IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V /> {/ ,^^ ^ A IL 1.0 I.I lA^IM 12.5 |50 ""^^ IM^^B ill 1.8 1.25 1 1.4 16 ^ 6" - ► V] /a ^^ .^V % %' 7; 7 >!^ Photograplftc Sciences Corporation 23 Vt eST MAIN STREET (meaning "CON- TINUED "), or the symbol V (meaning "END "). whichever applies. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la derniAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symboie —^' signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmAs A des taux de reduction diffArents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atra reproduit en un seul clichA, il est filmA A partir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant la nombre d'images nAcessaira. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 'rata o jelure, D 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 I CO PRC New Nova I m-' THE CANADIAN EMIGRANT. IJKIXi; A TO THE VAHIOUS PROVINCES OF CANADA, New Brunswick, Prince Edward's Island, ^ Ontario, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, British Columbia, Quebec, A XI) THE North- West Territories. BY GEORGE POTTER, 'T'^w^oiPEisroE. 1884. 14, FETTER LANE, LONDON, E.G. ___________ \\ THE GRAND TRUNK RAILWAV -' COMPANY OF CANADA, AND ITS CONNECTIONS, DESIRE TO DRAW THE ATTENTION OF T tTl Booking Agents and Passengers generalli TO THE ADVAKTAOES OFFERED BT THIS COMFANT TO PA8SENGEB8 FJlOX GBEAT BBITAIlf AHD EUBOPB OBBTINED TO POINTS IN Canada, Manitoba, North- West Territories j^^^^^^^^^ Dakota, Montana, Oregon, California, point tH and the United States generally. obscure yn Ocean Steamslilp Iiines TO — Here tlie i to support the satnc :i QUEBEC IN SUMHES, & FOKTLAin) & HAUFaLT",!!'; iH wiKTEE. z:th:^l Tht Shortest aad Beit Routes across the Atlsntie, the distanod from Liverpool to Quebec n,on K n i ■ being only 2,S0O mUes, to Portland 2,700 miles. ™®" "r '.' The Steamers land ihe Passengers aud Baggage at both places, on the wharv Oom in x, from which Grand Trunk Traios start. Eveiy conyenience exists alBO at Halifihave displ; for PaBseogers taking the Intercolonial Railway, connecting with the Grand Truuli}^^^^ ]^^,^ ^ DEPOTS and STATIONS for the C02JVEMBNCB of EMIGRANTS are pr Tn all m vided at qOEBEC, SHEBBBOOXE, XONTBEAL, OTTAWA, HAMILTON, LOND0,f ^.^^ .^J^A gABNIA, DULUTH and WINNIPEG, where full information can be obtained frc"^'^^ ^^^^ the Ontario, Qaebec, Manitoba and Dominion Emigration Agents. Settle or sc THE SPECIAL FACILITIES FOR FORWARDING FROM THE PORTS PASSE *b^COUlJtr; OER8 LANDED BY THE STEAMERS SHOULD BE POINTED OUT TO ALL Itlie inten( TENDING PASSENGERS. wHlch of My <«kla§r tite O-raad Trnak lloMte, «li« aerttral * i • . Transfers of Passengers and Luggage are avoidei Thesys THE AGENTS OF THE COMPANY SUPERINTEND THE LANDING OF PAl4!nirl»riH 6BNGERS FROM THE STEAMERS, AND TAKE SPECIAL CARE THAT ALL THEj^"e'. ""> ' WANTS ARE ATTENDED TO. all^lauce PARBEN0EB8 AND THBIB LUGGAGE are transferred from the steamers he may ex the railway cars FBEE OF EXPENSE. Queeii us 1 Express Trains with through cars for Samia, Port Huron or Chicago, leaoiy^Q iq i\ these ports immediately after the arrival of the Steamers. nn*ttt,i i ] o* PasseDgers have every opportunity of obtaining BEFBESHMBNTS AT lofV^SWiuisia BATE8 at the Stations where the Trains are timed to stop for that purpose. i^At tie i( Greatly improved roomy carriages, well lighted, warmed, and haying eveflag is ubh eonyenience, have been added to the already extensive equipment of this se rvice, that be for At the Depots, which have been EBBOTED FOB THE CONYBNIBNOE —««», point to any country where so many instances of men having risen from Iv. obscure poverty to competence and independence as that of Canada. Here the man, who, tlirough years of poverty and wretchedness strove to support his family and himself in England, found that a few years of the same amount of labour brought to him a degree of prosperity which ry- J,-,.. it would have been impossible for him to obtain at home. It has been ElALif Ag^j^ that if a man cannot succeed in England he cannot do so elsewhere, buttha' idea has long ago exploded ; there are too many instances of ooi to Quebec jQgQ jjj^ i^r raised themselves from the low sphere in which they were •n the whan born in ^ upland to that of positions of honour in Canada, and who Uo at HalifthaTe displayed talents of a high order, which would in all probability 3randTruuk]j|^Yg lulu dormant in the Mother Country. ^NTSare pt Jq all parts of the Dominion labour will always meet with its reward ^^bt' •^^d'?''^^ care and judgment is used in selecting the proper ground in which to 'settle or seek for labour ; and it shall, therefore, be our ta>k lo describe DRTS PASSE *I^^*^o^''^*^''y '^^^ ^^'^' special features of each of its vast provinces, so that r TO ALL ithe intending emigrant m,ty be enabled to form some idea as to which of the provinces of the Dominion it would be most desirable ■* -jl for him to settle. I oiVOlCcI ^he sjstem of Covernment in Canada resembles somewhat that of ^iNGOF^^Ajjngland, and the emigrant is not in any way required to throw off his allegiance to the throne of England. When he settles in Canada tie steamers he may exercise all the rights of citizenship, whilst still recognising the Queen as his lawful Sovereign ; and however slight the weight may be Chicago, leagiyen to this feature of emigration, many, many men love Old England INT8 AT loDOtwiihstanding the hardships which they endure, or may have endured, rpose. ^**' the idea (Xf severim^ themselves from the protection of the liritish . baying evefiag is abhorrent in the extreme ; and of course our readers are aware, jMsservioe. that before purchasing land in America and exercising tha rights of ^J'JJJ 'citiaenship, they have to take the oath of fealty to the Republic. EtOVIDSD. W® ^^"^'6 heard of men not succeeding even in Canada, but it would ^rds Batbiibe found, if the history of these men were written, that they did not labour with that spirit of determination which should stimulate the arm that can ina^f every emigrant. Canada will only help them who help themselves, and to them she offers advantages which soon shows in their improved Btained at t*^®'*^^''0'i what she can, and what she will, do for them. Let no man eeti Londfll**!^ England and expect to find that he has but to secure a piece of in IdTtrpoilanll and the earth will immediately bring forth its abundance. Let Bland. gli UqIj absurd notions be for ever vanished from his mind. =^ 1451)11 4 Till: CANADIAN EMIGRANT. The covering extreme! range of What is promised is this : a fair reward for honest toil and an ear independence, through uniting labour with judgment. To the ma who cim and will observe this», there is a cerrainty for him and li; But it cannot bo too often ur^ed that the idler will find himself despii-ed man ecjually as much as he will in England ; and the wor wheat u houses are not the convenient places there that they are in EuL'land f nectarini those who choose to occupy them. It will be as well that the loaf cabbages remembers there is not even a poor-law in Canada, and we do not thir Snow that it will be necessary, during this century, at least, to have such they mcr law in the Dominion. Therefore, we say, let each emigrant who Icav ab a coi the shores of old England do so with a light heart, even if the conter attteral i of his pocket should be of a similar weight ; but, above all things, \ him be prepared for honest, hard work, and there is a grand futu before him, which, within a few years, he will undoubtedly reap. nUUcc hi.' or field, triBispor imui and I n tens country, BHjgh spr die certa '■Tho gi of, 6;")^, V SQiil simil fr(te iron GENERAL ASPECTS OF CANADA. The Territory comprised in the Dominion of Canada contains abi 3,500,000 square miles, extending from the Atlantic to the Pac Ocean. It possesses thousands of square miles of the finest forests the continent ; widely-spread coal fields ; extensive and product fisheries ; its rivers and lakes are among the largest and most rernarka in the world, and the millions of acres of prairie lands in the nev *^^xi\x\ opened-up North-West territories are reported as being among the ra The s fertile on the continent of America. Canada has a population of 4,300,000. It is divided into ei:. provinces, including the North-West Territory : — 1. Quebec conta about 11)0,( .0 square miles ; 2. Ontario 101,780 ; 3. Nova Sc< 20,731 ; 4. New Brunswick 27,322 ; 5. Prince Edward's Island 2,1;^ (;. British Columbia 341,550 ; 7. Manitoba 123,340 ; and the Nor West Territory 2,050,000. The several provinces have local legislatures, and the seat of ; Dominion or Federal Parliament is at Ottawa. The Govern men: conducted on the same principle as that of Great Britain — viz., resp{)nsil)ility of the Ministers to Parliament. The Governor-General of the Dominion is appointed by the Qiii. and the Lieutenant-Governors of the various provinces by the Goverr. General in Council. Each province is divided into counties and townships, hav their own local boards and councils for regulating local taxation roads, schools, and other municipal purposes. Religious liberty prevails. The educational system is under the control of the various provin Free schools are provided and facilities are afforded to successful pi: for obtaining the highest education. In a country like the Dominion of Canada, extending norths from the 44"^ of latitude, the climate is naturally variable, but, speal: generally, the summers are much hotter than in England, and winters much colder. However, if the climate of a country is to measured by its productions, then Canada, in the quality of her titL 4;||j| j^Jqj grains, fruits, plants, and animals, must be accorded a front rank. Mdntrel ^'o OOfDparal sabsistiijj th^ .snow 'Ther ing from St. John diprin It m; of inUnt to^s Erie, The Lo 4Dd the ^nlargei ■i^lid wilt: will be Western! ■a fiirth ' The of 4,00 route is |(l^e Ca ^latt et «■ THE CANADIAN EMIGRANT, |nd an ear The extremes of cold, though of short duration, and the winter ^0 the ma covering of snow, have given Canada the reputation of having aa lira and li: extremely severe climate. By the warmth of the summer months the |d himself range of production is extended — in grains, from oats and barley to the wor wheat und maize ; in fruits, from apples to peaches, grapes, melons, InL'land f nectarines, and apricots ; in vegetables, from turnips, carrots, and [t the lo>if cabbages, to the ^%\i, plant and tomatoes. lo not thii Snow and ice are no drawbacks to the Canadian winter. To ('anada jave such they mean not only ])rotection to her cultivated acres, almost as valuable who k'iu as a covering of manure, but the conversion of whole areas, during I the conter wiiVeral months in the year, to a surface upon which every man may jiU things, \ niiike his own road, equal to a turnpike, in any direction, over swamp !:rand futi: or field, lake or river, and on which millit)ns of tons are annually reap, ADA. mtains abr the Paci ;st forests d product St remark.i in the nev long the ni ed into eii ebec con til Nova Sc( transpoi'ted at the minimum cost, whereby employment is att'orded for nian and horse when cultivation is arrested by frost. Intensity of winter cold has little effect ui)on the agriculture of a country, except the beneficial one of pulverising the soil where exposed. High spring and summer temperatures, with abundance of rain, secure tiie certain ripening of maize and the melon in Canada. " The great prahie region of Canada has a mean summer temperature of 6.')^, with abundance of rain ; the winters cold and dry ; climate and soil similar to that part of Knssia where large cities are found. It is free Irom pulmonary complaints and fevers t)f every type, and the country generally is healthy. The snowfall in the west and south-west parts of the territories ia comparatively light, and cattle may remain in the open air all winter subsisting on the prairie grasses, which they obtain by scraping away th^ snow where necessary. 'There are over 8,000 miles of railway in work in the Dominion, extend- !i^ v! \T i'^K^i"^'^ the western portions of Ontario to Halifax, in Nova Scotia, and 1(1 the Aor g^ John in New Brunswick, while its rivers and lakes form a highway during the summer months from the interior to the ocean, e seat of j^ j^.^y j^g mentioned that Canada possesses the most perfect system rovernmen: ©f iu'and navigation in the world. At the present time vessels of 600 am VIZ., ^Qg jjQ {xov^ Chicago to ^Montreal by way of Lakes Michigan, Huron, Brie, Ontario, and the River St. Lawrence, a distance of l,2fil miles. 7u /^ " ^^^ Locks on the Welland Canal (connecting Lakes Erie and Ontario) and those on the St. Lawrence River, are, however, in course o enlargement to 270 feet long and \h feet wide, with a dc[)th of W feet, ■and when this great work is completed, steamers of 1,500 tons burthen will be able to carry produce direct from Western Canada and the Western States of America to Montreal and Quebec, which will effect ■a forther reduction in the cost of transit of cereals and other products. The distance from Chicago to Montreal (where ocean-going steamers ef 4,000 tons can be moored alongside the quays) by the (-anadian roate is 150 miles less from Chicago to New York via Buffalo and the ng norths ^e Canal, and there are 16 moie locks, and 89 2 feet more lockage by but, speal the latter route than the former. It is, therefore, expected that upon the land, and completion of the enlarged cauals,much of thegrainfrom Western Canada, intry is tu ggwell as from the Western States of America, will find its way to Europe :if her tim ^^ Montreal, as, in addition to its other advantages, the distance from nt rank. Montreal to Liverpool is about 300 miles le;j3 than from New York. the Govern ships, hav I taxation )us provni jcessful pi: THE CANADIAN EMIGRANT. Oanmla possesses excellent postal arraiifjements, a jmst office l>tMr tinue to r found in almost every village, and every place of any importance i expiration connected with the electric telegraph. Every facility is offered f^at leusi securing patents for inventions, the fees being very moderate, whilo tl manner protecticm is as effective as in other countries. grant shul The classes which may be recommended to emigrate to Canada ar said'; pro as follows : — as afon sa 1. Tenant farmers in the United Kingdom, who have sufficioi periods, a capital to enable them to settle on farms, may be advised : of 8uj)f»or( cfo with safety and with the certainty of doing well. The san stani ivsii may apply to persons who, although not agriculturists, wmi! This h be able to adapt themselves to agricultural ])ursuits, and \\i both Kug have sufficient means to enable them to take up farms. the pinr, I' 2. Produce farmers and persons wifh capital seeking investment, i^ . ^ , 3. Male and female farm labourers, female domestic servants CareuMe'u whom assisted passages are granted), and country niochaiiiij^jjjg ,i,,^,j The classes which should be warned against emigration are fomal" a little c.i] above the grade of servants, clerks, shopmen, and i)ersons having n Tlio So particular trade and calling, and accustomed to manual labour. 'I' generally these Canada offers but little encouragement. comniaml The best time to arrive in Canada is in the middle of April, when tl 20, barley inland navigation is open, and out-door operations are commenciii: 226, and The emigrant will then be able to take advantage of the spring an Shiphiii summer work, and to get settled before the winter sets in. manufacti The voyage to Quebec occujues, on an average, about ten days \ cottou uiu mer, and the journey to the North-West four days longer, iicli, briefly, is a description of the general aspects of the countr and we shall now lay before its readers some of the features whic characterise the various provinces of the Dominion. NEW BRUNSWICK. The popiil the capiial N(»va S which are the preser consists of The so This province contains an area of about 27,822,000 acres, but this only some 13,000.000 are fit for cultivation, and at the presei time there is under cultivation only about 730,000. The Lieutenant-General in Council may select land for settlemeii and settlers obtain grants of land on the following conditions, whi ' and apples cannot be looked upon as severe. If he has not got the necessary siu oonsiderab to make the requisite purchase, he may obtain the land by giviui: Mining portion of his time in labour. The following are the terms : — and gypsui " On payment of twenty dollars cash in advance, to aid in the cor Large i struction of roads and bridges in the vicinity of his location, or ujjf excellent 1 his performing labour on such roads and bridges to the extent of tcsiderable q dollars per year for three years, as may be directed by the Governor i Bailway Council or officer appointed to superintend the same. He shall con cation witl mence improving his location immediately after obtaining permissii tand fo to occupy the same, and shall, within two years thereafter, satisfy tl 100 acres ; Governor in Council that he has built a house thereon of not le frol gri^uts dimensions than sixteen by twenty feet, and is residing thereon, an exdillent o that he has cleared at least two acres of the said land. He shall coi poichasing office Imm't) QportaiM'c 1 offered f' te, while tl Canada ar ve sufficio! i advised : 1. ThesMii: irists, won! its, and \\i arms. nvestmeiit. servants (' f niechanii are feni.ilp ! having n labour. 'I' ril, when tl lonimenciii: ) spring nil ten days \' ;er. he conntr tnres whic TI/E CAXADIAN EMIGRANT. 7 tinue to reside upon the said laml for ihrt-e consecutive years, at tt.e expiration of whi(;h tiino, provided lie sliall liave cleart-d and cultivated at leuat- ten acr< s of ihe said hiii 1, and pt'ifornied tho labtnir in the manner liereinbefon; prescribed, or paid iweniy dollars in aiUaiiee, a grant sball be issued to him of the <»ne hundred acres so located as afore- said'; pr<»vided always that, should (he means of such person locating as aforesaid be limiied, he may from time to time, and for reasonable periods, absent himself from said land in order to procure the means of 8uj»port f(»r himself and family wiihout forfeiting his claim lo con- stant residence." This system seems to work very satisfactorily. Several Colonies, both English and Scotch, have been .settled in New Drunswick (hii'ing the past, few year*, and all are, more or less, in a prosperous e(»nditi(U. It will be si'en that the settler is not recpiired to remain constantly ujion his land, and this proviso enables hitn^clf and those of ins family who are able to work, to hire themselves out at times when it is more prolit- able than working on his own luilding, thereby enabling him to accpiiie a little ciijtital to irradnally stock his farm. Tlie Soil in New Brunswick is very fertile, and all kinds of fruit generally found in England iiie grown, and boih fiiiits and pot;i,r..L'S command a good price in the English market. Wheat averages lib.iuti 20>. barley 2D, oats tS-l, buckwheat o3, rye liO, Indian corn 11, poLuLocs 226, and turnips toO bushels to the acre. Shipbuilding is carried on to a eon-ideiable extent, and all oiher manufactures are steadily increasini:, such as paper, suap, hardware, cotton and woollen goods, boots, .shoes, leather, etc. cres, but the preset .settlemeir tion.s, whii' cessary sui by givin- in the cor on, or u])(^ tent of tc Vrovernor i 5 shall con permissi( , satisfy tl of not le- lereon, an e shall coi NOVA SCOTIA, The population of which is nearly 4,">0,000 ; and th-' chief city, or the ciipiial (jf the province, ITtilifax, contains some r)."),(j(H) soids. N"(»va Scoria is famous for its extensive fisheries, the products of which are sent to all parts of the globe. The value (;f the fisheries at the present time amounts to considerably over G,000,iioO duls., and consists of mackerel, codfish, haddock, lierrings, lobster, &c. The soil here produces excellent crops of cereals and roots ; and apples are grown to a large extent for exportation, forming a considerable feature in the exports of the province. Mining is carried ou to a considerable cxteat, and gold, iron, coal, and gypsum are found in large (juantities. Large tracts of woodland exist in Nova fScotia, which produce exdiBllent timber for shipbuilding and lumber, and exported in con- sidwable quantities. Bailways have sprung up in Nova Scotia, which gives it communi- cation with all the other parts of the Dominion. liand for sale here is very limited, and the price runs about £0 for 100 acres ; but to those who settle in the province — lonafide settlers — freii grants of land are given, and to the determined man there is an exdillent opportunity of making headway ; and we may mention that in puj^hasing land here, as indeed in all the other province?, the purchaser 8 77/A L'A.\\U)IAX EMIGRANT. of land is entitled to ull or any kinds of minerals which may be foun thereon. llulilux possesses an excellent harbour, where shippinj^ is carrie on to a considerable extent, and it is connected by railways with all th prominent, ports of the continent. It is the winter port of the Dominic of Canada. Dairy farming is carried on to a great extent, and is found to 1 very prolitable. Fruits of all kinds are cheap and plentiful, and of a extremely rich quality. Even some of the wild fruit is of a most deliciui kind. Although sheep farming is not systematically carried on, yet tL country is admirably adapted for the raisini; of sheep, and it is believt that if a spirit of enterprise were shown in this direction, money wciil be rapidly made. What is wanted is the importation, and thence ti raising, of some of the best breeds England has, for the purposes wool-producing and mutton. The p certain c( Gold, mining it becuiiii in Eiiglai The tisj to2,40(»,( Th.' pri towns. Educati albound, plentiful provinces reaching a that whicl QUEBEC iiii Is divided into parlBhes, townships, counties, and districts. There a'Wbioh sixty counties in its provinces, and for the purpose of judicial admin population stration it is divided into twenty districts. The affairs of each pari>EngHnd, 1 are regulated by either five or seven councillors and a mayor, wimost agre presides over the deliberations of the councillors. The capit; It is the dtity of such boards to see after the construction of, ai residence i keepiug in repair of roads, brid<»es, and public works of a loc Farms i character, and also to maintain those laws which ara favourable ihad here : agriculture. tunity to The area of Quebec comprises 120,000,000 acres of land, of whicrongh wor' 2G,029,I);54 have been either taken up or surveyed. The populatitare made v numbers 1,300,000 persons, a good many of whom are of French origi; Farm la and over 1,000,000 are Catholics. in the llrst The soil of Quebec is very rich, and is well adapted for the growtgood wagej of cereals, hay, and green stuffs ; caitle breeding is also very profi tab! their own, Within the last few years dead meat has been exported in lanOntario sta quantities, and it has been found equal to the best English meaway is sim] Agriculture has progressed very rapidly within the last two or thrthe^inanagt years. of the pro The great bulk of the rural poprdation live by agriculture. Ti2O0i acres, i extent of a farm is generally 100 acres, farms in the older settlemecrecdives 10 being worth, as a rule, from £400 to £8o0 each. The sons of farnie What a invariably push back into the new settlements, where a partially cleartheie are farm may be purchased for about £50 ; or purchase a lot from tll5^.|icre8, Crown lands at a cost of between Is. 3d. and Is. 8d. per acre. required tc Upon eight of the great colonization roads, every male colonist ai conations emigrant, being 18 years of age, may obtain a free grant of 100 acreancf^the Ian The conditions are that at the end of the fourth year a dwelling muis h|rd wor have been erected on the land, and 12 acres be under cultivatic:ana, atteav Letters Patent are then granted. wit| the co Crown lauds can also be purchased at 30 cents to 60 cenfs an acrmai' have 1 4 THE CANADIAN EMJdKAXr. ij be foun ;^ is Carrie with Jill tt le Domiuii Pound to 1 I, and of ii lOst deliciui, on, yet tl t is believe noney wciiI thence ti purposes The province has a homestead law exempting from sei/uro, under certain conditions, the property of emigrants. Gold, lead, silver, iron, copper, platinum, itc, &c., are found — but mininj^ in this province is only yet in its infancy. Fhoaphate mining is becoming an important industry ; its value as a fertilizer is recognised in England and France, and lar^e quantities are being exported. The fisheries are abundant, the } it-Id in some years amounting in value to2,40l),000 dols. Thf principal cities are Quebec and Montreal, but there are many large towns. Education in Quebec is attainable by its very poorest ; free .''chools aiMund, and various institutes for higher class education are likewise plentiful ; and, indeed, Quebec is one of the most flourishing of the provinces of the Dominion, and oflers to the emigrant the prospect of reaching at an early date a degree of comfort and independence equal to that which he will find in any other Held of eniigratioTi. ONTARIO, There aWluch may be termed the princi[»al province of the Dominion, has a icial admin population oi nearly '2,{)U{),()()(>, and possesses i.n area greater than ' each pari>En/j:Hnd, Ireland, and Scotland combined, and its climate is perhaps the mayor, wlmost agreeable. Toronto has an increasing poimlation of 8()0,»)00. The capital, Ottawa, is the seat of the Federal (Jovernment of Canada, and tion of, aL residence of the Governor-Cieneral. of a loL Farms in the older districts, which are ready for occupation, can be avourable ihad here for 4/. up to 10/. per acre, thus affording an excellent oppor- tunity to those having small capital, and who are, perhaps, averse to the id, of whicrough work which is necessary in clearing; and the terms of payment populatitare made very easy. :ench origii Farm labourers have excellent opportunities here for acquiring land ; in the lirst instance, they have little or no difficulty in obtaiidng work at the growtgood wages, and if they are at all thrifty they cm soon obtain a farm of ry profitab.their own, and it will be found that many of the prominent farmers in ed in lar.Ontario started with but little capital. ^V hat is necessary to make head- glish meaway is simply industry and frugality, combined with careful judgment in wo or tiirthe management of the land when they have attained it. In some parts of the province fine limits of land can be obtained by actual settlers of ilture. T:200 acres, and each unmarried member of a family — male or female — settlemcD receives 100 acres. 8 of farnie What are called "settlement duties" must be attended to, and ially cleai'theie are on each allotment. A clearing must be effected of at least ot from i: 15 acres, and a building or a habitable house. The settler is also »e. required to inhabit his house for six months in the year. When these _olonist utcoifc^tions are complied with, a patent is granted by the Government f 100 acreandthe land becomes the actual property of the settler. Of course, it elling nmis %rd work for the first few years ; and it is wise, before taking a grove culti vatic sidC attempting to clear it — as it is absolutely necessary to comply wim the conditions — to see that assistance can be obtained. The settler :^s an acrmaj^ have the means of paying for the same, but failing to comply with 4 10 r//E CAh^ADTAN EMIGRANT. these conditions would forfeit all rights which the settler might possess ir, q„ the land. ^^ ., There is an opening for young men desirous of learning farming gj-x in Canada here. Many of the farmers are glad to find young men ii «.--: f • board and lodgings in return for their labour, which is shared by tbe farmer and his sons, if he has any, and if they are intelligent and strive to make themselves uselul, they will also obtain fair wages for thei: labour. Artisans have also a good chance of making way here, but, o course, the greatest inducement is offered to the agriculturist. Ana This it is the opinion of most practical men that in Ontario there is ai^^rtern i excellent field for the thrifty, industrious man, and an equally guuc^Widarii field for the man of small capital ; good interest for capital can alwajiOJ* the W6 be obtained. It pos _^______^_^__^__^_ probably completec PRINCE EDWARD'S ISLAND. contract British This Island entered into the Confederation of the Dominion of CunaJfig^ries in 1873. It has an area of 2,181 square miles, the soil is remarlcal)!fo|U|d in 1 fertile, and is well watered with numerous springs and rivers. Tliei Hesids is, in proportion to its size, a greater amount of land under oultivatiniand from than in any of the other provinces, but, as in Ontario, farms \vi:7 cjols, good builditigs and ready for occupation can be had at 4/. an acre ai, Surveye upwards. wo years, The island contains a population of 1 07,787, and there is a go The leas opening for shipbuilders, joiners, sawyers, and blacksmiths, as well *nd are st agriculturists. Good investment for capital can alwa}s be fouiuiro^iinstan There has been much energy shown by the inhabitants during the pa A most few years. ^hioh is The coast is indented by numerous bays, two of which nearly divioaving a it the island into three parts, and the harbours are numerous. The si:nd All the face is gently undulating, presenting a charming aspect of hill and daihe fialue i and is well watered with numerous springs and rivers. The soil ane shoul remarkably fertile, and is well adapted for farming. All kinds of graiunify. T B ent fruit, and vegetables do well. Large deposits of what is called " mus; mud" are found in the beds of all the rivers, some of them from 1 ver-'SO, 0( 30 feet deep, and are used as fertilizers, giving very large crops of Lbotnil 6,001 and clover. Potatoes, oats, and barley, have been the principal stapiU fOtitcs for export; horses have also been raised in numbers, and are miipei>|d, wh sought after by dealers from the N< rthern Xew England States. ^®»J|P ^^^ sheep are fine, and are also sought for by Xew England buyers. Cat; 7^ clin breeding has not yet received much attention, though the pasturage i»l|-^y of remartably good, and both hay and root crops yield very large retur;fea||i»t lu It is believed that the island affords favourable facilities for the breedi:he!|^he n and fattening of cattle for export to the United Kingdom. The fisher fochJlts of are among the best in the Gulf, and give employment to a large numl Tli|||( river of men. Shipbuilding is also one of the principal industries. Teigft|ng so climate is temperate and healthy, and fogs do not prevail to the sa.jd fleams extent as on the coasts of Nova Scotia. A submarine cable c fi||Mtre f( nects the island with New Brunswick. There is one railroad on : Ckpp has island 108^ miles long. It is under the control of the Domin'^pll^callji THE CAXADIAN EMIGRANT. 11 ht possess ir, Government. Steamers ply constantly between the ports on the islands and the seaports of Xova Scotia, New Brunswick, and New England ling farming gt^tgg Xhe chief drawback is that during a part of the winter com- >ung men ii mmjication is interrupted with the main shore, owing to ice blockades, lared by tbe elligent auc — ^_^_^_^— ^— ages for thei: BRITISH COLUMBIA. ere, but, ^- , , , iurist. Anc This province, which includes Vancouver's Island, is the most I there is a'^wertern of the provinces which constitute the dominion of Canada, its equally Puur^onndaries being the Kocky Mountains on the east, and the Pacific Ocean ,1 can alway<>n the west. It possesses many fine harbours, one of which ^^Burrard Inlet) will probably form the terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway when completed ; 125 miles of the line in this province are now under [D. contract. British Columbia has a large extent of valuable timber land, productive on of Canadfialieries, which are increasing in value yearly. Gold and coal are also is remarkablfoiKBd in large quantities, ivers. Tliti Jjeiids of families, widows, or single men can obtain free grants of cr cultivatinand from 1 GO to 320 acres, according to the locality ; the fee is about 3, farms wi'7 doJs. . an acre ai Surveyed lands can be purchased at one dollar per acre, payable over iwo years, and improved farms cost from £1 to £8 per acre, re is a go The leases for mining and timber are at the disposil of the Government, hs, as well md are so granted from time to time as they may think fit, and as Ljs be founiiroilinstances may require. iring the pa A most imp )rtant feature of the Government of this province is that rMeh is called the '" Homestead Act," and in the case of a s'ttler nearly diviaaving a family to support it is of the greatest importance. The farm, us. The sund aU the buildings thereon, are exempted from seizure for debt up to hill and daihe "lialue of IMiio, as are also his chattels up to £1()() ; so that if mi^for- The soil an* Should assail him he is at Ipast sure of covering for himself and dnds of graiimPjr. This .Act applies to debt incurred after the registration. ailed " mubc T|j|e entire populaticm of British Columbia does not exceed much em from 1 Over, 60,000, and Victoria, its canital, contains only a population of crops of liboill 5,500, and this may be accounted for by the fact that the fares by incipal stapill f<|(Utcs are very dear; but when the Canadian Pacific Railway is md are miipei^|d, which will obviate in a great measure this drawback, there will States. ''^®»JP doubt, a great influx of settlers. ayers. Cat: 1«| climate of British Columbia resembles that of Great Britain more e pasturage »»l|||ny of tiie other provinces of the Dominion. Fruit is reared in tho large retur;fe*((|||^t luxuriance, and it is of the best kind ; and it is quite certain that the breedih^l^he railway is opened up, this will form a special feature in the The fisherif' large numl ^ dustries. Tei| il to the sai»d f ine cable c^ ailroad on ! the Domini )r s of tho country. rivers atid bays teem with fish of various kinds, from the sturgeon g some 700 Ihs. to the salmon weighing 70 and 80 lbs. The lakes aras abound with trout of various kinds, and many other varieties are found in abundance, has been found in various parts of the province, and it is icdlly asserted, by those who have surveyed the various localities 12 THE CANADIAN EMIGRANT. pr where it is to be found, that British Columbia will yet send its millioi American worth of gold from its shores. aspect of Silver, copper, and iron have been found at various points of the isUn emigrants and it is confidently expected that, as time still further develops ti The pr industries of the country, further discoveries will bo made which will gi other root an immense impetus to the mining interests of the provinces. products At the present time, we could hardly advise a family to settle iwheat-gro British ( 'olumbia for the purpo^se of agriculture ; but the enterprisa sho^of the gn by the inhabitants will undoubtedly, in a few years, change the aspect prohabhf i affairs. The it£ their pra( ftnner of MANITOBA AND THE NORTH-WEST tSam„„Te TERRITORIES, '^"d'' The extent of which amounts to no less than the astounding figures ^«. ' about 2,014,000 square miles, and it may be surprising to many to leai _^ ^ . that this immense and fertile territory has only been opened up ^itl . ^ the last thirteen years. The land was granted in the year 1670 to tij^ .• Hudson's liay Company during the reign of Charles II., for the pnrp -^ of hunting and trading, and was held by them and the North W *|^ \j ^i Company until 1821, when these two companies amalgamated, 3,n emigrant — every temptation which land can offer is here offered— and a country so fertile, where land is so easy attainable, to what ma -COS o country pushing man aspire ? The dreary experience of the past is lost sight in the great field before him, where only hard work and a determinat to battle manfully with the diflficulties before him will assuredly br *h% D<>min him competence and a social position, which will fully compensate t **w tli« rat leaving for the labour which he bestows The Canadian Pacific Railway, connecting the Atlantic ; Pacific Oceans, runs through these vast territories, and is only the shortest line but also the line which possesses the i of the Rocky Mountains. The railway also passes through what called the "fertile belt" of North America, instead of through 'efore < y to sii arts u steady, thrifty da we: THE CANADIAN EMIGRANT. \:\ its millioi American deseit, and will in a few years work such a change on the aspect of the country as will draw towards its shores great bodies of of the islan; emigrants from all parts of the globe. develops tl The productions of Manitoba are wheat, oats, barley, potatoes, and lich will gi other root crops, and also all the ordinary vegetables, and so highly are its products prized, that an American writer, speaking of the quality of its to settle i wheat-growing qii.ilities, says: 'The basin of the Winnipeg is the seat 3rpris3 shovof the greatest average wheat product of the American continent," and the aspect probably of ihe woild. The italics are ours, for this is the opinion of many men who by their practical experience are thoroughly to be relied upon. Another fiurmer of very great experience says: — "As far as the quality of the Umd is concerned * it is useless to look farther for better.' " Innumerable iV^CST testimonies of a like nature could easily be furnished had we ts^ ace to insert them. Lord Dufferin, speaking of Manitoba, says : — "It was here that „ CttDada, emerging from the woods and forests, first gazed upon her mg ngures j^jjg prairies and unexplored North-west, and learned, as by an nany to 1^^' umjpected revelation, that her historical territories of the Canada?, her i«7n 7 ®***^'^" seaboards of New Brunswick, Labrador, and Nova Scotia, her Ib/U to 'j^nrentian lakes and valleys, corn lands and pastures, though them- • ^r^ ^v.^u' ■•l"''6s more extensive than half-a-dozen Europcai kingdoms, were but e JNortn ^j the vestibules and ante-chambers to that till then undreamed of lated, and Dominion, whose illimitable dimensions alike confound the ari^ametic of the surveyor and the verification of the explorer. It was here that, ^^ ^"'^ §" counting her past achievements as but the preface and prelude to her edly cold, fytm-e exertions and expanding destinies, she took a fresh departure, > be the m j-e^givej tjjg afflatus of a more imperial inspiration, and felt herself no longer a mere settler along the hanks of a single river, but the owner of and when! jj^jf ^ continent, and in the niagi\itude of her possession, in the wealth are harves. ^^^ jjgj, resources, in the sinews of her material might, the peer of any power on earth." And we believe the language he used wai? that J twelve ye: inflexibly fixed upon his mind and borne upon him by indisputable 25,000, a f^,. o been suo IJ^hen such testimony is before us, what more can be urged in favour for buildi: of colonising such a fertie country — a country so vast that ( Jreat Britain of pouii jg^ comparatively speaking, a mere speck in com[)arison with it. A better distant ii g^^j f^j. ^\^q agriculturist, we believe, does not exist. ) enterpri? fered— and what ma 3 lost sight determinat ssuredly br mpensate t Atlantic ; and is 3ses the i ough wha: ' through -COST OF LIVING, HOUSE RENT, AND RATE OF WAGES. fiaving given the reader, as far as our space will permit, an idea of the Dominion of Canada, we shall give him an idea of the cost of living, and the rate of wages in the different quarters of the country. Sefore doing so, however, wo may mention the classes who are most y to succeed, and also those who are in the greatest demand. Like aET.parts of the commercial world irhcrQ thiuc h a tlcmdnd for lahmir, tl» steady, industrious man will soon outstrip his neighbours who are lew thrifty than himself, but at the same time, if all men who settle in lada were steady and itulustrious, there is plenty of room for one and 1 14 THE CANADIAN EMIGRANT. The all to succeed and extend their posse jions. Tt is only necessary to lo at the figures, which we have quoted, in the various provinces to prt this assertion, and to raise a well-grounded hope in the breast of cvk indiialrious emigrant that he will meet with success. Therefore let the emigrant and ourselves join issue on this poichoose when he leaves the shores of dear old England — for dear it will ever portance. to the hearts of all true thinking men — it must be to meet with succtwiU find with the determination of making his way by hard work, and abandoniwitt be ( the idea that he is going to land in a country where money isasperhar plentiful that it can be acquired easily. The money that has btig rtossibl acquired in Canada and our other dependencies, has been acquirnasgeni^ei by hard work and honest enterprise, and the only difierences betwtand the g England and the colonies consist in the fact that land is waiting for tclasses. willing hand tc extract its abundance and to reap the advantajt© |^anadi therefrom, whilst in the Mother country land is locked up to a laivefy first extent by capitalists who can afford to let it lie idle. mend <;ur >>'ow the cost of provisions is very cheap in comparison to the rwhose ad( of wages, and a man might live in Canada in comparative affluet upon the wages which he himself might starve upon in the Mot: Amon country. All the necessaries of life, such as meat, potatoes, brtOerfect co butter, milk, cheese, and in fact all other kinds of provision which Philpot L; necessary to supply us with the comforts of life are cheap, and cireply to i certainly cheaper than in England. Clothing is, howe\'er, de idoJailing, an dearer than in England, and whilst we should not advise the emigrirm have ] to burden himself with an abundance of clothing, it is only fair to JuflBcient g that we should certainly advise him, as far as his means will permit, take one or two years' supply of rough clothing before he starts. ■** ^^^^u Board and Lodging — which is really good — ranges from lOs. accessary 12s. per week for the artisan; and the rent of hoiises vary as'*^^"^'^ England. A comfortable house can be got for £l 12s. a month, a^^cb his other houses may be had for £1 a month, so that even in this item ^9'ual exp artisan gains an advantage. WAGES, &c. Labourers Agriculturists (wi;h board) Carpenters Bricklayers Bricklayers' Attendants . . Female Domestic Servants . Cooks Mechanics and Artisans. . EASTERN PROVINCES. NORTH-WEST PROVINCES. nmself i >f Canar vill be fo >osscssion or Per Mouth. . Per Day. d. 4s. s. d. to 6s. 2 1 8 7 15 8 10 8 Per Moi ith. d. £ s. 4 3 4 4 6 Per ^j Anyon Canadian — — — ^ ^ Uexander 4s. to '*'«•-» -oi _ It wou j^ fie Hecessi 5 :iewell-kr jQ ected wit 'his firm ut fiarnish 22 miiprant le <«[iigra et ni It must be stated in regard to these figures, as well as those rela: coQnpl to rates of wages and cotit of living under the heading of the diffeioQ^^^ ^. })rovinces, that they are subject to alteration from time to time, 9&^^ i^ouK every other country. They are only published so as to give a genin jj^ fQ^j idea upon the matter to persons who frequently ask for such informati THE CAN A DAN EMIGRANT. 15 e»sary to lo nces to pn reast of n\ VALUABLE INFORMATION FOR EMIGRANTS. The selection of the line of steamers by which the emigrant will n this poi.choose to reach his destination is a matter of the greatest im- it will ever portance. Those who travel by the Allan line of Royal mail steamers b with succewiU find that instead of having an) thing to fear f om the voyage, they id abandoniwin be enalled to look back on the bhort time spent on the voyage I money is as perhaps the most pleasant episode in their lives. Everytliing that it :hat has btis j^ssible to conceive which could be conducive to the comfort of the been acquiipasaengers, is carefully seen to by efficient officers on board these vessels, ences betwtand the greatest kindness and consideration shown for the wants of all waiting for tclasses. It is not to be wondered at that the Allan line of steamers 16 advantajto Canada is, if not the most successful line in existence, one of the up to a laivery first-class, and it is with the greatest confidence that we recom- mend our readers to put themselves in communication with the firm, on to the rwhose address will be found on the cover of this guide. •ative affluet _ in the Mot': Amongst the shipping agents ti) wh m emigrants may apply with otatoes, brtoerfcct confidence, are Messrs. Wincott, Cooper tk Co., 3, Brabant Court, 3;on which PhilpotLane, Lon(ion,[E.C. This (irm carry on a large business, and will leap and nireply to any inquirer, giving all infomation about the fares, dates of ever de ide'ttling* and all particulars which are necessary. The members of this le the emigrJrm have long bt en connected with the principal lines, which ought to be a nly fair to imfflcieut guarantee lo all who put themselves in communication with them. tarts ^^ would be well for the emigrant before leaving England to make all f oni lOs accessary inquiries regarding the best mode of travelling when he arrives varv as ° Canada, and ascertain the best and cheapest route by v,' ;:h he can month '^^^ ^'^ destination ; he will thus be enabled to calculate what his this iteiii ^'^^^^ expenses will be. We should, therefi^re, recommend him to put limself in communication with the agents of the Grand Trunk Railway )f Canada, whose address will be found on our cover. All information vill be forwarded to him free of cost, so that he may find himself in ORTH-WEST )088ession of all particulars for the trouble of writing a letter. UOVINCES. es nth. Per Ui, Anyone desiring reliable information about Manitoba and the .anadian North-West, should apply either personally or by letter to Uexander Bigg, the agent of the Canadian Pacific Railway, 88, Cannon ^* ^Q itrec, ..ondon. ' ___ It would be advisable for the intending emigrant, before purchasing ,. ■• . he tiecessary outfit for the voyage, to put himself in communication with - le irell-known firm of Messrs. S. W. Silver & Co., who have been con- , Q ecUld with the colonies and established in business for nearly a century. "hiifirm will not only furnish all information regarding the colonies, ut nirnish a price list of the various articles which it is advisable an ,9 roi||l^nt should take with him. On all matters affecting the welfare of le ilnigrant, this firm can be relied upon for the information given, and s those rela! copnplete outfit for the capitalist, or the few necessaries which the of the dineioc«B& emii^rant may require, their extensive stock will readily supply, to time, asj^g ^ould advise direct communication wiih the firm, whose address give a geiill;|| found on next page. ich informati. 1 <' ^k 1 1 I l / 16 THE CANAD/AISf EMIGRANT. J. Goodman, of the Minories, whose advertisement appears on anotSi^^ page of the Guide, can be thoroughly relied upon to furnish intend emigrants with every useful requisite, and at prices that will suit : means of all. To those intending to remain in England, his Hosic ' &c., will be found according to quality much under the usual prices. In conclusion, we would wish to apolojjise to our readers for brief dcscripticn of the great country which this Guide introduJ to them. Our space is limited, but had we volumes of space atcj hands we should never tire of revealing the resources cf this ml fertile country ; and to those who have fallowed our advice we can n1 say be temperate, industrious, energetic, and sagacious, and we wishij (!od-specd. PO ipos f»rv S. W. SILVER & CO.' HANDBOOKS: • Ha; Ifo as ol CO irerf itite Pevfcr A A\l> NORTII-^Vi:* \V.\\ ZKAI.AWD. DA^IO SOI T8fl AFRICA, &«•. Tin: i:. — IVo. 1, Sli<>o|»; !\o. 'i, €atl ECONOMICAL 'ROUGH FARMING OUTFl LISTS rOliWAIJDKI) ON APPLICATION. PASSAGES SECURED. LISTS OF NICCESSMIIES fnr Vonw/e to and Rcshkncr v> ALL PM OF riii-: WOULD. X inv I LLCST i: ATET> CATALOG UE. INSURANCES EFFECTED. Passengers' Baggage and G-oods of all Kinds Epceii | Packed and Shipped. CIRCULAR NOTES IN DUPLICATE p.\yai;li-: all tife m'(ii{li) ovi:it. Every Information rcsiiecting the Colonics, IJoutcs, Vissel.< Sailing, Ratosi l';iS'<:'go, kc, on npplirtMon to s. "WT. sxiL,'\r:Eix^ & oo., 67, Cornhill, and 144, Leadenhall Stre' London, E.G. E 1 Er ars on anot'l ush intend' at will suit : i, his Hositj ual prices, jaders for •\e introduj [ space at(j cf this m 3e we can nl id we wish i 'I WOULD NOT 00 A VOYAGE WITHOUT IT" mi GRKAT RJBMKDT [VOB 8EA SICKNESS, HEADACHE, BIUOT78NEBS, AND FEVERS. rALUABLE TO 8ETTLEBS IN CANADA AND OTHER COUNTRIES. CO o. 'i, C'ati OUTFr. }VT, MoBOAif, TuRLEY, GIBBON, SPAHKS, Dowsi.NO, STxrcNS, & many Other Medical Hen, I given unqualified testimony to the importance of the discovery & the great worth of PLOUGHS PYRETIC SALINE I possessing most valuable elements calculated f o restore and maintain Health with perfect vigour of Body and Mind. ftrctieing and TaiUltn, forming a mott In.igorating, FitalUing, and Eefreihing Bevtrage, instant relief in Headache, Sea or BiliouB SiokBesii, Constipation. Indiges- |Z ALL r.\ INTENDING MIGRANTS is Eeceii; ICAT^ |ing, Ratc^' iO., Stre SHOULD BEAD THE FOLLOWING By GEORGE POTTER : E ATJSTBALIAN EKIGSANT. !HE NEW ZEALAND EKIGBANT. THE CANADIAN EMIGRANT. Emigrants' Guide to the United States. IMPERIAL EMIGRATION. FBICE TWOPENCE EACH. ncEs: 14, FETTER LANE, LONDON, E.C. The Best Route for Passengers bound to Canada, Manitob: and the North West Territories is by the ALLAN LUSm ROYAL MAIL STEAMERS TO QUEBEC. THROUGH TICKETS TO MANITOBA AUIC ISSUKl) AT GREATLY REDUCED RATES and one of the special advan^^ases of this Route is that all Settlers' Goods are allowed to enter CANADA FK^EJE OI^ JDTJTlZr, "Whereas, if they pass through tlie United States, they are subject tf Cnstoui -house Supervi<^ion. PiissiMificrsliowiid toaiiy piirt (if CANADA or the GKEAT CANADIAN NOUTII-WEST si. in the first iiliicc, take cure to secure their Paasaj^e in ii steamer boiwul direct for QUE E EC OR HALI F A 5 THE ALLAN STEAM-SHIP COMPANY Is miller contract with tlie Government of Canada for eonvevaiice of the flails betwi'i'i two Countries. The Splendid Steamers of this Line LEAVE "LIVEKPOOL TWICE A-WE and afford tlie most elifiiliie conveyance for all classes of Passengers at as Low Rates as li.v first-ilass Line erossinif tlie Atlantic. SALOON FARES, 12 to 21 Guineas. INTERMEDIATE, £: STEERAGE, at Low Rates. ASSISTED OCEAN PASSAGES ARE GRUNTED TO CANADA BY THE MAIL STEA^ ON THE FOLLOWING TERMS :- Mechanics, Navvies, General Labourers, and Families, at £1 per Adult Agricultural Labourers, and their Families, and Female Domest Adult Domestic Servants, at i^ Children between 1 and 12 Years, £2; Infants under One Year, lOs. Apiilication for Assisted Passages must be made upon the Special F' for the purpose. 'ornis which are pr' Fuither Particulars can be obtained from— ALLAN BROTHERS & CO., James Street, Liverpool. ALLAN BROTHERS & CO., 103, Leadenhall Street, London. ALLAN BROTHERS & CO., Foyle Street, Londonderry. J. & A. ALLAN, 70, Great Clyde Street, Glasgow. W . T. SHEPAJtU .V; Co., Printer.-!, Turnagaiu Lane, Farriiigdoii Street, Loudon, I'll-' I, Manitol]: C. A.TES pr CANADA e subject tc ITir-WEST si. 1 direct for >ANY Mails betwii' TWICE AWE iw Rates as l>,v [ATE, £7 MAIL STEA^ ervaiits, at i- ivhich are ptv JOl. t, London, Jerry. ;, London, V'-^-