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JAWLuUIL * ■f^- '-*y,.«Jiiui^im(^pii ■-■- ■ -«' , ■ FACTS AND OBSERVATIONS RSSPECTINO CANADA, AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Affording a Comparative Fiew OF TUB INDUCEMENTS TO EMIGRATION PRESENTED IN THOSE COUNTRIES. ' TO WHICH IS ADDED AN APPENDIX OF PRACTICAL INSTRUCTIONS TO EMIGRANT SETTLERS IN The BRITISH COLONIES. BY CHARLES F. GRECE, MEMBER OF THE MONTREAL AND UUSBEC AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES; AND AUTHOR OF ESSAYS ON HUSBANDRY, ADDRESSED TO THE CANADIAN FARMERS. ILonUon: PRINTED FOR J. HARDING, ST. JAMES*S STREET J SOLO *I LIVERPOOL, BY W. ORAPEL; AT HULL, BV WILgONJ "jfo IT BRISTOL, BT BROWNE AND MANCHSB. 1819. ■ i , '. *i i r • 1 ' ■' /*■ ' .^ ■ ; ' . tt .-• • i ''{ "■' ;j -' ': %.k, ■ ■.',i;i--!./3 Printed by W. M'DowaU, Pembettm fUv). Cough Square, london. b W4 JWP JWIPIWiWI TO HIS GRACB CH AR L E S, DUKE OF RICHMOND, LENOX, AND d'aUBIGNY, KNIGHT OF THE MOST HONOURABLE ORDER OF THE ^ GARTER, CAPTAIN GENERAL, AND GOVERNOR IN CHIEF OF THE CANADA», &c. &c. 8cc. May it please ytmr Grace, Sir, ■ ' . ■• , THE unostentatious display of your Grace's virtues the Justice and humani- ty of your Administration and the fostering care and zeal far the welfare of these Provin- ces, which you have ever manifested since you werejirst appointed to the high office you noto hold, as Captain General and Governor in Chief of the Canadas are the strongest characteris" .:jrr-::::^;;;^. 4 f ( t f f VI DEDICATION. tics qf true greatness; and inspire me with cou- rage to request your acceptance qf this little work. , "1 My confidence is increased by the persuasion, that your liberal and comprehensive mind will duly appreciate the motives that have led to its publication; nor will your Grace be less disposed to regard with a favourable eye the importance of its details, from the humble and imperfect manner in which they are communicated. Should this book be honoured by your Grace's perusal, theAuthmr, confident in the Truth of his Statements, and in the Experience on which those statements are founded, willfoel but little anxiety for hisfome as a writer. Indeed, the chief honour to which he aspi?'es, as the Author I y w h I { r v.. ^^PPipB!liiV«B7^?ffBBpq^9liM|ll!! DEDICATION. ▼" of this work, is, that he may secure your Grace's approbation, and have the privilege of subscrib- ing himself. Your Grace's most obedient. And most devoted humbk Servant, CHARLES F\ GRECE. London, March 25, I8I9. I ( r 1 f l! * yi : f III m " % ' H .i t '; .'.,!•. . t , * .-.m ■ J- Hi •J -1 ' J • ^iii. A Vj\U> i * ' FREFACIEU THE facts and observations, which, in this little work, I have ventured to lay before the public, are drawn from the most authentic sources, and result from the best possible data. They origin nate in my own personal knowledge, and from the most unequivocal information of those who have resided in, or visited those parts of the transatlantic continent which have not been to me the scenes of ocular demonstration. From a perfect conviction, therefore, of the truth and utility of my remarks and experience, I have been indnced to draw a comparison between the Canadian Provinces, and the Western States of North America. t I ii PREFACE. t II 'If : t i.l ill Although roany persons have written on the Canadas, and also on other parts of North Ame- rica, the comparative advantages to settlers^ in these respective portions of the new world, have not formed any part of their discussion. This consideration prompted me to delineate the prospects and advantages which present themselves to those who may take up a residence in Canada; and I trust, that an acquaintance with the country for sixteen years, part of which time was passed in a trackless forest, will be con- sidered a sufficient qualification for the task I have undertaken. Besides having, since the year I807, resided in a cleared and very popu< lous pait of the country, dedfcating great part of my time to experimental agriculture, with a view to improve the erroneous practice of the Canadian farmers. , ,. ,.,,. ^ ,, ,., !:: r- !ttv.-i7 -iC i • K Mr experience thus obtained, enables me to gi-^e a correct and circumstantial view of the va- rious agricultural productions of these Provinces, as well as the expenses attending an establish- ■ PREFACE. xl ment, eitber on cleared land, or in the forests. These preliminaries are necessary, in order to judge of the success of an undertaking in either situation. The great object of my interference with the farmers has been to enable the colonies to sup- port themselves, and render them beneficial to the parent state, by increasing the numerous objects applicable to exportation, and thus to obviate the necessity of importing into Canada various productions of the soil, as well as stock]of every description, from the United States of A- merica ; a practice very dangerous to the welfare and even security of the colonies, and absolutely destructive of its agricultural interests. ^.,'iiT M' ii-itii:,i-ii}\-H:i My exertions in this cause, there is reason to hope, have not been without success, and the period I trust, is nearly arrived, when our own farmers, stimulated by the rewards of the Agri- cultural Societies, established in 18 17, will put a stop to the necessity of those supplic , and furnish increased quantities of productions for «!l w XII PREFACE. 4 s ■ ' 'if. < 1 1' ■ I If ll exportation, when the West Indies may be tar- nished from hence. Indeed it is a considera-* tion of vital importance, that the islands should' be supplied by British America with articles of her natural, as well as her artificial produce; and so abundant are the resources of those regions, that Great Britain may look to them with con- fidence for naval supplies, and thus be rendered independent of other countries, for all those ar« tides she may ever stand in need of. . ', The great influx of native Americans into the Canadus for many years past, may be considered a strong proof, in addition to the other circum- stances brought forward in this work, of the great advantages which these colonies possess over their own country for settlers. The population in the tow'^hips of Lower Canada is composed of two- thirds Americans. And it may be remarked here, that they are the best people to employ in the woods, being well acquainted with the clear- ing of new land, and able to make the necessary utensils and implements required in a new set- tlement. ' -^ h V- PREFACE. XIU If the Americans find it advantageous to settle in the Canadas, it would follow, that £nglish- men must have greater interest, as they fall into a society with laws and hahits similar to their own. Nor have the Germans overlooked these advantages. Many have found an asylum here: Mr. Poser of Quebec, a native of Germany, has formed a considerable settlement with people lately arrived from that country. There are Germans to be found in both the Provinces, who are in easy circumstances, and many of them in affluence. I I!' In this country the sports of the field are free to all, and the game and water fowl invite the sportsman at his leisure hours to healthful amuse- ment. Fishing is not less agreeable to many; the rivers and lakes are stocked with a greater abun- dance and variety of fine fish than those of Eu- rope. These pursuits not only afford recreation,, but they help to recompence the t migrant for ma- ny things dear to him, which he left in his native land: ^ . ■n\ H :i lit 'id ill ZIV PREFACE. But there are other inducements of mnch greater importance to his happiness. He sees a prospect before him of providing a comfortable establishment for his children, which hope, in many cases, alas ! could not be cherished in Eu- ropean co'intries. .. .' ■/. Some of the writers on Canada, particularly Mr. Lambert, and his copyists, have taken upon themselves to censure the manners of the Cana- dian women as licentious. One finds difficulty in reprehending with sufficient severity, the injustice of this charge. It is certainly a most gross and unfounded calumny: and I know not how to ac- count for such conduct in the writers alluded to, but by supposing, that it owes its origin to a radi- cal want of decency in the character of those who have had the effirontery to invent and pro- pagate it. ., - . ; :, I.-, i The Canadians, as a people, are very friendly and hospitable to strangers who settle amongst them. They are ever ready to give assistance in PREFACE. XT in labour or otherwise: the former very frequently without reward. I SHOULD not do justice to tlie Americans, who are thickly settled in both the Provinces, were I to omit observing, that they are equally hospi- table, and desirous to assist strangers who become their neighbours. • In the Appendix various details will be found respecting topics connected with the husbandry of Canada, which will afford considerable interest to those whose views are directed to a settlement in that country. .f ' N % ill 'rr-:.^!' I >i \% tip ^rv \ t ^ . s ■ ' 1 jli uJv'» -Civ ... uA"^ ^ --^yr FACTS ANP OBSERVATIONSj i^c. ^c. 8^c. THE present rage for emigration to North A- merica has been the means of eliciting much va- hiable information relative to that extensive con- tinent. But it has also produced much merely literary speculation, numerous ridiculous blun- ders, and not a few wilful misrepresentations. It cannot with propriety be denied, that one of the main inducements to emigration, has its origin in political prejudice and animosity. Rest- less and dissatisfied at home, and impatient of those restraints which the wisdom of Govern- ment has imposed upon the turbulent spirits of '~*^-^-* ^^!% r <2 OBSERVATIONS ON THE n '4 the idle and the disaifected, many persons assume the character of republicans; and, under profes- sions of great zeal for the rights of man, forsake their native country, and retire to the United States. Besides these theorists in politics, the sanguine speculators in conmierce, and the visionary expe- rimentalists in agriculture, all turn their atten- tion to the transatlantic shores of Republican America. There arc other motives, even more equivocal than these, to expatriation. There are not a few of the emigrants who leave Great Britain from having exposed themselves to the justice of its laws. All these fly to the United States, as to an asylum; but, alas! how miserably have multi- tudes of emigrants already found themselves dis- appointed! What bitter regrets have succeeded their brightest hopes and golden dreams! Still, however, the emigration-mania has not been cured. Such plausible and fascinating writers as Mr. Birkbeck tend to keep alive the hazardous, and often fruitlesss desire of emigration. Expe- I' I " Uri'ER AND LOWEU CANADAS. 3 rience alone effectually undeceives; but how fre- quently does it happen that knowledge of this kind comes too late I Seeing, therefore, that nothing but experience can offer an effectual check to self-expatriation ; and, moreover, con- sidering it a duty which I owe to the country of my birth, as well as to those distant portions of its dominions which I have adopted, and where I have resided, with my family, many years, I have attempted in this little work, a delineation * of the present state of the two Canadas; princi- pally with a view io divert the tide of emigration from the remote tracts, and wilds of the back settlements, and other regions of the United States, to the more hospitable, contiguous, and accessible districts of the Lower and Upper Ca- nadas. In the performance of this duty, (for a duty I consider it), I have, throughout, studied to pre- serve the strictest impartiality; and have never ventured an opinion which is not, in my own mind^ founded in truth and matter of fact. The elegancies of style, and the beauties of a graceful diction, can hardly be expected from ^ii^t; OKSERVATION3 ON THE }1 :i n i t the pen of a mere farmer, who has never had any opportunity for literary composition, and who is content to tell a plain story in plain and homely phraseology. But the information which long experience has enahled him to collect, will not he the less acceptable or useful, because it is giv- en in a style and manner which every reader may be able to understand. As this little work is intended, in some degree, to afford a comparative view of the advantages and disadvantages of emigration to the different regions of the American continent, (I mean of the British provinces of Canada, the Eastern United StateSj and the new States in the western terri- tory of Republican America), I will, in the first place, just glance at the comparative expense of time and money; and the comparative difficul- ties and dangers of travelling, by sea and by land, to these respective districts. This view of the subject, however, shall be confmed to a compa- rison between theCanadas and the Illinois State, The emigrant from Great Britain who has re- solved to make choice of the Illinois, must, of Gourse, cross the Atlantic ocean. The emigrant ftl f ^ L'J'PEIl AND LOWER CAN ADAS, 5 to the Cnnudas nuist do the same. This voyage is usually pcrfbrined in ahout five or six weeks. Both these emigrants may sail nearly all the way to Qnehec or Montreal. The one who is hound for the Illinois nmst then traverse u coun- try, sometimes, indeed, hy .inland navigation, hut generally in waggons, or on foot, of ahont two- thirds the distance from the Canadas, as theCa- iiadas are from Great Britain. By the time, therefore, that the Illinois emigrant has arrived at the place of his destination, the Canadian emi- grant might he comfortahly seated hy his own fire-side, resting from the fatigues of his voyage. The almost insurmountahle difficulties whicii emigrants to the western territories have to en- counter, even after they have landed on the A- merican continent, Mr. Cohhett, in a late nnm- her of his Register, addressed to what he calls his dear friend, Mr. Morris Birkheck, has treated in a most severe, but just, strain of sarcasm. On no other subject would I have chosen to quote the authority of such a writer as Mr. Cobbett. The versatility and equivocal nature of his cha- racter cannot, however, destroy the foundations i 1 ! f :. ii^' I' H OnSERVATlONS ON THE of tnitl). On lliis account, tliorefoie, and with this apology for the introdnction of such a writ- er s name, I will venture to transciilu' what he has told his friend Mr. Hirkhcck on th.is point. ]VIr. Cohhett, partly, indeed, (juotinff Mr. Rirk- hcck's own confessions, descrilies the country which must he traversed in order to arrive at the Land of Promise in the Illinois, as *' rngged roads," containing " dirty hovels; fire in the woods to sleep hy;" " pathless ways through the wildernesses ;" with " dangerous crossings of the rivers," &c. In another place Mr. Cobbett says, " If English farmers must emigrate, why *' should they encounter unnecessary difficulties ? " Coming from a country like a garden, why " should they not stop in another, somewhat re- " semhling that which they have lived in before? Why should they, at an expense amounting to a large part of what they possess, travel two " thousand miles, at the hazard of their limbs " and lives, take women and children through " scenes of hardship and distress not easily de- " scribed, and that, too, to live like gipsies at " the end of their journey, for at least a year or (( (( i !i |: i UrrCR AND LOWER CAN ADAS. ** twor" Why, iiuleed? There is no roiisoii under hetiven for undertaking sucli perils, and dangers, and fatigues, ll.at has nut its fouixhf tion in ignorance, prejudice, or something worse than hoth. The delusions of such visionaries as Mr. Morris Birkbeck cannot be too severely reprobated. Next to the crime of downright falsehood, is that of telling, in certain cases, oidy half the truth. Mr. Birkbeck, though compelled at times to ad- mit a disagreeable fact, has stifled many impor- tant truths in the most shameful and culpable manner. Nor has Mr. Fearon, though, without doubt, the most honest and candid writer on this subject that has hitlierto a])pearcd, always adhered to the duty of telling the whole truth. He has, however, this to be said in his favour If he has omitted all notice of the Canadas, it has been owing, in all probability, to the nature of his instructions from the thirty-nine English families who sent him out on a hind of voyage of discovery to the United States, and their depen- dencies only. Mr. Fearon's friends wished to forsake the government and laws, as well as the country of Great Britain. 6 OBSERVATIONS ON THE I ft "I- I If, however, the emigrant to the Wahash country could, after having encountered the dif- ficuhies, and borne the expenses of his journey, find advantages to reward him for his labour which he could not find in tlie Cpnadas, through which he. must pass, if he would pursue the nearest r'^ute*, he would, perhaps, be justified in making choice of those distant and trackless districts. I sa^, perhaps, for I nmch question whether any subject of Great Britain can, upon a general principle of reasoning, justify his con- duct in deliberately adding to the strength and resources of a rival nation, whilst there are ex- tensive, rich, and fertile territories, belonging to his own country, inviting the hand of cultiva- tion, and claiming the exertions of all those who rnay be induced to quit the immediate soil that gave them birth, to seek their fortunes in distant regions. Your citizens of the world, I fear, for the most part, are but indifferent members of parti-^ * When the canals are made, as projected in the United State's, to join the waters of Lake Erie to those of the Ohio, and that of Lake Michigan, to the river Illinois, this route will give every fa^ niiiv and convenience of approaching those territories. UPPER AND LOWER CAMADAS. 9 1 IS cular communities; and it may be said ot the na- tives and subjects of England generally, if they are not for their country, they are against it. It is im- possible to remain neuter when patriotism, or the love of one's country, is the question. Be all this, however, as it may, I will under- take to prove, that the advantages of emigration to the Canadas greatly surpass those t * be found in either the eastern United States, or those of the Ohio territory. , It has already been shown, that the distance, and consequent expense of transport, are not to be compared. Let us now take a view of the respec- tive climates of the two countries. If Canada is too cold, the Illinois is too hot; but I contend, that neither the Lower nor the Upper Province can, with propriety, be deemed countries too cold for British constitutions. Much has been said of the cold atmosphere of these parts ; but if the longevi- ty and generally healthful state of the inhabitants may be allowed to furnish any criterion of the sa- lubrity, or otherwise, of the climate, the Canadas are secoud to no part of this vast continent. Near Quebec, it must be confessed, the air is 10 OfiSBRVATIONS ON THE ■ i\ :t" f i rigorous; but proceeding towards Upper Canada, ^he climate may be denominated European, si< milar to that of the provinces on the Rhine. With respect, however, even to Quebec, it is no mean argument for its general salubrity, that the mother country has adopted it for the, seat of go- vernment,; which, most assuredly, would not have been the case, had the winters been as se- vere as some interested writers have asserted. The grape-vine grows wild in both provinces, and always comes to maturity, a circumstance which does not occur in very rigorous climates : indeed, both the Canadas abound with trees, shrubs, plants, herbs, and beautiful foliage, com- mon to climates which are never deemed other- wise than temperate. Melons come to maturity in the open gardens. With respect to the Illinois territory, it may be observed, that the climate cannot possibly be either sc healthful to an European constitution, or so generally favourable to cultivation. Mr. Birkbeck appears to have laboured as much to withhold, as to convey information; and that not only with respect to the difficulties he had to en- UPPER AND LOWER CANADAS. 11 counter in travelling to the place he fixed upon, but also with respect to the place itself. He has not told us, that the climate of the Wabash country is such as to prevent the mos laborious parts of a- gricultural employments from being performed by Europeans, on account of its heat: he has not told us that the system of slavery must be a- dopted there, if cultivation be to be carried on to any great extent. There is something very dis- ingenuous in all this. Mr. Birkbeck must have known very well, that the labour of ploughing, harrowing, hoeing, sowing, reaping, housing, &c. could not be well performed by those who have been accustomed to the air and climate of Great Britain. How great has been the astonishment of many to find, that this same English Prairie is indebt- ed to the sweat, the toil, the groans, the hear* breaking pangs of slavery! Indeed, there is good reason to believe, that the western territory will for ever be subject to that species of labour; the heat of the climate being too great for white men's constitutions. In the months of July and August the heat is absolutely intolerable. IS OBSERVATIONS ON THE [* ' ;if ■n. m hi *' ii ill It iff ;* Not so with respect to the Canadas. During" the summer months, there are times, when the heat is considerable; but it is at no time, what can be fairly called scorching. The rapid pro- gress of vegetation, during those months, is al- most beyond credibility. But of this more here- after. With these general remarks, as to climate, &c. I shall proceed to a detail of thj present state of these fertile provinces. CANADA is divided into two provinces, the Lower and Upper. The former of these is sub- divided into four districts, (viz,) Gaspie, Quebec, Trois Rivieres, and Montreal. It is situated east of the New England States, Vermont, and the State of New York, and forms their limits. Mon- treal, Quebec, and Trois Rivieres, are the prin- cipal market towns. The city of Montreal is si- tuated in 45° 30' north latitude. ; Upper Canada is bounded on the east, by the United States, the great lakes passing between this province and them. It extends in a wester- ly direction to the Mississipi, through the Lake of the Woods, to the westward. North-wc^t of UPPER AND LOWER CANADAS. 13 the Mississipi, its boundaries are indefinite, the limits of Louisiana, being still undecided, or not Very accurately known; but on the north, this province is bounded by the river Ottowa. This extensive region is watered by numerous fine rivers, some of them, particularly the St. Lawrence, affording a very easy communication with the Atlantic Ocean; an advantage which the Ohio States cannot possibly ever obtain. And this, be it remembered, is an advantage which the Canadas cannot possibly ever lose. It is hardly necessary to state, that the Canadas are under the British Government. They have been sometimes invidiously termed the English Canada, and the French Canada. This unfair and improper distinction has been recently con- ferred upon them by a Mr. Sansom, who has published, in New York, a book which he calls Sketches of Lower Canada; a work abound- ing in blunders and mistatements of the most injurioDS and palpable nature. But it is a suf- ficient description of this writer to inform my reader, that Mr. Sansom, in more places than one, triumphantly boasts^ that sooner or later the 14 OBSERVATIONS ON THE^ 'i.' ,11 ti Canadas must belong to the United States; and speaks of it, as a " momentous truth, that, in che- rishing Upper Canada, Great Britain is but '* sowing the seeds of another ' Rebellion,' for " another Washington to gather." By the treaty with England, at the conquest in 1759-60, it was stipulated, that the people should retain their own laws, and have the en- tire freedom of their religious institutions gua- ranteed to them. It is this circumstance that has induced Mr. Sansoni and others, to denomi- nate Lower Canada a French province; and this he has done from no other apparent motive, than to induce a belief in English emigrants, that by removing to that province, they are removing to the company of entire strangers; than which no- thing can be more untrue. Both the Canadas possess a constitution similar to that of England; differing, of course, in those points which thejr situation and peculiar circumstances require. The Canadas are wholly .unincumbered by debt; and their civil and religious institutions are not inferior, according to their extent, to those of the mother country. The protestants pay no UPPER AND LOWER CANADAS. 15 tythes; and the catholics hut very few, which are paid to their own clergy. Direct taxation is hardly felt, being confined to importations: dry goods paying 2i per cent, rum, from 8d. to Is. per gallon ; brandy, gin, and wines, being pro- ductions of foreign states, pay higher duties; so that, as it has been justly observed, " any man " with a moderate some of money, has it in his " power to acquire a handsome competency*." Upper Canada, it is true, may with greater propriety be termed English; the English lan- guage being generally spoken here, which is not th? case in the Lower Province. It has been frequently styled the Garden of North America ; but both the provinces, as to soil, scenery, com- merce, trade, and government, have a great affi- nity to each other. The principal towns in the Upper Province are Kingston, York, Newark, and Amhurstburgh. York is the capital, it is seated on the Lake Ontario. It should not, however, be concealed, that no * See Observations on Emigration, &c. by Robert Hol- ditch, lisq. p. 46'. le OBSERVATlbNS ON THli M 'I 1 > 1' ■if! ' ri; !l I,. part of America offers an asylum for indolence. Every where it requires much active industry, much patient perseverance, to form an establish- ment, particularly in agricultural pursuits, on lands hitherto in a state of nature. With these prerequisites, and a capital of from ^400 to ^1000, few people in Canada will fail of their object, who have emigrated for the purpose of employ- ing their talents, and their capital, in the acquire- ment of a decent independence. The fine gen- tleman and delicate lady I would advise, by all means, to remain in England, or some other part of Europe. In a journey I made from the Chesapeak to Montreal, I could not avoid observing, that the price of land in the Eastern States is too high; and that much of the soil is very indifferent. Those States, however, lying east of the Alle- gany mountains, having a direct opening with the western ocean, have a decided advantage over those of the west. But the price of land in the (ijEastern States, being very little short of what it is in England, most European emigrants are a- larmed on their first attempts to settle, and con- -:.3£x. UPPER AND LOWER CANADAS. 17 sequefitly remove to the less expensive, though more remote, districts of the west. Let us now proceed to take a view of the ac- tual price of land in the Canadas ; the expense at- tending its cultivation; the average produce that the agriculturist may fairly calculate on ohtain- ing from any given quantity; and the means he has of disposing of it afterwards. In treating of the price of land in Canada, it is proper to state, that the generosity of Govern- ment has frequently been extended to settlers in a very great degree. They have been known to give as much as 100 acres of good land, on con- dition of the occupier's building a house, and clearing at least six acres, with an actual resi- dence of three years, prior to being put in pos- session of the freehold for ever. With mingled sentiments of surprise and in- dignation, I was once compelled to listen to a conversation on board the Duke of Leinster packet, during her passage from Dublin to Li- verpool, in which one person, assuming to him- eman, roun dly as- self the character of a gentl verted, that government was in the habit of tak- IS OnSLHVATIONS ON THE If \\\ \ \ m iii^ back the Innd, niter a short period, which they had previously p'anted to settlers. This, I will take upon me to say, was an absolute false- hood. I suspect the man who had the consum- mate impudence to assert it, was an American land agent, than whom, few men have stronger tem])tation<; to misrepresent these matters. I make no ajjology for any a])parent want of po- liteness towards a man wtio could have the bare-faced effVontery to bring so false a charge against the British Government. Most certain- ly no such instance ever occurred, where the settler had himself fulfilled the exact terms of the agreement, as above stated. The quantity of land in Canada, yet in a state of forest, is capable of containing and suj)porting some millions of souls. Its quality is equal, if not superior, to any in the eastern States, and its ])rice far below that of the western territory. Some lands are held by a tenure similar to our 'inglish copyholds; but a great pjirt is freehold. iJopyhold farms are subject to an annual rent of 1/ bushel of wheat, for every 100 acres, besides iour shillings and two pence in money. On the 1 1 i Ul'FER AND LOWEIl CANADAS. 19 alienation of lands, 8 per cent, is paid by tlie buyer to the lord oi" the manor. The tenants are compelled to go to the lord's mill to j^rind the grain for their own consumption, paying a toll of l-14th of the grain so ground, ;- It has already been stated, that the Homnn Catholics continue to pay tythcs to their own clergy: this amounts, however, l)ut to l-5ii6*th, and that of grain and pulse onhj, every other pro- duction being entirely free from tythe : neither arc there any assessed nor land taxes exacted from the farmers of the Lower Province. The freehold land is held by the same tenure as in England. -^ • mo ; -)•.,.' , r Farms of 100 acres, with a small log-house, and a barn, thirty acres of the land being pre- viously prepared for cultivation, may be bought for from j£'l50 to c£200. In the townships, which are very extensive, and in many parts not more than fifty or eighty miles from the city of Montreal, the great emporium of the Canadas, farms may be bought on the above terms. Land in a state of nature may be bought for from ten shillings, to two pounds per acre, at a so OBSERVATIONS ON THI I I' I I credit of from five to ten years, paying 6 per cent, interest to the owner. This land, to be cleared, and made fit for sowing, will cost about three or four pounds per acre more, in the Lower Pro- vince; in the Upper Province, about six pounds per acre: labour not being so plentiful there. There are, at present, many opportunities of getting farms, at no great distance from Mon- treal, where is received the produce of the most remote settlements of Upper Canada, as well as that of the rich and feitlle district of which it bears the name. Nor is there, at this time, any difficulty in obtaining farms in the district of the Three Rivers, or of that of Quebec; but as the district of Montreal possesses a more congenial climate, lying in u more southerly direction, I would, by all means, recommend emigration to tijose parts*. In Upper Canada, plenty of land may be had at from two to four dollars per acre, in a state of * A pretty correct idea ol' the topography of this district^ may be obtained by an inspection of Mr. Vondenvelden's Map. •—Faden, Charing Cross, London. , ; ,; , m UPPER AND LOWER CANADA8. ii\ nature, and, with some clearing, fur a moderate consideration. From wliat 1 have here briefly stated, I trust an adequate idea of the value of land in Canada nuij be collected. The next thing is to consider the average expense attending its cultivation. This will inclndo n view of many articles of expendi- ture, not solely agricultural, but which necessari- ly, in a partial manner, enter into all calculations of this nature. The usual price of labour on farms, is from one shilling and eight pence, to two shillings and six pence per day, with board: if without board, four shillings and two pence. An annual fanning servant, besides board and lodging, has from £lb to ,£24 wages per annum ; Aud a woman servant of all worh, from £6 to Xxn per annum. In my Essays on Practical Husbandry, ad- dressed to the Canadian farmers, and published at Montreal, in the year 1817, I have given a table of the outlays, when commencing on a farm of 100 arpents*, rented at about 15s. the arpent, in the vicinity of i»lontrcu.. or at a distance of * That is four-fifths, of an English statute arip. ■a w I i f '■ p] If I 1 ll< 22 OHSEItVATIONS ON THE fifteen or twenty miles from that city, at 7s. 6d. per arpent*. As the work, in all probability, has not bit' jrto had much circuhition in Europe, 1 may be permitted to transcribe that estimate into this little publication : i . ' ■ - £, s. d. Two Plough Horses at 201. each "... 40 An ordinary extra liorse 10 Twelve Cows, at 61. each 72 Ten Slicep, at 1 1. each 10 Two Sows, ut 2l. 10s. each 5 Twenty-four fowls, at 2s. each 2 8 A light Plough, a Roller, Horse Hoe, a Scarifier, ■) „ . , [ 20 Axes, and various small implements 3 Two Dung Carts, two Hay Carts, two pair of^ Wheels to serve the four bodies, and two Trains r 29 fur winter J A Two-horse Plough 6 6 7 Harness fur ditto 6 I lirrows 2 10 A Cart Harness for extra horse 3 10 • '• Carried over ....£206 14. 7 * It is a custom to !•■'. 'arms, in both provinces, by the halves, the landlord furnishing implemerts, seeds, and stock; t'le tenant giving half the produce of the earth and stock. ii^rai 1^4 UPPER AND LOWER CANADA3, 23 Brought up £206 Saddles and Breech for Plough Horses, wlieii put ^ to rurt 3 Three Halters and Stable Furniture 2 Furniture for Dairy Dishes, Pails, Churn, ^c 10 Fifteen Minots* of Seed Wheat, at 10s. per mt. . . 7 Ditto of Peasei at 10s. per ml '/ Ditto ........ of Barley, nt Js. 6d per mt 5 Grass Seed for ten arpents 3 Potatoes for f ve arpents, at 3s. per mt Seed, Corn, or Morse beans, and seeds of V^egetables 2 servants' AND LABOURERS' WAG ES. Ploughman 2-» Two ordinary Men, at 15l. each 50 A Servaii t Woman, at 1 21 1 '2 A Girl, at 61 G Four Men, from the 15th of Ju'y to the iSth of Spptember, at 31. per month Women and Children to plant and gather Fioot Crojw 6 Provisions 124 14 7 10 10 12 6 7 G 10 '} 24 O Total 485 4 7 These calculations are made for eiiterinir on a farm on the first day of May, when the stock may A minot contains thirty-six quarts, Winchester measure. £4 OBSERVATIONS ON THE ■ 1 1) ( r 1 If 1 fH I*" > I be expected to feed abroad. Were the entry to take place in November, an allowance must be made for the subsistence of the stock. The food for the servants is included for one year; but the expense of the furniture for the house and vehi- cles, the mai'itenance of the master and his fa- mily, are not included: that depending on the style he may choose to conform to. This estimate may serve well enouj?h to answer every inquiry bearing on the same subject: but it were of small service to the reader, to inform him of the price of land, and the general expen- ses which must be incurred in its cultivation, without giving some clear and distinct view of the probable returns which land, so purchased, and so cultivated, will make to the skilful and industrious agriculturist. In stating, there- fore, the extent of those returns, and the prices which they respectively obtain in the market, we shall answer the double purpose of conveying in- formation to agriculturists in general,- and to the consumers of agricultural produce in parti- cular. In the Essays on Practical Husbandry, already pi UPPER AND LOWER CANADA8. 25 quoted, Thave endeavoured to lay down the most efficient methods of going to work, in order to make the hest possible use of the land in Canada. To those detuiis, therefore, it will be sufficient to refer in this place, as belonging, more properly, to a distinct work on agriculture, than to one professedly devoted to such topographical and descriptive delineations, ''.s are necessary for the information of emigrants to these provinces. I may, however, here state the general results of the observations I have made in the little work alluded to. We will begin, therefore, with Spring Wh'^- \t, which requires, generally, about a minot and a half of seed for every arpent. The return being, of course, according to the preparations of the soil, from twelve to twenty- five minots per arpent. SpEwT, or Egyptian Wheat, produces nearly ihii same returns from a somewhat larger quan- i •;. of seed; hut it has the advantage of being I'.^i.er suited to a poor light soil. Buck Wheat requires about two gallons and one quart of seed for every arpent, and returns from fifteen to twenty minots per arpent. y ■n 'If (I 11 r-v. 36 OBSERVATIONS ON THE k^' * *it. Rye requires one minot and a half of seed for an arpent of land ; and, in general, returns about from fifteen to twenty-five minots. Barley, of the best sort, requires one minot and a half of seed per arpent; and returns from fifteen to thirty-two minots. Oats take two minots of seed per arpent, and on swamps newly cleared and drained, will re- turn fo ) minots per arpent; but on clay and light loawi e returns do not exceed from twelve to eighteen minots. Maize, or Indian Corn, requires one gallon of seed per arpent, and, when properly tilled, will return from thirty to fifty minots. Horse Beans, when sown in drills, which is preferable to any other, require one minot of seed per arpent ; and return from twenty-five to thirty-five minots per arpent. Pease are very precarious in their crops in Canada. The small pea requires one minot and a half per arpent; but the large kind, a peck more. The returns seldom exceed twenty mi- nots, and frequently but from ten to twelve per arpent. ri ■' UPPER AND LOWER CANADA9. 27 There are a few other seeds which might be mentioned, hu'; the above are sufficient for the present purpose. Of the Cultivated Grasses I shall mention but a few. The red clover and fox-tail, the lat- ter of which is usually called Timothy-{?rass, in Canada, fjoni the name of the jierson who first introduced it, are applicable to various soils, and are the only grasses that are sowed for crops. The white honey-suckle clover is an indigenous grass, as is also ilie sheep fescue, and the hop or yellow clover. The same may be observed of the great meadow grasses; the silver grass, the Cyprus or blue-joint, and some few others. The Dutch gold-top is very common. The quantity of Foxtail or Timothy seed is one peck, and two pounds of red clover per ar- pent ; but if a field be to be sown with red clover, in order to take a crop and plough in the second growth for a manure, eight pounds of seed will be required. One arpent of land will produce from one hundred to two hundred and fifty bundles, weighing fifteen pounds each. , ^ LucERN, which is an artificial grass, requires a 111 h as OBSERVATIONS ON THE I I quart of seed, when drilled, per arpent ; and two quarts when sown broad cast. It is a productive and valuable grass, one arpent of lucern being deemed equal to four arpents of those grasses now under culture. Lucern is cut four or five times during the summer: sainfoin but once. One gallon of Sainfoin seed may be sown for every arpent. It is tolerably productive, and will grow on very poor soil. I shall now make a few observations on the culture and produce of vegetables, as food for stock, &c. Turnips, if sown broadcast, will require half a pound of seed per arpent ; if in drills, at three feet aj)art, four ounces of seed will be enough for an arpent. The returns are from four hun- dred to seven hundred bushels per acre. " The RooTA-BAGA, or Swedish-turnip, requires nearly the same seed, and is equally produc- tive; but are deemed more nutritive. Cabbage for the food of cattle, of which the drum-head is most esteemed, is very produc- tive. An arpent of land will contain 36oo cab* bages, at three feet distance. The average I?; .< UPPKR AND LOWER CANADAS. i9 weight in an jear unfavourable to their growth, (viz. in the year I8I6), was ten pounds each, making the produce eighteen tons. Though food for cattle, they are also cultivated in the Cana- dian gardens. Potatoes, of which there are several kinds, are uncommonly fine in Canada. The large white potato is deemed the most prodactive. The cuttings from twelve minots of potatoes will plant one arpent of land, which will produce two hundred and twenty minots on an average of se- ven years. Carrots require three quarters of a pound of seed per arpent, when drilled; and when broad- castj twice that quantity. The returns will be from six to seven hundred and fifty minots per arpent. I have had carrots that measured thir- teen inches round. Parsnips, though not equally advantageous to the farmer as carrots, succeed well in Canada. I have had parsnips that have measured fifteen inches round, and weighed three pounds and six ounces, without the top. The quantity of seed 11 \'t : t r^y 1 30 OBSERVATIONS ON THE I ;■;, I I •. ' 'J Hhi* ii^ y ■ ):( I i per arpent is one pound, the returns from six to eight hundred ininots. As a summary of these facts, we may observe, that the returns of crops areas follow: wheat, from 25 to 30 bushels; buck wheat, from 16 to 20; rye, 15 to 25; barley, 15 to 30; oats, 32 to 40; indian corn, from 30 to 60; horse beans, from 25 to 35; potatoes, from 250 to 400; car- rots and parsnips, from 70O to 90O; turnips, from 300 to 70O bushels; cabbages, from 18 to 25 tons per acre; and hay, from l\ to 2^ tons per acre. . .; ' v It is evident, therefore, that the earth, when well managed, is very productive; and the cli- mate, during the summer months, being very warm, the rapid advance of vegetation is almost incredible. I have sown wheat on the 11th of May, harvested it in the month of August fol- lowing, the produce weighing 65 lbs. per min.t. There are many facilities of improving the land, natural to the country. Lime-stone is a- bundant, and various other kinds of manure are easily to be obtained. ^ .- .» .^w (H UrPER AND LOWER CANAnA8. 31 As soon as the snow is off tlie ground in the spring, and it is dry enough to harrow, the fol- lowing seeds are committed to the earth : wheat, horse-beans, pease, barley, carrots, and parsnips. The general practice of the farmers is to pre- , pare the soil in autumn ; but the season for agri- cultural pursuits somewhat vary: at Quebec, the season is six months; at Montreal, seven. Although the season appears short, and the cold intense, the winters* are more pleasant and salu- brious than those of England, because more uni- form, and the air more clear and dry. In Ca- nada, the farmer is never at a loss, from any ap- prehension of ^e fickleness of the weather, what kind of labour he should next pursue. Hence, there is but little occasion for the barometer in farm houses, so common in England, - Canada is favoured with respect to the price of wheat and flower by the famous Corn Bill. ^ By one of the provisions in that much misrepre- i * After the frost sets in, and the rivers are sufliciently hard for traveUing, the farmers make their distant markets; and pur- sue their pastimes. 1 1/ if •/ ■ i; ..' 32 OBSERVATIONS ON THE sentcd 1)iII, it is enacted, that wheat from the Caoiulas may be imported into England, when her own is seventy shillings a quarter; while wheat from other countries is not permitted until English wheal is as high as eighty shillings. This is a wise and politic measure; and shews the paternal care which the British government has ever exercised towards the Canadian pro- vinces. Connected with this part of my subject, 1 may mention the manner in which the Canadians usually clear the land. The new land is covered with timber. The greater part of the trees being from two to three feet in diameter. The larger the timber, the better the soil, therefore the choice of laud is di- rected by the growth of timber on it. Where beech, maple, hickory, butter-nut, and chesnut grow, it is a sure sign of a good soil ; it is either yellow or hazel loam. Where elm, white ash, white oak, butter-nut, and red oak grow, the soil is strong. Where white pine, hemlock pine, birch and spruce grow, the soil is sandy. Cedar 8>vamps, though often composed of good soil, arc UPPER AND LOWER CANADA8. 33 Hot (lesirable, unless easy to drain. Black asli, soft maple, or plane swamps, are mostly on a clay or marl ; if easy to drain, they make very lasting meadows. Where there are small poplar and small white birch, the soil is poor, being light loam, on white clay. A spot being chosen for a settlement, a jilace is selected near to a constant and certain supply of good water, to build a log- house; trees are cut about 18 inches in diameter, to build it; if a saw mill be near, where boards may be had to cover it, that is done; if not, the • bark of ash becomes a substitute for boards. It is not desirable to lay out money at first to build a line house, because, when *he land becomes un- incumbered from trees, it often happens, that a more advantageous spot is discovered to build upon. Large cellars are made under the house for the deposit of vegetables, and other articles susceptible of injury from frost. Log stables and a barn ought to be erected, and care taken to make them shelter the cattle from the north and north-west winds, which are the coldest in that country. The clearing can be done by the acre. As Europeans are not acquainted with this spe- JD •!i I II'., ^l I'al ^4 OBSERVATIONS ON THE ciea of labour, it would be much best, in the first instance, to let it out by the job to the woodsmen, who are very expert in clearing. It requires some time and experience to become acquainted with the method of clearing new land. The work is begun by cutting the small trees or under- growth, then the large ones are chopped about three feet from the ground. The method is to cut them on the side they lean to, which is al- >vays observed before they begin the work. The incision is continued until it passes two thirds of the tree; then on the opposite part, when it falls. Many of these trees are from fifty to eighty feet without a branch. When on the ground, the branches are cut of}*, and thrown in heaps; then the body of the tree is cut into lengths of twelve feet. Thus the work is continued over the piece under operation. When done, an im- mense heap of trunks and branches is scattered all over the land. It lies in that state for a month or two, and when dry enough to burn, fire is put to it, and people attend to throw the branches nnd small wood into the fire, that it may all be feurnt. 'J'he fire having passed over every part of • it- UPPER AM) LOWER CANADAS, as the land, it is n favouruble .sign fur the future expectation of the farmer, as it kills all the under growth. The trunks of the trees being thick, are not all consumed, and oxen* are em- ployed to draw them to n place, where they are piled up and burnt by themselves. The ashes are collected, and converted into pot or pearl ash, or sold to the niannfucturcrs of these arti- cles. If any of the logs are fit to nuike fences of, they arc selected for that purpose; if not, other wood is got to fence the field, to secure it from the inroads of cattle. In a few days the earth will be in a state to receive the grain, Ailch \> harrowed in, with a triangular harrow, anxnig the stumps of the fallen trees, which remain in the ground for fifteen or twenty years, before they decay, according to the species of the timber But although they appear to be, and arc, impe- diments to the plough, they are not of much con- sequence to people who are acquainted with the ir * American oxen are used for the purpose; there are twn breeds, one resembling the Devonshire, the other the Lincoln- shire • the former are sold for £15 the pair, the lattor for £'01. 'TPW"''i"?""^P»8 OBSERVATIONS ON THE / 111 .i :! !l I of trees run horizontally near the surface, and are often thrown down by the wind, for which reason every tree is cut, to avoid accident. Were any to be left, they would be injured or destroyed by the fire, when the land is burnt. The American landscape, therefore, appears naked and destitute to the European traveller; but this is unavoidable, it being almost impossible to prevent a general destruction of the timber when the fire passes. A deficiency in point of taste in some farmers, and a want of pecuniary means in others, lead many to adopt, as ornaments in landscaj)e, an orchard, a crop of corn, or a meadow. But they might easily produce considerable ornaments on their estates by forest trees, so laid out as at once to delight the eye, and afford shade for their cat- tle during the summer months.. 1'hese agricultural details will, I trust, be of considerable service to those who intend to emi- grate to the Canadas as farmers ; and it is to such I wii^h more particularly to address myself in this publication. Thev will not, ho^Yever, be 11! ,' aiMMT mm UPPER AND |,Oy/ER CANADAS. 39 complete, without some information of a still more minute and particular nature. The prices of provisions at Quebec and Mon- treal are nearly alike. Beef is from 4d. to 6d. per lb. Mutton, 6d. to 7^d. veal, 5s. to 12s. per quaiter ; pork, 6d. per lb. turkeys, 5s. each ; geese, do. ducks, 2s. 6d. fowls, from lod. to Is. 3d. eggs, from 8d. to Is. 6, per dozen. Fresh and salt iish are to be had at a proportionate rate. Butter, from Is. to Is. 8d. per lb. cheese, from 5d. to lod. per lb. potJitoes, from Is. to Is. 8d. per bu- shel; wheat, from 58. to fB. 6d. per bushel; bar- ley, from 2s. 6d. to 4s. 2d. rye, from 4s. to 5s. buck wheat, from Ss. to 4s. <^d. Indian corn, from 4s. to 5s. oats, from Is. Sd.. to 2s. 6d. horse beans, from 5s. to 10s. pease, from 3*. 4d. to 5s. French beans, from 8s. to 12s. per bushel; hay, 3s. 6d. per hundred pounds \^ i?ht. The price of horses is from .£l5 to ,£'25; a yoke of oxen, from 16 to ,£25; cows, from ,£5 to JJ,W each. These prices are Halifax currency, being 18s. sterling per s^. Such, generally, is an accurate view of the aericnltural pro(|uce of this interesting country, M ft Fn« I- I' ' / iH I. I ft .40 OBSERVATIONS ON THE and of the returns which the land is capable of yielding. •..,.>. The Canadians export masts, yards, spars, square oak, and staves; white and red pine tim- ber, red cedar, lath wood and plank, pot and pearl ashes, wheat, flour, Indian corn, pease, beans, barley, flax seed, hops, apples, onions, beef, pork, butter, cheese, &c. These articles of produce naturally lead to an inquiry into the facilities which the Canadas pos- sess of disposing of them ; and of the compara- tive advantages of markets between these pro- vinces and the much extolled territories of the new State of Illinois. "• i The ports for shipping are Montreal and Que- bec; but previous to any observations on the su- perior advantages which these ports hold out to the exportation of the produce of the Canadas, it may not be improper to give some account of the present state of those flourishing towns. Montreal is one of the most enterprising, commercial, and thriving ciiies in all North A- merica. Its population is about 25,000 souls; and if the present rage for emigration should UPPER AND LOWER CAMADAS. 41 continue but a few years, the number of inhabi- tants will be doubled. It may help to convey a good idea to the reader, of the population and importance of this city, to be informed, that at this time there are no fewer than six diiferent newspapers published there every week. These papers, it should be observed, are not, like many of the London and other Journals, chiefly devoted to a correspondence of a local, or controversial nature, with the editors, but have their columns almost entirely filled with advertisements, and are printed on a large sized paper, similar to the Times, Morning Chronicle, and other London paj ers*. There are two banks recently established in ^fMl * I have taken the first paper that came to my band, " The Montreal Heralii,"for October 24.. 1818, and have counted the number of advertisements, which amount to 156. Those who are acquainted with the^e matters will know, that this bespeaks a very extensive and busy town ; especially when it is considered that this is only one of six newspapers published in that city. The average number of advertisements in the Times newspaper, London, is, I am told, about 230 or 240, perhaps double the number of any other pa|VSr. 11 t;' -m "^ 4i OBSERVATIONS ON THE ( i n . 1 ■ I ! If V M Montreal, with very large capitals, and where tonsiderable business is transacted, in the de- posit and exchange of money. There are also two fire insurance offices. The churches, and other public buildings, are on an extensive scale, in short, this city is superior to many of the large commercial towns of Great Britain. Quebec is the seat of government, and is dis- tant from Montreal about 180 miles. This also is u very populous and thriving city; but it is not necessary to the main object of this work to enter into any minute details of description. It is sufficient to shew, that Canada possesses every advantage of a long established and settled country, and where the enterprising and indus- trious agriculturist, merchant, tradesman, and mechanic, may meet with almost every encou- ragement and reward that is to be found in the busy and populous towns of Europe; besides many other advantages peculiar to these trans- atlantic regions. ^,^^ The Upper Province is supplied at Montreal with European commodities of almost every kind ; and persons proceeding thither, may furnish t ••& ^ UPPER AND LOWEll CANADAS. 43 themselves' with dry goods groceries, liquors, ironmongery, saddlery, and every thing else, as conveniently, and nearly as cheap, ^ in Europe. The roads in the neighbourhood, and betwc .< the cities and towns, are good, and the convey- ance, both by land, by steam boats, and other vessels, easy and rapid. . The country of both the provinces is generally populous and fertile; and on the numerous navi- gable rivers are several valuable mill seats. The noble river St. Lawrence passes upwards of 400 miles through the Lower Province. There are several towns and villages on its banks. In- deed the houses are set so thick, that it appears like a continued street on each side of the ma- jestic stream. Its banks are perhaps unequalled for grandeur of scenery, and its borders for fer- tility of soil. The tributary waters to this fine river are in- land seas, where ships of the largest dimensions are seen traversing their expansive surfaces; sometimes for the purposes of trade, and at others, when necessity requires it, to check the inroads. of an intrucliii^' enemy. s\ , > ij j1. 1^ * >' m rf \u { 44 OBSERVATIONS ON THE :.l *l "* I cannot let this opportunity escape me, with- out entering my solemn protest against the misre- presentations of Mr. Sansom, with respect to the banks of the St. Lawrence. He asserts that there are only four hamlets or trading towns, including Montreal and Quebec, situated on that river; and draws a most exaggerated comparison be- tween the banks of the St. Lawrence, and those of the North River, in the territories of the Unit- ed States. On the latter, he says, there are no less than fifteen or twenty hamlets and market towns^ in the same space, where, on the St. Lawrenfce, there are only four. I here tax Mr. Sansom with gross misrepresentation; and challenge him to a comparison of the Canadian towns, and those of the United States. Whoever has been in North America must know very well, that many of the cities of the Union do not contain more than a score or two of houses; and that their towns, with comparatively but few exceptions, hardly deserve the name of hamlets. As to what Mr. Sansom savs of the borders of th'e St. Lawrence being " a region of perennial snow," if, which I very much doubt, he has ever if UPPER AND LOWER CANADAS. 45 been there at all, he must know, is unfounded; to use a Lilliputian expression. Mr. Sansoin has said the thing that is not. I will not apply u harsher term to his statement. . , ,. The markets of Canada are accessihle to ships of the largest burden, which sail to Great Bri< tain, the West Indies, and Newfoundland, with as free a trade to Spain and Portugal. Besides the St. Lawrence, and other navigable rivers, there are several great lakes, on which are conveyed the produce of the land to populous and trading towns, in much less time, and at in- finitely less expense than by the Ohio, which is 1000 miles, added to the Mississipi; or even by this latter river alone, which ri?ns a distance of 1245 miles from Shawnee town before it ar- rives at the great market, or depot, for the pro- duce of the Illinois territory, which is New Or- leans. It were, however, uncandid in me not to state, that the facility of moving heavy goods, such as flower, lumber, beef, pork, butter, &c. by ship- ping, is impracticable from the month of De» I i f in % y-- vi K 46' OHSEIIX ATIONS ON THE f. f ceiiihcr to the close of A))ril. But v\ lien the tide of cmignitioM is inoro generally directed to Ca- nada, there will he a sudicient demand for the productions of the earth, to induce merchants to adopt the system of keeping their merchandise in dcpdts, during the summer months, in Bermu- da, and it is not, generally, a voyage of more than sixteen days from the St. Lawrence to that island. During the winter months, the same ships would be profitably employed in the trade from Bermnda to the West Indies. It must be admitted, that by using Bermuda as a depot for Canadian produce, the merchant must necessarily incur a consideriible expense in warehousing, unloading, &c. But the same ex- pense is incident to tliose who trade from the Ohio States, by the Mississipi, and deposit tijclr goods at Now Orleans. Kvery agriculturist or merchant knows, that tl;e grand object to be considered in the sale of his merchandise, is the nearness and facility of mo r- kcts. It is of little avail that I can grow wheat at an expense of three or four shillings per bu- UPPER AND LOWER CANADAS. 47 :IV she), if it shall cost mc double that sum, to say nothing of the loss of time, in conveying it to market. Now, let us compare the Canadus, and the western territory of North America, in tliis very particular point, for it is one of vital import- ance. With respect to what may be called home consumption, every attempt at comparison were absolutely ridiculous. Where there is no popula- tion, there can be no demand for the earth's pro- duce. The articles sold on a single market-day at Quebec or Montreal, would sup])ly the whole population fifty miles round Mr. Birkbeck's Eng- lish Prair/e for years! . I have already intimated, that the value of land, the facilities of cultivation, and the returns which it makes in Canada, are in every respect superior to what can bef o})tained in the western territory. When to these primary advantages is added that of a nearer market, the inducements to emigrate to Canada appear in a most flat- tering and conspicuous point of view. I, have stated Bermuda to be the depot for Ca- I if^ 48 OHSLKVATIUNS UN Tlin 1 1. 1 r- nailian produce, and New Orleans fur that oC tlie western states of the Union. Ships laden in the ports of Montreal, or Que- bec, proceed down the St. Lawrence, and in a day or two's time enter the Atlantic Ocean, and proceed, in almost a direct line, southward to Ber- niuda, unimpeded by adverse winds, and without encountering the long and perilous route by the gulphs of Mexico and Florida. This voyage is usually made in about sixteen days ; whereas, those from the states west of the Allegany mountains, have, in the first instance, to make the dan- gerous and tedious descent of the Ohio and Mis- sissipi; thence, from the entrance of the lat- ter river, after having taken in their cargo at New Orleans, they pass the gulph of Mexico, and then that of Florida, up to the latitude of the variable winds: then, standing to the eastward, in order to descend to the south, and so fall in with the trade winds, that they may reach the West India Islands. Added to a knowledge of the trade winds, a very slight inspection of any common map or chart of these parts, will imme- diately demonstvate the su])criority of Canada in i , UI'F£U AND LOVVKIl CANADAS. 49 til is respect. Vessels from the Ohio and Mis- «issi|}i to New Orleans, cuniiut niuke their voyage, ordinarily, in less than 28 days: nor return under from 90 to 130 days. Ships caiMiot sail from New Orleans to the West Indies in less than from 30 to 36 days*. * The waters of some of the ^rcat rivers of the United States falling into the lakes, pass into the St. Lawrence; a circuqistancc which has caused that river to become the natural route for the pro- duce of those countries above St. Regis; and, therefore, a great portion of the people inhabit- ing those parts look to Montreal for a market. ]n order to turn that trade into the state of New York, the legislature has determined to form a canal from the lake Erie, to the Hudson^ or North river. The length of this canal is to be 353 I * " Should you, as you think, come round by New Orleaiu, «' Shawnee town is still your landing-place. Your voyage up " from New Orleans by steam, will be about a month. From ^< Shawnee town to English Prairie is 6fty miles. You must " inquire here for the road." — Dirkbeck's Letters from the Illinois, p. 7y. X "^ "t AO OBSEPVATIONS ON THE 1 1 \' miles, a great part of which is ah'eady cut. At present, the trade to those countries is carried on by waggons from Philade]j)hia*. The expense, how ever, of a ca«al navigation, of the distance even to Albany, is very great, when compared to a route by the St. Lawrence, to which canals are about to be ma*^? in differ- ent quarters. The whole distance will not then exceed sixty miles, avoiding the rapids of La Chine, those of the Longue Sault on the St. Lawrence, and the great falls of Niagara. Produce of every kind can be brought to Mon- treal, or Quebec, for two-thirds less than by the New York State canal. These advantages have excited the cupidity of the United States, and induced them to covet the possession of the Canadas; but the British Gd- vernment would act wisely to use every precau- * That 'he reader may be put in possession of every pos- sible infci'natiop on this important subject, I have inserted in the Appendix, No. I. a statement from a United States' paper, giving a long account of this canal; to which I have added sone remarks (hereon, from the Montreal Herald. 'H'|.'l"»i»^.' UPPER AND LOWER CANADAS. 51 tion to retain these valuable colonies under the English crown. With Canada, wimld fall the trade in provisions to the West India islands... Besides, the capabilities of Canada in regard to naval stores should ever be held of great value to the mother country. Emigrants intending to proceed to Upper Ca- nada, take their departure from Montreal* to La Cliine, a distance of nine miles. From thence they go to Prescot in boats, 111 miles. From thence there is a steam-boat to Kingston, where there are other steam-boats proceeding to York, the capital and seat of government for the Up- per Province. After landing passengers, the boat proceeds to Queenstown, on the Niagara i i l7.' * As ships from Europe do not proceed higher up the St. Lawrence than Montreal, those desirous of having goods sent from England to Upper Canada, should have them shipped in vessels bound to that port, and appoint an agent there to receive and forward them to the place of destination. Ships are to be heard of at the New York, Lloyd's, and New England Coffee-houses in London; and at all the out-ports in the United Kingdom. I w^ « I i u\ 52 OBSERVATIONS ON THE frontier. Between Queenstown and lake Erie tliere is a portage* of eighteen miles. The total expense from Montreal is generally considered to amount to .ibout five pounds each person. Those who proceed farther, take carriage past the portage, to avoid tlie Niagara falls, and em- bark in vessels on lake Eriefor Amhurstburgh on tlie Detroit river. Few people, however, proceed that distance, except for curiosity: they gene- rally concentrate themselves near market-towns, .where labourers are plentiful, and artificers are to be found to perform the different kinds of work tiiat may be required. There are, nevertheless, ma- ny extensive settlements in the Erie country. Those persons who wish to proceed to the Ottowa river, will find a packet boat at La Chine, which leaves that place every Sunday morning, from May to November, for St. Andrew's and Carillion, being the foot of the rapids on that * A portage is that part of a river which is not navigable^ on itccount ot" rocks, &c. producing rapids. And where good? must Iheiet'ore be carried to the next navigable part. 1 1! If , ] 1 H "v^i^an*' wii-miiiu umaif^m^mfmi^mf'i^iffmvmmim' ■Fww^ -w^ UPPJ,R AND LOWER CANADAS. 53 liver, extending about nine miles. A steam- boat is expected to ply between the head of these rapids, and the river Rideau the present sum- mer, to carry goods and passengers to the Perth and Richmond settlements, where, during the summer of 18 IS, a road was made to communi- cate with the Ottowa. Another road has been made through the townships of Chatham, Gren- ville, the seigniory of the Petit Nation, the town- ships of Norfolk, Templeton, and Hull, forming a regular comnmnication by land from the above settlement to Montreal and Kingston, in Upper Canada. The Perth and Richmokid settlements on the rivers falling into the Ottowa, have been the fa- vourite fepotsof many thousands of families, who have settled there; and it is to be hoped, that many who have been misled by false expectations, and delusive misrepresentations, to wander in search of a place of settlement, into remote a,nd devious tracts of land, far removed from human society, and the means of turning their exertions auu skill to any valuable purpose, will be induced to retrace their steps, and to take up their abodes 'fi ■-^-^-'-■^^ w 54 OBSFUVATIONS ON THE K ^i ;l i h '! r i ii:-:^ 1 1 , in the fruitful and hospitable districts of these co- lonies. Many persons who went to the States of America have aheady acted upon advice similar to this, and are now actually reaping those ad- vantages of which they had before only dreamt. Since the late war, American settlers from the United States have not been very favourably re- ceived by the Canadians of the Uj)per Province. Their most abominable treachery and perfidy during those commotions necessarily engender- ed no small portion of distrust, and even dislike, which time only, and a better conduct on the part of the Americans, can effectually cure. But however this may be, the most desirable, emi- grants, and the most welcome to the Canadians, are those from Great Britain. These, whether in the several capacities of farmers, tradesmen, shopkeepers, labourers, or mechanics, need not despair of meeting with encouragement in these provinces. Blacksmiths, besides board, receive 5s. wages per day; masons, bricklayers, plaister- ers, carpenters, wheelwrights, and shoemakers, generally board themselves, and receive 10s. wa- ges per day. f» UPPER AND LOWER CANADaS. 55 Those who go out with a view to get woric as labourers will do well to leave England in April, as they will thereby arrive at a time when work is plentiful. If they leave Europe in July or August, they will arrive too late to obtain a permanent situation for the winter. In that case they will act prudently to take money sufficient to supply them for some months. Those whose object it is to enter into agricultural pursuits ar- rive, of course, too late to enable them to obtain a crop the first year. They must therefore come provided for such a delay. •■ Many persons who go out from England, find themsplves disappointed from a want of previous adequate investigation of the difficulties they must naturally encounter in such an undertak- ing; and they increase those difficulties greatly by not making an early decision, but hesitating and halting, till delay has consumed a great part of that property which was requisite to their com- fortable establishment on their arrival. Others are disheartened at the commencement of their new undertaking, because they have not made themselves previously acquainted with the busi- 'i k % 56 OBSERVATIONS ON THE ft il H ,t iii ness which they are to subsist by, on their arri- val on these shores. Persons should not emi- grate to America for the purpose of learning how to become farmers, unless they can, in the very first instance, command a sufficient capital to maintain them, and those whom they may find it necessary to call to their aid, till they have ac- quired that knowledge, and realized the sub- stantial fruits of it. Tbis must necessarilv be a work of considerable time. It has already been stated, that GovernL.infc has, sometimes, been led to holdout considerable inducements to settlers, in grants of lands, &c. How far this practice is continued at present, may be known by an application to the office of his Majesty's Secretary of State for the Colonies in London, to whom, if I might be permitted, I would recommend that orders should be is" sued to the provincial government, to prevent unnecessary delays to the emigrant; but that, immediately on his application for unappropri- ated lands, they may be granted according to his own selection; and, besides, that the l-7th part pf a township, now reserved for the future, pro^ ft ■ \ I I ^■[•jnipiir^^f^^pr^' UPPER AND LOWER C ANA DAS. sr vision and maintenance of a protestant clergy, and the like reservation for the hencfit of the crown, be differently arranged, as the present mode of distribution is found to be productive of great inconvenience to the settlers. With regard to these suggestions, most resj)ec*- fully recommended to the Secretary for Colonies, it mav be sufficient to tnll to the recoUaction of m persons in office, tLat delay and suspense con- sume the liuiited resources in cash which every emigrant must possess; and that when once per- sons have formed a resolution to leave their country, and have made up their minds as to the place of their destination, the least delay, aris- ing from any appearance of neglect in those who have raised expectations of assistance in so momentous an enterprise, has a tendency to ex- cite suspicion, fear, and distrust. A whole year may be very unthinkingly lost under such circum- stances, because the labours of the farmer must de- pend on the season. Many, in consctjuence of delays of this kind, have been tempted to emigrate to the United States, who might otherwise have been induced to settle in our own colonies.. '» 11 I I I I ft 8 OBSERVATIONS ON THE H 11^ 'I ■1 I As to wlmt I have ventared to suggest re- specting the present practice of reserving l-yth for the clergy, &c. it may be observed, that such crown and clergy reserves, as they are now dis- tributed, are an obstruction to the repairs of roads, arc the means of collecting humidity, and a great interruption to the drainage of the settled parts of n township; besides that they increase the settler's fences, and eventually tend to over- shadow his crops. Pursuing this subject with respect to emigrants to Canada, 1 may remark, that as some imposi- tions have taken place by captains engaging to carry persons to Canada, and afterwards leaving . them in New Brunswick or Halifax, 750 miles below Quebec, great care should be previously taken to ascertain that the ship is actually bound to Quebec or Montreal. There is ^in agency-. office at Quebec to furnish people with whatever proper information they may stand in need of on their arrival at that port, if destined for Mon- treal, or for the Upper Province. They will find steaiu-lioats that ply every day between the two cities. The distance, ISO miles, is usually H II if. ■ ^mim ^"•'"'^^f^mfim UPPER AND LOWER CANAD..S. 59 performed in about eighteen hours; the passage in the best cabin, with provisions, is .£3 10s.; in the mid-cabin, £,\ ; in the fore-cabin, ten shillings; but no provisions are provided except for cabin passengers. As every article of real utility, and even of luxury, can be easily procured in the Canadian cities, and that, too, at nearly as easy ;i rate as in London, emigrants need not expend their cash in goods for sale; but preserve as much specie as possible. The emigrant may, however, provide himself with such articles of clothing as are suitable to the climate: viz. coarse Yorkshire cloth trowsers, and round jacket, a long great coat, striped cotton shirts, and worsted stock- ings, with boots, or high shoes. For the §ura- mer dress he may provide Russia-duck trowsers, and smock-frock. lie may also take out bed and bedding. Kitchen furniture* may or may not be taken out; he might, however, include a few rough carjjenters' tools. Axes, chains, hoes, .1' il ind >lly * Kitchen titciisils should all be of cast iron, as wood fires destroy those made of tin. 6o OHStRVATIONS ON THi: i :l I- ' ', and ploughs for new land, arc made in Canada, better ada))tcd to the work than can he had in any part of Europe. Although an agreement may he made with the captain to he lurnisiied with provisions for the voyage, it will not he amiss to take out a small store of extra articles ; esjiecially when there arc women and children on board: as a plum pad- ding or two, baked very dry, some nisks, currant jelly, gingerbread, butter, cheese, brandy or Hol- lands, ])orter, tea, and sugar. Wine is not re- quiretl, as it turns acid on the stomachs of those not accustomed to the sea. 'I'hese are merely hints to those who have never i en a voyage of this extent, and as captains of vessels do not al- ways inquire very minutely into the state of their passengers' appetites. • The passage from Great Britain to Canada in the Spring season is generally from five to six weeks; and in the summer from eight to ten. The usual retail prices, (Halifax currency), of grocery and liquors, in Canada, are as follow: Tea from 4s. to 5s. Gd. per lb, coffee Is. 3d. loaf-sngar Is. West-India sugar from 7 d. to 9d, il UPPER AND LOWER CANADAS. Gl maple sugar, produced in the country, f*" !n 4h\. to 6(1. per 11). Ruin 4s. 6d. per gallon, Hollands gin from /s. to 8s. brandy from 10s. to 13s. wine the same. Madeira l6's. per gallon, Teneritt'e from 68. tops. Spanish from 'is. to ds. 6d. Vine- gar 5s. per gallon, and porter Is. 8d. Salt is sold in Canada at from 2s. 3d. to -^s. 6d. per bushel, tobacco and snuff from Is. to Is. 3d. per lb. candles Is. soap Sd. or gd. but these two last articles are made in most of the families. I shall conclude these details with the mention of a few seeds, &c. which emigrants from Eu- rope may find it useful to take out with them : Lucern, sainfoin, onions, beet, leek, parsley, and sage; Swedish-turnip, blue and white field tur- nip, drum-head cabbage, early York, carrots, mangle-wurtzel, raddish, lettuce, gooseberry, and different currant seeds. Having now furnished the reader with every useful information relative to his settlement in Canada, I would ask any English farmer vvhe- dier he could reasonably expect a greater or more profitable return for the expense, the skill, and the industry he would bestow upon the same I 'i 4i 'i»i tr! « I- I" 6<2 OKSEIIVATION'S ON TIIL ] i I' If i i i:^ ii; (juantlty of land in his own country. It were, howevcM', an iin|)utation on the |U(l^inent of any experienced agriculturi>>t to urge an answer to so obvious a (jucstion. And now let us j)ursuc our conijmnson of these and other advantages of the duiadas, with those which are so pompously held out to settlers in the western territories of the United States. The difference as to distance, and the conse- quent expense of travelling, by sea and by land, have already been sufficiently noticed; as also have the relative situations of the respective mar- kets from the abodes of the growers in Canada, and in the Ohio States; by which it has been shewn, that in a much less time than a boat can pass between the Ohio country to the Orleans depot, and return, might a sliij) n)ake a voyage from (2uebcc to Europe or the West-Indies, and return again to the Canadian port. Let us suppose, however, that an emigrant has surmounted the perilous and expensive voyage from Europe to the western territory; on his ar- rival there what a host of difficulties, expenses, and inGonvcnicMces, lias he gqt to combat. r t:. UPPER AND LOWER CANADA^. 6M Perha))s, with u deliciitc wile iiiul u r>iuiily of children, he finds himselt' seated undor a tree, in the midst of u wild and trackless region, where not a single human face, hesides those of liis own retinue, can be seen; not a hut or a cal)in, can ho behold; and the alluring stories he had been told about luxuriant natural mea- dows, called Prairies, waiting only for the hand of the mower, and a day's sun to be converted into food for his horses and cattle, turn out to have been lavished u])on wide open fields of grass, towering as high as the first floor window of the comfortable house he has forsaken in Eu- rope; and penetrating, with its tough fibrous roots into the earth, beyond the reach of the ploughshare, requiring the operation of fire ere the land can be converted to any useful pur- pose. Under a burning sun, and with but little shel- ter from the foliage of trees, or the retreats of the forest, he has to dig wells ere he can quench his thirst, there being no cooling and refreshing springs! and although he may still hope, that time will enable him to surmount all his difll- II k I A\ "hi Pitl r *■ I,. 'il ft it ' il I; / i: /. 1.' i< m if m {- K- Gi •• OlJSsEUV ATIONS ON THE culties, rind reconcile his complaining, perhaps, upbraiding family, to their isolated condition, hi* heart will he apt to si'-kcii within hini, especial- ly when he finds, t'.iat he must wander many miles in search ot some one to assist him in the very con)mencement of his o])erations. At length, however, that assistance is procured ; but of what species of beings does it consist? Alas! alasl they are those very unfortunate wretches, whose degraded condition, he has, while in Europe^ learnt most humanely to commiserate. For the relief of beings like the^e, perhaps he remembers the time when he would not taste a grain of su- gar, nor drink a drop of rum; for these he has attended many and many a meeting of the friends of humanity; for these he has listened with rap- ture and delight, to the power/ ul arguments of a Wilbcrforce in Parliament; and for these he has dwelt, with the most anxious solicitude, on the pages of a Clarkson. How often has he execra- ted the horrid traffic in human blood! How has his heart swelled with indignation, when he has road the terrific details of slavery, and has then taught his children,, almost to love and venerate f UPPMl AND LOWER CANADAS. 6J ne fa- as as Jii lt« the poor black boggar that, in l)rokeii accents, ht, solicited charity at his door! Yet now, in these blissful plains in these lands of liberty and of patriots in republican America, the asylum of the persecuted the nurse of freedom — tiie abode of plenty " the " shadow of a great rock in a weary land" to those who have fled from the persecutions, the taxations, the msery, and the irape^'.dingruin of Europe Inihii, transatlantic tli/.sium, is our poor deceived e.nigrant surrounded with /slaves, or lost in desolation! This is no exaggerated picture. In passing through many oi the States to those west of the Allegany moootaino, the emi^ruit literally tra- vels through a land of slavery, unless he travel throngh Canada. An American autlior of no mean talent, in a work recently published, on the present state and resources o^that country, has candidly admitted the degraded condition c lany parts of America in this respect, and has treated with no small de- gree of just sarcasm and severity, the visionary projects of such emigrants as Mr. Birkbcck. ,1 m ^i It It T ,« j. If ll;! I { 66 OBSERVATIONS ON THE Mr. Bristed, to whose work, intituled, " Ame- rica and her Resources," I have here alluded, ad- mits, that the female population of the southern and luesteim states are materially injured by the existence of the slave system. • " In selling slave?;," says he, " our southern planters and dealers pay no regard to parting nearest relations, to separating parents and chil- dren, or tearing asunder husbands and wives, Virginia prides herself on tlie comparative mild- ness with which its slaves are treated; and yet, in the first volume of the American Musmnif there is a heart-rending account of a slave, beiiig, for some offence, put into an iron-cafre, suspended to the branches of a lofty tree, and left to perish by famine and thirst, unless the birds of prey, to admit which, the bars of the cage stood at inter- vals suflicicntly wide, could terminate his life sooner by plunging their beaks and talons into Ills vitals. In the mean time, the eagle, the vulture, and the raven, feasted upon the quiver- ing victim, whose ])ody they mangled at their own leisure; and the high-spirited republicans of the ancient dominion, were gratified by knowing, % ll 1 ■HP mm ^mmf^mm I I m UPPER AND LOWER t ANADAS. er ir that the air was tainted by tlie jmtrefaction, and loaded with the expiring cries and groans of an agonized fellow-niraii, doomed to die by protracted torture." Again: " There are regular dealers, who buy np slaves, and drive them in gangs, chained to- gether, and more than halt' naked, to a southern nifirket. Few weeks pass, without some of these wretched creaturies being marched through Rich- mond on their southward course. A few months since, nearly two hundred were sold by auction in the street, and filled all the region roun. 421 . u m \ ■gi' ■ :; (JPPER AND LOWER CANADAS. 7i rancorous spirit of party. It is true, a feeble at- tempt has recently been made to introduce among us the spirit nf' reform; which is only another phrase for a spirit of anarchy and misery. In Canada every person of fair character is eligible to a seat in the House of Representatives. But I will not pursue a subject that would lead to a discussion foreign to the direct object of this publication. Land, twenty-five miles on either side of the town of Cincinnati, to a hundred miles north of it, with some small improvements, sells for from 8 to '20 dollars per acre. In the Tennassee coun- try, land, in a state of nature, sells for 38 dollars per acre. Labour is stated to be very high, and the produce very low on the Ohio. The wages of a labouring man is from ^5 8 to ,£65 per annum. A woman servant, ,£31 : 10s. It is not necessary to rcmtinue these compara- tive details, in order to shew, that Canada holds out advantagei> of a vt y suj)erior kind to emi- grants; and that an Englishman, by removing to that part of America, will wot only be per- J :i k \ V\ ■I 1>;'''I (,' : I 7i OB.^RKV VlIltNS ON THE i I J n f -^i t . i i' li lorininc: \m dnty as ;i irood subject, but may add t») bis «)\vii romlorts aiid enjoyments in a very meat degree. It bas occurred to nie, tbat my little work will not l)e complete periect it cannot le witbout some furtber details relative to tbe steps whicb cniii;Tants ougbt to take on tbeir landing in Ca- nada. Sliips on tbeir arrival at Quebec, are detained a day or two to make tbeir entries at tbe Custom- bouse: it will tberefore be unnecessary to take out baggage, and incur expense at an inn for lodgings, while inquiries arr made on any business in tbat city. Tbe sbips moor rtlong side tbe (|uay, so tbat families can step ashore to walk tbrougb tbe town, and buy any thing they want, if disposed to go to an inn, tlicre are two very re- spectable ones in the lower town: vi:^. the Exchange Cotlee-bouse, and tbe Neptune Ii.n. Tbere are also genteel boarding-bouses in the lowjpr town. In tlu! upper town tbere are others still more re- ft])cctable; but they will all be found dear ; tberefore refre.-bments may be had easier and cbca])er, by iji i lirPER AMD IjOWER CANADA8. 73 taking them on board, from the market or shops. As two days will give tima to decide on the future destinations of emigrants, T shall first suppose a fa- mily determined to go to the eastern townships in the district of Quebec Perhaps it would not be amiss to buy a horse and cart, to carry the fami- ly and baggage from the city to those parts. When ready, they go to the steam ferry-boat, which plies every half hour between (Quebec and Point Levy. They proceed from thence to St. Giles, where they fall on the Craig's road, lead- ing through many fine townships, to Standstead, on the lake Meniphramagog, where the line runs between the Province and the United States. It wonld not be amiss for emigrants to carry pro- visions with them. Another family we will suppose determines to go to the eastern district of Trois Rivieres. > In that case, a passage is taken on board the steam-boats going up the river to the city of that nan»e. These boats have from l6o to 180 feet deck, and may be said to be lloating hotels, !iot siir})a,sse(l by any in the woilil. When arrived, a ll M. i V »:| «i ^^mmtrnm v., ■ * \i 7 i OBSERVAIIONS ON TIIL ileharkfttiou must be made instantly, they be- ing, like Knglisli 8tnge coaches, bound to timc« The family, il prepared to proceed, can do it ini- niediatcly: it" desirous to halt a day or two, they will find good inns in this city. On their de- parture, they .should take the ferry to the oppo- site shore. If their views are to the borders of the Becanconr river, on their landing, they des- cend about six miles, where it empties itself into the St. Lawrence, where the road runs up to the townships in its neighbourhood. If to the river Nicolet, they proceed uj) to the village hearing that name, about 12 miles, where it empties into lake St. Peter. At that place, they will get every information to j)roceed to the townjjhips between the St. Lawrence and the lines to the east. 'J'hcre are also roads from Kieolet leading to the new settlement of Drum- mond ^'ille, on the river St. Francois, as also to the rivcT Yamasca. But a choice can be made of another road to Druunnond Ville, by proceed- ing on with the steam-boat to the town of M'ij- liani Ilcniy. that being the niobt I'requented. A t VPPEll AND LOWHa CANADAS. Another raniily prefers perhaps the district of Montreal. These sliouhl keep on witli tlie jtteani* boat proceeding to that city. They may then go to the inn kept by Poiuroy, opposite the old market, or to the General Brock, or to Cushing's near the Ilay-markvt, or to a l)oar(lii»g-housc. If a stay is contemplated, a small honse or lodg- ing in some of the suburbs perhaps would ha best. It is determined, we will suppose, to settle ou land in this district. It will be asked, therefore, where are spots to be found for settlers ? I answer. On the rivers Chataugua, the Ottowa, and As- sumption. On the seigniories of Argcntueil*, Vaudreuil*, Regaud*, Soulange*',Beauharnoise* Longuiel*, Chambly*, Yatnasca*, D'AillcIuiut*, Ramzay, LaChenaye*,Ter'obonn(', and Kiver du Chene*. Townships of H' 'Mingford, Goodnian- chcster, Kfldair, and Cbui. im, be- dcs many others; but these may suffice. I I r . I i I ■i ( i t * Seigniories markccl thus, hav Knglisii and Anurican fz niilics ill them. I IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 11.25 IfilM |2.S | io "^^ Mi^ 2.0 Sciences Ccjrporalion 23 WBT MAIN STtHT WIBS7m,N.Y. I45M (71«>)«72-4S03 '^ ^ ^4^ ■f'4^ K ^ O^ V re OBSERVATIONS ON THE I |i ' ?1 I should advise no one to buy land, unless ho has been on the spot ; and to take care that the titles are good. Each settler will require some stock ; but let him take care to purchase no more than he has the means of supporting. The best places to supply his wants are the market towns. The market days are Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Fri* days, when stock of every kind may be bought cheaper than in the country. Those emigrants who settle in new countries, where stock is scarce, and stock farms being their object, it might be deserving of attention for them to go to the cities on market days, and buy calves, wlrich are brought to market in great numbers . They may be bought at a price of from ^1 ; 6s. to c£'Z each, at the age of three to five weeks, which would be an easy miethod of increas- ing those establishments, there behig no other means so practicable, oh account of the great demand occasioned by the influx of settlers. Mr. Hedge makes the best American axes, log chains, Dutch plough shares, brush scythes. UPPER AND LOWER CANADAS. 17 rings and staples for ox yokes. At Mr. Piatt's is to be found every article of iron hollow ware, from a small saucepan to the largest potash kettles ; as well as every article of ironmongery and window glass. At My. Thomas Torrance's are to be had groceries, liquors, &c. At Mr. James Woolrich's is to be found every article in the linen, wooileuj and haberdashery line. These stores are all in St. Paul's Street, Montreal, near to the old mar- ket and port of landing. Some families determine to proceed to the Upper Province, carts are therefore hi^"ed on the old market to take the baggage to Lachin, where live Mr. Grant and Mr. Boston, each having boats to hire, with men to proceed to the Upper Country. If to Prescott, with a view to go to the east part of the Perth Settlement, the engage- ment is made to the landing place; from whence it is forty miles by land, and carts are hired for the journey. If to Kingston, an opportunity is always afforded by the merchants sending gopds there, and the agreement is made accordingly. As Uiere is a steam-boat which plies between Pres« ii 1-^ 79 OBSERVATIONS ON THE i I f „ ii 1 .'H cott and Kingston, people will determine how far they wjH take the boat f VoniLachin. The propri- etors always find provisions for the men. They tow the boat up the rapids on the Longue Sault^ and encamp at night on shore. The passengers sleep at inns or at farm houses near the water side. They make the voyage in about six days, depending on the wind. When at Kingston, directions have been already given for the pur- pose; but let travellers recollect to take biscuit and provisions on this route, as they may not always fall in with them. It has already been observed, that ihere is a packet, which departs every Sunday morning, for Carillion on the Ot- towa, and St. Andrew's on the North river, on the seigniory of Argentueil. This route up the Ottowa leads to the north part of the Perth Set-* tlement, and also to that of Richmond. Those going to the latter parts, perhaps would do best to engage boats to pke them to the landing-places connected with these settlements, provided the steam boat is not in 0])eration. I will now conclude these imperfect sketches. UPPER AND LOWER CAN AD AS. 79 ;s by the following qnestions, which I submit, with great deference, to the consideration of the British Government: as they involve points of very con- siderable importance, to the commercial interests of both countries. ' .i; , 1. Is it consonant with the provisions of the British Statute 65. George III. Cap. 26. that wheat and flour, being the growth of a foreign state, and as such, liable to the prohibiting duty in England, should, by descending the River St. Lawrence, be put into British ships, and entered in Britain at a lower duty, which they would not be entitled to, unless they were deemed to be Bri- tish growth ? 2. Is it not an infringement of the Statute 62. George III. Cap. 1 17. thai timber, staves, and other productions of a like nature, the growth of a foreign nation, should, by the same species of fallacious shipment, entirely escape the duty originally imposed to protect the produce of the British Colonies? - 3. Ought not productions of the United States, passing through the Canadas, to be entered there as foreign produce for exoortation ? i;i . 'k 80 r I OBSERVATIONS, Ac. These questions, however trifling they may ap- pear af first sight, and however simply they may be stated, are of vital importance to the Cana- dian provinces, and the British revenue in gene- ral ; and I trust they will be received as they are meant; and that they will be listened to by those whom they interest, with the attevtion their im- portance demandft. ^SS/ata..^^* >tf s( a^llxJ.i)iA.^ .': t i' ly a- le- re se a- ? 7- *ii > No. i. ,,i ♦- i*''' American Report respecting the Netv York Grand Ca- nal, intended to divert the commerce of the Upper Lakes into that State. . Onondaigtty Sept. Q \S\S. THE canal commenced by the State of New York- is to extend from Lake Erie to the tide waters of the Hudson. The distance, in a direct line, exceeds 300 miles; on the route pursued it will be about 353 miles. It is to be 40 feet wide at the surface of the water, and 28 at the bottom. The water is to be 4 feet deep. The whole space to be divided into a number of levels, each carried as far as the face of the country will ad- mit, and connected with the next succeeding level by one or more locks. The locks are to be 90 feet long, and 12 feet wide. Boats, properly constructed, car- rying 100 tons, may then pass the locks and each other on the canal. There is to be a tow path on one t iK^^mi'm^'r^nmimwmmimmr I !i 'I \\ I' >:M. W APPENDIX. side of the canal for one or more horses to draw the boats. The usual . . tes of loaded boats about two miles and a half per hour; passage boats sometimes go as fast as four miles per hour. As each section of the canal between any two locks will be level, there will be no current in the water, except so much as to supply lockage water for the next descending canals. The body of the canal is to be excavated in the earth; but when streams of water or gullies inter- vene, which cannot be passed on the surface of the earth, without bendina: the canal too far out of its course to go round their heads, the earth must be raised, by embankments, to the proper level, of suf- ficient width for the canal to pass on them, with their sides of such u slope as to prevent their sliding or caving off. Through these embankments must be made culverts or passiges for the water from the upper side under the canal, to prevent its ponding ihcre, and endangering the embankment. When the streams are large, aqueduct bridges will be ne- cessary. ' , - We Will now proceed to examine the route sur- veyed for the canal. It commences in the Buffalo Creek, on the level of Lake Erie, from whence it passes along the banks of the Niagara river fifteen APPENDIX. 8,'} miles, to the Toiiawanta Creek. Here, a dam across the creek, four feet high, raising the water to the level of Lake Erie, would also produce a level sur- face of water in the creek for eleven miles up its channel, which, with a tow path on one side, would be the cannl for that distance. Here it leaves the Tonawanta, and, turning to the north, crosses the ridge which forms the Niagara falls. This is passed by a deep cutting of about 25 feet. Here the canal falls, by eight locks, 65 feet, to the level of the Ge- nnssec river. On this level it continues to that river, where a dam of 10 feet will raise the river to its level, and the boats on the canal may pass acro.ss without an aqueduct. ' About three or four miles east of Gcnessee river, after passing about seventy miles on one level, the canal falls 49 feet, by 6 locks.' It then proceeds on one level about sixteen miles, to the valley of Mud Creek, down which it descends by successive locks, till it falls into the Seneca river, opposite Montezuma. On the east of the Seneca it again rises, by 3 locks, and passes the summit in Camillus, Onondaiga coun- ty, where it again descends, by 1 lock, to the level of the plain south of Salina. Here it again rises, by 3 locks, to the Rome level, on which it passes about sixty miles to ITtica. Below this, it follows the iV -^qpf^VP^U u«| nil ■ ^ I II wymvapvo^MT ir 1 1. 84 AfPKNDIX. valley of the Mohawk, keeping between the river and the hill, locking down, as the f^ccof land requires, to the liudjon river. Lake Erie is 56435 feet higher than the Hudson river at Albany, and 142^ feet higher than the long level between Sulina and Utica. The fall from Buffalo to Seneca river is 194 feet, with 25 locks; the rise from thence to the summit to Camillus is 27 feet, with four locks; the fall to the Salina plain is 10 feet, with 1 lock; rise to the Rome level, 28 feet, with 3 locks; fall to Schoharie, and which level may be carried above the hill to Albany, 12985 feet, with 15 locks; fall to the level of the river, 28550 feet, with 30 locks; total rise and fall, 67510 feet; 78 locks. Should the canal end in a bason on the hill west of Albany, and be connected with the river, by an in- clined plane, as is common in Europe, where a great descent occurs in a short distance, the total rise and fall would be reduced to 391 feet, and the locks to 48. The distance from Bulfalo to Seneca river, is 163 miles 2^ chains. The Seneca river to Utica, the part now in I'apid course of execution, is about 93 miles. From thence to Albany, 97 miles 27 chains; making the whole 353 miles 97i chains. APPENDIX. 85 Uemarka on the New York Canals in reply to tht preceding Report: taken from the Montreal Herald. IN our paper of to-day will be found a statement of the proceedingH of the Americans respecting their great Western Canal. The object of this undertaking is avow'cdiy for the purpose of diverting the internal trade from the St. Lawrence to the Hudson; and thereby injuring the Canadas. The magnitude of the work, a national object, deserves its just share of me- rit, and as it is not in our power to prevent its accom- plishment, it becomes our duty to guard against the ipjury it may be productive of-^a duty which is doubly imperious upon us, when by doing so, we shall produce a direct, and much wanted benefit to our- selves. How far the grand canal, when fmished, may prove detrimental to the St. Lawrence trade, is a question which we are i^t present unable to determine: dificrence of opinion upon tli,e subject exists aniong our most intelligent commercial men; and we are in- formed that some of the merchants in the States do not entertain so sanguine hopes of its cfiects in this w(\y, as the principal projectors wopld wish. For the information of such as turn their thoughts to this subject, we subjoin the following statengients, taking 1 I ^ t , I 8S .rri'KNDix. the rate of freight on the Canal as mentioned in the last report. The Grand Canal, when finished, will ex- tend a distance of 353 milcM, and is estimated to cost 4,881,738 dollars: or, .11,220,43 1 : 10s. currency, an average 13,400 dollars, or .£3,4i)0 currency per mile. The length of a Canal requisite to make the naviga- tion from Fort Erie to Montreal, equal to that of the Western Canal, when flnished, is only 18 miles: and if we allow that eveiy mile of this c»mal can be com- pleted at the same rate as that in thd States, the whole sum it would require would be only c£'62,100. As to the time necessary for finishing either under- taking, it must depend upon the strength and ener- gy employed J but if ten years are required to make the Grand Western Canal, with the aid of 2000 men and 500 horses, it is obvious, the same power would complete the canal by the St. Lawrence in seven months, or one season. • ' ■ In taking a comparative view of the two routes, with the eye of an engineer, the preference will be given to the St. Lawrence Canal for facility of com- pletion. In all those places where locks or gates are required, there are abundance of materials for building on the spot. The nature of the soil is such, that puddling f one of the most expensive processed in canal making, would not be required; and as to ' APPBNDIX. &7 the expense of excavating, from the shortness of the distance, it cannot be n serious obstacle in accom- plishing so important an object. From every information on this subject, collected from the most authentic sources, it is obvious, \\\o route from Lake Erie to Montreal, by the St. Law- rence, c(in be put on a par with that to the Hudson by the Western Canal, for one- twentieth part of the expense; and the benefits resulting to Canada, from an improvement of the St. Lawrence navigation, would be sooner fclC« and proportionally greater, than that resulting to the States from the Western Canal, as the influence of the former would be con- fined within a less space, than that of the latter. , With regard to the expense of transportation when both these are finished, the St. Lawrence would de- cidedly have the superiority. The projector of the Grand Western Canal stated, that a ton of produce, by it, could be transported from Lake Erie to the Hudson for 8 dol. £S cents. {£2 : 2 : 7i), of which sum they allowed 5 dol. (^1 : 5s.} for tolls. But as we cannot suppose a canal of 18 miles long will pay the same tolls as one of 353, a very great saving will occur here. The expense of tolls by the St. Law- rence would not in all probability amount to 1^ dol. or 7s. 6d. per ton. So that the Lake Erie farmer bWJ 88 APfENDIX. i /' I ' i could bring his produce to the Montreal market for 17s. 6d. per ton less than he could carry it to the Hudson. Another circumstance which would pre- ponderate in favour of the St. Lawrence, is the less l/kpense of power. By the Western Canal, the boats for a very great portion of the route must be dragged with horses J whereas, on the St. Laurence, the greater part of the distance from Montreal to Fort Eric could be navigated by steam boats; and steam is found to be more than sfcty percent, cheaper than horses, where fuel can be found at a moderate price. This would also operate to a very considerable degree, in the length of time requisite for the two routes. A loaded boat, by the Western Canal, it is said, will proceed at the rate of2i miles per hour; and if she goes for 12 hours every day, it will require nearly twelve days to come from Lake Erie to the Hudson. ^'' In the present state of the St. Lawrence navigation, produce shipped at Fort Erie, will reach Montreal in seven days ; and as a considerable part of this time is spent at the portages, when these are removed, we shall be able to travel the same distance in a much shorter space of time. ^" *•■• '"*?' o»; r. «>*.»*.: fir*r, .m4 , "'^'From all this, it is perfectly obvious, that the St. Lawrence route to Lake Erie may be made far supe- ' rior to that by the Grand Western Canal, both for * , ■( . w APPENDIX. 80 cheapness and dispatch. And when we reflect, that this superiority may be obtained at so small a cost, we sincerely hope some active measures will be adopted for its accomplishment. We ought also to bear in mind; that benefits similar to those which have re- sulted from canal navigation in other countries, will be heaped upon the Canadas, by this undertaking; and where nature has done so much, we trust we shall not long have to regret, that no art has been employed to aid her munificence. . • , , i,^i,».i!t£. ;W'>'-' ,,. •...?'•■ No. II. ■■'■-. /^'=■ ■',/■-■.. 1 I *y Selections from the Essays on Canadian Husbandry , hy the Author of this Work. ■.?...-;tt: -ii^iX i=iU -i?.** >\->,-.«"ii'C J. THE great public benefit arising from a knowledge of the state of the crops, is too evident to require comment; and in order to imitate the practice of the British counties, the conductors of the Montreal He- rald suggested to me the idea of giving monthly re- % ports of the state of the crops in the district of Mon- " treai. I readily entered into their views, and fur- ^- nished them from June 1816, to November ISio. — ■> Perhaps they may not be deemed of much use at pre- * n p^ 11 -i h 00 APPENDIX. sent; but, as they portray the period for labour in the field, as well as the various crops that are culti- vated in this province, they may prove a source of in- fornnation to people in Europe, who may bo inclined to emigrate hence. For this reason I had them re- printed. To the above gentlemen I must acknow- ledge myself indebted for publishing various papers on agriculture; and I have reason to believe, that to their patriotism in promulgating such information, great public benefit will eventually be derived to this province. The present period is very propitious to the advancement of agriculture, as there are societies established this year, (1817)) headed by persons of the first respectability, to promote a better manage- ment of rural economy. .: ',t 1 Agricultural Report for the District of Montreal, JUNE 1916. Thb continued cold weathei* and frosts to the middle of this month, arrested the progress of vegetation, and injured the rising crops in a great degree. The grass on high as well as on low lands is very thin and short. The wheat has a better appearance than might be expected from the sudden change in the mm APPENDIX. 91 latter part of the month to excessive heat and conti- nued drought. The barley is promising, but very short; as is also the wheat; neither have branched out from the root as usual. The oats are short and thin, but keep a good colour. The pease are well coloured^ but are very short. The attempts hereto- fore to introduce horse beans, have often been frus- trated, from too late sowing, and too light soils ; those sown this spring, on strong soil, prepared last fall, promise success, and have the best appearance of any crop on the ground. The greater part of Indian corn, or maize, that was sown early, rotted in the ground ; those lately sown are hardly fit for the first hoeing. The wire worm has been destructive; as also a species of caterpillar, not noticed before to have attacked this kind of corn. The hops have suf- fered much by the frosts in this month. The pota- toes have not, generally, made their appearance above the surface of the earth. >li i ^ '' ■ I "■^■o JULY 1816. .a ■'!■ '.,1 . f Although very little rain has fallen this month, mc-^ getation, when compared with the last month's un- favourable prospect, has much surpassed our moftt f w i92 «PFBNDrx. '■" h I II I) sanguine expectations. This alteration has been oc- casioned from tlie very heavy dews experienced since our last report. The wheat, although thin, with a few exceptions, bears an appearance equal to the most favourable years. Barley \s> fine; the early sown is now changing colour, and will soon be fit to cut. Rye, which is much neglected by the Canadian farmer, and only sown on a few sandy spots, looks well. The early sown oats are good; of those sown late, the greater part of the seed has not yet vege- tated. i^■ i .c ■■ , • . ' 'h:. .. _ .. f. ' 4: 1 Bucktvheat. — This species of grain being the last that was sown, and that in the latter part of June, little of the seed has yet vegetated, and consequently a crop cannot be expected. The Indian corn looks well in some parts; however, at this advanced sea,- sonji it is doubtful whether much will ripen this year. The pease have a very favourable appearance, and a good crop may be expected. The blossoms of the horse-beans were injured by the frost on the 6th inst. The hops also suffered much at the same time. The hay-making, which is begun, scarcely gives assurance of more than two-thivJs of a crop, when compared with last season, which was in general allowed to be very good. From the season being so far advanced, there is but little prospect of cutting hay a second tim.e- APPENDIX. 9B Thtmips ^This root, next to potatoes, both as food for man and cattle, has been cultivated to a greater extent in this, than perhaps any former year; they have been in a great degree a prey to the fly, but early rains may probably yet save them. The potatoes planted on light soil hav^ a good appearance, those set on strong loam arc not so forward, but in general the prospect of a good crop presents itself. • ■ ' When a review is taken of the present state of crops in general, and the probability that a deficiency will arife in the article of fodder, during the ensuing winter, it may not be improper to point out to the in- dustrious farmer, substitutes for the food usually given to horses, horned cattle, & :d sheep, during that season ; and which might be collected from the wild growth on almost eve ry farm ; viz. mugwort, called by the Canadian peasantry. Herb St. Jean, thistles, wild tares, and hop clover, to be given to horses. For horned cattle and sheep, the cotonier, or milk weed, panet or wild parsnips, wild endive, or chic- cor^e, the young growth of raspberries, the fern and the wood, or bouquet Jaune; the whole of the above- mentioned would prove a valuable addition to the winf- stock of hay, straw, &c. a PKNDIX. 99 potato crop, which has generally hccn found light. Various trials have been made on the culture of beets, carrots, and parsnips, in the open field, under the horse hoeing husbandry, for feeding und fattening cattle and hogs, the produce has been abundant; they have the peculiar advantage that no insccjts un- noy them, which make them sure crops, when the soil is fit for their culture. Few fnrtiiers enter into the merits of root crops, except potatoes and turnips. There is no crop so uncertain as the latter. — The culture of cabbage in the open field under the plough succeeds extremely well. It is rare to sec any in that situation. While the farmers neglect the many faci- lities to increase food, which can be obtained from the fertility of the soil, in order to raise and fatten stock, this country will remain open to competition, and the valuable branch of breeding and fattening stock will be performed for us by our neighbours ; thus depriving the province of considerable sums an- nually, which might be obviated by attention and appropriate regulations. - . The greater part of the land for sowing of wheat, barley, and pease, in the ensuing spring, has been ploughed. From the appearance of the weather, that labour may be continued to the middle of next month. • ■■■■■ '■ '-^ ": ' ■■ -• . . :' '. I •:. •: • :':)ii 1^ I 100 APi>RNDlX. NOVEMDEIl 1816. The plougliing ceased on the 18th, when the frost set in. This year was particularly unfruitful, not only in America, but in all parts of Europe. APRIL 1817. Thb season for rural pursuits opened on the 2l8t. Some partial operations took place on the preceding week, which were premature. The sowing of wheat, barley and pease, has been general in the south-cnst angle of this district, hk also the drilling of horse beans. In the north-west angle, the sowing of the wheat be- gan at the close of the month. The soil has seldom been in a better state to receive the seed; the strong- est was rendered as fine as sand by the operations of frost during the winter. Although vegetation has made little progress to the view of an indifferent ob- server, yet those who look minutely to the budding of trees, find them in a state to give confidence to the rising year. The plough has been actively employed on lay land, with the exception of two days occasion- AI'I'RNDIX. 101 Cll by tlic fall of rain and snow, which stopped every operation. The meadows, although uncovered a great part of the winter, have not suffered so much as might be expected, and at the close of the month had begun to assume their wanton colour. The hops have suffered by the frost in the winter, on light soils. The making of sugar is an appendage to husbandry in this part of the world. It may not be improper to state, that it has been very successful this spring, from the frequent frosty night8 succeeded by clear vvcntlicr and bright Hun. ' ■ .' , .\ At the close of the month, the wild flowers had be- gun to bloom in the woods. MAY 1817. I The fine warm weather at the beginning of the month gave a cheerful hope for the rising crops. The seed of every description was got into the ground without impedement. The alternate changes of heat and cold from the 9th to the 31st, with almost conti- nued drought, kept vegetation in a languid state through the latter part of the month. The wheat on summer fallows looks very healthy, but that on land less prepared; has suffered much by drought and ver- 'I ( Hi |i 102 M'PENDIX. mine. There have been sevcrr.l instances wheie it was necessary to sow the laud a second time, the first being seed that had been heated, it did not vegetate. The eai'ly sowed barley suffered by the frost; the late is rising and has a good colour. The pease have a favourable appearance. The drilled and broadcast horse beans look healthy; they may be considered a new prodiiction, and offer a great advantage to the country. As ingenious individuals arc promoting their growth, it is necessary to observe, that the cab- bage caterpillar is preying on them this spring; they may be discovered 'by removing the earth from t^c beans that are attacked. There have been more po- ta'ors planted this year ihan in most former ones. Beets, carrots, and nianglr-wurtzel under the drill husbandry are only beginning to rise. The grass in the meadows is very short uud thin. The clovers of each denomination have suffered more by the frost than a ly other grass. Lucern was one foot high at the close of the month, and might be cut. The pas- tures have seldom exhibited such deficiency as at the present. The great inconvenience inseparable from the practice now in use, might point out to the far- mers the propriety of changing their method, and sow grass seed in order to provide for their stock. The; hop vines have a good appearance for the season. . mi APPKNDIX. . 103 PLASTER OF PARIS This valuable manure is at length drawing the attention of the farmers of this district. Its virtue and cheapness offer greater ad- vantages than any other for a top dressing. By report^ it has been said that the vast number of pigeons this year had destroyed much of the seeds J but it appears that what they ate was taken off the surface, by examining what was in their craws when they were killed; there was not the least appearance of the grain having germinated before they had taken it up. JUNE 1817. Thk favourable change of the weather at the begin- ning of this month, with frequent rain through the whole of it, has removed the fear occasioned by the drought of the latter one j the progress of vegetation has been extraordinary, and promises the most happy results. The wheat foUowing green crop is very luxuriant; that on autumn fallows has tillered much, and has a fine appearance; the early sowed barley is in ear, the late is very strong and healthy. The oats look well. The pease bear a better appearance than in most for- ^^p 1.. \l *-^ '-. f t04 APPBNl)IX. mer years. The horse beans are in bloom. The po- tatoes are fit for the first dressing. Some inconvc nience has been experienced in this crop, by planting seed which did not vegetate, but it is not too late to plant again. Some potatoes were planted last year on the 16th July, which came to maturity, and pro- duced a very good return . The catterpillar, called the cabbage grub, is preying on the potato plants by cut- ting them off about one inch above the ground, after which they return into the earth: they may be dis- covered by removing the mould from about the stem, where they have cut off the head. The hops arc strong and healthy. The beets and mangle-wurtzeli have suffered mucli by the turnip fly. The carrots have a fine appearance. The meadows are more backward than any other growth : the hay crop does not offer that abundance which might be wished ; the pastures are much improved, but are yet inadequate for full seed. ' ' •: ;-:?i\'!': il-"^. i JULY 1817. .' ; : There has baen a great similitude in the weather of this month, to that of the last, with the exception of the present being much warmer: the effect of fre- quent rain succeeded by heat, has produced an ap-' «. ' wm APPENDIX. lOS pcarance in the crops that promises the most abun- <1ant harvest ever known in the annals of this district. The wheat is very strong, and changing colour ra- pidly; it only requires dry weather for two weeks to complete its maturity; some very rank grain was laid by the heavy rain at the close of the month, which may cause it to rust. It is to be regretted the farm- ers pay so little attention to the choice of seed wheat : some disappointment will be met with in the north, from an injudicious choice of seed, although strong injunctions were presented on that head in the spring to avoid sowing spotted wheat. Rye is nearly ripe, it will yield well. Barley is a heavy crop, it will be fit to cut by the 8th of the ensuing month. The oats are in a forward state, but in some parts thin. The field pease were fit to eat on the 20th; the crop will be abundant. The failure of buck wheat the last two years, has deprived the farmer of the means to sow an extent of ground, but small patches are seen, which look well — they will soon be able to enlarge to their usual quantities, which were very great for- merly. The advantage of this crop for bread stuff and food for every kind of stock, has long been held in high estimation by the Canadian farmers. The Indian corn has met with the fate of the above crop, and is in a like situation. The horse beans arc vorv I ii lOH AfPENDIX. f ll ^ forward, and well podded. The potatoes have a very fine appearance — their culture is well understood on the Island, and perhaps is equal to Europe in point of excellence. The turnips have been destroyed gene* rally by the fly on new burnt land, those on the old have met the same fate. The cabbages in field cul- ture have suffered also very much by the fly. Car- rots, b«ettj, and mangle-wurtzel look well. Hay- making began on the 20th; the crop is very light in general, when compared with former years. T^uccrii sown this year was fit tu cat when it bloomed in the middle of the month — thus two crops can be obtain- ed the year it is sowed. The hops have the appear- ance of yielding an abundant crop. Summer fallows are in an advanced state. l " '•:■'<■ ; ; I 1} AUGUST 1817. Part of this district was visited this month with one of the greatest storms known in the memory of man. The frequent heavy rains from the 3d, to the 23d, had given cause to fear foi the grain crops; however, it is with infinite pleasure that the premises in our last report, will be fulfilled in the present, by stat- ing that from the forward state of the grain crops. '^'^m APPENDIX. 107 they suffered very little; and the bad weather only retarded the cutting of them. The wheat harvest began in the midland parts on the 20th; the grain is very plump, and much was housed at the close of the month in good order. The barley was mostly housed at the above period, but it is not 80 weighty as that of the preceding year. The rye has been got in. The oats have improved by the rains, and will in appearance double the former ex- pectations. The pease have suffered more than any other crop, by the frequent rain. The horse beans are changing colour; they suffered by the storm. The Indian corn does not offer much, the wet and the storm have injured it. The potatoes in high si- tuations are a heavy crop; in low, very poor. Root crops have suffered generally by the rain. The cab- bages in field culture are not promising. T' e hops suffered more by the storm than any other crop, by the poles being broken ; the bells are nearly fit to pick from those nnhurl. The. hay-making was most- ly finished this month on uplands^ very little has been spoiled, but the colour is generally bad. Great part of the low meadow hay will be lost or spoiled, from tke land being flooded so frequently. 1 I 1 1 i '1 108 APPENDIX. SEPTEiMBER ISll The weather was very favourable to the 21st, whicli enabled the farmers through the district, to house the wheat crop in j^ood order The early sown oats were well housed, but great part of the late will be very fead, from the moisture of the preceding month, which kept them growing; many of them will only be fit for fodder; much was standing at the close of the month. The early sown pease were well housed : the late have suffered like the oats; many were out at the close of the month. The horse beans have been cut; the crop is very good. The Lucern sowed this spring was cut a second time at the beginning of the month. The frost on the 29lh and 30th killed the potato vines; but as the crop had arrived nearly to maturity, little damage will be occasioned by it. The hops were nearly picked at the close of the month : some plantations proved more abundant than usual^ but the quality is not so good as in dry years. The ploughs have been actively employed on lay land : the weather has been very favourable since the the 22d for that labour. r>«NR«»nw "■^ APPENDIX. 109 OCTOBER 1817. This month has been very unfavourable for rural pur- suits; the frequent changes of the weather causes much trouble and disappointment to the farmer in housing the late crops; but there was scarcely any thing out at the close of the month. The oats have been much discoloured, nor are they Aveighty. The late pease have suffered in colour, ma> ny not having ripened. The horse beans were hous- ed in good order; this pulse will be a substitute for Ind'^m corn, when sowed early ; they ripen well, and are very good for horses, pigs, sheep, and poultry. The low meadow and low Island hay, is very light and bad; it being always cut late in the autumn, it could not be housed well on account of the continued rain. The potato crop has been generally got in: those on high ground have been very productive, and from the immense quantity that was planted this spring, there arc perhaps more than in any former year. Carrots in field culture are a fair crop. Pars- nips are scarce, from bad seed. Mangle-wurtzel has been successful on high land. The cabbages are ve- ry indifferent, from the turnip fly having preyed on f I 4 • i i t ■: ) no AFFKNDIX. thcin when youna:. The turnip crop is very light, from tl»e fly : they u ere geiierally cut ofTj those sow- ed in August stood, but it was too lute to form any size. ' ' From the changeable weather which prolonged the housing of the crops, it had the effect of preventing the farmers from ])loughing, some ground being too wet : that labour is not near so forward as it was at this time last year; however, should the season be like the last, it may be continued to the middle of next month. .' " K I APRIL 1818. I Some partial operations took place with the plough in the middle of the month, but the continued heavy at- mosphere, accompanied with light rain, kept the earth in so moist a state to the 26th, that no wheat was sowed until the 27th, when many people in the cen- tre of the district were induced to '.. 'f. '■<. 'I.; JUNE 1818. ■ y\\: This month opened with very favourable prospects for vegetation, the alternate rain and warm weather promoting the growth of each crop on the ground; but that favourable prospect has in some measure been disappointed by a continual drought from the middle to the end of the month. .. -,., ;. .. , , . ;,.,,, r ,j,,. The great heat, accompanied with drought in the early part of the spring, i^ disadvantageous to rising crops, and often causes them to become a prey to in- sects : such has been the case this spring in several parishes, i,, -,„ . ,,... „ ,, .;.; .,.,. .,,, .. .;,,:..,. The wheats are generally thin and short, for the ad- vanced state of the year; and much of them are of an indifferent colour. The b^arleys are very fine; the ear is projecting from the sheath. The oats are only a little above the ground. The pease are not generally good; they want rain. The culture of horse beans has been much extended this year, and will soon be- come a general object among the farmers : those that were early planted, bloomed in the middle of the month, and have a fine appearance. The failure of Indian corn tho^ few years past, has caused a discon- I \u ATPBNUIX. ■i'i tiuuancc of its culture on n lurgc scnlc. There arc Mfnall patches planted this spring that look exceed- ingly well. The planting of potatoes finished about the 10th; they are only rihin:; above the ground, and look well. Root crops in general, being got in the ground so late, are short, but look well. The hops are very fine. The clover and foxtail, or timothy, are in bloom, and nearly ready to cut — the crop has not an appearance of being very heavy. Luccrn has been cut twice this spring. Sainfoin was in full bloom in the middle of the month. ; • f . ,« a '** The culture of flox in small quantities is a general object amongst the Canadians; that on the ground looks well, but unfortunately too little care is taken in the choice of the seed to sow, or the preparation of the soil to receive it: were they to clenr their po- tato ground, and sow it with flax seed the following year,thecropwould be infinitely better. Anextensiou of that article is much wanted where it becomes an object to dress J machinery might be erected in the ' seigneuriel mills to dress it, and an article for exporta- tion would present itself to tiic enterprising merchant. "-"-The fattening of cattle hrs engaged the attention of Canadian fanners this spring, as well as the raising of stock; but U is to be lamented that they pay so little attention to lay down a portion of land with grass seed •^r APPKNDIX. 115 for their sustenance in summer, as well as to furnish hay for winter food. Unless this be done, it is im- possible to rear animals to a size that will be either of use to themselves, or advantageous to the mar- ket: the present method of pasturing will ever keep the stock in a miserable condition, and deprive the country of a finer race of animals, which the soil is ca|>able of supporting, wlien it is properly managed. >i •»(• ii ' • . • • • I.I ■ , . , •, < ' ■ li:- ' 1 I ' ' 1 1' , ' ' JULY 1818. 'mg Thk weather has been favourable through the month, to promote the growth of each crop on the ground. Some of them have improved beyond the most san- guine expectation, but the wheats in gen . . I •U. AFPENOiX. ii: AUGUST 1818, The weather has been very favourable through the month, to secure the crops that were fit to harvest. The wheat has generally been housed in good order; very little was standing at the close of the month. The grain is of a good quality, but the quantity is one-third less than last year. The deficiency of straw will be seriously felt by the Canadian farmers, who depend too much on it for the food of cattle in the winter. The barley was secured in the early part of the month ; its quality is superior to that of last year. A ^reat part of the oat crop has been got in, in good order, the remainder is in a forward slate. Part of the early j.oase are housed; they are a very heavy crop. The horse beans are ripe, but not yet cut. The picking of hups will not take place until the ear- ly part of September, fiftcpn days later than usual. Root crops in general have a fine appearance, and promise an abundant reiurn, . x fox- ii *l.«iWPfW"«i|ii, . 4, 118 Appendix. SEPTEMBER 1818, ' k Thk changeable weather through the month has been very unfavourable for the reaping of late crops of grain. Tlie only advantage derived, was that of putting the earth in a state to plough; which labour had been much impeded by the drought of the latter one. Some small portions of wheat that were out at the beginning of the month, were injured by the rain, it having sprouted before an opportunity offered to house it. The late sown oats have been kept in a progressive state of veidurc; considerable breadths were standing at the close of the month, which cannot be expected to ripen. Much of them that were out and lying on the ground, had sprouted prior to being housed. 9 Buck wheat has been very productive this year, as there has been no frost, which is but too often a cause of disappointment to the farmer: when it is sown oarly in June, it seldom fails. Indian corn has ripened weW this season, and is a \cry good crop. The late unfavourable years to its jrrovvtli, from the too great chill and moisture of the f-' APPENDIX. 119 aii'j had discouraged many farmers from the attempt to propagate its growth; so little of it coming to ma- turity, it also became in a manner extinct: however, as it is a primitive object to new settlers for bread stuff, as well as for fattening of stock, there is now an opportunity to obtain very good seed for the ensuing year, which no one in such a situation ought to neglect. The horse beans present only a middling crop; they being chiefly grown in quantity by Europeans, are stukcd, therefore receive less damage than crops left to dry on the surface. The large green and white pease suffered much by the i-ain. The hops arc of an inferior quality, and much lighter than us..ui ; their seed, the abundance of which gives them a preference of 50 per cent, over those grown in the United States, has not generally ripened this season. ,.,1 :,m., .^.o-': .>-':■ \ ..;..--!- From trials made to ascertain the state of the po- tato cro;>, there appears to be a full average one of t'OiTiinon years. The carrot crop is very good, and fJ-.,\, a great advantage to stock farmers. Carrots ♦1 ! i /inter in the ground, if an opportunity should pot otier to take them out. ; < ( •'■) : -i,. 1 i ; V Turnips have been more productive this season than for years past. The common fi^ld une& are the i ill fa :^ i \\ > 120 APFENDIX. chief thefarmers attend to; but the Swedish deservef the greatest attention, particularly from newsettlers, as they may winter out in the ground, or under little protection ; the frost has little or no effect on them* If they do not arrive at the size or weight of the com- mon field turnip, their resistance to the frost, and long duration of perfection for the table, as well as for the sustenance for each kind of stock, give them a decided preference in the country to any other. r \ r j • . OCTOBER 181S. This leafless month offers very few objects in rural pursuits. It only winds up to a close the labours of a declining year; yet, few as they are, their conse- quence is still groat to the farmer and the poor; it being, as it were, the harvest or gathering time of vegetables, next in relatiop to grain, as sustenance for man and beast. ' *^' n^ ^i- ^ ■/ i; ru:, v >» The fine weather through the month favoured the securing the late oats and pease, which were out at the close of the last one. - -• The potatoes have been generally got up dry: they are more abundant than was expected, and the qua- lity very good# ^ ' • tmrnrn mm APVBNDIX. ]2r The tuiTiip crop is partly got inj they were never known to be more productive than the present year. The carrot crop is very good. They deserve every attention from the farmers who have soil fit for their culture, there being no root better to feed every kind of stock than them. Autumnal ploughing is in a forward state, and the land is in very goc J order for the labour, which offers a pleasing hope for the ensuing year. , , ^ 11 NOVEMBER 1818. Thb weather having been mild through the month, the ploughing has been continued, and the fallows never had a better appearance than at present. The open weather has enabled the stock of each descrii>- tion to feed abroad until the close of the month j a circumstance very favourable, as there was an appear- ance of a deficiency of forage. 1 imiipBipimiufMWPiyp'-^w'IWIPHPUPmp' 122 APPENDIX. •t, ;■ v/. No. III. P?!l r CULTURE AND MANAGEMENT OF HEMP. SOME years ago a trial was made, under the pro- tection of the government, to introduce hemp as a staple commodity for the provinces. Unfortunate- ly political events obstructed that effort j the Ame- rican embargo gave so great a scope to mercan- tile enterprise, particularly the lumber trade, that there vi^as scarcely any bounds to the price given for labour. Soon after the war ensued, which, it may be said, gave a death blow to agricultural pursuits. The present offers fairer prospects, by the general peace now taken place. Should a future attempt be made for its introduction, a recital of the practice and experience of many years may be useful to the undertakers. ■ ■ '. ' " Cidiui'c and Management. — Hemp requires a rich, deep, and moist soil; a hazel loam is its favourite. It will also do well on bhick soil, when drained. 'Jhe ash swailcs arc preferable to the cedar swamjis for its growth : a tolerable crop may bo obtained on light APPENDIX. 123 yellow loam, when moderately manured. Strong loam, that has been cropped with potatoes, lightly dunged, and ploughed directly after they are taken oflf the ground, will bring a good crop of hemp the following year. Old meadows that are broken up aftier the crop of hay is taken off, by receiving two or three ploughings, and being laid well up, may be sown in the spring, as soon as the snow is off the grounds The land should be laid out in ridges six feet wide, and be harrowed fine; after which, the seed is sowed and harrowed in with a vciy fine tined harrow. Should there not be one of that description, a bush harrow must take its place; the seed being small, a heavy harrow would bury them too deep. The seed of this country being small, one minot is sufficient for an arpent of land, but it will require double ti»at quantity of English seed to furnish sufficient plants; the seed being nearly twice the size of that of this country. After the seed has been harrowed in, and the water courses cleared, no further attention is re- quired, until the male plants are fit to pull, which is in September; they are known from the dust falling from them, and their leaves turning yellow. They are pulled up by the root, and placed together ac- cording to their lengths; sometimes there is only two distinctions; if more, they are dossed accord- 121 APPENDIX. I 'I »i ' ingly, in order for dressing. The male stalks must not be allowed to stand until the female stalks are ready to be pulled, because they rot by standing, and spoil the colour of both. In order to collect the plants, two people take a land between them j they go up the furrow on each side of a land, and advance one foot on the land, and pull up the stalks, avoiding as much as possible the breaking the female or seed- bearing plants. The stalks are tied up in bundles about the thickness of a man's thigh. When they are pulled, ihcy may be put to rot directly in a river, brook, or pond. A place may be prepared with stakes, actording to the quantity there may be to rot. The hemp must be all put in at the same time, that it may be all equally rotted. Boards are put on the top, and large stones on them to sink the stalks, so that every part may be under the surface of thR water. When it has been twenty hours in steep, examine the stalks that are about one foot under the water. If the rind comes off from the root to the head of the stalk, it must be taken out immediately, and spread thin on a clean meadow to dry. If a sandy beach is at the rotting place, there cannot be a better. When they are dry, they are gathered up, tied in large bun- dles, and housed; they are then ready to break when an opportunity may offer. Hen)p seldom takes more . %ri«U>liilHrt>^^ APPBNDIX. 123 than from twenty- four to thirty hours to rot in the month of September. If it be left in the water only a few hours over the time it should be taken out, the rind or harl will leave tho stalks, and no hemp will be obtained from them. The way to know when the seed is fit to gather, is by examining the heads of the female plants j when the seed may be perceived opening the green husk that incloses the seed, which . takes place at the end of September, or by the 8th of October. The stalks are either pulled up or cut with a sickle. The cutting is preferable, as the stalks are less shook by that operation, besides, the mould U thereby prevented from mixing with the seed j the roots of the female stalks are inconvenient in dress- ing of them. When gathered, they are tied as di- rected for the male plants; they are then piled in the field, in the form of a sugar-loaf, thin enough for the air to pass through and dry the stalks. In three or four days they may be carted to the barn, to have the seed taken out. Great care must be taken that the seed is not shaken by removing the stalks. The Method to take out the Seed. A bench is made whereon is placed a board two feet long; in the centre of which there are two rows of iron tines i;^^ m m n -•a- w § I 128 APPENDIX. one inch broad, and about a quarter of an inch thick; they intersect each other at one inch distance, and are nine inches long. The board is placed on a decHne from the person that cleans the seed ; a foot board is placed from the top of the bench to the floor> for the cleaner to put his foot, so as to command the bandfnl that he strikes on the tines. Tiic cleaner must not be allowed to wear heavy shoes, lest he bruise the seed. M occassins are best for that labour. As the seed is taken out, a boy ties up the bundles of stalks. They are put by until the following spring to rot, when the hurry of the work is over, vvhicU will be at the end of June. They are managed as directed for the male stalks. The season being so far advanced when the female hemp is gathered, that were it put to rot, it could not be dried on account of the frost so very frequent at that period, and the sun having so little power to effect the purpose. The seed is cleaned and put in a secure place from ver- min, which arc very fond of it. « ■ ■ Breaking Hemp requires two sized breaks: the first a heavy one; and in order to assist the work^ man, a spring pole might be affixed to a beam in the barn, where a rope could be placed to the head of the - ' ' " ' ' L. » .«i'i*! gi- t '«»*' » t rii»iii M From the Transactions of the Society of jfrts, 3f«, ' fol. xxvn, p, 221 fCt seq, ', PAPERS IN COLONIES AND TRADE*. The Silver Medal of the Society, set in a broad gold • border, wm this Session voted to Mr, Charles Fre- derick Grece, of Montreal, Lower Canada, for tht culture and preparation of Hemp in that Province, The following communications were received from him, and samples of the Hemp and Seed are reserve ed in the Society's Bepository. ,, ,, ■ ■ ■ r ■ ' Dear Sir, I TAKE the liberty to inform you, that I have bought a farm near this city, and sowed this year Y * These Papers are introduced here as the most satisfactory mode of sitowing the importance attached to the culture of hemp in Canada, by tlic iuteliigent body of scientific cliaracters composing the Society of Arts. i k\ WiO APPENDIX, i \( \n<-. ininot of seed eqaal to 36 quarts Wincbeiler measure Oil 3 Bush harrowed the seed in the ground 6 9cpt. 3. The roale stalks were pulled, and put into a scow in the river St. Lawrence, to rot; when rotted, spread on a meadow to dry; and when dry, housed 18 10 Oct. 16. Fulled the female stalks or plants 1 6 S I The seed was taken from the plants by a machine, ' resembling a stool with two rows of iron teeth, one inch and a half apart, intersecting each other 9 8 Put to rot; when taken out and dried, it was housed 7 6 This hemp was dressed by a mill, which goes by the assistance of two horses, the expense of break- ing, and swingling 2 • Total expenses 6 18 6 N. B. The Protestant planters pay no tythes. Produce of seed was seveix minots and a half, at lis. 3d. per minot 4 4 4^ Fine hemp, 226 lb. at 47s. 9id per cwt. • 4 16 4 Out shot, 451b. at .f 40 per ton 16 Tow, 201b. at ..•• ditto »•• 7 14 10 3 10 E:(penses brought down 6 18 6 Profit 3 $ 4 M h pnHumMMiimiPlVMWHii 134 APPENDIX. k. r \4^ Froui the season for agricultural pursuits being- so very short in this country, it would be difficult to plough the land twice in the spring; the au- tumn ploughing being performed, tho frosts in the winter leave the lands extremely mellow, and it ap- pears once ploughing in the spring answers very well. The drill husbandry for hcinp, I presume, would not answer, on account that the plants, (having too much room), would become too strong, and produce lit- tle rind. I have been convinced, that the finer the stalk, the more rind is produced. 1 have sown less seed than usual to the arpent, in order to obtain taller plants. It seems two bushels and a half only produced a linen crop, which is not the object of the people of this province; they want long hemp, for the purposes of navigation. 1 have sown all my land broadcast, after two ploughings, and have had some part harvested with sickles, which is a saving of one pound five shillings per arpent, and it is an advantage in doing away the roots, which make the heads of hemp, when dressed, unsightly; and I have heard the manufacturers in England complain of them. Last winter I rotted some hem[) in the snow, when it first fell, and succeeding snows covered it two feet. In the Spring 1 found it very black, and very rotten; APPENDIX, 185 as such, neither snow nor dew rotting will do for fo- reign markets. I have great hopes that in a few years many people will get into the culture of this article. 1 have adopted the method to purchase it in a crude state, which is a great encouragement to those who doubted their ability to manufacture. Last year much land would have been sown, but the seed for that purpose rould not be obtained, from the heavy rains which fell, and carried away bridges, and broke up the roads in the United States, the way it was coming hither. I am. Gentlemen, With the greatest respect. Your most obedient and hr.mble servant, CHARLES FREDERICK GRECE. iH Sir, Quebec, ./w/j/ 27,1808, We are directed by Mr. Charles Frederick Grcce, district of Montreal, to inclose you Governor Craig's certificate respecting hemp; also, bill of lad- ing of a box containing twenty-six pounds of hemp, and three pounds of seed, shippe^l per the ship Jane, removed from the gentleman to your address. We are, Sir, your most obedient Servants, ♦ FRS. AND W. HUNTER. To C. Tayloh, M. D. Sec. li m 136 APPENDIX. I f:.!! 1 Mi, of Charles Frederick Grece, Esq. of Longue Point — I, the underwritten, sworn surveyor, on this day, the twentieth of September, one thousand eight hundred and seven, have been on a tract of land, situate at Longue Point, in the county and district of Mon- treal, in the said Province of Lower Canada, the pro- perty of the said Charles Frederick Grece, where I have taken the dimensions of several parcels of land on the same tract, sown with hemp seed, which have amounted in the whole to thirty arpents, French measure. In witness whereof I have delivered the present under my hand and seal.-^Montreal, the day and year above. (Signed) LOUIS CHARLAND. Sii, Surv, (L. S.) (L. S.) , • I HEREBY certify, that according to the evidence which was laid before the Executive Council of this Pro- vince, in the month of September last,'I am satisfied APPENDIX. 137 that Mr. Charles Frederick Grece did sow thirty-four arpents of land with hemp seed, in the district of Montreal, as specified in the annexed certificate of Mr. Louis Charland. , ^. H.CRAIG. Cattle of St. Lewis, Quebec, March 7, 1808. By his Excellency's command, Harman Wm. Ryland, Sec, ^ r The Society's Remarks, l- The encouragement of the culture of hemp in Ca- nada is still attended to with a vigilant eye by the Society J and the information given by Mr. Charles Frederick Grece, points out how some difficullies which have intervened, respecting the procuring of good seed, may be prevented in future. The Society lamented that, owing to some irregu- larity in the claim, they could not, consistently with their rules and orders, give him their gold medal; but they conferred upon him their silver medal, set in 9 broad gold border, as an honour nearly efiUal, V' I m -i I fi 138 APPENDIX. I ' FLAX. Flax requires a rich black soil, or a hazel loam, which is moist, but not wet. Yellow loam would bear a crop, if in good heart, but stiff soils never should be used for flax. It succeeds also where potatoes have been planted the preceding year. The land must be well ploughed, and rendered very fine, before the seed is sowed; it is covered with a fine tincd harrow. No one should attempt to sow flax, that has not got clean land for the purpose. The plants arc so ten- der, that much damage is done to the crop by the people that weed it. Two minots and a half of seed is sufficient for an arpent of land. When the stalks turn a pale yellow colour, and the leaves die, it is fit to be pulled up. If seed is the object, when the balls which contain the seed will break with a gentle pressure, the bundles may be removed to the barn, and thrashed; after which, they are tied up in bun- dles about the thickness of a man's thigh, and put to rot, as directed for hemp, requiring the same ma- nagement in the steep. If intended for exportation, it is gathered when in full bloom ; it then yielding a harl of superior quality, for the manufacturer to make linen j it is assorted in its different lengths for that purpose. ■*^*'*2 APPENDIX. 139 and kept separate, as directed for hemp; it is tied in small bundles, and put in piles, in the form of a sugar loaf, to dry. . ,• . -^ . " Dew rotting flax makes it weak, and prevents its bleachingj as also does the drying it over a fire, prior to its being broken, and will prevent its sale for a fo- reign market. Machinery might be introduced in mills to dress flax. . . . The farmers grow flax ; but from an improper choice of the soil fit for its culture, and inattention to pro- vide good and clean seed to sow, they reap little ad- vantage for their trouble. The practice of putting their flax to rot on the ground before they thrash out the seed, injures the grain so much, that one half oi' it is spoiled by the dew and rain. Were they to thrash it out prior to the rotting, it would ?e nt to ship to Ireland; and by having good clean seed, it would always command a good price for exportation. A machine to clean the seed can be made of tin, by punching it with holes to let out the false flax seed, and small seeds of weeds j it is in the form of a roller; the cover puts on at ihe end ; a crank is affixed at the other end, and put on two upright posts, sawed so as to let in the crank at one end, and a small gudgeon in the centre of the cover; it is turned round like a grind-stone. The vast quantity of soil fit for flax in " i i.i 1^' \\ VMM* «PI 140 APPBNDIX. this province, ofTers a great inducement to the farmertr, to embark in a commodity which is always in demand for the mother country. Great quantities of this ar- ticle, which is now annually imported into Great Bri- tain from the Baltic, might be furnished in part fron» iience. Flax seed should not be sowed more than twice on the same farm. An arpcnt will yield two hundred weight of flax, and eight minota of seed* URTICA, OR THE NETTLE. Thk nettle has been long known to produce a fila* ment, and is used in various parts of Europe to make cloth. The inhabitants of the Lower Province applied it to making of cloth fifty years ago; it islikely,the firsi French settlers brought the knowledge of its utility. Fishing nets and small ropes have been made from that material. The Maison Rustique* recommends the nettle for making cloth, but this quality of the nettle has been brought by recent experiments into more notice. It is said to be more durable in water than hemp, which is very probable j being an aquatift * A French publication on Hnibandrj* I . ' ^ AFPENDIX. 141 plant, it is then in its clement. The property of the nettle deserves the particular care of farmers ; when more certain information may be gathered relative to its durability, it may become an object for exporta- tion. Nettles are to be found on the borders of brooks and beaver meadows, in places called swailcs, which lie between high lands, in ash and soft maple swamps, and on most low flooded land, on the sides of rivers and lakes ; but chiefly in damp shady places. The length of the stalks depends on the quality of the soil. The leaf resembles that of the beach. At the head of the stem, three branches put forth, and bear a pale straw coloured bloom, in the beginning of September. The seed is small and flat, forming a half circle, and is of a dark brown colour; it hangs from the stem by a fine point, and is easily shed. It is fit to cut when the leaves turn yellow, and must not be pulled, being a perennial. It is assorted as directed for hemp and flax, but it may or may not be rotted. It breaks well when dry, and has the ad-^ vantage of giving twenty-five per cent, more hemp or staple. This plant has not yet been cultivated to any ex- tent. It is not certain that it will succeed in the open country. The trials I have made to introduce it in up-Iand have not been favourable. Swamps h h\4 i^ ;il r '^ 142 ArrKNDix. Ill . I I, hi where it grew, being cleared and drained, the growth hus disappeared ; but as cattle grazed on those lands, ond I have discovered they ore fond of it, that may be the cause of its destruction. It is to be hoped that trials might be made to introduce its culture; n certain degree of moisture must be retained, that it may approach its natural state. The seed ripening late, it is often injured by the frost; the best way to form a plantation would be t6 collect the sets from the places where they grow. The land being prepared the Autumn before, pre- vious to setting, a shallow furrow might be run with the plough, and the sets put at the distances of six inches in the furrow; then one turn to cover, and plant on, until the whole is filled with plants; thus a perpetual plantation could be formed. Seed may be collected in favourable ycare for its ripening, or sets taken from the old stock to extend its culture. The land ought to be fenced from cattle, otherwise the grower will be disappointed. It is broken with a flax brake, and when passed through fine heckles, will make as fine cloth as flax, but not so durable. It oflfers to the fisheries a superior advantage to any other filament, for nets and lines. AiTBNDIX. 143 v«^-. .0 ■^. , # No. IV. MAIZE, OR INDIAN CORN. THERE are four species grown in these Provinces: the large yellow and white; tlie small yellow, called the Nantucket; and the small twelve-rowed : the two I itter are best adapted to the climate of the Lower Province. They ripen much earlier than the large. All light soils are fit for corn. The (]uantity of seed to the arpent is one gallon : the return, when proper- ly tilled, is from 30 to 50 minots. Should the land be rich enough to bear a crop, it is preferable to plant it in .'rills, at the distance of four feet apart; and the grains of corn, one foot apart in the drills or rows. It requires less labour than the present practice of the Americans, which is as follows: After the land has been ploughed and harro^ved, a furrow is drawn lengthways, at the distance of four feet from each other, after which there are others drawn crossways at the same distance, forming squares or diamond-^ through the field; at each point there is about a sho- vel full of rotten dung put in the hole, then four or five grains of corn, and in each third row a few pninp- I ft' ( i mmmfmm \n i\\i. 144 APPENDIX. kin seed"; then it is covered with a light plough about two inches thick. When the co"n is six or eight inches high, it must be earthed up a litile, and the hills chiared of superfluous plants : three or four are sufficient to stand in a hill for a crop. The ground must be cleared of all veeds ; otherwise the corn cannot thrive. It must be gone over again, when it is fifteen inches high, and clearc.i of all weeds. When it is two feet high, it has its last earthing; ani when the jorn has bloomed, and the top £;ot a pale straw colour, they should be cut off, at the joint above the cob or ear: they pre tied in small bundles, and shocked to dry, and when dry are housed. There are few crops more advantageous than corn. Al- though in the years 1815 and 1816 it failed by those rinfavourable seasons, people should not be discourag- ed from future trials. It is of great use to eat, whoa green, either boiled or roasted; when ripe, the meal, mixed with half wheaten flour, makes very good bread. In all new settlements it is made into cakes, and is almo:,t the only bread made use of. It fattens cattle, hogs, and poultry, ana is also given to horses; when it has been prepared with lye, which takes off the rind, it is very good in soup. The stalks are eaten by cattle, and the cows give more milk when fed on them, than oa hay. After the corn has been gathered, the husks (MP 1 APPENDIX. 145 or leaves must be taken oflf the grain, otherwise it will mould; when that is done, it must be put on a floor, and turned once a week, until it is dry. In the new settlements they make cribs: those places are formed with logs laid square, about five or six feet high, and ten feet long, and four feet wide, covered at the top like a house; the air passing through, dries the ears without farthei- trouble. Plaster of Paris is a good manure for corn; a table- spoonful of powder strewed on each hill, before the first hoeing is performed, has a great effect on light soils. , 1 f'i DWARF FRENCH BEANS. These beans ate cultivated by most of the Canadians. In order to have good crops, the rows should be thirty inches apart, and the beans planted four inches from each other: they grow on almost every soil; but light is the best for them. They require to be kept free from weeds, and must not Vo earthed up more than two or three inches. The quantity of seed for an ar- pent of land is three pecks; the produce is from twelve to fifteen minots. They are very good for table use, and are the best thing for fattening sheep, giving more tallow than any other food ; they art ! I ' \ -V I I J- wmmmfttilt^ 149 APPENDIX. also in demand for exportation : the white ones would have a preference for that purpose. L ' ; j\\ LUCERN. This artificial grass, a native of Media, has been in- troduced into this country. It succeeds both upon strong and light soils; but the light is best adapted to its culture. The best method of management is to sow it in drills, thirty inches apart. When the plants are up, they must be thinned, so as to stand a foot distant from each other in the rows. It may be sown broadcast; but, as it requires to be kept clean from weeds, the drill will be found preferable. The seed . may be sown in beds in the spring, and transplanted into rows. When that is done, the tap roots are shortened, and the top of the plants cut off about the middle. The quick growth of this grass in the Spring is sufficient to recommend it to the farmers, for feed- ing their pigs, lambs, and calves. It will be nine inches high, when the other kinds just make their ap- pearance. In favourable years, it may be cut four or five times. A quart of seed is sufficient for an ar- pent, when drilled ; two quarts, when sowed broad- cast. The hay madeof luceru is managed in the same -TMi'- APPBNDIX. 147 manner as clover. No animals should be allowed to graze on it, as they are apt to eat off the head of the plant. One arpent of lucern is equal to four arpents of those grasses now under culture. No. V. PLASTER OF PARIS*. THIS valuable manure, almost unknown, though very easy to be obtained, merits the attention of every farmer J there is scarcely a farm in the Provinces, but it might be applied to with advantage. The practice of nine years on the following soils and crops, may suffice to prove its quality. On a piece of poor yel- low loam, I tried three grain crops without success; with the last, which followed a hoe crop, I laid it down with barley: the return was little more than the seed. The grass seed took very well. la the month of May the following year, I strewed * The fRrmers in tlie Uuited States knowing the value of this excellent manure, import vast quantities of it annually from New Brun>wick aod Kova Scotia, into the different States. UMMMMMMiMlklllKM ; i I? (I (1 k I 148 APPENDIX. powder of plaster, at the rate of one minot and one peck to the arpent. In July, the piece of land being mowed, the quantity of grass was so great, that it was not possible to find roorei to dry it on the land where it grew. The produce was five large loads of hay to the arpent. It continued good for five years. A trial was made with plaster on a piece of white clay, laid down with clover and timothy the grass was very thin. After the plaster was strewed, it improved sa much, as to be distinguished from any other part of the field J the sixth year after, the field was broke up in the spring, and sowed with pease : the spot where the plaster had been put, produced twice as much as any other part of the field. The haulm was of a deep green colour, nor were they effected with the drought, like the others on the part of the field where no plaster had been put. A trial was made on a strong loam; the crop, Indian corn, manured in the hills with old stable dung, lime, and plaster : the stable dung sur- passed the other two, the Indian corn being finest where that was applied. In the Spring of the follow- ing year, the field was ploughed and sowed with pease, where the plaster and lime had been the year before; the pease were as strong again as in any other part of the field. I tried plaster on cabbages and turnips, but did not perceive any good effect. Fron;\ i| ■ 3 ifc i »i. i a ■ ■ APPENDIX. 149 the iPrequent trials of this manure on various soils, it is evident that it is applicable to both strong and light soils, for top dressings of succulent plants. Method of reducing ii Take an axe and break the stone to the size of a nut; then take a flat stone, two feet diameter, and break it into powder with a Wooden mallet. It must be reduced very fine ; those that have an iron pestle and mortar, can pound it expeditiously that way. Should plaster meet its deserved attention, it might give employment to people in the houses of correction, to reduce it to powder, for the use of the farmers, when no other objects of industry present themselves*. In order to give an idea of the measure of a ton of plaister in stone, it will measure three feet square on the base, and two feet two inches high, English mea- sure. This is cited, in order to assist persons that may wish to buy from the vessels going up the river, where weights caimot be had to weigh. That which is taken from the mine is best, and is of a silver grey colour J that from off the surface is red, and is of less Value. A ton will produce fourteen minots of pow- • Since this was first suggested, lliii meiliod of employing prisoner* he« been adopted. v ISO AFPBNDIX. der, when broke; a man can break eighty pounds in one day, in a mortar of six inches diameter, in its natural state. Having a great deal to prepare for the Spring of 1817y 1 had it broke about the size of a goose eggf and then put into the oven of a double stovej it remained about half an hour, after which a man could reduce two hundred and ten pounds in twelve hours, with a sledge hammer, pounding it on a flat stone. As this is an experiment, time roust determine whether the heat diminishes its quali\. *, it does not lose weight by the process. The plaster that was heated, being applied to various crops^, had nearly the same effect as that in the crude state* il No VI. MAPLE SUGAR. I WHERE maple trees are on a farm, a selection might be made of from four to eight hundred, to make su- gar; what may not be wanted for the family, will find a ready sale. The spot chosen, the centre is pitched on for the boiling place. This operation be- gins about the 20th of March, as the snow begins to .1. APPBNDIX. 161 melt. When there is no snow or frost in the ground, the sap will not make sugar. A large white wood tree, commonly called Bass-wood, is felled for a back log, to make the fire against j two small trees are cut to get forked pieces to put a bar across j branches are cut for hooks to hang the boilers upon; a large white wood trough is made for a reservoir, to put close to the boilers; small troughs are made of white ash or butter nut, to put at the foot of the trees. Tapping. ^^The best method is to bore a hole slant-v ways, with an augurj and when done sugaring, to cork it up with a piece of wood, to prevent the tree exhausting itself} but the generality of people make an incision slantways, with an axe; after which, a hole is struck with a gouge at the lower part of the wound: a thin piece of cedar is put into the hole, made with the two-inch gouge, to conduct the sap to the small trough, which is made to contain a pail- full. Each evening the sap is collected and put into the reservoir. Some people have a puncheon put on alight sleigh to carry the sap; others take it to the reservoir in pails. The number of boilers will de- pend on the quantity of liquor; iron ones are in ge- neral use, perhaps from cheapness. The following morning, twelve pails-full of sap is put on the fire, in ^' mmitmfimmiamm mm lyj APPENDIX. I !!■: I a kettle, which is kept on the boil. Eight pails are put on in another kettle over a gradual fire. As the first evaporates, it is filled up from the second; when this is emptied, the fust one is still continued boiling: in about six hours it will be sufficiently reduced, whick is known by the juice rising to the top of the kettle. .^ small piece of fat pork is then thrown in: it will soon rise again, when another piece is added. When it rises the third time, this is repeated, and the syrup is taken off the fire, and strained into a pail. This stands until the next day, when it is put on a slow fire in a small pot, and will take three quarters of an hour to fine down. It is then put into moulds the size of bricks, or earthen vessels, to cool. There are people who use milk instead of pork, to prevent it boiling over. The quality, quantity, and colour of sugar, depends on the situation ; upland trees give the richest sap, and the best colour, yielding one pound of sugar to each pail of sap; low lands give a dark colour, and only yield twelve pounds to twenty pails-full of sap. Frosty nights, succeeded by clear sun-shining days, is tlie best weather for making sugar. u ^" ■►V APPENDIX. 153 No. VII. Imtmciions to Strangers settling in the Woods or Forests. IT will sometimes happen, that people lose themselves in the Woods. Cloudy weather operates to deceive, but the sun will always direct, by observing its rising and setting from the dwelling place, which Europeans ought strictly to attend to, on their first beginning in the forest. Swamps are the most difficult, from the thickness of the green timber: in such a case, let the persoi: avoid flurrying himself, because fear agitates the mind, and leads to frenzy. If fatigued, sit down and examine the trees : the north side of large trees is covered with moss; the branches are longest on the south and south-east sides : these will form a compass. Birch trees are the compass for the Indians; their strongest branches pointing eastward. Should you fall on a river or brook, its course will lead to some settlement. The brooks, many of which are little rivers in the spring at the melting of the snow, become dry iu summer; but their course maybe discovered by observing the way that the growth of wild herbs, % V'! ),' < I*! f ill mI^ ■•l^klbl»ai^ta 154 APPBN0IX. 4 M grass, and roots of trees lie: their heads will point to the outlet of such vaters; the stones will be cleaner on the side next the source, than that next the outlet. These observations are easier understood than heights, falls, &c. &c. Somctinnes cattle are met with miles from home; by starting them, they run from a stranger, and generally go home : that will lead the lost person to a settlement. There being little to fear from wild beasts, food is a primary object. As berries are not always to be had any more than nuts, herbs become a consideration. The colts foot, called by the Americans, Snake-root, has a leaf formed like the foot of a colt; it is of a deep ^reen colour; the roots run horizontally, and are of u liickness of a to- bacco pipe ; they taste like lemon peel. By gathering of that root to eat, a person might exist for some time. This plant produces many lateral roots, it is in greater abundance than most other herbs; it delights in moist situations, and is easy to discover. It is taken as a tea, to remove violent colds, when a little sweet- ened. ft I APPBNJ>IX. 155 No. VIII. IlHles and Regulations of the Montreal Agricultural Society t as adopted at a General Meeting held at the Court'HousefOn Monday^ October 20, 1817* 1st.— IT is the object of the Society to contribute, by its efforts, to the advancement of the science of agriculture, and to the instruction of the husband- man in this district. To encouitige, by the publica- tion of all communications addressed to the society, which may be deemed useful, or by the publication of extracts from approved books on the subject, the employment of the most useful implements of hus- bandry; the species of cultivation the most produc- tive, and too little disseminated throughout the dis- trict; to indicate the disadvantages of some of those that are practised; to excite emulation, and to re- compense or reward industry, by the distribution of prizes in money, or in agricultural instruments, or by honourable distinctions, granted under certain conditions, to persons who shall have excelled in the cultivation of the produce of the earth, or in the \i I H^mi^ ip I!)' II "> hi I l56 APfBNVIX. rearing of animals, or in the manner of executing some of the multiplied and various labours of thciif profession. 2d. — The Agricultural Society of the district of Montreal, comprises two classes of members ; the one ordinary, and the other honorory and corresponding members. 3d. Those who have already subscribed, or may subscribe, previous to the first of January next, to the association proposed at the general meeting of the 19th of September last, and those who may here- after be admitted, in manner herein after provided, arc the ordinary members of the society* ., 4th. The direction of the concerns and interests of the society, is placed under the superintcndancc of one president and two vice-presidents, a treasurer, and twelve directors, all ordinary members of the soci- ety, forming a permanent committee of sixteen; six of whom, the president, or one of the vice-presidents^ included, are competent to proceed to business. ■' 5th. The president, ami in his absence, either of the vice-presidents, shall preside at the sittings of the permanent committees, and at general meetings; there to put to the vote, after discussion, all written proposals olVcred by any of ihe members present. All questions shall be decided by the majority of the i;>: I6i ^w APPRNDIX. 137 ^ members present, and in cnsic of an equal division, the pcrnon who prcitidcs, slmll have a caHting vote. 6th. The oniccrsand members of the (Krmancnt committee, elected this year, shall remain in office until the third Monday in Januory 1819. There shall be four general meetings of the society, viz. on the third Mondays of January, April, July, and October, or on the following day, if it should be a holiday. The election of members, to compose the permanent committee, shall be by a plurality of votes ut the ge- neral meeting of January, and four at least of the members of the committee who have served during the last year, shall be re-elected. 7th. -^ The general meetings admit or reject such persons as are presented, to become either ordinary, honorary, or corresponding members of the society; receive the reports of the permanent committee, and deliberate and decide as well on these reports, as on all other written propositions, made by any of the members present. 8th. The permanent committee is to meet on the first Monday of every month, or on the next day, if it should be a holiday, or oftener, by adjournment, if necessary. It shall be its duty to prepare and publish a monthly agricultural report of the state of \\m district. It shall examine, and give its opiniop u J58 APPBNOIX' lis 'yV V '> ' « to the society, of the merits of such written commu- nications, as may or shall be addressed to it; revise and order the impression of all \vritings on agricul- tural subjects, which it shall deem necessary to pub- lish ; regulate in what shall consist the annual prizes which the society shall distribute, for what object, and on what conditions they are granted ; decide on the pretensions of the candidates who claim them; and, generally, regulate all matters relative to the institution. 9th. In order the more effectually to promote th« views of the society, each of its ordinary members shall, on his admission, pay to the treasurer five dol- lars, and the like sum annually, previous to the ge- neral meeting of April j at which the treasurer shall report the names of such members as may have neg- lected to pay their subscriptions; and in all such cases, their right of deliberating in the committee, if they should be members of it, or at general meetings, shall be suspended until they shall have paid ;. and in case of a failure of making the second payment, the following year, the treasurer shall report the same at the general meeting, which may expel him. 10th. After the 1st of January next, whenever any person wishes to become a member of the society, the following rule is to be observed, A proposal - M. M':-. APPENDIX. 159 signed by two members, recommending the candi- date e . a fit person, stating his name, profession, and place of residence, is read at a general meeting. The proposition is put to the vote at the ensuing general meeting, and the candidate is admitted, if two-thirds of the members present vote in his favour*., 1 1 th.„ Persons residing out of the district, who shall have made communications to the society, which the committee shall have judged important and use- ful, and of which it -ihaU have aade a fav »'irable re- port, may be proposed at a jreneral meeting as hono- rary and correspoD'^ing member*, and may be elected as such at the ensuing gener*' meeting, if two-thirds of tne members present at such meetings vote for them ; and may assist at all general meetings, with- out paying the aiMiual Mibscription, but without vot- ing there, or having admission U) it« library. 12th Every member of the soci«ty is bound to purchase a copy of such tracts as it may publish, and a copy thereof shall be addressed to him by the trea- surer, to whom he shall pay the cost thereof, under the penalty imposed by the ninth article. 13th One of the first lies incumbent on the officers and directors elect, shall be to publish the If ■•) ♦ The effect of Ibis 10th article v»as suspended till July 19, 1818. MM ■J lU'f m APPENDIX. rules and regulations of the society, to address circu- lar letters to the curates, to the seigneures, and prin- cipal land-holders, and merchants, of the different parishes of this district, to induce them to second the efforts, and promote the views of the society. The following persons were, at the said general meeting, elected to serve as officers and directors, un- til the 3d Monday in January 1819, in conformity ta the foregoing rules and regulations. r/'i : i H PRESIDENT The Hon. James Monk, Esq. Chief Justice. VICE-PRESIDENTS. J. L. Papineau, Esq. || William Hallowell, Esq. Treasurer. — Horatio Gates, Esq. DIRECTORS. John Gray, Esq. Austin Cuvillier, Esq. Samuel Sherwood, Esq. George Piatt, Esq. Toussaint Pothier, Esq. Thomas Porteous, Esq. Joseph Perrault, Esq. David Stansfeld, Esq. Charles F. Grece, Esq. Frederick Pursh, Esq. George Clarke, Esq. Henry GrifTm, Esq. 6ec, APPENDIX. 161 No. IX. The following TMt of Impart* and Exports at the Port of QucLee, for the year 1818, will convey to the Reader an accurate view of the preterit itate of commerce in thene Pr>^vintea. The detail* are extracted from the Montrtal Gazette, of January SO, 1819i and I make no apology for the insertion of a document in every point of view «o important. IMPORTS. AT aUEBEC. Cleared 588 Vessels, 9041 S Tons, 4048 Men. 35 Pipes Madeira wine. .18 Hogsheads ditto. 40 ('.fiiurter casks .. ditto. 1 Hamper ditto. [65»C ^llons. 67 Pipes Port. 1 Hogshead ditto. 39 CaSts and cases ditto. 19:^01 gallons. 235 Pipes Teneriffe. SOO Hogsheads ditto. £99 Quarter Casks .. ditto. 5 Casks and cases ditto. 51 Demijohns ditto. [52175 gallons. 59 Pipes Fayal. S Hogsheads ditto [5019 gallons. 9 Butts Spanish wine. 68S Pipes ditto. 'il'/ Hogsheads ditto. 101 Quarter casks., ditto. [907(56 gallons. 49 Pipes Sicilian. J 5352 gallons. Sherry. [30 gallons. 30 Pipes Marcilla. 1 Hog!ii)yad ditto. [3290 gallons. 220 Hogsheads French. 193 Casks and cases ditto. [12323 gallons. 3 Hogsheads Mo\intiiin. [1(35 gallons. C24 Casks Brandy. 1 Box ditto. [75822 gallons. 485 Puncheons Gin. 8 Boxes ditto. [(58064. gallons 8 Puncheons Arrack. [h69 gallons. 42 Puncheons Whiskey. Hittd. 1 Cask 1 Case .... (liitii [4490 gi.llons. M 9009 Puncheons Rum. 176 Hogsheads ditto. 2 Puncheons ...... Shiub. (954236 gallons. 3C2 Casks Molasses. [88977 gallons. 329 Casks iiefinedsugan [247711 lbs. 797 Casks Muscovado sugar. 319 Bags &. boxes ditto. [719770 lb«. Ill Casks Coffea. 3 Bags ..>...... ditto. [50778 lbs. 187 Casks Leaf tobacco. 2 Boxes ditto. [211575 lbs. 2 Casks and ctises munuf. ditto. [663 lbs. 1 Cas« Snuff [74 lbs. 11324 Packs playing cards 139242 Minots salt. 210 Chests Hyson tea..^l 3085 lbs. 4184 ditto Green. &C..-314933 lbs. 15 ditto Bohea — 1990 lbs. N. B — 3 per cent, has, been deducted^ from all the above articles, except the playing cards. Value of merchandise paying 2 J per ceat. i'772373 ; U : 6. AT GASFIE. 33 Puncheons Rum. [3784 gallons. 38 Ditto , .Molassti, [39<)3 gallons. 1 Quarter cask ... Siiixits of wine. (30 gallons. 5 Casks coffee, (J3^ lbs. 10 Do. Muscovado sugar, 15909 Ihs. 1 Do. lyaf tobacco, 699 lbs. . 3 Do. manufac. do. 2iri lbs. 5 Chasts, green tea, 421 lbs. N. B. — 3 per cent, has been deducted from the above articles. 4380O Minots salt, duty free. rulne ifmerclianttise payiiv^ 2,^ ^mr cent- £2661 : 7 : 11 curicnrv. 162 APFENDIX. AT NEW-CARLISLE. ti Puncheons ....« Rum. [9554 gallons. 12 Ditto • MulasNes. [1192f^llons. I Co&k coffee, 20 IHs. 10 Do. Muscovado BUgsr, 10450 lbs. t Do :jaf tobacco, 1693 lbs. 1 Do. manufac. do. 15 lbs. 3 Chests green tea, 376 lbs. 1 Do. Bohea, 101 lbs. N. B— 3 per cent, has benn d-ducted from the above articles. 272 Tons Salt, duty free. 2200 Biiiihcls.. ditto Value of merrhandite paying 2^ per cent- i;i6S4 : 10 : 0. i ;- EXPORTS. M ' FROM aUEBEC. Cleared 409 vessels, 94675 tons, 4343 men Four built this year, 749 tens. 721 Pieces, masts and bowsprits. 3062 spars. 6997 oak timber. 33736 pine ditto. 722 Walnut, &c. 22°; round wood 18^5831 staves and heads. 390R4 stave ends. 642160 boards lujd planks t'8762 deal ends. .524 battens. 12723 handspikes. 24709 oars. 79810 hoops. 120 boat-hook handles. 70 ».. staunrheons. 529 scantlings. 733 Feet.... ditto. ftBOO PiiTpR, sliliiijles. Wl PlIIM-hPOi"' sliivoh pnckR. 76 Hogsheads ditto. 594 Tierces .... ditto. AO Kmpty casks. 44353 CiucuN, Inlhwnod. 840 wedges. H2 rnpstuin bars. Sittll t'llxliH ll»h(I i|III». 147 Barrels .. dido. V't Itiigs ditto. I .Ur 'lid"- 2310 Bushels polaliM-s. turnips 10 Casks bran. 24 Tons linseed cake'. ."if) Bugs ditto. 35 Cases tree.i and plants. 1 Biirrel seed?. 5 Casks pyrola uml>ellata. 9 Cases ditto. 4 Puncheons oapillaire. 2 Casks ditto 2 Casks sarsaparilla. 3 Barrel? nufs. M.L...- I ii;i»i« T APPENDIX. 163 1 Cask pi^nsing'. I Box hcney. Barrels feathers. Bales wool. Ho|rshca(l hemp. Boxes ea 17 Kegs sfiun. 9748 Ox hor.18. . i 7 Casks lime. 2 bees wax. 3 Puncheons hemlock burk. 96 Stoves. SI Horses. ■ a\ •■, 9 Sheep. '■i Bark canoes. FURS AND PELTRIES. 3079 Fox skins. 83H3 Martin ditto. 3V60 Bear and cub. 57432 Beaver. ,, .' :^ 27897 Miiskrat. 9318 Otter. 41654. Deer. 2036 Wolf. 3 Marniottes 4557 Hare. US Seal. 20 Squirrel. 8523 Minx. 3872 Fitcher. •• ^ • 15225 Uaccoon. 3776 Cased and open rat. ! . 365 Wolverines. HI Lynx. 7 Biifliilo robes. 310 Swan. ' 4li Badgers. 2 Loiipserviors. a fJroiind liojjfs. l'» ('iiHks eiiNtiiriini. 1 Kej^- (iitt(» 1 Case ditto SUNDRY IMPORTED GOODS. EXH.)RTED. 93 Tiorees suit. 3Ki.'> Miiirtts ditto. 10 Cusks t(i|)!irco. 15 Ken^s ditto. n Holts dill... I'-'.'' ■ diU... 2 Pipes wine. M Hoir.fhriiils .... dittu, -'■> Hi'i.i'ls ditto. }'•' ( .ns rum. ;' Ciisks ditto. 11 Ditto iii..|-.is-,..^. ; 3 Chests tea. ^'^ • ' > • 7 Casks su^r. 1 Barrel coflVe. ' 1 Cask dittu. 17 Bags cocoa. 1 Cask Cajenne peppor. 48 Tons >.. iron. 10 Cwt ditto. 12 Pieces ditto. 1 Ton old copper. 1 Puncheon ditto. 11 Casks ditto. 5 Barrels pitch and tar. 7 Coils cordaf^e. 1 Cwt , ditto. 1 Cask .., twine. ^ r,24 lbs ditto. 6 Casks nails. 6 Kejfs ditto. 21 Bundles steel, .'■ Boxes axes. 1 I>itto scythes. ' 7 Chaldrons coals. 2 Grindstones. 200 Bricks. 80K Lmpty bags. ■ 178 Packages merchandise. To King^a Pout, for hunting. 7 Cases ^runs. 1 Cask flints. 21 Burrebi gunp^- vder. SCO lbs ditto. 75 Cascn shot. 11 Cwt dittu. FROM GASPIE, Cleared 13 vesail', 1280 tons, 102 men* 1;1089 Cwt. r.'d fish. 18 Barrels c(hI sounds 33 rdes. 53 hrrrin^;H. 3 Hulinon. 'i Tons oil. 5J naiifls dittw. 100 L»;'j)ty e.-i.sks. IV Oars. FROM NEW « ARLI«^.*, . Cleriivd 16 vessels, 20lfi t»-, IkM loy men. l--'.-53 Cwt. co'l fi^lw 3.SG Barreis lieiriug«. 1 !2 suImiou 5030 (i«ll..iis oil. IOC. S|i;.!-,. a.'t't 'iuii.s pine timber. :;o ( iji(l>i !atli»ood. i.' if ^Pl 164 APPP.NMX. m Impotit and ExpvrUat the Port of St. John"!, on the Iticktlieu Kiver, leading (• Lake Champlain, in the United State*, for the Quartet ending Octobers, 1818. "- 400 Pine slabs. ':'■>' 6 Saw Logs. 129 CordN nmall boat wood. 116 Head of cattle. 893 Sheep. 90 PJM. 2 Calvee. 1 Horse. '-■ ' 400 Water melons. '• 11*11 un. t!>« 400 Barrels potash. 632 flour. 29 tnr. :7 3 99 19 Hogsheads treenels. Ke^ pickles. Bushels com. ........ >..• Dotatoeii. 55 rw>nn«. 227 apples. 3i nuts. 20181 Pounds leaf tobacco. S^gAS hiitiiir. 32650 !90 190 4193 cheese. ^ ^^ honey. ' y^ ........... feathers. 100 wool. 313400 Feet pine boards. 743530 plank. 7100 ....... timber. 2000 lath Iwards. linoo bass wood ditto. 22500 Shingles. 1 Spar. £,.68,375 specie. EXPORTS. 11819 Bushels salt. 1165 Gallons rum. ,, 64 wine. ' '! 123 oil. 12600 Pounds dry cod fish. 17 Barrels salmon. ^ , ' 17 tar. .. 249 Tons plaster. 2 Horses. L. 110,537: 10:0 specie. Z..957 : 13 : merchandise vahied. m Tmporta and Exports at ditto, for the IMPORTS. 043 Barrels potash . 1(4^ iippIfS. 4 rorin. 45777 Pounds cliocse. 25595 lintfer. S0400 tallow. 7217 hops. 6000 fi«'sh rod fish. 00 honey. 375 Bti.shelx apples. Hi/ nuts. 2S corn. -.* clnni.s. B4000 Feet pine hoards. IROOO planks. 57000 Shihglos. 400 Oiirxs.' i'S Gallons oysters, 806 Hot'R. Quarter ending Janvaru 5, 1819- 180 Head of cattle. 151 Sheep. 1663 Di'i.T skins. , 2573 Bear ditto. 1000 Martin ditto. 3 V'olf ditto. M B:ixes ufarden seeds. 4 Bags ditto. i/.57,375 specie. EXPORTS. 241 5} Bushels salt. > -, 13 wheat. 604 Gallons rum. f40 I'ourids dry cod fish. 75 i Barrels salmon. 5 ...v floir. Z,.4f»,875 specie. i.857 : 15 : merchandise valued. ^^ Popnlathn ofCinehec. — By a late census it appears, tli.it the city of Quelifc confiiiiis 2,(K)8 houses, und 1.'j,'J57 inhabitants — Of these, 11,991 ar.' Catholics, and 3,566 Protclantr il. mv. -v'v^^t^" i f > '■->* !>''-., k: ■..) ,V > I ' ■ f i --, . ,■ (• : >' r inrvi" " ^ "«^ < '■' GENERAL INDEX. 1 ■' I ' "ii'' .[■ ...^.-.Pi" • ■ l-T ' ♦ /:(•< !' f'li-' '»■: . 'u if., '1 ; I :» fh"» -'I'ntft- rf A. f*/ I (I I . • '!" . 'jj- >" •'' ,■ '1'' ( AGRICULTURAL Report for the district of Mon- treal, 156. .,,^^ .,,;,..,,•,,.. M ^. .,-, ^_., ... Agricultural Society of Montreal, rules and regula- tions of, 155. , ., 1 , . ,, ., ,y r America, on emigration to the Eastern and Western States of, 1-^4. Disappointments experienced by iemigtants on their arrival in the United States of, 2, 3. Price of land in, 16. American, oxen, i-emarks on, 35. Landscape, 38. Report respecting the New York Canal, 81. B. ^ Barley, on the returns of, 26. Bermuda, the depdt for Canadian produce, 46, 47. Voyage from Montreal and Quebec to, described, 48. Birkbeck, Mr. his work calculated to mislead emi- grants, 2, 3. Cannot be too severely reprobated, 7. Blacksmiths' wages, 54. Bricklayers' wages, 54. ' i 1 /_!■ 166 INDEX. .' / ■\\- 111 i!)'?! i! iV liC' British Government, paternal care of the, over the Ca- nadian provinces, .32. Questions to the, 79. Ge- nerosity of the, to settlers in Canada, 17. False report circulated respecting the, 18. Bristed, Mr. his account of the treatment of the slaves in the Western States, 66. Buck wheat, on the culture and returns of, 25. C. Cabbage, very productive in (?knada, 28. ' '^ •;• Canadas, view of the advantages and disadvantagcfi they offer to emigrants, compared with those of the United States, 4, et seq. Climate of, compared with that of the Illinois, .9. Natural productions of, 10. How divided, 12. Situation, boundaries, and ex- tent, of Upper Canada, 12, 13. Mr. Sansom's remarks on, 13, 14. Rivers and principal towns in, 15. Styled the Garden of No4'th America, 15. Unincumbered by debt, 14. Price of land, and rxpense of cultivation, 16, 17, 18. Price of la- bour, 21. Method of clearing in the, .32. Growth of timber, ib. Advantages of the markets of, com- pared with the State of Illinois, 40. Population sukI fertility of the country, 42. Expense and inconvenience of moving heavy goods from De- ccrnl)er to April, 45, 46. What time it generally takes to complete the passage to Great Britain frorii (I! I » !• I INDEX. le; the, GO. Route which emigrants should take to go to Upper Canada, 5 1 . Price of land in, 1 7, 7 1 . Canadian Husbandry, selections from Essays on, 89. ... ,; ,.;, . ... .. ...,., . Canadians, emigrants from Great Britain most weU come to the, 54. ■ j , ,, t. -,.., Carpenters' wages, 54* . ,, - , Carrots, 29. Canal navigation, on the expenses of, 5ti. New York, American report respecting the, 81. Clover, 27. ., , *. . . ., ... Cobbettj'Mr. remarks on his address to Mr. Birk- beck, 5, 6. - Copyhold farms in Canada, 18. Corn bill, 3?. Cultivated grasses, on the returns of, 27* Cultute and management of hemp, 122. Dwarf French beans, 145. E. Emigrants, to the United States, on their motives and inducements, 1, 2. How disappointed on their arrival, 2, 3. Misled by such writers as Mr, Birkbeck, ib. Advantages and disadvantages in their choice of settling in the Canadas or the United States, 4, et seq. On the propriety of quit- r -^. 3K> n i i i 168 INDJSX. ting their native icountry, 8. Capital requisite to settle in Canada, 16. Direction respecting the route thdy should take in proceeding to Upper Canada, 51. What time of the year they shotlld emigrate, 55. Qualifications necessary previous to going to America, 56. Articles which they should provide themselves with, 59, 60. Situation of, on their arrival at the Western territory, 62 72. Plan to be pursued on their arrival, 72 — 75. Ad- vice to those who settle in new countries, 76. Emigration, on the present rage for, to North Ame- rica, 1. Inducements to, 2. English Prairies, remarks on Mr. Birkbeck's account of, 47. F. Farms, how to be obtained in Canada, 20, 21 . Price of labour, 21. Table of outlays, 22, 23. ' Fearon, Mr. remarks on his work respecting the United States, 7. " • i ^ •■. Flax, on the culture of, 133. Fruit trees, on the growth of, 37. ' ' ; • G. - • ^ ' •■■ ' Gaspie, a district of Lower Canada, 12, Girdling, method of, 37. ' ' Grocery price of, in Canada, 60, 61. >• /c ■ I , ••i' If: I > iBi«P!^nvm^v^pn INDBX. 169 H. Hemp, culture and management of, 122 132. ' ^ Illinois State, comparison between the, and the Ca- nadas, 4, 5. Instructions to strangers settling in the woods or fo- rests, 15.*}. K. Kingston, a principal town in Upper Canada, 15. L. ■ ' ■■ "'■ ■ i'^ Labour, on the high price of, in Canada, 3. ' ' >' ' ^ LaChine, 50, 51. Lake Erie, 49, 52. "''' ' Land, on the price of In Canada, and the expense of cultivating it, 17—19. Extent of, in Canada, 18. Return made to the agriculturist, 24, 25 . Method of clearing, 32, 34. i , Liquors, price of, in Canada, 60, 61. ' ' ■* ' Louisiana, 13. " Lucern, 27, 146. ' ^ lf« ^'^ Maize, or Indian corn, 26. Culture of, Sii, 143. Maple sugar, 150. Markets of Canada, 42, 43. Masons' wages, 54. Montreal, city of, 40, 4 1 . Price of provisions at, .19. •i I 4 /I I' ^1 -■at-: ..,«- ■ J • . IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // 1.0 I.I 11.25 1^ 1^ 2.0 ■ 4£ ^ m ^ 1^ ~ 6" <3%i ^ € PhotograiJii Sdmces Ckaporation 4^ ,> 23Wf!S/MAINSTillT vrtSSTM,N.Y. 145W (71*) •72-4503 ■^ 7.A I, ;'|i..f ! 170 tnpMx.. ' N. Nettle, on the culture and utility of the, I40< Newark, 15. ii • » . New Orleans, thedep6t for the produce of the Western States, 48. On the voyage to and from, 49. jh- New York canal, 81— ,8$. - .-i^nY)* .^i -> a.)rMj ,.'; North river, 44. //Ti '.5*n O. Oats, on the culture and returns of, 26< , . « Ohio, 45, 48, 49. ,^ ; Ottowa,53. ,,,j^^^;_^ ,., v...,i,/.,,M -,,., „, ^,,,..„ ( ■ Papers on colonies and trade, 129. - /„ • s i . Parsnips, culture oi; 29. ^ ;,^^, , ,,.^, ^,,^ ^ ,,., Pease, culture and returns of, 26. „„;,», .i,, Perth settlement, some account of, 53, 54. ^p'^t^^u Plaster of Paris, 147. • ' -^ ■ v», ::V:fv ^sV'trt^?'; ^^j Plasterers* wages, 54. ,, ^ ,,, j^> ,y,y,,^ ^ ,,, ,,j ,„ , Potatoes, culture of, 36. ' ^ •' -..,:...-....> Protestants in Canada, exempt from paying tythcs, I5f* Provisions, on the prices of, at Quebea and Montreal, 39. *m ' • \ Quebec city, air and climate of, 9, 10, l2. The ^eat of government, 42. .U i^^^^^t: '^a^mH Queenstown, 52. . , : . , .^ .»/(;■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ■ , :■ '/ ' ^iMk y^*^*— *^^l~ttfHMfcia* - ,1 1 INDBX. 171 Questions to the British Government^ 79' :.:::. ^:i . -. R. ■ ,: l,, t '.*t>7 Remarks on the New York ca&al, &c. 85, -ao bna Report to the Society of Arts, on the manufacture of hemp, 132. .Hu liiwais^ii:/ nro .siifti ^ .a .r-K? i f Richmond settlement, remarks on, 53, 54. rtji \;:>,j'l Roman Catholics in Canada, 19. ** : -- . .m Route to be taken by emigrants going to Upper Ca- »• ■^'*.- 4 I \ «i ■^ ^P'nM|li>nHMt<(S>«aaaM>a5^ » ! ' « I I W —I— i iJlr:t-*J-JL'»J 172 n ^1 n '■if INDBX. .U; .Ji;-)!!,:. T, ■ ■-''-l''{i 'J>i' '>: c\y..\rji}']^ Table of the outlays of farmers, 22, 23. Of imports and exports at the port of Quebec, 161. ^^ ii>. ov' Tennassee country, price of land in the, 71.'>J iU')-i'i>'fK Timber, in Canada, on the growth of, 32. ui.j »! Trois Rivieres, 12. ■ bfu- tsi; ;;<: Turnips, culture of, 28. ■ * >v ."-t; ..iii. ' i.^.m.. }> United States, settlers from, not well received by the Canadians, 54. Exposed to heavy taxes, 70< Climate, ibid. >' Urtica, or the nettle, 140. ■• un-.i !/.*'>•/ rU ,ii>.'Mi.).'" V. Vegetables, culture and produce of in Canada, 28, 29. Venomous reptiles in the United States, 70. ,^, _> , . Vermont, 12. ;. ,,,,.^ ,.ji ^-..n;^,,,. .:-m->rl l, r, {h..V-. i. )')UV,;y;i.i w. • 1 r.yii'!u\ ,.h ftiut'-'.'q Wheelwriglits' wages, 54. .j ,,; , , ^^, ^^^,.,, , .^^^. .. ,, .yj ;;>tic 'tp iiUii^i-.! FINIS. ■ '-M'^yyi. ',H:i'',oii^ •■^^•r}'r' "ii :v,-i-is^ =;i'i-i.ri>»f>^? S;^;< .-s) '-'o^p'' ;j-,?ii;/o r?:>?^' M". M^Dowall, Printer, PenihtHor. Ron; S- BOOKS ON AGRICULTURE AND RURAL AFFAIRS, Published by J. Hardino, ' "^^ ^Agricultural Library, 36, St, Jameses Street, .A ./ -Ai.'l .n J . i^^>l)\■/l .i A REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE op EASTERN and WESTERN FLANDERS, made under the «utbority of the Farming Society uf Ireland.— by the REt.Taos. Radcliff. With an Appendix and Plates. 8vo. In this Work, the Reporter tnrveyi the Provinces uf Flanders in eleven di- visions, and gives minute details of the peculiar Husbandry practised in each. 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A New Edilii^, enlarged by Curtis, with Eight roloured Plates, representing the different Fiowers, and descriptive of Horiicult ral Implements and Processes used in their manage- ' nieiit. Bvo. price ll. Is. coloured. A few Fine Copies on large pape-, price 11. lis. ou. :'i^nijn i*^*'*)t '** *ii^55^*.i (sa^ui'ff-^i. »■( ■.u**i*ii^-...«iv-.. DKSCRIPTION OF AN l.M PROVED METHOD OF DELINEATING ESTATES, combining mathematical Accuracy with the Beauties of Land- aiCMpe Painting; representing not only the Estate itself, but the adjacent Coun> try, ill panoramic Perspective. By T. Hornor, Land-Purveyor. Bvo. with :^l^s. . Price iOs. 6d. HARDING'S NEW CATALOGUE OF BOOKS, on Agriculture, Plant- ing, Gardening, Rural Architecture, Landscape-gardening, Sporting, Furriery, and other Topics uf Domestic and llurjl Economy; including the Lawsrelat- ' Jng to Estates, lithcs, Inclosures, Game, and Rural Affairs in general. — II- Price 2s. ^ • Tl /, . ^ ^ iitUUItiiaieM and Practical •n, particolarlj «, Rocky Soili, *ii(e of Imple* li with piatet. t to ihe work, Bvo. price St. PLEASURE MUELLISII. tT, Fruit, and nuKS, Stovrs, VLTURAL Im< », and PlaiiU, • 4to. nume- MA, or SEA ith a coloured ULTURE of on Soils and enlarged by Piowers, and lieir manage- large paper, [NEVTIxNG ie« of Laud- iaccnt Couu* . Bvo. with It II re. Plant- ig, Farriery, Laws relat- 1 general,— ■^■HH