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Lea diagremmes suivants illustrent la mithode. i errata id to It le pelure. pon A 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 lOl.'h 5 „ ,,i-^ FECIAL REPORT V\OT ' ■ » : ' ON The Agricultural Resources of Canada. - By KOBEET WALLACE, E.L.S., F.K.S.E., Professor of Agriculture and Rural Economy in the University of Edinhunjh ; Author of " T/ie Farm Live Stock of Great Britain," '■'■ Indian Agriculture,^'' and " The Rural Economy and Agriculture of Australia and New Zealand,^' ^c. ^c. Published hj Authority of the Govmtiment of Canada {Deparlimnt of the Interior). ' ' ' MARCH, 1894, ILLUSTRATIONS. Hope Farm, the Propertt op Mr. Wm. Martin, in Socxhurn Manitoba Winnipeg Farm Scene, Manitoba Wheat Stacks, Manitoba Grain Elevatoh, Brandon Cameron's Farm, Qu'Appellb Clipper Plough belono'^ng to a Killarny Crofter A Double-Furrow and a Single-Furrow Wheel Tlougu The Disc Harrow Cattle in the Qu'Appellk Valley Banch Scene, Alberta Galloway Cattle at Hope Farm, the Property of Mr. Wm. Martin V/ATjCxABK t«* ••• ••• ••• ••> «•• ••• «ca «B« ffc Experimental Farm, Ottawa Canadian Apple Orchard A Killarny Crofter's Stable and Farm- Yard ... Crofters Threshing Wheat A Crofter's Bullock Team at Saltcoats An Ontario Farm The Qu'Appellb Valley Zio-Zao Harrows The New Steel Frame Cultivator A Steel Frame Seeder ... The Shoe Drilling Machine ... Wide-Open Binder The Toronto Mower PAGE 6 U 8 9 VA U 17 18 18 L>1 23 24 26 32 «5 •M 35) 41 44 45 4G 4(; 47 47 48 48 . % PREFACE. H-'-l, ,ii '■•i\ hcu. ;i aXKN FAOB 5 8 9 VA 14 17 18 18 21 23 24 26 33 35 38 3U 41 44 45 46 4(J 47 47 48 48 I The High Commissioner for Canada believes that the Eeport o'^ Professor Wallace will be read with much interest by farmers in the United Kingdom. Its value is much enhanced by the fact that Professor "Wallace visited Canada in 1879 as a member of the Tenant Farmers' Delegation in that year, and he is able, therefore, to bear witness to the great progress which has been made in the country in the intervening period. It is generally known that a number of Tenant Farmers from the different parts of the United Kingdom were invited to visit Canada last autumn, with a view to report upon the agricultural resources of the country, and the advantages it otters for the settlement of farmers and farm labourers, and the other classes for which there is a demand. The following are the names of the gentlemen in question : — Mr. A. J, Davies, Upper Hollinga, Penflax,Tenbury, Worcestershire; Mr. W. H. Dempster, Millbrook Lod^re, Clorbeston Koad, South Wales; Mr. Alexander Fraser, Balloch, CuUoden, InveriicHs, Scotland; Mr B. U. Faalks, Langham, Oak- ham, Rutland ; Mr. J. T. Franklin, Handley, near Towcester, Northamptonshire ; Mr. J. J. Guiry.Peppardstown, Fethard, Clonmel, Ireland ; Mr. Tom Pitt, Obam- ford, CuUompton, Devon ; Mr. John Roberts, Plas Heaton Farm, Trefnant, North Wales ; Mr. Reuben Shelton, Grange Farm, Ruddington. Nottinghamshire; Mr. Joseph Smith, 2, Mowbray Terrace, Sowerby,Thir8k, Yorkshire ; Mr. John Steven, Purroch Farm, Hurlford, Ayrshire, Scotland; Mr. Booth Waddingtoa, Bolehill Farm, Wicgerworth, Chesterfield; and Mr. William Weeks, Cleverton Farm, Chippenham, Wiltshire. In addition, two other farmers — Mr. John Cook, of Birch Hill, Neen Sollars, Cleobury Mortimer, Shropshire ; and Mr. C. B. Wright, of Brinkhill, near Spilsby, Lincolnshire— visited the Dominion, under their own auspices, during 1893 ; and they have also been good enough to prepare Keports of their impressions. The Reports, if published together, would make a bulky volume. They have therefore been divided into the following parts : — Part 1 — The Reports of Messrs. Shelton, Waddington, Cook, and Smith. Part 2 — The Reports of Messrs. Franklin, Faulks, and Wright. Part 8 — The Reports of Messrs. Weeks, Pitt, and Davies. Part 4 — The Reports of Messrs. Roberts and Dempster. Part 5 — ^The Reports of Messrs. Steven and Fraser. Part 6— The Report of Mr. Guiry. Part 1 will be circulated in the following counties : — Northumber- land, Cumberland, Durham, Westmoreland, York, Lancashire, Shrop- shire, Cheshire, Staft'ordshire, Derby, and Nottingham. Fart 2, in Lincoln, Eutland, Leicester, Northampton Huntingdon, Cambridge, Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Hertford, Bedford, Bucks, Oxford, Berks, Middlesex, Surrey, Kent, and Sussex. Part 3, in Warwick, Worcester, Hereford, Gloucester, Wiltshire, Hampshire, Dorset, Somerset, Devon, and Cornwall. Part 4, in Wales ; Part 5, in Scotland ; and Part 6, in Ireland. •• f^.-^:^'\' r" roots of the 'g. because it »1 in such a vail often at ps like snow 3 by the use, >y employing Disc, roller, been newly kvdery form, I be consoli- md acquires the growth )£ wheat on soil so loose as the black soil of Manitoba, compared with well-packed soil such as might be secured by the treatment suggested, light make the difference of two or three bushels an acre in the iverage of the wheat crop of the country. It is claimed for summer [fallowing that the first favourable opportunity can be taken to get the seed into the groimd, and thus prevent the injury resulting from ' early frosts in autumn ; but this is not admitted by the best cultivators to be its chief advantage, because it is considered by them to be a mistake to sow too early, say in April, as under ordinary circumstances sowing in May gives the best results. On the Hope Farm I saw a splendid crop of wheat, which was sown on 20th May, took only 90 days to ripen, and gave an average yield of 35 bushels to the acre. But this record was beaten by another across the Eed Eiver from St. Jean, in which a crop of wheat, classed as No. 1 hard, ripened in 82 days. As a rule, judging from the experience of the 10 years previous to 1893, it takes about 120 to 135 days for wheat to ripen in Manitoba; so that the exceptional cases quoted merely indicate the extraordinary nature of the season of 1893, and must not be regarded as a guide in ordinary circumstances. Wheat ripens most rapidly when not too thinly sown. In the better wheat-growing districts of Manitoba 1| bushels of seed per acre, drilled in, yields the best crop. At Indian Head I saw the farm of the Canadian Co- A Large operative Colonisation Company, managed by Mr. W. Wheat B. Sheppard. The total area of this holding is 43,000 Farm. acres. It ^va8 a portion of the old Bell Farm, and it has been thrown open for sale since May last, to intending settlers, at a price of from $30 to $40 an acre ; but mean- while the land is being cultivated on a large scale for wheat-growing. An excellent crop of wheat was rtiiped during last season ; six binders cut 1,400 acres of wheat and 200 acres of oats and barley between 15th August and 11th September. Wheat-growing operations were started on the 7th of May, 1890. The "breaking" of the prairie begins about the middle of June, and the "back-setting" a month later. In sowing the wheat, the " breaking " and " back-setting " part of the land are put in first, next that which has been " summer- fallowed," then the winter-ploughed land, and last that ploughed in spring. This keeps the wheat from all coming to maturity at the same time, and yet ensures that the crop becomes ripe during a period of one month, which gives time to carry on the harvesting operations satisfactorily. Perhaps one of the most interesting incidents in connection with this farm is the fact that it was to this place that Lord Brassey sent out 87 settlers from all parts of the United Kingdom by way of an experiment in assisted emigration. The men went under an agreement to work for 15 months, and at the end of that time they v/ei'e to get Government homesteads; but they became dissatisfied, and the agreement was broken at the end of about 11 months ! This result was due to the influence of a carpenter, who stirred up a spirit of discontent — a work in which he had considerable facility, owing to the people being placed in close proximity to one X9 The Agricultural Resources of Canada. another, within easy reach of an itinerant agitator. This was an illustration of the difficulty of carrying assisted emigration to a successful issue. Needless to say, the complaints which were mado were, as is frequently the case, more of a sentimental than of a sub- stantial kind. It is a fact well known to millers that the wheat of Manitoba Manitoba is of superior quality, although to the eye of Wheat. the British farmer, accustomed to large, plump grain, it looks small and insignificant. The grains are extremely hard and horn-like, and the dough when produced in bread-making CiUAl.N ELUVAlUli, UiiANUON. has in an exceptionally high degree that peculiar quality which bakers call " strength." In other words, the dough has such tenacity that when pulled by the baker in working it is difficult to break, and when undergoing the process of cooking it resists the expan- sion of the gases forming in the bread with such success that the product is left light and open. A barrsi of Manitoba wheat 196 lbs. in weight will produce 88 loaA^es of 4 lbs. each. Soft wheat, on the other hand, such as that grown in Oregon, will give from 35 lbs. to 40 lbs. less bread per barrel. It will now be easily recognised why millers appreciate Manitoba wheat, and find it economical to mix with the flour produced by wheat grown in other localities. As soon as threshing begins, which is immediately after harvest, Boan and Orah Vrod worl Trac and men The rao( stal bo(] Profemor Wallace's Report. 13 This was an Qigration to a ch were rnado than o^ a sub- the wheat of to the eye of lump grain, it are extremely bread-making I'ty whicii ch tenacity to break, *^he expan- ccess that iba wheat ch. Soft 'Kon, will 1 now be id find it rrown in ' harvest, ^heat exportation commences, and railway and steamboat accommoda- tion are taxed to their fullest extent. Tha wheat which is not at once ihipped is stored in elevators, on what may originally be called the American plan. To save labour, and as a matter of general con- venience, the wheat requires to be graded into samples of equal value, }o that it is not necessary for the owner of the elevator to deliver to a customer the identical wheat which he deposits. Gradation of wheat Jinto different samples is undertaken by Government, who appoint an ^inspector and a number of assistants for the piu-pose of carrying out a [uniform classification. Representatives fr(mi Boards of Trade through- out the Dominion come together to determine the standard for each year, acting under laws and regulations framed for their guidance. The common standards by which the greater quantity of wheat is fixed are iis follows : — No. 1 , No. 2, and No. 3 Manitoba hard, and No. 1 , No. 2, — and No. 3 Manitoba Northern. If a vei-y superior sample is found, it may be necessary to make an extra Manitoba hard, and further sub- divisions are sometimes required — such as a hard, white Fyfe wheat ; No. 1, No. 2, and No. 3 spring wheat, &c. In connection with the first six divisions, it is necessary that wheat should be sound, and " well " or " reasonably " cleaned, and in the case of No. 1 hard weigh 60 lbs. to the bushel, in the cases of No. 2 hard 58 lbs., of No. 1 Northern 60 lbs., and of No. 2 Northern 58 lbs. to the bushel. The great difference between the '• hard '" wheat and the " Northern " is, that the hard wheat has a smaller percentage of soft grains, or grains which are soft in part — prob- ably in the centre — and hard at each end. A hard grain has a uniformly solid and horn-like appearance when cut; whereas a soft grain is some- what mealy and irregular when fractured, and is white to appearance within, thus resembling the wheat of this country. Samples of the standards fixed are given to the inspector, who grades the wheats and issues certificates, stating details, receiving for his labour 60 cents per car, or 60 cents per thousand bushels in cargo lots. He is, however, made responsible to the full amount of the loss sustained if a mistake be made. Anyone dissatisfied with the classification can demand a " survey ; " but it is right to say that difliculties of this kind are rarely met with, so perfect is the system of management, and so expert have the inspectors become at their work. Winnipeg, being the capital of the great wheat-grow- Boards of Trade ing province, stands in a unique position as compared and Winnipeg with the market centres of the other parts of the Grain and Dominion. In these places — for example, in Toronto Produce Exchange, and Montreal — the Board of Trade possesses a depart- ment which is termed the Corn Exchange, but it is worked under one charter as one public body. In Winnipeg, the Board of Trade is a separate corporation from the Grain and Produce Exchange, and acts under a different charter and different bye-laws, although the members composing the one and the other are in a great measure the same. The importance of the grain trade in proportion to trade in other coui- modities in this part of the win'ld is sufficient reason for tliis exceptional state of things. Winnipeg Grain and Produce Exchange is a corporate body governed by a council of management, eont^isting of the })resident. 14 The Agrieuttural Resources of Canada. vice-president, secretary, treasurer, and such other members as may be| provided by bye-laws. It has for its main objects, among many objects , of minor importance which it is unnecessary to notice — (a) The duty of compiling and publishing statistics and distributing information respecting the produce and provision trades, and permitting the establishment and maintenance of uniformity in the business customs and regulations among the persons engaged in the said trades through- out the province, whether they be members of the corporation or not ; (b) to provide and uphold a suitable building for a grain and produce exchange, and thus in the city of Winnipeg to encourage the centralisa- tion of the produce and provision trade ; (c) to settle controversies and misunderstandings between persons engaged in the trades in question Carriage ind Store Wheat :b ■4|-.n iM|:; i -i ' ■■ .;;.: ~ ^. :v.:i'M\- ■ !P%- ii.i ' !'S !' ; ' i-Li !' I^!' ^ ! M CAMEUON's farm, QU'APrELLE by means of arbitration, the corporation nominating arbiters —usually members of the council — but not preventing the parties in dispute selecting members of the corporation other than those in the official management. Although it would appear that it is left entirely to the individuals concerned to consent to arbitration, yet it is difficult to see from the bye-laws how anyone could remain a member of the Exchange and refuse to settle disputes in this manner, which, it must be admitted, is infinitely more satisfactory in a trade of this kind than appealing to the ordinary Courts of Justice, which would naturally have to consult experts before disputes could possibly be settled on an equitable basis. Not only does this means of adjusting difficulties do a good work in an expeditious manner when these arise, but it forms an admirable check to those who would create controversy without proper cause. Ganadio Wheat at Home further wheat i been t1 relative home, : employ and at comm( which A about is fou horse- possil of po resou adde( refus cattl of gi Kee Profatw WnUac^a Report, 15 bers as may feg' ig many objects . (a) The duty of g information )ermitting the usiness customs rades through- >ration or not; n and produce ' the centralisa- titroversies and es in question srs— usually in dispute the official rely to the icult to see 5 Exchange e admitted, •pealing to to consult ible basis. »'ork in an ble check The Canadian Pacific Bailway has this year reduced its arnage freight charges for wheat from all the chief points of ship- nd Storage ment by 3 cents per 100 lbs., or from 21 cents to 18 cents Wheat. to Fort William, the Lake port for Manitoba. The same rates apply on the Northern Pacific lines, which carry he wheat to Duluth. When it goes the latter way it passes in ond across the boundary. Wheat is thus carried by the Canadian ^acific Eailway at the same freight charges about 100 miles further han wheat going by other lines from points north of Dakota, [contiguous to the boundary line with the States. The reduction in ithe cost of carriage will make a difference to the farmers of Manitoba of about SK300,000, calculated upon the basis of 15,000,000 bushels being the crop of the country for the past year. The terminal charges at Duluth and Fort William for storing grain in the elevators and putting it afloat within 14 days, is 1| cents per bushel, and half a cent per bushel for every additional 14 days it is kept. This is between 1st June and 1st November. For winter storage 4 cents is the maximum charge, which is reckoned to begin with as above stated. In the case of wheat stored in the country the rate is 2 cents per bushel for receiving, cleaning, and shipping within 14 days. After that the authorised rate is half a cent per bushel up to the maximum of 4 cents ; but this latter right to charge is not often put in force. The work of milling wheat in Canada is gradually passing into the hands of large companies, which adopt the most recent and best machinery, and the individual millers and old companies aia going to the wall. The opinion is held by those who have knowledge of the comparative value of Manitoba wheat as compared with the wheats grown further south, that the practice of beginning to ship Manitoba wheat into the States, and also to England, immediately the crop has been threshed, leads to the disposal of it at a rate below its true relative value ; and that if the wheat crop were ground into flour at home, not only would there be a large increase in the amount of labour employed, but refuse products would be got to feed thousands of cattle, and at the same time the flour in barrels would command a price commensurate with its true value for mixing with the weaker wheats, which are so abundant in England and in America. At the Lake of the Woods, on the Canadian Pacific Railway, about 138 miles east of Winnipeg, the amount of available water power is four times that in use at Minneapolis, where from 10,000 to 12,000 horse-power may be seen at work driving 32 flour mills. The possibility of creating an industry employing four times this amount of power is one which should not be forgotten in dealing with the resources of the country. Not only might 10 cents per bushel be added to the price of all grain shipped abroad, but the bran and other refuse would make it possible for Canadian farmers to feed their store cattle at home, and once for all settle the difficulty of the importation of grazing and store animals into this country. Since tlie above was written, intimation has been made that the Keewatin Power Co., Limited, has already been established with the Canadian Wheat at Home. 16 The Agricultxiral Resources of Canada. object oE carrying out the work referred to, with a capital of $1,000,000, a large amount of which has been subscribed. The minimum volume of water issuing from the lake is estimated at 35,000 to 40,000 horse- power, the magnitude and importance of which may be estimated when it is known tliat 1,000 horse-power is ample to work a flour mill, grinding 1,000 barrels per day, or, say, 5,000 bushels of wheat. Work has been begun, and will be continued during the present winter. The company intend to make available the entire volume of water, and will sell or rent power, and sites for building, so that works of all descriptions may be established, and Keew atin become one of the most important manufacturing centres in the Dominion. Not only does it possess the immense advantage of cheap water power, but also that of the proximity of the Canadian Pacific Eiailway — certainly the most enterprising and efficient railroad service Avhich is to be found on the American continent. It is also proposed ultimately to make a canal to AVinnipeg, and this, with the cheap water communication which can be had from I'ort William, must confer on Keewatin privileges that are possessed but by few industrial centres. At the opening of the wheat market in Winnipeg in Pnces of September of this year, the extremely low price of 45 cents Wheat in per bushel of 60 lbs. for Manitoba No. 2 hard was all that 1893. was offered; No. 1 hard bringing 48 cents per bushel, and No. 3 hard 40 cents ; No. 1 Northern being about the same price as No. 2 hard. Last year No. 2 hard was 52 cents; No. 1, 55 cents ; and No. .:<, 47 cen^s. The low prices of this year were accounted for by the depressing influences of the surplus of old wheat in hand, by the monetary difficulties in America, and, of course, by the low quotations ruling in the English market. The samples of wheat coming to hand were extremely good, there being very little " touched " with frost or injured by " bunt," and the season had been favourable for the development of wheat of the best quality for milling purposes. Prices tended upwards in a few days, but at current rates it cannot be said that wheat-growing in Manitoba is the most remunerative bittnch of the farming industry. The yield for the colony was originally estimated at 20,000,000 bushe's, but it was not long before reports of very small yields came in from arious quarters, and the total return is now ofticially stated to be 15,615,923 bushels. The American system of selling " options " on the wheat market is one which has created a good deal of discussion and led to no little irritation among American wheat-growers. A farmer — or, more fre- quently, a grain dealer — agrees to deliver on a given date an amount of wheat of a certain quality at a price named, reserving, however, in the fvent of wheat falling in value, the option of paying to the purchaser the difference between that price and the market price at the time fixed for delivery. There is much to be said in favour of the system when confined to bona-fde transactions. It affords the growers a ready means of marketing their grain at current rates, and it tends to prevent extreme fluctuation in prices, in a great measure through the freedom with wliich information relating to transactions is given for the benefit of those interested. But abuse comes in, and a blessing il£ Pi'ofmor Wallace^a Beportt Vf BLOOO,000, um volume 000 horse- lated when flour mill, at. Work nter. The Avater, and orka of all )t' the most nly does it ilso that of the most ind on the ke a canal 1 which can vileges that innipeg in of 45 cents was all that bushel, and ut the same its; No. 1, year were t old wheat lurse, by the Bs of wheat "touched" a favourable ig purposes, t cannot be itive branch s originally i reports of al return is leat market to no little ', more fre- an amount however, in ing to the Let price at vour of the the growers id it tends ire through >ns is given i a blessing IS transformed into a curse when "bear" speculators sell wheat options " without being in possession of the grain, trusting to secure it at a favourable price when the time for delivery arrives. In this way what is equivalent to an artificial supply of wheat is created, which depresses market prices. OLIPPEB PLOUGH BELONGING TO A KILLAUNEV CBOFTEU. The scarcity and dearness of labour in Canada form a Agricultural great inducement to the farmer to provide himself Macldnery. with the most effective farm implements and machinery, which will enable him to do the work quickly and efficiently. We consequently find that men are liable to contract liabilities beyond their means in providing machinery for their farms. The conditions of things are such that it would be almost impossible to get through the work unless by the aid of modern machinery; but the difficulty with small holders arises in the fact that each man has not sufficient work to fully employ the machinery in which he invests. The burden, therefore, is greater upon those small holders than upon men who arc in a larger way of business. Till lately there were numerous small companies of implement dealers, but a large number of these have been absorbed in the Massey-Harris Company, which is now the largest company employed in the manu- facture and sjile of implements in the Dominion. By the courtesy of the manager of this company, I have been provided with blocks illustrating the forms of a number of machines commonly employed in agriculture, and plates printed from these are added as an appendix ■to my Report. Eor breaking in prairie land, the Sulky Plougli, on which the workman rides, and which turns over more than one furrow at a time, is probably the best and most useful ; but where weeds have established themselves, the common Chilled Plough, turning over a 15-inch furrow, is more serviccftbl*?. On clean land, the Sulky or 18 Thi AgrictiUnral Besovrees of Canada. the Gang Plough does a greater amount of work. The operation of ploughing is succeeded by that of harrowing, with the Disc Harrow hi^ A DOUBLB-PUKKOW AND A StNOtB-FUBROW WIIEBL PLOUOH. and common Zig-Zag. The Disc Harrow is much more used in Canada than it is in this country, being extremely useful for raising a mould or forming a tilth, without tearing up the furrow slices and displacing them, on land which has been ploughed only a few inches deep. "While doing this work, it also presses down the furrow slices and aids in preparing a solid bed for wheat. The so-called Shoe Drill, THE DISC HARROW. ;;>J which has dragging behind each coulter a series of three rings to cover the seed, is intended to prevent the disturbance of the surface of the soil in sowing, which, it has been explained, is liable to give rise to its removal by wind. The Steel Frame Cultivator is one which is service- able on land, such as is to be found in the Canadian North- West, of a loose working description, and free from hard obstacles, such as stones. The mowing machines and reaping machines are familiar to farmers in this country, as numbers are shipped to us by the Massey-Harris Company. ' '^ The position of the agricultural community in Canada is unique in some important features. The great majority of farmers are their own proprietors, but many, having mortgaged their holdings to the full extent to money-lenders, are only nominally so. Still, it must be stated that the land is not mortgaged for the usual reason. The fact is that many Canadian farmers have little or no working capital, and the holding is mortgaged in order to provide it. It is a good invest- The Canadian Farmer. emigr adan^ the ne to Cai should by StJ of disi large of Aj throuj only are [natui Istopi ■plea work! no ell Professor Wallace*» liejiort. 18 >eration of )c Harrow QU. d in Canada ing a mould d displacing inches deep, slices and Shoe Drill, V rings to cover surface of the give rise to its hich is service- rth-West, of a such as stones, liar to fanners Massey-Harris inity in Canada 8. The great )roprietors, but igs to the full ill, it must be ason. The fact ing capital, and 9 a good invest- ment to the people who lend the money, and advantageous to the farmer. Although, as a rule, the owner works his own land, yet land is sometimes let out on. abares. Virgin land broken in for the first year is free to tho man who agrees to cultivate it. The land which has been already under cultivation is rented at half the crop if the proprietor supplies the seed, or a third of the crop if the tenant assumes all responsibility. Perhaps there is no agri- cultural country in the world where so many men who were not reared in the business are engaged at farming. They have been induced by grants of free land, and by the prospects of being their own masters, to emigrate to this vast country, and they have often laboured under great difficulties, but they have struggled on and established themselves as farmers. While all have made a living, only some have done well in the effort to accumulate wealth. Much depends on the character of the individual, and we find tL re are those who are unable to succeed in Canada, just as there are men who are failures in every country. It would not be surprising if a greater number failed in a new country like this than in an old, because naturally those who go abroad are not, as a rule, those who are most successful at home, but those who hope to find in a change of surroundings a possibility of bettering their condition. What Canada wants for tho development of her great Classes Wanted resources is a class of hard-working, industrious in Canada. cultivators with large families, such as are to be found leaving our country districts and accumulating in towns, mainly with the object of securing employment for the members of their families as they reach the age at which they are permitted by law to take employment in shops and factories. Men of this description become comparatively well off when the family income is increased by the earnings of three or four of the elder children, and the temptation is consequently great to draw this class of people into the more populous centres, where alone employment is abundant. Such individuals do not possess means sufficient to defray the expenses of emigration and to establish themselves in a new country ; and it would be a dangerous experiment on the part of a colonial Government to provide the necessary funds, although it would no doubt be highly satisfactory to Canada to see aid given by local authorities or the British Government, should it ever become necessary to relieve the pressure of population by State-aided emigration on a large scale. The question of the means of disposal of the surplus population is becoming a grave one. Already large numbers of workmen are out of employment in the United States of America, and with the natural tendency to the shrinkage of trade, through the disappearance in many cases of the margin of profit, not only in America but in this country, the numbers of the unemployed are more likely to increase than to decrease within a few years. The natural result of this condition of things in America will be the [stoppage of immigration by the United States Government, on the Jfplea that if there are more inhabitants in the country than there is ^|work for, it could only aggravate the position to admit aliens who have *|no claims on the resources of the Eepublic. This will turn the tide of 20 The Agrieidtnral Resources of Canada. emigration to Canada and other British colonies, where it is to bo hoped no restrictions to the freedom of the individual will ever bo introduced to retard those who can afford to go out. Unfortunately for Canada, the men who possess the necessary money — say £150 to £200 each — to enable them to leave this country and take up home- steads in the free lands of the North-West, are not numerous as compared with those who are willing to go but who have not the necessary means at their disposal. Single men who are willing to enter into service for a time, and are free from many of the difficulties which have to be contended with by the heads of families, need not find the obstacles to bo overcome any serious objection to tlieir change of country. But emigration, again, involves on the part of these an amount of self-sacrifice which is not willingly undertaken imtil years of experience have induced a more serious view of life. Tiio Icelanders, who come in considerable numbers to Canada without any capital, are said to be able to cope with the early difficulties of the settler, and to make a start in the new country without falling under the control of the money-lender; but, having succeeded so far, there is a want of development in their future career, until they get associated with people of greater enterprise than themselves. Icelanders, to the number of 650, are reported to have found their way to Canada in 1893. Of these, 200 settled in the Killarney and surrounding districts; and so great is Icelandic reputation for industry and honesty, that all were engaged by farmers in the neighbourhood on the night of their arrival. The difficulties and trials of the emigrant in landing were at one time so severe that, had it been known by those who intended to leave their homes what they had to encounter, emigration would not have developed in the early days to the extent it did. Circum- stances, however, are now completely changed. In place of struggling through an almost unknown country, which involved weeks of in- cessant toil, the emigrant is now conveyed in a few days under conditions of comparative comfort. Emigration trains for the West start from Quebec on the arrival of the steamers, and are provided with sleeping cars, stoves for cooking food, and even the luxury of a smoking room. A man employed in agricultural labour receives $25 Wages and per month, and food, in most parts of the country ; but Lady-Helps, at harvest and threshing time an immense addition to the ordinary field staff is required, and from $35 to S45 per month, vA'ith food, is given, to induce those who are able to undertake the work to come from other employments for the few weeks during harvest, to help to secure the crop. The labour question in a new country is of course (me of the main difficulties with the settler, and it is a fact that employer and employed must work harder and longer than under ordinary circumstances in an old country. The difficulty of securing household labour has been somewhat overcome by the development of what may be described as a new department of labour, supplied by the lady-help, ^i^adies who attempt to earn their own living at home frequently lose caste, but in a new country the state of matters is entirely different. Labour is at a premium, and employ- f t is to bo ill evor bo brtunatoly J £150 to up home- imerous as ^n not the willing to difficulties need not leir change )f these an nntil years Icelanders, capital, are ottler, and the control I is a want ciated with jrs, to the Canada in ig districts ; ity, that all ;ht of their nding were ho intended ition would d. Cireum- E struggling eeks of in- days under r the West re provided luxury of a eceives $25 mntry; but se addition I from «35 se who are >yments for The labour culties with must work )ld country, at overcome )artment of ) earn their ry the state nd employ- Profcmto)' Wallace's Jlfport. n mont is lionourablo. Even the host in the land have to do menial work, which would only bo undertaken by a .servant in this country. Ijadies have gono out in consideniblo numbers, and have boon taken into families of s(>ttlors, where thoy are received on equal terms with the members of the household ; and, although they undertake all sorts of work, they an^ (expected to take part during times of leisure in the companionship and social enjoyments of the family. It is generaMy admitted that the work done by people in this position is quite as much in amount and of superior quality to that of the ordinary menial ; one main reason for tliis, no doubt, being that life is to tluMU made more tolerable and enjoyable* under circumstances which are somewhat trying. ■i|iL— — m-j -i-AJi.iint-j i .t/" ' a^,:Jtiilii! OATTLB IN THE Qu'aPPELLE VALLIY. In the eastern provinces of Canada, and also in Mani- Management toba, it is necessary to give the cattle shelter at night, of Cattle. and to provide them with fodder, variously estimated at from 1 to 1| tons per head, for the winter season. The nmgh-and-ready method of allowing cattle to simply browse on a straw stack may be adopted when straw is abundant and of little value ; but where the fodder is hay, which is got probably at some distance from the homestead, and in the securing of which labour, if not money, has been expended, greater care is taken in the management of it. The ordinary roots — turnips, mangel-wurzel, and sugar beet — grow well in most districts of Manitoba, and some farmers cultivate a few acres of them .: but, as a rule, green cropping has not been so widely adopted 22 The Af/rionllural lieaoiwces of Canada. !i as it may !)o in future. Whilo bran remainH at a moderate price, there is not Huch an incluceinoiit for fiirniurs to grow roots, which must always be rcjjnnhifl as an isxpensivo crop in a country wiien* labour is conipiirativt'ly dear. I found that one man, who farmed in the neighbourhood of the Saltcoats crofter settleine* ', last year fed 75 stoers, and sold thi-ni at SCO to .SOU each, and this season he is preparing to tie up 150 to be treated in a similar manner. The water supply in some districts is a great difllculty. There are considerable tracts of country which have no nat\n*al drainage system, by which excess of water — and, still more important, excess of salts of various kinds — can bo freely removed from the soil. Water finds its May into numerous lakes which have no outlet, and there the saline sub- stances collect, foriuing brackish or sweet waters; and in these parts of the country tliere is a strong tendency to the development of salt on the surfactf of the lower-lying land, making it unsuitable for cultivation, and of little valuta as pasture. The universal statement with regard to these lakes was, that they have been for a number of years shrinking in volume or altogether drying up. As this goes on, the water becomes Salter, and in those which contain a considerable amount of decaying vegetable matter, resulting from the accumulation of water weeds, it becomes putrid, and injurious to animals which drink it, producing diarrhdui and ultimately blood-poisoning — the weaker specimens and cows in calf succumbing more readily than others to the influence described. The cause is variously stated to be the reduction of rainfall, through the recurrence of a cycle of dry seasons ; to the increased number of cattle in the district walkir<; on the bottoms of the lakes and breaking the alkali crust, so tuat water is allowed to escape into the soil beneath ; and, again, that prairie fires were thought to bring about the loss of moisture. But the most reasonable explanation seems to be the first — the diminished rainfall, which in a few years will again come up to a normal amount. The so-called " breeds " or " half-breeds " have a tradition in the ranch country of the Canadian North- West, that the lakes and creeks dry up or become low in recurring periods of 27 years. The cattle in the ranch country are treated quite differently from those where mixed farming is practised. In many parts it is impossible to get hay, unless in exceptional seasons, the prairie being too dry, and the growth of natural herbage too short ; but, with the exception of calves, the other portions of the stock are able to live through the winter without any artificial sup])ly of food. It is true that considerable num- bers were lost last winter, which was an t^xceptionally cold and stormy- one ; but it was probably not so nmch from want of food, as from the animals while in a poor condition being left in hollow places, from which they were unable to extricate themselves. Had they been rounded up and kept out of dangerous places, probably the death-rate might have been much less. The North American bison, which is familiarly known as The the buffalo, is all but extinct. A remnant of a herd of Buffalo, about 40 exists in the northern portion of the North- West Territory of Canada. A few are still preserved in Yellow ^ h'oftaao)' WaVncta Report. 2.J price, there which must hibour is lied in the 't'ur fed 75 is jireparing There uro ia;^e system, of Hults of tcr iindH its saline sub- itvse part« of nt of salt on cultivation, ;h rep;ard to shrinkhig in ftter becomes of decaying ter weecls, it t, producing lecimens and he influence n of rainfall, jased number le lakes and cape into the ) bring about n seems to be 11 again come half-breeds " North-West, ig periods of 'erently from is impossible too dry, and exception of ;h the winter ierable num- i and stormy ood, as from places, from i they been :ie death-rate y known as f a herd of North-West d in Yellow Stone Park, in America, and nn enclosed herd is to bo seen in the neighbourhood of Winnipeg. A few are kept in a pw.rk in Northumberland, England and single specimens are alno to be seen in the Zo(dogical (lardens, and among other colle(;tions of wild and rare animals. All that remains of the buffalo in the vast region over which it ranged on the plains to the east of tiu; Kocky Mountains, are piles of bones and horns, now being collected at railway stations with a view to being shipped as manure. Ranching in the North-Wettt. BANCII 8CEMK, AMIKUTA. That part of the North- West which is best suited for cattle-rearing, and which may be described as the " ranch country," lies to the east of the llocky Mountains, and is bounded on the north by Sheep Creek, on the south by the boundary line of the United States, while to the east it merges into the drier and less valuable prairie. The cattle, as a rule, are Shorthorn grades of superior quality, with a considerable dash of Hereford blood, which was introduced some years ago. The Herefords are regarded as being peculiarly hardy and active, and well suited for ranching purposes. The Galloway breed — specimens of which, reared in Manitoba, may bo seen on next page — is remarkably well suited for ranching purposes in a country subjected at times to extremely low ranges of temperature. The hornless condition is an advantage on the ranch, and in shipment by rail, and even by sea if, in place of a rope round the neck, a properly constructed halter be used on the head in tying the animals. With polled cattle no loss can be sustained by horns becoming frost-bitten. The tendency to slow 2t The Agricultural Resources of Canada. maturity in the Galloway is no disadvantage when bullocks are kept till they are three years old, and the hardiness of the breed (a quality GALLCVrA-T CATTLE AT HOPE FARM, THE PROrERTY OF MR. WILLIAM MARTIN which usually accompanies slow maturity) cannot be surpassed by that of any other British cattle. The Aberdeen-Angus has also established itself with much acceptance in the western ranch country. Mr. E. Q-. Hardisty owns a pure-bred herd, containing some of the finest blood of this breed, on his ranch near Edmonton. The best time for shipping fat cattle from the ranges to this country is during the two months of September and October. When the grass is soft, as it is earlier in the season, the animals shrink considerably in weight and suffer more in transit, and, moreover, the temperature is higher — a circumstance less favourable to the maintenance of their original condition. The development of the cattle industry of the region where large ranches exist is interesting to us, as already large numbers of steers of first-rate quality are regularly shipped to our markets, and greater numbers than ever may be expected in the immediate future. The steers and breeding cows ru*, iut all the year round, and are inde- pendent of any artificial supply of food, except in instances of exceptional extremity. The calves are weaned in most cases, and kept within range of the homesteads, so that they may be fed when necessary. The home- steads are placed at a distance of about 10 miles apart. The storms of winter tend to drive the cattle towards the south, which necessitates a general round-up in spring, so that each district and every individual owner may secure at the opening of the grass season the animals belonging to them. A meeting of the different stock associations is held to fix the time at which this round-up shall take place, any variation depending upon whethe for the about ] who an gons, a by a " 1 man. to the elected and th( to end of Juei 8ecure( round Mean\ occupi< from e out th( moved from t which on; tl time, and ai its cal on th( ;' which j^ are w( > Christ I ranchi I a tor. I a mar man I .skin, it is t necesi durin whicl badly more trera( unles McLi less a ingd cattli to tl Professor Wallace's Report. 25 cs are kept I (a quality M HAKTIN ised by that • established Mr. E. G. est blood of >r shipping months of 'lier in the er more in istance less Inhere large s of steers md greater ture. The are inde- exceptional ithin range The home- as of winter s a general owner may ig to them. )he time at ding upon whether the season is early or late. A place of meeting is appointed for the general round-up. E.vch local stock association, consisting of about 10 or 12 members living in one district, sends out about 20 riders, who are divided into two " messes," or divisions. Each mess has two wag- gons, a cook, a horse day-herder, and a horse night-herder, accompanied by a " bunch " of horses sufficient to supply about seven mounts for each man. The meeting takes place about the beginning of June, usually to the south of the country to be operated upon, and a captain is elected who is given absolute control. Breakfast is had about 4.30 a.m., and the night-herders drive the horses against two waggons, placed end to end in such a position as to form, along with two ropes and a line of men, a square, in wliich the horses are held until each rider has secured his mounts. The men are told off by the captain in gangs to round up different sections of country and meet at a certain point. Meanwhile, the waggons are moved on to the new camp next to be occupied. The cattle are got together about 9 o'clock, and two men from each division — say six men in all — are sent in on horseback to cut out their cattle, while the others hold them together. The animals re- moved from the main herd belonging to one district are kept apart from the others, and each lot is mado to form the nucleus of a herd which will be added to from day to day as the work of separation goes on ; the men from each district holding the cattle thus secured all the time. The general round-u;, occupies about three weeks to a month, and after this is over each district rounds up its own cattle and brands its calves. About the middle of September a full round-up is held on the various ranches to brand late calves, and to select the steers which are ready for the butcher. A week or two later the calves are weaned. It is the practice to keep a line rider on each ranch till Christmas, to hold the cattle together. After that they let the main portion of the herd drift towards the south. A number of ranchmen now keep their breeding cattle at home, and provide about a tor. of hay for each animal. During the operation of branding, a man on horseback lassoes each calf and throws it ; when down, one man brands it by applying a hejvted iron to a conspicuous part of the skin, whiles another castrates and ear-marks it. As each lot is finished it is turned out, and allowed to go to its own feeding ground. It is necessary for two men to continue riding round each mob of cattle during night to ket'p them close together and to prevent a stampede, which very quickly becomes a nightly practice with steers if tliey are badly handled. Breeding cattle do not so readily stampede, but are more liable to stray. The ])ercontage of deaths amongst steers is ex- tremely small in the Edmonton district, and rarely exceeds 1 per cent., unless in exceptionally had seasons. In the district further south, towards iNIcLeod, the death-rate is higher, but there the ranches are larger, and less attention, as a rule, is paid to management. One firm of enterpris- ing dealers, Gordon & lronsid(\ from Ontario, bought as many as 9,000 cattle in the North-AVest during the past season, and shipped them to this country. The price paid is 8840 a head for steers of four years old, weighing from about 1,350 to 1,400 lbs. live weight ; and the cost of shipment by rail and sea from the ranch country to V , ^ 9a The Agricultural Resources of Canada. Liverpool is, in round numbers, $34 — a sum which, however, ought to be considerably reduced within a few years. Until quite recently the main outlet for these cattle was Vancouver, a market which was opened when the Canadian Pacific Eailway was com- pleted across the Eocky Mountains. An interesting experiment has this year been tried, by the introduction into the ranch country of one-year-old steers bred in Manitoba, and sold by the dealers named to the ranch owners for {S20 a head, under an agreement that they will re-purchase the same when three years old. As these are all selected animals, the probability is that in quality they will at the end of two years be considerably above the average quality of the ranch cattle of the country. As cattle are supposed not to thrive well when ]}astured along with sheep, the latter are by law prohibited from grazing ou the ranch country now under consideration. CALQAKY The queries put by intending emigrants will include the follow- ing : " Are openings still available for young men in the ranching business ? " and " Have those who have been settled in it for years made money ? " The first question may be answered in the affirmative. It is the case that money has been lost by the pioneer ranchers ; but that need not have been unexpected where everything was new, and where the proper methods of management were not at first under- stood. It seems to be a fact that much money has been lost in estal>- lishing the large ranches in the North-West Territory, but now experience has been gained, and, with the loss admitted and discounted, there is every chance of a successful industry, capable of immense ex- pansion, being carried on in future. The amount of capital which an enterprising emigrant possesses Professor Wallace's lieport. 27 )wever, ought Until quite er, a market ly was com- periment has h country of ealers named mt that they these are all ill at the end of the ranch ve well when from grazing ■'-■&,, ought to govern him in the selection of the district in which he intends to settle. A man of limited means — say of .£500 up to .£1,000 of capital — would naturally go to the north of Alberta, to the Edmonton district, where he could secure, say, 50 cows at $30 each, and rapidly breed a herd of 200 animals. He would take up a homestead at an original outlay of $10. He cannot now secure a pre-emption, but hay can be got from Government land at 10 cents per ton, and can be put up at a cost of $1 1 a ton. A small number of cattle can be kept at home without straying into the general herd, and can be maintained in excellent condition during winter with 2 tons of hay for each, or one feed of hay with another of straw. Where mixed farming is under- taken, it is believed that a more intensive method of management, which involved the growth of oats and barley, and roots of all kinds for the support of sheep, cattle, and hogs, would have every prospect of success in the immediate future. All these crops grow w ell in the North- West regions, which, however, are not suitable for the produc- tion of wheat to a greater extent than is required for home consumption. A settler with a limited amount of capital might do very well in the large ranch district to the south of the province, in the neighbourhood of McLeod, by investing in steers, which would run with the large mob of cattle of the district, while he engaged himself to work with someone wlio has been established for some time. The district association may be safely left to attend to the cattle at the round-ups for a moderate fixed sum per head. A man with a capital of .£2,000 or £3,000 is in a different position. If he is confident that he can undertake the management of a ranch on his own account and learn by the way, he might start at once, although it is always advisable to gain some experience of a new country before investing capital in any enterprise of this kind. He. would take up a homestead, and prevent his stock from straying any considerable distance from home. No doubt this constant control of stock will become more prevalent as the country becomes more fully settled.* The water supply of the ranching country is sometimes had in " muskegs," or soft, bogsy ground of rather a peculiar character. A tough, soddy covering spreads over water resting lu an elongated hollow, and the weight of a few cattle together depresses the surface at a point, so that the water comes up and a drinking hole is formed. These muskegs often range in extent from small areas up to 100 acres or more, and are to be recognised by a springy sensation under foot when trodden upon. The months of September and October form the time in which shipments are made from tiiese western ranches. The weather is then cool enough to permit of the transit of live animals across the Atlantic without serious injury on board ship, and there is no falling off in the ■m M\ fleshy condition such as takes place at a later period owing to the it possesses • In time it will be possible to irrigiite considerable tracts of hind near the foot hills of the Rocky Mountains from streams rniining from the higher ground ; but such an undertaking involves expenditure whKh is not to be warranted at the present time. M 28 The Agricultural Resources of Canada, TAve Cattle Trade with Great Britain stoppage of the growth of grass. The prairie grass is excellent for feeding purposes, producing beef of prime quality when the animals are well bred, as the great majority of ranch cattle are. The restrictions against the importation of live cattle into this country do not affect this part of the Canadian live stock trade, because it would be impossible to improve the condition of the animals suitable for exportation by any method of feeding on this side of the Atlantic, and the shipments take place at a period when there is no risk of cattle being left unsold, or bought by the butchers at luinously small prices, on the plea that the beef will not keep in hot weather. An Order of the Board of Agriculture in London, issued at the end of the cattle export season of 1892, prohibited the landing of cattle from Canada in Great Britain, unless for immediate slaughter. This put a stop to the " store " cattle trade, which had been in existence for a number of years. Considerable disappointment was felt by those feeders in certain parts of the North of Scotland, with whom Canadian cattle had become favourites for feeding purposes. The owners of pedigree stock and the breeders of store cattle, including the Irish farmers, who had until receiiijly largely supplied the British market with store cattle, all differed in opinion from the feeders to whom I have referred, and an agitation has been maintained by those interested in the exclusion of Canadian cattle, against the relaxation of the Order of the Board of Agriculture. I made careful inquiry into the health of Canadian cattle, and I have no doubt in my own mind that the country is free from contagious pleuro-pneumonia ; and, moreover, pleuro-pneumonia is unknown in those parts from whence it is supposed to have beeji imported into Great Britain. Looking into the future, it appears, to those who study Chilled Beef. the question in all its aspects, as if a dead meat trade would be more economical than that now carried on of shipping fat cattle alive. It is quite true that in good weather the cattle come across the Atlantic in excellent condition, and even gain 100 lbs. live weight in the passage of about 10 days — at least, if they have come a long journey by rail before being shipped. Still, in stormy weather the sufferings of the animals are severe, and large numbers are annually injured so that they have to be thrown over- board. Before the chilled beef trade can be fully successful, the pre- judice against chilled beef in this country must be overcome. It is a fact that the method of preservation which is known by the name of "chilling" does not injure the beef as it is injured vhen fro'ien through— a process which till recently was considered necessary in the case of Australian and New Zealand beef in order to enable it to cross the Equator. The chilling process only involves a reduction of temperature, in the chamber in which the beef is preserved, of a few degrees below the freezing point of water. This moderately low temperature does not affect the interior of the carcass, as the juices of meat freeze at a lower temperature than water, and the mass does not become hard and ice-like. Professor Wcdlace's Rej^ort. 20 |n London, n of 1892, in Great 'his put a d been in nt was felt land, with purposes. , including the British rs to whom by those relaxation iquiry into own mind )nia ; and, )m whence even gain st, if they Still, in and large own over- [, the pre- e. It is a the name en frown pessary in enable it reduction 'ved, of a •ately low ! juices of does not The Canadian Cold Storage Agricultural Company, which Vieep in the took over a portion of the land owned by Sir Lister \North-West. Kaye's company, grazes about 25,000 sheep and some 6,000 or 7,000 head of cattle, on land lying near to [the railway as Calgary is approached from the east. A regular trade [has been maintained by the company with Vancouver and Victoria for 'the supply of both beef and mutton by the aid of refrigerated cars, [ which carry it over the Canadian Pacific Eailway through the Eocky Mountains ; but now that a market has been opened in England, the impetus given to the increase of live stock in this part of Canada must be considerable. Sheep do remarkably well on the dry lands in this section of the country. In winter they are sheltered at night in sheds made of rough poles with hay built on the top ; but in good weather they are allowed to go out and pick iip their food during the day fi'om the prairie, the surface being cleared for thoiu by means of a snow plough which goes in front, and takes in a fresh piece of ground each day. During stormy weather they are fed on hay and artiliclal food, such as light wheat and oats. The breed kept was originally the Merino, which was first crossed with Shropshire Down rams, and more recently by Cheviots. It has been proved that Cheviots are hardier and better suited to the surroundings than tlie larger and less active Black-faced Down breed. On one occasion last spring loO sheep— some being ewes in lamb— were lost in a blizzard and wandered from Swift Current to Wood Mountain, a distance of 200 miles. The flock disappeared in February, and were found by the Mounted Police in April in excellent condition. The marvel, of course, was that they had escaped the wolves, which form (mo of the drawbacks to successful sheep farming in this part of the country. Both in Manitoba and this North-West country, ponies may be turned out in autumn and left till spring, when they will come up fatter than they were at the beginning of winter. Owing to the want of rainfall, the grass in autumn simply dries like hay, and retains the valuable feeding qualities of grass until the rains of spring arrive. Ponies instinctively scrape with the fore feet to remove snow from their pasture, and are thus more independent than cattle, which are not possessed of that instinct ; and I think it may be admitted that the hoise, when allowed to assume its own protective covering of hair, is even hardier than the ox, in withstanding the influences of a severe winter. The time when ponies are liable to fall off in condition is in spring, when the March sun becomes strong. They get lazy, and do not paw and work for their food as well as in cold weather. The influence of tlie sun in spring is rather weakening also to cattle, and greater care has to be exercised with animals of all kinds at this period than ev(Mi in winter. This is one of the be. r^ i> re, he of till n« ble lite 12 to at V (> r-^ ii :)6 The Agricultural Jletourcet of Canada. with the silngfl, little or no difference wbh diMoernible in the results. Fii'ty-thrue acres are set uuart for the growth of silage crops, and these yield about 800 tons. No weieht is required on the silo except in the case of uncut clover, which has a tendency to rise on beating, and to become flre>fanged. The men employed on this farm receive S250 a year of wages, together with a cottage and fuel, and the keep of a cow if desired. The creamery, which has a capacity sufficient for the milk of 300 to 400 cows, cost $1,000 to erect and furnish. It is fitted up with cream separators and all the modern appliances for butter-making. The milk of 80 cows from the farm, and also that from four or five farms in the neighbourhood, is manufactured ; the farmers having returned to them 80 lbs. of skim-milk for every 100 lbs. of cweet milk delivered. Calves and pigs are fed upon the skim-milk. The return in money paid to the farmers who contributed milk to the creamery was about 10 guineas per cow, and the skim-milk was estimated at about 268. per cow extra, on the basis of 8 lbs. of milk being equivalent in value to 1 lb. of meal worth 1 cent a lb. Butter sells, on an average, at about 24 cents per lb. all the year round. The whole place, even the cow- house and pig-sty, is lit by electricity, and the motive power on the farm is also electricity, supplied from a large engine in the centre of the main building, which drives a powerful dynamo, connected when necessary by wire with small dynamos pl|U!ed at distant parts of the farm when work has to be done. No doubt the secret of the success of this exceptional method of supplying light and power is the extra- ordinary cheapness of the wood for fuel, which costs in this case only 60 cents a cord — i.e., 8 ft. x 4 ft. x 4 ft. = 128 cubic feet, or merely the expense of hauling. Owing to Mr. Pope combining with his farm operations the possession of a lumber mill, from whicn he can secure without cost an unlimited supply of firewood, he is thus saved the expense of buying fuel. Fine wood slabs make excellent firewood. In the same district the price per cord of hard wood, such as mapl and birch, would be $1.75. Figs naturally form tm important portiu.i of the stock of this farm, the feeding pigs being a cross between the Yorkshire and a strong-boned Berkshire. The food supplied is half milk and half meal, made from light or damaged wheat, and at the end of the fattening season a proportion of barley or oats is added. The pigs are placed entirely under cover, and during winter the temperature is maintained, by means of steam pipes, at about 60 degrees Fahrenheit, which enables the fattening process to go on as quickly during winter as in summer. The cow of the country is the French-Canadian cow — for which a register has been established by Government — and is no doubt descended from the Brittany and other cows imported by the French residents on their first arrival. The cows are not large, but they are suitable for the broken and rugged nature of the land on which they graze. Though it is beyond the ordinary farmer to imitate Mr. Fope in his electric fittings and electric machinery, yet many have followed his example in making silago, and in increasing the number of dairy cattle. This is one of the best illustrations to be found of the benefit of a good example in a district where a change of method has been ProftMor Wallofiet lieitort. 37 in nd a if of th ;g h rendered necessary owing to chance of circumstances. Men who were rapidly losing money under the old methods of management, when thu price of com and mef went down, are now able to do well and live comfortably in small holdings of, say, 60 acres. Good land—including house and barntt, fences, and other surface imnrovements — can bu bought in this district for $20 per acre— a considerable reduction on the value, as compared with the time of my previous visit. Hincu the development of dairying, however, there is no doubt land hu» reached its lowest point for the time, and prices are inclined to harden. Two of the most prominent points of interest during The Scottish a tour in the Canadiuti North- West are to be found Crofter in the district of Kilhirney, in Southern Manitoba, 160 Settlement*, miles south-west of Winnipeg, and Saltcoats, in Assini- boia, on the Manitoba and North-Western Railway, about 260 miles from Winnipeg. In May and June, 1888, about 30 families of crofters — in all, 193 persons— from the islands of Lewis and Harris were selected and sent out to Killnrney, under the Crofter and Cottar Colonisation Sciipnie. In Doccmiber of the same year four commissioners were nominated by Her Majesty the (^ueen to constitute a Colonisation Board in London for the management of this colonisation work ; and in April, 1 889, 49 crofter families from the same congested district were despatched from Glasgow and settled at Saltcoats. The results achieved in this double experime'it, which in- volved the transfer of a fishing population from our barren Western shores to a grain-growing and stock-rearing prairie country, has not been uniformly successful as regards individuals, but on the whole the scheme cannot be pronounced a failure. It must be admitted tliat unsatisfactory elements come in, but not such as should deter further effort in a praiseworthy cause. At Killamey the conditions of soil and climate point to wheat- growing as the means by which the most immediate returns can be got, and the wide area which has been annually under crop in this settlement has clearly shown that the Highland crofter in his new home cannot be termed lazy when a sufficient prospect of a remunerative return for his labour is open to him. The first season, 1888, was practically lost, as it was too far advanced before the people arrived; and an unusual run of bad luck has, unfortunately, attended crop-growing and harvesting in this district, and has seriously retarded the progress of the crofter population, along with that of their Canadian farmer neighbours. Early frosts, hail showers, and strong winds that shake out the grain from a ripe uncut crop, have affected sections of the area under consideration, and fre- quently reduced in one night, or even in a few minutes, the prospective yield of a crop of 20 to 30 bushels of wheat to a measured return of 10 or 12 bushels. In 1891 the wheat crop in the Killarney settlement was magnifi- cent, and it appeared as the grain stood in stacks on the ground that a sum sufficient to relieve all immediate financial pressure and secure comparative independence in future would be realised. Only a limited 38 The Agricultural Resources of Canada. number of those in the Hilton district — or the north-eastern portion of the Killarney settlement — realised these anticipations, owing to their being situated nearest the railway, so that threshing machines were ])rocur(Hl early in the season. 8now fell before the more inconveniently placed settlers could thresh their crops, which were put up in ill-formed stacks, unlit to rcjsist the storms of winter. Snow and ice became at- tached to the sheaves, and during the; operation of threshing were mixed with the grain : although in the frosty weather of early spring the wheat a])peared in ])erfect condition as it left the mill, it heated in the cars as the ice melted, and was rejected by buyers, and finally be- came unsaleable. No means of consumption could be foujid for it in this condition, and thousands of bushels of wheat were burnt in heaps to get rid of it. Had the crofters been possessed of the experience necessary to lead them to set out the sheaves to thaw before threshing, many of ttie more energetic members of the community who lost not only the crop, but also the labour of threshing, would have had, like their Hilton neighbours, 1,000 to 1,500 bushels of wheat for sale at the remunerative price of 70 cents per bushel. It would be unreasonable to think that such an unexpected calamity would not seriously cripple the resources of a struggling community for years to come, especially as it occurred during a cycle of comparatively unproductive seasons. ^?:''--^i m:. '■^^-'' %'s:5^ '"-■"• • h^ A KILLABNEV CROFTEB S STABLE AND FARM-YARD. No doubL there are considerable dill'erences in the character of individuals, but individuals are inlluenced to a large extent by their surroundings. The general impression was that the crofters who came originally from Harris were a better class than those who came fron\ Lewis ; but it is possible that the greater good fortune of the Harris men in the neighbourhood of Killarney in being able to benefit from the good crop of 1891 might make all the difference. They were reported to be more frugal, but prosperity is one of the best possible incentives to a high standard in this respect. A few individuals among them had earufnl a reputation for being dishonest, oven repudiating Profcsfior Walhice's Beport. .'J9 \^ ) ' 6 small debts which had been incurred to provide the bare necessaries oi' life ; but this was distinctly the exception, and not the rule. As an old crofter put it, " it is difUcult to be what is called honest when you have not got the incjuoy to meet your liabilities." The good intention is not so readily put in evidence as the actual payment of the debt. As a body the crofters bear an excellent reputation now that the few black sheep have been singled out from the others. The figures on pages 17, 38, 39, and 41 are reproductions of photographs taken by me in the crofter settlements. The figures on pages 17 and 38 represent two scenes on the holding of one of the most successful crofters in the Killarney district, and certainly do not indicate poverty or want of enterprise ; although it must be admitted that the securing of machinery and stock led to the owner becoming indebted to a considerable extent. The team of three horses in the "clipper" plough (page 17), and in the reaping machine (page 38), cost, with the harness, S700, and the bullocks in the latter are worth .€26 per pair. The initial outlay is not the only expense incurred by such a ])urchase, as the horses consume from HOO to fiOO bushels of oats during the season. In return for this, not only does tlio owner secure the speedy harvesting of his own crop, but he is eiiabled to find work in the neighbourhood amongst his neighbours at the rate of S12 a day for himself and his team. During this last season tlie teaui in question cut 120 acres of wheat in buildings in the district. These sheltei-s for stock can be put up in a 6;! days. When on hirci it is supposed to do about 20 acres a day. The turf stable shown on page 38 is tiioroughly characteristic of similar short space of tiu)e, and at little cost. This stable, which is 42 ft. long by 19 ft. wide, was erected by two men in four days. ■ .-^^K^-c, -T**. .^ ^::^^p^^>,t*-^0f^rf^^ 'ji*s't;i*-v -'.^ i,';.iifi%f»V-"' m,... '^'Tu'T m te*( V ,, \:i"\>^' Tv' tnVW%\NV« ,5l: 'i'"!^ -Cv A' CKOVTKBS THBESUINO WHEAT. ' A calamity similar to that which overtook a section of the conuiunity, and which ended in the loss of the greater portion of the 4() The Af/rictiltural Resources of Canada. 1891 crop, is not so likely to recur now that the crofters have amongst themselves a threshing mill, which is manned by 13 or 14 men, and travels amongst their homesteads, threshing the grain at a cost of 4 cents per bushel. The fuel used for the driving engine is straw, the lire being started by dried sunflower heads. A prominent feature of the position of tlie Killarney crofter com- munity is the extent of its indebtedness, which amounts, in round numbers, to a sum of about ($43,000. About $24,000 are due for advances made by the British Government through the Colonisation Board, and to the municipalities for seed grain and taxes ; and SI 9,000 to money-lenders, tradesmen, and storekeepers. It has been asserted, and with some reason, that many crofters have in an extrava- gant spirit rushed into unnecessary debts for general store supplies, for ma jhinery, and for teams of horses to i-eplace in too great haste the bullocks which were provided as beasts of burden when the colony was formed ; and, moreover, that the crofters, not being aware at first that the store bills would not be paid for them by public funds, bought extravagantly. This spirit of thoughtless spending has, however, exhausted itself without exhausting the credit of the hard-working and industrious ; and it can be asserted with the greatest of confidence, m spite of all disadvantages arising from climatic and other misfortunes, together with the loss entailed through lack of experience of methods of cultivation, that the community is solvent; and, further, that the mem- bers of it have at no time suffered from scarcity of food, or from want of the other necessaries of life. The improvements made upon the holdings, and the increase of live stock and chattels, are amply sufficient to cover the indebtedness to the ordinary creditors ; and the advances of public money and taxes are fully secured by the original stock and the quarter-sections of land (160 acres each) on which families were located. It is estimated that the land when first settled possessed an original value of S5 an acre ; and even if it be granted, as some assert, that such land has fallen in value $1.50 since that time, a substantial margin remains in favour of the crofter. The prosperity of the Killarney settlement has been increased by the fact that those men who weve in a position to leave home for a time have been able to secure work at good wages in the neighbourhood, and thus to increase their incomes as well as gain experience in Canadian methods of cultivation. The Killarney people secure what wood they 'squire on the banks of the Pelican Lake, and they also draw a valuaole supply of food by fishing for pike, which in most seasons are abundant in the lake. The fish are dried, and mostly used during winter. The Saltcoats colony was planted in a di^ftrent section The Saltcoats of the country under very different circumstances, and Colony. a somewhat erroneous impression has gone abroad that this part of the colonisation experiment has been unsuc- cessful. This district is not one in which the settler can depend upon grain crops for his chief support. Climatic drawbacks are more pro- nounced in this region than in that of Killarney. It is essentially a stock-rearing, dairying, and mixed farming district. The animals of the farm are healthy, prolific, and develop good bone on which to * * ;^l of he of t Professor Walla^.e's llejtort. 41 build the • butchers' carcass, and until settlement advances consider- ably abundance ol' hay of excellent quality and rough outlying pasture will, as at present, be available. Too much has been expected as the result of cultivation, and too little attention has been paid to stock : nevertheless, several successful Canadian farmers who have been settled in the district for five or six years have shown that, with skill, a crop return of some kind can be securcid even in the most unsuitable seasons. Land, for example, which has been summer-fallowed will produce a crop, althouj^'i it may not be altogether satisfactory, however unpropitious climatic influences may be. The winter of 1892-93 was one of unprecedented length and severity, and many of the crofters who had not been successful in growing crops during ])revi()us years, owuig, to some extent at least, to their lack of skill as cultivators, became disheartened, and did not plant the cro])s wliicli they ought to have ])lanted, and for which seed had been supplied to them by (Government. The lateness of the season, and the feeble condition of the work oxen, were also pleaded as excuses for L'ck of results in crop-growing ; though, when the crop year just passed proved to be the best in the memory of the oldest resident, ' very general regret was freely expressed that greater efforts had not been made. A CUOf'XKR'S UULLOOK TKAH AT S-iLTOOATS A successful English settler in the t^altcoats neighbourhood stated as folknvs his experience of the seasons .since he took up his homestead five yeurs ago next May :— 1888. First year. Owing to late arrival, no crop was sown this - ' ' 1889. No crop, owing to insufficient knowledge of farming and a drought. 42 The Afjricnltvrcd Resources of Canada. 1890. A good season ; liarvested a good crop. 1891. Great promise of an abundant crop, but, owing to early frost — August 22nd — the grain was frozen ; but the result was a fair profit, as the damaged grain was fed to pigs, pork always finding a ready market at good prices. 1892. Owing to drought, only reaped half a crop of grain of excellent quality. 1893. Fifty-five acres under crop, consisting of 20 acres of wheat, which averaged 2-i bushels; 28 acres of oats, 30 bushels; 7 acres of barley, average 30 bushels; 1 acre of potatoes, fair crop. Another serious drawback to a young colony of poor, hard-working men was the want in the neighbourhood of a demand for well-paid labour at which the able-bodied could hi*ve employed the time not required on their own holdings. It is true t! t the Manitoba and North- Western Railway offered wages of $1.25 a day, but this cannot be regarded as a sufficient inducement for men who could not return to their own homes during night and thereby reduce the cost of living. In spite of all these disadvantages and misfortunes, it is a signi- ficant fact that, while the Killarney crofters got deeply into debt to storekeepers and others, the Saltcoats crofters do not owe altogether more than $400 of corresponding liabilities. Owing to the nature of things, they must move at a slower, but at the same time a surer, rate than the Killarney people. They have not the prospect of such immediate returns from stock as may be looked for from grain-pro- duction. Their wants that cannot be supplied by the products of the farm are few, and their prosperity will be marked by the increase In the numbers of stock and the improvement of their holdings, rather than by cash received from the sale of the products of cultivation. Crop-growing should be confined to the supply of household wants and of food for farm animals, among which the pig should occupy a fore- most place. The success of this colony is already secured, and only a littlo time is required to d velop the mixed farming suitable to the district, which will involve a considerable increase in the numbers of live stock. Where work is done for purposes of experiment in a new country, of which little is known regardirg the nature of the climate or of the soil, it cannot be expected hat every detail should at once show most satisfactory results. And when homes are found for people who have not previously been cultivators, it is unreasonable to expect that every individual should be successful. Even among those who have been reared as agriculturists— the farmers who come up from Ontario, for example — some do not succeed. The large measure of success which has attended the crofter settlements — located as they are at a considerable distance from each other, and presenting widely different conditions of soil and climate — speaks volumes for the resources of the country, and is ample encourage- ment for the continuance of further efforts of a similar kind for the relief of the congested districts of the Western Highlands and islands Professor Wallaces Report. 4:J ^^ (> 'v 1 of Scotland. The difficulties to be contended with are too great for the shiftless and thriftless to overcome, and these, whether they belong to the crofters or to any other class, must go to the wall ; but over- whelming and satisfactory evidence has been obtained as to the possibility of success in the case of hard-working and industrious people. Strenuous efforts have been made by malicious agitators Agitation to stir up discontent among the settlers in the '" Lothian " amoYKj the colony, and to encourage them to think they have Crofters. been unfairly and harshly treated ; but, although a limited number grumbled in a half-hearted way, none were found anxious to return to their West Highland homes, while the great majority, comprising the most industrious and most successful, were ready to admit that they had by emigrating decidedly bettered their position and prospects. It was interesting to find that one of the crofters who was most demonstrative in his objections to the treat- ment which he had received from the Colonisation Board, was one who had repeatedly attempted to persuade relatives at home to come out and try their fortunes in Canada. He was by no means one of the most unsuccessful, and his son expressed himself as quite contented with his lot, and altogether took a more reasonable and hopeful view of the situation. Considerable astonishment has been created by the refusal of the Killarney crofters to pay their liabilities, even allowing their holdings to be sold for the taxes, which amounted to only a few pounds. The exceptional liberality of the Government regulation with regard to the payment of taxes, together with the high rate of interest charged by money-lenders for small sums for accommodation, is entirely accountable for this position. By the payment of the taxes before the expiry of two years, with a charge of 10 per cent, for each year, the holding can be redeemed, and the crofter consequently secures the money at a much lower rate of interest than he would have to pay to the local money-lender. His only regret is that he cannot get possession of a greater amount of money on such favourable terms. The two crofter settlements now under the Imperial More Crofter Colonisation Board are not the only agricultural settle- Settlements. ments which have been established, or are proposed to be established, in Canada. Lady Cathcart was the means of some 60 or 70 families being taken out to Pipestone Creek, to the south of Moosomin ; and a scheme of considerable magni- tude was at one time proposed for British Columbia, and but for the untimely death of the Hon. John Kobson — the British Columbian representative who was sent over to carry on negotiations in this country — and also the difficulties in the financial world, it is possible that an experiment might before this have been tried to est .jlifh crofters as fishermen on the Pacific Coast. There is another district in which crofter settlement might be carried out with advantage without the preliminary precaution of an experiment such as that which has been suggested ; and that is, on tlie north shore of Lake Superior. Lake Superior whitefish. Lake Superior trout, and also sturgeon — from the roe of which caviare is made — are at 44 7» The Afiricultnral Resources of Canada. present caught in this region and sent in considerable quantities to the United States, The lish is bought by companies who own steaiiiers, and wlu) send round periodically to collect the fish. Boxes on wheels, n ft. X 4 ft. X li ft., are left with the fishenncn, and in these tho fish are stored in ice against the return of the boats. Should the weather be stormy, s^) that the collecting steamers are for a time unablo to call, the white fish and trout are salted, so th it no serious loss is sustained. The present value of fish to the consumer is from 10 cents to lo cents per lb. With a great increase in the suppl}', the price would no doubt fall considerably; but this would be a boon to the country, and, moreover, the demand from the great centres of ])opulation of the United States, as w(>ll as in Canada, would, with an increased and cheaper supply, also develop. As nets ai'e used and no bait is necessary, the expense and dilliculty of establishing fisheries may be regai'ded as of small importance;. For a time it would be; necessary tor Government to emphiy local fishermen of experience to instruct th(> new-comeis in the methods of fishing, and to find tht^ whereabouts of the fish, as they move about in ditferent seasons or according to the nature of the weathtn* — sometimes into shallow, and, when it is cold, ag.'iin into dei-]) watei-. 1 have the honour to be. Sir, your obedient Servant, K03EKT AV^ALLACE. - •« 1 _ n J" iSl- -. r' \-'- > '/;_ *r- ^f^ *— -?-K^ ^■=&_ _,^^iu~*i&'^ .^B^^^B -— -"^MBttfV^ ^T-s^^^^^M^^^H HflB^H V i) AN ONTAftXO FARM. tho lers, 3el.s, tlu; the :ime ions Irom the In to an no nay iaiy riK't DUt.S tho '/ (> ■ — **fc>iiii 40 The AijrmiUtmd Itcsources of Canada, APPENDIX. n hi iiiii WW \\\\\ in iiiiiW \\\ \\\\\\\\ ! I ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! I I I : i ! : ■ : : \ i i \ I ' i : ! : I i ! ' ! ' ! i ! ! : ! i I I \ i i I ■ I ! i I t i I : ! : ; ; I ; : I ; I ; ; I ■ ! \ \ \ \'\\ '• \\\\ ■/•■'■'•. \\\ : I ; ; i i i i ! j i \ \ ; 1 ; ', ! I \ \ \ I '. ' \ • \ • \ \ \ \ * 1 • . 'i ' I I t J • ' • ' ' TU£ N£W StESL FitAUE CULTIVAIOB - ..i'l|J(lV'»'.'i Professor Wallaces llcport. The Suoe Drilling Maciiinb, 48 The Af/ricultiirnl licsotirccs of Canada. WiDE-Ol'EN BiNUBR The Tobonto Moweb. ./