the beginning thereof, which is eight yecres or thereabouts, but very fcwe of them returne ag.iinc. Notwithftanding, they get of tl... Perfians, and make caftles and liolda in their countrey. — Mafter Fitch hath him heartily commended unto you : and fo I commit you to the tuition of the Almlghtie, who blefle and keepe you, and fend us a joyfull meeting. Your louing friend to command in all that I may, John Newberie."— (Vol. ii. Hackluyt, p 245.) •> Dr. Greaves pubh"(hcd two of the tables, with a Latin tranflation. Three appeared In 1712, inftrted by Mr. Gagnier in the third Yolume of Dr. Hudfon's Minor Greek Geograpliers, » Art. 'i: /i I .ftr nsi i M: \\ 1 itl'^i] i- t}.i 1 60 BOOK I. PROGRESS OF . title of Takwlm al Bolddit. The learned writer of the additional remarks to Abulfedds Life^ inferted in the General Di(Slionary, corredls many of the errors both of Bayle and Dr. Greaves, and anfwers with ability the fcvere criticifms ot Renaudot on this eaftern geographer ; who alfo compol'ed a general hiftory from the begin- ning of the world to his own time, the laft edition whereof he con- tinued to the year 1329. The following tranflation, with remarks relative to that fide of the Atlantic which we are now confidering, is extracted from Major Rennell's ' lUuftration of the Geography of Herodotus ; — " It is called the Ambient Sea^ becaufe it furrounds the whole extent of the Continental Lands ; and hence Ariftotle calls it the Crown Sea, as if it furrounded the earth, juft as a crown does the head. The nvejlern border, then, of this Ambient Sea, name- ly, that which wafhes Africa and Spain, is called the Ocean ; in which are t\\t fortunate ijlands^ ten degrees didant from the fhore of Africa. Some reckon their longitude from thefe iflands, others from the (weftern) (hore of Africa \ This fea begins to extend itfclf from the moft fouthern fliore of Mauretania, until it has pafled the Defcrt of Lamtiin^ which is a vaft wildernefs of barbarians, fituated between the borders of Mauretania, and thofe of the various trails of country belonging to the Nigritx. From thence it flretches (yet further) towards the fouth, along uncultivated, uninhabited, and unfrequented countries, until it has pafled beyond the Equator : after which it bends to the eaft, behind the mountains ' El Komri^ from whence the Art. v!, Alulftilt dcfcr'iptlo Chorafm'ia, t^c. ylrahice et Latine, and Art. vii. Ahulfedtt defcriMh /.rah'iit, Arab, et Lat. cum bin'is TabuUs Geo^raphkit ; una NliJIi- EJiUni ; altera, Uluv Bern, ' Pajrc 688. Major Rcnnell refers to the Prolegomena in Reijie's TrtwJIcition of Abiilfed.i, in Biilching's Hill, and Gcogr. M;ig. vol. iv. p. 140. Abulfcda's defcription begins with wlial he terms the ivrjlern fide, he then proceeds to \\\t>.j them by inferting an account of their countries ? Yet one race of cii. Ii. s «• them has fome degree of civilizationf and religious obfervance, the '"'''' . Nubians^ and Habbejbiam^ Abbyflinians : the reafon of this is, their vicinity to the other more polilhed countries ; thus Nubia and Hab- beflich are fituated on the borders of the Deryai Kohum^ lYicfea of Ko/zHMy or Red fea : nothing farther can be faid in their favour." " From ■' Egypt to the extremity' of the weft, Magreb^ is a diftance of an hundred and eighty ' merhileh : from the extremity of the eaft to that of the weft is near one hundred merhileh: From Roiim * to the extreme boundary of the land of the Nubians about eighty merhileh. Between Tajouge and Majouge^ and the northern ocean, and between the deferts of the blacks and the other limits of the ocean, all is defolate and wafte, without any buildings. I know not what are the roads or ftages of thofe two deferts which are on the coafts of the ocean, becaufe it is impojible to travel in them on account of the exceflive heat, which hinders the building of houfes, or the refiding there. Thus alfo in the foutby no animal can exi/ly fo exceflive is the heat, nor any perfon dwell there. But between Cheen ', and the weft, Magreb^ all is inhabited, and the ground cultivated ; and the ocean furrounds the land like a collar, or neck- lace. From Kolzum " or the weft of the Tea (the Red Sea) the dry deferts ftretch very far to the land of Bajeh. This country is fituated between Habe/h, Abbyflinia, the land of Nubia, and Egypt, in it are gold minesy which extend from near the borders of Egypt to a certain caftle on the fea coaft, which they call -^//, or JJab^ . , • •■■■'■ /' . , . .c' V "1- ,;■•'■ a dil^ < Sir W. Oufeley's Tranflr.tion, pages 4. and 7, ' Sii William obferves in his Preface that Greaves tranflates Merhileh hy Ratio, diieta, men fio. According to Edrifi it confifted of thirty miles ; Abiilfeda conliJtred it as uiidetcrmined ' Natolia : — Ebn Haukal afliuns to it the borders of Sclavonia, of Riiflia, and Armenia. The Mediterranean i> ftyled by him the fea of Roum. Sec pree':ding page 123, note x. ' China or Tartary. " Ibid, page 13. Y2 i!^ IjIHII mil %m 164 BOOK I. .> - PROGRESS OP a diihnce of about ten merhileh : there are not in any quarter of the world fuch gold mines as thefe. On the fea-coaft there is a place called Zei/aa, which is the port for thofe who go to Temen and He- Jaz; then begin the deferts of Nuiia. The Nubians are Chriftians, and their country is wider than that of the Abyflinians ; — and the Egyptian Nile pafles through their territories, and goes on to the land of the Zingiaus^ Ethiopia " ; and one cannot proceed beyond that. The fea continues to the land of Zingbar^ ^Ethiopia, oppofite Aden ; thence it departs from the regions of Iflam." " Magreb (the well) or Africa, is chiefly remarkable for the black (laves : the white flaves come from the quarter of " Andalus ; and coral, and ambergris, and gold, and honey, and fiik, and feal- fkins. One ' cannot enter Sejelmafab, but by the way of the de- fert, which the fand renders difficulr. This town is (ituated near the Gold Mines, between them and the land of the Blacks, and the land of Zouilab: thefe mines are faid to be of the moll pure and excellent gold. This land of the * Blacks is a very extenfive region : their (kins are of a finer and deeper blacknefs than that of any other blacks, whether Habejhis^ Abyflinians, or Ziugians^ iEdii- opians ; and their country is more extenfive than that of any other nation of Blacks : it tsfituated on the coajl of the ocean to tbefouth^^ Refpeding India we are informed, " that on the " eaft of the land of IJliim^ are the regions of Hindooftan. The country of ' Tibet is fituated between Kburkliz^ and the empire of '' Cbcen. Cheen lies between the fea and the land of Ghuz and Tibet ; and Cheeii itfelf conftitutes this climate (or divifion). Horning *, the port of Kirman, is a well inhabited and flourifliing city. From this you go to ' fi " Sir William remarks in a note, that this laft fentencr, which fcems obfcure, ie litcially, " and afttr that, it it impo£ibte to go on." r Spain. » Pages 16. and 21. * Page 22. * Page 5. « Page 10. * China. . • Page 12. MARITIME DISCOVERY. 165 to Dailmiy where there are merchants, who trade in all places : this Ch. IT. s »• is the port of the land of SinJ; and Sind is the fame as Manfurch ; •^""' ' • ' '• " '' and the region of Lattian^ as far as Cheen, extends along the co.ifl of Hindooftan, to Tibet, and Cheen Macbeeti, beyond which no one pafles. Hormuz ' is the emporium of the merchants in Kirman, and their chief fea-port." -• ;•; Such probably were • fome of the principal refources, to which the Gon/aics zealous mind of the Portuguefe Prince applied to fultain, and en- 1420. force the validity of the opinions, he had refolved to encourage. It was however in vain to fearch the manufcripts of Orientalifts, for an explanation of a terrific phenomenon in the horizon of Puerto Santo. The perplexity of Gonzales Zarco therefore continued ; and in this Aate of mind he was fent by John the firll on an expedition to the coaft of Africa, during the year 1420. — Don Sancbioy youngeft Ton of Ferdinand ^ king of Arragon, and grand- mader of the order of Calatrava, dying on the 15th of March 141 6, left a confiderable fum of money to redeem fuch Caftilians, as had been taken and fold for flaves in Morocco. A cartel (hip failed in con- fequence from Spain during the year 1420, and on its return from Africa, fell in with Gonzales Zarco : though their refpedive go- vernments had not openly declared war, the coolnefs, which en- fued, induced Gonzales to board the cartel ; but when the noble Portuguefe heard of the fervice, on which the Spaniih veflel was employed, and alfo beheld the miferable objedts juft releafed from a Moorifh dungeon, he felt and aded like a feaman ; and only retained from the crew a Spaniih pilot, John de Morales^ who volun- ♦ Page 142. • One of the moft celebrated of the Arabian tranflators of the works of the ancients, was tfonein Ben IJkae, a Syrian phyficiun, and a Chriftian. —Nor flioul'J we here omit the name of an early writer, Orderici of Forti, who in 132a, compofed his Voyages, or a Treatift oj'thi tuondert of the world. The Duke of Vifeo might alfo have feen the Spiiiifl) manufcript of the curious travels into Tartary during the year 1409, afterwards printed at Seville in I jSi. Sea in Appendix (B.) the explanatory Catalogue of Span'i/h Voyages and Travels. .M i!H ijlt'i"'* |lit;. luJlij iG(i PROGRESS O F / / r.? BOOK volunteered hU experience to promote the dlfcoverics of the Dukt — I ofVifeo. . : . • . % . The (kill and information of the Spaniard were foon difccrneil by Gonzales, and he liflened with iolicitude to the hidory oi his fufllerings ; but what was his adonifliment, when he perceived a ray of light arifing from the narrative, which tended to difpcl the darknefs that had fo long hovered in the horizon of Puerto Sauto, " Among the companions of my mifery," faid Morales, " were fome Eiiglijh Seamen ; and the following *■ adventure, which tliey rc- ' lated, has often beguiled the weary hours of our captivity.'* It " The fuhfequcnt difcovery of Madeira, by fume writeri afligned to tlic year 1419 rather than 14201 formt the fubjcA of a Latin poem by DoAor Manod Clemente, llyied hfulanat he alfo conipofed an hillory of it in Latin profe, which he dedicated to Pope Clement tlic tifth. De Barrot confiders thii important difcovery in the firll decade of hiii ^d ; jlnlonit Cttlvant (Appendix, page 33) wai the author from whom Hakluyt firft introduced the nar- rative of Machin to the attention of the Engh'fh (voL ii. pari i. page 1). I have preferred the account given by framifco ^leaforado, who was equerry to the Duke of Vifeo. He differ,^, as the reader will remark, from the paflage in Galvano. Mr. Ovington, chaplain to kin^r Wilh'am, informs u» (Voyage to Surat In 1689,) that the inhabitants of Madeira firmly be- lieved in ihc difcovery of their ifland by Machain. Faria y Sou/a notices the difcovery of Madeira in iiis Portugiiefe Afla, and cites Alcaforado, when commenting on the following Aauia of Camocns. (Canto 5.) < ^ I • I , . , v.. •)■..' ** Faflamos a graiide Ilha da Madeira, Que do muito avoredo aflim fc chaina, Das que n68 povoimos a primeira, ''' • ' Mai» cclebre j.or nome, que por fama : Mas mm por fer do mundo a derradcira, tic Ihe avuntHJao quantas Venus ama. Antes feiidu clta fua, fe efqiieccra l)e Cypru, Giiidu, PaplioH, e Cythera." •'V » V 1 1 '( if " Named from lier woods, with fragrant bowers udorn'd, Frum fair * Mitdeira'n purple coatl wc turn'd : Cyprus ant) Puphos' vales, the fmiling loves ", Might leave witli joy for fair Madeira's groves j * InfiiU Purpumict A Shore MARITIME DISCOVERY. t6r It was In the glorious reign of Edward the third of England, that Ch. ii. s i. Robert a Machin, a gentleman of the fecond degree of nobility, "^^^——f whofe genius was only equalled by his gallantry and courage, beheld Madeira by and loved the beautiful Anna D'Arpet ' : their attachment was mu- tual i but the pleafmg indulgence of ardent ho|)e gratified and be- trayed their paflion. The pride of the illuflrious family oiD^Arfet was infenfible to the happinefs of their daughter ; they preferred the in- dulgence of ambition to the voice of duty and love. The feudal tyranny of the age was friendly to their cruel defign ; and a warrant from the king feemed to juftify the vanity of a parent. The confo- lation of an ingenuous mind fupported Machin in confinement, its energy, thus comprcfled, fought only for redrefs ; nor did it yield to defpondency, when on being delivered from prifon, he found that the innocent caufe of his perfecution had been forced to marry a nobleman, who had carried her to his caftle, near Brijiol. The friends of Machin made his misfortune their own ; and one of them had the addrefs to be introduced, under the character of a groom, to the fervice of the afflicted Anna. The profpedt of the ocean, which during their rides extended before them, fuggeft- ed or matured the plan of efcape ; and the probability of a fecure afylum, was oppofed to the dangers of a paflage to the coaft of France. Under pretence of deriving benefit from fea air, the victim of parental ambition was enabled, without delay, to elude fufpicion ; whilft Machin^ in the fuccefsful completion of his anxious defign, was equally infenfible to the particular feafon of the year, or the por- tentous A Shore fo flowery, and fo fwect an. air, Venus might build her deartft temple there." MUi/e't LuJiaJ, Boot 5. An account of the difcovcry of the iiland of Madeira abridged from the Portuguefe original,, was publiflied by Paynt and Bouquet in 1751. ' Some writers have preferred the name of Dorfet, which a foreign orthography might turn, into JD'Or/tt, and thence to D'ArJtt, (See Le Harpe's CoUedtion of Voyages, vol. i. p. 216.) ii^; m illUi- i^Hii (.iifn,. ..■ '""^ longitnde |6'-' 49' jc" well iroin London : the i\n-i,ilir-n by fcveral obfervations was found to have dtcrcafed \v',it:K- 15" 30, the dijjpisijT n.-cdle hcinrj •"-" 1 8'." The bell ar.choring ground is near the L!* m 4il ■ Probably ilie port adjolui ig to Sagrn ; which town, according to Cada MoJIo, appears to have had alfo the appropriate name of Rtpofera, — " in una villa vicina chiunnita Rrpofaa. nella qmtl per ejfer rtmota tlalli tiimiilli (telle genti, et atta alia conteplatione ih glijlitrlii fmi, ii habitnua niollo volontieii." ( RRmiif,.), vol. i. p. 97.) The fliips employed on difcio-ciy hy Prince Hem y generally rcl'ortcd to the bay of Lagos, which tiius became the Porifmouth of /Mgarve. Z 2 m \m '1* 172 PROGRESS OF BOOK and the important Information that had been given by Morales. Tlie ^ Spanifli pilot, with the Portuguefe who accompanied Gonzalesy were now (hewn the dreadful Shade, which continued to hover in the horizon to the fouth-well oi Puerto Satito. Morales defied the ter- rors which appalled the greater part of the company ; declaring it as liis firm opinion, that what they belicld could only be the land they were in fearch of. After a confiiltation, it was deter- mined, that the expedition flioidd at leall be delayed until the clumge of the moon, when probably fome alteration might take place in this alarming fpe(n:re : its tremendous form however (lill continued ; and the whole deljgn would mod likely have been fruf- tratcd, had not Moral's infilled, that the ground of the concealed illand being fliaded from the fun by thick and lofty trees, a vapour was continually exhaled, which fpread itfelf throughout ific (ky : he alf ) addcvi, that according to the information he had received, from the Eng!i(h feamen in his Moorifli dungeon, and the courfe they dcfcribed to have held, the land enveloped in the dark cloud could not he very diftant. The arguments, and experience of Morales, had little effed on the minds of any of his hearers except Gonzales, who at length yielded to their force ; and it was fecretly agreed between them, that the firft favoural)!e morning they (hould fet fail, without any previous com- munication of their intentions to the reft. Accordingly, when the Portugueie leaft cxpcifled it, the veflels at day-break, and as Alcafo- rado relates on St. El.'zabctb'' s day^ were found boldly Handing with a prc-fs of full towards the dreaded abyfs. If we conlider the prevail- ing credulity and ignorance of the age, and the imperfedl flatc of navigation, we muft allow that the attempt re<]iiircd the conhirn- mate relolution of a mariner. The firmnefs of Gonzdes, and the pilot, iucreal'ed the apprehenfions of thofe on board ; for as the ihip advanced «.», MARITIME DISCOVERY. ^73 advanced, the high and extended vaoour was obferved to thicken, Ch. it. § i. until It became horrible to view. - - Towards noon the roaring of the fea reverberated throughout the horizon. The Portugucfe could no longer endure the painful fufpenfe, and they called loudly on Gonzales, not to perlift in a courfe which muft inevitably terminate in their deftniibion. Gonzales, and the Spanifh pilot, attempted to calm their agitation ; they urged every poifiljle argument to convince them, that the whole was an idle alarm ; and at length reconciled their trembling companions to abide the event. The weather was fortunately calm ; but the rapidity of the current obliged Gonzr.les to have his (hip towed by two ° ihallops along the fkirts of the cloud ; whilft the dafliing of the fca on the breakers ferved as a guide, by which he either in- creafed i.r <|iminilhed his diftaiice. As they proceeded, the tremendous vapour gradually leflened to- wards the eaft, but the noife of the waves increafed ; when on a fud- den, fomething of a deeper fliade was feebly difcerned through the gloom, the vefTels ftill continuing at a great diftance. Some perfons, who probably caught a faint glance of the rocks, with which the fhore is lined, exclaimed, that they faw giants of an enormous fize. A clear- nefs was at length remarked on the fea, the hoarfe echo of its waves abated ; and, to complete their joy, a little point, which received the name of San Lourenp^ opened on the aftonifhed fpedators : doub- ling this, the high land to the fouthward extended before them, and,, the cloud being difperfed, the woodlands, for a confiderable diftance up the mountains, were unveiled. Ruy Paes immediately embarked with Morales in the floop to obfeive the coaft ; and they foon reached a bay, which fo exasflly arfwered to the defcr'.ption given the latter by the Englini, that he ,..,.,., .i/im'} ! , ■■'VM ^%\'i The fliallop is a large boat with two malls, rigged like a fehooner.. ^fiiliif m PROGRESS OF BOOK he landed with Pacs to fcek the tomb of Machirty 'which was found, — They immediately haftcned with the news to Gonzales, wlio took pofleflion of the ifland in the names of King jfobit tbefrjl of Por- tugal, and his illuftrious fon, Henry Duke ofVifeo ; after which, another altar was raifed, near that which Machin had conftrudcd. They fearched in vain for any traces of either inhabitants or cattle ; and could only procure fome birds, that fuffered themfelves to he taken by the hand. — It was then agreed to trace the windings of the coaft : doubling a point to the weftward, they pafled the raoutlis of four rivers, in which Gonzales filled a few bottles, that the prince might judge of the excellency of the water for the future fervice of his mariners, As the Portuguefe advanced in this delightful excurfion along the coaft of Madeira, they came oppofitc to a valley, which formed the bed of a river, and was contrafted by an adjacent glen covered with trees : the ravages of an hurricane, vifible on their fallen trunks, gave a wildnefs and variety to the landfcape. Gonzales, ftruck with the beauty of the fcene, landed with his companions ; a crofs, formed of the boughs that were fcattered on the ground, marked their gra- titude, and gave the place its name of Santa Cruz. Led on by the novelty of every thing they beheld, they then crolfed a narrow flip of land, that ftretched out from the ifland, where the nmnber of jays that arofe, on being thus difturbed in their long unfrequented haunts, fuggefted the appellation of Punta dos Gralhos. Another projcdion of land, at the diftance of about two leagues formed a bay, Ikirted with an extenfive grove of venerable cedars • whilft a rivulet, ifl"uing from a glen, whofe paler verdure formed a ftriking contraft, feemed to pour a ftream of milk into a fpaclous bafon. The feamen refted on their ou-s, whilfl: Gonzales admired the wild luxuriance of nature, which fuperfl:itious timidity had fo long dreaded to approach : he then fenl Conzalvo jiyrez^ with fome t 2 foldicrs. MARITIME DISCOVERY. m foldlers, to penetrate into the country j and the report they Ch. II. ^ i. foon were enabled to make, that they had feen the fea quite round ■ ' ' ■ ' the land, proved the fallacy of an opinion, in which lome of the Portuguefe had perfifted, who imagined the coaft before them was a part of the continent of Africa. Beyond the grove of cedars, an extenfive tradl, not fo woody as the reft, but covered with fennel [funcboi) marked the future fcite of the town of Funchal : here the junction of three rivers, unit- ing at their entrance into the fea, formed two fmall iflands. Gon- zales moored the floop under their lee ; and, having taken in wood and water, continued his courfe, until he arrived at a point which had been feen from the fouthward ; where a fecond crofs recorded the progrefs of his navigation. The extent of coaft, that faded in diftant perfpedlive beyond this point, and the calmnefs of the fea> whofe gentle undulation glittered on the fhingles, as far as the eye could reach, induced him to flyle it the Playa formofa^ or beautiful fhore. Two of the Portuguefe, in attempting to fwim a clear but rapid ftream, which they afterwards met with, were nearly loft j in confe- nuence of which it was called SoccorridoSy or the helped. They next opened an high rocky point, forming an haven with the main of the ifland, where they firft difeovered the traces of ani- mals ; which raifcd their curiolity, as they had not hitherto found any, though Macbin was reported to have feen many wild hearts on his arrival, who did not attempt to moleft him. The Portuguefe were however foon undeceived, on beholding a number of fea wolves rufli into the fea, from a cave that had been hollowed by the tide at the foot of a mountain : this cave in Portuguefe was ftyled Ciimera dos Lobos ; and hence, as is remarked in the narrative of Alcaforadoy Gonzales obtained his furname. Thoiioh our navigators had advanced thus far in fafety, they dot act uppear, accorcliiiji to the lurrativc of Alcaforado,to have entirely dl veiled ■,r'' f i!:-!>^i ■Ml i 1^6 PROGRESS OF B O O K diveftcd themfelvcs of the terrors of the cloudy fpedre. At this " '■ pUice its gloom began to deepen, and to hover on the very furface of the waves; vvhofe violence fecnicd in the fame proportion to in- crcafc. Gonziiles therefore agreed not to proceed, but immediately returned to the lliip ; and having procured a conlidcrabic quantity of wood, water, birds, and plants, from the ° Illand, they fct fail for Lifbon, which they reached by the end of Auguft 1420 ; without any lofs or dilafter, that tended to abate the joy atul fatisfadlon they experienced. On their arrival, a public day of audience was appointed by the King to give every celebrity to their fucccfsful voyage. From the various fpccimens of excellent wood, and the trunks of trees pre- fcnted on this occafion, the name of " MaJc'ira was ;_;ivcn to tlic newly o An account of llic idaiiJ of /l/rt^/riVri was piiMiflKcl in l,;iti:i liy /-(^■■n'//', anrl .;fti,T« arils trandated into Italian, iiilitkd " Dcftrittioiic dili' Ilol.i (!i.il:i Maiicia Itiitta lulla liiiriia Latina dal Conle Giulio I-anJi, trad, in volg. da Aleniaiiio I'ini, in fi, iii i hicenzit, 1574. r Sec prcccdlii!? note ("). ^/r. C. Furihr, fon of the cdcbiaud Dr. 'John Rdn.il,! F->rJJ,:rf who acconil)anifd Captain Cook during his iVcond voy.igc, in an cxcul^;.! hiilof of it (2 voh. Ato. I777)> offers fome valuable romaiks leliuive to M.idi ira, eonunnnicated l.y l".n;rliflnntti who had been many years liiliabitanta of that ifland. He deiii ibes il as being tiliy-live Enr - lilh miles long, and ten broad. Fnnclial is the only eity. •« It ccinfills of one large iiuninl.u'M, whofe branchca rife every where from the fea towards tlie centre of tlie ille, conw^r(,'iiifr to the fiinniiit, in the midll of whieli 1 was told is a depreifion, or cxcavatiDii, c\x\\\.i\ tljc J'',i/ by the inhabitants, always covered with a fredi and delicate herbage. The Hones on the ide, which ve examined, feemed to have been in tiie fire, were full of hides, and of a bjackifti ooloiir j in fhort the greater part of tliein were lava. A few of them were of the kind which tl)c Ueiljv- lliirc miners call Jiin/lotif, Tiic foil of the wliole ifland is a tarras, mixed with fomi- t)artic!'.> of clay, liiTie, and lar.d, and has much the fame nj)pearance as form- earths we lince f nnd on tlie ille of Afccnfion. From tin's circunillance, and from the excavation of the fiimiuit of tlie mountain, I am induced to fiippofc, that in fome remote period, a volcano has ]irodu/,;/'«/, mentioned by others, through which tliewatu, would probably have taken tli-ir courfe, if any fuch had exilltd." (Vol. i. p. zo.) '11. 'i MARITIME DISCOVERY. ^17 newly tlifcovered iflanJ. With the approbation of his father, Prince Ch. II. f .. Henry divided it into two Capitanlas^ or captaindiips ; that of ■ ■ " '-' ■- — Vtmchal was afTigned to Gonzales, with the following arms illuf- tnitive of his furname Camera dos Lobos — On a green efcutcbeon^ a toivc: , argent^ charged with a crofs^ or ; twofea wolves proper^ as ftip()orters ' : to Triftan Vaz Texcira, the captainlhip of Macbico was allotted, in whofe family it continued until the year 1540 ; when tlie diredt line of inheritance Hxiling, it was given by John ibe tb'ird^ to Antoulo da Silvcira de Mcnezcs^ fon to Nuno Martins <' The wines arc not all of equal goodiiefs, and confequently of diffcrentprices : their method of kaping the ground clean and moid, and ripening the grapes in the (hade, by means of walks arched over with laths, contiibutes to give the Madeira wines tliat excellent flavour and body for which they are rem^ kable. The bed, made of a vine imported from Candia, by order of the Infante of Portugal Dan Henry, is called Madeira Malmfey, a pipe of which cannot be bought on the fpot for lets than forty or forty-two pounds ftcrling : about thirty thou, fund pipes, upon a mean are made every year, each containing one hundred and ten gallons. About thirteen thoufand pipes of the better forts are exported, and all the reft is made into •brandy for the Brazils ; converted into vinegar, or coiifumed at home. «' The (hores of Madeira, and of the neighbouring Salvages, and Defertai, are nut without fifli ; but as they are not in plenty enough for the rigid obfcrvance of Lent, pickled herrings are brought from Gothenburg in Englilh bottoms, and falttd cod from New York, and other American ports, to fupply the deficiency. On this occafion I (hall mention a general remari, nuhich ought to be applied to all the ijlands lue have touched at during the courfe of our voyage. Qiiadrupcds, amphibious reptiles, and infedls, are not numerous in Ijlands, at fome dilhincc from a continent ; and the full are not to be mjt with at all, unlefs they are tranfported tiiitlier by men. Filhcs and birds, which are able to pafs through water or air, are more frequent, and in greater variety. Continents, on the other hand, are rich in the above mentioned cl.ilFes of animals, as well as in thofe of birds and lilhes, which are more univei fal. Afiicn, wiiicli we vifited during this voyage, in a few weeks fupplled us with a great variety of quaJnipeds, reptiles, and iniccb, whilll all the other lands where we touched ad'orded no nea- difcoverles in thofe clalTes. — It is probable, that not only the Canaries, but likewife Madeira, and Porto Santo, were known to the antients ; a circumdance from which it is pollihle to rccoiu ilc tlieir various accounts of the iiumbL-r of theft iflands. (See I'lln. Hid. Nat. lib. vi. c.ip, >;.\xvii.) The defciiptiou given of them by antient writers, agree with the modern accoiuils. (S^e Voflius in Pompon. Melam, ad cap. x. v. 20.) £x iifdem quoqueinfuUs cinn ibaris Roi;i,hn <;.ftv. hcbatur. Sane hodie etiamnumfrcquens eft in infulis fortuuatis arbor ilia qut cinnabarin gignit. I'uho Sanguinem Draconis appellant." <^ De Barros, decade i. book i. chap. iii. VOL. I. Aa i'-' j;8 PROGRESS OF BOOK da Silvcini, m teftimony of his important ferviccs at the ficge of ■■ ■ Dill, aj^aiiift Solymaii IklFa. The idaiui of Puerto Santo was aflign- eU by the Duke of Vifco to Pcrt'fticllo ; at the time when he received this grant, his hit appeared prclcrabie to either of the cap- tainflaips of Madeira, but in the courfc of a fliort period, it was overrun by rabbits, who bafilcd the induftry of tlie fetllcrs, and could not be kept under ; there was alfo a confiderable want of water for the plantations. An immediate attention was paid in 1420, by Gonzales and his allbciate, to their refpedive governments : it is reported that tlie former, in order to clear a fpace for his intended town of I'unehal, fet fire to the furrounding flirubs and plants, with which the ground was covered ; and that the flames having reached the adjoining forefls, a conflagration took place, which was not overcome for feven years. Dr. Johnfon obferves, with his ufual bluntnefs, in the ' treatife already cited, " Green wood is not very apt ' to burn ; and the heavy rains which fall in thefe countries, mud furely have extinguilhed the conflagration, were it ever fo violent." . In the month of May 1421, Gonzales Aiiled from Lifbon for Madeira with his family, confifling of ConJIaiilia Rodriguez da Sa^ or d' Almayda his wife, Juau GouzljIcs^ his eldeft fon, and two daughters, Helena and Beatrix ; he arrived, after a (hort voyage, in what had hitherto been called EngUJI} Port^ which was now changed, in honour of Robert a Machin, to Puerto dc Machino. The ' Introduftion to the World difplayeJ, (vol. il. Murphy's cd. p. ?i i,) v t Yet ill our own country, where rain is moic frequent, where one day frequently difplnva tlie difTercnt feafons of the year, ;iud wlitre the fun, though fuiile times powerful, can ftldoni reach tlic degree of heat tliat prevails in Madeira, wliat an alarm did the conflagration of R,t(t~ nor Forejl occafion during the furnmer of the year 1800. " The rauije of fue, on one fide of tlie vale of L!ango!/en, extended from eight to ten miles, and on the oppofite fide about four. To a perfon ftanding on any of the central mountains, a circumference of twenty miles ap. peared like an iinmenfc volcano. Every exertion was made in cuttinjr trendies to intercept tlie progrcfs of the flame?, but for a confiderable time without fuccefs." . 'i MARITIME DISCOVERY. *f9 The monumental iiijundion of the original dilcovcrer was after- ci,. ii. ^ i. wards faithfully performed ; and Gonzales employed the tree, under >'""-'-^'^''\ whofe fliade the firll altar had been raifed in Madeira, for the prin- cipal timbers of his church ", whore he afterwards placed the bones ' of the unfortunate y/fi/ia D'y/fit and Machln. Prince Henry foon derived a very confiderable rcfource from the difcovery .md fettlcmcnt of Madeira, in the fifth of its fugars ' an- nually paid to the Order of Chrifl:,of which he wasthe Grand-maRer : during the liicceeding year, his captains in that ifland introduced tlie cultivation of the fugar cane, and the vines that have fince become fo valuable : a confiderable interval however clapfed, be- fore the deftrudtive ravages of a worm, which infe.. the illand of Rhodes, and at Malta, was introduced into Sici.'y, according to I-afunu, prcviiuis to the year 1 166, whence it was carried to Ata' deira. The fugar works, afterwards conllruftfd by the Portuguefe in the Bra/ils, were the firft known in America: thefe were foon followed in 1506, by a plantation which Ver. dinand, king of Spain, made in St. Domingo, with the canes that were brought from the Canaries; and the firft fup;ar houfe in the Weft Indies feeins to have been built by Pe^/io D'^dtenca. Tiie trade however centred in the port of Lifbon, until the Dutch drove the Portu- guefe from the northern part of Brazil. The early trade for fugar has been already noticed, (Ch. i. p. 60.) A a 2 > ^; il '. I : m \ 1 ] i.ii ? !!!■!;;:.,, Isa ^, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^ /. i 1.0 1.1 £ US lliiL25 III 1.4 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. US80 (716)872-4503 ^ i8o PROGRESS OF BOO I. Prevailing murmurs again ft Prince Henry. K The Duke of Vifeo, by difcoverlng the ' iflands of Puerto Santo and Madeira^ had now furmounted fome of the principal obftacles which ignorance or prejudice oppofed to the objedb of his laud- able • To wliat is termed the Madeiras, tlie adjacent Defertet, or Deferter:, (hould be added, which confift of three fmall rocky iflands, trending to the fouth-eaft, from the eaft point of Madeira. Sir John Nafborough, in his voyage to the ftfaits of Magellan, fays, the Defertt are barren rocicy iflands, of a good height, lying oiF the fouth-eaft point of Madeira, above a miic from the fliore. In the mid-way from which, there is water enough, and no danger. — By later na< vigators they are thus reprefented, (Oriental Navigator, Laurie and Whittle, p. 26. ed. 1794.) " The Deftrtert lie neareft north and fouth by compafs, the largeft inclining to the north north weftward : when they bear weft by north, about ten leagues diftant, they appear in two feparate iflands ; the uorthemrnqft, or Flat Deferter, being nearly even, long, and high ; the/oulhemmo^, or Bogio> in two hummocks, almoft as high, and about two thirds long : at fix or feven leagues diftance, a fmall ifland oiF the northernmoft extreme, becomes difcernible like a low wall ; clofe to this is an high rock, frequently miftaken for a large fliip under fail. The paflage between the two Deftrtert is clear, though bounded on each fide by breakers, or rather by a furf, but not to be attempted unlefs from neceflity, as it is very narrow, and no foundings, or at leaft very deep water in it ; and a fliip is liable to be becalmed in it by the northernmoft Deferter, which overlaps the Bogio. Between the Deftrtert and Madeira is a clear paflage, in from fifty to fixty fathom water." — The two uninhabited iflands called the Satvaget, are fixty leagues flwm Madeira, further to the fouthward : they are thus noticed by the ChevaUer det Marcbait, (Voyage to Guinea 1725.) " The foil is barren, which is pro- bably the reafon why the Portuguefe at Madeira, and the Spaniardt at the Camtriet, have left them to the canary birds, which breed here in great numbers." — To this note may be fiib- joined fome account of the marvellous ifland of St. Brandon, or St. Borondou, mentioned by Mr, Meats, (fee note k, p. 168.) and noticed by Linfcboten (p. 177. chap, xcvi.) De Bry terms it Bomdon. It is conjedtured to lie about an hundred leagues weft from Ferro. As the Voyages of Linfcboten are fcarce, I fliall give the paflage from Wolfe's tranflation in 1598 : it is no. ticed in Aftley's Collection (vol. i. p. 566.) and the Modern Univerfal Hiftory (vol. xii. p. 48.) «« On the right fide of this ifland (El Hierro, one of the Canaries) about an hundred miles diftant, there is yet an other wonder to be noted, which is, that oftentimes there is an iflande feenc thcrtaboutes, c^W^A San Borondon, where Jiuers mtn haue been on lande, being onely fuch as fell uppon it on the fodainc, and not looking for it : wlio. aflirme it to be a very fayre, pleafant, and greene countrcy, full of trees, and all kind of viftuaile, and that it is inhabited by people that are Chrillians ; but no man knowes of what nation they are, neyther what lan- guage they fpeake. The Spaniards of the iflandcs of Canaria have many times fayled towardea it to view it, but they could neuer find it : whereupon there goeth diuers opinions of it ; for fome think it to be inchanted, and that it may not bee feene but uppon cenaine dayes:. fome tliiiike it to bee very fmall, and alwaies couered with cloudes, and that therefore it can not be fcene nor founde out ; and alfo the great ftormes and ftrength of the water driueth the fliippes ftom it : but to conclude, it is holden for a truth, that the ilande lyeth. thereaboutes, as all thofc that come from thence doe certainly affirme." The fame paflage may be re&rred to in the French tranflation aide Linfchol, (p. 17:.) thiiii edition, printed at Amfterdara in 1638, MARITIME DISCOVERY. able ambition ; but he had alfo other difficulties to fubdue, and Ch. thcfe were ralfed by his own countrymen : though a prince, and ~ one of the moft illuftrious, Henry was obliged to pay the heavy tri- bute which the malignity of human nature feldom falls to exaft from thofe who attempt to confer important benefits on mankind. — The Syftematic Philofophers were alarmed, left their favourite, and long eftabliftied theories, fliould be perverted by the acquifition of real knowledge, which a continuation of the Portuguefe difcoveries would inevitably produce. The Military beheld with impatience the in- creafe of fame that was obtained by a profefllon, they had al- ways confidered as inferior to their own. The Nobility of Portu- gal dreaded the opening of a fourcc of wealth, whofe influx, as it tended to raife the mercantile character, would proportionably equal- ize the afcendancy of rank, and check the rapacious fway of territo- rial pofleffion. A numerous party was moreover formed of the Indo- lent and Splenetic, who invariably oppofe whatever feems to reproach their own fupinenefs, or the perverted talents of a morbid difpofition. Such were the leaders of a powerful cabal, that had been long ' forming againft the nobleft efforts of the human mind : their fenti- ments afTumed a plaufible and fpecious guife : " il was prefumption to fearch for a paflage to the fouthern extremity of Africa, fince tiie wifeft of the antient geographers had pronounced it to be im- pradticable. Philofophy had long proved, that even if fuch a Cape exifted, the feas beyond it could not be navigable : what ftubborn obftinacy then to perfift contrary to fuch unanfwer- able arguments ? what dangers would the Portuguefe be expofed to ! who, if they fucceeded in paffmg Boj adore, would probably be changed into " Blacks, and retain to the laft a mark of difgrace for ■ ,-v -;• ■ .-.,.',:=.- ■>._■'-■-■- their - •' See Mr. Locke's hiftory of navigation (Appendix B); Thefe ftrange ideas required many year* to extirpate. Abraham Hartwell, who at the requeft of Hakluyt tranflated, what the latter termedi The Pertt^utfe pilgrim apparelled in an Italian i<^»r;, confifting of a report of 8 the i8i II. § I. tbifirft. I82 BOOK I. PROGRESS OF their temerity. Preceding princes had fought a nobler obje£l in the - field of military glory ; nor had wufted the revenue in fearch of barren countriesS, and fandy deferts, never intended to be ex- plored. The lives of many valuable fubjcds were thus liicrificed for precarious and uncertain advantages ; and the bravefi: of the Por- tuguefe would be loft to their country, in attempting to pafs the defolate cape of Bojadore. If land was wanting to the increafed po- pulation of Portugal, they tauntingly reminded the king of many trails that were yet uncultivated : they reprefcuted the number of widows and orphans, who by thefe voyages would be reduced to dif- trefs,yet at the fame time cheriihed the military ardour of the monarch, by a view of the conquefts that were negle the dignity defcended to Henry Duke of Vifeo, who confiderably increafed the power and " revenue of the Order, by attaching to it the fpiritual feigniory of the countries he difcovered ; and this power was afterwards enlarged, when the fame feigniory was ex- tended to the Aflatic and American fettlements, through a fenfe of gratitude and refpeft for the eminent fervices of the Grand-mafter. Portuguefe His ftation at the head of the order of Chrift, gave a confiderable difcoveries fupported hy faudion to the defigns of this Prince ; not only as it tended to in- th°J'fifth!'^ '" fluence the opinion of the lower ranks in his favour, but alfo as it enabled him to unite in a pre-eminent degree, a religious zeal with an enterprifing fpirit. In the parifh of Nojfa Senhora D''Ajuda^ adjoining to Lifbon, and in the place called Rajlello^ an hermitage dedicated to NoJfa Senhora de Belem^ or Bethlehem, was built by his diredions, that the friars of the order of Chrift might there adminifter the facrament to his officers : and from the fame de- vout principle, confiftently with his facred charadler as Grand-Majler^ he applied to the Pope for afRftance, againfl. the faction that oppofed the enterprife of navigation ; and thus employed the craft of Rome to overcome the fubtility of its various emiflaries. Ferdinand Lopez dfA^evedo^ accordingly haftened to the footftool of ' Martin the ' The income of the 454 Commmdat of the Oriler of Chrifl, including 45 which the Hoiifc of Bragan9a provided, from a general chapter held in the month of April, 1620, was about 26,000!., and this fum has fince been nearly doubled. F It is difficult to afcertain the exaft year when Prince Henry obtained this Bull from the Pope. De Barros and Laflaa, are of opinion that it was after the expedition of Gonzales, in 1440. Purchas places it in 1441 ; whereas Pope Martin died in the year 1431. Tlie yllibc de Guyon, however, declares that this document bore the date of 1444. — The Prince probably applied for tiiiT. authority, when he ftood moft in need of its fandlion ; and did not wait until a later period, when the fuccefsful exertions of his captains had difperfed his enemies. Tlic above writers feem to have confufed the firft Bull which Henky obtained from Mar/in the ffth, with AiLfequent connrmations. The curious reader may refer to Leibnitz (Codex Jur. Gent. Diplomat. Pars I. p. 489.) who notices the different privileges, graces, and in. dulgeiiccs, given to the Portuguefe Navigators. MARITIME DISCOVERY. fifihy and in a full confiftory enforced with eloquence the caufe of reafon and Portugal. When Lopez dwelt on the benefits, which the Chriftian church received from the zeal of the Gnmd-mojicr ; when he pointed out the heavy expenccs this Prince had cheerfully fuftained ; he reminded the cardinals, that the blefllngs of religion had thus been received in countries, where its benign influence had not before penetrated ; that the defolatLng progrefs of Mohammcdifm would thus be eflfe who MARITIME DISCOVERY. 1 8; who having reached the fummit of his wiflies rcfolvcd, that the cit. II. 5 1. fplendour, both of his public and private charadtcr, fliould juftify ''^H^'htt an ambition, that impelled him to grafp the fceptre. The ftrcngth of his mind was marked on the features of an impreflivc counte- ,. nance ; and the majeftic form he received from nature, which his ponderous helmet and battle axe ftill denote, was rendered captivating by the fimplicity of his manners, and the even hilaiity of his * difpofition. The (hort reign of Edward the First who married the Infanta Edward the Leonora of Arragon^ and received his name as a mark of refpedt ^^^' for Edward the third of England^ was worthy of the fon of fo re- nowned a " father. This young monarch, with a magnificent and liberal fpirit, attracted men of fcience and literature to the court, and rewarded their labours. His entcrprifing fpirit was gratified, by affording every encouragement to the naval projeds of his brother; to v;hom, as Superior of the order of Chrift, he gave the fove- reignty of Puerto SantOy Madeira^ and of all the iflands he might difcover on the weftern coaft of Africa. Gilianez, a native of Lagosy • returned from a vain attempt on the invincible Bojadorcy foon after the acceffion of Edward : the former had been driven by ftrefs of weather into one of the ' Canary iflands, and from an imprudent zeal in the fervice of his Prince, had been led to feize fome of the unoffending natives, whom he brought as captives to Sagres. The liberal mind of Henry wni. offended at this breach of faith in one of his officers : his r»iorved coldnefs to Gilianez fo affefted • ' .;,-^:'ii r.^-.-;>^.>' :• -^ .N . -r; i, -■ V ,;■.;,.•;. him. irho 1 EJward fucceedcd John the firft, as knight of the garter : fee Anilis's Regiller of the Order, vol. i. p. r85. • Firft known to Europeans between the years 1326, and 13.^4, by means of a French fliip dtiven among them by a ftorm, prior to their re-difcovery by John de Betancourt in May 1400. See Appendix (F.) ' ' ■;*,"■■■ Bb 2 '■ /Hi i88 PROGRESS OF BOOK lum, that on being fent during the year • 1433 on another voyage '■ to Bojadorcy he vowed to perifh rather than return unfucccfsful. Such determined refolution fubdued the obltacles which had baffled fo many repeated attempts, and he arrived in exultation at Sugres^ having accomplilhed an event, which as Faria remarks, was not in- ferior, in the general opinion of his countrymen, to the labours of Hercules. Cilianezy who had thus regained the confidence of the Prince, was foon employed to continue his fucccfsful progrefs on »434- the coaft of Africa. In the following year he again failed in his biircha^ accompanied by the Duke of Vifeo's cup bearer, Alpbonfo ■ , Gonzales BaUaya^ in a barinet^ the ' largefl vefTel that had hitherto been employed on difcovery. The weather continuing favourable throughout the voyage, they advanced ninety miles beyond Bojadore^ with ' Writers differ confiderably at to the exaft date of ihta memorable event. De Barros leaves i ' ' it uncertain, near 1434. Lajtiau places it in 1433, after the death of John the fird. Dr. Vincent (Periplus Erythrean, p. 192.), and Mickle, in hU Liifiad, prefer 1434 ; — Dr. Camp, bell, in Harris's coUeftion of voyages, extends it to 1439. The Hrtt fcems the mod probable, as it allows a fufficient time for tl»e Portuguefe to reach the yliigra dot Cavallot before the year 1336 ; when their progrefa was in fome meafure interrupted by the cjfpcdition to Ceiita. * Owing to their imperfedl knowledge of Navigation, the Portuguefe imagined that the fr/e of a Veircl, fent on difcovery, fliould be in proportion to the danijers of its Voyage. Not. withftandltig the improvements of the prcfcnt ag.-, the Model of a Ship, bcft adapted for the purpofes of difcovery, may be placed amongft the difiderala of the nineteenth century. Cook was the firll who commiflTioned a Norlh-Counlry built vefFel ; flrong, aud of an eafy draught of water : thefc veflels are alfo more roomy for their tonn ige than mod other (hips. Fancouvtr'i crew were expofed to ccjiitinual periU from the (i/.e and tonnage of the Difcovery floop (340 tons) which was atfirftdefigntd to be a. Jumaica-man ; and her upper works were thrown out, in no very judicious manner, to give more room on deck, and between decks, contrary to the original plan : the health of his officers, as well as his own, was moft feverely tried during their extenfive furvey of coaft, from being obliged in all weathers to ufe the >)pen boats of the (hip. It has been fuggelUd by an old feaman, and valuable friend to this work, that every (hip fent on difcovery (hould have materials to frame, what he ftyles, a fort of Dutch fchuyl, as being a forhi bell adapted for accommodation, in proportion to its dimenfions, of any that has appeared. This fort of vcffel might be made to fail extremely well on a wind, with the help of lee boards; and by reafon of its veiy fmall draught of water, might pafs without danger, where a common (hallop, or cutter, would be loft. This fmall velFel could be rigged as a fchooner, and might either attend tlie fliip from her firft leaving port, or be put toge- ther when (he arrives on the coaft, or feas, intended to be explored. MARITIME DISCOVERY. i«9 vriih the confcious pride of being the firft Europeans, who had dared Cli. II- S •• to venture fo far into the tracklefs wafte of the Atlantic. All the — -^ intered, which novelty has a tendency to create, was daily prefented to the delighted navigators, though they might fometimes '* fnatch a fearful joy," as they looked back on the receding cape. Having • landed to view the adjoining country and inhabitants, they were difappointed in finding only tracks of the caravan, which made the arid plain that ilretched before them appear doubly wretched : they however amufcd themfelves in collecting plants, and famples of the foil ; and returning to their vefTels, called the bay " yingra dot Ruyvos^ from the abundance of gurnets which the fcamen had taken. The Duke of Vifeo made every exertion to purfue the devclope- ment of a coaft, which his own perfeverance, and the fkill of officers, formed in his fchool of Sagres, gradually opened to the aflonifhment of Europe. But this partial furvey of the weftern coaft of Africa, though it at length conducted his ihips to the gold of Mina^ was only fubfervient to nobler objeds which he had in view — the connec- tion of the Atlantic and Indian feas, and the conducting of the Portu- guefe to thofe countries, where the Arabians, in concert with their Venetian agents in Europe, monopolized the trade with India, that Alexander and Nearcbus had introduced. Gilianez and Baldaya were therefore ordered, in the year 1435, to continue their diCcoveries ; the voyage was to be prolonged, if poffible, until they met with inhabit- • The coaft, fays Bariot, all along from Cape Bojador to Atigra dot Puyvot, a large bay- thirty five kagues well of it, is very hilly and mountainous ; but lowering, as it draws nearer to the bay, and has no place of any note befides Penha Grarii/e, ten leagues fouth of the cape. jirifra Jos Ruyvos, facing the weft, has three fathom water between the two points, and two within, and confequently is only capable to receive fmall flups. Four or five leagues farther to the fouthward lies Porto tie Meden : the Shore here is flat and banen, producing nothing but bulriifhes. The inhabitants of the Canary iflauds, and of Madeira, come hither with a number of barks and floops yearly to citch gurnets, or fnappers, being of tlic ftiape of the former, but much larger, which they fait like Newfoundland-bank cod, and make a great trade there- of in their iflands. {ChurchilPi Colkakn, vol. v. p. J26.) I ''I ^1 190 BOOK I. «4J5. PROGRESS OF inhabitants '. After ranging along the coaft for forty miles beyond the Angra dot Ruyvot^ without feeing a finglc African, they at length determined to adopt the plan that had been fuggcflcd by the Duke. Two horfes were accordingly landed, and given to riders, who had not yet attained their fixteenth year ; the names of thcfe unduuntcd cavaliers are preferved. Hedior Homaiy and Diego Lopez D" Almaida^ the Nifus and Euryalus of the day, were brought up under the immediate eye of the Prince, and formed a part of his houfehold. They prepared, with eagernefs, to penetrate into an unknown coun- try, of whofe terrors and burning regions fo much had been aOerted : thefe heroes, for they dcfeive the name, were not allowed armour, left they fhould raflily venture to engage the natives. Gonzales gave a fword and fpear to each, and taking an affeiftionatc leave, " enjoined them to keep together, to ftray on no account from their horfes ; and if they could effed it without danger, to bring back fome of the Moors.*' The young Portuguefe, delighted with being thus preferred, inftantly difappeared, and their captains waited the event with a tender impatience. After wandering for the greater part of the day over a barren fand, they at length beheld nineteen Africans approach, armed with the afTagay of that country. To return iinfecn was impoffible, nor did the fpirit of either approve the timidity of flight ; they therefore ventured to difobey their orders, and ruftied on the natives. The Moors, aftoniHied at the fight, inftantly retreated to an adjoining cave for fecurity : in vain did the cavaliers exert themfelves to diflodge their trembling prifoners ; and as one of the Portuguefe was wounded in the foot, they judged it prudent to defift. Their zeal had * They were afterward* called by the PortHgucfe Zeneguti, and by the French Zuemiga t %vhich province in by fome reckoned to have been a pan of Lyiia interior, extending it to Cabo Branco ; its limits are afligned by others to the coaft between Cape Nao and Capt 1 ojador. An- cient geography lays down a place near Cape Bojador, fouth of Vhifarut Fluviut, giving the name of Sirangt to the people inhabiting that maritime part of Africa. ( Barbot, ib. p. 525.) MARITIME DISCOVERY. 191 had already led them to fuch a diftance from the fliore, that they did Ch. ir. \ 1. not receive the hearty congratulation of their commanders until the enfuing morning. Gonzales immediately fent a ftronger force to the cave, but they only found fome of the weapons, which the Moors ' in their panic had left : from this event the place was called " Angra dot Cavallosy or the bay of horfes. As they proceeded along the rugged coaft, on which the fea breaks with a terrible noife, they came to the mouth of a river, fituated at the diftniice of about twelve leagues from the above bay. This Gonzales entered, with the vain hope of meeting with the natives ' ; and being anxious to procure feme novelty that might be acceptable at his return, he took the fkins of fome * fea wolves, killed by his men on an ifland which divides the river at its entrance, who had met with them afleep to the number of five thoufand. The voyage was then continued as far as Punto de Gale^ where a filhing net was found made from the interior lamina of bark, re- fembling the palm tree : none of the inhabitants however appeared ; and r Seven leagues foutti of Settt Monies, \\ has ten fathom water, and without it, four leagues off, fifteen, twenty, and twenty-five— red fand mixed with little white tranfparent ilones. Some leagues to the fouthward of the bay, the coaft is hilly, and called Otagedo, that is, the roeiy placi, bccaufc all faced with rocks and fmall iflands next the fliore. We founded in twenty fathom water, and found rough pebbles, and ftony ground. {Barbot, ib. PS»7-) - . » Mr. Path, the African travellirr, obferved the fame want of inhabitants on the fea coaft. " The population, however, confidering the extent and fertility of the foil, and the cafe with which lands are obtained, n not very great in the countries which I vifited. 1 found many cxtenfive and beautiful diftri£ls entirely deftitute of inhabitants ; and in general, the borders of the different kingdoms were either very thinly peopled, or entirely deferted. Many- places are likewife unfavourable to population, from being unheaithful. The fwampy banks of the Gamlia, the Senegal, and other rivers towards the coaft, are of this defcription. Per- haps it is on this account chiefly that the interior countries abound more with inhabitant! than the maritime diftrifts." » This animal, fo often mentioned by the Portuguefe in their early voyages, is fince better known by the appellation of the Seal, called by the Spaniards Loio Marino, and by the French^ J^ Veau Marin, ou hup de Mer. Its flelh was formerly confidercd as a dainty, and appeared at the great feaft given by Archbifhop Nevill ii the reign of Edward the fourth. (Peooant't Piit. Zoology, vol. i. Leland's Colledauca.) '(•■ 'lllihi ips PROGRESS OF Expedition to Taiigitr. 1436. BOOK and after ranging for a confiderable diftance up and down the coaft, • our navigators were at length compelled, from a want of provifions, to fteer for ^ Lagos. The unfortunate ambition of the Portuguefe monarch, Edward thejirjl^ to poflefs the city of Tangier^ here occafioned a paufe in the difcoveries of his illuftrious brother ; and the military ardour of the young king reprefled a commerce for three years, which his fub- jefts afterwards opened for gold duft in the river, whofe en- trance had been explored by Gonzales in the above voyage. The mariners of Sagres wer<^ now employed in the numerous fleet that failed for Ceuta on the twenty- fecond of Auguft 1436. Henry Duke of Vifeo, and his brother Ferdinand, commanded this unfor- tunate expedition. A general confederacy of the Moors was imme- diately headed by the King of Fez ; and the fiege of Tangier had fcarcely commenced, before the aflailants were attacked in their trenches : a promife of refl:oring Ceuta to the Moors, obtained the fafe return of the Portuguefe troops. Ferdinand generoufly became an hoftage for the faith of his country ; his captivity which was only terminated by * death, caft a (hade on the political hiftory of this period, and juftified the inveterate farcafms of the Africans. The health of the Duke of Vifeo was fliaken by the painful fenfa- tions he endured for Ferdinand : the fleet alfo which had been ordered to return, fuflfered from a ftorm on the coafl: of Andalufia ; many of the fhips were wrecked, and although his brother Don John foon appeared off Ceuta with another powerful fquadron, it was of little fervice in reftoring either the fame or honour of the Portuguefe. At length a pofitive order arrived for the immediate recal of Prince . =.--..'^^4 ii'./ - --».-' " ' ■ - * ■. ' " Henry: •» De Barros, Afia Decad. i — Faria y Soufa, Afia Portuguefa, torn. i. * Camoens notices this event. (Mickle's Lufiad, book iv. p. 24. vol. ii. 8vo. ed.). A note illuftrative of this part of the Portuguefe hiftory is fubjoined by the tranflator. — An account of the captivity of Ferdinand, who died in 1441, was written by his fecretary, Fcrrcras (t. vl. p. 512.). The martyrdom of this prince is annually commemorated by hi4 countrymen on the fifth of June. MARITIME DISCOVERY. '93 Henry. His mortified fpirit avoided the malicious fiiieer of the court CU. II. 4 i. of Lilbon, and he immediately retired to Sngres^ where his own — perfeverance and induftry recruited the expences of the expedition againft Tangier. ^a.iv.^ The plague which raged at Lifbon, during the year 1438, termi- nated the (hort reign of Edward, in the forty-feventh year of his age. He had retired to the abbey of San Tomar in Eftremadura ; when, on opening a letter from the metropolis, he was immediately feized with the infection, and died, according to the regifter of the order of the garter, on the nineteenth of September; Henry the fftb of England, his coufin, had conferred this honour of the blue ribband. Previous to his death, every exertion was made to reftore Ferdinand to liberty, and in his lafl: moments Edward enjoined his miniflers to give a ftrenuous fupport to the preparations then making both by fea and land : a confidcrable fum was afligned for his brother's ranfom ; in cafe that fhould be refufed, the King entreated them to give up Ceuta, according to his original defire. — ^This monarch united the abilities of a I'cholar, with the talents of a (latefman. As a legif- - lator, his charader was defervedly efteemed : he excelled in all the manly exercifes of the age ; nor can his verfatile genius be better exemplified, than by remarking, that among the many works he compofed, Edward was author of fome political reflexions, entitled the Good Coutifellor^ and of a Treatife on Horfemanjlo'tp^ in which he was very ikilful. The mild and equitable virtues o( Don Pedro fupported the govern- Regency of ment of Portugal, during the infancy of his nephew Alphonso the II'I'b^'''^™" Fifth : one of the firft afts of his regency was to renew a *" treaty ' of • Rymer'8 Fcpderat vol. p. 736. In tlie preceding year (1438) Henry the fixth granted a licence to the Portugviefc agent in England, — lo export to Florence /ixty fackt of luool of Ccttef- void in Glovcepr, for the fervice of the king of Porhigal, In order to proctirt at Floretia certain tlotbs of gold andfilkfor that king's ufe. ( Foedcra, vol. x. p. 684. ) VOL. I. C C ^'■il iiS ^K'tS BOOK I. Antonio Gonzales. PROGRESS OF of friendfliip and commerce with the EngUflu — ^The difpofition of the two brothers, equally inclined to favour the progrefs of difcovery ; and the unwearied exertions of Prince Henry received a feafonable and uniform fupport from the abilities of the Duke of Coimbra. Two caravellas failed in the year 1440 from Sagres, but were forced back by unfavourable weather. In 144 1, thefe were fucceeded by a Voy- age which a young officer, Antonio Gonzales^ made in a fmall veflel, with twenty-one men, to the ifland where fuch a number of fea- wolves had been feen by Alphonfo Gonzales. To this fhip Alphonfo Cotterez was appointed fecretary, who was gentleman of the bed- chamber to the prince. Their inftrudions were to obtain an ac- count of the inhabitants and country ; and, that he might not return without fome commercial advantage being gained, Gonzales was alfo commiffibned to procure a cargo of the fkins of the fea-wolf.. The enterprifmg mind of the intrepid Portuguefe was fo anxious to execute the former part of his inllrudions, that on having received his lading, he thus declared his own impatience and zeal for the fer- vice in which he had engaged :: — " Let us drive my friends to carry home a more valuable acquifition to the Prince than thefe furs ; a feaman fhould never be contented with a mere dilcharge of duty. Let us endeavour to penetrate this inhofpitable country : the inten- tion of the Duke is not fo much to open a trade on the coaft, as to convert its natives to Chriftianity. Traces of population have been already obfervcd by my predecefTor : let ten be felcded from the crew ; I am ready to lead them on. I feel already that our attempt will be rewarded, and that we (hall return to Sagres with more glory than was expedled from this voyage." The ardour of their young commander could not be refifted, his determination was applauded by every one j but they all united in a requeft that he would con- tinue with the (hip. Their perfuafions were iucffedlual, and having landed MARITIME DISCOVERY. , ,95 landed on the firft approach of night, Gonzales, with nine of his cu. II. § i. followersj entered on their perilous attempt. ;- ; Having advanced ten miles from the (hore, they difcerned a na- tive purfuing a camel, with an aflagay in each hand. The fudden appearance of the Portuguefe rendered him perfedly motionlefs with ailonifhment ; and before he could recover, he was taken by the fecretary GottereZy who had outrun his companions. As they re- turned with their prize towards the fliore, they plainly traced fome recent footfteps, which the glimmering light enabled them to difcern on the fund, and advancing, beheld at a diftance forty natives affem- bled ; thefe had been companions of their prifoner. The Portuguefe could only fecure a female Moor, who had ftrayed from the party j the reft withdrew on the firft appearance of an enemy, and from an adjoining eminence, contemplated the unufual figures of their in- vaders. Gonzales oppofed the general wifh to afcend the hill, he reminded them of their diftance from the fhip ; that the day al- ready began to clofe, and that an unneceflary efFufion of blood was direftly contrary to the humane orders he had received from the Duke. This prudent advice fecured the few advantages already ob- tained ; and they returned unmolefted by the Moors. The next morning when preparing to fet fail, another Portuguefe Ihip arrived, commanded by Nutto Trijian of the Prince's houfehold, who from infancy had enjoyed the fupport of this renowned patron of naval merit. - • • A fecond excurfion from the coaft was planned without delay, and executed the following night : they were joined by Diego de Vigliadoresy and Gonzales da Citttray afterwards fo diftinguift\ed ; nor was it long before fome inhabitants appeared. The fhout of Portu- gal! Portugal! San Jago ! San Jago ! ftupified the Moors with fear ; but on their recovering, a ftruggle enfued, in which three of them were flain. Nuno Triftan was at one time in imminent danger ; C c 2 nothing Rrgtncy if Don I'tdro, Dukt »f Coimira. 1 il "™; « 196 PROGRESS OF BOOK nothing but his being armed could have faved him from the ftrength 'm. of the Moor with whom he wreftled j ten prifcners were fecured. Gonzales was intreated to commemorate this voyage, by receiving the order of knighthood on the continent, and giving a name to the place. The importunity of Nuno Triftan at length induced Gon- zales to comply, and this circumdance fuggefted the appellation of Puerto del Cavallero^ or the Knight's harbour. When the Portuguefe had reached their fhips, they endeavoured, by every means that ingenuity could fuggeft, to derive information from the captives ; and found that an Arab, who was on board, un- derftood their language. It was agreed that this interpreter 0iould return with the female captive, and perfuade the natives to redeem their countrymen ; but the event did not anfwer the general expec> tation. In about two days fome of the natives were feen approach- ing the fhore, purpofely fent to decoy the Portuguefe into an am- bufh ; finding that this fcheme did not fucceed, tbofe who were concealed iffued from their lurking place, and prefented them- felves with the Arab, who was bound. VVhilft he nobly warn- ed Gonzales from any attempt to land, a general volley of flones, difcharged at the boats, fliewed the Portuguefe how much the na- tives were exafperated. The officers of Prince Henry (lri£lly obeyed his humane orders, in not returning any a£l of hoftility. Gonzales immediately got under weigh, and carried the Moors to Sagres •. lie was rewarded for this, and other fervices, with the Alcaidariate of San Tomar, and a commandary ; and was alfo appointed by the Prince to be one of his private fecretaries. Nuno Triftan^ having firil careened his fhip, proceeded according to his orders along the coaft, until he reached a cape which from the whitenefs of its cliffs, received the name of '' CcAo Blanco :■ he landed, and found fome fifliing nets on the (bore ; but thougli repeated excurfions were made into ' Dc Barrot, Faria y Soufa. MARITIME DISCOVERY. 197 Pfil'C, Dukt t/ Coimtra, Into the country, they could not meet with any of the inhabitants. Ch. II. ^ i. He therefore * furveyed the coaft, and returned to Portugal. Among the prifoners, taken in the joint expedition of Antonio CotizaUs and Nuno Triftany were three Moors of rank and opulence. The principal captive not only promifed to pay a ranfom for his fafe return, but alfo to give the Portuguefe fix or feven of his flaves ; and fimilar offers were made by the two others. The acqui- fition of fo many converts from Mohammedifm, was eagerly em- braced by the Grand-Mafter of the order of Chrift : he alfo confidered, that the favourable report which thefe might make, on their return to Africa, of the friendly treatment they received from the Portu- guefe, would accuftom the natives to entertain a more favourable idea of his navigators ; and that among fo many, fomething certain might be known refpeding the ftrange accounts of the burning regions of their continent. Preparations were therefore made for another * Tlie Portuguefe hiftorlans, Dt Barrot and Fdria y Sou/a, do not mention any drawings of the coaA being ever taken, or that the foundings were noticed : but the encouragenient that was given by the Prince to the conftruftion of charts, ckarly proves that hydrographers from the academy at Sagrcs, if not the noted Majorcan Prtfiitnt James himfelf, failed with the captains on their voyages of difcovery; and from their drawings,, the coatt of Africa, from Cape Non fouthwards, was firft laid down. A curious objeA of refearch is here prefented to any antiquarian, who may hereafter chance to refide at Liibon : probably fome of thefe geo- graphical MSS. dill exift, or might be reftored from early copies that were taken. Barthola. nuw Columbus, who fupported himfelf for fome time in London by the fale of Charts, was the firft perfon who brought a knowledge of them into England from the Portuguefe fchool. In 1489, he printed the firft map of the world that appeared in this country, and dedicated it to Henry the feventh. It is remarkable, that in tracing the fubfcquvnt improvement of the fcience of Navigation among the Portuguefe and the Englilb, an aftoniftiing eontraft ap. pears : the Portuguefe, as they advanced in (kill, brcame like the Dutch avaricious of their experience } whereas the Englifh uniformly preferved that open liberality, which dilUnguilhes the Britilh feaman. — Dr. Vincent, in his Periplus of the Erythrean, notices (page 191. note 307.) this circamftance from Purchas. " Pietro ilella Valle, who failed both in Englifh and Poituguefe (hips, in the Eaft Indies, about 1620, obfervcs, that the Portuguefe majlert wA pilots. made a niyftery of their knowledge ; whereas on board the Englj/h Jbips all the youths were fummoned to take the obfervation at noon ; their books anJ calculations were then likewife fiorrefted." Hence, adds Dr. Vincent, we may trace a caufc why the Science has always been increafing among the Englifli, and declining among the Portuguefe. — Ought we not to add, that the mind, and exertions of the latter, were pallkd by the hquifition ? \' *B •t*^ 198 BOO 1. f ; PROGRESS OF K,\M Antonio Gonzales, 1442. Gold dud firft offertd to tlie Por- tugucfe. 1442. K another voyage to the coaft, during the year 1442 : the command — was again given to the gallant uintomo Oonvuilesy accompanied by a gentleman of the name of Balthaxar. He had been fent by the Emperor Frederick the thirds to ferve under the Portuguefe princes at Ceiita^ where his bravery procured him the honours of knight- hood. Balthazar was at this time on a vifit to the Duke at Sagres • and being anxious to carry home fome account of the newly dif- covered countries, had requefted permiflion to attend Gonzales. The romantic mind of Balthazar exprefled a defire to behold the unufual florms, which he heard defcribed as arifing in the Atlantic • nor was it long before he enjoyed or lamented his inclination : fo dreadful a gale of wind came on before they reached the coaft of Africa, that no one on board expected to furvive it. They however providentially weathered out its rage, and returned to port, where every exertion was made, without delay, to refit the damage fuf- tained. Balthazar preferved his refolution, and difplayed a firm- nefs worthy of his country : his condudl alio (hews what a de- gree of confidence was at this time placed in the fkill of the Portuguefe feamen. Having at length gained the coaft, the prin- cipal Moor was landed, and a deference paid him, which his pro- feffions and condudt feemed to juftify : but the liberal courtefy of his late mafters was contrafted and not rewarded by his behavi- our ; he forgot all his promifes with the pofleflion of liberty. It is however probable, that the Moor informed the natives, the other captives were returned ; as before the ninth day had elapfed, there appeared above an hundred who wilhed to barter for the ranfoin of their countrymen. Ten negroes, from different parts of Africa were offered and accepted for two remaining captives j but the fight of a confiderable quantity of ' Gold Dust, then firft beheld by Europeans, occafioned the moft lively emotions. The Moors alfo ^ De Barros, Decade 1. CfwAr MARITIME DISCOVERY. alfo prefented a buckler, made of the undrtfled fkin of a buck, Ch. ii. s »• and fome Oftrlch Eggs, confidered as being great rarities by the i''5TZ{y him In the courfe of the dry ftafon, as is equal to the value of two (laves (about thirty-fix or fjrt) pounds Sterling)." ^ If \V(!. to lilt; lich i:i id being kedoiit, le party iibaflies, of the a fiiiglc fouJ of lominon in ill the fjit) MARITIME DISCOVERY. aoi public mind. As a learned "^ writer remarks, " This Is the primary Cli. II. ' i. date to which we may refer that turn for adventure which fprungr f'fJr",'," /)„kf'"/ up in Europe, which pervaded all the ardent fpiiits in every couti- try for the two fucceeding centuries, and which never ceafed till it had united the four quarters of the globe in commerciiil intercourfe. Henry had ftood alone for almod forty years ; and had he fallen before thefe few ounces of gold reached his country, the fpirit of difcovery might have perilhed with him, and his defigns might have been condemned as the dreams of a Vifionary." The dock-yardb at Sabres relounded with the renewed adlivity, and exertions of its fliipwrights. In 1443, Nioio Tr'tjlan was or- dered to fca at a Ihort notice, that he might advance the knowledge of a coaft, fo likely to prove advantageous to the Portuguefe com- merce. Triftan accordingly doubled Cabo Blanco^ which had been ex- plored by his pcrfeverance, and Handing about ten leagues to the fouth-eaft, fell in with an ifland, called by the inhabitants Adegct^ but fmce ' Argu'in^ a name given to the bay in which it lies. The „, ,, ... ... .,.,,.. ,. . Almadias. ^ . ■ ' ^ fc- '• . ' -...-.-.,. t » Dr. Vincent's Pcriplus of tlie El ytlirean fea, p 192. 'V. • ■• ^. : , .* .-.li , ' The PortugiuTe gave the duller of feven iflands, on the northern part of the coafl; of .Scncgambia, which had their refpeftive names, Lat Garzat, Nar, Tider, &c. the general ap- pcllation of Jlrguim, or /Irguln ; becaufe of tlie faftory, or fort, which King Alphonjo built on the ifland fo called : that of Adegil was tlie firft difcovered. Barhot dates this event from 1440 ; I have followed de Barros. The former obfcvvcs, (Chiircliill's Colltdion, vol. v. p. 530.) " It is reported, that the Portuguefe fort 7A.Argu'm was in former agea poiroflcd by a Moorifli nation, called Scheh /rabs, who drove a trade there, and appiicft themftlvcs to lidiing ; and that the French in thofe days ufcd to fend fonie fhips thither, in January and February^ to catch (liarkr., on the coall betwixt Arguim and St. John's river, about twenty leagues to the fouthward, which they dried in the fun afhorc, and boiled the livers frelli tocxtrail l:imp- oil, whereof they carried home confiderable quantities." — The Cerne o( Ptr'.emy, moved by the learned into a vaiiety of places, is now generally thought to fignify ylrgu n ; an idea which originated chiofly from D'Anville. The following ftatinunt of the tradi.- at Arguin is jiri'- fcrvcd by Hakliiyt (vol. ii. part 2. page 188.) in a Relalinn fciit ly Mckh'ior Pelonry to Ki{il lie Moura at 1 .'tjhon, Jrim the ijland and cajlk bf Arguin, confining the rlh and ftcnt trade fitm the'mlanduj JjVun ihilhir, Anno 1591. «' As concerning the Trade to this Culllc, and lilaiul of yiV?H;«, vour Woidiip is tO uudcrftand, that if it would pleafe the Kin^'i-. Majelly to fend ' ' ' D d hitlier 'jrguin, VOL. 1. s . t 1 -i / fii-ify i\ ( '■ i'ii :: ,' 1* 1' lii' j! "i .'.' .i 1. '' ■ ■: !'! iii; •! i aoi BOOK I. PROGRESS OF ; r Ahmdiat^ or frtiall canoes ufed by the natives, were at firft miftakcn - for birds, as their mode of ufing thefe boats was to fit athwart,, and employ their feet inftead of paddles. — Nuno Triftan failed from Adeget to another fmall ifland weft of Arguin ; on account of thx feafonable fupply it afforded, he named it de lat Carfas : during his Hay every attention was paid to explore the country. He then returned with fome of the inhabitants, and probably with fpeci- mens of their jilmadiast and other curiodties. .The hither two or three cnniveli once fn a yeere with Flanders and Spanl/h commoditred ai brace- lets of glafle, knives, belica, linnen-doth, looking glaffei, with other kinds of fmall wares, hit highnefle might do great good here. Fur fifty leagues up into the land^ the Moores have many exceeding rich golde miaei ; Infomuch, that they bring downe their golde to thisi caille to traffique with us } and for a fmall trifle they will give us a great wedge of gold. And be- caufe here is no trade, the fayd Moores carry their golde to Fe», htmg a;o leagues diftaiit from hence, and there doe exchange the fame A>r the forefayd kindes of commoditicn. By this meanes alfo his Majefty might ftop that paffage, and krepe the King of Fez from To huge a maife of grolde. Scarlet-clothes and fine purples arc greatly accepted of in thefe partci. It is a moft fertile country within the land, and yeeldeth great ftore of wheat, fleffi of all kindes, and abundance of fruits. Therefore, if it were poflible, you (honld do well to deale with his Majefty, either himfelfe to fend a couple of caravels, or to give your worfhip leave to traffique here { for here fs a very good harbour where (hips may ride at ancre hard by the caftle. The countrey where all the golde mines are, is called the kingdome of Darba. In this kingdome are great ftores of cities and townes ; and in every city and towne a captaine, with certaine fouldiers, which captaines are lords and owners of the fayd townes. One city there is called CouIoh, another Xamigtimi, as alfo the cities of Tulgutr, jhuqtie, AmaJer, f^v htrqtUt and the towne of Fanof the which townes and ciu'es are very great, and fairely built, being inhabited by rich Moores, and abounding with all kind of cattell, barley, and dates. And here is fuch plenty of golde found upon the fands by the rivers fide, that the fayd Moorei ufually carry the fame northward to Maroict, and fouthward to the city of Tomiuto in the land of Negros, which city flandeth about three hundred leagues from the kingdome of Darba} and this kingdome is but fixty leagues from this ifland and calUe of Jrguin. Wherefore I befcech your worfhip to put his Majefty in remembrance hereof; for the fayd cities and townes are but ten dayes journey from hence. I heartily wifli that his Majefty would feud two or three merchants to fee the ftate of the countrey, who might travel) to the aforefayd cities, to undcrftand of their rich trade. For any man may go fafe, and come fafe from thofc places : and thus without troubling of your worfliip any fiirther» I humbly take my leave. ♦' From the IJIand and Cafllt ef Arguin, thi tOlh of January 159 1." *' Your worihip's fcrvant, MllCHlOB PSTOMKV.'*- MARITIME DISCOVERY. aoj The reader has been already referred to another part of this work Cli. II. s <• for an * abftraA of the excellent account of the ' Canary iflands, f'Xl'.oih'} publidied by Mr. Glas. Lanccrota^ Fuertaventura^ and Ferro^ were -^^^ exchanged by the Duke of Vifeo in 14441 with Mqfflot de Betancour, for fome poflcfTions in the ifland of Madeira : this gentleman was nephew to the Frenchman, who obtained the original grant of the Canary iflands from Henry the tbird of Caftile, at the intercef* iion of RobiN de Braquermorte. The Duke of Vifeo immediately fitted out a powerful fquadron, under the command of Fcrnand de Cajlroy grand-maftcr of his houfehold, to fubdue the remaining iflands of dinar ia^ Palwa^ Gratiofa^ Inferno^ Alegravae^ Santa-Cblara^ Rocca^ and Lol>os. The king of Caftile, however, afterwards claimed this conqueft of Prince Henry's ; nor did the latter feel any inclina- tion to refift this demand, fince the produce of the illauds by no means anfwered his expectation. The inhabitants oi Lagos ^ in the kingdom of Algarve, were the Origin of th« firft to project a chartered commerce on the difcoveries of their ^om nif'* countrymen ; the liberality with which the Prince granted their re- queft, proves, at this diftance of time, that the Gold of Africa was only a fecondary object to his capacious mind : and though the ob- fervations of an experienced writer are hoftile to the corporate rights of " commercial aggrandizement in general, yet ftill this primary in- ftitution » Appcnai«(F.) • See alfo •• Hiftoire de la premiere d^couverte et conqiifite det Canaries, faite en 1401 par Jean de Bcthencourt, Chambtllan du Roi Charles VI. ccrite du terns m£me, par Pitrrt Poulier ct yean It Ferrier, et mife en lumiere par Ualiea de Bethencourt, in 8. Paris 1630.'* To which may be added, " Conquifta y antiqucdades de las iflas de la gran Canaria, y fu Ad- cripcion. con muclias advertcnciaa de fii» privilegios, conquiftadores, por D. Juan Nunez de la Pena, in 4. en Madrid 1676." Tlicfe iflandt are noticed by L'mfcholen (chap, xcvi.), who fays that they were called Canaries from the number of dogi found on them when firll difcovercd. This howcTcr is contradiAed in Mr. Glad's work. " Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations (Vol. ii. p. 479.). " A company of merchants are it fccms, incapable of conlidcring themfdve* as fovereigns, even after they have become Dd a rich.'. v PROGRESS OF BOOK flltutlon of a " company at ' I^got^ mtift have been of cfllmi.il - fcrvice to tlie future difcoverics of the Portuguefe. The dcfigns of their Prince, thus fuhftaiitiatcJ with the rifing trade of the king- dom, from henceforth no longer depended on the life of an indi. , viduiil ; the mercantile intcrcd was now united with the inveftiga- tion of Icicncc, and the improvement of navigation. The fouthcrn coalt of Algarve, trends from Cape St. Vincent to. the river Guadiana, containing the bays of /.a^o/ji'lt/ro, and Tavira. This kingdom originally extended into the Spanidi territory; and at one time comprehended a conliderable part of the oppolitc ' fliorc of Africa. The city of Lagos ', capital of a diftridt of the fame name, was founded, according to Refende^ on the fite of the antient Laco- briga built by a colony of Carthaginians, three hundred years before the Chriftian xra ; and is fituated about fix leagues from Cape St. Vincent : for a confidcrable time Lagos was honoured with the refidence of the fupremc oflicer of Algarve. Its large and fpacious bay, iheltered from the north, north-well, and weft north- weft winds, is capable of receiving a numerous fleet j the city arifes on the weftern fide ; the harbour, which lies before it, contains from feven to eight fathom water : five leagues of an irregular and rocky . . ; a5«''f ' f I r.i- '\y « r.; ,.,,;..■, ^■-, , j,^ licli. Trade, or buying in order Co ftU again, they fliWconfider ai their principal bufinefsj and by a ftrange ubfi'tdity, regard the characlcr of the fovercign, as but an .ippendix to that of the merchant Their n\ercantile habits draw them in ttiJs manner, almod nectfTarily, thongli perhaps iiifciifilily, to prefer upon all occafions the little and tranfitory profit of the Mo. nopolift, to the great and permanent revenue of the fovercign, and would gradually lead them to treat the countries fubjcd to their government, nearl/ as the Dutch treat the Moluccas." » Has any llatuc, or public teftimony of refpeft, been raifcd to the memory of the Duke of Vifeo, in our New Call India Houfc ? It would commemorate the name of a prince who laid the foundation of the Eaft-Indiun commerce of Europe, and would alfo be a memorable re- cord of the early alliance that fubfilUd between Portugal and this country. • In confequence of which, the title of the Portuguefe monarchs was couched in the foU lowing terms : Keys dot /ilgarveSf daqucm, e Jalem Mar em ji/rica. f There was alfo a town of the hither Spain, of this name, fituated between Vimnadvm and Se^ifama, the iuhabitatits of which weic teimed Lacobrictnfet by Pliny. MARITIME DISCOVERY. ao5 rocky coad extend from Lagos to Sagres. This city was fbon re- ch. il. s i. i'orted to fi-om all parts, on account of the ailoniihing curiofutcs, which fw'i^^^oW fame reported had been conveyed thither by the Fortuguere luiviga- '""'"'i tors from th^ iflAnds and coad of Africa. The favourable fituation oi their town, and it§ vicinity to Sagres, cherilhed the cnterprife of its inhabitants : the tunny Fidicry on their coad furniilicd an excellent nurfery for fcamen ; and a fertility of foil which fup- plied the uncultivated regions of the North, with its oil, dried fidiits, and corn, had already nurtured a commercial fpirit. The inhabitants of Lagos, thus prepared, beheld the difcoveries on the coad of Africa in an unprejudiced light : on the very fpot, which a colony of Carthaginians had originally chofen, from its advantageous " fitua- tion for trade, preparations were now making to lay the tirfi founda- tion of that commerce, wiiich gradually extended fiom the RJo dei OurOf to the didant feas both of India and China. The names of thefe celebrated merchants are preferved ; and what is remarkable, one of the drd was ancedor of the didinguidi- cd Bartholemcw Diaz, who afterwards difcovered and pafled the Cape of Good Hope. Lanfarot, of the Prince's houlehold, yuan DiaZf Cilianez, who doubled Cape Bojadore, EJlevan Alfonfo, and Rodriga Alvarez, were the partners of this memorable company. Having received the fandion of their Prince, a fquadron of fix ca- ravels was fitted out, over which Lan9arot was appointed commander by the Duke. They failed from Lagos during the year 1444, and arrived at the ifland de las Carfas, on the eve of Corpus-Chridi ■„... , ..' ; . - ■ •-■ . • ■ - ' I- ^ ^. ': day:. < Cameent wa« fenfible of the advantages which his Country in this refpeft poflclTed ; ' *< Proud o'er the reft, with fplendid wealth arrayed, As crown to this wide empire, Europe's head, Fair LusiTANiA fmiless the weftern bound, **' Whofe verdant breaft the rolling waves furround, * , Where gentle evening pours her lambent ray, ' '*~* The laft pale gleaming of departing day." MicHe'% LuJlaJiis, vol. i. book 3. p. 93. ^i« y. t 2o6 PROGRESS OF Gonzales da Ciiitra. BOOK day: they then proceeded for the adjoia'ing ifland of ^^r, which — — ^ the captive Moors had defcribed j but left the fight of fo many veflels (hould alarm the inhabitants, two boats were difpatched, commanded by Martin Vicente^ and Gil Vqfquez^ and it was deter- mined that Lan^arot fliould follow with the (hips. The boats reached the ifland at break of day ; an eager defire to procure informa- tion, by feizing the perfons of the inhabitants, overcame the wonted humanity of the Portuguefe ; the village was in confequence aflailed, and one hundred and fifty captive Africans raifed a fpirit of revenge, which quickly extended to the adjacent coaft. Lan9arot then returned to Lagos, having firft vifited the defert ifland of Tider. The honour of knighthood was conferred on him for this expedition ; he was alfo raifed by the Prince to the rank of nobility, nor were the dif- ferent officers of the fi:juadron neglected. ■ ^ ^ !:3;^ . - .• r»;i;i i 1 : The fatal voyage of Gonzales da Clntra expiated the want of for- bearance which the fquadron under Lan9arot had fltewn. The cha- racter of Gonzales ftood high in every point of view ; and his merit had gradually raifed him to be gentleman of the Prince's houfehold. A Moor of the "^ Aflanhaji tribe, whom he received on board as an interpreter, obtained and betrayed his confidence : confiderable hopes of plunder were held out by the crafty African, if Gonzales would fteer for the ifland of Arguin ; proceeding thither, the fliip put / A defcription of this tribe occurs in the fubfequcnt voyage of Cado Mofta, by whom they are Xtnci^ A^anaghi. Major Rennell informs us (Geography of Herodotus, p. 428.) that they are the Zcnhaga of our maps, and the Sanhagd of Edrifi and Abulfeda. They are at prefent placed by geographers at no great diilance from the coaft of the ocean, between the rivers of Mib and Senegal, in the pofition in which tiie early difcoverers found them. Herodo. tus divides the inhabitants of Africa, with the exception of ilrangers, who were the Phcetiici- ans and Greeks, into the Africans and ^Ethiopians ; one of which puflcflVd the northern, the other the Jouihern part of Africa. By thefc nations, adds Mnjor Rennill, are evidently in. ttnded the Moon and the Negroes. At prefent the negroes arc not found higher up than the Senegal river, or about 170, and that only in the inland parts. It appears that the Senhasi tribe, who arc not negroes, pofleflcd the coaft about Cape Verde, in the time of Ptolemy whith received from him the epithet /lifnarlum, ' MARITIME DISCOVERY. ao; put into a bay on this fide of Cape Blanco, about fourteen leagueis Ch. it. « t. beyond the Rio-del-Ouro : the Moor, having obtained leave of ab- p'^ZfLT,} fence, under the pretence of vifiting fome relations, efcaped with "* another of his countrymen. Gonzales, when too late, perceived he had been treacheroufly dealt with ; and that this interpreter had only come on board to procure information relative to the objed of the voyage. The high fpirit of Gonzales was mortified at thus be- coming the dupe of a Moor ; during the night he embarked with, only twelve of his men, and preflTed forward with too much eagerr nefs to chadife the perfidy he had experienced : they had omitted to watch the flowing of the tide, and in confequence of this the boat was (Iranded. The enfuing morning (hewed their fituation to an ungenerous enemy, and two hundred. Moors immediately haftened to fcize their prey. Gouzales fell^ with feven of his companions ;, the remaining five fwanoi to the fliip, and returned, to Lagos with two Mcors taken on the coall : the naLtne of jin^ra de Gonza/es da Cintra marks the place, where: tha firft. Portuguefe were killed ift their newly difcovered countries. The DuKB OF Vised had. always oppofed any adl of cruelty or oppreflion towards the African« \ and though he was anxious to ob- tain information- from all quarters, his captains had only received orders to make prifoners of fome of the natives : even the mild dif- pofrtion 06 more experienced officers, has not always been able to preferve the humanity, which they were inclined, and inftrudled to- cherifli amidft the iflands of the Pacific. When we look back over the lapfc of more than three centuries, we muft not exped a general influence of the virtue -wMxchfuferetb long^ and is kind: it muft there- fore often have been difiicult for the Patron of difcovery, in a rude uncivilized age, to enforce the principle of doing good, which inva- riably actuated his own mind ; nor can the fevere moralift be juftified who, in contemplating the progrefs of thefe difcoveries, has made the following y. U \m sm Til? ^ Y>1.T PROGRESS OF AM B O O I. following remarks : " On what occafion, or for what purpofe, cannons and muikets were difcharged among a people harmlefs. and fecure, by (Irangers, who, without any right, vifited their coaft ; it is not thought neceflary to inform us. The Portuguefe could fear nothing from them, and had therefore no adequate provocation ; nor is there any reafon to believe but that they murdered the negroes in wanton merriment, perhaps only to try how many a volley would deftroy, or what would be the confternation of thofe that fhould efcape. "What mankind has loft and gained, by the genius and defigns of this Prince, it would be long to compare, and very difficult to eftimafe. Much knowledge has been acquired, and much cruelty been committed ; the belief of religion has been very little propagated, and its laws have been outrageoufly and enor- moufly violated. The Europeans have fcarcely vifited any coaft, but to gratify avarice, and extend corruption ; to arrogate dommion without right, and pradife cruelty without incentive. Happy had it then been for the opprefled, if the defigns of Henry had flept in his bofom, and furely more happy for the oppreflbrs. But there is reafon to hope, that out of fo much evil, good may fometimes be produced ; and that the light of the golpel will at laft illuminate the fands of Jlfrica^ and the deferts of • America^ — In fuch a man- ner did Johnson confider the nobleft efforts of the human mind ; his prejudices confufed the chara*ii >^r ■5| II nous fv m 212 BOOK I. Capi; VtrJc difcoverttl by tiaiulcz. 1446. t (PROGRESS OF i '- rious inclemency of the feveriih atmofphere of Africa. His food confilled principally of a fmall farinaceous feed ; and this homely meal was occafionally varied by the roots of the defert, or the green fprouts of wild herbs. The mind of Juan Fernandez had been prepared to encounter hardfliips, but it alfo was doomed to experience perfecu- tion. The inhabitants, with whom he lived in a ftate of flavery, unlcfs fupplied by the chace, or the adjoining ocean, fed on dried lizards, and a fort of locuft or grafshopper : their principal drink was milk, on account of the Icarcity and badnefs of the water : their cattle were only killed on great feftivals ; like the Tartars, they roved from one fpot to another in fearch of a precarious fuftenance for their herds and flocks. A view of the country prefented either an arid faud, or an uncultivated heath, on which a few draggling palm trees, and the ftubborn vegetation of the Indian fig, marked at intervals an extenfive and dreary folitude. Towards the end of his voluntary baniihment, Fernandez obtained an afylum, and probably fome con- Julerable information from an Azanhaji Moor of diftinftion, Huade Mc'imon ; who not only honoured this intrepid ftranger with his con- fidence, and permitted him to watch the arrival of fhips on the coaft ; but alio affigned on fuch occafions the efcort, which is mentioned to have accompanied Fernandez, when he at length rejoined the Por- Another Voyage had been made by Nuno Triftan to the Rio-dei- Ouro in 1446, when Antonio Gonzales returned with the Moor, from the place where he had left FcrnandeZy the firft explorer of the interior of Africa ; and in the fame year a gentleman from Lifbon J')tn'is Fernandezy who had belonged to the houfehold of the late king, John ihejirjl^ encouraged by the patronage he had already re- ceived from the Duke of Vifeo, fitted out a veflel for the purpofes of difcovery : his principal objedl was to advance further to the fouihward than any preceding navigator. Having accordingly paflcd 5 the Coimhr, MARITIME DISCOVERY. %tl the Senegal river, which divides the Azanbaji Moors from the Cli. II. § i. Jalofs, he fell in with fome " Almadias, and captured one with p",%{.^:} four of the inhabitants, the firft of that country which the Portu- guefe had feen. Thence he proceeded along the coaft, and not being delayed by any idle curiofity in vifiting the fhore, flood boldly on, until he reached the moft wefterly promontory of Africa j which, from the number of palm trees that greW there, he named * Cal>d Verde, Alarmed by the breakers with which the fliore is lined, Denis did not attempt at that feafon of the year to advance any fur- ther, but returned with his captives to Portugal. He was received in the moft flattering manner by the Prince ; who exprefled himfelf particularly gratified, that the natives were brought from the newly difcovcred coaft, without being traded for with the Moors. • The " Tfiefc /llmaJlat, fo often mentioned, are defcrlbed by Burbot (ibid. vol. v. p. 41.). " They are generally about thirty foot long, and eighteen or twenty inches broad, all of one entire piece, being the liollowed trunk of a large foft tree, and will carry ten or twelve men. Thefe boats carry two fmall marts, with each of them two little faiL«, and fometimes three, in imitation of great fhips, with main fails, top-fails, and top-gallant-fails. In thefe canoes they will launch three, four, and five leagues to fea, if the weather be not very boillerous. They generally fet ovU in the morning with the land breeze, and having done thtir fiihery, return at noon with the fea-breeze i or if the wind fails them, and it proves very calm, they row for it with a fort of (hort, pointed, flat (hovels, one on each fide ; and that fo fwiftly, that the bell pinnace, though ever fo well manned, will find it an hard tafli to overtake them." * The country that extends from dipt Verde to the interior of Africa, has been explored, as far as S'tlla, on the river JoUba, or Niger, by a fecond Juan Fernandez — ATr. Jtlungo lark ; and a map compiled from his obfervations, notes, and flvctthcs, is prefixed to his travels by Major Rennell. No material change has probably taken place in thtfc diiliid^s fince the time of the Tortiignefc difcoveries. Mr. Pari defcribes the adjacent country of the vi.lage of Pifania, to the fouth-caft of Cape de Verde, as being an immenfe level, covered with a gloomy uniformity of wood. Dnring the night, the traveller is terrified by the croaking of iiinu- meiable frogs, the fluill cry of llie jackall, and the deep howling of the hy.-ena. iiUerrui>tid only by the roar of fuch tremendous thunder, as no perfon can form a conception of but thofo who have heard it. Tiie river Senegal, to the north of Cape Verde, and the river Gtimbia to the fouth of it, form the intermediate country, which extends to the call into a peninfula. Mr. Park divides the natives bordering on the Gambia into the Felocps, the ^aloffs^ the Foulahs, and the Maadhtgoes. Of thefe the Jaloffs, or Yaloffs, are the principal occupiers of the above track of country near the fea. They are rcprefcnted as an active, powerful, and warlike race, with a (kin of the deepeft black ; the traders eftcem them the tiiiell negroes on tliii part of the continent. *:.s m jiSi^ /M' M i»^| " %«, ' I 2'4 BOOK 1. PROGRESS OF The difcovery of Cape Verde by no means terminated the mari- time labours of the Duke of Vifeo ; who looked with patient hope however prolonged, towards the utmoft extent of a continent which, notwithftanding the continued voyages of his feamen, ftjll drew itsjlow length along towards the fouth. Gonzales Pacbecosy an opulent officer of the Prince's houfehold, obtained permiflion to in- dulge that love of enterprife, which fo illuftrious an example en- couraged. Gonzales accordingly fitted out a fhip at his own ex- pence, and gave the command to D'tniftane'n da Graitiy one of the Duke's equerries ; who was accompanied by Alvaro Gily an aiTayer of the Mint, and Mafaldo de Setiibal. After touching at * Cape Blanco, as was the cuftom of the Portuguefe, they (leered for the ifland of Arguin ; and having made fome defcents on the coaft againd the Moors, flopped at the ifland de las Garfas^ where they found another caravella, commanded by Lourenfo Dias^ which formed part of the fquadron that had failed from Lagos. The inhabitants of this port were not inattentive to the privileges they now enjoyed ; fourteen caravellas, under the aufpices of the Duke, had been fent to the coaft of Africa before the return of Dinifianez, to curb the depredations of the Moors ; who feized every opportunity that offered to interrupt the difcoveries of the Portu- guefe, and the trade which the Lagos Company had opened for gold " duft. The command of the fquadron was intruded to Lan~ (aroty one of the * direilors of the Lagos Company ; under whom the ' Another Cape of this name, on the wtftern coaft of Africa, is placed by Major Rennell in Morocco, nine hundred miles to the north of tJiat on the coaft of the Zahara. (Geo> graphy of HerodotUi<, p. 413) * Lafitau is of opinion, that the gold coin ftyltd eriifadoes, was ftriick from this duft, when Pope Calixtus the third, during the reign of Alphonfo the fifth, publilhed a criifade againft the Turks— In the fubffquent Africao War ( 1459), ^^^ ''•"g **>* ">"«'' affiftcd by the fliips of his uncle, the Duke of Vifco. • Page 205. MARITIME DISCOVERY. •215 the following noblemen accepted commands, befides other diftin- ch. 11. ^ i. gut(hed gentlemen of Lagos : ■ *.■ ■' ., Hiitncy »f Dm ft lit 0, Dukttf SuERO OA Costa, hi> brother-inJaw, Caftcllan of Lagoi, who had been groom of the bedchamber to Edward, King of Portugal, and was noted for his valour at the battle of /Ig'mcourl. Alvaro ni Frevtas, commander of Afgiczur, had dillinguiflicd himfelf in the war againft the Moors of Granada* ■ ' . Bellamariha, captain of a caravelUt- , KoDRiGUEANKS Travasoi, pagc to the Duke of Coimbra. Palazzano, commanded ten gallies, and had obtained military experience in frequent wars againll the Moors. Gomez Perez, governor to the young King during his minority,, commanded what was ftvled the King*s caruvella. This force was alfo increafed by two caravellas from Madeira, under the command of Iriftan Va% Texeira^ and Alvaro Dornelas, Juan Gonzales commander of Funchal, was on board, with his nephew Alvaro Fernando; to whom may be added the names of Denis Fernandez^ the difcoverer of Cape Verde, and John of Cajlile. The public difplay of national power has often experienced mortification, fince it feldom performs any action- commenfurate to its ftrength ; whilft the patient efforts of individuals on a fmaller fcale, like the early voyages of the Portuguefe, generally farpafs expeclation, and render more eflential benefits to mankind. This fquadron was the greateft that had hitherto failed from the port of Lagos, and performed the lead : it can only be confi- dered as a vain parade, which commerce offered to the genius of Jifcovery. The whole was however regulated with the utmoft or- der; and at the appointed hour, the different veffels with a fair wind got under weigh from the refpedlive ports in which they had been fitted for fca, and failed for the ifland of Arguin. Fourteen caravellas from Lagos were beheld with exultation by its merchants ; but fcarcely had the fquadron loft fight of the coaft of Algarve, when 3l6 PROGRESS OF BOOK 1. when the fliips were feparated by a ftorm : thofe from Madeira • were forced back by contrary winds, before they nfadc Cape Blanco. Lan9arot, commander in chief, had fixed on the ifland de las Gar- (as^ for a place of general rendezvous. Louren^o Diaz^ as already mentioned, was the firft who arrived j and in two days he was joined by Lanfarot, and nine other caravellas. Dinifianez da Gram im- mediately informed him of the fifty Moors he had taken, but that thefe captives were dearly purchafed by the lofs of his boat, and the muf-der of its crew. The implacable hatred which all Chriften- dom then cheriftied againft the Moors, and the profefied object of the expedition being direfted againft this nation, may palliate, though it cannot juftify the fubfequent condudt of our navigators. It was the conftant order of the Duke not to oppofc force to force; and his principal inducement in patronifing this formidable fquad- ron, muft have been with the hope, of thus convincing the Moors, that all hoftility on their part, would eventually terminate in their own deftruflion. Unfortunately the firft ideas which Lan9arot indulged were thofe of revenge ; he accordingly failed for the iflands of Ar- guin to accomplifli his intentions, accompanied by Dinifianez ; many of the Mocrs fortunately efcaped on the firft appearance of the fquadron; bi't the lives of eight, and the liberty of four of the natives, were facrificed to the memory of Gonzales da C'mtra^ and the followers of Z)/«^tf«d?z. ., The defire which the Portuguefe nobility and cavaliers poflefTed to be knighted on a coaft, explored by the perfeverance of their countrymen, is a convincing proof of the prevailing zeal for difcovery. On the prefent occafion Suero da Cojla received the honour of knighthood, from the fword of the commandant of Al- giezur, and Dinifianez was alfo complimented in the fame manner. In the mean while the remaining veflels of the fquadron joined ; upon which Dinifianez parted company, and failed for Portugal. Lan^arot, MARITIME L.SCO ^ R Y. '317 Lan9Arot, who was too anxious to In* t a fevet chaftlfement Ch. II. f t. on the Moors, paflcd over to the iflanJ o Ttder , the inhabitants /''f/"?'Mi»'^ here alfo efcaped under ftielter of the night j and having reached ^^^-^ * the Continent, vainly imagined they could difpcrfe theic enemies, and infult them with impunity. A page of the Duke of Vifeo, and Pedro Alemanno, a native of Lagos, immediately feized their arms, and plunging into the Tea, without communicating their in- tention to any one, fwam to the beach ; nor were they long alone, their companions foon followed. The aftonifhed Moors fled on all fides, and many were taken prifoners. Lan^arot then aflTembled his ofHcers to prevent the further efiufion of blood ; he beftowed high encomiums on their bravery and difcipline, declared that the chief de- fign of the Voyage was now accomplifhed j and having dwelt with pleasure on the charafter of their illuftrious prince, he proceeded to refign the authority of commander in chief : fince, according to the remainder of their orders, they were now direded to feparate, and to purfue whatever track appeared moft advantageous. — " For my part," exclaimed Lan9arot, " I am ready to follow any officer who may be inclined to make a further progrefs on the coaft :" he was immediately joined by Gomez Perezy Alvaro de FreytaSj Rodr'igueanes Travazot^ and Lotirenp Dias. Suero da Cofta, with four other officers, pleaded the weak ftate of their Ihips, and returned. In their paflage homewards they fell in with another caravella, and fteered for the ifland of Gomera^ one of the Canaries. The captains of the ifland affifted Suero in a dcfcent on the port of Palma^ where they took about feventeen prifoners. Prompted by a love of gain, and the bafe fuggeftions of Juan da Cajlilla^ who was difappointed in not being prefent with the reft: at Arguin, Suero on his return to Gomera, made flaves of fome of the natives, notwithftanding the kind reception which the Portuguefe had experienced. This how- ever foon reached the ears of the Duke of Vifeo : after a fevere re- voLi I* \i primand ■'I f-. AlB PROGRESS OF BOOK pnmand of his officers, he ordered the captives to be clothed, and « II ' ■ — conveyed to their ifland. . . Lan9arot, who poflcfled the enterprifing fpirit of a feaman, when he had parted company v^rith SutrOf advanced along the coa(l of Atrica, until he got beyond what the Moors denominated Cabara^ which is defcribed by navigators as the '' Sarrab of the Affanbiiji, He then proceeded twenty leagues further to the fouthward, and fiund a remarkable river already fecn by Denia Fernandez, culled by the natives at its entrance Ovedccb^ but now, fays de liarros^ Qauaga % from the name of a trader of dldindlon among the natives, . I , who ^ Major Rennell (p. 428* note,) who adds tlut Abulfeda mentiuns tliem an the govern* Snr people in Audegoll ('>gadez), and a» pofCefling the fuiithern part of Morocco. The/ are therefore properly the people of the Great Dtfirt^ and its environi). Doubtlcfa the Pur. tugiicfe named the river, now corrupted into Senegal, from them ; as Piolemy did the promon- tory .rfinarium (Cape Verd) whence we may infer, that they then pofltlltd both fides of the Senegal river, called by Ptolemy, DarJaliu- At prefcnt the Sanhaga tribe are placed by geographer* >t no (creat dillancc from the coall of the ocean, between the rivers of Nun and StnigtJ, and the Jaloffi between this latter and the river Gamiia ; both if them in the puli« ^ioii in which the early difcovercrs found them. « The courfc of the river Sanaga, or Senegal, and the report of its junction with the Nile, have onlv been recently elucidated by the patronage of The African Jfodation, and the exertions pf Mr. Park. The courfc of the Senegal, from the time of its being firft feen by Denit Frr- nanilet in 1446. to the prefcnt century, has always been an objeft of rcftarch to the curious. •• The rivet Senega, fay» Barbot, which parts Negroland from the Moors of Genehoa, in Mar- met, formtrly called Btniayt, runs winding for above three hundred leagues from eaj to wej, till it empties itlelf into the y^tlantick at Byhurt. The Scneguef, according to Altirmol, give it the name of Senega, or Zanaga indifferently. Some Portuguefe authors pretend this name of Senega was firft given to the river, fiom that of a mighty man in the country, with whom their nation firft traded, after its difcovery by Denis Fernandez ; but this appears to be a falfc notion by what is faid above, Vafcameekt, a more modern Portuguefe hiftorian, fpcakliig of this river Stntga, fays it is called by fcveral names in a very ftiort fpace ; but that the aforefaid Denis Fernandex called it Rio Portugues — Such another river comes down from the country to the northward, through Genthoa, into the Senega, not far above its mouth, and is called Rio de San Joao. The Senega is much (hallower than the Gambia, and the tide flows not up it {b far by much as in the other. The eurrent is fo fwift and ftrong downwards, that the frelh water runs out above two leagues into the ocean, without mixing, and appears at a dittance like a (faoal or bank, above the furface of the fca : this water taken up four or five Englith miles without the bar, as is conuuonly dune by th? French compapy'i ftiips, prove* very fwcet, and keeps good for a long time. ij V The MARITIMr DISCOVERY. 119 wlio rcfidcd near U, and was famed for the varioui r&nfomi he had cii- n. 4 ■• tranfudlcd. Lan9arot paflcd in fafety over the bar at its mouth, r}*?,iJ^ and •< The rnplillty of the River, oi-rnnoned liy iti nnrrowiKfu, and the length of iti cDurfe, and fhallownci'i, in the reafon why it continiiilly carries down k grnt quantity of fand and (lime tu the mouth i and that being forrcd back again by the violent north-wed windii mod con. ftantly reigning about thofc pnrts ia by drgreet heaped up together by tlic furget and rolling of tlic fca, forming a crofi bnnk, called a bar, athwart the mouth of the rivcr.^The mouth of the River Srnfga, nccnrding to the Idtcil uhfcrvntiuni, i^ exaflly in 16° la' of north latitude, and yet mod mnpi in Europe of that wedvrii piii t of Africa, place it farther to the * fouthwarJ | and Fflfccntfhi, n roitugucfc hiduriau, nfligna tu it 15" p', which i> a great midake in him* oikI all others." (Churchill's Colkrt. vol. v. p. 16. 1?.) A iKfcription of the river Sanagat rxtraiSlcd from the remarks of the S'ltur Brut in 1697 and 1698, piibliftied originally bf Labalf i* given in ^Jihy't Cellcdion (vol. ii. p. 45.) with an inquiry whether it be the Niger or not. (P. 59,) A general map in fiibjoined of the river Sanaga from the falls of Govina to the occcn, taken by a French engineer in 1718, and drawn by the Sifur D'/tnviHe, from the particular draughts publidicd by Lai The Shur Brut made tbiec voyages up the river 1 " The mouth is about half a league broad, but i> fliut by n bank of fand : this bar is doublf dangerous, as it has little water on it i and every year (hifts its place with the violent floods, that come down the river at the time of its inundation. The entrance would be irapraAicable, if the drength of the Tide, and force of the Current, did nut open two pafTagrs 1 the largelt of which is commonly one hundred nnd fifty, or two hundred fathom broad, and about tw9 fathom water \ (o that it will admit only barks of forty or fifty ton t theCe openings change their fituation almod every year. The /en/on for cr^fftag ibt tar is from January to Augud, the winds being then variable, and the tides running north. The bed of thefe months are jtfril. May, June, and July. The badftafin is from September to the end of December ; th« cad winds then bringing a great fwcll, and making all commerce impoiTiblc. After eroding the bar, you find a fine broad river from eighteen to twenty-five feet deep { the water clear nnd fmooth, and its current as agreeable as the entrance was dangerous. The land on tho left fide as you go up, is a low fandy point, entirely barren. It is not above an hundred toifea broad at the entry of the bar, but wider farther in | to one, two, and two leagues and an half broad, for twenty- five leagues,— It would ejrtend this iiote too much, if any further particulara were added to illudrate that part of the river which Num Trlflan explored. I therefore haden to the valuable information given by Mr. Park / who afcertained that the Senegal and Niger were didindl rivers ; the fources of which are placed in his map by Major Rennell, about five days' journies apart, between the fix and eight degrees of weft longitude, and near the eleventh degree of north latitude. " The thoughts of feeing the Nigir, which the negroes call Jolibot or the great water, in the morning (July »i, 1796.) and the troublcfome buzzing of mufketoes, prevented me from diutting my eyes during the night \ and I had faddled my horfe, and waa in readinefs before day-light. Looking forwards, I faw with infinite pleafure the great ob- jeft of my miflion ; the long fought for, majedic Niger, glittering to the morning fun, as broad as the Thames at Wcdminder, and flowing flowly to the toftwarJ." (P. 290. 291.) From Mr. Browne's travels to Africa we derive the i^ditiooal informationi that the MgerA.Qi» not join the Kile. • Batbot fays in 30 degrees farther to the Touthward } which mu A be an error of the prcfs, in ChurthiU't CoU« Ff a Cimt't. *n / , .--It' i' aao '' PROGRESSOB* B 0^0 K and then hoifting out the boat, difpatched EJIevam Alphonfo to — ^ explore its coaft : the firft day pafled in the difcharge of this perilous duty, which nearly coft the lives of Alphonfo, and VU cente D'las owner of the (hip. According to the information which prince Henry had obtained from the AJfauhaji Moors, this ri- ver flowed from the eaft, and was imagined to be a branch of the Kile ; the inhabitants now added, that it had different names according to the various kingdoms and provinces eftablilhed o» its banks. The enfuing morning Langarot and the other can- tains refolved to proceed up the river ; but their intended furvey was prevented by unfavourable weather, which drove them out to fea. Two of their caravellas were feparated from the fquadron and returned to Portugal j Lan9arot, with the remainder, flood for Cape Verd, and coming to a part of the coafl, which Alvaro Feri nando the nephew of Juan Gonzales Zarco, had reached, in hil voyage from Madeira, two days were employed in procuring a fup- ply of water and goats' flefh, which the peninfula afforded. A fecond ftorm coming on, the fhips were again difperfed, except thofe com- manded by Alvaro de Freytas, and Vicente Dias, who were alone able to keep company with Lan9arot. Thefe officers made ano- ther defcent on the ifland of Tider ; and as they advanced with more caution than they had previoufly obferved, the Moors were fur- prifed, and fifty-nine taken prifoners. With thefe, and the natives they had brought from the mouth of the Senegal river, Lancarot returned to Portugal. During the year 1447, Nuno Triflan made another voyage to the coafl of Africa by order of the prince ; flretching beyond the C<)bos dos Majios «•, he failed one hundred and eighty milea to the , , * ' . fbuthward <• The Peninfula, already mentioned, which Langarot vlfitcd on his return. It was thus named by Alvaro Fernandez, from fome And palm-trees, refemh'ing marts, which Rood upon iU The map given with BarbotU Defirijxhn o/tbe Coajh of Africa, in CiiurchiU's colkftion (vol. Death of Nuno Trirtah. «447- MARITIME DISCOVERY. SSI fouthward of Cape Verd, and reached to the mouth of the * Rio Ch. II. « t. Grande^ fmce called the Gambia. Having caft anchor, Nuno or- ''«/". ouki ./ Ciimiia, dered a boat to be hoifted out, in which he embarked with twenty- — — — • two (vol. V. p. 16) inferts the Caio dot Majlos, which is thus defcrlbeJ : " Cape Majlo h'es next to the h'ttle river P//r/na (called in the above map Baool River), eight leagues from /?u^nyam ^^ ^^^ Atlantic. MARITIME DISCOVERY. 825 . IIefako Alphonso, LoirRGN9o Diaz, Juan Bernardo, Officers in the Duke of Vifeo's houfeljold, reputed for their fldll ^''' I^- 5 '• . • Reztnei if Dun in navigation. .. . ... . > , j>tdr>, duk, ,f Ciimhra. Three of the ten caravellas belonged to the Lagos Company, and one is " mentioned as being the property of the ' Bifhop of Algarve. The fquadron was joined at Madeira by a caravella from Triftan VaZf and by another from Garcia, fon-in-law of ^uan Gonzales ; thence they failed to Gomera, to return the captives which Juan da Caftilia had bafely taken in a former voyage : no new difcoveries were made. An attempt to invade the ifland of Pa/ma was planned, but the natives were too much on their guard : fome Ikirmifhes alfo took place with the negroes of Cape Verde, in which five Por- tuguefe were killed by poifoned arrows, and the caravella of the bifhop of Algarve was loft on a fand-bank. The fquadron then re- turned to Lagos. Galvano under this year, 1447, " mentions the difcovery of the yintilles, or Caribbee iflands, by a Portuguefe fhip, driven thither in a gale of wind : the fad feems to reft folely on his authority. In the fame year, Gomez Perez failed by the order of Prince Henry with two caravellas to the Rio-deUOuro, in order to trade with the Moors ; but finding they had forgot their profeffions, made on a for- mer voyage, and were planning fnares for the Portuguefe, Gomez feized eighty of the natives and carried them prifoners to Lagos. During the following year (1448) Diego Gilhomen was fent by Duke Henry to form an alliance with the Moors of Me^a or Mejfa, eighteen ^ Faria y Soufa, and Dc Barros, • A fimilar inllance of MariiJmc Enterprife appeared (page jo.) in the conduft of Kennedy, BiHiop of St. Andrews. ■n Appendix, p. 28.— The Wejl Indies feeni to have been vifited by Europeans before tlie voyage of Cohimbus (fee Appendix F.), where Mr. Glajs remarks, in a note, that Columbus on his fecond Voyage, found the ftcrn poll of a Ship on the fhorc at the iHand of Gua. daloiipe. VOL. I. ^5 %\ 11 i m "•fi 236 PROGRESS OF BOOK eighteen leagues on this fide of Cape Nam, in order more effcdually . to 'curb the animofity of the Moors at the Rio-del-Ouro. Diego - • was accompanied hy yuan Fernandez; who, on the fhip's coming to anchor, immediately went a(hore with his wonted determination to examine the country. A fudden gale of wind arifing, drove the fliip to fea, and obliged them to leave Fernandez. Diego pre- fented the Duke with the firft lion brought from that part of Africa, which was confidered a valuable addition to the rarities of the newly difcovered countries. Henry gave it, as a mark of par- ticular favour to an Englifhman, one of his attendants, who en- joyed his confidence. The fame of the Portuguefe Difcovcries had now extended through- out Europe : the defcendants of the Normans inherited the naval fpirit of their renowned ancefiors ; and Ballarte^ a Dane, went from the court of his fovereign, with permifiion to ferve in the maritime fchool of Sagres. The ofier of this enterprifing ftranger was parti- cularly grateful to Prince Henry. Ferdlnando Alphonfoy a knight of the order of Chrift:, was then preparing an embafly to the king of Cape Verde ; with this officer Ballarte was afibciated. Two ne- groes were added as interpreters, who were alfo to affift in convert- ing the natives. Ballarte being anxious to view the newly dif- fcovered capes, and coafi: of Africa, requefied Alphonfo to keep clofe in fliore ; owing to which, and the contrary winds they expe- rienced, it was fix months before they arrived at Cape Verde. The implacable negroes having marked the caravella from its firft ap- pearance on the coaft, gave the alarm : on its approaching the cape, fome Almadias ventured to oppoie the landing of the Portuguefe ; but this animofity was appeafed or protraded, when the purport of the Voyage was known. The king of Cape Verde being engaged in conducing a war that raged at the diftance of about eight days* journey from the fhore j the governor, whofe name was Farrin^ came MARITIME DISCOVERY. 22jr came to the fea-fide with a confulerahle retinue. Hoftages were Ch. II. ^ i. given and received, a trade with the natives immediately com- p^Z%uk"f menced j when the elephant's teeth which they offered alloniihed '■ Ballarte^ and he promifed a confiderable rev/ard to the negroes, if they would procure him the fight of fo uncommon an animal, either alive or dead ; or even furnifh him with only the bones and fkin. After three days, the Dane was informed that his curiofity might be gratified : he accordingly went in one of the fhip's boats, and had nearly gained the Ihore, when a Portuguefe feaman, eagerly reach- ing to receive a flagon of palm-wine from a negro, fell overboard, and was lofl: in the mud : a confufion enfued, the management of the boat was negledted j and the negroes thinking it a favourable opportunity for revenge, rufhed on the unfortunate crew : with the exception of a fingle individual, who fwam back to the fliip, the whole were murdered. BaHartCy like the unfortunate Captain Cook, was feen for a long time defending himfelf againfl: the natives, and ftruggling with the utmoft intrepidity againft their treachery j but his efforts were overcome by numbers, and he fell an early, and memorable vidim to a zeal for difcovery. Some years previous to this fatal Voyage, the kingdom of Portu- Cabal formed gal had been diflurbed by a cabal, which the queen mother fecretly p^j"j^ ^*'" encouraged. Pedro^ Duke ofCoimhra^ brother to Prince Henry, in executing his duty as regent, had a moft arduous and thanklefs tafk to perform. Notwithflanding the juflice, wifdom, and even mild- nefs of his adminiflration, he foon difcovered the florm that was rifing in the political horizon, and feemed to forefee its confequences. The inhabitants of Lifbon requefled permiffion to raife his ftatue in their metropolis, as a mark of national gratitude. Pedro, in declining their offer, replied, that it would grieve him to fee any work of theirs demoiyhed. The event jufVified his forbearance : notwithflanding the attachment of a confiderable part of the nobility, and the con- G g 2 fidence \ ^1 t s 4i 'lit - T*. "A 1»& M ■1 - •»« J 4\ ' ■ ?| 228 BOOK I. V - PROGRESS OF ,. n' - fidence of the people at large, it at length became necefTary for him to defend an integrity, which mortified his enemies. The death of the queen mother weakened, but did not fubdue the flame ; and it af- terwards raged with greater fury. During the year 1445, I^"'^ Pe- dro had determined, though the young king, Alphonfo tbe fifth ^ had not quite attained his majority, to abdicate the ftation of regent : this folemn adl was accordingly performed in the prefence of the aflembled Cortes. The compofcd and manly demeanour of Pedro Ilruck the be- holders — I requeji pardon of my king and country for any errors I have committed ; or if in ought I have been unmindful of the public good^ and the glory of this Sceptre^ hitherto entritfcd to my charge. The young Alpuonso, overcome by the virtuous energy of his uncle, requefled him to afTift his inexperience with that wifdom, which had rendered fuch fervice to Portugal. The king then celebrated his marriage with Ifabella, daughter of Pedro ; and for a time the public joy con- cealed and irritated the malice of its enemies, -iji .:-?,;: ,,-,'. About two years afterwards, the Duke of Bragan9a, brother to Don Pedro, affifted by the Archbifliop of Lifbon, (hewed from what quarter the hurricane would arife. The king was eafily de- luded by villainy thus fpecioufly difguifed, and fatally liftened to its infmuations. Don Pedro, having firft requefled the king's permiffion, withdrew from the cert in difguft. The news of thefe commotions foon reached the town of Sagres^ and occafioned another paufe in the fuccefsful labours of Duke Henry : he imme- diately left Algarve, and hallened to the prefence of his nephew, to defend an injured brother ; when an equal animofity appeared to prevail againft himfelf. In the midft of this confufion, the zeal of a fingle individual had nearly fubdued the angry fpirit that prevailed. Don Alvaro D''Almada^ Count ofylbrancbcsy the moil renowned knight of his age, having covered himfelf with a robe, fuddenly appeared before the king and council in complete armour, and with a daunt- -. ^ 7 hk MARITIME DISCOVERY. 029 lefs air exclaimed — -If any man Jhall prefume to affirm that Don Pedm^ Ch. 11. § 1. Duke of Coimbray is not a loyal fcrvant to his Prince ^ and a friend to 'j'""r'''^f'''j his country y I am ready with this /word to prove that man a liar^ and a traitor. The murmuring fycophants rcprcfented his conduit as inlulting to the king ; but Alphonfo in this inllance was not to be deceived ; and he admired a virtue, which his prejudiced mind would not allow him to cherifli. •■ "t; 1-; ' -i; ;>m,.,,j ;.;( ,>.iiii Compelled to take up arms in his own defence, Don Pedro, and Death of the brave Ahnada^ prepared by open force to oppofe their enemies. ,^-^g. Many of the king's troops reforted to the flandard of Pedro, the principal noblemen were attached to his caufe ; and even the fon of the Duke of Bragan9a left Ceuta to affifl his uncle, ^een Ifabella made a vain attempt to render her hufband fcnfible of his infatuation : but during the year 1449, the triumph of the calumniators of the good Duke of Coimbra was complete. In conjundlion with the brave Almada, Don Pedro had feized an advantageous poft, and prepared to defend it to the laft. They were foon attacked in their intrench- ments, and the renowned fon of John the firft was killed by an arrow: his friend D'' Almada refufed quarter, and fell with other perfons of diftindion. The obftinate prejudices of the king ftill re- mained ; he even forbade the body of his uncle to receive the rites of fepulture, and it remained expofed for three days on the field of battle. The Duke who had been univerfally beloved, was at length privately buried by fome peafants, who fecretly conveyed the corpfe to the " church of Alvcrca. . , . , The Duke of Vifeo retired to Sagres to mourn over an injured brother's memory, and to lament the difgrace which the minions of the court had thus brought on his nephew, merely to gratify their own malevolence. Except in this inftance, Alphonfo the fflh fliewed himfelf worihy of his anccftors, and deferved the prail'es of Camoens. " Le Quien, 1. c. p. 429. 1?' fjl M #59 BOOK I. Difcovery of the PROGRESS OF ; r Camoens". We muft however leave this monarch to his future triumphs in Africa, and haden to fcencs more congenial to humanity. Although the fubl'cquent progrefs of difcovery, during this reign, was in fome meafure fuppoited by the king himfelf, the Duke of Vifeo ftill continued to take the lead : on the third of September 1448, Alphonfo iflued a grant forbidding all pcrfons, except his uncle, to make difcovcries beyond Bojadore ; and in 1449 he gave the Duke permilFion to fettle the Azores. Thefe nine iflands, fometimes defcribed by the appellation of Tcr- ceras and Wejiern^ are fituated nine hundred miles weft of Portugal, at almoft an equal diftance from '' Europe, Africa, and America : they are termed by the Flemings Ulaemfche Eylandetiy or Flemilh iflands, as they are anxious that one of their merchants, John Vanderberg^ who failed thither during a voyage from Lilbon in 1445, or 1449, fhould be thought the "^ firft difcoverer : but the fadt is, that they were explored in the following manner.— 5tf«/tf Maria^ diftant two hundred and fifty leagues from Cape St. Vincent, had been feen on the fifteenth of Auguft 1432 by Fr. Gonfalo Velho Cabraly Comment dador of Almourol belonging to the order of Chrift, who failed under the orders of Prince Henry. Santa Maria received its name from the day on which it was difcovered by Cabral. — San Miguel was taken pofTeffion of by the fame officer on the eight of May 1444, and ob- tained its name from that day. Ponta Delgada, the capital, and the feat of the primate of the A9ore8, firft received its charter, as a town, from Emmanuel in 1449. San Miguel is the moft popular and fertile of thefe iflands : it produces yearly, on an average, 12,000 moyos of wKeat, nearly the fame quantity of Indian corn, and 5000 pipes of wine, « Micklc's Liifiad, vol. ii. book iv. p. 2(5. ' » The Ayorcf , or A^oran, fo called from the number of hawks ( A9or) feen on them when firft difcovcrtd, are placed by Rubbe among the African iflands, and by De Lifle among the Amtr'u n : moft of the Englifti geographers afllgn them to Europe. ^ Thuanus gives the honour to Moiif. Detaacourt, who firft explored the Canaries. MARITIME DISCOVERY. wine. The town of Villa Franca do Campo is the mofl anticnt of any : its harbour, defended by an ifland in the front, might at a fmall cxpence be made equally commoiiious and fccure. Tercelra was given by the Duke of Vileo to yacomc de Bruges on the twenty-firft of March 1450. The exadl time of its difcovery is not known, but it fluduates between the years 1444 and 1450. This ifland derived the appellation of Terccira, from being the third that was feen by the Portuguefe. Angra ', the capital, is built on the fouthern coaft ; its harbour is formed by two capes, which pro- 'ytOi into the fea, to the eaft and well : on the eaftern point rifes a dark mountain, called the Mountain ofBraftl^ defended by the caftle of S. Joan Bautijla ; on the other point, but level with the fea, is the fort of Santo Antonio, This capacious harbour of Angra is fe- ,■ ,. , cure 131 Ch. II. s ». Terceira. 1444.1450. i I*' ' Beawes' Hiftory of Porttigal. Arte de Navegar, do Cofmografo mor, Manoel Pi'mentel. — Frezier in his Voyage to the South Sea, and along the coalls of Chili and Peru, during the years I7ia> 17131 and 1714, dedicated to the Regent Duke of Orleans (Paris, 410, 1716), ofTers fome remarks relative to the A;ores, and notices the inaccuracy with which thefe iflands ar« laid down in the Charts of Pieter Goot, and Le Flambeau de Mer (P. 282.) Terceira is thus defcribed ; the paflagc is tranflatcd in the Univerfal Hiftory (vol. xii. p. 54.) : I have therefore preferred the original : *' Cctte ifle ell de bonne hauteur, elle eft reconnoiflable du c6tc du S. E. par une langue de terre baffe qui s'alonge vers I'eft, et par un cap coupe du c6t6 de I'oueft, furm£ par une langue de terre ou font deux Mondrains ; enfin par deux iflots taillez a Pic, qui font une lieue k I'eft de cc cap, ou les appelle Jlbeos. Demi lieije au S. S. E. de ceux-ci, font trois brifans a fleur d'eau. Les uns et les autres font mal placez damle Flam- beau de Mer." He fubjoins an engraved plan of the harbour, town, citadel, and fort of Angra, and an excellent view of the city, as it appears in different dirtftions. (Planche 36, 37.) — Frezier advifes Seamen to beware of the following anchorage in Angra harbour, (which he inadvertently was placed in), twenty fathom water, with a bottom of grey fand, broken (hell3, and fmall white coral ; having Cape St. Antoine to the fouth-weft \ weft, the Cathe- dral to the norlh-weft, { north, the Itheoi eaft fouth-eall, and Fort St. Sebaftien to the north north-weft. According to Frexier the ufual anchorage is in thirteen fathom water, with a bottom of black and muddy fand mixed witli (hells, about a good cable's length from the flioic J having Fort St. Sebailien to the fouth-weft, " weft, and that of St. Antoine to the north, J north-eaft. The Portuguefe ftiips of war aticlior at a greater diftance in thirty fathom, " au milieu des iflots et des Mondraint." Angra is the principal depot of naval ftores, for refitting the Portuguefe Eaft India ftiips, and Drafil flota. The whole of the maritime department is placed under the infpeilion of an officer ftylcd the Dejcm- bargador. .ml d ..-,, I! *r i*f"^ 111 ' % m 93* BOOK 1. 6t, George. 1450. PROGRESS OF V. Graciofa. 1450. Fayall. 1445-14^9. cure from all winds but the fouth-eaft, and the anchorage is good. . The form of Terceira is nearly circular, its coafts liigh, and fur- rounded with rocks ; the woods produce excellent timber, parti- cularly cedar. The long and narrow liland of St. George was dif- covered on that day (April the twenty-third, 1450), by Joaon Vaz da Cojia Corte-Real t the fouthern fide is well peopled, but towards the north the land is fo rugged and mountainous, as to difcouragc any cultivation, or fettlement ; the natives derive a confidcrable trade from their forefts of cedar. South-weft from St. George lies an ifland called Pico ; the date of its difcovery is blended with that of the reft. It was fo named from a mountain of an extraordinary height, reputed equal to the Peak of TenerifFe j according to Fre^er^ the Pico of the Azores may be feen at the diftance of thirty leagues. In addition to the cedar, the natives of this ifland podbrs a beau- tiful wood called teixo^ which is hard as iron ; when finely poliflied, its veins appear like a rich fcadet tabby, and the brilliancy of its colour increafes by keeping. This tiee, which can only be felled by the king's order, is prohibited as an article of exportation. Gro' ciofay fo called from its general pleafantnefs and fertility, was dilcovered about the fame time as St. George ; Vafco Gil Sodre it mentioned as being the firft fettler. It has two towns, Santa Cruz ^\-\(^ Praya, and is the moft northern of the whole clufter. — The ifland of Fayaly the moft weftern of the A9ore8, received its name from the number of beech trees found on it by its firft difcoverers • but who thefe were is uncertain. Probably Fayal was firft explored by the Flemifli merchant, 'John Vanderberg ; who not having heard of the prior voyage of Cabral in 1432, was willing to take the merit of difcovcring the Aforcs to himfelf ; particularly as many years elapfed before they were regularly fettled by the Portuguefe : this conjedure is fupported by the name which the latter gave to one of the riverr, Rio dos Flamingos ; and the prefent inhabitants of the iflands. MARITIME DISCOVERY. ^n < MVU. iflands, who are Flemings, under the protection or command of a Ch. il. j i. Portuguefe garrifon. The Englifh frequently reibrt hither to pro- —--1—^1'^ cure timber : the principal harbour is fituated towards the ead, ad- joining the town nf Horta^ and is bounded by two capes, about a mile diftant from each other ; between which fhips may anchor in forty or fifty fathom water, fheltered from all winds but the cad and north-eaft. The Iflands of Fhrei and Corvo^ are not reckoned by fJohs «ii>i IJnfcboten among the A9ore8, as they lie feventy leagues weft of I'cr- ceira. The Ilha des Flores was fo named from the beautiful flowers it produoed ; that of Corvo from the flocks of crows, who on its firll difcovery had filled this ifland with their nefts. A fingular incident is related by • de Barros relative to this latter ifland. On the fummlt of its higheft: land the Portuguefe found an Equeftiian Statue, made of a fingle block of flone : the head was bare ; its left hand was at- tached to the horfc's mane, whilft the right pointed towards the tveji^ as if to mark the fituation of another continent. An infcription appeared to have been traced on a rock beneath the flatue, but in a language which the Portuguefe did not uuderftand. The difcovery of the Cape of Good Hope might have been delayed for many years, if the various cluflcrs of iflands, which arife in the Atlantic, from the Azores to Cape Verde^ had not formed a fuccefllon of maritime colonies, and nurferies for feamcn ; which aflbrded a continual {llnuilation to the labours of navigators, and offered rewards particularly adapted to gratify their fpirit of en- terprife. The perils which the officers under Duke Henry endured both from Moors and negroes, would otherwife have exhaufted the mod patient rcfolution. A clamour againft difcovery murmured at intervals, as the principal Capes of Africa were explored ; and the laft * Decad. i. lib. i. ch. ii. VOL. I. H h 'I *•' i ^34 PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. BOOK lad was always feleded as the promontory, which niature intentled for '. the eaftern boundary of the Athmtic. The Settlement of the Azores was in this refpcrm3 a bay, called la forma d'Argln^ from a fmall ifland in it, which the natives of the country of Argin thus diftinguilh. This bay occupies a fpace of about fifty miles, and contains three iflands ; thus named by the Portuguefe, Ifola Bianca on account of its white fands ; Ifola delle Cnrzc\ from the number of hawks, or herons that were found there ; and the third J/bla '" Cuori. Here it may be proper to ob- fcrve; that on keeping to the fouthward from the Straits of Gibral- tar, the Coaft thence trending on the left hand towards Ethiopia, which is that of Barbary, is not inhabited biyond Ca/)o Canthiii ; thence to Capo Bianco extends the fandy Region, caled by the natives Sarroy which confines on the fouth with the negroes of Ethiopia, An immenfe defait is thus formed, not to be traverled under fifty or fixty days even by a man on horfeback. The country is one extenfive Plain, wit;»o«'t the fmalleft rife^ quite to Capo Bianco, fo named by the Portuguefe from its white fand^ nor is there any ap- pearance of trees, or herbage^ This is a noble promontory, of a tri- angular fliape ; having its three points dillant about a mile from each other'. Throughout this Coaft we meet with a variety of excellent fifli, fimilar in point of tafte to what we have at Venice, tiiough different in their appearance. There is but little depth of water in the Bay of Argitiy with innumerable ftioals both of fand and rocks. The force of the current is very great, fo that you can only fail during the day-time ; even then you muft keep conftantly founding, and pay every attention to the courfe of the ftreaxn. This Bay is full • Perche R Porto^he/i priml v'l Irouorono In tjja tantt out dl (jutjli vcccWt mariiii, che nt cargarotio dut larche ilelle caraueile. (Ibid. p. 99. A.) ^ ..:..._''- ; " In Grynocua, Cor'i. • BeU'i/Tmo Capo per ejer in trUngolo, c'to i infaccla (ft efo/ra tre punt* larghi I'vna da i'aftra tirca vn mi^Ho. (Ibid. p. 99. B.) VOYAGE OF CADA MOSTO. •43 fall of rocks, and two (hips have been already loft : the white cape Cli. II. § t. lies fouth-welt or Capo Catttmn, —___—_ tc It 18 right you (hould be informed that on the Continent which extends behind the white cape is a place called Hoden ; diUant about fix days journey with a camel. It hasno walls, and is much rcforted to by the Arabs and caravans, that come from " Tombuto^ and other negro fettlements, to this fide of Barbary. They have a numerous train of camels, on which they convey '' brafs, filver, and other articles, from Barbary to Tombuto^ and the country of the negroes ; and in return bring back gold, and ■" cardomura feeds. " The Signer Infante has farmed out the Ifland oiArgin for ten years, and after this manner. No one is allowed to enter the Bay in order to traffic with the above Arabians, except fuch as are li- cenfed factors, who have dwelling-houfes on the ifland, and have been accuftomed to tranfadt commercial bufinefs with fuch traders as frequent the Coaft : the different articles of merchandife which they provide for thefe Arabians, confift of • woollen cloth, linen, filver, (hawls or turbans, tapeftry, and above all wheat, of which they are particularly in want. They give in exchange flaves, colledcd by the traders in Negro-land, and ' gold. A caftle has been built on the ifland by order of the Signor Infante to fecure this commerce, on account of which caravellas arrive every year from Portugal. " The river " Senega^ which is very large, feparates a race called ^jz^WiT^'/^/, from the firft kingdom of the negroes: the former are tawny, of » In Grynsus, Ataulut. i Rani. ' Mclhtgette. * Panni, Tele, el argentic et alchizeli cio i tappttte, lappedi, et altre cofe, ttfopra iutio formcnta. (Ibid. p. 99. C.) , , • ', . ' Oro liber. « Ramufio, (vol. 1. p. 100. D.) — In addition to what has been faid relative to this river, Note c, page 2 1 8, may be added the obfervations of Mr. Capper refpeding the l^iger. «* If ihe Niger runs from well to eaft, as feems very much believed fince the publication of Mr. I » 2 Park'i :.l 'I . I If -'' 344 PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. BOOK I. of rather a dark brown fhade, and inhabit fome parts of the Coaft, which lie beyond Capo Blanco : their diftridt borders on the above mentioned Arabians of Hoden, Many of the A%anagbi were carried off, and fold by the Portuguefe, who valued thefe ilaves more than any other ; but of late they have enjoyed peace and commerce. The Signor Infante has ftriftly prohibited all perfons from molefting thefe Africans, through the hope of converting them to the eda- blilhed Faith. " The Azanaghi had no knowledge of any other Chriftians, except the Portuguefe, who carried on a defultory war againft them for thirteen or fourteen years. Many of thefe Africans informed me, that when Ships, with their extended fails, were firft difcerned off the coaft, they were taken for foreign birds, with prodigious wings; fmce neither they nor their anceftors had ever feen any before. After- wards, when the fails were furled, they conjeftured from the length of the objed, that the veflels muft be filh ; others, on the contrary, in great agitation, declared they were Spedres, gliding on the waves of midnight ; fince they woCild often ravage a coaft during the dufk of evening, and the next morning be near an hundred miles off'. ■ ; ;. ' ^ ' '• .:;:,. .:.'*:. .; iV. '*,\v v ' , ' . ■ 'i 1 U< . ^ "•■■ '■ t ..;• • :•! '" '^ At Pari't Travtfs, it probably terminatw in a lake, like the river Jordan in the Dead Sea, fuf. ficlently capacious to receive its waters ; and in the centre of Africa, where this lake muft be fituated, the evaporation from extreme heat would he fufficient to account for the difpofal of the water. If this Lake docs not afterwards communicate by fome other river with the ocean, it will add oue more to the lift of fait water lakea, or Inland Seas." (^Obfarvatlont on the windi and monfoons, p. 1 90. ) * The Ideas and fimplicity of the Natives of this coaft may be more fully exemplified by what Mr. Park relates of the Mand'mgoes, who form the principal part of the inhabitants in the diftrifts he vifited. - " They imagine that the World is an extended plain, the termina- tion of which no eye has difcovered ; it being, they fay, overhung with clouds and darknefs. They defcribe the Sea as a large river of fait water, on the farther (hore of which is fituated a country called Teiauie dot, the land of the white people. At a dillance fronu Tobaubo doo, ihey defcribe another country, which they allege is inhabited by cannibals of gigantic fize called Kuai. Tliii country they call Jong fang doo, the land where the (laves are fold. But of VOYAGE OF CADA MOSTO. 245 y " At the diftance of about fix days journey from the Mart oi Hoden^ Ch. IT. s ». there is a place called Tegazza^ or the chefl: of gold, where a con- . / "'" '■ ^ L' fiderable quantity of rock fait is excavated every year, and conveyed on camels, by the ^rabs and Azanaghly in feparate caravans to Tom- butOy and thence to Mr///, a negro kingdom. The heat in this latter country is very powerful, which occafions the death of many of ihefe Arabian and jizanagbi merchants. From Tegazza to Tombuto is about forty days' journey on horfeback, and thence to Melli about thirty. I enquired in what manner the merchants of Melli difpofed of their fait ? and received for anfwer, " That a fmall portion was confumed in the country : during the exceflive heats which prevail there at certain feafons of the year, the blood of the inhabitants would putrefy^ if(l>^y did not every day take a piece of the dijfolvedfalty in a porringer of water. ^^ — As for the remainder of the fait, it is conveyed on the heads of men, in large pieces, as much as one perfon can carry, to a certain * Watery whether freflx or lalt I could not learn. / s . rf?at " Having reached the (hore, or bank of The Water, the fait is placed Curious Salt In heaps, each merchant's property by itfelf. They who belong to it then retire to the diftance of half a day's journey ; when other negroes, who avoid being fpoken to, or feen, and who it is con- jedured come in boats from fome adjacent Iflands, approach the •I heaps of all Countries in the world their own appears to them as the beft, and their own people as the happictl ; and they pity the fate of other nations who have been placed by Providence in lefs fertile and Ufa fortunate diftridts." [poge ^O"].) r A qiiejlo moilo lo con ducono Jim Jopra eeria aequo, laqual non hanno fapulo dire fe e dolce, euero falfa, per poter intendere t'eg/i e Jiume ouer mare, ma to tengo chejia Jiume. per che fel ftije mare, in Jito cofi laldo non hauerian hifogna di fale. (Ibid. p. loo. iJ.) — This barter of gold for fait by the negroes of Africa was noticed by Mr. Park. «« In Boori, which is fituated about four days' journey to the fouth-weil of Kamalia, the fait market is often fup. plied, at the fame time, with Rock Salt from the Great Defert, and Sea Salt from tlie Rio Grande ; the price of each, at this dillance from its fource, being nearly the fame ; and the dealers in each, whetiier Moors from the north, or negroes from the weft, are iovited thither by the fame motives, that of bartering their Salt for GoW." {Page 446.) 34> Strange as thi» Relation- appears, it is corroborated by yah/on in his Voyage for the difcovery ef the river Gtimbrtt, already noticed (p. 222. note e.) when fpeakiiig of the information he derived from an aRtd Ma but, who refided at t!ie Ferambra't town :— •• He added, that not fur from faye there were a people wjio wiuld not be fecn ; and the Salt was carried to them bv the jlrabels of Bar'; ary, who had all the Gold from them, though they never fnw iliem. ^ Afking the Caufc, he made 11 fign to his Lips, and g.ive no other anfwer."— yr7/o/i then pro- ceeds to relate tiie manner of this Silent Traffic from certain authors whofe names he could not recolhft. According to //'/Ww, in his journey to Mequinc:^ (p. 212.) this llory of the raw lips dill prevails. - {^Jlley's ColleB, vol. ii. /. 182.) . « Sir John Pringle was, I believe, the firft of the Englifli phylicians who proved that Volatile jtlcnline Sidtt, commonly fuppofed to promote Putrefiilion, are in fail in)\\'<:rM antifeptics : this celel rated phyfictan, in the year 1750, communicated in number 495 of the Tranfaaions of the Royal Society, a moft ingenious paper, On fame Experiments on Subflances rejfling PulrcfiC' tion i in which the following Tabit is given of the conipaiative powers of falts in that rcfpett . »• Se^ .,.,.. «»l n .0.,u «48 PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. BOOK caravan to a place called Cocbia^ on the road to Syria and Cairo ; ■ the remaining portions were carried by another Caravan to Tow- Gold Trade ifuto^ wl'cre the trade extended into two branches ; one of which 1445. * reached from Toet along the Coaft to Tunisy and the fecond to ffo- den; where the gold not only circulated through the Barbary towns, both within and without The Straits, whence the Italians and other Chriftian nations received it from the Moors, but it alfo was brought every year to the Sea Coaft, to purchafe Portuguefe goods at Arguin; and proved the mod valuable commodity which their merchants received from the AJfanbaji country. Thefe Africans, with thofe of Sea Sal I. Saline Mixture 3- Sal GemiM 1 + Nitre 4 + Tartar Vitriolated 2. Salt of Hart rtiom 4 + Spiritut Mlndereri • a. Salt of Wormwood 4 + Tartamt SoluUS* 2. Borax 12 + Sal diurelictu a + Salt of Amber 20 + Crude Sal Ammoniac 3- Alum 30 + Sir Joha adds, " in this Table I have marked the Proportions by integral numbers ; It being hard, and perhaps unnecefiary, to bring this matter to mure exadlnefs ; only to fame I have added the fign ( -f ) to (how, that thofe Salts arc ftronger tlian the number in the Table by fotnc {(ra£lion ; unlefs in the three laft, where the fame Sign imports, that the Salt may be ftronger by fome units." Thefe experiments by Sir John comprehended feveral effays ; only the three fiift were printed in the Philofophkal TranfaSions. — In this learned Paper he alfo obfervts, that .two grains of Camphire mixed with water, preferved Flefli better than fixty grains of fca fait. Sir John Pringle's ideas on this fubjeA were ftill further illuftrated in the year 1759, by Dr» Barry's all : Treatife on the three different digeftions, and difcharges of the human body.— M- de Pages, in his Voyages, endeavoured to afcertain whether Sea Heater conla'tnid more Salt ■under the Torrid, than under the other Zones ; and his experiments proved contrary to what he cxpedled, that Sea Water is impregnated with Salt in lefs quantity within, than without the tropics. — ^The Mhe Raynal, when fpeaking of the poifunous juice of the Macheneel tree, in the American iflands (vol. v. p. 369.) gives us another, and perhaps the real motive, which induced thefe Africans to place fuch a value on Salt : " The juice of the Macheneel is received into (hells, placed under various incifions that have been made In its trunk. As foon as this Juice is grown a little thick, the Points of the Arrows are (lecped in it, which thence acquire the property of conveying fudden death, be the wound ever fo (light. This Poifon, as it ap- pears from experience, prtfcrves its venomous quality above an hundred years. Salt applied immediately Is an infallible ture." This fimplc remedy was probably equally known to the fa- vages both of America and Africa { it might furely be employed in our own country, and «n board our Ships, in cafes of the putrid fore throat, and many other diforders. VOYAGE OF CADA MOSTO. H9 ^Ij'u -,':]}, tbeffih. of the adjoining States, are defcribed as ufing no Coin, their traffic Ch. II. § i. being folely carried on by barter, or through the currency of fmall white '' (hells : their ° gold was fold by mitigal weight, amounting to about a ducat in value. Cada Mojlo then notices the manners and drefs of the AJfanhaji^ and proceeds in the following manner with his interefting Narrative. " After we had ^ pafled the White Cape (Cabo Blanco) vvc conti- nued our Voyage to the River Senega^ the firft in Negroland on •■ Porcelktte iianche d'l que/le p'tccok (Cowry fliells) Ramufio, vol. i. p. loi. F. « This, as Mr. Green obferves in Attley'n CoUeftion, was the firft account brought from thefe parts refpedling the particular ftates in Africa whence Gold came to Europe ; and ap- pears to be more minute and exadt, than any fince received. — Barbot (Cluirchill's Colkft. vol. V. chap, xvii.) defcribes the different Sorts of African Gold, as It comes either from rivers or mines ; the latter he again divides into that found near the furface of the earth, which is the fincft ; and that found at a greater depth which is coarfer. He alfo treats of the mode in which the blacks adulterate and counterfeit gold. " Some pieces are fo artificially imitated, that all the outfide, to the thicknefs of an half crown, is fine gold, and the infide filled up with copper, or iron. They alfo make a certain powder of Coral, which they caft and tinge fo arti- ficially, that it is impofllble to diftinguifh it any way, but by the weight. — I will farther add this Advice to all Seafaring Men trading on that Coaft ; that when they fee many blacks come abroad together to trade with Gold, they admit but two or three at moft, into the great cabin, or any other part of the (hip, at one time ; and always keep about them four or five of their own men to be on the watch, left the blacks embezzle any goods ; that fo they and their Goldfmith, if there be one aboard, as commonly there is in French (hips, may have leifure to examine the nature of the Gold ; for it is common there for one Black, (moft of thofc on the Coaft being Faftors or Brokers for the inland people,) to have twenty or more feveral fmall parcels of Gold, wrapt up in rags, or in little leather bags, to purchafe goods for fo mnny feveral perfons ; and thofe parcels muft be all examined one after another. Take heed of fncli as come with Rufli Bafkets, as I have feen five or fix of them together, with every one fnch a baflS % ISO PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. BOOK that coaft : it divides the tawny yizanaghi^ and a tract of dry bar- * ren land, from the fertile region of negroes. Five years before my arrival, this River had been difcovered by " three caravellas be- longing to the Sigttor Infante : the Portuguefe entered it, and having gained the confidence of the negroes, opened a commercial inter- courfe ; fmce which Ships have been fent every year to preferve the trade. This River is large, being upwards of a mile in breadth at its mouth, and very deep ; there is another opening at fome little diftance ; between thefe entrances is an Ifland, which forms a Cape that projects into the fea, and at each *" mouth are fand banks and flioals, extending * See page 212. CaJa Mojli^i knowledge of the Progreft of Dlfcovery, feems again to be incorreft : probably as a foreigner, and one who had lately vifitcd Portugal, he only fpoke at random. Yet even De Barros, himfelf, is not quite decided relative to the firft difcovery of the Senegal River. He fays (fee page 212) that Denh Fernandez pa^d it in 1446, but that Langarot xtending about a mile from the (hore. The water increafes and Ch. 11. § 1. di ninifties every fix hours, for the tide reaches beyond fixty miles ^^Z'^-"/' '*'//'*■ .vithin the river; according to the information of fome Portuguefe, vrho in their caravellas have explored its courfe to a confiderable diftance up the country : it is therefore neceflary, that Ships intend- ing to enter the Senega (hould take advantage of high water to pafs over thefe fand banks and ihoals. The diftance from the White Cape to this River is three hundred and eighty miles, with a coad of .fand to within twenty miles of the Senega, called the Coajl of Ante- rote ; which belongs to the Azanaghiy or ' tawny Moors. " It appeared to me an aftonifhing circumilance, that on the fouthern fide of this River, its inhabitants fhould be extremely tall, ftout, and well made, their country verdant, and enriched with trees ; whilft I turn from the mrth, and in a Courfe almoft due tufit you are carried foveral Iiundrcd leagues into the heart of the Country. Upon the left, going up from Scrimpala, or as others call it Serinpeta, is that defert famous for its being the mart of the Arabian gums ; and after a ftr- pcntine couifc of three hundred leagues, you arrive at Fort St. Jofeph in Galam, which is on the right-hand or fouth-fide of the river. " A few leagues below this Fort, the Sana^a is joined by another River from the Soutli, called the FaUmt t about twelve leagues from the mouth of this river, to the eajl, is the new Gold Mine of Nayc ; a few miles above this the French have built a fmall fort called St. Pierre, on the right-fide of the River a little below the fall of Kaynura. Jufl below Fort St. Pierre, and at no great diftance from it, on the eaft fide of the river, it is joined by a fair fitter, called the Sanon Kolex, or Golden River, which runs in a ferpcntine manner, taking its rife from the mountains around the golden country of Tamiaawra, about forty leagues to the fouth-eaft of St. Pierre. '• We (hall now return to Sanaga t which about four leagues above Fort St. Jofeph, and on the fame fide, is joined by a river called Gbianon. From Fort St. Jofeph to the town of Kaygnu, on the fouth fide of the River, is about twenty leagues. Here, too, is the firll fall, called Felu ; about ten leagues farther is the fecond rock, called the fall of Govina ; the former an height of thirty fathoms, tlic other confiderably more. Farther than this fecond fall, the French have made but few Difcoveries. The navigation is there much interrupted." — For the perufal of tliis Voyage, which deferves to be more known, though it bears marks of having been compofcd in an hafty manner, I am indebted to Richaru Thomas Stre.vt- FEILD, £fq. * Berrttliui. Kk2 .<; tmm^mirmp*^ ) i m \ i i\ m, imm^0fmirmmi 452 PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. I Ki'tigilorn of Scnegn, and its buiiiidaries. BOOK whilft on the oppofite bank they are tawny, meagre, and low in fta- ture, with a dry and " barren foil. " That part of the Negro territory which is fituated on the River Senega^ is the ' firft Kingdom of the Ethiopian Blacks^ and the inhabitants are ftyled ■" Gilqfi. The coaft, as well as the country which we have previoully defcribed, is low ; and this not only continues to the 6V;/rjjv7, but alfo as far as Cape de Verde^ which is the higheft land of any part of it, diftant four hundred miles from the White Cape. According to what I have been able to learn, this kingdom of Senega confines on the eaft with the country of Tuchufor^ on the fouth with the kingdom of Gambroy on the weft with the ocean, and on the north with the aforefaid River. The king at this time on the " throne, was called Zucholin^ a young man in his twenty- fecond " Marauigliofa cofu ml pare che di la dalftume tuit'ifono negri/Jimi, etgrandi, tt grofji, et ben for- tnali di corpe, et litllo il Paefe e verde el pie d'arbori et fertile, et di quafono huomini Berrellini pio- tioli, niagri, afciuiti, et di piccola Statura ; il Paefe Jlerile et fecco. ( Ramufio, p. 101 . B. ) — Mr. Capper remarks, in \\\%'y\&<:.\avA Obferuations on the Winds and Monfooni (p. 80.) that "the northern divifion of Africa, between the latitude of eighteen and thirty degrees, poflefles but few of thofe advantages enjoyed by other countries, which are fituated in the fame hemifpberc, and at an equal dillance from the equator : and whilft thofe parts of /Ifia and America, in the fame Latitudes, are blefled with a fertile Soil, and an wholefome air, the Interior oi jifrica, in thofe Latitudes, is almoft one immenfe fandy wafte, called by the Arabians, to mark its pr«- eminencc, Sahara Ul AJhi." ' Mr. Green obferves in a note (Aftley's Colleaion, vol. i. p. 5S1.), " although the firfl; kingdom, or kingdoms of the Blacks, lies upon the Senega^ or Satwgha, and others along the Camhra ; yet there were not properly any kingdoms of tliefe names. There was indeed, to the North of the Sanaga, the country inhabited by the Sanhaga or Azanaghi, from whence the River fccms to have taken its name : But it was divided among various Tribes of thefe people, and not under any one Sovtreign. However, the geographers lincc then have propagated tht firft miftake." m Jalofs. " " // Re di Senega al tempo mio haueua name Zucholin, era giouene di anni vettdue : et no e quejlo Pe Jlmile alii tio/lri di Chriftianita, perche il fuo regno i di gete fclitaggia et pouerifftma ; et nun vi <' ""''' alciina murata, fc non vHldggi con cafe di paglui, ne fmno fur cafe di mitro, et ,10 hano cakina, ne fictre da fahbricarle pernm fapcrle fare,'^ (Ramufio, Ibid. p. loi. C,:— p. 102. D') i ; VOYAGE OF CADA MOSTO. a5J fecond year. An African monarch poflefles little to remind ua of CTi. IT. § r. our Chriftian kings : his fubjeds are Savages, and very poor ; they ^'' "■'"^"■^•vC:. polTefs no walled towns, and even the houfes which compofe their villages are thatched ; the negroes being utter ftrangers either to the mode of making lime, or of hewing ftone. This Kingdom contains' no great portion of territory ; fmce, according to the information I could procure, it reaches only two hundred miles along the Coaft y and within land, cannot much exceed the fame extent. . " There is no fixed Revenue for their King, but the Signers of the country, in order to ftand well in his favour, prefent him yearly with horfes, which on account of their fcarcity are much fought> after, and with horfe furniture ; together with other cattle, fuch aa Cows and Goats ; accompanied with vegetables, millet, and articles of the like nature. The monarch is fupported by depredation ; his own fubje£ts, as well as thofe of the adjoining diftridls, are fold for Jlaves : fome of thefe are afterwards referved to cultivate the lands afTigned him ; whilft the remainder is difpofed of to ulzanaghi^ and Arabian Merchants. " They have no Veflcls, nor had they ever feen any before the arrival of the Portuguefe on their Coaft. Thofe negroes who dwell by the fide of the river, and fome who have fettled near the Sea, have " Zoppolies, or Almadlas^ formed out of a fingle piece of wood, which will carry three or four men : in thefe they embark to catch fi(h, or to crofs the river from one place to another. Thefe Africans are the moft flcilful fwimmers in the world : the truth of which I can vouch from fome experience of their dexterity. " I paffed the '' Senega in my caravella, and failing onwards came Country of to the Country of Budomel, having paffed from the above river eight o Zoppoli, Ramufio, ibid. p. 102. B. p Tlie curious reader may compare this part of Cada Mofto's account of the Senegal river, with the Voyage to the Kingdom 0/ Saimso, on the River Niger, by Claude jfiinnequin, Sieur de Rochefortf, Budomel. fc>f owg 254 PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. BOO I. eight hundred miles along an extent of Coaft, uniformly low, un- . varied by a fingle eminence. The term '' Budomel is the title of its Signory and not the name of the country; which is called the Tir- ritory of Budomely in the fame manner as we are accuftomed to ex- prcfs ourfelves when fpeaking of the domain of any Signoty or Count. I immediately brought to off this diftri£t, in order to obtain fome intercourfe with its chief; having learnt from Portuguefe, who had traded with him, that his general character was fair, refpedlable, and worthy of my confidence ; fince he never failed to pay for what- ever articles were feledled. Moreover, I had fome Spanifh Horfes on board, in high requeft among the Negroes ; not to mention many articles of commerce, fuch as cloth, Mooriih filks, and other ' com- modities. '' ^v !. ■• / = ... - : - " Refolving therefore to try his difpofition towards me, I came to anchor at a part of the coaft called la Palma di Budomely which is a roadfted, and not an harbour. A negro interpreter was immedi- ately difpatched to make known my arrival with fome horfes and fundry goods ; and that any of them were much at BudomeVs fer- vice, if he flood in need of fuch articles. The faid Sigmr hearing ... . . . this, Rochefori, a native of Chalont, in November, 1637. It was printed at Paris, in one duodecimo volume, by Charlet Rouillard, 1643. This was the firft Voyage the French made up the Sanaga : it is tran/lated by Mr. Green in Aftley's CoUeflion (vol. ii. p. 20.) The following are the contents of fome of the chapters: i. Account of Jannequin's failing from Dieppe. 2. Deftription of the Canary iflands. 3. Arrival at Cape Blanco, account of the Moor.' pafTage to the Niger, or Sanaga. 4. Defcription of the country, j. Embafly from the Da- rnel and Brat, two negro kings. • 6. Cuftoms or duties payable to the kings of that couritrj'. 7. Goods, with which they traded among the negroes. 8. Manner of building followed by the negroes. 9. The Kings whofe dominions lie along the Sanaga. 10. Mode of elefting their kings. 11. Manner of making war, and their fltill in fwinunlng. 27. Defcribes the malignity of the wet ftafon in that country, and the great mortality Itrangers are fubjeft to. 29. Their return to France. <) The Sittir Bnie, firft Dire<5lor of the fourth French Senega Company in Auffuft i6nj whofe voyages to the Senega have been already noticed (p. 219. note c.j, informs us that tiic African king of Kayor. or Kayltor, was ftyle1 I'Jli^'l ^5« PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. BOOK Chief, the advanced feafon of the year rapidly brought on fuch " ' ■ ■ ' ' • unfavourable weather, that his return to the caravella, where (he ■then rode at anchor, was attended with the utmofl. rifk on account of the furf. It was therefore refolved, if poffible, to have the Ihip brought into the river Senega^ and there to join its crew, by pur- fuing another and more extenfive track through the country. Cada Mofto particularly dwells on the extraordinary refolution and dexte- rity of two Blacks in the art of fwimming, which was difplayed on this occafion. " I aiked ' many of the Negroes, if they knew any one who poflefled fufficient courage to rifk the attempt of conveying a letter on board my caravella ? without the fmallcd hefitation, many an- iwered in the affirmative. The dreadful furf then breaking on the ihore, and the violence of the wind, made it almoft appear impofllble that any man could dare the attempt ; more efpecially as, within bow-(hot of the fliore, numerous (helves (Iretched out ridges of fand for a confiderable diftance, beflde other fhoals ; and between thefe laft ran a ftrong Current fetting different ways, now up, and now down : Moreover, the fea broke on the fhoals with great fury, fo that altogether it feemed incredible fo many obftacles could be furmounted. " Two of the Negroes however volunteered their fei-vices. I de- manded what they would expedl ? they replied, ' two mavulgls of tin for each ; the mavulgis is worth one " grojfo : for fuch a reward •they agreed to convey a letter on board, and threw themfelves into the water. I am unable to exprefs the difficulties they had to over- come in paffing the fand banks at a time when fuch a fea was running. Sometimes, for the fpace of an hour they could not be difcerned; • Ramufio, ibid. p. 103. E. • Due Mauulg'is dl Sttignoper una che vale ungrojjb Vvna. (Ramufio, ibid. E.) » About three farthings. -'"' Skill of the Negroes ill fwimming. VOYAGE OF CADA MOSTO. 257 :,,J be dlfcerned ; and I in confequence often thought they were drowned. Ch. il. ^ i. At length one of them, unable to fuftain any longer the tre- -LilLl^i' " mendous Surf that broke over him, was obfcrvcd to defift ; but his companion kept firmly on, and after ftruggling on a fand- bank for a good hour, fwam paft it, delivered the Letter on board, and returned. This circumltau.e appeared to me moll marvellous ; and I thence concluded that thefe Negroes on the coaft were fupe- rior to any fwimmers in the world." . Our Venetian then proceeds to deliver his remarks relative to Africa. BudomcPs habitation, like that of other African Chiefs, was thatched. Some villages were afligned for his particular fervice, but he never continued long in any one place. The Village where Cada Mojio refided, contained between forty and fifty thatched houfes, built at no great diflance from each other, furrounded with ditches and high trees ; one or two places were left open by way of entrance. BudomeVs retinue, though only chief of a particular diftri£t, confifted of two hundred negroes, who were frequently removed. He affedted great ftate and gravity; was only vifible for an hour in the morning, and a (hort time in the evening. When any of the natives were favoured with an audi- ence, whatever might be their rank, they were obliged to appear almoft naked ; and bowing themfelves to the earth, to cover their heads and flioulders with fand. The wives and children of thefe haughty chiefs, for the moft trivial faults were fold as Slaves. Towards Cada Mofto, Btidomel preferved an uniform attention • and one evening accompanied him to a fort of ' mofque^ where the AJfaiihaji priefts, who refided in BudomeVs houfe, performed the Mohammedan rites. In a fubfequent converfation, this Chief deli- vered it as his opinion, tliat negroes were more certain of falvation than * Loro Mafchea. (Ramufio, ibid, page 103. C.) VOL. I. LI v» ^ m m «5* PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. BOOK than Chriftians, and for this reafon : " God is a juft Lord : he has '■ in this world given a paradife to the latter ; therefore in the next it will necclTarily be allotted to the former.'* The kingdom of Senega, and the other Negro Countries oa that coa(l, are dcicribed as being unfavourable to the produce of •wheat % rjr, barley, fpella, and even to the cultivation of the vine ;. by reafon of the great heats, and peculiar temperature of the cli- mate, in oiher refpeds the foil appeared rich and produdive. Foe nine months out of the twelve, that is from Oflober to yime^ they are without rain. Cada Mojit obferved their cultivation of large and fmall ' millet^ and of the white and red kidney bean, A certain quantity of oats was fown every year, with little attention to the preparation of their foil, or the probability of a fcarcity ; the produce being barely fufficient for their own confumption. The principal be- verage of the negroes next to milk, was palm-wine, or, as they called it, * migwol; procured by making incifions in the palnvtree, near its root. Cada Mofio defcribes various forts of fruit of a fine fla- vour growing wild, which in fome meafure refembled thofe cultl* vated in Europe. He was much (Iruck at the fight of many ^ large and y Fomifnto, Se^afa, Orzo, Spe'ta, Pino. —As this territory hai been conjeftured to be the part of Africa where the Jttenicia.i circumnavigators, who were fent by Pbaraah Necho, waited t>vo years fur iLcir harvtjl ; may I be allowed to remark, that this obfcrvation of Cada Mojlo lecms to ftrciigiheii the opinion, that the whole voyage was an Egyptian romance ; which like the tales of the Arabian Nights, had fome truth and more conjefture, wrought up and height- coed by the imagination of an ingenious geographci. > The mlitt fuon fprouts out, in a ilrait reed, with many leaves, bringing forth, in lefs thdn two months, Ears of twelve inches in length ; looking at a diftance muclk like the heads of hull riifhes. The grain is ra her longifli than round, much like the coreandcr fecd> {Bar- btt, Chiirthill'i Col/eS. vol. v. p. 40. ) * Darbot reads Miguoitt-', and pays much attention to an account of this wine, and the palm-wine-trtes (Churchill's Colled, p. 51. — 203 ) He defcribes four forts. * Barlot notices the girth of the timber In thefc parts of Africa (p. 31.) — " I have feen {bmc thereof aa immcnfe magnitude, the trunks being fo big about, that fereral men together 4 could VOYAGE OV CADA MOSTO. «S9 and beautiful trees, whofe fpccics he did not know ; and alfo at cit. II. f i. obferving feveral lakes of frefh water, which though not extenfivc, '1^t±±^' were deep, and abounded with excellent fiih. Oxen, cows, and goats, were the only tame animals of the country, the climate being loo fultry for flicep. Our navigator's dcfcription of the elephant is given at fome length ; it was then confidered a great curiofity by the Portugucfe and other European nations. He explodes an idea then prevailing, that the elephant was unable to lie down. During his refidence on the continent, Cada Mojlo repeatedly vi- fited the African markets ; and when we confider the date of his narrative, it is curious to reflect how little change the lapfe of near three hundred and fifty years has made on the inhabitants of that extenftve continent. The Market, or Fair, was held in an ex- tcnfive meadow, on Mondays and Fridays : the poverty of their traders appeared in the proffered articles ; which, with the excep- tion of fmall quantities of gold, and fome defenfive arms, confided of cotton, cotton-yarn, cotton-cloth, pulfe, oil, millet, wooden-tubs, palm-mats, and other articles, eflTential to the houfehold economy of a favage. " Many ' things on board the Caravella Aruck the negroes with aftonifhment, particularly our crofs-bows and ^ baftlijks, I accord- ingly i';,. V % I. 'J ' '-I ' HE could itot fathom tficm. If I may believe fome of riie French faf^oiy, they have feen fuch an twenty mm could not fathom. Moll certain it U, that I faw myfelf the trunk of • TreCi lying on the ground at the cape near Goree, which was fixty feet about, and in it an hollow or cavity, big enough to contain twenty men ftanding clofe together." « Ramufio, ibid. p. 105. B. ' Bombarde, in D»\c\\ Jontferitu, (hould be tranflated, in reference to the kind of artillery then ufed on board the Portuguefe ihips : this perhapg it ia impoflible exadly to afcertain. M. Bloiidel, in his j4ri JejetUr dei Bomla, fay» they were firft ufed againll the city of Watch' ttndunch in Guelderland in 1588. They did not become general until the year 1634, and then only with the Dutch and Spaniards. At the battle of Crefli (i34^>) the Englifh had five pieces of ciuiiu>n, the ufc of which was uot then known in France. QiK of the earlicil Manu< lA^. faftorici S:i>M 2(J0 PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. BOOK ingljr took aa opportunity, whilft feme of them were coming to- — — ' ^ards the ftiip, to fire one of our guns } its report almoft over- powered them : when I declared that above an hundred men, (\and- ' ing near each other, might be deftroyed by a fingle gunftone, they confidered it as the efted of enchantment. I next defircd one of cur failors to divert their attention with the bag-pipe^ which equally furprifcd and gratified them. On beholding the different parts and ornaments of this inftrument, they enquired if it was a living animal ? it was given them to examine ; but when they perceived it was the work of art, they believed that the conftru£tion was fuperna- tural, and could only be devifed by a fuperior Being. "The h&.ot\ti w«i carried on by AUitanier and Ptttr Hogg, at Buxt«d, in SufTex. To commemorate the eventi an Hog wai rudely carved on ftone, which Hill remain* on an houfu io that parilh. Probably the guna mentioned by Cada Mofio, refembled the Bqfiliji { I have ventured to ufc thii appellation, as the rndfl appropriate tranflation of the Italian Bombarde. The reader may be enabled to form foroe idea of the artillery then ufed on board the Portiiguefc (hips, by the following account of the names, (Umenfions, and wight of tlit cannon, Jhot, and fowtler of the an' citnt Eng/j/b ordnance, by Sir William Monson in his Naval Trads, written in the reigns of Queen Elizabeth and James the firft. Churchill's CoUediun of Voyages, vol. iii. page joj. Namei. Cannon royal Cannon Cannon fcrpentine Baftard cannon Demi Cannon Cannon petro Culvcrin , - Bafililk Demi culverin Baftard culverin Sacar Minion .'• Faulcon ^^'' -wm^. Falconet ' ' • ' Serpentine '' Rabanet The Powder Mill* at Felbridge in Surry, and thofe cftabUfhed near Guilford, feem to claim a priority in point of date to any other. Bore of Cannon. Wi. of Cannon. Wt. of Shot. WLorpowil. 1 Indict. 1 , t tek I ••a n.U-% 8 ' 6ooo 60 nt-it'-'- «7 7 5500 53i *5 7 4500 4> ao 6\ 4000 30 k tS 6 3000 »4i -fc^- •.>[» -J '4. 5i >• . 4509 >7i ' 1 ', !»• 5 ■,^,-4«ii.. >5 . »* 4 3400 9i 8 4 3000 S n 3t 1400 Si a 3i 1000 4 ■ 4 *i - * 660 a '-- n a ' -'• ' -H^- ^ i* J.0-. ^j: ,4 ^■^, -O,'^. .4, . 31 ^ n I " l^-:--' X i w VOYAGE OF CADA MOSTO. a6i " The form of our Ship, its marts, fuiU, flirouda, and anchors, Ch. it. s i. were all beheld with equal wonder ; they imigined that the hawfe- '^!t!!±±^- holes in the prow were two eyes, by means of which this leviathan found its way through the ocean. Hut above all, the figt c of a lighted Candle, was the obje^ of their fixed attention. I Hicwcd them the method of extradting the honey from the wax, and in their prefence direded fome Candles to be made and lighted : then ^ were they all in rapture, and declared that the fecrct ftores of know- ledge were open unto Chriftians." •' ■•'»-'." ' -^i.-i Ca^a Mofto had now remained a confiderable time in this part of '*>"'•» '" Africa ; he had examined the furrounding Country with every at- Gambra. • tention in his power, and had alfo received the Slaves promifed in barter for his merchandife, whofe fituation in life was certainly im- proved by the change : fmce their captivity in the fervice of an enlightened European, was preferable to freedom, when expofed to the capricious tyranny of an untutored African. He therefore now refolved to attempt fome new Difcoveries along this dangerous coaft ; and, after doubling Cape de Verde, to go in fearch of a kingdom, which Duke Henry had ' defcribed from the information of a perfon who pofleflfed confiderable knowledge of the geography of Africa. According to the report which the Portuguefc Prince re- ceived, beyond the Senega was fituatecl another diftiitil, called the kingdom of Gambra ; whence confiderable quantities of gold were brought to Spain. " Full of thefe ideas I took my leave of Budomel^ and going on board the caravella, got under weigh as foon as poffible } when one , 7 ... , : . ,v.;...i. -^^: ' ■y.^ ..'■- ■ morning, J., J I .i ' ■ L.i.iJf.jfJ i!ii'< ,!;iil-i 41;. 'I .»ili c. D{\l ii . CD .. ..!•■ ' jtuanti il mh fartir di PortegaHo, to bminia intefo dal Signer Infante, come quella perfona cht di tempo in tempo era aui/ata delle cofe di quejii paefi di Negri, e fra le altre informationi che ejh httueua, tr* the nou moHo Inntano da quefio primo regno di Senega, piu ananli ft trouaua vn' altro regno chiamato Gambra, nel quale raceontauano i Negri che veniuano condotti in Spagna trauarfi fomma d^oro grande, et cbe li Chrifliani (he iiii andajpno fariano ricchi. ( Ramulio, p. io6. D. ) III 'II 'Ml ,..f ■i^f im N 462 PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. Pafs Cape Veide. BOOK morning, as we were ftanding onward with a prefs of fail, two (hips ' appeared in the offing. It was evident they could only belong to a Chriftian power: we foon ncared them, and fpoke each other; when I found that one belonged to yltitomoy an experienced Ge- noefe navigator, and that the other had on board fome Portu- giiefe gentlemen in the fervice of Prince Henry. They pur- pofcd to pafs Cape Verde, and to explore the coaft beyond it: our intentions being fimilar, I offered to join them ; and we ac- cordingly failed together for the Cape, which we next day came in fight of, diftant thirty Italian miles from our laft anchorage. * " Having doubled ^ Cape Verdcy we fell In with three fmall un- inhabited * Iflands, not far from the Continent, covered with large trees, whofe green foliage was particularly ftriking. Being in want of water, we brought to oft' that ifland which appeared the largeft, and moft fertile, in order to fearch for a fpring ; but could find none to anfwer our purpofe. It was now the month of June. Having ? Cada Mojl'', in the following ckfcri'ption of Cape Verde, is again guilty of an error, and •feems not to have known that it was difcovered by Denit Fananife* in 1446, (p »i2.)-_ •• ^f/Io Capo Verde J! chiama cojiyptrck: i priim, cfi' d trouorono chefurono Porlogheft circa vn' ino auati ch' io fuffi a quelle parti, trouorono tutio vtrde Jl arbor'i grauM, ete eSlinuameteJlanno verS tutto il trpo dtW anno, it per quejla caufa It fu tntjo name Capo Verde, Ji come Capo Bianco quelle che not habb'tamo parlato per auati, qualfu trouato tulto arenofo, e biaco, quffto Capo Verde e moho lei capo, et alto di terreno, et bafopra la pula du* Wade, eio e due moticelli, et metiejt molto fuori in mare, etjopra il detto capo, et a torno dejofono molte habitationi de villani Negri, et cafe, di Paglia, tutte "pprefo la marina, et a vifta di quelli che pnjano, et fono quejli Negri anche del predetto regncf di Stnegn. et fopra il detto eapo fono aliune fecchc che efcono fuori in marforfevn tnezxo iniglio," { Ramufio, ibid. p. io6. E.)— Major Rennell, in his illuilratioit of the geography of Herodo- tus, notices this defcripticn of Cape Verde, and compares it with the following by Le Maire at a fubfequent period. (P. 725-) " This famous Promontory is named from the per- petual verdure of the adjacent country, aboi...:Jing with beautiful lofty trees. It is very idillingttiflmble in «oniing from the north, which fide is fomcwhat mountainous. The fouih fide, though low, is pleafaiit, the ftrand being adorned with long rows of large trees, ftnndinir as regularly as if planted by art."— See the engraving prefixed to chapter the third, for a view of this cape, which may be doubled within two miks. * 'i\MtK\i\K.t Mcgdalen,vix hirdt IJlanJ:. ' •' ^ VOYAGE OP CADA MOSTO. a55 Having fpcnt the remainder of the day in fifhing on the ifland, by Ch. II. § i. which means we procured a plentiful fupply, we proceeded on our ^ ""' — '-' courfe, keeping always in fight of land. I remarked, that beyond Gape Verde the land trends inward, fo as to form, a gulf, its Coafl: is low, covered with trees of the greateH: beauty and fize ; their green foliage is preferved throughout the year. This tra£k of fo- reft, which fecms placed on the verge of the ocean, extends to the diftance of a crofs-bow (hot along the (hore. It formed the n:o(l lovely view I ever beheld ! Though 1 have failed to many places, joth to- wards the eaft and weft, I never contemplated a more romantic fcene. The coaft i« interfered by many Rivers, too fmall for large (hips to enter, and therefore is not regarded. " When we ' had pafled this fmall Gulf, we found the Coaft inhabited by two nations called Barbaclni^ and Serreri ; Idolaters, who live In a perfect ftate oi nature without any reftraint from Laws, and are extremely cruel. Their colour is jet-black, with a comely form. Standing along, the coaft to the fouthward, with a fair wind, we difcovered the mouth of a large River, about bow_ (hot acrofs, with little depth of water. We called it // Rio di ^ Bar- hacinij as it is marked in the ' Chart that has been made of this coaft; the diftance from Cafe Verde v&ftxty miles. " We continued to proceed without interruption during day-light,, but anchored at fun-fet in ten or twelve fathom water, keeping about five or fix miles from the '" (hore. At day-break our courfe was t Ramufjo, ibid. CP' io6. F.> I" The minute Chart which Barbot has given {tl'id. p. \6.) of Cape VtrJe, with the enrranccs of the Senegal and Gambra, and their refpeftive foundings, afligns to the above river the name of Rio Borfalo. • The difcovery of this Chart which may moulder in ohfcurity at Venice, or Lifljon, di-- ferves the attention of fuch perfon» as vifit either of thefe cities. Tlie truth of its halving cxifted is here afcertained. Ill «« Tlie fea coafts from Byhurt, near the mouth of the river Senega, to Cape Venh, nre »cry little reforted to ; being all along foul, with many (hoals, and not to be ajipror.cheJ in many I*' a54 PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. BOOK was renewed, having always a man ftationed at the maft-head, and two on the prow, to obferve whether the fea broke on any flioals, or rocks. As we thus advanced, the mouth of another large River opened upon us, which did not feem inferior to the Senega. Struck with the grandeur of its appearance, and the rich woodland of the adjacent coafl: that fkirted the water's edge, we let go our anchors ; and held a confultation whether it would not be advifeable to fend one of the " negro interpreters afhore, with whom each {hip was provided. " It was accordingly determined to caft lots, refpeding the cara- vella whence a negro fliould be fele£ted for this perilous fervice • it fell to the velTel commanded by Antdtiio, the Genoefe com- mander. An armed Boat was immediately hoifted out, and the crew received orders, to put off as foon as they had landed the negro ; who was defired to gain every information he could re- fpedling the diftrift, and to enquire whether it produced gold. This unfortunate African had fcarcely left the beach, before the natives ruihed on him from an ambufli where they had lurked : after a fliort conference they were feen to fall on their vidim with their gomies, or Moorifh fliort fwords ; and they completed ' their murder before any afliftance could be fent. The little Squadron immediately weighed anchor, anxious to leave fo barbarous a region • and •many pavts. Tlie Frendi of Senega, and Goeiee, when they fail from the former of tlinfe places to the latter, generally (leer foiithwell by weft for feme hours; then fouth-wtft and then again loiith-wcllby fouth. the better to weather I'oiiit jllmadiila ; which is about a league to the nwihwarJ of Capi Ferde, running out to fea uorlh-welt under water, and confe- queiitly not to be fcen." {Harlot, ibid. p. i6.) ■> " Cadauno delli mjlri Nauilij haitfua titrctmaniu Negri, menat'i con not Ji Portogallo, qiial furon wnduti ptr quelU Signori di Saicgii a prim't Porlo^^he/'i,che vemicro afcoprire il detto paefe de Nevri: quejli fchiMt erano Jatl'i Chr'i;liani, el fnpeuano beit b lingua Spngnmla, ft la haueuamo hauutididli J'uoi padroni con patio di durii per fuo jUpemlio et Joldo vna tejla per vuo ii cerniria in lutlo il nojlro mile, et dando caiLwno di quejH turc'imanni quattro fchiaui alU padruui fuoi, loiogli lafcian franebi.^' (Rainufio, ibid. p. io6. A.) to ot \)<:> VOYAGE OF CADA MOSTO. S65 and continued their Voyage towards the fouth, keeping within CI1. II. § i. fight of land. Though this coaft was low, Cada Mojio obferves '*'t^''^'"^'fJ' : that it difplayed much beauty, and a rich woodland fcenery, as they advanced. A third River was foon difcovered, the entrance of which, in its narroweft part, was from three to four miles wide : here the fquadron came to anchor for the night ; and they refolved on the enfuing day to enquire whether they had reached the Gambra. Though Cada Mojto was a foreigner, it is fmgular, as " already remarked, that he fliould in fo many inftances betray great ignorance of the Portuguefe Difcoveries, previous to his prefent Voyage in the year 1455 ; more particularly when we confider the time he remained at Sagres with the Prince. In the year 1447, Num Trijlan " afcended the ample ftream of the Gambra^ and fell a memorable vidlim to the poifoned arrows of thofe Negroes, who cherifhed a ferocious independence on its banks. Probably the name of Rio Grandcy which it then received, mifled the Duke of Vifeo in his further fearch for the Gambra \ and confufed our Venetian Navigator. Yet the attentive reader will feel aftonilhed at finding no mention made by Cada MoJlo of the unfortunate Nuno and his brave followers ; efpecially as the Portuguefe, who now accom- panied the former, found the fame implacable animofity exifting among the natives. " Having ^ reached this River, which at its entrance is from fix to eight miles acrofs, we were induced to think it could not be any other than the long fought Gambra : we now therefore began to flatter ourfelves, that inexhauftible riches would be found on its banks, * Page 250, note f, and p. 262j note f. * Ramufio, ibid. p. 1 06. C. VOL. I. ^ See page 221, and note % m ;i. Mm J' p 1 . .JiiBH ; 1 kM- m H^Bj S»:, 266 BOOK 1. PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. banks, and that we fliould return laden with gold, or other valuable commodities. Accordingly the next day the wind being fcant, our fmall caravella was fent before well-manned as this vefTel drew but little water, with the following diredlions : * To explore the River as far as they were able ; and if they obferved any flioals at its mouth, to take the foundings : but fliould the river be found navi- gable for the other fliips, the caravella was to return, and make the fignal for them to follow.' Finding four fathom water at the river's mouth, the caravella brought-to, according to order. It was now judged prudent, as this veflcl was fmall, to difpatch a fecond armed boat, with fr';(h inftrudtions, to retire immediately in cafe of an attack from the negroes ; fmce the fole intention of the Voyage was to conciliate their friendfliip, and to open r commerce." The fubfequent treatment experienced by thefe Navigators, painfully deftroyed thofe mercantile hopes, which the too fanguine mind of Cada Mojlo had been eager to indulge. Their armed Boats proceeded alone for upwards of two miles, leaving the fmall cara- vella at anchor ; when, perceiving that the Courfe of llie river be- gan to ferpentine into endlefs windings, they judged it expedient to return. Three Almadias^ called by the Italians Zoppoll^ now ap- peared, as if to oppofe a retreat, neai the mouth of a fmall River that branched out from its parent dream. The fear of poifoncd Arrows, lent additional force to the humane Orders they had re- ceived ; and immediately giving way with their oars, they foon reached the caravella. The Negroes followed ; the fliglit of fo powerful an enemy probably increafed their boldnefs : they how- ever paufed within bow-fliot diftance of the fliip ; furveycd in gloomy filence the ftrange Intruders, and returned. Next morning, fo early as three c'cloc?:, the other caravellas, wlio feem to have been detained by the wind, got under weigh, and en- tered VOYAGE OF CADA MOSTO. 267 tered the River ; affifted by the current, and a favourable breeze. Cli. 11. § i. The fmalleft Veffel was ftationed ahead of the reft ; and in this ^'t''-"^'""^^'''- manner their fquadron afcended the river for four miles: when, on a fudden, a fleet of Almadtas appeared ftanding towards them, be- fore they could obferve from what part of the country thefe negroes had embarked. Preparations for defence were immediately made, and every precaution taken againft poifoned arrows. The negroes having reached the fhips, came under the bows of Cada Mofto's caravella, which had outfailed the reft : the enemy's force confifted of fifteen Almadtas of a confiderable fize, manned by one hundred and fifty Africans. " ', > Having formed into two divifions, the Negroes furrounded the Venetian's Caravella ; and then, raifing their oars, gazed with aftonifliment on his veffel. Their drefs confifted of a cotton fliirt> and a white cap ; with their military ornaments of a wing on each fide, and a feather in the middle. A negro appeared at the head of each canoe, with a fort of "^ leathern target on his arm. The Al- madtas remained ftationary, until the other two caravellas bore down to affift Cada Mojlo ; when immediately a ftiower of poifoned arrows was poured in upon the fquadron. In this critical jundure four bafilijks were difcharged ; and, for a time, the favage fierce- nefs of the negroes was reftrained by ftupefadion. The gunftones fell, as intended, at fome diftance from their canoes ; but, with the ceffation of firing, an attack from the enemy recommenced. This brought on a fevere chaftifement : the failors ran to their crofs- bows, and many Africans foon fell vidims to their own temerity. The furvivors, ftill undifmayed, changed their mode of attack, di- reding ' Generally made with the impenetrable hide of the hippopoiamut. M m a .'Sill a68 PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. BOOK re(Sling their whole attention to the fmall caravella ; which was im- — •., — perfedlly manned, and armed. They were a fecond time repulfed ; and on their retiring to a little diftance, the three veflels took that oppcfrtunity to form a more certain defence, by linking their fhips together, and fecuring them by an anchor. ' -■' Some negro Interpreters who were on board, now hailed the na- tives ; and after a confiderable time, one of their Almadias ventured to advance within bow-fhot dlftance. A fliort parley enfued ; but no profpeft of Trade, or promife of gifts to their chief, could appeafe the ftern fpirit of thefe vindidive favages. They however at length condcfcended to make a reply : Our Country is called * QThuv,Yik,. Our chief refides at the dijlatice of three days journey. We will not have any dealings with Chri/lians ; of tbetn^ and their tranfa&ious at Setiega^ we are already informed. Chri/lians are men eaters ! and only buy negro men to devour them. We defpife your friend/hip^ and anxioufy wifli for your de/lru£lion. At this inftant the wind began to frefhen ; and the caravellas immediately bore down on thefe re- fradory natives of the Gambra, who fled towards the fhore. Tiie three commanders then confulted about a fecond excurfion up this river, in fearch of tribes lefs ferocious ; but their refpedlive crews, impatient to return, loudly reprobated fuch an attempt. Their ihips were in confequtnce put about, and the fquadron fleered for Cape Verde^ on its return to * Spain. With the following remarks, the interefting narrative of the firft Voyage of Cuda Mofio is concluded : "Whilll • JolfiJii, in his voyage to the Gambra, fays, that he never heard the natives employ any other term than Gee, The Rivei. " '« Per rUoriuir col tiome J'l D'lo in Spagna" (Ramufio, p. 107. B.) Sucli is Cacla Mojlo's expreffion ; but as the fliip, and crew, belonged to Portugal, he mud in this place, as well aa in many others, have included the lutter country, under the general name of Spain, VOYAGE OF CADA MOSTO. i6(f " Whilft we remained off the mouth of this river, we faw the CB. n. § u fiortb "Jfar but once, and then at no great diftance from the ho- ^ "•I'xt'fif'b, rizon ; for on taking an obfervation in clear weather, it did not feem to be above the height of a lance from the furface of the fea. We alfo remarked at about the fame elevation, fix clear, luminous, and The Crof8» large Stars, which by compafs were found to lie to the fouth, and appeared in this form : * * * * We conjectured that this muft be xhQ/otitheni ' chariot ; but coul^ not perceive the principal Star, as we had not yet loft fight of that which " The Pole Star, a ftar of the fecond magnitude, near the North Pole, is in the end of the tail of Urfa Minor, or the Little Bear. Its mean place in the heavens for the beginning, of 1790, is thus given by Dr. Hutton in his Philofophkal DiHiottary. Right afcenfion - . . . Annual variation in ditto - - - Declination ... Annual variation in ditto - - - * Ptolemy formed out of 1022 Stars, forty-eight Corijlcl/adons. The IJokthiks, tic IJii/e Bear, the Great Bear, the Dragon, Cepheus, Bootes, the Northern Croion, Herctihs, the Ilarp^ the Swan, Cqffiopcia, Perftus, Auriga, Ophtucus, or Serpentary, the Serpent, the Arrozu, the Eagle, the Dolphin, the Horfe, Pegafus, Andromeda, and the Triangle. About the Ecliptic, Ar':es, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aqiarius, nnd Pijces. Southern, the Whale, Orion, the Eridanus, the Hare, the Great Do;;, the Li;ik Dog, the Ship, the Hydra, the Cap, the Raven, the Centaur, the irolf, the Altar, tl:.' Snuthcrn Crown, and the Southern Fl/h. From thefe Tycho Brahe formed forty-three, and omitticlj^Tif of the o\dfouthern conftellations, liecaufe, according to Dr. Hutton, he could not ablcrvc it cm on account of the high northern latitude of Uraniboiirg : to thsfe forty-three Tycho added the Coma Berenices, and Antinoua. After him Bayer gave the figures oifsty ; adding to Pto- lemy's forty-tight, the following twelve about the South Pole. The Peacoih, the Toucan, the (jane, the Phanix, the Dorado, the Flying Fi/b, the Hydra, the Cameleon, the' Bee, the Bird of Paradifc, the Triangle, and the Indian. Of the unformed Stars Royer made eleven other Con- Jlellatlons. Northern, the Giraffe, the River Jordan, the River Tigris, the Suptre, and /he Fleur-de-Luce. Southern, the Dove, the Unicorn, the Cross, the Great Cloud, the Liifk Cloud, and the Rhomboid. To thefe fome new ones were added by Hevelius ; and an effort 1% ha» 12° 3« 47" 3 + 88 II 8 '9'j I €m t-4| U..H[ - was approved by my companions." I* II. The T Some curious Remarls on the Tii'i/i^ht, wliofc various dui-ation In different parts of the globe is worthy of the navigator's obfcrvation, appeared in the Gentleman's Ma IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 ■^ liii 12.2 WUu Fhotografhic Sdences Corporation .«\^ V V 1.25 |||.4 III 1.6 « 6" ► 50^' <^ **» 4^ o\ ^^^' 33 WIST MAIN STREIT WEBSTIR.N.Y. MSM (716)S72-4503 > S7» so o •t; 1l fir.o PROGRESS OF DISCOVERT. K that two large ijlands were inftgbt ! This news circulated through- out the (hips ; and we returned thanks to God, for having thus providentially conducted us to Countries hitherto undifcovered : for I was confident they were perfeftly unknown in Spain. As I judged it probable they might be inhabited ; we flood towards one of them, in order to afcertain this fadl, and improve our fuccefs : having neared it, we kept along the coaft until a good roadfted appeared. The gale being now abated, a boat well manned was fent to afcertain if either inhabitants, or any traces of population, were vifible : our feamen pafled without fuccefs over a part of the ifland, and returned* However the next morning, to remove all poffibility of doubt from my mind, I fent ten other feamen armed with guns and crofs-bows ; who were ordered to afcend the raoft elevated parta of the ifland, and try whether they could difcern the fmalleft vef- tige of habitations, or any adjoining iflands. Not a fingle human being appeared ; but they faw flocks of pigeons who were fo ex- tremely tame, that our men had no difficulty in procuring a confi- derable number. They difcovered befldes three extenfive Iflands ; one to leeward towards the north which thofe on board could not perceive, the other two were in the courfe of our voyage towards ,. the fouth : fomething had alfo been feen by them at a great dif- . tance towards the weft, that made like another ifland. I however ■=* did not wilh to lofe any more time among defert fpots, which pro- bably were all uninhabited. — The fame of my having difcovered thefe four iflands^ in the courfe of time incited " other navigators to » Aniullng to tlie vo^Vigt a{ Antonio de Kul'i\x\ 1462. [Apptntlix, firt^e a8.) Mr. Loch places ihia voy,ij;c in I4C)0. (Ib'iJ, piigf 94.) As Caihi Mojlo \v;is unable to gire any furtlier account of tlic Cape cL Vtnk inaiuls, I liave fclcclcd tlic following principally from the Four years' Voyn^ex uf Cnplj'm George Roterts ; Lang af<.rici of uncommun events tuh'tch lefcl him in a voyage to the ijlivids of the Ciinar'ies, Cape Je Verde, and Barlndoet, whence he ivas hound to the Caajl of Guinea ; (an odavo volume, printed in I72(), containing 458 pages.) His dcfcription of I 'it CAt)A MOSTO's SECOND VOYAGE. *7S to explore the reft: who at length found, that they were ten m Cli. II. ^i. number; that they abounded In pigeons, and other birds ; and that ' their ihores were admirably calculated to form a lucrative Fifliery. ^ . • : " But of the Cape tk Verde TJlands occupies fixty-ei'glit pages, and is tlie mod valuable part of the work. An excellent fummary of the whole is given in yfjiliy's ColleU'wn (vol. i. p. 599.) with confiderable additions from Dampkr, Rarh'jl, PhU'ips, &c. forming one of the moll va- luable geographical trcatifcs in our langiuigo. Captain Roberts failed from London in Sep- tember 1721. The PortugiK'fe named tlitir difeovery Las Ilhas de Cabo Verwi: j they alfo gave them the general name of Las Ilhas Vfudk, from the green herb called Snrgoffb, rcfcm- bling water-creflcs, which floats on the water all rour.d ; and bears a berry, like the white goofe- berry. The Dutch call them the Salt JJlamh. They are ten in number, San Jarolo, or San Jago ; Mayo; Buona Fifla } Sal; Fogo ; Srava, S. Aico/ao ; Santa Lucia ; S. Vicente; and Santo /Inlaon. Some geographers reckon twelve, and others fourteen ; including four little Iflands, or rather Rocks — Ghuny, and Canteera, to the north of Brava, and Chaan, with Branca, to the weft of St. Nicolao. Three are uninhabited, namely Sal, St. Lucia, and St. Vicente. Ovington, in his Voyage to Sur at, feems to be under a millakc, when he aflTerts (page 38.) * that ten of the Ciipe de Verde ijlands, though confiderable, were not inhabited in 1689.* I. The firft Portuguefe Settlement was in San Jago, the largcft and moft fertile of any. This ifland, according to BeecLman in his voyage to Borneo,, is about forty-five leagues in length, and ten in breadth ; Dampier fays (vol. iv. p. 3. ) that the water is good, though trouble- fome to procure. By Roberts it is placed in fifteen degrees north latitude, and in fix degrees, five minutes, weft longitude from Cape de Verde. This ifland always remained in the king'* hands ; and enjoys the privilege of obliging all (hips to clear there, that trade by the north- ward of Sierra Leon to Guinea. There are four towns ; the capital which originally was called Cidada da Ribcira Grande, is now mor^ generally known under the appellation of the City of^i. jfago, or St. James. According to Dampier (vol. iii. p. 23.) it is faid that there are feveral fmall fugar works on this ifland, from which they fend home near an hundred ton every year. San Jugo received its name from Cada Mofto in 1456. — 2. Mayo, the great fait mart of the Englilh, was fo named by ylntouiode Noli; who followed the track of Cada Mo/lo, and took pofl"tirion of this ifland on the firft of May 1462. It lies, according to Roberts, ih fifteen degrees, twelve minutes, north latitude, and In five degrees, twenty-nine minutes, weft longitude from Cape Verde. This ifland is dry, and generally barren. Its fruits confift of figs, and water melons ; thty have alfo a fort ot vegetable, callavances, like French beans, and fome pumpions. The inhabitants procure only a fniall quantity of turtle. — 3. Boa Vista, called by the Italians Buonu Villa, by the Spaniards Uuena Viila ; firft feen and named by Cada Mojo, in 1456. The centre of this ifland is, according to Roberts, in (ixteen degrees, ten minutes, north latitude, and in live degrees, fourteen minutes, weft longitude ; originally the moft fertile of the Cnpe dc Verdes. The Vegetiilk Sione, whieli (lloots in ilcnis like the head of a cauliflower, or as eor.il, is produced in greater abundance in this ifl.uid, than in any of the reft. It alfo yields (ileuty of indigo. — 4. Sal, the windermoil ifland, is placed l>y Roberts in fcveiitten degrees north latitude, and five degrees, eighteen minutes, weft longitude N H 2 from i 1 a7<5 PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. B O O K « But to return to the more immediate fubjedt of my Voyage, --——^— "We left the above mentioned ifland {Buona Vijla) and, purfuing our courfe, came in fight of the other two, fituated in that diredlion; on from Cape Verde: by Dampier, in fisteen degrees north lutitude, and in nineteen degreei^ thirty-three minutes, longitude weft from the Li/.a'-d. It is molUy low land, covered with Hones. For about a month after the Rains, there is a running brook of fredi water, in the. Valley of Palmera ; but tlien it dries up : ho vevcr, until after Clirillmas, you may commonly get frefti water there, by digging a well a little above the palm or date trees. This ifland produces abundance of fi(h, turtle, and land crabs. — 5. Foco, or San Fellppe, lies, according to Roierls, about fixteen leagues from San Jago ; in fifteen degrees, twenty minutes, noitli la- titude, and in fix degrees, fifty-four minutes, weft longitude from Cape de Verdt. The above writer remarks that this Ifland, as well as that of Si. John, being little frequented by the Engli/b, are very incorreflly reprefcnted in our Charts 1 and that the Wcggoneri and PWoit of thofe parts are equally defedlive ; reprefcnting the coaft as very dangerous, ar.d the anchorage bad, which Captain Roberts found to be falfe. Fogo, or Fuego, is fo named from its tre- mendous volcano, which hat burll forth, fince its firll difcovery. It was formerly the great mart of cotton, until the plants were deftroycd by the drought. No running ftreams arc to be met with } the inhabitants, in fome places, are forced to go fix or feven miles for water. This ifland was feen by NoTi, on the firft of May 1461. — 6. Brava (or San Juan) from a Portu^ guefe word fignifying vnld, lies, according to Roberts, in fifteen degrees, twenty-five minutes, north latitude, and in feven degrees, two minutes, longitude weft from Cape Verde. The mountains rife one above another like pyramids. It produces pompion, water-melons, pota. toes, bananas, maiz, and feftioon ; and affords cows, horfes, affes, hogs, wild goats, and plenty of fifh. Captain Roberts found confidcrabl'e quantities of gold' among the rocks - fome of them glittered in the fun like burnilhed gold. — 7. San Nicolao is the longtft ifliind next to San Jago ; according to Roberts^ its harbour Par aghtfi" lies in fixteen degrees, forty- five minutes,, north latitude, and in fix degrees, fifty-two minutes, weft longitude from Cafe ile Verde. It confifts moftly of high land. The Monte Ghurda, on the north- weft fide, may be feen at nine or ten leagues diftance. Navigators may always water here, unlefs the rainy fen. fon has failed ; and even then the natives will bring water down on affes, for a trifle, from h valley about half a mile from the fhore. San Nicolao produces, bcfides the fruits already mentioned in Brava, mufk-mtlons, lemons, limes, with fwect and four oranges, and alfo fomc fiigar canes. 'J liis ifland formerly abounded with the trees that produce the gum called Sati' ^uis Draconis.—9i, Santa Lucia is defcribcd by Roberts as having neither water nor inhabi- tants, — 9. San Vicente is alfo mentioned by Roberts as being uninhabited. On this ifland, the grcaicll quantities of turtle and li(h are taken. Dapper fays, frefli water can only be pro. cured on the foulhtrn coafl. — 10. San Antonio, placed by Roberts in fcventeen degrees niiitttcn minutes, north latitude, and in eight degrees, two minutes, weft lonj;itude from Ci^' de Verde. Tills ifland lies more to the weft and north than any of the reft : it confifts of liiiri, Innd. Report has given it a filver mine ; it is alfo faid to produce abundance of indii-o »ndcottou. iStfn .//n/cn/o is fuppHed with innumerable ftreams, and therefore does not yii la I tu CAD'A MOSTO's SECOND VOYAGE. a77 on looking out for a fafe anchorage near the one that was covered Ch. IT. § » . with trees, we beheld the mouth of a river which ran through the ^'M"'"M't' iiland. As I here expedted to procure fome good water, our cara- difcovered. vellaa brought-to, and a boat was fent up the ftream : on landing HS^* they found lakes that contained remarkably white fait, of fuperior flavour ; and a confiderabie quantity was procured, with a fupply of excellent water. They alfo brought us a repaft of the Bifciefcudellare (turtle), the (hell of which was larger than a target. Some of the crew who killed and cooked them, affirmed they had already eat fuch in the bay oi yirghi, though they were not fo large. Gut of curiofity I ventured to tafte a morfel ; it feemed to relifh, and was not inferior to veal, which it refembled in point of whitcneft. We falted a great number, and they proved a valuable acquifitioa during. . our voyage. An aftoniftiing quantity of fifh was taken, both at the mouth of the river, and within the ftream : many of a 'fpecies that was entirely new to us, were large, and of a fine flavour. " We remained two days at this Ifland to refrefll ourfelves : and I may here obferve, that the firft' difcovered- was named Buona Vi.'ta (goodftght)y being the land we firft beheld in thefe parts^ To the ifland,. which appeared the largeft of all theyowr, we gave the to any in point of fertility. Spilbergen obferves, in his voyage through the Streights of Maeellan, 1614, " that the Cape de Verde iflands were wrong placed in the maps of that day even in fuch as were in thfc higheft tftlmation, placing them in 170 ; whereas they ought to be in 14" 30'." Captain W^oai/w Rogtrt, 17P8, places the ttn Cape de Verde iflands at the dillance of about one hundred and fiitty leagues to the weftward of Africa. — Ath'ms is of opi- nion that thefe iflands were formerly called Hef^trlda ; others fix the famous Cerne of aiUi- quity among them. • Damp'ur obferves, that the fea round Mayo was ftotked with dolphint, bonetas, niulhtt, ''nappers, filverfjh, &c. • Six dozen of great tidi, moft of tliem muUets of a foot and an half^ or two foot long, were taken in the feyne at one haul.' jlll'ms faya, tlut while hi; (liip lay- off the ifland of Mayo in 1721, they caught with lines, Ireams, or porgas,Jlip-jach, groupes, a rocifi/b, and ihe Jiw ^, which has a double mouth} the uppermoll is not iuieiidtd to fwallow food, hut is full of Air- pipes. !W D O O K I. Airive« rlT the Ganibra a fecund t.'nic. PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. •• the name of San Jacobo ; for on the day of that Saint we an- chored off its coad. " Every thing being fettled, as above-mentioned, we failed from thcfe four iflands and (leered for "^ Cape Vcrdc^ whence in a few days, God willing, we went by Spedegar within fight of land, to a place they call le due Pahne^ which lies between Cape Verde and the Senega. Having a correft knowledge of the land, we doubled the Cape at fome diftance ; and advancing at a grc;U rate, again reached the Gambra river. Our caravellas entered without hcfitation ; the negroes made no oppofition ; and, founding coiitin\iaIly, we. proceeded to follow its ftream during the day-time, whiHl fuch of the almadias as appeared, kept at a refpedf ul di fiance. About ten miles up the river we found a fmall ifland, a * modo d'nii poJcfine • here on a Sunday morning we came to anchor, and buried one of the crew who died of a Fever ; his name was Andrea : as he was much refpedlcd by every one on board, I called the ifland from him flfola di Santo yhidrea.''* .'A Our Navigators having paid this mark of refpeiSl to a dcferving feaman, continued to advance up the Gambra ; when they were again followed, though at a diftance, by fome of the Negro almadias. Frefli exertions were made on the part of Cada Mollo, and the Portuguefe, to obtain information ; and at Icu'jtli the ftubborn vindidive fpirit of the favagcs yielded to the mild forbearance of mariners, who emulated the Chrillian virtues of their Prince. One of the negroes came on board the caravella commanded by Cada bccuift of a great many Rctks aboi.: ;! funk imdcf water. « Mr. Green, in Aftley's Culkdtfoii, trandattsit, injlafe of a [moothin^irr.n ; and adds.tliat AllhuiiJili the dillance is not txaft, St, Jm-.c's IJland iemis to be here deferibed. CADA MOSTO'8 SECOND VOYAGE. 879 Cada Mq/ioy and at firfl: exprcflfed the fame aftonilhment as had been Ch. ii. § i. Ihewn by the tribe inhabiting the banks of the Senegal. /-'f't In anfwer to the queftions that were made, this Negro replied, " that their country was called ' Gambra, governed by a chief of the name of Foro/afigolif who lived at the diHiance of ten days' journey ; and was himfelf fubfervient to the king of Melli^ the great emperor of the negroes : that many inferior chiefs lived near the River, on both fides ; to one of whom, Battimanfa^ he offered to conduct the ftrangcrs, and to attempt a negotiation in their favour." The cara^ vellas accordingly proceeded, under the guidance of this friendly negro, to the refidcnce of Batt'tmanfa^ which, according to the com- putation of Cada Mojlo^ was full fixty miles if not more, from the river's mouth. The following Remarks among others, were on this occafion made by Cada Mojlo. In afcending the Gambra they fteered eaft, and found its courfe affifted by many tributary ftreams. The Gambra^ at the diftance they had then reached from its entrance, became confiderably narrower ; not being above a mile acrofs at the refidence of Batti- manfa. Cada Mofto offered this Chief the terms of an advantageous commerce, in the name of the king of Portugal ; and during the eleven days they remained in this part of Africa, fome degree of trade enfucd for flaves, and a fmall quantity of gold : they alfo pro- cured c'lvcty and civet Ikins. Whilft thefe tranfadions were carried on, the caravellas were crouded with negroes ; whofe cufloms and mode of life offered but little variety from thofe that have been al- ready mentioned. Cada MoJlo was particularly flruck at theaftonifli- ing girth of one of the trees : its height was only twenty paces, whilft the circun^forence of its trunk, near the root, was feventecn cubits : - there v.'as alfo other timber whofe dimenfions even exceeded this. Gimm't" ' Ramuflo, ibid. p. 108. C. •6c TROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. •BOOK Guumimetifa^ one of the inferior chiefs, gave Coda Mofto fome pieces ■ ■■ ■ ' of an Ele[)hant that had been hunted, to carry to Europe ; who on his return prcfented the hair, and fome of the falted fle(h, to the Duke of Vilcd, a gift at that time of rare value. A foot of the lame animal, three fpans and an inch in the folc, was fent by this Vene- liaftf with a tooth of ivory twelve fpans in length, to the Dut- cbrfs of Burgundy. Cada Mollo notices the cxiflencc of the °^;- lorfe (hippopotamus) in the Gambra^ as being firH fccn by Chrifti- ans « C.ida Mofto's early dcfcnption of this animal in 1456, (ho'.ilil not lie omitted by natinnliftj ; o\ir knowledge of tlie Hippopotamut wai afterwards fiifFercd to remain dormant for tlirtc een. tiiriea. Tho igli known to the antients, the Venetian navigator fpeaks of it as a non iLfcript, and calls it Pifce caiiallo. " ^fHo animate i Ji natura quaji tie! v:cchio marino, die hora Jla in aequa, et hora In terra : ei de tutii dui q/li eltmeli Ji nuirifcf, el e tfi ijla forma, if corpo ^ramh come tna vatca, et corto Ji gait, ha It piedi fejji, et la ttfia ha forma di cauallo co duoi dcii ^r'uH, vno p lalo, a modo di poreo cinghiale, quali,font molta grandi: el ne ho vi '0 da duoipfdiiii. ct piu lunghi allejiate. quejto animale efce deW acqua, et va fii per la riua come bijlia quadrupsdc, laqual non ft Iroua ill allre parti doue nauiga per Hoflri hriftiani, per quanio ha poluto inlendere.fe non per vm- t:4ra nd h'ilo. ' (Ramiifio, ibid p. '09. C.) -The generic charadlcr of this extraordinary Animal, whofe hidory has been but la ely elucidated by Dr. Sparmiinn, (loionel Gordon, Mr. Mnjon Mr. Brue, and M. Faillant\ is thni given by Z>r. Shapt in his General Zoology, (Vol. ii. part ii page44l.). Front tirelh in eaJi jaw four : the fuperior oneijlanding dillaiu, ly pjirt : the inferior proininenl, the two middle ones longejl. i anine leelh folitary, ibofe of the Iwjuer jdto extremi'ly I'rge, kng, e'L'ved, and obliquely truncated. Feet armed at the margin with fniir bocfi. " "Vixi hipit po: im'is is chiefly fou d in the middle parts of Africa, inliabitiig larjje rivers and trjveiiUy Ti U as lun through countries overfhadowed by large forells j walking aVout at the biittoiu, and raifing itfclf at intervals to the furface, for the purpufe of rtfpiratiua. it is f mxiiincs lecii tvcn in liie fea, at fome diilance from the mouths of rivers: it will not dr! ik. f;clt w.'ur, and doen n t prey on fifh, or indeed live on any kind of anim.il food. Their flcfli i;i rLCkoiie.l (jond by the Afrieant, and the fat is faid to.be a fine Kind of lard. But it is ti.i'.fiy on ucc "lit of the teeth, and more particularly of the tnlks, that this animal is killed ; t!it.irliaril.n;f. being fuperiur to that of ivory, .it the fame time that thty are not fa fubjeato >,ccoin'.' y llo.v. Tile largcft female hippupoUwius V.\\\<:>\h)- tohnel Gordon, was about eleven i"tet l)n;;, and the larged ciale about eleven feet, eight iiciies. . Mr. Hrucc fix-aks of hi.jpo-i >. tami ill vile lake T^mi of more tlian twenty feet long. Sfnuini thinks that two 1. eofes ix\\\, une of whi.li confines itfelf to rivers, and frcfli water; and the other to tiie ica. 'J'wclve oxen have been fjund neee.Tary to draw one afiiore which lud been fh.>t." /// Aav*. t,tn:i. calkd at the Cape ol" Good Hope Sca-Convs, are not found in any of tlie Afii.a.i li- vu-s whiL-ii ni.i !n'o the Meiiiterr.ineiin, excep: the Nile} and even there only i:i Uj)])cr Kgvnt, *,.J i:; the feiis .ind lakei of Ethlopiit w^ieh that river piiiei t'lyo igii. CADA MOSTO'8 SECOND VOYAGE. aSt ans in this voyage; unlefs, as he adds, fome had previoufly been Ch. Ii. f i. obferved in the Nile. Before the caravellas left the Gambra^ the . ' ' ■ crew were afle^ed with the " fever of that country, and muft have fuffered fevercly from its effects. " The unhealthy atmofphere of this part of Africa, did not allow us to make any long (lay at the porto di Manfuy in Sigmr Batt't' man/as province ; we accordingly left the river, and reached the \ ocean in a few days. Having at this time a plentiful fupply on board of every thing necefl'ary for the profecution of our Voyage ; we confidered that it was incumbent on a fquadron, confiding of three caravellas, and already advanced fo far, to attempt fome other difcoveries towards the fouth : every one was iroprefled with the force of this opinion ; and accordingly, about the third day from our leaving the river, we took the advantage of a favourable breeze, and fet fail '. The coaft at firft ftretched for a conftderable diftance to the fouth fouth-wefl, as if it terminated in a cape ; we fleered wefterly in order to give it a good birth, the land was low, covered with large and beautiful trees ; but as foon as we were well out at fea, we perceived that this headland did not project into a " cape : we however kept well out, as we obferved the water agitated by ■:^ ...'■■■ ^ Tlie bed account which I have met witlk of thit dreadful diforder, appears in Dr. Robtrt- foH*t Obfervalkns on Fevtrs, and other difeafes which occur on voyages to Africa and the Wejl Indict (4to. 196 pages, 179s). The original work appeared many years before, under the title of a Phsficcd Journal, &c. Some extrafts will be prcfented to the •■ :(t n ill a8i PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. BOOK I. 1;>y breakers, at the di (lance of more than four miles from the fliore. I alfo immediately Rationed two men on the prow, and one at the mad-head, that they might keep a good look out for (hoals, and fand-banks. We only failed during the day, and even then with great caution, fetting but little canvas ; our fquadron always an- chored at fun fet, and it was determined by lot which caravella took the lead on the enfuing morning. Thus we proceeded for two days, without ever lodng fight of land. " On the third, the mouth of a river was difcovcred, about half a mile acrofs ; and towards evening we opened a fmall gulf, which feemcd to be the entrance of another river. . As it was growing late in the day, our caravellas brought-to ; but on the next morn- ing we entered the gulf, and found it was the mouth of a river not much inferior to the Gambra. The banks on both fides were clothed with trees of a luxuriant growth, and as ufual of a (Iriking verdure. Two armed boats being fent with interpreters for infor- mation, on their return acquainted us, that it was called la fum mara di Cafamanfa : it lies at the diftance of tw^enty-five leagues, or an hundred miles, from the Gambra, With this intelligence we next day fet fail ; and following the direction of the coaft came to a cape which, according to our reckoning, was about twenty miles from the above river. This Cape is rather more elevated than the reft of the land, and fhews a red front, which induced us to name it ' Capo Rojfo. We next reached the mouth of another large river. • " This Cape," according to Burbot (ChurchiU'j Colled, vol. v. p. 8 1 . ) " was known to the antients by the name of Ryssadium Promontorium, and is eafily obfervcd from the fca- ward, by a fmall grove near to it, and by the coaft, which runs from it eaft fouth-ead, bting in twelve degrees, forty-two minutes of north latitude. Before the cape, there is from iix to nine fathom water, muddy and fandy ground, for fome leagues off to the weftward ; but tlofer up to the fiu.th part of the cape, and fo failing along it towards the eaft fouth-ea(l, four and five fathom, in the clianncl, by the Portugutfe called Canal de Janiaret ; on the fouth-fide ai which is a bank of fund, called Ba'ixes dc Jqm da Coimira, or John of Cuinnbra's Shoali> ; • . and CADA MOSTO'i SECOND VOYAGE. aSj about bow-(hot acrofs, but having no inclination to enter it, con- Ch. II. f i. tented ourfelves with giving it the name of // Rio di Santa Jna. A f'^*"/"*'//'*; little further on, we faw a fmall river nearly of the fame width as Santa Ana^ to which we afligned the name of il Rio di San Dominica ; fituated, according to our eftimation, between fifty-five and fixty miles from Capo Rojfo. " As wc thus continued our progrefs along the coaft of Africa, Rio Gmnde another day's failing brought us to the entrance of a moft majeftic ^jSr"**' river ; fo majedic, that all at firfl imagined it muft be a " gulf. The beautiful verdure of trees which clothed its fouthern fide was plain- ly vifible ; though it could not be lefs than twenty miles acrofs, for the paiTage took us a confiderable time. When we at length had gained the oppofite (hore, fome Iflands were obferved to make in the dillant ocean : this alone induced us to feek for fome know- ledge and on the north fide a long ridge of rocks under water, jud before jingra di Falulo, a bay to the eallward of Cabo Rono. Ponla Vtrmelha ii fome leagues to the eaftward of Cafe Roxo, fo named by fome Portuguefe ; and by others of the fame nation Bamirat Ftrmtlbai / but by the Dutch, Rugge hoed, there being (hoals about it ott at fea. Thefe Capes fliow at a diilance like iflands in the fca, and the Shore all hilly All the Coaft between Cafe St. Mary «t Gamboa, and Cape Roxo, is very foul and dangerous. It is cut through by feveral rivers, the chief whereof is the Rha, by the Portuguefe called RhA(U'>( mixing its waters with the ocean at three feveral mouths. This river is by others called Cafamanfa, and has the town of Jara on the north bank, two leagues up it from the fea." '" " It was called the Rio Grande" fays Barb»t (ibid. p. 84. ) " becaufe of its widenefs. ... According to fome antient geographers, there was once a place called Porlui Magnus, or the great harbour, on the north-fide, near the mouth of it. — (P. 89.) Rio Grande is fo little fre- quented by Europeans, except fome Portuguefe, tliat there can be no particular and exaift dcfcription of it given. All we know in general i«, that the mouth is very wide, and reaches far up into the country. Tiie principal reafun why this River is fo little known to fea-faring people, i» its being inhabited on both fides by wild, favage blacks, little acquainted with Trade ; who have often inlulted fuch as have been forced to put in there, either for want of provifioiis, or fome other accident. Bcfides the tide runs out extremely rapid, and the En- trance is much encumbered with fands and flioals; and there ia realou to believe that fome Ships have perifljed there, and others been affaulted by the natives, who wear long collars of oil ropes about their necks, which it is likely they have had from fuch vcffels as have been call away, or they have plundered." O O 2 2^ PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. BOOK ledge of the Country ; and wc accordingly came to anchor for the L — night. On the enfuing morning two almadias ftood towards us; and though one of them was not fo high ahove the water as a cara- , vella, yet it was equal in point of length, and contained more than thirty negroes, whil(\ the other held about fixteen. As they feemed * to approach with confiderabic eagernefn, we prepared for an onfet* but when they had fufliciently neared the (hip, they raifed an oar to which a white cloth refembllng an handkerchief had been at> tached, as if to demand fecurity : we anfwercd them in a fimilar manner, upon which they came alongfide, and were immediately foU lowed by other almadias : the negroes gazed in a(loni(hment on men with white ikins, and in equal amazement furvcyed the con(lru£lion and rigging of our Veflels. The Interpreters tried in vain to make themfelves underftood, fo that all hope of gaining information was "^ * abandoned : we could only purcha(ie a few gold rings by barter, the value of which was afcertained by figns. Our flay at the mouth of this river, or Rio Grande^ did not exceed two days ; during which the north Jiar was feen to appear very low. We had now ad- vanced into regions where our interpreters found themfelves utter ftrangers to the language ; concluding therefore that our proceeding further on the voyage coold not be produdive of any advantage, we at once determined to return "." Cada Mofto in concluding this Voyage, makes fome * remarks on the irregular Tides, and violent Currents that prevail in this part of ,. the * PuRCHAi, in hi« fifth volume, which coiitainfi a Geooraphicall Historie of Asm ' AtRicA, AND America, WITH the adjacent Islands ; when Aticx'\h\i\g\\\t land of hrgroet^ givei an abftiHA .of the/5^ andjttond Voyagtt »/ Cada Mojo, with cxtraai from otiier aiitirnt navigatora (page 809). " In qHcjlo luoeo Irouammo vna grande eontrarirta, tie nonfi trvoua altrout, ptr quanta ho totuln inlmdtr : eh f che factndofi in tjutjio luoeo Marta di aequo montane, et xofant, eomtfi/u a Fintlia . et iiuutio Ufonente, et doue in ogni luoeo la erefeefii tore, et tola altre/ei, qui la crtjee hore qualtro, it ealla otto, et e lanio tjmfelto delta correntbia della delta marea, quando la comincia a ere/cere die CADA MOSTO'i SECOND VOYAGE. ««5 the Atlantic, and which expofcd thefe early navigators to confiderabte Cli. II. s i. danger. On leaving the Coaft they difcovered two large Iflands, '^ " '^•^** and uli'o feme rmaller ones lying about the diAance of thirty inilea from the continent ; afterwards called the ' Hijfagos IJlands^ which were at that time inhabited : the appearance of the country is de- fcribed as being low, covered with large and beautiful trees, of the ' lame Ariking verdure, as thole which adorned the adjacent con- tinent. But here again their interpreters failed them, and they in confequcnce left their Difcovery to be explored by other Europeans. In tit i quafi inereJibik, ptrche tri anchort, fer proua a fenttt tl con falUa tie potemtM Itntre, it Ixirafu (hi la torrenthla tii feci fur vela per forma, tt nonfenza ptr'uolo, perthi fhaueua motto piuforxa the b villi to'lvinlo. ( Ramufio, ibid. p. i lO. B.) f Or Bijbi, and i7/» they alfo formed the principal part of ' Laial'i jtfriqui OcciJinlaU. The Siiur Brut failed from the French FaAoryt jUirida, to the ii]e of fiiffiio, on thciiil of Fcbiuary 1701. He confine* the number of the ^n mofa, which is the largcll | BiAaeboka ; Bafaghe ; JVarangbe, &c. C'lofer in (hore, betweeu the Rio di San Doniinico, or river of Kachae, and the Rio Gramk, lie Thi thru Iflei ; with the larger iflauds of Buffi, or Boy^ j Bijao 1 and Buhm. According to Barbot (ibid. p. 86.) « the lllia rormofii, or beautiful ifland, ii called by the Spauiantt, {flu di Fernan Pa, becaufc he difcovered it. Some Navigators declare, there are near t'tghly iflands called B'ljpis between Cape Reno, and Rio C7r parted from the mail) L>y tin Kiver jinaluy, as are alfo two other iflands near it. About two leagues from the ifland of Bojp, is the ifland by the French called dei Biffiaux. The bctl ruad for fliip^ to ride before the town of Uiflos, in this ifland, in juil oppolite lo the parifli thui vh, not above au Englifti mile from the fliore, oofy ground ; but nearer the fliore is better anchorage, where fliipa of fixty guns may ride fafe : this place by tlir rrench is called Port Bifeaux. Thesi Islands are very fruitful, though covered with wood, being every where watered with fevcial llreams and rivulets J and producing palm- wine, palm-oil, and many other forts of refrefli- nients. The Country i» flat and low ; only here and there are hillocks and arable ridgct at foiiiedillance liom ime another. The foil is fo good, thai any thing grows with liitle la- bour ; fo that there is plenty of riee, honey, wax, and Guinea pepper. The Frauh Sciuga Company began to trade hither in 1685."— A Settlement 011 the fame humane principle witit that formed at Sierra Leone, was made by Mr. Dalrympk on the ifland of Bulam j but wa» found im^rafticable, and in coiiftciueucc abandoned. 286 PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. BOOK In the following devout reflexion Cada Mojio records their fafe '- arrival in Portugal, and his own ideas of the perils they had en- dured : — di It part en do venimmo verfo le parti no/ire de Cbriftianiy alle- qua/i per molte giontate nauigammo^ tanto che Dio per mifericordia^ quando le placque ne condujfe a btion porta. Extent of Cuaft dif- covered by the Duke «f Vifeo. With the SECOND voyage oi Cada MoJlo the Difcoveries of the illuflrious princCs Henry Duke of Vise o, appear toclofe; and for a feafon, the maritime fpirit of Portugal was palfied by his death. Ramufto indeed, as already obferved, was of opinion that he fettled the ifland of St. Thomas ; and ' MicMe is inclined to think that fome of Henry's commanders pafled the equinoctial line. • It was the cuftom of his failors to leave his motto, Talent de bienfaire^ where- cver they came j and in 1525 Loaya^ a SpaniHi captain, found that device carved on the bark of a tree in the IJle of St. Matthew^ in the fecond degree of fouth latitude.' Hiftory unfortunately throws but little, if any light, on the remainder of this valuable life : the fpace of feven years after the return of Cada Mojlo^ leaves only room for conjedure and uncertainty, refpeding the aftual extent of African coaft difcover^d under the immediate aufpices of the Portuguefe Prince. ' Dr. Vincent^ the learned ancient geographer of the prefent age, obferves, that although fome progrefs is fuppofed to have been made, as far fouth as the Equator, during the lifetime of the Duke of Vifeo ; yet that Cape Verde may be confidered as the limit of his difcoveries. — With due deference to his opinion, I have endeavoured to remove this limit at leaft to the Rio Grande; and am rather inclined to think that it may be extended itill further to Cape ,' '■•^" ■' ^. .,.>,,,,.... _..:.,;,. T.v,..,^r- Verga, % Hiftory of the Difcovery of India prefixed by M'lclk to his Tranflation of the Lufwd (vol. i. p. Ij8. 8vo. ed.). ' Periplus of the Erylhrean, page 193. CADA MOSTO's SECOND VOYAGE. aS; Verga^ or to whatever is confidered as the northern boundary of the Ch. ii. % i. Sierra Leone country : the liberal mind of Dr, Vincent^ will I am — *-^ '• confident rather approve, than be difpleafed at this remark. From the year 141 2 to 1456, we have ample evidence that the navigators whom Duke Henry had formed, continued to purfue the track, which his original and daring genius had pointed out, for the attainment of a maritime fupremacy by Portugal. The exa£t period of this prince's death , as well as the time of his birth, is diffi- cult to afcertain ; but if de Barros is followed, I may be allowed to affign this melancholy event to 1463. The Duke of • Vifeo died at Sagres in the fixty-feventh year of his age, and lies buried with his father in the church oi Batalba. .. ./I _../(. : . . ■< » The Charadler of this renowned fon diyohn tbejirji^ and Pbilippa Charaacrof of Lancqfter, difplayed a brilliant aflfemblage of thofe virtues for vifeo. ° which the Portuguefe and Britijh nations hav«: been renowned. On the military heroifm of the former, a paffi 1 for maritime enter- prife was engrafted ; and the fame fpirit which had refcued Lufitania from the oppreffion of the Moors, was confirmed in the bofom of Henry, by the refolution, and determined perfeverance of the houfe of Lancqfter. The mind which he had thus received, was . i,. - ,.. - height- • Some curioCty may have arifen in the reader's mind, refpefling' the city whence the it- hiftrious Henry derived his title to the Dukedom of Vised. We learn from Mr. Btawet, in his Hiftory of Spain and Portugal (page 83.) that it was a capital City, fituated in the heart of a province io called ; and is fuppofed to have been built from the ruins of the antient Facca, by command of the Pretor or Proconful, Dcclus Brulus, who ordered it to be founded on a greater eminence, than what the old city occupied. From the dominion of the Romans, Vifeo, or Fifta, pafled fucceflivcly under the power of the Survi, Goths, and Moort, with the other cities of Spain. The Moors conquered It five feparate times ; and it was as often re- taken by the kings of Leon and AJlurias ; its lad deliverer being Fernamh the Great, who took it from the Kings of Cordova, on the 28th of June, 1038, ,.,ter a fiege of eighteen days. Fifty- fix years previous to this event, it had been conquered by the famous Almanfor in 982. This city becoming fubjcft to Portugal, King Alphonfo Henry gave it a charter, which was confirmed by Sancho ihefrfi in 1187. It always remained united to the crown, until the reign of 'fohn thefrft. 388 BOO 1. PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. K heightened by the energy of devout principled, and ftrengthened by — the early dirciplihe of education. In this manner was formed, to ufe the expreflion of a learned prelate, A genius of the high ORDER '. At an early age Henry devoted himfelf to folttude, and refleiftion ; and with a fingular prediledtion, when chivalry ftill prc- ferved its influence, ventured to prefer the maritime to the mili- ' tary charader ; until he r ^ length refcued the former from that vile negled into which had fallen, by promoting the mono- polies of trade, and difplaying the cruelties of piracy. The ma- ritime fchool of Sag res awakened the nations of Europe to a ienfe of their real interefts j and the wooden walls of Portugal arofc as impenetrable bulwarks, to prevent a fecond " night of darknefs from overwhelming what yet remained of ancient fcience, and claflic learning. ' » But to approach nearer to this illuftrious Prince, and to con- template his " portrait as preferved in hiftory. — His limbs were l«rge and ftrong, and his complexion fair j his demeanour united in an eminent degree, the mild ferenity of a good Chriftian, with the firmnefs that is derived from experience, and reflection. To perfons unacquainted with his charaAer, the dignified features of Henry would fometimes impart an idea of that feverity, which diftinguifhed his illuftirious grandfather Pedro the just : for when provoked to anger by the machinations of envy, or the fpleen of malevolence the fternnefs of this Poriuguefe Prince was dreadful to behold. His magni- « BiAiop Hurd, in his Life of Warburton (p. 8j). " See in the Appendix Dr. Robertson's Ob/ervationt on the Di/covery of tin Cape of CoaJ Hope (p. 215}. « An engraved portrait of the Duie of Vifeo, wliich is extremely fcarce, was in the poflcffion «f the Marquis D'Almeida ; but for the fudden return of that nobleman, a copy of it would have been here inferted. LafUeau has given a Portrait, but no reference is made to the origi- nal, or print, whence it was taken. Dt Barrot, who was born at yi/io, in his defcription of THE Duke, feems to have had an original picture before him. PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. aS9 magnificence appeared in whatever promoted the good of his Ch. II. i i. Country ; in all that concerned himfelf Henry was plain, fimple, ' ' and averfe from parade. To an uniform zeal for Chriftianity he united an ardent third for general knowledge ; and though he always pre- ferred the ftudy of the facred writings, he explored and increafed the various fources of polite literature, and became a proficient ia thofe Sciences which are! connected with maritime purfuits. To a retentive memory, and great abilities, he unitecl unwearied applica- tion ; and (hewed the world what the perfeverance of a fingle indi* vidua! may accompli(h in the fpan of human life, who like him invariably and impartially exerts Lb talent de bien faire. ^ii- hi ■ i >■(•* •i iVr',- '«: :' ..««*(• .7 ■ .'•r.U., ,, i-B ■^■-"•ff* VOL. I. PP 999- B.OO, K I PROGRESS OF SECTION II. Pf^r*ft t/Difcintirj M th* W*/Urn Caqfi t/A/riea, fram Copt Verga i$ Copt Cathtrintt tkt utmofi pmnt rtaeifd during tht reign (fAIphonfo the fifth.^-Illuftratlvt ebfirvatitns of o Portufutfe pilot, Pedro de jCintrm's voyi^t. Death of Alphenfo. J>jHN the second. Settlement of St. George del Mina.—Ntw grant from the Pope.—Lourenzt de' Medici.—' Congo difioveredt \J^9/^.-^EmhaJy to Edward the fourth of England. huffeSual attempt of Juan da Li/btd to gain information over land reJpeiKng Jndla^ Voyage of Bartholomew Dia*.—Travelt of Pedro de Cox'illam, and jflpionj* da Pajva. The CapOr douUtd ^ Diaz.'—Columhu.i— Death of John the feeond, — Hydrographical Obfervationt, Fathbr op Storms I then let thy Tempefts roar O'er Seas of folitaiy amplitude : Man, the poor tenant of thy rocky fliore, Man, thy terrific Eapin hath fubdued i And though thy ftorms tofs his nigh-founder'd Bark Where no dim watch-light gleams, ftill he defies Thy utmoft rage, and in his buoyant Bark Goes on, regardlefs of the dark'ning fkies ; . And o'er the mountain-furges as they roll. Subdues his deftin'd way» and fpeeds from Pole to Pole. BoviBl. Xni military ardour dlAlpbonfo thejifib^ and the zeal with which he fupported his pretenfiohs to the crown of Caftile, occupied the conclution of a reign, whofe principal glory was derived from the Difcoveries of the Duke of Vifeo : their progrefs experienced a con- fiderable check by the death of that illuftrious prince. Alpbonfo however was not inattentive to the trade which his uncle had been the means of opening with * Guinea-, about the year 1455, ; -^ « confiderable ■ Guinea, or Ghinmy, is a name unknown to the natives, and only in ufe among Europeans, having been firft impofed by the Portuguefe ; probably, fays the learned editor of Aftley's 14 „ ^. colkdUon. ■ _ " * » " MARITIME DISCOVERY. »!H tonfldcrable quantities 6f Gold had been imported from The Coaft ; Ch. Ii. % t. and on the 15th of Auguft, 1470, this monarch purfued his favourite ^- ■■- — ^ fcheme of eftabliihing a maritime frontier on the weftern fliore of Africa, He accordingly embarked with a fleet confiding of up- wards of three hundred ihips : having weathered out an heavy gale off the Coaft of Barbary, he proceeded to Arzihy a ftrong fort on the Atlantic^ and carried it by ftorm. The renowned exploits of Alpbonfo in Africa,^ were probably the firft that called forth the in- genuity of Europeans on tapeftry ; but his ambition was further gratified by receiving, like another Scipio^ the appellation of Afri* caitus ', with an additional title, Lord of the Coqfts on both Seas, During the year 1479 a Commercial Treaty was figned on the Ouima ;A fourth of September at Akazovest between Ferdinand of Ca/iUe^ and i^^^^' . . .! Afpbot^ king of Portugal, by which the trade with Guinea, and the navigation of hs Coaft, with the conqueft of the kingdom of Fe%^ were guaranteed to the latter; and by the fame treaty the Co* nary IJks were affigned to Spain. It i» extremely difficult, if not abfolntely impoifible at tlus difhince Extent sf of time, to afceitain the exadl year, in which the remaining Islands covered! ' that lie off the weftern coaft of Africa, from Rio Grande^ to its fouthern extremity, were progreffively difcovered. We h^ever learn, that Alpbonfo had fanned out the Guinea trade in 1469 for five years, to Fernando Gome%^ at the rate of five hundred ducats, or about one hundred and thirty-eight pounds ; who alfo entered into an engagement, during the fame period, to extend the progrefs of dif- covery eoUedion, lirom the country of GhbneKoa, mentiorted by Lto and Marmol, which firft oe« cuncd on the fouth fide of the Sanaga. The Portugutfe divided Guinea into the upper and the ibterr; as divided by the equator, making the fouthern portion extend to Cabo Negro ; and tbia divifion hat been admitted by the Royal Societici both of London and Paris. (See ^ lo/, p. 4, and 5.) pa' h J. > /it ♦» '4. ' rv\ -I* «9a PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. Aiithoritiet relative ta thcCoaft. BOOK Jive hundred leagues towards the foutbward. In 1471 yuan de '""■■ ' SantareUf and Pedro de Efcobar^ according to Martnol^ difcovered the Oro de la Mina On the Gold Coaft, and advancing dill further with their two celebrated Pilots Martin Fernandes of Lifbon, and ^Ivara EJleves of Lagos, reached Cabo Catalina or Cape St. Catherine; the difcovery of which is by fome afligned to Sequiera, a knight in the royal houfehnld. This promontory, fo named from the day it was firft obferved, forms at the diilance of thirty-one leagues from Cah de Lope Conzalves the northern limit of the great kingdom of "CoMOO ; whofe coaft thence extends in a curve to CaBo Negro it8«fouthern boundary. Of the different writers, who have endeavoured to give a correal account of the Difcoveries of the Portuguefe on the weftern Coaft of Africa^ Emmanuel de Faria y ' Soufa deferves a particular attention* This celebrated hiftorian, in his Afia Portuguefa^ has recorded alt the Voyages of his countrymen from their firft attempts, to theic developement of the remote parts of China and Japan ; and the cu-> rious reader will moreover be gratified by jlinding at the clofe of this maritime hidory, among other valuable articles. An account of all the Jbips that failed from Li/bon to dif cover the coajls of Africa^ and AJia^ with the annual trading Jbips ^ from the time rf prince Henry^ until the year 1640. But this hiftorian was himfelf unable to afcer- tain the date of many important events ; nor have his labours removed the uncertainty, of which even de Barros "had complained, refpeding the firft difcovery of the ijland of St, Thomas, An ample account of the line of coaft, from cape Verga to cape St. Catherine^ which after the death of Duke Henry was frequented during the remainder of AIphonfo*s reign, is given by Dapper^ and Barbot ; whofe obfervations are chiefly taken from the traody, like the adjacent Coall, which in a large femicircle extends to the S> E. to C«^fetup thettadeof turniog Ivoiy, and making revenlurefular* tide*, ei^cially combi, for wkich they grew famons, and ftiO contione fot— The fVtmi fuinded Hh C§0i «f 4Araoo the Gold Coaft in 1383, and poifeflcd it until 1484 % but daring tha Civil Wan in Franct, which lafted eighty-one years, from 1380 to 1461, the Frtntb were fo diftraded and impoTeriflied, that the Normaiu were obUged to give over trading to Gmnea, and abandon all their fettlementt ; which were afterwards poflefled by the Portugiup, Dutch, Engm ^, Dana, and CourlanJers. The account given by RMe, who fixes this difcovcry by the French in i3 is u follows^ '** Some Merchants of D'upfe having made feveral Trading Voyages to Caft Ftrdt, and fiir. ther on to Seflro Pant, on the Pefper Coqfi of Guhta in the year 1364, during die reign of Cbar/tt lbej!ftb, king of France ; in the year 1382, undertook, in conjunAion with other meichants of Rouen, to fend three Ships to make further Difcoveries along that coaft. One «)f them, calkd the Vii^in, ran as far as Commendo, and thence to the place where the town of Miua (lands, fo called, either from the quantity of gold they procured by trading with the blacks, or their concluding that the country was very rich in Gold Minit. Next year, 1383, they built there a ftrong houfe, or fadory, in which they left ten or twelve men to fccure it ; and were fo fortunate in improving their fettlement, that in 1387, the Colony being contider. ■biy enlarged, they built a chapel to it, and had a very good trade with the natives until the year 1413; when by occafion ot the Civil Wars in France, the ftock of 4hefe Adventurers being exhaufted, they were obliged to quit not only Mina, but all their other fcttkmcnts at S^n» Par'it, Caft Monte, Sierra Ltona, and Capt Vtrde" As a farther proof that the French founded the caftte at Mina, they alfo alledge (Bartoft p. 1^1.) that notwithftanding the many revolutions, which have happened there in pad years, one of the baftions is called the baftion of France ; and that on it there are ftill to be fecn Anno 13 •---; whence thry inftr, that their countrymen, whobuik that Fort, cut thoft numbers on the ftone, in memory of the year 1383 during wiiicb it wu conftruAed. J ■ *. Sarbot's defcription of GmUa, {Cburt^t Colkd. v. 5. p. 10.) ' . COAST OF GUINEA. ^95 ibtre htsfrfi eittrtnchment^ tvtrfaw or beard ofanyjiuh cqpii^ huili Ch. IT. « s. fy the French an hundred years before, / <»>>' >//: ^ Refpe^king the difcovery of the four principal Islands which iflandit of lie in the Gulf of Guineat the following opinion appears the Puo, Prin. moft probable \ The famous Fernando Lopex ' difcovered the I'^mefand moft northern, in 1471, and gave it at firft' the appellation of ■^'"»''"*** Ilha Forme/a^ which was afterwards changed for that of Fernanda Poo ^ : it lies between the high country of Amhofes^ and the Rto des CameroneSf from which it bears weft fouth-weft about tea leagues. The length of the Ifland of Fernando Pooy is about twelve leagues from north to fouth ; according to Barbot^ it is the largeft of the four, or at leaft as large as St. Thomas, and being all very high land, is eafily feen at a great diftance : the Portu* guefe had formerly fugar plantations upon it. The Ilha do PaiNCiPB was either difcovered by the fame navigator, or by San-- tarenif and Efcobar, about the fame time : it probably received its name in memory of the illuftrious Prince Henry, The * land is high, and confilU of pyramidal and table mountains, which may be feen at twenty leagues diftance : its extent is about nine leagues in length, and five in breadth. This ifland abounds in orangesg kmonsy » Bailwt, p. 399. ' Some writers affign the difcoveiy of thefe iflands, as well as tint of San Maiheo, to Fef- oando GomeZf who farmed the Guinea trade. Probably he appointed the navigators whoCe names are mentioned. ^ . *■ In a report of The Kingdom of Congo, and of the Countries that border round about the fame, drawn out of the writings and difcourfes of Odoardo I.ofex, a Portuguefe, by fblRppo Pigafitta {ChwrclAlP* Colkaion, vol. 8. page 527. tranjiattd by A, Hartwell) we have the following information. " The firft (of thefe Rivers) is named the River Fernando di Poot that is to fay, of Fernando Pouldre, who firft difcovered the fame. Right againft the mouth of it, rifeth an Ifland of the fame name. The fecond River is called Bom, that is to fay Filth. The third, La Riviera del Campo ; the fourth <£ San enedetto ; and the fifth, that of jhgra, which in the mouth of it hath an Ifland called di Corifio, that is to (ay Thunder." > Some views of this lilaud are given in BarbtU which were engrared ijc«m his own drawings. v . igS PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. BOOK lemons, bananas, cocoa-nuts, fugar-canes, rice, * mandioct root ufed m for bread, all forts of herbs for falleting, and European grain : the inhabitants have alfo iheep, hogs, goats, and a prodigious quantity of poultry. The proper place to water, is on the north-fide of the bay, about two Englifh miles from the fort, where feveral torrents defcend continually from the hills almoft to the beach. * This water, adds " Bariot, is extremely fweet, but fo very cold, that until it is kept fix or eight days, it is liable to bring on the cholic : there is alfo good watering on the fouth-fide of the bay; and working on both fides at once, we have filled fixty hogfiieads in a day.*— -Ilha db San Tome, called by the natives Poncas^ re- ceived its name, according to * Brandaon^ from St, Thomas^ to whom the great chapel of the convent of Tbotnar was dedicated ; on whofe jurifdidion, all the Difcoveries, as well of the Iflands as the conti- nent, were dependent. The land is very high, and its fliape oval, extending about fifteen leagues in length from north to fouth, and twelve in breadth from eaft to weft : the time of its difcovery flu^uates from 1452, to the mod probable date, 1471. An attempt to form a fettlement was made in i486 ; the unwholefome- nefs of the air rendered it particularly difiicult. .Indian wheat grows on this ifland in great perfection ; but the fugar canes^ which originally came from Brazil^ and the American ijlands^ though they ' increafed in fize, yet did not yield juice in proportion. Formerly feven ihips ufed to be freighted for this trade, two for M^deira^ and the Canaries, and one for England, This Ifland, which is well watered, though the coldnefs of its ftreams refembles thofe in the llba do Principe^ produces vines, melons, cucumbers, figs, ginger, all forts * It is remarkable that the fap or juice of the MatiJ'ieca Humps, is a quick poiToii, and there fore all who ufc the Meal of it| fliould be careful to prefs out this malignant juice. • Ibid. F. 403. o Mtnarch Lupt, torn. 6. liv. 19. cap. 14. COAST OF GUINEA. '97 ibm of ' roots, pulfe, and pot-herbi : it abounds in a varietf of anl- Ch. ii. ( t. maU, tame and wild, and alfo with partridges, ducks, fowls, and ^^>'*^^^:*- other birds : both the furrounding fea, and the rivers, furnifli quan- tities of fiHi. Nothing therefore but the fcorching damp air of St, Tbomas prevents it from vying with the valuable iflaud of St. He/ena,— -The moft foutherly of this group received the name of *Ilifa d^Anno bueno^ or Ifland of the bappyytar^ from being difcovered on the firft day of 1472 by Pedro d'Efcovar, It extends about five leagues in length from north to fouth, and from five to four in breadth ; about it are feveral rocks and Shoals : the land is full as high as St, Thomas^ and makes at a diftance as if it were only one large mountain, almoft always covered like the latter Illand with a thick mifl. Its fertile vallies produce Turkey corn, rice, millet, potatoes, yams, bananas, pine apples, citrons, oranges, lemons, figs, and tamarinds ; and a fort of fmall nuts, called by the French no'u de medicine', it alfo furnifhes oxci), hogs, and (heep, with plenty of fifh and poultry. The air is not fo unwholefomc as at St. Tbomas ; the road for large fhips is on the north-eaftern fide, and on the fouth-eaftern extremity of the ifland a watering place prefents itfelf, which, though expofed like the road on the north-weflern fide to the violent breakers of the fea, is recommended as an excellent place to pitch a tent for the fick ; being formed by a rivulet which ifTuing . from the mountains, flows through a pleafant valley fhaded by a grove of orange and citron trees. Every part of Annobon is well watered ; but at the new and full moon, and in all high tides, the flreams acquire abrackifhnefs and faltnefs, which appears to contradict the principle of our modem fyftem, that fountains and fprings derive their * Bariol, (p. 409.) mentions four forts of Potatou to be procured in this Ifland, tranf. planted from BauHt jtmoerre, Mam-Congo, and Sqffranct. He recommends the two firil ii« being the bed, the one on account of its fweetnefs, and the other becaufc it keeps well. 1 The India (hips ftop at Anhtbon to water. VOL. I. Q^q 1h v 7' 39^ BOOK I. PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. their origin from the Tea, and become frefli by percolation. The cotton of jlnnobon is reckoned equal to any produced in India, According to Tome writers other jitlantic IJlands were difcovered even at an earlier period ; and this circumftance, if the following ac- count given by de Barros may be depended on, feems to prove, that the Portuguefe had croITed the line before the death of Prince Henry. Some Cajlilians under the command of Garcia de Loayfa a knight of Malta^ having landed in 1^2^ on the ijland of St, Matthew y in two degrees of font h latitude^ perceived it had been inhabited by the Pirtuguefe^ and found an infcription on the bark of a tree that they had been there eighty-feven years before ( 1438 ). // alfo bore the motto ufed by the Prince^ Talent de bien faire. — As we poffefs no certain account of the fird difcovery of St. Thomas^ an abftradt of the follow- ing journal is fubjoined from Ramujio ; who inferted it to elucidate the periplus of Hanno, and places it before the voyage of De Gama. A ' Voyage from Lisbon to the Island of San Thome, SITUATED UNDER THE EQUINOCTIAL LiNE, WRITTEN BY A Portuguese Pilot, and sent, al Maonifico Conte Raimonoo della Torre, Gentilhuomo VAionese. (Tran/latedfrom the Portuguefe by Ramujio.) *' Before I quitted Venice, as you Sir are already informed, Sig- nor Hieronimo Fracqftoro requeued me by his letters from Verona, that on my arrival in the town of Conde, I would fend him an account of my Voyage from the notes we Pilots are accuftomed to make daring our courfe to San Thom^ ; to which Ifland our (hips are often bound in order to take in cargoes of fugar. The crofTing ' of ' Vol. I. folio 115. See alfo Ihtrouuctioh, fcft. 4. p. 165. This Voyage feemj to have been made between the yean 1520, and 1540. ( Ramufio, F. lit. A. and F. 1 19. £.}. RAMUSIO'i PORTUGUESE PILOT. «99 of the equinoAtal line, on which that ifland is fituated, was con- Ch. il. m. fidered by this gentleman as »n extraordinary fadl, well worthy of '^'^''""J' ''"'''■" • the attentio 1 of fcienti^ men. You, Sir, alfo made me a Hmilar rcqued ; therefore at the fir(t ifinment afi;pr my arrival, I began to draw up an account of my Voyage, comparing it as I proceeded with the journals of fomc friends who had made the voyage before. Ye't ftill, when I afterwards examined my manufcript with attention, I could not bring myfclf to think it worthy of the peruful uf fo fcientinc a man as Signer Hicronlmo^ whofe talents I had duly apprc- tiated from his publications which you gave me on my departure from Venice. I therefore refolvcd to put the manufcript by, and not to fufier any perfon to perufc it : but as you. Sir, have le- minded me of my promife, I am anxious to obey a requed, whicht coming from you, muft be ever confidered as a command. I was ' alfo apprehenfive I might appear forgetful of your attention ; and therefore prefer an expofure of my ignorance, to the poflibility of being charged with ingratitude, and negligence. " Yet, Sir, as a Sailor, and one not accudomed to compofition, I do little more than copy the remarks of thofe who have failed from our continent to Ethiopia^ without any attempt at order, or em- belliftiment in my narrative. When therefore you have petufed this account, have the goodnefs to deftroy it; left the errors I have * committed through obedience to your commands, fliould draw on me the appearance of prefumption. " The Fortuguefe fliips which fail from the port of Lijbon^ to the - ifland of San Thome for fugar, generally, Sir, put to fea in the month of February, though fome veffels are bound thither during every month in the year: until they reach the Canary JJlands their Courfe 18 fouth fouth-weft. They then ftand for the ifland of Palmas which is oppofite to a promontory on the African coaft called Capo di Boiador, and is fituated at the diftance of about ninety leagues Q^q 2 from Via 500 BOOK I. PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. from the kingdom of Ca/iile : this Ifland abounds in wines, meat.-. . cheefe, and fugars ; a great fea rages continually on its coaft, par- ticularly during the month of December : the north-weft is the moft prevailing wind." ^ The PILOT then proceeds to defcribe fome of the Cape de Verde J/landsy and the fupply of fait which the Portuguefe Navigators were accuftomed to take on board from the Jfola del Sale^ in order to procure a ftore of falted fifli. " If the (hips that are bound for San Thome, find it requifite to obtain a large quantity of thift provifion they then dire^ their courfe towards rhe African coaft, as far as the Rio del Oro ; and if the wind is calm and the fea fmooth, they catch as many fifh in the courfe of four hours with hooks and lines as will fatisfy their wants. The principal forts thus taken, are the pagros fifli, called by the Venetians albarii the corvi, and oneroid which latter ae only a larger kind of dark coloured /^^ro/; as fooa as taken, they are opened and falted, when they become an excel«> lent fupply for navigators. But fhould the weather prove unfa- vourable on the arrival of tL^ flbips off the mouth of the Rio del Oro, they then proceed along the Coaft to Cape Bianco, and thence ftand on as far as Argin, — ^There is however one thing to be no- ticed, that all the African coaft from cape Baiador, or rather ' Captk della volta, to cape Bianco, is low land and fandy, and this extends as far as Argin ; where there is a capacious harbour, and a caftle belonging to our monarch, in which fome of the Portuguefe reflde with the king's agent. This Argin, inhabited by Moors and Ne- groes, is fituated on the confines that feparate Barbary from the latter nation. -, . ■■■ :..:• ■ .,. ..^ **But • So odled, from tlie Portuguefe being accuftomed to make It, 'm. their courfe to the Canariet, in order to catch the tropical land tvlnJ. Pcrche qlB the namgano alle ifolt Canarie, d rkornoj aceofioM al Jetlo Capo dcll'^fiUa, et preJido vitoJS tormuo adiOn, tt a iagradi vnulfd tt due ttrzi. ( P> 1 1 5. B. ) RAMUSIO's PORTUGUESE PILOT. 301 ** But to return to our Voyage from the Jfola del Salt : Our (hips Cli. II. 5 ». next fteer for San Jacobo (San Jago) another of the Cape de Verds, '^f^f'^'fl"'- fituated in fifteen degrees on the equinodial) and thirty leagues to- wards the fouth. This Ifland is feventeen leagues in * length, and has a city " on the fca coaft, with a good harbour called Ribera Grande^ from the two high mountains which arife on each fide ; a large river of frefli water flows into this harbour, and from its fource at the dillance of a couple of leagues, to the above city, its banks are lined on each fide with gardens of oranges, cedars, pome-^ granatesy and every fort of fig trees: the palm, which produces cocoa nuts, has long been planted in this ifland ; all vegetables flourifli in great perfection, but their feed is not good, and it is ne- ceflary to have frefli every year from Spain. The city, which is in the fouthern part of the ifland, is well built with ftone, and in- habited by Portuguefe and Caftilian families of diftindion to the number of five hundred. A corregidor refides there on the part of the king of Portugal, and two judges are chofen annually ; one for naval and maritime tranfadions, the other to regulate the police. **^ This Ifland is very mountainous, and in many parts fo barren as to be entirely without wood ; but the vallies are fertile and much cukivated. When the fun enters into Cancer during the month of June, the rains are inceflfant, and the Portuguefe have named it la lun& de las aguas^ or the water moon. Their feed time begins with Augufl;, when they fow the millet called miglio Zaburo^ or mai%e : it confifts of a white bean, which is fit to gather in forty days, and not only forms the food of the above iflanders, but of all the inhabitants of the African coaft. They alfo fow quantities of rice and cotton ; which comes to great perfeftion, and is ufed in diflferent I :i % ■■i:. I" *! :; ui * This part ef tire narrative, though erroneous (lee p. 274. n. b.) is inferted ia order- tu (hew whift degree of ^ igrapliical accuracy the Portuguefe pilots had attaiued. * Called Cidada da Ribeira Grande, and fince The City of San Jag^. m 1 1 ' 1/ 'Ml 303 PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. BOOK 1. Guinea, Melegcte C\iaft, Benin. Produce of the Coalt. different manufaAures of ftriped cloth, exported into the country of the negroes, and exchanged for black (laves. " But in order, Sir, to give a clearer view of the commercial tranfiidions of the negroes, it is proper to inform you, that the Weftern Coaft of Africa is divided into feveral provinces, and coun- tries ; fuch for inftance as Guiitca^ the * Melegete or grain coaft, the kingdom of Benin^ and the kingdom of Manicongo. Throughout this Coaft are many negro chiefs, and kingvS, whofe numerous fub- jeds confiftlng of Mahommedans and idolaters are continually at war : thefe kings are adored by their fubjeds and believed to have defcended from heaven. When the king of Benin dies his fubjedts aflemble amidft an extenfive plain, in the centre of which a deep fepulchre* has been excavated ; into this tomb the body is lowered 4own, attended by all the friends and fervants of the de- ceafed, who thus make a voluntary facrificc of their lives. " On this " Coaft is produced a fpecies of mdegete^ refembling the Italian forgo^ but extremely pungent like pepper : there is alfo a pepper of great ftrength, not inferior to any brought from Call' ctity called by the Portuguefe pimienta dal rabo^ or pepe dalla coda^ and in form refembling the aromatic cubebe ; but fo powerful that an ounce of it will go farther than a pound of the common fort : though its exportation is feverely prohibited left it (hould in- jure the fale of that brought from Calicut ^ fome of it is fmuggled, and fold in England, There is alfo a manufadory eftabliflied un- der the patronage of the king, for the making of a fuperior kind of Soap Uom palm oily and alhes. " All the trade of this Coaft to the kingdom of Manicongo^ is farmed out every four or five years to the higheft bidder. The great » Or Maleguetle ; railed by the Englirti the Pepper Coaji, and by the Hollanders the Greyif inj. — Barbot, p. 135. makes it extend from Jiio Sejre, rather thaa Capt Mttitt, tp Gnuiea, two leagues eaft of Cape Palmat, ' . '. • '•' -'■" , ' * • . X Kamufio, (116. FO ' ' RAMUSIO'8 PORTUGUESE PILOT. 303 great negro caravans bring Gold and flaves that are either prifoners Ch. II. § 2. of war, or children whom their parents part with through the hope -^'f^'f"^^-^'^' of fending them into a more abundant and fertile country. For upwards of ninety years after the firft Difcovery of this Coaft, the Portuguefe merchants were accuftomed to enter the large rivers by which it is interfefted, and to trade with the numerous natives who inhabited the adjacent country: but at prefent the whole of this commerce is conftgned to the licenfed Factors, who farm it. , tu ** But let us return from this digreflion to our voyage to the ifland of " San Tbonii. On quitting San lacobo^ (San Jago) we fleer foutherly .towards Rio Grande which is above Ethiopia ; and then ftretching beyond this river the high mountain of Serra Liona is feen to open from behind the coafl. A continual fog conceals its fummit ; and the thunder and lightning that iflfues from it is heard at fea for the diftance of forty or fifty miles : this thick fog is never diiTipated though the fun is extremely hot, and vertical, whei^ it pafles over it. " It is our cuflom not to lofe fight of land, though our (hips are always at a confiderable diftance watching the declination of the fun, and keeping a foutherly courfe for the diftance of eighty leagues, or four degrees on the equinodtial j when we fuddenly tack to the eaftward, alia quarta di ' Jirocco^ keeping the Ethiopian coaft on our left, and ftanding for the ifland. " On this Coaft, between the Tropic and the Equinoctial, we neve^ meet with any heavy gales of winds, for tempefts are rarely known within the tropics. On approaching land in many parts of the Ethiopian coaft, the foundings do not exceed fifty braccia ; the depth of water however foon increafes, and a deal of fea is met with as you advance further out. The Portuguefe pilots generally carry . a book f /I1U.116.C. » South eaft. • 7; i' 'i. 3«4 PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. BOOK a book vnnik them, in which they daily mark the progrefs of their >- voyage, the wind, and the degrees of the fun*s declination. '* On our arrival at Rio del OrOf as above mentioned, we firft obferved the four ftars of an extraordinary fize and fplendour, which appear in fliape of a crofs, at the diftance of thirty degrees from the Antardlic Pole, xmd form the Condellation ^ i/ Cr^ro ; under the Tropic of Cancer we faw them very low : on direding an aftro- nomical inftrument called the " Baleflra (Baleftriglia) to the nether- moll ftar, and finding it bear fouth, we were afllired it muft be in the centre of the antardic pole. We obferved the fame conflellation vfscy high from the ifland of San Thome ; and remarked, that the moon after rain forms during the night a " Rainbow fimilar to what ■ Already mentioned by Coda Mo/to (page 269.}. This Con&cllation U alluded to br Ctmoau (Mickle'a Lufiad, Svo. vol. 2. p. 51.). * *• Whflc nightly thus the lonely Seas we brave Another Pole Star rifes o'er the V^ave ; Full to the South a fliining Ciofs appears ; Our heaving breads the blifsful Omen cheers : ....■, ^ Seven radiant Stars compofe the hallow'd Sign That rofe ftill higher o'er the wavy brine." Dante alfo in his Purgalorio, when fpeaking of the four Cardinal Virtues, has the fol. lowing lines ; which Voltaire, in one of his flights, confidered as prophetic of the future pro. grefa of Maritime Di£covery : Pm volfi a man dejlra, e pofi meitU jllPabropolo,evidtquaUroJelk ., ',, Nm vlfte mat, fuor ch* alia prima geule. - * The Venetian term for the Crofs-StaiT, or Fore-Staff. « The Lunar Rainbow thus noticed by the Poriupiefe Pilot, is a rare phenomenon. Ariilotle dcclaies that he was the firft perfon who obferved it, and adds, ' it is never feen but at the time of the full moon.' In the Philofophical Tranfiaions for 1783 we have an account of three obferved in one year, and all in the fame place } communicated in two letters by Mar- nuduke Tunftall. Efq. In the Gentleman's Magazine for Auguft 1788 there is alfo a defcrip- tion of one. Another and beautiful phenomenon, though feldom noticed by navigators, is the MaaiNE R41NBOW, which may be fometinics obferved in an agitated fea. It iaoccafioned by the wind fweeping part of the waves, and carrying them into the air ; as the water defcends the Sun's raysfaUing upon them arc refraaed, and the colours of the Bow appear as in a com- * mon VOL. " Refpeding the increafe and decreafe of the Sea, I have to add, that on leaving the Struts of Gibraltar I did not perceive any fen- fible change ; but having paflfed the tropic, as we approached Rio Grande^ which lies eleven degrees on this fide the equinoAial, I ob- ferved a material ^ increafe at the mouth of that river, and that the Tide in ibme places was the fame as on the Coaft of Portugal. The rife of the tide at the ifland of San Thome is nearly the fame as that at Venice. ^ ** The Ifland of San Tbom^^ difcovered upwards of * eighty years St. Thoma». ago by fome Captains in the royal navy, was entirely unknown to AnnJboo. the ancients : it is fituated under the equinoAial } its horizon paffes between the ardic and antardic poles ; and its day and night are always equal. The Star of the ardic pole is there invifible, but the Guardiani are in fome degree perceived to revolve, and the conftel- lation // Crufero appears very high in the heavens. To the ' eaft- \- •,. ward ^ mon ftower. Thefe Marine Bows are alfo feen when a veflel Is Handing on with a prefs of fail, and dafliing the waves around her ; they alfo are occafioned by the breaking of the fea upon fOcks. They fometimes appear to the number of twenty or thirty together: the concave fide is always turned upwardsi and the colours are not fo bright as in the common bow. ' M. DqlJie of Paris, in a work long fince publilhed, has been at great pains to prove that THE Sea has a general motion independent of Winds and' Tides; of more confequence in Navigation than is ufually fuppofed. He affirms that this motion is from Eaft to Weft, inclining toward the North, when the Sun is on the north fide of the equinodllal, but to- ward the South when he is on the fouthfide of it. Philof. Tranf. No. 135. (Hutton'a Mathematical Dictionary. ). • ( Ramufio, F. 1 17. E. ) The Pilot feems to fupport the opinion which leads the Portuguefe to the equinoftial line before the death of Henry Duke of Vifeo. He afterwards informs us that his firft Voyage to St. Thomaswaa in the year ijio, and that he made in all five Voyages. I f therefore the date of his prefent Voyage is even fixed to 1 5 30, and eighty years are deduced, it carries us baok to 1460, nearly three years before the death of the Prince. ' A glance at the Chart (3.) will (hew, in this and other inftances, how far the accuracy of the moil experienced navigators of that age could be depended on : the dillance of il Priacipe is alfo too great, not being mure than feventy miles. VOL. I. R r illl Y^ ill I'H ■$o6 PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. BOOK ward of San Tbotnh at the diftance of one hundred and twenty '■ miles, lies a fmall ifland called // Principe which is inhabited and cultivated. Its produce of fugar forms the revenue of the king's elded Ton, and from thi» circumftance the name was given. To the wefl; fouth-wefl: is another uninhabited ifland, called Anohon : its rocky coaft abounds in fifli, and is often relorted to on that account by the inhabitants of San Tbomiy whence it is diftant about forty leagues, two degrees from the line towards the antartic pole. Quan- tities of Crocodiles and venomous ferpents are found at Anobon, " The ifland of San Thome when firft difcovered, was an entire foreft confifting of a variety of trees, grown quite ftraight to a prodigi- ., " ^ CU8 height ; though barren, they were remarkable for their ver* dure : none of their branches fpread out, as with us, at a di(^ . tance from the trunk, but were all drawn up by its fide. When the fettlers had cut down a great part of this foreft, they built the principal town called Pouoafan which enjoyed the benefit of an excellent harbour. i kWii i: kV^V Sugar Trade. ** The chief fupport of the inhabitants arlfes from their fugars ; which they yearly barter to the merchants who frequent their mart for caflcs of • flour, Spanifti wines, oil, cheefe, flioe-leather, fwords, beads, a variety of drinking Cups, and other articles, befides ihells - or BuzioSf ufcd by the Ethiopians for money. If it were not for the arrival of thefe Ships which thus bring provifions, the white merchants who refide on the ifland would not be able to live ; fince they cannot exift on the fame food which fupports the negroes. The inhabitants procure thefe flaves, whom they employ in the . fugar plantations, from the coaft of Guinea^ Benin^ and Mani'congo ; fome rich individuals pofl*efs from one hundred and fifty, to three hundred: « Farinlln htte, el Vint Ji Spagno, Olio, Fermaggi, Ceranu fer fcarfe. Spade, Cofipe di Vidro, Pater Nojlri, et alcuiu forte de ConehigRt, cbe in Italia ehiamano porcellette piecoRne bianche, it mi tbiamiamo Buxiot, the/ adoperano in P Ethiopia fir montta. ( Ramuilo, voL i. F. 1 1 7. A.) RAMUSIO'i PORTUGESE PILOT. 3«7 hundred : they work every day in the week, excepting Saturdays, Ch. II. s ». when they are allowed to cultivate different " vegetables for their '*'f^'f"^J'f'^- own confumption ; that come to perfection in a few days, but their feed is of no value. The foil of San I'homi confifts of a red and yellow earth, forming a rich clay-marl : owing to the great dews which fall every night it is not dried into duft, but continues foft and waxy, and favourable to vegetation : fuch is the luxuri- ancy of the foil, that if the negroes at any time leave a fpot uncul- tivated, trees immediately fpring up, and in a few days increafe to a degree that with us would require as many months. Thefe the ilaves cut down and burn, and with the afhes manure the land for the fugar canes, which if planted in January are cut in June, or if in the next month, are ripe in July ; and in like manner through every month of the year : for the feafon is not bad even in the months of March and September, although the fun is vertical ; be- eaufe the great rains then fet in with cloudy and thick weather, which proves of infinite fervice to the fugar plantations. San Tbomi produces yearly more than aa hundred and fifty thoufand arrobes of ' fugar, and each arnbe contains thirty-one of our pounds. They ^ n mgSo Zaburo, tt b ra£ci £ Jgnamet it mbt Htrhe DomtJUehtt da i lalughe, eauoUt rmuud, Ktfe, fttrefemoR. (Ramufio, ibid.) ■ The remainder of thii early and curious account of the Sugar Trade before it was tranf. ferred to the Weft India iflands, is bcft given in Ramufio^t own words. (F. 117. B.). Sinifto KiUo Ji tfatte dalla dedma, eke J! paga al re noftro, della quale per Pordtnarlo Ji caua da duodiel in qualtordici nula arrobe : et infinttt fono qlli che tun lapagano Integra i vi/ono da 60. Ingegni fabbri' lati, oue eorre Paequa, eon la quale maeinant la canna, et lajlruceano, et il/ucco buttate in caldiere gratB^me, dapoi bolRlto buttano in le forme pam di nuechero di qiundici et venti libre : et eon la cenere lo purgano, ehe appreffb £ voi vi adoperano la ereda tamifata : in mohi luochi delP ifola che non vi i aequa, f anno far quejlo vfftcia alii negri con le braccia : et anco con eaualli. La canna^ruccata but' tano a porci, che infinUi ne tengono quali non mangiado altro che le dette canne, fe ingrq/fano oltra mi- Jura : et i la lero came cofi delicata et fanat che lajtpedifce meglio di quella di gallina : etper queflo fempre nefogliono dare alR ammalati. Hano cddotti molli maeflri delP Ifola di Madera per far li Zuccheri /I'ti biachi et piu duri: et eS ^gni diSgentia ehe vij! vfi, ni li poffimo fare t la caufa £cono ef ere prima la terra grq/jifftma, et lata R r 2 morbidot ?i: 'm^- ^1 CV\. m iW 3o8 PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. BOOK They are obliged to fhip their fugars s foon as the merchant vef- ■ ' . ' ' ■■ fels arrive ; if they attempted to keep them for two or three years, the fugars would become liquid. At prefent not above two thirds of the ifland is cultivated with Canes ; but when any merchant arrives from Spain^ Portugal^ or any other nattpn, for the purpoi'e of becoming a planter, the king^s fa£tor afligns him as much land as he can cultivate, at a moderate price. " The Root which among the Indians of the Spantfh iflands is called Batata^ is known to the negroes of San Tbomi by the term fgname : when roafted under aflies, or boiled, it forms their prin- cipal food. Of the different forts produced in the ifland, the Igname Cicorero is preferred by the merchant veflels, who on their return never fail to purchafe a large quantity, as it is a " root that keeps well at fea. The negroes plant great quantities purpofely for the ufe of the ihips. , *' The Ifland of San Thom^ is diftinguifhed by an high mounUin rifing in the centre, whofe fides are thickly covered with trees re> markable for their height, ftraightnefs, and verdure j a perpetual cloud lefts morllda, ehe 'I Zuechero fente di qlla mortiJez*a, com* apprtjjo nntlvino nolo in terra grnffafente dl ^utlfapore, Lafeconda i Paert ch' ifipra di delta Ifola, qual ntm afciuga li Zuccheri cauati dalle forme, percioihe U foUJia doueji vuole, u i ealdo etfeeco tome qui da noi in villa di Coiti, mafopra. detta ijola i caldo et humido, et cofi ifempre : eccelto il mefe di Giugno, J.uglig, el . gojlo, ehe li venli , ihevegono dalla parte dell' Elhlopia/ono afciulielfrefchi : ma neanche qu^ifonobq/lanti per afiiugarlo, el peri li lauoratori di Zuechero hanno penfato vn modoper ajciugarlo, quid e qjlo. Fanno vn coperto alto de lauole come qui da noi vna te%%a di villa, tutto ferrato diKgenlemente di Jupra et dalla banda, fenza JineJIre co la porta fola ; et in qiullo vi fannopoi vn paico alto da terra fei piedi eon traiii lonlani vn dalP allro 4 pie(li, etfipra quelli vanno diflendendo tauole, nellequali vi collacano lipani di Zuechero ; fotto veramcnte detto palco vi mellono alcuni pezzi di arbori grojji fecchi, quali affacati nott fanno Jiamma, ne fulmo, ma Jl vanno eonfumando a modo di carboni, et in quejio modo afciu- gano B Zuccheri come in vtia fiufa laquali tfgono in lueehi tuiti ferati c tauole, the non vi entra funto Paere, el come vengono It naui fubilo gH vendofio, fercht fe li volejfero tenir due anni tie, ft Uquefariano. » A variety of Efculent Roots arc in the prefent day ftrangely negleded by navigators 1 among whicl* the Parfnip, and the Jerufalem Artithoh, u being very nuUitivc, and prool Moiiift «11 vreatberti deferve to be noticed. .1 RAMUSlO's PORTUGUESE PILOT. 309 reds on the futninU of this mountain, and the moUlure that IfTues ch.ii. ;*. from this cloud, falling on the leaves and ftems of the above grove, ^'^'^-l'•'"J'f''>' is carried in ftrcams to different parts of the ifland. A large but fliallow rivulet of clear water flows through the city of Pouoa/an^ which the inhabitants value for its medicinal quality, and are of opinion, that but for the rivulet, and the numerous fprings in Satt Tbome^ the ifland could not be inhabited. The Trees are chiefly « wild and barren ; fome olive, peach, and almond, were planted by fettlers from Spain, but though they flouriOied and rofe to a greaC height, they never bore fruit: this happens with all the fort» that produce kernels. The Cocoa Palm Tree was brought hither from Ethiopia. *Mn March, and September, the ' fky is conftantly overcaft with inceflfant rain ; and the inhabitants confider thefe months as their winter. May, June, July, and Auguft, are called Me/i di Vento ; during them the fouth, fouth-eail, and fouth-wefl, which are the ufual winds^ prevail : the ifland i& flieltered by the continent from the north-eaft, north, and north-wed winds. The fummer months^ are December, January, and February, when the heat is infuiferable,. and a cooftant vapour arifmg, renders the atmofphere fo di^mp, that the air feels like the fleam of boiling water.'* The Pilot informs us that his firft voyage to San Thome was ia the year 1520, fmce which he had made four voyages. Notwith- ftanding repeated attempts to cultivate "Wheat in the Ifland, he could never fucceed, though " he made the experiment in diflferent feafons of the year : the ear would never fill, but always ran to ftraw i which was attributed to the richnefs of the foil. The fliores oiSan Thome are defcribed as abounding with every kind of fifti ; during the months of June and July the fort called le chieppe^ are particu- larly delicate: between the ifland, and the continent of Africa, both large t RamuGo, F. 118. B. Ibid. F. 119. F. -* I* ■m f*< siy 310 PROGRESS OP DISCOVERY. BOOK large and fmall Whales appeared in prodigious numbers. The * Jour- ' nal of this modeil and ingenious navigator is thus concluded ; " Se la Signoria vqftra non rejlara fatisfatta di quefta mla mal compofta^ et €onfufa informatione^ ne dia cdpa a Vejfer io buomo di tnare^ et non pratico difcriuere ; et a lei mi raccommando^ et bacio le mani,** The uncertainty that exifts refpeding the adlual date when the ifland of St. Thomas was firft difcovered, induced me to give the above abftra£t of the Journal of a Portuguefe pilot, who made his iirft voyage thither at the clofe of EmanuePs reign. Though his report does not afford any new information relative to the pro* grefs of difcovery, it ftill renders us acquainted with the profeflional ikill of the Portuguefe pilots at no great diftance from the periods we have conddered; and it moreover defcribes the Courfe they kept in their Voyages to that part of the coaft of Africa, which was explored before the accefKon of Alphonfo's fuccciTor. We alfo per- ceive that their fhips, even when the pilot wrote, continued to keep within fight of land ; and that a more daring navigation, though known, was not generally followed: ^efte nofire nauiji tengonofempn a vijla della cojla^ ma lontane da terra ojferuando la declination del "fole. The croffing of the Line was ftill confidered as a curious event ; and we obferve with pleafure, th&t the Pilot, and thofe navigators whofe notes he profefled tc copy, were not only anxious to point out the vegetables fo eflfential to the health of feamen that the Coaft produced, but alfo examined the nature of its foil with atten- tion, and even made fome agricultural experiments in the Ifland. The reader I truft will therefore pardon me for this digreffion in order to introduce a trad from Ramujio^ which had not appeared in our language. » . : . / , . !* The " The Veroncfe Gentleman, Hiemtmo Fraeafiorot mentioned hj the Pflot at tlie beginning of the Journal, was one of the greateft men in the age of Leo the tenth, and wat efteeracd the Virgil of Modem Italy. ■ See preceding page 303, and Ramufio F. II 6. C. '- . VOYAGE OF PEDRO . E CIN RA. $u The Voyage of Pedro de * Ctntra^ a Portugucfe Captain, tik. was Ck. fent with two armed caravellas to the Coaft of Africa, in t' next — place claims our attention and carries us back to the period t hif- tory we had left : the narrative, though (hort, contains feme va- luable information refpefttng the progrefs of difcovery immediately after the death of the Duke of Vifeo } and was drawn up by Cada Mojio at Lagos from the report of a young Portuguefe, who had been his fecretary, and accompanied de Cintra, Farm y Sou/a places this voyage in the year previous to the demife of Duke Henry, (1462.) But as this prince*s death is mentioned in the narrative, probably the fquadron under de Cintra left Lagos in that year, and did not come back until the above melancholy event had taken place. Cada MoJio does not appear to have continued long in Portugal after the lofs of his noble patron, but to have returned to Venice in the fame year ; having firll written an account of the following voyage, as a fort of clofe to the Difcoveries that had been made un- der the aufpices of this prince, and as a tribute to his memory. The report by the fecretary to Cada Mofto was in brief as fol- Pedro de lows. Beginning from the Rio Grande which the •* Venetian had ^'"'"* previoufly difcovered, he continues to defcribe their progrefs on the Coaft • ; * RamuKOf vol. i.Y.liO. La Nauigathn itl Cafttan Pietro Ji S'mlra. The heads of fedlions are : ^ I. Del Rio <£ Btfegue, tt 't^i m Iw • f ■ i t ff^™ 11 H Ji? ^m ' u ' 1 i i^ PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. BOOK ten or twdre miles along the coaft, where the fea breaks violently 1— • upon them and has a ilrong current both in ebbing, and flowing: from tbefe Sand Banks we gave the name of Scatini to the above Iflet. A large Cape, fituated at the diftance of twenty-four miles from this iflet, we called from the day on which it was (een, C^ di Sanf Anna ; the intermediate Coaft is ihelving, and affords no depth of water, ** Seventy miles beyond the Capo di Sant^Anna^ we paiTed the mouth of another river, and on account of the number of palm trees that appeared, we afligned it the name of iljiume delle Palme ; its entrance, though wide, is rendered dangerous by an infinity of fand banks, and fhoals. Proceeding along the coaft, we found it covered with fmoke made by the inhabitants : however, when we had near- ly advanced to the diftance of feventy miles, we difcerned a fmall river, and agreed to call it il Rio dejlume, or Smoke River, We next reached a Cape firetching out far to fea, and were induced from the mountain that backed it, to chriflen it ii Capo del monte.**-^ The caravellas flill continued to advance : after a run of fixty miles they doubled another cape fmall and low } this alfo being backed by high ground, though not fo elevated as the other, they gave it the name of // Capo corte/e^ b mifurado. During the night, after their arrival, they obferved fires made among the trees by the negro in- habitants ; here. Small Ships, coming out firom ^terra Luna, and bound to the fouth, eafily pafs over the lhoal3> where there is generally five or fix fathom water, and good anchoring every where. At my laft trip, I fpoke with a mailer of an Englifh veflel, in fight of Rio da* Galinba/, who hail pafled over the Balxot in ten days time ; and another Englifh mafter I met afterwards at Eh Sf/iro, told me, he had fpent five weeks in pafling over them. Wherefore I think it not very prudent to carry a large ftiip over, nor to (ail at too great a diftance from them ; whether you come dircftly fifom Europe, or only from Caft Verdi, or from the River of Shrra Leonai but range the faid Shoals, as near as you can guefs praAicaole : for though it (hould happen you were carried on them, you might eafily get from them again with a little labour and lofs of time, either by anchoring on them, when the wind fails, or by towing the . ,tcfu,.i. The large form oi Alpbonfo befpoke the Chief of an enterprifing nation ; his expreffive countenance was (haded with a luxuriancy of dark brown hair ; and the military afped of the monarch is defcrlbed as being heightened by a long and thick beard. Among the por- traits inferted in Faria y Sou/a i epitome of the Portuguefe hiftory, a coarfe, though fpirited engraving of this monarch, feems to have perfonified the glowing ideas of Camoens : " H-'s •> migtit fefiftlef» proftrate Afric own'd. Beneath his yoke the Mauiitanians groan'd ; And ftill they groan beneath the Lufian A^ay. 'Twas his in vidor pomp to bare away The golden apples froni Hefperta's fliore. Which but the fon of Jove had fnatch'd before. ' The palm and laurel round his temples bound, Difplay'd his triumphs on the Moorifli ground ; '-ff; , When proud Arzilla's ftrength, Alcazer's towers^ And Tingia, boallful of her numerous powers. Beheld their adamantine walls overturned, > Their ramparts levell'd, and their temples burn'd. ■ Great was the day : the uieaneit fword that fought Beneath the LuGan flag fuch wonders wrought '' As from the mufe might challenge endlefs fame, Though low their ftation, and untold their name.'* .f rUJ' John the Second during his Father's abfence in France, had John the difplayed fuch a capacity and vigour of mind, that the prelates and ^^l^^f/,^^^, principal nobility of the kingdom, on receiving letters from their deie£ked ' Sovereign expreffive of a vrifli to abdicate, had caufcd the vJv'i m Of W^m m ' ''\ II H lirf •i Mickle's Lufiad, vol. z. p. 26. « Alphohso in a fit of melancholy, on finding hJmfelf the dupe of the French king, liad aftually left Routn with bis chaplain Sujibtn Martiiux, two pages, and two fervants ; refolving »1 t« 1" . v. ,.Jt I 320 BOOK I. t 1 PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. the fbn to be proclaimed on the tenth of November 1477. ^ut in the interim, the p^'grimage oiAlpbonfo had been prevented by the im- mediate fearch which Louis ordered to be made : the royal fugitive was foon difcovered by Robinet de Beuf, a Norman gentleman ; and yielding to the anxious entreaties of the noblemen who had attended him from Portugal, the abdicated monarch accepted of a convoy from Louis, and returned unexpeftedly to Lijbon. The fquadron entered the Tagus on the fifteenth of November, only a few days after the acceflion of the fon ; who happened, at the vef y inftant of its arrival, to be walking near that river attended by the Duke of Bragan^ay and the Archbiihop of Lifbon. What a mo- ment of trial for youth and ambition. In what manner^ exclaimed the YxxviWy Jhall I receive Alpbonfo i The Duke of Braganga per- ceived the conflict that had arifen between a love of power, and a fenfe of duty ; and by the firmnefe of his anfwer preferved the honour of his fovereiga — Receive him, SirCy as your Fatbery and your King I The Prince made no reply ; for feme minutes a pro- found filence was obferved ; he then took up a ftone, and threw it with all his force on the furface of the " river : at length the ebullition of his paffions fubfided, and all the tendernefs of the fon returned. The fubfequent meeting was highly creditable unto both. Alphonfo wiflied only to retain the title of King of Algarve ; but was obliged to yield to the, importunity of his illuftrious offspring and to reaffume the crown of his anceftors. The Portuguefe hiftorians have preferved other anecdotes that illuftrate the charader of the fucceffor of Alphonfo, and juftify the fumames of Om/, and Perfe£ty which John received. A fycophant, ' * . ' •. who to retire into the Holy Land, and entirely feclude himfelf from the world. In confequrnce of this intention he difpatched letters to hi* fon, commaadiiig him to afcead the vacant throne } andalfo to the nobiHty, requiring their allegianoc. . _ •• LeQuien, vol. I. p. 477. Faria y Soufa. - ST. GEORGE DEL MINA. 3:1 who had rendered himfelf ufcful to the young prince and been the Ch. 11. § 2. ready miniiler or intemperate pleafure ; after his acceflion to the throne prefented a paper which contained the written promife of "' ^ his fovereign to make him a Count. The young monarch was confcious of the indignity thus offered to his charadter ; in agitation he perufed the teftimony of his rafhnefs; and fixing a ftern look on the deluder of his inexperience, tore in pieces the record of his folly : / will forget i faid he, thatfucb a paper ever exifted. Adding, after a momentary paufe, 7hey who corrupt the minds of young princes^ and by becoming inflruments of their folly extraSl promifes that ought not to be obferved^ fhould conftder it as a favour that they are not brought to ' punijbment. To a mercenary and indolent judge the Mng obferved, Be on your guard Friend, for I bear that your hands are kept open and your doors clofed. Nor was this mo- narch alone attentive to the character and condudl of thofe perfons by whom the executive government of the laws was adminiftered ; the power of the nobility, which had too long baffled the even adminiftration of juftice, was now refolutely abated, and their ex- . orbitant privileges and jurifdidions examined. — Thus the fir ft mea- fures that were adopted by yohn the Second, when in his twenty- feventh year (1481) he again afcended the throne, befpoke that zeal for liberty which calls forth all the enterprife of the naval profefTion ; '. and the whole energy of his mind was at the fame time direded to promote the maritime glory of his kingdom, and to extend the progrefs of difcovery by an uniform and liberal fupport. The fuccefs which Fernando Gomez experienced in the improve- Settlement ment of the Guinea Trade, and the importation of gold from the del Miiiar^*^ Port of Mina, induced John whofe revenue as Infante of Portu- . - gal VOL. I. Le Quien. Le Clede. Tt m i^ f:i m ill. ' li :/' .i^\ > 1: ^*^H 3" BOO I. 1481. PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. gal had been derived from this fource, to pay his firfl attention to fo ■ valuable a branch of commerce. He accordingly made the neceflfary preparation to conftrudt a Fort, and place of worship on the newly difcovered Coaft : it was in vain that a fpirit of oppofition drove to heighten the dangers of the navigation, and the infalubrity of the foil ; the devout monarch replied, that if one African -wai ibus converted to the Faith^ the threatening obfiacles would eafdy be furmounted. The requifite ' materials from the ftones of the foun- dation to the very tiles of the roof, were accordingly (hipped on board a fquadron contifting of ten caravellas, and two tranfports; which carried five hundred foldiers and one hundred workmen. Don Diego d^Azambuja an ofEcer of great experience was ap- pointed to the command, and failed on the eleventh of ' De«tmber 148 1, with the following captains under him. Gonzalez da Fonfeca^ Ruy d'Oliveira^ Juan Rodrigues CantCf Juan Afonfo^ Diego Rodrigues _Ingiez,£artholomewDiaZfPedr9 d^Evora^ and Gomez Aires ^ an attend- ant on Pedro King of Arragon : the other officers were all noble, and of the king's houfhold. Pedro de Cintra, and Fernam d'Afonfo^ commanded the tranfports ; and a fmall vefTel attended to a£fc as cutter to the fquadron. On the 19th of January, 1482, they reached their dedination at an African village called Aidea^ where they found yuan Bernardo who had failed to the Coaft for gold. Bernardo was immediately deputed to acquaint the negro chief Camaranga with their arrival, and to imprefs on his mind a due fen/e of the rank and charader of the officers. Early on the enfuing morn- ing the Portuguefe commodore landed with his followers, who had weapons concealed in cafe of refiftance. The cavalcade proceeded without moleflation to a large tree, at no great diftance from the village • " Aldeay * Dc Barros. (Faria y Soafa.) HacUuyt gives a (hort account of the cventt tp this reign (vol. I. book ii. chap. I. f(:£l> 3-}> t Ijt&itM Dicouxtrttt det Portugau. It VOYAGE OF AZAMBUJA. 3=.^ Aldeat as the moft defirable fttuat'ion for their intended fortrefs ; the Cli. il. $ a. royal arms were immediately difplayed upon the tree, and an altar ■ "' ""'' ' being raifed beneath, the whole company proceeded to join in the firfl mafs that was celebrated in Guinea. The fcene pofleiTed a folemn grandeur : their prayers were offered for the converfion of the idolatrous natives, and that the Church about to be founded might continue for ever. The memorable day on which this cere- mony was performed, being facred to St. Sebq/tietty gave a name to the valley in which they had aifembled. Camaranfa the African chief approached with a numerous train of attendants. Don DlegOy who was fumptuoufly drefled with a collar of gold richly ornamented, prepared to receive him on an elevated feat with his retinue drawn up fo as to form an avenue in front. The proceilion of Camaranga refembled thofe of the various South Sea Iflanders, as defcribed by Captain Cook ; the ne^ groes like them were armed with fpears, ihields, bows, and arrows, and the heads of their warriors were covered with a fort of hdmet made of ikins, thickly ftudded with the teeth of fi(h, in order to ftrike beholders with terror. The fubordinate Chiefs not only wore chains of Gold, but difplayed ornaments of the fame precious metal on their heads and beards. When the various pledges of reciprocal confidence and refpeift had been interchanged, U A%amhujay by means of his interpre- ter, delivered the purport of his embaffy ; employing every argu- ment he could devife, to procure the friendHiip of Camaranga^ and to render him fenfible of the power of the king of Portugal. The African Chief liftened with refpe£lful filence : his eyes, ■which had been fixed on the countenance of Azambuja during the whole of his fpeech, were at length withdrawn j and looking on the ground, he feemed to weigh with attention the arguments he had heard advanced. His guarded and able reply fufficiently T t 2 . proves, 5*,. r :1 ri/ 3H D O O K I. Speech of Camaran^a. PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. proves, that nothing but their abjedl ftate of flavery makes the • African inferior to Europeans, /am not hifenftble to the high honour, •which your great majler the 0jicf of Portugal has this day conferred upon me. His friendfjip I have always endeavoured to merit by the flridlncfs of my dealing it'ith the Portuguefe^ and by my confant exer- tions to procure an immediate lading for their VeJJcls. But never until this day did I vbfcrvc fuch a difference in the appearance of his fub~ jeSJs : they have hitherto been only meanly attired^ were eafdy con- tented with the commodities they received; and fo far from wi/hitig to continue in this Count ry^ were never bappy until they could complete their ladings and return. Now I remark a f range dfference. A great number richly drefed are anxious to be alloived to build houfcs^ and to continue among us. Men of fuch eminence^ conduEled by a com-- mander who from his own account feems to have defended from the Cod who made day^ and nighty can never bring themfelves to en- dure the bardfjips of this climate ; nor would they here be able to procure any of the luxuries that abound in their own country. The pajions that are common to us all will therefore inevitably bring on dijputes ; and it is far preferable that both our nations fjould continue on the fame footing they have hitherto done^ allowing your fblps to come and go as ufual ; the defire of feeing each other occaftonally will preferve peace between us. The Sea and Land being always neighbours are con- tinually at variance y and contending who JJiall give way ; the Sea with great violence attempting to fubdue the land^ and the Land with equal bbjlinacy refolving to oppofe the * Sea, The prudent diftruft of Camaran^a perplexed the aftonifhed Por- tuguefe : it required all the addrefs of Azambuja to effcd his purpofe, and to prevent any unneceflary ails of violence. On the next morn- ing, his- workmen making preparations for the foundation of a fort- refs on the fliore, obferved a large rock, which lay very commodious ... ,; ■■'. •''-.■"■,••::-'■■- ' -.-•.,•_, V for '• « principally from Jc Barroh and Farm. • VOYAGEOFAZAMnUJA. for a quarry, and they accordingly began upon it ; but this \infnr- O' 8'S n. 7 '" ' tunately happened to be a Negro God: the ahvrin was immediately given, and many of the workmen were wounded before the lubjcd.^ of Camaranfa could be pacilied by a pro^fion of prelents. At length, after the continued labour of twenty days, the Fort which received the name of 5/. George, aflumed a refpe£table appearance. In the year i486 King^ John endowed it with all the privileges of a city,' in the church of which a folemn annual mafs was performed to confecrate the memory of the illuftrious Henry Duke of Viseo. Azambtija continued " governor of St. George del Mina for two " " years and fcven months, and vvas honoured on his return with particular marks of royal favour. The king of Portugal, who now added to his other titles that of New grant Lord of Guinea, in the next place proceeded to urge the progrefs Popc. of difcovery ; and with the hope of opening a paflage by fea to the rich Spice Countries of Indiay entreated the differeat ilates of Chrillendom to fupport him in this great defign. But an under- taking which threatened to change the route of eailern com- ^ merce, was invariably oppofed by the e(\ablifhed mercantile in- tereft, and treated as chimerical, — Portugal was fmgularly fortunate, not only on account of its favourable fituation in the Atlantic near to Africa, but in being detached from a league of mercenary traders, who had no deflre that the hydrographical knowledge of Europeans fliould be enlarged. John however was not to be fubdued; he earneftly applied to the Pope for an increafe of power, and ob- tained a grant of all the countries which his navigators (hould dif- cover from weft to eaft, with a Ilri£t prohibition againft the fu- ture interference of any European power. His holinefs alfo de- creed '' This ilation was afterwards occupied by the celebrated hiftorian De Barros, who gives an account of its firll fettlement. Another Mine was afterwards difcovered according to Far'ia on the coad of Angola, where the Fortugucfe built the city called Cidade de fal Paulo dt Loanda. l^>}^ 'i :!■»■: m M S i L. .:.(«! ' > /' Wm i N m 1 m 1 ii ja6 PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. B K creed that if any Difcoveries were made contrary to thU prohlbl- . ■■ tion they (hould equally belong to ' Portugal. In viewing the political afpet^ of the European dates at this pe- riod, with their refpeftive connexions, we obfcrve, that an inter- change of kind offices fubfided between that eminent citi/cn Ld' . . rettfso de Medici^ and yobn the fecond^ who as Mr. Rofcoe adds * was defervedly dignifieJ with the appellation of Greats and was defiroua that the tranfa^ions of his lite fliould be recorded by the pen of " Politlano^^ A defign fo extenftve as that in which the king of Portugal was engaged, muft have gratified the mind of Lorenzo the magnificetit. Amidfl their interchange of kind (^ces, the former mu(l have de- rived confiderable afTiflance from the information of the illuftrious Florentine, whofe name reflcAs additional luftre on the early patrons ' of maritime difcovery. The aflronomical acquirements of that age, as connected with navigation, were but few ; and fmce John the fecond was defirous to advance the fkill of his naval officers by in- . troducing to their attention whatever improvements were made in other countries, it is probable that he might receive from Lorenzo an account of the celebrated ' Gvqmon } an aflronomical inftru- ment * Tliij grant from the pope it noticed by M. Rolert Thorite mtrchanl of London in the com. munication made by him in 1517 at Serille, to DoSor Ley, ambafTador from Henry the eighth, refpcAing the parti of the world difcovercd by the Emferor Charlet, and the King of Portugal i ai alfo refpe£ting the paflagc to the Moluccas by the north. (HaUuyt, v. i. p. 29.) ^ Pol. Epift. Lib. X. Ep.ii a. Rofcoe'i Lerenzo, vol. 3. p. 59. ed. 8vo. ■ Mr. Rofcoe thui dcfcribca it (vol. a. page 153.) : « Thii Gnomon, which has jnftly been deiiominiited the noblcll Aftronomical Inllrument in the world, was eredlcd by TofeaM*Uit about the year 1460, for the purpofe of determining the Solftice*, and thereby afcertaining the feaftt of the Romifti church. It ii fixed in the cupoU of the Church of 8. Maria del fiorc, at the height of 377 Parifun feet. A fmall orifice tranfmitt from that didance the rays of the fun to a marble flag, placed in the floor of the church. This inftrument was in the prefent century, corre^cd and iaproved at the inftance of M. tb la Condamine, who ac- knowledges it to be a ftrikiag proof of the capacity and extended view of its authors." Some of ao extraordinary iicight oa the plains of OtUti, and of a very remote date, have been copied by Mr. Daaul. il VOYAGE OF DIEGO CAM. 397 ment preferred by many to the fmaller Quadrants, and which had oii. II. § ». been conftrufted by Paol/o To/cane/ii. Perhaps, through the lame '* ■ "■ ' * '' channel, the Geogrqfia of Berlingheri publifhed with maps at Flo- rence during the year 1480, was conveyed to Portugal. It had hitherto been cuftomary for the Portuguefe navigators to put up wooden CrolTes in order to mark their refpe£live difcoveries; but by the king's order they now employed ftone pillars about (ix feet in height, on which the arms of Portugal, the name of the reigning monarch, and of the navigator, with the date of the dif- covery, were infcribcd both in the Latin and Portuguefe languages. The firft of thefe pillars was erected by Diego Cam^ or Cano^ "" who in 1484 palTed Cape Catherine the laft of king Alphonfo's difcovcries, Congo Jif. and came to the mouth of a River called by the negroes " Zayre ; covered. ■ The difcovery of Coii^o is detailed by the clafllc OsoRiuii (cd. ijyi*} 1'. lOi. and in the tranflation by Ciiii (vol. i. p. I54.). " Mr. Great in jl^/ey, (vol. 3. p. 235.) derivei the origin of this name from the river and town of Zayri, eighteen or twenty leagues within its mouth. McroHa informs \is that the Portuguefe planted a Crofs of fine marble, on one of the points at its moutli, which being after- wards found by the HollanJen was out of envy broken in pieces. So much remained of it when the author was there, as to enable him to trace the Portuguefe arms on the ruins of the Bafe, with an infcription under them in Gothic charadfrs not eafy to be read. The fame writer add* (p 609.) * The waters of this River being fomewhat yellowlfh, aro dillinguifhcd above thirty leagues at fea, and gave occaCon to the Difcovny of Congo: for Don Diego Cano) who was fent with a fleet for that purpofe by Don John thefecond, of Portugal, guefled at tlie neamefs of the land, by the colour of the waters of the Zaire.'— The river Zair, fays Barbot, (p. 483. ) who gives a chart of it, falls into the fea through a mouth three leagues in breadth, (Mtrolla fays ten) and with fuch force and abundance of water, that the Stream running out weft north-weft prevails upon the fea-watcr for above twelve leagues ; and when you are out of fight of land the water appears black, and full of heaps of reeds, and other things, like little floating Illands ; which the force of the ftream, tailing from the high cliffs, carries away into the ocean : fo that ftiips, without a ftiff gale, cannot fail up into the road within Cape Padron, on the fouth fide of th<. i iver. From this great body branch out many fmall ones, to the great conveniency of Jic natives and foreign traders, who pafs along tliem in boats. The Iflands Homma and ^iiuolla lie in the mouth of this River, and others higher up exceeding full of inhabitants.' Sec an Abftni^t of a voyage to Congo river in 1700 by- Jamei Barhot]miou Ibid. (B. 497.) ; alfo,. ' • 1. The Dlif i»'- nut ■ t 4 .i...« * 'I k,. Aj , > \;,t U 3t8 PROGRESS OF DISCOVERS. BOOK to which, on account of the veneration which John entertained '■ for St. George, he at firft gave the name of that faint ; it was alfo known by the title of ° Rio Padroti^ or the river with the Stone Mark^ and has fince been called the Coti^o River on account of its direc- tion through that kingdom. Diego entered the River, and having proceeded to a little diftance met with fome inhabitants, yet could not procure any information although hi; hud negroes on board as interpreters. At length underftanding iiom their figns that they were governed by a king '* who refided at a diftance from the CoalV, ; Dfego difpatched fome of his own crew thither with an handfome prefent, conducted by a party of the natives, intending to wait their return ; this however being protracted trom unavoidable cir- cumftances far beyond the ftipulated time, he prepared to leave die river. The friendly behaviour of the natives won his confi- dence ; 1. The Voyage of OJoardo Lopez a Portuguefe to Congo, already noticed, drawn up by Phil/ip Pigafetta an Italian, and tranflatcd from the Italian at the rtqueft of Mr. Hakluyt, by Mraham IJartwell, firft publifhcd at London in 1597. (Aftlcy, vol. 3. p. 132. — Churchill's Colleftion, vol. 8. p. 519 ) This wao trauflated into Latin by Auguii'm Ca/Jiadore Re'mius, and placed by the De Bry's at the head of their CoUeftion of Voyages tu the Eaft. 2. /In account 0/ a curious Voyage to Congo in the years 1666, and 1667, ly MichatI jlngdo of Gattina and Denis de Carii of Piatenxa, Capuchins, IranJIatedfrom ihe Italian ; and 3. j1 Vos-wt to Congo, andftveral other countries in foulhern -^fric, hy Jerom Mcrollathi Sorrento, Capuchin, 1682, tranjlated from the Italian. (Aftlcy, vol. 3. page 143. and i66i and ChurchiU'a Collection, " vol. I. p. 5J5. and595.) " Ogilby in his jifrica mentioni that the fouthefn promontory of thin river was called Cah tk Padron by the Portuguefe, who two hundred years before crefted a fmall chapel, and fet/ lip a Crofs there. f At the city of Banxa, or San Salvador, on the river Vefc, a branch of the Lilunda, It flands about at hundred and fifty miles from the fea, upon a great and high mountain, con- fifting alm.-ft entirely of rock, with an Iron mine on its fummit. The Portuguefe called It Otheiro 01 the Loot cut, Notwjthllanding iti) derated fiiuation St. Salvador abounds in fprings. The city is built on an angle of the hill towards tlie eaft. From the wcftern foot of the mountain to its top are five miles, by the common roads to the city. The air is cool and wholefome. A view ef St. Salvador is given by Dapper, und copied by Aftley. (Vol. 3. VOYAGE OF DIEGO CAM. 3af dence, and having received four on board, to be in(lru£fced in the Ch. II. § x. Portuguefe language, he made their countrymen comprehend that 7''"^/'"'^' after fifteen moons they fhould return in ' fafety. John was highly gratified vvith the fight of thefe Africans who were men of confequence in their country, and of fuch quick apprehenfion, that during the voyage they had acquired a fufcient knowledge of the language to anfwer the various enquiries made refpeding their ^ own country, and the kingdoms which extended beyond it to the fouthward. Having experienced every attention from the politenefs and munificence of yobn the Second^ they returned with Diego Cam ; ' \ bearing many prefents to their fovereign, and an anxious requefl; from the king of Portugal that he would become a convert to Chriftianity. Diego only ftayed in the river to land the negroes and receive his own men; he then informed the king of Congo^ that the • " ihip being under orders to proceed further on the coaft, he mufl: poftpone the honour of an audience until his return. After a run of what is termed by the Portuguefe hiHorians ' twenty leagues to the fouth- ° 1 LaJUau hat ilrangely confufed this event. (Ed. 4to. F. i. P. ;4.) Diigo qui vit qu'H aBoit perdre beaut oup de tern* en cet endroit par le defaut de s'entendre, pr'u fur le champ parti tPen tnkver quelquet-uiu pour let conduire en Portugal, tt de laiffir defon c6ti qutlques iiaget, qui de* deux parte pourroient appretidre la tongue du pays ; ce qmfut execute habiUemtnt : ear t'etaut affiiri de quatre des principaux, il ft entendre aux autres, k tout par gefiet et par Jignet^ ou le nueuK qu'il put, qu*il n'avoit que det tntentlom utiles au pays ; qu'il traiteroit Hen ceux qu'il emmenoit et qu'il let rameneroit en quinxe Lunet : ^ue pour gage de fa parole, il kur laijbit quelquet-uns de Jit gent, qui affrendroient cependant leur langue, et fe mettroient en etat le leur rendre fervice. Cetle aSion violente, faite ft hntfqutment, et qui etoit une vrai ho/Klite, re'uffU par uiie ej^ece de pro- dige, etparun miracle de la Providence, ' Probably rather fixty Leagues, the navigator being as ufual Incorreft in his reckoning : it is then likely he reached Point Palmerinl)o. The account of the Portuguefe liiftorian {de Faria) is very vague, one Crofs being placed in thirteen degrees of fouth latitude, and tlie other is mentioned as having been raifed on Cape Padron, in fuienly-iwa digreet : now if we allow this to be corrcft, it would extend the courfe of Diego to 330 leagues, inllead of VOL. 1. . U u fixty; '^ .H ■'M ■ 1% H !•! %■ 33« BOOK I. THE PROGRESS OF fouthward, he ereded two memorials of his progrefs ; one of which, in thirteen degrees of fouth latitude, was called St. Augujline: the name of the other is not mentioned. Not thinking it advii'cable to proceed beyond this, and probably deterred from a want of proviAons, Diego then returned to the Congo river, and found that the liberality of John the fecond had made a deep impreflion on the African * chief: he aflc- ed many queftions refpe^ing the Chriflian faith ; and, being highly gratified with its fublime and confolatory dodrines, appointed one of his principal noblemen called Caguta or Zagut^ as ambafTador to the court of Portugal ; anxioiifly hoping that king John would al- low this nobleman, and his attendants to be baptized, and would mercifully depute fome minifters of this holy religion, that the in- habitants of Congo, and their fovereign, might be converted from the errors of idolatry. The baptifm of Capita^ and his retinue, was celebrated with confiderable pomp on their arrival in Europe } the king himfelf accompanied the devout African to the altar, attendeu 0xty ; far beyond Calo Negro. Probably thefe CroflTes were thus placed ; \}\tfrft, called St. Augufiine, on point Palmerinho, and the fecond on Cabo Negro in fouth latitue 16°, inftead of 22° : this conjefture will extend the courfe made by Diego to 220 leagues. The omiifion of the firil figure (2) has probably occafioned the confufion in point of diftance. * It appears that he afterwards, on his baptifm received the name of John; and his uncle* who was firft baptifed, that of EmmanueL The prince was named Alphonfo. From Plgafetta't Report of the Kingdom of Congo gathered out of the diftourfei of Mqfier Edward Lopn a Portugall, in Purchas (vol. 2. p. 986.) we colled, that on the converiion of the king of Congo to Chriftianity, «• the lord oi Angola was alwaiesin amitie, and (as it were) a vaf- fall of the forenamtd king of Congo ; and the people of both countries did traffiquc tcgether one with another, and the lord of /!)igola did euery yeere fend fome prefents to the king of Congo. And by licence from the king of Congo, there was a great trade betweene the Por, tugalt, and the people of Angola, at the hauen of Loanda, where they bsught flaues, and changed them for other merchandifes, and fo tranfported all into the ile of S. Thomas. Whereby it came to pafle, that tlic Traffiqtie was here united with the Trafliqtie of S. Thomas : fo that the fliips did ufe firft to arriue at that Hand, and then afterward pafled ouer to Loanda." Every particular relative to the Converfion of the kmg of Congo, is de- tailed in an iutcrcfting manner by Pigafetta, ibid, (page 1009.) 7 - "■•■- MARITIME DISCOVERY. 33» by another fponfor, and the queen as god-mother, when he re- Ch. II. § 2. ceived the name of John Silva ; the ceremony was clofed by the ^°*"'*'-^'""» . baptifm of his attendants. Nor were the bleflings of * Chriftianity, which thus were carried by means of naval enterprife to the mod diftant regions, confined to the territory of Congo. The king of Benin^ whofe dominions fituated to the northward of the above river extended to St. George del Mina^ had already difpatched an Ambaflador by Alphonfo de Avieroy requefting that Tome Miflionaries might be fent him from Portugal ; and although the artful condiidt of this African chief abated the influence of their zeal, many negroes were converted. By mean's of this ambaflador John was informed of a mofl: powerful mo- narch " Organe, who at the difl:ance 0^250 leagues beyond the territory ilf' I Why (hould tlic Jefuit Ltifitedu, thus endeavour to prejudice his countrymen againft the iutroduAion of Chriiliaiiity into newly difcovered countries ? Let premers mouvementt iPune trap grande ferveur font fu'tv'u pour I' ordinaire d'un prompt repenttr. . . . ^ [a verlte let Mji/leres de noire religion avoient fait peu de peine a I'efprit de cet Neopbytet. (Tom. I. p. 6o.) That the introduction of Chriftianity awakened the oppofitionj and revenge of fome interefted, or depraved Pagans in Congo, can be as no argument againft the piety of the Portuguefe mo- narch. In a few years the hurricane ceafed ; and what a portrait does .the elegant Oforiut then draw of the negro monarch Alphonso. (P. io6.) Tantoque Jludio religionem Chrifti. anam eoluit, ut non pint lemporit in reip, negotiis gerendit, quant infulditit ad cult um pietatli incitandis tonfumpferit. Habebat preterea frequentu ad populum condones de Ju/lilla el Pletate, dejudicii di' vini feveritate, defempilern* I'lta pricmlit, Je Chrifti difciplina, et fan8or ,m Ijominum, qui vejligia illiut fequebantur, txemplls. ^atidlu denlqtie man/it in vita, regnum perpetuo in Chriftianit pletatis officio, cum fingulari probitatis et jtiflltie laude continuit.— See tliis fubjeft ably confidcred by the great Warbuvtoii, (vol. i. p. 4ji. 4to. ed.) who points out the great defcc\ in all our modern miflionaries. " '* It (hoiilcl feem, according to Bruce, (vol. 2. p. lOJ.) that this Organe, oy Ogane, is but a ci.rruption of Jan, or Jiivhni, which title the eallern Chriftians had given to the king of Mxlfnia. But it is very difficult to account for this knowledge of Alyjp.nui in the kinjdom of litnln, not only on account of the didance, but likewife, becaufe fcvcral of the mod favagc nations of the world, the Galla, and Skaugalla, occupy the intervening fpace. The Court of Abyssinia did indeed then refiJe In Shou, the fouth-cart, oxtreinity of the king- dom, and, by its power and influence, probably might have puflied lis dominion through tlicfe barbarians, down to tJie neighbourhood of Benin on the Wejiern Ocean. 13ut all this I mull V. w t confeft If f'*i 11 ' JS I 33» PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. BOOK territory of the kiQg of Benin, preierved a fupremacy over the ad* I481. joining ftates. This Report induced the king of Portugal to redouble his mari- time exertions, and he flattered himfelf that he had at length re- ceived tidings of the renovmed Prejhyter John. But in pro- portion as his navigators advanced towards the fouthward, the anxiety of John increafed; lefl: after all the perils which had been furmounted by himfelf, and his predeceiTors, fome uaexpedled rival ihould appear .in the Atlantic to ieize the palm he was in conftant expectation of obtaining. Inflamed by this idea, which at length obtsdned a complete afcendancy over his mind, an " Embafly was fent to Edward the fourth of England ; exhorting him to pre- vent John Tmtamt and WiUiam Fabian^ from proceeding on a Voy- age they were preparing to make to Guinea during the year 148 1. The original Embaixada as given by Reflende, ifr thus tranflated by ' Hakluyt. ** And afterwards the King fent as ambaflTadours from the towne of Monte mor to king Edward the fourth of England* Ruy de Soufa^ a principall perfon, and a man of gceat wifedome and cftimation, and in whom the king repofed great truft ; with dodior Joam d*Eluas^ and Fernam de Fina, as fecretarie. And they made their Voyage by fea very honourably, being very well accompanied. Thefe men were fent on the behalfe of their king, to coafirme the ancient Leagues with England, wherein it was conditioned that the new King of the one, and of the other kingdome, fhould be bound to fend to conflrme the olde leagues. And likewife they had order to Ihew and make him acquainted with the title which the king held confcfa to b< a fimple conjedurc of mine, of which, in the country itfelf, I never found the fmalleft confirmation." ■ If we make Cafe Lopez the foutbern boundary of the kingdom of Benin, then 250 leagues will bring u( to Beniutla. ■ Libn du tirat de Ctriia it rtftnde, qui trada Ja vida c /tilts del rey dem Joham /(cundfh. (Cap. 3S) r Voluine tbc Second. (Part 2. p. 2.) EMBASSY TO ENGLAND. 333 held in the Segneury of Ginnee ; to the intent that after the King Ch. II. s t. of England had feene the fame, he fhould giue charge thorow all ■ " * "" ' his kingdomes, that no man fliould arme, or fet foorth Ships to Ginnee : and alfo td requefl: him, that it would pleafe him to giue commandement, to dilTolve a certaine Fleet {buna armada) which one J^obn Tintanty and one William Fabian^ Englifhmen, were mak- ing, by commandement of the Duke of Medina Sidonia^ to goe to the aforefayd parts of Ginnee. With which AmbaiTage the king of England feemed to be very well pleaied, and they were received of him with very great honour, and he condefcended unto all that the ambafladors required of him ; at whofe hands they receiued authen- tical writings of the diligence which they had performed, with pub- lication thereof by the heralds j and alfo Prouifocs of thofe con- firmations which were neceflary. And hauing difpatched all things well, and with the king's good will, they returned home into their countrey." The fame apprehenfions which had induced John to fend this embafly to England, made him carefully conceal the progrefs of his navigators on the weftern coaft of Africa ; he therefore on all oc- cafions magnified the dangers of a Guinea Voyage ; declared that every quarter of the moon produced a tempefl ; that the inhofpi- table fliores were covered with the moft tremendous rocks j that the inhabitants were cannibals ; and that no Veflel, but thofe of a par- ticular conftruftion which the Portuguefe builders had invented, could * live in thofe raging feas. At length, the mind of this Mo- -/. . ^ ....•' -. . narch WW ■' m s'- ' Li: f t ,/■ * A Pilot, wlio had often made The Voyage, and was a better Seaman than a Politician, publicly maintained in oppofition to the king's opinion, that any other kind of Ship would ferve equally as well for the purpofe, as the Caravellas of his fovereign. John immediately fcnt for this unwary PUot, and publicly reprimanded him for his ignorance. Some months after- wards, the fame Pilot reappeared at court, and approaching the king, thus addrefled him : Be'mg of an objlinate difpofttion, may it pleafe your majejly, I refohed, tiolwithjlanil'mg what ■ your majtjty ajferted, to atttmpt the Voyage to Guinea in a vcjfti dlffersitt from thofe that are ufually emphyedp . hm 334 BOOK I. Bartholomew Dinzi and Pedro de Covilham. i486. PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. narch became fo irritated by the fufpenfe of prolonged hope, that, on hearing of three failors who had left Portugal for CaJliUy in order to reveal this fecret of flate, John immediately ordered them to be purfued without mercy ; two were killed, and the third, after being conveyed a prifoner to Evora^ was broke upon the wheel : his fhipmates lamenting the hard fate of their comrade, their mur- murs reached the ears of the King : Let every man^ exclaimed the monarch, abide in his element ^ I am not partial to travelling feamen. That nothing might be wanting to fecure the accomplilhment of his defigns, by thedifcovery of apaflage round the continent oi Africa to India^ John at length determined to gain fome information re- fpe£ting the latter country, by means of a journey over land. An- tonio de UJboa a Francifcai;i friar was accordingly difpatched, in company with a layman; but the defign was fruilrated by their ignorance of Arabic, and having reached Jerufalem they were obliged to return. Difappointment ferved only to render John more refolute in the attempt, and he. next determined by a double proje£t to call forth the utmoft degree of enterprife that could be exerted. Accordingly in i486 a fquadron was fitted out under Bartholomew Diaz one of the cavaliers of the royal houfehold ; and foon afterwards, Pedro de Covillam, and Alphonso de Payva, both of them well verfed in Arabic^ received the followino- orders refpeding a fecond journey over land : To difcover the country of Prejhyter yohn ; to. trace the Venetian commerce for Drugs and Spices to itsfource ; to afcertain whether it were pofjible for fhips to fail round the fouthcrn extremity of Africa^ to India ^ and to take minute notes of every particular they could glean relative to that important navis^aliot/. To thefe travellers our firft attention (hall be paid ; lince by this nietiiod emptoyeJ, and I now actnozuhilge that it is jmpoJfiLle. The king could not refrain from finiling ; he favoured Tht Pilot with a private audience, and giving him money dtlirtd him to encou- rage tlie deception. COVILHAM AND DE PAYVA. 535 method of confidering the fubjeA the reader may more eafily per- Ch. II. f a. ceive, that the difcovery of The Cape by Diaz^ and the information ^''''''^f'"^. that was derived from Covilbam^ were entirely diftind from each other; and that Diaz did not fail, as fome writers have imagined, in confequence of Coviibam's report. We learn from the Miffionary Voyage by Mvarez in ' Ramujio, and Purchas^ that Covillam the principal charaAer in thefe tra- vels was a foldier by profeiTion. " Whereas I have fpoken often in this booke," {ay^ Alvarez as inferted in Purcbasy " oi Peter de Couillatiy PortugueZj being an honourable perfon, and of great cre- dite with Prete ya»ni, and all the court ; it is conuenient that I fhould declare how he came into this countrey, and the caufe there- of, as he hath oftentimes told me himfelfe. But firft I will fay, that he is my fpirituall fonne, and that I haue oftentimes confefled him, becaufe in three and thirtie yeeres while he liued in this coun- trey, he told. me that he neuer was confefled ; becaufe the cuftome here is not to keepe that fecret which is uttered in confeflion ; and. that therefore he went into the church, when he confefled his fmnes vnto God. — His beginning was thus : He was borne in the towne of Cottillan in the kingdom of Portugall^ and being a boy, he went into Caftile, and gat into the feruice oi Don Alfonfo^ Duke of Siuilc ; and when the warre began betweene Portugall and Cajiile^ hee re-. . ^ turned ! » Vol. 1. {folio 189 — 261.) Vtaggio nella Ethiopia al Prete Janni, futto per Don Francefco ■ Ahare%t Portoshefe, accompanied with a map of Africa. Alvare% was fent on this embaffy • by Emmanuel. The above traiiflation though inferted in Purchai (vol. z. p. 1026. & 1091.) was not made by li^m ; he gives an account of it in the following note, " I know not wlia tranflated this booke, I found It in Mafter Hailuyl'a papers, and haue abbreiiiated it where I could ; although it ftill coutinueth very lon,T, if not tedious. I alfo examined it with Ramujio ■ his Italian edition, and in many places amended the tranflation ; in many fupplied it ; and added other things, illuftrating it with marginall notes, &c. . . I eileem his tranflations true in thofe things which he fait]i he faw : in fomc others which he had by relation of enldrglng , trauellers, or boafting, Abq^net, hee may perhaps fomctimes rather mendacia Jicert, than 1 mtntiri" ^'IHLi ''V |'::|^ E. " 'Ji •[ ■ is III*" s' ' i'l m '1 El il i ■ j|l p '■^11 Iji ■■•■*. 1 53« PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. BOOK turned home with Don John Cufman^ brother to the faid Duke, — - — - which placed him in the houfe of Alfonfo King of Portugali; who for his valour prefently^ made him a man at armea, and he was continually in that warre, and ferued alfo abroad in France. After the death of King Alfonfo^ he was one of the guard of the King Don John his fonne, vntill the time of the treafons ; when he font him into Cqftile^ becaufe he fpake the Cajiilian tongue very well, to fpie out who were thofe gentlemen of his fubjeds, which praftifcd there againft him. And returning out of Cafiile^ he was fcnt into " Barbaric, where he ftayed a time, and learned the Arabian tongue, and was afterward fent to conclude a peace with the king of Trcmizcn ; and being returned he was fent againe to the king Amoii Ma gegi which reftored the bones of the infant Don Fer- nando. At his retume he found that the King Don John, defiring by all meanes that his (hips fhould find out the Spiceries, had determined to fend by land certaine men to difcouer as much as they might. And Alfonfo de Paiua was chofen for this enterprife a citizen of Cafle Blanco, a very fkilfiill man, and very expert in the Arabian tongue. " When Peter de Couillan was returned, King John called him and told him fecretly. That hauing ahvayes knowne hini loyall and his faithfuU fenrant, and readie to doe his majeilie good fer- uiccj feeing he vnderftood the Arabian tongue; he purpofed to ' ■ . fend •" In the ColUaknt made by Purthai out of LbO| (vol. 2. p. 749.) we arc informed, that ' the Arablaiu in Barbary on the coaft of the MetTtierranean, were much addi£lcd to the ftudy of the Arts and Sciences. In the city of Fez were two ftately Colleges, adorned with curioui paintings, befides many others for the accommodation of fludents, built by different kincs of the Marin family ; and the iludents were fsrmerly, fays Leo, allowed clothes and board for , feven years : he alfo adds, that in his journey from Fee,, to Tun'it, he was entertained by one that was fent ambailador from the people oijilgiert into Spain, whence he brought three ihou/and hooit in ^rab'u s and that they had extant among them a valuable work, divided into three volumes, called The Treafurit or Stort-Houfe of Hujbandry, tranflated out of Latin into their tongue, when Manfir was Lord of Granada. COVILHAM AND DE PAYVA. 337 fend him with another companion to difcouer and learne where Ch. IT. m- Prete yanni dwelt, and whether his territories reached vnto.thc •■- ' - ' ■ - ■ "' •'- Sea ; and where the Pepper and Cinnamon grew, and other forts of Spicerie which were brought vpto the Citie of Venice from tho Countries of the Moores : feeing hee had fent for this purpofe one of the houfe of Monterio, and one Frier Anthony o/JJ/bon Prior of Porta de Ferro which could not paffe the citie of Jerufalem ; faying, That it was impoflible to trauell this way without underftand- ing the Arabian tongue: and therefore feeing he vnderftood the fame well, hee prayed him to vndertake this enterprize to doe him this fo principall feruiee; promifing to reward him in fuch fore that he (hould be great in his kingdome, and all his pofteritie Ihould alwayts liue contented. — Peter anfwered him. That he kifled his inajeflie*8 hands for the great fauour which he had done him, but 'that he was forry that his Wifedome and Safficiencie was not 'anfwerable to the great delire he had to feme his HighneflTe ; and yet nevertheleffe as his faithful feruant he accepted this meflage with all his heart." The mod curious circumftance in CovilbanCi hiftory, and as Dr. Covilham'i Vincent obferves " of great geographical importance, is the Map or ^^^^' Chart committed to his charge by Emmanuel, at that time Prince and afterwards King of Portugal j which was copied and compofed by the licentiate Calzaditia afterwards bifhop of Vifeo, a Doftor Rodrigo^ and a Jewifli Doftor Mofes, (the Jofeph of Mickle) with great fecrecy in the houfe of Peter of Alcazova, This Map was put into Covil- ham*s hands with orders to make his way, if poffible, into Ahy/Jinia', and difcover whether there was a paflage round the extremity of Africa, which the framers * of the map aflerted to be pradicable . on « Et dlpajare ancho vn di loro nelP Ethiopia a veden il faeji del Prttt Jtmni et fine i/uoi ' warifujfe notitia akuna At ft pojfa pnjfare tie mare dt pontntt, perche U dtlli Dottori diceuano Toi. I. X X - hautrne I <'!! Mi ■ 4^ '-J\ 338 PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. BOOK on the authority of fome obfcure information which they had col- !-<— • le£ked." No part of this could well be derived either from Marco Poloy or his Map ; though it mud be allowed that Dr. Vincent feems inclined to favour the contrary idea, when he fays from Ramufio, that M. Polo bimfelfj^eaks jaf the coqft of Zanzibar ^ not as the continent^ hut as an IJland two tboufand miles in ^ circumference ; whatever error there may be in this^ it is felf-evident^ that if he made it an Iflandy be mujl give it a Termination on the Souths as well as on the other three quarters ; and if he delineated thiSf that Southern Boundary muJl he the very limit of Africa^ which Ramufio fays the copy (of the map) contained*. Would not this rather perplex than aflift a geographer, whofe attention was folely dire^ed towards the extremity of a Con- /iff^ff/ ; and what dependence could a Por/i(ftf^ navigator place on it, as an authority that a paifage round the extremity of Africa was pradicable, when the fame traveller pofltively declared, Beyond the Jflands of Magafar (Madagafcar) and Zanzibar^ there is no farther Navigation fouthwardy becaufe the fea runs there with great velocity to thefouthyfo that it would be impoffiblefor any Vejfel to return. t - But to accompany our travellers on their important expedition : . With the above Map, from whatever ' manufcripts it might be com- J piled, lauerem hratuta HMfitht mtmortM (cited by Dr. Fkutat, Periplui» part i. p. 197. Ramu/le, /a/To 137. D.ToL I.) ' Purcbatt (vol. 3. p. 10&) givet kut little credit to this part of M. Polo's Tkavils, The/e relatloM which follow by relation e/ethert, arto/kfi wtigbt : jta tbtnfon I bav* mittti the grealf/l part. J had troubk tnotigb tofitdt, and trwi^Uti the truth ; andjtrfiub at lout heare- fayfabla, kt tbcmfttk tlfrwbere. Inftead of fpeaking of the circumfcrentt of Zanziiar, Pur- chat tranflates \\.-~ZtH%ibar it of gnat length, &c. The expreifion of Ramufio it Dtfo quefia di Magqjlar,/i truoua quella Ji Zhcibar, laqual per quel ehe t'intefe, uo/ge a tomo due mUa mgHa, (Vol. 2. folio 58. C.) See alfo Ramufio't account of this map, voL a. Dithiaratione, p. 17. . « Periplui, P. 203. * Alvarez, In Purthat fays, They gave them a featard, taken out »f a Cneral Map of tit mmld. > COVILHAM AND DE PAYVA. |}f piled, Tedro de Covllbam and Alphonfo de Payva^ with five hundred Cli. II. s a. crow(i8 in money and a letter of credit, left Lilbon for Naples ?'** '*'-^"'"^ according to Caftantieda^ in the month of May 1487 ; where faya Alvarez, their bills of exchange were paid by the Ton of Co/mo de Medici; and from Naples they failed to the ifland oi Rhodes. Then crofling over to Alexandria they travelled to Cairo as merchants, and proceeding with the Caravan to Tor, or al Tur^ on the Red Sea at the foot of Mount Sinai, gained fome information relative to the trade with Calicut, Thence they failed to Aden without the gulf, and parted ; Covilbam direding hiscourfe towards India^ and Payva to- wards Suakem in Abji/^nia, appointing Cairo as the future place of their rendezvous. At Aden Covilham embarked in a Mooriih (hip from Cananor on the Malabar coaft, and after fome flay in that city went to Calicut and Goay being the firft of his countrymen who had failed on the Indian Ocean, He then paflTed over to Sofala on the eaftern Coaft of Africa and examined its gold mines, where he procured fome intelligence of the Ifland of St. Lawrence called by the Moors the J/land of the Moon, ^ Covilham had now, according to Alvarez^ beard' of Cloves and Cinnampn, and feen Pepper and Ginger; he therefore refolved to venture no farther until the valuable information he pofTefTed was conveyed to Portugal. With this idea he returned to Egypt ; but found on his arrival at Cairo^ where he met with meflengers from king John, that Payva had been murdered. The names of thcfe meffengers were Rabbi Abraham of Beja^ and Jofeph of Lanugo ; the latter immediately returned with letters from Covilham, con- taining among other curious fads, the following report : l^bat ' the fbips which failed down the Coajl of Guinea might befure of reaching f Dr. Vincent's Periplui, p. 195. and Ramufio, vol. t./oEo 357, A. Mrauelk, (ht pratUauanQ in Omnia maugando terra terra, &c. XX 2 Cmdudendg, chile fit ■ . the 1 ( \ J40 P R O G R E S S O F D I S C O V E R Y. BOOK tbe tehnliiation of the Continent ^ hy perjijlin^ in a courfe to the foul hi — -^ and that when tbeyjhould arrive in the Eastern Ocean ^ their b^ dire£lioH mnji be to inquire for SobALA^ and the Island of tug Moon. ^ Rabbi Abraham who was born at Beggia in Tunis, and his com- paoioD, having vifited the city of Bagdad with the IJle of Ormu% pre- vious to this event, had thus made themfelves acquainted with many particulars refpcding the Spice Trade. This alone was Aiffi- cient to recommend them to the patronage o{ John the fecond ; and they accordingly were employed by him to feek Covilbam with-Poyi/a at Cuiro ; with additional directions to go to Ormifz and the Coaft of Perftd^ in order to improve their commercial information. Covilbam eagerly embraced this opportunity to vifit Ormuz^ and having at- tended Abraham to the Gulf of Perfta^ they returned together to Aden ;, when the latter haftened to give John an account of their tour, and ' Covilbam embarked for Aby^nia to complete that part of his Voyage which the death of Payva had hitherto fruftrated. The relation given by ' Bruce^ who with Caftanneda notices Co- vilham*8 voyage to the Gulf of Perfta^ is fomewhat more particular, and ** difiecs in the name of the Jew fent back with letters to Portugal. " However, he was there {fit Cairo) met by two Jews with letters from the king of Abyfllna, the one called Abraham^ the other Jofepb, Abraham he fent back with letters, but took Jofeph along with him again to Aden^ and thence they both proceeded to Ormus in the Perfian ' . Gulf. • Bnice'e Trttels (vol. s. p. 107.) Of whom Sir W. Jonei faid, «« To the ardent and iotrcpid Mr. Bruce, wbofe Travels are to my taftc uniformly agreeable and fatia&dory, we are indebted for more important, and, I believe, more accurate information concerning the na« tioni eftabliihed near tlic Nile, from its fbuntaini to its monthi, than all Europe united could before have fupplied." Difertationontteiordtrers.mountaintrttamti/hndcrtofjffia. (AGatic Rcfearchei, vol. )■ 8vo. p. 4. See alfo vol. i. p.' 385.) ' I have followed the authority of ^/lurfx ia itMii^f. ^ COVILHAM AND DE PAYVA. 34 Gulf. Here they feparated, and the Jew returned home Scf pages 205. 214. BARTHOLOMEW DIAZ. m The firft Stone Pill.-r which Diaz placed on the Coaft of Africa Ch.ii. § a. was at ■ Sterra Parday at the diitance of one hundred and twenty leagues beyond any preceding " navigator, and in about twenty- four degrees and an half of fouth latitude : he then, with a refolu- tion worthy of the objed he had m y\tw, Jl retching boldly out to fea^ never touched upon the Coaji again till he was forty leagues to the eqftward of the Capcy which he had pajjed without feeing it in bis ' pajfage. The Squadron failed in fight of a bay which they called de los Vaqueros^ or Herdfmen^ from the numbers of cows that ^ were feen grazing ; and proceeding onwards touched at a fmall Ifland or Rock, which they named HI Pennol de la Crux^ or Santa Cruzy from the fecond ftone pillair and crofs that was ereded to mark their progrefs. Diaz had taken the precaution from time to ■ We learn from Major RenmU (Geo. of Herodotus p. 598. note) that Sir Homt Popiam, and Captain Thompfon, whflft exploring the Weftem Coaft of Africa in 1786, faw a marble crofs, beyond what has generally been confidered as the laft that remains from the Portuguefo, on a rock near Angra Pefietia in latitude 26" 37' fouth. The Crofs had on It the arms of Portifgal, but the infcription was not legible. The marble had been taken from the adjacent rocks. ■ Callanneda, Faria y Soufe, Ofon'ns. Here probably is a freflt Inaccuracy which it Is Im-- poflible exaAly to afcertain. If we allow Uiego (fee p. 329.) to have reached Caio Negroy then this Crofs muft have beei» placed in twenty-one degrees and an half of foutb htitude. • Dr. Vincent (Pcriplus^ p. 207.) No faft feems to have been more confufed by late hiftorlanst than this firft doubling of the Cape by Diaz. Dr. Vincent Is one of the few writers who have ftated it with accuracy, Robtrtfon feems to have been mifled by Lafiteau : ** Neither the danger to which he was ezpofedi by a fuccelHon of violent Tempefts In un« known feasi and by the frequent mutinies of his crew, nor the calamities of famine which he fuffered from lofing his Store Ship, could deter him from profecuting his Enterprife. Id lecompence of his labours and pcrfeverance, he at laft defcried that lofty promontory which bounds Africa to the fouth. B^ to defcry it, viat alltiat he haiin hit power to atcompRfl}.'* (Hift. of America, vol. i. p. 79. 8vo. cd: 1792.) Even Herrera himfelf feems to have pofi fcfled but a confufed idea of the Portuguefe difcoverles, for when fpeaking of the mode In which the kings of Portugal and Spain adjufted theis refpe&ive demands in 1494^ after the firft voyage of Columtiu, the Spaniflt hiftorlographer adds : *' The Poriuguefet, who at ihit time had difcovered very little beyond the Ifland of San Tome, under the cqulnodlial ; chat they might ->iot be behind hand with their neighbours, exerted' themftlves fo vigoroufly, that they foon after pafled that Cape fo [dreadful among the Antients, now called dt Imena EJPeranga, otK Cape of Good Hope." (Stevtnt't Tran/lation, voL i. p. 117.) h'Mi M^ iJi 344 PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. BOOR to time, to fet feme negroes afliore, who had been in Portugal and '. '• were well accoutred in order to command the notice and refped^ of the natives ; they were alfo provided with a fmall quantity of goods for the\)urpore of barter, but above all things were charged to make inquiries after the kingdom of Prefter John. At this Ifland, which ftili beai's the name ci Dela Cmzy in the Bay ofjilgoay the crew became urgent to return, fmce their provi- lions were nearly exhaufted, and Pedro who commanded the vidlualler was miifing. Diax however at length perfuaded them to ftand on about twenty-five leagues farther, ftill unconfcious of having pafled the Gape, and feeling mortified left after all they had endured- they (hould return unfuccefsful to his fovereign. The ' coafl continued to trend to the eaftward; and at ledgth having reached a river whofe entrance was difcovered by the commander of the fecond vefTel, they from him called it " Rio del Infante and returned. But was their aftonifhment, and joy, when on their pafTage back, the tremendous and long fought promontory, which Difcovcry of either from the diftance they were at, or the haze that concealed it, the Cape. ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ before obferved, now opened to their view. Here a third pillar was placed, and dedicated to St, Philip. To complete their fatisfadlion they foon afterwards fell in with the vidualler ; three only of the nine who had been left in her nine months before were alive, their companions had been murdered by the blacks ; and of thefe furvivors, one of them Fernand Colavm expired from joy, on again beholding his countrymen. Thus the firft great objed which the illuflrious Henry t>u»s CF Vised had incited his countrymen to purfue from the year r What has fincc been called Grtat Fi/h River. A feparate diflertation might be written on this voyage by Diaz, in order to correct the diftances given by the Portuguefc hillurlans Tvith the accuracy of modem na it^ators; and alfu to coitfider by what meant Dia% could ilcm the Ilrong wcilerly current fo as not to fee Tbt Capt of Good Hop* until hit return. BARTHOLOMEW DIAZ. 345 1412, was at length accomplifhed ; and as Dinz had proceeded Ch. II. ^3. about feven decrees beyond Cape TAguillas or NeeJle Pointy the "' mod foutliern land of Africa, a paflage from the Atlantic into the , " Indian Ocean though ftill tremendous was in fome meafure afcer- tained. From the heavy gales [tormentos) which this navigator had experienced, he called the high table land of the great pro- montory ii-.Cabo DOS tormentos"; but the fatisfadion which his return in December 1487 gave to his grateful fovereign, and the hope it imparted that Portugal would now enjoy the abundant har- veft he had prepared, fuggefted a more appropriate appellation in ilCabo del bueno esperanza. The mule oi Camoens felt all the importance of this event : '■■ ■ " ' -' ■'" ' " ■ - ■- ■ -■■''■'■.'!- .!;'!. ■ -,'.": - :, _', . ■'. . ' * Dread loar'd the blaft — the wave Bolls to the (liy, the meeting whiilwinda rave O'er the torn heavens ; loud on their awe-ftruck ear • . . • . ' Great Nature feem'd to call, ^^roflf A nof A«; / "\ ifiJ ■.-- . At Liiboa's Court they told their dread efcape, >■. ..;..;,' - < v,, , , ^ J And from her raging tempefts, named the Cape. TAouybK/Am^ jPo««/, the joyful king cxclaim'd, ; . . !.^ i.j C&VE OF Good Horn, l>e thou for evert tiamcJf ' ' ' Yet fuccefsful as was the Voyage of Diaz it eventually tended aiumbuo. to injure the interefts of Portugal^ inafmuch as it rendered the king '''•^^' inattentive to thofe difcovcries which a rival might make in another quarter of the globe. Amidft the intoxication of the moment John ncgleded to patronife the genius, and to fccure the entcr- f In eo vtrofitclemh, noflr'i ejufmoJi lempejlatibus ja^ati et aJJiaalifuiit, til frpenumeroomnemjpem falutit ahjietrenl. ^o/iiilum ejl, ut Tormcntofum illuil Promontorlim appellarent. Tormen/a eiiim apud nos,eJ} idem quod tempejlataduerfa, (Oforius, p. zj.) « Mickle's Lufuid, (vol. 2. p. 289.) VOL. I. Y y 'I il;i 34^ PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. D O O K prife of a foreigner who had gained his experience in the maritime '• fchool of Lifbon, had obtained the valuable Journals and Draw- ings of Bartholamcw Perejirello by a marriage with his *■ daughter Donna Fclipa Moriiz, and in return, after giving Genoa his native country the lirlt refulul, had offered to conduit the caravellas of Portugal to the I/iditi by a route hitherto unexplored. The Voy- ages of Columbus will hereafter receive a more diftinft and feparate , attention; originating from the maritime I'chbol which the Portuguele liad cftabliilied, they will in their turn lead us to the developement of the fouth-weftern limits of the Atlantic, and thus form a prin- cipal, though fecondary divifion in the progrefs of maritime dif- covery. It is perhaps iinpoflible to afcertain the exadl year when Columbus firft fubmitted his idea of a Weftern World to John, but it muft have been previous to the Voyage of Diaz ; fmce Columbus defpairing of fuccefs appears to have fent his brother Bartholomew to England in 1485 ; who then publifhed the firft map of the world that had appeared in our country, and in order to recommend himfelf to the reigning monarch dedicated it to Henry thefeventh. — On the third of Auguft 1492, Columbus failed from the port of Palos in the province of Andalujiuy and difcovered the lirfl: land of the Weft Indies, San Salvador^ on the morning of Fri- day the twelfth of Odober following. At his return in 1493, be- ing forced by repeated gales of wind to take (helter in the Tagus^ he on the twenty-fourth of February received the king's permiffioa to come up to Lifbon ; and though the admiration of John was mingled with regret, his behaviour on that trying occafion, proved and confirmed the virtues of his charader. Columbus therefore was treated with refpeft and departed in fafety : but left thefe dif- coveries of the Spaniards might injure that fovereignty of the ocean •^ » Life of Colsmbiiiy by his fon. {ChurthillU CoIUti. vol. 2. p. 501.) LINE OF DEM ARC AC ION. ocean which the Portugucfe had eminently enjoyed, the king en- deavoured to counterad this efFed by negotiation. Pope Alexan' der the Jixtb h2i.v\r\^ already meeted out an eaftern hemifphcrc to Portugal in the plenitude of his power, had iflued another Bulluy 1493, in order to beftow the weftern on Spain. A copy of the original of this curious State Paper appears in • Purcbas^ with a fub- joined 347 Ch. II. S 2- John Ihtf'conti- • Purchan, vol. I. (Second book, p. 17.) Mr. Dalrymp/e, in liia account of the Spanifh Difcoveries before 1595, has tlie following Obfcrvations on the J/irte of Demarcaciort, as fettled by this Bulla. ( Hijlorical Collision of ihe feveral Voyages and Difoveriet In the South Pacifie Ocean, vol. i./. 51.) '"It will be proper to explain the Term, and free the fiibjcft from fome very erroneous mifccnftrudlions, which even authorn of reputation have been led into. When the Spirit of Difcovery was warm in Spain and Portugal, it was fortfcen that difputes would arife about limits. It was therefore r;;ferrcd to the Pope to fetile a line of Denuircaeion, which fliould determine the limits of each. This Line may be called the firjl Meridian : it was placed 370 leagues to the wtftward of St. Antonio, one of the Capf, Verde Iflandi. All in the eaftern hemifphere appertaining to Portugal, and in the weftern to Spain : it was not all Difcoveries made to the •weflward by the one, and to the enfltuard by the other, but within thchemifphere ; and the Spanifti pretenfions to the Malocos, was grounded on a pre- fumed fallacy of the Portuguefe, in reprefenting the longitudes of the eaftern parts of India much Icfs than they really were. Experience of modern times has confirmed the Portu- gnefe reports, and confuted the Spanifh, who neverthelcfs, continue to hold the Piiilipinas againft the Pope's Bull. ( Vide Cefpedes's Hydrographia, where the judgment of the pilots is pre- ferved, P. lig to 153, folio, Madrid, 1606.)" Mr. Dalryinpk afterwards adds {Ibid. p. 105.) In the above account of the Demarcacion, 1 have not confined myfelf inertly to the Pope's Bull, but have included the fubfequent explanalioni and ftipulations ; the Bull was granted upon Columbus's firft Voyajre, it is dated May 4, 1493. — Tlie I'lrft voyage of the Porttiguej.' to India by the C.iiie of Gcnd Hope, ^^•3S made by Vnfo da G.iiiui, \\\ 1497. The Mulucos wcte not difeovercd till 151 1 ; and the Spaniards did iint villt them till 1521 j fo that :i!l the reports groundid on \\ fuppufed regulation of Limits between the Spaniardi and I'ui tiiL^uelo in the Lafl Indie:, aiilc fro!!i inattention to chronology. Three commillioners on the part of Spain, and a 'ikf number In bchalt' of Portugal, met \\\ 7ordfdlas : thrfc for Spain were, Don luiriquc I^iirioi:/-:. M.iyov-clonio iniyov Jul Rey Calolico; Den Gutierre dc Citrditias Ci)niniend;idor mayor de Leon y fu conndor iniiyor ; El D'j"ur Rvdrigo Maldouitdo. Tlic Poituguefe CumuiWriuners were, Ruy dc Sofa Senor de Sngic y Bireiigutl. Don 'Ji'iin de Srfi, his Ton, alinot.iccn in;!yor. Liccutiiitc .-iriiu dc A!iih:Jit, Ji.li del defcmbaigo. On June 7, 1.193. tliey agreed, '' that the line of Dcmurcicion (whieii tlu Poi.e had placed one hundred leiu^un to the Well o{ ciir of tlie //lands rf y!-zons, or ^',;/v Vcrdc), .huulj be removed two hundred and fcvcnty It agues farther IVej), from tlie ij'niids of Cape Vcrdc, and that from this meridian, all to the Weft iiiould belong to Spain, and from thence t>) tlie I'.all, V V 2 I'loiild m \% 348 PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. BOOK joined tranflation. With a long, and rather blafphemous preanible, ! Wee, fays Alexander, cfour owtie motion, and not eyther at your requeji or at the inj} ant petition of any other perfony but of our owne meere //'- beralitie and certuinefciencCy and by thefulneffe of apojlolicall power -, doe giucy grants and afftgne to you^ your hcires andfucceffors^ all the firme Lands and Hands found or to be founds df covered or to be difcovered, to- ward the Wejl and South ; drawing a line from the Pole Artike^ to the Pole Antartike (that is) from the North to the South : contayning in this Donation^ whatfouer firme Lands or Hands are founds or to be found toivard India^ or toward any other part whatfoeuer it be, being dijlant from^ or without the fonfuid Line^ drawne a hundred leagues toivard the Wcjl, and Souths from any of the Hands which are commonly called DE LOS Azores and Capo Verde. The firft embaffy from Caftile to fecure the maritime independence of Portugal was conduded by Garcia de Hcrrera^ wlio was followed by Don Pedro de Ayala^ and Ciirci Lopez, de Carvajal. After much deliberation it was at length fettled by their rcfpedive Courts on the twenty-third of June in the fame year, 1403, that the line of partition drawn by the Pope fliould be advanced two hundred and feventy leagues towards the wcftward. John the Second in many refpe£ls bore a ftriking refemblance to Charlemagne as defcribed by Montefquieu in his Efprit des Loix. Like him he determined to render power and wealtli however in- dependent fubfervicnt to Juftice j like him he not only pro- mulgated ftiould belong to the navigation, conqueft, and difcovery of tlie kings of Portiiff.il ; and that the mrvigalion by the/ca of the king of Portugal (houW be free to the kings of Call lie, going o direH Caurfe, but that neither fhould fend to trade witliiii the h'mits of the ot-htr " This was put in writiiifj, and confirmed on the zd of July by the king of Spain ; and on the zyih of February by the king of Poitngal. " In the council of Pilots in 1524, upon the circumnavigation of the Virtory, it was agreed, that ihe thru /junt/rnl and fivenly \eagvea fiiould be reckoned from Sr. Antonio, the mod wiftcrii of the Cape de Verde Iflands, in which latitude they reckoned 370 leagues to be aj" 9' and therefore they place the line of Demarcation 22° 9 VV. a St. Aiitouio, or about ^S" from Gteenwtth." . _ Charafter of John the fecond. CHARACTER OF JOHN THE SECOND. 349 mulgated wife laws, but caufed them to be impartially adminidered ; Ch. Ii. ; a. like him, vajle dans fes dejfeins^ ftmple dans Vexecution^ perfonne " '" -^ netit h un plus haut dfgre Vart de faire les plus grandes cbofes avec facil'ite^ et les dlfficiles avec promptitude. It was in fpeaking of this • monarch to Henry the feventh that an Engli(h traveller remarked \, Tbe greatejl curiojity I beheld in Portugal was a Prince^ who though fovereign of the will of others fuffered no one to have any influence on bis own. When Alphonfo Silva the Caftilian ambalFador urged John to engage in continental politics, he replied — My ambitiou has other objeSls in view. Like the neighbouring potentates^ J olfo afpire to enjoy the fann: of being accounted GrEjIT ; but in purfuit of this ob- je6l I have taken a different and afljorter roady and have refolvcd to lay the foundation of my greatnefs at home : for this reajon, I never engaged in any of thefe alliances. This tell your Mafler ; and be ajfnr- ed it is the only atif%ver you will ever bare him from me ^ for I am not given to change my * refolutions. John pofleli'ed fufficient wifdom to purfue this policy with perfe- verance j and as his whole mind was thus given without interruption to the promotion of Difcovery and " Commerce, his feelings were irritated by the fmalleft difrefpeft ftiewn to the Portuguefe Flag. A rich Caravella from Guinea having been taken by forae French Corfairs, the king laid an embargo on all the veflels of that country in his ports ; and diredled Vafco de Gama who even then was high in the profeflion to make rcprifals. Orders were immediately iflued by Charles the French monarch that inftant reftitution fhould be made ; but when the caravella was rcftored a paroquet belonging to fome of the crew could not be found. John refufed to give up the French fliips until the bird was conveyed to Liftjon ; all remon- > „ ftrance « Chriftoval Ferrcira y Sampayo, Em. TclUz. La CIcde, p. 546, 51.7. Garciaidc Reftiide. • During tUi* veign Li/iou was (irll dcclaieJ a fice port. '•■'ii iV /] ll '^ ... ' f ■!' y 35«» PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. BOOK Arance was in vain : / would have it known^ exclaimed the king, that '■ the Flag of Portugal can protest even a Paroquet, Improvement To the latcft period of his life this celebrated monarch endea- inftruments. voured to improve the mathematical inftruments then in ufe, and for this purpofe caufed feveral experiments to be made in his pre- fenae. " Nauigation," fays " Purebat^ •' doth owe as much to this Prince as to any ; who had employed Roderigo and yofepb his Jewifli phyficians, cunning mathematicians of that time, with Martin Bo- hemus^ the fcholler oli John Monte Regius^ to deuife what helpes they could for the Mariners in their faylings thorow vnknowne fcas, where ncyther Starres (as vnknowne) nor Land (being out of kenne) could guide them. Thefe firft after long ftudy applyed The JJlro- labcy before vfcd onely by adronomers, to marine vfe, and deuifed the Tables of Declinations to find out the latitude of places, and how to direft their courfe (which was afterwards by the knowledge of the variation, exceedingly furthered) whereby the Mariner's Art firft began to free itfelfe from the rudenefle of former times." — During the king's convalefcence after the fevere illnefs he experienced in 1493, a part of his occupation at Evora confifted in planning diffe- rent forts of veffcls with fome experienced fliip-builders, or in giving orders for the conftrutflion of forts at Cafcaes and at Capa- rica^ in order to defend the entrance of the Tagus. Among the eminent men in this reign was the celebrated " Galvano^ who ac- cording to the Voyage of Alvarez: had been fecretary to king Al- PHONSO THE FIFTH, and occupied the fame port during the reign of his fucceflbr John the second. The abilities and experience of this fecretary muft have proved of eflential fcrvice to his mafter ; * v' ' and « Vol. I. Book 2. p. 8. See alfo Caftera, and Je Bonos (Jtcade i. ). 4. c. t.) 1 The father of Jtnttmto Galvano, whufe eflay on the Di/cowries of the WorlJ, is infcrtcil In the /ppiiidix. Edward Galvano is alfo mcntioni'd by liru.e (vol. 2. p. 142.) ilYDROGRAPHICAL REMARKS. and wc can only wonJcr that with fuch an advifcr the propofals of Columbus were negleftctl. Such was the monarch who exphed on the twenty-fifth of Odo- ber 1495, in the fortieth year of his age and fourteenth of his reign. To the hid he prcferved a decided preference for a favourite natural fon of the name of George, and i>ut for the firmnefs of y!fi- tonio de Farht would have inferteil that beloved name in his will ; through a vain hojic of making this fon lucceed to the crown, in preference to the duke of Bcja^ who was only coufin to the king, and nephew of his predeccHbr Alphonfo the fifth. The flate of Portugal at the death of John the fecond is thus defcribed by " La- fiteau. Le Norn Portngais remphjfo'it toutc VEuropCy il avo'it effaci la gloire que Us Pben'tciens., les Carthaglnois, les Grecs^ et les Roma'ins^ s^etoient acquife dans Vart de naviger. Mais comme les Indes fur en t toUjours fon grand ohjety qtiil y pcnftt fans ceffe^ jufques h perdre le fomme'd et le repos^ il netit pas fur ce point la fatisfaEtion quil s'etoit promife ; et la mart qui V en leva 5° o'N. 2° 16' w. 5' 2'N. 2° 10 W. 5° I'N. a" 4 W. 5' 3'N. i» 51' w. r 9'N. 1* 43 W. 5* 6'N. i» 47' W. o» 27' N. 6 So'E. 22° 50' S. 14* 15' £► 5° 35 S. I20 40 E. I* 35' S. 6" o'E. 120 37' S. 120 45' E. 0° 48' S. 8' 10' E. ■Mrt' 1^ PR0G7./SSS OF DISCOVERY. B K Co^ft, tlic centre of the '^and of St. Thomas is, on the contrary, " ;:v,;"- — fixed in lo* eaft longitude from Greenwich, and" the coail of Guinea appears fixty-eight leagues longer than it is in reality. All the Goaft to the fouthward as far as the Cape of Good Hope lias been rcdified by the lateft aftronomical obfervations. The Portuguefe in their earlieft charts diflinguiihed a part of the Atlantic by the name of Mar di Sargajfo ; and extended this divifion from the ' 20° of north latitude, to 34° fouth. The Sargajfo is a fort of crejfe^ and bears a berry not unlike the red currant, but Infipld and hollow ; it is thus defcribed by " Roggewein : " They now found themfelves in the latitude of 18° north, in that part of the fea, which Is generally fpeaking covered with grafs fo that at a diftance it really looks like a meadow. There are fome years in which none of this grafs appears ; and others, again, in which it abounds, and is found in prodigious quantities." This part of the AtlantU is of a great depth, and far from land. The moft extraordinary Current of the Sea is defcribed by Varenius ', as being that which impels the waters of the Atlantic from Cape Verde along the coaft of Guinea^ towards the curva- ture or bay of Africa called after Fernando Poo ; the diredion of this Current after paffing Cape St. Anne is from weft to eaft, and fuch is its force adds Varenius^ that when fliips approach too near the fliore it carries them violently towards that bay, and deceives the mariners in their reckoning. This Current, according to the above geographer, only affeds that part of the Atlantic which is ad- jacent to the Coaft of Guinea as far as the extent of that gulf, and to about one degree of * fouth latitude. The following conjeftures as > Farenius, vol. t. p. 2Si. Barlott p> JS?* See aUja Dr. Vtnttnt^t P«riplu8, page 179. N. aSa. * Harrit*i Colkaion (v. i. p- 313) ' Vol. 1. p. 265. • Here Fareniui appears incorreft, it more probably comes feven, or eight degrees to the iblitliward of kbe line* and then turoing round to the .weftward unites with the Gulf Stream : 3 tbt Currents. ATLANTIC CURRENTS. 359 gtven hfVarenius ate taterefting, though he fets out with an error. Ch. ii. % 2. (i.) The Ocean being repulfed by ^c American fhore moves flowly "^^SUSt!"' to the eaftward, but this motion is not felt in the Main, becaufe the other deftroys it, and renders it lefs fenfible ; only near Ae fhore it runs fwiftly towards Fernando Poo^ which being ftretched a con- (iderabie way into the land is fitted to receive it ; and the reafon vrhy it is not ftlt in other places upon the fhore of Africa, (as at Congo) is becaufe the rapidity of the rivers breaks and obftrufts it. (2.) There maybe fome fubterraneous receptacle in the Bay oi Fer- nando Pooy into which the fea perhaps may fall and draw the refl of the Ocean. — 'According to Major " Rennell, who has confidered the ftreams of Current in the Atlantic with attention, Modern navi- gators find a conftant motion of the fea to the fouthward along the- weftern coafts of Europe^ and Africa^ from the parallel of Ireland, at leafl, to the borders of the fouth-eaft trade wind; and on the other- hand, a motion of the fea to the north, from the fouthern extremity of Africa, to the equator, or rather beyond it : with the exception' of thofe particular veins of thefe flreams which are produced by in- lets or projections of the coafl. The current mentioned by Vareniut^ feems to be defcribed as, the narrow vein of Eajlerly Current^ which' came originally from the North ^ and pajfes within the accumulat'on of water that efcapes Wejlward in a direElion nearly parallel to the coajl of "Guinea. The lateft writer who has written on the currents of the Atlantic is Colonel Capper, in a valuable '' work already noticed. ** During tent months of the year, from the beginning of February . . to the-prefeffioiMd reader is referred on this fubjeft to an excellent hydrographical chart of the North Atlantic Ocean conftruaed by Gerard dc Brahm in 1771. ■ Geography of Herodotus, (p. 700.) ' • Ibid. p. 701. f Olfervat'uni en the tumU and mon/oftu, 1801. P. 21. (See preceding pa-g« 843. and In«k- troduAioi), p> 210.) 1 ^' «^ W' f ~['J \'{ ,\ Jj ■ i iH 1 ' M ^m' 360 BOOK I. PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. to the beginning of December, this gulf, (of Guinea) which is a central point between the North of the European Coafl;, and the South dlAfrica^ is from very obvious caufes, the hotted part of this line. Here then, during thefe ten months, the greateft degree of rvaporation muft neceflarily take place ; and confequently, as water will always *• reaHume its level, the waters of the adjacent parts of the AtUxntlc Ocean will flow from that part which is colder, towards this point in different diredtions, to reftore the equilibrium : this muft neceflarily produce Currents from the North oiEntope^ the fouthcrn extremity of ylfrica^ and alfo from the weftern part of the Atlcnlic Ocean^ parallel to the Coaft, particularly during the two Equinoxes. But as a further confirmation of this Hypothefis, in the months of December and January^ whilft the Harmattan prevails, and the fun is at its greateft diftance from the Coajl of Guinea^ the Southern Ocean is warmer than this gulf j both the Wind and Cur- rents at that time, which have before come from the North, South, and Weft, during the ten preceding months, fuddenly change, and during the Winter Solftice botli take the oppofite diredion to the end of January. This regular Change, which is perfedly periodi- cal, feems to prove, almoft to a mathematical certainty, that the Winds and Currents in this part of the Atlantic are both regulated by the effedls of heat and cold. With refpedl to the drain along the W^eftern Coafts of Europe and Africa during the fpring, fum- mer, and autumn, we may reafonably impute it to the fame Caufe ; for Evaporation, being greater near the Coaft than out at fea, will likewife at thefe feafons, particularly in-fummer, occafion a fall from the Ocean towards the Coaft ; and of courfe, according to this hy- pothefis, this Current will be ftrong or weak in proportion to the • temperature < If Water reafTumcs its level, which is furely fadl if properly and fairly examined, this Icemt to afcertain that one Sea cannot be higher than another, unleft it is an Inland Sea. llj/drcgraplAal Rimath, ATLANTIC CURRENTS. , 361 temperature of the different latitudes, and vary very much at diffe- cii. ri. § 2. rent feafons of the year. " Do£lor Halley has fuggefted, that the expanfe of v^rater by evaporation is fufFicient to account for the conftant Current which runs from the Ocean into the Mediterranean, without looking for any other caufe ; to which, however, it has been objedled, that this could not be an adequate reafon, as probably there is an equal Eva- poration both from the Sea, and the Ocean. But this latter Ob- jcdion does not appear to me to be well founded j for in the fum- mer the Land is always much hotter than Water, and the furround- ing air on land is much more dry ; confequently the evaporation of all Mediterranean, or Inland Seas mull be infinitely greater, than that of the Ocean in the fame parallels, where the air is already fa- turated, and continues in the fame temperature many days fuccei- fively. Befides, it muft be remembered, that the water evaporated from what is generally called the Mediterranean Seasy is immediate- ly in fummer conveyed towards the land, where great part of it re- mains ; being either precipitated there in Rain for the benefit of the earth, or retained on the fummit of the mountains, in the form of Ice and Snow j and even the remainder is but flowly returned into the different feas and lakes through the channels of the adjacent rivers. The quantity of water thus raifed in Vapour, and retained there for thefe beneficial purpofes, can only be fupplied by a con- ftant Current from that part of the Nortb Atlantic, with which it immediately communicates. Should this Hypothefis, on further examination, be confidered as well founded, it will ferve alfo to ac- count for the Equatorial Currents ; for during the Equinoxes, and for fome weeks preceding and following them, the evaporation near the Equator muft be very confiderable ; the Water adjacent, there- fore, will flow in to fupply the deficiency, and confequently in all parts of the Ocean, where it is not obflruded by land, will pro- JjVi.al ■{ A '.H VOL. I. A ducc l62 PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. Trade WiuJs. BOOK duce at this feafon oppofite Currents from the two Poles towards '■ the Equator. But an exadt account of the Currents in the y/t/u/itic kept for one year, would verify or refute this fyftem ; and the ftrength of the Current at different feafons from the Ocean to the Mediterranean through the Straits of Gibraltar, would afford very ufeful information on this fubjeft." / r -., The following obfervations on the Navigation •" from Europe to India^ are chiefly feledted from the Neptune Oriental of D^Apres de Mannevillette, From the twenty-eighth degree of north latitude almoft to the equincdial Line, navigators find thofe regular tVinds, called by the Italians venti regolati^ by the French vents a/izees, and by us Trade Winds; they blow from north north-call to eaft during the whole year. But this rule although general throughout i\\q .Mlantic^ is neverthelefs fubje<3: to certain exceptions, efpecialiy near the Coafts of the continent, in the neighbourhood of iilands, and in other places from particular caufes. - ' If we examine with attention the Journals of our moft experienced navigators, we ihall perceive that the Coafts of thofe great continents, which lie between the Tropics, are flruck obliquely by winds whofe diredion is relative to thofe that prevail in the furrounding feas. In confequence of this, on the African coaft from Cabo Blanco to Sierra Leona^ with the exception of land-breezes and heavy gales, Winds blow more from north to north-weft than from north to eaft. From Sierra Leona^ to Cape Palmas^ the ufual direction • of the wind is from weft north-weft, and beyond ., . - . ^ the ' Sec alfo ArrENDix, Article III. (P. 250. ' ° From the Obfervations wliich Mr. Amwfm'ith has coUcf^ed, the following remark i« taken : " As there is no general rule which admits not of fome exception, fo there is in the Atlantic a traft of fea, wherein the foutherly, and fouth-weflcrly winds are perpetual, vie. all along the Coad of Guinea for fi«c hundred leagues togetlier, from Sierra Leona to the ifland of St. Thomas : TRADE WINDS. 3^3 the latter cape from weft fouth-wcft to fouth-weft. Altliough the Cli. ir. s 2. Canaries are fituated in the region of the Trade Winds, we never- 'K'i'St''' thelefs find that wefterly and fouth-wefterly winds fometimes con- tinue to blow there for eight days without intermifTion. Southerly and fouth-wefterly alfo blow between the Cape de Verde I/lands^ and the adjacent feas, during the months of July, Auguft, September, and October ; at which time the roadfteads of thofe Iflands ate not fafe. The greater part of our philofophical writers who have only confidered Trade Winds in their libraries, aflign them limits to- wards the equinoftial totally different from what they really are iu each feafon ; and, as " D'Apres proceeds to remark, inferences drawn from fuch aflertions muft naturally lead navigators into error. " I have thought it preferable, adds he, to prefer experience to received opinions. Aftef a careful examination of above two hundred and fifty Journals, to afcertain in what degree of latitude (hips that fail for the Eaft Indies leave the current of the Trade Winds, and on what parallel of latitude they have fallen in with it on their return ; it appeared to me, that throughout the month of January the true limits of thefe winds are found between the lixth . and St. Thomas. The fouth-eaft Trade Wind having paflcd the line, and approaching the Coall of Guinea within tighty or an hundred leagues, inclines towards the (here and becomes fouth fouth call by degrees ; as you come nearer it veres about to fouth fouth-weft, and in with the land fouth-well, and fometimes well fouth-wert. Such are the winds that have been ob- ferved on this Coall when it blows true. To the northward of the Line between 4° and io°, and between the meridians of Cape FerJe, and of the eafternmoft Iflands of that name, there is a traft of fea wherein it were improper to fay there is any Trade Wind, or even variable ones, fince almoft a perpetual calm prevails attended with thunder and lightning, and frequent rains. Some fudden uncertain gulls form the little wind that exills, of very (hort duration and lefs extent. Every hour will fometimes bring a different gnll, which dies away into a calm before another fucceeds 5 fo that (hips in figiit of each other, will each have h different wind." * InftruBlons fur la Navigation de Frdiite aiix Tr.les. • %: ;()4 PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. n O O K and fourth degree of north latitude j throughout February between the fifth and third degree ; throughout March^ and April^ between the fifth and fecond; and throughout May between the fixth and fourth degree of latitude." During the months of June^ J^ht -^"S'ifli and Septevikr^ the adion of the Sun upon the land and fea in the northern parts of our globe, changes the temperature and (late of the atinofplicrc, and thus renders the winds lefs regular. So that in the montfi of Jmie the Trade Winds ceafe to blow at the tenth degree of latitude ; in July, Auguft, and September, between the fourteenth and thir- teenth ; nor do they refume their mean limits until December and January. v, ,|i3,- y When navigators leave the track of the Trade Winds they gen». rally meet with thofe that are Variabky and alfo with calms and heavy gales, produced by the conflux of the Trade Winds with the General Winds j and by various other " caufes which will not allow us exadly to fix their duration, or extent, in each refpedive feafon. It is only necefllary to remark that the nearer you approach to the ordinary trad of the Trade Winds, the more this fhiftrng io affedled by it ; and that on the contrary, when you are near the Equator, the winds vary oftener from eaft to fouth, than from eaft to north ; this however does not prevent you from finding winds fometimes blowing in the fame trad from weft to fouth, and chiefly in » In the new edition of Laurie and Whittle's Or/V«/a/ Navigator ( I So I.) it is remarked, that tlie Culms experienced by (hips, particularly in going to Imtla, appear to depend on tlie vicinity of tlie Coaft, which they approach much nearer when bound to the Cape of Good Hopt, than in the route from that (Jape to Europe ; accordingly tlie paffages from the Cape to Europe are much fliorter than thofe from Europe to the Cape. Tlie Calms that arc met with to the northward of the Equinoftial Line are owing to the configuration of the Coall of Africa J which to the north, a few degrees from the line, projects about five hundred leagues toward the weft ; while the great dillaiice at which a (hip is from this land, when (he is to the fouthward of the Equator, prevents the General Wind of thel'e Seas from thence m.- dergoing any change. GENERAL WINDS. 365 in the months of July, Auguft, and September ; but they are gene- Ch.ll. } ». rally occafioned by ftorms, and (hould only be regarded as foreign ^'R^m'rh. winds, neceflary to reftore the equilibrium of the atmofphere when the air is too much rarified in the eaftern quarter. From the eqUinodial Line to the tropic of Capricorn a regular Trade Wind prevails, which blows generally and conftantly be- tween fouth and eaft ; and as the fame is met with not only in the fea between Africa and America, but alfo throughout the fouthern ocean, the appellation of General Winds has been given to didin- guifh them from the north-eafterly trades, which in fbme particular feas are fubjedl to periodic changes. During an whole year's refi- dence at the ifland of St. Helena^ Dr. Ilalley obferved, that thefe Ge- neral Winds reigned there conftantly from the fouth-eaft or there- abouts ; that is, tne wind which blew moft frequently veered rather from fouth-eaft to eaft, than from fouth-eaft to fouth : when it blew from the eaft the weather was dark and gloomy, and it never cleared up nor was ferene until the wind veered back again to fouth-eaft. Dr. Halley adds, that he never obferved the wind to blow from fouth to weft, nor from north to north-weft. The extent of the General Winds is not limited to the Line ; they are met with as far as five or fix degrees northward of it, and even to feven degrees, according to die time of year. Sometimes the north- eaft and fouth-eaft Trades extend very near each other, and at other feafons there will be feveral degrees between them fubj'edl: to calms, fqualls, thunder, lightning, and heavy rains. General Windsy as well as Trade Winds^ always take a diffe- rent direction near the Coaft from what they have further out at fea. Along the Coaft of Africa from twenty-eight degrees of fouth latitude down to Cabo Lopo Gonzalvez, near the Line, the direction of the wind is generally from fouth, to fouth fouth-weft, and even in fome parts fouth-weft, according to the trending of • the i BOOK 1. 3^6 PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. the Coaft. On the examination of a great number of Journals it appeared to ly^lprts^ that this fame tendency of the wind's blow- ing from fonth to fouth-weft has been obferved at a great diftance from the African continent ; and that in general its influence fcems to be bounded to the weftward by the trads comprifed between that Coaft, and an imaginary line drawn from the Capt of Good Hopcy to Cope Pnlmas on the coaft of Guinea. ^ In the Courfe which fliips generally keep on croffing the equi- nodlial line for the Cape of Good Hope, it is remarked, that beyond the parallel of fixtecn degrees the General Winds veer towards the north ; and are found to blow rather from eaft to north-eaft than from eaft to fouth-eaft. Refpedling the limits of the fame winds be- ing commonly coiifmcd to the twenty-eighth degree of latitude j even that is a general rule which ftill has exceptions : fincc different winds are often met with before ftiips have reached that latitude, and fome- timcs even on this fide the tropic of Capricorn. From the parallel of twenty-eight to forty degrees of fouth latitude, the winds have fomctimes been found as variable as in European feas ; thofe, which are the moft frequent, blow from North to N. W. and from Sca:i a.ijncent N. W. to W. S. W. Near the Caf>' of Good Hope^ Winds fome- timcs blow from S. E. to E. S. E. for many days without intermif- fion, but in general you have eafterly or wefterly winds according to the fcafon of the year : prevailing winds at The Cape are the S. E. and N. W ; the eaft, and north-eaft are lefs frequent than any. Their Summer continues from 0(ftober to April. Whenever tlie Table Land begins to be covered with a cloud, it indicates a ftrong Eaft, or E. S. E. wind : after the mountain is completely covered the Gale comes on, and often continues for two or three days. ■ -.. ■■' , .„.--' •..•'. -„!.:. .»: >./ Winds from N. W. to W. S. W. are thofe which occafion the higheft Seas to the eaftward, as well as to the weftward of 13 • the NAVIGATION ROUND THE CAPE. S# the Cape ; and though they blow with their greateft force during Ci.. u. (,%. tlie months of yuncy July^ and Auguji^ yet it fomelinjcs happens "^«X1'. "' that in April^ or Afoy, you meet with very violent fqualU from that quarter. Thefe are generally forcfecn by black clouds which dark- en the horizon from N. W. to weft ; they come on very rapidly, and are fometimes accompanied by whirlwinds : they tirft blow violently from W. N, W. to weft ; then (hifting with fury to the S. \V. they get to fouth, when the wind abates and it fuddenly falls calm. But the Sea agitated and fwcUed into Mountains by thefe boifterous winds is not fo foon compofcd, and is frequently more dangerous than the Gale itfclf. About 150 leagues to the caftward of the Cape thefe Storms are very frequent ; the atmo- fphere is almoft always on fire with lightning and thunder followed by deluges of rain, fo that navigators can fcarcely ever enjoy two fair days together. The weather remains thus tempeftuous while you are failing above 300 leagues farther, and fevcral have re- marked that it continues to that meridian which palTes through the eaftern part of Madagafcar. The Cape of Good Hope whether a navigator approaches it from the weftward, or eaftward, has the appearance of a large Ifland when he is at fuch a diftance as not to be able to difccrn the connection between the neck of its mountains, and the other moun- tains. The new moon produces high water at the Cape at half paft two P. M. and the Tide feldom rifes more than three feet, ex- cept after an hurricane, or from fome extraordinary caufe. Cabo L'AouLHAS lies to the E. S. E. of the extreme point of the Cape of Good Hope ; it was named by the Portuguefe Cabo das Agtilhas^ or Needle Cape, becaufe they imagined the magnetic needle had no variation '' there at tliat time. This fouthernmoft point of Africa • is 1 In this rcfpcft Diaz miift have been deceived. The line of no Variation was j laced by Halley to the ivejltuard of the Cape. Refer to Dr. Halley's Theory of the Variation of the Magnelkid Comfafi (Mifcellanea Curiofa, vol. i. p. 27. and 43.) According to a tabic there infcftcd. i.1 41! i' I.-, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 ^^ B^ I.I 11.25 um ■ 2.2 uj ..n iiyi2.0 us u IM I U 11.6 "> <^ A ^V-^ ^:^* ■> Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14SS0 (716) 872-4503 ^ ^ .^I-^- ^ c\ \ sv^ 3« PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. BOOK is in latitude 34^ 5 a' fouth. The Gape itfelf, as well as the land for ' many miles to the weft ward of it, is of a moderate height, and can- not be feen at more than Hx leagues from an Indiaman's poop. All that, part oi jifrica^ of which Cflbo das agulbas forms the extreme point, is furrounded by a bank of foundings, which after the Cape's name is called ^ gitude Weft from the Cape of Good Hope* — Byron feems to have made a fimilar roiftak« with Diaz ; declaring that he met with no variation in 128" and an half weft longitude, and xft" 30' fouth latitude. {See Arrowfmith't Chart of the Pacific in ninefieett.) ■ Obfervationa on the Currents round the Cape of Good Hope, publiflied on Haifa iheet with a Chart. ^ CAPE DE VERDE ISLANDS. 469 round it in th(f L/verpooi /rigate^ in 1764, and in five days had an. Ch. ir. { a.' help of about i6p miles between the meridians of Cafe falbado and ^'k'S,^ Faffe Bay. The alteration of the Current from S. W. to N. W. in :. liiitudc 37« was fo fudden, that it marked the cxad timfe when the * Ship doubled the point of the Bank." As a conclufion to thefe remarks on the jitlantic anfl the nayigation to tndia^ a defcription of the principal of the Cape de Verde Iflands communicated by a friend, is fubjoined from the notes of an * officer, formerly in the India fervice.— San " Jaooj the largeft and bed inhabited of the Gape de Verde Iflands, lies in latitude 15' north, and 23' 30' weft longitude. The face of the country is mountainous, its climate exceffively hot and un- friendly to the conftitution of Europeans. The inhabitanta are chiefly flaves from Africa, or fuch Europeans as the king of Portu- gal has either baniflxed or encouraged to fettle in that ifland. It contains all the different forts of cattle proper for a fupply of pro- vifions ; alfo fowls, game, great plenty of India Corn, plantains, ' pine apples, tamarinds, cocoa nuts, guavas, and a variety of fupe- rior oranges both as to fize and flavour, great quantities of which are annually fent as prefents to Europe ; they have alfo fugar Canes, and Cotton in great abundjance, with which the natives ma- nufadure a curious narrow cloth of different colours for the African trade. Yet the appearance of San Jaoo is by no means inviting to firangers, fmce there is not a fingle houCe that can be called a comfortable dwelling : the governor*s palace is conftrudled with low thatched walls ; its doors and windows are clumfy and unfiniflxed, and the furniture merely confifts of a few odd broken chairs left there by different captuns. The Company's warehoufe, confifting of one lower * D. Burgtt, £fq. fent by Citptain Bwrgu, to whofe talentt and excellent obfcnrationa in defigUi I have been greatly indlAtcd. <> Compare this witli the accotift already inferted p. 274, "^ VOL. I. 3 B 370 PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. 13 O o K lower room, is tolerably well built with brick and lime brought for — -~ that purpofe from Portugal. San Jaoo is 150 miles in cir- cuqnference. The total nuqber of the Cape de Verdes is about twenty, but mod of them being barren uninhabited rocks are feU dom included. , Colonel ' Bolts ^ who was at thefe. Islands in 1781, commu- ' nicated the following particulars to Mr. Wadftrom {ejfay on Co- Ionization, page 139) ** In September and October, Ships have often been driven on .fliore in Porto Praya road. In th^ dan- gerous feafon, therefore, it is beft to anchor out in eighteen fa- thorns \yater ; fo that, in cafe of a gale, the Ship may be fare of clearing the eaftern point, called Mulber Branca, or the weftern called Tumrofa, San Vincent, one of the Ilhas Defertas, has the befl: harbour in all thefe iflands ; anc) it is capable of containing th^ moft numerous fleet of large fhips, fafe all the year round. San Vincent has the advantage of excellent air and plenty of good water, but it is uninhabited. The Ifland of S. Antam, improperly called .S*. jlntonio, formerly belonged to the Duque Infeliz (d* Aveiro). It was rented by that family to an Englifh gentleman, whofe agent one Stephen Spencer, picked up fome ftones waihed down from the Peak of the Ifland, and fent them to England. The lapidaried gave it as their opinion that the mountain whence they canie certainly contained curious, if not precious flones. All the Iflands contain Iron ore, often on the furface. The Duque tV Aveiro had partly peopled S. Antam with his own flaves : and in time, he acquired, or ufurped a kind of property in the perfons of the other inhabi- tants. On the fall of the Aveiro family, however, S. Antam reverted to the crown. During the adminiftration of the Marquis de Pombal, about ten thoufand of the inhabitants of the Cape Verde iflands were fent to build the prefent fortiflcatioos H Bijfao, where mofl of them died. There are at Santiago fouiMen EmgenJbot, or fugar- 7 mills, CAPE DE VERDE ISLANDS. i7« mills, worked by oxen ; but only two of them are reckoned good. Cb. ii. ^ a. The late governor, Joaquim Salene Saldaaha Lobo^ had a fcheme for "^JS^^^."' fitting out veflels at the Cape Verde IJlands for the whale fifhery on the Southern Coaft of Africa ; and another for extrading from the Semente da purga (ricinus pignon d* Inde, believed to be the fame plant from which the Caftor Oil is extraded in the Weft Indies) an Oil which is excellent for burning, and is free from any bad fmell. The gathering of Orzella^ or Orcbelia, on the Coaft of thefe Iflands, cofts not eight hundred reas per quintal. The medium price of that quantity, at Porto Praya^ is three thoufand reas, and at Llfbon nineteen thoufand two hundred '^ reas. In theic Iflandt they might raife great quantities of very good Cottoa, and alfo of Indigo, which grows wild every where. But the inhabkants do not cultivate more of either, than what is neceilary for the cloaths they manufadure for their trade to the continent of Africa. ** The Portuguefe had the advantage of trading to, and eftablifli- ing thsmfelves in Africa, earlier than ai>y other modern European nation ; and that too at a time when they were aduated by a fpirit of enterprize which perhaps has never been exceeded in any people. Their power has indeed undergone a great, but gradual declenfion, efpecially on the Continent of the eaft of Africa. Yet fuch remains of it are ftill vifible that a refpedable modern writer fcruples not to fay, that they ftill poflTefs more valuable territory in Africa, and have brought more of the nativcis to live in the European manner, than all Chriftendom befides. Hence he concludes that other na- tions, and the Britiih in particular, who can furni(h Africa with manufactures of their own, might make at leaft as great advances in the inland trade of that Continent, as the Portuguefe, under the difadvan- • Four thoufand eight hundred Reas are equivalent to « Moidore, or about twentj-feTCO ' (hillingf fterUng. 'T 37* PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. BOOK difadrantage of purchafing moft of the goods they carry io it from ! other nations. But tbis, he obferves, ikpendt on quite other meafuret than what have ever yet been taken* »» *•* Mmtf. PJUt Dmntt pablUhed ipae remark* ^n the W^km CoaJI of Afritot m hia Ntmntti HyUn ii P Jfriqut Frmfmli. (l^wo ToldiiiH israo. Pant 1787.)— The Porta< guefe har^ k in contemplatioa to efbblifli Naval Arfenab in the Cape de Verde Iflanda, par- tkolaily at St. Jtiih Bmun^t and Si. NlthtUu. From the rridence of A. P. How, Eiq> who wu in Africa during 1785> and 1786, in the Onmpua fliip of war, and wu emplojed u a Botanift hj the Britifli Ooremmcntt it appeared that the WitaAft had ieen Chmmm Tnu at St, TImmw* at the (ea fide, about twen^ feet l^ghi and, firom what he heard, they grew inland to an higher fize. From the bark brougft down he oonduda there muft be a great quantity inland. TV^witnda waa not pofitive Jbt| it wu the fiuBC Ibrt of ( H mm mm which growa in JpS» \ b«t the bark,' leavctf .aaid wha|t tmAvn of the tree were ^ Ane u thofe brought from thence to "Sjiw Gaidaw. "nc AfiianCg^ la net unlike diatiilichhM been ieen in the Eift Indies. {MBktH^fnUkiu .'Sl\) ^«WIIS1\- .. -^S-gs > CHAPTER III. I. Retro/peff of Indian Hiftory from the Macedonian Dijcoveries to tbt clofe of the fifteenth Century, II. The Portuguefe reach India under the conduSf of da Gama* SECTION I. Mtnanitr.—Tagarai Sarjgaaa, PlutiaiUf and Bareach, — Partition of the Entire $f DtnutrivSj-~Paeb»r$u. Bickerxajit. Pandion. Bafdto. Annindto. MaldtO' lyebtind, Mohammbdam Intasions. jintient Cititt of India. Turkestak Im- VA8I0MS. Gazna.-'-Gaur.—Cbarazm. Southirn India invaded by the Mohammedan Kingt of Delhi.'— Cuttuh. Mogul Dtnastt. Vieva of the Maritime Parts of Southern Hinde/fan at a very early period. CenjeBures re^eSing the Fleur de lit on the Manner's Compa/s, JjEPOKB we enter on the more immediate fubjeft of this Chapter Ch. iii^ § u the Voyage of da Gatnaj it has been thought expedient to take a con- f^^tfii^r,. neding * retrofped of the hiftory of India, a country on which the ~ attention * Principally irain Mr. Maarice's Modern Hiftory ttiWaSa^m.— Rajnal! gare tKe bare m4 VBMiuieAed mtline in hit fecond volume (p. 339>) 374 PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. BOOK attention of the Portuguefe had been long fixed, and to whofe i-__' Coafts they had now opened by the (kill of Diaz a paflage hitherto unexplored by fea. From the dofe of the Macedaniau i)i/coverset by the death of Albxandbr tp the commeatement ot the Mohammedan era in the fixth century, the page of Indian hiAory it particularly involved in doubt and ohfeaAtf, Tint aflies of ^on)t were avenged by the fuccefles of ^ Sandraepntu and hif fqa AtHtrocbades^ and the laurels which Nearcbut had gained, withered amidft the coti^ntion of thirty-fix generals who fiirvived ^cxanden ConfideraUe v renudnt howeveir of the Macedonian invafion esdfied^ibr fevet^l^igQi in tiM fouthern provinces towards the aioutk.^w '^^ p. 369. * Mturlce, p. 101. BOOK I. Bickmnajit, or Vicraina« dityi. 376 PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. ^ paflage for the Reman/ into the fertile regions of the Eaft, which directed their attention to the rich territory oi India, ' The celebrated Bickbrmajit is faid to h^ve obtained the fu- preme forereignty of Kndoftan fifty-fix years before the Chriftian period *. According to Mr. Wilfofd in the diflertation already cited, Bickermajit ruled for fome time over the northern parts of the Dec- can ; but its Rajahs headed by Saibaban having revolted they gave Bichrma/it hsAt\6t and he was flain about the commencement of the Chriftian era. He had previoufly fubdued the kingdom of Malva and Guzxerat, and in order to acquire a knowledge of the ftate of the arts, and of gov^rnn»ent, among foreign nations, is faid to have travelled over great part of the Eaft in the habit of a mendicant. So fuccefsful were the arms of this monarch in afterwards reducing the feudatories around him, that he was believed to fiA under divine au- thority. But Bickermajit was alfo the patron of literature^ and of the fifteen Brahmins who were patronifed at court, the poet and philofopher Calidas took the lead* Pandion. , The powerful Indian kingdom of Panoion, who flaiiriihed about fifteen years before Chrift and is recorded to have fent an em- fa? fly to Augujius^ extended to the fouthern point of Comaria, or Comerin ; his refidence was at the extenfive city of Madura* At the commencement of our era, IntTta as we learn from ' Strabo was divided into one hundred and eighteen confiderable nations, each governed by a particular Chief dependant on one monarch who in cafes of heceffity fummoned his inferior Rajahs to the field. According to " Feri/htay as cited by Mr. Maurice, the Empire of India was reduced after the death of its mbnarchs Bicker" nutjit and Saibaban to- a ftate of anarchy. The great vaflals of the ' Maurice, ilU. toI. i. p. 68. FeryUah, vol. i. p. 13. ' Maurice, ibid. voL i. p. 139. Strtit, Lit' xt. p. 719. " FcriihUi, Tol. I. p. 13. I>«p/-^lg ANNINDEO, MALDEO, JYCHU.'ND. 377 the crown embracing this opportunity to aHume independence, the Cb. \\\.s\- very name of emperor became in great meafurc obliterated. In this Aate India appears to have continued until the year of Chrift 230, ~ when Basdeo having reduced Bengal and Dakar eftablilhed a new kingdom, and aflumed imperial honours at ' Canoitge: it feems pro- bable that the fplendid Indian embafly to Trajan came from this monarch. The thle of Maharajah or fupreme, did not however long continue in bis family, and the. dependant princes again ren- dered thcmfelves abfolute. A chief of the tribe of Bice Annindeo, raifed himfelf to regal power after the death of the murderer Partab^ who had felzed on the throne of the deceafed emperor Ramdeo in the year 500. For the fpace of fixteen years Ann'mdeo reigned over his conquefts ; which confifted of the kingdom of Malva^ the peninfula of CTivs- sserat^ the country of the Mabrattas^ and the whole province of Berar, His fuccefsful example was followed by the daring Mal- DEO, who ridng from an obfcure origin to empire, was enabled to retisitn the city of Delhi and its territory, as well as the city of CantugCf for the fpace of forty years. Thefe ufurpations called forth the ambition of various petty chiefs in Hindojlan ; dedroyed the unity of the empiric ; and by fubdividing its Ikength laid it open to the fubfequent invafion of the Mohammedans. Some fha- dow of obedience however to t\\Q maharajah or fupreme fovereign long remained, even after that (ubjedion : for at the great feftival called Rai/00 held at Canouge in 1192, all tlie Rajahs of Hindoftan, except Pitbowra Rajah of Delhi the laft of its native princes, aflembled at Canouge as the imperial city to pay homage to their fo- vereign " Jychund, who himfelf probably was tributary to Perfia: at VOL. I. Maurice, voL i. p. 149. Maurice, vol. i. p. 164. and jlyem Akberry, vol. 2. p. 107. 3C hJitm Hiftry. ANNINDEO, MALDEO, JYCMU.ND. 377 die crown embracing this opportunity to afTume independence, liie Cb. lir. n> very name of emperor became in great meafurc obliterated. In this Aate Ifidia appears to have continued until the year of Ghrift 230, ~ when Basdeo having reduced Bengal and Dakar eftablilhed a new kingdom, and aflumed imperial honours at ' Canouge: it feems pro- bable that the fplendid Indian embafly to Trajan came from this monarch. The title of Maharajah or fupreme, did not however long continue in bis family, and the. dependant princes again ren- dered thcmfelves abfolute. A chief of the tribe of Bice Annindeo, raifed himfelf to regal power after the death of the murderer Parfal>, y/ho had feized on the throne of the deceafed emperor Ramdeo in the year 500. For the fpace of fixtecn years Annindeo reigned over his conquers ; which confifted of the kingdom of Malva^ the peninfula of Gusi- zeratf the country of the Mahrattas^ and the whole province of Berar* His fuccefsful example was followed by the daring Mal- DEO, who rifing from an obfcure origin to empire, was enabled to retiain the city of Delhi and its territory, as well as the city of Can«uge, for the fpace of forty years. Thefe ufurpations called forth the ambition of various petty chiefs in ^;/^/^a/i ; deftroyed the unity of the empiric ; and by fubdividing its iVrengih laid it open to the fubfequent invation of the Mohammedans. Some iha- dow of obedience however to the maharajab or fupreme fovereign long remained, even after that fubjedion : for at the great fellival called Raifoo held at Canouge in 1 192, all tlie Rajahs of Hindoftan, except Pithowra Rajah of Delhi the laft of its native princes, aflembled at Canouge as the imperial city to pay homage to their fo- vereign " Jychund, who himfelf probably was tributary to Perfia: at * Maurice, voL 1. p. 149. ** MauricCi vol. I. p. 164. and ^yeen Mierry, vol. 2. p. 107. VOL. I. 3C T-iJ" , ii».">"I,i'¥4" king of Gazna and India^ the confederated rajahs of Northern Hin- doftan made a refolute attempt to retrieve the independence of their fufiering country, and for a time fuccefs attended their patriotifm : but the military fpirit of Modud rofe fuperior to the adverfe for- tune which for a feafon threatened the kingdom of Gazna ; fadlion however after his death (1049) poured forth the accumulated plunder of India. Like a.f^cret poifon it was ordained to ferment throughout every department of the ftate, and to weaken a ftrength which had been fo rapacioufly exerted ; until in 1058 the devout Ibrahim, fon of Maffitd the fecond, ninth king of Gazna and In- dia, was enabled by a peace with the Seljukian Turks to fecure and extend the Moflem conquefls in Hindoftan during a reign of " for- ty-two years. So numerous were his victories in that country that he was flyled the conqueror and the triumphant, Al Modhaffer and Al Manfur. The fon of Ibrahim^ Massud the third, with the virtues and judgment of his father, inherited his ambition for Indian cbnquefts. His generals imbibed the fpirit of their fo- vereign j and proceeding eaftward even beyond the country which the great Mabmud had reached, they croflfed the facred river of the Ganges, Byram, twelfth king of Gazna and Indiaf after penetrating twice' _ ' ' into Hindoftan fought an afylum on the borders of that country during the year 1 151, being driven from Gazna by yllla brother to Seiful Dien^ Prince- of Gaur. Byram returned unexpeftedly with a powerful army j but treachery lurked amidft its ranks, and the D)'nafty j » Ibid. p. 318. >> Ibid. p. 333. m hi;. 384 PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. Invaded by the Sultans of Gaur. BOOK Djrnaftjr o£ Gazna haftened to its clofe. In the reign of liis grand- \ : fon, Chosro the Second, Lahore was taken by the treachery of Mobammed (i 184) and the Houfe otGazna was obliged to yield to the fuperior villainy of the Houfe of* Gaur. Mohammed endeavoured to fecure by blood what he had ob- tained by cunning. Cbofro the fecond with his whole family were 11 4—1212. p^i^ jQ dejth ; the fuperb palace of Lahore and the government were afligned to All, viceroy . of Multan j whilft Mohammed with the fame of a renowned general, and the authority of a monarch, returned to his brother who fate on the Gfl««/?v/V(? tlirone. Dur- ing 1 191 Mohammed again marched tovr&riis Hindo/iauy and pro- ceeding to Ajmere took the capital of Tiberhlnd. On his return he heard that Plttu Rai, prince of Ajmere, and Candi Raiy king of Delhi, were advancing towards Tiberhind : a dreadful battle was in confequence fought on the banks of the 5/Vy7////, fourteen miles from Tannafar and eighty from Delhi j when the invader of India was repulfed, and owed his life to the fidelity of a fervant. Mohammed retreated, and returning to Gaur vented his indigna- tion on the Omrahs who had deferted him in battle ; he then rc- ligned himfelf to indolence and diflipation. After a (hort interval his ambition returned, and an army confiding of one hundred thoyfand chofen horfe, many of whom had their helmets and armour richly ornamented, prepared a new fcourge for the natives of India. The Hindoos were foon in arms ; their allied forces confiding of three hundred thoufand horfe, three thoufand elephants, and a great body of infantry, encamped oppofite to their enemies on the river Sirfutti One hundred and fifty Indian Princes aflembled under the banners of the King oijijmere; and after the performance of religious , rites they all folemnly vowed by the facred water of the Ganges that they would conquer or die. The treachery of Mobammed ii 'was • Ibid. p. 354. I V CUTTUB KI»NG OF DELHI. 385 was again exerted, and agaio fuccefsfuU Fatally lulled into a delii- Cb. III. § 1. five fecurity, the Hindoo Camp became a fcene of revelry, and the iJmfu.ii'^^ difcipline of war was n^egleAed ; the morning beheld their num- bers ftruggling with defperate refolution to retrieve pail negli- gence ; but at length a violent and unexpected charge of twelve thoufand Moflem horfe, whofe riders were clad in complete ar- mour, decided the fate of Itidla, The city of Delhi was for a time preferved by means of coftly prefent8.-:-Moi»fl»i/»^^ during his nine expeditions into Hindoflan is recorded to have amafled five hundred maunds of diamonds, but his career was then ter- minated ; and the murderer of the family of Chofro periihed by the hands of midnight aflaffms: — though furrounded by his izc;. faithful guards there was ftill an Arm to whom the tent of, this dreaded General was open ; twenty mountaineers were chofen as the iaftruments of ^ its vengeance, who at once ruflied upon their vidim, and buried their daggers into, his ' body. After the vidory which Mohammed had obtained over the allied army of India under Pittu Rai^ the * Empire of Delhi had been founded by Cuttub or Cothbeddin Ibeb^ a faithful flave and friend of the conqueror left by him at Koram: for, having taken poflefiion of Delhi, Cuttub who was the Mohammedan Viceroy of the conquered poflfefTions in India made that city the feat of his government in the year 1193, and obliged the diftridts around him to embrace the dodrines of the Koraft. — Mahmud, the pufillanimous nephew and fucceiTor of Mohammed^ loft the crowns both of Gdur^ and Gaznoy and in 1212 yielded to the prowefs of the Houfis of Charasm. Mahmud like his uncle was murdered in his bed. Mohammed the great King of Charazm^ and weftcrn India Charazmian dependant on the empire of Gazna, foon beheld a new and power- ^' ful < Ibid. P. 364. VOL. I. 3D • Ibid. P. 359. nm \26 PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. BOOK I. 13l8. Southern India invaded by the Mo- hammedan Kings of DeUu. fu! enemy in the renowned Gengis Khan^ who in 1 2 1 8 moved on his countlefa muhitudes of well difciplined Moguls^ and Tartars^ towards the rich provinces of ' Southern Afta. Having reduced the celebrated city of Bokhara to an heap of afhes, plundered Samar* chand^ and given Charazm to the flames, Genois ordered the flying Mohammed to be incefllintly purfued by thirty thoufand picked foldiers, conducted by three of the mod experienced Mogul generalst Death at length came to the relief of this miferable SuU tan in 1220 ; and he expired under the cover of a wretched tent in the fmall uninhabited ifland of Ablfcon^ fituated on the fouth-weftera corner of the Cafpian Sea. The brave fon of Mohammed^ 'Gelaleddin, « prepared to avenge the caufe of his father, and to chaflife the cruel invaders of his Charaftnian empire. But in the mean time Gengis urged a deftruAive courfe through the citie» of Balkh^ Termedf Meru^ and Kifljapour; their walls were levelled, and their inhabitants mur- dered» At the fack of Baman this wild beaft of Tartary wa» gorged with blood; m«n, women, and 'children were indifcrimi- nately maflacred. In vain did Gelaleddin ftrive with dubious fuc- cefs to retrieve the fortunes of his houfe, and even at length re» gain a part of his hereditary dominions; for during the year 1231^ four years after the death of Gengis who only reached the frontiers of India % Gelaleddin was betrayed and murdered in the pro^ vince of Curdiftan. When- CuTTUB the Viceroy of India was eftablifhed as firft Mohammedan King of Delbi^ he caufed himfelf to be iavefted with the imperial regalia both of Lidia and Gaxna, and thu» founded the Afghan or jftf/an Dynafty which hdd the iceptre until the ' Ibid. P. 371. * Lc Croix Hifi. Gengit, p. 377. • Ibid. P. 386, INVASION OF SOUTHERN INDIA. 3*7 Rtlnfpiit tf IiJian Hifioiy. the invaflon of Tmmr Bee in 1398. Cutiub afcended the throne Ch. 11. s *- oi, Lahore in 1205, and before his death in 12 10 defeated the Prince of Benares ; he alfo marched againft the Rajahpouts to pre- vent their jundion, and overcame with difficulty an alliance of the independent Indian chiefs with the prince of Narwalla. His ion ' Aram fucceeded, who with difficukyheld the reins of govern- ment for one year; and to pafs over the intermediate fovereigns of Delhi, in the year 1265 the Vizier Balin on default of iflue from Mabmud^ afcended the vacant " throne. The moil cele- brated men of fcience that Afia could produce were aifembled and encouraged in his court, among whom the noble Cbofro^ and Hajfen^ bore the firft rank. Though the difpofition of Balin was cruel, and fanguinary, he condefcended to vifit learned men at their own houfes, and is faid to have made them coftly prefents. He appointed his fon Kera king of Bengal in 1279, and died in 1286 after a reign of twenty-two years. During the ' government of Ferose the Second, a defcendant from the ferocious, tribe of CbilUgi^ the firft Mohammedan Invqfion of Southern India took place in 1293; conducted by the murderer and nephew of Ferofe^,Alla ul-dieuy who was afterwards emperor. Having reached EUchpoor^ and invftfted Deogur the capital of rajah Ramdeoy the retreat of AUa was nearly cut off: but having defeated Ramdeo and infliftcd a cruel vengeance on the Hindoos, this Mo- hammedan was enabled to drain the country of fix hundred " maunds of pure gold^ fevcn maunds ol pearly two maunds of diamonds^ rubies^ emerald^ Wi^fappbires ; befide one thoufand maunds of ^iver^ four thoufand pieces of Jilt, and other precious commodities. Pa ^ 1289. • Maurice's Modem Hindoftan, vol. i . p. 40a * Ibxd. P. 415. • Ibid. P. 456. ■> The Maund of the Deccajj, according to Mr. Maurice, is twenty-five pound aToirdupoifc. . 3 D 2 « 388 BOOK 1. !J95. PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. On the accefHon of this execrable ALLA/whofe obje£t was to itnpoverilh all ranks of men, his kingdom was repeatedly threatened by the Moguls ; but the daring fpirit of the emperor afTifted by the brave Ziffer^ who from envy was fuffered to perifli in the arms of viftory, baffled' every attempt of the enemy. In 1306 the defolat- ing ambition of Alia- was again dire£ted towards Southern India* Ramdeo king of Deogur had omitted to fend the promifed tribute, and the Mohammedan troops eagerly preflfed forward to enrich themfelves by a fecond " Invafion. Cafoor^ general of Alla^ having divided the country of the Mabrattas among his omrahs, advanced to the uege oi Deogur^ or Dowlat-ahd ;■ hut Ramdeo prudently ap- peafed the ambition of the Mohammedans by prefents, and fcrupled not to do homage himfelf at Delhi. A third ° Invafion of Southern India was conducted by two Mohammedan generals Cafoor^ and Cbaja^ in the year 13 10: this expedition was particularly dir^£ted againft the rich Temples of Dboor^ Summund, and Maber. Belial Deo, fovereign of the Carnatic was taken prifoner, and his country laid wade. Satiated with cruelty and plunder the marauders had refolved to return ; when a fudden difcovery of immenfe treafure buried by fome Brahmint completed the triumph of avarice. Cafoor, on his arrival at Delhi^ prefented Alla with three hundred and twelve elephants^ twenty thouiand borfes^ ninety-fix thoufand maunds of gold^ befide feveral chefts of jewels^ pearls^ and other treafiire. Such an influx of wealth eventually proved favourable to the polite arts ; and Alia «ould boaft of having forty-five profeflbrs in his empire, who were celebrated for their Ikill in fcience. Prior to the death of this monarch, in 1316, his general Cafoor conduced a '' fourth Invafion cf Southern bidia during tlie year 1312 ; and after ravaging with his ufual 1^, p. 462. * Ilii'd. p. 465. ' Ibid. p. 46S. HINDOSTAN THREATENED BY MOGULS. m ufual barbarity the countries of Mabrat^ CMttir^ DatuI^ Gitvil, Ch. riT. § i. RaijorCi a*»d Mudkil^ had taken up his refidence at i)w^tfr.— The uji'Siii/lf. monfter Mubarick, third Ton of Alia, afcending the throne in 13 1 7, invaded Southern India during the'fecond year of his reign. His favourite general, the traitor Chro/roy remained a year in Mala* baty and plundered the country of a diamond that weighed one hun- dred and fixty-eight ruttys, with other jewels and gold to a con- fiderable amount. On the death of the great and virtuous TugUek tbejtrjiy in 1325^, his elded Ton Mohammed the third fuceeeded. Hindojlan was foon threatened by a Mogul army conducted by the renowned Siri chief of the tribe of Zagatay^ who confented to retire on receiving nearly the price of the * empire. Mohammed having thus fecured the tranquillity of his own country, prepared to invade the peace of other diftrids ; and his generals fubdued many provinces that had not yet yielded to the throne of Delhi : the Carnatie was reduced to the extremities of the Deccan^ and from fea to fea j but thefe con- quefts were afterwards loft amidft convuifiont occafloned by the weaknefs and tyranny of the eniperor. With an unaccountable ^ ficklenefs of difpofition he abandoned his city of Delhiy then the envy of the world, and obliged its wretched inhabitants to migrate to Deogur, as being more centrical. Thoufands were afterwards permitted to return to Delhi, but the greater part perifhed by fa- mine before they could regain the abode of their forefathers. Mo~ bammed died in 1351 ;. " having laboured," fays Mr. Maurice, ♦' with no contemptible abilities to be detefted by God, and feared and abhorred by all ' men." His diftinguifhed fucceflbr, Ferosb the THIRD, greatly improved the empire: he not only founded the city of Ferofeabad in 1354, but ordered many Canals to be cut which proved: ^WB-P 1 Ibid. p. 479. ' Ibid. p. 492. 39<» PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. 'Mogul Dynaftjr. 1405. \ BOOK of the utmoft advantage to the adjacent country. The conqueftt of Ftrofe were not tinged with the cruelty of his predeceflfors : he inarched to the mountains of Nangracut^ reduced the Rajah of thofe parts, and again confirmed him ia his dominions. In the temple of Naugracutf called out of compliment to his predeceiTor the city of Mohammed, ferofe found in 1360 a Brahmin library confiding of one thoufand, three hundred volumes. During this reign, which vras fucceeded by nine y«ars of civil war, * Bengal and Southern Itidia were in a manner feparated from the government of Delhi. When TiMUR Bbc the renowned defcendant of Genghy firft propofed the invailon of Hindoftan in 1398, ten years after the death of Ferofe^ he was anfwered according to ' Gibbon, by a mur- mur of difcontent : The BJvers ! and the MoutUains and Defer ts ! And the Soldiers clad in armour ! and the Elephanttf defrayers of men ! An infant fon of Mohammed the fourth had been placed on on the throne of Delhi in 139a by the name of Mahmuo Shah, and this event was particularly favourable to the ambitidn of the Mo- gul Chieftain. TiMUR foon made his triumphant entry into the capi- tal of ITindqftan ; advancing one hundred miles to the north-eaft of Delhi he paiTed the Ganges^ and completed his conqueft at the famous rock of Coupele, On the death of Timur in 1405 began the famous Mogul Dyuqfly in Hindoftan^ which fucceeded that of the Jfghan^ or Patau ^ founded by Cuttub. The dominions of Timur were divided according to his will among his children. MiRACHA a third fon ** received the eaftem part of Perfia^ the Cabulifiattt a frontier province between Perfia and the Indies, and Hindoftan ; and with this prince the Mogul empire commenced. Mi- racha •Ibid. P. 495. « Vol. I a. p. 13. ■ Catrou'a Hiftory. See alfo in Harru't CoUeAion of Voyagei (toI. i. p. 629.) Afucmd accMmt afthe Empire 0/ tit great My;ul/rm iu fomdatim to tit frtfint timu, taken ti'iefy fnm .til trietOal wriien. MOGUL DYNASTY. BABAR. 39« Rtitijftlt if Indiia Uiflctjt racba made choice of the city of Herat as his capital, fituated Ch. IT. s >• almoft in the centre of his dominions in the province of Choraflan. This courageous, but ungrateful emperor, was faccecded by hit fon Abouchaid, in 1451, whofe ingratitude was proverbial through- out the Eaft ; after a difgraceful reign of twenty-eight years his fifth fon SiiBiK Omar was placed upon the throne ; and during along in- terval of peace he amufed himfelf in teaching pigeons, which he kept, to live in a continual ftate of enmity. Subfequent to his death in 1493 the Mogul empire was more fully eftablilhed in Hindoftan by his fon Babar i who previous to any military expeditions for the extenfion of his empire, a confiderable part of which had been wrefted from him by Scbaibec Kban prince of the Ufbeck Tartars, refolved with Ranguildas governor of Cabuliftan, to make a tour of obfervation throughout Hindoftan under the difguife of Indian faquirs. Having travelled from one extremity of India to the other, they drew up an account of that country fome few years ' previous to the firft Voyage of da Gama, They found Hi n dost an inhabited by four nations, (i) Native Indians y who notwithftanding the repeated invafions and conquefts of the jifgban kings of Delbl, ftill preferved fome faint refemblance of their antient conftitution. Their monarchs however were immerfed in the feraglio; the affairs of government abandoned to minifters or their deputies ; whilft the Brabminsy forgetful of the opinions of their anceftors, abufed the eafy confidence of the vulgar; The army confifted of an undif- ■ Other writcn, differing from Catrou, are of opinion that all H'mdojlan was divided into fcparate State* about the year 1450 under a prince called BtUaR^ who afcended the Mogul throne on the abdication of AUa th« iiccond ; and that a fon of this prince, haWng eftabh'fhed his refidence at Agra in 1501, regained a confiderable part of the empire. The firft expe- dition of Babar is placed by them in 1518. Mr. Patsn in his Prmtiplti of JlfiaAc Mmareliu (i8ot.) gives a flcetch of the Hiftory of Hindoftan from the firft Mohammedan invafion to the reign of Akbcr (p* 67.) According to him Sabar advanced to DMy in 1535* and died in 1530. 39* BOOK I. Death of Bubar. 153O' Malabar. PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. undifclplined rabble, and the general mart of people were loft !n indolence and vice, (a) The fecond clafs confifted of Patatis^ a Mohammedan race, who had pafled over from the oppofite coaft of jiraiia, and having firft fettled on the fouthern fide of the ImJuj where they founded the town of Miifilipatan^ thence ex- tended themfelvet until they became mafteri of the kingdom of Delhi; which they pofleiTed when Timur invaded India. (,^) The third clafs confided of Per/at ^ who on the conqucft of Perfia by the Mohammedans had been obliged to emigrate in great multitudes. (4) Mogul foldiers who had been placed in dif- ferent garifons, and officers appointed to collet the tribute of con- quered Rajahs, formed the foutth clafs* On the return of Babar, and his faithful companion, the at- tention of this emperor was firft directed towards the Patant^ efta- bliflied at Delhi under jimtvixa the mod powerful Rajah in Hin- doftan : the forces of Amwixa were defeated, and the victorious Baber re-eftabliflied the Mogul throne at Dtlhi. After reigning five years at Samarcand^ three in Cabuliflan^ and thirty in Hindojlah^ this renowned emperor died in 1530, and was fucceeded by his fon Homayum or Homaion, Babar like Cao&r compofed commentaries of his own life and actions entitled Vakeai Babariy in which an ample account is given of his battles both in Tartary and India. The Maritime parts of Southern Hindoflan were always in- dependent of the Court of Delhi ; and it is extremely difficult to procure any hiftorical information refpe^ing them prior to the arrival of da Gama on the Coaft of Malabar. The Arabian writers, as Dr. ' Robertfon obferves, * mention a great Empire eftablifhed on the Malabar Coaft, governed by monarchs whofe authority was para- mount to that of every power in India, Thefe monarchs were diftin- guiftied by the appellation of BaUbttra^ a name yet known in India to th< hundi it one II ' Ancient Indiai p. lai. COAST OF MALABAR. 393 India ' ; and it is probable that the Samerin or emperor of CiiHcut^ Ch. Ill $ i. fo frequently menrioncd in the accounts of the lird Voyages of the i!Z»'h'ii»,. Portuguefe to India, pofrcllivd fome portion of their domiinions." But •"""—" the bed information on this fubjedit which perhaps can be at pre* fent obtained appears in « difTcrtation publifhed in the * Afiatic Refearches, entii! J Hijlorlcal Remarks qii the coajl of Malabar^ of which the following is the fubftancct In a curious work called '' Kend Oodputte^ or the emerging of the country of Keridy the origin of the Malabar Coad is afcribcd to the piety or penitence of Ptirefram Rama ; who, ftung with rcmorfc for the blood he had flied, applied to Varuna god of the Ocean, to fuppiy . him with a traA of ground to bedow on the Brahmcns, Varuna lillening to his prayer, withdrew the fea from the Cowkern a hill in the vicinity of Mangalore, to Cape Comorin.; and in confe- quence that part of the Goad which extends along the bafe of th« SuihUfiy or Ghaut mountains, has acquired the name of Mulyalum^ which rendered literally 'ajkirting at the bottom of the bdls : a term that may eafily have been (hortened into Maleyam^ or Maleam^ whence probably came Midievar and Malabar, The Country thus obtained from the ' Sea, long continued in a marihy and fcarccly habitable (late, infomuch that the firft fettlcrs, whom * Herbelot Article HentI, and Belhar. ■ By Jonathan Duncan, £fq. (vol. $. 8vo. p> !•) * Tranflatcd into EngH/h by Mr. Duncan, during \m (lay at Calicut in 1793, f"^""" ^''c PerGan verfion, made under his own iiifpcd\ion after the Malabariu copy in poO'efliun of one of the Rajahi of the Zamorin's family. * In a MS. account of Malabar, which Mr. Duncan has fcen, and wlu'ch is afciibed to t bifliop of Virapoli, the feat of a famous Roman Catholic feminary near Cochin ; according to the accounts of the learned natives of that coaft, it is little more than two thoufand three hundred years flnce the Sea came up to the foot of the Sulien, or Ghaut mountains ; and that it once did fo he thinks extremely probable from the nature of the foil. Sec page 375, VOL. I. 3E ^ 394 PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. BOOK whom Pure/ram is faid to have brought from the eaftern, and even northern parJi of Itidiay were obliged to abandon it on ac- count of innumerable ferpents with which its mud and (lime abounded. Theft- fettlers however afterwards returned, being in- ftru£ted by Pure/ram to propitiate and worfhip the ferpents. This maritime dlftrid, according to the Kerul Oodputte^ was af- terwards feparated into four "Tookrees^ or divifions j and thefe were again- {Parcelled out into a greater number of Naadbs^ or diftridls, and of Kbunds or fubdivifions. From the fame fource we learn, that the Brabmens appear to have firft eftablifhed a fort of republi- can or ariftocratical government, under two or three principal chiefs, which continued for fome time : until jealoufies arifing among ihemfelves, thie great body of Brahmen landholders applied for . * foreign aflillancc j and accordingly received a Permal^ or chief governor, from the prince of the neighbouring country of Chaldejby a part of the fouthern Carnatic. Thefe viceroys were regularly changed and relieved every twelve years j until one of them named Sbco Ram^ or, according to the Malabar book, Sbermanoo Pemialoo^ by others alfo called Cheruma Perumal^ rendered himfelf fo ex'^ tremely popular that he was enabled to confirm his authority, and let his foverelgn the prince of Cbaldejh at defiance j who is known in their books by the name of Rajah Kijhen Rao: An army Was immediately fent into Malabar to re-e(labli(h the Rajah's au- thority, but "the caufe of Sbermanoo was fuccefsful : this event is fuppoled to have taken place one thoufand years anterior to the prefent period. From this epocha all the Rajahs, and chief Najrs, "as well as other titled and principal lords and landholders of Malabar^ date their anceftors' fovereignty in that country. After the defeat of Kipjen Rao's army, Sbermanoo Pcrmaloo being either weary of his fituation, or wifhing to become a convert to the Koran, refolved to vifit Arabia j and accordingly made a general dirifion "•Tl Caftcul Perfym, Malabo- ti'tude Calicut « Pe concern that tlx •crtain ,_> ORIGIN OF THE ZAMORIN. 395 Indian HiJIorj^, dividon of Malabar among his dependents, from whom its prefent Ch. iii. § i. ehieftains are defcended. It is a received opinion among the Maladars, that when S/jer- manoo Permaloo had completed this diviHon of his kingdom, he was applied to by an Erary^ or perfon of the Cow-herd caft for feme fupport J which Erarjy with his brother, had left their native town of Poondra on the banks of tht Cavery near Errodc^ and had been the principal caufe of the Malabars' fuccefs againft the army of the Rajah Kifhen Rao, Shermanoo having little left, made the Erary a grant ,of his own place of abode at Calicut; he alfc gave him his fword, and ancle chainlet, with other infignia, and moreover prefented him with water and flowers, the ancient fymbol of a transfer of property in that part of India. Befide thefe marks of royal favour, Shermanoo authorifed and inftru«3;ed him to extend his dominion by arms ; which this adventurer, the anceftor of the prefent ^ Zamorin, immediately attempted. In the true fpirit of their original grant his family have ever fince either meditated new conquefts, or endeavoured to fecure, what had bv*en gained by the fword of Shermanoo Permaloo ; which they aflert to have ftill pre- ferved as a precious relic. Even anterior to the above partition of Malabar^ the Neftorians had fettled and planted * Chriftianity on that coafl j and with thofe of ' The Alh de Guyon I'n his Hiflo'ire det IndiS, (3 vols, izmo.) obferves, that the Kin^ of CaRcut took the title of Zamorin, according to an ancient regulation of Certim Piroumal, or Perfymal, who retired to Mecca to pafs the reflr of his days. This prince, fovereign of all Malabar, divided his empire araongft hiff friends and relations, and thus gave rife to that mul- titude of petty Kings with which the Coafts are filled : but he oruaincd, that the King of Calicut fliould have the title of Zamorin. e Pennant in his Wejlern Hindoojlan, (p. 164.) obferves, " What weighs greatly with me concerning the truth of the exiftence of the Indian Chri/lianst or Chrijlians of St. Thomas, is, that the knowledge of them had reached England as early as the ninth century ; for we arc certain that our great Alfred, in confequence of a Vow, fcnt Sighelra the fccond, in the year 3 E 2 ^ 883 'l.'B f'*^- . i 1: "TtJ 39^ BOO I. PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. K of the Roman Catholic communion who arrived feveral centuries — after in confequence of Vafco da Gamai difcovery, they conftitute to this day a condderable body of the lower orders in Travancore, and Cochin^ in which lad diftri^ the mod confiderable, or rather, perhaps the only colony of Jews in India is fettled. From the period of Shennanoo% abdication to the arrival of the Portuguefe at Calicut^ tlje Mahommedan religion made great pro- grefs in Malabar. The Arabian traders, who annually brought con- fiderable fums of money to the Malabar Coafl for its pepper, and other fpices, received every encouragement from the fucceilive Sa- mooriesy or Zamorins ; whence that part of the coaft became the centre of Arabian traffic, and the refidence of its merchants. The Rajahs of Cocbirtf and of other petty ftates, jealous of the ambi- tion and fuperior power of thefe Samoories, were eager to afford the Portuguefe a kind reception in their ports ; and from this coUifion of interefts proceeded that warfare by fea and land which ihook the empire of Hlndqflan to its centre. Mr. Duncan adds, that the only Afiatic account of thefe memorable contefts he ever met with, is contained in an Arabic manufcript compofed hj Zeirreddien MuKHDOM ; who is thought to have been fent to affift the Mahom- medan princes of India, and the Zamorifty againft the Portuguefe, His interefting hiftory clofes with the year 1579-80, and contains among other valuable information an account of the then exifting manners of the Malabars. The country of Malabar is defcribed as being at that time divided into a number of independencies more or lefs extenfive ; in which were Chieftains commanding from one, to two, and three hundred, up to a thoufand j and thence to five, ten. 883 (Bifliop of Slierbourn) firft to Ro)ne, and afterwards to /nt/za, with alms to the Chrlfti- ans of the town of Saint Thomat, now Meliafour, who returned with ya~toiig ricii Gems, fome lit wliich were to be feen in the church of Sherbourn, according to William of Malmjiury (lib. II. 248.) even in his days." MARINER'S COMPASS. 397 ten, tliirty thoufand, and upwards. In fome of thcfe indepen- Ch. III. 5 1. dencies, two, three, and fometimes even more Hakims^ or rulers, unan Hifilj. had at the fame time dlftind bodies of men attached to them re- fpe^ively. The three gr&teft powers were the Colajlrian Rajah to the north, the Zamor'tn in the centre, and farther fouth a Prince who ruled from the town of Kolum^ or Coulim^ to Cape Comorhi^ comprehending the States now held by the Rajah of Travancore. In Zeirreddicns enumeration of what he confidcred as the chief pecu- liarities in the manners of the Malabar s^ he remarked, that the rulers were of two clafTes, or patties ; one of which adted In fup- port of the Zamor'tn^ while the other party a£led in concert with the Hakim of Cochin. He then proceeds to mention, that the towns built along the Coaft of Malabar owed their origin to the Mahommedan traders, and were principally conftruded by them. He alfo relates the arrival of the Portuguefe 'fleets, under Da Gama in 1498, and* that under Cabral a few years afterwards ; with the negociations, jealoufies, and wars that enfued, in a -manner reconcileable to the accounts of the fame tranfadions already pub- lilhed. ' The multiplicity of fubjeds confidered in this volume have not at prefent allowed me to pay that attention to the difcovery of the mariner's compafs which I could have wiftied. There is little doubt that it was ufed in India, long before any knowledge of it had reached Europe; and it is (Ingular that the Load/lone feems to have been defignated under the term of The beavy^ or rare Stone, in the ^ Hebrew rnp^ \2ii, by the tiavigators of Solomon sjleit. — Cer- tainly • ^ ■' * Our Tranjlatkn (i Kings lo. cli. 1 1, v.) ftyles it, Precious Storifs, but tlic original term h Stone, in the fingular. See AlkhaeUs Siipplemttita ad Lexica Hebraica, No. 1049; who contends from the Syriac and Jlralic, that the fenfe oi precious annexed to the epithet, is not proper but derivative, the primary fignificatior being lieavy. The feventy howtvcr, and ' iii^'j«»!fif;5w, have rendered it oTr»yio{ rnrf, {Note hy the Rtverand S. Henley.)' w% '*¥ n; 1. G^B»^i'^> ?HBt'' til t^^*^' 398 PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. BOOK ta'inly we now polTefs fuflicient evidence to bcHeve, that the earliefl '-. — ornament employed to mark the North, and which has generally been called a Fleur de Ih^ was no other than the Indian Lotus ; (Ince Mr. Daniel obferved the fame to be frequently introduced on fome of the moft ancient of the Hindoo temples. . The following fpecimens, which he was fo obliging as to communicate, are therefore offered to the attention of nautical antiquarians. TASSO's ELOGY OF GAMA, AND CAMDEN'S. 399 Ch. III. { s. Emtumul. m SECTION n. RefltBiont.'—AcceJfun of Emmanuel. — Conduit ofAlmiida. — Singular rtquejf of John the' feeond. — Murmurs againfl the further progrefs ofDifcovery. — Fernan Lauren fo receivef orders to build thejbips nubich John the feeond had deflinedfor the difcovery of India.— m Da Gama appointed to command the fquadron.'— Narrative of his Voyage from Ca/laH' heda, Ofirius, and Canuens. . •,■.-' Vasco ! le cui felici, ardite anteime ■ ■„' , In contra al fol, die ne riporta il giorno Spiegat' le rele, i fer* cola ritonio» Dove egli par che di cadere accene : '. Non piu di te per afpro mar foftenne Qnel, che fece al Ciclope okraggio, i fconio: Ne chi turbo I'Arpie nel fuo foggiorno Ne die piil bel feggetto a colte penne. £t hor quella del colto, i buon' Luige Tant' oltrc ftende il gloriofo volo Che i tuoi fpalmati legni andar' men* lunge. Und' a quelli, a cui s'alza il noftro poiOf £t a chi ferma in contra i fuoi veftigi Per lui del corfo tuo la fama aggiunge. Ta(s*. .As we approach the completion of Portuguefe Difcovery on the Coafts of Africa, and confider the aftonifhing revolution which da Gamas Voyage produced throughout the greater part both of Europcy and ^fta; we are naturally led to exclaim with Sir William * Monfon : " It is Itrange «and furprlfing, that out of fo many flourifliing Na- tions as God hath created and civilized, He fljould elcft and chufe the • • NavjJ Trafl*. GliuicliiU'i Colkaion (rol. 3. p. 3ji.) ' ■m. 400 PROGRESS OP DISCOVERY. BOOK the kingdom of Portugal to perform this great work of his ; and ■• ' aflign them fuch a time when they enjoyed a happy peace with their neighbours, and had no enemy to oppofe or hinder their • defigns." 1495. Emmanuel was only in his twenty-fixth year, when he re-' ceived the news of his coufm's death, yohtt the fecond. Brought up without any immediate expectations of the Crown, and being himfelf a younger '' fon, it was only at the conclufion of the late monarch's reign that Emmanuel had been taught to confider himfelf as Infante of Portugal. He received the exprefs at Salatia^ in which town he was immediately proclaimed king with the ufual cere- monies : after which an aflembly of his nobility, clergy, and de- puties from the cities, was called at Monte Mayor about twelve miles from Evora. In this aflembly the king gave early and flriking proofs of great abilities by the noble plans which he fuggefted ; and before he left Monte Mayor for his metropolis, an event oc- curred charaderiftic of the peculiar goodnefs of his difpofition. Among the number of loyal fubje£ts who prefled forward to pay their earlieil homage, the attention of the Court was particularly fixed on two perfons. The fcene that enfued is feelingly defcribed by * Oforius. — Diego Almeida mailer of the order of knights hofpi- talcrs, a cavalier famed for his bravery and accompli(hmehts, had been * Emmanuel was tlie grandfon of king EJwarJ, tRe nephew of Alfonfo the fifth, and coufm to John the fecond his predeccflbr. (E/ogios dot reit dc Portugal.) He was the third fon of the Infant Don Ferd'mand, Duke of Vyio, by Donna Beatrix, the daughter of the infant Don Juan. {De Fariay Sou/a Epitome.) He was born at the caftlc oi /tlchochelti. May 3, 1461), which fell that year upon u Thurfday, and the feaft of Corpus Chrifli, at the very inftant the facrament pafl'ed by the dpor ; and for this reafon he took the name of Emmanuel, tie received the principal part of his education in Cajlile, during the time he remained there as an hoAagc, and returned to Portugal about the time the Duke of Braganja bll liis life. « Page 7. {Cibbt' Tranjlatkn, vol. I. p. 8.) SPEECH OF ALMEIDA. 401 been appointed tutor to George a favourite natural Ton of the 'late Ch. ni. s >• king. They both appeared in deep mourning : the contraft between — ^~'- - the youth of George who was only in his fourteenth year, and the age of his protestor, gave additional intereft. Almeida advancing, prefented his pupil for the firft time, and thus addreiTed Emmanuel: lUufirious Sbnhor, the deceafed king who by nature was your coujin^ but by the love be bore you might well be accounted your brother ; when ^ on his death-bed ajfured me y that he Jhouldquit this life with thegreatejl reftgnatiorty if be were relieved from one anxiety which depreffed bis mindy the apprebenfion he experienced of leaving this deftitute and for- lorn Orphan, Yet at the fame time he acknowledged that this uneafmefs •was greatly alleviatedy when be called to remembrance the benevolence of . *»; • your SfPofition^ the gratitude of your heartland your inclination for every thing noble and generous. And then be enjoined me in bis name^io de- fire y nay even to entreat ; as be bad ever loved you as a fin y as be had ever diflingui/bed you by the greatefl marks of honour ^ and conferred on you every kindnefs in bis power ^ that you would fhew a proper fenfe of fuch exalted favour y by a grateful return of the fame to this bis only child. — Moreover befriSlly charged me^ that Ifhouldfrequently admonijb this fon to attach himfelf entirely to yourfervice, and to make it bis fole ambition tofurpafs every one in love and fidelity for your royal perfon^ > and in zeal for your intt.'efts.—^tbefe were bis Commands ; and in or- der to execute the duties of my fiation^ I here ^ Senhory prefent this youth y who at thefe tender years has been deprived of fuch a parent. By difpo- fttion as well as birth he is related to you. He comes as afuppliant ; the feverity of his fate entitles him to your proteSlion. In the name of his Father I prcfent him. — Emmanuel was fo greatly «« affeded by this fpeech, that he at firft was unable to reply j but afterwards alTured Almeiday * Hac Almeidae Oratione ade6 fuit Emmanuelis tnoeror excitatus, ut cum dare refponfum . vcUet, liicrymis et fingultu fpiritus iJlius impedirelur. (OJoriut. P. 8.) VOL. I. * ' ; ^ F 4oa PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. BOOK Almeida^ in few words, that, be Jbould always confider George as his • — own /on ; and would be/low on bimfucb marks of favour as migbt btjl demon/Irate an inclination to freferve and extend tbe name and mt" mory of ]ohh the S£Coni>. This circumftance, adds Oforius^ we have thought worthy of a place in our hiftory; fince it equally proves how much the probity of John was regarded, and with what rcafon the excellency of Emmanuers character was ad- mired. Venice. VENiCE-was among the * firft to congratulate Emmanuel on hrn, And thy proud titles on her flag be borne : Thee, lord of Perfia, thee of India lord, 0*er £thiopia*a vaft, and Araby " ador'd.* •» Thus did the counfellors of Emntanuel ftrive to withdraw their fovereign from meafures that were planned by confununate wif- dom. Never was any expedition Tiore ' unpopular than this of da ^ Mickle'i 'Lufisd, book U, vol. a. p^ 3S. ' The fame prejudices that prevailed againil thii Voyage, were aftenvards urged to difcouu* tenauce all trade to the Eaft Itidiei. P^rebat in hit firft volume (p. 73a lib. 5.) gives a long Diflerution on the fubjed by T. Mmt, in order to remove fuch obje^ons. <• By the proui- dence of Almightie God, the difcouerie of that Navigation to the Eaft Indies by the Cape of Good H<>pc (now fo much frequented by the Englj/b, Portugah, and Dutch, and alfo attempted by other Chriftian kingdomes) hath not onely much decayed the great Commerce JKtwccne the JiuBam and the Turies in the Red Sea, and in the Ptrfian Gulfe, to their in. finite hurt, and to the great increafe of Chriftian trade ; but it hath alfo brought a further happincflc vnto Chriftendome in generoll, and to the realme of EngUmi in particular, for the venting of moie EngCifh commodities ; and for exporting of a lefle quantitie of filuer out of Europe vnto the infidels, by many thoufand pouads yearely, than Lath beene accuftomed in former times ; as I fliall prooue rooft plainely by that which foUoweth .... So that by the iiibftance, and fummes of thefe Accounts it doth plainely appeare, that the buying of the faid quantitie of raw filkcs, Indico, and fpiceSi may be performed in the In£tt for neere one> , third PREPARATIONS FOR GAMA'S V lYAGF,. da Gama. Thefe murmurs of the Cabinet were reechoed > the Ck aflfrighted populace, who already belield the Sultan of Egjf a the — Togus^ and all the princes of chriftendom in confederacy u^ fub- vert the kingdom of Portugal. They were afraid, fays ^ Bruce, * left after having difcovered a paflage to India^ the depriving the Moorifli States of their levenues from the Spice trade, ihould unite thefe powers to their dedrudion. Now, to dedroy their revenues effectually, and thereby ruin their power, was the very motive which fet Prince Henry upon the difcovcry, as worthy the Grand Mailer of the Order of Chrift ; an order founded in the blood of unbelievers, and devoted particularly to the extirpation of the Ma- hometan religion.* — But the cool judgment of Emmanuel was not to be fliaken by fuch vague chimeras : his fuperior mind difcerned profpedls of national advantage, and he therefore refolved to pur- fue that path which his predeceflbr had fo Arongly recommended. To ufe the words of ' Oforiusy Emmanuel regarded Diffidence as the mark of a low and groveling mind, whereas he confidered Hope to he the quality of a noble and afpiring foul, * On the arrival of Z)i543 pounds, foure (hillings, foure pence Sterling, of readie moneys, that heretofore hath beene exported out ofChriften* dome into Turkey." (Ibid. P. 734.) •> Vol. 2. p. IC9. ' Page 23' » CaftanheJJs expreflion is dous nauios da Madeira qel Rey d: JoSo maadara cortar. (Tom. 1 . p. 4. cap. 2.) Seealfo//«5«rw (ZJwadii i.liv. 4. cap. J.) 4 ''.-;-. Ja. I 4e( PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. BOOK intended voyage { Who in a war with the French had already : — given proofs of enterprife and naval (kill. Vafco waa a native of 5//»f/, a fea port in the province of jllentejo^ and was the fon of Eflevho da Gama^ a perfon of rank, who had been already ap- pointed to this expedition by yohn^ on the return of Diaz ; but died before the fquadron was fitted out. On receiving this im- portant charge, Vajco told Emmanuel that his mind had long afpired to the honour of fuch an enterprife : " Let Skiei on fire, Let frozen Stu, let horrid war confpire, I dare them all, I cried, and but repine That one poor life ii all I can ■ refign." To great enthufiafm this Navigator united perfeverancei prudence, and a conftant poflfeflion of his judgment. 0/bnut * (lyles him a nobleman endowed with a Hngular ftrength of mind. * Gama^ fays Dr. Vincent '', * was formed for the fervlce to which he was called ; violent indeed in his temper, terrible in anger, and fudden in the execution of juftice ; but at the fame time iatre(>id, perfevering, patient in difficulties, fertile in expedients, and fuperior to all op- pofition. He feems to have devoted himfelf to death if he (hould not fucceed, from a fenfe of religion and loyalty. His fuccefs was owing to this fentiment.' < When Gama received thefe commands of his fovereign, the firft nobility of Portugal were prefent. Emmanuel, after an eloquent fpeech, gave him with his own hand as the flag he was to bear, a facred Banner, on which was emblazoned the Crol's of the mili- tary order of Christ : it confifted ' of a white crofs inclofed in one ' Mickle's Luflad, book iv. vol. 2. p. 33. * Hom'mem nobilem, etjingulari anim't robore frtdltum. (P. 24.) ' Perlplui, p. 221. and p. 209. n. jjj. 1 Oforius, p. 17. See alfo Barros Eu Vafco da Gama . . ,juro em ojinal de/la Cru%, em gtte ponho at miios, jue for finilco de D(ot, tvojjo. {DecaJa 1. 1. 4. cap. i.) KmmtmuU NAMES OF OFFICERS IN THE SQJUADRON. 407 one of a red colour ; and on tht* (Undard the admiral took his oath Ch. IT. s t. of fidelity. The king alfo delivered into his hands the Journal of Pedro de CovUbam^ with a chart, and letters to fuch of the prin- cipal princes of Indiuy as were known to the court of Portugal ; among whom the renowned Prejie Joao da Indiat was not omitted. The Squadron fitted out for thiH memorable voyage, confifted of three (hips and a caravella : the Sam Gabriel of one hundred and twenty tons, and the Sam Rafael of one hundred tons, both built by Lourenco " ; the other fhip of two hundred tons which ferved as a victualler, was purchafed by the king of one Ayres Correa^ and the caravella of fifty tons had been the property of Berrio a pilot at Lagos, whoCe name it received. The principal officers are thus given by Cafianbeda. Vasco da Gama hoiiled his flag on board the Sam Ga- briel^ having with him as pilot Pero Dalaquer^ who had been pilot to Bartholomew Diaz* Paulo da Gama» brother of the Captain-General, commanded the Sam RafaeL Bartholomew Diaz aceompanied them in a feparate cara- vella as far as the Myna^ by the King's order. G0N9ALO • Nunez, whom Callanheda ftyles criad de Vafco da GamOt was appointed to the Store Ship. NicuLAoCoELHo, commanded the caravella: he is mentioned in the fubfequent Narrative as Brother to the Admiral. The r Previous to their Dircoveriei in the Atlantic, the Porluguefe had conftruAed Ships with Timber taken from their noble pine tree foreft at Marinha, planted by King Denu the magnili- cent. ( Murphy's Ttaveh in Portugal, p. 77. 84.) ' Caflanheda (torn, i, cap. 3. p. 5.) writes Gonfo/o Nuni%, which Lichefield has changed into Gomez. Barros gives a more detailed Lilt. Diago Diaz brother of Bartholomw was Efcr'ivii to da Gama. " Do fegundo per nome S. Rafael era Piloto Joao de Coimbra, e Efcri- Tao Joao de Sa. Do terceiro, a que chamavam Berrio, era Piloto Pero Efcolar, e Edrivao Alvaro de Braga. £da Niio era capitao hum Gon^alo Nuncs criado dcUe Vafco da Gama. (Ibid. Liv. 4. cap. a.) 4o8 BOOK I. PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. The total number of each crew confifted according to Cafianheda of one hundred and forty-eight men, whilft others increafe that number to one hundred and fixty. Perhaps, as • Mickle obferves, Gama and his brother, and the ten malefactors who were on board, are not included in Cajlankedas accoimt. " The Voyage oiColumbuSy^ adds the fame author, " has been called the moji daring and grand ever attempted by man. Columbus himfelf, however, feems to have had a yery different idea of it ; for certain it is, he expe^ed to reach India by. the weftward Paflage in the fpace of not many weeks. The fquadron with which he attempted this difcoverjr conftfted of only three veffels. Dr. Robertfon calls th^ largeft which Columbus commanded, of no conjiderable burden ; and the two others, hardly fuperior in burden or force to large boats. The crew confifted of ninety men, and a few adventurers : and the expence of fitting out this equipment did not exceed four thoufand pounds ftcrling, for which Queen Ifabella pawned her jewels. " When Gama failed from Lifbon, it was unknown that a great and potent commonwealth of Mohammedan merchants deeply ikilled in all the arts and views of Commerce, were fcattered over the Eaftern World. Gama^ therefore, did not fail to /«^/a with a warlike fleet, like that which firft followed him under Cabral^ but with a fquadron every way proper for difcovery. The Portuguefe hiftorians afcribe the (hipwreck of many Portuguefe veffels on the voyage between Europe and India^ to the avarice of their owners in building them of an enormous bulk, of four, five, and fix hundred tons. The Fleet of Gama was therefore not only of the moft perfedl fize which the art of (hip-building could then produce j but was alfo fuperior in number, and nearly of the draught of water with the veffels which at this day are fent on " Voyages of Difjovery. « Vol. I. Appendix, p. 348. • The following is a lift of the Tonnage of fuch Ships, at were either fitted out for the purpofe of difcovery, or ferved in a fecundary manner to promote it, during the laft century. (See al£b preceding page 188, not« t.) '>■ ■ In EQUIPMENT OF THE SQJJADRON. 469 Difcovery. The dtrpofition of Ganu^% Voyage is alfo worthy of Ch. iir. § a. notice : the Captain who had already paft the great fouthern pro- — T**"' • .. - montory cli Africa to accompany him to a certaio latitude ; the Pilot who I. In the Voyage undertaken by D/mpiet- and Funnctt (1703) the tonnage of the principal flit'ps is not mentioned in the printed journal. Damjuer' a^firli Voyage was in 1679. Z, CajUain Edward Cooii gained confiderable fame iis a circumnavigator during the years 1708— 171 1 ; and in 1712 published an acceunt of his Voyages in two volumes, 8vo. At the inftigatjoii of C^aptdin Dampier two Ships had been fitted out for this Voyage by fome able perfona at Brijfol ; the Duke of 350 tons. Captain Woodes Rogers commander, Captain Tiomai Dover fecond captain, and Captain IVillium Dumpier pilot; and next the Dutchess frigate of about 300 tons, Captain Stephen Courtney commander. Captain Cooke his fecond captain. Though this Voyage was hot immediately undertaken for the purpofes of difcovery, it yet merits a place in this liil. 3. Monf. Frezicr failed 1 7 1 1 — 1 7 14- during his voyage in the South Sea in the S. Jo s £ p rt, of 350 tons, commanded by the Sieur Duchene Baltai. 4. The tonnage of the principal Ships under the command of Lord Anfon, as well as that of the fhips of other eminent navigators, is not mentioned in the printed Journals. Anfoa's fquadron, 1 740, confided of five men of war, a floop, and two vidluallers ; the Centurion was a fixty-gun' (hip ; the viAuallers were pinks, one of 400 tons, the other of 200 tons. 5. The Ships that were fitted out for the difcovery of a paflage to the weftern and fouthern ocean of America, through Hudfon't Slraitt, 1746, and 1747, confided of the Dobb's Gal> 1.EY1 180 tons, commanded by Captain IVilliam Moor; and the California, 140 tons, corn* minded by Captain Francis Smith, ' 6. In the Voyages of Byron, U^elRt, and Carteret, the tonnage of their (hips is not mentioned in the printed Journals. The Dolphin was a fixth rate, 24 guns ; the Tamar a Sloop of 16 guns ; and the Swallow a Sloop of 14 guns. ' 7. la Lieta. CooK'aJlrfi Voytge, 1768 — 177 1, he failed in the £«Jnivour, built for the coat trade, of 370 tops. 8. In Captain Cook'j fecond voyage (1772^1775) his two (hips confided of the Resolu- tion, 462 tons ; and tlie Adventukb of 336 tons. Both built at tVh'itiy by the fame perfon who had built the Endeavour. In a general Introdu&iou to that Voyage, we have the folr lowing opinion of Captain Cook, relative to the fort of Ship which is bed adapted for Dif- covery.— (Page 23.) '• The nature of this Voyage required Ships of a particular condruc Uon, and the Endeavour being gone to Falkland (fles as a itore Ship, the Navy Board was directed to purchafe two fuch (kips as were mod fuitable for this fervice. At this time various opinions were cfpQufed by dii&rent people, touching the Gzc and kind of velTcls ipod proper for fuch a Voyage. Some were for having large Ships ; and propofed thofe of forty gunt, pr £«& India Company Ships. Others preferred large good failing Frigates, or three-decked (hips, employed in the Jamaica trade, fitted with round-houfes. But of all that was faid and offered tP the Admiralty's confideratio'n on this fiibjedt, as far as has come to nsy knowledge, what in my opinion was raeft to tlic purpofe was ftiggeded by the Navy Board .... VOL. I. 3 G , "As n 4i« PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. BOOK who had failed with that captain, to go the whole Voyage j the fizo^ of Coello\ Caravel, proper to enter Creeks, and Rivers j and the ap^ pointment of the Store Ship ;. are: circumftancies. which difplay a knowledge- ■ I ^ W LI | [ II ^ » I ^ I I I I I - ■ ' ■ _ ■ " As the gre«tc(l danger to be apprehepded and provided againft, on a Voyage of Difco* very, erpecially to, the. moil diftant parts of the Gbbe, ii that of the Ship't being liable to bft rj«n aground op. an unknown, defert, or perhaps favage Coaft ;- fo no confideration fhould be fft in competStjpn.with that of her being, of a conftru£lion of the filfeft kind, in which the Q(Scer» may, with the lead, hazard, venture upon a ftrange Coaft^.. A Ship of thit kind muft / not be of a great draught of water, yet of a fufficient burden and. capacity to carry a proper quantity of provifions and neaefTaries for her complement of inen, and for the time requifite tp perform .the Voyage. She mud alfo be of a conflruAion that will bear to take the ground : fnd of a fi^Cj which,, in caft of neceflity, may be fafely and conveniently laid on Aore, to re- pair any accidental damage or defers. Thefe properties are not . tq be found in Ships of Viix oi forty gutut nor xxn Fr'igaiet, nor i(V ^£/? i»<^ Company's Ships, nor in large three- decked Wefi India Ships, nor indeed in any other but Iforth-tountry'btult Ships, or fuch as Vt built for the coal trade,, which ace peculiarly adapted to thitf purpofe. . . <* Hence, it may be concluded, fo little FrogreO had been hitherto made in .Difcoveries in the Southern Hemljpbtrt. For all Ships which attempted it before the ^njtavour,' were unfit for it ; although, the o$cers employed, in them had done the utmoll in their power. It was upon thefc. Confiderations, that the E/tJeavour was chofen fbr that Voyage. It was to theft properties in her, that thofe on board owed their prefervatiun ; and hence we were enabled to, profecute Difcoveries io thofe Seas fo much longer than any other Ship ever did, or could do. And although Difcovery was not the firfl objed of that Vopge, I could venture to traverfe a far greater, fpace of Sea, till then unnavigated ; to difcover greater tracks of Country- ^ high and low South Latitudes ; and to perfevere longer in explnriiig and furveying more Gorre6tl/ the extenfive Coails of thofe new-difcovered countries, tlian any former Navigator, perhaps, had .done during ^ne Vqyage... '•a " It was firlt propofed to (heath them with Copper ; but on confideridg that Copper car> rodes the Iron wor^, cfpecially about the Rudder, this intention was laid aiide, aod the old method of fheathing and fitting purfned.) The frame of a fmall veflel, twenty tons burthen, was properly prepared, and put on board each of the Ships to be fet up (if found neceflar)'~} to ferve as Tenders upon any emergency, or to tranfport the crew, in cafe the (hip was loft." 9. Capuin Cook in his Third Voyage (1776— 1780) Jailed again with the Refolution ; the Difcovery of 300 tons accompanied him. 10. Captain T. Forcft in his Voyage to New Guinea and the Molutcat from Balamhangan, (.1774 — 1776) failed in the Tartar Galiby, a ^Wo boat, or ^row, about lotons burthen^ — The following are his remarks (Page 6.) " Senfible of the jealoufy and watchfulnefs of the Dutch in the Molucca Iflands, near which it was neceiTary for me to pafs on my way to New Guinea, no lefs than of the danger of navigating in narroAir Seas, in a VelTel that drewmuch water, I prefeired a fmaU one of ten tons burthen. " In a large vefTel we muft have been cautious of coming near land. The Crew I had {Malajt ohicfly) make bad Sailon in fquare rigged velTels; and, having never been accuftomed to EQUIPMENT OF THE SQUADRON. 4ri knowledge of and an attention to maritime afFairs^ far beyond any Ch. III. § a. thing difcovered by. the court oi Spain in the equipments of Colum- — ""T'^' „ bus ■ \o lie in' an open road, or be in a harbour, without the indulgence of going on (hore, they would not have had patience to remain on board, which even in a Sloop of 30 tons, would liave been neceflary : andi in a veflel no larger than 30 tons, with fuch a crew, I mud have frequently run the ri/k of being wrecked, had I made free with the fliore. This I was enabled to do boldly, in a boat of fmall burthen, that rowtd, and drew little water ; and, when (he touched ths ground, which often happened, part of the crew, by jumping overboard; could, pufti her oif again ; and, when in harbour, tveiy body had free accefa to the fliore. - - . Her Keel was t wenty-iive foot long, and (he had a kind of Gallery built on each fide, from ftem to ftern, projedtiiig about thirty inches ovet each gunnel. .liere fat tli,e rowers, fometimes twenty in number. She overhung fo much forward and abaft, that (he was forty foot long. Her dtaft of water was generally thrie foot and a half. She had fur a Maft an Ari'illery triangle . (gin or tripod) made of three (lout bamboos, which could be (Iruck with the greatcll cafe by three men. On this was hoifted a large four cornered fail, called by the Malays, Lyre Tanjom (pointed fail ) becaufe the upper corner appears (harp or pointed, I (ixed to her a Furemsft clofe forward, und a Bowfprit ; and gave her a lateen, or three cornered Forefail.' I alfo gave her a lateen mi/.en ; but, vvhen it blew frefh, I took down the Lyre TanJMg from the Tripod Mall, as it was a very large fail, and put in its place a Lateen Sail. T4e Sails then refem. bled thofc of the Galleys in tlie Mediterranean. — A great Improvement might be m. Je in Navigation by means of the Tripod Maft. La(h two London wherries together, and give 'this doubk VelTel the Tripod Maft, and Lyre Tanjong, it will beat the fad failing boats, at leall three to two. V The Galley (leered with two CommooiEet, (rudders,) a fort of broad paddle, but cue genenlly fcrvcd. She was covered almoft entirely with the leaves of a certain Palm tree, , callea A'/^a, fuch as thofa with which the natives cover houfes on the fouth well coaft of Sumatra ; and in almuft all Malay countries ; it being a light kind of thatch, which keeps o(f run(h:n'e and rain. One fmall part abaft was covered with boards. At Tomoguy, one of the Molucca JJlandt^ I hau';d her afltorc to clean her bottom ; and there I raifed her one ftreak, or plank, about (ifteen inches high, as I found her rather too low to proceed down the coall of New Guinea, (he being apt to (hip vvater in bad weather. I alfo new roofed or thatched her thete. At Magitidano, as I had leifure, I decked her, and turned her into a fchooner." II. Captain Vancouver failed (1790-1795) in the DiscovBar (loop of 340 tons burthen, i>uilt in the yard of MeflTrs Randall and Brent ; and was accompanied by the Chatham armed tender of 135 tons burthen, built at Dover. The Di/cevery was coppeC fattened, (hcathed with plank, and coppered over; the Chatham only (heathed with copper. Number of men on board the iirft, 100 ; and in the Chatham, 45. |3. Captain Marchand failed (I790-I792) in the Solidb, of 300 tons burthen, conllrufled at the expence of the mercantile houfe of Baux, The crew, including the captain, confided of fifty individuals. 13. Captain Colnett failed (1793, 1794) «n the Rattler (loop of ^74 tons burthen, which' bad been previoufly repaired and fitted up at Pcrry'a Dock. #Mt PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. BOOK bus and Magalbaens* The warlike ftrength of Gama's Fleet was - " ' ' greatly fuperior to that of the firft Voyage of Columbus^ and little inferior to that of Magalbaens; though Magalhaens, who had been in India, well knew the hoftile difpofition of the natives. In the art of war the Indians were greatly inferior to the Moors, and the- Moors were as inferior to the PortugueJ^. And the Squadron of Gam A not only defeated the whole naval force of the firfl Maritime - State of ImHa^ but in every attack was victorious over the fuperior numbers.of the Moor/. This comparative Difcuffion will not only give an accurate idea of the progrefs which the Portugtiefe had made in Navigation, but it is alfo, perhaps, neceflary in fupport of the re-- putation of this work. Had an ' Author of ordinary rank reprefent« ^ «d the Squadron of Gam a as extremely feeble ^ conjlfiing only of three veffets^ of neither burthen nor fhrce adequate to the fervice^ {\xi^\ con- - demnation of our Narrative had been here unnoticed.. But when a celebtated and juftly admifed Hiftorian, in a work publifhed about one year and an half after the firft appearance of the Lujiad^ has given fuch reprefentation of the equipment of Gam a, diredly contrary to the light in which it is there placed, the foregoing detail will not. appear, it is hoped, an unneceflary or rude vindication.** The condud ofGama previous to his voyage, clearly evinces the ' opinion which that great navigator entertained of its dangers, and hts determination to furmount them with the permifllion and fup* port of Divine Providence. His mind was highly wrought ; the natural piety of a Mariner was increafed by the Atuation in which he was about to be placed ; he was to fee the works of the Lord^ and bis wonders in the deep^ to traverfe an ocean hitherto confidered as impaflfable. Ignorance might magnify its terrors, but even expe- '^ rience ■ Robertfon'f America, vol. i. p. 14;, ~*Ji DEtOUT CONDUCT OF GAMA. 4«3 rlence trembled when fent to encounter dangers which the received Cb. III. ^ a. and general opinion of that age had declared to be infurmountable. — - "*"" ' • ' But Gama poiTeiTed a firm reliance on his God; and therefore condudied the companions of this perilous voyage to the chapel of nofa Senbora de Beiem, or Betblebemy which Prince Henry had built " on the Tea (hore, about four miles from Lisbon: the anxious * hours of the night were fpent in prayer, and in the per- formance of devout rites. In the morning of Saturday, * July the eighth 1497, ^^^ awful proceflTon of the facred minifters of Re- ligion, preceded one of the moil folemn and affeding fcenes which hiftory can difplay. The King, attended by his Court, was prefent to honour the embarkation. Gama, and his brave mariners ap- peared : their refolution could not ftand the general deje£tion, and their tears increafed the diftrefs of all who beheld them ; they then haftened to perform their duty, and followed their " commander. Thoufands remained immoveable on the Hiore undl the mod dif-^ tant trace of the receding fleet had difappeared. - In A y See precedinjr page 184.— Olbrius muft have been guilty of a miftake when he fays this «hapcl wa» built by EmmanucL * Scnnont 00 tbe chancer ^and profel&anal duties of Marinen. (P. iii.'ed. 1801.) . >..* Some whiten bave made it the fourteenth, Raynall fixes on the eighteenth, and Bruce makte it the fourth of Jdly. Castan hcba's expreffion is, bu Sabado oyto diat de Julho do an- M I497' (Tom. i. p. j.) Osokius fays, Gama tamen quanuit laerymas fuorum defiderio fuif dirtt, rtitamtn bene gtrtnddi Jtducia confirmatnt, aidcriter in nauemfauftit ominibuj eonfceiidtt vii. id. JM, tarn a Chr^ nato, 1497. (Page 25,)— Sebastian Cabot failed in the fpiing of the fattie year. * Le Pabkb JabAiC gives the following dates, in a very fcarce work entitled ffifioire dis theftt fiut Mimtrablit advenixt tant t% tndtt Orientalet, que autres pau, dt la dtfcouuerte det Portu- gautaFan 1600; k tout retmlly det httres, &c. (3. torn, 4to. ^otw^Mvx 1608. 1610. 1614.) Thh writer fays that Gama (kiled ott the 9th of July 1497, (torn. i. page 20.) that they made the Cape of Good Hope on the 20th of November following, and doubled it on the 25th ; and that they called the Coaft to the eaftwprd, Le Terre de Nott, or Natalf from having anchored off it OH C/(r^m«r day. m 4U PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. BOOK 1. In my fubfequent narrative of this interefting Voyage the qualnl knguage of Nicbolas Lichefidd^ who tranflated a part of Cajlanheda io early as 1582 and dedicated it to Sir Francis Drake, has been preferred to a more modern di£tton after a careful comparifon of the above tranflation with the original * Portuguefe. This narra- tive will be occafionally enlat^ed by fuch paflTages from Oforiwy as * CASTA^(HCDA*s hiftoiy is extremely fcircet it is mtitled, Fenamlo Lofez Je Ca/laahetia •Hi/toria do Ih/cabrimenlt a Conqu'ijla Ja- India pelot Porluguefet, eigiit volumes in folio, blnck Iktter, Coimbra, I95i-I56i* Some further account of its earlicll tnftiflatiuiili may he accept- able. ( I ■) A French tranflation of the firil book wat made Ixy the learned Ni'colat di Grouchy, or Gruchiiis, i^^\^Attvers i2mo. (2.) An Italian one in 2 vols, quarto was publilhed by Alfonja Ulloa'm 1578, and printed at Vniiee. Tliat by I. tchffield it in black letter, printed in fmall quarto. In the ikdication toSV/n i^r and in an able manner by Dr.. Vincent Peri plus (p. 207.) An abridged hiftory of the Difcovery and Cbnquell of the Indies was printed by M. J* UJfieux, a Bouillqnt one volume i2mo. 1770. The following work may alfo be recommended to the , reader's notice, j^ovio's J/ifiory of Navigation aiid. Commerce from the earllejl times, four vols. 4to. * MiCKLE, vol. 2. book V. p. 44. , _ ■"t:-i!< ■>■►-, »H4i<.iJ m P : :S: wm 4i6 PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. BOOK I. it Thus * 1>elng fet forward and under faile, the Cocaine generaU cominaunded, that if by any happe whatfocuer they (hould bee feuered and loofe each other, they ihould enery one make, and keepe, their roote or courfe to Cabo Verde, where they Would ioyne themfelues together againe. And fo followiog their Volage they came within eight daies . after to the fight of the Ilandes of the Canaries, from whence going ouer againft the river called Ryo de 4)roy the night did growe fo darke, and fuch gre^t tempell and ftorme arofe, ae they loft each cither, and therefore they retourned their courfe towardes Cab9 Verde \ and Paulo da Gama, Niculao •Coelboy Bertolame Diaz, and Coftfalo Nunex, having met, and after eight daies failing together, they came to fight of their Captaine generaU upon the Wednefdaye in the evening j and faluting him with many fliot of ' ordinaunce, and with fbund of trumpets, they fpake uato him, each of them heartely reioyfing and thank- ing God for their iafe meeting, and good fortune, in this their firft Jjrunt of daunger and pcrilL " The next day, beehtg the twenty-eighth 'day oijuly, the Cap- taine generall with all his fleete, attained unto the Ilandes of San- tiago ; when coming to ankor in the bay dt Santa Maria, they re- mained there feuen dayes, taking in fuch water as they had need of, and repairing the yards of their Shippes and othet harmes they had receiued in the Storme paft* Tw/daye, being the third daie oiAugufi^ the Captaine general! departed thence, following his Courfe to the £aft i but firft, before his departure, he tooke his leaue of Bertolame Diaz who returned into Portifgale, «t And * Lich«fiel4'a Tranflation, chup. i./efo^. * C^mujtottintAirttlkaria. (C«fkiiBlie4a, oap. *.) * Here XJcbefield u guilty of an error, and calk it the twent'ulb 9f July. 3 - ANGRA DE SANTA ELENA. 4^7 " And going towarde the Cabo de boa FJpera^a^ with all the Cli. III. s »• Ships of his Companie, he entered the goulfe into the Sea, and ■ *"""""' '- from thence failed all Au^ujl^ September^ and OSiober. In which time they fufteincd many and great Tempefts, or rather " torments of windes and raine ; fo that they expefted nothing but prefent death, which ftill was reprcfentcd before them by view of the ma- nifolde daungers and perills, they prefently then fawe, and whereof they were forced to abide the euenture. Bceing thus perplexed, God of his diuine goodnffTe recomforted them ; for upon the Saturdaye^ being xht fourth daie of Nouenfber^ at nine of the clocke in the fore- noone, they fawe Land whereat they greatly rejoyfed : and the cap- talnes beeing together, they then fainted the gcnerall, all of them apparelled in their beft araie ; and hauing decked and garniftied their Shippes with flagges accordingly, they drew neere the land as the Generall had commaunded, who was defirous to haue landed. Howbeit, for that they did not know the land, he commaunded them to caft about a fea-boord, and fo they pafled along by the fame vn- till Tewfdaye following, at what time they came to perfeft viewe . and fightt)f the land, perceiuing tlie fame to lye lowe, and that there was a great bay ; which as it was a conuenient place for the Shippes, fo he commaunded them to fall to an ankor there, of purpofe to take in water : and afterward they named it ' Angra defanta Elena. The people of the Countrie within the faid Bay, as our men afterward found, bee lyttle men ill favoured in the face, and of colour blacke ; and •" Mtiytas tormetas de vclot. ( Cnflanhtda, ibiJ. ) ' It being their cuftomes, fays Purthas, *' to name lands at their full Difcouerie, of that Sai'ii on wliofe day they difcouered the fame." Lichefield is guilty of a Itrange miftake, by tranflating this paflage the JJland of SanBa Helena. Ulloa's tranflation (1J78) is more corredl: uhkro ch\ra una terra bajfa, el che hauea una grande Baia, ofpiaggia, et trouatofi, che hauea ton fondo per nauigll, comando u't Ji furgeje per far acqua, el gli mife name /ingra di Santa Helcm. (Vol. i. p. 4.) This bay hasjilfo fiucc been named St. Martin's Hay. It is how. ever fingular that Fan Keulen, in his Chart of the South /Itlantic, places an Ifland called Si. Helena de nova in- the fame parallel of latitude as the old St. Helena. VOL. I. 3 H ii- % 4i8 BOOK 1^ November, 1498. PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. and when they did fpenke, it was in fuch manner as though they ■ did alwayes ^ figh.'*— xPurchas tranflates it uttering their J^eecb out of their throaty as it were fibbing. The Narrative, of Cajlanbeda^ as Dr. Vincent remarks, is brief and dry, but feems to be a copy of the Journal : it often glides from the third into the firfl pcrfon, without appearing conl'cious of the change.—- G/»7o««j, in his voyage to the Had Indies, followed the track of Gama fo early as the year 1553, and was enabled to give an intered to his Luftadas by defcriptions of the naval fcenery he had beheld. The foregoing journal of Cajlanheda is thus illyftrated : " N^w pad the limit, which his courfe divides^ When to the north the Sun*s bright chariot rides. We leave the winding Bays, and fwarthy ihores,, Where SenegaT^ black wave impetuous roars. And now from far the Lybian Cape is feen Since by my mandate called the ' Cape of Green, Where 'midfl the billows of the Ocean fmiles A flowery fifter-train, the Happy Iftes, Our onward Prows the murmuring furges lave ;. And now our Veffels plough the gentle wave Where the Blue Iflands, named of HeJ^er old,. Their fruitful bofoms to the deep unfold. Here our bold Fleet their ponderous anchors threw,. The fickly cherifh, and our Stores renew. From him the warlike guardian power of Spain^ Whofe fpeat's dread lightning Q*er. th* embattled plain • Ha» * In the bay of St. Helena they foiind the natives which we now call Hollentott, as we di(^- eo»er by the menlion of a peculiarity iii their utterance, which the yournal caWa ^gilng f and which Vmllant defcribes by the term Clapptment, a guttural cluck, the chara£teriillck of their hnguage. {Periplut, _f9gc 210.) Gama had on board feveral Portuguefe who were flcilled in the Elhiopic, Arabic, and Oriental languages ; but as Ofirhit adds, not one undjrdood thefii Bitives. The inhabitants that were brought to da Gama arc defcribed as being Hominef ««• brali, breui et trifpo caplllo. (0/oriiu, p. 31.) ^ A vignette of Caio Verde is given at the end of this chapter. ST. JAGO, GAMBEA, CABO DAS PALMAS. Has oft o'erwhclm'd the Moors in dire difmay, And fixt the fortune of the doubtful day ; From him we name our Station of repair, And Jaoo's name that Ide ihall ever bear. The northern Winds now curl'd the blackening Main, Our SaiU unfurl'd we plough the Tide again : Round Africa "" Coaft our winding courfe we fteer "Where bending to the Eall the (hores appear. Here Jalofo its wide extent difplays, And vad Manoinoa (hews its numerous Bays; Whofe mountains' fides, though parch'd and barren, hold In copious (lore the feeds of beamy Gold. The Gambea here his ferpent journey takes, And through the lawns a thoufand windings makes \ A thoufand fwarthy Tribes his current laves, Ere mixt his waters with th* Atlantic waves. The GoRCADEs we pad, that hated fhore Famed for its terrors by the bards of yore. Still to the South our pointed Keels we guide, Aud through' the Auftral Gulph ftill onward ride. Her palmy Forefts mingling with the flues, Lbona's rugged Steep behind us flies : The Gape of Palms that jutting land we name. Already confcious of our Nation's fame. ' . Where the vext waves againft our bulwarks roar. And Lujian Towers o*erlook the bending (hore ; 4»9 Cli. III. $ a. kmwuttiuil. Our ^ In the Dlfcourfe ef the Navigation tohich the Porluguefe <7o mahe to the Realmt and Previneet of the Eq/lern parti of the world, written in Spanifh by BARNAaDiNE of EfcaltMa, (Churchill'* Colledt. vol. 8. from the Scarce Trafts in Lord Oxford's library,) the following remark oc> curs on da Gama'a Voyage. ** He was five montlis at fea before he could get as far ai the Cape of Buena Ej^eranga, by reafon in thofe days tlie Portuguefe failed not by the Bowling in the high feas, iu fuch fort as they do now, but always went near to the Coaji of Cu'mey." JH 2 • i 430 PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. BOOK I. Our Sails wide fwelling to the conftant blad, Now by the Ifle from Thomas named we pall ; And Congo's fpacious Realm before us rofe, Where copious Zayra\ limpid billow flows. . . " While thus our Keels Qill onward boldly ftrayed, Now tofs'd by tempers, now by calms delay'd ; To tell the Terrors of the Deep untry'd, What Toils we fufier'd, and what ftorms defy'd j What rattling deluges the black Clouds pour*d, What dreary weeks of folid darknei's lour'd ; What mountain Surges, mountain Surges lafli'd, What fudden Hurricanes the canvafs da(h*d ; What burfting lightnings with incefl*ant flare, Kindled in one wide flame the burning air ; What roaring thunders bellowM o*er our head, And feemM to (hake the reeling Ocean's bed ; To tell each Horror in the Deep reveal'd. Would afk an iron throat with tenfold vigour fteel'd* Thofe dreadful Wonders of the Deep I faw Which fill the Sailor's bread with facred awe. And which the Sages of their learning vain, Eftecm the phantoms of the dreamful brain : That Living FIRE by Seamen held " divine. Of Heaven's own care in .Storms the holy Sign ; Which * The Ancients thus accounted for .this appearance: the fulphureous Vapours of the Air, after being violently agitated by a Tennped, unite ; and when the Humidity begins to fubfidc, •s i« the cafe when the Storm is almod exhaufted, by the agitation of their atoms they take fire« and arc attraAed by the mads and cordage of the Ship. Being thus naturally the ]>Iedges of the approaching Calm, it is no wonder that Sailors (hould in all ages hare eftecmed them Diviiu. By the Frtnth, ai.d Spaniards, they are called St. HtMt Fim, and by the Italians, the Firet of St. Peter and St. Niclnlat. Modem difcovcriei have proved that thefe Appcaraocea are the Eledric Fluid attradcd by the Spindle of the Malt [MiciJe.) ILLUSTRATION OF THE JOURNAL BY CAMOENS. Which 'miclft the horrors of the Tcmpeft plays, And on the DUft's dark wings will gaily blaze } Thefc eyes diftinft have feen that Living Fire Glide through the Storm, and round my Sails afpire. And oft, while wonder thrill'd my bread, mine eyes To heaven have feen the * Watery Columns rife. Slender at firil the fubtic Fume appears, And writhing round and round its volume rears : Thick as a mad the Vapour fwells its fize, A curling whirlwind lifts it to the fkies : The Tube now ftraitens, now in width extends. And in a hovering cloud its fummit ends : Still gulp on gulp in fucks the rifmg Tide, And now the Cloud with cumbrous weight fupply'd. Full-gorged, and blackening, fpreads and moves more flow» And waving trembles to the waves below .... " And now fmce wandering o'er the foamy fpray, Our brave Armada held her venturous way. Five times the changeful Emprefs of the night Had fiird her Ihining horns with filver light ; When fudden from the Main-top's airy round. Land ! Land I is echoed— At the joyful found Swift to the crowded Decks the bounding Crew On wings of hope and fluttering tranfport flew ; And each ftrain'd eye with aching fight explores The wide horizon of the Eaftern Shores. As 411 cii. iir. «•. Emmtmiil, * Called by the Laliiu Typ'io and Sipio, by^ the French Trompe, from its refembling a fpeaking trumpet in fliape. Signer Seccaria, who died in 1781, publi(hed an EJfat far la Caufe dti Oragrs Uf dts Tempitts, vud endeavours to prove that Water Spouts have an Eleftri- cal origin. They gcnci-ally appear in calm weather, and have been difperfcd by prefenting to them (harp pointed knives or fwards. An account of one is given by Mr. Former, as feen iu Cook's ficotid Voyage, (vol. i. p, 190.) 5. i. 4aa BOOK 1. November, 1498. PROGRESS OF DISCOVERT. As thin blue clouds the mountain Summits rife, And now the Lawns falute our joyful eyes ; I.oud through the Fleet the echoing (houts prevail. We drop the Anchor and reflrain the Sail : And now defcending in a fpacious Bay Wide 6'er the Coaft the venturous f ^Idlers ftray. To fpy the wonders of the favage Suore Where Stranger's foot had never trod before. I and niy Pilots on the yellow fand - • Explore beneath what Sky the fhores expand : Thar fage Device, whofe wondrous ufe proclaims Th' immortal honour of its author's •■ names. The fun's height meafuredj and my Compafs fcann'd The painted Globe of Ocean and of Land. Here we perceiv'd our venturous Keels had paft, Unharm'd, the Southern Tropic's howling blaft. And now approach*d dread Neptune's fecret reign ; Where the ftern power, as o*er the Auftral Main He rides, wide fcatters from the Polar Star Hail, Ice, and Snow, and all the ' wintery war. - ** The General! thus ' lyeing at ankor commaunded to goe rounde about the Bay, to fee if there were anie Riuer of fweete water j and finding none, . he then fent Niculao Coelbo in his boate along the Coaft to feek out water, which he found fowre leagues, off from thence, the which he named Sdnt J^go^ from whence the whole Fleete prouided of frefh water. The next day the Generall and other Captaines, and fome of the companie, went a (here ; intend- irtg to fee and view what manner of people they were, that in- habited P The jlJlroltAtum. See Note («.) « Micklc's Lufiad, voL 3. book v. (P. 46—56.} ' ■ Lichefield's Tianflation of Cajlanheda {folio 7.) PROCEEDINGS IN ST. HELENA BAY. 423 habited that countrle ; and whether they coulde informe him how Ch. ill. § 2. farre from thence the Cal>o de Boa Efpera^a was : which he knew — " not, neither was the head or chiefe Pilot pf that Voiage' of any certemtie which* it was; for that, in the Voiage wherein he went before with Bertolome Diazy he departer' in the morning from the Gape into the Sea, and; pad the fame in the night with a forewinde — and at his iirft going, came not neare the Shore : by reafon whereof he did not know the Lande, notwithftanding hec conieAured and deemed it not above thirtie leagues diilaunt fron^ thence at the vttermoft." , The proceedings of our Navigators in the bay of St. Helena, and their paflage round the Cape of Good Hope, is detailed with greater minutenefs by 0/orius and Fatia. A commerce having commenced between Gtfwtf and the natives* by means of figns and geftures, tliey* received cloathes, bells, glafles, and othel^i trifles ; and in return fupplied the fleet with plenty of wholefome and nourilhing provifions. This friendly intercourfe was however foon interrupted by the imprudence of a Portuguefe youth. Fernao Velofo, delighted with the novelty of the fcene and the manners of the negroes, obtained permiflion to return with them to their huts j what they efteemed an elegant repaft was immedi- ately prepared, and a fea-calf drefled after- the manner of the Hot- tentots was ferved up to the-aftoniflied Velofo. Curiofity immedi-^ ately yielded to difguft, and, rifing from the circle in. an abrupt manner, he became impatient to return. Nor did the Negroes op- pbfe this fickle difpofuion of their gueft,; but accompanied him with the greateft good humour. Velofo however became apprehen- five; and the fame raft\nefs which firft induced him to leave his companions, now occafioned a fudden vociferation for help as he approached the fhore. Coelhos boat immediately left the fquadron \, the natives fled to the woods; and the needlefs apprehenfions of botii ¥ 4^4 BOOK I. Nov, 1 6. 1498. . PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. both paities, iiicreafed by their ignorance of each others lan- guage, brought on the fubfequent attack. Accordingly, whilft da Gania with fome of liis officers were taking the ahitude of" the fun with an Aflrolabe *, fome negroes fprang from an adjoining ambuih ; and hurling with great dexterity their fpears, headed with fharp pieces of horn, many of the Portuguefe with the admiral were wounded, yet judged it mod: prudent to retreat to their fhips. Having taken in a fupply of frefh provifions, and water, the Squadron left the Bay of St. Helena on Tbur/day the Jixteentb of November in the forenoon, with the wind at fouth fouth-weft, and fleered for the Cape of Good Hope. They who aflert with ' Bruce, that Gama failed for India in .a moft unfavourable feafon of the year, have been led into an error. The fummer in the fouthern extremity oi- Africa^ a« already " mentioned, continues from Odober to April ; during which navigators have generally regular fea breezes in the mornings from fouth-weft and wett, which laft until noon, and fome times longer : they are followed by a fouth-eaft, and eaft fouth-eaft wind coming off the land ; this ufually blows frefh the remaining part of the day, and all night until morning, when the fea breeze, comes off again. GamOy therefore, in the fubfequent part of his voyage was unfortunate j for on the fame day in which he left his laft flation he • Barrot gives the following account of this Inftrument. Prineipalmtnte com hum JJhrolabio dc pao de tret palmos de diamttro, qual armavam em tret puot a mane'ira de cabrea por melfiorfe- gurar a I'lnha Solar, e mait vcrlfkada, e d'tft'mSamente poderemfaber a verdadeira altura daquclle lugar s pojlo que levajfim outrot de latao mait pequenot, tao ruft'icamenti comegou ejia arte, que tanto fruSo trm dado ao navegar. {Decada. I. Liv. 4. cap. 2.) ' The difficulties which Fafco da Gama met with in doubling the Cape of Good Hope mud have been many confidering the people he had to deal with. But if he coaded along fhore to the Cape, he had reafon to cxpeft eallcrly winds in November, which would enable him to Aand to the Southward, until he obtained a wefterljr wind ; and he would then have proceeded round the Cape with great eafe at that time of year. {Note communicated by Mr. Whidbey.j " Page 366. ^ PASSAGE ROUND THE CAPE. m 4as he met \«ith a fudden cbabge Of wcather.^In this part of his Voy- ch. ni. § t. age the graateft proofs of his refolmion were called "forth. The ^'''''^*^' waves rofe like mountains in height i his Ships Teemed now heaved up to the clouds* ^nd now appeared as precipitated by circlitig Whirl- poob to the bed of the ' Ocean. The winds were piercing cold, and fo boifterotts that the Pilot's voi?e could feldom be heard ; whilft a dtfinaU and almoft continual darknefs, which at that tempeftuous fea- fon, fays O/orius^ involves thefe $ea(, added greatly to the danger. Sometimes the ' Gale drove them to the fouthward, at other timea they ■ Qfontu, p. SI. (GiUm' Tianfliition, voL i.^. 48. S«e alfo Micklrt vol. 1.) Fkaus. ermt knmam^mis Tenfefialet ptrfrigtdd tt tuluerftt Tenebr* vera a^Juique proeelk. . . Nauet en'm ita jaSaiaiUur, v' nioJo nubtt eentingere, rurftu in inuu profuu^ voraginet daru£ viderentur. r The reader is referred to the frontifpiece of the prefent Tolume, where a delineation i* given of the Sea th^t ra^ round the Cape of Gtod U^fe. ■ This part of Gamt^t Voyagt may induce the reader to compare the exertions of our own countrymen in the lame Seas. I. Dam pier gives an account of the navigation round the Capo of Good Hope, vol. i. p. 531. II. Captain Cook in his fecond voyage made the land of this Cape on the a9th of Oflober, 17721 and after (landing off and on dun'ng the night, anchored fafely in Table Bay on the 30th, in five fathom water (voL i. 4to. ed. p. 14.} IIL'Stavokinus an officer in the fervice Af the Dutch Eaft India Company, in his Voyage to BatMrna, 1768, made the Cape of Good Hope on the lyth of November; and left Table Bay on the 12th of the next months with a fouth-eafterly wind, which veered to the fouth-weft as foon as he was out at fca. They were in confequcnee, three days tack> ing tbout in vain, before they could double the Cape. (VoL i. p. 28— 41.)— IV. Cap- tain' Cook in his third Voyage, 1776, being on the 6th of Odober in fouth lat. 35° 15', and ' weft long. 7° 45' met with light airs and calms by turns, for three days (ucceffively. This calm weather was fncceeded by a frefh Gale from the north-wcil, which lafted two days. They had then variable light airs for about twenty.four hours { when the north>weft wind returned, and blew with fuch ftrength, that on the 17th they had fight of The Cape of Good Hope, and the next day anchored in Table Bay in four Ai^oms water. (Vol. 1. p. 35 — 37.) In the fame Chapter are inferted Nautlctd Remarie on the paja^efrom England to the Cape, with regard to the Current* and the Variation. (P. 46.)— V. Vancouver arrived at the Cape of Good Hope in July 1791, and had nearly the fume boi Herons weather to ftruggle againll a« Da Gama. The wind had been light and varinble until ^Kjirfi of July, in fouth lat. 33° 54' and weft long. 58" 40", when it Uew a fkie Gale from the N. N. £. attended with pleafant weather. But as they approached the jlfrican Jhore the weather became very unftttled, with fudden tranfitiont from Cabns to heavy Gales, attended with much Thunder, Oghtning, and a heavy Swdl from the weftward, and fouth-wcft. One of thefe Guks, «n the 5th, reduced them for a few hours to their Courfes. l^ie wind became fouthwaixlly witiii pleafant weather on VOL. 1. . 3 I *he .;; t*i 426 PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. B o o K they were obliged to ftand on the tack and yield to its fury, ptefisnr* - ing what they had gained with the greateft difficulty. During any 1497. ' gloomy interval of the Storm, thfe failora, wearied out with fatigue and abandoned to defpair, furrounded Ganta^ btggiug be would not devote blmfelf and Crew Jo fo dreadful a death. They exclaimed,, that the Gale could no longer be weathered', that every one muft be buried in the Waves if they continued to proceed. The firmnefs- of the Admiral could not be fliaken ; and a formidaUe Confpiracy was immediately formed againft him: but of this defperate proceeding he was informed by his brother Paulo. The Confpirators and all the Pilots were immediately put tn Irons; whilft Gam a, ailifted by his brother, and the few who remained ftedfaft in their A\xty ^Jlood night and day to the helm. 'Providence rewarded his heroifm,. and at length on Wednefday the twentieth ofNovember^ all the fcjuadroa doubled this tremendous promontory. " Going along the coaft," adds " Caflanbeda^ " with a fore-winde,^ Cama paflTed with great pleafure of fundry pafiimes, and in foundlng^ of the Trumpets in all ttieir Shippes ; chiefly hauing their whole con«. fidence in God, by whofe diuine furtherance they hoped to finde outi and attaine to that which they fought for. So paffing in this fort the fcTcnth. . . The Wind blew a ftrong Gale from W. S. W. in the afternoon of the 8th^ when jiulging the Ct^ of Good Hop* to bear from them N. 66 £. true, diftant eighteen- leaguet, they experienced^ for* the fpace of feven miles,, a moft extraordinary agitation in tlie Sea, comparable only to a large Cauldron of boiling water, } this wai fuppofed to be the effe£i of two coiitendiug Currents, and for this reafon they did not tiy fowidings. At day Ught on the 9th the Cap« was in fight,, and they direAed their Conrfe to Ealfe Bay^ Famouver. then gives a retrofpefk of hib Voyi^ from the Cape de Verde Illandt. (Vol. 1. p. 13, i^\ The PoKTUGucsB never formed any fettlement at the Cape :. the firlt was made by our own Countrymen during the reign of king Jamsi, i6io, thirty years antecedent to the ellabh'fh^ meat of a Colony by the Dutch. Particulars of this tranla£tion are entered.on the recoids of our E^ffi IiuSa Company. \Bamw'i Travth in fouthem Africa, page 2.) Thunbero in. his Voyage, 1 773, lays, that the floating, of a plant called Trumpet Grab [fuau iuceiiuJu) is a lure fign of the vicinity of The Cape. ^^, • LUk^U't Tranflation {JoRo 8. cap. 5.), . ^ . / ''I COAST, EASTWARD OF THE CAPE. 417 fort along that Coaft, they fawc upon the lande jgreat ftore of Cattell, Ch. ill. $ 3. whereof fome were large, fome fmall, but all of tKem were growen """T .: — and fat: howbelt ther appeared to them no Townes within this Lande, by reafon that along thofe Coafts ther are none fcitjiated ; but further within the fame, ther be Townes and Villages inhabited, the houfes whereof are all of earth couered with ftrawe. The 1 people are of colour fomewhat blacke, and be apparailed as thofe oi Safi^a Elenoy fpcaking the felfe fame language. This countrey is very pleafaunt with trees and waters ; and joyning to this Cape on the fouth fide, there is a great " Harbour which reacheth into the lande fixe leagues, at the entering it containeth well as much more. ** The Cape of boa Efpera^a being thus • doubled, the captaine gcnerall foorthwith upon the Sundaye after, which was St. Ka- tberin\ dale, came to the Angra de Sam Blaze^ which is •• three- fcore ^ FcJfi Bay. The Opening of thU Bay between the Cape of Good Hope, and Falfe Capet U about five leagues, and an half: its extent to the northward is full fix leagues. Mr. Dali rjmpk has publi(hed the angles which he 'took in jiugufl, and Stpiembtr, 1775, for dctermin-. tag the reeipncal Pq/Uiimi of the Lands around False Bay ; which were efpecially intended. t> alTift in completing a Survey of Simon's Bay. We learn from this Memoir (page 19). ** That the moft important matter in entering False Bay, is to know the exa£l fituation of thf Any ILL rock.— Doubts ftill fubfift concerning the cxa£i fituation of this Rock." * Bakeos thus defcribes the doubling of this Cape. Seguing Vafco da Gamaftu eamlnho na voba do Mar, par ft defabrlgar da terra, quando ve'io ao teneiro dia, que eram vinle de Noveitibro, pajfou aqutlle grao Cabo de Boa Efperanga commenos Tormenta. (Decada i. Liv. 4. Cap. 3.) <> The jlngra de Sam Blaze, or ^guada de S. Braz, as Barros llyles it, is now ealled Flr/k Bay ; for its latitude and longitude fee chart ^.. This coaH is thus dcfcribed in one of Mr.' Dalrympl^t Memoirt, " From C das ylsuilhat (cape LaguUat) to the well point nf Strays ' , bay, the coaft extends north eafterly 16 or 18'. This Point is low and covered with Sand- ' Downs, as well as the land to the ealtward of it in Struys-bay ; this Bay is nothing mort than a large deep bite. . . The Eqflern Point of Struysbay is low and fandy ; from whence the land forms a bite to FIr/b Bay. This is no moie than an open Bay, where there is no (belter but . for northerly winds ; there is in it a fmall IHand, and a round white Sand, by which it in calily known. The wellern point of the Bay is a pretty high Sandy Point, from whence a Reef ftretchea out, juil as from the Points above mentioned. From Flejh Bay the Coaft lies KniU erly to Fi/b Bay, which islikcwife a foul open Bay. . . From Fijb Bay the Cuall lies eall by 3 1 3 . . WJttll « > 489 PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY, BOOK £core leagues beyonde th(^ Caipe; beeitig a vcHc great imye, and ' pafling good for all windes except ondye the north winde. The NoTcmbcr, p^^^ie hccre are fomewhat blacke of coalour, they couer themfelues 1497* with (Iftinnes. In this Lende bee manyt elephaufttc» and great, dfo exen manye, both large of ftature, and very fat, whereof fome haue 1^0 homes ; and upon the fatteft and faireft of the Hitne, the people do ufe to ride, fadling them with pannetla ftttfibd with the ilrawe of rye, as the manner is in Spaynt, " In this Harbour, three erode bow (hot from the Ihore, within the fea, lieth a Rocke in the which be many fea woulfes, which are aonh to MqffiB ( Mu/ek) Bay, which h a bay like the oihera, but it runs in 6' to the weft« ward of the Weft Bomt ». where one lies (hehcrcd from the north eafteHf to ibutherly windt but cxpofed from the fouth to eaft. In this Bay is a fmall lOand, or Rock, and Come bnicki(b Springs and Rivers : it is ihe bed of all the £aj* or Roadt hereabout, but not to be made «rt of, except in C4fes of the greateil neceflity f becaufe the fouth-eaft and eaft winds make « great Sea» and the water for drinking mud be taken from brackifli pits. The weftem Point •f this Bay k • middling h^h 6at gt-een Poinft,' appckring at ft* Uke a Taife tfOlj oS this I^iflt h good anchor ground every where, but firom the outermoi ftnat ran mitknrf^ Mtiis a mik to ihc eaft. (in the chart, adds Mr. Dalrymple, it is naoh mora.) This Point ^ ^*i 3S° 55 ^**l> htJtttd«. Ttw Eajhim Ptkt, or the land to the eaftnaid of tiw bay, i» i^i iiMe mamOMiu tvnning d»wa to the 8ea, with lin'e 8traHd, wkercdty «he Bay iaeafiiy known m eoming from t(M daftwan^ as ih': << ti^ laft 'iMgh land near the Smi the Coaft tts the weftwaiii of this Day beftftg lower, tui the hn.*: .'trther in land. Baj jtlgodt according ta Fam KinkHt u a deep Bay, where may be gut ftefli water and fire wood; the Swiadinga going is tma twenty-ibur to tm fathom."— Mr. .Aorrow in his travels through fouthem Africa ( i797t 1796, page 346,) inibrms us, that the weAern point of Miiftlt haf is oaUed Ci^ Saint- £lakt. Variation of the compafa was 27* 54' weft i time of high water, at full and-change,^ •bout three o'clock. The fame writer gives an account of the next Bay on this coaft to the caftward, calkd Phtitnbii^g't Baj, *' Plettcnberg's, as well as Zwart Kt^a bay, is entirdy apm to the foutb>eaft winds. The weft point called RoboAerg, or Seal Moimtam, lies in latik fude 34° 6< (buth, bngitnde 33° 48* eaft ; diftance from Cape Point three bundled and twenty tniles. The eaftem ftiore of the Bay rouads off into the general trending of the coaft, whicby £cen from the landing place, terminates in 'a very high and re^lar cone«(hapednK>untain, callei in the old Perltigmfi Charts Pie Formoja, but by the more modem Dutch navigators^ the tire- vadier's C^. The beft landing place is about three miles and a half to the northward of the Itoinlerg, on a fandy beach. A heavy fweU generally fets into this Bay, except in northerly and north, wefterly winda. The foatb>weft winds occafion the greateft heave of the Sea.'» (Page 343) AGUADA DE SAM BRAZ. •fit as Itrge in bignes as great Beam ; the^ be terrible, hauing great Ch. nr. s a. and long teeth, alfo fo wiWe and fierce that they do forcible fet — ''**^' - upon men : they are like unto lions ; there be fo manye of them in the Rocke, that when our men went thether of pleafure one daie, they faw of them at that inftant the number of three thoufand, little and great. In this Rocke alfo be many * Stares^ which are as great as duckes.-— The Captaine generall being come to this Port or baye, and' lieng at ankor there, caufed the Shippes which carried their vidualls to be difcharged thereof, and beftowed the fame in the others ; commaunding thoie veflells to be then burned, as it was ordained and commaunded by the king In that behalfe. In doing whereof, and other things alfo which wefe neceflfarye and needfull to be looked unto, and forefeene, for their more fafetie iii the reft of their voyage, they remained ' ten dales in that place. Where, upon the Fridaye next, a(^er the Captatne generall and the reft had arriued, ther appeared unio them abf>ut the number of fburefcore and ten men of that countrey ; fome along upon the fandes, and feme upon the top of their mountaines. Which when the Generall (awe, he and other the captaines went to the fhore ward, and all the company of the fliippes went armed in their Boates, carrieng ordinaunce with them ; as fearing the lyke chaunce that happened to them in the w^ra de Swtta Elena. " The Boates then drawing neere to the fhore, the Generall threw on hinde little Belles, which the Nigfoes toofce up ; and fome of them> came (b »eer« vato him, that he gaue them tlie Belles into their «wne handes. Whereat he wonderfully meruailed ; for that Ber- nlame Dion had k^ormed before, that when he was there,, they did run away. Mid wold not be aliured to come fo neere view. The Generall * dforiut adA—qtuu Inctlt i^fdbut Soriuea&i««>J»onir tmfiriitu maguihtSne. {P. 33.) ■ '' ' Bnmt lays, '* £ em ira diat que Vafco da Gama fe detere aqui." {IKJ, liv, 4. cap. 3. ) is 430 PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. BOOK Generall therefore perceiuing contrary to his expedation, the gen- ^' tlenefle of thofe blacke people, hec then leapt out on lande with his December, men, making exchaunge of certaine red night caps with the Nigroes ^^^' for brace]eets of iuory which thcy had, and fo for that time de- parted. ** The Saterdaye next after, came to the number of two hundreth blacke men, and more, fome little fome great, bringing with theq[i twelue oxen and foure (heepe ; and, as our men went on (hore, they began to play upon foure Flutes, accordingly with foure fundry voyces, the Muficke whereof founded very well. , Which the Ge- nerall hearing, commaunded the Trumpets to foimd, and fo they daunced with our men. In this Paftime and. feafting, and in buy- ing their oxen and (heepe, that daie pafled ouer ; and in the felfe 'fame fort upon the Sundaye following, fundry of the fame, and many more with them as well men as women, came againe, bringing many kine. Hauing folde one oxe, our men fawe certayne little nigroes, which were hidden in certayne buflies, who had with them the Weapons of the greater fort of men, wherein our men coniedured that fome treafon was meant to them ; and therfore the Generall commaunded our people to retire to another place which was of more fecuritie, and thole blacke men went all along the Shore dire£tlye againft our Boatcs, untill they came to the place where ours di.nmbarked themfelues an4 went upon the lande in armour. The Nigroes then ioyned themfelues as though they intended to fight : which the Generall perceiuing^ and not wiljyng to doe them anye harme, did then retyre, imbarking himfelfe ; and for to feare them, commaunded two braflfe pieces of Ordinaunce to be ihot off. Whereat they were amazed, and ranne away without anye order, leaning their weapons behinde them. After this, the Captaine Generall caufed to be carried on the fhore a certaine Mark, or Filler, with the King of Portingale's armes, and a Croife ; wLich ■ 3 being Emmitniul, ST. CROIXISLES. ^31 being there fet and ereaed, the nigroes pulled downe the fame, our CK lll.««. men yet being there. " Thefe Dales thug pafTed ouer, the Captaine gencraU, with the reft of the Fleete, departed thence towards the kiver called 1/ Rio d9 Iffante^ upon the Fridaye being the eight day of December i and in failing forward on their Voiage, ther arofe fo great a Storme with a forewinde, upon the vej^era de San^a iMzia, that our whole Fleete did runiie with their fmall fayle», and that alfo verye low. In this Courfe they loft fight of Nicu/ao Coelbo; howbeit the next pight after they all met together againe. Now hauing paft and faited through this great Storme, or rather Tormenta of winde, which then was ceafed, the Captaine generaU upon the Jixteentb of December did difcouer Lande ; which confifted of certaine fmall * rockes, being diftaunt from, the harbour of Sam Blaze threefcore leagues, and fiue leagues alfo from the other part of the Rocke called do da CruZf, where Bertolame Diaz did ere£l his laft Pillar } from which place ta the ^io do Iffante are fifteene leagues. " This Countrey is veiy pleafant and fightly in viewe, and ia the fame is great ftore of Cattell ; and the further our Fleete fayled on that Coall, the better and higher the Trees were : all which things our men might well percetuc and difceme, by reafon they went fo ueere the Shore with their Shtppes. And upon the Sater— daye they paft hard by, and within fight, of the Rocke do da Cruz; and for that th«y were then come fo &r forward as the Rio do Vvjt^l v>^V;r::> '-tt^i ■:"/-V_,.'f"i(; t'l'/'i I Iffantey * Probably the St. Croix I/ks in jftgoa Bay r anJ the Rock tb da Crux, t\ik DodJington Roci in tanth latitude 33° 44' eafl; longitude 26° 55'. The place where Dia» fixed his laft Pillar feema to have been oa Cabo Padron, fouth latitude 33° 35' eaft longitude 27° 10'. Barros calls thefe fmall rocks, Hheot cbaot s he alfo menu'ons the itrong Currents which Gam a had to ftruggle againft on this part urre with a great forewinde, which had alfo indured them three or four dales } and wherewith they ranne through thofe Currents which greatlye they feared, and were in doubt to haue done. Thefe daungerous Currents thus fafelye and happelye paiTed with- out lofl[e or damage, they all were very glad and joyfuU that, they r good Fortune was to hare pafled the fame in manner as Bertolame Diaxt before that time, had accordinglye done.-— Wherefore the Cap- taine generall beeing animated and encouraged with this his great good lucke and Fortune, and after thanks giuen to God for the fam mind Ch. ill. § a. accuftomed to fimilar fcenes of peril : • — ^*-^- (I un- Now from the wave the chariot of the Day Whirl'd by his fiery courfers fprings away. When full in view the * Giant Cape appears, Wide fpreads its limbs, and high its (houlders rears ; Behind us now it curves the bending fide. And our bold Veflfels plow the Eaftern tide. Nor long excurfive off at Sea we ftand, A cultured Shore invites us to the Land. Here their fweet Scenes the rural joys beftow. And give our wearied minds a lively glow . . . Fair blow the Winds : again with Sails unfurL'd We dare the Main and feek the Eaftern world. Now round black Afric\ Coaft our Navy veer*d. And to the World's mid circle northward (leer*d : The Southern Pole low to the wave declined, We leave the Ifle of Holy Crofs behind ; That Ifle where erft a Lusiam, when he paft The tempefli-beaten Cape, his anchors caflr. And ownM his proud ambition to explore The kingdoms of the morn, could dare no more. From thence, ftill on, our daring Courfe we hold Through tracklefs gulphs, whofe billows never roll'd Around the Veflers pitchy fides before . . . For many a dreary Night, and cheerlefs day. In Calms now fetter'd, now the Whirlwind's play. By ardent hope ftill fired, we forced our dreadful way .1 ¥\ Now i William Julius Micklb failed In 1779 to Liflion, as Secretary to Commodore John- ilone in the Romney. * Mickle's Z,«^8' north. It ii bound- ed on the fouth by ■ Country inhabited by a fmall nation of ravBp,e people, called by our Iilni{l!(h, wild-bufh men, that live in cavei and in holei of ftcki, and have no other huufc^, hut fuch ns are formed by nature : they arc of a low ftature, tany- coloured, with crifpcd hair ; they are accounted very cruel to their cnemic*. Their Weapons arc bows and poifuned arrows. Thcfe people have for their neighbours on the fouth the Hottantots. Del/a^na is a navigable River, in latitude s8* fouth, thai bounds Ifalal on the north. Tlie inhabitants of this River have a commerce with the Portuxutfi uf Aloxambiqiu, who. often viftt them in fmall barks, nnd trade there for elephants teeth, which they have in great plenty. Some EngRjh too have lately been there to purchafe Teeth, particularly Captain Freal ; who after he had been in the River of DtHagoa, and purchafed eight or ten tun of Teeth, loft his Ship on a Rock near Ma' Jaga/ear. The Country of Natal lies open to the Indian fea on the £a(l, but how far buck it runs to the Weftward ii not yet known. *< That part of the Country which refpcAs the Sea is plain champion and woody ( but within land it appears more uneven, by reafon of many Hills which rife in unequal heights above each other. Yet is it interlaced with pleafant valleys and large plains, and 'tit iEhi'c< Jeered with natural groves and favannahs. Neither is there any want of Water i for every hill aifords little brooks, which glide down feveral ways ; fome of which, after feveral turnings and windings, meet by degrees and make up the River 0/ Nalal, which difchargcth itfclf iiitu the Eajl Mian Octan in the latitude of 30' South. There it opens pretty wide, and k deep enough for fmall veflels. But at the mouth of the River ic a Bar which has not above ten or eleven foot water on it in a Spring-Tide ; though witliin there is water enough. This River is the principal of the Country of Nalal, and has been lately frequented by fome of our Englilli iships, particularly by a fmall vefTcl that Captain Rogers commanded. «• There are alfo other Streams and Rivers, which bend their Courfe Northerly, efpecially one of a confiderablc bignefs, about 100 mile within land, and which runs due North. The ■ Woods are compofed of divers forts of trees ; m*ny of which .11 c very good '.Imber, and lit for any ufes, they being tall and large. The Savannahs alfo are cloathcd with kindly thick grafs, '• Here are Fowls of divers forts ; fome fuch as we have in England, viz. thai and inif, loth tame and wild : and plenty of cocit and heru. Bcfides abundance of wild birds, wholly unknown to us. " The Sea and Rivers alfo do abound i^ Ti(h of divers forts ; yet the Natives do but ftlJom endeavour to take any, except Tortoifes ; and that is chiefly when they come afliore in the night to lay their eggs. Their chief employment is hufbandry. They have a great many Bulh and Cows, which they cavefuUy look after ; for every man knows his own, tliougli they run all ^omifcuottlly together in their Savannahs ; yet they have Pens near their own huufes, wheru > 43« PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. BOOK along upon the Sea without taking " Lande fo farre, that they began; '■ to want, and haue lacke of Water for to drinke, and were inforced to dreife their meate with fait water ; fo that no man had then al- lowaunce of water to drinke more then one pinte a daie. " Howbeit upon Fridaye the eleuentb daie oi Januarie, 1498, draw- ing neere the lande, they went out in their Boates along the Coafl: to take view thereof ; and fo pafHng by the. fame, they fa we many Nigroes with a great company of women, all of them of great fta- ture, which went along the Sea Side. When the Cuptaine generall perceiued January, 1498. they make them gentle and bring them to the patL They alfo plant Corn, and fence in tVeir fields to keep out all cattle, as well tame as wild. They have Guinea Com^ which i» their Bread ; and a (h . U fort of grain no bigger than Milliard feed, with which they make theie drink. They have Caps made with beef Tallow of about nine or ten inches high. They are a great while of making thefe Caps : for the tallow muft be made very pure, before it it fit for this ufe. Befides they lay on but a littk at a time, and mix it finely among the haic ; and fo it never afterwards comes off their headc When they go a hunting, which is but feldom, they pare off three or four inches from the top- of it, that fo it may fit the fnugger ; but the next day they begin to build it up again, and fo they do eviry day tUl it is of a decent and fafliionable height. " The common fubfiftence of thefe people is Bread made of Guinea com» Beef, Fiih, Milk^ Docks, Hens, Eggs, &c. ; they alfo diink milk often to quench their thirft ; and this fome- times when it is fweet, but commonly they let it be fower firft. They are very juft and extra- ordinary civil to Stranger* : This was remarkably experienced by two Engli/b Seamen that lived among them five years ; their Ship waa caft away ou the Coaft, and the reft of their confbrta marched to the River of Dellagoa ; but they ftayed here till Captain Rogers accidentally came hither and took them away with him. They had gdbed the language of the Country ; and the natives freely gave them wives and cows. They were beloved by all the people ; and fo much reverenced that their wordd were taken as Laws. And when they came away many of the boys cried becaufe they would not take them." An account of the Terre Natal is given by D'/tpret, who places its firft headland in 33", whence its coaft trends to the northeaft and north-eaft by north, about forty- five leagues. It is known by a large rocky point : ^and cetti Pointe rejle au Nord Oueft, on voit par deffiu troitpetitet monlagnet rondet, el a une lieue de-la au Nord-EJ ily a un Boit qui defcend jufqu' a la Mer i fonfommet ejl ende, et on y remarque un intervalle fans ioie, el Irpit autre* Monlagnet plut grandet que eeUet qui let precedent. ■" Tliough they did not land, according to Ji Bfvrott tbeyvdifcovered a River during this courfe, on the 6th of January, and as that day was the Fcaft vtEpipbatij^, Hxtj called the ri< ver Rio dt lot Reyee, F.mmaKuil. TERRA DA BOA GETE. 437 perceiued that they ftiowed themfelues to bee a people flexible to ch. 111. j a. ciuilitie, and of a quiet dirpofition ; hee commaunded one of our men called Martim Afonfo^ who coulde fpeake manye languages of the Nigroes, and one other with him, to leape out on Lande and to goe to them ; which immediatelye thofe twoperfon« didr Commin^ to the fame blacke people they were well receyued, and efpeciallye of the chiefe perfon or GOuernor ; to whome our General! viewing his and theyr manner of courtefie, forthwith fent a Jacket, a payre of Hofe, ind a Cappe, beeing all redde, and a braceleet of copper ; of which things he was very glad, and rendered great thankes to the Generall for the fame, faeing, That with a verye good will ^ bee Jhoulde haue ofgifie anye thing he would defire or had neede off", that was t(f be bad in his Countrey, All which Martim Afonfo^ ' vnderftanding^ theyr language, tolde to the Generall ; who was verye Joyfull that by his interpretation, thofe people and ours might of each other haue vnderftanding ; gluing alfo at that inftant licenfe to the fame- Afonjo and one more of our men to goe with thofe people for one night to their towne, at the requeft of the fame Gouernor, whc^> verie earneftly required the fame. The Gouemour then apparelled himfelfe with thofe garments which the Generall gaue him» and with great pleafure gaue commaundement to many of his chiefe men, to goe before and receiue him when he came to their towne; The people, as they went, beheld with greate pleafure and admira* tioa thofe Veftures which our Generall had giuen him, clapping theyr " Thefe Natrvet, as Dr. Vincent obferves, «« were no longer Hottentott, but Ctffret, who even in that age borr the fame marks of fuperiur civilization, which they preferve to the pre< f«nt hour. A circumftance more fortunate and more extraordinary was, that Martin Alon%o> nnderilood their language. This is a moft remarkable occurrence, as Alonxo could fcarcely have been lower tbaa M'ma on the Wejltrn Coqfl, whidi is forry degrees from the Cape, and the - breadth, of the Continent fiom weft to eaft cannot, in the latitude of 20" fouth, be lefs than eighteen or nineteen degrees more. What Negro Nation or Language do we know of fuch an extent i and yet wonderful as it is,, there is no reafon to doubt the fadt." {Pen^ut^ page 212.) '^ ^\ 1»! i- m. I II \%.. 438 PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. BOOK theyr hands for joy thereof; which manner of gladfome rejoyHng Januarv, .1498. ' - they ufed three or foure times before they came to their towne. After their entraunce therein, they went round about the fame ; to the end all the people abd inhabitants thereof, might fee and behold thofe giuen garments^ and firaunge arraie. Which beeing done, the Goiiernour entered intoi his houfe, where he commaunded Afonfoy and his companion, to be well lodged, and gaue to them for Supper a Hen, euen fucH as ours bee, and Pap made of Mylylo^ a kinde of graine of a yeolow coulour, whereof alfo they make Bread : This Night repaired many Nigroes to theyr lodgings to fee them. • " The next Dale after, the Gouvernour fent them to theyr Shippes with tertainc Nigroes of his, loden with Hens. for the Captaine ge- nerall, who rendered thanks for the fame ; and required by his In- terpretour thofe Nigroes to faie unto theyr Governour, that be now Jhwe and percetued him to be a noble man^ or King of that Countrle ; and forqfinucb as the Generally and the reft of our men, in taofefue daies wherein they bad bouered upon and viewed that Coajl, bad no manner of damage done, or offered tbem, andfaw^ both many quiet and gentle people there, and alfo many noble Men ; be gaue to this Land an apt name, calling it Terra da boa " grte, i ** In the towne where Martim Afonfo was, theyr houfes bee made all of ftrawe, and verie well furniihed within. The women be more in number then the men. They carrie with them long Bowes with arrowes and darts of Yron, and upon their armes and legges they weare many braceleets of Copper, and fome peeces of them in their haires. Alfo they carrie daggars,. the hafts or handles of Pewter, and the (heathes of luorie ; fo that it is manifefl: they haue in that Countrie plentic of Copper and Tinne. Moreouer they haue 'great - ilore of Salt which they make of Salt Water, carrieng the fame from Or according to dc Barroa, Agvada da loa Paa. RIO DO COBRE« 439 from the Sea iide la Gourds, and putting it into certaine Caues Ch. ill. § 2. where they make the Salt, 11 efe kinde of people were fo gladde — ""— ' - of the Hnnen our men carried r/ith them, and brought thether, that they gaue for one Shirt much Copper. They alfo were fo quiet amongeft our men, that they brought them Water to their Boates' from a Riuer which was two Crofle Bowe (hotte from the place where our men tooke in the fame, which Riuer they call Rio da Cobre, or the copper river.** ;, . Oforius places the arrival of the Portuguefe on this part of the Coaft a day earlier than Cajianbeda^ and furniihes additional information. " On the ' tenth of January they difcovered feme fmall Iflands, about two hundred and thirty miles from their laft watering place : thefe Iflands had a very beautiful appearance, being covered with lofty Trees and enriched with •meadows of a ftriking verdure. They could fee the Inhabitants walking on the (hore in great numbers. Here Gama anchored, and difpatched one of his men, whom he knew to be well verfed in languages, to wait upon the King. This « meffenger was received with civility, and difmiifed with prefents of the produce of the country. Gama^ on fetting fail, left two Exiles, that they might inform themfelves of the charai^er and cuiloms of the Natives. There were in his Fleet ten Malefadors, who had been condemned to die, but were pardoned on condition of going this voyage : wherever Gama ihould leave them, they were to ex- amine the Country, and, on his return, be enabled to give intelligence of the inhabitants." — Cajlanbeda thus proceeds : " From this place our Fleete departed x\\cjifientb dale oi Janu^ ariCf and going under faile, did difcouer land of another "^ Countrie which P O/or'wt, page J3. {GUi's Tran/fatioit, vol. 1. p. 50.) « He feems to have palTed cape Corrienles, at the opening of the JUafan^ique channel» in the night } and, on account of the ftrong current driving towards the (hore, to have kept fo far from the land as not to have noticed Sofala. See ds Barru,'-'E dagui /«r il$Mtt comc^ou dtjt ■ afaflatt •'!:" ■<'^*4 ^ J 1 A40 B PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. o o K "whicfa lyeth verie lowe, (Sofala) wherein vrere trees high and thicke; 1 — ' and fo proceeding iforward, they difcouered a Riuer verie open at 1498. ' the entering : and for that the Generall thought it necefTarie to haue notice of that Countrie, and there to learne whether they might heare anye newes or intelligence of the Indias^ hee commaunded to come to an ankor ; which was upon the Tburfdaye^ being feauen dales before the end of ' Januarte. The fame night he with his brother Niculao Coelbo entered the Riuer, and at the dawning of daie, did well perceiiie the lande to be lowe and couered with water, hauing Trees of great height, and thicke loaden with fuodrie fortes of fruites. " Our m£n then beholding the Lande, which was verie plea- ^ faunt, they fawe alfo certaine Boates comming towardes them, with men in the fame, whereof the Generall was very glad ; fuppofing vpon fight of thofe people, and view' of their Countrie in that man- ner which argued they had fome knowledge and experience of the Sea, that therefore they were not farre off from the Indias^ or at leaftwife could not then goe farre but they fhould heare newes of the fame. When the people with theyr Boates came neere to our Fleete, our men perceiued they were all blacke people, of good ftature ; how- beit affq/lar a/gum tanto da terra, torn que de Nolte paffou Cabo, a qut era chamamos dot Commit ; porque cemega a eofla eneurvarfe tanto ptra dentro paffado elk, quefentlndo Vafco da Gama que as aguae apaniavam pera dentro, temeo Jtr alguma enfeada penetranle, donde nJo pudejfe fabir. quallemor lhefe% dar tanto refguardo por fugir a Terra, que pa/fou fern haver v'tfla da povoagao de cofala. (Ibid. liv. 4. cap. 3.) — Cafe CoRKiSNTiis, was thus named from the violent Cur. rent! formed by the preiTure of the waters through the narrow channel between Madagafcar and the main. Marmot defcribes (vol. 3. p. 106.) not only the Currents, but Iflands, Shoals, and the violent winds. (Dr. Fineent, ibid.^ r Oforiut makes this date to be the 1 5th of January. ( Page 34. Gibbs' Tranf. vol. i . p. jo. ) He fays, that it was in the duflc of Evening when the Portuguefe arrived off this river; that Gama was honoured with the company of four of the principal Chiefs at an entertainment he gave on buatd, and on taking leave prefented each with a robe of Silk. Oforiut alfo adds, that on; of th« natives fpoke jtrab'ic very imperfeAly ; and that Gama left two of his Convid* \S> refide in that part of 4/'~u''> ^o which he gave the name of S. Rafail. RIO DOS BOS SINAKS. 441 belt all naked they came neere and entered into our Shippes without Ch. III. § 2. feare, in fuch forte as though they had ben of long acquaintance. — :^:;;f:[!i:_ They were very well receiued of our people : the Captaine gene- rail commaunded the fame, and alfo that there Hiould be giuen unto them certeine little Bels, and other things; and he talked with them by Signes, for they did not vnderftand any of Martim Afonfo his languages, nor any other Interpretour, After this their good interteinment they departed ; and, as it feemed, well liking of the fame they and many others afterward returned in their Boates to our Shippes, bringing fuch ridluals as their countrie yeeldeth : they haue in their lips three holes, and in euery hole a peece of tinne, which they efteeme as a thing very gallant and gaye. They tooke with them certeine of our men to make merrie at a countrie Townq there neere hand, and where they fet Water for our Shippes. " After the three dales fpace that our Generall was in that Riuer, there came of curtefie two noble men of that Countrie to vifit him in their boates ; whofe apparell was none other then of the reft, fauing that their lynnen aprons were farre greater then thofe the common forte ufed, and one of them wore upon his head a tucke or kerchiefe wrought with filke, and. the other had a night cap of greene * fatten. The Captaine generall feeing thofe men fome- what addicted to cleanlineflc, was verie glad thereof; receiued them in curteous manner, and commaunded to giue them meate ; and moreover he gave them apparell and certeine other things : but it appeared by their countinaunces they fmallye or nothing at all . . efteemed ' De Far'ia y Sou/a in his Narrative differs in fome refpefts from CnJlanheJa, and fays, " That the people of this River were not fo black as the other Africans, and underllood j^rabic ; that the Por/uyBf/f judged them to be more civih'zed from the habit they wore, con- filling of divers forts of Stuffs both Cotton and Silk, of feveral Colours. AccorJinsr to the ^.iformation of the Natives, to the cailward lived Wliitc People who failed in Ships re- fembling the Portuguefc." ^1 m % 1, •1 !'^ H ' If; i- ■:-'■■ VOL, I. 3L 44« BOOK 1. January, February, 1498. PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. eftccmed thereof. Howbeit while they remained in our Shippes» the Generall perceiued by tokens and figns, which a young man that came with them then ihewed, that their Countrie was farre of thence, and that they had feene as great Shtppes as ours were ; wherof he greatly rejoyfed and all our people in like manner, as then verely hoping, and thereby conieduring, that the Itidias were neere to that place. Which their hope and conie(flure was alfo* farre the more augmented and confirmed ; for that after thofe noble men were gone to Shore, they fent to the Fleete cloth to fell which was made of cotten, upon which alfo were certeine marks of Okar : in refpeft of which good newes and intelligence heere found, and likely to enfue, the Captaine generall gave to this Riuer the name of ' Ho Rio dos bos Jinaesy the Riuer of Good Signs, and caufed there a Pillar to be ere£ted, calling the fame according to the Shippe wherein he went that Voiage. ** Forafmuch as he perceiued by the fignes of the young man, that thofe noble men inhabited a count^e farre thence, and that they had feene Shippes as greate as ours ; he thereby and upon other coniedures gathered, that their Countrie was neere to the Indtas : and fo confequently that the Indias was farre off from that Riuer where our Shippes then lay. Wherefore confulting hereof, it was by him and the other Captaines then determined upon, that all the Shippes (hould be brought on ground ; which determina- tion was executed accordinglye, and the fame Shippes repaired, drefled, and i:rimmed, in all points needfull and necelTarie. In doing whereof they fpent two and thirtie dales. In which time our men fufteined t It is a Circumllance particularly noticed by the Hiftoriant, that from A. Helenaio this place no veftige of Navigation, no fort of Embarkation had been fren. But here, upon the morn- ing after their arrival, they were vifited by the Natives, in Boats, which had Smlt made oftht Palm. The exprefllon is not clear, but intimates Cloth made of fibres of the Coco Palm. It is worthy of notice that Cqflaneda mentions Boats here, but nothing of SaiU until they ap. proacbcd Mofi^nbifut. {Dr. Vitueni's Ptriplui,page 21 3-) RIO DOS BOS SINAES. 443 fuftelned great troubles, and torments of minde, by occafion of a Ch. iii. § a. Sickneflfe which was thought to growe by meanes of the aire ; for '"'"'' • "" ' the hands and feete of many of thera, and alfo their gums, in fuch forte did fwell that they could not eate. With this peRilcnt In- fection, and SickneiTe, our men were greatly difcomfited, and many of them dyed thereof; which alfo put the refte of the companle in greate " feare and perplexitie of minde. — Yea, and further would haue increafed and aggrauated their griefes of bodye, and for- rowes, were it not, that one da Gam a, a Man of good nature and condition^ had taken fpeciall care and vfed great e dilllgence^for the recouerye of their healths^ and putting them in comfort : Who continu- ally vifited the ficke^ and liberally departed vnto them fuch wbolefome and medicinable things, as for his owne bodye hee had prouided and carried with him. Through who/e good counfell giuen, great paines taken, andfranke d.;/iribution of that he had, many of our men recouered ^ivhich would otherwife haue died, and all the rejl thereby were greatly recomforted** When it is remembered that Camoens compofed his Lujiadas partly on the Atlantic, and partly on the Indian Ocean, the following paffages impart additional interefl, : " Now ' dawn'd the facred Morn, when from the Eaft Three Kings the Holy cradled Babe addreft, And hail'd him King of Heaven : That feftive day We drop our anchors in an opening Bay j The River from the Sacred day we name. And Stores, the wandering Seaman's ri^t, we claim. i< Now « They afterwards found, fays De Bams, that it proceeded from eating Salt Provifions, and damaged mm'A—que procedia das carnts. pefcado falsaJo, ct Bifcouto corrmfido dc tanto temp*. (Ibid. cap. 3.) » JJiMi/tfV Lufiad, vol. 2. book 5. (P, 78— 83) 3 L 2 1 Jtrm '/ ?/ '7 ' ± 444 BOOK 1. January, February, 1498. PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. " Now the fweet waters of the Scream we leave. And the fait waves our gliding Prows receive* Here to the left, between the bending Shores, Torn by the Winds the whirling billow roars, And boiling raves againft the founding Coaft Whofc Mines of Gold Sofalas merchants boaft : Full to the Gulph the (howery South-Winds howl, Aflant againft the Wind our Veflels rowl. Far from the land, wide o*er the ocean driven, Our helms rcfigning to the care of Heaven, By Hope and Fear's keen paflions toft, we roam ; When our glad eyes beheld the furges foam Againft the beacon's of a cultured Bay, Where Sloops and Barges cut the watery way. The River's opening breaft fome upward ply'd. And fome came gliding down the fweepy Tide. Quick throbs of tranfport heaved in every heart To view the knowledge of the Seaman's Art ; For here we hoped our ardent wifh to gain, To hear of India s ftrand, nor hoped in vain. , Though Ethiopia s fable hue they bore No look of wild furprife the Natives wore : Wide o'er their heads the cotton turban fwell'd. And cloth of blue the decent loins conceal'd. Their Speech, though rude and diflbnant of found, Their Speech a mixture of jirabian own'd. Fernando, (kill'd in all the copious ftore Of fair Arabians fpcech and flowery lore. In joyful convcrfe heard the pleafing Tale ; " That o'er thefe Seas full oft the frequent Sail, And lordly VelTels tall as ours appear'd, Which to the Regions of the Mofning ftecr'd j \t*v. , -i>, Whofe ILLUSTRATION OF THE JOURNAL BY CAMOENS. Whofe cheerful Crews, refembling ourn, d'lCphj The kindred face and colour of the day." Elate with joy we raife the glad acclaim, And ' River of good signs the Port we name. « Our Keels, that now had fteer'd through many a Clime^ By fliell-fifti roughen'd, and incafed with flime. Joyful we clean ; while bleating from the field The fleecy dams the fmiling Natives yield. But while each face an honed welcome (hews. And big with fprightly Hope each bofom glows ; Alas ! how vain the bloom of human joy ! How foon the blafls of woe that bloom deftroy ! A dread Difeafe its rankling horrors flied, And Death's dire ravage through mine army fpread. Never mine eyes fuch dreary fight beheld, Ghallly the mouth and gums enormous fwell'd ; And inftant, putrid like a dead man's wound, Poifon'd with foetid (learns the air around. No y This River is the ZambezJI, which is navigable for two hundred leagues up to Sucumba (RffenJe, p. So.), and penetrates into the interior of Benomotopa. It falls into the Sea tiiroiigh i variety of Mouths, between latitude 19° and 18° fouth, which are known in our modern Charts as the Rivers of Cuamo and ^lillmane, from a Fort of that name upon the northern Branch. — 1 cannot afcertain which mouth of the Zambeze Gama anchored in. I fuppofe it to be the largeft which it that moft to the north, as Rrjfende places the Rivtr of Good Signs in latitude i7''5o'o'. P. Lobo calls ^iUmane the River of Good Signs. I find nothing in Cqflaneda, or Fariii, to mark the extent of Gama's knowledge at this place, but as he had the corrected ( hart of Cnvilham on board, in which Sofala was marked as the limit of his Progrefs { if that Chart was furnifhed with the latitude, Gama mull have known th:it he had now pafied the Barrier, and that the Difcovery was afcertained. The mod Southern branch of the Zam- BEZE is two degrees to the North of i^o/d/o. He mud likewife know that the Dircdiont given by Covilham were to enquire for Sofala and the IJland of the moon ; which is an Arabic name, and occurs in Al Edrijfi, (Dr. Vincent's Periplus, p. 214 ) The Country which Dr. Vincent ftyles Bonomotapa, is perhaps more properly Mocaranga. The largeft of the Mouths of the Zambeze is that to the Soutii : Dr. Fincent was milled by Rtfende. The Zambezi from the Cataradts, to its mouth, makes a Courfe of not more than 1 30 leagues. The old Navigators always reckoned the dillance too great when afccnding Rivers, and made it as much too (hort when they followed the river's Courfe. 445 Ch. III. i a. F.mmanuil. m :>':% i 'i 'f 1 J '■' 1 > 1 h. w» 44« I'cbruary, 1498. PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY, No fage Phyfician'a ever watchful zeal, No fkilful Surgeon's gentle hand to heal, Were found : each dreary mournful hour we gave Some brave Companion to a foreign grave : A Grave) the awful gift of every Shore ! Alafs ! what weary Toils with us they bore ! Long, long endearM by fellowfhip in woe, 0*er their cold duft we give the tears to flow ; And in their haplefs lot forbode our own, A foreign burial, and a Grave unkaowo." But befidethe diftrefs our Navigators thus experienced from thcfc ravages of the fcurvy, two events occurred, which had nearly fruftrated all their hopes. De ' Barros informs us, that Gama being alongfide of his brother Paulo's vefllel in a boat, and having hold of the chains in order to fpeak to Pauloy the force of the current was fo great, as to carry the boat from under him and his men : but immediate afllftance being given, they were all provi- dentially faved. After this, as the fquadron pafl!ed the Bar at the mouth of the Rio de bomjiiiaes, Paulo's ihip grounded on a fand- bank, and for a time was given up as lofl ; the returning flood how- ever relieved them from fo perilous a fituation, and the ihip to their inexpreflfible joy was again afloat. The fifth Chapter of Cajlanbeda gives an account, bow the Cap- taine generall ivitb all his Flecte came to the Ilha Mo9ABIq.U£: ** The Fleete beeing furnifhed and prouided of all things neceflarie, the Captaine generall then mindfuU of his Voiage, departed thence upon Saturdayey the twenty-fourth dale of Februarie ; and the fame dale and all the night following, for that he was incalmed, and to auoide the Shore, made way into the Sea. Upon Sundaye^ by «uenfong time, our men difcried three IJlands a feaboord, all of them beeing ^ " Il'td, Liv. 4. cap. 3. Coast of mo?ambiqjue. 447 fceeing but fmall ; they were diftant one from another foure leagues. Ch. III. ^ a. Two of them were rcplenifhed with great woods, and the third '"^"' ■ was plaine. To arrtue to thefe Hands the Generall was not willing, for that he fawe no caufe to occafion the fame ; and therefore he dill kept the Sea, Aaieng and comtning to an ankor alwaies as the night approchcd ; which manner of courfc he continued the fpace of fixe dales. And upon the Thttrfdaye being \\\& Jirft daic of Marcby towards euening, our men came within fight of ' foure Hands ; whereof two were neere the Shore, and the other two a fea- l|. * De Barrns (Ibid.) mentions a Pillar being placed by Gama on thefe IflanJs, and dedi- cated to St. Georjre, who gave a name to them. Nejlet Ilheot et quaet ora fe chaimim tit 5. Torge for taufj ile hum Padr. o defle name, que Vafco da Gama nellet pox. Of tliii Coaft, ai already obfervcd, Gcographera know but little. It was at one time the intention of Govern- ' menl that Sir Home, then Captain I'opham, (hould I* fent to furvey it, but the dclljjn was given up. The lute Commodore Blanket remained on this Ilation, during the laft w»r, for a confiderable time, and from his Journal much may be eicpefled. Some drawings of the Coaft have in conltquence been made for the Charts which are preparing ut the Admiralty. Pro- bably alfo information may be gleaned from that mafs of geographical information, which up- wards of twenty years ago was procured on the Continent, and lodged in the Britifli Mufeum ; where it will now be foon arranged for the infpeAion of the curious D'Apret informs us, that all the Coaft of Africa, from Pati to the EqwnoQial Line, is lined by a Clufter of Iflets, whence (hoals extend themfelvts to the diftance of a league. Thefe Iflets form a double Shore ; and are taken for the Coaft itfrlf, when their feparation is not difcemed : in fome places they lie at a league's diftancc from the Continent ; the boats of the country are continually plying to and fro in the intermediate channel. Oppofite to the Ifland of Mozambique, and about a quarter of a league at Sea, D'yipres defcribes two fmall low Iflanda, ' with fome clumps of trees. They are furrounded with Reefs, and lie north north-eaft and fouth fouth-weft from each other. The northcrnmoft is ftill called St. George, the other has the name of .!^/. Jago* A plan of Fort Mogambique is given in Faria, and a view of its Coaft by Herbert, both of which are infcrtcd in AlUey. Another dtfcription occurs in a map of the eaftcrn coaft of Africa, with all the principal harbours, drawn on a large fcale and publiflied by John Texeira thcQneen's Cofmograplier at Lifbon, in the yCar 1649. This curious Map is inferted in the firft volume of M. Thevenot's CoUeftion of Voyages. The lateft, and moft accurate de- lineation of Mogambique Bay, is in'a MS. chart, which Mr. Arrowfmlth has communicated, for the fubfequent volume of this work. In Linfchoten'i Voyage the nautical antiquarian will alfo find two reprefentationt of the Bay of Mogambique, but without any foundings marked, as in the above Map. Sec chap. 4, where an excellent dcfcriptien is given both of the Iflaud and adjacent Ceaft. Lm/chotM' mentioni Mogambique at a town in the Ifland of Prafio, ' C \ M ^■V^\ 'j'ti'V M iM 44t PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. BOOK fcaboord ; and for that they would not that Night fall in with ihcm, they ftill kept the fea, minding to paflTe between, as in- Marcll, dccde they did. Whercvpon the Captaine generall commaunded Niciilao Coelhoy by reafon his Shippc was lefTc than the others, Ihould go fjrft J and fo going upon the FriJaye within a ccrtein Harbour which was betweenc the mainc Land, and one of the Hands, tiie faid Nkulao miffed the channell and ranne on ground. Which daungcr when our other Shippes fawe, they did cad then about, and went backe ; and as they were returned, they pcrceiued comining out of that Ilaude feven or eight little boatcs under " faile, being diftant from Niciilao Coelbo a good league. At fight of thole Boatcs comming towards them, Niculuo Coelbo atid thofe with him tookc great p!eafure, and for Joy gaue a great crye : at their repaire to them, Coelbo and they went to the Generall, and faluted him ; to whom the fame Coelbo fayd, How fay you, Sirf beere is an otber kinde of People ! Wberevuto tbe Generall anfwered^ tbat bee was very glad of tbat good fortune^ and tberewitb commaunded to let tbem go a fcaboord witb their Boatcs ; for tbat bis 7ncaning was to beare with tbem to tbat lUiudc from whence they came^ and there to come to an ankor : of purpife to vnderfland what Lande tbat was^ and whether amongefl thofe people be might beare or bane anye . vewes or certeine intelligence of the Indias. Yet notwithftanding the Generall's commandement, they in their boates followed our Shippes; alwaies making figncs, and calling to our men therein, to ftay and tarrie for them. Wherefore the Captaine generall, with the other Captaines, came to an ankor, and fo they in their Boates aj'proached neere, and came to our Fleete. " By view of their perfons it appeared they were men of a good flature, and fomewhat blacke. They were apparelled in cloth of Gotten, ^ It is upon tlic approach to tlie Port of Mofamlnque tbat CafUneda firll mentiong Boats fi-.vniflied with Sails. {Dr. Vincent, Perlplus, p. 217.) homtnt hen •« Or a( • JuA^ P' 43f-) ver Guam Order ha the Cotir fiderable 1 appearanj mud and| VQ] M O C A M B I CLU E. 449 Gotten, welted with fundry colours, fome girJeled unto their Ch. ill. $ s. knees, and others carried the fame upon their fliouldcrs m cloaks ; ''*"** "- and upon their heads they vvcare a certcinc kindc of tucks or ker- chiefe fomewhat wrought with Silkc and gold thrid : they have Swoords and Daggers as the Moores doe ufe them ; in thoir Roates they brought with them their inftruments called Sugbuts, Thefe men being thus come to our Shippes, they forthwith came a boord the fame with great opinion of aflurauncc, even as though they had knowne our men a long time, and immediatlye began to be con- uerfant, and very familiar with them ; vfing their ' fpeaches which they vttered in the language of jilgarauia (Arabic) and would not be knowne they were Moores, The General commaundcd to giue them meat ; and being afked by one •* Fernao Alvares^ who could fpeake the language, what Land that was, they anfwered, that it ap- pette'med to a great king. The Hand was called Mofobique ; and the toitn there full of Mercbantcst which baue trajicke with the Moores uf the Indiasy who bring thether Siluer^ Unnen Cloth^ Pepper ^ Ginger ^ Siluer ringes, many Pearles^ and Rubie Stones ; and^ that out of an- other * Countries which remained behinde, they doe bring them Colde, Declaring further that if our men would enter into the Harbour ^ they would bring them thether^ and they fbuld per ceiue and fee the truth ^ and ' Bar R 08 fayi, Chegadoi ejlet hareoi ao navlo de Vafeo da Gama, levanlau'fe, hum daquellci homtni btm veJiJot, t comegou per jlravlgo ptrguntar que genie era, t o que bufcavam f ( Ibid. ) * Or according to Barros Fenilo Marline. • Juan bos Santos, in his Voyage piibUnied by Le Grande, and quoted by Brnce (vol. i. p. ^jj.) fays, that, •• he landed at So/ala in the year 1586 ; that he faile4 up the great Ri- ver Cuama as far as Tele ; where, always defirous to be in the neighbourhood of Gold, his Order had placed their Convent. Thence he penetrated for above two hundred leagues into the Country, and faw the Gold Mines then working, at a mountain called /Ifura. At a con- fiderable dihance from thefe arc the Silver Mines oi Chkoua ; at both places there is great appearance of ancient excavations, and at both places the houfes of the Kings are built with imid and ftraw, whilft there are large remains of maffy buildings of Stone and Lime." VOL. I. 3 M PvH;| " '111 ^i^J mli %m ,: \J- m,.:-h^'.. 45°. PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. Marcl i4.;8, BOOK and more at large^ touching thofe tbinges tbey then gaue informa- tion of. " The Generall hearing this, entered into counfell with the other Capt^ines debating the matter thereof; and argued whether it were good to enter the Harbour, and fee if thofe things were of truth, which thofe Moorcs had imparted to them ; and alfo there to take fome Pilottes to carrye them further, fince they were nowe deftitute of fuch. Upon which Confultation it was there determined, that JV7- culao Coelbo fhuld firfl: make an aflay for enterance and founding of the Barre, by reafon his Shippe was the lead of the fleete} which accordingly he forthwith did. And fo going to enter, he went and touched the Point of the Hand, and therewith brake hisHelme: howbeit through God his goodnefle, he perifhed not there, although he was in great daunger ; for as he went upon the Point unwares, fo with quicke fpeede and good fortune he gote oiT the fame. Ne- uertheleffe he found that the Barre was good to enter, and therefore he came to an ankor two crofs bow (hot from the ' Towne fcituated in that Hand, which is in fifteen degrees towards the fouth. It hath a very good Harbour, and alfo great plcntie of the victuals of that Countrie. The houfes of that Towne be made of ftrawe, aiid the dwellers therein are * Moores, which trade to Sofala in great Shippes that ' A good accouht oF the Town or City of Mogamllqut, is inferted in the Journal of the Dutcli Pilot Verbeoven. * Thefc Moors fo often mentioned by the Portugtufe Navigr.tors, were, as Bruce informs us, (vol. 2. p 13.) Merchanta who had been expelled from Spain by FtriUnand and Ifabtlla: they accordingly fixed their refidence fiift on the Wefiem Coaft oi jifrica, where being joined by either frcfh exiles from Spa';n, or mingling with the inhabitants of Morrocto, they extended themfelves Eaftward, and formed fcttlements in jlrabia ; until the great oppreifions that fol- lowed the conqueil of that country, and Egy^i, under Selim and Soliman, interipnted their trade, and fcattered them along the Coall of Ab^tma. Thefe are the Moori which Gama fo often met with both during his Voyage, and on his arrival In India. They had no profelfion but Trade, in every fpeciesof which they greatly excelled.— Dr. Walfon quotes a palTage from AnderfoHi to prove, that about the year 1150, the Moon of Spain firtt introduced the Art of Diftillery into the weft of Europe, they having learned it from the African Moort, who had it from the E^ptiani. that h fibres) Some » Thi, pera ^ofa if palma (Caftaiih, ' Prob de la Geos fervds. i tonnu chn Calamit the arrival Moorifn C fcge is wel by Oforiiu " Utcbi propter eo " Vafcu rum. In 1 vafculi ipfii Aiodum dil Styli vero 1 rius, immil pares efficis et aliqua e» ad fc trahal deat, naturi magnetis pe candem in { poffit, fcmp inltrumeuto fum, pofTcn ■d acus Rm cillimum fit normnB ratic tionc perfpi( in rhombi fj orbiculatam acutis angul figiirx long! ad earn fonn SKILL OF THEIR NAVIGATORS. 4S^ that haue no deckes nor nailes, but are " fowed with cajro (cocoa Ch. Jll. §8. fibres) and their Sailes are of mats made of the leafe of a Palme tree. ^'"^"!- . Some of them do carrie with them ' Compajfes ofGeatie^ by which they doe * This curious pafTage in the original, is as follows ; Pouoada de Mouroi que iratavan dali ftra (^ofala emgrandet Naot, e fern cuberta ni pregadura, cofidas con C^ayro : e as Velaserao and alfo mentions ^adrattts,x>ax jljlrohbe. The wrhale of this curious paf. itige is well worthy of the reader's attention ; and as its value conlifts in tlie ^Kprefs terinu ufed by 0/oriitt, it is given in the original. " UtebanturinnavigaifdoNormisNaviculariis, quasnautx Acusappellanc. Quarum formam propter eoa, qui a maritimis regionibus fcmoti funt, baud alienum arbitrur explicare. *' Vafculum eft a ligno fa£tum, planum atque rotundum, altitudine duorum aut trium digito- rum. In medio habet ilylum prefixum in fummo prxacutum, aliquanto breviorem, quam fit ^afculi ipfius altitude. Regula dcinde e ftrro foleitilfiini: fadla, tenuis et angulla ad vafculi modum dimenfa, ita tamen ut diametri ipfius vafculi lungitudinem npn exsequet, inducitur. Styli vero cufpis per mediunv hujus regulx, quod eft inferius excavatum. ct faftigiatum fupe- rius, immifla, ita earn fufpenfam, paribufquc momentis libratam continet, ut utrinque angulos pares efficiat. Operculo deinde vitreo tenea virgula circundata firmato, nc polfit regula cxcuti, ct aliqua ex parte labare, contegitur. Ciim vero Magnetis ea natura fit, ut non modo ferrum ad fc trahat, veriim etiam una iUius pars ad Septentriones afpiret, altera in Auftrum propen- deat, naturamque fuam cum fcrro communicet, elBcitur, ut ciim regvlse hujus caput ad earn magnetis partem, quae fpe£tat ad Septentrionest applicatum, attrituque illius exterfum fuerit, candem in fe vim conoipiat : et cum ita fufpenfa extiterit, ut mobiliter in varias partes impslli poffit, femper in Septentriones infita propeuflone referatur. Sic autcm fiebat, ut Nauta: hue initrumento moniti, quanvis in profundo pelago verfarentur, et ccclum eifct nubilum el caligino- fum, pofTcnt tamen nd Septentrionis rationem curfum dirigcre. Hanc autcm reguiam, quia ■d acus fimilitudinem proxime accedebat, Acum Naviculariam appellabant, Deinde cum fa- cillimum fit humanis ingeniis, addere femper aliquid ad ea, qux funt fokrter invcMta, alium normte rationem excogitarunt, qua poflent exaftius, quem curfum in navigando tenerent, ra- tionc perfpicere. E virgulis enim ferreis figuram efficiunt lateribus paribus, angulis imparibus, in rhombi fpeciem deformatam. Huic unam ex parte fuperiore, alteram ex inferiorc chartam orbiculatam adglutinant. Magnciis autem adjundla vi, fic figuram hanc temperant, ut uiius ex acutis angulis Septentrionem, alter ad Occafum fpcdet. Diametri autcm urbis hujus longitudo figurx longitudinem non excedit. Habet autem oibishic in medio xneum umbilicum afKxum, ad earn formam fadlvmi, qua diximus regule medium fabricatum fuifle. 3 M 3 " Per '■'^W Wr i 45» PROGRESS OF JISCOVERY. March, 1493. BOOK doe gouerne^ and they be fquarCy they haue alfo Seacards. With thefe Mooresy the Moores of Itidias haue traficke, and with thofe from the Red Sea, by reafon of the Golde they haue there. " When they fawe our men, they fuppofed them to bee Turks ; by reafon of the knowledge they had of the Turks Countrie, through intelligence of the Moores which dwel in the Red Sea. They which were firft in our Shippes went and tolde their Xeque ; for fo they call him alwaies that is gouemour of the towne, which was there for the king of ^tUoa, vnder whofe obeifance this Hand was." The Narrative of Gama's Voyage in Camoetrs being detached, and only occadonally introduced according to the rules of the epopee; it may be defireable to many readers to confider thefe paflages " Per umbilicum illud igitur (lyl! cufpis immifla, orbem hunc fuTpenfum continct, qui non inod6 regula Alius, de qua diximus, vice fungitur, fed omncs ventorum regiones, quorum ftati- bus navis impellitur, in confpeAu proponit. In charta namque fuperiore Septentrio, ct Aufter, et Oriens, et Occidens, et interjefts inter hos terminos legiones exadiffime defcrtbun* tur. Norma ad hunc modum conftituta, hoc reftabat incommodi, quod opus erat, quoties NavIs fluAibus agitata, ut tieri necefTe ell, in puppim, aut proram, aut in alterutrum latus incli- naret, ut ilia in profundo fubfidens adhaerefceret, neque motu libera in Septentriones dirigt poflet. Ne autem hoc eveniret, fuit folertifiime excogitatum. Nam vas ipfum paulo infra labrum circulo xneo ar^e conftrtgitur. Utrinque autcm ab eo circulo virgula calybea du£la, in foramen alterius circuli majoris et exterioris, modico intervallo ab interiore diftantis, im- inittitur. " Virgulae vero binse ita funt zquales et oppofitx, ut fi ex utraque una et perpetua fieret, cir- cularis illius fpatii dlametrum contineret. Exterior autem circulus circa duas illas virgulas quafi circum axem verfatur. Ruifus ab exteriore circulo aliae biiix virgulx pari intervallo ad ambitum alveoli cujafJam orbiculati, intra quern hxc machinatio continctur, limili ratione perducuntur. <* Ita funt aut^m hae virgulx exteriores interioribus ex adverfo. coiiflitutx, ut fi dux tantum cxillis quatuor diredx fierent, fe fe ad angulos re£lo8 interfccarent. Cum vero machinatio ex inferiore parte xnea et ponderofa (it, neque fuudum attingat uUum, ita undique pellitur, ut medium locum tencat. Etcum penfilis et mobiiis exillat, pondere fuo nixa ea ratione confiftit, lit quanvis maximi fludlus navem jadcnt, ipfa femper a/«/, p. 164— 189.J r'll J^'^i 4ir4 B 6 O K I. J 498. PROGR'ESS OF DISCOVERY. Where bIack>topp'd Iflands to their longing eyes Lav'd by the gentle waves in profpeft rife. But Gama, Captain of the ventVous band, Of bold etnprlze, and born for high command, Bears off tfaofe Shores which wafte and wild appeared, And Eaftward dill for happier Climates fleerM : When gathering round and blackening o'er the Tide, A fleet of war Canoes the Pilot fpied ; Hoifting their Sails of palm-tree leaves, inwove With curious art, a fwarming crowd they move : Long were their Boats, and fharp to pafs along Through the dafhM waters, broad their Oars and ftrong. Their Garb, difcover'd as approaching nigh. Was cotton ftrip'd with many a gaudy dye : *Twas one whole piece ; beneath one arm, coafin'd, The reft hung loofe and fluttered on ihs wind ; ^ All, but one breaft, above the loins was bare, And fwelling turbans bound their jetty hair : Their Arms were bearded darts, and faulchioos broad, And warlike Mufic founded as they row'd. With joy the Sailors faw the Boats draw near, ^ With joy beheld the human face appear And now with hands, and kerchiefs wav'd in air. The barbVous Race their friendly mind declare. Glad were the Crew, and ween'd that happy day Should end their dangers and their toils repay. The lofty Mads the nimble youths afcend. The Ropes they haul, and o'er the Yard-Arms bend ; And now their Bowfprits pointing to the (hore, (A fafe moon'd "" Bay,) with flackeu'd Sails they bore : With " CatrJen fayn that the Bay of Mofonbiqut has fcldom lefs than eight orten fathom water, whkh u io dear that every Bank, Rock, and Shallow may eafily be dilicovered. , > ILLUSTRATION BY CAMOENS. With cheerful fliouts they furl the gathered Sail That lef's and lefs flaps quivering on the gale ; The Prows, their fpeed ftopp*d, o'er the furges nod. The falling Anchors dafh the foaming flood. . . " From fartheft Weft, the Luftan race reply, To reach the golden Eaftern (hores vre try ; Through that unbounded Sea, whofe billows roll From the cold Northern to the Southern pole ; And by the wide extent, the dreary vaft Of Africa Bays already have we paft j An()i.many a Sky have feen, and many a Shore, Where but Sea-Monfters cut the waves before. To fpread the glories of our Monarch's reign. For Indian Shtnre we brave the tracklefs Main, Qur glorious toil ; and at his nod would brave The difmal gulphs of Acheron's black wave. And now, in turn, your Race, your Country tell, If oa your lips fair Truth delights to dwell ; To us, unconfciovs of the falfehood, (hew What of thefe Seas, and Indias fite, you know. " Rude arc the Natives here, the Moor reply'd. Dark are their minds, and brute-defire their guide 7: But we, of alien blood and Strangers here. Nor hold their cuftoms nor their laws revere. From Abrams Race our holy Prophet fpruag. An Angel taught, and heaven infpir'd his tongue ; , His facred Rites and mandates we obey. And diftant Empires own his holy fway. From Ifle, to Ifle, our trading Veffels roam ; Moz AMBic's Harbour our commodious home. Tf then your Sails for Indias fliores expand,. For fultry Ganges^ or Hydajpei Strand j Here flxall you find a Pilot ikill'd to guide Through aU the dangers of the per'iouB Tide, 455 Ch. III. S t. EmmmuiL Though f m -V.M- ■I. t. 4S6 BO O 1. K 1 1 I *'v; PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. Though wide fpread Shelves and cruel Rocks unfeen, Lurk in the way, and Whirlpools rage between. Accept, mean while, what Fruits thefe Iflands hold, And to the Regent let your wifli be told. Then may your Mates the needful Stores provide. And all your various wants be here fupplied. ** So fpake the Afocr, and bearing fmiles untrue. And figns of Friendfhip, with his bands withdrew. O'erpower'd with joy unhoped the Sailors flood. To find fuch kindnefs on a Shore fo rude. " Now cafting o*er the Flood his fervid blaze, • The red-brow'd Sun withdraws his beamy Rays ; Safe in the Bay the Crew forget their cares, '- And peaceful reft their wearied ftrength repairs. '' f Calm Twilight now his drowfy mantle fpreads. And (hade on ihade, the gloom ftill deepening (heds. The Moon, full orb'd, forfakes her watery cave, k And lifts her lovely head above the wave. The fnowy fplendors of her modeft Ray .' ■" Stream o'er the gliftening Waves, and quivering play . « • The Canvas whitens in the filvery Beam, And with a mild pale red the Pendants gleam : The Mafts' tall (hadows tremble o'er the Deep ; > The peaceful Winds an holy filence keep ; •. . The Watchman's carol echoed from the prows, ' Alone, at times, awakes the ftill repofe. " The Sun comes forth ! and foon the joyful Crew Each aiding each, their joyful tafks purfue : ' Wide o'er the Decks the fpreading Sails they throw, From each tall maft the waving Steamers flow ; All feems a feftive Holiday on board To welcome to the Fleet the Ifland's Lord. With equal joy the Regent fails to meet, And brings frefh Cates, his offerings, to the Fleet : For ILLUSTRATION BY CAMOENS. For of his kindred Race their line he deems. . . . Brave Vafco hails the Chief with honeft fmiles, And " gift for gift with liberal hand he piles. His Gifts, the boaft of Europt\ Arts difclofe, And fparkling red the Wine of Tagtis flows. High on the flirouds the wondering Sailors hung. To note the Moori/b gurb, and barbarous tongue : Nor lefs the fubtle Moor^ with wonder fired. Their mien, their dref&, and lordly Ships admired : Much he enquires, their King's, their Country's name, And, if from Turkey s fertile Chores they came ? What God they worfhipp'd, what their facred Lore, What arms they wielded, and what armour wore ? To whom brave Gama ; Nor of Hagars blood Am /, mr plow from IzmaeF s fhores the food; From Europe s frond I trace the foamy "way^ To find the Regions of the infant day. The Cod we worfAp fretcV d yon heaven* s high boWf "' And gave thefe fwelling Waves to roll below ; The bemi/pberes of Night and Day hefpread, Hefcoop d each Valcy and reard each Mountains head: His Word produced the Nations of the earthy And gave thefpirits of the Sky their birth. ' " On earthy by Him^ his Holy Lore was given, ^^ On earth He came to raife mankind to Heaven, '"■And now behold what mof your eyes defire, " Ourfhtning Armour, and our Arms of Fire* 457 Ch. III. $ 2. Bmrntmiil, i!'*l m-A 1 i!'' '.■'Hs For <( Straight as he fpoke the Warlike Stores difplayM Their glorious (hew ; where, tire on tire inlaid, rif Appear'd n CaJlanheJa fays, that Gama's prefents confifted ot ReJ ffats,Jlort Gowns, Coral, brafm Bafont, and fmall Hawi Hells ; all of thefc were flighted by the governor, who begged to have Scarlet Cloth. Oforius adds, that tlie Xcque's name was Za:neia, (page »7. ) ^^ Barros (^acoeja; that hJs Cloaths were richly embroidertd, and his fword ornamented with (^'umond*. VOL. I. 3N 'liii ^,-^' ■■ -'I it 4S» BOOK 1. 1498. I ) PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. AppearM of glittering fteel the Carabineo, There the plumed Helms, and ponderous Brigandines } 0*er the broad Bucklers fculptur*d Orbs cml>oft. The crooked Faukhions dreadful blades were croft : Here clafping Greaves, and plated Mail-Quilts ftrong, Tlie Long-Bows here, and rattling Quivers hung { And like a grove the bumi(h*d Spears were feen, "With Darts, and Halberts double-edged between ; And far around of brown, and dufky red» The pointed piles of iron Balls were fpread. The Bombadeers, now to the Regent's view The thundering Mortars and the Cannon drew ... " His joy and wonder oft the Moor expreft. But rankling hate lay brooding in his bread i With Smiles obedient to his wilPs contxoul, v He veils the purpofe of bis treacherous foul. For Pilots confcions of the hdian Strand, Brave Vasco fues ; and bids the Moar command What bounteous gifts fhall recompenfe their Toils ; The Moor prevents him with aiTenting fmiles, Refolvod that deeds of dr^ath, not words of air^ Shall fitft the Hatred of bis foul ' declare." The Ifland of Mo9AMBIqu£, which is not above a league in cir- cumference, is defcribed by " JBarros^ as conftfting of a low and fwampy country ; the original Settlers were Moors^ who had arrived in the Ships that paflTed from ^iloa and Sofala. It was after- wards much reforted to by the Portugue/e Indiamen as a winter ftation, and became the key of the Eaft Indies to their merchants. The Dutch made many attempts to obtain this Ifland, particularly in 1606, when " Paul Van Caerdm befieged it with a fleet confift;ing of forty " MIckl«'8 Lufiad, vol. i. p. 20-28. » Ibid. cap. 4. ' Hillory of the kingdom of MosambiCo. {^Mid. Unherfal Hijl. vol. 12. p. 361. See alfp Paul Caerden's two hdian Voyages.) CHANNEL OF M0^AMB1Q.UE. 459 forty (hips. The African coaft, ftretching out on both fides of Ch.III.M- Mof^jNi^M^, forms two Points j that to the north-eaft is called point — — PariMoni, off which extends a Shoal with three Iflots upon it ; the fuuthern point is named Mcngale, A fortrefs (lands on the north caftern point of the ((land, and to the Couth-weft t)f this fortrefs is the Monaftery of St, Anthony^ which is the mark to enter the har- bour. On the main land appears a mountain called the Loafy and eaftward of this another called the Tabic, The Channel which Gama had now nearly explored, has fincc been called the Inner Pajfagc^ or the channel of Mozambique ; and its fouthern part, the Gu/f of Madagafcar. Though the fliorteft courfe to Jndlay its navigation even at this day is confidered as ** pe* rilous and intricate. During the north-eaft monfoon, which begins to be felt in the beginning oi Tivember to the north oi Madagafcar ^ violent hurricanes arife. At this feafon the Currents fet towards the South all along the Coaft of Africa ; and their common velo- city, even in the offing, is feven or eight leagues in twenty-four hours. This was a tremendous obftacle to Cama^ both before he arrived at Mo^ambique^ and when he attempted to leave it. Among other dangers in this Channel, may alfo be mentioned the Shoals called Baxos da Judia by the Portuguefe, in length about ten or twelve miles, and from (ive to fix in breadth ; alfo the Ledge of Rocks above two miles in breadth, which lies oS the low land of Sandy Ifland; and the Star Bank^ ten leagues in length, fituated above twenty-four leagues from cape St. Mary's. Thefe were for- tunately avoided by keeping clofe to the African (hore. The breadth of this Channel at its two extremities, is about 150 leagues, and the narroweft part from ninety to an hundred. It is , . formed '^' ' De Bry, Jn his firft Tolume, gi\-es an engraving of the Shipwreck of a Portugnefe ffiip, S. JagOt in this channel, 1595. 3 N a W'M. f-j ,.kA«S^'-V t-;jti* ', -._; ',-5 -A, «4i»> Ai. Hi rl ''^ .i# 4^0 PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. March, I498t BOOK formed by the ifland of Madagafcar which extends three hundred . leagues in length, from fouth fouth>we(V to north north-eaft, between the parallels of 12" and 25" 36' fouth latitude. The conclufion of this intricate navigation it now to be attempted ' by the undaunted Gama ; his crew Ilruggling with the effeAs of fcurvy, which they knew not how to counteraA ; furrounded by a treacherous enemy, whofe information, and Pilots, he had fufficient reafon to diftruft. He however had gained intelligence from the Xeque^ that the diftance to Calicut was nine hundred leagues, and that in their courfe were many {hoals. The Coaft was defcribed as being enriched by various cities ; and (^acoeja added, that the king- dom of Prestb Joao ' was in the interior, at a confiderable diftance from Mofambique, When the crafty Xeque came on board to take his leave, he brought both the Pilots he had promifed, with the hope of decoying Gama into danger : each of them received thirty crowns and a coat; and promifed, that whilKl they remained in harbour, one at leaft fhould always continue in the Ship. But notwithftanding this fpecious condud of ^acoeja^ the Msorsy from the inftant they perceived that the ftrangers were chriflians, had been concerting a variety of plans to deftroy Gr na and his fol^ lowers ; and thus hoped to gain poflfeflion of theic Hiips. Providen- tially the whole defign was diicovered to the admiral by one of the pilots, who thought his own life in danger. After a (lay of feven days they got under weigh ; and failing out of harbour on Saturday the ttntb of March^ anchored off one of the iflands near Mo f ant'- bique. This was done in order to give an opportunity for the Crews to hear nufs, and receive the iacrameat, on the enfuing Sunday ; which, ' Barrvt addli that diree Abixiji from the territory of Prtjle Joao, couiihg on board with the Moon who brought Frovifiooi; em xendo a Imagemdo Anjo Gairiel fiiUada em o navio do/eu neme, como coufa mta a ellet per emfua fatria haver muitat igrgas, qu* tern eftat Imagcnt dot Jnjot, t algumat do frofrio gem, affiniirim-fi m gioHot, tjauramjm adoragao. \Ibid, Liv. 4. cap. 4.) «( / CHANNEL OF MO9AMBIQJUE. 481 which, adds Cqftanbtda^ they had not done fince thdr departure Ch. III. s >• from Lifbon. He then • proceeds with the narrative : />»«■«.»>/. _ " After our Shippes were thus at an ankor, the Captaine generall perceiuing the fame to be in a place of aflfurance, fo as the Mooret (hould not burne them, lie then determined to retourne to Mof&- bique in his Boate, to demaund the other Filot that remayned on lande at their comming thence ; and fo, leauing his Brother with the Fleete, to come and fuccour him if in daunger, he departed, carrieing with him Niculao Coetbo^ and the other Pilot Moore. Go- ing in this fort, they fawe bearing right with his Boate, itxc ' Boates with many armed Moores^ hauing Long-bowes and Arrowes, and alfo Shieldes and Speares ; who, when they fawe our men, beganne to call vnto them, willing them to come to the Harbour of their towne. The Pilot tolde the denerall what they meant by their Signes, and gaue him counfell to retourne thether ; for that other- wife the Gouernour woulde not delyuer the other Pilot which re- mained on the Shore. At which his fpeach the Generall was very angry ; fuppofmg he gaue that counfell, to the ende at theyr comming neere the (hore, hee might efcape and runne away ; and therefore conimaunded him to prifon, and caufed foorthwith to (hoote at theyr boates with ordinaunce. Which Shot when Paulo da Gama heard, he immediately came forwarde with the Shippe called Berrio. when the Nigroes fled fo faft that the Captaine generall could not ouertake them, and therefore he returned with his Brother to the other Shippes at ankor. " The next Dale the Generall with all his men went on lande» ' heard Maflre,.and receiued the facrament very " deuoutlye : which beeing * Cap> 7- . . • ' Barros calls them y?to Zamjuro/. ■ It is a fource of {atisfadion to feel 'aflured, that the fame fpirtt of religion lliU cxfds in the Britifti Navy. The devout condiift of Gama may be compared with that oiLord Duncan both before, and after his a£lion off Camftrdoivn. It alfo reminds me of the citarafter yf Lord Gardner, Mmiral Camiicr, and Jdmirai Holloway. : . .- s f t| l>''T'V ^ .^^ii^< IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I IM 12.5 h Mi m m 12.2 S IAS |20 u 1.25 III 1.4 m 1 1.6 PhotDgraphic Sciences Corporation '<^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14SS0 (716)872-4503 •9)^ ,v '^^ Si 4^ B O OC I. March, 1498. FltOGRBSS OF DISCOVERY^ hmagiont, diey #eDt iboord their Ship^ei, itod nude fayle the fame daie. Hk QeMraU, {teneniiag no hofle toi remain* for re- txmane of dw oAer PiioC, gaue then commawidement to releafe Mm disc was til the flu|)fK committed to |)nfi>iu T^ Bidt mbd- ■> 4)Itteto ihaddowe liia wicked inteot, he willed the Gapfaihe genenUI, MOt t* iroubU bm/i^ wifhtki want cfthe 9tbtr Pilot, Jar Aat be •^vtkld'SMvit Aim $0 a great IImA, wkicb watfivmtbtnce me buadretb •kt^s ; hbabiud tbe one ba^e by Moves, tbe vtber by Cbrifiiaut, >4ifkieb ahvaies ^mr§ at vtan tbe ewr vntb tbe otber ; JHm wbence alfo be M^gbt^fiumiji bim/ilfe wtb Pibti to Caliemt, But as the Cap^ne gcnendl had good likiog of thofe Speachca, fo yet gaue he no great cicdite to die man ; oetterthdefle he did promHe him great giftei, if fcc did canie him to that Country : aad ki ilreiK forward qq his Vojragfe whh a fmatt wiode. ** The * TViQ/lbjv aft^* bei^g vrkbu) fight of l4Ki4e from whepce he departfldU hee wae ittoalqAjadt whi«h did indure Te^aye and Wei^iaye, The next Night after, with an Eafitrly Wind beeiag ^ut fmal, he made way add went into ihe fea ; and upon Tbwrfdaye, m the nM»&iog» fouade .hitaH(eI& and aU tbe Fleete* lonre leagiiws back* behiode MbfouAifl/e : ^>d lb gimig vntUI Ihe emoing ^ the iame due, 6anc dien to an anlqar hard le that {lende* vhv% the •Siindaye acxt lUlowifig he heard MeflSb* The wiade thus heeiog contrary to lua purpde, he therefore remained in that plai^ fight dhiea, to wait fog iiich Gale as wrndd ftnie to piu him £E>rwfrd. In /wUeh time lepaired 19 our SUppca a white ilib«fv, which waa a minifter * Barm diScn in fomc refpeAs : *' The firft four days they found the current fi> extiemely tapid, at to canrf the flupt back within five kagaca of Mtftmi^ ^ md flnce, bj the iafbrma- . tion of the Pilot, thejr were iwt to expeA a Avoniibk wind uotli the New Moon, ilxy re< turned to the //Ka A SS» fffi, but would ban no commnicatioa with the inhabitauta of MttftmNjui. (Ibid. cap. 4.) CHANNEL OF MOZAMBIQUE. 4«^ mtniftef of the M^^rtt of Mo^amHqm ; who cotnmiog on boord the ck. ni. ^ «. Shippe of the Oenerall, dechired, that the Gcuernour greailyt did re- - ''" fatt tim tftbe bnach tffrieiu^ip he bad made. To virhom the Ge- nettti returned aaofwere, tbta be would make no peace loitb the Go» tietmoui^, tkiiber wtddbe he his Friend^ vutillfucb tine as be did fend bit FUoit v^hom^ be bgd hired and payed. With this aunfwere the ittiiaifter departed, aad nener tame agalne. ** The Cftptaine genendl thus ftueng ftiU there, and expeding; the liVinde, there came to him tt certaine ' Afoorr, who brought hi» fonne with him, being a boye i and afleed the Generall, whether he woulde earrie them in his Shippes to the Citie of Melinde^ which he fliottld finde In the Coiirfe towards Calient f Declaring that he would gladly goe with hittt, and returae to his countrey which was. neere to Meca^ itom whence he came as a pilot to Mozambique; and therewith aduertiled the Generall not to tarry Upon any aunfwere from the gouemonr, who^ he was aflTurcd would make no peace with bin, Ibr thM be was a Cbriftiaa. ** The Ca{tfahM was reiy gladde of the comminig of this Moore ; for by him he deemed to gMher ftifiicient matter of information and iiudligence of the SSrayghtes of the Redde Sea, and alfo of the Townes tiiat lye along the Coaft, by the which he muft iayle to MtVmde, Therefore he conunaunded to receyue the fame Moore^ aad Us foo&e, into hie Shippe > and by vea^su it was then ibmewiui: late, and that they had no ftore of Water, the Oenerall with the •other Gipt«;ae» ^termined to enter the bsobour oi MogambiquCf to take in there fo much as they needed : appointing alfo there ihoulde he jglKat watch for preuention of the Moores^ left they fliould by anye deuice fist on fire the Shippes.'* * The * Oform» ftys, /iiy* acturr'a Aratt quldim tarn fan»^JtRi, Gamamftt elfecravil, u$ ilht in- ItMm tit^trtt, utptjfint in aSqum tocm AJitndtre, M^/aeilim Mubam, quterat i/Sutfatrh, nvtrttntKr. ^gtfivit ab itto Coma, qum jlrtm teltnt ;. Nmriitm nJi»ndit. (Page 38. ) 4J$4 PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. BOOK I. March, 1498. llie watering of the Ships was not iccamplUh^d without opipo- fition from fome Moors who had aOeittbMmear the place. The Boats, commanded by Gmaa and Coelbo^ made the v attempt at mid- night, conduded by the Mdorifli Pilot, who thought by this meafis to efied his efcape. Whether owing to the cbiifufioa or treachery of this man, the whole night was fpent in Vai^i; «nd at4ay'b^ak Gama judged it prudent to return for an additioilal guard. Qn again reaching the (hore, a (kirmifh with the Moors took |ilaee ; but the Spring was found, and a fupply o^ water; being thus procured, they arrived on board a little before fun fet. Paif4r <^ (^»i» an ankor hard by two little Rocks of Sam Jtrge, for fo they named it after they came thether ; where they remafaied, for that the winde was contrarie. Neuerthelefle favring aftei^ a fmall winde they departed; howbeit the iame was fo fmdl, anid the Currents there fcf great, that they were caft baekWM'de. - > *' The daptaine generall ' following his Voiage, and beeing very glad that they had found one of the foure Mooret, which P<0ir/o tooke, was a Pilot, and would carrie them to Cffi!fr(tf ; upon Sundaye xht^rft date of ^prUl came to certeine Hands very neere the (Kore. To the firft whereof they gaue a name, calling it Ilba do Acoutado : for that they there did whippe the Pilot Moore of Mo'. fombique by commaundement of the Giinerall ; as well for that h6 had told them thofe Hands were firme lande, as alfo, before, that he would not ihew the Generall the Water at Mofombique, in the night when they fought for the fame. Therefore now taking him with the lie, the Generall was very angrie with this Pilot, fup- pofing as it was likly, that he did carrie them thether of intent the Shippes (hould be caft away amongft the fame. The Moore beeing cruellye whipped, confeiTed that indeed he did carrie them thether of purpofe they ftiould there haue perifhed. « Thefc * Cap. 8. Sec alfo BAtaos. JUd. Liv. 4. cap. 5. VOL. I. 3 O 4^6 BOOK I. April, «49». 1>R06RBSS OF DISCOVERT. ** Theib Jlamlt were fo mMOf^ and fo neere together, that they ' coulde hardlfe bee dKcerned one from another. Which when the Generall perceiued, he made into the feaward i and upon the Fri- ^aje, which was the yb$irtb dale of j^^riii, made hia way to the northweft, and before Noone-Tide had fight of a great Lande, and of two Hands neere it, about which were many Shoels. Beeing come neere to the Shore, the Pilots Moor^ did relcnowledge the (kme : howbeit, they . (aid thai the Hand •/ the CbrifiUnt it that of i^iioa, which was afteme us three leagues. Wherewith the Ge- aerall was much grieued, beleeuing that ceruinly they were Chrtfti- ans, as the Pilots had informed him } and that they had willingly loft thdr Gourfe, for that the Shippes ihould not arriue at that place. The Pilots Ihaddowing their treafon, made (hew of a tea* fonable excu(e, (aieng thai as the WineU was greate^ fo iitere the Qurrents fwtfi I by reafon whereof the Shippes had further made Saile then they thought for : but the truth waa indeede, that they more forrowed their miffing and paffing by the lUmd^ then did ou|: Giptaine generall; for they were, vetely in hope to have been rcuenged there upon our men by death of them all. But God, be- holding the^ daunger and perill meant towards them, of his Diuine goodneiTe and mercye deliuered them : for if our men had gone thether, not one of them had efcaped ; fince the Generall, hauing fuch a beliefe that they were Chri(Uans in that Hand, as the Pilot had tolde him, would no doubt haue gone prefently on lande at his arriuaH there } and fo thereby runne headlong into a place, where he and his people (hould haue bene put to (laughter. • **. The Generall thus forrowing the mtiTe of that Ilande, for that he fuppofed there to have found Chriftians, and the Pilots Moores in chafe with themfelvcs, for that they had miflfed their courfe thether; it was then on each part determined, to goe back and aflaic to finde the fame. NcuertbeleflTe, although they earneftly bent PASSAGE TO MOMBACA. 4tf7 beot themfelues to attune ynto that defired ilam^ and fpent that Ch. nr. s a. daie in trattcll to winne their purpofe, yet coulde they not preuatle ■ thereto ; for ftill the Winde was fo contrarie, and the Gurrentt fo great, as doe whu they could they failed of theyr willa, and were put off from arriual there; which no doubte was done by God*s Frouidence. ** The Captaine general!, and the other Captaines, thus tofling vp and downe, to and fro, as well with their Shippes, ualfoitt' theur Mindes, determined to beare towards the Hand of Momtafa; ■ in which, as thofe two Pilots gaue information, were two townes,. inhabited, as well with Mooret, as Ghriftians. Which Inftruaions thefe Pilots gaue to deceiue our men, for that Htm J was whoUye in- habited by Moore* f as in lyke manner all that Coaile is. Therefore vn- derftanding that from thence to MomAafa are feauentie-feauen leagues, they made way to goe thether ; and beeing then towards Euening, they fawe^a great Ilandfcituated tbwards the North. In this fort our Shippes going vnder ikile certayne dides, the (hippe Sam Rcfatl one morning, two houres before daie lyght, came on ground upon certatne Shoells two leagues from the firme lande ; and, as (he Arake, ^they within made Signes to the other Shippes to beware ; whereupon they (hot by the Shoells and came to an ankor, launch- ing out their Boates to giue fuccour to Pauh da Gama, And per- Ceiuing when they came to the fame, that the water did ebbe, the Generall was meruailous glad thereof ; for then he well knew, that at the next floud the S hippe would be afloate againe. Thus re- comforted with the certaintie they faw of the fafetie of the Shippe, they foorthwith layed into the fea many ankers.^ By this time it was daie lyght ; and after that it was a lowe water, (he then re- mained drye upon ithe fliore, beeing a fandie ground, which was the caufe (he tooke no harme. Our men placed theyr ankors which were layd foorth, right ouer agaihft themfelues, and walked upon ' zO 2 the 468 PROGHE8S OP DISCOVERY. BOOK the Sand«t vhil^ft the Ebbe cddurcd. They giiue for name to "" thd*e.8Mde^ Ot Baiint d$ Sam Rafael i and to cdtayae great Hands and Hills, wnkh were dircfUj oner agwnft ihofe Shoells, they gaue Aprfl, the name of the HtUa and Ihindt of S, Rrfael, f* The Shippe thus being drye, our men fawe tv^o Boates, and Moore* of that country in the fame, comming towan^s them to fee QUrShippet t *hringiqg manie fweete Or^gea^ fiirre bettiir than thofe of Poeib^ofet fmd gaue the iame to our mtn ( iaieing alCb to the Generall, Umi in in vnfe bee Jbould Jiare mye tbuu^tkalicouUt et^ f ibe Sbippe ott groMnde^/br tbai when it wert full Sea fie vnulde then le om foate agajm. With which ^peaches the Generall was very- glad; hot ondye for the good comfoci they gaue him, but alfo in that they came in fo good feafoo, an4 timo opportune i 1^ iffieteSiem he gaue then Gifites, which th<^ fccepted with\^anye thanisei. Ceruyne of them, Tnder(Undi|ig that, our Fleete in- tended its oourie to M1>^4]^ mentioned i giving fixteen* ten, nine» ten, and fifteen ftthomi water. Ua^htm faya (p. lo.) that the land of Mtmitfa Aewi Ingh fandf Downa at a great diftance^— 1» the Portupt^t Etf/f /m^ Namgatert drawn up hj jtUxo da Malta, who was Pilot Major to the Caraquu of Portugal for thirty* five yean, fome valuable reUiarka occur itTpcaing the ^ftcrn Coaft of Africa. Thia iearce TnA ii traailatcd by AC. Tbtvmtt and . '^cn in hit firft volume ; and occalional eztfaAs from the original are infcrted in his maigin ; cngravingt of hcadlaoda io a coarfe manner are aUb annexed { and to the whole is fubjoined Ttiuira'a 10 <■:. PORT OF MOMBACA. 4«9 if h«rde by the firme lande, and is verye plentie of vidutlk. More- Ch. iii. s >• oucf the Hand is veryc plealaunt, hauing inany« Torts of fruites. In ^"*'*"^ , ■ this I/atu/ there is a Citie bearing the felfe (ame name, beeing in foure degrees on the fouth fide fit is a verye great Citie fcituated Tpoo a rocke» wherevpon the fea dotK beat. At the entering into the Porte there is a Marke ; and at the enteraunce upon the Barre, there is planted a lyltle Fort, lowe and neere to the water. The m<^ parte of the houfes in this Citie are builded with lyme and ftonet with the loftes thereof (ceilings) wrought with fine knottes of Flai/ier of Par'u ; the Streetes therein are verye ' fayre. They haue a King, pnd the inhabitaunts are Motfs^ whereof fome bee white. They goe gallantly arrayed, efpccially the women, apparelled in gownea of filke, and bedecked with Jewells of golde and precious flionfs. In this Citie is great trade of all kindes of marchandize j there is aUb a good Harbour where alwayes are manye Shippes. " The 1 '«wJra*s'Map. Da Mtitt correAt an error of Lh^ibtlm rcfpcAi'ng the Ifle» of St^ Ceorge md St. J^tm^, in the baf of MofoMfHtt ud place* them more cxaAly than they had pre- .vioufly been laid down. Refpeding the Bar of Momiaga, he obfeiTci, '* The Bar of Mtrntagd ii exadly in 3* 50' fouth Utitude, and hai a quantity of Sands lying north and l»uth of it. They who wilh to crofr this Bar with large Ships, like the Caraquei of Portw g0l,- fluwld ftand on along the Coaft for a league* whether coming from the North or South; 'and then approach the landi founding continually quite to the fort, until they get into tilrclvc ftthom water, when they flwuld wait for a Pilot." Da !i*'itta then proceeds to giTC very minute diredionB in ca£e a Pilot cannot be procured, and , i.<.'.udes with obfenring, *' that the Entrance is fo narrow, and fp filled with Shoals, as in man) places to be only the length of a veflcl in breadth.'* * Oforiui adds Htmma wwU admodum hMt, et Jomot mart uefiro aitJUanlt UBotiaqui varijt tohriitu d*piaa parittibus iaducmat. (P. 39.) The City once ftood on a peninfula, which be. came infular by a canal that was cut through its ifthmus. {^See Marmot, Davity, Dapptr, and La Croix.) It was burnt by the Portuguefe in 1507. The entrance of the Port is defended by a ilout bulwark, which the inhabitants raifed foon after the arrival of da Gama. In a dcfcription which Ct^udit Edward Hamboa gives of the Eaftem Coaft of Africa, we learn that the Fortugueie retained Mtmiafa for two hundred years, until it was uken by the Muflat Artkt in 1698 ; and in 1719 it was regained by the Portuguefe. {Ntw Jaornit oj the E^ JiuRut % vols. 8vo. l^^6.~Stta^fo4flh» vol* 3« ?• 387*) 4f .BOOK L M PROGRESS OP DISCOVERY, Th« CaptaiiM gtncnll thui eome to the Barre of thli Citle, . did HOC then enter, lor that it wm almoft night when he came to an ankor. But he commaunded to put foorth the Fiagget, and to toll theyr Shippet; rejoTcing and making great mirth for their good fortune, and hope thej conceyued, that in that Hand there dwelled manye Chriftiani, and that the next dale they (hould heare mafle on the (hore. Moreouer they were greatly comforted, as luuing confidence that in this place they might cure fuch ai were then ficke, ai in truth were almoft all ; in number but fewe, for the others were dead. Beeing thut at ankor, and the night almoft ap- proched, our men faw about an hundred in a great Barcke, euery one of them hauing a fworde and a target ; who, at comming to our (hippes, woulde haue entered therein with ail theyr weapona. Howbeit the Generall would not confent thereto, neither' permitted he anye mord to enter than foure of them ; declaring to them in their language, that tbej JbwUU pardw bim^fince be was aftraunger^ and tberefire couUe not tell vrbom be n^gbt triffi, Vnto thofe whom he gave licenfe to enter, he gave good and gentle entertainment, banketting the fame with fuch Conferves as they had, whereof thofe Moores did well eate ; willing them not to deeme euill of him, for his denyall of their enteraunce in manner aforefayde. Where- vnto they ** aunfwered, tbat tbeyr comming tben was to fee bim, as a rare and new thing in tbeyr amntrie ; and tbat be Jbonkk not meruaile to fee tbem bring tbeyr Weapons^ Jince it was tbe eufiome to carrie tbem, as well in peace^ as in tbe time of warre. Alfo they declared vnto the Generall, tbat tbe King of Momiofa did vnder- Jland of bis comming^ and for tbat it was fo neere nigbt^ be bad not tben ' The wrfaole of thii it fomewlnt different in Bakro*, Ot da CiJatIt Imf fm ht m imm xifta iot Nmviot, aumdiram bgoaeHttem bam harto fputro hommt, qwfanebm du frm^tu,figimd» xiaham km Iratadu : ebtgaaA a hrdt, fnjaalSram, qat ftatt trap loqat h/eavam f (Ibid. ti». 4. cap. J.) TREACHERY OP THE MOORES. 47" tbtH /mt to vjfii Mm ; botpMi the nna dm* bi would: and that t Ck. ill. y s. h* «Mtf gUd of hit turrnud thtn^Jti tdfo vtoidd ht be man glad /a Jie him, yea, and to giut him Spites to had hit Shippet, Fmhermore thejr informtd him, that then were many Chrifiiaat, which Haedfy themfeluet im that Hand, WhercTpon the Genenll wu not onely joyfiiU, but alfo fuUye perfwaded that ^heyr Report wm true } fince the fame was agreeable, and accorded with the information of the two PtloM: neuerthelcfle he carried fome fparke of iealoufie in his head, and for all theyr faire fpeaches and fugured talke,he wifely imagined, that thofe Mooret came to fee whether they might by anie traine take one of our Shippet. Wherein he gefied vpon the truth, for certeinly theyr comming then was onely for that purpofe } as afterward it was made apparant. For moft true it was, that the king of Momhafa had perfedl intelligence that we were Chriftians, and alfo what we had done in Mo fambique; and therefore he pradifed meanes to be reuenged of vs. Wherefore profecuting his wicked intent the daie following, which was Palme Suudtue, he fent to our General! certeine white Mooret ; which declared to him, that theyr King wat very glad of hit comming thether ; and if he would come into . hit Harbour, he would liberally giue him all thingt hejloode in neede of', and for affurance of the fame, he fent him a Ring, a Sbeepe, and many fweete Orenget, Cidront, and Sugar Canet. Wherefore the Generall receiued them very well, and gaue them certeine giftes.; fending to the King greate thankes for his gentle and liberall offer, faieing further, that the next daie be woukk come neerer in. He fent alfo to the King a braunch of Corall verye fine ; and for more ' affuraunce to confirme the fame, he fent with thofe Mooret two of our men, which were banifhed perfons, and were carried of purpofe to bee aduentured in fuch like refped of daunger. *' When our men, and the two Mooret, were come to the Shore, there met them a multitude of people ; all which went with them. 47» PROGRESS OF DISCOVERT. Aprfl, I49I. B 00 K them, Aod vUw«d thent tutii to the King*a PftNaec When our . men bedbg entend, ihejr ptflsd diroogh three 4oore» before they came wheie the King wu | at each of which there was a Poner atteadiBg, hauing eucrye one of them a fwoorde in hU hand. They ibttod the King but in fmall eftate | neuerthelcii he receiued them ireiye wdl» and commaunded, that in the felfe fiune companie of Miortt with whome they came, they (hould t)e * fliewed the Citie. In going and viewing whereof, they fawe in the 8treeiea many men prifoner^ and in Yrona; but becaufe our men vnderftbode not thcyr language, nor they had any rnderftanding of oura, there waa no queftion dereaunded what Prifonera thofe were : howbnt they beleeued th6 fame to Imc Chriftiana. ** Moreouer they carryed our men to the Merchauntea Houfe of the Lk&atf wlio both imbraced and batiketted them ; (hewing them painted in a paper the figure of the Holy Ghoft, which they did worihippe, and that with fuch a fliew of greate dcuotion, aa though they were fuch men inwardlye, aa in appearance oatwardlye they then pretented. Furthermore, the Moore* then tolde our men by fignea, that manye other Cbrifiiam* u tbofe were^ tHd dwell in another place farre from thence^ and therefore they wonUe not carrie them tbether : howbeit they fayde, that t^er our Captaine generall were come into the Harbtmr, they jbonlde goe and fee them. All thefe thingea thofe wilie people fliewed to our men, of purpofie to allure them within that Porte, where they were determined to deftroy them. " After they had feene the Citie, they were then brought to the prefence of the King, who commaunded to ihew them Pepper^' Ginger^ C/oauef, and Wheate, giuing them of euerye forte thereof feme portion to be carryed and fliewed the Generall ; and fent him worde * DtBarrothjt, the Mcorv were anxious that the Portugutfi (hould fee m little m poffible. (Ibid.) MOMBASA. 473 wordc by liU meflenger, that of all tbofe Cmmoditet bt haddt greate Ch. in. f t. Stortt and vnulde giue him bis loading if tbat be utotdde, Alfo ■■ """' ■ ' • that bt bad Golde^ and Siluer^ jlmber^ Watte^ luorytt and otbtr ricbes^ '!'A great pUnlie^ tbat bee Jboulde bane wben bee woulde^for lege vaUur and prifet tban in ante otber place, Thii meflage was brought to cur Ctptaine generall upon Mnndaye \ who hauing feene the Spicei, and hearing of the Kinge hit promife, wai meruaiU oua gladde of that offer : wherefpre he and his Captalnes Immedi- atty aduifed thcmfelves thereof; and fo entering into Ck>unfd, It was by them thought good to come within the Porte. Thus hail- ing concluded, they determined to enter into Harbour the next daie. ** In this meane while came eerteine Mooret to our Shippes, with fo great quietnefle and humiliti^, and with fuch fliew and ap- pearance of friendlineffe and loue, as though they had ben'of long acquaintance with our men. The next daie in the morning, the floiud being come, the Generall commaunded to take yp theyr an- kors, miodrng to enter the harbour: but God, not willing that he •and the reft fliould enter into that prefent lAifchiefe, nor to ende theyr liuea in that place (as the Mooret had determined they (hould haue done) did therefore prouide the meane that preuented that perill, and wrought theyr fafetie. For when the Generalls*s Shippe had wayed her ankor, and was going to enter the Porte, (he ftrake upon a Shod that was afterne the fame ; which hap when he per- ceiued, and fearing he ihould caft himfelfe away, he then forth- with commaunded to let fall his ankor, and in like fort did the other Captaines alfo. Which chance when the Mooret that were in the Shippes fawe, and that the Generall was come to an 'ankor, they then imagined, that during that daie they (hould not gette the Fleete into the Harbour ; and therefore they ran to their Boate, VOJ.. I. * 3 P . which 14* B. 474 PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. April, 1498. «l BOOK which they had on the Shippe*8 fide, to goe to the Citie. At which tnftant alfo the pilots of Mofambigue, faUing ' a ftearne the Admirall, tooke the Water, and thofe of the Boates carried them away ; al- though the Generall called vnto them, requiring them to.bring backe, and deliuer. them to him '.gaine. But when he (awe they would not fo doe, then he apparantlye perceiued that thcr was an euill mean- ing in theyr King, and them, towards him and * his.* Thus hauing declared to all his Company the opinion he conceiued, he then com- maunded, the night beeing comcj to giue Torture to two of the Moore/ f which he brought Captiues from Mofambiqttei thereby^to fee whether, they had. pradifed any trefon. Which commaunde- ment being obferued, by heating and dropping of bacon upon theyr ^e(h, they immediately confefled they had confpired treafon ; and that the Pilots tooke the Sea, as fearing the fame had ben difdofed. Wherevpon the Generall altogether altered his purpofe of going into that harbour. Neuerthelefle being vnquiet, and greatly greeued at their faUhood, he was defirous to vfe lyke torture to another Moore Captiue ; but this Moore, perceiuing preperation made for that purpofe, did caft himfelfe, his hands being bound, into the Sea ; as in lyke manner another of them did before it was dale U^ht. ; ' •. " The fecrecie of the Mlfchiiefe prepared, beeing thus come to apparaunt view, the Generall g%ue great thankes to God, by whofe only goodnefle, he and his company were delyuered from imminent death amongft thofe Infidels; and therefore, in thankeigiuing for the fame, he and his company fayd the Sake Regina. After this, , beeing ' Bamt fays Ot que tfiavam em tiavio tit Vafco da Gama, vtndo que tfitt fa%tam,fi»eram otUra ttHto t atia Pikto de Mofamiiqut, qtuje Imgom dot Cnjlellot de Poptt ao mtnr, htmaiihofu 9 ttmwtmtodot. (Ibid. Liv. 4. cap. 5.) ' D'AvRES obfervet in a note to hie Preface of the Ntptune OrlcnhJe, that a fimilar a& of kmehcry at Mombasa, wat planned againft a French Frigate, billed Lt Gloire, in 175$. TREACHERY OF THE MOORS. 471 beelng mlndfull of theyr fafetie, and fearing lead the Moores woulS Ch. III. s a. attempt fome matter againft them in the Night time, ihej therefore — '^* ' ■ ordained flrongand diligent watch, commaunding euerye man to watch armed. And heere by the way is to bee noted one thing, and that to bee meruayled at, which is this ; that when our meo came firft before the towne of Mombafa^ all fucb as Vrere ficke, which ' indeede were many, began then prefently to be whole : fo that in this time of theyr great neceflitie, they found themfelves found and llrong. Which, as it was farre aboue the common Courfe of na« ture, fo the more it appeared to be the fupernaturall worke of God» miraculoufly done for the preferuatioa of that poore diftrefled nufUo ber, which then had theyr onely afiiaunce in hiih. ** Jhe Watch thas prepared, and fet for that night, it fortuned that thofe which watched m the Shippe Berrio^ felt the Gabell (cable) of the fame wagging, whereat an ankor lay into the Sea ; and at the firfl: they adjudged that the GaUU had bene wagged, or ihaken, by a kinde of filh called a TuMnw^ whereof aunye were there, about which bee very great and good meate. But ^uing more attentiue eare thereto, they then perceiued that their eniinies were at the fame ; who in truth did fwtmme about the Gabell, and were cuttiog of it with theyr woodkniuei, or iawchings ; hoping, oc rather vercly . knowing, that perfourming theyr enterprife thereof, the Shippe woulde runne alhore, and fo both (he and our men bee caft away and taken. Howbeit, our men hauing difcryed whereabout they were, preuented them, by crieng out to the other Shippes} wherevpon they of the Shippe Rafael came prefentlye to theyr fuccour, finding fome of theyr enimies amongeft the cheines of the tacklings of thsyr Formaft. Who, perc uing how, they were difcoucred, fodainly caft themfelues vnder water, and with the others, that were cutting the Gabell of the fliippe Berrioy fledde away, fwimming to certaine Boates which they had lyeng fome- 3 P 2 what 1 'IS^i 47« BOO 1. April, 1498. PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. K what farre off; wherein (as our men afterward vnderfloode) were — itiany Moores, who taking them in rowed fad awaye, and fo re- toumed to the Qtie. The Winfiaye^ and Tburfdaye following, our fleete ftill remained there ; about which in the night time came the enimies in Boates, which alwayes lay harde by the fliore, from which fome of them did fwimme of pu^rpofe to efpie, if by anye meane they could cut a funder the Gabetls of the Ankor? : but our men kept fuch diligent and wane watch, that they could not pre- uaile ; neuerthelefs our men wiere greatlye troubled, and put in feare of burning theyr Shippes. For truly it was to be meruayled at, that the Moores came not about the fame in fuch Shippes as they had ; which if they had done, it had bene then lykely by all coniedure of man, that they (hould haue deftroyed and killed us all. It waf con- ie£kured, that they beeing in feare of the ordinaunce in our Shippes, durft not g^ue attempt to fet vpon the fame by force ; but, what. fouer caufe appeured in our fightes to bee a lette in that refpedt to them, it was moft certayne, that it was God his good will and fa-. - uour, to put theyr hearts in feare to'deale with vs in anye forceable manner. ** The Captune generall did " remaine brfore Mombasa the two daies, as before u declared, to fee if he could haue from thence Pilots to carrie him to Calicut', for that without them it was verye hard to goe thether, fince our Pilots had no knowledge of that C!ountrey. But when he iawe he coulde not haue anye there, he departed thence upon Fridaye in the morning with a fmall Winde. At the comming ouer the Barre he lefte behinde him one of his Ankors, for his men were fo wearied with hailing vp the reft, that they coulde not waye vp the fame : which afterward be- ing k Caitanhkda, cap. 10. Ofiruut page 40. GiUt* Tranf. tol. i. page 58. Barrest Decada 1. Liv. 4. cap. Si >"d 6. PASSAGE TO MELINDE. 477 Ing found thcr by the Mooresy was carried to the Citie, and placed Ch. III. s »• harde by the King s Pallaice ; and remained there at what time Don — Francifco df Almeida was the firft Vifo- Rey of the Indias^ who when he tooke the fame towne from the Mooren found this Ankor there. •' Beeing thus departed from Mombaga, and pafling on tlieyr Voi- age eight leagues beyonde the fame, the Generall and his Fleete, through lacke of Winde, came to an Ankor hard by the lande in the Night ; and , in the dawning of the daie they difcouered ' two Zambufos which are little Pinnacles, under the lye three leagues from the Fleete a Sea boord. Which when the Generall fawe, and beeing defirous to haue fome Pilots to carrie him to Calicut y he fup- pofed he might be fped of fuch to ferue his turne, if he couldc take thofe fmall boates ; and therfore, waying his ankors, he and the other Captaines went towards them, and purfued. the fame vntU euenfong time : at which inftant the Generall tooke one, but the other ranne alande, from whence before it came. In this Zambuco were feauenteene Moores^ amongft which was one olde Moore who feemed to be mafter of the reft, hauing with him a young woman that was his wife. In the fame alfo was found great ftore of Siluer, and Golde, an4 fome Vidkualles. " The Captaine, not ftaycng vpon this occafion, foorthwith went forwarde, and in the felfe fame dale with his whole Fleete came harde by MeHndej which is elghteene leagues from Mom- bafOf ' Oaotios rclites thiifomewhat diftrent. /« via nautm Satactnorum capiunt, ex quibui Gama ftuUuerdieim iantinti vinSo* babere voluU, reUquot autem mtffot ftc'a. Cum veto intelkxit, vnum ex ilRt ^ illonm fatroHum, qm frttfi btmm$ autboritate gramtfptc'um fertbat, multo dt illo qutfiuit i aJqfiM omnia, v( virfrudetu, vtre tt tonfidtrate rt/pondit, rt de injlituta nauigaiionu raiione fapiaiter ttdmimit- (P> 40. Tranflation, vol. i. p. 58.) Baeros fays, Parlido Vafco da Gama daqutlk bgar Jt ptrigo, aofeguinte £a aebou doui Zambucot, que vkbam pera aquella Cidaify, dt que to- maram bum tom Ire** Mount, porque ot maufe lanfiram ao mar, * delltifoiAe eomo aiSatite e/lava buma FUla tbamadt MtBnde, eujo rey era bomem bumano, per meio do qual podia haver Pilot* pera a JnSa. Vendo ell* que perguntado coda hum deftet a parte, todot coneorriam na bondade del Rey de Mtlinde, e qut in feu Porto ftavam tret, ou quatro Naviot de Mtrcadore't da India. {Ibid, cap. 5.) PS'! ^^ m s 47« BOOK I. April, J498. I \ PROGRESS OF DISCOVERV.' bafa^ and in chree degrees to the fouthwarde. It hath no good Harboari for thai it is almoil an c^en *! Roade ; but there is a cer- tain Piere whereon the Sea doth beat, which is the caufe why the Shippes dpe ride far from the (hore. Thi& Citie ftandeth in a broad field along the fea fide ; and round about the iame are many Palme trees, with many other forts of trees which all the yeare grow greene ; alfo many gardens, and orchards, repleniflied with all kind of hearbes and fruitp, and very faire fountaines of good waters in the fame : hut principally theyr Orenges «xcel, which are not onely very great, but very fweet and pleafaunt in taft. They haue alfo great (lore and plentie of Vidluals, as 'Atyfyo and R^^i Cattell both greate and fmall ; alfo ftore of Hennes, which bee very fat and good cheape. The Citie is great, hauing in the fame faire ftreets, and many faire houfes of lime and ftone, builded with many lofts, with their windowes and tarrlAs made of lime and earth. The naturall people of that Countrie are bladce, and of good proportion of bodie, - with ^ Such fays Dr. Vincent (P. no.) ns are tke OrmM of the Pmpltu. See alfo IntroduAian p. 216. — ^The Coaft, particularly near MeUude, !• extremely dangerous and difficult of accefs, being full uf rocks and (helves. Slatio NauaTu non ^ vriiprofin^, tjt emm Ora nifibut tviSa, etfrocd&t alque tempeftatibiu frequenter obnvc'ta. Id coegit Gamam in anthtr'u pauh hngnu ab vrbe confifien. (Osoaius, page 40.) The City of Melinda is fituated in a plain ; and the country is fo thickly covered with Citron trees, ai to perfume the air. A fpecimen of the language of Melinda is given ia the Lord's prayer by Grammy, — ^m UdtJiffaH awiri, tl cadet ^ moc- tfili mala cutoca tatunx mafcilota chomafja, &c. (Univ. Hift. Modem, vol. >>. p. 331 .) The Voyage of Captain Alexander Sharfey, 1608, being the fourth that was fent Out by the Englifli EaJ} India Company, may be compared wth Gama't. (Purchas, vol. |. p.tsO. Aftley, vol. i. p. 556, and 344.) Shurpey't ifaip was aground on tfte coaft of Melhde, and in the night ; but by throwing all the fails aback fhe got off. L« Gttand has a Difienation on the Et^er% na/l t^ Africa^ frim MtHnde, to the Strait «f BatebnanM^ which is among thofe tranflat«d by Dr. Joh^m, and added to his Works by Mr. Gleig. (P. 420 ) He defcn'bes the Coaft of Mdinde as beginning at Cape del Gado, and extending to Ci^ Gttardafui: beyond the City of Melind* is the JJIe of Lamo, and near Lamo is the ^ ^ Pate. Father Jerome Lobo teUs us, that after he left Pate, he travelled along the Coaft, part by fea and part by hind; but as he followed the cour£e of the Shore, without daring to go far from the Sea Side, he coald not tell us any thing of thoCe Nations which inhabit the country a little higher : the mod con* fidcrable of ihcfe are the Moffeguiiot, wlio are in alliance with the Porti^efe. 6 MELINDE. 479 with curled haire. ... In this Gitie alfo dwel many Gentiles of the Cb.lli. § a. kirtgdome of Cambaya^ which is in the In^as, and thofe are greate •r*"'"" ' -i Merchants, vHng traffidce for Golde, whereof there is fome in that Countrie. The King of this Citie is a Moore^ and is ferued with farre greater eftate then the other kings which remaine behinde. The General! being come ouer againfl: this Citie, did rejoyce in his heart very much, and fo likewife did all the reft of the Fleete ; for that they now fa we a Citie lyke vnto thofe ot Portingale ; and there- . fore they rendered moft heartie and humble thankes to God, for theyr good and fafe arriual. Being defirous to haue fome Pilots to Carrie them to Calicut^ the Generall commaunded to come to an ankor ; minding to aflfay, if he coulde by anye meanes obteine fuch there as might ferue for that purpofe : for vntill this time he could not know of the Moores he had taken, whether amongeft them were anye Pilots ; who, albeit they were offered Torments, ftill anfwered, there were none of them ikilfuU in that refped." — ^They however, according to de Barrosy informed Gama^ that the diftance to India was about feven hundred leagues. * Caftanbeda ' proceeds to relate, that on the next day, being Eqfter EvCy the old Moor who had been taken in the Zambuco^ informed Gamoy i\i2X if he would- grant him permiflion to go on fhore, he would, as his ranfom, procure fome Pilots, with fuch fupplies as 4he Ships wanted ; and alfo added, that four Ships from India were in the port of Melinde commanded by Cbriftians^ who in all probability would foon fail " for India t thefe Merchants, as de Barros * informs us, came from Cambaia. In confequence of this, the Portuguefe moved nearer the town, and came to anchor within half a league of it. Their capture of the Zambuco at firi^ deterred any Boats from coming off, which • Cap. xL "» Oso»iv», page 41. Trmflathn, vol. !• P .59. ■ IhiJ. Lit. 4. cap. 6. ' •Si,/! ft: m wm ^ \ ' %it iff' % 1 t 48o PROGRESS OP DISCOVERY. ,1. April, 1498. BOOK which induced Gamat who ilill was apprehenfive, to land the old Moor on £a/ler Monday upon a Sand oppoAte the City. This had the deflred eifedl ; the Jttahian proved to be a perfon worthy of con- fidence, and a mutual good underftd^nding immediately enfued, by his means, between the Subje^s ojf the King of Mdinde^ and the Por« tuguefe. Upon which da Gama came the next day within the Port, and anchored clofe by the four (hips from India^ whofe Owners im- mediately vifitcd the Portuguefe. The whole of what follows, in the eleventh and twelfth chapters of Cajianbeda^ is faithftiUy, and .with more intereft, given by Camtuns ; " Right to the Port their courfe the ' Fleet purfued j ', • And the glad dawn that Sacred Day renewed. When, with the fpoils of vanquifhed death adorned, To heaves the Victor of the Tomb returned. ' And foon Melinda*t fhpre the failors fpy ; From every maft the purple dreamers fly : Rich figured tap'ftry now fupplies the fail. The gold and fcarlet tremble in the gale. The Standard broad its brilliant hues bewrays, And floating on the Wind wide billowing plays. ShrfU through the air the quivering Trumpet founds, ^ And the rough Drum the roufing march rebounds. Unawed by fear. With warlike pomp adorned, himfelf fmcere. Now in the Port the generous Gama rides. Hia ftately VeflTels range their pitchy fides Around their Chief ; the bowfprits nod the head, And the barb'd anchors gripe the Harbour's bed. Strait • Mickle'i Lufiad. (Book x. vol. f . p. 70 — ^6,) The reader mvf perhaps be gratified by- comparing this part of the Z.^omp the Gaptidn leaves the Fleet Melinda*8 Monarch on the tide to greet : His barge nods on amidft a fplendid train, Himfelf adom'd in all the pride of Spain. With fair embroidery " (hone his armed breaft. For poli(h*d fteel fuppIyM the warrior's veft ; His fleeves, beneath, were (ilk of paly blue. Above, more loofe, the pmple's brighteft hue Hung as a fcarf, in equal gatherings roU'd, With golden buttons and ititik loops of gold ; Bright in the fun the pdiih'd radiance bum^, And the dimm*d eyeball from the Inftre turns. Of crimfon fatin, dazzling to behold, Ills cafibc fweird in many a curring fold j The make was Gallitf but the lively bloom Confeft the labour of VeHttia*s loom. Gold was his fword, and waxlike trowfers laced With thongs of gold his manly legs embraced. With graceful mein hiicap allant was tum'd } The velvet cap ,a nodding plume. adom!d. His noble afpe£k, and the purple*s ray,v Amidft his train the gallant Chief bewray. The various veftments of the warrior train. Like flowers .of various colours on the plain. 4S3 Ch. III. f a. Emuunntl. Attraa 4 Camoeiu feems to have had in view the pidure of Gamot which is thus defcribed by Faria J Sou/a : *' He it painted with a bhek ctp, cloak and breeches tidged with velvet) all flaflied, through which- appeari the crintfon lifaihg» the doublet of crimibn fatin, and over it bit aniiour inlaid with gold.'^ 4«4 BOOK I. April, 1498. PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. AttraA the ples^fed beholder*8 wondering eye. And with the fplendor of the rainbow vie. Now Gam A*8 hands the quivering trumpet blow f Thick o*er the wave the crowding barges row, The Moorifli flags the curling waters fweep,' The Lufian mortars thunder o'er the deep. Again the fiery roar heaven's concave tears, ' The Moors aftonilhed ilop their wounded ears: Again loud thunders rattle o'er the Bay, And clouds of fmokie widf-roUing dim the da^ ; The Captain's Barge the generous King afcends. His arms the Chief enfold ; the Captain bends A reverence to the fcepter'd grandeur due. In filent awe the Monarch'i^wondering view Is fixt on Vasco's noble mien, the while His thoughts with wonder weigh the Hero's toil." Cqftanbeda thus ' proceeds : ** Now hauing ended theyr talke, and confirmed the friendfhip betweene them, the King, then rowing amongeft our Shippes, behelde the fame with pleafure and admira- tion ; out of which great flore of Ordiftaunce paflfed, wherewith they were greatlye delyghted : all which time our Generall went with him, to whom he declared, that he neuer fawe anye men of whom he tooke fq great pleafure, as thofe of Portingali, whereof he woulde gladlye haue fome with him, to helpe him in his Warres, which he hath fometime with his enimies. To which his fpeaches the Generall aunfwered, that if be bad experience of tbeyr doit^Sf be woulde tben a great deale better tyke oftbem; and furtber tbat tbey 'would belpe bim^ if tbe King bis mqfter would fende bis Sbippes of Warre to CaHcut : as be doubted not but be would^ if it wer God bis good pleafure to permit tbe fame to be difcouered* ** After the King had in this fort folaced himfelfe, he then de- fired the Generall, that fmce he would not go with him to his Citie, he * Cap. 12. GAMA REFUSES TO LAND: he fliould thea let him haue two of his men, to go and fee hi« Pal laice ; and for pledge of the fame, he would giue him his fonne, and one of his chiefe Ghaplaines, the which they call ' Cacis, Whereynto the Generall yeelded, and appointed two of our men to go with the King ; who, /it his departure, recpicfted the General], that the next dale he would go along in his Boate hard by the Shore, where he (hould fee his Horfmen running; and fo they parted for that time. The next dale, being Thurfdaycy the Captaine generall, and Niculao Culbo^ went in theyr Boares armed along the Shore, the one fomewhat dillant from the other ; betweene whom, vpon the Shore, were many men on horfebacke (kirmilhing. As our Boates approched, there came certeine footemen downe cer- teine ftayrea of ftone from the kiDg*s houfe, which was in fight, where they tooke the Kuig vp in a Chaire, and carried him verye neere to the Boate of the Generall ; to whom he fpake verye Io;iing Wordes, and once more requefted him to enter vpon land, and go to his citie, for that bisfcUber^ beeing a lame man^ was defirous to fee blm; and tbat wbileji be Jbould remaine on Jboare^ hotb be and bis children would enter and abide in bis Shippes, But our Generall fearing, leaft under fuch fugred fpeach fome bitter baite might He couered, did therefore ftill excufe himfelf for going on land, al- leadging, be muft obey bis Prince^ wbo gaue bim no licenfe fo to do at anie time. So taking his leaue of the Ring,, he went a while hard by the Shippes of the Indias^ (hooting off much Ordinaunce. Who when they fawe vs pafle by lifted up theyr hands, faieng, Cbrifte / Cbrifte ! and that night, with the King's licenfe, our men made them a great Feaft, with much paftime alfo of Squibs, Gunne Shot, and great and lowde;cryes. ** The Fleete thus lyeing in the. Harbour, there came vpon the SundayCf being the twenty firjl daie of AprUl,^ from the King, a man that ' KAOn^ or KAiii% as the Turks anil Perfiani pronounce it. 485 Ch. III. S t. V\M 406 DO O 1. April, 1498. PROGRESS OP DISCOVERY. tliat wai in great credit with him to tifite the Captidne general!^ Who at that inftant was very fad and heauie, for that it wat then two daiei (ince any man came to the fleet from the Ck\t ; by reafon whereof he feared, lead that the King were oiSended with hitn, as talcing occafion of offence, for that he refufed to go on Shoare } fup* pofing alfo, that he would therevpon brealce the peace and league made between them, for which he was forrowfull, efpecially fince as yet he had no Klots ; and when he fawe, that he which was To great with the Icing did bring him no Pilptk, he theii began to haue Tome iealoufie and fufpition of the King. Who beeing informed thereof, and knowing tlie Generall remained there for that Caufe, did therefore forthwith fend him a Pilot, a Gentile, called in theyr language Guxarate, whofe name was ■ Canacai making exc^ufe that he • D» Bamt, Aid/Vwii, mil thb Pilot Malimo Caha : the former adda, that Itc bclongtd to one of the IiuRan fj&i]^ which had arrived at MtRiuli from Cambaia, and (hewed to Gdma a Chart of the Indian coaft, laid down with meridiani and parallel* very fmall, without having the Rhumb* of wind marked. Thii Pilot did not eipreb any furpriCe on feeing the laige wooden Aftrolabe, and thofe of metal, which Gama uf^d 1 fince the Pilot* in the Rtd Sta had been accuftomed to Aftronomical Inftrumenti madie of brafi in a triangular form, and alfo to Quadrants. He adJed, that himfelf, and other* who failed from Camiaia, and the ports oi India, failed by the north and fouth Stars, and the Conllellations in the eaftern.and well- ern Hemifphere ; that they did not employ the above Inftrument* in Navigation, but ufed one formed of three boards, after the fame manner aa the Portuguefe made obfervations with the DaU heftilha, or Croft-Jlaff. This curious Paflage may probably render fomc of my readers anxious to confult the original ; which being fcarce, has occafionally been cited < \Dtcada r. Liv. 4. cap. 6.) Emn ot qaa«$ viith.t bum Monro CuzaaATS dt nafio chamuh Makmo Caiu, « qual affipth eon- "lentamenta que leve da converfagao dot noffbt, como por eomfraxtr a El-Rty, qut iufiava fl/oio ftra V.'t Jar, acuptoH qutrer ir com tllet. Do fabtr do qual Vafco da Gama, depo'u que praticou torn elle,Jitou misiio contente, pr'meipahnente quemdo lie mofirou hwrna Cabta de loda a Cofta da In£a arrumada ao modo dot Monro:, que era em MsaiDiANOs, * PAaALLELO* mul miudot fem ouiro Rumo dofVentot f porque como quadrado daquettet Meridianot, e Paralklot era mui pequeno, fisava a Cofta per aquellei dout Rumor de Norte Sul, e Lejie Oefie mui eerla, fern ttr aquella mulll' plieafoo de Femot, i'aguiha eommnm da nojfa Carta,, fnejerv* de rm» das oalra*. £ amoftrando- the Vafco da Gama Grande Aflrolabio de pao que levava, e oulrat de metal, com que lomava a ditura do Sol, nSo ft efpatitoa Meuro iBfo, Szendo, qut afgunt Ptlotot do Mar Ron* u/avam di Iiijlrnmentoi clt Latao defgura triangular, t ^adrantet, com que tomavam a altura do Sol, e prin- . cipalmente SAILS FROM MELINDE. 487 he had not (eut him fooner ; «ih1 So the King and Gencrall remain- Ch. iii. f s. ed friendii and continued th« peace before concluded upon betweene '"T"^'.- . them.** Oforiui tAds, the King nii4e Gams promife to ftop at Me^ litttii on hia return, that an ambaflador qiight be fent to Lifbon, and an alliance formed between the Kings of Melinde and ' Por-- tugaU With the thirteenth chapter of Cafianheda^ which relates the ar- rival of Gama at Calicut^ the firft book, or great divifion of the pro- grcfs of Maritime Difcovery is completed. — Barros informs us, that before the Portuguefe left Melinde y Gama, as was cuftomary, placed in that city with the King's permiflion a Stone Pillar, or Padrao^ to which he gave the name of San£io E/j^irito, • " The Captaine generall beeing thus prouided of all things necef- fiirie for his Voiagc, departed from Melinde on " Fridaye the twenty* fourth daie of Aprill, and from thence he began to cut ouer a Goulfe, wbkh is of 750 ' leagues ; for the Lande there doth make a certcine great pJW''*-! ^fdmntt ia EJhttta, it que fi mm finUm m « navtgafSt. Mat qtu tilt, t m Mturtanttt dt Ctmkua, t di leda a India, ftri qut a/wa aavegafio tra p*r ctrtai J^reUat, affi do Norte, como dt Sat, t tutrat mtavtit, qm eurfaram ptr mtio do Cto dt Oritnlt a PontiUt, nSo tomavam a/ua SJaiuia ptr i^rumtaloi ftmtlhtmttt iqmUtt, mat ptr oulro dt qut/t tUt/trvia, o quql Infirumtnlo Ibt Ireuat logo a mofirar, qye tra 4r Irtt taioat, • In the year 179O1 Father John dt Soma publilhed a curioui ColIeAion of Papers entitled Btnmenlot jlraHcoi, which he tranflated into Portuguefe by permiflion of her majefty, from the Original Arabic MS8. depofited in the Royal Archivei of Lifbon. They chiefly confift of copies of Lettersi that paflCed between the Kiiigi df Portugal, and the tribuUry Princei of India in the fifteenth century. Among thefe is a letter from a king of Mclindi to Emmamul, the contents of which are given by Mr. Murphy, (Travtii in Portugal, page 235.) The Xt^ Wagtf'^'g* was lord of MtUudt when Gama afterwards concluded an alliance with him* and cani^ his ambaflador to Portugal. ■ Oforins, (page 4s. Tramflation, vol. i. p. 60.) Lichefield has inadvertently faid Ttw/dayt the a ad of Aprilej in which he is neither juftified by Caflanbtda, nor dt Barrot, who both ■lake it the twenty-fourth of April. * Barros fays, £ atran^fando aquelU grande golfo dt fittttntai leguat que ha dt huma a oulrx ■iujla,ptr tjpaqo dt viatt dout diat* (Ibid. cap. 6.) liiW» :„.:ii feii 4S8 PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. May, 1498. BOOK great valley, which doth runne along the ' Coaft from the north to the ~ fouth, and our Voiage, in demaunding of Calicut^ lay to the Eaftward. In following whereof, the next Sundaye our men fawe the ' North, which a long time before thiey bad not feene, and alfo they fawe the South ; of which good fortune they thanked God, in that it reprefented, as then to them. Winter of the Indias ; and where al- • wales in that Goulfe are great Stormes, they now found none but rather faire weather. The FridayCf being the feuenteenth dale of May^ and twenty-two * daies next after theyr departing from Me- linde^ in which tithe they had feene no lande, they then difcouered and came to fight of lande ; and the Fleete beeing eight le&gues of feaboord from the Shoare, the lande feemed high ; theyr Pilot did as then let fall the Ploramet, and found fortie-five fathom. Where- Tpon to auoide and apart himfelfe from that Coaft, he made his way to the South-Eaft, and vpon Saterdaye he made to .landward; how- . belt 1 Ofiritu thus defcribes their paflTage through the Indian Ocean : Soluit inJe Gama » Kalen. May. ^anquam aulem nojlri Or'unttm verfiu uaulgarent, curfunt tamen ad Seftentriontm infitBebant. Intra faucot autem £et, repoHem cireulo aqumoSiaii fttbieSam, feragiranl, alque rurfiit Sydcra, qua tofft mukot menfei Idtuerant, cur, voluptate confplcluHt. Urfa maltrem ct mi- ttorem, tt Oriotui, et reftqua qus circa polum ArB'uum extgmim orliem, coufidunt, ocul'u ufurpant. Pelagut deinde maximum, cuius inlimo recefu SepUnlriouem verfiu multa Ethiopia, et Arabia, el Caramani* partes alttuntur, lempeflate admodumfccunda tranfmittuiU. (P> 41. TVai^. p. 6o«)' • A circuniftance in the Letters of Americu Veshtcci defervea remark. After having paft the Line, he fays, '« E come deftderofo d'ejfere Autore che fegnajft la Stella, defirmn to be the natner and difcovefer of the Pole Star of the other hemifphere, I loft my fleep many nights in contemplating the Stars of the other Pole." He then laments, that as his Inftruments could not difcover any Starof lefs motion than ten degrees, he had n )t the fatisfaflion to give a Name to any one. But as he obferved four Stars in form of an Almond {The Croft of Coda Mijlo) which had but little motion, he hoped in his next Voynge he fliould be able to mark them out. All this is truly curious, and affords a good coinujent on the temper of the man who had the art to defraud Columbus, by giving his own name to /tmerica, of which he challenged the difcovery. Near fifty Years before the Visage of Americo Vefpucci the Portugucfe had crofled the Line ; and Dia% fourteen, and Qama near three years before, had Jo .bled tht Cape of Good Hope. (Mieile.) * Lichefield fays twenty-lhret. COAST OF MALABAR. «a9 fcetthe ranne not fo ne«re the fame as he might ceirteinly knowe it, Ch.HL § u but he perceiued by fmall ihowres of raine, which fell as they ''''*'^" made towards lande, that they were on the Coaft of the ImSas ; for at that prefent time of the Yere the Winter is euer in thofe Jbtdias, ** Sundaye^ beeing the twentieth due of Maj,tht Pilot fawe cer- tdne high hills which were ouer the Citie of Calicut^ and came fo neere to Lande that he did reknowledge the fame ; and with grtiat "* joy demaunded his " reward of the General], faieng, that this wat the Lande, ivbieb he and hit companie fo greatly defired to fee, and come to» The ' Generall repleniihed with ioy of that good fortune, gaue Canaca his demaund, and forthwith went to Pr^^er, fueng the Sahe, wherein they gaue God greate thanks, for this theyr happie and fafe arriuall upon that Coaft, and in fight of the place which they fo eameftly longed for to' fee. When Praier was done the^ made great joy, and feafted on ihipboord ; and the felf iame daie» in the eueiung, the Generall came to an ankor two leagues from Calicut, Immediatly came certeine people of that lande in fowre Boates called Almaydyas to our Fleete, to vnderftand wh^t Shippes , thefe were, hauing neuer before feene anye of that making come to that Coafl. Thefe people are turowne. At theyr comming to va fome of them entered into the GeneralPs Shippe, and albeit the Pilot Guzarate tolde him that th^ were Fifherme% a poore kinde of people, for fo they call all fuch as bee poore men in the Indias;. yet he receyued them all well, and commaunded his men to buye of m * In the oripiu^ S no Dmmg9, vnift Jt Mtefo, vw Bo PUeto iSatfitrat miifto aJfatft/^ JAn a Cidadt his Account of the different roulet, by which the merchandlfe of India has been conveyed to Europe, was printed at IniAjun. * Hidorlans differ at tp the cxaA number | fee page 8 of tliit Appendix. THB DISCOVERIES OB. THE WORLD ii.y 4 . V&OH THEIR FIRST ORIGINAL, VMTO THE TEAR OF OUR LORD 1555. WRITTIN IN FORTUOUKSC, By ANTONIO GALVANO. Pubiybedty the Rev. Richard Hakluyt, Stueknt of Chrift-Church in Oxford i and aficriuardt inferttd in CbunhiWt ColkSion of Vojagtt. % ft« "*fri V!! V * iHIS ancient piece comes well recommended, and defervet both our prtftrvation and atten- tion s as Kuell on account of the author, who was no lefs than the famous Antonio Galvano, whofe praife to this day is defervhigly nmmemerMitd among Ins thankful countrymen, andfuc- cinffly colleHed from ancient authors, by Mr. Habluyt, in the following epiflle dedicatory ; as again, on account of the tranjlator, who was defcended from an ancient family at Tetton in Herefordjhire, and educated at Weflminfier-fchool : from whence, being eleiled a fludent of Chrift -Church in Oxford, hi took his batchelor and mnfltr of arts degrees ; and at lafl, enter- ing into holy ortkrs^, befirft was made prebendary if Briftol, and afierwairds of WeftminJIer, and reElor of Wetheringfet in Suffolk, in the room of Dr. Richard Webfter. Beftdes this tranJJation, which gives us a proof of his capacity in the Portuguefe tongue, he illujlrated Peter Martyr Angler ieus's eight decads de NovoOrbe, with curious notes ; tranflated cilfofrom the Portuguefe, Virginia, richly valued by the defcription of the main land of Florida, her next neighbour ; and wrote nbtti of etftain commodities in good requ^ in the Eafl- Indies, the Mo- luccas, and China. But what has moft perpetuated his name, is his great pains andjudg-^ ment in colleSKng Englifb Voyages, Navigations, Traffics, and Difcovtries. Our famous Camden played the ^t on this occafion^ and adorned that colleifien with the following commendaHon in Latin verfe : In exlmium opus R. Hakluyti de Anglorum ad disjunfliifimat regiones navigationibus G. Camdeni hezaftlcon. Anglia> qux penitus toto difcluditur oibe» Angulus orbis erat, parvus tt orbis erat. ^unc cutn icpofitin wios vetcxcnt tnvcSf Masimus otbis hunos, orbis et orbis erat. At quid) Haklute, tibi moRftranti haec debeat orbis i Lms tu«> ONdc nU>i} Ron erit orbe minor. TO THE RIGHT HONOURABI-E Sir ROBERT CECILL Knight, PRINCIPAL SECRETARY TO HER MAJESTY, MASTER OF THE COURT OF WARDS AND -LIVERIES, THE WORTHY CHANCELLOR OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE, AND ONE OF HER MAJESTY'S MOST HONOURABLE PRIVY-COUNCIL. JtViGHT Honourable, — While I went about to publith out Eiiglifli voyages and dif- coveries, I was advifcd by Mr. Walter Cope, a gentleman of rare and excellent parts, to draw them into a (hort fum } adding, that in his opinion that courre would prove moft acceptable to the world, efpccially to men of great aflion and employment. Although, in that work then under the prefs, I could not conveniently alter my courfe ; yet holding his advice, as in many things elfe, fo in this for found and very good, I here piefent unto your honour a brief treatife, moft agreeable to the fame. The au- thor whereof was one Antonio Galvano, a Portugal gentleman ; of whofe piety to- wards God, equity towards men, fidelity to his prince, love to his country, fltill in fea caufes, experience in hiftories, liberality towards his nation } vigilance, valour, wifdom, and diligence in redoring and fettliog the decayed ftate of the ifles of Moluccas (where he remained fix or feven years governor), if it pleafe your honour to read Fer- nando Lopez de Caftagneda, or Joannes Maffeius, in their hiliories of the Eaft-Indies} you (hall find more written in his fingular commendation, than a large epillle can well comprehend. The work, though fmall in bulk, containeth fo much rare and profitable matter, as I know not where to feek the like within fo narrow and flrait a compafs. For herein is orderly declared, who were the firft difcoverers of the world, fince the time of the flood ; by what ways, from age to age, the fpicery, drugs, and riches of the Eafl: were conveyed into the Wed } what were the caufes of the alterations of thofe courfes, as namely, the changes of empires and governments } the ceafing of all traffic for many years by the Goths' invafion of the Roman Empire ; the rifing up of the Mahometan fe£t, with their overrunning of Africa and Spain ; the renewing again, after many years' difturbance, of the traffic and intercourfc of the Ead-Indies ; fird, by the califs of the aforefaid fe£t, and eftfoons by the Venetians, Genoefe, and Florentines. Then followeth the taking of Ceuta in Barbary by John, the fird king of Portugal of that name, in the year of our Lord 1415 ; whofe third foii Don Henry (which he had by the virtuous lady Fhilippa, daughter of John of Gaunf, and fider to Henry the fourth, '--'-■■ . king. [W- ill y HAKLUYT'S DEDICATION. ling of England) was the firft beginner of all the Fortugal difcovertes, and continued the fame for the fpace of forty and three yean, even to his dying day. By whofc en- couragement the kings of Portugal found out, with much patience and conftancy, the lad way of the bringing the fpicery into Europe by the cape of fiuona Speranga { and for tlicfe hundred years pad have become the chief lords of the riches of the Orient. By emulation of which their good endeavours, the Antiles and the Wed-Indies began to be difcovered by the kings of Spain. The infancies of both which mod important enterprizes \ the progrcfs of the fame from time to time ; the difcoveries of iflands, rivers, bays, and harbours { of many rich provinces, kingdoms, and countries i the creeling of cadles in fundry convenient iflaiuis and places, with the drawing of trafllc unto the fame i where, when, by whom, and by whofe authority, is here fuccin^ly and faithfully recorded. So that if it pleafe your honour, at your convenient leifure, to take n fea-chart, or a map of the world ; and carry your eye upon the coad of Africa from Cape de Non, lying on the main, in twenty-nine degrees of northerly la- titude, and follow the ftiore about the cape of Buona Speran9a, till you come to the mouth of the Red-Sea \ and pafling thence along by the country of Aral'i;^, crofs over to India, and doubling Cape Comory, compafs the gulph of Bengala \ am^ fliooting by the city of Malacca, through the dreighi of Cincapura, coad all the Tou'h of Afia to the north-ead part of China, and comprehend in this view all the ifltiids from the A9ores and Madera in the wed, to the Moluccas, the Philippinas, and Japan in the ead } you (hail here find, by order, who were the fird difcoverers, conquerors, and planters in every place \ as alfo the natures and commodities of the foils, together with the forces, qualities, and conditions of the inhabitants ; and that which I mention of the Orient, is likewife xo be underdood of the Occident. Now, toudting the tranflation, it may pleafe you, S'r to be advertifed, that it was fird done into our language by fome honed and weU-aiFc£led merchant of our nation* whofe name by no means 1 could attain unto, and that as it feemeth many years ago } for it hath lien by me above thefe twelve years. In all which fpace, though I hitve made much enquiry, and fent to Liibon, where it feemeth it was printed, yet to this day I could never obtain the original copy, whereby I might reform the manifold errors of the tranflator : For, whereas a good tranfl^tor ought to be well acquainted Avith the propriety of tiie tongue out of which, and of that into which he tranflateth, and thirdly, with the fubjet\ or matter itfelf ; I found this tranflator very dcfedlive in all three, efpecially in the lad. For the fupplying of whofe defe£ls I had none other remedy, but to have recourfc unto the original hidorics (which, as it appeareth, are very many, and many of them exceeding rare and hard to come by), out of which the author himfelf drew the grcatpft part of this difcourfe. And, in very deed, it cod me more rrivail to fliid out the grounds thereof, and to annex the marginal quotations unto the work, th^n the tr.inllation of m.iny fuch books would have put me unto. Of which quotations ihcie is yet a farther ufe ; to wit, that fuch as have leifure fufficient, ■an(\ arc d(;firous to read thcfe things more at large (for brevity oftentimes breedeth ob- ifmrity), may fully I'atisfy their dcfires, by having recourfc by the help thereof to the pure HAKLUYT'S DEDICATION. pure fountains, out of which thofe watera which are drawn are for the tnoft part mo(l fweet and wholfome. Now, if any man (hall marvel that in thefe difcoveries of the world, for the fpace almoft of four thoufand years here fet down, our nation is fcarce four times mentioned, he is to underftand, that when this author ended this difcourfe, (which was kbout the year of grace * 1555,) there was little extant of our men's tra- vels. And for aught I can fee, there had no great matter yet come to light, if myfelf had not undertaken that heavy burden { being never therein entertained to any purpofe, until I had recourfe unto yourfelf, by whofe fpecial favour, and bountiful patronage, I have been often much encouraged, and as it were revived. Which travels of our men, becaufe as yet they be not come to ripenefs, and have been made, for the mod part, to places firft difcovered by others i when they (hall come to more perfedlion, and become more profitable to the adventurers, will then be more (it to be reduced into brief epitomes by myfelf, or fome other endued with an honeft zeal of the honour of our country. In the mean feafon, nothing doubting of your favourable acceptation of this my labour, I humbly befcech the author of all goodnefs to replenifli and enrich you with his beft blelTmgs, long to prote£t and preferve your honour to the profitable fervice of her majefty, and to the common benefit and good of the realm. Your Honour's chaplain. In all duty, moft ready to be commanded, RICHARD HAKLUYT- Ffon LsndoD, 9 thi* S9 Oft. 1601. S * Second rear of Qjicen Mary's reign. ■> •■ FRANCIS DE SOUSA TAVARES, UMTO THE HIGH AND MICHTT PIUNCB Don yOHN Duke of Aveiro. XlNTONto Galvano upoD hit death-bed left unto me, in hit teflament, among hit paperti this book \ and becaufe I am certain he ordained it to be prefented unto your grace, I have thought good herein to fulfil hit will and teftament, though in other thingi I have done nothing, the fault remaining not in me. And by all rcafon thia treaty ought to be fct forth by a Portugal, feeing it treateth of the variable wayt from whence the pepper and fpicei came, in timet paft, into our partt, and alfo of all the navigationi and difcoverics in the old time \ in both of which thingi the Portugal! have mod travelled. In thia treaiife, and in nine or ten booka of things, touching Molucca and India (which the cardinal willed me to give to Damian de Goet, faying that he fliould content me, for otherwife I could not deliver them), thit true Portu- gal occupied himfcif againft the unfortunate and forrowful timet which he had been in, which were all ended before all our daya and times } for when he received the captainfhip and fortrenes of Molucca, all the kingt and governors of all the iflandt about, being agreed to make war againft the Portugal*, until fuch time at they might drive them all out of the country ( he fought againft them all with only an hundred and thirty Portugals, when they were all together, and ftrong in TiJore { and he gave them tlie overthrow, and killed their king, and one Ternate, the principal author of that war ; and he took their fortrefs : fo upon thit victory they fubmitted thcmfelves, and came under the cbcifance and fervice of our king of Portugal. Herein two things happened of great admiration ; the firft, that all the kingt and governors of Molucca agreed together againft us, a thing that never fell out, nor yet credible to be like to happen ; for they are ever at variance amcng themfcives : the fecond, th.it the cap- tain of Molucca, with only his ordinary foldicrs, (hould have the viflory againft fo many being all together. For fometimes it liuppeneth, that fome of the captains of Molucca, with many extraordinary foldicrs, befides their ordinary, yea, and with the aid of nil the kings and lords of Molucca in their favour and aid, went againft one king only of them, and came back again with lofs. So there may oc reckoned three notable ihin>;s done in India, I fay of quility (but of more quantity and importance there have been others^ i which were, the taking of Muar by Emanuel Falcon, and -8 the TAVARES' INTUoniTCTlON. llis wiiM ."i)g of Bitam by Peter M.ifcareiui, aiul tlii), whcr«of we prefenily treat. For all tlufe tlirce ileciU fccmeil to be impnfTible to be atchicvcci j confirferin^j, the fmall quantity of foldicrs wliicli the captains had in gaining the cntcrpri/c againfl fo many j with the order and manm-r by them ordulncd, how and which wayi to obtain their purpolt', .11 wdl by their enemiee as by tlicmfclvcs. And they could not be at- ehicvc d I, theiwife, but by ufing a mean, ami ordrr, not thought of .it the firft by the Por- tugals, nor yet ever fufpcAed by their enemies. And, bendoi this, his father and four of his brethren were all flain in the king's fervice \ and he now, being the lull of his lineage, carried with him into Molucca about ten thoufatid crufadoes : whicli he Tpent not in idlcnefs, nor yet in p!»y, but only in bringing of many kings, and innu- merable towns, unto our holy faith ; and in the prelerving of Molucca, employing all his power and ftrength, that all the cloves might come unto the hands of the king's highneft : wliich, with Molucca, yielded unto him every year five hundred thoufand crufadoes ( being all to his great prejudice, let, and hindrance. For if he had gathered cloves for himfelf, as the capt.iinsof Molucca have done, then he had come home very rich. But when he came home into Portugal, in great hope (fuch is the fimplicity of the bed natures) to be rewarded for his good fervice ) and to be more f.ivoured and honoured, than if he had brought home with him an hundred thoufand crufadoes ; he was greatly deceived. For he found neither favour, nor yet honour ; but only amung the poor and miferable, to wit, in an hofpital, where l>e was kept feventeen years, until the hour of his death : and there he had allowed unto him his winding-(heet to bury him in : and the brotherhood of the convent prepared for his burial as for a poor courtier, cad off by all men, leaving himfelf indebted in two thoufand crufadoes, whereof part came out of India, and part thereof many of his friends had lent him to maintain him in the hofpital : for in all thefe feventeen years he had not of his high- nefs to help himfelf with, fo much as one rial of plate j nor yet of the books which I delivered, received any thing to difcharge his will with. Yet for all this, even as upon the profperity of his viftories, he never made any boaft, fo likewife, in his ad- verfities, his great ftomach did nothing abate his heart. As there are good proofs, that with fo many, and fo continual difgraces as he fuffered, he never, unto the hour of his death, left off to raife and augment the yearly rent unto a Counto ; which fomc made ftrange, and would not give ear unto : fo that even as he was extreme painful in the performance of his fervice, fo he was the like in the things founding unto the pcrfe£ling of the fame 5 which was the caufe, that he was brought unto the flatc that he died in. For he could not fee the quality of the time, but only thofe of his great fervice, by reafon of the great charges that it i\ood him in. And his faying was, that he was born, not to fay that his conftellation was in the wars victorious ; but in the overcoming of kings by the art of warfare } readinefs in refolving ; prudence in con- ferving 1 and great loyalty and patience ; with many fervices unto his king and maRer. In which of all thefe he had mod contentalion, it cannot eafily be determined. Where- fore your Noble Grace may fee, that this treaty and the others were made with figns and afflidlions} which his inferior will might have raifed up in him, againll his fupe- voL. I. ^ rior " ft 1 »^M 10 TAVARES' INTRODUCTION. tior reafon. Neither was he willing to take for his remedy that wliich that great Turk Zclim, fon to the great Mahomet, did (for he took Condantinople, and died in Rome), who ufed to make himfclf drunk, becaufe he would not remember the great eftate which he lod : nor yet would he give ear unto thofe things which many of hia friends would tell him, wiihing he would fettle his mind out of the kingdom (forotiier. n^ife he fliotild never be able to live) : whereunto he anfwered, that in this point he would rather be compared unto the great Timocles the Athenian, than to be like the excellent Roman Coriolanus. Which is a goodly example of a true and faithful Por- tugal. (Though it were not fo as I do fay, yet I hear, that the hofpitals are full of the moll faithful fubje£ts to their prince and country.) Wherefore, by all reafon, this treatife ought to be of your grace favoured ; fetting apatt all overfights, if there be any, in this work of the author, I being not able to attain unto the undcrdanding of the contrary. God profper your Grace with long life, and increafc of honour. •<• The tranflationof the following work by HakUiyt, was Srft printed fcpai-atcly In one volume quarto; a copy «f which it in the valuable library of Aleiander Dalrymple, Ffcj. rl I . :.: THE CjcteUent ^xtatiit or Sntonto (S^albanOt Containing the mo/} Aniient and Modern Difcoveries of the World, efpecially Ity Navigation, according to the Courfe of Times, from the Flood until the Tear ofGract 1555. W HILE I had a defire to gather together fome old and fo^ne new difcoveries, which ' have been made by fea and by land, with their juft times and fituations ; they feemed urpofcd notwithftanding to proceed in this Work of Difcoveries. ;>"« ^'• ;;' Some there are that fay that the world hath fully been difcovered } and they allege this reafon— that as it hath been peopled and inhabited, fo it might be frequented and oiavigable ; and the rather, for that the men in that age were of a longer life, and of Jaws and languages almoft one. There be others of a contrary opinion to this ; holding that all the earth could not be ■known, nor the people converfant one with another : for though it had been fo once, yet the fame would have been loft again by the malice of men, and the want of juilice among the inhabitants of the earth. But becaufe the beft and raoft famous Difcoveries •were made by Sea, and that principally in our times, I defire to know who were the ifirft difcoverers fince the time of the flood. Some affirm that they were the Greeks ; othera fay, the Phcenicians ; others alfo -the Egyptians. The people of India agree not hereunto, affirming that they were the firft that failed by fea ; namely, the Tabencos, which now we call the Chinois. And they allege 'ir the proof of this that they are the lords of the Indies ; even unto the 4:ape of Bona Speian^a* and the ifland of St. Laurence, which is inhabited by them, b2 and i4vJ »• IS «»../ Pomponius Mela, 1. 3. Plinius, 1. 2. c. 67. Jiiftpli. An- tiquit. Judaic. 1. I c. 5. GALVANO's PROGRESS OF and all along the Tea ; as alfo the Javaes, Timores, Celebesi Macafares, Moluccas* Borneos» Mindanaos, Lu9ones, I^equcos, Japones, and other iflandS) being many in number; and the firm lands of Cauchin>Ckina, Laos, Dramas, Pegu, Arracones, till you come unto Bengala : and befides this. New Spain, Peru, Brafil, the Antilcs, with the reft adjoining unto thenn i as appeareth by the fafttions and manners of the men and women, and by their proportions, having fmall eyes, flat nofes, with other pro- portions to be feen. And to this day many of thefe iflands and countries are called by the names of Dato-China, Bocho-China ; which is as much as to fay the countries of China. Further it appeareth by hiftories, that the ark of Noe refted upon the north parts of the mountains of Armenia, which ftands in forty degrees ard upwards i and that immediately thereupon Scythia was firft peopled, for that it is an high land, and appeared firft after the flood. And feeing the province and country of the Ta- bencos is one of the chiefeft of all Tartary, as they report, it it to be thought that they were of the moft ancient inhabitants, and men of the moft ancient navigations ; the feas being as calm, as the rivers be, in thofe parts lying between the tropics, where the days and nights do not much differ, as well in the hours as in the tempe- rature; where blow no outrageous winds to caufe the waters to rife, or to be troubled. And by late espetrience it is found, that the fmall barques wherein they fail, have only a great high bough in the midft of the barque, ftanding inftead both of maft and fail : and the mafter holdeth only an oar in his hand to ftcar withal ; and fo they fail fwiftly along the coaft : and the reft of the paflengers fit only upon certain poles, which are faftcned in the barque, which they call Catamarones, and fo they pafs with* out rowing. It is further faid, that the people of China were fometime lords of the moft part of Scythia, and fiiied ordinarily aloi>g that coaft, which feemeth to reach unto feventy degrees towards the north. Cornelius Nepos is the author of this ; who particularly afRrmcth — that in the time Metellus the fellow-conful of Afranius was pro-conful in France, the king of Suevia fent unto him certain Indians, which came thither in a (hip from this country, coming by the north, and by the flats of Germany. And it is probable that they were people of China ; for that they from twenty, thirty, and forty degrees upwards have ftrong fltips and clinchers that can well brook the feas, and endure the cold and intemperature of fuch northerly regions. As for Cambaia, there is fiupping alfo in it ; and the people, by report, have ufed the feas many years : but it feemeth not that tlicy were any of them which came into France ; for that they traffic only to Cairn, and are men indeed of little traffic and lefs clothing. As for thufe which efcaped the deftru£iion of the flood, they were fo amazed, that they durft not dcfcend into the plains and low countries, but kept the hills. And we read of Nimrod, who, an hundred and thirty years after the flood, built the Tower of Babel, intending thereby to fave himfelf, if there flio'vld come any more fuch floods. Therefore it feemeth, that they which firft came to be Sailors, were thofe which dwell in the Eaft, in the province of China ; although others, contrary wife, hold them which MARITIME DISCOVERT. rs which dwell in the Weft, as in Syria, to have ufed the trade of the fea fooneft after tlic flood. But this contention about the antiquity of Navigation I leave to the Scy- thians and Egyptians, who were at great variance and difference in this matter j for Jiift"""J9> each of them challenged unto thcmfclves the honour of the firft fea travel. But ''*'' '* " . omitting all jars and diflerences thereabouts, I will apply myfelf to my purpofed dif- - - cuurfe, and fpealc of that which hillories have left in record. There arc fome well feen in antiquities, which fay, that in the hundred and forty- Berofius. third year after the flood. Tubal came by fea into Spain : whereby it feemetli, that in thofe times navigations were ufed into our parts out of Ethiopia. And they alfo fay further, that not long after this the queen Semiramis went againft the Indians in that river whereof they took their name, and therein gave battle unto the king Stabrobates, wherein he loft a thoufand fliips : which being credible by Diodorus the ancient hiftoiy, proveth manifeftly, that in thofe parts, in thofe times, were many ''^■(:"'""> fliips } and the fcas frequented in good numbers. *' *" ^' in the fix hundred and fiftieth year after the flood, there was a king in Spain named Hefpeius, who in his time, as it is reported, went and difcovered as far as Cape Berofius. Verde, and the ifland of St. Thomas, whereof he was prince ; and Gonfalvo Fernandes of Ovicdo, the chronicler of antiquities, aflirmeth— that in his time the iflands of the Gonfalvo Weft Indies were difcovered, and called fomewhat after his name Hefperidcs : and be Je oWedo allegeth many reafons to prove it j reporting particularly, that in forty days they failed 1. 2. c. 3. from Cape Verde unto thofe iflands. Gen. Hift. There are others that fay, that the like was done from this Cape unto the iflands of 1. g " St. Thomas, and the ifle de Principe ; and that they be the Hcfperides, and not the Antiles : and they differ not far from reafon ; feeing in thofe times, and many years after, they did ufe to fail only along the coaft, not pafling through the main ocean fea : for they had neither altitude, nor compafs then in ufe, nor any mariners fo expert. It cannot be denied, but that there were many countries, iflands, capes, ifthmufes, and points, whici^ now are grown out of knowledge ; becaufe the names of them are found in hiftories: but the age of the world, and force of waters, have wafted and confumed them. ; and feparated one country from another, both in Europe, Afia, Africa, New Spain, Peru, and otlicr places. Plato faith, in his dialogue of Timtcus, that there were in ancient times, in the At- Plato in lantic ocean, certain great iflinda and countries, named Atlantides, greater than Africa Timaso. and Europe i and that the kings of thofe parts were lords of a great part of this our country : but with certain great tempefts the fea overflowed it, and it remained as mud and Oiingle ; fo that in a long time after no ftiips could pafs that way. It is alfo recorded in hiftories, that clofc by the ifland of Cadiz, towards the ftreights pij^. \\\, ^. of Gibraltar, there was a certain ifland which was called Aphrodifias, well inhabited, cap. 22. and planted with many gardens and orchards ; and yet at this day we have no know- ledge of tlus Aphrodifias, but only a bare mention of it in ancient authors. The f.iid , , , ifland Plinius, c. 31. >(.*■♦ Sf. 1 4 Eratofthenfs apud 8trabo> neni, Wb> ^ GALVANO's PROGRESS OF ifland of Cadiz is further faid to have been fo large, that it joined with the continent of Spain. The A9ore8 iflands were fometime a point of the mountains of Eftrella, which join to the fea over the town of Syntra : and alfo from Sierra Verde, or the green moun- tain, .which adjoineth to the water hard by the city of Safin in the land of Cucu (which h t)ie felf- fame iiland of Mouchin, where Algarbe is) lie the iflands of Porto Santo and Madeira. For it is held as a Aire and undoubted verity, that all iflands have their roots run- ning from the firm land, though they be never fo far from the continent, for otherwite they could not (land firm. There are other hidories which fay, that from Spain unto Ceuta in Barbary^ men fometimes travelled on foot -upon dry land ; -and that the iflands of Sardinia and Cor- fica joined the one with the other, as did alfo Siiiily with Italy, and Negroponto with Greece. We read alfo, that there were found hulls of (hips, anchors of iron, and other memorials of (hipping, upon the mountains of Sufa, far within the land } where, as it now feemeth, no fait water or fea ever came. In India alfo, and in the land of Malabar, although there be now great (lore of people, yet many writers afllirm, that it was once a main fea unto the foot of the mountains ; and that the cape of Comarim, and the ifland of Zeilan, were all one thing : as alfo that the ifland of Sumatra joined with the land of Malacca by the flats of Ctypafia ; and not far from thence there now (lands a little ifland, which, a few years pad, was part of the firm land that is over-againd it. Furthermore, it is to be fcen how Ptolemy, in his tables, ■fets the land of Malacca to the fouth of the line, in three or four degrees of latitude, whereas now it is at the point thereof, being called Jentana, in one degree on the north fide, as appcareth in the ftrelght of Cincapura, where daily they pafs through unto the coaft of Sian and China, where the ifland of Aynan (landeth, which alfo, they fay, joined hard to the land of China : and Ptolemy placeth it on the north fide, far from the line, (land- ing now above twenty degrees from it towards the north, as Afia and Europe now ftand. Wcl! it may be, that in time pad the land of Malacca and China ended beyond the line on the fouth fide, as Ptolemy fets them forth : becaufe it might join with the point of the land called Jentana, with the iflands of Bintan, Banca, and Salitres, being mnny that way, and the land might be all flime and ouze ; and fo the point of China might join with the iflands of the Lu9ones, Borneos, Lequeos, Mindanaos, and others which dand in this parallel : they alfo as yet having an opinion, that the ifland of Sumatra joined with Java by the chnnel of Sunda, and the iflands of Bali, Aujave, Cambava, Solor, Hogaleao, Maulva, Vintara, Rofalaguin, and others that are in this parallel and altitude, did all join with Java ; and fo they feem outwardly to thofe that defcry them. For at this day the iflands dand fo near each other, that they feem but one lirm land ; and whofocver palTetll between them, may touch with their hand the » • tf • boiiglij tween Abo^ called went fl they fai^ fea, wi reportej of all MARITIME DISCOVERY; fl boughB of the trees on the or:, and on the other fide alfo. And to come nearer to the matter, it is not long Hnce, that in the ealt the iflands of Banda were divers of them overflown and drowned by the feai and fo likewife in China, about ninefcore miles of firm ground is now become a laice, as it is reported : which is not to be thought marvellous, confidering that which Ptolemy and others have written in fuch cafes, which here I omit to return to my purpofe. ' «• After the flood 800 years, we read, that the city of Troy was built by the D^rdans ) and that before that time they brought out of the Indies into Europe, by the Red Sea, fpices, drugs, and many other kinds of merchandizes, which were there more abundant than they now be. Whereunto if credit may be given, we may conceive, that the fea was of old haunted and frequented } feeing that then they of the eaft had fo much , « and fo great tralBc with them of the weft, that they brought their merchandise unto an haven which was named Arfinoe, being that which at this day is called Suez ^ Handing in thirty ilegrces on the north part of the Arabian gulph. It is alfo, by au- PI■' , , -_■■;" • Though I am very unwillinj); to abridge or alter any part of this valuable illfquifition by Galvano, yet I have ventured to omit his dcfcriptioii of fome Egyptian animals. f I here again leave out an account of tlie inchanters and fnakcs at the Cape of Good Hope, and other ■ftrange relations. * .*S '^tftr; , v^ ■■;■:>'-'' .,•)"'■;•, =^.v^J * f j's^s^,,! ,., • - VOL. I. « • ">fft*' M S'*I Ev1i.l If GALVANO'5 PROGRESS OF Anft. dc TiiiraiHlis III iiatDr.i nu(ii- tis. Siiabo, 1. 2. p. r8. tie Gaditniio- rum longin. qua naviVa- tione & 111- gcntibus bavibu9> Plin. 1. c. 29. 6. •Strabo, J. 1 7. ji. 560,561. Til the j-enr ^jj before Chrift it is f.iiil, that the Spaniards failed through the main fea till they came to the flats of India, Arabia, and thofe coafts adjoininjr, whereunt^ t4iey carried divers merchandizes, which trade they ufed in great (hips*, and, fiiling to the nonh-weft, they came unto certain fl:its, which were covered with the flowing of tiie fea, and with the ebb were difcovered } finding there many tunnies of great bignefs, where they commonly ufed to filh them to their great profit, becaufe they were the fird untilthat time that they had feen, and were greatly edeemed. The time of Alexander the Great, as appcareth by the ages of the world, was be- fore the comin)* of Chiill 324 ytars: we all know that he was born in Europe; but he travelled into Afia and Africa, and pniled through Arminia, AfTyriai Ferfia, and Ba£lri4, (landing northerly in 44 degrees of htitude, which is the farthefl: country in longitude wherein he was in all his journeys. From thence he defcended into India» by the mountains of Imaus, and the valleys of Paropamifus, and prepared a navy in the river Indus, and therewith paflcd into the ocean ; where he turned by the lands of Gedrofia, Caramania, and Perfia, unto the great city of Babylon, leaving Oneficritus and Nearchus captains of his fleet, which afterwards came unto him by the (Ireights of the Perlian fea, and up the river Euphrates, kaviitg that country and coad difco- vered. After this Ptolemy reigned king of Egypt, who by fome U reputed to have been baftard fon unto Philip, father of tiie aforefaid Alexander the Great. This Ptolemy, imitating the forenamed kings SefoAris aiid Darius, made a trench or ditch of an hundred feet broad, and thirty feet deep, and te»-or twelve leagues in length, till he came to the bitter wells ; pretending to have his work run mto the fea, from a mouth of the river Nile, called Peiufioin, paiBng now by the city Damiata. But this thing took no efFutl ; for that the Red fea was thought to be higher by three cubits tlun the land of Egypt, which would have overflowed all tiie oountry, to the ruin and lofs thereof. In the year 277 befeve the incaniatioli, focoeeded in the government of the king- dom one Phikidelphus, who brought to pafs that the mercbandiKes fliould come out of Europe to the city of Alexandria, upwards by the river Nile unto a city named Coptus, and from tiietKe to be conveyed by laud to an haven fUnding upon the Red f«a, called Myos-Hormos } which way was travelled in the night« the pilots dirc4iing themfeives by the ilcars, who were expert in that prance. And becaufe water was foant that way, they ufed to carry it with them for. all the company ; till at laft, to avoid that troiiljle, they digged very deep wells, and made large ciderns for the re- ception of rain-water, by which tlie way, fuiniflied with that commodity which at firft it wanted, grew in continuance of time to be more frequented. But whereas the drtight way was dangerous, by reafoa of flats and iflauds, the aforef.iid king Philadelphus, with his armies, went on the fide of Troglodytica; and in an -haven, called Berenice, caufed the fltips to arrive which came out of India, being a place-of moie furety, and icfs peril,, from whence they might eafily carry the wares . ■ to MARITIME DISCOVERY. «f to tlie city of Copiue, aiul fo to Alexandria: and by lliis means Alex.indri.i prew fo famous and ri> 1)| tl'..u in tiioi'c J lys tiicie wns no city in tlie world coinparablc to it. And to Tpcak briiil/ und pariiciilarly of the ahunJaiiw-e of tnilFic th-Tc ufcd; it ij lift written, for an '.lUiuv^d tvutli, th.it in tlie time of king Ptolemy Auictci, fjtlitr to Strabo, I. 17 Cleopatra, it yioldcil inilo him yearly, in cullonis, favcn millions and vin half of gold, I'" SV)- although the trairn; was not then quite twenty yeavs old, by way of that city. But after that this piovince and country became fubjefl to the emperors of Rome, n,;^, as they were greater in power, and nearer in covctoufnefs, they fo enhanced the cuf- toms, that within a liitle time tlie city yielded double the afurcfaid fum : for the traflic grew fo exceeding great, that they fcnt every year into India 120 fliips laden with wares ( whieh bc;jan to fet fail from Myos-lionnos about the middle of July, PUn. 1. 6. and returntd back ao;;rui within one year. c. 23. The merchandize which they carried, amounted to one million two hundred thou- fand crowns; and there was made, in return of every crown, an hundred ; infomuch • that, by reafon of this increafe of wealth, the matrons or noble women of that time Plin. 1. 12. and place were profufe in decking themfelves with precious (tones, purple, pearU, *^* '*• muik, amber, and the like •, whereof the writers and hiftorlans of that age fpeak very largely. Cornelius Nepos, quoted by Pliny, reporteth of a king of Egypt that reigned in his Plln. 1. a, time, called Ptolemxus Lathyrus, from whom one Eudoxus fled upon occafion j and <^' ^7- the better to avoid and efcape his hands, he pafled through the gulph of Arabia, and the fea, all along the coaft of Africa, and the coaft of Bona Speran^a, till he came to the ifland of Cadiz : and this navigation, by that courfe, was as often ufed in thofe days as it is now, if wc may give credit to • hiftory : which appcareth the more mani- feft by this, that Caius Cwfar, the fon of Auguftus, going into Arabia, found in the * Red fea certain pieces of thofe Ihips which came thither out of Spain. It was ufual alfo, long after thofe days, to pafs to India by land : for fo did the kings of the Sol- dans, the princes of Ba£lria, and other famous captains, who travelling thither, and into Scyihia, by land, had the view of thofe provinces and countries, till they came that way to the weft, and to the feas thereof on the north part, whereto many mer- chants then travelled. Marcus Paulus Venetus writeth much hereof : and though . , at the firft his book was efteemcd a fabulous piece, yet now there is better credit given to itj for, by the late experience of travellers and merchants who have been • • into thofe parts, the names of the countries, cities, and towns, with their fituations, latitudes, and commodities, are now found true, as he, and other hlftoriogvaphers of that time, have reported. In the year 20c before the Incarnation, it is recorded, that the Romans fent an army, by fea, into Indi.;, againit the great Can of Cathaia ; which, pafTing throilgh the ftreight of Gibraltar, and running to the north-weft, found, oppofite to cape Finif- terre, • The reader is referred to a prccfdlng Ilijlori:.:! Msmsh of Commn-ce aiii the Prom/s r.f Maritime Dlfiovcry h the Aiitknts, for an cxumiuatiuu into tlic tnitli of tiiis Toya<;f, and of the Pciijilus of FTanno and Hamilco, C 3 «.n a* CALVANO's PROGRESS OF Xiphil. in Ti'U Traj> Ramufiiis, V. I. f. 372. p. i. tern, ten illandsi wherein were large quantities of tin, which may be thofe that wera called the Caniteridea : and being come to 50 degrees of latitude, they found « ftreight, pafling through which towards the weft, they arrived in the empire of Indiav where they gave battle to the king of Cathaia, and then returned to the city of Rome* Which thing, howfoever it may feem pofTtbie or not, true or lalfe, yet fo I find it left us in the hidories of that time. In the year 100 after the incarnation of Chrift, the emperor Trajan prepared an army by fea, on the rivers Euphrates and Tigris i but departed from them, and failed to 'the iflands of Zyznra ; and, pafling the freight of Perfia, entered into the ocean, and failed towards India, along the coad, till he came to the place where Alexander had been : there he tooK certain (hips which came from Bengal, of whom he learned the ftate of that country. But becaufc he was then in years, and weary with his travel, but efpecially becaufe he found there fmall relief for his army, he returned back. After the Romans had got mod part of the world, there were, in that age, many notable difcoveries made. But then came the Goths, Moors, and other barbarous nations, and deftroyed all: for in the year 412 after the incarnation of Chrift, they took the city of Rome : and the Vandals came out of Spain, and conquered Africa. And in the year 450, king Attlla deftroyed many cities in Italy} at which time the city of Venice began : and in this age the Franks and Vandals entered into France. In the year 474, the empire of Rome was loft, and fell from the Romans to the Goths. , After this csme the Lombards into Italy, namely, in the year 5(^0. About this time the fe£t of the Arians prevailed greatly •, and Merlin, the Englifh prophet, flouriflied. In brief, in the year 611 fprung up the Mahumetan fedl, and Morifco regiment, which invaded both Africa and Spain. By this it may appear, that in that age all the world was in a ftate of war, and all places very tumultuous; infomuch that traflic and merchandize ceafed; for no nation durft trade one with another, either by fea or land : nothing as then remained fted- faft, neither in kingdoms, figniories, religions, laws, arts, fciences, nor navigation. Nor did even the records and writings of fuch things remain ; but were all burnt and confumed by the barbarous crueltiesand unbridled power of the Goths, who became fo covetous and ambitious, that they purpofed of thcmfelves to begin a new world, and to root out the memory, and blot out the knowled^je, of all other nations befides. But they that fucceeded in the governiuciit of things, perceiving the great lofles that the Chriftian world had by the want of traffic, and ftagnation of navigation, whereby thofe commodities and merchandixes could not be fpent, which before went ordinarily from one nation to another by the ufe of trade ; to the end that this decay and lofs might be repaired, and the treafures of the eaft be imparted with the weft, as it was wont in times of peace, they began to dcvife a way to pafs to India; which was not as tlic former, by the Red Sea and the river Nile, but a way of farther fail- MARITIME DISCOVERY. «f ihg, farther length, and greater coft alfo: for they brought their vrare up the r'lrer Ib.f. 373. Indus, and there unladed it, carrying it by land throujjh the country of Paropamlfus, by caravans, unto the province of Oa£trla } and then (hipped it in barks on the river Oxus, which falls into the Cafpian fea j and fo failed over that fca to an haven of the river Rha, named Citracan, or Aftrican, and fo upwards in the faid river, which it now called Volga : and, as it appears, they carried it to the city of Novogrod, in the province of Rcfan, which now belongs to the great duke of Mufcovy, (landing to- wards the north, in 54 degrees of latitude : thence they travelled, over land, to the province of Sarmatis, to tlie river Tanais, which is the divifion of Europe from Afia ; where they again laded it in barks, and curried it down the river, into the lake Micotis and to the city of CaiFa, which, in ancient time, was called TheodoGa, and then be- longed to the Genoefe, who came thither for thofe wares in their galliafl*es, or great ihips. It is alfo left written, that the trade this way endured till the reign of Commodita, Strabo, 1. n. emperor of Armenia, who provided for a better courfe, and commanded this trafBc of the fpices to be continued by the Cafpian fea, and fo through the kingdom of Hi- beria, which now is called Georgiana } and from thence they entered by the river Phafis, now PhalTo, into Pontus Euxinus, and to the city of Trapezunda, (landing in upwards of 40 degrees north latitude ; and to that place came (hipping for the mer- chandizes out of Europe and Africa. It is further recorded concerning this way of trafTic, that Nicanor determined, or Ibid. had already begun, to open above i ao miles of land, which lieth between the Cafpian P^'"- '• ^• fea and Pontus Euxinus, that they might come and go by water with their fpices, '^' " drugs, and other commodities there ufed : but in the mean time this mifchief hap- pened,— Ptolemy Ceraunos killed him ; and by his death this worthy and famous en- terprize ceafed, without efFeft. But the other way being at laft alfo loft, by reafon of the wars of the Turks, it pleafed God to open another way to thefe merchandizes from the ifle of Sumatra, the city of Malacca, and the ifland of Java, unto Bengal, carrying them up tlix- river Ganges to the city of Agra ', from whence they travelled, over land, to another city (landing near the river Indus, named Boghar} where they difcharged, bccaufe the city of Cabor, or Laor, (lands too. far within the land, being tlie principal city of the Mo- pores. From thence they went forward to the great city of Samarcand, Handing in the country of Badria : and there the merchants of India, PerHa, and Turkey, met ; bringing thither their feveral commodities, as cloth of gold, velvets, chamokts, fcarlet and woollen cloths, which were carried to Catliay, and the groat kingdom of China ; whence they brought back gold, filver, precious (tones, pearls, filk, mulk, rhubarb, and many other things of great value. After this, thefe merchandizes, diugs, and fpiceriesj were carried in (liips upon the Indian fea, to the ftreigiit of Ormus, and the rivers Euphrates and Tigris } and were unladen in the city of Baifara, (landing in 31 degrees towards the north ; from thence they were carried, over land, to the cities of Aleppo, Damafcus, and Barutti, Handing on the fame fiJe, in 35 degrees; and 7 there II. 1 t^iMS ". ■ 1,, »4 Juan. Leo African. Ranui 1*1119, T. J.f. 373- CALVANO's PnOCJKF.flS OF there the Venetian gjlliit, or gilli.iir^s, which truiilpoctcd pil^rimi into the U^'\f Land, came and rcccivrd thofc gt-oild. In the year 115?, in the time of I'rcitcrick Hiiharoiri, '(i» fild, ih.t thrrc came to Lubeciii a city ill (Jcrmaiiy, a onoe, withccr'. lin Indians, like a long luriic, wlr.li feemed to have come from the coall of Uaccdtos, (lauding; in the fame latitude ^^ ith Germany. The Cfrm.»ii8 greatly v/ond-rcd to fee fuih a bari^e ami fuoh pcopli; •, not knowing from whence they ctmc, nor undcriUnding tlicir fiicetli, tfpicially bccaule there was then no linovi ledge of that country, an now tlure is. It may be crcdibli-, that though the boat was fmall in rcfpe£l of tiiof!. Iiuf;e. fi.if, yet tbe wind auu v*iet inight bring them thither; as we fee in our days, that ilic A!m:idie, wliieli is but a fmall boat, comes, notwithftandiiig, from Quilui, Mof.wnbiqiif, and ootala, to titc ifland of Saint Helena) a fmall fpot of land, (landing in the uiaiu ocean, off iUc coaft of Dona Sp^-ran^a, fo far feparated. In the year 1300, after Chrift, the great foldan of Cairo commanded, that the fpi- cerlcs, drugs, and merchandizes of India, fliould be carried tlirouj^h tlic Red .Sea, as it was before \ at which time they unladed on the Arabian (Ide, at tlic haven of Judea, and carried them to the houfe at Mecca } and tiie carriers of it were the pilgiims : fo that each prince ufed a cullom to augment the honour and incrcafc the profit of his couiury : and thefe foidans had efpecial regard for Cairo, from whence the wares were carried to the countries of Egypt, Libya, and Africa ; the kingdoms of Tuniy, Tremeflcn, Fez, Morocco, and Suz ; and fome of it was carried beyond the mountains of Atlas, to the city of 'I'ombuto, and the kingdom of the Jalophos } till afterwards, that the Portuguefe brought it about the Cape of Dona Speran^a to the city of Lif- bon : as, in a convenient place, we purpofc to flicw more at large. In the year 1344 king Peter, the fourth of that name, reigning in Arragon, the chronicles of his time report, that one Don Lewis, of Cerda, grandfon of Don John, of Cerda, cr.wed aid of him to go and conquer the Canary iflands, (landing in 28 degrees of latitude to the north i hecaufe they were given to him by pope Clement the (ixtli, wl'.o was a Frtnchman : by which means, in thofe days, there grew a know- ledge of thofe iflands in all Europe, and particularly in Spain : for fuch great princes would not begin nor enterprife things of fuch moment, without great certainty. About tins time alfo the ifland of M ideira was difcovered by an En{i[lifliman, named Macham ; who, failing nut of England into Spain, with a woman of his, was driven out of his direj 96 GALVANO'8 PROGRESS OF Barrot decad. i. I. I. c. 4. lb. C.J. etiftoms prevailed there ; but now the Chriflian faith is planted amon^ them. The commodities of thtrfe ifl-inds are wheat, barley, fugar, wine, and Canary birds, much efteemed for theirdcliuhtful harmony. In the ifland of Ferro they have no other water but that which proceeds in the night from a * tree, compnflVd with a cloud, whence water iflueth, ferviag the whole ifland, both men and cattle ; a thing notorious, and known to many. In the ye.ir 1428 it is written, tluit don Pedro, the king of Portugal's f eldeft Ton, who WIS a great traveller, went into England, France, Germany, and from thence to the Holy Land, and other places ; and came home by Italy, taking Rome and Venice in his wav : from whence he brought a % map of the world, which had all the parts of the wnrld and earth defcribed : the ftreiBht of Magellan was called in it, the Dragon's Tail; tile cape of Bona Speran9a, the Fort-frant of Africa t and fo of other places: by which map, don Henry, the king's third fon, was much helped, and furthered ia his difcoveries. It was told me, by Francis de Sofa Tavares, that in the year 1528 don Ferdinando, the king's eldeil fon, (hewed him a § map, fuund in the tludy of Alcobaza, that had been made 120 years before, which map fet forth all the navigation of the £a(l Indies, with the cape of Bona Speran94, as our later maps have defcribed it : whereby it ap- peareth, thar in antient time there was as much, or more, difcovered, than there is now.— Notwithdanding all the travel, pains, and expences, in this a£lion of don Henry, yet be was never weary of his purpofed difcoveries. At length a fervant of his, named Gilianes, was the firft that paiTed the cape Bajador, a place before terrible to all men ; who brought word, that it was not fo dangerous as was reported : for on the other fide of it he landed i and, in a manner of taking poflTeillon, he fet up a crofs of wood, to remain as a mark or token of his difcovery fo far. In the year 1433, in the month of Augull, don John died } and his fon don Duarte, or Edward, fucceeded him in the kingdom. In the year 1434 don Henry fet out one Alphonfo Gonfales Baldaja, and Gilianes aforefaid, and they went to another cape, which was beyond the former ; and going on land, perceived the country to be inhabited : and becaufe they were defirous to fatisfy don Henry with as much relation and knowledge as they could get, they con- tinued their voyage, and went forward, till they came to a certain point of land, from whence they turned back again. Ib • Thl« tree is mentioned by Du Pcricr in his Hiftory of Voyages, and ha» been defcribed, by a Mr. Lewis Jarkfon. An engraving of the tree appears in De Bry. See alio Linfcheltii, p. 177. and AlUcy't ConeOiun, vol. i. p. ^44. f Here GaWano is again guilty of an inaccuracy. JiJward was the eldeft, and Pedn the third (on. } This eircumdancc is noticed by Bruce, vol. ii. p. 96. Dr. Vincent conliders this as a copy of Marco Polo's map, which was exhiliitcd in the church of St. Michael di Murano at Venice. (Pcriplus F.rythrean, p. Z05. n. .145-) \ If this Is really fa^, it ftill, as Dr. fiiKtnl abfcrvei, proves nothing : the Cape of Good Hope was ialerted Ehiffi the imagination of the druftfmeii. (Periplus, p. aoo.) 8ce alfo preceding page, 65. f- ■• MARITIME DISCOVERY. n In the year 1438 king Edward, called don Duarte, died } and don Alphonro, the prince, being young, don Pedro, his uncle, governed the kingdom. In the year 1441, don Henry fent out two fliips { and the captains were, in the one Darroi Triftan, and Antonio Gonfaies in the other. Being put to fea, they took a prize up- dccnd. i. on the coaft, and failed on to cape Blanco, that is, the White Cape, (landing in 20 • '• '^* °* degrees ; and informed don Henry of the (late of the country, by the Moors which they brought from thence. Whereupon he fent one Fernan Lopez de Savado, to give knowledge thereof to pope Martin, trufting to make thefe things commodious to the Holy Church. Upon which knowledge the pope granted indulgences, and everhft- ing pardon, and all other things demanded of him, unto thofe which fliouM (tic in this enterprize. After this, in the year 1443, don Henry commanded Antonio Gonfaies to carry lb. c. 7. back the flaves which he had brought, and to ranfom them in their country ; which he did, and the Moors f.^tyt in exchange for them again, black Moors with curled hair, and fome gold } Co that now that place is called Rio del Oro, that is, the Golden River \ whereby the defirc of the difcovery might be the more increafed. Not long after he fent out another nimed Nunnez Tridnn, who came unto the ' * iJands of Arguin, where he took more flaves, and brought them to Portugal in the year 1444. Hereupon alfo one Lanfarotc, a groom of don Gilian's chamber, with others alTo- ciated with him, armed out certain (hips, which went coadtng till they came to the iflands of Garze, where they took two hundred flaves : which were the fird that were brought from thence to Portugal. In the year 1445, there went as captain of a barque, one Gonfalo de Syntra, an lb. c. 9. efquire belonging to don Henry, into thofe parts; and he went on land, where he was taken with fix or feven more of his company, which place was tlwrcfore called ' after his name, Angra de Gonfalvo de JSyntra. This was the (irll lofs, which the Portuguefe received in their difcoveries. In the year following don Henry fent out three caravels, wherein went as captains Antonio Gonfaies, Diego Aloixio, and Gomes Perez, who had their iliretlion, not to enter into Rio del Oro, iwr to bear themfelves diforderly } but to travel in peace, and to convert as many infidels as they could to Chriftianity : but none of thefe things were performed by them ; for they returned without doing any memorable adl. ^ In the fame year 1441^, another efquire belonging to the king of Portugal, called lb. c, 9. and Denis Fernandcs, of the city of Lifbon, entered into thefe difcoveries, more to win *^* '3' fame than to reap commodity by them. And he, being in his voyage, came to the river Sanaga, (landing between fifteen and fixteen degrees of latitude towards the north, where he took certain Negroes ; and not contented therewith, he went for- ward, and difcovered Cape Verde, ftanding in fourteen degrees on the fame fide j and there he fet up upon the land a crofs of wood, and then returned with great content. '\ d» In. H^ u ■■Mi- . 18 GALVANO'8 PHOGRESS OF Barrog de^ In the year 1447 one Nunnez Tridan went forth to difcover in a caravel, and he cad. 1.1. J. pafled the afortrfaid Cnpe Verde, and Rio Grande, and went paft it unto another, (landing beyond it in twelve degreef, where he was alfo taken, with eighteen Porta- gab more ; but the fhip cnme home again in Cafety, conducted by four or five which efcaped.the hands of the Negroes. In this year alfo, 1447, it happened that there came a Portugal (hip through the Areight of Gibraltar} and, beirg taken with a great tenipeft, was forced to run weft- ward more than willingly the men would, and at laft they fell upon an ifland which had feven cities, and the people fpake the Portugal tongv ; and they demanded if the Moors did yet trouble Spain, whence they had fled for the lofs which they received by the death of the king of Spain, don Roderigo. The boatfwain of the (hip brought home a little of the fand, and fold it unto a goldfmith of Liibon, out of which he had a good quantity of gold. Don Pedro, underftanding this, being then governor of th'' realm, caufed all the things thus brought home, and made known, to be re> corded in the houfe of juftice. There be fome that think, that thofe ifljnds wnereanto the Fortugals were thus driven, were the Antiles, or New Spain, alleging good reafons for their opinion { which here I omit, becaufe they ferve not to my purpofe. But all their reafons feem to agree, that they (hould be that country, which is called Nova Spagna. lb. 1. 2.C. I. In the year 1449, the king don Alfonfo gave licence unto his uncle don Henry to inhabit the iflands of the A9ore8, which were long before difcovered. And in the year 145B, this king went into Africa, and there he took the town called Alca9er. And in the year 1461, he commanded Signior Mendez, a gentleman of his houfe, to build the caftle of Arguin, whereof he gave unto liim the government, as to his lieutenant. lb. 1. 2. c. I. In the year 1462, there came into the realm of Portugal three Genoefe of good parentage, the chief of whom was called Antony de Noli, and of the other two, the one was his brother, the other was his nephew ; and each of thefe had his feveral (hip, craving liberty of don Henry to difcover the iflands of Cape Verde, which was gram ;d them. Others fay, tliat the places which they difcovered, were thofe which antiquity called the Gorgades, Hefperidtt, and Dorcades : but they named them Mayo, Saint J "go, and Saint Philip, becaufe they difcovered them on thofe faints' days : but they are alfo called by fome the iflunds of Antonio. In the year following, 1463, this good nobleman don Henry died; leaving from Canf de Non difcovered unto the mountain called Sierra Leona, (landing on this fide the line, in eight degrees of latitude, where no man had been before that time. lb. 1. 2. c. I. '" ^^^ y^^' t'\69> the king of Portugal did let out for yearly rent the trade of Guiney, unto one called Fcrnan Gomez, which country was afterwards called 77v Mine. He let it out for five years, for two hundred thoufand reys by the year , which is of our Englifli money 138I. 178. ^d.ot,; and added unto his leaie this condition, that every year he fliould difcover an hundred leagues. la went on< they cou] fame yea| in the he they weij compan] and, beii themfelvl India^ wl MARITIME DISCOVERY. In the year following, which was 1470, this king went into Africa with hit fon prince John, where they took the town of Arzila ; and the people of the city of Tan- gier fled out for fear, and that he took alfo. It feemeth that good fortune followeth a courageous attempt. In the year 1471, Fernan Gomez gave command, that the coad (hould be difco- vered as it lay : which was undertaken by John de S. Aren, and John dc Scovar } and they went and found the Mine in iive degrees of latitude. And the next year, which wits 1472, one Fernando da Poo difcovered the ifland now called after his name. Alfo about this time the iflands of Saint Thomas and del Principe were difcovered, {landing under the line ; with the firm land alfo, where- in is the kingdom of Henin, reaching to the Cape de Santa Catarina, (lauding on the fouth fide of the line, in three degrees. The man that made this difcovery was a fer- vant of the king's, and his name was Sequetra. Mi>ny fuppofe, that then alfo there were thofc places, countries, and iflands difco> vered, which before were never known to us fince the flood. In the year 1480, the valiant king don Alphonfo died, and left many things wor> thy of memory behind him ; and his fon don John the fecond fucceeded him i who in the year 1481, gave dirc£lion for the building of the * cadle de Mina to one Diego d'Azambuxa ; who did fo, and was made captain of it. In the year 1484, the aforefaid king John fent out one Diego Caon, a knight of his court, to difcover } and he went to the river of Congo, Handing on the fouth fide in feven or eight degrees of latitude } where he ere£led a pillar of (lone, with the Toya! arms and letters of Portugal, wherein he wrote the command that he had re- ceived from the king, with the time and day of his being there. From thence he went unto a river near the tropic of Capricorn, fetjing (till up pillars of (lone where v>e thought it convenient ; and fo came back again unto Congo, and to the king o£ that country } who thereupon fent an ambaflador and men of credit into Portugal. In the next year, or the fecond following, one John Alonfo d'Aveiro, came from the kingdom of Benin, and brought home pepper f with a tail } which was the firll of that kind feen in Portugal. In the year 1487, king John fent to difcover India over land; in which journey went one Pedro de Covillan, a fervant of the king's, and Alfonfo de Payva, becaufe they could fpeak the Arabian tongue. They went out in the month of May, and the fame year they took (hipping at N,iples, and arrived in the ifle of Rhodes, and lodged in the houfe that was provided for the Portugal knights of that order : from thence they went to Alexandria, and fo to Cairo, and thence to the haven of Toro, in the company of the caravans or carriers, wlilch were Moors. There they took fliipping, and, being on the Red fea, they arrived at the city of Aden, and there they feparated themfelves: for Alfonfo de Payva went towards Ethiopia, and Pedro de Covillan into India who came unto the cities of Cananor and Calicut, and came back unto Goa ; where • St Georgrdet Mina, fee PtATP ikfrml t I-ong pepper. a> Barroi de- cad. 1. 1. s. c. 2. lb. 1. 5. e. 3. • ■'■I-- lb. 1. 3. c. 5. •1^ t\% 3« Barros de- cad. 1. 1. 3. «.9. CALVANO'5 PROGRESS OF wliere he took (hipping unto Sofala, being on the coaft of Africa, in the fouthern latitude of twenty degrees, to fee the mines that were of fo great name. From So« fala he turned bacic to Mofambique, and unto the cities of Qutloa, Mombazi, and Melinde, till he came bacIc again unto the city of Aden ; where he and Alfonfo de Payva divided themfelves } and thence he failed af^ain through the Red fea unto the city of Cairo, where he thought to have met with his companion : but there he heard that he was dead, by the letters that he received from king. John his mafter, in which letters he was farther commanded to travel into the country and dominions of Pief> byter John. Upon this command he provided for his farther journey, and from Cairo went back again to the haven of Toro, and from thence to Aden, where he had been twice before ( and there hearing o£ the fame of the city of Ormuz, he determined to go thither { and therefore went along the coaft of Arabia, unto the cape Razalgate, Handing under the tropic of Cancer } and from thence he went to Ormuz, ftanding in twenty-feven degrees on that fide. There he learned and underftood of the (Ircight of Perfia, and of that country : and entered there into the Red fea, and pafled over to the realm of the AbaiQni, which is commonly called Pretbyter John's country, or Ethiopia ) and there he was detained till the year 1520, when there came thither the ambaflador don Roderigo de Lima. This Pedro de Coviilan was the firft Portugal that ever kaew and faw the Indies and thofe feas, and other places adjoining there- unto. In the ytw 1490, the king fent untoCon^o one Gonzalo de Sofa, a gentleman with three ihips} and in them (lent home the ambaflador to Congo, which was fent into Portugal, whom Diego Caon had brought from thence : who, at his being in Portugal, was baptized, both himfelf, and others of his company. The aforefaid Gonzalo de Sofa died in that journey by the way, and in his room they chofe his nephew Ruy de Sofa for their captain i and fo being come unto Congo» the king was very glad of their coming, and yielded himfelf, and the greater part of bis realm, to be baptised : whereof the Portuguefe had good caufe to rejoice, feeing by them fo many infidels were converted from gentility, and paganifm| to Chriftidnitr. ,v-> MARITIME DISCOVERY. 3> THE DISCOVERIES OF THE SPANIARDS, WITH A CONTINUATION OF THOSE MADE BY THE PORTUGUESE. i\'ir Jm the yrar 14921 in the time of don Ferdinando king of Caftilfc, he being at the fiege of Granada, difpatched one Chtiftopher Columbus, a Gedoefe, with three (h'lpt, to go and dtfcover Nova Spagna ; who Bift had offered his fervice for a weftern dif- covery unto king John of Portugal, but he would not entertain him. He being fuificiently furniflied for this enterprize, departed from the town of Pa- los the third day of Auguft, having with him as captains and pilots Martin Alfonfo Pinzon, Francis Martinez Pinzon, Vincent Yannes Pinzon, and Bartholomew Colum- bus his brother, with an hundred and twenty perfons more in his company : and fome aiHrm, that they were the firft that failed by latitudes. They took the Canaries in their way, and there refreflied themfelves, taking their courfe thence towards * Cipango ; but finding the fea by the way full of weeds, they were amazed, and with great fear arrived at the Antlles the tenth day of Oflober, and the firft ifland that they defcried was called Guanahany, where they went on land, and took poflcffion of it, and named it San Salvador. This ifland ftandeth in 25 degrees of northerly lati- tude. And after that they found many iflands, which they called the Princes, be- caufe they were the firft that they had difcovered. The favages of thofe parts call thefe iflands by the name of Lucaios, having indeed feveral names for them ; and they ftand on the north fide, almoft under the tropic of Cancer. As for the ifland of St. James, or Jamaica, it ftandeth between 16 and 17 degrees. Thence they went to the ifland which the natives of the country call Cuba, and the Spaniards call it Ferdinnndina, becaufe their king's name was Ferdinando, ftand- ing in 22 degrees : from whence the Indians condu£led them unto another ifland, which they call Hayti, and the Spaniards called it Ifdbella, in the memory of the queen of Caftile, who was fo called, and they namtd it alfo Hifpaniola. In that ifland the admiral (hip of Columbus was caft away; with the timber and planks where- of they made a fort, wherein they left thirty-eight men, and a captain called Roderigo de Arana, to learn the language and cufloms of the country. They brought from thence muflers and ihews of gold, pearls, and other things, which that country yield- ed ', and ten Indians alfo, wheteof fix died, the reft were brought home and baptized. Hereupon • See chap, the fecond, for the difcovcry of Porto Santo, and Madeiia. I^'i ii^^! ¥ ,ai»*' Gomara hillorix gen. 1. I. c. 15. CALVANO's PROGRESS OF Hereupon there ^rew fiich a common defire of travel among the Spaniards, that they were ready to leap into the fca to fwim if it had been poflihle, into thofe new found partJ. The aforefaid company of Columbus, at their coming home, took in their way the ifles of the A9ores i and the fourth day of March in the year 1493 they entered into the bar of Lifbon, which difcovery pleafed not the king of Portugal : whereupon rufc a contention between thofe two kings. Chriflopher Columbus, being nrrived, went prefenily into Caflile, with the news of all things, and acquainted king Ferdinando with the difcontentednefs of the king of Portugal. Whereupon he, and the queen Ifabella his wife, fent word tht-reof unto pope Alexander VI. whereat he and the Italians were in great admiratioui marvelling that ther* was any more land bcfides that which was under the Romans. But tlie end of this matter was this : Alexander the pope gave thefe countries by his judgment unto the kingdoms of Leon and Caftile { with this condition, that they fliould labour to extirpate idolatry, and plant the holy Faith in thofe countries. Fernanda the king, having received this anfwer, was glad of it } and fent Chriftopher Columbus again on the former voyage, having made him admiral, and given him other hoQours, with particular arms, and a pofy written about his arms to this effe£l-> For Caftile and for Leon A new world found out Colon. In the year 1493, ^■^^ twenty.fifth of the month of 0£lober, Chriftopher Colum- bus went back unto the Antiles { and from Cadiz he took his courfe, having in his company feventecn fliips, and fifteen hundred men in them, with his brethren Bartho. lomew Columbus, and Diego Columbus, with other knights, gentlemen, men of law, and religious men — with chalices, erodes, rich oriMments, and with great power and dignity from pope Alexander ; and the tenth day after their fetting forth» they arrived at the Canaries } and from thence, in twenty-five or thirty days, they failed unto the Antiles: the firft ifland that they faw (landing in 14 degrees towards the north, due weft from Cape Verde on the coaft of Africa. They fay that the diftance from thence to the Canaries is 800 leagues. The name ihey gave it was Defe^a, that is, the Defired or Wilhed Ifland, for the great defire which the company had to come to fight of land. After that they difcovercd many more, which they named the Virgins, which the natives of the country call the Carribees, for that the men of that country are good warriors, ami (hoot well with bows : they poilbn their arrows with an herb, whereof he that is hurt dieth, biting himfelf like as a mad dog doth. From thefe iflanos, and others, they went unto the principal ifland there, which they of the country call Boriquen, and the Spaniards call it St. John ; and thence to Hifpaniola or Ifabella, where they found all the men dead which they had left there. Here the admiral left the moft part of the people to plant it, and appointed his bre- thren to be governors there ; and fo took two fliips, and went to difcover the other (tJe of the ifland of Cuba, and from thence to Jamaica. All thefe iflands ftand from 2 16 • GalJ accuracy | I-a TiiniJ ▼OL.I MARITIME DISCOVERY. 31 t6 unto 10 degrees of northerly latitude. In the mean time that tlie admiral failed about, his brethren, and they th;\t were left with them, were much troubled, becaufc the favages did rife againll them. So that Chriftopher Colon went back again into Spain, to tell the king and queen of his adventures. In ths year 1494, and in the month of January, there was an agreement made of the differences which were between the two kings of Spain and PortUi»al. For the which agreement there were fent out of Portugal Ruy de Sofa, and Don John his fon, and the doftor Ayres de Almada ; and for the king of Spain there were Don Henry Henri4uet, Don John de Cardenas, and the doiStor Maldonado. All thefe met in the town of Tordefillas, and they divided the world from the notth to the fouth, by a meridian which (lancleth well from the iflands of cape Verde 300 leagues : fo that the one half which lay unto the cad fliould belong unto Portugal, and that which lay to thv weft, to the king of Spain } whereby, notwithftanding, liberty to travel was left equal unto both. In the year following, 1495, John (the fccond) king of Portugal died, and Em- manuel his coufm began to leign. In the year 1496, there was a Venetian in England called John Cabota, who hav- ing knowledge of fuch a new difcovery as this was, and perceiving, by the globe, that the iflands before fpoken of flood almoft in the fame latitude with his country, and much nearer to England than to Portugal, or to Caflile, he acquainted king Hen- ry the feventh, then king of England, with the fame j wherewith the faid king was greatly plcafed, and furnifhed him out with two fliips, and three hundred men : which departed and fet fail in the fpring of the year; and they failed weftward till they came ' in fight of land, in 45 degrees of latitude toward the north, and then went ftrait northward till they came into 60 degrees of latitude, where the day is 18 hours long, and the night is very clear and bright. There they found the air cold, and great iflands of ice, but no ground in an hundred fathoms founding; and fo from thence, finding the land to turn caftward, they trended along by it, difcovering all the bay and river named Defeado, to i«e if it pafled on the other fide. Then they failed back again till they came to 38 degrees toward the equinoflial line, and from thence re- turned into England. There be others which fay, that he v/ent as far as the cape of Florida, which ftandeth in 25 degrees. In the year 1497, the king of Spain, don Fernando, fent out Chriftophcr Colum- Gomara bus with fix (hips, and he himfelf provided two (hips at his own cod j and, fending hiftorise 1. i. his brother before, he made fail from the bay of Cadiz, carrying with him his fon, <=• «!• don Diego Colon. It was then reported, that he went to take the ifland of Madeira, becaufe he miftrufted the Frenchmen, and therefore fent thither three fliips : others fay it was to the Canaries. But however it was, this is true, that he and three more went unto the iflands of cape Verde, and ran along by the line, finding great calms and rain; and the fird land which they came unto of the Antiles was an ifland, danding in * nine • Gatvano, confideting the tim« when he wrote, in general fixes the fituatiun of diirercnt places with more accuracy than might be espefted : though he fcldoni, if ever, is entirely free from error, 'i'he N. E. point of l,a Tiinidada lie* in lat. 10 degrees, AS >"">• N. TOi. I. M degreei' ; m W m >iM- 4.-" '*•!; 34 Barros Je- cad. I. I. 4- c. a. and to the end uf the II. chapter. Gomarx IHftorla ge- Bcial. * • CALVANO's PROGRESS OP degrees of latitude, towards the north, joining fad unto tlie main hnd, which they called La Trinidada i and fo he entered into the gulf of Paria, and came out of the mouth, which thejr name Uocca de Drngone, or the Dragon's mouth : and they took their courfe hard by the coad, where they found three fmall iflands, which they named Los Teftigos, that is to fay. The lyittieffis, beyond which Aundeth the ifland of Cubagua, where is great (iftiing of murdc-pearlsi where alfo, av-i they fay, there fpringeth a well of oil : and beyond that ifland they came to the ifles of Frnilcs, Roques, Aruba, and Cura9ao, with other fmall ones all along the buy : and they came to the point of Cabo de Vela, and difcovered along the coad almoil 200 leagues : from whence they crotTed over to Hifpaniola, having had alfo fight of the ifland called Beata. In this fame year 1497, •*" * ^^^ ^^th day of the month of June, one Vasques na Gama failed from Liibon, by king Emmanuel's command, to India, with three (liips ; wlierein there went for captains— Vafques de G^ma, Paulus de Gama his brother, and Nicolas Coello, with 120 men \ with whom alfo there went one Ihip, laden only with provifions} and, in fourteen days, they came unto cape Verde, unto the ifland of Saint Jago, where they refreflied themfelves : and from thence they went along the coad, beyond the cape of Bona Speranfa, whereupon they erefled certain pillars of done, and fo came unto Mofambique, danding in 15 degrees to the fouth of the line: where they daid not long, but went from thence to Mombaza, and unto Me> linde ; where the king of that place gave tiiem pilots, which condudtfd them into India } in which difcovery they found out Los Bjxos do Padua, that is to fay, the flats of Padua. Ill the year 1498, in the month of May, they cartie to an anclior before the city of Calicut, and Panama, where they remained all the winter : and tlie fird day of Sep- tember they fet fail towards the north, difcovcring the coad all along till (hey came to the ifland of Angediva, which dandeth on that fide in 15 degrees of latitude, where they came to an anchor in the beginning of Otlober : and fo they d< p.irted from Angediva in February in the year 1499, and came in light of the coall of Africa, about Melindc, toward the north three or four degrees; and from thence thi.y failed unto the faid city, and fo unto Mofambique again, and to the cape of Bona Sper.m^a, Ciiling along by the coad; and then they came to the iflands of cape Verde, and lad of all to the city of Liihon, in the month of September, having been in tlie voyage twenty -fix months. In the year 1499, on the 13th of tlie month of November, there departed from Palos one Vincent Yannez Pinfon, and his nephew Aries Pmfon, with four (hips, well appointed, at their own cod and charges, to difcover the new world, under the licence of the king of Caftile ; and with command not to touch there, where the ad- miral Columbus had been. And fo they went to the iflmds of cape Verde, and paflcd the line to the fouthward, and difcovered the cape of Saint Augudinc, dand- ing on that fide, in eight degrees of latitude ; and there they wrote on the rinds of pine-trees the names of the king and queen, alfo the year and day when they arrived there. ! ;, • OsoKR's, on the contrary, fays it wa» on the ninth of July. ■^ ■> now and, other him, that her f( 20th tereal turne mem in of Li latiti weni fide.r iflanl refpJ ■'•.' MARITIME DISCOVERT. 3i tlierc. Tlicy fought with the people of Drafil, but got iioth'inp; ; they took their courfe all along the coall towards the wed, uiiio the river Maria 'r.imlial ; aiul at that time they hatl taken thirty and oilil prifoners. The chief places where they touched were the cape of Saint Augulline, and the an^lc or point of S.titit Luke, and Tierra de los Humos-, the rivers of Marannon, and of the Amazones, and Rio dolce> or the fwcct river, and other place* along the coaft : and they t.mie to ten degrees of latitude on the north fide, where they loll two fliips and their company, and remained ill tliat voyage of difcovery ten months and fifteen days. In the year 1500, and in the month of March, one Pedro Alvarez Cabral fiilcd Raros dL-- out of Lilbon with thirteen fljips, with command not to come near the coall of Africa '^'''* '* '• 5' to (horten his wayi and he, lofing the fight of one of his fliips, went to feck h.ri gnd in fecking her loft his courfe, and failed till he came within fight of the land. The general was fo long in feeking his (hip, that the company were weary of it, and intrcated him to leave hi» cnterprizc. The next day they fell in fight of the coaft of Brafil : whereupon the general commanded a bark to go to land, and feek an * haven } which they did, and found a good and fafe haven, and they named it Puerto Seguro, that i» to fay, the fafe haven, ftanding on the fouth fide in 17 degrees of la- titude. From thence they failed towards the cape of Bona Speran9a, and Melinde, and crofled over to the river of Cochin, which before was not known, where they laded themfelves with pepper ; and, at their return, Saucho de Thovar difcovercd the city of Sofala upon the coaft of Africa. ^ In this fame year 1500, it is reported, that Gafpar Cortereal craved a general li- cence of the king Emmanuel to difcover the Newfoundland. He went from the ifland Tercera with two fliips, well appointed, at his own coft } and he failed unto that climate which ftandeth under the north in 50 degrees of latitude, which is a land now called after his name } and he came home in fafety unto the city of Lift>on : and, making another time this voyage, the fliip was loft wherein he went, and the other came back to Portugal. Wherefore his brother Michael Cortereal went to feek him, with three (hips, well appointed, at his own coft ; and when they came unto that coaft, and found fo many entrances of rivers and havens,' every ftiip went into her feveral river, with this rule and order, that they all three fliould meet again the 20th of Auguft. The two other fliips did fo ; and they, feeing that Michael Cor- tereal was not come at the day appointed, nor yet afterwards in a certain lime, re- turned back to Portugal, and never heard any more news of him, nor yet any other memory. But that country is called, the land of Cortereal, unto this day. In the year 1501, in the month of March, John de Nova departed from the city ib. 1.5.6.10. of Lifljon with four fliips, and paffed the line on the fouth fide, into eight degrees of latitude, and he difcovercd an ifland, which he called the Ifle de Afcenfion : and he went unto Mofambique, and to Melinde, and from thence he croflTed over to the ether fide, where they took lading ; and fo came back, and doubled the Cape, and found an ifland called Saint Helena, being but a fmall thing, but yet of great importance in vefpe£l of the fituation thereof. .■ • -■ , .. . ;..' -• 49 - - . -- In K«ii i»!l jCJ IP*' l! GALVAKO'i PROGRESS OF L>. In ihU fame yetr 1501, and in the month of Majr, there departed ont of I,i(bon three (hipt, b^ the order of Emmanuel the kliiK, to difcovcr the cotd of Brafil : and they fiitcd in the fight of the C4narics, and from thence to cape Verde, where they refrrfhed themfelves in the town of Uezequiche \ and paflcd from thence beyond the line fouthwardi and fell in with the Utid of Urafil, in Ave degrees of latitude i and to went forward till they came in 32 degrees, little more or led, according as thry ac- counted it I and from thence they came back in the month of April, becaufc it was there, at that time, cold and tempeRuous. 'i'hey were in that voyage fifteen months, and came to Lilbon again in the beginning of September 1502. Gomera liif- I>* *he year 150a, one Alfonfo Hoicda went to difcover Ttriti firma^ and followed luriK general, hts couife till he came to the province of Uraba. The next year following alfo one Roderigo Ba(lid.is, of Sevil, went out with two caravels, at his own coH \ and the fiilt land of tlie Antiles that he faw was an ifland, which he named Ifla Verda, that is, the Green Ifland, (landing fad by the iflainl of Guadalupe, towards the land \ and from thence they took their courfe towards the well to Santa Marthii, and cape De la Vela, and to Rio Grande or the great river: and they difcovered the haven of Zamba, the Coradas, Carthagena, and the iflands of S. Bernard of Baru, and Iflas de Arenas ( and went forward unto Ifla Fuerta, »nd to the point of Caribana, (landing ac the end of the gulf of Uraba, where they had fight of the Farrallones, (landing on the other fide, hard by the river of Darien : and from cape De la Vela unto this place are two hundred leagues ( and it (tandeth in nine degrees and two parts of latitude. From thence they crolTed over unto the illand of Jamaica, where they refre(hed themfelves. In Uifpaniola they grounded their fliips, becaufe of the holes which certain worms of the water had eaten in the planks. In that countiy they got four hundred marks of gold, although the people there be more warlike than in Nova Spania : for they poifon their arrows which they (hoot. In this fame year 1502, Chriftopher Columbus entered the fourth time into his difcovery, with four iltips, by the command of don Fernando, to feek the llreight, which, as they fay, did divide the land from the other fide { and he carried wltii him Ferdinando his fon. They went fird to the ifland of Hifpaniola; to Jamaica, to the river Azua, to the cape of Higueras, to the iflands Gamares, and to the cape of Hon- duras, that is to fay, tin Capt of tht dtpths. From thence they failed towards the «alt, unto the cape Gracias a Dios, and difcovered tike province and river o f i'erngua, and Rio Grande, and others, which the Indians call Hienra : and from tlicncc: he went to the river of Crocodiles, which now is called Rio dc Chagres, which hatli its fprings near tlie South Sea, within four leagues of Panama, and runneth iijto tiic North Sea : and fo he went unto the ifland which he called Ifla de Baftimentos, that is, tht ijle of vicluals t and then to Porto Bcllo, that is, the fair haven ; and fo wnto Nombre de Dios, and to Rio Francifco, and fo to the haven of Retreat } and ^then to the gulph of Cabefa Cattiva, and to the iflands of Caperofa, and, laftly, to the cape of Marble, which is two hundred leagues upon the coad : from whence they began to turn again unto the ifland of Cuba, and from thence to Jamaica, where he gtouoded his (hips, being much fpoiled and eaten with worms. > 3b. 1. 1 . c. 24' MARITIME DISCOVERY. In ihti year Mo, 15031 ilon V.ifquc« dc Gam* being now admiral, went again into T)nrroA India with nineteen or twenty ciraveU. He departed from I.ilbon the lotli d.iy of «■'"'• '• Februar/i and by ti»e lad day of that month li<: came to an anchor at cape N'crdcj and ^' * from thence went to Mcf.imbique, and was the firft that eroded from that ifl uul into India, and he difcovcrcd another in four decree* of Uiitudc, which he called the ifland of the admiral ) and there he touk in Iti'* ladin)* of pepper and drug;, and left there one Vincent Sodre to keep the coall of India with five (hips. Theft were the firll I' rtuguefc that, witii an army, r-tn along the coaft of Arabia Felix. It is there fo barren, that their cattle and camels are only maintained with dry fi(h brought from the Ic.i ; wliereof tlierc is fuch plenty and abundance, that the cats of the country ufually take tlicm. In the year following;, as it is reported, one Antonio de SaMania difcovercd tiic idand which formerly was called Coradis, and now Uocutora, and the cape of Guar- dafu, which adjuinclh to that country. In the year 1504, Kodcrigo de Hallid.is obtained licence of king Fcrdlnando, and by the means of John de Lcdcfma, and otlurs uf Seville, armed and furnidted out two (hips, having for his pilot one John dc Cola, of Saint Mary Port \ and he went and difcovered that part of terra Jinna whrrc nnw dandeth Carthagena, being in ten de- greea and an halt nt northerly latitude : and it is faid that they found captain Lewis de la Guerra \ and thry together took land in the ifland of Codego, where they took 600 perfons of the favages : and, going farther along tlie coad, they entered into the gulph of Uraba, where they found fand mingled with gold, being the fird that was brought to king Ferdinando. From thence tliey returned to Santo Domingo, laden with flaves, without vi£^uals, bccaufe they of the country would not bargain with them, whiclt added to their great trouble and grief. In the latter end of this year died lady Ifnbtrlla, queen of Cadile i which queen, while (he lived, would not fuffcr any man of Arragon, Catalonia, Valencia, nor any borh in the country of don Fernando her hudiand, to enu-r into thcfu difcoveries, fave thofe which were their fervants, or by fpecial command, but only the Cadiiians, Bifcaians, and thofc winch were of their own flgniories, by whom all the lands aforc- faid were difcovered. In the year 1505, upon our lady-day in March, Francifco de Almeida, viceroy of ijj. j, India, took his conrfe, with twenty-two fail, towards India, as now is accudomcd. He came to the city of Quiloa, where he built a fort, appointing one Peter Fcreira to be captain thereof: and beyond Melindc he traverfed to the idand of Anguediva, where he^ placed, ns captain, one Kmmanuel Padavia. In Cananor alfo he built an- other fort, giving the captaindiip of it to Laurence de Brito. In Cochin he did the like, where doii Alphonfo de Nuronia was made captain. TJiis year one Peter de Anahay built the fortrefs of Sofali, whereof alfo himfcif was made captain. In the latter end of this year the Viceroy commanded his fon, whofe name was don Lauren90, to make fome entry upon the idands of Maldiva ; and, with contrary weather^ he arrived at the illaiuis, which of antient time were called Traganje, but . .,.»•;; . • the 37 dr. 1.6. 2. C, J, i j'^.-itW 3« GALVANO's PROGRESS OF BaiTos cad. 2. c. I. de. 1. I. 1/ the Moors called them Ytfcrubenero, and we rail them Ceilan ; where he went on land, nnd made peace with the people there, and after went back to Cochin, failing olong the coail, and fully difcovering it. In the midfl of this ifl.ind there (lands a rock of (lone, very high, having the fign of the foot of a man on the top of it, which they fay to be the footdep of Adam ; and the Indians have it in great reverence. In the year 1506, after the death of the queen of Spain, king Philip and queen Joan his wife came into Spain to take po{re(rion thereof, and king don Fernando went into Arragon, being his own patrimony. In this fame year the faid king Philip died, and then Fernando came again to govern Spain, and gave licence to all Spaniards to go to the new land, and to the Antiles, but not to the Portuguef;. In this year, and in the month of May, Chriftopher Columbus died, and his fon don Diego Columbus fucceeded in his room. In the year 1506, and entering into the month of March, Tridan de Acunha, and Alphonfo de Albuquerque, went into India, with fourteen (hips in their company, and failed till they came to an anchor at the town of Bezequiche, where they refrelhed themfelves } md before they came to the Cape of Bona Speran9 1, in 37 degrees they found certain ilunds, which now are named the Ifles of Tridan de Acnnha, where t|iey had fuch a temped that therewithal the fleet was difperfed. Tridan de Acunha and Alphonfo de Albuquerque went to Mofambique ; and Alvaro Telfz ran fo far, that he came to the ifland of Sumatra, and fo back again to the cape of Guardafu ; having difcovered many iflands, feas, and lands, never feen before that time by any Fortugucfe. Emmanuel Telez de Menefes was alfo driven without tiie great ifland of Saint Laurence, and he ran along the coad thereof, and arrived at lad at Mofambique, and there met with Triftan de Acunha, who was the fi d captain that wintered there; and by them it was told, that in this ifland were much ginger, cloves, and filver ; whereupon he went and difcovered much of it within the land ; but finding nothing, he came bitck again unto Mofambique ; from whence he failed to Melinde, and ran along that coad, and entered into Brava ; and from thence they crolTcd over to the ifland of Socotora, where they built a furtrefs, and made one don Antonio de Noronia captain thereof, lb. 1. 2. c. 1. In the year 1507, iu the month of Augud, Tridan de Acunha took fliipping for India, and Alphonfo de A'buquerque remained there with five or (ix fhips to keep the coad and entry of the dreight} but being not therewith fatisfied, he took his courfe over unto Arabia, and, running along that coad, he doubled the cape of Ro- - falgate, (landing under the tropic of Cancer. In the year 1509, one Diegi< Lopez de Sequeira went out of Liflion with four fail, to the illand of baint Laurence, and continued in his voyage almod a year; and in the month of May, the fame year, he arrived in Cochin, where the viceroy gave him another (hip i and in the beginning of the month of September he took his courfe to Malacca,' pafEng betwixt the iflands of Nicubar, and many others. He went alfo to the land of Sumatra, to the cities uf Pedir and Pacem, and all along by all that coad to the ifland of a Foluoreira, aud the flats of Capacia : and from thence he went over to ••' ' ■ . V . / Malacca, lb. i. 4. Malacc people India, I is the f] in the that the kine, ai They fa like (liet Thel is a thin, alfo a W( is drong man drir death, land, as I becaufe J coined, n In the pofed to t own charj Cadilia d. the fand s de Hojedi four (hips afterward fhip with but there upon he In the to go to gena, he then they In this vc, Dios, anc upon the his army, began a Spaniards and callec Aod ther^ MARITIME DISCOVERY. 39 Malacca, (landing in two degrees of latitude towards the north ; but in that city the people killed and took prifoners fome of his men -, whereupon he turned back to India, linving difcovered in this voyage five hundred leagues. This ifland of Sumatra is the firft land whertin we knew men's flcfli to be eaten, by cer'.ain people which I'.ve in the mountains, called Bacas, who ufed to gild their teeth: they hold opinion, that the flefh of the black people is fweeter than the flefh of the white. The oxen, - '. kine, and hens, which are in that country, arc in their fleflj as black as any ink» They fay that thsre are certain people there, called Daraqui Dara, which have tails , like flieep ; nnd fome of their wells yield oil. The king of PeHir is reported to have a river in his land running with oil; which is a thing not to be marvelled at, feeing it is found written, that in B.iftria there is alfo a well of oil : it is farther faid, that there groweth here a tree, the juice whereof is ftrong poifon, and if it touch the blood of a man, he dielh immedi;itely ; but if a man drinks of it, it is a fovereign remedy againft poifon, fo ferving both fur life and death. Here alfo they coin pieces of gold, which they call dr.ichms, brought into the ^ land, as they fay, by the Romans ; which feemeth to have fome refemblance of tiuth, becaufe from that place forward there is no coined gold : but that which is thus coined, runs current in the buying of mcrchandife, and other things. In the year 1508, one Alfonfo de Hojeda, with tie favour of doa Fernando, pur- nokA to go to terra ^rm a, to conquer the province of Darien. He went forth at his own charges, and difcov^red the firm land, where it is called Uraba, which he named CaUilia del Oro, that is, Golden Caftilia, becaufe of the gold which they found among the fand along the coaft : and they were the firft Spaniards that did this. Alfonfo dc Hojeda went firft from the ifland of Hifpaniola and the city of San Domingo, with four (hips and three hu'dred foldiers, leaving behind him the bachelor Ancifo, who afterwards compiled a book of thefe difcoveries. And after him there went alfo a Ihip with vicluals, ammunition, and 150 Spaniards. He went on land to Carthagena; but there the people oi the country took, flew, and eat feventy of his foldiers 5 where- upon he grew very weak. In the year 1508, one Diego de Niquefa prepared feven fhips in the port of Beata, Gom. hiff. to go to Vcrjgua, and carried in them almofl 800 men. When he came to Cartha- gen. 1. 3. c. 7. cena, he found there Alfonfo de Hojeda much weakened by his former lofs •, but then they joined together, and went on land, and avenged themfelves on the people. In this voyage Dtego de Niquefa went and difcovered the coaft called Nombre de Dios and went unto the found of Darien, and called it Puerto de Mifas, which is upon the river Pico. When they were come unto Veragua, he went on fliore with ib. c. 6. his army, his foldiers being out of hope to return to Hifpaniola. Alfonfo de Hojeda began a fortrefs in Caribana againll the Caribbees •, which was tlie firil town that the Spaniards builded on the firm land : and in Nombre de Dios they built another, and called it Nueilra Seniora de la Antigua. They builded alfo the town of Uraba. ' And there they left for their captain and lieutenant, one Francis ^ifarro, who was there 40L GALVANO'a PROGRESS OF ■Harros de- cad 2. 1. 5. c. 10. and I. 6. c. 2. Ibid, de- cad. 2. 1. 6. f.5. Ibid. c. 7. there much troubled. They buildcd other towns alfo, whofe names I here omit : but^thcfc cnptains had not that good fuccefs which they hoped for. In the year ijcy, the fccoiid admiral Don Diego Columbus went into the ifl,»nd of Hifpaniola, with his wife and houfliold ; and (lie being a gentlewoman, carried with her many other women of good families, who were there married, and fo the Spa- niards and Caftilians began to people the country i for Don Fernando tlie king had given them licence to dil'covcr and people the towns of Hifpaniola, fo that the fame place grew to be famous, and much frequented. The forefaid admiral alfo gave or- der to people the ifland of Cuba, which is very great and large; and placed there as his lieutenant one Diego Velafques, who went with his father in the fecond voyage. In the year 15 11, in the month of April, Alfonfo de Albuquerque went from the city of Cochin unto Malacca ; in which year and month the Chincans went from Malacca into their own country, and Alfonfo fent with them, for mader, a Portugal called Duarte Fcrnnndes, with letters alfo, and order unto the king of the Mantias, which now is called Sian, (landing in the fouth. They pafled through the (Ircight of Cincapura, and failed towards the north, went along the coaft of Patane, unto the city of Cuy, and from thence to Odia, which is the chief city of the kingdom, (land, ing in 14 degrees of northerly latitude. The king greatly honoured and welcomed Duarte Fernandes, being the firft Portugal that he' had feen, and with him he fent back amba(rador8 to Albuqnerque : they pafTed over land ton ards the wed unto the city of Tana9trim, ftanding upon the fea on the other fide in 12 degrees, where .iiey embarked themfeives in two (hips, and failed along the coad unto the city of Ma- lacca, leaving it all difcovered. The people of this country of Sian are people that eat of all kind of beads, or vermin * : this kingdom hath in length 250 leagues, and in breadth 80. After that Duarte Fernandes had been with the Mantales or people of Sian, Al- fonfo de Albuquerque fent thither a knight called Ruy Nunnez de Acunha, with let- ters and emba(rage unto the king of the Seguies, which we call Pegu. He went in a junk of the country, iii fight of the cape Rachado ; and from thence unto the city of Pera, which ftandeth fad by the river Salano, and many other villages {landing all along this river, (where Duarte Fernandes had been before,) unto the cities of Tana9erim and of Martavan, danding in 15 degrees toward the north, and the city of Pegu dandeth in 1 7. This was the fird Portugal which tra- velled in that kingdom ; and he gave good information of that country, and of the people. In the end of this year 151 1, Alfonfo de Albuquerque fent three fliips to the iflands of Banda and Malacca : and there went as general of them one Antonio de Breu, and with him alfo went one Francis Serrano j and in thefe (hips there were an hun- dred and twenty perfons. They palTcd through the dreight of Sahan, and along the ifland of Sumatra, and others ; leaving them 011 the left hand, towards the ead, and they • I hare in this, as in fome other inftaiiicci, omitted remarkt not immediately conncAed with the Aikjc^. Vol. MAHITIME DISCOVERT. 'ihey called fliem the Salites. They wrrt alfo to the iflands of Pafimhiw and Lu Siiparam ; from whence they failed by the noble inand of Jfava, and tliey ran their courfeeaft, failing between it and the \i\ini of Madura: the people of this ifland are very warHkc and ftrong, and do little regard their Aives ; the women alfo art there hired for the wars. Beyond the ifland of Javit they failed along by another called Bali ; and then came alfo unto others called Avajave, Sambaba, Solor, Galao, Malva, Vitara, Rofalanguin, and Aru8, whence are brought delicate birds, which are of great eftimatiffl bccaufe -of their * feathers j they came alfo to other idands lying in the fame parallel on the fouth fide in 7 or 8 degrees of latitude : and they are fo near the one to the otheis that they feem at the firft to be one intire and main land. The courfe by thefe iflands is about 500 leagues. The antient cofmographers call all thefe iilandt by the name of jfaves : but late experience hath found their names to be very diverfe, as you fee. Beyond thefe there are other iflands toward the north, which are inhabited with whiter people, going arrayed in fhirts, doublets, and flops like unto the Portuguefe* having alfo money of filver. The governors among them carry in their hands red ftaves, whereby they feem to have fome afHnity with the people of China. There are other iflands, and people about this place which are red ; and it is reported, that they are of tiie people of China. Antonio de Brcu, and thofe that went with him, took their courfe toward the north, where is a fmall ifland called Gumnape or Turnate, from the higheft place whereof there fall continually into the fca flakes or ilreams like unto fire { which is a wonderful thing to behold. From thence they went to the iflands of Burro and Am- bcyna, and came to an anchor in an haven called GuliguH) where they went on land, and took a village {landing by the river *, where they found dead men hanging in the lioufes, for the people there are eaters of man's flefli. Here the Portuguefe burnt the (hip wherein Francis Serrano was, for (he was old and rotten. They went to a place on the other fide, (landing in 8 degrees toward the fouth, where they laded cloves, nutmegs, and mace, in a junk or barque, which Francis Serrano bought here. They fay that not far from the iflands of Banda, there is an ifland, where there breedeth nothing elfe but fnakes, and the mod are in one cave in the midft of the land. This is a thing not much to be wondered at } forafmuch as in the Levant fea, hard by the ifles of Majorca and Minorca, there is another ifland, of old named Ophi- tifa, and now Formentera, wherein is abundance of thefe vermin ; and in the reft of the iflands lying by it there arc none. In the year 15 12, they departed from Banda toward Malacca, and on the baxos or flats of Lu9apinho Francii Serrano periflied in his junk or barque, from whence efcaped unto the ifle of Mindanao, nine or ten Portuguefe, which were with him, and the kings of Malacca fent for them. Thefe were the fr/} Porfu^uefe tliat came to tlic 4l Voi..ii • ProbiMj-i llic liid of paradlfe, 4 ■■ ^- j.).i »«fi- !i llif ^! fel GAtVANO'* PROGRESS OF Barros de- cad. 2. 1. 7. c. i- Pet. Martyr dctad. 3. c. 10. lb. decad. 2. c. 10. Gomara liift. );eii. 1. 2. c. 10. Pet. Mnttyr dccail. J, C. \o. lb. C. I. the r/7 Auguftine, and went forwards to the fuuth, coafling the fliore and land, and he came unto the port De Lagoa : and in 35 degrees of foutherly latitude he found a river, which they of Brafil call Paratiaguafti, that is, the great ivater. He faw there fjgns of filver, and therefore called it Rio de Plata, that is the river of/Uver. And it is fdid, that at that time he went farther, 'oecaufe he liked the country well; but he returned back again into Spain, and made account of all things to Don Fernando, demanding of the king the government thereof, which the king granted him. Where* upon he provided three fliips, and with them, in the year 1515, he went again into that kingdom } but he was there flain. Thefe Souses were great difcoverers in thofe pirts, and fpent therein their lives and goods. In the fame year 1512, John Ponce of Leon, who. had been governor of the ifie of St. John, armed two fhips, and went to feek the ifle of Boyuca } where tlie natives of the country reported to be a well, which maketh old men young. Whereupon he laboured to find it out, and was in fearching for it the fpace of fix months, but could find no fucb thing. He entered into the ifle of Bimini; and difcovered a point of the firm land (landing in 25 degrees towards the north, upon Ealler-day, and there- fore he named it t'iorida. And becaufe the land feemed to yield gold and filver, and great riches, he begged it of the king Dotv Fernando, but he died in the difcovery of it, as many more hare done. In the year 1513, Vafco Nunncs de Valboa hearing fpeech and news of the South Sill, determined to go thither, although his company difluaded him from that action : but being a man of good valour, with thofe foldiers that he had, being two hundred and ninety, he refolved to put himfelf into that jeopardy. He went therefore from - Darieu MARITIME DISCOVERT. 41 Pet. Martyr dtcail. 3. C.J. Dar'ien the firft of Stptembcr, carrying fome Indians of the country with h!m to be iiis guides, and he marclud acrofs the land, fometimes quietly, fomecimes in war: and in a certain place, call.d Careca, he found Negroes, captives, with curled hair. This Valboa came to the fight of the South Sea on the twenty-fifth djy of the faid month, and on St. Michael's day came unto it : where he embarked liimfelf againft the will of Chiapes, who was the lord of tliat coan-. j who wilhed him not to do fo, becaufe it was very dangerous for him. But he, defirous to have it known, that he iiad been upon thofe feas, went forwards, and came back again to land in fafety, and with great content, bringing with him good ftore of gold, fdver, and pearls, which there they took : for which good fervice of his Don Ferdinando, the king, greatly favoured and honoured him. This year 15 13, in the month of February, Alfonfus de Albuquerque went from Barros de. the city of Goa towards the ftreight of Mecha, with twenty fliips : they arrived at cad. 2. 1. 7 •the city of Aden, and battered it, and pafled forward, and entered into the ftreight. '^' 7* They fay that they faw a crofs in the element, and worfliipped it : they wintered in the ifland of Camaran. This was the Jirfl Portiiguefe captain that gave information of thofe ftasy an«l of that of Perfw^ being things in the world of great account. In the year 15 14, and in the month of May, there went out of St. Lucar one Pe. dro Arias de Avila, at the command of Don Ferdinando. He was the fourth go. vernor of Caftilia del Oro, or golden Ca/Iile : for fo they named the countries of Da- rien, Carthagena, and Uraba, and that country which was newly conquered. He carried with him his wife, the lady Elizabeth, and fifteen hundred men, in feven (hips } and the king appointed Vafco Nunnes de Valboa governor of the South Sea» and of that coaft. ' ' In the beginning of the year 1515, the governor Pedro Arias de Avila fent one Gafpar Morales with an hundred and fifty men, unto the gulph of St. Michael, to difcover the iflands of Tararequi, Chiapes, and Tumaccus. There was a Cafique, Valboa's friend, which gave him many canoes or boats made of one tree, to row in, wherein they pafled unto the ifland of Pearls ; the lord whereof refifl;ed them at their coming on land. But Chiapes and Tumaccus did pacify him, in fuch order that the j],_ j^^^j captain of the ifle had them home unto his houfe, and made much of them, and re- c 10. ceived baptifm at their hands, naming him Pedro Arias, after the governor's name ; Gomar. lull, and he gave unto them, for this, a baflcet full of pearls, weighing an hundred and ten pounds, whereof fome were as big as hafel nuts, of twenty, twenty-five, twenty- fix, or thirty-one carats ; and every carat is four grains : there was given for one of them one thoufand two hundred ducats. This ifland of Tararequi ftandeth in five degrees of latitude towards the north. In this year, 15 15, in the month of March, the governor fent one Gonfalvo de Badajos, with eighty foldiers, to difcover new lands, and they went from Darien to Nombre de Dios ; where came unto them one Lewis de Mercado, with fifty men more, which tlie governor feat to aid him : they determined to difcover toward the p^^^ Martyr fouth, faying that country was the ricliclt. They lock with them Indians to be decad. 3. f 2 their c. 10. *• ■li I n ' 11 1!* -!-«*# 44 GAtVANCTa PROGRESS OF Birros, flecad. 2. I. lo. c. f. Oforiiis I Tb. their guides, and, going along the coaft, they found flnves marked with irons as tli«r Portuguefe do ufe ; and, having marched a good way through the countries with great travel, they gathered together much gold, and forty flaves to do them fervice : but one Cafique named Pariza did fet upon them, and flew and took the moil part «f them. The governor, hearing of this news, the fame year 15.15, fent forth his fon John Arins de Aviia to be revenged, and to difcover alfo by fea and by land. They weot wedward to cape De Guerra, (landing in little more than fix degrees towards the north, and from thence unto Punta de 13orica, and to cape Blanco, or tbt nvhiu cap*^ {landing in eight degrees and an half: they diCi:overed 250 leagues, as tli«y aflirmr and peopled the city of Panama. In this very year 15 15, in the month of May, Alfonftis de Albuquerque, governor of India, fent from the city of Ovmuz one Fernando Gomes de Lemos as ambaflador ,0, unto Xec, or Skaugh Ifmael, king of Periia } and it is declared, that they travelled in it 300 leagues, and that it is a pleafant conntry like unto France : and this year the worthy viceroy Alfonfus de Albuquerque died. In the year 15 16, and one hundred years after the taking of Ctuta in Barbary, Lopez Suares being governor of India, there was a difp^ttch made by the command of the king's highncfs unto one Fernando Perez de Andrada to pafs to the great country and kingdom of China : he went from the city of Cochin in the month of April. They received pepper, being the principal merchandize to be fold in all China, of any value : and he wa» farther commanded by the king Don Emmanuel to go alfo to Btnga/a, with his letter and difpatch to a knight called John Coelo. This was the firll Portuguefe, as far as I know, who drank of the water of the river Ganges. This year 15 16, died Don Ferdinando, king of Spain. 1^ ,j^ In the year 1517, Fernando Perez went unto the city of Malacca; and in the 312. month of June he departed from thence towards China, with eight (hips, four Por« tuguefe, and the other Malahans. He arrived in Cliina : and becaufe he could not come on land without an emba(rage, there was one Thomas Perez which had order for it : and he went from the city of Canton,, where they came to an anchor : they went by land 400 leagues, and came unto the city of Pckin, where the king was : for this province and country is the biggell that is in die world. It beginncth at Saihna, ill 20 degrees of latitude towardsthe north, and it endeth almod in 50 degrees, which mull be 500 leagues in lengthy- and they fay, that it containeth 300 leagues in breadth. Fernando Perez was fourteen months in the ifle De Vcniaga, karniijg as much as he could of the country, according as the king his niadcr had commanded him. And although one Raphael Pereftrello had been there in a junk, or barqut, of certain merchants of Malacca, yet unto Fernando Perez there ouglit to be given tlie praife of this difcovery ^ as well for that he had command from the king, as in dif- covering fo much with Thomas Perez by land, and George Mafcarenhas by fca ; and for coaiUng unto the city of Foquiem ftanding ia X4. degrees of latitude. MARITIME DISCOVERY. 4S Ri this fame year 1517, Charles, which afterward was emperor, came into Spain, and took poffi-flion thereof. And in the fame year Francis Fcrnandc s de Corlova, Gomar. hift. ehriftophcr Morantes, and Lopez Ochoa, armed three (hips at their own proper gen. 1. 3.0. 2. charges, from the ifland of Cuba. They had alfo with them a barque of Diego Ve- lafques's, who then was govrtnor : thjy came on land in Jucatan ftanding in 2c de- grees of latitude, at a point which th^y called Punta de las-iluennas, that is to fay, the point of ladies ; which was the firft place wherein they had fecn tempka, and build- ings of lime and llonc. The people here go better apparelled than in any other place. They have croffes wliich they worOiip, fetting them upon their tombs when they are ^ buried-, whereby it fecmeth, that in times pall they had in that place the faith of Chiift among them: and fome fay, that thereabouts were the ftvtn cities. They went round about it towards the norti', which is on the rij^Iit hand > from whence they turned back unto the iflmd of Cuba, with fome fimples of gold, and men wliich they had taken. And this was the firft bcf.inning of the difcovery of New Spain. In the year 1518, Lopex Suares commnnded Don John de hilveira to go to the r ft a iflands of Maldiva ; and he made peace with them : and from thence he went to the 1. 4. c. 36 city of Chatigam, fituate on the mouth of the river Ganj^es, and tropick of Cancer, ^ ,37* For this river, and the river Indus which ftaiiHeth lao kagues beyond the city of P''""""''''- Dtu, and that of CantoJi in China, do -.ill fall into the fea, under one paruliel or lati- '* tude: and although, before that time, Feiuando P rez had been commanded logo to Bengala, yet notwithll ndmg John de Sihtira ought to bear away the commenda- tion of this difcovery •, becaufe he went .ts c.iptain-general, and remained there longed, learning the commodities of the country, and manners of the people. In the faid year 1518, the (irll day of May, Diego Vi;lafciues, governor of the ifland of Cuba, fent his nephew John de Grifalva, with four (liips and two hundred foldiers, to difcover the land of Jucatan : and they found in their way the ifland of p., »* Columel, ftanding towards the north in 19 degrees, and named it Santa Cruz, becaufe dccad. 4. c 4. they came to it the third of May. Thev toafted the land lying upon the left hand ^"mar. Iiul «f the gulph, and came to an ifland called Afceiifion, becaufe tin y^came unto it upon ^'^'^ Afccnfionday V they went unto the end of it Handing in 16 degrees of latitude : from whence they came back, becaufe they could find no place to go out at ; and from hence they went round about it to another river, which tJiey call the river of Grifalva, ftanding in 17 degrees of latitude r the people thereabout troubled them fore, yet not- withftanding they brought from thence fome gold,^ fdver, and feathers, being there in great eftimatton ; and fo they turned back again to the idand of Cuba. In the fame year i5.i8,.one Francis Garay armed three ihips in the ifJe of Jamaic;?, at his own charges, and went towards the point of Florida, ftanding in 25 degrees towards the north,, feeming to tlicm to hi an ifland moft pleafant; thinking it better to people iflands than the firm land, becaufe they tould bell conquer them and keep them. They went there on land, but the people of Florida killed many of them, fo that they durft not inhabit it: fo they failed along the coaft, and came unto the rivc- of Panuco,. ftanding 500 leagues from the point of Florida, in failing along the coalt } but 1.2. I4.&I7.. Gomar. Iiiii. gen. lil). I. c. 12. & 61. ^•i;.^! I t 'r \ I'l / x^ CALVANO'< PROGRESS OF Pet. Martyr .(dccad. 4. c. 6. ■Gomar. lull. ^«n. I. 2. .c. Iti, &c. fib.l. 2.C. 21, aa, 23, 34. but the people relifted them in every place. Many of them alfo were killed in Cliila, whom the favnges flaied and eat, han(;in)f up their (kins in their templrs, in memorial of their v.dour. Notwithlliinding all this Francis de Garay went thither the next year, and bejiged the government of that country of the emperor, bccaufe he faw in it fome fliew of gold and filvec. In the year 15 19, in the month of February, Fernando Curtes went from the ifland .of Cuba, to the land which is called Nova Spagna, with eleven (hips and five hundred and fiity Spaniards in them. The (irft place where he went on the land was the 4(1and of Cofumel \ where they immediately deftroyed all the idols, and fet crofTes on the altars, and the images of the virgin Mary. From this ifland they went, and ar- rived on. the firm land of Jucatan, at the point De las duennas, or the point of ladies i and went thence to the river of Tavafco, and fet upon a city hard by, called Poton- cion, environed with wood, and the houfes were built with lime and Aone, and co- vered with tile: they fought there eagerly; and there appeared unto them St. James on horfcback, which iiicreafed their courage. They called that city Victoria ; and they were the firjl people which were fubdued to tlie Spaniards' obedience in ail New Spain. From hence they went difcoveriiig tlie coall till they came unto a place named St. John dc Vilhua, didant as they faid from Mexico, where the king Mu- te9uma was, 60 or 70 leaj^ues \ and there was a fcrvant of his that governed that piovince, named Tendilli, which gave them good entertainment, although they un- derdood not one another. Becaufe S. John de Vilhua was then no place for a navy to ride in, Cortes fcnt Francis de Montcjo, and the pilot Antonio Alaminos, in two brigantines, to difcover tliat coaft ; who came to a place where they might ride without danger. They came to Panuco, ftanding in 23 degrees northward •, from whence they came back, upon an agreement to go to Culvacan, being an haven of more f.ifety. They fet fail, but Cortes went by land weftward, with the molt part of his men, on horfcback, and they came unto a city called 7enipoallan, where they were well received. And from thence he went to another town, called Chiavitztlan : with the lord of which town, as with all the country befules, he made league to be againll Mute9umj. And when he knew that his (hips were come, he went unto them, and there built a town, and called it VilLi Rica de la Vera Cruz : from whence he fent unto Charles the emperor a prefent, and made report of all that he had done, and that he had deter- mined to go to M'xico, and to vifit Mute9uma : and bcfought the emperor to give liim the government of that country. And becaufe his people (hould not rife in mu- tiny, as they began, he deftroyed all his (hips. Cortes prcfently went from Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz, leaving there one hundred and fifty Spanifli horfemen, and as many Indians, to fcrve them ; and the villages round about became his friends. He went unto the city of Zempoallan : thcie he heard news that Francis Garay was on the coaft with four (hips, to come to land- and by fubtilty he got nine of liis menj of whom he underllood, that Garay had i>cen MARITIME DISCOVERY. 4T teen lit Florida, and came unto the tiver Panuco, where he got fome goldi deter- miinng to (lay there, in a town which is now called Almcria. Curtes overthrew the idols in Zempoallan, and the tombs of their kings, whom Gomara thfy worlhipped as Godi} and told them that they were to worfliip the true God. hil^u^'aJ From thence he went toward Mexico the i6th day of Auguft 15 19, and travelled *' *" '^'" three days journey, and came to the city of Zalapan, and to another beyond it named Sicuchimatl, where they were well reccivtd, and oiVored to be condutled to Mexico, becaufe MutC9uma had given fucli command. Beyond this place he paflcd, with his company, a certain hill, of three leagues hi^jh, wherein there were vine* : in anoflier place they found above a thoufand load of wood ready cut ; and htyoiid they met with a plait) country, and in going through the fame, he named it Nombre de Dies. At the bottiom of the mountain iie reded, in a town called Teuhixuacan } and from thence they w^nt through a defulate country, and fo came to another mountain, that was very cold, and full of fn w; and they lay in a town named Zaclotan : and fo from town, to town, they were well received and fesfted, till they came into another realm, named Tlaxcallaii, which waged war againft i'vlute9uma} and, being valiant,, they fltirmifltcd with Coi tes •, but in the end thty agreed, and entered into league with him againfl the Mexicans } and fo they went from country to country till they came within fight of Mexico. The king Mutc9uma fearing, them, gave them good entertainment, with lodging and all things necefl'ary : and they were with this for a time contented; but millrulling th,it he and his fliould be (Iain, he took Mute^uma - prifoner, and brought him to his lod^mg with good guard. Cortes demanded how far his realm did extend, and fought to know the mines of gold and fdver that were iu it, and how many kings, neijjhbours to Mute9uma, dwelled therein, reijuiring cer- tain Indians to be informed thereof, whereof he had eight provided : and he joined, to them eight Spaniards, and fent them, two and two, into four countiics, namely,. into Zucolla, Malinaltepec, Tenicli, and Tututepec. They whicli went unto Zucolla. went 80 leagues; for fo much it was from Mexico thither: they which went tO' Malinaltepec went 70 leagues, feeing goodly countries, and brought famples of gold,, which the natives of the country took out of great rivers : and all tliis province be- longing to Mutc9uma. The country of Tenich, and up the river, were not fubjcfl to Mute9umn, but had. war with him, and would not fuller the Mexicans to enter into their territory. They, fent ambaffadors unto Cortes with prefents, ofllring him their eftnte and amity ;. whereof Mute9uma was nothing glad. They which went to Tututepec, {landing near the South Sea, did alfo bring with them famples of golJ, and praiftd tlie plea- ffintnefs of the country, and the multitude of good harbours upon tliat coaft ; fl; ;\v. ing to Cortes a cloth of cotton wool, all woven with goodly works, wherein all the co.>ft, with the havens and creeks, were ftt forth. But this thing then could not be j|^ j profccuted, by reafon of the coming of Pamphilus dc Narvaez into the country, who fct all the kingdom of Mexico in an uproar. la- %' . C.4S;. CALVANO's PROGRESS OF Coititra liif. In i\i\f year iJ'Pi the loth day of Auguft, one Ftrnando dt MngcILntt (Ii.*p.itted tonas general, j^^jj^ Ssvil, with five fliips, toward the iflands of MaUccii: he went along the coaft of Braril, till he came unto thr river of Plate, which the Ca(lili.ins had before iliC- covered. Front thenee therefore he began his difcovery, and came to an haven, whici*' he called the port of Saint Julian, (Iniuling in 49 degrees { and tliere he en. tered and wintered: they endured much cold by reafon of fnow and ice : the people of that country they found to be of great flature, and of great ftrength ( taking men by the legs, ami rending them in the midd, as eaflly as one of us will rend an hen : t!iey live by fruits and hunting. They call them Patagones, but the Brafllians call 'them Morcas. In the year 1 520, in the beginning of the month of September, growing then fome* {I what temperate, they went out of the port and river of Saint Julian, having lod in it one of their fliips { and, with the other four, he came to the (Ireights, named after the name of Migellanes, (landing ill 52 degrees and an half. From thence one of the (hips returned back to Cadile, whereof uiis cnpt.rtii and pilot one Stephen de Porto, a Portugal ■, and the other three went forward, entering into a mighty fea, called Pacificum, without feeing any inhabited land till tliey came in 13 degrees, towards the north of the equinoAial % in which latitude they came unto iflands which they called Los Jardines \ and from thence they failed to tlic Archipelagus of S. Lazarus } and in one of the iflands, called Jllatan, Magellanes was flain, and his fliip was burnt) fib. 1. 4. c. 3. and the other two went to Borneo i and fo from place to place tliey went back, until Pet Mai'tvr r r / idccad t c 7' ''*^y came to the iflands of Maluccas ( leaving many others difcovered, which I rc- hcarfe not, becaufe I find not this voyage exa£lly written. ^- About this time pope Leo the tenth fent one Paulus Centurio, as ambalTador to the great duke of Mufcovy, to wifli him to fend into India an army along the coail 'Gotnara 1. 4. of Tartary : and, by the reafons of this ambaflador, the faid duke was almoft per* fuaded to that a£lion, if other inconveniences had not prevented him. In this fame year i ;2o, in February, Diego Lopes de Sequeira, governor of India, went towards tlie flreight of Mecca, and carried with him the ambaiTador of Pnjbyter John, and Roderigo de Lima, who alfo went as amban*ador to him. They came unto the ifl ind of Ma9ua, Handing in the Red Sea, on the Hde of Africa, in 1 7 degrees towards the north } where he fet the ambalTadors on land, with the Portugals that (hould go with them. Peter de Covillan had been there before, being fent thither by king John the ftcond of Portugal : but yet Francis Alvarez gave principal light and knowledge of that country. Gomara hid. In the year 1520, the licentiate Lucas Vafqaes de Aillon, and other inhabitants of ^ca. 1. 2. c. 7. g Domingo, furniflied two (hips, and fent them to the iiles of Lucayos to get flaves \ and finding none, they pafled along by the £rm land beyond Florida, unto certain countries called Chicora and Gualdape, unto the river Jordan and the cape of Saint Helena, (landing in 32 degrees toward the north. They of the country came down to the fea-fide to fee the fhips, as having never before feen the like. The Spaniards •went on land, where they received good entertainment, and had given unto them fuch c. 17. ilamuHus I vol. ful. 374- Ramuriijs I vol. fol. 190. TOLl MARITIME DISCOVERT. fuch thingi as they were in need of: but they bruught many of them into their Oiipt, ■nd then Tet fail, and biouKht them awjy for flavei, but in the way one of their fliipi funic, and the other was alfo in great danger. By thii newt the licentiate Aillon, knowing the wealth of the country, begged the government thereof of the emperor, and it was given him, whither he went to get money to pay his debt. About this time Diego Velafques, governor of Cuba, hearing the good fuccefs of Gomara hirt. Cortes, and that he had begged the government of New Spain, which lie held to be K*^"* '• *• his, he furnithed out thither, againll Cortei, i8 (hipi, with looomen and 80 horfea, ^' ^^' whereof he fent as general one I'amphiliu dt Narvatm, He came unto the town, called Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz, where he took land, and commanded thofe of the ' country to receive him as governor thereof i but they took his meflenger prifoner, and fent him to Mexico, where Cortes was. Which thing being known by Cortes, he wrote letters unto Narvaez, not to raife any uproar in the country which he had dif- covered, offering him obedience, if he had any commiflion from the emperor ( but he corrupted the people of the country with money. Whereupon Cortes went from Mexico, and took Narvaez prifoner in the town of Zempoallan, and put out one of his eyes. Narvaez being thus taken prifoner, his army fubmitted themfelves to Cortes, and obeyed him: whereupon prefently he difpatched aoo foldiers unto the river of Garay, and he fent John Vafquez de Leon, with other 200, unto Cofaalco { and withal fent a Spaniard, with the news of his viAory, unto Mexico. But the Indians, being in the mean time rifen, hurt the meflenger. Which being known to Cortesi he muftered his men, and found icoo footmen, and aoo hoifemen, with which he went towards Mexico} where he found Peter de Alvarado, and the reft which he had left there, alive and in fafety } wherewith he was greatly pleafed, and Mute9uma made much of him. But yet the Mexicans ceafed not, but made war againft him: and the war grew fo hot, that they killed their king Mute9uma with a (lone. And then there rofe up another king, fuch an one as plenfed them, till fuch time as they might put the Spaniards out of the city } being no more than 504 footmen, and 40 horfemen. The Spaniards, with great lofs, being driven out of Mexico, retired themfelves with much ado to the TIaxcallan } where they were well received} and Ib.Lj.c.jo. there they gathered together 900 Spaniards, 80 horfemen, and 200,000 Indians, their friends and allies ; and they went back again to take Mexico, in the month of Auguft, in the year 1521. Cories obtaining ftill more and more vi£kories, determined to fee farther within the country: and for this purpofc, in the year 1521, and in Oftober, he fent out one Ib.l.2.c.6o. Gonfalo de Sandoval, with 200 footmen, and 35 horfemen, and certain Indians, his friends, unto Tochtepec and Coazacoalco, which had rebelled, but at length yielded. And they difcovered the country, and built a town 120 leagues from Mexico, and named it Medelin : and another town they made, naming it Santo Spirito, four leagues from the fea, upon a river : and thefe two towns kept the whole country in obedience. ., TOL. I. S This i'.ll '1 ■■^ivi .;.. ^» GALVANO'i PROGRESS OF Oforiuil. II f. 366. Gomara hid gen. 1. 4. c. 8. lb. 1. 6. c, 4. Cnftagnfda hifloria della Indie Orien- talil. 6. C.41. Gomara hid. gen. I. 4. c. 8. k 13. s I4 ■.rl\ lb.l.6.c. 12. Thit year I53i» in December, Emmanml king tf Ptrtugat JUtd 1 dod after kim hU fen king Jthn th* third reigned. In the year 15211 there went from Malacca one of Magtllan't fliipt, laden with ckMree 1 they viAualled themfelf ci in the illand of Burro, and from thence went to Timor, which ftandeth in it degreeaof foutherly latitude. Beyond thi« ifland, 100 league*, they difcovered certain iflands, and one named SuJt, finding the placet from thencefoiward peopled. Afterward pafling without Sumatra, they met with no land, till they fell in With the cape of Bona Speran9a, where they took in frefh water and wood : fo they came by the iflands of cape Verde, and from thence to Sevil, where they were notably received, at well for the clovct that they brought, at that they had compafTed about the world. In the yeat 1532, in January, one Gllgonzalcs armed four (hip* in the ifland of Tararequi, (landing in the South Sea, with intent to difcover the co«ft of Nicaragua / and efpecially a Areight or paflage from the South Sea, into the North Sea : and failing along the coaft, he came unto an haven, called S. Vincent, and there landed with 100 Spaniards and certain horfemen, and went within the land 300 leagues { and he brought with him aoo pefocs of gold, and fo came back again to S. Vincent \ where he found his pilot Andrew Nigno, who was as far as Tecoantepec, in 16 degrees to the north, and had failed three hundred leagues : from whence they returned to Panama, and fo over land to Hifpaniola. In the fame year 1522, in the month of April, the other fliip of Magrllan, called The Trinity, went from the ifland of Tidore, wherein was captain Gonzala Gome-/ de Efpinofii, (leering their courfc toward Nova Spania \ and becaufe the wind was fcant, tliey (leered toward the north-ead, into 16 degrees, where they found twn iflands, and named them the ijlts ef Saint John ; and in that courfe they came to an- other ifland, in 20 degrees, which they named La Griega^ where the fimpic people came into their (liips \ of whom they kept fonie to (hew them in Nova Spania : they were in this courfe four months, until they came into 42 degrees of northerly lati. tude, where they faw fea (iflies, called feals and tuimies. And the climate fremed to them coming newly out of the heat, to be fo cold and intemperate, that they could not well bear it } and therefore they turned back again to Tidore, being thereunto enforced alfo by contrary winds: thefe were the/r/? Spaniards which had been in fo high a latitude toward the north. And there they found one Antofiit dt Britto build- ing a fortrcfs ; who took from them their goods, and Tent forty-eight of them pri- foners to Mabcca. In this year 1522, Cortes, dcTirous to have fome havens on the South Sea, and to difcover the coaft of Nova Spania on that fide, whereof he had knowledge in Mute- f uma's titnie .(becaufe he thought by that way to bring the drugs from Malacca ami Banda, and the (pices from Java, with le(s travel and danger), he fent four Spaniards, with t^teir guides, to Tecoanttfei; ^ahutemallan, and other havens } where they were well received, and brought fome of the people with them to Mexico: and Cortes made much of them *, and afterwards fent ten pilots thither to fearch the feas thereabout. MARITIME DISCOVERY. 5' thereabout. They went 70 league* in the resi, but found no haren. One Cafique, or lord called Cuchitaquir, ufed them well i and fent with them to Cortei two hun« dred of hit men, with a prefcnt of gold and filver, and other thing! of the country : and they of I'ecoantepec did the like. And, not long after, thii Cafique fent for aid to Ortea againd hit neighbours, which did war againil him. In the year 1513, Cortea fent unto him for hii aid Peter de Alavardo, with two Goniara liil*. hundred footmen, and forty horfemen \ and the Cafiquea of Tecoantepec and Qua> gen. I. 6. hutemallan afked them for the mttiflers of thifea, which came thither the year pad,*^* "* meaning the ihipi of Gil Gonfaica de Avila, being greatly amazed at the fight of them, and wondering much more when they heard that Cortes hud bigger than th'ofe : and they painted to them a mighty car.ike, with fix malls, and Ttils and (hroudi, and men armed on horfeback. This Alvamdo went through the county, and built there the city of Saint Jaga or Saint Jaineit and a town which he called Sfguroy leaving certain of hia people in it. In the fame year 1513, in the month of May, Antonio dc Britto, being captain of Callag. hid. the ifles of Malacca, fent his chofen Simon de Bru to learn the way, by the ifle of delle Tnd. Borneo, to Malacca : they came in fight of tlie iflands of Manada and Panguenfara : O"*"^- '• *• they went through the ftreight of Treminao and Taguy, and to the iflands of Saint *^* **' Michael, ftanding in feven degrees i and from thence difcovered the iflands of Bornet, and liad fight of PeJra Branca^ or the Whitt Stont ; and pafled through tlie ftreight of Cincapura, and fo to the city of Malacca. In this fame year, 1523, Cortea went with 300 footmen, 150 horfemen, and Gomara hid. 40,000 Mexicans, to Panuco, both to difcover it better, and alfo to inhabit it ( and 8<^"' '• '• withal to be revenged on them that had killed and eaten the foldiers of Francii Garay. ^'^^' They of Panuco refilled him ; but Cortes in the end overthrew them, and conquered the country : and hard by Chila, upon the river, he built a town, and named it Sant» Stephnno del Puerto, leaving in it too footmen and 30 horfemen, and one Peter de Valleio for lieutenant. This journey coft him 76,000 Caftilians, befides the Sp^i- niurds, horfcs, and Mexicans which died tliere. In the year 1523, Francis di Garay made nine (hips, and two brigantines, to go to lb. & en U Panuco and Rio de las Palmas, to be there as governor ( for that the emperor had Conq. de granted to him from the coaft of Florida unto Panuco, in regard of the charges which "**** he had been at in that difcovery. He carried with him 850 foldiers, and 140 horfes, and fome men out of the ifland of Jamaica, where he fumiflied his fleet with ammu« nition for the war i and he went to Xagua, an haven in the ifland of Cuba, where he underftood that Cortes had peopled the coaft of Panuco : and that it might not hap* pen to him as did to Pamphilus de Narvaez, he determined to take another companion with him, and defired the do£lor Zuazo to go to Mexico, and procure fome agree* ment between Cortes and him \ and they departed from Xagua, each one about his bufinefs. Zuaza came in great jeopardy, and Garay went not clear without. Garay arrived in Rio de las Palmas on Saint James's day, and then he fent up the river one Gonfalvo de Ocampo, who at his return declared that it was an evil and defert coun- g 2 try : l\% 'M. St GALVANO'8 PROGRESS OF .6 try : but, notwithftanding, Garay went there on land with 400 footmen and Tome horfemen ; and he commanded one John de Grijalva to fearch the coaft, and he him- felf marched by land towards Panuco, and pafled a river, which he named Ria Mont- alto r he entered into a great town, wherein they found many hens, wherewith they refreflied themfelves, and he took fome of the people of Chila, which he ufed for melTengers to certain places; and, after great travel, coming to Panuco, they found ' .V,. no vid^uals there, by reafon of the wars of Cortes, and the fpoil of the foldiers. • • Garay then fent one Gon<;alo de Ocampo to Saint Iftevan del Puerto, to know whe> ' ther they would receive him or no ; snd received a good aiifwer : but Cortes's men prtv&tely lay in ambufli, and took 40 of Garay j horfemen, alleging that they came to ufurp the government of another: and befides this misfortune, he loft four of his fliips, whereupon he left off to proceed any farther. Gomara en While Cortes was preparing to fct forward to Panuco, Francis ^e las Cafas, and la Cong, de j^gj^jgo jg jj p^^^ arrived at Mexico, witli letters patents, wherein the empetcr gave the government of New Spain, and all the country which Cortes had conquer- ed, to Cortes, and namely Penucoj whet:.upon he (laid his journey: but he fent - Diego de Ocampo with the faid letters patents, and Pedro de Alvarado with (lore of footmen and horfemen. Garay, knowing this,- thought it bed to yield hltjifelf into Cortes's hands, and go to Mexico ; which thing he did, having difcovcred a great tra£% of land. In the year 1523, Gil Gon5ales de Avila made a difcovery, awd peopled a town called San Gil da Butna Vija, (landing in 14 degrees towards the north, and almoll in the bottom of the bay called the Afcenfion, or tlic Honduras. He began to con- quer it, becaufe he beft knew the fecrrts thereof, und that it was a very rich country. In this year 1523, the 6th day of December, Peter de Alvarado went from the city of Mexico by Cortes's command, to difcover and conquer ^aliutemallan, Utlatlarif Chiapa, Xochnuxco, aid other towns towards the South Sea. He had with him 300 foldiers, 170 horfemen, four field-pieces, and fome noblemen of Mexico, with people of the country to aid him, as well in the war, as by the way being long. He ■ went by Tecoantepec to Xochnnxco, and other places abovefaid, with great travel, and > lofs of his men \ but he difcovered and fubdued ail the country. There are in thofe parts certain hills that have alum in them, and out of which didilleth a certain liquor, like unto oil; and fulphur or brimftone, whereof the Spaniards made excellent gun- powder. He travelled 400 leagues in this voyage, and pa(red certain rivers which were fo hot, that they could not well endure to wade through them. He built a city, calling it Saint Jago de ^ahutemullan. Petei- de Alvarado Legged the government of this country ; and the report is, that it was given him. In the year 1523, the 8th day of December, Cortes fent Diego de Godoy, witii 100 footmen and 30 horfemen, two field-pieces, and many of his friends, Indians, ,unto the town of Spiritu Santo; he joined himfelf with the captain of that town, •nd they went to ChamoUa, the head city of that province, and that being taken, all the country grew quiet. lb. f. 242. lb. f. 229. & in feq. lb. f. 230. lb. f. 233. MARITIME DISCOVERT. In the year 1524, in February, Cortes fcnt one Roderigo Rangcl, with tjo Spa- niards, and many of the TlaxcalUns and Mexicans, againfl the Zapotecas and Nix- ticasi and to other provinces and countries not fo well difcovereJ; they were rerifted at the firft, but quickly put the people to the word, and kept them for ever after in fubje£tion. In the fame year 1524, one Roderigo de Bajiidas was fent to difcover, people, and govern the country of Santa Martha .- where he loft his life, becaufe he would not fufFer the foldiers to take the fpoii of a certain town. They joined with Peter Villa- forte ; and he, being fometimes his intire friend, helped to kill him with daggers, ly- , ing in his bed. Afterward don Pedro de Lugo, and don Alfonfu his Ton, were governors of that place, who behaved themfelves like covetous tyrants, and grew very troublefome. In this fame year alfo, 1524, after the licentiate X.mc<7j Vafqties di Alllon \\^A ob- tained of the emperor the government of Chicora, he armed for that purpofe certain fliips from the city of Snnto Domingo, and went to difcover the country, and to in- . habit it ; but he was loft, with all his company, leaving nothing done worthy of me- mory. And I cannot tell how it comes to pafs, except it be by the juft judgment of God, that of fo much gold and precious ftones as have been gotten in the Ai'.'iles by fo many Spaniards, little or none remains, but tl c moft part is fpcnt and c> r 'unud, and no good thing done. In this year 1524, Cortes fent one Chriftopher de Olid, with a fleet, to the ifland of Cuba, to receive the viftuals, and ammunition, which Alonfo de Contreras had pre- . pared, and to difcover and people the country about cape De Higueras and the Hon- duras : and to fend Diego Hurtado do ML'ndo9a by fea, to fearch the coaft from thence even to Darien, to find out t\\sj?rtlg/jt which was thought to run into the South Sea, as the emperor had commanded. He fent alfo two fliips from Panuco, to fearch along the coaft unto Florida : he commanded alfo certain brigantines to fearch the coaft from Zacatullan to Panama. This Chriftopher de Olid came to the ifland of Cuba, and made a league with Diego Velafquez againft Cortes, and fo fet .fail, and went on land hard by Puerto de Cavallos, ftanding in 10 degrees to the north, and built a town, which he called Tritimpho de la Cruz. He took Gil Gon- z lies de Avila prifoner, and killed his nephew, and the Spaniards that were with him, faving one child ; and fliewcd himfelf an enemy to Cortes, who had fpcnt in that expedition 30,000 Caftellans of gold, to pleafure him. Cortes underftanding hereof the fame year, ,1529, in the month of Oftober, he went out of the city of Mexico to feek Chriftopher de Olid to be revenged of him, and alfo to difcover, carrying with him 300 Spanifti footmen and horfemen, and Quahutimoc, king of Mexico, and other great lords of the fame city ; and coming to the town called La Villa del Spiritu Santo, he required guides of the lords of Ta- vafco and Xicalanco ; and they fent him ten of their principal men for guides ; who gave him alfo a map of cotton-wool, wherein was painted the fituation of the whole country, from Xicalanco to Naco and Nito, and even as far as Nicaragua} with their mountains! *3 Gomara en la Coiiq. de Mex. f.'234. lb. hill. geo. 1. 3. c 21. lb. 1. a. c. 7. lb. 1.2. c. 65. & en la Couq. de Mex. f. 243. lb. Uift. p;en. 1. 2. c. 66. & en la Conq. de Mex. f. 246.8c35t. I' *>'S 1! 1'^ W 14 GALVANO'9 PROGRESS OF Gorton hift gen. 1. a. c. 66. & en la Conq. de Mev. f. 257. lb. in the Con(}ueIl of Mexico, f. 268. lb. f. 270 *«73- Tb. b!(l. gen, I5. c. 1,2. mountaini, hilU, fields, meadows, valleys, rivers, cities, and towns } and Cortes, in the mean time, fent for three fliipt which were at the haven of Medellin, to follow him along the eoaft. In this year, 1524* they came to the city of Izancanac, where he underftood that the king Quahutimoc, and the Mexicans that were in his company, were confpired againft him, and the Spaniards { for which he hanged the king, and two others of the chiefs ; and fo came to the city of Mazatlan, and after that to Piaca, the head city of a province fo called, (landing in the midft of a lake : and hereabout they be- gan to fmd the train of the Spaniards, which they went to feek ; and fo they went to Zuzullin, and at length came to the town of Nito. From Nito, Cortes, with his own company, and all the Spaniards that he found there, departed to the' fliore, or ftrand, called La Baja de Saint Andres; and, finding there a good haven, he built a town in that place, and called it Natividad de nuejlra Sennara. From hence Cortes went to the town of Truxillo, (landing in the haven of the Honduras, where the Spaniards that inhabited there entertained him well \ and while he was there, there arrived a (hip which brought news of the (lir in Mexico in Cortes's abfence : whereupon he fent word to Gonfalo de Sandoval, to march with his company from Naco to Mexico by land, towards the South Sea, unto Quahute- mellan, it being the ufual, plain, and fafed way ; and he left as captain in Truxillo, Ferdinando de Saavedra his coufin, and he hitnfelf went by fea along the conft of Jucatan to Chalchioeca, now called Saint Juan de Ullhua ; and fo to Medellin, and from thence to Mexico, where he was well received, having been from thence eighteen months, and gone 500 leagues, travelling often out of his way, and fufTer- ing many hard (hips. In the year 1525, Francis Pizarro, and Diego de Almagro, went from Panama to difcover Peru, (landing beyond the line toward the fouth, which they called Niuva ■Cajtiltia. The governor Pedro Arias would not intermeddle with this expedition, hecaufe of the evil news which his captain Francis Vezerra had brought. Francis Pizarro went (ird in a fliip, having with him 124 foldiers ; and Almagro went after him in another (hip with 70 men. He came to Rio de San Juan, (land- ing in three degrees, where he got 2000 pcfoes of gold; and, not finding Pizarro, he went to feek him, repenting his doings, by reafon of a milhap that he had. But he went firft to an ifland called Ifla dtl Gorgonn, and afterwards to another called IJla del Gallo, and to the river called Rio del Pertly (landing in two degrees north- ward, wherefrom fo many famous countries take their name. From thence they went to Rio de San Francifco, and to Cabo de Pajaos, where they palTed the equi- tio£lial line, and came to Puerto Vcjo, (landing in one degree to the fouth of the line : from whence they failed to the rivers of Chlnapanpa, Tumbez, and Payta, (landing in four or (ive degrees, where they had knowledge of king Atabalipa, and of the exceeding wealth and riches of his palace : which news moved Pizarro fpeedily to return home again to Panama, and fo into Spain, and to requed the government of that country of the emperor, which he alfo obtained. He had fpent above three years before in this difcovery, not without enduring great labour and perils. Ill r^. MARITIME DISCOVERT. 5|i In the fame year 1525, there was fent out of Spain a fleet of feven fliips, whereof Pet. Mart. don Garfia it Leaifa was captain-general, to the iflands of Malucca : they w?nt ^' °* *^', ?A from the city of the Groine and pafled by the iflands of the Canaries, and went to „«„, ], ^, Brafil, where they found an iflandin two degrees, and named it Saint Matthew : and c. 12. it feemed to be inhabited, becaufe they found in it orange-trees, hogs, and hens in caves I and upon the rinds of moft of the trees there were ingraven Portugal Ittttrs, (hewing that the Fortuguefe had been there feventten years before that time. A patch, or pinnace, of theirs pafli:d the ftreight of Magellan, having in her one John de Gomara la Rcfaga, and ran all along the coalt of Peru and Nova Spagna •, they declared all their the Conqutft fuccefs unto Cortes, and told him, that frier Garfla de Loaifa was pafled to the p. 281. ' Iflands of Cloves. But, of this fleet, the admiral only came thither, wherein was cap- . ' tain one Martin Mingues de Carchova ; for Loaifa and the other captains died by the way : all the Moors of Malucca were found well-afledlioned to the Spaniards. In the fame year 1525, the pilot Stephen Gomez went from the port of the Groin Pet. Mart, toward the north, to difcover the Jlreight to Malaccas b^j the north, to whom they «^s"'^' *• would give no charge in the fleet of frier Garfia de Loaifa : but yet the Earl don Fer- Gomara hilh dinando de Andrada, and the do£lor Beltram, and the merchant Chriftophcr de Sarro, gen. I. i.e. 5. furniflicd a galleon for him \ and he WL'nt from the Groin in Galicia to the ifland of Cuba, and to the point of Florida, failing by day, becaufe he knew not the land : he pafled the bay Angra, and the river Eiifeada, and fo went over to the other fuie. It is alfo reported, that he came to cape Razo, in 46 degrees to the north ; from whence he came back again to the Groin, laden with Jlavfs. The news hereof ran prefently through Spain, that he was come home laden with cloves (mifl:aking the word), and it was carried to the court of Spain : but when the truth was known, it turned to a pleafant jeft. In this voyage Gomez was ten months. In this year 1525, don George de Menefes, captain of Malucca, and with him don Garcia Henriques, fent a foift to difcover land towards the north, wherein went as captain one Diego de Rocha, and Gomez de Sequiera for pilot. In nine or ten de- grees they found certain iflands (landing clofe together, and they called them the iflands of Gotniz de Sequeira, he being the firft pilot that difcovered them : and they came back again by the ifl.ind of Bitochina. In the year 152^), there went out of Seville one Sebojlian Caiota, a Venetian by lb. 1. 3. his father, but born at Briftol in England, being chief pilot to the omperor, with four '^' 39» (hips, towards Malucca : they came to Pernambuco, and ftaid i;here three montlis for a wind to double the cape of Saint Augufline. In the bay of Patos, or 0/ ducks, the admiral's (hip periflied ; and, being without hope to get to the ifles of Malucca, they made a pinn«ce to enter up the river of Plate, and to fearch it. They ran 60 leagues up before they came to the bar, where they left their great fliips ; and with their fmall pinnaces paflcd up the river Parana, which the inhabitants count to be the principal river. Having rowed up 120 leagues, they made a fortrefs, and (laid there above a year ; and then rowed farther till they came to the mouth of another river, called Paragioa ; and, perceiving that the country yielded gold and filver, they kept «8 OB * 4*55 ' « r^^Y'l ■A., m^% t :i ?« GALVANO'i PROGRESS OF on thetr courfe, and fent a brigantine before, but thofe of the country took it : and Cabota undcrftanding of it, thought it beft to turn back unto their fort, and there took in his men which he had left there, and fo went down the river where his ihips rode i and from thence he failed home to Seville in the year 1530, leaving Jifcovered above 100 leagiiti tuithin this r'tver^ reporting it to be very navigable, and that it fprings cut of a lake named Bombo : it ftandeth in the firm land of the kingdom of Peru, running through the valleys of Xauxa, and meets with the rivers Parfo, Bul- cafban, Cay, Parima, Hiucax, with others which make it very broad and great. It is faid alfo, that out of this lake runneth the river called Rio de San Francefco; and by this means the rivers come to be fo great : for the river;> that come out of lakes, are bigger than thofe which proceed from a fpring. Rainufio,v,3. i" the year 1 527, one Panfilo de Narvaez • went out of Saint Lucar de Bar.i- i. 3I0' meda, to be general of the coaft and land of Florida, as far as Rio de las Palmas ; and had with him five (hips, 600 foldiers, 100 horfes, beCdes a great fum and quan- tity of vi£tuals, armour, cloathing, and other things- He could not go on land where J his defire was, but went on land fomewhat near to Florida, with 300 of his com- ' pany, fome horfes, and fome victuals, commanding the fliips to go to Rio de las PaU mas ; in which voyage they were near all loft : and thofe which efcaped pafled great dangers, hunger and third, in an ifland called JTamo, and by the Spaniards, Malhaday being very dry and barren, where the Spaniards killed one another, and the people of the country did the like. Narv»ez, and thofe which went witit him, faw fome gold with certain Indians, and he demanded of them where they gathered it : and they anfwered, that they had it at ^/>rt/"' near the line, as tlicy were commanded : and it is declarrd, tliat they failfd above a" thoufand leagues without fight of land either on the one fide, or y(t on the other, of ^ the equino£lial : and in two degrees towards the north they difcovered an ifliind named yffeft, which fcemeth to be one of the iUands of Cloves. Five hundred leagues, little more or Icfs, as they failed, they came to the fight of another, which they named J/!a dc los Pefcadores. Going dill in this courfe, they faw another ifland, called Hnymr, towards the fouth, and another, named y!/>ia ; and then they came to the (lijht of Srri : turning towards the north one degree, they came to anchor at another ifland, named Coroa ; from thence they came to anothcir under the line, named Meoufum, and from thence unto Bttfii, (landing in the fame courfc. From thefe iflands they came to others, named the GuelUs, (landing one degree towards the north, ead, and weft, from the ifle of Ternate, wherein the Portuguefe ■ have a fortrefs : thcfe men ate haired, like the people of the Malaccas. Thefe iflands fland 1 24 leagues from the ifland named Moro, and from Ternate betwixt 40 and 50. From thence they went to the ifle of Moro, and the iflands of Cloves, going from the one to the other: but the people of the country would not fufler them to • ■ ' come on land} faying unto them. Go unto the fortrefs, nvhere the captain Antonio Gal' Viino is, and we iviU receive you with a good will : for they would not fulTer them to come on land without his licence } for he was faclor of the country, as they (liled him. A thing worthy to be noted } that thofe of the country were fo afl^e£lioned to tlie Portuguefe, that they would venture for thjni their lives, wives, children, and goods ! In the year 1537, the licentiate John de Vadillo, governor of Carthagena, went out p^.^^^, j^ with a good army from a port of Uraba, c.illed i^aint Scbaftian de Biiena Vida, being Clc-^a, part. in the gulph of Uraba, and from thence to Rio verdc} and from thence by land, with- P'l'"'^,'''; [j out knowing any way, nor yet havin;^ any carriages, they wetit to the end of the iv,u,c.9,ic. country of Peru, and to the to«n Li Plata, by the fpace of t2oo leagues; a thing - M'orthy of memory: for, from tliis river to the mountains of Abibe, the country is full of hills, thick forefts of trees, and many rivers} and for want of a beaten way, they had pierced fides. The mountains of Abibe, as it \i recorded, have 20 leagues in breadth: they mull be paded ovtr in January, February, M-ah, and April ; for vol.. I. i ^'•°'" '■1 ■' ' •)! I €6 Ramufius 3 vol. fol. 356. Gomar. hift. gen. 1. 5. Ib.l. 2.C.74. Ramufius 5 vol. fol. 329- Gomar. hift. gen. 1. 6. c. 17. GALVANO'8 PROGRESS OF from that time forward it raineth much, and the rivers will be fo greatfy increafed^ that you cannot pafs for them. Moreover they declared the diverflties of the people,, tungues, and apparel that they obferved in the countriesi kingdoms, and provinces through which they pafled ; and the great perils and dangers that they were in tilt they came to the town called Villa de la Plata, and to the fea thereuntq adjoining. This was the greateft difcovery that hath been heard of by land, and in fo (hort a time ; and if it had not been done in our days, the credit thereof would have been- doubtful. In the year 1538, there went out of Mexico certain friars, of the order of Saint Francis, towards the north, to preach to the Indians the catholic faith. He that went fartheit was one friar Mark de Nizza, who pafled through Culvacan, and came to the province of Sibola, where he fpund feven cities i and the farther he went, the richer he found the country with gold, filver, precious ftones, and flieep bearing very fine wool. Upon the fame of this wealth, the viceroy don Antonio de Mendo9a, and' Cortes, determined to fend a power thitlier : but when they could not agree there- upon, Cortes went over into Spain in the year 1540, where he afterwards died. In this year 153S, began the civil war between Pizarro and Almagro, wherein, at laft, Almagro was taken, and beheaded. In the fame year 153B, uintonio Galvano being chief captain in the iffes of Ma- lacca, fent a fliip towards the north, whereof one Francis de Caitro was captain, hav- ing command to convert as many as he could to the faith r he himfelf chriftened many \ as the lords of the Celebes, Maccafares, Amboynos, Moros, Moratax, and divers other places. When Francis de Caftro arrived at the ifland of Mindanao, fix kings received the water of baptifm, with their wives, children, and fubjetts ; and the mod of them Antonio Galvano gave command to be called by the name of John*, in remembrance that king John the third reigned then in Portugal. In the year 1539, Cortes fent three (hips with Francis Ulloa, to difcaver the coaft of Culvncai) northward : they went from Acapulco, and touched at Saint Jago de buena Speran9a, and entered into the gulph that Cortes had difcovered } and failed till they came in 32 degrees, which is almod the fartheft end of that gulph, which place they named Ancon da Saint Andres, becaufe they came thither on that faint's day. Then they came out along the coaft on the other fide, and doubled the point of California, and entered in between certain iflands and the point, and fo failed along by it, till they came to 32 degrees ; from whence they returned to New Spain, forced thereto by contrary winds, and want of victuals, having been out about a year. Cortes, according to his account, fpent 200,000 ducats in thefe difcoveries. From Cabo del Enganno, to another cape ««tled Cah de Liampe, in China, there are t 000 or 1 200 leagues failing. Cortes and his captains difcovered New Spain, from 1 2 degrees to 32, from fouth to the north, being 700 leagues} finding it more warm than cold, although fnow lay upon certain mountains mod part of the year. In New Spain there are many trees, flowers, and fruits of divers forts, and profitable for many things. The principal tree is named Mttly growing neither very high nor thick : II they MARITIME DISCOVERY. <7 they plant and diefs it as we do our vines. They fay it hath forty kind of leaves, like woven cloth, which ferve for many uf^s ; when they are tender, they make con- ferves of them, paper, and a thing like unto flax : they alfo make of it mantlet, mats, flioes, girdles, and cordage. Thefe trees have certain prickks, fo (Irong and fliarp, that they few with them : the roots make fire and aflics, whidi n(hes make exceed- ing good ley. They open the earth from the root, and fcrape it ; and the juice which cometh out is like a fyrup. If you feeth it, it will become honey ; if you purify it, it will become fvgar : alfo you may ;v-iake wine and vinegar of it : it beareth the Core. The rind roafted, and crufhed upon fores and hurts, healt;th and cureih. The juice of the tops and roots, mingled with incenfe, arc good agnind poifun, and the biting of a viper. For thefe manifold benefits it is the mod proHtabie tree known to grow in thofe parts. In the year 1538 and 1539, after that Diego de Almagro was beheaded, the mar- Gomar. hirt, quis Francis Pizarro was not idle : for he immediately fent one Peter de Baldivia, g^"- '• ?• with a good company of men, to difcover and conquer the country of Ciiiii. He was '^' ^^' well received of thofe of the country, but afterwards they rofe againd him, and would have killed him by treafon. Yet, for all the war that he had with them, he difco- vered much land, and the coaft of the fea toward the fouth-eaft, till he came into 40 degrees and more in latitude. "While he was in thefe difcoveries, he heard news of a king called Luceftgolma, who commonly brought to the field two hundred thou- fand fighting men, againft another king his neighbour; and that this Leucengolma had an ifland, and a temple therein, with two thoufand priefts } and that beyond them were the Amazons, whofe queen was cMcd Guammi//a, that is to fay, Tke golden CieQZ,c. 103. Heaven : but M yet there are none of thefe things difcovered. About this time Gomez de Alvarado went to conquer the province of Guanuco •, and Francis de Cha- vez went to fubdue the Conchincos, which troubled the town of Truxillo, and the countries adjoining. Peter de Vergara went to the Bracamores, a people dwelling toward the north from Quito } John Perez de Vergara went againd the Ciaciapoians; Alfonfus de Mercadiglio went unto Mulubamba ; Ferdinando and Gonfalvo Pizarros went to fubdue Collao, a country rich in gold ; Peter de Candia went to the lower part of Collao } Peranzures alfo went to conquer the faid country : and thus the Spaniards difpcrfcd themfelves, and conquered above 700 leagues of country in a very (hort fpace, though not without great tiavels and lofs of men. The countries of Brafil and Peru dand ead and wed, almod 800 leagues didant. The neared is from the cape of St. Augudine unto the haven of Truxillo ; for they ftand both almod in one parallel and latitude : and the farthed is 950 leagues, reckoning from the river of Peru to the ftreights of Magellan, which places lie di. re£lly north and fouth, through which country pafs certain mountains called the jindes, which divide Brafil from the empire of the rtigas : after this manner the mountains of Taurus and Imaus divide Afia into two parts ; which mountains begin in 36 and 37 degrees of northerly latituJe, at the end of the Mediterranean fea, over- againd the iiles of Rhodes and Cyprus, running dill towards the ead unto the fea of i a China : i -If 'ft 68 GALVANO'8 PROGRESS OF China : and fa lilcewife the mountains of Atlas in Africa divide the tawny Moor» from the black Moors, which have frizzled liair } b.'ginniiig at mount Meies about the defert of Barca, and running along under the tropic of Cancer unto the Atlantic Ocean. The mountains of the Andes be high, ragged, and in fome places barren, without trees or grafs, whereon it raiDcth and fnoweth mod commonly : upon them are winds, and fudden blads; there is likewife fuch fcarcity of wood, that they make fire of turfs, as they do in Flanders. In fome piacfs of thcfc mountains and countries the earth is of divers colours, as bhck, white, red, green, blue, yellow, and violet, wherewith they dye colours without any other mixture. From the bottoms of thefc mountains fpriiig many fmall and great rivers, principally from the ead fide ; as ap- peareth by the rivers of the Amazons, of St. Francis, of Plata, and many others which run through the country of Brafil, being larger than thofe of Peru, or thofe of Ciftilia del Oro. The country of Peru, adjoining urito the mountains of Andes weft- ward, toward the fea, and containing 15 or 20 leagues in breadth, is all of very hot fand, yet frefh, bringing forth many good trees and fruits, becaufe it is well watered ; where there grow abundance of Hags, rulhes, herbs, and trees, fo flender and loofe, that, laying your hands upon them, the leaves will fall off: ami among thefe herbs and frefli flowers the men and women live and abide, without any houfes or bedding, even as the cattle do in the fields, and fome of them have * tails. They are grofg, and wear long hair : they have no beards, yet have they divers languages. Thofe which live on the tops of thefe mountains of Andes, between the cold and the heat, for the moft part are blind of one eye, and fome altogether bind ; and fcarce you (hall find two men of them together, but one of them is half blind. Alfa there groweth in thefe fields, notwithftanding the great heat of tlie fand, good maix, and potatoes, and an herb which they name cocoa, which they carry continually in their mouths (as in the £a(l India they ufe another herb named teieh), which alfo, they fay, fatisfuth both hunger and thirft. - Likewife they afTirm, that from Tumbez fouthward, it doth neither rain, thunder, nor lighten, for the fpace of five hundred leagues of land : but fometimes there fal- kthfome little (hower.— There are certain beafts which thofe of the country call teacoj, and the Spaniards flieep, becaufe they bear wool like unto a (heep, but are made much like unto a deer, having a faddle-back like unto a camel : they will carry the burden of an hundred weight. The Spaniards ride upon tliem ; and, when they are weary, they will turn their heads backward, and void out of their mouths a wonder- ful {linking water. From the river of Plata and Lima fouthward, there breed no crocodiles, nor lizards no fnakes, nor any kind of venomous vermin, but great ftorc of good fifli breed in thofe rivers. On tl»e coaft of St. Michaei, in the South Sea, there are many rocks of fait • This Idea, eter fince the time of iMtd Monboddo, has been renewed, and occupiej the attcntioo of the explorer* of Afriw i links may eiift, in creation, with which wc are yet unacquainted. MARITIME DISCOVERT. 69 fait coverfc! with eggs. On tlie point of St. Helena are certain wcll-fprings, which cad forth a liquor, that fcrvtih injltad tf pilch and tar. They fay, that in Chili there is a fountain, the water whereof will convert wood into ftone. In the haven of Trux- illo there is a lake of frefli w:\tjr, the bottom whereof Is good hard fait. In the Andes beyond Xauxa there is a river of frefh water, in the bottom whereof there lleth white fait. In the year 1540, the captain Ferdinando Alorchon went, by the command of the Rnmufius, viceroy Don Antonio dc Mendo9a, with two (hips, to difcover the bottom of the vol. 3. f. 303 gulph of California, and divers other countries. In this year 1540, Gonfalvo Pizarro went out of the city of Quito to difcover the country of Camll, or Cinnamon, a thing of great fame in that country. He had with him two hundred Spaniirds, horfemen and footmen, and three hundred Indians to carry burdens : he went forward tilt he came to Gtiixos, which is the fartheft place Gomar. hid. governed by the Tu^as ; where there happened a great earthquake, with rain and g"^"* '• 5- lightning, which funk feventy houfes. They pafled over cold and fnowy hills, where *^' ^ they found many Indians frozen to death, marvehtng much of the great fnow that they found under the equino£tial line. From hence they went to a province called Cumaco, where they tarried two months, becaufe it rained continually ; and beyond they faw the cinnamon-trees, which are very great, the leaves thereof refembling bay- leaves ; both leaves, branches, roots, and all, tading of cinnamon ; the roots have the whole tafte of cinnamon : but the beR are certain knobs like unto alcornequer, or acorns, which are good merchandize. It appeareth to be wild cinnamon, and there is much of it in the Eaft Indies, and in the iflands of Jaoa or Java. From hence they went to the province and city of Coca, where they refted fifty days. From that place forwards they travelled along by a river's fide, being fixty leagues long, without finding of any bridge, nor yet any ford to pafs over to the other fide. They found one pl.icc of this river, where it had a fall of 200 fathoms deep, where the wafer made fuch a noife, that it would make a man alm.ilt deaf to fland by it: and not far beneath this fall, they fay they found a chanel of ftone, very fmooth, of two hundred foot broad, and the river runneth by ; and there they made a bridge to pafs over on the other fide, where they went to a country called Gitenia, whicli was fo poor, that they could get nothing to eat, but only fruits and herbs. From that place forward they found a people of fome reafon, wearing certain cloath- ing rnade of cotton-wool, where they built a brig uuine ; and there they found alfo certain canoes, wherein they put their fick men, and their treafure, and beft apparel, piving the charge of them to one Francis de Orellana : and Gonfalvo Pizarro went by land with the reft of the company along by the river's fide, and at night went into the boats; and they travelled in this order two hundred leagues, as it appeareth. "When Pizarro came to the place where he thought to find the brigantine and canoes, and could have no fight of them, nor yet hear of them, he thought himfelf out of all hope 5 becaufe he was in a ftrange country, without viduals, cloathing, or any thing elfe: wherefore they were fain to eat their horfcs, yea, and dogs alfo, becaufe the country GALVANO's PROGRESS OF Gomar. hift. gen. I. 6. c. 17. country was poor nnd barren, and the journey long, to go to Quito. Tet, notwich* ft.mding, taking a good heart to themfelves, they went on forwards in their journey, travelling continually 18 months t and it is reported, that they went almod Ave hun- dred leagues, wherein they did neither fee fun, nor any thing elfe whereby they might be comforted : wherefore, of two hundred men which went forth at the firfr, there returned not more than ten unto Quito i and thefe fo weak, ragged, and din. figured, that they knew them not. Oreliana went five or fix hundred leagues down the river, feeing divers countries and people on both fides thereof, among whom he ailirmed fome to be Amazons ; he came into Caftile, excufing himfelf, that the wa« ter and dreams drove him down by force : this river is named the river of Oreliana, and others name it the river of the Amazons, becaufe there are women there who live like unto them. In the year 1540, Cortes went with his wife into Spain, where he died feven years- after. In the year 1541, it is recorded, that Don Stephen de Gama^ governor of India, failed toward the (Ireijiht of Mecca. He came with all his fleet to an anchor in the ifland of M.i9ua, and from thence upwards, in fmall (hipping, he went along the coafl: of the.Abaflins and Ethiopia, till he came to the ifland of Suachen, (landing in 20 degrees towards the north, and from thence to the haven of Coftir, (landing in 27 degrees ; and fo he croflTed over to the city of Toro, (landing on the (hore of Arabia i and along by it he went unto Stiez, which is the farthed end of the (Ireight ; and fo he turned back the fame way, leaving that country and coaft difcovered fo far as ne- ver any other Portuguefe captain had done : although Lopez Suarez, governor of India, went to the haven of Juda, and the haven of Mecca, (landing on the coad of Arabia, in 23 degrees of latitude, and i$o leagues from the mouth of the dreight. Don Stephen de Gama, croflTmg over from Cofir to the city of Toro, as it is reported* found an ifland of brimdone, which was difpeopled by the hand of Mahomet. In the fame year 154I1 Don Diego de Almagro killed thfe marquis Francis Pifarro, and his brother Francis Martinez of Alcantara, in the city de los Reyes, otherwife called Lima } and made himfelf governor of that country. In the year i $40, the viceroy Don Antony de Mendoza fent one Francis Vafquez do Coronado by land, unto the province of Sibola, with an army of Spaniards and In- dians: they went out of Mexico, and came to Culvacan, and from thence to Sibola, which dandeth in 30 degrees of latitude : they required peace with the people, and fome vi£luals, being thereof deditute \ but they anfwered, that they ufed not to give any thing to thofe that came unto them in warlike manner. So the Spaniards af- faulted the town, and took it, ar)d called it Nueva Granada, becaufe the general him- felf was born in Granada. The foldiers found themfelves deceived by the words of the friers, which had been in thofe parts before \ and becaufe they would not return back to Mexico ngain with empty hands, they went to the town of Acuco, where they had knowledge of Axa and Quivira, where there was a king very rich, that did wcr- fliip a crofs of gold, and the pidlure of the queen of heaven. They endured many -■^tyv extremities MARITIME DISCOVERY. 7« extremities in this journey, and the Indians fled away from them, and in one morning they found thirty of their horfes dead. From Cicuic they went to Quivira, which was 200 leagues off, according to their account, pafling all through a plain country, and making by the way certain hillocks of cow-dung, becaufe thereby they might not lofe their way in their return : they had there hail ftones as big as oranges. Now, when they were come to Quivira, they found the king called Tatarrax, which they fought for, with a jewel of copper hanging about his neck, which was all his riches. They faw neither any crof^j, nor any image of the queen of heaven, nor any other token of the Cbriftian religion. It is written of this country, that it is poorly inhabited, Gomar. hi(V. principally in the plain and champagne places, becaufe the men and women go in S^"' '* ^' herds with their cattle, whereof they have great plenty, even as the Arabians do in *" ' '^* Barbary ■, and they remove from place to place, as the feafon ferveth, and the padurcs to feed their cattle. In thefe parts are certain beads almoft as big as horfes, they have very great horns, and they bear wool like unto (heep ; and fo the Spaniards call them. I pafs over many things, becaufe the order which I follow will not permit me to be long. In the year of our Lord 1542, one Diego de Frietas being In the realm of Siam, and in the city of Dodra, as captain of a (hip, there fled from him three Portuguefe in a junk (which is a kind of (hip) toward China. Their names were Antonio de Mota, Francis Zeimoro, and Antonio Pexoto, dire£ting their courfe t6 the city of Liampo, (landing in thirty and odd degrees of latitude. There fell upon their (lern fuch a ftorm, that it fet them off the land ; and in a few days they faw an ifland to- ward the eaft, Handing in 32 degrees, which they name Japan, which feemeth to be the ifle of Zipangri, whereof Paulus Venitus maketh mention, and of the riches there- of : and this ifland of Japan hath gold, filver, and other riches. In this year 1 542, Don Antonio de Mendofa, viceroy of Nova Spagna, fent his captains and pilots to difcover the coaft of cape del Engannon, where a fleet of Cortes' had been before : they failed till they came to a place called Sierras Nevadas, or t/:e , fnoivy mountains, (landing in 40 degrees toward the north, where they faw (hips with meichandifcs, which carried on their (lems the images of certain birds called alcat- rarzi, and had their yards gilded, and their bow laid over with (i!ver. They feemed Ib.l.6.c. 18. to be of the ifles of Japan, or of China } for they faid, that it a: not above thirty days failing unto their country. In the fame year 1542, Don Antonio de Mendofa fent unto the iflands of Mindanao Ibid. 1. 4. a fleet of fix (hips, with four hundred foldiers, and as many Indians of the country, ^' '*• the general whereof was one Ruy Lopez de Villa Lobos, being his brother-in-law, f. 3*^5 .p. i.' and a man in great eflimation. They fet fail from the haven of Natividad, (landing in 20 degrees toward the north, upon All Saints eve, and (haped their courfe toward the weft : they had fight of the ifland of St. Thomas, which Hernando de Grijalva had difcovered; and beyond, in 17 degrees, they had light of another ifland, which they named La Nublada, that is, the cloudy ifland : from thence they went to another ifland named /Jofe very rich in gold and filver. But this fleet, by reafon of contrary winds, could not pafs the ftreight : yet a fmall bark paiTed the fame, and failed along the coa(l, and difcovered all the land till it came to Chirimai and Arequipn, which is above 500 leagues ; for the reft was already difcovered by Diego D'Almagro, Francis , "' Pizarro, and their captains and people, at divers times. By this it appcareth, that from the ftreight to the equino£lial line, on both fides, is wholly difcovered. In the year I54S> and in the month of January, Ruy Lopez de Villa Lobes, and Giraldo, with the Caftilians, came to the ifland of Moro, and the city of Camafo, where they were well received of the kings of Gilolo and Tidore, and of the people of the country (becaufe Antonio Galvano was gone) ; and tliey put the captain don George de Caftro to great trouble, as .ippeared by thofe things which pafled betwcca him and the Portuguefe, and the great cxpences whereunto he put the fortrefs. VOL. I. k Jo 'f ■ ''' Ti >iffl-S. 'V:r ^^M .^#' I'm Ml 14 GALVANO'i PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. In the r.ime year IJ451 Ruy Lopcx de Villa Loboi Arnt from the iflimi of Tiitor* another (hip towards New Spain, by the fuuth fide of the line, wherein waa captiiii one Igniitiui ()rlt% dt Retba, and for pilot one Ja/^r Ric». They failed to the cuall of Oa Pjpu4s and ranged all along the fame t and bccaufe they knew not, that •Saavedra had been there before, they challenged the honour and fame of that dif- covery i and bccaufe the people there were black, and had frizzled hair, they named it Nueva Guiney : for the memory of Saavedra then waa almod lod, stall things elfe Call into oblivion, which arc not recorded and illullratcd by writing. In this year 154$, and in the month of June, there went a junk from the city of Borneo, wherein went one Pidro t'ida/go, a Portuguefe i but, by contrary winds, he waa driven towards the north, where he found an ifland (landing in nine or ten de- grees, that ftretched itfelf to 22 degrees of latitude, which is called, the ifle of the Lu9one8, becaufe the inhabitants tliereof were fo named : it may have fame other name and harbours, wiiich as yet we know not. It runneth from the north to the fouth-we(l, and Qaudcth between Mindamio and China. They fay they failed along by it 250 leagues, where the land waa fruitful, and well covered: and there, they * affirm, that they will give two pefoes of gold for one of filver, and yet it (landeth not ■ ' far from the country of China. In the year 1553, there went out of England ccruin fhipping; and, at it appeared, they failed northward along the coaft of Norway and Finark, and from thence eafl till they came between 70 and 80 degreet to Mufcovy, for fo far one of the fliips went { but I know not what became of the red ; and this wat the lalt difcovery made till thit time. From thia land of Mufcovy, cad ward, you fail to Tartary, and at the farther end of it (landt the country and province of China. It is faid, that between China and Tartary, there it a wall above 200 leagues in length, ftanding near to 50 ' Jt'.i-' -i' degrees of latitude. .. i . Now I gather by all the precedent Difcoverics, that the whole Earth is in circuit 360 degrees, according to the geometry thereof i and to every degree antient writers allow 17 leagues and an half, which amount to 6300 leagues i yet, I take it that every degree is jud 1 7 leagues : however it be, all is difcovered, and failed from the eaft to the wed, almod even as the fun compafleth it i but from the fouth to the north there is great diiFerence : for, towards tie nortA pole, there it found di/cevered n» more than 77 «r 78 degrees, vihitb eonu to 1326 leagues t and towards the fouth pole then is di/cevered/rem tht tquinofhal to 52 er 53 degrees t that is, to the drcight which Ma- gellan paffed through, which amounts to about 900 leagues \ and putting both thefe faid main fums together, they amount to 2226 leagues. Now, take fo many out of 6300 leagues, thero rtmaitittb at yet undifiovered, lurtb andjoiithf abavt the /pact of 40CO kaguts* ■:^it APPENDIX (B.) Mr. LOCKE'S HISTORY OF NAVIGATION, VROM ITI OKICINAL TO THl TEAR I704, WITH AN BXPLANATOIT CATALOCtB or VOTACEIf PRiriXID BT THAT LKARNKO WRITER TO CHURCHILL*! COLLBC> TION, IN RIGHT VOLS. ROUO. %1 i'^ ^ p.: :m *«• Thii learned TreMire wm added to the Uft oaaro edition of Mr. Locke'* Worki, in nine volumei, at the exprefs recommendation of Dr. Law, Bijbop tf Carlijte 1 and probably waa the concluding effort which the former made in litera* ture, at Mr. Locke died during the fame year on the twenty-eighth of OAober, 1 704 : Churchill's CoUeAion of Voyages had been prerioufly prefented by Mr. Locke to the Univerfity of Oxford. In the modem part of this Hiilory of Navi* gation he appears to hare been much aflifted by ^e preceding work of Galrano ; however, as Mr. Locke fome times differs from him, has made confiderable addi- tionsi and continued the fubje£t to a much later period, I have thought it right to infert this Treatife, without alteration or abridgment, which would have taken con- fiderably from its value. • k« /.■. «:? I iVri THE HISTORY OF NAVIGATION, BT THE CELEBRATED « •■*■ ■ t ti. ( JOHN LOCKE. PanciV. Part 2. Tit. lo. P- »33- Schefferus Mil. Nav. V£t. p. 19. Uf all the Inventions and improvements the wit and induftry of man has difcovered and brought to perfe£lion, none fcems to be fo univerfally ufeful, profitable, and n«- ceflary, as the art of Navigation. There are thofe that will not allow it to be called the invention of man, but rather the execution of the dire£tion given by Almighty God, fince the firft vcffcl we read of in the world, was the Ark o/Noah, built by the immediate command and appointment of the Almighty. But this is not a place to de enter upon fuch a controverfy, where fomc will aik. Why it (hould be believed there were not - ing him the builder and pilot. Thefe notions, or rather poetical fidions, are rejefted by the learned Bochartus in his Geographla Sacra, (p. 819, 820.) where he fliews that the fliip Argo ought properly to be called yirco, which in the Phoenician tongue fig- nifies /ong: z name given it becaufe it was the firft long (hip built by the Greeks, who learned it of the Phoenicians, and called it by their name, whereas all the veiTels ufed by them before that time were round. This (hip Argo, or rather galley, he fays had fifty oars, that is twenty-five on each fide, and therefore muft be fifty cubits in length. Here it appears that the Greeks had round vefTels before that time, and all we can reafonably conclude is, that this (hip or galley Argo, or Arco, was larger, and perhaps better built and contrived than any before it, and might perforn. the longer voyage ; which rendered it famous, as if it had been the firft (hip. B' t it is certain there were many fleets, fuch as they were, before this time ; for the Argonauts' expedition was about the year of the world 2801, which was after the flood 1144 years: whereas we find Semiramis built a fleet of two thoufand fail on the coafts of Cyprus, Syria, and Phoenicia, and had them tranfportcd on carriages and camels' backs to the river Indus } where they fought and defeated the fleet of Staurobates king of India, confift- ft , * '■=^[ »« lOCKE'i HISTORY ing'of four thoufand boats made of cane, as Diodorus Siculus writes, (L. 2. Antiq. cap. I.) About the year of the world 2622, and 965 after the flood, Jupiter king of Crete, or Candia, with his fleet dole awajr Europa the daughter of Agenor, king of the Sidonians. la 2700 of the world, and after the flood 1043, Per/em went on the expedition by fea againft Medufa in Afric. — Now to return to the Argonauts fo much celebrated by the poets ; upon the flriflefl: examination into truth, we (hall only find them inconfiderable coafters in the Mediterranean, and fent out by the pub- lic to fupprefs pirates I though fabulous Greece has extolled their expedition be- yond all meafure. Next follows the Trojan war about the year of the world 2871, and 1214 after the flood, where we find a fleet of one thoufand one hundred and forty fail of all forts, dill creeping along the (hotea, without daring to venture out of fight of land. Now leaving the Greeks, it is fit we return to the Phmnkians^ who are the fame the fcripture calls the Philidines or Canaanites, as is largely proved by Bochartus, certainly the earlieil and ableft marineis in thofe firft ages : they made the greatelt difcoveries of any nation, they planted colonies of their own in moft of thofe countries fo difcovered, and fettled trade and commerce iu the moft diftant regions. There can be no greater teftimony of their wealth and naval power, than what we find in holy writ, (Ezek. xxvii.) where the prophet fpeaking of Tyre, fays // is Jtuate at the entry of the fia, is a inerchant for many ijlesy its Jbip'boarit are of fir-trees of Senir^ their majis of cedars ^ their oars of oak of Bafban, their tenches of ivory, their fails of fine embroidered finen .• and fo goes on through moft of the chapter, extolling its mariners, pilots, fliips, and all things belonging to them. This, though from the undeniable oracle of fcripture, were no fufiicient proof of their knowledge in this art, were not all hiftories full of their many expeditions. The firft was on the coaft of Afric, where they founded the moft powerful city of Carthage, which fo long con- tended with Rome for the fovereignty of the world : thence they extended their do- minions into Spain, and not fo fatisfied, coafted it round, ftill purfuing their difco- veries along the coafts of France, and even into this ifland of Great Britain i where they afterwards had a fettled trade for tin, and fuch other commodities as the country then afl^orded : as may be feen at large in Procopius, Strabo, Diodorus Siculus, and many other ancient authors. Pliny, (lib. 2. cap. 69.) with others affirms, that in the flourifliing times of the republic of Carthage, Hanno being fcnt out from thence to difcover fouthward, failed quite round Afric into the Red Sea, and returned the fame way i and that Kimilco fetting out at the fame time northwards, failed as far as Thttle or Iceland. Both thcfe relations are in part reje£lcd by moft authors as fabu- lous; becaufe it docs not appear that the utmoit extent of Afric was ever known till the Portugutfes in thefe latter times difcovered it } and the very northern parts of Europe were not thoroughly difcovered, even in the time of the Roman greatncfs. However, no doubt is to be made but that they failed very far both ways, and might perhaps add fometbing of their own invention, to gain the more reputation to thtir undertttHiigt. Nor were they confined to the Mediterranean and weftward Ocean, it was OF NAVIGATION. was tliey that conduced Solomon's fleets to Ophir ; and wc read in i Kings ix. 27. that Hiram (who was king of Tyre, and confequently his men rhoenicians)yJ«/ in tht navy his fervantt, jhipmen that had knowledge tf the fta s and again, (thap. x. vcr. 1 1.) and the navy alfo of Hiram that brought gold from Ophir. Thus we fee the Phoenicians traded to Ophir before king Solomon, and for him. — ^fo enter into the controverfy where this Ophir wis, is not proper for this place, but the mod probable opinions conclude it to he fome part of the Eap Indiet, and indeed there is not the lead: (hew of reafon to pi ici* it elfewhcre. How thty performed thefe long voyages without the- help of the Compafs, or ma< Tm hSW if LOCKE'S HISTORT ti1onj» the coifts of Afia ; where clofely porfuing the Perfian admiral Titraujles, he obliged him to run his (hips aground, of which he took two hundred, befides all that . periflied on the (hore. And not fo fatisfied, G'msn proceeded to Hydrope, where he dedroyed fevrnty fvkil, which were the peculiar fquadron of the Phoenicians ; for, - which particulars fee Thucydid. (lib. I. cap. ii, and n.) Plutarch in vit. Cimon, and Dhd. Sic. lib. XII. Thcfe vi£lories were the bane of Greece, which growing rich with the fpoils of the Perflans, fell into thofe vices it had before been a (Iranger to, ■ 4 . and which broke that union which had preferved it againft the common enemy. Hence followed the war betwixt the Athenians and Lacedemonians, and fcveral others, where thofe little dates confederating one againft unother, fent out many numerous ' Fleets, and drove for the fovereignty of the fea } till having fuiHcienily weakened them- felves they at length became a prey to others. Yet during their flouriOiing times, and even in adverfity, when driven from home by difaders, they never ceafcd fending out colonies upon all the coads of the Mediterranean, and particularly of Afia, Spain, ' France, Italy, and Sicily ; in all which countries they fo far extended their empire, that it would iiil a volume to give but an indiarf^// accordingly, keeping along the Indian and Perfian fliores, and entering the Perfian Gulph, returned to him up the river Euphrates, which was then looked upon as a wonderful difcovery, and a great mader- piece of that admiral, for which he received a crown of gold from Alexander. Tliug much we have concerning this expedition in Curtius quoted above, and in Plutanh in vit. ■/iltf. — PurcLat in his fird vol. (p. 86, 87, 88.) gives a very particular account day by day of this voyage of Nearchus, taken out of Arianus, lib. VIII. who delivers it 38 Nearchus's journal of the expedition. Next to the Phoenicians and Greeks, the Romans became fovereigns of the fea ; yet not all at once, but after hard druggling with the Carthaginians, then in the height of OF NAVIGATION. tl;.i •f their power,- having by their naval force made themfelves mafters of the greateft part of Spain, and the coad of Afric, of many iflinds in the Mediterranean, and be- ing intent upon the conqued of Sicily. This ifland furnidted thefe mighty cities with an occaGon of trying their forces on pretence of protecting their allies, but in reality •ut of a defirc of foverclgnty. The Kom tions began to difmember that monarchf, this art inftead of improving, doubtleft de> dined, aa did all othera.— The firft of thefe barbarians were the Gttbs and VanJab, of whom no great aAiona appear on tl.e fea % their fartheft expeditions on this element being in the Mediterranean, betwixt Italy and Afric, Spain and the iflanda, where nothing occurs worth mentioning. The Saraeenj were next to them as to order of time, though much fuperior in naval power, yet contained within the fame bounds, and confequently did nothing more memorable. After the Saracens may be reckoned the Normans, who for feveral years infeded the coafts of Britain and France with their fleets from Norway t till having fettled themfelves in Normandy, they ran out plundering all the coafts of Spain, and entering the (Iraits conquered a great part of the kingdom of Naples, and the whole ifland of Sicily. Still there, though they un- dertook longer voyages, were but coafters } and fattsfied with what they found, did not endeavour to add any thing to the art of Navigation, cfpecially for that they were as then but rude and barbarous, war and rapine being their only profeffion.. Other nations famous at fea were the Genoe/et and Venitiant, betwixt whom there were bloody wars for feveral years ; and the latter, till the Partugutftt difcovered the way by fea to the Eaft Indies, had all the trade of thofe parts in their own hands ; cither brought up the Red Sea into Egypt, or by caravans to the fee-port towns of Ada. We might here mention the expeditions of Englifli, French, Danes, Dutch, and other nations, but (hould find nothing new in them all. They all in their turns were powerful at fea \ they all ventured fometimes far from home, either to rob) conquer, or trade: but all in the fame manner creeping along the Ihores, without dar- ing to venture far out to fea, having no guides out of fight of land but the (lars, which in cloudy nights muft fail them. It is therefore time to leave thefe blind fails. ors, and come to thc'Magnet or Loadftone, and to the Ccmpafs or magnetical needle, which has opened ways in the unknown ocean, and made them as plain and eafy iti- the blacked night as in the brighteft day : to come then to the point. The Loaddone, or Magnet, fo called from the Latin word magtiett had this name given it becaufe found in the country of Mtigntftn, which i» a part of Lydia in Afu \ or becaufe the Magntftans fird difcovered its virtue of attraAing iron : for both thefe reafons are given by the learned Boehartui {Geegr. Sacr, p. 717.) What other virtues and qualities it has, does not belong to this place : but it is certain the magnet has two poles, anfwering to the two poles of the world, and to which they naturally incline (if nothing obdrucls) to lie parallel. This property is not confined to itfelf, but com- municative, as daily experience (hews us in the nautical needles { which by the touc!> of this done partake fo much of its nature, that the point fo touched, unlefs otherwile hindered, will always look towards the north pole. Let the learned Naturalift- plunge himfelf into the infcrutable abyfs of nature to find out reafona for this.fympathy ; it fltall fuffice here, to (hew the benefits and advantages navigation, and in it mankind, has reaped by the difcovery of this mod wonderful fecret. The Maguefians, as was Uid above, were counted the fird difcoverer« of the Loadftone's virtue of attra£ting iron OF NAVIGATION, iron t bttt thU greater virtue of pointing out the North Pole, was never found Hill tbout tlie year 1300, if we will believe all the belt modern inquirer* into antiquity ( who upon diligent fearch unanimoufly agree they cannot find the leaft ground to be- lieve it was known before { rather than give credit to fome few writers, who more Aippofe fuch a thing to have been ufed by the Phoenicians, than pretend to prove iti having nothing but their own fancies, raifed upon weak and groundlefs furmifes, to build upon. The great advocate I find for this opinion (in Bothart. Geog. Sac. p. 716. Md in Purcha/% pilgrims, p. 26.) is Fuller in his mifcellanies, (I. 4. c. 19.) yet neither of them mentions any proof, or (Irong argument, he brings to corroborate his opinion, and therefore they both with reafon rejcA him. Thefe two authors, and PancireK lib. ii. tit. 1 1, do not forget the verfe often urged out of Plautut in Mtrcat. Hie ftcnndus veniut nunc rji, tape modi Verforiam, Which Vtrforia fome will have to be the compafs. But there is nothing foltd in this argument, it is only catching at ftraws, when all Hiftory and PraQice of former ages make againft it : hilVory, becaafe it could not but have made fome mention of a thing fo univerfally ufeful and neceflary j and practice, becaufe it is well known no fuch voyages were then performed, as are now daily by the help of the compifs. It has fufiiciently been proved before, that in all former ages they were but coallers, (icarce daring to venture out of fight of land ; that if out at night they had no other rule to go by but the ftars : and what is dill more, it is manifeft they fcarce ventured at all to fea in the winter months. That this is fo, appears by Fegetiur, (lib.IV.} where fpeaking of the months, he fays, — the feas are (hut from the third of the ides of November, to the fixth of the ides of March, and from that time till the ides o£ May, it is dangetous venturing to fea. Thus much may fuffice to (hew the Compafs- was not known to antiq.uity } let us fee when it firft appeared in the world. It» ancient ufe being rejedled by general confent, there have dill been fome who have endeavoured to rob the difcoverer of this honour : among them Goivpius* quoted by Morifotus, will have this invention attributed to the Cimbrians, Teutonics, or Germans, for this weak reafon v becaufe the names of the thirty-two winds about it are Teutonic, and ufed by almoft all Europeans. Others will not allow this to be the product of any part of Europe, and therefore go as far as China for it } alleging that M. Paulits Vtnetus brought it from thence about the; year 1260: but this is af-« ferted without any the leaft authority, only becaufe Paulus Venetus travelled into China, and when afterwards the Portuguefes came thither, they * found the ufe of the needle common among all thofe eaftern nations, whidi they affirmed they had en- ibyed for many ages» Not to dwell upon groundlefs fuppofitions, the general confent of the beft authors on this fubjeA is, — that the Magneticai needle or Compafs was firft found out in Europe by one John Gioia, whom others call F/evio Gioia, of the city of Amalfi, on the coaft of that part of the kingdom of Naples called Terra di Lavoro* This happened about the year of our Lord 1300 > and though the thing be of fuch flu- pcndous advantage to the world, yet it did not prove fo greatly profitable to the fiifti finder, ■• ' • S«e Extraa from OfarWs Hijiorj, article (H). '. ;*.! ■m fwmL •ill It m :;■ \i ^1 iJit, *■ ^D 1 -itfl B6 LOCKE'* HISTORT ^' finder, whofe bare name it all that remains to pofterity ; without the leaft knowledge of hit profedion, or after what manner he made this wonderful difcovery. So won. derful that it feema to contradi£k the opinion of Solomon, who many ages Tmce fatd there wai nothing new under the fun i whereas this certainly appears, though fo long after him, to be altogether new, and never fo much as thought of before i which cannot fo plainly be made out of any other of thofe we look upon as modern inven- tions or improvements. For to indaiice in a few things i we find the ufe of Fire-Shipt among the Tyrians in the time of Alexander the Great, as was mentioned before out of Curtius, lib. IV. and therefore not repeated here. Our Sea-Charts, on which latter times have fo much valued themfelves, are of fuch ancient date, that we cannot find their original yet Morifotus, p. la. fays that Eolus gave Uljrfles a fea-chart drawn on a ram's (kin, that is, a parchment. Again, p. 14. the fame author out of Trogus obferves, that Dtmotedei the Cratonian, employed by Oaiius Hydafpes to view the coads of Greece, fent him charts of them all, with the poits, roads, and (Irong-holds exaftly marked down. Then, p. 215. he (Iiews out of i^lianus and Ariftophanes, that there were Maps of the world in Socrates's time. This, he fays, was about the eightieth Olympiad, and then quotes Strabo, who from Eratoilhenes affirms, that An. aximander the Milefian w.)s the fird who made geographical tables about the fiftieth Olympiad. Sheathing ofjhips is a thing in appearance fo abfolutely new, that fcarce any will doubt to aflert it altogether a modern invention } yet how vain this notion is, will foon appear in two Inftances, Ln Bapilfti Alberti in his book of architef^ure* lib. V. cap. 12. has thefe words : But Trajan's Jhip weighed out eftbe lake of Riccia at ■this lime, while I was compiling this work, where it lutd lain funk and neglected for above thirteen hundred years ; / ohferved, that the pine and cyprefs of it had lofted mofl remarkm abls. On the outfide it was built with double planks, daubed over with Greek pilch, caulkud with linen ragss and over all afl)eet of lead fajlened on with little copper nails. Raphael Vo1ateir.inu8 in his geography fays, this fl)ip was weighed by the order of cardinal Profpero Colonna. Here we have caulking, and flieathing together, above fixteen hundred years ago ; for I fuppofe no man can doubt that the (heet of lead nailed over the outfide with copper nails was (heathing, and that in great perfe£lion} the copper nails being nied rather than iron, which, when once rulled in tlie water with the working of the (hip, foon lofe their hold and drop out. The other indance we find in Purchas's pilgrims, (vol. I. lib. 4 ) in captain Saris's voyage to the court of Japan, ,p. 371. where the captain giving an account of his voyage fays } that rowing b<:twixt Firando and Fuccate, about eight or ten leagues on this fide Xemina-feque, he found a great town, where there lay in a dock zjunck of eight or ten hundred tun burden, JbtatLed all with iron. This was in the year 16 13, about which time the Englifii came fird acquainted with Japan ; and it is evident, that nation had not learned the way of flieathing of them, or the Portuguefes, who were there before, but were them- 'felves ignorant of the art. Now to return to the Magnetical Needle, or Sea-Compafs ; its difcoverer, as has been fud* appears to be Flavins, or John Gioia of Amalfi, and the time of its difcovery about OP NAVIGATIOK. ivery bout rfiout the year ijoe. The reafon of its tending to, or pointing out the north, ii what many natural (hilofopheri have in vain labourfd to finil » and all their ttudy haa brought them only to be fennble of the imperfeaion of human knowledge : which when plunged into the inquiry after the fecreti of nature, finds no other way to come off but by calling them teeult qualitia , which ii no other than owning our ignor- ance, and grantrag they are thingi altogether unknown to ui : yet thefe are not all the wondera of thia magnetic virtue. The Variation of it is another as infcrutable a fecret. This Variation is when the needle does not point out the true pole, but in- clines more or lefs either to the eaft or weft j and is not certain, but dilfers accord- ing to places, yet holding always the fame in the fame place, which is found by obfcrv- ing the fun or ftars. The Caufe of this Variation fome philofophers afcribe to mag- netical mountains, fome to the pole itfelf, fome to the Ifeavens, and fome to a mag- netical power even beyond the heavens ; but thefe arc blind gucfles, and fond often- tations of learning, without any thing in them to convince one's reafon. There is nothing of it certain but the Variation itfelf j nor is this Variation alone •, tliere is a variation of tht variatitn, a fubjeft to be handled by none but fuch as have made it a peculiar lludy j and which deferving a peculiar volume, is daily expe^ed from a moa able pen.— But let us leave thefe myfteries, and come to the hiftorical part, as the principal fcope of this'difcourfe j where we Ihall find, that though the ufe of the Needle was fo long fince found out ; yet, either through its being kept private by fome few perfons at firft as a fecret of great value, or through the dullnefs of the failors, at firft not comprehending this wonderful phenomenon } or through fear of venturing too far out of the known (hores ; or laftly, out of a conceit that there could not be more habitable world to difcover j — whether for thefe, or any other caufe, we do not find any confidcrable advantage made of this wonderful difcovery for above an age after it: nay, what IS more, it does not appear how the world received it ; who firft ufed it upon the fea, and how it fprcad abroad into other parts. This is not a little flrange, in a matter of fuch confcquence, that the hiftories of nations fliould not mention when they received fb great an advantage, nor what benefit they found at firft by it. But fo it is ; and therefore to fttew the advancement of Navigation fince the difcovery of the Magnetical- needle, it will be abfolutely neceflary to begin feveral years after it, before which nothing appears to be done. This fiiall be performed with all pofllble brevity, and by way of Annals, containing a fummary account of all Difcoveries from year to year x. yet, left the diftance and variety of places fliould too much diftradt the reader, if all lay intermixed, the European northern difcoverits fliall be firft run through in their order of years ; next to them, as next in order of time, (hall follow the African, and fo of the Eaft India or Afiatic, the one being the confequence of the other ; and in the laft place ftiall appear the Weft Indian, or American.— -The firft pan of the northern European difcoveries is all taken out of Hai/uyt, beginning with the neareft after the difcovery of the Needle ', quoting the authors out of him, and the page where they are to be found. ; i '- .^ . <4i» $8 Northern European Difcoverici. LOCKE'i HISTORY An. 13601 Niche/as tU Liniu, or of Limit a friar of Oxford, wlio wai an able »{[ta- nomer, took a voyage withtithen into the moft northern iflandi of the worlJ \ where leaving hit company he travelled alone, and made dmughti of all tliofe northern parti, which at hit return he prcfented to king Edward 111. Tbia Friar made five voyages into thofe parte: for this he quotes Getardus Meicator, and Mr. John Dee, (llak. p. 122.) And thii, though it is not there mentioned, being fikty years after the dif- covery of the Compafi, wc may look upon as one of the firft tiials of this naiur.w land, where he re- ceived diredlions how to (hape his courfe for the river Ob. He fpent fome time in fearch of it \ but coming to the (Iraits of Wtygatt found no pafljge, and the fummer- feafon being almoft fpent, returned to Colmogro in Mufcovy, where he wintereil, defigning to profecute his voyage the next fummer } but was countermanded, and fo this was all the event of the expedition. An. 1558, Anthony Jtnkhifon failed for Mufcovy with four (hips under his com • inand : he left his (liips, and travelled by land to Mofco { where having been nobly en- tertained by the Czur, he obtained his pafs, and continued his journey through Muf- covy acrofs the kingdoms of Cafan and Aftracani where (hipping himfelf on the river Volga he failed down into the Cifpian fea, having travelled by land about fix hundred leagues in the Czar's dominions from Mofco. On the Cafpian fea he fpent twenty- feven days *, after which landing, he proceeded five days journey by land among a fort of •^'- OF NAVIGATION. •9 Uilcuwrici. o» wllil Taruri with a caravan of one thoufiod cameU i then twenty clayi more Noriliern tliraugh a (ieferti fufTcrinK much from Iiu'Ij^t jnd ttiir'l. Th'u brought hiii) again E'lropcin to another pnit of the Cifpi.iu i ', where fiirnrt'rfly the river Oxus fell into if, which now he r.iys runs into another nvrr not f.ir from thene'i ctlicti Ardoch, vviiich runs to^vards the north, and under ground, »li ive five hundred milts, after whiih it rifes again, and unburdens iifcif in the lakr of A'/Zo/. ilence he continued liiit difoovery amidit ihofe countries of Tartars to Uoghar in Uaflria, whence he returned to MTed thruu;;h to the court of the king of I'crHa at Caibin, there he obtained fc< vera! privileges for the Lngliili nation, and returned Iiome in Tifcty the fjine way he went. Alt, 1580, Mr. Arthur Pit and Mr. Chnrlcs 'Jmlvmn failed in May from MirwiiU in two barks to make diliovrricg in the north-eall beyful HJthrrto out attempts, give them over for mmy ye.irS'i and the Diifc/j giowing powerful at fen, of Hakluyt. refolvtd to try their fortune ; hoping the failures if the Englifli might help to point out to them what cnurfe they wtre to avuid, and what to follow ; and accordingly, An. IS94» the States fitted out tlirec (liips, commanded by WiHinm li.in/i/z, Cor- tielius Cornclijpn, and John Hugef)S : they .ill failed together, but 13.:rentz ran further VOL.1. ni .up sKT'H ^i' 'I if' ' ' ■ j^,„ ^-^J 9=> Northern European Difcoveries. LOCKE'S HISTORY up to the northward than the others, till he came into fcventy-.ight degrees of lati- tude ; and in Aiiguft met with much ice, and abundance of fea-monfters, at which the feamen being difcouraged they refolved to return home. Thu otiier two fliips difcovered fome iflands ; and at laft a Strait or Paffage capable of the greatcll (hips, and about five or fix leagues in lengtli : being paiFed it, they came into an open and warmer fca, and upon the coaft of Tartary near the river Ob or Oby, a very fruitful country: this they called the Strait of Najfaii, and niiglit have gone further but for want of provifions. This done, they came back the fame way very joyful to Holland. {Mcteren. hill, of the Low Countries, lib. XVIIl.) This we fee pofitively delivered, but with how much of truth I dare not decide } only niuft think it (Irange, that if fuch a Strait had been once found, it (hould never be met with fince, though often fearched iox; and once by the fame perfons that pretended to have been the firft dlf- coverers, as may be feen in the year 1596: yet we fee this aflcrtion repeated by tlic fame author, who takes it from the relations of t!ie failors, and in the fame place be- fore quoted fay«, that — jin. 1 59$, the States being much encouraged by the relation of thefe difcoverers, fitted out feven fliips, fix of them to proceed on their voyage to China, Japan, &c. this way, and the feventh to bring back the news of their being pafTed the Strait ■, but they met with too much ice at llrait NaiTau, coming to it too late by reafun of the contrary winds they had in their pafTtge thither : yet the inhabitants of the place told them many particulars more than they knew before i but they returned re infecla, {Me- teren. ubifupra.) An. 1596, the Dutch not difcouraged by the former difappointment, fitted out two fliips under the command of jyUUam Bartntfen and John Cornel'tjfeny who failed on the eighteenth of May, and on the nineteenth of June found themfelves \\\ the lati- tude of 80 degrees, and eleven minutes, where they found a country they fuppofcd to be Greenland, with grafs, and beads grazing like deer, &c. and lefs cold and ice than in 76 degrees : — they turned back to an ifland they had before called the IJlani of Bears, becaufe of the many bears they faw in it, and there parted company. Cornc- liffen went up again into 80 degrees of latitude, tliinking to find a paflage cad of the land they had difcovered, but returned home without doing any thing confidcrable. Barentfen made towards Nova Zembia, and coalled along it till he met with an ifl ind which he called Orange, in 77 degrees of latitude i thence he (leered fouth and clou- bled a cape ; but was (lopped by ice, and making towards the land, on the laft of Augud, was fo inclofed that there was no (lirring. They landed and built a houfc with timber and planks, into which they put all their provifions and goods, where they continued futFering much hardfhip all the winter. On the twenty-fecond of June they fet out from thence in two boats they had repaired, leaving their (hip among the ice, and an account in wri'.ing of their being there. Thus with much didiculty, they arrived at Cola in Lapland on the fecond of October 1597, where they fuund CoineliiTeni who liad made a voyage to Holland in tlie mean while, and was returned OK NAVIGATION\ returned thither. Barentfcn died by the way, but the fuivivors arilved in Holland on the twenty-ninth of Oflober} (Meteren. lib. XIX.) yiti. 1676, Captain John IFood \n his majefty's ft»ip the Speedwell, with the Prof, pernus Pink f attend him, failed from the Buoy of the Nore to difcover the North Eaft Paflagc. June the fourth he anchored in the id md of Shetland, and the tenth failed out again, direfling his courfe north-north-eaft, and north-caft by eaft, till the twen- ty-fecond •, when at noon he faw ice right a-liead about a league from him, and failed elofc to it, iia they did the next day, enterinjj; into many openings which they per- ceived to be bays. Sometimes the weather proved foggy, and then they made little way ; but as fall as the fog fell, it froze on their fails and rigging : they perceived the ice here joined to the land of Nova Zembla, and run out five leagues to fea. They continued coafting the ice to find a pa(T;ige, till on the twenty-ninth of June at near jnidiiiglit the ProfperousPink fired a gun and bore down upon the man of war, crying out, ue on the weather-boiu ; whereupon he clapped the helm hard a-weather to come about, but, before (lie could be brouj^ht upon the other tack, ftruck upon a ledge of rocks that lay funk : the Pink got clear, but the fliip ftuck faft, and there being no getting her off, the men got all aOiorc in their boats with what provifion they could lave, fome arms and other nccelTaries ; cnly two men were loft with the pinnace. Ikre they fet up a tent, and f.;w no other inhabitants but white bears. The follow- ing days the (liip broke and much wreck drove afliore, which was a great help to them, there being wood for firing, fome meal, oil, brandy, and beer : they killed a white bear and eat her, which they faid was very good meat. — ^Thus they continued, contriving to build a deck to their long-boat to carry off fome of the men, the others to travel afoot towirds the Weygats ; till on the eighth of July, to their great joy, they difcuvered tl)e pink, and making a fire for a fignal, (lie fent her boat to help to bring them off, and by noon they all got aboard. They prefently ftood off to weft, ward, and madf the b.ft of their way home, arriving on the twenty thiid of Augufl: at t!ie Bit:y of the Sore. (Taken out of captain Wood's own journal.) Thefe are the Principal Difcoveries attempted and performed to the North Eaft % which have proved ui fuecefstul, as failing of the ittajn defign of finding a paffjge that way to the liaft Indies. Let us now leave the barren frozen North, where fo many have miferably periflied, and yet fo little been difcover^d of what was intended j ice, (ho.ils, rocks, darknefs, and many other obllules haviiii; dif-ippointed the bi Id undertakings of fo many dar- ing failors, and for fo many h'ffes made us no return but the bare trade of Ruflia ; •whilft our intentions were levelled at that of the mighty kingdom of Cathay, and a paffage to China, Japan, and all the other eaftern regions. Let us, I fay, quit thefe unfortunate attempts, and come now to fpeak of thofe, fo fuccefsful, made towards the South and South E.ift, along the coaft of Afric firft, and then to thofe of the more frequented, as more profitable Afia. The firft we find in this order, if the au- thority we have fur it be good, is of an Englilhman, by name Machatn ; who, ma -^n. 9t Northern European Difcoveries. Weftem Coaft of Africa. •^ M i I i* LOCKE'* HISTORY Wcflorn Cgall of Arrica. An. 13441 having flulen a woman, with whom he was in love, and iii!<.-r degrees of north latitude. Going aflioie there with his miftrefs to rcfrefli her after the toils of the fi-n; the tliip, taking the opportunity of a favourable gale failed away, leaving them bL-hiud. The lady foon ditd for grief of being left in that dcfolate illaiid ; and Ma. cham with what companions he liad, erected a little chapel and hermitage under the invocation of tlie n.une of Jtsus, to bury her. Tiiis done, they contrived a boat made of one finglc tree, in which they got over to tlie co*(l of Alricj wht-re they were tikcn by tlie Moors, and prtfi.ntcd to thtir king for the rarity of the ac ident. lie for the fame re;ifon fent them to the king of Cidilc i win re giving an acrouiit of what had iKfallcn them, it moved many to venture out in fearcli of this lilund. This ftory we find in Hakliiyt, (vol. II. part 2. p. 1.) where he quotes Antonio Galvano u Portuguefe author for itj and D. Antonio Manoel, in his works among his Epaun finis, has one on this paiticular fubje6t, which he calls Epanjfsra Amorofa. Upon this in- formation, as was fjid, feveral adventurers went out, but to no tStOt that we can hear of ■, till An. 1348, John Betnncourt a Frenchman, obtained a grant of king John the fecond of Callile, and went to conquer the Canary iflands long before difcovered, and made himfcif miller of five of them; but could not fubdue the two greatell, as mod popu- lous and bed defended. Thrfe were afterwards fubducd by king Fenlinand, as may be fccn in Mariana, (lib. XVI. p. 29 ) Thefe were fmill beginnings, and out of re- gular couife : next follow the Gradual Difcoveries made by the I'ortuguefes, which may be faid to have been the ground-work of alt the enfuing Navijjatious, which hap- pened in this manner. — King John of Portugal enjoying peace at home after his wars with Callile, was perfuaded by his foiis to undertake the conquell of Ceuta on the African (liore. Prince Henry, his fifth fon accompanied him in this expedition, and at his return home brought with him a ilrong inclination to difcover new feas and Iaiul:i; and the more, on account of the information he had received from feveral Moors con- cerning the coafts of Afric to the fouthward, which vierc as yet unknown to Euro- peans; who never pretended to venture beyond Cipe AW, which had therefore tliis name given it, fignifying in I'ortngutfe No, to imply there was no failing further: and the reafon was, becaufc the Cape running far out into the fca, caufcd it to break and appear dangerous; ;ind they, as yet not daring to venture too far from lind, were ignorant that by keeping oft' to fca they fliould avoid that danger. PuKNCii Hunky rtlolving to overcome all dilhcultles, fitted out two fmall vefllls, An. i.;f, commanding them to coad along Afric, and doubling that Cape to difcover futiher towards the equinofti il. They ventured to run fixty leagues beyond ' ! / 'rK ^\ ft ( '< ^*fi i^ P4 LOCKE'* HISTORY Wcftern Coart of Afiica. jfti, I444i a fmall Company was creeled, piyin;^ an acknowledgment to the prince, to trade to thofe parts lately difcovered, whither they fent fix cnravcU; which com- ing to the ifles of ArKuim, took there about two hundred flaves, which yielded them good profit in Portugal. jIn. 14451 Gonzalo da Cintra failed to the ifland of Arguim, and venturing up a creek in the night to furprize the inhabitants, the tide left his boat afhore ; fo that two hundred Moors coming down upon him, he was killed with fcven of his men, and from him the place was called Angra dt Gonzalo da Cintra, fourteen leagues be- yond Rio del Oro. jin. 1446, three Caravels failed for the fame river to fettle commerce ; but effc£led nothing, and only brought away one of the natives, and left a Portugutrfe there to view the country. But Dinii Fernandez the fame year pjfled beyond the river Sanngrjt which divides the Azanagi from Jahf, and difcovered the famous cape called Caba Verdt, or the Green Cap*. An. 1447, ^^^^^ Caravels performed the fame Voyage without doing any thing re- markable, more than taking up the Poituguefe left there before; whom they found in good health, and he gave them fome account of the country. This year likewifc Nuno Trifian failed fixty leagues beyond Cabo Verde, and anchoring at the mouth of Rio Grande, or the great river, ventured up in his boat, where he and moft of iiis men were killed by the Blacks with their poifoned arrows. Alvaro Fernandez the fame year went forty leagues beyond Rio Grande. Prince Henry, the great en- courager, or rather undertaker in all thefe difcoveries, dying, tliey were afterwards managed by his nephew, Alonfo the fifth, king of Portugal. Under him, An. 1449, Gonfalo Velio difcovered the Ifl mds called Azores, or of Hawks, b:'c.''.ufe many of thofe birds were feen about them. They ire eight in nunber, viz. S. Michael, S. Alary, Jefus or Tercera, Graciofi, Pica, Fay.d, Flores, and Corvo. They are near about the latitude of Lifbon. In the hit of tlivini was found the Statue of a man on horfeback with a cloak, but no hat, his left-hand on the horfc s mane, the right point- ing to the wed, and fome charadtcrs carved on the rock uiuit r it, but not under(ti),)d. An. 1460, Antonio Nole, a Gcnocfc in the Portuguefe fcrvice, difcovered the IJl.inds tfCabo Verde, the names whereof arc Fogo, lirava, Boavi/la, Sal, S. Nichtlao, S. Lu- cia, S. Vincente, and S. Antonio. They lie about an hundred leagues well ot Cabo Verde, and therefore take name from that Cape. He alfo t'ound the illands Maya, S. PHlipy and S. Jacob. This fame year Pedro da Cintra and Suero da Cojia failed as far as Serra Leona. An. 1471, John de Santarem and Peter de Efcobar advanced as far as the place they called Mina, or the Mine, becaufe of the trade of gold there } and then proceeded to Cape S. Catharine, thirty-ftven leagues beyond Cape Lope Gonzalez in two degrees and an half of fuuth latitude. Ferdinand Po the fame year found the ifland, by him called Hermofa, or Beautiful, which name is loll, and Hill keeps that of the difcoverer. At the fame time were found the Illands of S. Thomas, Anno Bom, and Principe. Some OF NAVIGATION. tf Some years paffed without going bfiyoiul what was known ; but in the mean time Eaft Indian king John the fecotid, wlio fuccecdcil hU father Alonfo, caufed a fort to be built at U'fcovenw. Mina, which he called fort S. George, nnd fettled a trade there. An. 1480, Janus Cam proceeikd ;is far as the river Congo in the kingdom of the fame nv\me, called by the natives Zuyre \ whence he continued his Voyage as far as 22 degrees of fouth latituiie, and thence home again. ' An. 1486, King John being informed by an ambaflador from the king of Benin on the coaft of Afric, that there was a mighty prince two hundred and fifty leagues from his country, from wliom his nmfter received his confirmation in his throne; and imagining this to be tlie fo much talked of PreJJer John^ he fent Pedro de CcviiLim,. and Alonfo da Payva by land, to get intelligence of this great potentate, and fome ac- count of India. They went togfther by the way of Grand Cair to Tor on the coaft of Ar.ibia, where they partem! •, Covillam for India, and Payva for Ethiopia, agreeing to meet by a certain time at Grnnd Cair: the firft went to Cananor, Calicut, and Gaa, pafled thence to Zofila in Afric, thm to Aden at the mouth of the Red Sea on the fide of Arjbi'i, and at lad to Grand Cair, where he found his companion had died. Hence he fent an account to the king of his proceedings, by a Jew come from Portu- gal} and with another embarked for Ormuz, then went over into Ethiopia, where he was kindly entertained, but never fuffered to return home. At the fame time thefe were fent away by land, Bartholomew Diaz put to fea with three fliips, and out-go- ing all that had been before him, an hundred and twenty leagues, difcovered the moun- tains he called Sierra Parda, and pafled on in fight of the bay called De los Vaqueros, or of the Herd/men, becaufe of the great herds of cattle they faw there ; beyond which he touched at the fmall ifland Santa Cruz, entered the mouth of the river called Del Infante ; and at laft came to the now famous, and till then unknown Cape, which he called Tcrmentofo, becaufe he there met with llorms: but the king, in hopes of dif- covering the Ea/l Indies, changed its name to that of Cabo da Buena Efperanza, or Cape of Good Hope : this done he returned home, having difcovered more than any man be- fore him. The ftrange conceit which poflefled the heads of the failors, that there was no poflibility of pafliiig beyond Cabo Tormentofo, as they called it, and the conftant employ- ment the kings of Portugal found in their great difcoveries on the coaft of Afric, very much retarded the profecution of further dedgns ; fo that nothing was advanced till. An. 1497, King Emanuel, who with the crown of Portugal had inherited the ambi- tion of enlarging his dominions, and the defire of finding a way by fea to the Eaft Indies, appointed Vasco de Gama, a gentleman of an undaunted fpirit, admiral of thofe fliips he defigncd for this expedition ; which were only three, and a tender : tlieir names were the S. Gabriel, the S. Raphael, and Berrio ; the captains Vafco de Gama admiral, Paul de Gama his brother, and Nicholas Nunez ; and Gonzalo Nunez of the tender, which was laden with provifions. Gama failed from Lifbon on the eiglith of July, and the firft land he came to after almoft five months fail was the bay of 5. Htlena, where he took fome Blacks. The twentieth of November he failed thence, and doubled the Cape of Good Hope i and on the twenty-fifth touched at the bay of S. Bias, W:- '-:\ 95 LOCKE'8 HISTORY Kaft Indian Difcuveries. S. Bias, fixfy le.igucs beyond the aforcf.iiJ Cape, where he exchanged fomc merchan. dize with the natives. Here he took all the provifioris out of the tender, and burnt it. On Chrilhnjs day they f.iw the land, which for that reafon they called Terra da Na- tal, that is, Chrinmas land ; then the river they named Dt Ics Re^es, that is of the kings, becauft difcovercd on the fe.ift of the Epiphany, and after that (Jape Corrientet, palTing fifty leagues beyond Zofala without fceitig it, where they went up a river in which w<;re boats with fails made of palm-tree leaves : the people were not fo black as thofe they had feeii before, and underftood the Arabic ch.ira£l r, who faid that to theeaflward lived people who failed in veffels like thofe of the Portunuc fes. This river Gama called De Bans Shiayi, or of good tokens, becaiife it put him m hopes of finding what he cimc in fearch of. Sailing hence, he again came to an anchor a.Tiong the iflands of S. George oppofite to Mofamblqiie ; and removing thence anchor* cd again above the tovon of Mofambique in 14 tiegrees and an half of fouth latitude} whence after a fliort ftay, with the alTillancc of a Moorilh pilot, he touched at Quiloa and Monbrtzi ; and having at Melinde fettled a peace with the Moorifli king of that place, and taken in a Guzarat pilot, he fet fail for India; and crofTin^' that ^»reat gulph of fevcn hundred leagues in twenty days, anchored two leagues below Calicut on the twentieth of May. To this place, had Gama difcovered twelve hundred leajjues be- yond what was known before, drawing a ftrai«ht line from the river Del Infante, dif- covered by Bartholomew Diaz, to the port of Calicut; for in failing about by the conft it is much more. Returning home not far from the coaft, he fell in with the iflands of Anchediva, fignifying in the Indian language five iflands, becaufe they are fo many; and having had fight of Goa at a diftance, failed over again to the coaft of Afric, and anchored near the town of Magadoxa. At M-'linde he was friendly received by the king, but being again under fail, the Ihip S. Raphael (Iruck artiore and w.is loft, giving her name to thofe fands : all the men were faved aboard the othc-r two fliips, which parted in a ftorm near Cabo Verde. Nicholas Coella arrived firft at Lift)on, and foon after him Vafco de Gama, having fpent in this voyage two years and almoft two months. Of an hundred and fixty men he carried out, only fifty-five returned home, who were all well rewarded All. 1500, King Emanuel, encouraged by the fuccefs of Vafio de Gama, fitted out a fleet of thirteen fail under the command of Pedro Alvarez Cabral, and in it twelve hundred men, to gain footing in India. He failed on the eightli of March, and meet- ing with violent ftorms was caft ofl^ from the coaft of Alric fo far, that on haller eve the fleet came into a port, which for the fafety found in it was oiled Seguro, and t'e country at that time Sn^ita Cruz ,- being the fame now known by the name of Brazil, on the fouth continent of America. Hence the admiral fent back a ftiip to advertifc the king of the accidental new difcovery, leaving two Portugutfes afliore to eni|uirc into the cuftoms and produd of the land. Sailing thence on the twelfth of May for the Cape of Good Hope, the fleet was for twenty days in a moll dreadful ftorm ; in- fomuch, that the fea fwallowed up four (hips, and the admiral arrived with only fix at Zofala on the fixtccnth of July, and on the twentieth at Mozambiq 'x ; v.iiere hav- ing OF NAVIGATION. 91 ing refitteJ, he profecuted his voyage to Quiloa, and thence to Melindc, whence the Portiiguefe fleet ftood over for India, and reached Anchediva on the twenty-fourth of Ausud : then ^(iatic coming to Calicut, peace and commerce was tlicrc agreed on witli the Zamorin, the king of Calicut, but as foon broken; and the I'ortuguefcs entered into drift amity with the kings of Cochin and Cananor, wliere they took in tlicir lading and returned to Portugal. ylri. 1501, Jobn'ik Nova departed from Lifljon with four (hips and four hundred men, and in his way difcovcred tht ijland of Conception, in eight degrees of fouth la- titude, and on tlie call fide of Afric that, which from him was called the ifland of John da Nova. At Cnnanor and Cochin lie took in all his lading, dedroying many veflfcls of Calicut ; and in his return home found the ifland of St. Helena in 15 degrees of fouth latitude, dif^ant fifteen hundred forty-nine leagues from Goa, and eleven hun- dred from Liibon, being then unpeopled, but fince of great advantage to all that ufe the trade of India. jifi. 1502, The king fent out a fleet of twenty fail commanded by the firft difcoverer of India, Vufco dn Gama, whofe fecond voyage this was. No new difcoveries were made by him, but only trade fecured at Cochin and Cananor; feveral (hips of Calicut taken and deilroyed-, the king of Quiloa on the coaft of Afric brought to fubmit him- felf to Portugal, paying tribute ; and fo Vafco de Gama returned home with nine ihips richly laden, leaving Vincent Sodre behind with five fhips to fcour the coafts of India, and fecure the faftories there. An. 1503, Nine lliips were fent under three feveral commanders, Alfonfo de Albu- querque, Francis d' Albuquerque, and Antonio da Saldanhit, each of them having three Ihips. The Albuquerques, with permifliou of that king, built a port at Cochin, burnt fome towns, took many (liips of Calicut, and then returned richly laden homewards*, where Alonfo arrived fafe with his fliips, but Francis and his were never more heard of. Saldanha, the third of thefe commanders, gave his name to a bay (hort of the cape of Good Hope, where he endeavoured to water ; but it coll the blood of fomc of his men, and therefore the place was called Agunda da Saldanha, or Saldanha's watering place. Thence proceeding on his voyage, he obliged the king of Monbaza on the other coaft of Afric to accept of peace j and then went nway to cruize upon the Moors at the mouth of the Red Sea, which was the pod appointed him. An. 1504, Finding no good was to be done in India without a confiderable force, king Emanuel fitted out thirteen (hips, the biggvft that had been yet built in Portugal, and in them twelve hundred men, all under the command of Lope Soarez; who made no further difcoveries, only concluded a peace with the Zamorin, and returned rich home. An. ijoj, D. Francifco d'Almeyda was fent to India, with the title of viceroy, car- rying with him twenty two (hips, and in them fifteen hundred men ; with v;hom he attacked and took the town of Quiloa on the eaft coaft of Afric, and in about 9 de- grees of fouth latitude, where he built a fort ; — then burnt Monbaza on the fame coaft in four degrees, and failing over to India eredled another fort in the ifland Anchedivj, and a third at Cananor on the Malabar conft. VOL. I. n -^"« lijl ■V' M wm ■ \^ : ■ ^ ■ m 'Ml I tT*"'*,!!! •a 98 LOCKE'S HISTORY Poitiiguef* Afiatic Dil'toveries. ^ti. 1506, Jamis Fern,iiidez Perfyra commntuler of one of tlie (hips left to crulM upon the mouth of the Red Sea, returned to Lifbon with the news of his having dlf- covered the ifland Zoco/oni, not tar dKlant from the faid moutli, iiiul finious for pro- ducing the hell aloes, from it called ///<"«/r/'Hrt. In March this year filled from Li(bon Aknfo d^ Albuquerque t and Trijlan da Cunha, with thirteen fliips, and tliirl/en hundred jiien } the former to command the tradiiij; fliips, the hitter to crui/e on the coall of Arabia : in their patTige they had a fight of cape S. Au;;ulliii in Bmfil ; and (landing over from tlience for the cape of Good Hop/, Tiillan da Cunlra r.in far away to the fouth, and difcovered the idanils whicli Hill retain his name. Sailing; hence, fome difcovcry was nraile upon the iflind of Ma,iignf,ar, that of Zxjtora fuSilued, and the fleet failed part for the coaft of Arabia, and part for India. In the former Albu- querque took and plundered the town of dtliiynte, the fime he did to Mafcate i Soar fubmitted, and Orfiizuin they found abandoned by the inhabitants. This done, Al- buquerque failed away to Ormuz, then firjl Jcen by Eurypcnns : this city is feated in an iflind called Gerum, at the mouth of the Perlian gulph, fo barieii that it pro- du.es nothing but fait and fulphur, but ic is one of the grcatclt marts in thofe coun- tries. Hence Albuquerque failed to India, where he fcrvcd fome time under the command of the viceroy Almeyda, till he was himftlf made gnvtrnor of the Portu- guefe conquefls in thofe paits, which was in the year 1510 ; during which time the whole bufinefs was to fettle trade, build forts, and ercd fadorics along thofe coafls already known — that is, all the call fide of Afric, the (hores of Arabia, Peifia, Guzaraf, Cambnya, Decan, Canara, and Malabar; and indeed they had employment enough, if well followed, to have held them many more years: but avarice and ambition know no bounds. The Pottuguefcs had not yet pafled cape Comori, the utmoll extent of the Malabar coaft, and therefore, {An. 1 5 10,) James Lopez da Sequeira was fent from Lifbon with orders to pafs as fat as Malaca : this is a city feated on that pcniiifula, formerly called Aurea Clnrfanefust running out into the Indian fea from the main land, to which it is joined by a nar- low neck of land on tlic north, and on the fouth fcparated from the iflui;! of Sumatra by a fmall llrait or cliannel; M ihca was at that time the grejtcft emporium of all the farther India. Thither Sequeira was fent to fettle trad.-, or rather to difeover what advantagf s itiight be gained ; but the Moors wlio watched to dellroy him, hav- ing failed of their dcfign to murder him at an entertainment, coiitrived to get thirty of his men aftiore on pretence of loading fjiice, and tlun falling, on them and the flvps at the fame lime, killed eight Fortuguefes, took fixty, and the (hips with diifi. culty got away. However here we Iiavc Malaca difcovered, and a way open to ,ill the further p irts of India. Iti his way to Malaca, Sequeira matle peace with tiie kings of Achem, IVdir, and P.icein, ail at that time fmall princrs at the north-weft end of tliC ill iiid Sumatra. Whilll Siqucira was thus employed, Albuquerque alFjults the f.im:>ns city of Goa, feated in a fmall iilmd on ilic cnall of Deem, and taking the inhabit.infs unpvuviilcd, mule hiiiifelf in..iler of it, but enjoyed it not long; for lUdalean the foimer owner returning with fixty ihoufand men, drove him out of it 7 after OF NAVIGATIOK. 99 afttr a fiogc of twenty days: yet the next ye.\r lie a^aln took it by firce, and it his Pur;ii'jHer« . ever fiiK-e contimiL'il in thy liands of the rortuautf.?, iind been the nutroiiolis of nil i'.'.*'^' . , , „,. , ,,.,,,- ,, «, rt iJiiCovaica. their ;ovcrnmeni of all ll-.c toiuiujds in thoff parts. AUiuqurrque, flulhcil witli this fucccfs, as fi>on as he had fettled all fafe at iioi, filled for Mal.aa v\itli fourtetii hnn.lr'jd fighting men in nin teen fliipi : by the wiy Iil- took five lliiji;), and at hia arrival on the coaft of Suni.itia was coniplinicuti.il by the kl.ijjs of I'etlir and I'acem. — It is not unworthy relailii;.; in this place, that in one of the (hips taken at this time was fouiul AVZiW.j Bcft^tic.if one of tlie chief eontrlveis of the treachery againll Stqueira-, and though he had received feveral tr.ortal wounds, yet not one drop of blood came from !iim ; but as loon as a bracelet of bone was tiken olT his arm, t'le blcod i;uflieil out at all paits. The Indians f.iid this was the bone of a beall called Cutis, which fonie will have to be found in Siam, and others in the iflatid of Java, which has this ilrange virtue, but none has ever been found fince. This being looked upon as a great trerfure, was fcnt by Albuquerque to tlie king of Portugal, but the fliip it went in was call away, fo that wc have loll that rarity, if it be true there ever was any fuch. Albuijuerque failing over to M.ilaca, had the rortuj^.uefes that had been taken from Sequeira delivered ; but that not being all lie came for, he land- ed his men, and at the fecond afl'ault made himfelf mader of the city, killing or driv- ing out all the Moors, and peopling it again with (Irangers and Malays. jin. 15 1 3, Albuquerque made an attempt upon the city of ^thn, but failed, being repulfed with lofs. This place is feated on the coall of Arabia Ftlix, near the mouth of the Red Sea, under the mountain Arzira, which is all a barren rock : it is rich, becaufe refortcd to by many merchants of feveral nations, but the foil exceflive dry, fo that it fcarcc produces any thing. Behig difappointed here, Albuquerque (leereil his courfe towanls the Red Sta, being the /irjl European that ever entered it with Ew ropeanJJiips. An. 1517, Lope Soartz d'Alhergoria governor of India failed over to the ifland of Ceylon with feven galleys, two fliips, and eiijht fm.illcr veflels, carrying in tliem all feven hundred Portuguefe foldiers. This Uland had been before feen by the Portu- guefcs pafling to Malaca, but not much known. Here Lope Soarez built a fort, and in proccfs of time the Portuguefes made thcnifelvcs mailers of all the fea-coafts of this wealthy ifland. About the fame time John da Silveyra, who had the command of four fail, made a farther progrefs than had been done before in the dlfc^very of the Mahuvy l/livi.h ; which are fo many that the number of them is not yet known, lying in dullevs, and thtfe in a line N. W. and S. E. ; and twelve of thele tlufters in the line, bcfides two other little parcels lying together, eaft and weft from one another, at the foutli end of the aforefaid twelve: thcfe, though fo numerous, are fo v. •; fmall, that no great account is made of them. From thtm he failed to the kingdom of BaigM, lying in the upper part of the gulph of the fame name in about 23 degrees of north latitude, being all the country about the mouth of the river Can es. To this joins tlie king- n 2 .lorn ^^:\ % '^M iH-i <; • • loo Portufriiefc Afinilu Difcuvcrics. LOCKE'i HISTORY tlom of Arracam tiefcending fouthward, then that of Ptgu, and ne»t to it th»t of S/Vim, which joins to the Aurea Cherfonefus, or peninfuU of Malaca. Ail thefe couii* tries abound in wealth, producing infinite plenty of fillc and cotton, of which lad thef make the fined callicoes and muflins, with much reafon admired by all the nations of Europe. They have numerous droves of elephants, and confcquently great plenty of ivory, befides plenty of black cattle and buffjloes. An. 1517, hernan Pfrtz d'Andrade, fent by the king of Portuiial to make New Difcoveries, leaving all behind that had been before known, and palling the ilr.iic be- twixt Malaca and the ifland Sumatra, came upon the coall of the kingdom of dint' boia, whence he proceeded to that of Chiampa, where taking of frefli water had like to have cofl him his life. He went on 10 Patant, and edablifhed peace and commerce with the governor there \ which done, the feafon being unfit to proceed further, he returned to Mulaca to refit. As foon as the weather was feafonable he fet out again, and continued his difcoveries till he arrived at Canton^ or ^antung, the mod re- matkable fca port town on the fouthern coad of the vad empire of China. He treated with the governor of Canton, and fent an ambaflador to the emperor of China, and fettled trade and commerce in that city for the prefent. Though this was not lad- ing, (for the very next Portuguefes that arrived, behaved themfelves fo infolirtntly, that the fleet of China attacked them, and they had much difficulty to get oft', and their ambaffador being fent back from Peking by the emperor to Canton uniieard, was there put to death,) neverthelefs fome years after the Portuguefes obtained leave to fettle in a little ifl w.- (lull fooii rc> . I ilo not here mention the clif- covery of the Philtppint i/l.imh, thnugli iiroporly b(rlon,{iii;» to the eaft, ai not very remote from Chin bfcaufc they were difcovenil ami coni)uori'il the other way, thit is from America i irul therefore we Hull fpeiik of them in their ph'ce among tlic WcfteTn Difcoveries. Wh it has been hitlicrto fiiil eonccrniuR thtfe I'ortuRUcfe Voy- «gr8 is colltd>e«l out of JJ.n tie Pnrrot's decades of Iiulia, ()/irins'» hirtory of Inilia, Alviirn of Abillia, and I'.irii'n Purtuj^uefr Afia : having f>tn wliat Iras been «loiic by thefe difcovercrs, let us next lightly toucli upon the Voyages of thofe wlio followed tlitir foot(lc))«. /tfi. 1551, We meet with The firjl luigli/h Voyage on the conjl of Jfric, performed F,Mi;lini by Mr. Thomas IVimlham, but no particulars of it. \"'c''"'ll"'f An. 1551, the fame Windham returned with three fail, and traded at the ports of ^-^di^al Tiufim and Santa Cruz 1 the commodities l\e brought from tlicnce being fugar, dates, almonds, and molodes. jfti. I S53t 1 Ilia Wimiham, with /tnthonio Anes Pinleado, a Portugucfe and promoter of thit voyage, failed with three fliips from I'ortl'moutli ( they traded for ^old along the (oajl of Guinea, and from thence proceeded to tlic kingdom of Benin, where tliey were prumifed loading of pepper : hut both the commanders and moil of the men dying thiougli the imfeafoiiablenefs of the weather, the red, being fcarce forty, returned to Plymouth with hut one Ihip and little wealth. An. 1554, Mr. John Lock undt^rtook a voyage for Guinea with three (hips, and trading along tliat coall brought away a confulcrable quantity of gold and ivory, but proceeded no further. The following years Mr. William Tcwerfon, and others, per- formed fivcriil voyages to the coall of Guinea; which having nothing peculiar but a continuation of trade in tlic fame parts, there is no occafion for giving any particulars of them. Nor do we find any account of a further progtefs made along this coall by till- En^lidi, till we come to their voyages to the Ka(l Indies, and thofe begun but late-, for the firft Knglifliman we find in thofe parts was one Thomas Stevens, who, (An. I57<;i) wrote an account of his voyage thiti.er, to his father in Lo-nlon 5 but h« having failed aboard a I'ortugucfe (hip, this Voyn-e makes nothing to the i'nglilh na- tion, whofe firft uiuU rtaking to Imli.i in fliips of their own was, (////. i?9t.) tbree (lately (hips called the Penelope, the Menhant Royal, and the Iiil. •war. I Ikiuiventi.re, were fitted out at riymouth, and failed tiienee under the command of Mr. Cnoine Rnynoni! ! they depart, d 011 the tenth of April, and on tlie firll of Augud came to an anchor in the bay called Agaacla da Salil.mha, fifteen leagues north of the cape of Good Hope. Here they continued fcveral days, and tradeil with the lllicks for latthi when finding many of their men had died, they thought fit to fend back Mr. Abraham Kaidal, in lite Royal Merchant with fifty men, there beiug too iv>r ta ^, ^^»'!»,, i«4 LOCKE'S HISTORT Butch Vovages to India. to manage the three (hips, if they proceeded on their voyage: JTfwia/ accordingly re- turned, and Raymond and LancaJIer in the Penelope and Ud-ward Bonavcnture proceed- ed, and doubled the cape of Good Hope. But coming to c;ipe Corrietites on the four, teenth of September, a violent dorm patted them, and they never met again ; for Raymond was never heard of, but LancaJIer held on his voyage. Pafllng by Mozam> bique he came to the ifland Comern, where after much (hew of friendihip, the Moor- i(h inhabitants killed tliirty-two of his men, and took his boat, which obliged him to hoift fail and be gone ; and after much delay by contrary winds he doubled cape Comori, oppofite to the ifland of Ceylon in India, in the month of May 1 592. Thence ill fix days, with a large wind which blew hard, he came upon the ifl.\nd of Gomes Polo, which lies near the northcrmofl: point of the ifland Sumatra ; and the winter feafon com-ng on, (lood over to the ifland of Palo Pinao, lying near the coaft of Mz- laca, and betwixt it and the ifland Sumatra, in 7 degrees north latitude; where he continued till the end of Augud, refrofhing his men the bed the place would allow, which afforded little but fifli, yet twenty-fix of tliein died there. Then the captain run- ning along the coad of Mal.ica, and adjacent ifl inds, more like a pir itc tiian nuerchant or difcoverer, took fome prizes, and fo thought to have returned home : but his pro- vifions being fpent when they came to crofs the cquinodial, where he was ftaid by calms and contrary winds fix weeks, he ran away to the Wed Indies to get fome fupplyi where after touching at feveral places, the captain and eighteen men went afliore in the little ifland Alona, lying betwixt thofe of Portorico and Hifpaniula — but five men and a boy left in the (hip, cut the cable and failed away. LancaJIer and eleven of his men fome days after fpying a fail, made a fire ; upon which fignal the Frenchman, for fuch a one it proved to be, took in his topfails, and drawing near the ifland received them aboard, treating them with extraordinary civility ; and fo brought them to Diepe in Normandy, whence they pafltd over to Rye in Suflcx, and landed there in May I5i;4, having fpent three years, fix weeks, and two days in this voyage. Hitherto Hakluyt, (vol. II.) An. 1595, The Dutch refolving to try their fortune in the Ead Indies, fitted out four fliips at Amderdam under tlie command of Cornelius Hootman; which failed on the fecond of April, and on the fourth of Augull anchored in the bay of S. Blafe, about forty-five leagues beyond the cape of Good Hope, where they continued fome days trading with the natives for cattle in exchange for iron. Augud the eleventh they departed that place, and coading along part of the ifland Madagafcar, came at lad into the bay of S. Auguftin ; where they exchanged pewter fpoons and other trifles with the natives for cattle, till they fell at variance ; and the natives keeping away, no more provifions were to be had : and therefore on the tenth of Dtcembtr they weighed, direfting their courfe for Java; but meeting with bad weather and drong currents \.\.re kept back till the tenth of January, when they were forced for want of refrefliments to put into the ifland of S. Mary, lying on the eadern coad of Mada- gafcar in 17 degrees of fouth latitude, whence they removed to the great bay of An- tongil, and continued there till the twelfth of February : then putting to fea again, they OF NAVIGATION. »05 they arrived on the coaft of the great ifland Sumatra on the eleventh of June, and Dutch fpending fomc days along that coaft, came at laft to Bantam in the iiland of Java. yoy»g«» *<> They lay here, very favourably entertained by the emperor of Java, till falling at va- riance many hoftilities paffed betwixt them ; and in November the Dutch removed from before Bantam to Jacatra, which is no great diaance. In January finding themfelves much weakened by lofs of men, and the Amfierdam one of the biggeft (hips leaky, they unladed and burnt her. Having thoughts of failing for the Molucco iflands, they ran along as far as the ftrait of Balambuan at the eaft end of Java ; but the feamen refufing to pafs any further, they made through the ftrait, and on the twenty-feventh of February failed along the coaft of Java towards the cape of Good Hope; and three of their four fliips, befides the pinnace that was a tender, and eighty- nine ft?amen, being all that were left of four hundred and forty- nine, returned to Holland in Auguft following, having been abroad twenty-nine months. This and the voyage foon after following in 1598, may feem to be miftakcn, becaufe it is faid in both, that the commander in chief was Cornelius Hoetman .• but it muft be obferv- ed, they differ not only in time, but in all other circumftances, and this is certainly the 6rft voyage the Dutch made to India, whereas in the other there is mention of thofe people having been there before. This is to be feen at large in the Colle£lion of Voyages undertaken by the Dutch Eaft India company, printed this prefent year 1703- An. 1596, Sir Robert Dudlty, as principal adventurer, fent out three (hips under the Englifli. command of Benjamin Wood, defigning to trade in China ; for which purpofe he car- ^59^' ried letters from queen Elizabeth to the emperor of China : but thefe (hips and the men all periflied, fo we have no account of their voyage. Purchas, (vol. I. p. 1 lo.) An. 1598, three merchants of Middleburgh fitted out two (hips under the com> mand of Cornelius Hootman for the Eaft Indies, which failed on the fifteenth of Dutch. March. In Novtmber they put into the bay of Saldanha on the coaft of Afric, in Cornelius 34 degrcsof fouth latitudr, and ten leagues from the cape of Good Hope: here ' pretending to trade with the natives, they offered them fome violence ; to revenge which, three days after they came down in great numbers, and furprizing the Dutch (lew thirteen of them, and drove the left to their (hip. January the third they again anchored in the bay of S. Auguftin in the fouth weft part of the ifland of Madagafcar, and 23 degrees of fouth latitude, where the natives would not trade with them ; and being in great want of provifions, they failed to the ifland Magetta, or S. Chriftophert on thr north of Madagafcar, and having got fome relief went on to Anfwame, or An- govanf another fmall ifland, where they took in more provifions : then proceeding on tlieir voyage, they pafTed by the Maldivy iflands ; thence by Cochin, and in June ar- rived in Sumatra at the port of Achen, where after being kindly received by the king, he fent many men aboard on pretence of fiiend(hip ; but with a deflgn to furprize the fliips, which they had near accomplifhed, but were with difficulty beaten off, yet fo that the Dutch loft fixty-eight of their men, two pinnaces of twenty tun each, and one of their boats. Sailing hence they watered and refre(hed at Pn/o Batun off vox,. I. ....-- - Queda, Hootman. in ■-'■> ;*T""""' LOCltE'8 HiSTOkY Dutch Voyages India. to A'V Queda, which is on the coaft of Malaca ; and having fpent niuch time about thofe parts, in November anchored at the iflands of Nicobar in 8 degrees of latitude, where they had fome refrefliment, but little } to remedy which, in their way towards Cey- lon, they took a (hip of Negapatan and plundered it. Then dire£ling their courfe home in March 1600, they doubled the cape of Good Hope, and in July returned to Middleburg. Purchas (vol. I. p. 116.) This fame year 1 598, the Holland Eaft India company fent out fix great (hipt and two yatchs for India under the command of Cornelius Hem/klrhty which failed out of the Texel on the firft of May ; and coming together to the Cape of Good Hope in Auguit, were there feparated by a terrible dorm : four of them and a yatch put into the ifland Maurice eall of Madagafcar ; the other two (hips and yatch put into the ifland of S. Mary on the eaft alfo of Madagiifcar, where they made no (lay, but fall- ing thence arrived on the twenty-fixth of November 1 598 before Bantam ■, and a month after them came the other four (hips and a yatch from the ifland Maurice. The firft comers having got their lading, departed from before Bantam on the eleventh of January 1599, and arrived happily in the Texel on the ninth of June 1599, richly laden with pepper, cloves, mace, nutmegs, and ciimamon, having fpent but (iftcen months in the whole voyage. The other four (hips and yatch, left in India under the command of Wybrant, failed from Bantam along the north fide of Javan to the eaft end of it, where the town of Arofoya is feated. Here the natives, in revenge for fome of their people killed by the Dutch in their firft voyage, feized feventeen of them that were fent a(hore for provifions ; and (ifty more being fent to their relief in ^oops and boats, were all of them killed, drowned, or taken. The prifoners were ranfomed for two thoufand pieces of eight, and then the (hips put to fea ■, and on the third of March 1599 came into the ftralt oi Ambolna, where they anchored before a fmall town in that ifland, called Itan. This is near the Moluccos, and produces plenty of cloves. There being lading but for two (hips here, the other two were fent to Ednda, where they took their lading of cloves, nutmegs, and mace, and returned home in April 1600. The other two (hips left behind at Amboina, having taken in what lading of cloves they could get, failed away to get what they wanted at the Mo- luccos, and anchored at Ttrnate ; where having got the reft of their lading, they de- parted thence on the' nineteenth of Auguft 1599, and came to Jacatra in the ifland Java on the thirteenth of November, being then reduced to extremity for want of provifions : whence after a few days ftay they proceeded to Bantam, and thence on the twenty-firft of January for Holland, where after a tedious voyage they arrived in fafcty, having loft many men through ficknefs and want of provifioiis. {ColUn. of Dutch Eaji India voyagts.) Every year after, the Dutch failed not to fet out new fleets, being allured by the vaft returns they made i yet there was nothing in thefe voyages but trade, and fome encounters with the Spaniards, and therefoie it will be needlefs to mention them all in particular; till in the year 1606, the Dutch poflt^fl'cd themfelves of Tidore, one of the Molucco iflands, and Amboina, expelling the For- tugucfes (lift, and afterwards the EngUfli. In 1608 the Dutch admiral AlatJief hid fiege OF NAVIGATION. xoij fiegc to Malacot but without fuccers. Soon after they grew formidable at Jacatr»t ii! j,.' or Batavia, on the illand Java, where they continue to this day, that being the chief . '■ • feat of all their dominions in the eaft : not fo fatisfied, they at length made them- ' " '" felvees mailers of Malaca, and expelled the Portuguefes the ifland of Ceyloti, by which means they are poflefled of the mod confiderable trade of the eaft, all the cinnamon, nutmegs, and cloves being entirely in their own hands. Nor is this all 5 for they have conquered the ifland Formofa on the coaft of China, whence they trade to Japan, with the excluflon of all Chridian nations from that ifland. And here we will leave the Dutch, to give fome further relation of the Englijh Proceedings, and fo conclude with the Eaft Indies. jlri. 1600, a company of Merchant Arlventurers was by • patent from queen Eliza- £n„ii(i, beth authorized to trade in the Eaft Indies, and accordingly in January 1600-1, they Voyages to fitted out four great fliips and a viftualler, all under the command of captain James India. Lanccjler 1 who failed out of the river of Thames on the thirteenth of February, hav- ing four hundred and eighty men aboard his (hips, yet got not beyond Torbay till the fecond of April, and on the firft of November doubled the cape of Good Hope. In April following they anchored at the iflands of Nicobar, north-eaft of the great ifland of Sumatra, and in June came before Achem, where they had a good reception, and fettled peace and commerce with that king; but having little to trade with, put to fea, and took a great Portuguefe fliip richly laden, and returned to Achem, whence they failed to Bantam in the ifland of Java : here they had alfo good entertainment, and liberty of trade was agreed on ; and having taken in what more lading was want- ing, which conflfted in pepper and cloves, on the twentieth of February they fet fail in order to return for England : but meeting with violent ftorms were carried into 40 degrees of fouth latitude, . here Lancafer loft his rudder, which was reftored with much labour •, and fo they arrived at the ifland of St. Helena in June, and having re- frefhed themfelves there jiut to fea again, and returned fafe to England in Auguft. Purchas (vol. I. p. 147.) An- 1604, the aforefaid company fent four fhips more to the Eaft Indies under the command of Sir Henry Middleton, who failed on the fecond of April, and arrived at Bantam on the twenty-third of December. Two of thefe (hips loaded pepper at Ban- tam •, Sir Henry with the others failed to the ijles of Banda, where he continued twenty-one weeks, and then returned to Bantam, and arrived in the Downs on the fixth of May 1606. The fame year captain John Davis and fir Edward Michelburn with one (hip and a pinnace failed into the Eaft Indies, trading at Bantam, and taking fome prizes, but performed nothing elfe remarkable. Purchas (vol. I. p. 185.) An. 1607, the company fitted out their rA»VJ Voyage, being three (hips, under the command of William Keeling, but only two of them kept company •, and fetting out in April, arrived not at Priaman in the ifland Sumatra till July the following year; having fpent all this time along the coafts of Afric, and beating at fea againft con- trary • The patent was for fiftetn years, and is given by Purchas, (voL . p- 1J9.) oa ' * i '-'A ■ tfl •■t/- xT^! I Englifh Voyages to India. LOCKE'S HISTORY trary winds. Here they took in fome pepper, and then failed to Bantam, where a Siam ambaflador invited them to fettle commerce in his maker's dominions ; and fo they proceeded to Banda, where they were hindered taking in their lading of fpice by the Dutch, who had built a fort on that ifland. So being difappointed they returned to Bantamt loaded pepper, and fettled a fa£lory there, which continued in profpertty till overthrown by the Dutch. Purchas (vol. I. p. iU8.) The third (hip mentioned above, which did not keep company with the other two, but fet out at the fame time, after touching at the bay of Saldanha on the coaft of Afric, and at Bantam in the ifland of Java, proceeded to the Molucca iflands i where, with the permiflion of the Spaniards then poflefled of thofe iflands, tliey had a trade for fome days, but were afterwards commanded away. Then failing towards the ■'! ifland Celehtt at the ifland Buttone, or Buton, they were friendly entertained by the \ king, and brought their full loading of cloves \ which done, they r^tr.rned to Bantam, ■nd thence to England. Purchas (vol. I. p. 226.) An. 1608, the Eaft India company for its fourth voyage feiit out two (hips, the Union and Afitnfion, commanded by Alexander Sharpy and Richard Rowles, who failed on the fourteenth of March ; and having fpent above a year by the way, and loft the Union in a dorm, the Afcenfion came on the eighth of April 1609, to an anchor before the city Aden on the coaft of Arabia Felix, whence they failed into the Red Sea, 'being the firft £ngli(h (hip that ever entered it, ^nd on the eleventh of June anchor* ed in the road of the city of Mocha ; and having made a (hort (lay to refit, failed away for the coaft of Cambaya, where refufing to take in a pilot the (hip was loft on the (hoals, but all the men faved in two boats, who got alhore at the fmall town of Gandevel, about forty miles from Surat, whither they travelled by land, and were relieved by the Englifb faAor there. The captain and moft of the company went from thence to Agra, the court of the Mogul, refolving to take their journey through Perlia to return into Europe. But Thomas Jones, the author of this account, with three others, committed themfelves to a Portuguefe religious man, who promifcd to fend them home ; and accordingly carried them through Damam and Chaul to Goa, where in January they were (hipped aboard the admiral of four Portuguefe (hips homeward bound, and anived at Li(bon in Auguft, where embarking in an Englifli fliip they came fafe into England in September 161 o. The reft of the company that went with the captain difperfed, and few of them came home. The Union, mentioned before to be feparated from the AfcenJUn in a ftorm, touched at the bay of St. Auguftin in tiie ifland Madagafcar j where the captain and five more going alhore upon friendly invitation, were killed by the natives, who thought to have furprized the (hip with their boats, but were beaten oflT with great lofg. So failing hence, they dire^ed their courfe to Achem on the ifland Sumatra, where and at Pria- man they took in their lading of bafts and pepper, and dire6led their courfe to return home : but their voyage proved fo unfortunate, that all the men died by the way, except three Englifli and an Indian, who were fcarce alive i and not being able to hand their fails, the fliip was carried upon the coaft of Britany in France, where the French conveyed her into harbour, and moft of the lading was faved for the company. An OF N I G A T I O N. top jtn. 1609, the Englilh Eaft India company for m fifth voyajje fcnl out but one (liip, EngliHi cominamled by David Midditten, who arriving at Unnda was by the Dutch there hin- y"yag« t<» dercd loa.ling any fpice j and therefore failed to Ptihimy, a fmall ifland not tar dif- tant, where with much difficulty and hazard he got loading uf fpice, and returned home fafe. Furchas (vol. I. p. 2,; 8.) An. 1610, Sir Henry Middlnton failed with three fliips under his command-, and being informed by the natives of the ifland Zocotora, tiiat he would be friendly re- ceived at Mocha in the Red Sea, and find good vent for his goods, he ventured up thither ; and after much deceitful kindnefs (hewn him by the Turks, was himfelf with many of his men fecured, and fent up the country feveral miles to another baffa. Some men were alfo killed by the Infidels, who attempted to furprize one of the fliips, and were poflisired of the upper decks { till the feamen blew up fome, (hot others, and drove the red into the fea, fo that only one of them that hid himfelf efcaped and was afterwards received to mercy. After much felicitation Sir Hutiry Middleton and his men were fent back to Mocha, where mod of them made their efcape aboard their (hips. Many fruitlefs contefts having afterwards pafled with the baffiu about the reftitution of the goods taken, at laft he failed to Surat, where he arrived in September 161 1 ; and having, notwithftanding the oppofition made by the Portuguefes, fold fome of his goods, and departing thence to Dabul, had fome more trade in that place, yet not fo much as to difpofe of all he had, whereupon he refolvcd to return to the Red Sea, there to traffic with the (hips of India, which ufually refort to thofe parts *, he detained many of them by force, and bartered with them as he thought fit, the In> dians being under reflraint, and in no condition to oppofe whatever was o(Feted them. Being thus furnifhed, he failed for Sumatra, where he got loading of fpice, and fent one fliip home with her burden ; his own having been on a rock, and therefore unfit for the voyage till repaired, which could not be done fo foon. This fliip arrived fafe in England, but Sir Henry Middleton and his were ca(t away in India. Purcbai (vol. I. p. 247.) Other (hips failed the latter end of the year 1610, and beginning of 161 1, which Hill ran much the fame courfe with the former, and have nothing fin- gular to relate. But, {An. 161 1), in April failed captain John Saris with three fliips, who having run the fame courfe all the reft had done feverally before, enteiing the Red Sea \ and touch- ing at Java, he received a letter from one Jdamt an Englifliman, who failed aboard fome Dutch (hips to Japan, and was there detained, in which he gave an account of that country. Captain Saris difmiinng his other two fliips, direded his courfe for that ifland % and paffing by thofe of Bouro, Xnia, Bachian, Celebes, Si/oh, tlw Moluecos, and others, came to an anchor on the eleventh of June 1613, at the fmall ifland and Port of Firando, lying fouth-weft of the fouth-weft point of tlie great ifland of Japan. This and feveral other fmall iflands about it are fubje£l to petty kings, who all ac- knowledge the emperor of Japan for their fovereign. Ihefe little princes fliewed all imaginable kindnefs to the Englifh, being the firjl that ever appeared in tkofe parts. Captain Saw, with the affiftance of the king of Firando, was conduced to the em- peror's court at Mean; where he had audience of him, and fettled peace and com- I / T 1 '^^Xnl mttct; no LOCKE'S HISTORY Vovagei to India. Extent of road made known. merce in as authentic ntanner, as if he had been fent from England only upon tlut errand; the emperor grantiri;; to the Englifh free liberty of tradct and feveral privi- lei;es and immunities for their encouragement. All things b^ing fettled there, cap- tain Saris returned to Firando well pleafed with his fuccefs \ and there the goods he brought being not yet all difpofed of, he erected a F.i£lory, leaving in it eight Englifh, three Japonefes for interpreters, and two fervants. Thefe were to difpofe of the goods left behind, and provide loading for fuch (liips as were to continue the trade now begun. This done, he left Firando on the Bfth of December, and Hood for the coaft of China, along which he kept to th.^t of Cochinchina and Camboya, whence he (truck over to the fouthward, and came into Bantam road, where he continued fome time, and lidly put into Plymouth in September 1614. (Purchas, vol. I. p. 334.) Thus have we brought the £m^/^ to Japan, the furthed extent of what vulgarly is comprehended under the name of the Eajl Indies ; and therefore think it needlefs to profecute their voyages this way any longer, fince they can afford nothing new ; nor indeed have thefe hitherto added any thing to what was difcovered by the Por- itiguefisy to whom all thefe countries were well known long before, as has been made appear. Of the Dutch Navigations this way fomewhat has been f.iid ; and it feems needlefs to add any thing concerning the French, who are not fo confiderable there as any of thofe nations already mentioned } befides that they came thither the lateft, and therefore not as difcoverers, but tracing the beaten road, fo that all that can be faid of them will be only a repetition of things already fpoken of. — Having thus given an account of the (irfl Difcoverers, and the fuccefs of all the fird voyages to Afric and Alia, it now remains to (hew what a vnjl extent of land is by thefe means made known, which before Europe was wholly a flranger to, and the commodities it fupplies us with \ which is one great point of this difcourfe, viz, what benefit is reaped by Navigation, and the vafl improvement it has received fince the difcovery of the Magnctical Needle, or Ssa Compafs : tlien having performed this with all pofTible brevity, it will be fit to proceed to give the like relation of the difcovery of Ame> rica, or the New World ; which will lead us to the Voyages round the Globe, where tliis Difcourfe will end. To begin then where the Difcoveries commenced, that is, at Cape Nam, or Nao, which is on the coaft of the kingdom of Morocco, and in the twenty-eighth degree of latitude ; we find the extent made known from thence, taking it only from north to fouth, from 18 degrees of north latitude to 35 degrees of fouth latitude, in all 53 degrees in length, at twenty leagues to a degree, — to be one thoufand fix hundred leagues ; but very much more if we run along the coaft, efpecially upon that of Guinea, which lies eafl and weft for above aj degrees, which at the fame rate as before amounts to five hundred le.igues. So that we have here a Coaft, only reckoning to the Cape of Good Hope, of above fifteen hundred leagues in length made known to us; and in it the further Lybia, the country of the 131acks, Guinea, the kingdoms of Benin, Conga, Angola, and the wcftern coaft of the Cafres: thefe are the general names by which thefe vaft regions are known. The natives are fojr the moft p.irt 4 black, tugue liOi. ».:?•" : 'is OF Navigation. Ill known. black, or elfe inclining to it. All the comnnlitltrs brought from thrnce, are gold- Extent of duft, ivory, and flaves } thofe bl.ick people felling one another, which is a very con. Coall made fiderable trade, and has been a great fupport to all the American plantations : this is all that mighty Continent affords for exportation, tlie greateft part of it being fcorched under the torrid zone, and the natives almod naked, no where induHrious, and for the mod part fcarce civilized. In the fouthermofl parts among the wild Cafrcs, there is plenty of good cattle, which the firll traders^ to India ufed to buy for knives and other toys at the bay of Saldanha, and other places thereabouts. The For- tuguefis here have the largeft dominions on this coaft of any nation, which are in the kingdoms of Congo and Angola. The Englijb and Dutch have fome fmall forts on the coaft (^f Guinea { and the Dutch a large ftrong town, with all manner of improve- tnenis about it, at the Cape of Good Hope. From this Cape of Good Hope, to Cape Guardafu at the entrance into the Red Sea, the coaft, running noith-eaft and fouth* weft, extends above twelve hundred leagues in a ftrait line, containing the eaftern Cafres and Zanguebar, which are the two great divifions of this fide; the latter of thefe fubdivided into the kingdoms of Mozambique, Ptmba, ^liloa, Monbaca, Melinde, Miigadoxa, and Adel, Of thefe the Portuguefes poffefs the town and fort of Mozam- bique, having loft Monbaca within thefe few years, taken from them by the Moors. No other European nation has any dominions on this ceaft, which is all in the pof- feflion of the natives or Moors. The commodities here are the fame as on the weft fide of Africi gold, ivory, and flaves. All this vaft Continent produces many forts of fruit and grain unknown to us, as alfo beafts and fowl, which being no part of trade» are not mentioned here. — Yet before we leave this Coaft we muft not omit to mention the ifland Zocetora, famous for producing the beft aloes, and fituate not far diftant from Cape Guardafu. Next in courfe follows the Red Sea, the mouth where- of is about an hundred and twenty leagues from Cape Guardafu, and its length, from the mouth to Suez at the bottom of it, above four hundred leagues, lying north>weft and fouth-eaft } on one fide of it is tlie coaft of Aben and £gypt, on the other that of Arabia Petrea, and Arabia Fe/ix, all in the pofTcflion of the Turks ; and not at all reforted to by any European nation, but fomewhat known to them by the way of Egypt, before the difcovery of India. From the mouth of the Red Sea to the gulph of Perfia lies the coqfl of Arabia, extending about four hundred leagues norih-eaft and fouth-weft to Cape Rofalgate, at the entrance info the bay of Ormuz. This coaft is partly fubjeft to the Turk, and partly to Arabian princes; and its principal com- moditirs arc rich gums, and coffee. Turning Cape Rofalgate to the north-weft is the great bay of Ormuz, alon|» which runs ftill the coaft of Arabia, where ftands Mafcate, once pofTcfled by the Portuguefes, now by the Arabs. Next we come into the gulph of Bazora, or of Petjia, alinoft two hundred leagues in length, and endofed by Arabia on the one fide, and Perfia on the other. At the mouth of this bay in a fmall ifland is the famous city Ormuz, conquered and kept many years by the Por- tuguefes, but at laft taken from them by the Perfians, with the aflirtance of the Eng- lt(h. Within the bay on the Arabian fide is the ifland Baharem, famous for a great iihery r^.; ■•,■':! ■ ■ "I'll J tf» LOCKE'S HISTORY Extent of Coaa dif. covered. (ifliery of pearli. From the mouth of tlie Perfian gulph, to that of IndiUt are about three hundred and forty leagues, being the conjf of Pnfta^ where no prince pofleflcs any thing but that great monarch. The chiefcft commodities here are raw filkt rhubarb, wormfeed, carpets of ail forts, wrought and plain fillis, filks wrought with gold or filver, half filks and half cottons. From the mouth of Indus to Copt Comori, taking in the bend of the coajl from Indus to Cambay, lying north-weft and fouth- eaft, and from that bay to the Cape almoft north and fouth, are near four hundred leagues, including the (hores of Gi/zarat, Cambaya, Decan, Canara, and Malabar i of thefe Guzarat and Cambaya, with part of Decan, are fubje£t to the Great Mogul, the other parts to feveral Indian princes. Yet the Portuguefes have the port of Diu in Guxarat, Damam in Cambaya, and the great city of Goa in Decan, befides other ports of lefler confequence : the Englifli the ifland of Bombaim, and the Dutch fome forts. — Doubling Cape Comori, and running in a ftraight line north-eaft, there are about four hundred and forty leagues to the bottom of the bay of Bengala } and turn> tng thence fouth-eaft, fomewhat more than the fame number of leagues to the fouth. ermoft point of the Aurea Cherfinefus, or coaft of Malaca j and in this fpace the (hores of Coromandel, Bifnagar, Golconda, Orixa, Bengala, Arracan, Pegu, Martaban, and the Aurea Cherfinefus, or Peninfula of Malaca. — Hence we will make but one line more for brevity fake, up to Japan on the northern coaft of China } which in a ftrait line, without allowing any thing for the bays of Siam and Cochinchina, is at leaft eight hundred leagues ; and in it, the eaft fide of the Peninfula of Malaca, the kingdoms of Siam, Cambola, Chiampa, and Cochinchina, and the vaft empire of China : all thefe immenfe regions from Periia eaftward are vulgarly, though improperly, comprehend- ed under the name of the Eqfl Indies. The produQ of tbefe countries is no lefs to be admired, being all forts of metals, all beafts and birds, and the moft delicious of fruits. But to fpeak by way of trade, the commodities here are diamonds, filk raw and wrought in prodigious quantities, cotton unwrought, and infinite plenty of it in calUcoec and muflins { all (brts of fwect and rich woods, all the gums, drugs, a^^l dyes, all the precious plants, and rich perfumes, not to mention the fpices, which I leave to the iflands ; in fine, all that is precious, delightful, or ufeful : infomuch, that though here be mines of filver and gold, yet none is fent abroad, but hither it flows from all other parts, and is here fwallowed up. But fomething muft be faid of the ijlands belonging to this great Continent, for the value of them is immenfe, as well as their number, and the extent of fome of them. — The firft in order that are any thing confiderable, are the Maldivy Iflands .- rather remarkable for their multitude than any other thing, being fo many that the number is not known, yet fo fmall, that no great account is made of them : they lie fouth-eaft of Cape Comori, betwixt three and eight degrees of north latitude ; for fo far they run, being difpofed in twelve feveral clufters or parcels that lie north-weft and fouth-eaft : at the fouth end whereof lie two other lefs clufters or parcels eaft and weft from one another. As for Trade, or Commerce, though thefe iflands are very fruitful, they have not any thing fonfiderable to promote it ; efpccially to fupply Europe, which is the thing here to be . confidercd. 15 m\\ fourh Cloved reafor who luccos I Clovel vol OF NAVIGATION. "3 confidereJ. Next to thefe is the great and rich Ifland of * Ceyhn, beyond Cape Coirteri, £a(i India formerly divided into feveral petty kingdoms, till the Portuguefcs firft reduced all the Iflandn. fea-coafts under (heir dominion, and were afterwards difpuflefled by the Dutch, who Aill remain maders of them, but could never yet conquer the inland. This is a place of mighty traflic, for it produces the bed cinnamon in the world, and fupplies all Europe : here are alfo found the fined rubles, and feveral other forts of precious (tones. The elephants of this ifland are counted the bird in all India, and as fuch coveted by all the cadern princes, who, though they have herds of them in their own dominions, do not fpare to give cotiflderable prices for thefc, which is a great en- riching of the country. — ^The Iflands of Sunda, or the Sound, are that great parcel ly> ing fouth and fouth-ead of Malaca, the principal whereof are Sumatra, Borneo, and Java; the two fitd dire£lly under the line, Sumatra above three hundred leagues in length, lying north-wed and fouth-cad, and about fixty in breadth in the wided place. Borneo is almod round, and about fix hundred in circumference. Java, the lad of them, lies betwixt 7 and 10 degrees of fouth latitude, is about two hundred leagues in length from ead to wed, and not above forty in breadth in the wided place from north to fouth. There are many more, but alt fmall in comparifon of thefe, unlefs we reckon Celebes, lying under the line, near an hundred and eighty leagues in length, the longed way north-cad and fouth-wed, and about eighty in breadth in the broadcd place from ead to wed : as alfo Gilolo, under the equator as well as the lad, of an irregular fhape, and not above one fourth part of the bignefs oi-Celtbes. All thefe Illands have a prodigious trade, being reforted to from all parts, not only of India, but even from Europe. Their wealth is incredible, for they produce whatfoever man can wi(h i but the principal commodities exported are ginger, pepper, camphir, agarick, caflia, wax, honey, filk, cotton } they have alfo mines of gold, tin, iron, and fulphur, all forts of cattle and fowl, but no vines nor olive trees. In Sumatra the Dutch have fomc forts, and are very powerful, but much more in Java, where Ba- iav'ui, a populous city, is the metropolis of their eadern dominions. The Englilh had a great trade and fa£lory at Bantam in the fame ifland, but were expelled by the Dutch in the year 1682. Afti*r thefe follow the Molucca Iflands, which are five in number properly fo called, viz. Ternate, Tidore, Alachian, Jllcutil or Moufil, and Ba- chian: they lie along the wed fide of Gilolo, fo near the equinoflial, that the lad of them lies 24 or 25 minutes fouth, and the fitd of them about 50 minutes north of it. They are fo fmull, that all of them do not take up above one degree, and to or 15 minutes of latitude. Ternate is the northermod, and in order from it lie to the fouth Tidore, Moutil, Machian, and Bachian, The whole produd of thefe iflands is Cloves, which are fcarce found elfewhcre, and here little befides them ; which is the reafon why the Dutch have pofllflcd themfclves of them, expelling the Portugucfes, who after long conteds had bought out the Spaniards claim to them. With the Mo- luccoj may be reckoned the iflands of Amboiiia and BanJa : the fird of thefe produces Cloves like the other, and was once jnuch reforted to by the Englifli, till the Dutch VOL. I. • Sfe TtATi tlietliird. P dcdroyed ■u Mi m r'' ; "4 LOCKE'i HISTORY denrojred their h&oty, of which aAion there are particular * printed accounti. BanJa is a larger ifland than any of the others, and in five degrees of fouth latitude, poflefled alfo by the Dutch i who have here all the trade of Nutmegs and Mace, which fcarce grow any where but in this and two or three neighbouring iflands. A vail multitude of other little Iflands are fcattered about this Sea, but thnfe already mentioned are the moft confiderable { for though thofe of Chiram and Papons be large, there is very little of them known, by which it is natural to guefs they are not of much value { for if they were, the fame avarice that has carried fo many European nations into their neighbourhood to dedroy not only the natives, but one another, would have made them long fince as familiar to us as the red. — Of J(ip>in enough was faid when firil difcovered by the Portuguefes, and in captain Saris's Voyage thither, where the reader may fatisfy his curioHty : all that needs be added is, that it produces fome gold, and great plenty of filver. For other commodities, here is abundance of hemp, excellent dyes, red, blue, and green \ rice, brimllone, faltpetre, cotton, and the moft excellent Varnifli in the world, commonly called Japatiy whereof abundance of cabi* nets, tables, and many other things are brought into Europe. Thus are we come to Japan, the utmoft of thefe eailern difcoveries, omitting to fay any thing of the Phi- lippint Iflands, and thofe called dt las Ladrones, though within this compafs, becaufl: they were difcovered from the Weft Indies ; and therefore they are left to be treated of among the American affairs, as are the Iflcs of Sofoimn, whereof hitherto the world has had but a very imperi'efl account. — This sdmmart (hews the improvement of Navigation on this Tide the world fince the difcovery of the Magnetical Needle, or Sea Compafs ; it having made known to us as much of the coafts of Afric and Afia, as running along only the greateft turnings and windings, amounts to about five thoufand leagues; an incredible extent of land, were it not fo uiiiverfally known to be true, and fo very demonftrable. The benefit we te.ip is fo vifible, it fcems not to require any thing fliould be faid of it : for now nil Europe abounds in all fuch things as thofe V id, wealthy, exuberant Eaftern regions can afford ; whereas before thefe difcoveries it h id nothing but what it received by retail, and at excefTive rates from the Venetiuns; who took in the precious drugs, rich fpices, and other valuable com- modities of the eaft in Egypt, or the coaft of Turky, whither it was brought from India, either by caravniis nr up the Red Sea ; and they fupplied all other countries with them at their own prices. But now the Sea is open, every nation has the liberty of fupplying itfelf from the fountain-head ; and if fome have encroached upon others, confined them to a narrower trade in thofe pirts, yet the returns from thence are yeaily fo great, that all thofe goods may be purchafed here at the fccond hand, in- finitely cheaper than thiy could wlieii one nation had the fupplying of all the refl ; and that by fo expenfivc a way, as being themfeives ferved by*c;iravans, and a few fmall fliips on the Red Sea. To coucliide ; thefe Parts, the Difcovery whereof has been the fubjcdt of this difcourfc, fupply the Cliriilian world with ull gums, drugs, • The cont:ntt of the PanipliUt publlOied by our Eaft In Ji.i Comp.iny, relative to the crueltiei praflifcd on the Eir-lilll. hy the Dutch, in i6j2, aie |>rtffrvcd hy Dr. Ciniijlicil in Hjnis's Collcflioii of Voyag.s (vol. i, p. 877.}, a. ulfo t!ic UuIlIj .ictouiu cl iht fjmi huirul ir.mfatlioiii ['^. 11^). Set alfj l'i,nnant'<> Outlinct of the (ilcbc. • fpicc'S or NAVIGATION »'S fpic^'S fpices, fllks, and cottons i precious (tones, fulphur, gold, Tattpetrei rice, tea, China ware, coffee, Japan varniflied works, all forts of dyes, of cordials, and perfumes ( . '' pearls, ivory, odrich feathers, parrots, monkeys, and an endlefs number of neceiTarics, conveniences, curioGties, and other comforts and fupports of human life, whereof enough has been fuid for the intended brevity of this Difcourfe. — It is now time to proceed to a dill greater part, greater in extent of land, as reaching fioin north to fouth, and its bounds not yet known { and greater in wealth, as containing the in- ' •xhaudible treafjres of the filver mines of Peru and Mexico, and of the gold mines of Chile, and very many other parts. A fourth part of the world, not much infe- rior to the other three in extent, and no way yielding to them for ail the blcflings nature could bellow upon the earth. A world concealed from the red f»r above live thoufand yenrs, and referved by Providence to be made known three hundred ye irs ago. A region yet not wholly known, the extent being fo immenfe, that ihree hun- dred years have not been a fuiTicteut time to lay it all open. A portion of the uni- verfe wondetful in alt refpc£ls: — i. For that being fo large it could lie fo long hid. 2. For that being well inhabited, the wit of man cannot conclude which way thofc people could come thither, and that none others could find the way fince. 3. For its endlefs fources of gold and filver, which fupplying all parts, fince their fird clifco- very, are fo far from being impoverilhed, that they only want more hands to draw out more. 4. For its mighty rivers, fo far exceeding all others, that they look like little feas, compared with the greated in other parts. 5. For its prodigious moun- tains, running many hundred leagues, and whofe tops are almod inacceflible. 6. For the drange varietf of feafons, and temperature of air to be found at very few leagues didance. And ladly, For its dupendous fertility of foil, producing all forts of fruits and plants which the other parts of the world afford, in greater perfeQion than in their native land, befides an infinity of others which will not come to perfe£lion elfe- where. To come to the Difcovery of this fourth and greated part of the earth; it was un- American dertaken and performed by Christopher Columbus, a Genoefe, excellently (killed in Difcoveries fea affairs, an able cofmographer, and well verfed in all thofc parts of the mathematics, which might capacitate him for fuch an enterprife. This perfon being convinced by natural reafon, that fo great a part of the world as till then was unknown could not be all fea, or created to no purpofe ; and believing that the earth being round, a fliorter way might be found to India by the wejl, than by compalfing all Afric to the fouthward, as the Portuguefes were then attempting to do j he refolved to apply himfelf wholly to the difcovery of thofe rich countries, which he pofuively concluded mud extend, from what was known of the Ead Indies, dill to the cadward one way, and to be the eafier met with by failing round to the wcdward. Having been long fully poffcffed with this notion, and provided to anfwcr ail objedlions that might be daitcd againd it, he thought the undertaking too great for any lefs than a fovereign prince, or date ; and thcrefoie, not to be unjud to his Country, he fird propofed it to the State of Genoa, where it was rather ridiculed than any way encouraged. This rcpulfe made him have recourfc to king John the fecond of Portugal 5 who having ^ 11 #. caufed Jf6 tOCKE*i HI8T0RT American Difcovvriet. caufed the matter to be eiimined bjr thofc tliat had the direAion of the Dtfcoveriea along the coad of Afric i by thc-ir advice he held him in hand, till he hud fent out a caravel with private orders to attempt this difcovery. This caravel having wandered long ill the wide ocean, and fullered much by llorms, returned without findini; any thing. Columbui undcrllanding wiiat had been done, refented it To highly, that in hatred to Portugnl he refolved to go over to Caflile and oiler his fervice there ( but for fear of any difippointmcnt, at the fame time he feut his brother Burtholtmnu C- liimbui into England, to make the fume overture to king Htnry the feventh. Hit brother had the ill fortune to be taken at fea by pirates, which much reiarded his coming to the court of KngLind \ where when at lalt he cime, being poor and dedi- tute of friends, it was long before he could be heard, or at lead be* luoked upon \ fo that in fine, Columbui was gone before he returned to Spain with his anfwer. Ct- lumbu: in the mean while dole away out of Portugal, and coming to the court of Fir- dinand and Ifabtl, king and queen of Cajlitt and Aragon, he there fpeiit eight years foliciting with little hopes, and many difltcuhies \ till at lad, when he had utterly defpatred of fuccefs, he met with it, through the aflidance of feme few friends he had gained at court. At his earned fuit he had all the conditions he required grant- ed, which were— that he fl)ou!d be admiral of all thofe fcas he difcovered, and vice- roy and governor-general of all the lands ( that he (hould have the tenth of all things whatfoever brought from thofe parts, and that he might at all times be an eighth part in all fleets fent thither, and to receive the eighth of all the returns : this to him and his heirs for ever. With thefe titles, and fuflicient power from the queen, who efpoufed the undertaking, he repaired to the port of Pahi dt Moguir, on the coad of Andaluzia, where there was furniflied fot him a (hip called the 5. Mary, and two caravels, the one called La Pinta, commanded by Martin Alonw Pinzon, and the other La Nina, by Vinctnt Tantz Pinzon. In thefe veflels he had ninety men, and provifions for a year ; and thus equipped he failed from Pubs de Mogutr.— {An. 1492,) on the twenty-third of Augud, dire^ing his coutfe to the Canary ijlnnds, wliere he made a new rudder to the caravel Pinta, which had hers broks off at fea, he took in frelh provifions, wood, and water with ail poflible expedition \ and on the fixth of September put to fea again, deering due wed, and on the feventh lod fight of land. The eleventh, at an hundred and fifty leagues didance from the ifland of Terra, they fa*- a great piece of a Mad drove by the current, which fet drong to- wards the north \ and the fourteenth the admiral obferved the Variation of the Needle to the wedward about two points. On fuiiday the fixteenth the men were furprifed to fee green, and yellow weeds, fcattercd about i 1 fmali parcels on the fuperficies of the water, as if it had been newly torn off from fome ifland or rock ; and the next day they faw much more, which made fome conclude they were near land, and others fuppofing it only to be rocks, or flioals, began to mutter. Every day they faw fome birds flying to the (hips, and abundance of weeds in the water, which dill made (hem conceive hopes of land ; but when thefe failed, then they began again to mur- mur; fo that the admiral was forced to ufe all his art to keep them quiet, fometimes with fair words, and fometimes with threats and fevcrity, they imagining, that fince for OF NAVIGATION. ni for the mod part ikty failid tff»rt tht • w//ii/, it tueuld h impnJibU for tUtm tvir Amcrl«« to rtturn. Thus their muinous temper daily incrciCcd, ind W^4ii to appear more ^»«-'«*«"*«' open, fome buing fo bnlil as to aJvife throwing the Admiral over board. The firll of Od^ober the pilot told the Admir.il, he found by his account they were five hundred •nd eighty-cight Icigxes well of the illuid of Ferro, which is the weftermod of the Canaries i who aiit'wered, his reckoning was five hundred and eiglity-four, whereas in reality his computation was fL-vcn huiulred and fcvrnj and on the third the pilot of the caravel Nina reckoned Tix hundred and fifty, he of the caravel Piiitn fix hun« dred and thirty-four: but tliey were out, and Columbut made it lefs, for fear of dif* couraging the men, who nevcriluUrs continued very mutinout, but were fonr.ewhat appeafed on the fourth, feeing abuve furiy fparrowst fly about the fliips, befides other birds. The eleventh of Oi^oher tiiere appeared manifeft tokens of their being near land ( for from the admiral's fliip tliey faw a green ruih in the water, from the Ninn they faw a cane and a Hick, and took up another that was artificially wrought, and a little board, bcfiiles :ibundance of weeds frefli pulled up ( fiom tlie Pinla they bc« held fuch-like tokens, and a branch of a thorn tree with the berries on it : befidest that founding they found bottom, and the wind grew variable. For thefe reafoni , the Admiral ordered, they fhould make but little fail at night, for fear of being aground in thL* dark \ and about ten of the clock that night tlie Admiral himfelf faw a light, and (hewed it to others. About two in the morning the caravel Piata, which was furthell a-hcad, gave the fignal of Land ( and when day appeared, they perceived it was an Ifland about fifteen leagues in length, plain, well wooded and watered, and. very populous ( the natives ftnnditig on the fliore, admiring what the (hips were. The Admiral and Captains went allioie in their boats, and called that ifland S. Salva- dor, the natives calling it Gtianahiini, and is one of the Lucnyot, in about 26 degrees of north latitude, nine hundred and fifty leagues wed of the Canaries; and difcovered the thirty-third day after they failed from i\\tm. — Columbus took pofleflion for the king and queen of Spain, and all the Spaniards joyfully took an oath to him, as their Admiral and Viceroy. He gave the Indians, who dood in admiration to fee him and his men, fome red caps, glafs beads, and other trifles, which they v.ilued at an high rats. The Admiral returning aboard, the natives followed} fome fuimming, others in their canoes, carrying with them bottoms of (pun cotton, parrots, and javelins pointed with fi(h bones, to exchange for glafs baubles and horfe bells. Both men and women were all naked, their hair (liort and tird wiih a cotton firing, and well enough featured, of a middle dature, will dinped, and of an olive colour, fome painted white, fome black, and fome red. They knew nothing of iron, and did all their work with fliarp doncs. No beads or fowl were feen here but only parrots. Rcing aflced by figns, whence they had the gold, whereof they wore little plates hanging at their nofes, they pointed to the Souths The Admiral underilanding there were other countries not far ofl^, re- fulved to feek them out} and taking fevcii Ir>iiians that they might learn Spanifh, failed on the fifteenth to another liland, whiclt he cilled the Comiption, feven leagues • The ftcaily current of tbt 7raJt ffmd, muft luve beta dreadful even t* Coluivibu, binifelfi and became. St he advaiiced 10 the wtllwarJ, t.n (iiincpil caul* of lij» aimitty. from \ I ^% ^iS LOCKE'S HISTORY American Difcoveries. from the other. The fixteenth he proceeded to another Ifland, and called it Fernan~ (Una, and fo to a fourth, to which he gave the name of I/abella ,• but finding nothing more in thefe than in the firll, he proceeded on to the Iflind of Cuba, which he called jfuiwa, and entered the port on the eaft end called Baracoa; whence after fending two men to difcover without finding what he fought for, he went on to Hifpankla, and anchored on the north fide of it. Here the admiral finding there were gold mines, and plenty of cotton, the people fimple, and one of the Caciques, or princes, Ihewing all tokens of love and afte£lion } and having loft his own (hip, which thr jagh the careleffnefs of the failors in the night run upon a fand ; he refolved to build a fort, which with the afliftance of the Indians was performed in ten days, and called the Nativity : here he left thiity-nine men, with provilions for a year, feeds to fow, baubles to trade with the natives, all the cannon and arms belonging to his own fliip, and the boat. This done, he departed from the port of the Nativity on the fourth of Janu- ary 1493, ft«cring callward, and the fixth difcovered the caravel Pitita, which had left iiim fome days before, the captain hoping to get much gold to himfelf. Columbus having failed fome days along the roaft of tiie Ifland, difcovered more of it, and trafficking with the natives, and feeing fome other iflands at a diftance, at length launched out to fea to return for Spain. In the way they Aruggled with the dreaJfulleft florms any of them had ever feen ; which feparated the admiral from the caravel Pinta, fo that he faw her no more : but at laft it pleafed God to bring his fhattcred caravel into the river of Lifbon, where the people flocked with admiration to fee him, and fome advifed the king of Portugal to murder him ( but he having entertained him generoufly difmifTed him : and he putting to fea again, arrived fafe at Fahs tie Mogutr, from whence he fet.out on the fifteenth of March, having been out/*? motiths and an half upon his difcovery. The Court was then at Barcelona, whither the Admiral re- paired; carrying with him the Indians he brought, fome gold, and other famples of what the Difcovery aflForded. The King and C^een received him with all poffible de- demonflrations of honour, making him fit down in their pref. nee, and ordering all the privileges and titles b-jfore granted him to be confirmed. After fome time fpent in thefe entertainments, the Admiral defired to be fitted out as became his dignity to conquer and plant thofe new countries, which was granted } and he departed for Seville, to fet out on his fecond voyage, which we are to fpeak of ner.t. We have been very particular in this, becaule being the firft, it required a more exadi account to be given of it, and fliall therefore be more fuccin£l in thofe that follow. An. 1493, A fleet of feven;een iail of all forts was fitted out at Seville, well fur- nlfhed with provifions, ammunition, cannon } corn, feeds, mares and horfcs ; tools to work in the gold mines, and abundance of commodities to barter with the natives. There were aboard fifteen hundred men, many of them labouring people, and arti- ficers; feveral gentlemen, and twenty horfc. With this fleet Columbus fet fail from Seville on thit fifteenth of September i\\e AioxtiiiA year, and on the fifth of 0£lober came to the Gttneru, one of the Canary iflands ; where he took in wood and water as alfo cattle, calves, (heep, goats, and fwine tu flock the Indies, befides hens and garden feeds. Sailing hence more to the fouthward tlian the firft voyage, on the third much ning on t courfe twentj was c( and b( to ufe Spain fiifl Th bajlia) tlie fe north- {A, taking not aj OF NAVIGATION. 11^ third of November in tlie morning, all tlic fleet fpied an ifland, which Columbus called Amcncan Dominica, becaufe difcnvered on a Sunday ; and foon after many others— the firft of Dilcovericj. which he called ALirigalfinti, the name of the (hip he was in, the next Guadalupe; then Montftrrate, Santa Maria Redonda, Santa Maria el Antigua, S. Martin, Santa Cruz i thefe are the Caribbe Idaiids. Next he came to the large ifland, which he called S. John Baptijl, but the Indinns Borrtquen, and it is now known by the nam' of Puerto ^/«.— November the twenty-fecond the fleet arrived on the coaft of Hij- paniola, where they- found the fort burnt down, and none of the Spaniards •, they being. aH deftroyed either by difcord among themfelves, or by the Indians. Not liking the place he had chofen the firflt Voyage to plant his Colony, he turned back to the eaft» ward ', and finding a feat to his mind, landed and built a little town which he called ' Jfabella, in honour of Ifabel then queen of Caftile. Then keeping five fliips of the fleet with him for his nfe there, he fent back twelve to Spain, under the command of Antonio de Torrer, with fome quantity of gold, and a full account of what had been done. Thus ended this year 1493 > ^"^ ^^'^ >^ '"^^ ^^ obferved, that all the actions done afhore muft be omitted, as too great for this Difcourfe, and in reality no way belonging to it ; the deflgn of it being only to fliew what advantages have beeit made by fea fince the difcovery of the Magnetical Needle, as has been declared before. An. 1494, Columbus failed from his new colony of Ifabella with one great fliip and two caravels on the twenty-fourth of April, direfting his courfe weflward ; and came upon the point of Cuba on the ci;;hteenth of May, where failing along the coaft he faw an infinite number of fr.iail iflands \ fo that it being impoflfible to give them all names, he in general called them the ^leen's Garden. Thus he proceeded as far as the iflind de Pi'nos, near the weftermoft end of Cuba, having difcovered three hundred and thirty leagues to the wedward from his colony oi Ifabella. He fufFered very much in this voyage by the continual ftorms of rain, wind, thunder and light- ning \ and therefore refolved to return, taking his way more to the fouthward, and on the twenty -fccond of July found the ifland oi Jamaica ; whence he directed his courfe to Hi/paniola, and coaiting about it, arrived at the town of Ifabella on the twenty-ninth of September, where he found his brother Bartholomew Columbus, who was come with four fliips from Sp>ln. The Admiral built many forts in the ifland, and being much offended at the ill behaviour of many of the Spaniards, who began to ufe him difrefpeft fully, and font complaints againft him to the court, returned into Spain to juflify his proceedings, and locure his authority. Thus far out of Herrera'i fiift decade, (lib. I, II, and 111.) The fame of thefe mighty Difcovevics being fpread abroad throughout Europe, Se- lajlinn Cabot, a Venetian, but rcfidiiig in England, made application to king Henry the feventh, to be employed in finding out a paffage to the Eaft Indies through the north-weft. The king admitted of his propofal, and {An. 1497,) Ordered him two {liip5 provided with all neceflaries for fiich an under- taking, with whitli lie f ilid from Brijl-J in the beginning of Summer (for here does not appear a particular j vjrnjl), and JiredUng liis courfe north-weft came into 5(5, '*, i ■ Ho tev' lao LOCKE'S HISTORY Ainerican Difcoveiies. Htirera fjys 63 degrees of north latitude ; where he difcovered land runnhig dill to the northward, which made him defpair of finding a pafljge that way, as he had pro- je£led } and therefore came about to the fouthward, hoping to meet it in lefs latitude. Thus he foon fell in upon the now much frequented id tul of Newfoundland^ reach> ing from 54 to 48 de);ree8 ', where he found a wild people clad in (kins of beafts, and armed with bows and arrows, as alfo bears and (lags, and great plenty of iilh, but the earth yielding little fruit. Here he took tliree of the fliva^cs, whom at his return he carried into England, where they lived long after. Hence he continued his courfc along the American coall as far as 38 degrees of latitude, where his provifions be- ginning to f.dl (hort he returned to England, (Hackluyt, vol. III. p. 6. (tfeq.) This imperfe£t account is all we have of this voyage, which was not profocuted by the Englilh in many y;:ars after i and Cabot finding little encouragement went away into Spain, where he was entertained. An. 1498, On the thirtieth of May, Admiral Caliimbiis hzw'xng been again well re- ceived and honoured by the king and queen of Cadile and Aragon, and provided as he defired, failed from 5. Lucar with fix (hips upon new difcovcrifs ; and coming to the ifland Ge/»*r«, one of the Canaries, on the nintemth, fent thence three of his (liips with proviGons to fail dire£llv for Hifpauhla. lie with the other three made the iilands of Cabo Verde, rsfolving to fail fouthward as far as the equinoclial \ and therefore (leering fouth-wed on the thirteenth of July, he felt fuch violent heat, that they all thought they (bould there have ended their days : and this continued till the nineteenth, when the wind frelhening they ftood away to the wellward, and the firft of Auguft came to an anchor in the ifland which he called La Trinidad, near the continent of South America, in about 1 1 degrees of north latitude. Difcovering land from this place, which he fuppofed to be another Ifland, but it was the Continent, he failed over and came upon the point of Paria, and run many leagues aion^ the coaft of the continent, without knowing it was fo, trading with the Indians for gold and abundance of pearls. However thinking his prefence necefl"iry at Hi/'paniol.i, he could not continue his difcovcry, but returned the fame way he came to the ifland Trinidad : and found that he called Margarita, where was afterwards the great pearl filhery, and that of Cubtgua, befides many otiiers of K-fs note, and arrived at Santa Domingo, a town newly built on the fouth coad of the ifland Hifpaniola, on the twen- ty- fecond of Auguft} Hertera, (dec. i. lib. IV.) An. 1499, Ihc news having been brouj;ht to Spain cf the difcovery Columbus Iiul made on the Continent, though it was not yet certainly known whether it was con- tinent or an ifl.md ; Alonfo de OJid.t and fome otiier private men fitted out four (hips to make difcovcries, and failed from Port S. Mnry on the twentieth of May. Jo/j/i de la Co/a, a Bifcainer, went with him as pilot, and Awericus Fefpucius us merchant. They took their courfc to the fouth-wcft, and in twenty-fcven days had fight of land, which they fuppofed to be the Continent. Ijeinj; within a league of the (hore, they lent fome men in the boat, who faw abundance of naked peo,.!e, who preCently fled to the mountains; and therefore they followed thcCoallto find fome harbour, which they fouud two days after, with multitudes of natives, thronging to fee the (hips. They OF NAVIGATION. lai Brafil, I J 00. They were of a middle ftature, well (haped, broad faced, and of a ruddy complexion. Spanifti Their wealth confifted in fine feathers, fi(h bones, and green and white ftones, but ^Y^g*^ '<» they had neither gold nor pearls. Ojeda ran along this coafl tilt he came to a town feated like Venice in the water, but containinj; only twenty-fix great houfcfs ; for which reafon he called it Venezuela, or little Venice, in about 1 1 degrees of north latitude. Still he kept along the coaft of Paria, before difcovercd by Columbus, for the fpace of two hundred leaj^ues, and then proceeded two hundred further to the point called Cubt) deja Vela. Then turnin.; back he came to the ifland Marga- fita, where he careened, and on the fifth of November arrived at the ifland of Hi/- paiitola ; where we may put an end to his difcovery. This fame year Pedro Aknfo Nino zud Chrijlopher Guevara failed from Sevil with one (hip to difcover, but did iiothtng more than had been done before, trading along the coaft where Columbus and OJeda had been; Herrera, (decad. i. lib. IV.) j4ii. 1500, Vincent Tauez Finzon, «ho was with Columbus the firft voyage, fent out four (liips at his own charge, and fiiling to the fouthward was the firjl Spaniard that ever cut the equinoclial line. Then failing to the weftwatd, on the tw.-nty-fixth of Spaniards January he difcovered land at a diftance, which was the point of-land now called Cape ditcover S Jiigu/lii, on the coaft of Braftl, where he took pofTelTion for the king of Spain : 'oM^ r being able to bring the natives to trade with him, he pafled on to a river, -idnig, eight of his men were killed by the Indians i which made him remove a.ir -jwn to the mouth of the iwtt Mm-amn, which is thirty leagues over, and tuns with fuch force, that the water is frelh forty leagues out at fea. Finding no benefit could be made along this coaft, he held on his courfe to Paria, whence he failed over to the iflands in the way to Hi/paniola t and being at an anchor among them, a furious ftorm funk two of their ftiips downright, the other two efcaping re- paired to Hi/paniola, and having refitted returned to Spain. In this Voyage they dif- covered fix hundred leogues along the coaft lying fouth-eaft from Paria. In December, this fame year, James de Lepc failed from Pahs de Mogusr to difcover, and went fome way to the fouthward of cape S. Augujlin, but did little confidcrable ; Herrera, (dec. i. lib. IV.) This year alfo Emanuel king of Portugal fitted out a fleet of thirteen fill for the Pomugucfe EoJ} Indies, commanded by Pedro Alvarez Cabrul .- who failing from Llrtion in March, 'I'lcov^r to avoid the calms on the coad of Guinea, ftood out far to lea; and being carried ''*'' ' '^" away further to the weftward than he intended by a ftorm, on the twenty-fourth of /^pril fell ill upon the coaft of Ih-.ifil'm America, in 10 degrees of fouth latitude. He failed along it one day, and going afliore found a tawny people ; but the we:ither ftlll forced him to the fouthward, to a harbour he called Pcrto Seguro, in 17 degrees of fouth latitude, where he Ivuuled, and found the country abounding in cotton and Indian wheat. Here he ere£led a crufs in token of pofleffion, and tlitrefore called the country S.inta Cn/s, but t]:e name of Bmfil prevailed, bccaule of that fort of vood brought from thence. Fedio Alvarez lent a fliip to Portujjal to give advice of VOL. I. '1 ^''•'* ]:^i.'^^i /' '1 >!': : I,/'- '„. .1^ ™B HI 122 LOCKE'S HISTORY Portuguefe voyage to NoriTi Ame* rica, 1500. Spani(h voyages to America. this difcovery, and he with the red profecuted his voya((e to the Ead IndieSi a« may be fecn in the account of them ; Herrera ubiftip. and Fari* in Afia, (part I. p. 53.) Agiin this year 1500, GuJ/ter de Coriereal, a Portuguefe, Ttiled to the north parti ef America with two caravels, where he run along a gre;U part of what was fuid be- fore to be difcovered by Cnbot, and gave his name to fome fmall iflands about the north of Newfoundland, brinj-ing away fixty of the natives.— He made a fecond voy- age into thofe parts, but was cad awny; Herrera, (dec. i. hb. VI.) An. 1 50 1, Roderick de Baflidas fitted out two (l»ips at Cadiz, and taking John de la Ca/a, who was bell acquainted with the wedern feas, for his pilot, put to fea in the beginning of February, following the fame courfe Columbus had taken when he dif- covered the continent ; and coalling all along where he and the others had been, he traded with the Indians. Not fo fatisfied, he run to the wedward, and difcovered Santa Atarta Carthagena, and as far as Nombre de Dios, being above an hundred leagues more than was known before. His (hips being now leaky and worm-eaten, fo that they could not long keep the fea, and having traded for a confiderable quan- tify of gold and pearls, he with difficulty made over to Xaragua in Hi/paniola, where his (hips funk after faving the treafute ; and he, after being imprifoned in this ifland, got over into Spain with his wealth. He carried fome Indians from the continent to Hi/panioia, who went dark naked ; Heirera ubifup. An. 1502, Admiral Columbus, being through the malicious infinuations of his ene- mies removed from the government of Hi/paniola, but dill fed by the king with fair words, obtained of him four (hips to go upon fome new difcovery, and failed with them from Cadiz on the ninth of May. On the twenty-ninth of June he came be- fore Santo Domingo in the ifland Hi/paniola, where the governor refufed to admit him into the port. On the fourteenth of July he failed away to the wedward, and driving fome days with the currents in calms, druggled for fixty days with vio- lent dorms ; after which he difcovered the little ifland Guanaja, northward of cape Honduras, in iq degrees of latitude. He fent his brother a(hore, who met with a canoe as long as a SpaniHi galley, and eight foot wide, covered with mats ; and in it many men, women, and children, with abundance of commodities to barter, which were large cottoa cloths of feveral colours, (hort cotton (hirts without fleeves curi- oufly vrought ; wooden fwords edged with flint, copper hatchets to cut wood, horfe- bells of the fame metal, and broad flat plates of it, crucibles to melt the copper, cocoa-nuts, bread made of Indian wheat, and drink of the fame. Being carried aboard the admiral, lie exchanged fome commodities with them, and then clifmiiTed them, only keeping an old man, of whom he enquired for gold ; he pointed eadward, which made Columbus alter his defign of failing ftill wedward. Therefore taking the way he was direfled, the firll land he came to was Cape Cafmas on the continent of the province of Honduras, where his brother landed and took poflelfion ; the natives coming down in peaceable manner, wearing (hort jackets of cotton, and bringing him plenty of provifions. Sailing hence many days to the eadward againd the wind, he 8 came war< they edt part very An, tinent it: iliips de Cai callei and of cot plied he he of Cu An the Ii OF NAVIGATION. 123 came to a great point of land, from which perceiving the fliorc run to the fouthwani, Spanifh he called it Cabo de gracias a Dioj, or Cape thanks be to God, becaufe then the eaderly voyages to winds would carry him down the coaft. He ran along trading with the natives, and America, and touched at Parto Bella, Nombre de D'los, Belen, and Veragua, where he heard there were jflands. gold mines, and fent his brother up the country, who returned to him with a con- fiderable qu uitity of that metal, exchanged for inconfiderable trifles. Upon this en- couragement Columbus rtfolved to leave his brother there with eighty men, and ac- cordingly built houfes for them \ yt-t after all, the Indians becoming their enemies, and the Spaniards mutinous, he was forced to take them aboard again, and then failed away for Hifpatii'Jti. The fliips being quite (haken with the many (torms, and eaten through with the worms, could not reach that ifland ; and therefore he wa» forced to run them a-ground on the coid of Jamaica, clofe board and board by one another, (lioring them up with piles drove in the fand, and making huts on the decks for the men to live in, becaufe they were full of water up to the deck. Hence with incredible difhculty and danger, lie fent meffengers in a canoe over to Hifpaniola for fome veflels to carry him and his men away, and after fuffering much was at lad tranfported to that ifland, and thence into Spain, where he died. Herrera, (dec. i. lib. V, VI.)— So that w« have here an end of his Difcoveries } and all the continent of AmericK made known from Cape Honduras in 18 degrees of north latitude, to Porto Segure on the coaft of Brafil in 17 degrees of fouth latitude, being above y^ teen hundred leagues, taking only the greater windings of the coaft. ^n. 1506, The news of Columbus's new difcovery being fpread abroad in Caftile, Jo/m Diaz de Solis, and Vincent Tanez Pinzon rcfolved to profecute what he had be- gun ; an.^ coming to the ifland Guanaja, whence Columbus had turned back to the eaft- ward, they held on their courfe ftill weftward •, running along the coaft of Honduras, till they came to the bottom of that deep bay, which they called Bala de Navtdad, now call- ed the Gulph of Honduras. Then turning to the north-eatt, they difcovered a great part of the province of Yucatan, whereof little was afterwards known till the difco- very of New Spain. An, 1507, It being ftill unknown whether Cuba was an ifland or part of the con- tinent, Nicholas d'Obando, governor of Hifpaniola, fent Sebtijlian d'Ocampo to difcover it : he failed along the north fide of it, touching at fcveral places, and careened his fljips at the port now well known by the name of the Havana, which then he called de Carnias. Then continuing his Voyage to the weftermoft end of the ifland now called Cabo de S. Anton, he turned to the eaftward along the fouth coaft of the ifland, and put into the port of Xagua, which is one of the beft in the world, and capable of containing a thoufand fliips. Here he was moft courteoufly entertained, and fup- plied with abundance of partridges and good fi(h. Having refted here a few daysi he held on his way along the co.ift, and returned to Hifpaniola, witli the certain news of Cuba's being an ifland. (Herrtra, dec. i. lib. VII.) An. 1508, John Ponce de J.iW failed over from Hifpaniila to the iflind called by the Indians Beniquen, by the Spaniards S. Juan de Puertt Rico, and by the Englifli q 2. Put* f "V. 'i'S^Hll •>4 LOCKE'S HISTORY Spanilh voyages to America, qnd the adja- cent iflands. Porto Rko I it IS but 15 leagues didant from Hif[>anwlit, lias a good harbour, which with tiie plenty of gold found in it gave it the name of Piitrto Rico, or the rich Har- bour. (Herrera, dec. i. lib. VII.) This fame year, 1508, John Dinz tie Solii, and Vincent Tnnez Pinzon, who before difcovercd the Gulph of Honduras, filled with two caravels fitted out at the king's expence, to difcover the fouth coaft of America \ and cominjj upon Cape S. Augudiu in about 1 1 degrees of fouth latitude, continued thence their navigation along the coad, often landing and trading with the natives, till they c:ime into 40 degrees of the fame latitude; whence they returned with an account of what they had found into Spain. (Herrera, dec. 1. lib. VII.) jIv. 1509, John de Efquibel was fent from Hifpaniola, by the admiral James Com lumbtis, fon to Chrijiophcr Columbus, with feventy men to fettle a colony in the ifland of jfamaica. This fame year John de la Co/a failed from Spain with one (hip, and two brigan- tines, to join Alonfo d'Ojeda in the ifl.ind HiJ'paniola, thence to go and fettle on the continent : James de Nicuejfa fct out foon after him with four fliips upon the fame defign. After fome difpute about the limits of their provinces, they agreed that the river of Darien fliould part them, and then they fet out towards their fcveral go- vertiments. (Herrera, dec. i. lib. VII.) jIn. 1 5 10, Ojeda landed at Carthagena, where after endeavouring to gain the In. dians by fair means without fuccefs, he came to a battle with them, in which John dt la Co/a was killed, and Ojeda efcaped by flight, h.nving iod feventy Spaniards. Nicutjfu arriving a few days after, and joining the other Spaniards belonging to Ojeda, re- venged the death of the former feventy, and took a great booty. However Ojeda rcr moved thence to the gulph of Uraba, where he founded the town of S. Sebaftian, being the fecond built on the continent ; if we reckon that before founded by Columbus near the fame place, which did not Hand, as has been mentioned, nor did this continue long at that time, being removed after mod of the Spaniards were confumed, to Da- ricn. Hence the Indians carried fwine, fait, and fidi up the country, and in return brought home goUl and cotton cloth. Kicuejf/i with his (hips failed to Veragua, and after many miferles and calamities, at Lft founded the town of Nombre de Dios on the fmall Idhmus that joins the two Continents of north and fouth America ; (Her* rera, dec. i. lib. VII, VIII.) yln. 151 1, The admiral James Columbus, from the idand HiJ'paniola, fent James Fc lafquiz with about three hundred men to plant the ifland of Cuba, where no fettle- ment had yet been made. An. 15 1 2, John Ponct de Lean, before mentioned 7^% firjl planter of the ifland of Puerto Rico, being grown rich, (itted out three fliips in that ifland, refolving to dif. cover to the northward. He failed on the third of March, deerinjj north-wed and by north, and on the eighth anchored at Baxos de Uabueca, near the ifland del Virjo, in 11 degreef and an h;ilf of north latitude ; and on the fourteenth, at the ifland Guana. kaniy whith was the firjl difcovend by Columbus. Hence he diredlcd his couifa north. OF NAVIGATION. 1*5 north-weft, and on the twenty- feventh, being Eaftcr Sunday, difcovered an 5n,ind Spanifli illf- noi known before J whence he proceeded, fteering we(l-north-wc(l till the fccond of '^|"'-,""°". April, when they came to an anchor near a port of the continent they had run along, ^^^jigj^ " in 30 degrees and 8 minutes of north latitude ; wliich he believed to be an ifland called Floiida, thit is, flowery, or flouriftiing. both bccaufe it looked green and plei- fant, and bccaufe it was Eatler time, which the Sp inianls cdl Pa/qua Floriib. After landing to take puflclhon, he failed fouth and by eall till the twinty-iiril of ApriU when he met fo ftronp; a current, that though they had the wind large, hia Hiipii coulil not Uem it, which ohliped him to come to an anchor ; this being the now weH known channel of Bah.^ma, through which moll fliips return out of tliofe parts into Europe. Here he landed, and had a (kirmifti with the Indians, who were warlike. On the eighth of May he doubled the point of Florida, which he called Cape Corri- en/es, becaufe of the great ftrength of the current there. Being come about, they fpent many days along the coaft arid neij.'hbouring idrnds, watering and careeping, and dealing with the Indians for hides and Guanines, which are plates of a mixture of gold and copper. In June he had two battles with the Indians, who in their canoes rame out to draw his (hips aftiore, or at lead to cut his cables. Having beaten them off he came upon the coaft of Cuba, though he knew it not to be that ifland, and thence returned to Puerto Rico, whence he failed into Spain to beg of the king the government of what he had difcovered } (Herrera, dec. 1. lib. IX.) y^«. 1513, Bnfco Nitiiez de Balboa, who had fubtiley wound himfelf into the go- PacificOceau vernment of the Spaniards, who were before mentioned to have built the town of difcovered, Dnrien, having ufed all his endeavours as others did to find out more gold; and be- 'S'^' ing told by an Indian, that there was a mighty prince beyond the mountains who had vaft plenty of it, and that there w.is alfo an open fea, he refolved to venture over to find thefe treafures, and gain the honour of being the firft that difcovered this fo long looked for Sea. Accordingly he fet out from Darien in September with Indian guides, and others given him by tlie Caciques his friends, to carry burdens. Entering upon the mountains, he had a fight with a Cacique that would have ftopped him, in which he killed the Cacique and fix hundred of his men. On the tiveutyfifth of Siptewher he reached the top of the mountains; from whence, to his unfpeiikribie joy, he faw the South Sea ; with this fatisfaflion he went down, and coming to the ftuire walked into the fea to t.ike poffelfion of it for the king of Spain. This done, he with eighty of his men, and a Cacique his friend, went into nine canoes, and put out to fea ; where a dorm rifing, they had all like to have perifhed ; however, with much difli- culty they got into a fmall ifland, where fome of their canoes were beaten to pieces, and all their provifions loft. The next day with what canoes remained, they landed on the further fide of the bay, where after fome oppofition from the Indians they made peace, and the Cacique brought a good quantity of gold as a prefent, and tuo hundred and forty large pearls ; and feeing the Spaniards valued them, he fent fome Indians to fifti, .who in four days brought twelve mark weight of them, eacli maik being. r: ':•*: <'ii:m ii6 LOCKE'S HISTORY Spanllh being eight ounces. Bn/co Nunez wouKI have gone over to the i/lnnJ ofptarls, five Voyajjes to leagues didant, but was ailvifed by the Indians his friends to put it oft till lummer, America. becaufe of the danger of the fea at that time. Here he h;ul fomc infoimatiun of the wealth of Ptrii, and was aflured th»t the Coad ran along to the fuuthward without end, as the Indians thought. Bufco Nunez having nutde fo great a difcovery, and gathered much wealth, returned over the mountiiiis to Dnricn, whence lie prcfently fent advice to the king of what he had found ; (Hcrrera, dec. i. lib. X.) An. 1515, John Diaz Je So/is w.is font cut by llie king to difcover to thc/outh- tuard ! he failed on the eightli of October, and c.inie to Rio de Junciro on tlie to.ill of iJrafil in 22 degrees twenty minutes of I'ouih laiituiic i whence lie continued liiii courfc down the Coad which lies fouih-well, to cnpe i>. Mary in 35 degrees of l.iti- tude, where he landed and took poflefiion. Thtti turning with one of his caravels into the river of Plate, which btfcaufe it was fo large and frelh, tliey called tlie Fi;j}} Sea, and by another name, the river of Solis, he fpied along the fliorc abundance of houfes of Indians, and the people coming down to gaze at t!)C ililps, and oft'cring what they had. Solis landed with as many men as his boat conld carry, who going a little up from the (horc, were fct upon by the natives, who lay in ambufli in the woods, and every man of them killed, notwithdanding the cannon fired from aboard. When they had killed the men they removed them further from the fhore ; yet not fo far but that the Spaniards aboard might fee them \ where cutting off their heads, arms, and legs, they roaded the whole trunks of the bodies and eat them. Having feen this difmal fight, the caravel returned to the other vefl'el, and both together re- paired to cape S. Augudin, where having loaded with Brafil wood, they failed back to Spain. — Thus ended the famous Seaman John Diaz de Solis ; (Herrera, dec. 2. lib. I.) An. 1516, Padrarias, governor of Darien, before fpoken of, fent the licentiate Efpinofa with a good body of men over the mountains to Panamas who had fome en- counters with the Indians in thofe parts, and made fome conflderabla Difcoveiiis along that coad. But having gathered :» great (]uantiry of gold, and abundance of flavts, he returned to Darien, leaving Hernan Ponce de Leon with a fmall force at Panama. This commander lod no time, though he had no good ve/FelJ but fome fmall barks, for in them he ventured to run up to the north-wed as far as the port of Nieoya in the province of Nii-arngiia, an hundred and forty leagues from Nata, which is at the mouth of the bay of Panama ; where finding the people in arms, and that they fled to the mountains upon the firll firing, he concluded there was not much good to be done there at that time, and returned to Panama. At the fame time BafcB Nunez de Batboii, who firll difcovcred the South Sea, cut timber at Ada on the north Sea, and having hewed it out fit to put together, had it all carried up twelve le^^guts to the top of the mountains by Indians, blacks, and Spaniards, and thence down to the South Sea; which was an incredible labour, there being all the timber, iron work, and rigging for two brigantines i (Herrera, dec. 2. lib. 11.) This OF NAVIGATION. "7 This fame year, ijirt, Hackluyt mentions a Voyage made by Sir Thomas Pirl and Engllfh Stbaftian Cabot, by onlcr of king Henry the eighth of England, to Brajil, but gives no ^'"'.f^ *" g particulars of it-, (Hackluyt, vol. III. p. 498.) •> > 5 • ^n, 1517, Jaints Vi'lifquez, governor of Hifpaniol.!, give comminfion io Francis Spaiii(h dif- Htrnandfz dt Cordova to muke fome further Difcovery on the Contitient. He bouj^ht cnvtritH on two ihips aniJ a brigantine, fuiniihed them with all neceHaries, and an hundred and ^^,jgfjca. ten men, and failed from Havana on the eighth of IVbru.iry to the wedwurd. At the end of twenty-one days they faw land, and drawing near perceived a town. Five canoes came to the iliip, and thirty men went aboard, wearing fliort jackets without flecves, who being well entertained were difinilFed : and the next day twelve canoes came with a Cacique, who faid, conez Cetoihe, that is, come to my houfe ; and the Spa- niards not undeidanding it, called that point of lanil Cape Cotochc, being the weller- mod of the province of Tucntan, in 22 degrees of latitude. The S|iatiiards going afliore with this invitation, were fet upon by Indians that lay in anibulh, whon> they put to flight. Here they found three itru£iures like little temples, with idols, built with lime and done, which were the (ird that had been ftcn in America. Returning to their Ihips, they kept along the coad wedward till they came to Campeche, where tliey took water out of a welli there being no othei ; and retired to their (hips, the Indians purfuing at their heels, yet without engaging. Further on at a place calkd PotonJ:aii, being afliore again to water, they were befet by the Indians, who killed fifty of ihem % and the red, whereof many were wounded, with much dilHculty got aboard their Ihips. Wanting hands for them all, they burnt one, and with the other two veflels in great want of water, dood over for the coad of Florida \ where as they were watering, the Indians fell on them and killed four or five more, but were put to flight, fo that the Spaniards had time to carry off their water, and returned to Cuba, where James Fiinandez the commander died of hi>x wounds} (Herreta, dec. 1. lib. II.) An. 1518, The report of the Difcovery made in Yucatan pleafing the undertaker Javies Velafqutz governor of Cuba, he provided three fliips and a brigantine, with two hundred and fifty men, to prof.;cute that enterprife, under the command of John de Gri/alvai v/ho f.iiled from Cuba on the eighth of April, and driving to the fouthward with the currents, came upon the iflaiid of Cozunul, in the twentietii de- gree of latituile, not known before, and fouth of the Cape of Cotoche; where keeping along its coad, they anchored at a place they called Santa Cruz, becaufc that was the third of May, and the fead of the finding of the crofs. Landing he could not pre- vail with any of the natives to come to trade, yet found in the i fluid good honey, fwine with their navels on their backs, and feveral fmall temples of done, as alfo an Indian woman of Jamaica, who went aboard. Grijaha failed on to Potonchan, where Francis Htrnanikz, the fird difcoverer of that country, had been-, and after defeating the natives held on to the rivtr of his own name; faying, this country was like a new Spain, becaufe of the many druftures he faw of lime and done, whence the name remained to the .nd- jacent kingdom of Mexico. Coming to the river of Taiafco, he treated with the natives, ai^d i .li:,-? X, 'I I rr»s t j fl M i 1 M 4 li Ul »i»' LOCKE'i HISTORY and a Cacique there with hit own hand, put upon Grijalva a fuit of complete armour all of beaten gold, befidcs many other rich prefcnts he gave him. TIten cua(lin); along, be faw the great mountains of S, Martin, and the rivers of Alvarmlo, and Ihndimi, I on the coaft of New Spain, at which lad place he was fupplied with provifioiis, and traded for much gold with tlie governor, who had received orders fu to du front Monttzuma the great monarch of Mexico, upon the news brought him of the fird (hips that appeared on that coail. He fpuiit feven days at S. John de Ulva, trading with the natives, and then went on as far us the province of I'anuco, from whence he returned to Cub.i, having in this voyage difcovercd all the co.id of New Spain, almolt as far as the province of Florida ; (Hcrrera, dec. 3. lib. 111.) This fame year the Licentiate Efftinofa, by onler of Padro Arias Davila, governor of Darien, founded the town of Panama on the South Sea. [Ibid.) An. 1519, Ferdinand Cokti s, with eleven fail fitted out at the charge of j7'^»/<'/ Vi- lafqiiez, failed from Cuba in February, and landing on the coafl of New Spain, before difcovered by Grijalva, marched up to Mexico \ made himfelf mailer of that mighty ■diy, and fubdued all the provinces about it till became to the South Sen. Here were found thofe rich mines of filver, which with t!ie others of Peru have ever fiiice enriched the univerfe ; not to fpenk of the abundance of cotton, and very many other precious commodities. In fine; his a£lions and the wealth of this Country are the fubje£l of large volumes, and too great for fo (hort a Uifcourfe : therefore wc will proceed to the Difcoveries. (/*/3« virions, amnmirxiun, and commoditiet to trade, ai alfo four hundrfd iitd fiftf Spa- Spanifti niardi. Tliefe fliipa were to pafi throuj^li the (Ir^ita of Magellan to the Molucco Voyj^fM ti» iflaiida, and Jailed from Corunna in July. On tlie fifth of December they came upon '''« t-*'^ the coad of lirafil in 21 degrees and an half of fouth latitude. December the twenty- throtiKJi tlia eighth the (hips were parted in a dorm, but met all again except t!ie admiral. Ja- Sirait« of imary the fifth they came to Cape B/amo in •^7 degrees, ami thence to Santa Ctnz in Magellan. 51 degrees) where the admiral and another laip being miiiin^, they put up fome figns to diretl them: coming to the mouth uf the llraitit, one uf the fliips was calt away in a (lorm, tlie other three with much diiitculty got into the Strait. January the twenty-fixth the admiral, with the ot!ier Ihip that was milFrng, and the tender, came to the mouth of the ilrait, where it wan near peridiing in a tlorm : and on the fifth of April the five fliips being again joined, put into the (trait, whence the foul weather had beaten them out. May the twenty-fifth they came into the South Sea, where a violent llorm parted them all i and the tender being left alone with very little provifion, failed to the northward, till it came upon the coall of New Spain, where the men were plentifully relieved by the Indians for the prefent, and after- wards by CaittJ from Mexico. 1 he admiral was parted from the other fliips, and never faw them more, for he died on this fide the line i and foon after him John St' kajjian Ct$n9 his fuecelTor, who had brought the fhip called the ViHory home, after failing round the world in the voyage undertaken by Magellan. Then they chofe *Toribia Alovfo Jt Saluzar for their admiral-, and fo direding their courfe for the iflands Lailroties, on the thirteenth of September dlfcovered an illand, which they called S. BiirthcliiiMw t and the wind not permitting them to come near it, followed on their courfe to the LaJrotie:, and came to the two foutherniod of them, wlure there came to them a Spaniard, that had been left there when the fliip of Magellan's company, left .it the Moluccos, attempted to return to New Spain, as may be feen in that voyage. Five days, tliis which was the admiral's fliip continued in the iiland Bulaha, and then profccuttd itit voyage to the Moluccos on the tenth of September 1526} and on the fe- • cond of Oflobcr came to the grtfat illand JlIinilamQ, one of the Phillppinfs, wiieie they got fome frefli proviiiuiis, and then failed away to-*ard8 the Moluccos 5 and arrived fafe at Tidore on the lad day of December, and there built a fort; whence for a long time »ftcr they made war with the Portugnefes of Ternate \ wlicrc we will leave them, having ended tluir Navigation, and fli.ill hear of them again in the fullowing years (llerrera, dec. 3. lib. VII, VIU.IX. and dec. 4. lib. 1.) An. 1516, SibashanCauoi', who made the great difcovery in North Amtr'ca for king Henry the leventh of Engl.iiul, being now in the Spanilh lervice, failed from Cadiz with four (UipB, defigning fur the Moluccos through ilie ilrait of Magellan: but when he tame upon the coalt of Brafil, his provifions began to fail, and the men to mutiny \ both which lliini^s obliged him to lay afide his fiift difign, and run up the liver then c.dled of Solis, now of Plate 1 and going up it thirty leagues, he came to the iQ.iiid of S. Cubrirl, and feven leagues above it to the river S. SahjJor, where be landed and built a fort, in which he left fome men, whilll he difeoveicd higher. r a 'Ihlity •'I i 13a Soani/h Voyages. LOCKE'i HISTORY Thirty leagues further up he found the river of Zarcarana, and ere£led another fort, which was called by his name. Then continuing the fame courfe, after running up two hundred leagues he came to the river Paraguay, up which he turned, leaving the great river, and at the end of thirty leagues found a people that tilled the ground, which he had not feen before ; and they oppofed him fo vigovoufly, that he was forced to return down the river after loflng twenty-eight of his men : where we muft leave him a while, to (hew that this fame year James Garcia was fent from Galicia with one (hip, a fmall tender, and a brigantine to difcorer this fame river of P/ate, and came, at the end of the year, upon that part of the coaft of Brafil, which for its many rocks and (hoals is called jtbrelajo, or open your Eyes. An. 1527, At the beginning of the year he came into the river of Plate., and there found two of Caiot'a (hips, but fen*^ bacic his own to carry (laves into Portugal. Then be run up the river, and found Cabot in that of Paraguay, where we faid he lo(t his men, whence they returned together to the (hips. Cabot fent one of them back into Spain, with an account of what he had difcovered, the reafons why he went not to the Moluccos, and fome filver and gold } defiring to be reinforced, and to have leave to plant there, which was not done till fome time after, when it (hall be mentioned in its place (Herrera, d *:. 3. lib. IX.. and dec. 4. lib. I.) This fame year Cortes (itted out three (hips on the coaft of New Spain in the South Sea, and fent them to the Molucco ijlands, where they joined the Spaniards before mentioned, and profecuted the war with the Portuguefes. One of the (hips attempt- ed to return with clovei to New Spain, but was beaten back to Tidore by contraiy winds ; where the continual wars reduced the Spaniards to only twenty, who were forced to put themfelves into the power of the Portuguefes, and by them were car- ried into India, whence fome of them returned into Spain. Thefe (hips were in fe- veval of the Philippine ijlatidi, and took po(re(rion of them for the king of Spain ;. (Herrera, dec. 4. lib. I.) This year alfo Francis de Montejo failed from Seville with three (hips, and (ive hun« dred men in them, to conquer the province of Tutacin^ and Pedro d'Alvarado for that of Guaiimala. Of the difrovery of both fomething has been faid already, and therefore there needs no repetition. The fame year (till Pamphilo de Narvaez failed from Sanlucar on the feventeenth of June with five ytffeh, and in them feven hundred men, and fpcnt much time at Hifpiiniola and Cuba; wheie, after e>':aping a dreadful ftorm, he was forced to win- ter. In March following he put to fea with four (hips and above four hundred men ; and on the twelfth of April, after many Itorms and dangers, came upon the coaft of Florida ; he landed his men and forty horfcs, and then travelled with thcin by land,, lendii.g the fliips at the fame time to coaft along and (intl a fafe harbour where they miiilit fettle a town. Thofe that marched b;- land, after incredible fufFering afliore, and lofmg their (hips, built fome barks to carry them ofF, making fails of their (hirts, and ropes of their hoifes tails .ind manes. By the twcnty-fecond of September they had eaten ail their horfes, and then went aboard their barks : they crept along the t- (hore powtr ward, iony, OF NAVIGATION. »33 fliort feren days In thofe creeks almoft ftaryed, till they found fome dry fifti In an In- '■ dian houfej but after this fuffcred fuch extremity of thirft, that five of them died ' ' ' ' with drinking of fait water. They landed again and got fome refrefliment, but the Indians proving treacherous, they loft fome men, and fo put to fea again, where they ranged many days in foul weather, and were all parted. At laft all the barks were caft upon the (hore and feveral men drowned -, thofe that efcaped almoft naked and ftarved, met with charitable Indians, who came down and lamented their misfortune with tears j fetching wood to make fire to warm them, carrying them to their houfcs, ^and giving them all the beft they had : but this kfted not long, for the Indians, though fo loving were poor, and foon after fuffered extreme want themfelves, fo that the Spaniards difperfed to (liift, and the fixty that landed were foon reduced to fifteen. Such was their mifery, that five of them who had kept together ate up one another till only one was left. Three or four that furvived thefi.- calamities travelled fome hundreds of leagues acrofs the country, and with incredible hardftiips at length came to New Spain, the reft with their officers all perilhed ; and this was the end of the expedition (Herrera, dec. 4. lib. II. IV.) Before we proceed, it muft be here noted, that this fame year king Henry the Engliili tighth of England fent out two Ihips to difcover to the northward, which failed out N« America. of the Thames on the twentieth of May, and entering between the north of New- foundland and the Continent, one of them was caft away. The other direfled its courfe towards Cape Breton, and the coaft of Arambec, often fending men afliore to get information of the country, and returned home in O£lober> which is all the ac-> count we have of this voyage (Hackluyt, vol. III. p. 1291.) An. 1530, Francis Pizarro having been in Spain, and obtained many favours of the Spanifii emperor, and power to conquer what he had difcovered, failed from Panama with Voyages. an hundred and eighty-five Spaniards, and thirty-feven horfes. At the bay of S. Matthew he landed the horfes and moft of the men, to march along the (hore, whilft the (hips coafted ; and falling upon the town of ^lapel, he took a vaft booty of gold, filver, and emeralds : then he fent three (hips to Panama and Nicaragua to bring recruits of men and provifions : being reduced to great ftraits, and ready to aban- don the country, a fliip arrived with fupplies. Hence they failed to the ifland Puna, which lies between three and four degrees of fouth latitude } where after much feigned friendfliip from the Indians, he came to a battle with them \ and having gained the viftcry, continued there, fcttlng at liberty fix hundred Indians of Tumbez, kept there in (lavery, which gained him the a(Fe£lion of thofe people. Two fliips coniiig. to him with recruits from Panama, Pizarro failed over to Tumbez, of which place he pofleflcd himfclf after killing many Indians, who ufed all means by open force and treachery to deftroy him. Here inquiring into the affairs of the country, he was informed of the greatnefs and infinite wealtli of the city of Ciizco, and of the vaft powtr and large dominiuii of the emperor of PtrK. Then moving ftill to the foutli- ward, he founded the city of S. Michael ; and (laid there long to fettle that new co- lony, to get more fupplies and further intelligence into tlie aff.iirs of the country ; atid. «34 LOCKE'S HISTORY Spanilh and though thefe things happened in the following years, we will cflnclude with Voyages. thgn, ,( once, according to the intended brevity. At that time two brothers con- tended for the monarchy of Peru ; thefe were Atahaulpa and Guafcar, of whom the former had been fuccefsful in fevcral battles. Pizarro refolved to make his advan> tage of their divifions. He therefore marched into the country with fcarce two hun- dred men, and coming to Caxamalca, whence Atahmilpa drew out with his army, he fent to invite him back. The Inga came with an infinite multitude of Indians ; and having filled the great market of Caxnmcilca, he ordered they (ho-.ild feizc all the Spa- niards, and take cnre that not one el'caped : upon which, as his horns aiul other wir- like inftruments began to make a dreadful noife, Pizarro Rave the figiial in like man- ner; and falling on, routed that multitude, and took the I/iga piifoncr, and with him an incredible trcafure of gold, filver, and cotton cloth. The Jn^a being prifoner, offered for his ranfom ten thoufand ingots of gold, and a great room full to the top of filvcr; which he had almoft performed, when new troubles arifing, he was put to death. After which Pizarro marched to the great city of Cuzco, near two hun- dred leagues from Caxamalca, to the fouth-ead ; whence moving to the fca, he founded the city of Lima in i8 degrees of fouth lathude, and fubdued all that va(t empire of Peru (Herrera, dec. 4. lib. VII. and IX. and dec. 5. throughout the greatcll part of it.) An. 1532, Nunho Je Guzman, fent out by Cortis from Mexico by land to reduce the province of Alechcacan, difcovered and fubdued the provinces of Culiacan and Cinaloa, extending to 28 degrees of north latitude on the coad of the South Sea, and oppofitc to the fouth end of California ; all which was done by land, and was a con- fequence of the former Navigations (Herrera, dec. 5. lib. I.) Some Ships were fent out thefe years by Cortes from NVw Spain, to difcover to tlic ttortk-weJJ 1 but they having gone no further than has been already mentioned, it is ntedicfs to give any account of them. An, 1534, SJman d'Alcazova, a Tortuguefe in ths king of Spain's fervice, under- ' took to dil'cover to the fouthward of Peru : paifing the (Irait of Ma>,'i,llan, and fitting out two pood fhips with two hundred and fifty men, he failed from S. Lucar on tiie tweuiy-firft of September, rfnd entt-red the mouth nf t'le Jlrails of Aligdlan in Janu- ary follo«ing. Having fpent fjiiie time in it, and being halfway throUi^h; the vio- lent ftonns, wh'vcli laftcil many days, were the OLC.ifion that Ills men in a mutinous nunner obliged him to turn back out of the llraii, and put into port L:.bss, a little above the mouth of it. Here he landed an hundred men to difeovcr up tiie country, appointing his lieutenant to comniand llicni, betaufe he could not liimftlf, by reafon tif his nuiifpjfition. Tliiy manhed ni.iety leagues through a dtfart eoui:tiy, fceiirg fcarce any inhabitants, and being reaily to pcrifti fomciinies for want i.f water ; and by this time all the provifions they brought from aboard were fptnt, the country af- fording liale or nothing. Tiiis done, they returned towanls the (liips, and forne of tlicm mutinying by the way, fccured thofe that oppuk.i tlicir wicked dcdgnsj and (Oiling abuaidj niuiJcrcd ALitZiv^t their conimandet in cliief and his pilct^ dcfigning tu OF NAVIGATION. >3S to leave tlie reft that liail oppofed them afliore, ^nd turn pirates. But being divided among theinfelves, ilie loyal party took tlie ?:lvi\'itage to pollcfs themfelves of ilie '. '• fnips, and cxexuted many of tliein. This dee, they direfTlcd their courfc for tiic iilaiids of Aineiica. 'I'he jjre itcfl: (hip was t.ift away on the coaft of Brafil, the other in mucli dillrcfs arrived at the iil.ind Hifpaimla. Thus ended this cutcrprifc (Her. rera, dec. 5. lib. VII. and VIII.) This fame year 1534, Jaques Cartier failed from the port of S. Mulo, by order of Frctich Francis I. king of France, to difcover the nortli part of America. He fet out on the Voyages to tA'cntieth of April, and on the tenth of May put into the port of S. Catharine in New- ■"'^ foundland ; where Iiaving fpent fume days in refitting, lie failed all the length of the Ul.iiid fri>m tape Rnz to cape de Grace ; and entering between the ifland and the Con- tinent, run to the wcilwani along the fliore j till at the mout!\ of the great rivtt Cn' pada, he turned to the fouthward, came to tne bay called du Chaleur, and traded with the natives in a very peaceable manner, as they did all along thofe fliores on the back of Newfoundland ; viewing all the creeks and harbours, till the fifth of Augull, when they departed thence homeward, and arrived at S. Malo on the fifth of Sep- tember (Haekluyt, vol. III. p. 201.) Jti. 1535, The fame Jaqucs Cartier failed again from S. Malo, May the nineteenth, with three (liips upon the fame difcovery : and after fufFering much by ftorms, which ■ parted them, Cartier on the twenty-fifth of June came upon the coalt of Newfound- Isnd in 49 degrees and 40 minutes of latitude, and flaying fome days,, was there joined by his other two fliips. Then they all together entered the great bay on the back of Newfoundland, failing to the well ward •, and foul weather coming on, an- chored in the port of S. Nicholas, where they (laid till the feventh of. Auguft; and then (leering to the fouthward, on the fifteenth came upon the ifland of the AJfump- tion. Thence he turned again into the great river, and coafting, along it, came to the ifland he called of Orleans, in the country of Canada, where he traded amicably with the Indians ; and leaving the (hips there, with fifty men in the boats, he ran fifty leagues higher, where he faw the town of //fl<:A#/a^/J, confifting of about fifty great houfes, each capable of a great number of people, and the town inclofed with a triple fence, all of timber. Returning hence to his Onps, he went to Stadacom, a town about a league from them, to vifit the prince of that part of Canada. In thefe parts he found much fifli, Indian wheat, and tobacco. He continued here all' the winter, difcovering what was neareft, and inquiring into the further parts of the country -, and in May following returned home with a particular account of the great river of Canada, and the whole country called by that name, or New France (Hack- luyt, vol. III. p. 212.) This year D. Pedro de Afeffdozei failed from S. Lucar with eleven (hips, and eight Spanifti. . hundred men in them, for the river of Plate, where he happily arrived, and fettled the colony of Buenos yiyres, which continues and is famous to this day ; though the greateft part of his people perilhed there for want, before they were relieved from Spaia (Hertera, dec. 5. lib. IX.), ♦ '^ i ts* LOCKE't HISTORY Engli can ; the people there and all the way paying him extraordinary refpef^, and fup- plying him plentifully with all neceflaries. Hence he went on to Vacapa, and fent the Black towards the fea to difcover that port, who foon after fent meflengers, de- firing the father to come fpeedily to him, becaufe he had received information of a country called CiMa, where there were feven great cities, built with ftone two (lories high, and the people well clad ; and that it was but thirty days journey from the place where he then was. F. ATari fet out towards this country, and all the way he went the people offered him not only provifions, but Turky ftones, earthen diflies, and other things, whereof he would receive nothing, but what was barely for his and his company's maintenance. He palTed through a defart of four days journey, and coming out of it, the people of the firil towns ran to meet him clad in cotton cloth, or (kins, with Collars and other ornaments of Turky ftones. Having travelled an hundred and twenty leagues from Vacapa, he came into a moil delightful plain, ail inhabited by very civilized people, and fix days journey over ; and then entered into a defart of fifteen days journey, where an Indian brought him the news that Stephen his Black, who had gone all the way before, was killed at Cibola by the governor's order ; which was confirmed by other Indians that went with him, and had efcaped. F. Mark having with much difliculty perfuaded fome few Indians to follow him, went on till he came in fight of Cibola, which he viewed from a rifing ground) and afterwards declared it was the bed city he had T'cn in America, the houfes being two or three (lories high, and very beautiful ; but durfl not go into it, for fear if they fhould kill him, there would be none to carry back an account of that difcovery. He therefore returned, having feen many good towns in his way, 'and found people very much civilized J whereof he fent an account to the viceroy. He alfo was informed, tliat beyond Cibola there were three great and powerful kingdoms, called Miimta, Adis, and Touteac, where the people lived very politely, wove cloth, and had great riches. Cibola lies in about 38 or 39 degrees of north latitude (Herrera, dec. 6. lib. VII.) Upon the news of this great Difcovery by land, Cortes fent out three (hips from New Spain, uniler the command of D. Francifco de Ulloa ; who diieded his courfe to the north-wed, tun along the back of California, fearching all that coad as far as cape iuflganhi, in the latitude of 30 degrees : but here was no difcovery of any confequence n-.ade, ,1 • I OP NAVIGATION. 137 made, and Ulloa refolving to go further, was never more heard of; another of hU Spanifh three (hips had been loft before, and the tliird, which now left him, returned to New Americtn Spain (Hcrrera, dec. 6. lib. IX.) Difcovcric». An. 1 540, Don Antony Mendoza, viceroy of Mexico, upon the information above given by F. Mark of the country of Cibola, ordered Francis Vafqutz de Cornado, go- vernor of New Galicia, to march thither with fome forces, and plant colonics where he thought convenient. Cornado fet out from Culiacan in May, with an hundred and fifty horfe and two hundred foot, and (lore of ammunition and provifions. He direfled his courfe almoft north-eaft, and after a long march of many days came to the fird town, where Stephen the Black above mentioned was killed. Here they faw five towns, each of about two hundred inhabitants, and the houfes of (lone and mud, and flat at the top ; the country cold, but plentiful, the people clad in (kins of beads. Five days journey to the north-eaft of Cibola is a province called Tucnyan : all thefe places gave the Spaniards friendly reception, except the firft town of Cibola. They travcll.d feven days further ftill north-eaft, and came to the river Cicuique, where they found abundance of cows, and then proceeded twenty days without knowing where they were. Here Cornado ordered all his forces to (tay, except thirty men, and with them he travelled thirty days to the northward, always among abundance of cattle, and on the feaft of St. Peter and Paul came to the river to which he gave thofc names. Hence they turned into the province of ^livira, which is a finer country than moft in Europe, and where they faw grapes and feveral forts of Euro- pean fruits, as alfo flax growing wild : having taken an account of all this country, he returned to his government. In his way outwards he travelled three hundred and thirty leagues, and but two hundred in his return, becaufe he came baik the direft way. ^ivira is in 40 degrees of latitude. Cornado was out two years upon his difcovery, and was blamed at his return for not having planted a colony. The fame year the Viceroy of Mexico fent out two (hips at Acapulco on the South Sea, to difcover on that element, whilft Cornado travelled by land, and gave the com- mand of them to Ferdinand d'Alarcon, who fet fail on the ninth of May. Coming to the flAts at the entrance of the ftrait of California, he fent his boats before to . found, and yet run aground \ but the tide rifing, brought him off, and he run up till he came to a great river, up which he went with his boats, and traded with the In- dians for provifions and hides. Having gone very far up this river, Alarcon heard tidings of Cibola, which was what he looked for, and of the death of Stephen the Black. He called the river Buena Guia, and returning to his (hips, put aboard his boats abundance of provifions and commodities to trade with ; refolving to join Fran- cis Vafquez de Cornado that way. Alarcon went up this river eighty-five leagues, and then hearing no news of Cornado, in fearch of whom he went, he took down the liver again to his (liips. He proceeded en his voyage many days after up the coaft, enquiring for Cornado and Cibola ; till perceiving at laft there were no hopes of find- ing them, he returned to New Spain, having failed four degrees- further than the (liips fent by Cortes (Herrera, dec. 6. lib. IX.) VOL. I. s , Th!» r" 1 ■ i i > ■■■',, . .! ,1 >0-' I 138 LOCKE'S HISTORY Spanifli S. America. French This year dill, Jaquts Cartitr before mentioned failed from S. Malo with five (hips N. America. q„ jjj^ twenty-third of May, for the coaft of Canada and Saguenay : and meeting with very bad weather at fea, were parted, and came together again after long beat- ing at fea, in the port of Carpont in Anv/ound/and ; and on the twtnty-third of Auguft put into the haven of Santa Croix, or the lioiy crofs, in Canadn. Hence the lord of Roberval failed four leagues further, where he thought a convenient pi.ice, and there creeled a fort, into which he landed the providons and ammunition ■, and keeping three (hips with him, fent back the other two into France. This is the litll colony I find in North America, and the firll in all that Continent of any nation, ex- cept the Spaniards or Portuguefes (Hackluyt, vol. III. p. 232.) There occurs another Navigation this year, no lefs remarkable in its way, than any of thofc already mentioned. Pizarro having conquered the mighty empire of Peru, guided byhis boundlefs ambition travelled up into the inland, and wanting provifions, fent captain Orel/ana down the river of the Amazons with eighty men in a boat, and feveral canoes. He fet out about the latter end of this year, ( 1 540) and being canied two hundred leagues from the place where he entered, the violence of the current driving the boats twenty-five leagues a-day, he thought he was too far gone to return againft the dream, and therefore held on his way ; till in January for want of provifions his men eat all the leather they had. Being ready to perifh, they came to an Indian town, where they found provifions, the Indians abandoning it at fird; but Orel/ana fpeaking to fome in the Indian tongue, they all returned, and plentifully furnifhed him with turkeys, partridges, fifli, and other neceflaries. Finding thefe Indians fincere, they (laid here twenty days ; in which time they built a brigantine, and fet out again on Candlemas day, and ran two hundred leagues farther without feeing any town j when being again in great want, they fpied fome Indian dwellings, where they civilly aiked for fome fudenaiice, and had abundance of tortoifes and parrots given them. In the way hence they faw good towns, and the next day two canoes came aboard, bringing tortoifes and good partridges, and much (ifli, which they gave to Orel/ana, who in return gave them fuch things as he had. Then he Unded, and all the Caciques of the country about came to fee and prefent him with provifions: fo that he daid here thirty-five days, and built another brigantine, which he caulked with cotton, and was fupplied by the Indians with pitch for it. Tliey left this place on the twenty-fourth of April, and running eighty leagues without meeting any warlike Indians, came to a defart country. May the twelfth they came to the province of Alackiparo, where many canoes full of Indians fet upon them ; yet they landed fome men, who brought provifions from the town in fpite of the multi- tudes of natives that oppofcd it, and repulfed the Indians from their boat^. Yet when he went off, they purfued him two days and two nights, and therefore when they left him, he refted three days in a town, whence he drove the inhabitants, and found much provifion, whereof he laid in good dore. Two days after he came to another town as plentiful as the lad, and where they faw much filver and gold, but valued it not, being now intent only upon faving their lives. In fine, with fuch-like acci- dents OF NAVIGATION. '39 tlents he run down this vaft river, feeing many towns and large rivers that fell into = m > this •, fighting often with the Indians, till he came into the North Sea. Thefe Spa- " • niards judged the mouth of the river to be fifty lea-^ues over ; that the frefli water ran twenty leagues into the fea ; that the tide rifcs r.nd falls five or fix fathoms, and that they had run along this river eighteen hundn-d leagues, reckoning all the windings. Being out at fea, they coafted along by gurfs with their fmall vefTels, and after many labours and fuflerings, arrived at laft in September at the ifland Cubagua on the coaft of Paria, where wds then a Spanifli town, and great pearl filhery (Herrera, dec. 6. lib. IX.) /In. 154^, John FrtifiL-is de In Roche, lord of Roberval, whom Francis 1. king of French France had conllituted liis lieutenant in tlic countries of Canada, Sagncnay, and Heche- N. America. /aga, failed from Rochcl with three fhips, and in them two hundred perfons, as well women as men, on the fixteenth of April ; and by reafon of contrary winds did not reach AW/9//W/rt«J till the feventh of June. Here he made fome (lay to refit; and there came into the fame port Jaques Cartier with all his company, who we mentioned went into Canada two years before. He left tlie country becaufe he was too weak to withll.ind the natives ; and Roberval commanding him now to return with him who had (Irength enough, he dole away in the night, and returned into France. The laft of June the general failed out of port S. John in Newfoundland, and ran up the river of Canada till four leagues above the ifland of Orleans, the place now called ^4ebec. Finding here a convenicni harbour, he landed and ere£led a ftrong and beautiful fort, into which he conveyed his men, provifions, and all neceflaries, fend- ing two (hips back into France with the account of his proceedings. Heing fettled in this place they fuffered much hardfhip, their provifions falling ftiort, but were re- lieved by the natives. Roberval took a journey into the country of Saguenay to dif- cover, but we have no particulirs of this his expetHtion (Hacklnyt, vol. Ill, p. 240.) This fame year 1542, D. Antony Mendoza, viceroy of Mexico, fitted out two (hips Spanifh on the coaft of the South Sea to difcover to the northward, under the command of DIfcoveries, John Rodriguez Cnbrlllo, a PoRTUGUtSE. He failed from the port of Navidad on the ^"''.l °^ '•" twentv-feventh of June, and on the twentieth of Auguft came up with Cape Engano on the back cf California in 31 degrees of latitude, where Cortes his difcoverers had been before. September the fourteenth they anchored at a Cape they called de la Cruz, or of the crofs, in 33 degrees of latitude. Odiober the tenth they traded with fome peaceable Indians in 35 degrees 20 minutes, and called thofe the towns of the canoes, becaufe they faw many there. On the eighteenth of the faid month they an- chored at Cape Galera, and above it, in a port they called of Pnjfejtov, trading with the natives, who go naked, have their faces pointed in chequers, and are all filhermen. From this time they had many ftorms, which obliged them to turn back to the ifland of Pcffejfioti, where they continued many days by reafon of the fcul weather. At length they put to fea again, and failed to the northward as far as 44 degrees, where the lold was fo intenfe they could not be.ir it ; and their provifions now failing, th<^y returntd to New Sp.iin ; luviiig failed further to the northward than any had done on that fule ; (Herrera, i!ec. 7. lib. V.) - ' 8 2 '^"• M if ' •1«» tOCKE'8 HISTORY Spantflt DiT- coverlet, in Ihe Pacific. An. i;43i The viceroy lad mentioneil gave the command of two flilps, a galley, and two fmall tenders, to Ruy Lopest it Villahboit to difcover the iflands to the well. ward. He failed from the coall of New Spain on the firll of November, and having run an hundred and eighty leagues in i8 degrees and an half of latitude, came to two defart illands about twelve leagues dillant from one another, which he called 6\ Tkoiiia and AnublaJa. Eighty leagues further they faw anotlur, and c.dlcd it Roca Portitla. Seventy-two leagues beyond it tiiey found an Archipelago uf fmall iilaiids inhabited by a poor people, where they watered ■, and on tlie ftxth of January palll'd by ten otlier iflands, which for their pleafantiiefs thty called tlie Gurditii, all uf them in about 9 or lo degrees of latitude. January the tenth after a great llorm, in wliicti they loll their galley, they difcovered another ifland, from which fomc Indians came in boats, making the fign of the crofs, and bidding them good-morrow in Spanifh. February the fecond they came to an idand they called Cefarea CaroU, about fifteen hundred leagues from New Spain, where Fillalob:s would have planted n colony, but forbore becaufe the place was unwholfome. This ifland by its bignels, for he coalled along it fixty leagues to the fouth, mud be Luzon or Manila, the bigelt of the Phi- lippines, and he fays it is three hundred and fifty leagues in compafs. In a fmall ifland near to it he found China ware, mulk, amber, civit, benjamin, florax, and other perfumes, as alfo fome gold. Here they refolved to (lay, and fowed fome grain, which being little, they were reduced to extremity. Hence they removed to the ifland of Giloto near the Moluecos, at the invitation of the king of it ; whence they fent two fliips at feveral times to carry news of them to New Spain, which were both forced back by contrary winds. Between the Moluecos and Philippine iflands the Spaniards were long tofled} fometimes removing to one, fometimes to another, ever perfecuted by the Portuguefes, and fufTering great wants; till being quite fpent and without hopes of relief, they put themfelves into the hands of the Portuguefes, and were by them fent through India into Spain (Herrera, dec. 7. lib. V.) An. 1562, The French admiral CbnJUlhn fitted out two of the king's fliips under N. America, ^he command of captain John Ribault who failed with them on tlie eighteenth of Fe- bruary, and two months after arrived on the coaft of I'loridu, where he landed at cape Frangois in about 30 degrees of latitude, but made no day. Running hence to the northward, he came into the river of May, where he was friendly entertained by the Indians, who prefented him with fidi, Indian wheat, curious baflcets, and flcins. He proceeded dill northward to the river of Port Royal, about which he faw turkey- cocks, partridges, and feveral otlier forts of birds and wild beads. The mouth of the river is three leagues over, and he failed twelve leagues up it, where landing, the na- tives prefented him Chamois flcins, fine baflcets, and fome pearls i and here he erected a pillar with the arms of France. Having taken a view of all the fhnrcs of this river, he built a fort here but fixtecn fathom in length and thirteen in breadth, with pro- portionable flanks, in which he left only twenty-flx men with provifions, ammunition, and all other ncceflaries, and called it Charles Fort. This done, he failed fome leagues further along the coaft, and finding it dangerous, and his provifions almod fpent, re* 4 turned French OF NAVIGATION. 141 turned to France. Thofc left in the new fort difcuvered up the river, and contra£ied great friendfliip with five Indian princes, whofe Tubjefis when their pro«ifions failed them, gave them all they had ; and when that was fpent guided them to other princes fouthward, who freely prefented them with what they wanted. The fort happening accidentally to be burnt down, the Indians of their own accord rebuilt it. The French had lived Ion); in a peaceable manner, and having no enemy abroad they fell out among thcmfelves, and murdered their cajitain, choofuig another in his ftead. After which growing weary of the place, they built a fmall bark and put to fca in it } but their provifions failing, they were all like to perilh, and eat one of their compan-. In this dtftrefs they met an Englidi vcflel, which fct fome of them aihore, and carried the reft into England (Hackluyt, vol. ill. p. 308.) This fame year Mr. Hawkins made a voyage to Guinea, where having got three EnRlirti. hundred Blacks, he failed over with them to Hi/paniola, and fold them at good rates. But this being a trading voyage, and not upon difcovery, deferves no further men- tion (Hackluyt, vol. III. p. 500.) An, 1564, Captain Laudonniere had the command of three (hips given him by the French king of France, and failed with them on the twenty-ferond of April for Florida. He N. Ame'.ica. pafled by the iflands Antilles, and arrived on the coaft of Florida on the twenty-fe- cond of June. After fpending fome days along the coaft, every where entertained with the greateft tokens of afie£lion by the Indians, he failed up the river of May, and finding a convenient place ere£led a fort, which he called Caroline, in honour of Charles king of France. The fort (iniflied, Laudonniere fent fome of his men up the river, who at feveral times run eighty leagues, always meeting with natives that court- ed their friendfhip. After fome time many mutinies happened among the French, of whom feveral went away with two brigantines to the Spanifh ifluiuis ; and having committed fome rapine were clofely purfued and drove back to Florida, where four of them were hanged. "Whilft thefe mutineers were abtoad, Laudonniere fent fome of his men up the river, who difcovered as far as the great lake out of which it runs, and the mountain Apalache, in which the Indians faid there were rich mines. The following winter the French having exchanged away all their commodits, the Indians forfook them, and they were reduced to great ftraits, being obliged to ufe force to get provifions. In the height of their diftrefs, when they had thoughts of venturing to return to France in a fmall veflel fcarce able to contain them, with very flcndtr provifions ; Mr. Hatutins before-mentioiitd, who this fame year had made another voyage to Guinea, and thence to the Weft Indies to fell Blacks, and in his way home run along the coaft of Florida, coming to the river of May, found tlie French in this diftrefs, and therefore fold them a (hip upon credit ; generoufly fupplying them with all they wanted, which done, he failed away and returned into England. The French were now preparing to dcpait for France, this being (An. 1565,) when in Auguft captain John Ribault arrived with feven fail of French Preieli (hips to take pofTefllon of that country. A few days after fix great SpaniUi (hips came N. Ameiica. Ui'Oll ^>1 "\'>,'. 'i I i ^ »4» LOCKE't HISTORY North- weft I'afl'iige. upon the coan, anJ gave chafe to four of Ribauli't that were without the pert, which being better failers efcaped ( and Ribault made out with the other three after tiienii leaving LaudoMnirrt in the fort with eighty-five men, where the Spaniards attacked him, and made themfelves mailer of the fort. Lnudontiitrt with fome of hii men efcaped aboard two fliipt they had in the river, in one of which he arrived in England, and thence into France. Ribault with his Hiips as foon as he was out of May river met with a dreadful (lorm, which wrecked them all 'on the coall of Florida ) where abundance of his men f:ivcd themfelves from the fea, but were afterwards dedroyed by the Spjiiiardt (lljckluyt, vol. III. p. 3i(;, and 349 i and Purchas, vol. IV. p. 1604.) ^11. 1567, Ciptain Gouvj^uts failed from France with three (liips, and coming to the river of Mjy in Floridj, revenged the death of his countrymen, killing all the Spaniards he found there, but did nothing as to difcoveries (Hackluyt, vol. Ill, p. 356 — Purch.is, vol. IV. p. 1604.) -^n. 1576, Mr. Maktin Fokoishi:r with two barks and a pinnace fet out from Grave/end for the difcovcry of a paflage to China and Cathay by the noith-weft, on the twelfth of June. Sailing about the north of Scotland, on the twenty-eighth of July, and in 62 degrees of latitude, he difcovered land, which he fuppofed to be the conti- nent of America, called Tierra Je Labrador, with abundance of ice about it. Within a cable's length of the ihore he found an hundred fathom water) and not being able to anchor (lood to the north-ead, as the coall there lies, and by reafon of the ice could not come within five leagues of the fliore. The tenth of Augull he landed on a defart ifland : the eleventh, in 63 degrees and 8 minutes latitude he entered a Strait which is called by his own name \ the twelfth, he came to S. Gabriel's iflind, and anchored in a bay which he called Prior's fouud. The eighteenth, having failed north- north-weft, he came to Hutchir's ijlund, where landing they fpied feven boats : thefe people came aboard and looked like Tartars, with long black hair, broad faces and iUt nofes, of a tawny complexion, clad in ft.-al-lkins, the boats alfu made of feal-flcins with a wooden keel. The twenty-fixth, o^ie of thefe men came aboard, and the boat going to fet him afliore, was taken by thofe favages with all the men. Ha- ving flaid a day in hopes tu recover thrm, and no figns appearing, he failed homewards, and airived at Harwich on the firlt of Udober (Hackluyt, vol. III. p. 29. 57.) An. 1577, Mr. Forbipjtr failed the fecond time, on the twenty-fixth of May, with a (hip of two hundred tons and two barks, and in them an hundred and forty men, upon the fame Dtfcovf ry he had attempted the foiegoing year. June tlie fevcntli, he atrived at the ill s of Oiiney, and July the fourth at Fritjluml ; the rixtcfntli,'he came to his Strait difcovered the lafl year, attd much ice appearing durll iiox venture in with his (hip, but went with two pinnaces, a:ul took one uf the fivagcs afliore. July the •nineteenth, the ice driving .iway the (liips, he run into the fitrait, and anchored in a bay wiiich they called Jihkmait'j fauiid : here he laiulcl with moll of his men, and having travelled mrf OF NAVIGATION. ^0 trayelled fome way and found nothing to fatUfy his defires, he coafted a little in tlis Etiglifli barki and boat*, both eaft and weft i and though he faw fevcral people, could fake N»fth.weft none but a woman and her child i and therefore on the fourth of Auguft came to ^'*""t^* that he called jinne IVarwick's Sound and IJland. Here he ufed all polfible means to bring the natives to trade, or give fome account of themfilvcs, but tluy were fo wild, that they only ftudied how to deftroy the llngliih. Fgrbijltr this year did not run ■bove thirty leagues up the Strut, and the winter drawing on returned into England, having loaded his veffcis with a fort of (hininu fand and (loncg, which he imagined to be gold, but it proved a fallacy (Hackluyt, vol. III. p. 3a. ao.) jIh. 1578, The noife of gold pretended to he found, and the hopes of a PaiTagc, encouraged people to profecute this Voyau'cj ami fifteen fail of (hips provided for it met at Harwich, carrying a wooden fort ready framed to be fet Hip iti the golden country difcovercd, and an hundred men that were to be left there. The thirty-firll of May they left Harwich, and the fccond of July came into Forbi/hir't Strait, which they found choaked up with ice i and as they lltuggled to work through it, a fuddcti ftorm arofe and fo enciofed them with mountains of ice, that it was wonderful they did not all perifli. One vtflel of an hundred tons was loll, but the men favcd \ two otliers had not been feen in twenty days before, and four that were farthell out at fea beft efcaped the danger of the ice, clearing liiemfelves of it in time. Deing got out of this danger by the wind turning to the north-weft, and into fea-room, they were driven down by the current to the fouthward of Porbijhtr'i ftrait, and run into another about 60 leagues { without knowing where tliey were, the cloudy weather obftrufting their making an obfervation. Returning out of it again, moft of the fcut- tered fleet met and made for Forh'tflitr's Strait, in hopes of thofe golden mountains, but found others of ice to obftru£l their paflage. After many other ditHculties For- bijher with moft of the (hips worked his way through, and on the thirty-firft of July reached his long defired port of the Countefs of IVartuitk' s Sound. Here they landed, and thought of ere^ing the houfe or fort brought from England : but part of it being loft in the (hip caft away; and more of ir, as alfo of the provifions not yet comi-, being in four (hipS) the deftgn of inhabiting them was laid afide. The uther fliips that had been mifTing, after hard ftruggling with ice and ftorms, joined the fleet. Here they fet their miners to work, and loaded abundanci of ore, which done, they directed their courfe for England, whither they returned in fafety (Hackluyt, vol. III. p. 39. 74-) The fame year, 1582, i^n/w/V ^TOvrt/Zf failed Uom Acnpulco, and running to the Firfl Voyage wcftward about eighteen hundred leagues, came to tlie ifland del Engano, the farthcd f'"i" New of thofe called de los Ladrones, in thirteen decrees of north latitude : thence he held ,,f"'" '** oil his courfe weftward two hundred and eighty league"!, to Cabi del lifpiritu S,iiiio, or the Cape of the Holy GhoJI, in the iflind of Ta/iJayn, the (irft of the Philippines. He fpent feveral days in the narrow channels among tliefe idinds, fliaping his courfe di- verfely as they would permit ; and coming out into the open fea run up into the bay of Manila, now the metropolis of the Philippine iflands, lying in 14 dogrcts and a quarter. V- ■^, il ff-- 144 V(>y;ij{c« to N. America LOCKE't HISTORY i ■ > . - - . - - = quirter. Returniifg out of thin bay, he matie over to the coaft of Coina, and arrived in the port of Macai>. Here lie furniftied hinifelf with necefl'^riei, and turning again to thr c.il>w»rd pafled through the illands called Lrquiu, whence he held hi* courfeeall, and cad and by north, nevrr touching any where, or meeting with any Und till he came upon the conll of California in 38 degree* and an half of lititude. From thii place lir r.in fouth-eall, and fuuth>ca(l and by fouth to cape U. Lucas, which ii five luindrcd leagues from the north cape called Mcfidoiino, whence he continued hit voy* age fucccTDfuily back to the port of Acapulco. (Mackluyt, vol. III. p. 442.) This voyage is infcrted becaufe it is the firll from ^eiu Sjiaifi to China, and the fird that found tiie way of returning to New Spain by the northward ( for want of which knowledge, many (hips thit attempted to return from the Moluccoi to America, were mil bratcn back, there being no poflibility of returning the way they go, which U ntrar the line, where the eaderly winds continually reign. ^n. 1583, On the eleventh of June Sir Humphrty Gilbert failed from the weft of England with five vedrls, and in them two hundred and lixty men, defigning to plant ' a Colony in fome part of North America. On the thirteenth, the biggeft Ihip fiole away by night, and returned to Plymouth, there being a contagious diltemper among the men. July the thirtieth, he came upon the back of Nnufoundland, which is about fifty leagues from the coad, and has at lead twenty-five or thirty fathom water, and about ten leagues over, lying like a long ridge of mountains in the fea % for oa each fide of it there are above two hundred fathom water. He came upon the coad, and running along it put into 5. John's harbour, where he anchored among abun- dance of tiflirrmen of feveral countries, who were tlicre before. Here he went afliore, and took poflefllon. One of his (hips had before played the pirate at fea, robbing a French vefl'el } and here his men run away with a diip laden with fifli, and others hid themfelves : fo that finding too few men for liis fhips, fome being fick, he put them into one of his ved'cis, and fent it home, remaining now with only three. Augud the twcntitrth, he failed from port S. John, and the next dxy came up with cape Raz, in 46 degrees 25 minutes latitude. Turning from hence to the wedward towards Cape Breton, eighty-firven leagues didant, they fpent eigiit days in the pallage { and coming among the flats, the bigged (hip of the three was call away, and nothing faved except a few men in the boat. Sir Humphrey Gilbtrt was not aboard the lliip cad away : the othrr two left refolved to return home, but by the way the fmall vcf- fcl Sir Humphrey was in periflicd, the other arrived fafe at Dartmouth (Hackluyt, vol. III. p. 143.) An. 1584, Mr. Fhi/ip yimaf}as,an<.\ Mr. Arthur Barlow, failed on the twenty-feventh of April from the wed of England in two barks, to difcover in America. On the tenth of June they came among the iflands of America, much more to the fouthward than they had drfigned. July the fourth, they difcovetcd the Continent, and failed along the coad four leagues till they came to a river on the thirteenth, where they anchored, and going adtore took pofleiFion. This place they afterwards found to be the ifland of Wokoien, on the coad of Virginia, in 34 dcgtees of latitude, and in it deer. well, unde leaj^ue apliear turneil luyt, An. two h difeov the t\ idatid flclns, n.itivel him. vol OF NAVIGATION. US deer, riil)birii, lurri, fowl, vine«, cotam, ptnei, riirifra*, cyprcfii, and mafticli trcri, KngliHi The n^tivvi from ihe Continci\t rrp,iirc»l to tlic fliiin, and excliinccd fcvr-rnl forti of y">'>K'^' '* fkini, while cot;i1, viml lome pcnrm, lor tin thinnii, -.imi other triHt*. I lie country is fruitful, producing nil ihin^;i in a very Ihort llinc. The nativcH callftl it tf^i»ga»Ji»i>//Vi .■ noiii); nlhore tlicy were rntcrtaiiicd with cxfr lordinnry riviiity at a little vill:ig>', and heard news of a (ire;it city up the country, hut faw it not. They made no ioiijj (Uy here, nor proceeded any further upon difcovery, only jiiil to the iicighliouririn pirt* in their boits, and rtturiied to Kii^land in September, Irinning two of the natives wit!» them (H vckluyt, vol. III. p. 246.) ^n, 1^85, On the ninth of April, Sir KichirJ Gne'ivU dcpirtcd from Plymouth with ffven fiil; and after touching at the ili.mds of 7'//i»/» Riro, and Hifpaiikta, on the twenty-fixth of June came to ;in anchor at the ill.ind irokoken in Virginia, wheie the admiral's fliip was loft through the ij;n(ir.ince of the pilot. Here Mr. Lane wai fet afliore with above an hnndred men to fettle a colony, with all necrlTiries for that pnrpofe. Then the admiral retiirneil to England, and the new planters made fcviral dil'covt ries up the country, f ndiii|i it every where plentiful ami pL-afant. Hero they continued a yrar, at the end whenof tlie n itivts ciMifpiring to dillroy them, and no relief aa yet (, Mr. Duvis failed the fccond time on the fcventh of May, witli me d lys trading with the natives, who were very tliievilhi at his departure ht brought aw.iy one of t!icm with him. He run into 60 degrees 20 minutes latitude, and tln'n coalli-d louthward ag;iia VOL. I. « »0 %^*A M6 LOCKE'S HISTORY Voy.ijrcr to to j6' degrees, where in a good harhour he continued till Septentber i nnd filling thence in 54 degrees, foun>l an open lea tending weilward, which they hoped might be the Pafl-ige (o long fought for : but the w:ather proving tempet\uous, they returnrid .to liii^land in October (Hackluyt, vol. III. p. 103.) Tlie f.ime year, I5i{6, Sir Richard Gie('iivil returned to Virginia with three fliips to relieve the colony left by liim there ; which bein^ gone, as was faid before, he left fifteen men on the idind Roatioiii with provifions for two years, and then returned to Lngland (Hackluyt, vol. HI. p. 265.) 'Ihis year alfo was begun the Voyage round the V/'orld by Sir Thomas Candi/h, which may be fecn among the Voyages about the globe after thefe Well India Dif- covcries. Ah. 1587, Mr. Jehu Davis on the nineteenth of May failed with tliree fmall vef- fcls, upon his third voyage for Difcovery of a Pall'ige to the north-welt. June the eighteenth, they came to an anchor on the northern American coalt, and the twentieth, were in 67 degrees 40 minutes latitude in an open fea ; and then Itcering weltward lan forty leagues, where meeting with much ice, and the north wind diiving them from their intended nortlicrly co-jrfe, they were forced to feek the open fea igain. Tlie twentieth, they had fight of the Straits they difcovered the year before, and failed up it 60 leagues ; and having landed without fiuditig any thing more than the year before, came out again to the wide fea ; then they coailed along to th<; fouthward'as fir as 52 degrees of latitude, whence they returned home, without doing any thing of note (Hackluyt, vol. III. p. 1 1 1.) The fame year, 1587, Sir Walter Raleigh provided three vcireis, to carry over to Virginia an hundred and fifty men, to fettle a colony there under the command of John White. They failed from Plymouth on the eighth of May ; and having fpent feveral days among the Spanifli American iflands, arrived at la(t on the twenty-fecond of July at Hatornjk in Virginia ; whence crofTing over to the iflaiid Rmnoak, they found the fifteen Englidi, left there the year before, were Ullcd by the natives. Here the new planters were fet aihore with alt tlieir provifions, goods, and ammuni- tion, and the ihips returned into England ; carrying with them tlie governor to folicit for fpeedy fupplies to be fent to the new colony (H.'.ekluyr, vol. HI. p. 280.) An. 1 590, John White returned to Virginia, to the place where he liad left the Co- lony, but found none of the men i oni/ an infcription on a tree, fiunifying they were i^moved to Croatoan, another idand on the coad-, and many chrlts broke up, and fomu lumber belonging to them, fcjttered about the place. In going aihore here a bout was overfet, and a captain with fix men drowned ; the red with much difficulty got aboard again, leaving behind them feveral caflcs they had carried to fill with frcfli water. They had fpent much time before they came hither, ranging about the bpa- nifli iflands; and the feafon being now (tormy, they were forced to return to Engl.ind, without fo much as knowing what was become of the colony (Hackluyt, vol. III. f. z88.) At$, OF NAVIGATION. M; An. 1602, Captain Gofnols fiiiled from Falmouth on the twenty-futh of March, F.ngh'fh and on the fourteenth of April difcovered land in about 40 degrees of north latitude i Voyages to and having fpent fome days founding along the coall, on the twenty-fourth came upon Elizabeth's tjlatid, in 41 degrees 10 minutes, and four leagues from the Conti- nent. This ifland was not inhabited, but overgrown with trees and flirubs of all forts, and in it a pool of frelli water, about two miles in compafs •, one fide of it not above thirty yards from the fea, and in the niiJft of it a fmall rocky illand about an acre in extent, all covered with wood, where the captain defigned to build a fort, and leave fome men. The thirty-firft, he went over to take a view of the Continent, which he found a moft delicious and fruitful country, and tlic natives peaceable and friendh . Having taken this fmall view of the country, and tlie men refufing to be left on \hat defart place, he returned for England (Purcha,?, vol. IV. p. 1651.) An. 1603, Captain Samuel Chaniplaiu of Brouage, failed from the port of Hoiifleur in Normandy on the fifth of March for Canada. The fecond of May, they came upon the bank of NewfoumJland in 44 degrees 20 minutes of latitude. The twelfth, they came upon cape S. Mary, and the tweinicth to the ifland of the AJfumption, :vt the mouth of the river of Canadp. He ran up it an hundred leagues, to the little port of TadouJJ'dc on the north fide of Canada, and at ti>e mouth of Sanguenay river, wher? they contradUd llridt friendlhip with the natives : he ran twelve leagues up the rivcv Sanguenay, all which way is a mountainous country, and tiie liver deep and wide. Next they run up the great river of Canada as far as that of the Irogiicis, and thence to the firft great fall of the river, which tumbles down there about two fathom with an incredible fury ; and the Indians told them there were ten more fails, though not fo great, beyond the firft. After difcovering thus much, and getting information of feveral great lakes up the country, and of a boundlefs ocean at four hundred leagues (lillance weftward, they returned to Tadotijfac ,- and fpending fome days more in fearching the great and kfler rivers, and getting intelligence of the country, they fulled back into France (Purchas, vol. IV. p. 1605.) This fame year, 1603, two veflcls of Briftol, and one of London, made their voy- ages to Virginia, in which there was nothing remarkable, except that the laft of them run up into Chefapeac Day in about 37 degrees of latitude, where the captain going afljore, was killed with four men ; upon which the reft prefently returned home (Purchas, vol. IV. p. 1654, and 1656.) An. 1604, Monfieur de M-.iits having obtained a patent from Henry IV. king of France, for peopling the countries of Acadie and Canada, he failed for tiiofe p.iris with two {hips well manned, and Monlicur de Potriiuourt with him. They were ktpt lon^ at fea by contrary winds, and met with much ice ; but on the fi.vth of May thry put into a pott in the fouih of Acadie, which they called Rojfigiwl ; becaufe there they took a French fljip, cunimandcd by a captain of that name, beinj; contifcate for trad- ing there contrary to tlie king's patent. Then doubling Cape Sable, ihe fouthcr- nioftof that country, they ran up to the northward, in a lar^e bay to that of S. Mary, and thence to a convenient harbour, which they called Pert Kcy.'l : which Monfieur t 2 ae '4 ■ I IS". , il '«^ ■*■■.. 149 LOCKE'S HISTORY French. Fiij^Iilh Je Potriticourt (Jemanded a grniit of, to fettle a colony and inhabit there, and had it given him. They proceeded dill further up to Cape Mines, fo called beciufc of fome foimd there, and into the river of S. Jnhn ; and then turning back, erecled a foit in a fmull ifland twenty lirafjuts from the f.iid river, refolving to fettle there, and callinj; it tiie ifl ind of Snvtf Croix, or the Holy Crofs : it is fmall, but very fruitful, and lii-» as it were hid amoi)(; many others. Here winter coming on, and the fort btiny ill feated, as expofed to the north, the men fuffered very much through eMrcniity of cold and ileep fnows ; and being forced to crofs a great river for water and wood, many of them were dangeroufly fick. This hard feafon being over, Monfieur de Monts fearched all the coaft, in a fmall veflel he built, to difoovcr a more convenient place to fettle, and at lad pitched upon Port Roy il ; where he left part of his men, and re- turned liinifelf to France (Purchas. vol. IV. p. i6iO.) Ati. 1^05, And on the laft day of March, captain George Weymouth with one fhip faileti from the Downs, and on the eighteenth of May came to an anchor in S. George's ifland on the coaft of Virginia, where he found great plenty of filh ; and two days after removed into an excellent port, which he called Ptutecojl harbour. Then he run up a great river twenty-fix miles, and found it fit to rtctivc and I'ecure any niim- ber of fhips. The natives of this coaft traded in a friendly manner for feveral days, but were found at laft to be treacherous, as only contriving by their fair (hew of kindnefs to draw the l£nglilh into tlieir powers who being a a are of them in time, broke olT the corrcfpondence, and rcturnird into England without making any confj- dcrable advantage of this fmall difcovery (Purchas, vol. IV. p. 1659.) jin. 1606, Monfieur de Monts, and Monfieur iry's Sivuiifntj}. He lolt many men during his Hay in the river called Port Ntl/on, in 57 ilegrces 10 minutes of north la- titude } though lie kept three lires in liis Ihip all winter, and had great Itore of white iiartridges, and otiur lowl, beiides deer, beats, ami tuxes. An. 1612, Mr. Richard Moor,' was f lU in April, witii one (hip and futy men, to in- R^rmiidas, habil the i>uMmcr tjlunds, othtrwifc called Btr/naJas, long beioie difiovcred by the 1612. tjnaniards, v^ho afi>-r fome attempts to letil- tlu re, ao.iidoiied tlieni ; and were afier accident.dU found by Sii Thomas Gate and Sir Geoigf Simiin^rs, wiio were Ihipwrrcked upon thcin, and lived there nine months j during wiiieli time tiiey built a lliip and a pinnace with the cedar growing theie, and in 1610 f.iUd awiy tor (Virginia, leaving only t*o men in the gieat illmd. A ihip fent thither from Virginia Kit only three nien in the ifland, who found there ambcrgreece to the value of nine or ten tlioul'.nid puunds. Mr. Aloorc, at his coming this year, found thufe thiec men in perfcd^ health. He fettled .aui I50 LOCflE's HISTORY fettled a colony, and continued there three years, being relieved from time to time, till they amounted to above fix hundred inhabitants; who built fevtrai forts, but had like to have been themfelves deftroyed by an infinite number of r.its, which iiicreafed from a few coming albore out of a (hip, and continued for four years devouring all the growth of the country; notwithftanding all ponible means were ufed to deltroy them. An. 1612, Jawes Hail im\ William Bujjin returned into England, having difcovered Coctiii's found in 65 degrees 2 minutes latitude, and tried the mine at Cunningham' f River, which they found to be worth nothing. An, 1615, Mr. Baj^nwent again, and the chief thing he difcovercd was, that there is no PalTipe in ^he north of Davis's Strait. An. 1616, Mr. Baffin was /ent the third time, and entered Sir Thamat Smith's Bay in 78 dejirees of latitude ; and returned, dcfpairing of finding any pan;ge that way. An. 1620, A (hip failed from Plymouth for Nero England on the fiXth of Septem- ber ; though we have not the commander's name, nor what force his (liip was of. It- is alfo here to be obfcrved, that all the northern coalt from about 60 to 40 degrees of north btitndt-, was firft difcovered by SebiiJIinn Cahot ; and afterwards at feverai times by Cartfreiii .1 Portuguefe } as has bcf n fct down in thf ir proper pl.ices, and by fundry Engliflj and French difcoverers : to particularize tvery one of wliofc voyages would fwell a volume, and therefore only the principal Difcoverics and Plmtations are here fct down, as mod fuitablc to the nature of this Difcou'fe, and the intended brevity. This (hip we now fpeak of, anchored in the bay at Capi Cod in New England, and in 41 degrees and an half of north latitude, on the eleventh of November. Here they put out their boat, and landed men ; who went fome miles into the country fc- veral ways without meeting any people, and only found fome little Indian wheat buried, the boat coafting along the (bore. This they continued for feveral days, feek- ing out fome proper place to fettle. At length on the twenty-third of December, they pitched upon a place to their mind, and fell to work to building their houfes, dividing themfelves into nineteen families, that the fewtr houfcs might fcrve. About this place they found no people, but were told by an Indian, who came to them from the next part inhabited, that the natives there had all died lately of a plague. This favage brought fome of the neighbouring people to them, by whom they concluded peace and amity. The following year this new colony was reinforced with thirty- five men from hngland, and fupplied with provifions and neceffirics, and called Ntw Pti.nouth in New England. A war foon breaking out wiih another Indian prince, the Englilh fortified their colony to fecure themfelves againft all attempts of their enemies. From hence all other colonics were by degrees fent into other parts of the country ; of which it were too tedious to give any further account (Purclias, vol. IV. p. 1842.) An. 16 j I, Captain James failing into the north-weft, was much pellered with ice in June and July ; and entering a great bay near port Nelfon, he named the land New South Wales. Roving up and down thefc fcas, he gave names to thele places dif- covercd OF NAVIGATION. «S» covereil hy lilm, viz. Cape Henrietta Maria, Lord Wtjloih IJland, Earl of Btifittft IJlnnd, Sir Tfjoims Roe's IJniid, Earl of Dauby s IJland, ami Charlton JJlatid. He win- tered there in 52 degrees 3 minutes Jititude, and returned home the following year, 163a, having liifcovtred much beyond Hudfon, Button, and Baffin. — The Danes have attempted to difcover in thefe northern parts, but there is notliing remitikable in their a£\ion^. An. 1667, Zathariah Oillam, in the Nonfuch ketch, pafled through Hudfin't Strait, and then into Baffin's Bay, to 75 dcjjrees of latitude, and thence fuutherly into 51 degrees; wh.re In a river called Prince Rupert's River, he had a friendly cortefpon- dence with the natives ; built a fort, which he called Charles Fort, and returned with fuccefs, having laid the foundatirn of an advantageous trade In thofe parts. An. \6Li), Captain Jolm Narbrough, afterwards Sir John Narbrough, failed in the Survey of Stuee^akes, a man of war of three hundred ton, thirty-lix guns, and eighty men and ^^^ St'^'is ff boys, with a pink of feventy ton and nineteen men, both fent out at the charge of his ^^^n, * niajedy king Charles II. mul his royal highnefs the Duke of York, to make a farther Difcovcry on the coaft of Chile. On the twenty-firft of October the year following, he came to the mouth of tiie ftraits of Magellan, and through them to the South Sea, about the middle of November ; having taken a moft cxadl furvey of that pafl'age, which is made .public in his voyage. On the twenty-fixth of November he went afliore on the fmall ifland called Heujlra Senora del Socorro, or our Lady of Succour ; where he wattred, but found no people. Holding on his courfe to the northward, on the fifteenth of December he fent his boat, with the lieutenant in her, alhore on the fouth fulc of port Baldivia, whicli is in 39 degrees 56 minutes of fouth latitude. ■ Here the lieutenant and three others going alhore to a Spanifti fort, were detained, and the fliip fiiiled away without them. From hence captain Narbrough turned again to the fouthward, and through ti»e Strait of Magellan returned into England ; where • he arrived in June following, having been out above two years. An. 1673, On the thirteenth of May, -F. Marquette a Jcfuit, with only fix other French Frenchmen, fet out in two canoc-s from the Lac dts Putins, or the Stinking Lake, in "PJ-^Jl^ . the province of Canada in North America-, and paffing through the provinces of i^V/r Avoine and Iliquoit, Indicia in peace with France, fometimes carrying their boats by land, and fometimes bi in;,' carried in them, they came at length to the great river M'/Jiffitii. They ran many k-.igucs along this river through a defart country, their courl^ always fouth, though fometimes bending eaft, and fometimes wtft. At the end of feveral days folitude, they came among lavage Indians, were friendly received, and heani that the fea was within two or three days fail of them; which was the gulph of Mexico. Thus he difcovered all that inland part of North America along the liver, from 38 to 34 degrees of north latitude, lying on the back of Canadi, Vir- ginia, &c. down to Florida. The particulars of this voyage may be feen in Theve' nofi fmall coUeQion of voyage* in otJavo. An. i68o, and 1681, Cai>tain Sharp having been buccaneering in the South Sea, tod not able to recover the ftrait of Magellan to return home, he ran further to the fouth 'M Miffiinpi, 4 «s* LOCKE'S HISTORY Extent of Coalt u« he came into the North Sea a new way, and made it appear tl)at the lami in the ftf^its of le Maire, and Brower, mud he ill inds, and nut joined tu any cuntiiient.— (Introdu£lioii to tlie account of feveral lite difcovcricf, piiiitcd in iCy4, p. 13) Here we may conclude with the Americm Voyages and Difcoveries, having run along from north to fouth on ihe eill fide r>f tliat new world, or alonsj th it coiinnuii* ly called the North Si'ti ; and h.uk from Couth to north along the well (ide, or &outh Sea. It follows next, as was done, aft< r the eaftcrn ilifcoveries, to fliew the extent of tliis v.dt tradl of land tlius fiMiiid, and what hcncfits the world has received by this navig itioi). — The whole leiiyih of wliat has becti clilccverc-d, is from 78 degrt* s of north latitude, in which Sir Thomas >^mith's Bay li^-s, to rto ilet^rees of fouth lati- tude, in all an hundied and thirtj-iigl i dti;rces5 which, allowing' twenty leagues to a degree, in a (Irait line amounts to two thouf.'.nd fiven liundred and fixty leagues, a thing almod inctedi!)le, were it not fo well known, that I'o great an. I liiipeii'lous a part of the world fljould lie concealed fo many agrs ; bjing never known finoe the creation, till about three hundred vears ago. Now to dcfcend to pariiiulars : — Ironi 80 to aliD.'ll 50 degrees of iioitli latitude being 30 drgrecs, and according to the rate above of twenty l-'agues to a degree, fix liundred Ic igues ; the extremity of the cold, which is there more fierce than in the parts of £uroj)e und'.-r the like elevation, ren- ders that part little regarded, and confequently not inhabited oy atiy liinrop:: ni nation, though much of it be peopled by favages, living there little better than brutes : and all the advantage made of thufe northern nations is the nihi-ry of whaLs and morfes \ the former for their oil and bone, and the latter fur their teeth, whicii are finer than ivory. The next divifion, beginning above 50 degrees of north latitude, and reaching to about 44, is Canada or New I'rance i running up the river of Canada above two hundred leagues into the Continent, and poffefl'cd by the French, who have there fe. vcral colonies, and trade with the natives for furs. Next to Cinada is New En<>laiid, lying along the fca-coad, north-cad and fouth-wcd, about fv-vccity miles, fuhject to the crown of England, and their ciii'.f trade furs, flan, hemp, and lome corn After it follows New York, the trade much the fame with tliofe fpokcn of. Then comes Poifylvania, Virginia, and Maryltind, almoll north and fouth for abjve an hundred leagues of Englilh conqueft, and the piiiicipal commodity tobacco. Cordim is next in tourff, being a part of the great provi-ice of fiorida, lying between 29 and 36 de- press ol latitude, and thirrfore about an hundred .md forty leagues in length : it has Ucn poflclled by the tnglilh but of latter years, in the rei^;ii of king Ch ules II, from whom i: took the name \ and being fo lately fubdued, the ntutn* of it ixe not yet great, hut much is hopcil from it. Fhrida is a vail p.irt of the Contineiit, reaching r.bove two hundred and hffy leagues from nortli to foutli, and above four hu'idr.-d from caft to weft, belldrs a large province of it diooting out into the fea, where be- gins tiie channel of Bxihamu : part o! it is fui)ject to the Spani.icJs, and a greater part 2 not ^-^1". OF NAVIGATION. '53 n6t yet conquered ', fo that it affords no great profit. But now follows the great and Extent of wealthy kingdom of Mexico, running above an hundred and thirty leagues almoft ^°^^ f^' north and fouth ; and about the fame length upon a turn it makes in the fouth part '^"^"^ ' towards the eaft, including the great peninfula of Tucaian, above three hundred leagues in compafs. In this vaft dominion, entirely fubjeA to Spain, is to be found in great plenty all that is neceflfary and convenient for human life, except wine and oil } and from it Europe is fupplied with great (lore of filver, cochineel, indigo, cacao, bair> uUas, cotton, mechoacan, and many other precious commodities. Whence to Porta Bella the coaft runs partly near eaft and weft, and partly almoft north and fouth, above three hundred and fifty leagues of countries incredibly rich, and affording all the commodities abovementioned, more plenty of gold, and many other precious things. From Nombre de Dios to Caho de Galera, taking it in a itraight line, the Coaft rum eaft and weft about four hundred and fifty leagues, all ftiil Spanifli, and abound- ing in wealth s particularly the pearUfifliery on the coaft of Paria, and the rich emer- alds up the inland. From Cape Galera to Cabo de Conde, along the coaft of Caribanaf lying fouth-eaft, and north-weft, about two hundred and fifty leagues, and thence to Caparare more foutherly about an hundred and twenty leagues, in all three hundred and feventy ; all this for the moft part unconquered, and peopled by favage Indians. From Cape Caparare to Cabo do Natal about four hundred leagues eaft and weft, fome- what foutherly ; and from Cabo do Natal to Rio de Janeiro almoft north and fouth near four hundred leagues, and fo to Logoa de Pernaba an hundred and fifty leagues, in all nine hundred leagues \ all this tra£l of land, commonly known by the name of Brasil, and fubje£l to the crown of Portugal, yielding abundance of tobacco and fu- gar, infinite quantities of Brafil wood, which gives the name to the country, and of late years a gold mine found in it, which yields confiderable treafure.— From Lagoa de Pernaba to the river of Plate, about three hundred leagues fouth-weft and north- eaft, under the dominion of Spain : from the mouth of the river of Plate, running up the Continent on the back of Brafil, the Spanifli dominions reach quite acrofs'to Peru, being at leaft four hundred leagues, and above as much north and fouth in the in- land } being fruitful countries, almoft overrun with flocks and herds of all forts of cattle, whence they fend abundance of hides to Spain, and much filver, which they have from Peru by way of trade. From tlie mouth of the river of Plate to the en- trance into the Strait of Mage/Ian, fouth-weft and north-eaft four hundred leagues ; all this country is inhabited only by favage Indians, and was never fubdued by any European nation : therefore yielding no profit, though fruitful and good land. Tdtra del Fucgo, or Terra Magellanica, lyinj; to the fouth of the Strait, is little known, and not worth conquering by reai'on of its coldnefs, and therefore no more needs be fald of it. The Strait of Magellan is about an hundred leagues in length, and coming out of it into the South Sea, from Cape FiBoria to Rio de los Gallegos, about two hun- dred leagues \ all ftill the country of the Patagones, never inhabited by Chriftians, nur yielding them any benefit. — But here begins the Coajl cf CkiU, erteuding above three VOL. 1. u hun-frtU «S4 LOCKE'S' HISTORY Extent of Coaft dif- covered. hundred leagues; a Country infinitely rich in gold, for which the fllrer is neglefled, though it has plenty of it, 'nnd yielding the moll precious natural balfam in the world ; all fubje£t to Spain, as is the whole Coaft on the South Sea up to 40 degrees of north latitude, for which reafon it will be needlefs to repeat it. — Peru reaches four hundred leaguen north-weft and fouth-eaft, well known for its inexhaudible filver mines of Pota/i and Pont. Next is the province of ^uto, about an hundred leagues along the coaft north and (butli. Then the 6rm land, or Continent fo called pecu- liarly, and provinces of Patutma and Vtra^un, above an hundred leagues north-eafl: and fouth-weft, and north-weft and fouth-eaft. After this follows the government of Guatemala, near three hundred and fifty leagues along the Coaft, north-weft and foulh-caft \ and then that of Mexico two hundred and fifty leagues, abounding in gold, filver, all ufeful woods, rich drugs, cotton, and many other precious conimodi- ties. Laftly, Ntv> Alexico reaching up to 40 degrees of north latitude, being about four hundred leagues ; a rich country in filver mines, and plentiful in cattle, corn, and all other blelfings for human life.— Having run along both fides of America, and given a particular of each divifion, as to extent, proJudl, and by whom polTefled, as far as the brevity of this difcourfe would permit *, it is fit to note, that all the lengths are here taken in a ftrait line, and not winding with the fliores, which would make them double what is computed ; and, as in fuch vaft extents, not pretended to be meafured to exaflnefs, but according to the general computation of failors. The total thus amounts to Ji>t thou/and Jive hundred leagues, taking only the greateft windings of the coaft, and this along what is conquered by Europeans ; excepting only the feven hundred leagues of the land of the Patagona about the Strait of Ma- gellan, and two hundred and fifty or thercibouts, of Caribana, not fo well fubdued. And to fum up tlie commodities we have from thefc countries } the principal are gold, filver, pearls, emeralds, amethifts, cochineal of Icveral forts, indigo, anatto, log- wood, Brafil, Nicaragua wood, brafilette, fuftick, lignum vita, fugar, ginger, cacao, bairullas, cotton, red wool, tobacco of various forts, fnulF, hides raw and tanned, am- ber-greece of all forts, bczoar, balfam of Tolu, of Peru, and of Chile, jefuit's bark, jaliap, mechoacan, farfaparilla, faflafras, tamarinds, caflii, and many other things of lefler note. It only remains now to add a word concerning the Islands belonging to this mighty Continent.— The firft of thefe, beginning northerly, is Nenvfoundland, above three hundred leagues in compafs, peopled by French and Englifh, who have fome colonies in it fruitful enough, were it well cultivated ; yet it yields no commo- dity to export from the lami : but the fea is an inexhaufted treafure, furniniing all Europe with fait and dried fifti ; which yield a mighty profit to thofe tlut follow the Fifliery, and is a general benefit to all ra;;n. The next are the Bermudas, or Sutimur Jjlatids, lying above three hundred leagues eaft from the coaft of Virginia ; the biugdt of them is not twenty miles long, and not above two or three in breadth, the others much fmalier : yet here is a ftrong colony of Englilh, the land being delightful to Iavc in, producing all things fcr human life plentifully, and tlie trade is fome cochi- neal, OF NAVIGATION. »5I .'.!.;.: bmI, amber-greecf, and pearl', it ufcil to fend abroad the faircft oranges in thefe American part», but they have failed of late years. Off the coaPc of Florida are the idaiids l^*'"'''- called Lucayos, the firft difcovered by Columbus} but they are fmall, and of no ac- count. South of the point of Horida is Cuba, about two hundred leagues in lengtli, and about forty in breadth in the widell place \ a pleafant place, has gold and copper mines, and yields tobacco, fugar, and cotton. Eaft of Cuba lies Hifpanicla an hun- dred and fifty leagues in length, and about fixty in breadth, producing the fame commodities as Cuba ; and both fubjeft to Spain. Jamaica lies fouth of Cuba, about feventy leagues in length, and twenty in breadth, poflefleJ by the Englifh, and pro- ducing fugar, indigo, and cotton. The Ifland of Fuirto Rico is lefs than Jamaica, yields the fame commodities, and belongs to Spain. The Caribbi ijlatidt are manv, but fmall ; fome of them poflTcfTed by the Englifli, French, and Dutch, others not in- habited : they produce fugar, indigo, cotton, and tobacco, and run from the coaft of Paria to Puerto Rico. The Leeward IJlands lie along the coaft of Paria, the mod ; remarkable of them being Margarita, and Cubagua, famous for the pearl fifhery. La Trinidad is a large ifland before the gulph of Paria, near which there are many fmall ones, but not confiderable. All the Coaft fouthward has no Ifland of any note, till we come to the Strait of Magellan; the fouth part whereof is made by Terra del Fiiego and other iflands, of which little is known. Nor is there any, afcending again north- ward, worth fpeaking of, till the mouth of the bay Oi Panama, where are the IJlands of Pearls, fo called from a pearl-fifhery there } they are fmall, and of no confideration in any other refpe£l. The only great Ifland on this fide America is California, found to be fo but of late years, running from the tropic of Cancer to 45 degrees of north latitude, north-weft and fouth-eaft •, above five hundred leagues in length, and an liundred in breadth in the northern part, whence it runs tapering down to fouth. It has hitherto yielded no great profit to the Spaniards, who have not had leifure to build colonies there till within thefe very few years, and not above two as yet. This it all that belongs to America ; it remains to add fome few Voyages to the ijles of Solomon, Terra Jujlrnlis incognita, and the land of Tefo, or Jedfo ,• which being pro- perly no parts either of the Eaft or Weft Indies, and but little of them as yet known, they have been rcferved to be fpoke of by themfelves. Jn, 1595, JIvaro da Mendaiia with the title of governor and lord-ii?utcnant, fet Iflands of out froniPeru for the iflands of Solomon, whereof fome uncertain knowledge was had Solomon, before by (hips that accidentally had feen fome of them : he had four lail, with men and women, and a^l other neceflaries to fettle a Colony. In about 9, or 10 degrees of fouth latitude, and fifteen hundred leagues weft of the city of Lima in Pciu, he difcovcredybttr /««"// if ends inhabited by very handfome and civilized people. Hence holding on his courfe ftill wcftward, he found feveral other more confiderable iflands, where he intended to have fettled his Colony, but was hindered by many misfor- -tunes, and among the reft ficknefs. All that is extant of this relation, is only a fragment in Spanifli taken out of Tktvenot'i fecond volume: three of the fliips u 2 periflied, IJtf Dutch Eaft InUici. Lands. LOCKE't HISTORY perifhed, two were never heard of, a third cad away on the PhUippim i/lanJ/, the men faved \ and the fourth, being the afecond of March, in 5 degrees x minutes fouth latitude they had fight of land four miles wed of them } being about twenty iflands, called in the charts Onthong Java, about ninety miles from the coad of New Guinea. Match the twenty-fifth, in 4 degrees 35 minutes, they were up with the IJlandt ef Mark, found before by William Schoiittn, and John It Mair: the natives are favage, and have their hair tied up. March the twenty-ninth, they pafled by Green IJland, the thirtieth by S. John's IJlandt and April the firft, in 4 degrees 30 minutes, they reached the coafl of New Guinea at a Cape called by the Spaniards Santa Maria, and run along the coaft to the promontory called Struts Hook, where the land bends to the fouth and fouth-eaft, as they did to find a pafTage to the fouth, but were forced to turn to the well. April the twenty-eighth they came to the burning ifland, where they faw a great fire come out of the hill, and failing betwixt the ifland and the main faw many fires. At the iflands Jama, and Moa, they got refrefhment. May the twelfth, in only 54 minutes of fouth latitude, they failed along the fide of William Schouten's ifland, which feems to be well inhabited •, and the eighteenth they came to the weft end of New Guinea, and on the fifteenth of June returned to Batavia, ha- ving finifhed the voyage in ten months (Thevenot, voL II.) jtn. 1643, A Dutch ftiip failing to the northward of Japan, came upon a Coaft in Land of 39 degrees 45 minutes latitude. Running up as far as 43 degrees, they faw feveral Ycdfu. villages near one another, and fay there are about them many mines of filver : the land in fome places feemed to bear no grafs, but the fea was very full of fifh. In 44 degrees 30 minutes, they went afhore in a mountainous country, fuppofed to be full of filver mines. In 46 degrees, the land refembled the coaft of England, the foil be- ing good, but the natives do not till it. In 48 degrees there are fmall hills covered with (hort grafs. In 45 degrees 50 minutes is an Ifland which the Dutch call Staten I/land, and beyond it tie tompanies laud, another ifland : ia this they found a fort of Biineral HI !*•" ~*'*^« i ■n *t:.V ^^\^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 11.25 I U& i2-0 12.2 1.4 6" 1.6 .> Ta W Photographic Sciences (Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 145S0 (716) t73-4503 rs% LOCKE'S HISTORY Ihineral eaTch, that looked as if !t had been all filver. In 45 degrees they obferved, that though the land was not cultivated it yielded very good fruit of feveral forts i the ' fea (here was covered with rofe trees, and on the rocks many large oyllers, but on the land they faw no beall but one bear. The inhabitants of this Land of E/o, or ITed/Of for fo it is called, are all (Irong fet, thick, with long hair and beards, good features, no flat nofes, black eyes, a AiUow complexion, and very hairy about their bodies: the women are not fo black as the men ; fome of them cut their hair, and others tie it up. They feem to have no religion nor government, every man has two wives, who ferve him at home and abroad : they are very jealous of their women, love drinking, -look like favages, but yet are very civil and obliging to Grangers : their houfes are only fmall cottages, and but a few of them together : they eat the fat and oil of whales, all forts of fifli and herbs, and rofe-buds are their greateft dainty. Their clothes are fome of filk and fome of the fkins of beads. They ufe bows and arrows to kill wild beads, and they fpin hemp. They trade with the Japonefes, whom they furnifli with train-oil, whales tongues fmoaked, f^irs, feveral forts of feathers, for which they receive rice { fugar, fi'.k, and other coarfer garments, copper pipes, tobacco boxes, and varnilhed diflies and veifels for their meat and drink } pendants for their ears, copper ear-rings, hatchets, knives, &c. The capital of the country is fmall, they call it Matfmaj, where the prince or governor of the country refldes, who every year goes over to pay his refpecls to the emperor of Japan, and carry him prefents. ThU is what the Dutch difcovered, but a Japonefe told them this land of EJo^ or ( Yedfi^ was an ifland (Thevenot, tom. I.) •-: New Hoi- ■<^"' 1698-9, On the fourteenth of January, Captain Dampier in his majedy's Ihip land, Captain the Roe-Budy failed from the Downs upon a NdW Difcovery, touched at the Canaries Dampier. ^^^ |jjgg ^f q^}^^ Verde, and the twenty-fifth of March came to an anchor in Bakia de Todoj Santos, or the Bay of all Saints in Brafil. April the twenty-third he left this place, and the third of April faw the land about the cape of Good Hope. Auguft the fird, having run from Brafil an hundred and fourteen degrees, he made in to the (liore of New Holland in 26 degrees fouth latitude, thinking to put into fome har- bour } but finding rocks and foul ground, dood out to fea again till Augud the fixth, when he came to an anchor in 25 degrees at an opening, which he called Sharks Bay; where he could get no frelh water, but plenty o£ wood, and refrefljed the men with raccoons, tortoif>;3, fliatks, and other filh, and fome forts of fowl. He founded mod of this Bay, and on the fourteenth failed out of it^ coafting as the weather would per- mit to the northward, and then to the north-ead, as the coad runs j where in 20 de- grees 21 minutes he found feveral Iflands, and going aOiore on fome of them could get no frefl) water, nor fee any inhabitants : fo he continued along the (bore as near as could be with fafety, till on the thirtieth he anchored in eight fathom water, where he faw fome of the natives, but could not take any. Looking for water none was found, and digging pits they got fome that was brackifli and not fit to drink. Finding no water or other refrclhmcnt on this coad, in the beginning of September be ftood over for the ifland Timor i where he took in fre(h wateti and on the tlurd rame river tude but forci men mea the Thii havi or t| fand kotl ih I!' ^M-i-j!! or NAVIGATION, '59 •f December arrived on the coa(l of New Guinea, and had fonte commerce with the inhabitant* of an Iflnnd called Pu/o Sabuti. Then pafling to the northward, and to the eaftermoft part of New Guinea, he found it did not join to the main land of New Guinea, but was an Ifland, which he called New Britain. Having difcovered thus far, and being unprovided to proceed, he returned by Timor and Java, fo to the cape of Good Hope, and ifland of S.Helena. At the ifland of the Afcenfion his fliip foun- dered, but the men were faved, and returned to England aboard the Ball India fltip called the Canterbury {Datnpitr's voyage to New Holland, being his third volume.) The VoT ACES ROUND THE WORLD- whicH, fot fo many thoufand years as pad from the • creation.till the difcovery of the Weft Indies; could never fo much as enter into the thoughts of man, and which after they were performed gave juft fubjedt of admira- tion, do well deferve to be mentioned apart from all others; as being the boldefl a£lion that could be undertaken, and to be performed but one way, though fcveral attempts have been made to find out others} as has been (hewed in the fruitlefs Voyages for Difcovery of the North-£aft and North-Weft Paflages : for this reafon they have been referved for this place, where fomething (hall be faid of all hitherto performed, but more particularly of the (irft ■, as the moft glorious and honourable, becaufe it (hewed the way to all that followed. This wonderful enterprife was undertaken and per^ formed after this manner : An, 1519, Ferdinand de Magalhaens, or as we corruptly call him, Magellanyby Circumna- nation a Portuguefe, by defcent a gentleman, and by profelfion a foldier and feaman; vigatok3. having ferved Jiis prince well both in Afric and India, and being ill rewarded, re- ••Magellim, nounced his Country,, difnaturalizing himfelf as the cuftom then was, and offered his fervice to the emperor Charles the fifth, tlien king of Spain.. He had long before conceived an opinion, that another way might he found to India, and particularly to the Molucca ijlandt, befides the common track by the cape of Good Hope followed by the Portuguefes. This be propofed to the emperor,, with fuch aflurance of per- forming what he promifed, that he had. tlie cOmmand of five (hips given him, and in them two hundred and fifty men : with this fquadron he failed from 5. Lucar de Bar- rameda on the twentieth of September, the aforefaid year 1519. Being come to the river called Rjo de Janeiro on. the coaft of Brafil, and near 23 degrees of fouth lati- tude, fome difcontent began to appear amotig the men, which was foon blown over; but proceeding to the hay of S. Julian in 49 degrees of latitude, where they were forced to winter, the mutiny grew fo high, three of the captains and moft of the men being engaged, -that Magellan having in vain endeavoured to appeafe it by fair means, was forced to ufc his authority ;. executing two of the faid captains, and fetting the third with a prieft, who had fidrd with tlictn, alhore among the wild Indians. This done, he ptoceeded on his Voyage, and on the twenty-firft of O£lober 1520, having been out above a year, difcovered the cape which he called Cabo deia Virgints, or the Virgins Cape, becaufe that day was the feaft of S. Urfula, and the eleven thou- fand viruins i and there turned into the Strait he went in fearch of, which from hirn< to this day is called the Strait of Magellan .-. it lies in 52 degrees of fouth latitude, is about **"''-i, i r^**' 1 66 tOCKE'i HISTORY CiRCUMNA' VIQATORS. !• Magellan about an hundred leagues in length ; in fonte parts a league wide, !n fome more, !rt fome lefs, but all narrow, and enclofed with high land on both fides { fdme bare, fome covered with woods, and fome of the loftieft mountains with fnow. HaWng failed about 50 leagues in this Strait, they difcorered another branch of it, and Ma. gel/an (eat one of his (hips to bring him fome account of it { but the feamen being parted from him took the opportunity, and confining their captain for oppofing their defign, returned into Spain, (pending eight months in their return. Magtllan having expected beyond the time appointed, and finding they did not return to him, pro- ceeded through the Strait, and came into the South Sea with only three (hips i having loft one in his paflage, but all the men faved, and another as was faid being ftolen away from him. The lall land of the Strait he called Cabo Diftado^ or the Defired Cape, becaufe it was the end of his defired pafiage to the South Sea. The cold being fomewhat (harp, he thought good to draw nearer to the equino£tijiI, and accordingly fteered weft north-weft. In this manner he failed three months and twenty days, without feeing land { which reduced them to fuch ftraits, that they were forced to cat all the old leather they had aboard, and to drink ftinking water { of which nineteen men died, and near thirty were fo weak, that they could do no fervice. After fifteen hundred leagues failing he found a fmall ifland in 88 degrees of fouth latitude, and two hundred leagues further another, but nothing confiderable in them ; and there- fore held on his courfe, till in about i z degrees of north latitude, he came to thofe iflands which he called De lot Ladrones, or of Thieves^ becaufe the natives hovered about his (hips in their boats, and coming aboard ftole every thing they could lay hold of. Finding no good to be done here, he failed again, and difcovering a great number of iflands together, he gave that fea the name of Archipelago de S. LazatVt the iflands being thofe we now call the Philippinet. On the twenty-eighth of March he anchored by the ifland of Butiuan, where he was friendly received, and gut fome gold ; then removed to the ifle of Mejana, at a fmall diftance from the other, and thence to that of Ceiu.— Magellan having hitherto fucceeded fo well, ftood over to the ifland Matan, where not agreeing with the natives he came to a battle, and was killed in it with eight of his men. After this difafter the reft failed over to the ifland Boholt and being tbo weak to carry home their three (hips, burnt one of them, after taking out the cannon and all that could be of ufe to them. Being now reduced to two (hips, they made away to the fouth-weft in fearch of the Molucca ijlandt, and inftead of them fell into the great one of Borneo^ where they made fome (hort ftay, being friendly received ; and departing thence, with the afliftance of Indian pilots arrived at length at the Moluccos on the eighth of November 152 1, in the twenty- feventh month after their departure from Spain ; and anchored in the port of Tidore, one of the chief of thofe iflands, where they were lovingly treated by the king, who concluded a peace, and took an oath ever to continue in amity with the king of Spain. Htre they traded for Cloves, exchanging the commodities they brought to their own content : when they were to depart, finding one of the (hips leaky, and unfit for fo long a Voyage, they left her behind to refit, atid then failed for Spain as foon as pof. »5 fibic: OF NAVIGATION. i6i CWe. The other (hip called ihtFiffory, commanded by John Sebaflian Cano, and carry- Circumna- ing forty-fix Spaniards, and thirteen Indians, took its courfe to the fouth-weft, and *'^''°'},*' coming to the ifland Malva, near that of Timor, in ii degrees of fouth latitude, '' **»8C"«n' Uaid there fifteen days to ftop fome leaks they difcovered in her. On the twenty- fifth of January 1522, they left this place, and the next day touched at Timor: whence they went not till the eleventh of February, when they took their way to the fouth- ward: refolving to leave all India, and the iflands, to the northward, to avoid meeting the Portuguefes, who were powerful in thofe feas, and would obftrud their paflage : therefore they run into 40 degrees of fouth latitude before they doubled the Cape of Good Hope, about which they fpent feven weeks i beating it out againft contrary winds, fo that their provifions began to fail, and many men grew fick, which made fome en- tertain thoughts of turning back to Mozambiqiie, but others oppofed it. In fine, after two months more hardfliips, in which they loft twenty-one of their company, they were forced to put into the ifland of S. JamtSy being one of thofe of Cabo Verdt \ where with much intreaty they obtained fome fmall relief of provifions ; but thirteen of them going afliore again for fome rice the Portuguefes had promifed to fupply them with, were detained afliore, which made thofe that were left aboard the Ihip hoift fail and put to fea, fearing the like treachery might furprife them } and on the feventh of September arrived fafe at S. Lucar, below the city Sevil, where after firing all their guns for joy, they repaired to the great church in their fliirts and barefoot to return thanks to God. The Ship that performed this wonderful Voyage was called the Fifforyt as was faid before, the commander's name was Join Sebaflian Canot who was well rewarded and honoured by the emperor. This was the firft Voyage round the World, which we fliall foon fee followed by other nations ; and this was the Dif- covery of the Strait of Magellan, which made the voyage pradicable. The other Spanifli fliip we mentioned to be left at the Moluccos to ftop her leaks, attempted to return the way it came to Panama; but after ftruggling above four months with the cafterly winds, moft of the men dying, and the reft being almoft ftarved, it went back to the Moluccos, where it was taken by the Portuguefes •, and the few men that furvived, after being kept two years in India, were fent to Spain in the Portuguefe's fliips (Hetrera, dec. 2. lib. IV. IX. and dec. 3. lib. I. IV.-Hackluyt, vol. III. and Purchas, vol. I) ' . ,; s;. » .j .,; r . -( i The Second Voyage round the World was begun (At/. 1577,) by Mr. Francis, afterwards Sir Francis Drake, with five fliips and 2. Sir Francis barks, and an hundred and fixty-four men ; who filled from Plymouth on the thir- Drake, teenth of December, and on the twenty-fifth of the fame month touched at Cape Caiiiin on the African coaft, in 31 degrees of north latitude; on the feventeenth of January 1578, at Cape B/awo on the fame coaft, and 21 degrees of latitude, and then at the iflands of Cabo VmL. Departing thence, they failed fifty-four days with, out feeing land, and on the fifth of April came upon the coaft of liraftl, where they watered, and proceeded to the mouth of the river of Plate, in 36 degrees of fouth latitude. Sailing hence, on the twenty-fcventh of April they put into a port in the VOL. I. X - latitude i6a LOCKE'S HISTORY CiRCVMNA* latitude of 46 degreeti where Drah burnt a flyboat that attended him» after faving viOATORi. ^ ail that could be of ufe. On the twentieth of June he again put into a good harbour, 2. Sir Francis ^jjn^j p^^ g Julian, in the latitude of 49 degreet, and continued there till the fc- venteenth of Auguft ; when putting to fea again, he entered the Straits of Magellan on the twenty-firft of the fame month. What fort of Strjits thefe are was defcribed in Magellan's Voyage, and therefore needs no repetition. Here on an illand they found fowl that could not fly, as big as geefe, whereof they killed three thoufand, which was good prorifion t and they entered the South Sea on the futh of September. Hence they were drove by a ftorm to the fouthward, as far as the latitude of 57 de- grees 20 minutes, and anchored among certain iflands; whence removing to a good bay, they faw many men and women naked in canoes, and traded with them for fuch things as they had. Steering away again to the northward, they found three iflands, and in one of them an incredible quantity of fowl ; but on the eighth' of October th^y loft fight of one of their (hips commanded by Mr. Winter, which the reft fuppofed to be caft away, but it was put back by the tempeft into the Strait of Magellan, and returned home the fame way it cumc-^Drake with the reft failed for the coaft of Chile, and fendrng for water at the ifland Mocha, two of his men were killed by the Indians, which made him depart without it. This ifland 's on the coaft of Chile in 39 degrees of fouth latitude. Coafting ftill along, he ca:ne to the bay of Valparaifo^ where he found a Spanifli fltip with only eight Spaniards and three Blacks in her» whom he furprifed and took •, and then going aihore plundered nine houfes, being all there were in that which they called the town of Santiago. At Coquimbo in 29 degreet 30 minutes of latitude, fourteen men landing, one of them was killed by the Spa- niards, the reft fled back to their ftiips. Not far from thence landing for frefli wa- ter, they met one fingle Spaniard and an Indian boy driving eight lamat, or Peru (heep, loaded with filver, which they took. Running on thence to Arica on the coaft of Peru, in 18 degrees 30 minutes latitude, he plundered three barks, in which was fome quantity of filver, but not one man. Hence he advanced to the port of Lima in 1 2 degrees of latitude, and after rifling what little was in them cut the cablet of twelve veflels that lay there ; letting them drive wherefoever the water would carry them, there being no man aboard, as having never feen an enemy in thofe feas. Near Cape S. Francis, in i degree of north latitude, he took a rich fliip called Cacafuego, and a little further another. Then he plundered Guatulco ; and after refitting his fliip in ' ' a fmall ifland, run away to the northward into 43 degrees of latitude ; where feeling much cold he returned into 38 degrees, and there put into a large bay on the coaft of California, which Drake called Aoiw Albion. Here he was well received by the people, and continued fome iinne, and failing hence direded his courfe for the Mo* lucet iflands .• feeing no land till the thirteenth day of October, when he difcovered the iflands de lot Ladronet in 8 degrees of north latitude. On the fourteenth of No- vember he fell in with the Molucco iflands, and came to an anchor in that of Ternate, the king whereof came aboard Drake's (hip, ofl^ering him all the ifland could aflbrd ; and he, having taken in what was moft neceflary and sould be had there, went over to a fmall OF NAVIGATION. t6f tvoM ifland fouthof Celebitt where he graved his (hip, and fitted her to return home t Circomha* which took him up twenty-fix days. Thinlcing to return to the Moluecot, they were '"oatori. drove by contrary winds to the northward of the ifland Celebes i till turning again to i),ake."''^ the fouthward for fear of the many fmall iflands in that Tea, the (hip on a fudden fat upon a roclc, where it was feared (he would have perilhed ; but lightening her of three ton of Cloves, eight guns, and feme provifioiis, (he got ofT.— On the eighth of Febru- ary 1579, they fell in with the ifland Barateve, where they refreflied themfelves after their fatigues, and took in (lore of fuch provifions as the place aiForded ; tlie natives proving very friendly, and bartering their commodities for linen. B'''ng well fur- iii(hed with all neceflfaries, they left this place, and again made fome ftay at the ifland of Java, the natives by their civility inviting them to it. Thence they (leered dire£lly for the Cape of Good Hope, which was the fittt land they came near from Java ; yet touched not there, nor at any other place till they came to Sierra Leona, the wcder- moft point of Guinea, in 8 degrees of north latitude, on the twenty-fecond of July, and there recruited themfelves with provifions. Departing thence on the twenty fourth, they arrived in England on the third of November 1580, and the third year after their departure. This Relation is to be feen at large in Hackluyt, (vol. III. p. 742.) and in Purchas, (vol. I. lib. II. p. 46.) An. 1586, Mr. Tiftsmax, afterwards Sill Thomas Candish, undertook the Third Voy- 9. sir Tho. age round the World with three fmall veflbis, one of an hundred and twenty, the fecond nias Candifli. of Gxty, and the third of forty tons burden, all fitted out at his own charges ; and failed from Plymouth on the twenty-firft of July 1586. On the twenty- third of Au- guft he put into a bay on the coaft of Afric, and deftroyed there a village of the Blacks, becaufe they killed a man with a poifoned arrow. After fome days fpent about this place, he failed away fouth-wed, and on the firft of November put in be- tween the ifland of S. Sebaftiati, and the continent of Brajilt in 24 degrees of fouth latitude; where the men were fet to work alhore to build a pinnace, make hoops for thecaflcs, and fill frefh water, which took them up till the twenty-third of the month; when failing again on the feventeenth of December, they entered Fori Defire in 47 degrees and an half of latitude, and that being a convenient place for the nurpofe, careened their (hips, and refitted what was amifs. The third day of January 1587, they anchored at the mouth of the Straits of Magellan, the weather being very (lormy, which lafted three days, all which time they continued there, but loll an anchor, and the fixth day entered the Strait. The feventh, as they drew near the narrow part of the Strait they took a Spaniard, being one of the twenty-three that (lill remained alive ; which were all then left of five hundred landed there three years before to guard the Strait, the reft being dead with hunger. Thefe had built a town, which they called king Philip's city, and fortified it, but tliey could make no works againft famine, which confumed them all to thofe before mentioned ; who, except him th it was taken, were gone along the coaft, hoping to get to the river of Plats. Camlt/fy having wooded and watered here, called ^his place Port Faminr. The weather prov- ing very boifterous and foul, he was forced to ride it out often at anchor, and there- X 2 fore ' (:^ 'Ai ^'■f I<»4 LOCKE'S HISTORY CUCUMNA VIQATOR9. 5.SirThom Candifh, fore did not get out into the South Sea, till the twenty«fourth of Februarf. On the firft of March, a violent dorm parted the bark of forty tons from the other two (hipi ; and they met not before the fifteenth, betwixt the iiland of S. Mary and the continent of Ctjilti in 37 degrees and an half of fouth latitude. Mere they took in as much corn as they would have, and abundance of potatoes, all which had been laid up in the ifland for the Spaniards \ befides as many hogs as they could fait, abundance of hens, and five hundred dried dog-fi(he8. The eighteenth they left this place, and on the laft of the month landed at Punta de ^tenuro in 33 degrees of latitude { but faw no man, though they travelled fume miles, only fpied fome herds of very wild cattle } but the firft of April going to water, the men were fet upon by the Spaniards, and twelve of them cut oiF.— Proceeding hence along the coaft of Chilt and Ptru, they took fome coafting veflcls carrying provifions from one place to another. In this manner they ran along to the iQand Puim, in about 3 degrees of fouth latitude, being a place famous for fupplying all thofe coafts with cables. Here the £ngli(h took what they found for their ufe, the iflnnd being inhabited by none but Indians, except fome few Spaniards that lived in the chief town, who killed twelve of tlie Englifli ; but were put to flight, and the town burnt, as was the church particularly, and the bells carried away. This fecond lofs of men obliged Candijb to fink his bark of forty ton, that had attended him out of England.— rOn the twelfth of June they cut the equinoAial line } and holding ou their courfe to the northward all that month, on tho flrft of July came upon the coaft of New Spain t where on the ninth, they took and burnt a (hip with f<^en men in her, and foon after a bark, whofe men were fled to (bore. The twenty«fixth day they anchored at Copalitat in 16 degrees of north lati- tude, whence they went with thirty men to AguatuUo a fmall Indian town, which they burnt and rifled. Then keeping along that coaft, they continued ravaging the Indian towns, till they came to a fmall ifland in 23 degrees of latitude, and eleven leagues from the city Chiamttlan \ where having watered, and ftaid till the nmih of November, they then ftood over to cape S. Lucar, which is the fouthermoft point of California / and beating about it till the fourth of November, met then with the S.. Ann, being the Spanifli galeon bound from the Philippine iflnnds to the port of Aca- pulco in New Spain. After a fight of Ck hours the Galeon was taken and carried into the port called Puerto Seguro s where fetting afliore the Spaniards, and taking out what goods they could carry, they burnt the Galecn, and on the nineteenth of November failed thence towards India.— This night CanJiJbt who was in the Defirty loft his other ihip called the Content, and never faw her after : being thus left alone he foiled before the wind, as is ufual there, for the fpace of forty-five days, and on the third of January 1588, came up with the iflands de los Ladranes, having run about eighteen hundred leagues -, on the fourteenth with cape Efpiritu Santo, a great head- land of one of the Philippine iflands to the weft ward, in 13 degrees of latitude, and about .three hundred leagues from the iflands Ladrones. At the ifland Cabul he con> tinued fome days getting frefli provifions ; and failing amidft all thofe iflnnds fouth- weft and by fouth, on the eighth of February difcovered the ifland Batochina near. . , . Gilola^ u onl Somq they Nove ficknl befoif they adml OP NAVIGATION. itf; GlMot in one AegKt of fouth latltudet whence he fteeied to the fouth lide of the Circumha* great ifland of Java, and touching there on the twelfth of March, traded with the v'oatuks. nativei for provifions, which were brought him in great plenty. On the fixtcenth, he ^'„|ji(|/° fet fail for the Cape of Good Hope, and doubled it about the middle of May } having fpent nine weeks betwixt the ifland of Java and this place, which is about eighteen hundred leagues diftance. On the ninth of June he anchored at the ifland of S. Helena, about five hundred leagues diftant from the Cape of Good Hope, lying be- twixt the coaft of ^/ric and Brqfil, in about 15 degrees of fouth latitude. This Ifland is generally touched at by (hips going to and returning from the Eaft Indies, becaufe of the conveniency of watering } bePides the great plenty it produces of excellent fruit, as alfo abundance of fowl, fwine, and goats, the place being extremely pleaf,int, but * very fmall. Having taken in wood and water here, and made clean the (liip, on the twentieth of June Candish failed for England ; on the twenty-fourth of Auguft he difcevered the iflands F/oret and Corw, two of the Azors, and on the ninth of Sen- tember after a teriible dorm, which carried away part of his fails, put into the port of Plymouth (Hackluyt, vol. III. p. 803. and Purchaa, vol. I. lib. 11. p. 57.) An. 1 598, The Dutch refniving to perform as much as had been done before by 4.. Oliver Magellan'^ Ihip, and by Sir Francis Drake and Sir Thomas Candijh, they fitted out Noort. four (hips under the command of captain Olivier d'Oirt, as Van Meteren calls him, or Oliver Noort, according to Purchas. The red proceeded on their voyage upon the nineteenth of of July ; and to omit particulars of lefs moment, and their touching at places not material, on the tenth of December they came to i^iz Princis Ifland, or Uhado Principe, on the coaft of Congo, 'in 2 degrees of notth htitude i where the Portuguefes killed fume of their men, and the Dutch commander in revenge aflault- ing their forti ^as Kpidfed with greater lofs. This made him defift } and fniling thence, on the fifth of February 1 599, came on the eoaft of Brqfil. Here they fpent much time, feeking refrelhment and water along the (horcj and hieing much ftiaken by a ftorm, and abunditnce of the men fick • befidcs, that it was the winter feafon there, they put into a little ifland called S. Clare, on the coaft of Brafil, in about 21 degrees of fouth latitude. Here the fick men being '>: afliore, fome of them pre- fcntly died; the reil ailing nothing but the Icurvy. svnd ready known by the Cape of Good Hope and Strait of Magellan ) at their own charges ^<='*®"''"- fitted out a good fliip of three hundred and fixty ton and twenty guns, and a fmaller of an hundred and ten ton and eight guns, in which they failed themfelves out of the Texel on the fixtrenth of June in the aforefaid year, refolving to find another paflTage into tht; South Sea, to the fouthward of the Strait of Magellan { which their defign they kept fecret, till they came near the line, where they difcovered it to the feamen, who were well ploafed with the undertaking.— To pafi by all other particulars, as too like til >fe in the foregoing Voyages, on the ninth of December they failed up into Pert Deftrt, on the coall of America, in 47 degrees and 40 minutes of fouth latitude; where bringing their Ihij'S aftiore to clean them, as they were burning reeds under the leflisr of them, (he took fire and burnt, till the tide coming up, quenched the flame} yet fo that nothing of her could be fived, but a little wood for fuel and the iron work. The thirteenth of January 1616, the great (hip now left alone failed out of Port Dt- Jin, and on the twenty-fifth difcovered the ifland they called Staten land to the eaft- Mrard, and the point of Tierra del Fuego to the weftward, which they called Maurice . /at$d, in almoft 55 degrees of fouth latitude. Entering betwixt thefe two lands, they fteered fouth fouth-weft, till coming under 5$ degrees 36 minutes, they ftood fouth- weft, and then fouth. Thus the twenty- fixth they came under 57 degrees, and the twenty-ninth difcovered thofe they called Barnevelfi Ijlands. The third of February they were under 59 degrees 25 minutes, and the twelfth found the Straits of Ma- gellan lay eaft of them { and therefore being fatisfied that they were in the South Sea, they called the new found pafiage the Strait of le Maire.'-'Mitch the firit they came near the Iflands of Juan Fernandez, in 33 degrees 40 minutes of fouth latitude, and at fome diftance from the coaft of Chile: but, though they endeavoured it, could never come near enough to anchor, being (till beaten ofi^ by the wind and current ; and therefore fteered away to the weftward to profecute their Voyage ; and in April they difcovered feveral fmall lilknds inhabited by naked people, none of whom would come aboard, nor could they come to an anchor. Thefe Iflands were in about 14 and 15 degrees of fouth latitude. Sailing on ftill weftward, they faw many more Iflands in May, and had fome trade with the natives, who attempted to furprife the fljip, or at leaft the boat ; but were foon feared away by the fire-arms, when they faw they did execution, for before they thought they had only made a noife. Findiui; no Conti- nent, atid perceiving they were at leaft fixteen hundred leagues to the weftward of Chile or Peru, they fteered to the northward ; for fear they fliould fall fouth of New ' Guinea, and perhaps not be able to clear themfelves of the coaft, the winds being al- io ways t, M LOCKE*< HI8TORT CiRCVMMA' VIOATORS. 6. Lc M»ire, ■nd Schouten. 7. Brower. 8. Cook, .16H3. National Benefits de- rived from the above Voyages. ways at eaft. Many more Illanda are mentioned in the journal, at fome of which they touched and got refrelhment ( but on the firft of July they anchored near th« coad of New Guinea, whence they failed lUII along the (hore, and amidft a multitude of iflandt, till they came into half a degree of fouth latitude \ where they faw a fmall ifland oiF the Ihorc of the land of Pnpeus, and called it William Sebouttn't (/land after the captain'a name, and the weAcrmoft point of it the Cape of Good Hope. Sep- tember the 17th they arrivrd at the ifland Ttrnatt, and thence in O£1tober to Jacatra, or Batavia, in the ifland of Java \ where the prefident of the Dutch Eaft India Com« pany fcized the (hip and goodi. Whereupon William Comelifin Sehauttn the mafter, Jacob It Mair* the merchant, and ten fcimen, put themfelves aboard the AmJItrdam, % Dutch fliip homewards bound, and twelve others aboard the Z#ii/aW, and arrived in fafety at Amderdam in July \ having difcovered the new Strait called // Alairt, as was faid before, and performed the Voyage round tlie world in two years and eighteen days (Purchas, vol. I. lib. II. p. 88.) jIn. 1643, lirtivtr, or Bhowbr, went another way into the South Sea, by a paflage called after his own name, which is call of le Mairt's Strait \ but whether this was a Strait with land on each fide, or an open fea, is not known, his diary not being made public : but moft maps make it a new Strait. An. 1683, One John Cook failed from Virginia in a (hip of eight guns and fifty-two men a buccaneering \ and with him one Cewley, as mailer. On the eoaft of Guinea they took a (hip of forty guns by furprife, in which they failed-away to the South Seaj meeting by the way another (hip commanded by one Eatotit who joined them to fol> low the fame trade. They ran into 60 degrees of fouth latitude, and pafled that way into the South Sea { where C0wky fays they difcovered feveral Illands about the line. Thence they failed over to the LaJntut, whence they continued their courfe and an> chored at Canton in China. Departing from Canton, they came to the ifland Bonne, where Cowley, the author of this relation, with nineteen others, got a great boat in which they went away to Java. At Batavia the author, with two others, (hipped himfeif aboard a Dutch velTel, and fo returned to Europe.— The relation of this Voy« age is (hortened, becaufe there have been fo many Voyages round the world before, and all of them performed in the fame (hip { whereas in this there was much (hifting. Thofe tliat defire may fee it at large in the collection of original Voyages, publiflied hy captain Will. Hack, {an. 1699.) Captain Dampier in his firft book of Voyages gives an account of this fame lad mentioned, but more at large, he being aboard with the fame Cooi 1 and therefore no more needs be faid of it, though there may be many circumdances which this difcourfe cannot defcend to : wherefore here (hall end the Voyages round the World, it being time to proceed to what remains. After fo long a difcourfe of Voyages and Discoveries, it may feem fuperfluous to treat of the advantages the public receives by Navigation, and the faithful journals and accounts of travellers. The matter is natural, and no man can read the one without being fcnfible pf the other ) and therefore a few words may fuiQce on this fubjcft, -J t'J • M . r /. OFNAVIGATION. fubj«A, to avoid cloying the judicious reader with what is To vifible and plain, and to Cave running out thii Intmdu£\ion to an uiircafonable lengtli. What w.u Cofmo* gnphjr before tliefe difcoveries, but an imperfe£l fragment of a fcience, fcarcc dc- ferving fu good a name? when all the known world was only Europe, a rnull part of Afric, and the leflfcr portion of Afia \ fo that of this terraqueous globo not one Tixth part hid ever been feen or heard of. Nay, fo great w.i3 tlie i^^norance of niaa in this particular, that leaincd peifons nude a doubt of ita being rounds others no lefs knowing invigincd all they were not acquainted with, defart .ind uninhabitable. Uut now Geography and Hydrography have received fome perfection by the pains of fo mnny mariners and travellers i who to evince .t'.ie rotundity of the earth and water, have failed and travelled round it, as has been here made appear, to fliew there is no part uninhabitable, unlcfs the fro'/en polar regions} have vifitcd all other countries, though never fu remote, which they have found well peopled, and mod of them rich and delightful i and to demonilrate the Antipodest have pointed them out to us. A(lro> nomy has received the addition of many conftelUtions never feen before. Natural and moral Hiltory is embelliftied with the mod beneficial increafe of fo many thou> fands of plants it had never before received \ fo many drugs and fpices} fuch variety of beads, birds, and fidiesi fuch rarities in minerals, mountains, and waters i fuch unaccountable diverfity of climates and men, and in them of complexions, tempers, habits, manners, politics, and religions. Trade is raifed to the highed pitch, each part of the world fupplying the other with what it wants, and bringing home what is accounted mod precious and valuable \ and this not in a niggard and fcanty man- ner, as when the Venetians ferved all Europe with fpice and drugs from India by the way of Turky and the Red Sea i or as when gold and filver were only drawn from fome poor European and African mines \ but with plenty and affluence, as wc now fee, mod nations leforting freely to the Enjl Indies, and the tftjl, yearly fending forth prodigious quantities of the mod edeenied and valuable metals. To conclude, the em- pire of Eur^e is now extended to the utmod bounds of the earth, where feveral of its nations have conqueds and colonies. Thefe and many more are the advantages drawn from the labours of thofe, who expofe themfelves to the dangers of the vad Ocean, and of unknown nations ; which thofe who fit dill at home abundantly reap in every kind : and the relation of one traveller is an incentive to ftir up another to imitate him, whild the reft of mankind, in their accounts, without dirring a foot, compafs the Earth and Seas, vifit nil countries, and converfe with all nations. It only remains to give fome few Dircdions for fuch as go on long Voyages; which fliall be thofe drawn up by Mr. Rod, a fellow of the Royal Society, and geometry profeflbr of Greflium College, by order of the faid fociety, and publilhed in the phi- lofophical tranfadioHS of the ciglith of January 1665-6, being Number eight. They " are as follow : I. To obferve the declination 0/ the Compafs, or its variation from the meridian of the place, frequently j marking withal the latitutlc, and longitude of the place, where VOL. I. y '■''ch l6p K'" i'i M Rook's dircdtions to Navigators. LOCKE'S HISTORY OF NAVIGATION. fuch obfervation is made, ns exa£lly as may be, and fottlng down the method by which they made them. 2. To carry dipping Needles with tliem, and obferre the inclination of the Needle in like munner. 3. To remark carefully /^^ fWiVig/ anAjlotuiitgr of t^e Sea in ar many places as they can, together with ail the accidents ordinary atrd extraordinary of the Tides j as, their prccife time of ebbing and flowing in rivers, at promontories or capes, which way the Current runs; what perpendicular diftance there is between the highcd tid-j and loweft ebb, during the fpring Tides and iieep Tides; wliat day of the moon's age, and what times of the yar the higheft and lowed Tides fall- out : and all other con- fiderable accidents they can obferve in the Tides, cliiefly near ports, and about iflands, as in S. IIiler,a\ idanJ, and the three rivers there, at the Bermudas, &c. 4. To make Plots and Draughts of profpeft of coails, promontories, iflands, and ports, marking the bearings and didances as near as they can. 5. To found and mark the Depth of Coafis and Ports, and fuch other places near the (bore, as they fliall think fit. 6. To take notice of the nature of the ground at the bottoin of the Sea, in all Soundings, whether it be clay, fand, rock, &c. 7. To keep a regifter of all Changes of JVind and Weather at all hours, by night and by day, Ihewing the point the wind blows from, whether ftrong or weak : the rains, hail, fnow, and the like •, the precife times of their beginnings and continuance, efpecially hurricanes and fpouts ; but above all, to take exaft care to obferve the Trade- Winds; about what degree of latitude and longitude they iirll begin, where and when they ceafe or change, or grow ftronger or weaker, and how much; as near and txaft as may be. 8. To obferve and record all Extraordinary meteors, lightnings, thunders, ignesfatui, comets, tic. marking (liil the places and times of their appearing, continuance, &c. y. To carry witli them good fcales, and glafs-vials of a pint, or fo, with very nar- row mouths, which are to be filleil with Sea-Water in different degrees of Latitude, as often as they pleafe ; and the weight of the via! full of water taken cxadly at every time, and recorded, marking whhal the degree of latitude, and the day of the month; and that as well of water near the top, as at a greater depth. ' -. AH EXPLANATORY CATALOGUE OF VOYAGES. i7r AN EXPLANATORY CATALOGUE OF VOYAGES, AND GEOGRArHICAL WORKS, BY MR. LOCKE. Latin. IJEfcripih Africa, 8vo. Dejcripliones /{fim, ' i De Lege Mahumelica, and ■ De Rebus Mdhumelich. Theiefour by John • Leo, a Spaniard by birth, and a Mahometan by education, but after- wards converted ; who before his converfion travelled through the greateft part of Afric, and has given the beft light into it of any writer, as "Johannet Bodinus afRrms. He firfl writ them in the Arabic for -his own nation, but afterwards tranilated them himfelf into Italian ; and John Flcrittnin into Latin. He gives an excellent account of the religion, laws, cuftoms, and manners of the people of Afric, but is too brief in martial affairs, and the lives of the African princes. Epi/IoU vig'mli/ex Je rehus Japonicts, or twenty-fix letters concerning the affairs of Japan, to be feen in feveral coUeftions of this fort of letters. H'tftorka relatio de legat'ione regis Sinenfium ad regent Japonum : or an account of the EmbafFy fent by the emperor of China to Takofoma king of Japan, /In. 1596, and of the ftrange pro. digies that happened before the embalTy, Rome 1599, 8vo. Htfiorka relatio de rebus per Japoniam, /In. 1 596, a patribus focUtatu durante perfecuthne gejlU : «r an account of the proceedings of the Jefuits in Japan, in the year 1596, during the perfecu- tion. Thcfc three by F. Lewis Froes, a Jefuit, who lived forty-nine years in the eaft, and thirty-fix of them in the ifland of Japan as a mKTioner. — It is beiieved thcfe relations were writ in Portugucfc by the author, and afterwards tranflated into Latin. De Abajfmorum rebus, deque Mthiopite patr'tarchis. Lions, 1615, 8vo. The author was F. Ni* ■CHOLAs tJoDiNHo, a Portugucfc Jtfuit, who divides his worJc into three books, and in it re- futes the fabulous hiftory writ by F. Urreta. Jliuerarium ab oppido Complutetiji Tolctana provincra ufqui ad urbem Romanam. A journal of a journey from the uiiivcrfity of Alcala in Spain to Rome, by Dr. James Lopez de Zuniga, a pious and learned man. LiTER«ANNUje. The annual or yearly letters out of Ethiopia, China, IndLi, and other parts, give mMcli light into the affairs of thofc countries, and are to be found in feveral volumes, and •fcattered in colleiftions of travels ; -of all which it will be needlefs to give any account in this place. At HAN A 3 1 1 K I R c H F R1 if'jcietate Jtfu China, tuomimentis qua facris qua prefunis, ilhijirata. fol. This is a complete hifiory of China, and lidd in great r utniioa for fome years, but of lute • John Leo, the African gcoj;raphtr, v.'as a native of Grtnad.i, and alter the taking of that city in I4<;J, letircd into Africa. He not only li-.in.lltd lliioiigh dilTerent parts of that tViuinent, hut plib boili in Kurope and Ada. His dcfciiption of Afiica which i.-^ given in the iecond volume of I'urchas, book the fixth, was ori- ginally compofed in Arabic, and thence tranlhitcd into -the Italian. It was tranllateJ into Trencli by ^an Temporal, inA printed at Lyons in ijj6,io 2 vol. fol. The J.atin Uanfl-Jtion by /Vn.wj is not much clUemcd. Z«diid in I5«6. V..uiT. y 3 itt Latin Writers. ! '«(: >+"-«j.;l f}7 LOCKE'S EXPLANATORY CATALOGUE Latin Writers. Its reputation lias declined, fiiice fo many books of that empire have appeared writ by Mi(llon« ers, who have rtlidcd there many years, and difcovered great miftakes in Kircher. JoDi LuuoLFi h'lj'h-na JEth'wpka, fol. This hiltory of Ethiopia is written by a German, who having gntliercd moll of it from the writings of the Jefuits, yet makes It his bufmefs to con- tradicl them, from the information given liim by an Ethiopian he was acquainted with in Germany, for he was never near Ethiopia himfelf j and his whole book, has more of contro. vcrfy, and of the Ethiopian languiigc, than of hillory. Rclalio eorum qua circa S. Citf. Majejl. ad magnum Mofcorum Czarum abUgatat anno *r« chrif- t'lant iSj^, gefla/unl,J?ii{lim recenfiia per Adolphum Lyskck, dl£lte legalionit fecrelartum, ivo. Saltzbiirg 1676. In this account of an Embaffy to the Czar of Mufcovy, we have an account of his travels tliroiigh Silelia, Ponieiania, Pruffia, Lithuania, and Mufcovy, to the court of Moffow, and of all things of note the author faw or heard ofj being an ingenious perfon, and having a greater privilege than common travellers, as fecretary to the Ernbafly (G/or». de Letter.) JoHANNisScHhFFERi jlrgcntorateti/is Lappoaui, id ejl regianit Lapanum el gtntit, nova el verif- Jima dffcriptio, 4to. Lip/im 1 674. An account of Lapland, which though it be not by way of travels, well deferves a place here ; bccaufe we (hall fcarce find travellers that will go into that frozen region to bring us a juft relation of it. This however is authentic, as gathered from the Swedifli writers, who are bed acquainted with thofe parts. Theodori et Johanms de * Bhyf India orientalitetoccidentaRs, 6 soh. fol. Franc/ort i6z^. This colledlion being three volumes of the Eaft, and three of the Weil Indies, begins with a particular account of the kingdom of Congo in Afric, as lying in the way to, and having accor. dingly been difcovered before India ; this account tranflated from the Italian writ by Piilip Pigafetla. — Next follow five voyages of Samuel Bruno of Bafil ; the three firll to Congo, Etlii- opia, and other parts round the coafl of Afric ; the fourth to fcveral parts in the Straits, and the fifth to Portugal and Spa:::, %c. tranflated into Latin from the author's original in High Dutch. — The next are L'wfchoten'i Indian voyages, tranflated from the Dutch, and containing a very full account of all things remarkable in thofe parts. —Then three Dutch voyaget to the North-Eall PalFage; and after them a great number of cuts and maps, befides very many dif. perfed throughout the book, and a coniiderable number at the beginning. Thefe are the con- tents of the firll Volume. — The fecond btjjfins with a large account of Bantam, Banda, Ternate, and other parts of India, l.ti; g a voyage of eight Dutch (hips into tliofe parts in the year 1598, tranflated out of High Dutch. — After that the defcription of Guinea out of Spi!iu-/s \oydge, yfa. 1601. — Gafpar Balii's \oyagc, yin. 1579.— In the third Volume '/acei Aeci'a voyage, ^n. 1 603 ; ^o. Ilermon de Bree, An. 1 60 J } Corn. Nicolas, Cornelius Vcn, and Stephen de Hagen, all to India. — Verhujfi voyage to India, yi'». 1607. — Dialogues in Latin and the Mdlayc luiiguage. — Hudfon's voyage to the North-Eall Paflage. — An account of Terra Auf. trails incognita, by captain Peler Ferdinand ilc S^iir ; and the defcription of tiibeiia, Sainoieda, and Tingoefia. — Two vovi-.jjcG i>f y/nierinis p'e/pulius lo the I'all Indies. — A vciy ftrange i-e. lation of an Engliflunan, who being ihipwrcckcd on the coall of Cainbaia, travelled through • Tkc^lcrc Je TSry was a GerRiiiii tnjfiavcr, wlio tik.l in 1598. Tlic greater pait of the plates iii the Col. legion wcru nuidi; t)y liim. Tliis valuable wy.ik wlien conipktt; is in fivcn volumes: il. i> divided ijiio twciily-fivc parts, tliirtcen lor wliat is teniicd 7 :s (Jr,inUi foy.^n, aiul twelve Tor La feli,i I'vv.igis, licing printed in a inialUr form. Of the few pcrlons v.-lio liave ever polltllid a complete iet, the Ahlie dc Rotl:tiin U mcnticiud; wlm in 1741 printed a ilide-rtalioii, inlitled, O''fci\i:i:ioi:! tl ile:ji/sj',u- la iol.'eilioii (!i:i v\i::Ji cl dtt fails v-j ^(i ; this turii/us trtiitile was only i;ivtii to paitleular liiinds. Loir. many 'W ;'Ui:. or, OF VOYAGES. »73 many of tUofe callcrn countries ; and the defciiption of tlic northern country of Spitzliergen : the whole illuftrated wiili a vail number of maps, and other cuts. 1 hut far the three volumes '■ of the Eiijl Indies, The tlirnc of the Weft arc compoftd of thefe parts, /'o/. /. an ample account of Virginia. The unfortunate expedition of the French to Florida, /In. 1565. — Lau- donniere'6 voyage thither, ytii, 1574. — Two voyages oi J^ohn Slailiut to Bia/il and the river of Plate, where he lived among ilic Indians. — Leri'a account of Brazil. — Fillagaiio'e voy.ige to South America. — Benao'a liidory of the difcovcry of America. A'e/. //. The fccond and third parts of Benzo'a hiftory of the Weft Indies. — Falier's defcrlption of fcveral parts of Ame- rica, where he travelled. — Voyages of Sir /'. Dralc, Cavemiyh, and i?4j/f/j/j.— Dutch expedi- tion to the Canaries. — General account of Aineiica. — ScLalJ .,ii et l^i ,,^1, llie fii'l volume, accoiding to Dc Burc, (hould bear the diilt of 1363, the fccond of i.sSj, and llie tl-ird of i6cj, printed for the Giiuli, Venice. (Uc Bure vol. V. p. 190.) 1)» rrtTnoy, en (lie contrary, ictoirmcnds liiat the firll volume lliould liave the date of i6ofi, or 1613; or that :^t leuA the two firll vuUiaie^ ihould be the ediliuni of 1.583, and 1588, and the third of 1606, or 161 3. J-Dir. Tartary. ■":^y «74 LOCKE'S EXPLANATORY CATALOGUE Italian Tartary. —jingiofe/h of the war» betwixt UJfuncaJfan king of Perfii, and Mahomet emperor of Writers. the Turks ; of //mael Sophy and the fultan of Babylon, and of Selim the Turk's fubduing the Mamalucks. — Bartaro'a travels to Tartary and Perfia.— Con/anM'a embafly from the republic of Venice to UJfuncaJian king of Perlla. — Camptnfe of Mufcovy. — Jovtut of Mufcovy.— yfrwm*/ of the Euxinc, or Black Sea. — Geor. InUr'tano of the Circaflians. — ^ini'i ftiipwreck and ad- ventures in 60 degrees of north latitude. — The fame by Chr'ifl. Fioravante and J. de Michele, who were witlj him. — Baron Herberta'm of Mufcovy and Rufli?.. — Zeno'a voyage to Perfia. JVich. and /int. Zeni's difcovery of Frizeland, Iceland, and to the north pole. —Two voyages to Tartary by Dominicans, fent by pope Innocent IV. — Odoricut'a two voyages into the eaft. Cabol'& voyage Into the north-weft. — Guagnino'a dcfcription of Poland, Mufcovy, and part of Tartars . — The fame by Micheorut, — In the third Volume ; an abridgement of Peter Martyr of Angleria, his decads of the difcovery of the Weft Indies. — An abridgment of Oviedo'a hillory of the Weft Indies. — Carta's account of his difcovery and conqutrt of Mexico. — Mvarado of his conqueft and difcovery of other provinces above Mexico. — Godoy of feveral difcoveries and conquefts in New Spain. — Account of Mexico and New Spain, by a gentleman belonging to Cortet. — /ihar Nune% of the fuccefs of the fleet fent out by Pampkilo de Narvaez, and his ftrange adventures for ten years. — Nunno de Guzman of feveral cities and provinces of New Spain. Franrit de Ull a'a voyage to California. — Vafquea Coronado and Marco da Aizza of the pro- vinces north of New Spain. — /-.l.ircon'a voyage by fea to difcovcr the feven cities north of Mexico Difcovery and conqueft of Peru, writ by a Spaniih captain.— ATirrw's conqueft of Peru. — The fame by Pizarro'a fecretary.— OwWo's account of a voyage up the great river of Maranon. — Ferazzano'a difcovery of North America. — Jacques Cartier'a lirft and fecond voy- ages to Canada or New France. — Fetterici'a voyage to India, with a large account of the fpice, drugs, jewtlii, and pearls in thofe parts. —Three voyages of the Dutch to difcover the north' enjl pajfage to China and Japan, in which they found the ftraits of Weyguts and Nova Zembhi, and the coaft of Greenland, running to 80 degrees of north latitude. — Tiitfe, with many learned difcourfes and obfervations of the author's, are the contents of the three Volumes. Prima fpeditione all' Indie orientali del P. F.GiosErvu di Santa Maria, 4to, Roma 1 668. This author was fent by pope y:Uxander VII. to the Malabar Chriftians of S. Thomas, being him- felf a barefoot Carmelite, and has in this left « moft excellent piece of curioflty. He gives a very particular account of the places and people he faw ; of birds, bedfts, and other animals ; and of the phiiot^iphy of the Brahmans, their fecrets, and of all the other Malabars, as alfo of the infinite number of their gods. Hence he proceeds further, to treat of the vail empire of the Mogul, of the pearl fifhery, of the Saltans about Bafllira, who pretend they received their religion from S. Jihn Bapti/l ; and concludes with the errors of the Jacobites, Neftorians, 'Greeks, Armenians, and other eaftern feifts. ■Hifloria drlle Guerre Civili di Polonia, progrejft deU'arme Mocovile contro a Polacchi, relations delta Mr/coi'ia e Stietia, e loro governi, di D, Albkrto Vinina BhLLUNEso, 4to, Fenelia 1672. Th( ugh the wars of Poland may not feem relating to travels, this worjc is infcrted, as giving a gjod account of the Poles, Tartars, and CoJTackc, tlicir government, manuers, &c. then follows that of Mufcovy and Sweden, where the author travelled, and made his excellent ob- fervations. II viiiggio all'Mie oriental!, (/r/ P. F. Vincenzo Ma .11 a di S. Calerina da Siena, fol. Roma 1673. A voyage to t.'.e Knll Indies, performed by F. Vincent Maria of S. CatheriiM: of Sicua, procurator-general of the barefocl Carmelites, and fent to India by the way of Turkey ,7 ""'^ the Itai tains I An acl • m\ picptn* icarcl). \VAM i^ OF VOYAGES. ..•,.;■'- »7| and Perfia by the pope ; togetlier with F. Joffph of S. Mary, who writ alfo an account of his Italian travtfls, which ia m.ntioned above. This author divides his work into five bnoks : iw (he Jirjl Writers, and laj}, is a journal of all ihinjrs remarkable in hia travels thiliier and back a,>;aij. The/ecomi treats of the affairs of the Malabar Chrillians. The tljlnl anA fourth of all the narions of India, llitir manners, ciilloms, wealth, government, religion, plants, animals, &c. The whole is fo faithful, cxad, and learned an account of all things rejjarkable in thofc parts, that fcarcc a;;y oth/rcan equal it. Jjhiica (kfcrittione de tre rc^ni Cingo, Matamha, el /Ingola, et chJk m'lfioiie ap^/l'/fide ejprcitaevi da rei's'ioft Cnpiiccin'i, corrf^'data dal P. GlO. Antonio CAVAV.ii, et nel prcpnte Jlite r'uhtta dal P. Forlumilo /liir.uinJinlftil. Bologna 1687. An hilloiieal dcleiiption of the kingdoms of Congo, Mataniba, and Angola 5 the authors were Capuchin milTioncrs, who compiled it hy order of the congregation de pi-npi^amhi fide, and iiavc given a moll accurate defciiption of thofe coun- tries, and all thir)g;i of note in ihem ; as alfo of the Miflions thither, which was the principal end of their painful travels. Relalione dclla cilta d ■ tleiie, colle provinde dell' dlt'ica, Focia, Be'Aia, e Negroponte, ne tempi che furono qutjle piijf-'^gi-le da Cornelio Magni I'anno 1674, 4to. Parma 16S8. An account of Athens, and the provinces of Attica, Focia, Beotia, and Negropont, which the author viewed, and took a particular account of; and for further fatisfaftion conferred with Mr. Spon, who had travelled the fame parts, for his approbation of what he delivers. He treats very briefly of Syria, Chaldea, and Mefopotamia, and principally inlarges himfelf upon the city of Athens, the condition whereof he dcfcribes more fully than any other has done. Relatione e vlaggio della Mofcovia deljignor cavalicre D. Ercole Zani, Bolognefe, i2mo, Bo' logiiia 1690. This voyage to Mufcovy is writ by a mod judicious perfon, who had fpcnt a great part of his life in travelling, and deferves to he highly valued, as coming from fuch an hand ; and the more, becaufc we have but very imperfeft accounts of that country. Viaggio del monle Libnno del R, R. Jeronimo Dandina, i2mo. He performed this voyage to mount Lilanut by order of pope Clement VIII. to inquire into the faith of the Maronite Chrillians ; he defcribes the country, gives an account of the people's; doflrines, their manner of living, their books, learning, bldiops, priefts, and religious men. A work very curious and ufeful. It is tranflated into Fiench, and the tranflator has added many ufcful icmarks of his own. Relazione del I'iaggio fdtto a ConJltmtinopoU, el da GiQ. Benaclia, i2mo. Bologna 1664. This is an account of Count Caprara'i embalFy to the great Turk, the author being his fecretar)- ; and has many good remarks of t! at court, and of the Turkifh army, taken by him upon the fpot, and therefore well worth the obfervation of the curious {Biblioth. Univ. vol. XV. p. 75.) French. Relations de divers voyages curieux par M.Mei,chiszvt.c* THT.vv.fOT. There is no need to' give a charafter of this author, any further than that he has received the general approbation of the learned, for compiling a C<'i!etlion of curious Travels In two volumes fo]\o.— The Jir/l con' tains GrMwj'sdefcription of the Pyramids of Egypt, and Buratini's account of the Mtininiics. An account of the Coffacks, another of the Tartars, another of Mingrelia, and another of • J\Ie!chife^ec thrvemt poflcfled an ardent dcfire for travelling from a child, and at an early age his favourite piopcnttty was in part gratiticd. The care of the king's library was afterwards iiitrulted to liis diligent 10 icarclk He died in i6y}. y.nit. Georgia, '"''*'■.;. •■•">ir| •;4 176 LOCKE'S EXPLANATORY CATALOGUE Froncli Writers. Georjria.—^i-iilirifjii'a voyage to Cathay. —An cxt raft of the Dutch rmbafly to the Tartar. A relation of tlic conqueft of the ifland Fnrmofa by the Ciiiiicfes ; another of the court of tlie Mi'gol. — Sir Thomas Roe's and Terry's voyage to the Mogol. — A Greek defcriptioii of the Eaft luclien. — The Arabic geography of Mn//eila,--'r\\e antinuhies of Per/epo/is,— The be- ginning of a book of the Chaldeans of BafTora. — Relations of the kingdoms of Golcnnda, TaiKifTiii, and Aracan, of the gulph of Bcng-ila and of Siam. — Bontekoue's voyages to India.— The difcovery of Terra Aujlralh. — The failing courfe to India. — Inftruiflions upon the trade of India to Ja^an.—JJeau/Int's voyage to the Well Indies. — Aceountf of the Philippine idand'), of Japan, of the dil'covery of the land of Yedfo. — A defcription of the jilants and flowers of China. — .uuient monumeiita of Chrillian religion in China. —The^fOK^/ Volume ; the Dutch cr.ibafTy to China; the Chinefc Atlas.— The (late of India. — The portraiture of the Indians. Acareu'i voyage on the river PlatP, and thence to Peru and Chile. —Journey by land to Ciiina. The fecond book of Confucius the Chinefe philofopher. — The hiflory of Etiiiopia, and of Tome countries aliout it. — Travels to the province of Zaidc in Egypt. — Tlie hillory of Mexico in figUKS explained. — Tnfman's voyage to Terra /iuj!ralis. —In^mQiions for the navigation from Holland to Batavia.— Two embafiies to the emperor of Cathay. —A chronological fynopfia of the Chinefe monarchy.— J?rtrro/'s Afn, or conqueft of India. — An account of the Chrillians of St. jfo/jii.—A voyage to Tirwra.— The elements of the Tartar language. — A fragment concerDing tlie Ifles of Solomon ; another of the hiftory of fome eaftern princes. Thevenoi has alfo compofed one volume in 8vo, In which is an EmbalFy from the Czar of Mofcovy to China by land. — The difcovery of fome countries in North America, and of the great river Miififlippi. — A difcourfe of navigation.— The natural hillories of the Ephemera, or fly that lives but a day, and the CanceHus. l.ctjix voyages Je Jean Baptiste Tavernikr eti Turqu'te, en Perfe, el aux fiules, Thefc travels are printed in feveral forts of volumes in French, according to the fevtral editions, and h:ive been tranflated into Engliili. He is a faithful writtr, and deferves full credit in what lie delivers upon his own fight and knowledge ; but in fome relations taken from others, he wm impofed upon, being a perfon of integrity, and not fufpefling others would give a falfe infor- maiion. His accounts are very particular and curious, and tlie extent he travelled very great; liaving taken feveral ways in his fix journies. But above all, he gives the bed defcription of the diamonds, mines, and rivers where they are found, and manner of finding them ; havin? been upon the fpot, as being a great dealer in thofe precious (tones. Retuell tie plufeurt relations et trailes finguKers et curieux de Jean Baptl/le • Tavernier, tfivi/e en cinque parties, 410. This is an addition to his voyages ; in which he treats of the Dutch praftices to exclude all Chriftians from Japan, negotiations of French deputies In Pcrfia and India, remarks on the trade of India, an account of the kingdom of Tunquin, and the hlilory of the proceedings of the Dutch iu Afia. Relation nouvrlle //? /a C a r o l 1 N 1; , par rni genlilhomme Francis, arrive dtpuis deux meis de ee nou' veau pens, au il firk de la route quil faut lenir pour y aller le plus furement, et de Petal ou il a ' "Je-ti liaplijli Ta .err.kr was born .it Paris in vb^s, where his fatlier conduced the tulineA of a jreo- prtipher. Such was I'is love of travdlinji;, that before he had rtachcil \\if twenty-fccontl ycjr, he had vifitcd .'Imiill every parte! his own country, England, the Netherlands, Gtrmany, Poland, .Switzerland, Hungarv aiul Italy. Dniing the fpace of forty years he made fix voyages into Tin key, Perlia, and the Indies. The two firrt vohmies of his Voyages in 4to, were written from his notes by .Samuel Chappuieau, and the third by CiiipelU, fccrttary to the fiift prcfidcnt De Lamr>i2non. Me died iu 1689. £01 r. trouvt from its ef as n fidera R<; au Ro ' hi(hop that M people L'l the ae reader J'lurn. Les' Ti,e/v land, tl, account dinary « the «u li and has omitted, Defcri^ i vol. 13 countries lated. l] p. 141. Relafio tliffemenls He is wo account i Nouvel adds all Voyage SPO.N, 1; its curiofi Voyage Sre. 4to. public, by feveral uhat he Scav. vol. A Mill! /tn, |c 41 defciiptiol p. 130. aif VOL. I.l ' ' OF VOYAGES. ironve eellt nonvilh ronln'e. ^ In Naye 1686, iimo. This is a moJern iccount of Florida, French its elbte in the year 1634, ami the bell way to it. The book has a good rt-putailon ; and Writers. as Fh)rid;i is one of thofe American countries we have not the bcft account of, this is a con- fidoralile light into it. Relationdu Foyaset/e mow/Tfur /'evesquk de BKRVTE^ar/a Turquie, la Pn/t, let U/.-t jrifjwt ail Royaume tie Slam, et outres lieux, cfcrit par monfieur de Bourses, Prejlre, 8vo. An acconiit of the bKhop of Derytus\p\\rnQy by land through Turkey, Perfu, and India, into China, liy a pritft that went with him ; very curious in the defcription of thofe countries and manners of the people, with inftruftions for travellers to thofe parts {Journ. det Scav. vol. I. p. 591.) JJEinlaJiide de D. Garcia Dii Silva Fiouerra. This is a trandation out of Spanifli. and the account of tlie book k among the Spanifli under the title, Embaxada, Sec. to which the reader may turn ; only he is advertifed that he may fee more concerning this trandation in y'ltirn. de: Scav, (vol. I. p. 205.) Let voya};es de mnnfieur de Mo n Co n y s. Monfieur Monconyt'% travels in three volumes, 410. TUeJirJl tlirough Portugal, Italy, Egypt, Syria, and Conftantinople. The y^ron^/ into Eng- land, the Low Countries, Geimany, and Italy. The third into Spain. BdiJes the gener.d account of thofe countries and particular places, they contain abundance of rare and extraor. dinary obfervations aVid fecrets in phyfiu and chcmiftry, and mathematical inventions. Unt the nu hor dying before the work was fitted for the prefs, it is in fome meafure impevfcc\, and has many particulars of no ufe to any but himfclf ; which there is no doubt he would have omitted, had he lived [Journ. det Scav. vol. I. p. 339, and 424.) Defcription det cojles de V/lmerique feptcntrional, avec Phi/loire de cepays, par moii/leur Denys, 2 vol. i2mo. The firft volume is a defcription of the northern coaiU of America and tlie countries adjacent, with a map of them, rendered extraordinary diverting by feveral (lories re- lated. The fecond is the natural hiftory, very curious and learned (Journ. det Scav. vol. III. ' p. 141.) Relation ou journal d'un voyage fait aux Indet orientakt, contenant let ajaires du pait, et let ejla- Uiffeinentt de plufieurt nationt, &c. 1 2 mo. This author fet out on his voyage in the year iC-ji. He is worth reading for feveral obfervations not eafdy to be found in others } but mod foi his account of the fettlements of European nations, yet all ihort. Nouvelle relation en forme de journal d'un voyage fait en Egypt, par le P. Vansleb en 1672, <■/ 1673, i2mo. The author to wliat he faw himfclf, for the better information of liis reader, adds all that is to be found remarkable in other late travellers relating to Egypt. Foyage d'ltalie, de Dalmatie, de Grece, et du Levant, aux annees 1675, et 167^), par J.'.cob Spon, i2mo. 3 vols. This work, befides the general obfervations of travellers, is iiiigilar for its curiofity in th; fearch of antiquities [Journ. det Scav. vol. VI. p. 128, and 185.) Voyage de Fran90isPirarddela Val aux Indet orientales, Maldives, Moluques,et au Brafil, Sfc. 4to. This is one of the cxaiflell pieces of travels, and the mod diverting liithtrto made public. M. Pirard the travi'lltr furniflicd the materials, which were digefted, and methodifcd by I'evcral very able men in France. Many who have travelled after him mention inu Ji of what he does, and yet he has fynie cuiiufities which others have not touched upon [Journ. des Scav. vol. VII, p. 85.) Am:»assade de la compagnie des liulis orient alet des Provinces unies vers les empereurs du Japoii, An. \i^^i,fol. It is a perftd account of all that happened to the faid cmbaflador.s and Cull dtfciiptioii of the country, towns, cities, &c. with vatiety of cuts [Journ. des Scav. vol. VIII. p. 130. and BiUiotb. Uuiverf vol. IV. p. 499.) , VOL. I. /. Kouvtlle •77 $^ ' * r*"4il 'm LOCKE'a EXPLANATORY CATALOGUE French Writeri. Nouvelle relation tPun voyage de Conjlantinople, prefenlee au roy par It Sieur Grelot, ^n. 1680, in 4to. A curious account not only of that city, but of all places to it, with cuts drawn by the author upon the fpot (yourn. des Scav, vol. VIII. p. 296.) Relalkn det m'i[fiunt et dcs voyages det Evequet vicaries apojlollques, et de Uurs eeclefiajliquet en atmeet 1676, el 1677, in 8vo. This is a relation of what thofe preacliers obferved in their tiavels in Afia. Les voyages de JnAN Struys en Mofcov'ie, &c. in 4to. In thefe travels through Mufcovy, Tartar;-, Periia, India, the ifle of Madugafcar, and other places, being a vail extent of ground, and to be travelled many fcveral ways, there are abumhiiice of notable obi'ervationi, not to be found in other bo'ks of this fort ; the whole very inllrudtive and diverting {Journ. det Scav, vol. IX. p. 260.) Relation nouvelle parlicuUer du voyage det Peret de la mercy atix royaumet dc Fe% et de Moroc, en fan I. '8 1, i2mo. Bcfidcs what thefe fathers did, as the peculiar bufincfs of their religious profeflion, this book contains many curiotities relating to the king of Morocco, and the cuf- toms of the country {Journ. det Scav. vol. X. p. 354.) Relation de la riviere det Amavions traduit par M, GoMBERriLLe,yi/r P original Efpagnel du P. d'Acufajefuite. This is a relation of the faid father's voyage down this v.ill liver j to which the tranflator has add<'d a diiTertation, the principal matters treated of therein being the towns of Manoa, Dorado, and the lakeof Parima (Journ. det Scav. vol. XI. p. 107.) Relation du voyages de Venife a Conjlantinople r/ the ficoixl, n relation of the Table-mountain, and many Writers. olhii things ahout the afoielnid cape | the third, palfagcs at Uatavia and Miicaffar j ihc foiiiih, i)f afTaii's of Sinm, and uthers { the fifth continue!) the lame matter \ the fixth, much natural lii;lory, concluding with the king of Siam'j Ictttrn to the pope, king of France, and /''. If ChmJ'e ; the fcventh, the father's return home ; and tlie eighth, (Vom thence to Rome [Juiini, iIn Sctiv. vol. XVII. p. 415. and BMolh. Un'ivirf, vol. IV. p. 4:2.) Seconil \oy,i^e (lit Pi R i; Tachard tl c/r/ Jiisuirts cinmyix J>..v leioy, au roytiumeiJf Siam, 1689, 8v(). This father returned from his firil voyage to c.ury more miHionc-m ; and this ficond voyage, which he divides into tight books, like the other contains many hilturical, phyfical, ),'((igru]ihli.:d, and allronomical remarks, befides abundance of other obfervations and curiu. litits omitted in the firll voyage (BiUiolh. Uiiiverf, vol. XIV. p. 445.) Hyiuirt lie l'E^{;!ifc tin Jupon, par Mr. l'/lbl>^ ik T. 2 vol. 4to. It wan writ by F. SoLiFn.a Jifin't, and publlfhed by I' Abie, who letined the language. This, though an eccl'.fiallical hillory, contains all the diverting particulars to be found in books of travels, as being com- pofid by thofe fathers, who were all travellers in that country. It is an excellent work, in twenty books (Juini. ilei Scav. vol. XVII. p. 48^.) jfuitnml ilu voyage full a la Mer ilu Siitl avec let Fl'ihtjl'iert tie V Amer'ique, en 1 6H4, et annicsfut- viiiila,p(irle Si ttiR Raven EAU uu Luss and, 12 mo. It is a buccaneering expedition, contsiii. Ing very much of robbery, with an account of the lllhnni.? of America, and countries about it, where the author with his gang travelled much by land {jfoiirn, ties Scav. vol. XVII. p. 72 1 ) Hiflmrc lie munfieur Conjl^iire premier mlnl/fre tin roy tie Si AM, et tie la tltrn'ure revolution tie eel ejlat. P.ir le P. ^'Orleans, i 2mo. It is a relation of that gentleman's wonderful adventures in Siam, where he attained to be tirll miiiiiUr to that great monarch in the year 1685 ; and thofe thai followed, with the revolution of that kingdom, and the perfecution that cnfued againll the Chrillians (yown. ties Scav. vol. XVIH. p. 373.) J)u royaume ife SiAM. Ptir Mr. de la Loudere, envoye extraortlinaire du roy, aupres ilu roy ik Si.m, en 1687, et 1C88, 2 vol. iimo. In this there are many particulars not to be found in otiier relations. The full volume divided into three parts ; the firft geographical, the fecond of cuftoms hi general, and the third of manners in particular. The fecond volume begins with flrange fables and fuperftitione, proceeds to the pradicts of the religious men, and many other particulars extraordinary, curious, and remarkable {Journ. des Scav. vol. XIX. p. 256, rt 269.) Relation du voyage d'Efpagne, 3 vol. i2mo. Treats of the country in general, of the fitua- tion of its towns, of public and piivate ftruflures, of palaces and churches, with their orna- ments, &c. of the king's power, government, councils, employments, benefices, and their re • venues ; of the orders of knighthood, and the inquifition : with many pleafant adventures, in which there is much of the rcunanti'c {Journ. des Scav. vol. XIX. p. 364.) It is writ by the Countefs d'j^uitoi, and has much of the woman. Nvuvelle relaliondela Gajfiefie. Parle P. Chretien le Clerc(^ i2mo. This is a complete account of the manners and religion of the favages called Gafpe/ians, carrying croifes, and wor- ftipping the fun ; and other nations of Canada in North America. It was taken in twelve years, the author rcfiding there as miflloner, beginning An. 1675 H/ourn. des Scav, vol. XIX. p. 395. and DMoth. Univerf. vol. XXIII. p. 86.) Premier ejlablijfement de lafoi dans la Nouvelle France. Par le P. LE Clercq. mifflonaire, 2 vol. i2mo. It is the complete hillory of Canada, or New France, from the firft difeovery of it till this time ; containing the difcuverics, fettling of colonies, con(£ucfts, and all othej; paflages *" from This OF VOYAGi:S. Ill from thofe northern paitj down to tlie giilpli of Mcsiio ; uith llic battltfj witli ihe Englilh T'-i'iirh And IroqnoH, //«. i(njn {jfoiirn, (fa S't efliili (i'J'iirofie, 1/ il'ifff, pi/iir duouvni- iin nouvcnii Ct:cmin a la Chine, 40. Tlicic tnivda were writ and ptifovincd by F. .Avrm., a Jcfuit, who fptiit live years truvuliinf Tiirky, Periia, Miifcovy, I'olaml, PrulTia, Mold.ivia, and Tartary, and eniharkei! in fcvernl feas ti> find out thi.i way to Clilna, to avoid llie tedious v.iyape by tlie Cape of Good Hope and India. Tlie relation is pliyfical, geographical, hydrograpliieul, aiul hillorical {'Journ. (let Scav. vol. XX. p. 1H7.) Les avtinluia tie J.\fiyK3 • Sadeur d{ly lu'u lirll, and ri.ci)iiil Ixiuk*, nrclflkcii ii|i in flicwiii); oI'Iiom' grcnt I'onreiHiciu-o tlint war ii| tlic nict!iii'c, and much more tu that vlfcct. In the fullmvioj; huukt lie prucecUi to lii.i inivi'li I ilrll in Kjjypt, \ihere he hai many ciirimu nLfrrvatioiis not to he found in othrr tra- vellers but more particularly, in that he took the pains tu travel the {,'ir,it defiut uf 'I'liebaiJa, vhcre dsv bclidci* him luve been in thrl'e latter timet \ niul ihi^i in the fulijedt uf hi:, third ami fourth lio'iki. 'I'lu- llfili trcatji of D.irbaiy, I'hicnieia, and the Holy Land : and the woik conrludis with an esait dcfeription of the city I'aniictta, v heie he redded fome yeai'. Uii ivintion in faithful, niiU drferves all credit, vf))eeially in thofe tliingi* he deliver* a* un eye-wit- iiefj. It was pnliliftied at Parii in the year |6!!6 ( Hihlioth. Uuiva/. vol, V. p. lo,v) jfouinu!, on fwli liu vnt^e ,!e Siam, cnfoniw de litlrii fuiiiilieiri, fail en 1(>>'<1, rt i^;'.6, J>,w tosrfiiur /'ABn« nil Choiii, Hvo. It in the third ntcouiil of the IVentli anilj;inad(.i,i feiit t.» .''i.iiiij nioiifieur «'.• C/^.r/w;M/ and P. Tiic'\ii,l,hM\\ before meiitl^Mitd, bi-inj; the two otheri. h lotitaiiisan exail journal of that Voya^^e, h.w all the lea-terms, much oi'llie fiinc at /■'. Tix- I 'j.trj, ;v\d fevoral other remarks. He titals of tlic <■.■ .\ at IJaiitani, of the ilimd of Java, oJ I5aia\ij, the power of tlie Uuteli in India, of Siaiii, 'i'omjiiiii, Coehiiieiiiiia, i;i:. {JJiL'iul/t. r/;nv//, vol. VI. p. 274.) Hijj'nr r.iiliirclL- fl poiili'jue t!u I'yanme (!.: wSiam, j\ir vi'jiifi:ur Gt.RVAisF., l6i'.8,4to. The au- thor lived four ye.ua at the lourt of tjiaiii, and ariiinia iiutliiiig but what he faw, or found in the bed booki of that country, as alfo by difeourfe with tlu' bell people there. He fayj littlii or iioJii.is; of wh;\t has been mentioned by oth.r lravel!ei;i to Slain ; and adds much, wliieh ttuy, as being only pafll-ngers, could not obl'erve. The work i.. iliviJed into four parts ; thr hrll contains the defciiption of the country; the fecond the laws, culloms, inaniicr.i, and go- vernnunt of tliat nation ; the third the ieli^;ion ; the fourth fj'eaks of the king, rw ul family, and court {Iiiblioll.'. UnlverJ. vol. X. p. 51') ) Rflalhn nonvellt ct esai't d'uii voyn^e tie la 'rrnRli Saintt, oh (hfcnpl'ion tic I'fl.il [>rfjtiil th.' Ikux, oiififnnt pojfn-s h-s priitcipnlet tifiiom d: L flf lit Ji'/u C/.'ii//. I'aiit l<)88, Hvo. 'I'his is \i plljjiimnje to the Holy Land, and therefore writ in a religious llile, and contains the account of all tiie holy places in I'alelline, and a dcfeription of Malta j and is n good guide for fuch as d'.'fire to travel into thoic p.irts. I'vya-^ft ili M, de Tin venot en yljie et en yffiirjiie, Paris 1689, 3 vols, izmo. It h to be obt'trved, that whereas before mention is made of 'Tlnvfuoi^i tiavels, that is a collcdion of other im-n as appears there ; but tliefc arc M. Thever.nt' x own travels, divided into three iiaiis: tlie firft, of the callern countries under the Turk; the fecond, continues other callern ijart;., proceeding towarda I'erfia ; and the third, the Lall Indies. It is one of the moll eiirioii', and exafl works of this nature hitherto publilhed, and well del'erving to bj re.id by all that are curious of travels [Biblklh. Univerf. vol. XIII. p. 2-f6) I'oyaget d' /tmerique, l.'ljlcire dtt avaiUiineres qui j'cj'fjiitfi^nalez ditiu let links, &e. P.ir Alex- ander Olivier Oexmelin. Paris 168^, 2 vols. i2mo. This was a furgcon feiit over in llie fervice of the French Weft India company, and fold in America, where he lived feveral yeais. The author of the Bibliolh, Univerf. gives a great charaCvet of this work j and fays, no man has yet given fo good an account of the manner of living in thole parts, btfides very good defcrip- tions, and all that is rcqiiifite in fuch a work ; of which fee more in the l^id BiUioth. Univerf. (vol. XVni. p. .29.) Nouvrau Pai OF VOYAGES. Nouvfdii v/iwijt J'lti4','ii fait m Taiinit i6S8, avec un mtmtir* canltHanl itet avii ulUn a ctu^ giii vviiilnmi fuirt Itwem* vfiy/tft. A l,i II lyi, i' .;i, ] voU. umo. Par monjitw Miiion. Tliii •ilthor K'vti B jjtneral account <.l^ all thing* inv(Vr\«l>l« iu Italy, uiitl therefore is the more di. verting. He Ix^jin . \\n traveU in tiolIrf.nl, of wKkIi lie given :i (hurt account i then cnining Germany iiid Tirol, he r mis down Itily hy lh«f Adriatic Ihor?, and icliirni on the other ildc thrcMi^h Tiiri.any, tJcnoa, Pi?c}inont, SwilFcrland. t'nyn^e en divert el,Ut d' Europe I'l .P A/ie, tiitreprii fnur ttfccu-ir'"- un nouveau (himin a la Chine. Par un P. AvRiL, Parii ifiijj, i jmo. Ttie fnil book contaltm the aulhi»r'« travcli ftuni Mar- feillei to Erivan in Perfm j tlic ftiond from I'rjvan to Mufcow \ in the third lie [,'ives an account of T.irtary, but it was ftich an lie received from O'Uers, for he wan not in that cmiii. try I and in the fourth, of hit return to Poland, thence to ConlUiitiuople, and thenuc fur want of health to France {nH.'UiL Univi-rf. vol. XX IV'. p. 2o,v) HifioiriJela revolution lU I' Empire trandition, beeante the traiiflator Mr. Le Grand has ailik'.l to it fcvcral cliapters, coll, '^td from the heft aulliors tlia have writ of tliiit KhuKl. It is (liviilcil into three hooks; the iirft is the dt-fcription of the ilnid, its ijo. veriinunt, religion, prodiidt, &c. the fccond treats of the wais there hetwe-en the Portu^jueCes, the natives, and the Dutch; aiiJ the third, of tlie errors the Portuguefes committed in their roiiqntll of India j and ihe power of the Dutch in thofe paits ^jfoiirn, des Scav. vol. XX. X. 1> 3^';-) Nnuveau memo'ircs fur Vejlat prefint de la Chine, par le P. Li uis le Comti:, 2 vols. l3mo. Parit lC)()6. Y. I. e Comic's memoirs of China have appe ired in Euglidi j they have abun- dance of very remarkable pafTages and fingular curiofiJe^, and have been too much talked of to require much to be faid of them {'Joiirn, des Scav. vol. XXV. p. 5S.) lieri.ieres dcfcouvertes dans I' ^nierique fftvi/riunalc de moii/icnr d,; la Salf., fnifet att jour par monjieur le Chivalur 'Voujt, govtrneiir diifyrt S. Louis aux IJlinois, I2mo. Paris 1O97. This is an account of a vaft difcovery in North America, being the whole length of tiie river Mif.. account of Mufcovy is compofed by Mr. ue Neuville, envoy from the king of Poland to tilt C ar, why duiing his nfidence there colled^ed the bell account of a way through Mulcovv a id Tartary to China, as convenient as any fur travellers in Eurnpe, which he fays he was told by one that travelled it twice ; but that the Czar at the requell of the Dutch has pro- hiliitid merchants trading that w,iy Journal du Voynge drs grandcs Iwles, contennnt lout ce qui s'y ejl fait ct piije par re/cadre de f.i majejle, envnye fous le commandement de M. de laliwv, i2mo. Orleans 1697. Tliiu is a voy. age of a Frtncli (leet to the Indies in the year 1670 j it dtfcribcs Goa, and j^ivcs fome account of thofe coails of taking the city of 5S. Tliomas or Meli'.por, and the loling it again to the JJut^h and infidels, with the return of the French. jfornaa tm que moi\ DA Gouv Malabar, | Hiflori(i efcrila port plete hiilj mention tl VOL. I. OF VOYAGES. ^ 185 Voyagt d]Itarte el de Grtee, avee mie dtjfertation fur la blzarrerie des opinions dts iommet, i2mo. French P/iris i6^H. This autlior fet out from France in the year 1691, anil gives fuch adefcription Writers. of tb'' tnuntries he paflcd through, and of the adventures tliat befol him, as renders it ex. trcnu-Iy diverting ; conchiding widi a rcflcdion upon the extravagant humours of men, whofe bclmviour he condemns in many particulars, which are rather plcafant and diverting than foliJ [jfount. des Scav. vol. XXVI. p. 535.) Span ISH. ITijlona del Gran 'tamorliin. Tttnerario, y relacion de laembaxadii ijiie Ruy Gonzales de Cla- Spanidi vijo le hlzo por mandado del fenor Rey D. Henri'ius tercero de Cajlilla. Sevil 1582, fol. This Writers. is the iirft Sp.mifli book of travels, at Icall of any reputation, now extant, aud is of no lefs than 300 years antiquity ; for though tlie book was publifhed as above, the embafly was in the year 1403, in which the author fpont three years, faw a confiderable pait of Alia, follow- ing Tamer/iiri's camp, and befides what lie faw during thofe years, had an ample account of all that mighty prince's wars : it is a book rare and of great value. Content ar'ios do graitde ALPKoNSODEALBUCiUERQi;E capitao general da India, collegtdos por feu Jilho das prop'ias cartas, que elle efcrlvio ao rey D. Mantel. Liiboa I576» folio. This is a large relation of the adliuns of that great man, who was one of the firft Portuguefe conquerors of thii Eall Indies ; and a pariii;ular encomium of it is given by Anthomo Ferre'tra in his poems. Naiifragios d'A i-VAR Nunez Caleca de Vaca, y — Comcntartos d'AtyAK Nunez /Idelantado y governador de la provintia del Rio de la Plata. Valladolid 15551 410. The firll was writ by Alvar Nunez himfelf, wherein he gives an ac- count of his Oiipwreck, and unparalleled fufferings in Florida. The fecond was compofed by his order by Pedro Fernande% his fecretary, and is an account of the province of the river of Plate, where he was governor ; both curious and fcarce. Nuevo defcuhrimunto del gran Catayo, Reynos de Tibet eh el anno de 1624.. Madrid 1627. It is writ by F. Anthonio d'Anbkaua, a Jefuit, who in it gives an account of his travels in the moll remote eallern countries. Ferdadera defcription de la Tierra Santa como e/lava el anno de 1530. Alcala 153 1, 8vo. It is an exadl account of the Holy Land at that time, writ by F. Anthonio d'Aranda, who travelled it all over as a pilgrim. El devoto ptregrino viage de la Tierra Santa. Madrid 1654, 4to. The defcription of the Holy Land in a pious ftyle, for the help of pilgrims, by F. Antonio del Castillo, a Fran- cifcan ; who was fuperior of the monaftery at Bethlehem. Relacion de lofucecido a los Padres de la compania de Jefus en la India, y Japan, tn lot anos de 1630J' 163 1. Valladolid, 410. An account of the travels and aftions of the Jefuits in India and Japan, by F. Antonio Collaco. Jornada do Arcelifpo da Goa D. F. ylleino de Menefes, &c. as ferras de Malabar, et lugaret em que moram os antigos Chri/laos de S. Thome. Coimbra 1606, fol. It was writ by F. Antonio DA GouvEA of the order of S. Anguftin, who treats very curioufly of the inland parts of Malabar, and Chrillians of S. Thomas there. Hijloria general de los Hcchos de los Cajlellanos en las ijlas, y Tierra Firma del mar oeeano, efcrttapor Antonio de Herrera. Madrid 1615, 4 vols, folio. A mod excellent and com- plete hillory of the Difcovery and Conquell of America by the Spaniards, not omitting t,) fays it \i a moll complete work, which will lall for ever to the honour of the com- piler. His fourth volume and decade, which he left imp£rfe£l, was tinilhed by John Baptift Lahanha, hiiloriographer to K. Philip II. But after that, James de Couto undertook to con. tinue the hillory fron the third decade, where Barros ended, and writ nine more ; fo that the whole work coiilifts of twelve djcades, but of thefe only feven have been piinted at Lifbon. Rekciones del Pe^u, de Duaute Fernandi z. Of this relation 1 find no further ac- count. lielacion de la provincia de Tuciiman, de Fernakdo Dr. Quintana. This relation is of good authority, and the author was one of the firft that went over to inhabit that country. Memorial y relacion las ijlas Philippinas, de Fernando de los rios Coronel. The author was a pried in good repute, and gives an aicouiit of the wealth, not only of the Philippine, but of the Molucco iflaiids; rtprcleniing at the fame lime what faults there are in the government of thofe parts to he rediefTed. Verdadeira infrjrma%ao dt Pnjfe Joaa das ImUns de FiiANCisco Alvarez. lAJboa 1540, folio. The author, a man of fjrcat probity, was fent by king Emanuel of Portugal into Ethi- opia, with his ambalTador Edivard Galvai, and rtfided there fix years, returning thence in the year 1533 ; and during his Hay there had time to colledl this hillorical account, in which he gives a defcription of the country, of Its trade, and all things that happened there during the flay of the Portuguefes. Rclazao das provincias de f.ipao, JlLdaLar, Cochincitina, &c. do P. Francisco Cordim. The author was a Portuguefe Ji'fuit, who had been in thofe parts ; and his work was fo well approved of, that it was thought worthy to be trandatcd into French, and printed at Pari* HUloria general de las Inilias de Francisco Lopez de Gomara. This author wrote in a commendable llile ; but his hillory Is of no cJit, btinjr full of falfe relations, as is made out bv all other authors that write of thofe parts, feme of whom were eye-wltnefles of the things he mifreprefcnts, and others received ihcm upon much better information. Conqul/la del Peru, par Francisco de Xeres. Salamanca 1547, fol. The autlior was fe- cretary to Francis Plzarro the great difcoverer and conqueror of Peru; and wrote this account of the conqueft of that vail kingdom, as an eye-witnefs, which he prefenlcd to the emperor Charles the fifth. Conmentarios dc los regcs hens d.l Peru. Li/Loa l6og. Folio. Uyiuria general del Peru, \6\-^. Fol. HUloria de la Florida, y j.nuula que hizo a clla el governndvr Hernando de Solo. 1695, 4to. Thefe three by GARCiuAbO di; i.a Vega, who calls himfelf /«cor IjVis Dhh* MakmovCakavajAl. 3 volt, fulio. This Spaii!(h is the fullefl account extant of Afn'c, generally ctteemed in all parts, and has been tranflated Writers, into French. Tlie author being a flave at M(procco, there read and heard thofe recounts he afterwards publilhed, of the interior parts of Afric which remain iniicceflible to Chrillians. Thuanus, and yinibrq/tut Morales, in their hilluries commend this work. Hifloria de Ethiopia, y Hi/loria t/e fa orcferi lie preJieaJoret en Hihlopia, par F. IjVli v'\JKRf.TA, 2 vols. 4to. Both tJicfe generally condemned as .fabulous, and particularly by F. Nicholas Codinho in his book Je Myjfmorum rebus. Hi/hria de las ijlat del Archipehigo, China, Tartaria, Cochinchina, Malaca, Sian, Camioja, y Japan, por el P. Morcello de Ribaukneira. Barcelona i6oi, 4to. This hidory of tiiofe eaftern counties was colledted there by the author, who travelled the greateil part of them as a miflioner. Relacion del Nomlre, Silio, Planlas, &c. de regno d/^ardenha, por el Dr. Martin Camillo. Barcelona 1612, 4to. This was a doftor of the civil law, who being fcnt by King Philip of Spain into Sardinia, to infpeft all the courts there, travelled over the whole ifland of Sardinia, and took that opportunity to write this learned Treatife of its name, fituation, plants, con- queft, converfion, fertility, towns, cities, and government. Relacion del Guvierno de los ^lixos en Indias, 1608, 4(0. An account of the province called Los ^ixos in South Ametica, writ by D. Pedro de Castro Eorle of Lemos. What more to fay of it I do not find. Relacion de Philippinas, por el P. Pi;URO Chirino. Roma 1604, 4to. , The author of this account of the Philippine iflands, fptnt the greateft part of his life, and ended his days there, fo that he was well acquainted with what he writ ; but a great part of it confills of the aftions • of the Jefuits in thofe parts, he being of that fociety. Primera parte de la Chronica de Peru, de Pedro Cieca de Leon. Antwerp 1554, 8vo. It treats of the limits and defcription of the provinces of Peru, the founding of cities, and the cuftoms and manners of the Indians. Only this firll part is extant, the other four, which the author promifes, and were hillorical, having never been publiihed ; which is a great lofs, for by the value of this firft we may judge of the reft. Hifloria da provincia de Santa Crux, a que vulgarmente chamamos Breifll. The hidory of the province of Santa Cruz, vulgarly Brafil, by Pedro »e Magalhaens Gandavo. Lijhon 1579, 4to. It is commended by Antonius Leo, in his Bibliotheca Indica. Relacion dot reges da Perfta y Ormu%, viage da India oriental a Italia por terra no anno dc 1604. An account of the kings of Peifia and Oimuz, and travels from India to Italy by land, ia the year 1614, 4to. The author Pedro Tlxeira, a Portugucfe, who performed the journey. Itincrario de las mifflones orientales, con line fumaria relation del imperii del gran Mogor. An account of the eaftern mifllons, and of the empire of the Mogol. /?ome 16+9, 4to. Com- pofed by Sebastian MANRidyr, of which we have no other particulars. Cortas r& Z). Hern an DO Cortes Marques del Falle, de la conquifla de Mexicoy alemperador. The original letter writ by Cortes the famous conqueror of Mexico, giving tiie emperor • Louis Mjimol was a native of Grenada. His dcfciiption of Afi ica was firft printed at Gicnada in ,3 vcls. folio, 157J. The Frcndi tranllation was publiihed at Paris in 3 vols. 4tn, 1667. Marmol was prclent at ll.e fu'ge of Tunis in 1536, and was for eight years prifcncr in Aliica. A great part of Maimol is taken from the Afiica of John Leo. F.dit. Chariest y •M,| |»K, I #11 190 LOCKE'S EXPLANATORY CATALOGUE Spjnilh Writers. Charles thv fifth an nrcount of his expedition. There is no need to fpenk of the value of ftich papers, than which nothing can be more authentic, as being the relation of u commander in chief to his fovereign. Corla dn P. Gonzalo Rodriovks do fua etntaixiulo a Eth'ioJ^ia, t do que hi fmedvo com o feu Rcy Clntidio. A letter givii'g an accoi^t of the enibafly of F. Gonznlo Jim/ri^uez, fent by the kiiiji- of Povtnjrual to the emperor of Ethiopia. It is to be fcen in F. Nkliulat Gudinho df re'itt.t J'i'/:ii'jnim, (lib. II. eap y8.) Relacicn dfl via;:;f que hn'uion loi copitones Dartolome Garcia DE N .dai,, y GoNSAi.f> dp NoiJAt Inrmanos id drfcubiimenlu del Ejlreco Niievo de S. Vincciile, y reconocimienlo del de Magal- kiincs. This is a!i avcount of a voyage performed by the two captaiits »l)ove named to the Straits of .St. Vincent, which \.e call Strait It Mayre, and to view that of Magellan, in the years l6i8, and 1O19. Aladr'td 1621, 410. It is an exadl jnuriial of their voyage and ob- fcrvations whiill they were out, which was 1 1 months; and they were both able fcamen, who liad ferved the king many years. I'ht^e a infant a diidad de yerufakm, dtfr'ipcion fuaya y dc loda la tiernifanta, y furegriujclun al maiiie S'lnni, por el P. Ueknakdo Italiano. Naples 1632, 8vo. A journey to Jerufalem, the dcfei'iiition of that holy city and country, and a piigiiniage to mount tiinai, performed by the antiior, a Francifcan friar. Rehuhii de lot Sagrndos lugares de Je.ufnlem, y toda la Tkrra funla. The author, F. B1.A7, c UE Bui/.A, a I'Vancifean, and colleftor of the charity gathered to pay the Turks the tribute for the privilege of tliofc holy places. It is a curious relation, ptintcd at Salamanca 1624, 8vo. Tralado de las Dngas, y meiruinas de las Ind'ias orienfalei. Burgos 1578, 410. Tratado del viage de las Indiat orientales y loquffe navega for aquellas partes. Both thefe by CuRisTopHi R DA CosTA, 3 native of Tangier; who fpent many years in his travels in Afric and Afia, and was a dodor of phytic, which enabled him to write that moft excellent treatife firrt mentioned of thefe two, of the plants and drugs of the Eail Indies. The fecond is of the Eall India voyage, and of thofe feas. Relazao da navlgazao de Duarte Lopez a Africa, e Congo, no enno de 1578. Or Lopez his voyage to Afric, and the kingdom of Congo, which is to be feen in Latin in Thtoaore de Bry's coUeAion. Fiage de D. Fradrkiwe HtNRitiyEZ da Kibkra a Jerufalem, 1/ifloa 1580, 4to. This is a pilgrimage to Jerufalem performed by this nobleman, wlio was Marquis of Tarifa, and fpent two years in it, fetting out in November 1518, and returning in October 1520, when he left this monument of his piety and ingenuity. Ptregrlnacao de Vekhah Mendez Pinto. Li/boa i6\^, fol. Pin/o's travels in India, fo fabulous that the general confent of the world has exploded them, though fonic few have taken the pains to defend thofe chimeras. yinge giu hizo a Jerufdem Francisco Guerero. Sevil 1645. This is another pilgrimage to Jerufalem, by a demi-canon of tlie cathedral of Sevil, and can only be a repetition of what ve fee in the others above mentioned. Chorographla de alguns lugares que flam em hum caminhn que Fi-z Gaspor Barr^iras, ano de 1546, de Badajoz em Cafel la ale Milan en Ita'ia. Coim5ra 1561, 4to. The autiior gives an account of the places he pafled througli in his journey from Biula ,./ in Spain, to the city of Milan: but Andrew de Refende Poinplains that he Ilok notes which he fiieixlly communi. fated to him, and iuftrted them as his ov.u. Itinerario OF VOYAGES. 191 I/ifurnr'w da Iiilta per ttrra ate Portugal, com a dtj'cripsao de yerufalem. Lijhoa i6l I, 410. Spnniih This join ny wa. pel formed and book writ by F. G\«par da Sa, a Portuguefe Francifcan, 'Wnlcri. being n journal < t hia travc*!) from India to Portugal hy laii.i, and a defcription of Jerufaltm } but ot thl» fort tlitfre arc fcvtral, and this I do not find has any thing more reinaikable above olhern. Viase de Jeronimo de Santis r evan de Genova por el Cairo a la Indn, y fa butlta a Portu- gal. A voyage by Jerome de Sanlijhvan from Gtnon by the way of Grand Cairo to India, and his return to Portugal. It is to be feen in Italia.i in the firll volume of RamuJ(j'i col. Icdlion. Il'wrario d'Efparca a lat Phi/ippiiu't, y de alii ala China, y buelta par la India oriental. This is a voyage round the world by F. Marti>* Ignatius db Loyala, a Francifcan j who took hit way from Spain to America, thence to the Philippine iflands, thence to China, and fo round home hy tlie Eall Indies. It is piintid in F. John Gonzales de Mendoza'a hillory of China, with the author's name to it, in the edition of the year 1585, but the name is left out in that of 1586. Jornada da terra Santa. Another holy land pilgrimage, by F. Nicholas Diaz, of the order of St. Dominic. Ilinerario da terra fanta, e todas at fuat particularidades. Another pilgrimage ilill to the Holy Land, by F. Pan TALEO D'AvtiRO. Li(bon 1593, 410. Relaxao de Pedro Alvarez Cabral da/ua navegnzao a India oriental. This Calral was the next after Gama fent by Emanuel king of Portugal into India j and accidentally being drove thither by ftorms, difcovered Brafil. This relation is to be feen in Italian in John Bap- tifta Ramu/io'a culU£lion. Relazao de Pedro da Cintra, da/ua navegazao a cojla de Guinee,y a India. A voyage to the coaft of Guinea and India, by Pedro da Cinira, of which I find no more, hut that it was tranflated into Italian by ylloifiut Cadamujlus. Relazao do viage de Pedro Covillam de Li/boa a India per terra, e volta ao Cairo, 1587. This Covillam was one of tlie firft fent from Portugal to difcover India by land, before the way to it had been opened by fea ; and this is the account of his travels thither, und back to Grand Cairo. Viage que hlzo a Jerufalem el P. F. Pl">ro de Santo Domingo, de la ordfH del niifino fanto. Thi-i was a Dominican lay-brother, who gave an account of his pilgrimage j but enough of them. It was in the year 1600, and printed at Naples in 1604, in 8vo. Viage lie Jerufalem de Pedro Gonzales Gallardo. Another Holy L.-.i. i voyage, printed at Sevil 1605, 8vo. Naufragio y piregrinac'on en la Cefla del Peru, de Pedro Goveo da Victokia. This u an account of a ihip wreck and travels in America by this Goveo in his youili, a book of no great fame, and therefore hard to find any account of it. Printed in 1610, in 8vo. Viaoe del muttdo, por Pfdro Ordonez de Zevallos, 4to. This, tliou^h the author calls It the voyage of the world, only (hews a piece of vanity, for it reaches no furiher tlui:i Ame- rica ; a part whereof the author faw, and writes of. Relacion del voyage que hizo a la India Thomas Lopez, el anno de 1502. Th's voyage to India by Lopez, is to be feen in Itahnn in Ramu/io's coUedion. Nucvo d.fcul'rimienlo del gran Rio de lat ^muzonat. A new difcovery of the great ti'ver of the Amazons, by Christopher d'Acuna, a Jefuit, who went upon that expedition by order of the king of Spain. Madrid 1 641, 4to. Relacien. iWM'h --r! "'^'U '*, 4* I ttm«ii Spanirti Wr/tei-s. LOCKE'S EXPLANATORY CATALOGUE Rehic'ion dtl vnynge .'a, called Chichhiiccai, and the wars with them, by Gonzalo de los Casas, a native of Mexico, and lord of the province of Zanguitan in that country. Rilacion dc Ijfuced'uh a lot padres or la compania de Jksus en la India oriental y jfnpin en los anos 1600, 1601. 1607, y 1608. This account was tirll writ in Portuguefe, and tranf- lated in Spanilli, and has not very much but what relates to religious affairs. Uyioria ecclefiajlica del Japan defde tl ano 1602, hojia el de i6zi. This is an ecclefiaftical hiftory of Japan for thofe years above mentioned, compofed by F. Jacodo Collado, and printed at Madrid, An. 1623, in 4to, It was continued to the year 1622, by F. Jacintus OJanel of the order of S. Dominic, as was the other. uyioria evangelica del regno de la China d-l P. F. Juan Baptista Morales. This hifto- ly of China has been always in good repute ; the author was a Dominican and miflioner firll in Camboya, and then in China, where he fuffered much, being put to the rack, twice whipped, and then hanilhed. Coming to Rome he gave the pope a good account of the affairs of that country, whither he returned and fpent there the remainder of his life, dying at 70 years of age in the province of Fokicn. Thus much has been faid of hiin, to fliew that he was well acquainted with what he writ, and well deferves the general approbation he has met with. Endaxada de D. Garcia da Silva Ficueroa a la Perfia, This cmbaffador was a man curious and knowing, and ohferved many confiderable things which other authors have not fpoke of, and made learned refledtons on what ancient hiltorians have writ of the eaftern countries. He gives an account of the manners and cuilonis of the people, and defcription of all places in tlie way he went from Goa to Ifpahan, the capital of Perfia. The relation of the Perfians taking Ormuz from the Portuguefes ; a d-fcription of Cliilminara the ancient palace of PcrJ'epoHs, burnt by Alexander the Great when he was drunk. Thi? is a book of great value in the original Spanilh, the French tranflation bting vitiated by the tranflator fo that thtre is no relying on it. Ciiiqiiijla y antiquedades de lat ijlas de la Gran Canaria, fa deferipcion, &c. por el licenciado Juan Nusex db la Pena, 4to. Madrid. The conquell and antiquities of the Canary illands, being perhaps the beft relation v,'e have of them, both as to their prefent ftate and autiquities. English. ilfl; OF VOYAGES. English. >M Hackluyt, a miniftcr by profeffion, is the firft EngliHiman that compiltd any CoUeAIon Endilh of travels now extant : he himfelf was no traveller, but only delivers what he could gather Collections. from others. His work was publifhed in the year 1598, and reaches down to 1597 \ it is divided into three parts, compofing one thick volume in folio. The first contains tli follow- ing Voyages : i. K. Jrlhur to Ifeland, An. 517 — 2. K. Mal^o to Ifeland, Gotland, Ac. An. 580. — 3. K. Edwin to Anglefey and Man, An. 624. — 4. Bertuj to Ireland, An. 684. — 5. Oaher beyond Norway, An. B90.— 6. Oaher into the Sound. — 7. Wuljlan into ilie Sound. 8. K. Edgar round his monarchy. An. 973.-9. Edmund and Edtvard into Hungary, An. 1017. — 10. Harald into Ruflia, An. 1067. — 11. An Englirtiman into Taitary, Poland, and Hungary, An. 1243. — 12. P- '^' Pluno'i wonderful Voyage, An. 1246.— 13. F. de Ruhrids'a journal, An. 1253. — 14. F. //!|t'' '\\ i*" r :C;. :;fP ,i to ■... 1 4 1 ■ i.! 1: ^4 LOCKE'S EXPLANATORY CATALOGUE r.nprllfti tlie Well Indies — Hawiini to Guinea, and the Well Indies— i)rrt/f to Nomlre tie Dloi—> Cwledions. Oxnam, Barter, Dratf, At'iihrlfim to Mexico, iic—Netvporl to Puerto Rico, Scc.—Mtiy to the Straits of Magellan — Dudley, Prejlon, Drake, Shcrley, Parker, to feveral parts of the Well Indies— /?(i/rtjf/6 to the ifland Trinidad, and to Guiana — Hawiitu, Riiiiger, Hare, Lancajler t<» Bi-afiJ— two Englilhmen and Drake up the river of Vhtc— -Drake round the world— 5«/T« r.ii«iiiii t\llieti>)nj. LOCKE'S EXPLANATORY CATALOGUE Se«— ^//m of the fame voyage — Relation of in Ei»i»IIllinviii tliiHetii yenrn [)ririnfr in Pent, Uifino of tlm coaft of the lirm Iniid, aiu! fccren of I vru and Cliili Nut » of fl.c Well Indiri out of Pfltr Ordoittx dt dvalloJ—licw difcoviry in lie Soiiili Sea by /Vi.r rcmnmiet, ^lirot, Lopt Vai of American uii'iiii's — E tracU of Hat%o of llic iitw world, and nf Gar/ihiff'i fntat of Peru— Pizarro'n coiitiiicll of I'cru { Occurrences in Peru alicr tlic eniKjiicll. 'I'lit ciglith book, /tlvnr h'uiitx of I'lorida— .S9/9 to Moridi -Dilcovcric* to the noitliw nd of Mexico by I^' mm tie Ciixman, Marco (U Nicn, I). Fr, fiifquei Coronadd, and I). .Im. tie F./fiji-Ciifat of the cruelticii of tlic Spaniards • Voyajres and pIuntationH of I'Vcncli in Norili A-nerica — Oo/nol to Virginia— Other voyagiu to Virj;inia — Dcfcription of the A/.orin, The ninth bonlc, Defcriplion of Virginia, and proceeding of the Englilh colutiic» there Wivck o» 8ir Thomai Calf, and aivount of the lUrmudas — yf/^o/ from Virginia to lltrmud »- AiTaim rt'ating to Virginia— light of nn Englilh and two Spain'lh Ihips —Voyages to the Summer Klandii, and hillory of them. The tenth book, Difcoviry and plantation of New England - Challon'% Voyage for north Virginia — Extrafti of Smith of New England's trials —Other account! of New England- New Scotland the firll planting of it— Newfoundland the firft fettlements there, and account of the ifland— Warlike fleets fent out by queen Elixabelh aga>nft the Spa. niards — The duke of Mttlina't for invaflon of England — Squadron of the gaieoii". of Portugal, 'I'he expedition to Portugal by Sir yohn Norv'u and Sir Francis Drake, fuppoled to be writ by colonel Aiilony IHtigJielJ — Expedition to Cadi/, and the fuccefs againll tiie Spanilh ftiipi, and in taking the town — The cail oi EJfex his fruillefs expedition to the Azores, the con^ clufion of the work. • The ^fth volume is a theological and geographiciil Hillory of the u'orld, confiding of the defcriptiun, and an account of the religions of all nations. Thii autlior like HacHuyl, as was obferved at lirll, has thrown in all that came to hand to (ill up fo many VolumcK, and is exccflivc full of his own notions, and of mean qnibbling and playing upon words ; yet for fuch as can make choice of the bell, the Colledlion in very valuable. A Voyage to Surat in the year 1689, giving a large account of that city, its inhabitantit and fuflory of Englilh ; dcfcribing Madeira, Santiago, Aiinoboa, Cablanda, Malamba, S. Helena, Bombay, Mafcate, Myeate, the Cape of Good Hope, and ifland of Afccnfion, the revolution of Golconda, dcfcription of Arracan and Pegu, an account of the coins of India and Perfia, and obfervations concerning filk-worms i by J. Ovinoton, 8vo. London 1696. This is the mod modern Englilh account of thofe parts, and by a perfon well qualified to make fneh obfervations. Travels and Voyages into Afia, Afric, and America, performed by monf. John MoR(jjrET, keeper of the cabinet of raritieu to the king of France in the Tuillcries, in fix books, with cuts. Tranflatcd from the French by Nathaniel Pullln gent. 8vo. London, 1696. For fo many travels the relation is too fliort ; however there arc things in it worth obferving. A new Voyage to the Eaft Indies, in the years 1690 and 1691, with a dcfcription of fevcral illands, and of all the forts and garrifons in thofe parts, now in pofleflion of the French, the cuftoms, kc. of the Indians, by monf. uu Quisne. It has alfo a defcription of the Canaries, and of Senaga and Gambia on the coaft of Afric, with feveral cuts and a map of the Indies, and another of the Canaries. Made Engllfh from the Paris edition, i2mo. London, 1696. Of the French faftorics in thofe parts we have no fuch account } and few better for the bulk of all other places the author undertakes to fpeak of, • Piirchai is very fcarce : a good copy at the loweft price, which fluftuates and advances, it at prefent worth 'iftecn guineas. £oit. The OF VOYAGES. •y? The Voyage* niulTiBVilt of Sir JmiN Mandkvil Kiit. (lifwiiiji the way to tlif Holy Lt\n(| F.nirllrti ■nd Jerufuli-m, t>> llin Great Cham, I'n llcr Joliii, Indi.i, nnil ntlicr coutitrit.it, 4(1). I.tnidon, \\iiU'in, 1^96- U i4 iH-vdlcfs to fay niiicli of tliiii l)oi)k,ai lK'ii)){ f» tinivtrrally iiIlowi.'(l to lie r.ilxiliiiis TV-o jMiiriiii'ii in Jerufalem, the I'lril an account of the travih of two Kn^liHi pil;{rin)i, niiJ accit^riiM that htfd them in thiir jounuy to Jcriif ili'ni, Orund Ciiirt). Alcx.iiulii.i, 5 c. Tlitf ftfcond of fourteen L^ii^linnnen in l(/»j, with tlic anticjiiiticii, ninnunieiit], niirl nu'iimraljle plAvC* DR'ntioncd in fcripture t there arc ulfo ancient and motli'ni rem.iik) of the Jewilh n.i- tion, the <]efcription of the Holy Lund, cnptivitiet of the Jewi, what became uf tlie ten triliej, tec. Here is very much promifed, but tl performance feunx' anfwcrs tlie vohime l)eii.^' loo fmall, and luukt mure like a coliedticji out uf fomc real travvld, than any true pilgrimage pt.r> Itirmcd. Tmveli through Germany, Doliemia, Swinerland, Holland, and other psrt,« of Kurope, dufcribing' the moil conliderable cities and palaces of princea i with hilluiital rtlutiuna, unii critical obfervationi upon ancient medala and infcriptiona, by Cmarlks Patin M. L). of the faculty of Paris, made Enj|rlilh uiul illullrat«d with coppei cuts, 8vo, London, idijfi-'j, Foi thofe who are curious in Medals this piece will be mull acceptable t yet thi;» doci not lelleii the value of the defciiptions and other relations. A new Difcovery of a vaft country in America, cxteiidinj; above 4000 miles between New France and New Mexico, with a dcfcriptiun of riveri*, lakes, plants, and nuiinals, manners, cudoms, and language» of the Indians, kQ. by L. Hennupin i to which are added new Dif. covcries in North ;\merica, and not publifhcd in the trench edition, 8v'o. Tlic promife i« very great, but there is little, or rather no proof uf fuch a vad extent of land, which no man has yet feen, and is all framed upon conjcdures, or what is as groundlrfs, idle relations ut Indians ( the other parts have more in them» yet only what ate coUcdlions out uf better nuthors. A late voyage to St. Kilda, the remotell of all the NttriJes or weftern idei of Scotland i with an hillory of the ifland natural, moral, and topographical, containing an account of the people's religion and cuiloms, of the fifli, fowl, &c. As alfo of a late impodor there, pre- tending to be fcnt by Si. John Bafli/l. By M. Martin gent. Hvo. London, 1698. Wc have here the only hidory and account of this ifland, that ever perhaps appeared in any lan- guage I and being fuch, it» reputation ought to hold good, till any better can appear to leflenit. The Hidory of the Buccaniers * of America, 8vo. A new account of Eaft India and Perfia in eight letters j being nine years Travels, contain- ing Obfervations of the moral , natural, and artificial date of thofc countries, as the govern- ment, religion, laws, cudoms, foil, feafons, difeafcs, animals, vegetables, manufadlures, trade, weights and meafurcs, in the principal places there. By John Fkylr, M. D. with maps and tables, London 169^. A Voyage to the Ead Indies, giving an account of the ifles of Madagafcar and Mafcaren. has, of Surat, the coad of Malabar, Goa, Gomron, Ormuz, and the coad of Brafil, &c. and of the religion, cudoms, trade, &c. of the inhabitants; alfo a treatife of didempers peculiar to t ■ ^ ■titif*' • This curious, and valuaMc work, was written originally in Dutch, by John Efiunndmg, one of the Bu- ranicrs, who was prelciit at thofe tragedies; anil thence tranrtatcd into Spinilh, hy Aknfo di BitiKt-maifin, M. D. It was lUft tianflatcd into Lnglilh, in 1684, and piintcJ in a fmall quarto volume, with plates. Edit. 13 the lib. -(0 %- tpS LOCKE'S EXPLANATORY CATALOGUE En§li(h Writers. the Eailern countries. There is annexed an al)rira(fl of Monf. Reiieford'a hiftory of the Ead Indies, with his propofals for improvement of the Eaft India Company j written originally in French, by Monf. Deli.on, M. D. 8vo. I^ondon, 1698. This work has been well received both in French n.nd Englifli. A new Voyage and defcription of the Iflhmns of America, giving an account of the author's abode there, the form of the country, coafts, hills, rivers, wood, foil, weather; trees, fruit, bculls, bird.*, and fifli ; the Indian inhabitants, their features, complexion, man- ners, cufloms, employments, marriages, fe.tlh, hunting, computation, and language ; with remarkable occurrences on the South Sea and other places, by Lionel Wafer, with cuts, 8vo. London, 1698. A work that has been well receive.l by the public. A new account of North America, as it was lately prefcnted to the French king ; contain- ing a more particular account of that vaft country, and of the manners and cuftoms of the inhabitants, than has been hitherto publilhed, Bvo. London, 1698. We have here a French account of thofc countries, particularly what belongs to them, more e\a& than any other Itas delivered. The new Atlas 5 or Travels and Voyages in Europe, Afia, Africa, and America, &c. 8vo. London, 1699. A little volume, which feems rather fome colleflions out of books and travels, than any real Voyage. An account of a Voyage from Archangel in Ruflia, in the year 1697, of the fhip and com- pany wintering near the north Cape, in the latitude of 7 1 degrees : their manner of living, and what they fuffered by the extreme cold ; alfo remarkable obfervations of the climate, country, and inhabitants : with a Chart defcribing the place where they lay, land in view, foundings, &c. By Thomas Allison, commander of the (hip. This is the lateft relation we have of any fuch northerly wintering, and well worth comparing with fuch others as write of thofe northern parts. A relation of two feveral Voyages made into the Eaft Indies, by Christopher Fryki furgeon, and Christopher Scwaktzer, particularly defcribing thofe countries that are un- der the Dutch, 8vo. London, 1699. There is nothing extraordinary in them. An account of a Dutch embassy to the emperor of China, writ by one of the em- bafladorti' retinue, fol. It is a trandation from the Dutch original, and contains a defcription of the country, and all places they paiTcd through, with 200 cuts drawn upon the fpot: it treats alfo of the government of China, and manners of the people. The Defcription of the ifland of Ce]|^on by captain Knox. He lived 19 years upon the ifland, being taken, and kept there all this while by the Dutch, and had the opportunity of feeing the greateft part, and being informed of the reft by the natives. He gives a particu- lar account of his manner of living, and accidents that befel him till he made his efcape, and then treats very fully of all things that relate to the ifland. The Dutch who are matters of Ceylon, have thought this account worth tranflating into their language, and it has found a good reception among tliem, which mull add to its reputation. Travels to Dalmatia, Greece, and the Levant, by Mr. George Wheeler. He travelled with Mr. Span, who publiflied the fame travels in French ; but Mr. IVheeler remaining there behind him, has feveral curiofities that efcapcd the other, many medals and curious cuts of antiquities } fo that his work fecms the moft compleat, or at leaft both together confirm one annher. Terry's Voyage to the Eaft Indies, begun in the year 1615, i2mo. He was cliaj)lain to Sir Thomas Roe, embaffador to the Mo^ol fiom K. Jama thejirjl, and gives an account of fume OF VOYAGES. 199 fome thinga in that country omitted by Sir Thomas In his relation ; but a great part of his Engh'fli boolt is filled up with difcourfes of his own, very little to the purpofe. Writers. An account of feveral late Voyages and Difcoverics to the fouth and north, containing Sir John Nartrou^h's voyage through the Straits of Magellan, to the coaft of Ciiile, in the year 1669,— Capt. Weod't voyage for the difcovery of the North-Eaft Paffage, An. 1C.76. — Capt. Tafman's round Terra Aujlralh, An, 1642 ; and Freilerick Martens to Spitiberg and Green- land, An. 167 1. With a fupplement, containing Cbfcrvations and Navigations to other nor- thern parts ; and an introduftion, giving a brief account of feveral voyages. This coUeAion lias generally a good reputation, and feems very well to deferve it. Colkaion'of Original Voyages, publiflied by Capt. Hack, 8vq. It contains Cowley's voy. age round the world, which is the f4me with Dampier's mentioned in the next place. — Capt. Sharp's voyage into the South Sea, both buccanier voyages. The third is Capt. JVood'n voyage through the Straits of Magellan, which is the lame as Sir John Narbrough's before mentioned : and the fourth Mr. Roierts's adventures among the Corfairs of the Levant ; fi» that there is little new in them, the three iiril being in other coUedtions, and the lall a very indifferent piece. Dampif.r's Voyages in three volumes, 8vo : the firfl a new voyage round the world, bt- gun An. 1697. It defcribes the lilhmus of America, and feveral of its coalls and iflands, the paflage by Tierra del Fuego, the ifle of Guam, one of the Ladrones, the Philippines, Formofa, Luconia, Celebes, the Cape of Good Hope, and ifland of S. Helena. The fecond volume, he calls a fupplement to his voyage round the world, where he de- fcribes Tonquin, Achcn, Malacca, &c ; their product, inhabitants, manners, and trade ; the countries of Campeche, Yucatan, New Spain in America ; and difcourfes of trade, winds, breezes, ftorms, feafons, tides, currents, of the torrid zone. The third volume, is his voyage to New Holland, which has no great matter of new dif- covery, but gives an account of the Canary iflands, fome of thofe of Cabo Verde, and tht; town and port of Baya de Totos 01 Santos^ in ]3rafll. All the three volumes have cuts and maps. A Colleftion of Voyages by the Dutch East Ikdia Compakv, being three to the nonh- ead, two to the Eafl Indies, and one to the Straits of Magellan : little can be fuid in behalf ot this work, being no more than what is to be feeu in feveral other colleftions. 8vo. An Viftorical relation of the ifland of Ceylon in the Eall Indies, &c. illnllrated with cuts and a map of the ifland, fol. The author, who lived long in that country, gives a general defcription of It, referring the reader to the map ; and then the wiiole natural hiitory. Lassel's travels through Italy, firft printed in one volume, lamo. then in two. He was there four times, and gives a particular and curious account of moil things of note there. Relaliott of the difcovery of the ijland Madera, 4to. Tliis is a difcovery before it wai peopled, and it continued lofl again for feveral years, and has little of certainty. Gage's furvey of the Well Indies, Uvo. This book has gained fome reputation. The Difcoveries of John Lederer, in three feveral marches from Virginia to the weft of Carolina, and other parta of the Continent, begun in March 1669, and ended in September 1670, 4to. 1 1lls is a fmall account of the author's, who was a German, and travelled further up the inland in that part, than any has yet done ; it is contained in about four fheets, pub- lilhed by Sir William Talbot, in which there is much worth obferving. Relation of the Travels and captivity of W. D.vvi£s, 4to. A fmall pamphlet of a few ftcets, Account II •11 jllWtWfi'! r- 'i.j.,1 4 ilif*"!' I'll '*i»- „ IS ^1 i:itj 200 LOCKE'S EXPLANATORY CATALOGUE Endifh Writers. Account of the captivity of Thomas Phelps at Machancfit in Barbary, and his efcapc} anotlier finall 4to. pamphlet. The golden coast, or defcription of Guinea, in which are four Engliih Voyages to Guinea ; a 410. pamphlet and has feveral good obfcrvatidns. Herpert's Travels into divers parts of Africa, and Afia the Great, more particularly into Perfia and Indoftan, fol. Thefe travels have always defervedly had a great reputation, being tlie bed account of thofe parts, written by any Englifliman, and not inferior to the beft of foreigners. What is peculiar in them, i^ the excellent defcription of all antiqui;.ies, the curi> ous remarks on them, and the extraordinary accidents which often occur ; not to mentioa other particulars common in the books of all other travellers, which would be too tedious for this place. Brown's Travels in divers parts of Europe, (fol.) The author, a doftor of phyflc, has fliewcd himfelf excellently qualified for a traveller by thii ingenious piece, in which he has omitted nothing worthy the obfervation of fo curious a perfou ; having fpent much time in the difcovery of European rarities, and that in thofc parts which arc not the common track of travellsrs, who content themfdves with feeing Fiance, and Italy, and the Low Countries ; whereas his relation is of Hungary, Servia, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Thcflaly, Auftria, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, and Friuli ; adding to thefc Germany, the Low Countries, and a great part of Italy, of all wliich he has conipofcd a work of great ufe and benefit. The Voyages and Tiavelsof J. Albert de Mandelslo, a gentleman belonging to the embafly fent by the duke of Holftein, to the duke of Mufcovy and king of Perfia, (fol.) Thefe are alfo known by the name of Olearius's Travels ; the firll part, which is of Mufcovy and Perfia, being altogether his, who was fecretary to the aforefaid embafTy : but then the fol- lowing part, which treats of all g^rts of the Eaft Indies, is folely Mandeljlo's, who left the embaffadors and Olearius at Ifpahan, and proceeded to view thofe remoter parts. It is necd- lefs to give any other charafter of this work, than to inform fucli as are unacquainted with it, that it has generally the reputation of being one of the mod accompliihed books of travels now extant. Blunt's Travels to the Levant, is a very (hort account of a journey through Dalmatia, Srlavonia, Bofnia, Hungary, Macedonia, ThefTaly, Thrace, Rhodes, and Egypt. The whole very concife, and without any curious obfervations, or any notable defcriptions ; his account of the religions, and cuftoms of thofe people, only a brief collection of fome other travellers, the language mean, and not all of it to be relied on, if we credit others who have writ better. A Defcription of the prefent ftatc of Samos, Nacaria, Patmos, and mount AthoH; by Jos. Georgirenes, arclibifhop of Samos, 8vo. This prelate refided long as archbidiop at Samos, and faw Nicaria, as being a dependence of his diucefe ; but being weary of that funftion, he retired to Patmos, where he continued fomc time, and after vifited mount Athos ; fo that all he delivers of thefe places is as an eye-witnefs, and indeed the moft particular account we have of them. The defcription is very exaft, and what he fays of the Creek religion may be relied on, as having fo mucii reafon to know it. All that can be excepted againft, is what he fays of the people in Nicaria, converfing at four or five miles dillance, which indeed is not very credible. The preface, tnc reader mull obfervc, is the tranflator's, not the author's, which is requilite to be known. A Voyage to Conllaniinople, by Monf. Grelot, 8vo. tranflated into Englifhby J. Philips. This, though perhaps in the relation it may not contain much more than what may be picked out OF VOYAGES. out of other travellcia who have writ of thofe parts, yet it exceeds tlii'ni in fourteen envious ni:'^'li!i> cuts, the exadncfs of wliich i? attellcd by feveral tiavcilei's that have been at Conftantiiiop'e, >■» i't^'''3> and feen the places they icprefent ; befidea that all the ingenious people of Paris gave tlicir approbation of the work, and upon their tellimony, the king himfclf havinj; feen the draughts, thought fit to order the author to print it. So that we need riot make any femple to reckoTi it among the btfl: books of trnvels ; for as far as it readies, which is to Cnnf},t!:thir,plr, the Prcpi.nlit, Helltfpont, and Dnnlttnch, with the places adjoining, ihe remarks of the religion, worfliip, governncnt, manners, &c. of tlie Turks, are fingular. A (kfcription tif thc'if.aiuh ami iiilj^ilitdul! rfFicroe, being fevcntCL'n idands, fiiVieft to the king of Denmark, in 62 deg. of nortli lat. uiiiten in Dnni/l', and tranflatcd into Eiigiyh, iznio. The dcfcription is very particular and curioui;, and indeed more than could well be cxpefted of thofe niiferable Noitheni Iflands; but the author was Provofl of the churches the:c, and had time to gather fuch an account, which is fomewhat eidargcd \\\\.\\ p'.iiofophical ohf.'rva- tions on whirlpools and other fecrcts of nature. His cliaraifter of the people is very favour- able, and favours more of affedlion than fincerity ; but the v.-orll part of this fmall hook, is firft a collcftion of fome romantic ilorics of the ancient Inhabitants of F-sroe ; and in the ntxt place, what is yet worfe, a pared of infigiiificant tales. Jossklin's two Voyages to Nev.- Enghnd, 8vo. In the fn.T; of thefe there Is little b.fidts the Sea -Journal and coT.mon obfei .ations, unlcfs it be an account of ^/tyTi/i-rj/ij for planters. The fccond is a very particular dcfcription of all the Coimtrj', its bcalls, fowl, fifh, plants, and trees, the manners and culloins of the Englifli inhabitants, the time of thtir fettling there, with many other matters well worth obferving. Of the Indians he has very little or nothing. The Relation is curious and iaitiiful, but in many places where the author makes his own i-e- tnarks, there are the oddcll uncouth exprefiions imagina!)k-, which look very conceited, but that is only as to his ftile. He concludes with what he calls chronological obfervatiois of America, much whereof no way relates to that part of the world, and the rdl is of no great ufe, cfpecially for that there are feveral errors in it. Josselin's Nt England rarities, a very fmall 8vo. is a more particular account of the fowl, beads, fifties, ferpents, infecls, plants, ftones, minerals, metals, and earth of that Country, than he liai given in his Voyages. The Adventures of M. T. S. an Einli/h vierchant, taken prifoner by the Tnrks of Argier, and carried into the inland country of Afric, i2mo. Containing a fliort account of y//j,7V/- in the year 1648, of the country about it, and more particnlrly of the city Tirmizcii, where the author refided three years, going abroad with feveral parties which his mailer command- ed. The relation is plain and without artilice. At the end are added dirtdiuns how to turn out at the llraits' mouth with a wefterly wind. ■\Vyche'8 relation of the river Nik, its fource and current, a fmall odavo. This is only a iranilation of a Portnguefe Jefnii's account who lived in Ethiopia fome years; being the fame that is given by F. Jlvnnz, and others of the foeitty who lived there, and no doubt Is very authentic, as delivered by an eye-witnef., who was a pcrfon of probity. Other things re- lating to the unicorn, rhinoceros, bird of paradifc, pdican, and phenix, he writes upon hear- fay, which deferve not the fame credit ; particularly what he fays that the rhinoceros ha-, two horns, which we have feen in England to be otherwife ; and of tlie great rr.ray of pelicans, which arc alfo fnfiiciently known. But thefe are trifles : he difeoni ies wdl of the rtafon of calling the Ethiopian emperor Pre/la- Juhn, on the Red Sea, and of the palm or cjeo:i-tre c c JOt itltii*'" fm- r"^. VOL. 1. re>'. 202 LOCKE'S EXPLANATORY CATALOGUE.. Ray's trr.vels, or hh obfcrvatior.s topograpliical, moral, ami p'lyfiolojiiLiil, madt; in » jomiii'y thiDiigli part of the Low Cnunlria, Geniui/iy, It. ly, ar.J Fi: -ur. He I'lroiv^-hoiit it I ivfs a very liri.f, yet i:!;ji.':;ii)iir. dcfcripliuii of every town lie laiv, ohf-rvts for.ic p iiliiulars oi' tlic culloins and (lirp'.ifitious of tlie peopl,; ; and curiuudy I.\Yi before \u any tliiiijj that ia rare in itfelf, or not known to us: but ia his account of mineral unUvs. and of foreign pl.mt^i, as one fo uiukrilanding in tliofc particulars, he outdoes any tliin;j ;hat cjnld be expe.ted from other travellers, lie maizes an cKCule for the Ianj;in'.;?e, which he need not, it being wJl c.iouph for plain notes of a traveller. /"r/;(Vc he deferibej more particularly than any other place ; hut of all univtrfuiea, as beinij himfelf a feholar, Ik* fays mort than of otlier towns. Of Fr.iiii not much, as having made but a fliort Hay there. He clofcs his work with a Latin catalogue of Plants he obfcrved abroad, which cither do not grow oi are very rare in Ei;gland. He has inferted irHi'oi/^/jh'a tiavels in Spain. Tluia have we run through all the hooks of travels of any luHe now extant, /w /.v;, Ital'miit Sjfini/h, Fnnch, and Engll/h, plating each as near as we conld in its own original language ; and therefore thofe who mifs any in the Englilh, may look for theiri in the other languages, where they will certainly iiad them, if they were originally in tliat toiigue. We have not made any particular catalogue of Dutch, becaufe they are p.ot very many, and all of them will be found, as they were tranflnted into other langua;;es. iVi for the charaflers given of hooks, ia feme places it is quoted where they were had ; but if fuch authority be not quoted, it is becaufe the books have been purpofely perufed and examined, where fuch account could not he found of them. Lallly, the reader mull obf^rve, that in thin Catalogue, there is no men- tion made of any of the travels contained in Churchill's collcdion, which would be a ncedlefs repetition, they being nil mentioned and eharaclerifed in the general preface. *^* To the Latin tenters mtnUoncdihy Mr. Lccke (page \']i.), and ihe I/a/ian •writ, rs (page 173.), may be adtied the two following curious books : Novus Orbis Regionum ac iniularnni veteribus incognilarum ima cum tabida cofmographica. Balil, folio, 1537. 600 pages. It contains among other articles, a Latin tranflation of the Voyages of Cado Mollo, Columbus, Pedro Alonfo, Piazon, and Vtfputius. The whole col- lected by Simon Guyn^^us. Saggio fuUa Nautica Antica dc' Veneziani ; con una illuftrazione d'alcune Carle idro- griiftbe uutlche della. Biblioteca di S. Marco, die dimoftrano Vifole Antille prima della iiiopQr'iz. &\ Crl/loforo Colombo, di ViNCiiNZio Formalloni. In Venezia, 1783, Bvo. 12.^, pages. APPENDIX (C.) .1 ...-.■.I OBSERVATIONS R E L A T I \ E TO T H I; DISCOVERY OF THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. r.Y THF. LATK Dr. robe r ts n: THESE OBSERVATION-, I TRUST, VVIt.L SKRVE TO ILLUSTRATE MANY PAR- TICULARS IN THE GENERAL HJSTORV OF COMMERCE, AND TO I'OIKT OUT EFFECTS OR CONSEQ^' E NCI- S OF VARIOUS EVENTS, WHICH HAVE NOT BEEN GENERALLY tiiiSERViT, OR CONSIDERED WITH THAT ATTENTION WHICH THEY MERITED. {Difqui/iiion concerning India, Sec], iv. f, lC)\,) ^' l\vrr.R viewing the grea- and extenfive cfR;£ls of fiiiding a new courfe of N,ivi- gntian to India by the Cape o 'Good Hope, it may appear furprifing to a moderji obfcrvr-r, that a Dlfcovery of nch iinportance was not made, or even attempted, by any of the Commercial flares of the ancient ivorlJ. But in judging with refpeft to tlie coiiducl of nations in remote times, we never err more widely, than wlien we decide with reg;Ard to ir, not aecotding to the id^as and views of their age, but of our owii. This is net, perhaps moio confpiciious in any inll.ince, than in that under confuieration. It ums by the Tyri.n.t, and by the Greiks, who were mafters of Egypt, tliat t!ie different ptopk; of Europe were lirll fiippli\i with the produrtions of the EaU. From the acfoun!: tliat liis be.-n given of the manner in which they procured thtfc, it is manifeil tirat liiey luid n .itiier the fame inducements with modern nations, to willi fi^r a:iy new eommunieations with India, nor the fune means of accomjiHlh- ing it. All the Commercial tranfacllon \ of tbe ancients witli the Eafl were confined to the ports on tlie Malahar a.ijl^ or ext-nded at fartlied to tire ifland of CVv/j;.'. To I c 2 thcfif ' ji''^l 1 204 Dr. ROBERTSON ON THE tlufe St.ip'cs, ilie nntivcs of all the dlirerent ri-)^ioi)s in tlieeafterii parts of Afi.j brought th" commoilitics whicli were tlic p;rowth of their fever.ii Countries, or the produft of their ingenuity, in their own veU'els, and with them the fliips from Tyre and from 1 gypt completed their iiivrllnients. WJiil.; the operations of their Indian trade were carried on within a fphere fo elrciiniferibed, the" conveyance of a cargo by the Arabian Gulf, notwithftandiiig the ctpence of Und carriage, cither from Elnth to Rhinoculura, or acrofs tlie defart to the Nile, wa3 fo f.ife and commodious, that the merchants of Tyre and Alexandria had little reafon to be folicitoiis for the difeovery of any otlier. Tlie fuu.ition of botli tiicfe cities, as well .is that of the other confidtrable Commer- cial ftatcci of antiquity, was very dilTer'iit from that of the countries to which, in later times, m.mkind Inve been indebted for keeping up intcreourfc witli tlie remote parts of the globe. Portugal^ Sp.ii/i, Eng/ii/i/I, llollniul, wliich have been mod a£livc and fuccefsfal in this line of Eiiterprifc, all lie on the Atlantic Ocean (in whicli every Eu» ropeaii Voyage of Difeovery mud commence), or have immediate accefs to it. But Tyre was fitnated at the ealkrn extremity of the Mediterranean, AUxamlria not far from it ; RhoiL'i, Albeiiif Corinth, whicli came afterwards to be ranked among the mofl aQlve trading cities of antiquity, lay confiderably advanced towards the fame quarter in that fta. The Commerce of all thefe States was long confined within the jirccinfls of the Mediterranean, and in fome of them never extended beyond it. Tlie pillars of Hercules, or the Straits of Gibraltar, were long confidered as the utmod boundary of Navigation. To reach this was deemed a fignal proof of Naval Ikill j and before any of thefe Hates could give a beginning to an attempt towards exploring the vad unknown Ocean which lay beyond it, they had to uccomplifli a Voyage (according to their ideas) of great extent and much danger. This was fufiicient to deter them from engaging in an arduous undertaking, from which, even if attended with fuccefs, their fituation preventeil their entertaining hopes of deriving great * advantage. \'i\xi could wc fi»ppofe the difeovery of a new paflage to India to liave become an cbjeifl of defire or purfuit to any of thefe States, their feience as well as pradtiee of navigation was fo defe6tive, that it would have been hardly poGble for them to attain it. The vedels which the ancients employed in trade were fo fmall, as not to ajt'ord Jlownge for provifwns fujficient to fuhfijl a creiu during a long voyage. Their condruc- tion was fueh that they could feldom venture to depart far from laiui, and their mode of deering along the coad (which I have been obliged to mention often) fo cir- cuitous and flow, that from thefe as well as from otlier circumdaticcs which I might • The only voy.igc of Difeovery in the yllhiiilk Occrw towai\!i tlieyi.///-, by any of tlij aiuicnt commercial flatts in the Midiurruiieuii, is tl^it ol Haniui, unilert.iktn l;y order of llie Uqn.iilic of t',»7/v;/i-. As the (itiritio:. of tliat city, fo iniith nearer the ftr;iits lli.m Tue, AUxiinilriii, anl tlie otlur feats of aneicnt tiailc vliifh have hiin nuntioniJ, jrivc it more immediate i.cctl's to tlie oee:Hi ; that eirenniltance, tocctlier with the various fettlcimnts which the Curie .ginih.i had made in dil'ircnt inovinees of Sp,iiii, naturally I'uwcfled to them this Knlcrpii.c, and alfirdtil them the prolpttf of toiilidcralle advantages from its fiircefs. '] lie \o\- it?,e oi Hjiii:o, inft'.a.l of invaliilatini^, fcenis to contirm llie jiiltncfs of the reafons wliith have been given «l)y no iii!ul.:i ulter.ip: v,,;^ made by the other eomnieicial ii ;les in lIio Mediterranean. have DISCOVERY OF THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. have fpeclfieii *, we may pronounce a Voyage from tlic Metiitcrrnnean to India by the Cipe of Gooil Hope, to have been an undertaking beyond tbcir power to accomplidi, in fuch a manner as to render it, in any dopree, fubfervicnt to Commerce. To this decifion, the account preferved by Herodotus, of a Voyage performed by fonie Phc- nician fliips employed by a kinjj; of Egypt, which, tnUing their departure from the Arabian Gulf, doubled the fouthern promontory of Africa, and arrived at the end of three years, by the Straits of Gades, or Gibraltir, at tiie mouth of the Nile f, can hardly be confidercd as repugnant; for fi.-ver.il writers of tlie greatcfl: eminence among the ancients, and mod didinguiflied for ilicir proficiency in the knowledge of geography, regarded this account rather as an amufing Tale, than the hillory of a real tranfadion ; and < ither entertained doubts concerning the polFibility of failing round Africa, or abfoiutoly denied it t, But if what Herodotus relates concernin;; the courfe held by thcfe Phenician (hips Iiad ever been received by the ancients with ge- neral aflcnt, we can hardly fuppofe, that any (late could have been fo wildly adven- turous as to imagine that a Voyage, which it required three years to complete, could be undertaken with a profpedt of commercial benefit. 205 Ijlj-MI**' II. The rapid progrefs of the Moderns in exploring India, as well as tlie extenfive power and valuable fettlements which they early acquired there, mark fuch a diflinc- tion between their mode of coniiurtin;; Naval Operations, and that of the Ancients, as merits to be confidered and explained with attention. From the reign of the firft Ptolemy, to the conqueft of Ej-vpt by the Mahomedans, Europe had been fupplicd with the productions of the Eaft by the Greeks of Alexandria, by the Romans while tliey were mailers of Egypt, and by the fubje£ls of the Emperors of Conftantinople, when that kingdom became a province of their dominions. During this long period, extending almoft to a thoufand years, none of thofe people, the mod enlightened, undoubtedly, in the ancient world, ever advanced by fea farther towards the Eall than the Gulf of Siam, and had no regular edabliflied trade but with tlie ports on the coaft of Malabar, or thofe in the iiland of Ceylon. They attempted no conqucll in any part of India, they made no fettlements, they ereded no forts. Satisfied with an intercourfe merely commercial, they did not aim at acquiring any degree of power or dominion in the countries where they traded ; though it feems to be probable that P*- 1 the tiailc will) Voy- have • Goguct Orig. lies Loix des Arts, &c. ii. 303. 319. f Lib. iv. c. 4J. i Polyb. lib. iii. p. 193. edit. CaH.iib. Plin. Nat. Hift. lib. ii. c. 6. Ptol. Gcogr. lib. iv. c. 9. — ^Though the. intelligent aiitliois whom I havi; ijuotcd confidered this Voyage of the Phenieians as/Ai/o.vj, HLrodotus men- tions a ciicumftance roncerning it, which feems to prove tliut it had really been performed. " The Plitni- cians," fays ht, " ainrmed tliat, in fulling round Airica, they had the fun on their right hand, which to me appears not to he credible, though it may be diemed fo by others." (Mb. iv. c. 4J.) I'his, it is ccrt;.in, nuill have happened, if they really accomiliflicd fuch a Voyage. The fcience of t.(lrononiy, however, wa, in that early period fo imptrfeft, that it was by exiierlencc only that the Phenieians could come at the knowledge of this faft; they durll not, without this, have ventured to ad'ert what would have appeared to he an impioba! le fidtion. Kvcn after what they related, Herodotus dillelieved it. they ■""•Mil ■5 1 ■ ill ,q-fi«'' : X ■ M ,r 236 Dr. ROBERTSON ON THE they nii|;Iu linvc edablinicd it without muc!i oppofitioii from tlie nntives, a pontic cllt'iiiiiiato pi'oplc, with whom, sit that tiitif, no forcij;ti aiv.l more w.iriikt' race was ininglcil. But the enterprifing ailivity of the Vortuguefe was not long coniined witliiii tlic r.ir.K- liniiti i a few ycirs after their arrival at Culeciit, they advanced towards the J'^.ill, into regions un!.nov\'ii to the ancients, 'i'he kingdoms of (^iini!>ailiii, (.'.ctl.i i Chi'in, Toiiqiiiii, the va(t empire of China, and all the fertile lllands in tiie gnat liid'uiii ^nhipilngo, from Sumnlra to the Pliiif/^l/ii's, were dife)vere»r; atid the ro'tugucK-, tluni^h oppofid in every ijuarter by tiie iVlahomeduii of 'Tartar or Arabian orijiin, feiilcd in many parts of India, enemies niiich mure formidable than the natives, clta- blilhed there that cxtenlive influence and dominion which I have formerly deferibed. Of this remarkable dilTerence between the ProgrLfs aiul operations of tiie Ancients and Mo.lerns in India, the impcrfeft knowled).;e of the formi r, with rcfped bot!\ to the theory and pratlicc of Naviiyation, feems to have been the principal caiife. From the coad of Mulabiir to the Philippines, vvas a Voyage of an extent far beyond any that the ancients were accudomed Uy undertaki-, ami, aceorditig to their manner of lading, nuifl have rtqulred a [\\-c.\i leni^'.h of time to perform it. 'i lie nature of their Trade with India was fuch, that thty had not (as li.is been formerly obferved) the fame in- tiueements with the moderns, to profecute Difcovery with ardour; and, according to the defeription given of the vcfTels in which the merchants of Alexandria carried on iheir trade from the Arabian Gulf, they appear to have been very unlit for that pur- pofe. On all fliefe accounts, the ancients remained fatisficd with a flender knowledge of Indi.i i and influenced by reafons proceeding from the fame caufe, they attempted neither conqued nor f::ttlem-nt there. In order to accomplilh either of thtfe, thev iiuift hive tranfportcd a confiderable number of men into Indi.i. But, from the de- fective ilru'iUire of tlieir (hips, as well as from the imperftcliin of their art in mvi- gatiiig tiK'm, the ancients feldom ventured to convey a body of troops la any dillance by fia. IVran Berenice to Mufirit, was to them, even •.d'ter Hippnius had difcovereil the melliod of llccring a diredt couife, and when their u.ival Ikdl had attained to its highell date of improvement, a Voyage of no iefs tlun tevcnty diys. By the ancient route along the coall of Perin, a Voy.ige from the Ar;ibian Ciulf to any part of India niult have been of greater length, and accomplillied more liowly. As no hodile at- tack was ever mailc upon India by Km, either by the (Jreek monirchs of Egypt, though the two fird of them were abl • ..iul amliitious prince:;, or by the niuil enterprifing of the Roman emperors, it is cvivlcnt thtt they mud iiave deemed it an attempt beyoiul their pov.-er to execute. /Uix.uu'er the Gnat, anil in imitation of him, his fnccelTors, the monarchs of Syria, were the only perlons in t!ie ancient world who formed an idea of cdahlifiiing flieir dominion in any p. at ot India; but it was with armies led thither by land, that they hoped to atcliicx this. III. Tl'.e fn Klen e'i\1 of opening a ilireil commnnlr-ation with the Eaft, in low- ering the priee of Indian (.oinmodilies, is a circnmdance tliat merits ol)fervalion. IIow compendious fjcvcr tiie aiiei.Mit interc ;url"e with India may appear to have been, 3 it r! Uir,COVERY OF THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. it was ;ittciu!eil with coi Ti 1 r.il)l( cxpence. 'I'lif proJufliJiis of the remote pirts of AJui, brou^ilit ; ; Ciy.hn, or to tlit? ports on l!.;r Mii.'alnir r:n'l^ by the n..tivep, were put on bii.ii,' tliC ilrps which ariivid from ihe /Iml/ia/i Gii/f. At Buciilce ihey were l.inil. '. .mil c.nr'.i-il hy camels Vf.o hunilred anil fifty-ei^l.t n.iles to the bunksof the Nile. Tht're t. y wen- a|;nin cmlnrkeil, and conveyed ^^^^wn ilie river to J/ex:i/i:lr!a, whence they were ififn.itthi(! to dilTcrent nvarlets. The addition to the price of goods by fiicli a multiplicity of operations muft have bvcn conrulcralilc, efpccially wlien tlie rata cli:iri;cable on c.ich opi-iation was fixed by monopolies, fubjccl to no comroul. lUit, after the pafl'ige t) Indi i bv the Cape 'f Cy:J llojie was dircovtreJ, its v.iri.ius com- modities were purch.ifed at firft hand in the countries of which they were tlie prowtli or manufadlure. In all tliefe, particularly In Indjldn and in C.hiiri, the fiibfillencc of man is morf abund,\nt t!nn in any other part of the earth. The people live cliiLlIy upon rice, the moll prolific of all grains. Popiilition, of confequence, is fo greu, and labour fo extremely cheap, that every productiv)n of nature or of art is foKI at a very low price. When thefe were flu'pptd in dinercnt parts of //.(/.•.;, they were con- veyed direClly to /.///'."«, by a navigation, long indeed, but uninterrupted and f.ife, and thence circulated through Europe. The carriage of mercantile goods by water is fo much lefs expenfive than by any other mode of conveyance ; that as foon as tlie Portiigiiefe could import the produ£lions of India in fufliciciit quantities to fupply the demands of Europe, they were able to afford them at fuch a reduced price, that the competition of tlie Vcn.tians ceafed almoft entirely, and the full dream of Commerce flowed in its natural direiflion towards the ch.eapefl market. In what proportion tlie Portugiieff lowered the price of Indian commodities, I cannot afcertain with precifion, as I have not found in contemporary writers fufHcient information with lefpeck to that point. Some idea, however, of this, approaching perhaps near to accuracy, may be formed, from the computations of A/r. 7I/«/;«, an intelligent Englilh merilnnt. He has publiflied a tabic of the prices paid for various articles of goods in Indii, compared with the prices for which they were fold in Aleppo, from which the dif- ference appears to be nearly as three to one ; and he calculates, that, after a reafo:!- able allowance for the ixpcnce of the Voyage fiom India, the fame goods m.iy be fold in England at half the price which they bear ni Aleppo. The expence of conveying the produ£lions of India up the Perfian Gulf to Bajfora., and thence either throui;li the Gnat or LUtle D'firt to J!mc poflld'eil of ^ monopoly of the trade w ith India, founded upon the only L-quitible title, that of furailhing 'm produciioni in greater abundance, and at a more moderate price. IV. Wc may obfcrve, that in confequencc of a more plentiful fupply of Indian goods, and at a cheaper rate", tiic demand for them increalcd rapidly in every part of Europe. To trace the pro^rcfs of tliii in detail, vvouKl lead nie far beyond tlic period which I have fixed as the limit of this Difijuidtion , but fome general rcmatk'j concerning it will be found intimately connected with the fubjcdl of my inquiries. Tlie chief articles of importation from Indi.i, wlille the Uoniins had the liirccUon if the trade with that country, liave been furmerly fictilied. I5ut upon the fubverfiuu of their empire, and the fettlcment of the fierce warriors of Scythia and Germany in the various countries of Europe, the flate of fociety, as well as the condition of in- dividuals, became fo extremely different, that the wants and defircs of men were no longer the fame. Barbarians, many of them not far advanced in tlieir progrefs be- yond the rudelt (late of fociul liic, had little relilh for thofe accommodations, and that elegance, which are fo alluring to poliihed nations. Tiie curious manufadlurea of filk, the precious ftones and pearls of the Ea(l, which had been the ornament and pride of the wealthy and luxurious citizens of Rome, were not objeifts of defire to men, who, for a confiderable time after they took pofl'i flion of their new conquells, retained the original fimplieity of their paftoral manners. They advanced, however, from rudcncfs to refinement in the ufual courfe of progrelTion which nations are dcf- tined to hold ; and an incrcafe of wants and defires requiring new objedls to gratify them, ihey began to acquire a relifli for fome of the luxuries of India. Among thefe tluy had a fingular prcdiledion for the Spieeries and Aromatics which that country yields in fuch variety and abundatice. Wlience their peculiar fondnefs for thefe arofe, it is not of importance to 'nquire. Whoever confults the writers of the miildle ages, will find many particulars which confirm this obfervation. In every enumera- tion of Indian commodities which they give, fpices are always mentioned as the mod confiderable and precious article *. In their cookery, all diflies were highly feafoned with them. In every entertainment of parade, a profulion of them was deemed eflen- ■ tial to magnificence. In every medical prefcription they were principal ingredients f. But confiderable as t!ic demand for Spices had become, the mode in which the nations of Europe had hitherto been fupplied with them, was extremely difadvantageous. Tlie fliips employed by the merchants of Alexandria never ventured to vifit thofe re- mote regions which produce the mofl valuable fpices ; and before they could be cir- culated through Europe, they were loaded with the accumulated profits received by four or five different hands through which they had pafied. Ijut the Portiigiuft; with » bolder fpirit of Navigation, having penetrated into every part of Afia, took in their • Jac. lie Vitiiac. Mifl. Hicros. ap. Bonjrars, i. p. \oy). W'ilk. Tyr. lib. xil. c. 2.j. \ Uw Cangc, Clyfilir. Vtrb. Ara.i^a, Sjciia. lUury's Hid, of Ci, Brit. vol. iv. p. 597, 598. cargo VOL. I .«,■ DISCOVERY OF THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. enrgo offpices in tlic pl.ices ulicre tlicy grew, and could ulTorJ to ilifporc of them at fucit a price, tlut, from bciiijr siii cxpcniivc luxury, they became an article of fucli general ufe, as greatly augmented the demand for them. An clfcifl fniiilar to this may be obferved, with refpei't to the demand for other commodities imported from India, upon the redudiun of thiir price by the I'oiiitgiitfr. Frum that period a grow- ing talle for Afiatic luxuries may be traced in every country of Europe, and the num- ber of Ibips fitted out fur that trade at Lilbon, continued to increafc every * year. V. Lucrative n8 the trailc with India was, and had long been deemed, it is remark- able that the I'orliigmjl' were fufTcred to remain in the undifturbcd and exclufivc pofleinon of it, during the eourl'e of almolt a century. In the ancient world, though J/nxandria, from the peculiar felicity of its fituation, couM carry on an intercourfe with the Eall by fea, and circulate its produiflions through Europe with fuch advan* tage, as gave it a decided fupetiority over every rival ; yet various attempts (which li.ive been defcribed in their proper places) were made from time to time, to obtaia fome fliarc in a Commerce fo apparently beneficial. From the growing aclivity of the Commercial fpitit in the fixteenth century, as well as from the example of the eager folicitude with which the ftin't'ians and Ci(n;rp exerted thenifclves alternately to fliut out eaeli other from any fliare in the Indian trade, it might have been ex- pedled that fomc competitor would have arifen to call in queltion the claim of the Portiigiufc to an exclufivc right of trafllc with the Eaft, and to wreft from them fomc portion of it. There were, liowcvcr, at that time, fome peculiar circunflances in the political ftate of all thofe ir.ttions in Europe, whofe intrufion, as rivals, the Psr~ tugucfii had any reafon to dread, which fccur.-d to them the quiet enjoyment of their monopoly of Indian commerce, during fuch a long period. From the acccfTion of Charles the fifth to the throne, Stain waa either fo much occupied in a multiplicity of operations in which it was engaged by the ambition of that monarcli, and of his fon Philip the fccond, or fo intent on profecuting its own difcoveries and conquells in the New World, that, although, by the fuccef^jful entcrprife of Mageii.ii), its fleets were unexpectedly conducled by a new courfe to tliat rcmute region of Afia wliieli i09 :ll.•,^| l|i*l>< !»'* leir • Notwitlift.imlin^ this ircrialliig ik ma ml for the pioiliiflloiis of //.'.y/.;, it !s rcm.iik.il;le that iluiiiij; the fiXtccnth cciitm-y Ibiiie commoilidcs, wliidi arc now the chitf articles of importation fioni tlic I^aft, were litlici- altogether unknown, or of little account, tc.i, the importation of which, at prclent, far exceeds that of any otiicr proiluilion of the I'art, has not been in genciil nl'e, in any countiy of Uurope, a full century ; and yet diiiinn that Ihort period, from fome fmsular caprice of talle, or power of falhlDn, the infullon of a leaf brouglit liom the fjithcrt extremity of the earth, of whicli it is perhaps the !ii,;'licll pnife to fay that it is innoxious, has hecome almoft a necellary of life in fevcrat parts of Europe ; and tlie pjfTion for it dellends from the moll (Icvated to the lowell orders in lociety. In 1785 it was computed that the whole quantity of 'I'ca iinporteii into I'Aiiope from China was about hhtiUcn millioiii of fo:iiiJ> ; of wlileii it is eonjeftured that /;i'i7i/i' millioi.s were conrumed in tJreat Britain, and tlie dominions depeniling upon it. (Dodlley's Annual Rc^iller for 1784, and 1785, p. Ii6.) In 1789 twenty-one millions of pounds were imported. 'I'lio porcelain of China, now as common in many parts of Europe as if it were of domeftic manufaflure, was not known to the ancients. Marco Poh is the tirll among the moderns who mentions it. The Pirtiigucfi bej;an to import it not long after ihiir lirlt voyage to China, A. D, iji 7; but it was a conlideralik time bdoie the ulc uf it became cxtiinllve. VOL. I. '1 tl . W.1S *;■! fl •'■ '5 tl0 Dr. ROnERTSON ON THE vat *he feat of die mod gainriil and alluring branch of trade carried on by the Pjr' tiigueji, it could make no confiderable cfTort to avail itfelf of the commercial advan- tage* which it migiit have derived from that event. IJy tlie atquifiiion of the ctowii of Portugal, ii> the year one thoufand Ave hundred and eighty, the kings of Spain inftead of the rivals, became the proteflors of the Portuguefc trade, and tlie guardians of all itsexclufive rights. Throughout the fixtcenth century, the (Irength and re. fources of France were fo much wafted by the fruitlcfs expeditions of thc>i monarch* Into Italy, by their unequal contcft with the power and policy of Charles the fifth and by the calamities of the civil wars which dcfulatcd the kingdom upwards of forty years, that It could neither beftow mudi attention upon obji!£ls of Commerce, nor engage in any fcheme of diftant cnterprife. Tlie Vene i ians, how fenfibly foevcr they might feel the mortifying reverfc of being excluded, almoft entirely, from the Indian trade, of which their capital had been formerly the chief feat, were fo debilitated und humbled by the league of Cambray, that they were no longer capable of engaging in any undertaking of magnitude. England, weakened (as was formerly obferved) by the loiifj conteft between the houfes of York and Lancalkr, and juft beginning la recover its proper vigour, was rcftrained from adlive exertion^ during one part of the fifteenth century, by the cautious maxims of Henry the fcventh, and wafted its flrength, during another part of it, by engaging inconfiderately in the wars between the princes on the continent. The Nation, though deftined to acquire territories iiv India more extendve and valuable than were ever pofll-fled by any European power, had no fuch prefcntiment of its future eminence there, as to take an early part in the commerce oi tranfa£lions of that country, and a great part of the century elapfed bc> fore it began to turn its attention towards the Eaft. While the moft confiderable nations in Europe found it necelTiry, from the cir- cumftances which I have mentioned, to remain inadlive fpc£lators of what pafled iti the Eaft, the Seveu United Provinces of the Low Countries, recently formed into a fmall ftate, ftill ftruggling for political exiftencc, and yet in the infancy of iti power, ventured to appear in the Indian ocean as the rivah of the Pcrtuguefe t and, defpifing their pretenfions to an exclufivc right of commerce with the extenfive countries to the eaftward of the Cape of Good Hope, invaded that monopoly which they had hitherto guarded with fuch jealous attention. Tlie Engli/lj foon followed the example of the Dutch, and both nations, at firft by the enterprifnig induftry of private adven- turers, and afterwards by the more powerful efforts of trading companies, under the proteflion of public authority, advanced with aftonifhing ardour and fuccefs in this new career opened to them. The vrft fabric of power which the Portuguefe had ere£led in the Eaft (a fupetftrudlure much too large for the bafis on which it hnd to left), was almoft entirely overturned, in as ftiort time, and with as much facility, as it had been raifed. England and Holland^ by driving them from their moft valuable fettlements, and feizing the moft lucrative branches of their trade, have attained to that pre-eminence in Naval power and Commercial opulence, by which they are dif- tinguithed among the nations of Europe. VI. The DISCOVERY OF THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. VI. The Co-iticiilcncr, in point of time, of the DIfcoverics midc by Columlni In tht ivij}, and tliofo of Giim,i in //<• kt//, is a rmjjular circumdancc, whicli merits ob« firv.uion, on account of the rcm.iriciblu influence of thofu Events in forming or llrcii(;thening the Cumnurciil connexion of the dilVerent quarters of the globe with each other. In ail nges, gold and fdver, particularly the latter, have been the com< inoditics exported with the grcatcd profit to India, In no part of the earth do the natives depend fo little upon foreign countries, either for the necciTariei or luxuries of life. The bleflings of a favourable climate and fertile foil, augmented by their own ingenuity, afTotd them whatever they dclire. In confequcnce of this, trade with them has always been carried on in one uniform manner, and the precious metaU have been given in exchange for their peculiar produflions, whether of nature or art. ISut when the communication with India was rendered fo much more eafy, that the demand for its commodities began to increafe far beyond what had been formerly known, if Europe had not been fupplicd with the gold and fdver which it was ne> ccflary to carry to the markets of the £a(l from fources richer and mote abundant than her own barren and impoverinted mines, Hic mud citlier have abandoned the trade with India altogether, or have continued ic with manifeU difadvantage. By fuch a continual drain of gold and fllver, as well as by the unavoidable wade of both in circulation and in manufactures, tlie quantity of thofu metals mud have gone on tliminifliing, and their value would have been fo much enhanced, that they couKI not have continued long to be of the fame utility in the Commercial tranfatf^ions between the two countries. But before the effeCls of this diminution could be very fcnfibly felt, jimerica opened her mines, and poured in trenfures upon Europe in the mod copious dream to which mankind ever had accefs. This treafure, in fpite of innu< merable anxious precautions to prevent it, flowed to the markets where the commo- dities neceflary for fupplying tlic wants, or gratifying the luxury of the Spaniards^ were to be found \ and from that time to the prefent, the Etiglijh and Dutch have purchafed the produftions of China and Indodan, with filver brought from tlic mines of Mexico and Peru. The immenfe exportation of filver to the Eaft, during the courfe of two centuries, has not only been replaced by the continual influx from America, but the quantity of it has been confiderably augmented, and at the fame time the proportional rate of its value in Europe and in India has varied fo little, that it is chiefly with filver that many of the capital articles imported from the Ead are dill purchafed. While America contributed In this manner to facilitate and extend the Intercourfe of Europe with Afia, it gave rife to a traili> with jifrica, which, from flender begin- nings, has become fo confiderable, as to form the chief bond of Commercial con- nexion with that continent. Soon after tihe ?ortuguefi had extended their Difcovcries on th'i coaft of Africa beyond the river Sintgal, they endeavoured to derive fome be- nefit from their new fettlements there, by the fale of flaves. Various circumdances combined in favouring the revival of this odious trafiic. In every part of America, of which the Spaniards took pulVeUion, they found that tlu natives, from the feeble- d d 2 nefs ||i»> t I tm ?T'| - Dr. ROBERTSON ON THE nefs of their frame, from their indolence, or from the injudicious manner of treating them, were incapable of the exertions requifite either for workinp; mines, or for culti- vating the earth. Eager to find hands more indudrious and eiTicient, the Spaniards had recourfc to their neighbours the Poriuguefe, and purchafed from them ne^roc flaves. Experience foon difcovered, that they were men of a more hardy race, and fo much better fitted for enduring fatigue, that the labour of one negroe was com- puted to be equal to that of four Americans * ; and from that time *\\z number em- ployed in the New World has gone on increafing with rapid pro^refs. In this prac- tice, no lefs repugnant to the feelings of humanity than to the principles of religion, the Spaniards have unhappily been imitated by all the nations of Europe, who have acquired territories in the warmer climates of the New World. At prefent the num- ber of negroe flaves in the fettlements of Great Britain and France in the Weft In- dies, exceeds a million .• and as the eftablifliment of fervitude has been found, both in ancient and in modern times, extremely unfavourable to population, it requires an annual importation from Africa of at \e?i(t Ji/ty-el^hl ihoufand, to keep up the ftockf. If it were polTiblc to afcertain, with equal exadtnefs, the number of flaves in the Spa- nifli dominions, and in North America, the total number of negroe flaves might be well reckoned at as many more. Thus the Commercial genius of Europe, which has given it a vifible afcendant over the three other divifions of the earth, by difcerning their refpeflive wants and refources, and by rendering them reciprocally fubfervient to one another, has efta- bliflied an Union among them, from which it has derived an immenfe increafe of opulence, of power, and of enjoyments. VII. Though the Difcovery of a New World in the Weft, and the opening of a more eafy and dirc£l communication with the remote regions of the Eaft, co-oper- ated towards extending the Commerce, and adding to the enjoyments, of Europe, a remarkable .tlifl'erence may be obferved, with refpeft both to tlie Time and the Man- ner in which they produced thefe elTefts. When the Portugucfe fiift vifited the dif- ferent countries of Afta^ ftrctching from the coaft of Malabar to China, they found them pofll'fled by nations highly civilized, which had made confiderablc pro^refs in elegant as well as ufeful arts, which were accuftomed to intercourfe \vit!i ftrangers, and well acquainted with all the advantages of Commerce, But when the Spaniards began to explore the New IVorld which they difcovered, the afncdt wiiich it prc- fented to them was v.ry different. The Illands were inhabin-tl by naked favagcs, fo unacquainted with the fimplcft and moft neccffary arts of life, that they fubfifted chiefly on the fpontaneous productions of a fertile foil and genial climate. The Con- tinent appeared to be a foreft of immenfe extent, along the Coaft of which were fcat- tered fome feeble tribes, not greatly fupetior to the idanders in induftry or improve- ment. Even its two large Monarchies, which have been dignifiid with the appella- • Hift. of Ameriia, vol. i. p 3 JO. I Report of I.oriis of the Pi ivy Council, .\. P. 1-8!?. tlOtl ■Vi DISCOVERY 01' THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE* tlon of civilifed ftates, hid not ailvaiiced fo far beyoiul thfir countrymen, as to he entitled to that name. The inhabitants, both of Mexico and Peru, unacquiintcd with the ufeful metals, and deftitute of the addrefs requifite for acquiring fuch com- mand of the inferior animals as to derive any confiderablc aid from their labour, liid made fo little progrefs in Agriculture, the firit of all arts, that one of the greateft dif- ficulties with which the fmall number of Spaniards, who overturnc' thofe highly extolled empires, had to flruggle, was how to procure in them whai was fufhcient for their fubfidence. It was of confequence, with a very dilTerent fpirit, that the intercourfe with two countries, refembling each other fo little in thfir dej^ree of improvement, was begun and carried on. The Potttigticfc, certain of finding in the Ealt, not only the produc- tions with which the bountiful hand of Nature has enriched ih.u part of the globe, but various manufa£tures which had long been knowii and admireil in Europ,;, en- gaged in this alluring trade with the greateft tagernefs. The encouragement of it their monarchs confulered as a chief obje£l of government, towards which they di- rc£led all the power of the kingdom, and roufed their fubje£ls to fuch vigorous ex- ertions in the profecution of it, as occafioned that aftoni(l»ing rapidity of progrefs which I have defcribed. The fanguine hopes with which the Spaniards entered upon their career of Difcovery, met not with the fame fpeedy gratification. From the in- duftry of the rude inhabitants of the New IVorlJ, they did not receive a fingle article of Commerce. Even the natural produ£Vions of the foil and climate, when not che- riflied and multiplied by the foftering and aiSlive hand of man, were of little account. Hope, rather thT. fuccefs, incited them to perfift in extending their refearches and conquefts ; and as government derived little immediate benefit from thefe, it left the profecution of them chiefly to private adventurers, by whofe enterprifing a£livity, more than by any effort of the ftate, the mod valuable pofleflions of Spain in America were acquired. Inftead of the inftantaneous and great advantages which the Portu- guefe derived from their Difcoveries, above half a century elapfed before the Spaniards reaped any benefit of confequence from their conqucfts, except the fmall quantities of gold which the iflandtrs were compelled to collect, and the plunder of the gold and filver employed by the Mexicans and Peruvians as ornaments of their perfons and temples, or as utenfils of facred or domeftic ufe. It was not until the Difcovery of the mines of Potoji in Peru^ in the year one thoufand five hundred and forty-five, and of thofe of Sacotecas in Mexico, foon after, that the Spanifli territories in the Ne\y World brought a permanent and valuable addition of wealth and revenue to the mother country. Nor did the trade with India difier more from that of America, \n refpe£l of the particular circumllance which 1 have explained, than in refpedt to the manner of carrying it on, after it grew to be a confidorable obje£l of political attention. Trade with the Eaft was a fimple mercantile tranfaclion, confined to the purchafe cither of the natural produdions of the country, fuch as fpices, precious ftoncs, pearls, &c. or of the manufactures which abounded among an induflrious race of men, fuch as filk 213 .."SB! m M "■■•ill lu ai4 D*R. ROBERTSON ON THE filk and cotton fluff's, porcelane, &c. Nothing more was rcquifite in condufling this trade, than to fettle a few flcilful agents in proper places, to prepare a proper aflbrt- ment of goods for completing the cargoes of (hips as foon as they arrived from Eu- rope, or at the utmo(l to acquire the command of a few fortified (lations, which might fecure them admifTion into Ports where they might careen in fafety, and find prote£lion from the infults of any hoftile power. There was no neceflity of making any attempt to edablifh Colonies, either forjhu cultivation of the foil, or the conduct of manufactures. Doth thefe remained, ns formerly, in the hands of the natives. But as foon as that wild fpirit of Enterprife, which animated the Spaniards who firll explor*!;! and fubdued the New World, began to fubfide, and when, indead of roving as adventurers from province to province in quell of gold and filver, they feri- oufly turned their thoughts towards rendering their conquefts beneficial by cultiva- tion and induftry, they found it neceflary to edablilh Colonies in. every country which they wiflied to improve. Other nations imitated tlieir example in the fettlements which they afterwards made in fome of the idands, and on the continent of Nortli America. Europe, after having defolated the New World, began to repeople it, and under a fyilem of colonization (the fpiiit and regulations of which it is not the obje£t of this Difquifition to explain) the European race has multiplied there amazingly. Every article of Commerce imported from the New World, if we except the furs and (kins purchafed from the independent tribes of hunters in North America, and from a few tribes in a fimilar (late on the fouthern continent, is the pro- duce of the ^induftry of Europeans fettled there. To their exertions, or to thofe of hands which they have taught or compelled to labour, we are indebted for fugar, rum, cotton, tobacco, indigo, rice, and even the gold and filver extradled from the bowels of the earth. Intent on thofe lucrative branches of induftry, the inhabitants of the New World pay little attention to thofe kinds of labour which oc- cupy a confiderable part of the members of other focieties, and depend, in fome mea- fure, for their fubfidence, and entirely for every article of elegance and luxury, upon the ancient Continent. Thus the Europeans have become manufadlurers for Ame- rica, and their induftry has been greatly augmented by the vaft demands for fupply- ing the wants of extcnfive countries, the population of which is continually increaf- ing. Nor is tiic influence of this demand confined folely to the nations which have a more immediate connexion with the American colonies j it is felt in every part of Europe that furni(hes any article exported to them, and gives a£livity and vigour to the hand of the artifan in the inland provinces of Germany, as well as to thofe in Great Britain and other countries, which carry on a diredl trade with the New World. But while the Difcovery and Conqueft of America is allowed to be one principal caufc of that rapid increafe of induftry and wealth, which is confpicuous in Europe during the two laft centuries, fome timid Theorifts have maintained, that throughout the fame period Europe has been gradually impoverifhed, by being drained of its treafure, in order to carry on its trade with India. But this apprehenfion has arifen from inattention to the nature and ufe of the precious metals. They are to be con- 1 5 fidere J ,i:lll DISCOVERY OF THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. fidered in two different lights ; either as the figus which all civilized nations have agreed to employ, in order to cftimate or reprcfent the value both of labour and of all commodities, and thus to facilitate the purchafe of the former, and the convey- ance of the latter from one proprietor to another *, or gold and filver may be viewed as being themfelves commodities or articles of Commerce, for which fome equivalent mud be given by fuch as wilh to acquire them. In this light, the exportation of the precious metals to the Ead (hould be regarded ; for, as the nation by which they are exported muft purchafe them with the produce of its own labour and ingenuity, thi» trade mud contribute, though not in the fame obvious and dire£t manner as that with America, towards augmenting the general indudry and opulence of Europe. If England, as the price of Mexican and Peruvian dollars which are neceflary for carrying on its trade with India, mud give a certain quantity of its woollen or cotton cloth, or hard-ware, th:^n the hands of an additional number of manufadlurers are rendered aftive, and woik to a certain amount mud be executed, for which, without this trade, there would net have been any demand. The Nation reaps all the benefit arifing from a new creation of indudry. With the gold and filver which her manu-* fa£tures have purchafed in the Weft, flie is enabled to trade in the markets of the Eqft, and the exportation of treafure to India, which lias been fo much dreaded, in- ftead of impoveridiing, enriches the kingdom. VIII. It is to the Difcovery of the paflTage to India by the Cape of Good Hope, and to the vigour and fuccefs with which the Portuguese profecuted their conqueds and edablilhed their dominion th^re, that Europe hat been indebted for its prefervation from the mojl illiberal and humiliating Servitude that ever opprejfed polifhed nations^ For this obfervation I am indebted to an author, whofe ingenuity has illudrated, and whofe eloquence has adorned the hidory of the Settlements and Commerce of modera nations in the Wed Indies * ; and it appears to me fo well founded as to merit more ample invedigation. A few years after the fird appearance of the Portuguefe in India, the dominion of the Mameluks wris overtuined by the irrefidible pc .ver of the Turkifli arms, and Egypt and Syria were annexed as provinces to the Ottoman em- pire. If after this event the Commercial intercourfe with India had continued to be carried on in its ancient channels, the Turkifli fultans, by being maders of Egypt and Syria, mud have podcfled the abfolute command of it, whether the produ£iion» of the Ead were conveyed by the Red Sea to Alexandria, or were tranfported by land-carriage from the Perfian Gulf to Conflantinople, and the ports of the Mediter- ranean. The monarchs who were then at the head of this great Empire, were neither deditute of abilities to perceive the pre-eminence to vv-hich this would have elevated them, nor of ambition to afpire to it. Selim, the conqueror of the Mame- luks, by confirming the ancient privileges of the Venetians in Egypt and Syria, and by his regulations concerning the duties on Indian goods, which I have already men- tioned, early difcovered his folicitude to fecure all the advantages of Commerce witlv the Ead to his own dominions. The attention of Solyimn the Magnifcentf his fuc- • M.L*Abb£RayoaL ceiror> ai| ,H| I I HI III n> ■•x<\ 2i6 Dr. ROBERTSON ON MARITIME DISCOVERY. cefibr, feems to have been equally dircdcd towards the fame objeiSt. More en- lightened than any monarch of tlie Ottoman race, he attended to all the tranfadions of the European ilates, and had obfcrved the power as well as opulence to which the republic of Ft/iii-e had attahicd by engrolhng the Commerce with the Eaft. He now beheld Fcrtiignl rifing towards the fime elevation, by the fame means. Eager to imitate and to fupplant tliem, he formed a fcheme fuitable to his chara£ler for poli. tical wifdom and the appellation of Injliuitor of Rules, by which theTurkifti hiftorians have diftingulfl)ed him, and ellabli(li;;d, eatly in his reign, a Syilem of commeici.il laws in his dominions, by w.'uch he hoped to render Conltintinople the great ftaple of Indian tiade, as it had been in the profpsrous ages of the Greek empire *. For accomplidiing this fcheme, however, he did not rely on the operation of laws alone; he fitted out about tlie fame time a formidable fleet in the Red Sea, under the con- du£l of a confidential odicer, with fuch a body of janizaries on board of it, as he deemed f iHcient not only to drive the Portuguefe out of all their new fettlements in India, but to take poirelFion of fomc commodious llation in that country, and to ere£l Iiis (landard there. The Portugucfe, by elTorts of valour and conftancy, entitled to the fplendid fuccefs with which they were crowned, repulfed this powerful armament , in every enterprife it undertook, and compelled tlie fliattered remains of the i'urkini ' fleet and army to return with ignominy to the harbours from which they ha.! tr'''i tlieir departure, with the moll fanguine hopes of terminating the expedition ir: y different manner f. Solynan, though lie never relinquifhed the defign of cxpe ling tlic Portiigucff from India, and of acquiring fonie eftablifhment there, was fo occupied during the remainder of his reign, by the multiplicity of arduous operations in which an infatiuble ambition involved him, that he never had leifure to refume the profecu- tion of it with vigour. If eitlicr the meafures of SiTun had produced the elTedt which he expe£led, or if the more adventurous and extcnfive plan of So!yman had been carried into execution, the Command of the wealth of India, together with fuch a M.irine as the monopoly of trade with that country has, in every age, enabled the power which pofTefled it to create an(' maintain, mud have brought an acccflfion of force to an empire already formidable to mankind, that would have rendered it altogether irrefiftable. Euioput at that pcri">d, was not in a condition to have defended itfelf againft the combined exertions of fuch Naval and Military power, fupported by Commercial wealth, and under the diredlion of a monarch whofe comprehenfive genius was able to derive from each its peculiar advantages, and to employ all with the greatefl effeft. Happily for the human race, the defpotic fyflcm of Turkifli government, founded on fuch illi- bcral fanaticifm ns has cxtinguiflied Science in Egypt, in Artyria, and in Greece, its three favourite manfiofiS in ancient times, was prevented from extending its dominion over Europe, and from fnpprcfling liberty, learning, and tafte, when beginning to make fuccefslul efforts to revive there, and again to blefs, to enlighten, and to polifli mankind, • PanKa Hill. Vciut. til), vii. p. .58^. Sanji Stor. Civil. Ventz. part ii. p. 901, f Alia lie Barros, dec. iv. lib. x. c. i. ?ic. >-\-' V I f. ■ '.■ -i :.-.'. ,■ ■) APPENDIX (D) THE t!aojaja[e« of ttoo jHflojjammetian^ IN THB 3nt>ian S>ttan, DURING THE NINTH CENTURY. ii li ■ T&AMSLATED FROM THE ARABIC MANUSCRIPT BY THB ABBE REMAUDOT, VTITH THK ADDITIONAL REMARKS OF ROBERTSON AND CAMPBELL. *^* Dr. Robertson, in his Hijlorical Dlfquifitton eonetrnmg ancient India, (p. liS,) makes (bme remarks on the foUowing Narrative, which he ftyles " The relation of a Voyage from the Perfian Gulph towards the eaft, written by an Ara- bian merchant in the year of the Chrillian ara eight hundred and fifty-onc, about two centuries after Perfia was fubjedled to the Cah'phs ; and explained by the commentary of another Ara- bian, who had likewife vifited the eallern parts of Afia. " This Voyage, together with the obfervations of Abu Zeid al Hafan of Siraf, was pub- liliad by M. Renaudot, A. D. 17 18, under tlie title of /Inciennes Rclaliotis des InJcs, el dc la Chine, ih deux Voyageurt Miihometans, qui y allcnnt dans le Neuniitme Skik, tradaites de Jirabe, avec des remarques fur les principaux endroits de ces Relations. As M. Renaudot, in his remarks, reprefents the literature and police of the Chincfe, in colours very dilTerent from thofe of the fplendid defcriptions which a blind admiration had prompted the Jcfuits to publifli, two zealous Miflionarieii have called in queftion the authent-'city of thefe relations, and have aflcrtcd that the authors of them had never been in Cliina (P. Premare, Lettr. cdifiantes et curieufes, tom. xix. p. 420, 5vC. P. Parennin, ibid. tom. xxi. p. ij8, &c.). Some doubts concerning their vot. I. c c authenticity "HI .1 • t mi m ai8 ROBERTSON ON RZNAUDOT's MS, anthenticity were entertained likewife by feveral learned men in England, on account of M. Remtmkt's havinjr given no mitice of the Mnnufcript which he tranflated,but that he found It in the lihrary of M. Le Comie ih Stianeldy. As no perfon had feen the Manufcript fince that time, the doubts increafed, and M. Rtnamlot was charged with the crime of impofiog upon the piil)liL-. But the Cu.'L-il Mivwfripts having been dupofited in the king's h'brary, as (for- tunately for literature) ninll private colleflions are in Fiance, AI, de Gui^net, after a long ftarch, difcovered tin: identical niiniufcript to which M. Rcnaudot refers. It appears to iiavu been written in the nveHtlx century; Journal des Hijavans, December 17(^4, p. 315, &c.) As I had not tlic French edition of M. Renaudot's book, my references are made to the Englith tranflatinn. The relation of the two Arabian travellers is connrmcd in many points by their countryiian Majhuili, who piibliili<.d hig treatife on univerfal hillory, to which he gives the fantallical title of " Meadows of Gold, and Mines of Jewels," an hundred and fix years after their time. From him, likewife, we receive fuch an account of India in the tenth century, as renders it evident that the Arabians had then acquired an extenfive knowledge of that country. — According to his defcription, the peninfula of India was divided into tour kingdoms. 'Vhn fiijl was compofed of the provinces fituated on the Indus, and the riven which fall into it ; the capital of which was Moultan. The capital of the yr^oW kingdom wai Canoge, which from the ruiiis of it ilill remaining, appears to have been a very large city ; (RenncU's Memoirs, p. 54.). In order to give an idea of its populoufnefs, the Indian hiflori. ans afleri, that it contained thirty thoufand (hops, in which betel-nut was fuld, and fixty thoufand fets of mnficians and lingers, who paid a tax to government ; (Ferilhta, tranflated by Dow, vol. i. p. 32.). The third kingdom was Cachemire. Maffoudi, as far as I know, is the iirft author who mentions this paradife of India, of which he gives a fhort but jutt defcrip. tion. The fourth is the kingdom of Guzcrate, which he reprefents as the greatefl and mod powerful { and he concurs with the two Arabian Travellers, in giving the fovereigns of it the appellation of Balhara. What Maffoudi relates concerning India is more worthy of notice, as he himfelf had vifited that country { (Notices et Extraits des Manufcripts de la Bibliothe- que du Roi, torn. i. p. 9, 10.) Maffoudi confirms what the two Arabian travellers relate, concerning the extraordinary progrefs of the Indians in agronomical fcience. According to his account, a temple was built during the reign of Brahman, the full monarch of India, with twelve towers, reprefenting the twelve figns of the Zodiac ; and in which was delineated a view of all the ftars as they appear in the heavens. In the fame reign was compofed the fa. mous Sind-H'md, which feems to be the ftandard treatife of Indian aftronomy ; (Notices, &c, torn i. p. 7.) Another Arabian author, who wrote about the middle of the Iburteenth cen» tury, divides India into three part«. The northern, comprehending all the provinces on the Indus. Tlie middle, extending from Guzerate to the Ganges. The foutherii, which he dcno. minatef Comar, from Cape Comorui ; (Notices, ^c. torn ii. p. 46.)" EXTHACIS been Car men eftee parti his VOYAGES DURING THE NINTH CENTURY. EXTRACTS FROM THE VOYAGES OK TWO MOHAMMEDANS IM THE INDIAN OCtAN, DURING THK NINTH CENTURY. , {Hmrii's Collt'nioii,Vol. L t' S^^-) HE mod natural, cafy, and cert'iin method of attaining a pcrfcdl knowledge of the Difcoveries made in the E.iJ} linlks, is imqucdionably that of reading the bed Voyages and Travels into thofe parts, in the order of tima in which th.y were madei for by this means they illuftratc each other, and fervc as a kind of Cummentariesi deliver the hiftory of places and pcrfons with the lead podible confufion, and fljow us at once the different (late of the countries mentioned in them at diJerent periods of time, and the advances that were made in pcrfefling the knowledge of thofe coun- tries by fuch as undertook to go thither, and to report what they had feen and heard, for the information of others and of pofterity. Of all the travellers into thefe parts of the world, whofe writings are ftill preferved, thofe which are contained in this feftion are beyond all doubt the moft ancient, and in that refpe£l, as well as in many others, extremely curious. To render thefe as clear and as intelligible as is poffible to our readers, we (hall firft infert fome memoirs of that eminent French Critic who tranflated and made them public, and fliall next give a fuccind account from the materials he has afforded us of the authors themfelves, the nature of their works, the circumftances which peculiarly recommend them, the reafons which induce us to believe they are genuine, and the credit which on that account is their due. It was EusEBius Renaudot, who delivered thefe venerable remains of antiquity from the obfcurity in which they had been buried for ages, and fent them abroad in the French language, with fome very valuable notes and DifTertations of his own. He was a perfon whofe family bad been didinguiflied for their learning through feveral dcfcents. His grandfather, Theophrajius Renaudot, eftabli(hed the French Gazette in the year 1631, under the patronage of cardinal Richelieu. His father was fird phy- fician to the Dauphin, fon to Lewis XIV. This gentleman addicted himfelf chiefly to the dudy of divinity and the oriental languages, which might have raifed him to fome eminent dation in the church, if, from his great modedy and unaffe£lcd love of privacy, he had not dudioufly declined it. He was very early taken notice of at court, where the politenefs of his manners recommended him as drongly to the prin- cipal miniders, as the feverity of his dudies endeared him to mod of the learned men of his time. In the year 1689 lie was chofen a member of the French Academy, and in 1691 became a member of that of Infcriptions, and of the Belles Leitres. He accompanied Cardinal Noailks to Rome in 1700, and was with him in the conclave in which Cle- ment Xf. was raifed to the Papal throne; by whom the Abbe Renaudot was fo much edcemed, that he kept him at Rome feven or eight months after the cardinal's de- parture, and forced upon him a benefice, which he had the modedy to refufe, though his circumdances were not fuch as made it unneceflary to him, ee 2 In 219 I.'! . '"It ■■: I !.|S«'ll Il*»'. ; ^i «20 VOYAGES DURING THE NINTH CENTURY Ii» liis return to France, the Grand Duke of Tufc.uiy kept him a whole month at riorencf, where he had an apartment in tlie palace ; and during his (lay there, was received into the famous academy of la Crufca .• after which the Grand Duke loaded him with prefents, and fent him to MarfcUlis in his own vefleli. He pubiifhed, after his return to Frame, miiny learned works, and particularly in the year 1713, The Hijlory of the Patriarchs o/" Alexandria, /rom St. Mark to the clofe of the thirteenth century, with an Appendix, containing the hidory of the Mahommedans in Egypt, from their own writers} which gained him great reputation. In 1716 he publiflied, in two volumes in quarto, the hiltory of the Oriental Liturgies, which was alfj much eneeemd. And in the year 1718 he fent abroad thefe Voyages and Tra> veh, which were likewife received with univcrial applaufe. Belides thefe, he pub- liflied many other learned treatifes ; and having fur many years weakened his con- Aitution by an alTiduous application to his (ludies, he died on the id oi September 1720, in the 74ih year of his age, with the reputation of being one of the molt learned men, and one of the exaded critics of his time *. As to the fird of thefe Voyages, we know not by whom it was written, the begin- ning of it being imperfe£l \ but it appears clearly that it was written in the year of the Hegira 237, A. D. 851. The latter, which is no more than a commentary or difcourfe upon the former, appears to have been the work of Abu Zeid al Hafan of Siraf, who penned it about the year of the Hegira 303, A. D. 915. It appears therefore, that both of them are, at lead, two centuries older than any accounts that had been publiflied before. They were tranflated from an original manufcript in the library of the Count de Seignelay, the age of which was afcertained by the character in which it was written. But there is dill a plainer proof of its being penned in the year of the Hegira 619, A. D. 1 173, becaufe there are at the end of it fome obferva> tions in the fame hand, relating to the extent of the walls and fortifications of the city of Damafcus, under the reign of the famous Sultan Noureddin, and of other cities under his dominion \ in which the writer fpeaks of him as dill living : and therefore, as that monarch died the fame yeaf) this manufcript is clearly between five and fix hun» drcd years old f. <. It is alfo very apparent, that there is nothing in either of thefe works, that can create the lead fufpicion that they are later than thefe dates fpeak them ; but, on the contrary, all the fa£ks mentioned in them^ which are capable of being examined and compared with other hidories, afford the cleared tedimonies of their being genuine and authentic. The great value of thefe relations arifes from their giving us a large account of China, above four hundred years earlier than the Travels of Marco Polo t, who, till thefe accounts were publiflied, was always edecmed the fird author we had on that fubjeA. The Jir/l of them begins abruptly, on account of there being a page or two want-* ing in the original manufcript } which very probably contained the name and country • Hiftoirt dt I'Acadtmit ilii /ujcrifthtu, Tom. V. p. 384. ■\ See M. Xemuikt's Preface to thefe Rebt!«nfc J Marco Polo returned from hit voyage A. D, 129^. of IN THE INDIAN OCEAN. of its author, and the occaflun of his Voyage \ the lofs of which there Is great reafon to regret. 0/tht Sea of Herltiidt and tf the IJlandt therein. I. •• The third of the Seas we have to mention, is that of Herkeiul *. Between this fea and that of DtLirotui, arc many idaiids, to the number, as they fay, of nineteen hundred, which divide thufe two feas from each other f , and are governed by a queen %. Among thefe lilands they find ambergris in lumps of extraordinary bignefs, as alfo in IciTcr pieces, which refcmble plants torn up. This Amber is produced at the bottom of the fea, as plants upon earth \ and when the fea is tempeiluous, the violence of th: waves tears it up from tlie bottom, and walhes it to the fhore in the form of a muflirooni or truffle. Thefe Iflands are full of that kind of palm-tree which bears the cocoa-nut, and are from one to four leagues didant from each other, all inhabited. The wealth of the inhabitants confids in iliells, of which even the queen's treafury is full. The fay there are no workmen more expert than thefit iflanders ; and that of the fibres of the cocoa-nut they make fliirts all of a^ piece, as alfo veils or tunics. Of the fame tree they build (hips and houfes, and they are IkiU ful in all other workmanfhip. Their (hells they have from the fea at fuch times when they rife up to the furface ; when the inhabitants throw branches of the cocoa-nut tree into the fea, and the (hells (lick to them. They, call them Kaptaje in their lan- guage. « Beyond thefe iflands, in the fea of Heriend, is Serendii§, or Ceylon^ the chief of all thofc iflands, which are called Dobijat. It is all compaflled by the fea, and on its coaft • By the Sea of Htrkend, in all probability, our author means the Tea about the Maldives ; which, according to the eaftcm geographers, divides that part of the Indian Ocean from the fea of Vtlanvii, which it the gulph called by the ancients Siam Mugnus. The eaftern writers frequently fpeak of the Seven Seas, which feems to be rather a proverbiul phrafe, than a geographical definition. Tlie feas, without comprehending the ocean, which they call Bab-Mabil,—in the fea of China, the fea of India,the fea of Perfia, the fea of Kolzuma, or the Jtid Sea, fo called from a town which is thought to be the Clyfnm of the ancients ; the fea ot /turn, or of Crctce, vhkh is tlie AUdittnatiian, the car above the water's edge : After they are clear of thefe rooks, they ileer for a place called Siitu Oman, and at Ma/cat take in water, which is drawn out of wells ) and here alfo they are fupplied with cattle of the province of Oman : From thence Ships take their departure for the Indifi, and firft they touch at Kaukam-mali : and from Mafcat to this place it is a month's fail with a fair wind. ** This is a frontier place, and the chief arfenal in the province of the fame name. And here the Chinefe (hips put in, and are in fafety \ fre(h water is to be had here, and the Chinefe pay a thoufand drams for duties, but others pay only from one dinar to ten dinars. From Mafcat to Kaukam-mali it is a month's fail ; and then having watered at this place, they begin to enter the Sea of Herkend, and having failed through it, touch at a place called Lajatalus, where the inhabitants underftand not the Arabic, or any other language in ufe with merchants. They wear no cloaths, are white, and weak in their feet. " From hence Ships fteer towards Calabar, the name of a kingdom on the coad to the right hand beyond the Indies. — Bar fignifies a Coail in the language of the country} and this depends on the kingdom of Zapage. The inhabitants are drelTed in thofe forts of ftriped garments, which the Arabs call Fauta ; and they commonly wear but one at a time, which is equally obferved by perfons of every degree. At this place they commonly take in water, which is filled from wells fed by fpriiigs, and which they like better than what is drawn out of cifterns and tanks. Calabar is about a month's Voyage from a place called Kaukam, which is almoft upon the flcirts of the fea of Herkend. In ten days after this, Ships reach Betuma .• from whence, in ten days more, they come up with Kadrange. * It it a very difficult thing to di(ling\ii(h, at th'ii didance of time, the route laid down bjr our author, chleAy by reafon of the change! of names, of which we have particularly an inftance in this great port of Siraf, not to ht met with In any of our maps', however we have Ibme mention made uf it in other Arabia* writers who fay, that It lay futy league* from Shiray, that it ftood in the gidph of P