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lyfffU'Jj:^ lyi . 3^uxrvv-^-<r./v 
 
 GEOGRAPHY NOTES 
 
 FOR 
 
 3rd, 4th, and 5th Classes 
 
 HY 
 
 G. E. HENDERSON 
 
 Editor of^' The Canadian Teacher.'' 
 
 AND 
 
 GEO. A. ERASER • 
 
 Principal of Public School, Ilawkcnille- 
 
 PRICE, 15 CENTS 
 
 TORONTO : 
 
 THE EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHING COMPANY 
 
 1898 
 
 WOVINCIAL USRARY 
 VICTORIA, 8. C 
 
e.e, 
 
 5IC 
 
 i 
 
 Entered according to Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the year one 
 thousand eight hundrv-!' and nuiely-seven, Wy Gf.o. E. Hknuekson and 
 Geo. a. Fkasek- at the Department of Agriculture. 
 
 H 
 
 3 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 In preparing this littla note book — a comp^.nion 
 tt the text-book — we liave endeavored to treat the 
 suT)ject in such an order as will develop the observ- 
 ing and reasoning faculties, as well as the memory. 
 
 We should study (leography that we may become 
 acquainted with the surface of the earth, the habita- 
 tion of man ; tb :.t we may know the advantages of 
 the climate and the natural resources of each part, 
 and the way man is profiting by these natural advan- 
 tages. The subject has, therefore, been presented in 
 the following order : 
 
 (i) The earth as a part of the solar system. 
 
 (2) The surface of the earth and it^. natural 
 divisions of land and water : 
 
 (a) General — The definitions, taken up topically. 
 
 (b) Particular — The position, surface, drainage and coast- 
 features of the continents. 
 
 (3) The wealth of land and sea which interests 
 man, and how man is taking advantage of this for 
 self, society and mankind. This takes up the 
 countries, forms of government, commercial centres, 
 products, exports, imports, and commercial routes. 
 
 The matter has beencarefullyselected and arranged, 
 and although, the tables have in some places necessi- 
 tated smaller type, the matters of most importance 
 have been set up in large and heavy-faced type. The 
 time usually occupied in copying notes can now be 
 saved ; the energy usually spent in this way can be 
 more profitably used ; and in this way, both teacher 
 and pupil will be assisted in covering the work pre- 
 scribed for us by the Education Department. 
 
 • 
 
^f^ 
 
 I. 
 
 3. 
 
 
GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Tiik oiiMiT iir Till lAnrn* 
 
 Geography is a description of the earth. 
 
 a. Mathematical Geography treats of the form, size, ami 
 
 motions of the earth. 
 
 b. Physical Geography treats of the natural divisions of 
 
 the surface of the earth. 
 <•. Political Geography treats of the countries, iheir cities 
 and towns, and the various forms of government. 
 
 MATHEMATICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 1. The Earth is a planet — a heavenly body moving round t^r 
 
 sun. 
 
 2. Shape : It is nearly round — flattened at the poles. 
 
 Proofs : a. Men have sailed round the world. 
 
 b. The shadow of the earth on the moon is always 
 
 round. 
 t. The masts of approachinp ships are seen first. 
 
 5 
 
 i» 
 
GKOC.KAIMIV NOTKS. 
 
 3. Size : Diameter about S.cxx) miles ; circumference about 
 
 25,000 miles. 
 The' Axis of the earth is the imaginary line about which 
 
 the earth turns. 
 The Poles (north and' south) are the ends of the axis of 
 
 the earth. 
 
 4. Motions : The earth has iwo principal niotions — a. Diurnal, 
 
 and /'. Annual. 
 a. The Diurnal or Daily Motion is the revolution of 
 the earth on its axis towards the east. This pro- 
 duces day and night, 
 (i) The sun is always shining on one-half of the earth. 
 The other half is dark. 
 
 (2) The Circle of Illumination is the line bounding 
 
 that i)art of the surface of the earth on which the 
 sun is shining. It is constantly changing. 
 
 (3) A Day (twenty-four hours) is the time it takes the 
 
 earth to make one revolution on its axis. 
 I). The Annual or Yearly Motion is around the sun. 
 It produces the seasons and the different lengths of 
 day and night. 
 (i) The Orbit of the earth (the ecliptic) is its path 
 around tue sun in a year. It is an ellipse. The 
 sun is in one centre. 
 
 (2) The earth is in aphelion when it is farthest from 
 
 sun — about June 21. The earth is in perihelion 
 when it is nearest to the sun — about December 21. 
 
 (3) The Plane of the Earth's Orbit is the space en- 
 
 closed within its orbit. 
 
 (4) The Change of Seasons is caused by: 
 
 a. The revolution of the earth around the sun ; 
 
 I. having its axis inclined at an angle (23 j^ degrees) 
 
 towards the plane of its orbit ; and 
 c, having its axis always pointing in the same 
 
 direction. 
 
 (5) Our Summer Solstice is when the sun shines 
 
 vertically over the Tropic of Cancer — about June 
 21, the longest day in the northern hemisphere. 
 Our Wmter Solstice is when the sun shines 
 vertically over the 'i'ropic of Capricorn — about 
 December 21, the shortest day in the northarn 
 hemisphere. 
 
 « 
 
DKFFNmONS. 7 
 
 (6) The Equinoxes (Vernal on March 21, and 
 
 Autumnal on Sc|)teml)er 21) are when the sun 
 shines vertically over the equator, producing e(|i'nl 
 (lay and nifjht nil over the world. 
 
 (7) The heat produced by the sun depends on how 
 
 nearly vertically its rays fall. 
 
 Imaginary Lines (on the surface of the earth for con- 
 venient reference). 
 
 (i) A Circif i. divided into 360 equal parts, called de- 
 crees (j6o^). 
 
 A Great Circle is one whose plane passes throuqh the 
 centre of the earth. Ex. — Equator, Meridian 
 Circles. 
 
 A Small Circle is one whose plane does not pass 
 through the centre of the earth. Ex. — The Tropics, 
 all Parallels of Latitude. 
 
 (2) The Equator is an imaj^inary line passing round the 
 earth at an equal distance from the north and south 
 poles. 
 
 ( ^) Latitude is the distance, in degrees, of a place north 
 or south of the Equator. Highest latitude possible 
 
 90" N. or S. 
 
 Parallels of Latitude are lines passing round the earth 
 parallel to the V^quator. There may be any num- 
 ber, but four of them are important — Tropic of 
 Cancer; Tropic of Capricorn, Arctic Circle, and 
 Antarctic Circle. 
 
 (4) The Tropic of Cancer is an imaginary line passing 
 
 round the earth, 23)^ degrees north of the Equator, 
 and parallel to it. It passes through the places 
 farthest north upon which the sun shines vertically. 
 
 (5) The Tropic of Capricorn is 23;^ degrees south of 
 
 the Equator and passes through the places farthest 
 south on which the sun shines vertically. 
 
 (6) The Arctic Circle is an imaginary line passing round 
 
 the earth, 23^^ degrees from the North Pole. When 
 the sun shines vertically upon the Tropic of Capricorn 
 the circle of illumination falls 23'/^ degrees short of 
 the North Pole, but extends that far beyond the South 
 Pole. 
 
 ^'■' 
 
8 
 
 GEOGRAPHY NOTES. 
 
 (7) The Antarctic Circle is 23!^ degrees from the 
 
 South Pole. 
 These four circles divide the surface of the earth into 
 Five Zones or belts— Torrid, N. Temperate, 
 S. Temperate, N. Frigid and S. Frigid. 
 
 (8) Meridian Circles are imaginary lines passing round 
 
 the earth from north to south at right angles to the 
 equator and cutting one another at the poles. — The 
 part of the circle which extends from pole to pole is 
 a Meridian Line. 
 
 Our First Meridian passes through Greenwich, Eng. 
 
 Longitude is the distance in degrees of a place east or 
 west of the first Meridian. The greatest possible 
 longitude is 180^ (E. or W.). 
 
 Miscellaneous : 
 
 (i) The Sun is the centre of the Solar System which 
 includes the sun and all the heavenly bodies which 
 revolve round it. The sun supplies us with light and 
 heat and has an important influence on animal and 
 vegetable life. 
 
 (2) The Moon is a satellite — a heavenly body revolving 
 
 round a planet. Its orbit is an ellipse ; the earth is in 
 one centre. It completes this orbit in a little less 
 than a month. Its light is a reflection of the light of 
 the sun. 
 
 An Eclipse of the Moon is caused by the earth com- 
 ing between the moon and the sun. It occurs only 
 at full moon. 
 
 An Eclipse of the Sun is caused by the moon coming 
 between the earth and the sun. It occurs only at 
 new moon. 
 
 (3) The Horizon is the point whtre the earth and sky 
 
 appear to meet. 
 
 (4) The Zenith is the point in the heavens direclly over- 
 
 head. 
 
 (5) The Nadir is the point in the heavens directly under- 
 
 neath us. 
 
 (6) The Antipodes is the point on the earth's surface 
 
 directly opposite to us. 
 
DKFINITIONS. 
 
 THE SURl'ACK OF I'HK EARTH. 
 
 I. The Continent and its Parts : 
 
 a. Surface. 
 
 d. Drainage. 
 
 c. Polit'cal Divisions. 
 
 II. The Ocean and its Parts. 
 
 I. The Continent and its Parts : 
 
 Continent — A very large body of land containing many 
 countries. 
 ■J. Surface : 
 
 Mountain — An elevation of land over 2000 feet above 
 the surrounding country. 
 Mountain Range or Chain— A line of mountains. 
 Mountain System — Two or more parallel ranges. 
 Hill — An elevation less than 2000 feet. 
 Hillock, Mound or Knoll— Small hills. 
 Down or Dune- -Sandy hills. 
 Summit or Peak— The highest part of a mountain. 
 Pinnacle— A high point of rock. 
 Slope— The mountain side. 
 Base or Foot — The lowest part of a mountain. 
 Cliff — A high steep rock. 
 
 Precipice or Escarpment- -A very steep slope. 
 Plateau or Tableland — A tract of country over 1000 
 feet above the sea level. 
 Highlands —A mountainous district. 
 Glacier— An immense mass of ice sliding slowly down a 
 mountain. 
 Moraine — A line of rocks on a glacier. 
 Avalanche or Snowslide— A mass of snow sliding or 
 
 roUinj^ down a mountr.in. 
 Valley — A depression between hills or mountains. 
 Vale or Dale — A small valley; 
 Dingle— A shady valley. 
 Glen — A narrow secluded valley. 
 
 Strath — A valley of considerable size often containing 
 a river. (Scotland). 
 Pass — An opening or passage across a mountain chain. 
 D^*file — A long narrow piss. 
 
lO 
 
 GEOGKAPMY NOTES. 
 
 
 Cave — A natural cavity or hollow in rocks. 
 
 Cavern — A large cave. 
 
 Grotto — A small cave, natural or artificial. 
 Volcano — A burning mountain. 
 
 (i) Active — One in eruption all or part of the time. 
 
 (2) Extinct — One that has ceased to be active. 
 
 Crater — The mouth of a volcano. 
 
 Lava — Melted rock out of a volcano. 
 Plain — A low tract of nearly level land. 
 
 Landes — Sandy plains. (France). 
 
 Steppes — Vast unwooded plains.. (Russia). 
 
 Tundras — Low ni^ssy plains. (N. Asia). 
 
 Prairie — A grassy plain, nearly treeless. (N. America). 
 
 Savannah — A treeless meadow plain. (United States). 
 
 Llanos — Grassy treeless plains. (Venezuela). 
 
 Silvas or Selvas — Densely wooded plains. (Brazil). 
 
 Pampas — Grassy treeless plains. (Argentiite Rep.). 
 
 Moor or Heath — A desolate plain. (Great Britain). 
 Swamp — A low wet tract covered with trees. 
 
 Morass, Marsh, Bog or Fen — A low wet spot 
 covered with reeds or shrubs. 
 Drainage. 
 River — A large stream of fresh water flowing through or 
 over the land. 
 
 Creek — A smaller stream than a river. 
 
 Rill, Brook, Brooklet, Rivulet or Streamlet — A 
 very small stream. 
 
 Torrent — A violent mountain stream. 
 Source or Head — The commencement of the stream. 
 
 Course — The path of the stream. 
 
 Bed— The bottom of the stream. 
 
 Channel — The deep part of the stream. 
 
 Current — The onward movement of the water, espec- 
 ially where swift. 
 
 Banks— The rising ground on each side of the stream. 
 
 Right Bank — The right side as one goes down stream. 
 
 Left Bank — The left side as one goes down stream. 
 '/Levee — An artificial bank to prevent overflow of a 
 
 river. (Mi.'^sissippi). 
 /• Crevasse — A break in a levee. 
 
 Mouth — Where the stream empties into some other body 
 of water. 
 
 Estuary— The wide mouth of a river affected by tides. 
 
 
 
 .. i?i : 
 
DEFINITIONS. 
 
 II 
 
 
 '¥•■ 
 
 Delta — The land between the mouths of a river, formed 
 
 by sediment. 
 Sediment or Alluvial Deposit —The earth carried down 
 
 by a river and deposited at its mouth or along its 
 
 course. 
 
 River Basin — The whole area drained by a river and its 
 
 tributaries. 
 River Valley — The depression through which a river 
 
 runs. 
 Watershed, Divide or Height of Land — A ridge 
 
 that separates r.iver basins. 
 
 Branch— One of the divisions of a river at its month. 
 Tributary or Affluent — A stream flowing r.nto the 
 
 main stream. 
 Fork or Confluent — One of two streams that unite to 
 
 form a river. {Ex. N. & S. Saskatchewan). 
 Confluence — The place where two streams unite. 
 
 Peal — A small body of still water. 
 Pond — A larger body than a pool. 
 Dam — An embankment across a stream. 
 
 Lake— A large body of water surrounded by land. Local 
 na.mes Lock t Lottgh^ (Gt.B.). 
 Lake Expansion — The part of a river that widens out 
 
 into a lake. 
 Lagoon — A shallow lake in low lying districts (Italy). 
 Tarn — A small mountain lake. 
 Shoal — Any shallow place in water. 
 Bar — A bank of sand in a river. 
 
 Ford— A place in a river where it may be crossed by 
 wading. 
 Waterfall — The part of a river where the water falls over 
 steep rocks. 
 Cascade— A small waterfall. 
 Cascades-- A series of small waterfalls. 
 Cataract — A very large waterfall. 
 Rapid or Sault — The place where a river descends 
 rapidly over rocks. 
 Eddy — Any place where water whirls round. 
 
 Whirlpool — An immense eddy. 
 Ravine or Gorge— A deep, narrow hollow generally worn 
 by running water. 
 Gully — A small gorge. 
 
 - i\ 
 
12 
 
 h 
 
 GEOGRAPHY NOTES. 
 
 Canon or Canyon — A very deep gorge where a river 
 
 has worn its way dowr. through rocks. 
 Canal -An artifical waterway for the passage of ships. 
 Canal Lock — An apartment fitted with gates, between 
 two parts of a canal having different levels, where- 
 by ships may go up or down easily. 
 Timber Slide — An artificial passage, constructed beside 
 waterfalls, down which s(]uare timber is floated in- 
 stead of going over the falls. 
 
 Political Divisions: 
 
 Country — A tract of land under one government. 
 
 Province or State — A division of a country having 
 
 local self-government. 
 County — A division of a province or state. 
 Shire— A county (di. H. ). 
 Township — A division of a county. 
 School Section — Thai part of a township under one 
 school-board. 
 Capital — The seat of government of a country, province, 
 or state. 
 County-town— The seat of government of a county. 
 City — A very large collection of houses (pop. 9,000 or 
 over, in Ontario). 
 Town— Smaller than a city (pop. 2,000 or over). 
 Incorporated Village— Smaller than a town (pop. 800 
 
 or over) and having a municipal council. 
 Village or Hamlet — A small collection of houses. 
 (No council). 
 Monarchy — A country governed bya hereditary monarch. 
 (i) An Absolute Monarchy — One whose monarch has 
 
 al)S()lute power. 
 (2) A Limited Monarchy -(Jne in which the power 
 
 of the monarch is limi.cd by law. 
 Empire — A country governed jjy an emperor or em 
 
 press. 
 Kingdom — A country governed by a king or queen. 
 Principality (duchy or grand duchy) — A country 
 governed liy a prince (a duke or a grand duke). 
 Republic — A country governed by a president who is 
 elected to office. 
 Commonwealth — A country with a government similar 
 to that of a republic. 
 
DiivINITlONS. 
 
 M 
 
 ColOfiy — A country settled by people from the mother 
 
 country and still under her rule. 
 Boundary Line — The line bounding any tract of land, 
 
 (1) International — The line between countries. 
 
 (2) Provincial — The line between provinces. 
 Town Line — The line between townships. 
 
 Concession — A series of farm lots in a township. 
 Road — A public highway. 
 
 Lane — A narrow road. 
 
 Concession Road — A road between concessions. 
 
 Side Line — A road running across concessions. 
 
 Street — A public road in a city, town, or village. 
 
 Avenue — A wide street. 
 
 Alley— A narrow street. 
 
 IL The Oeean and its F^arts : 
 
 Ocean— An immense body of salt water between conti- 
 nents. 
 Sea — A smaller body of salt water than an ocean. 
 The Sea — The ocean (a general term). 
 
 Gulf or Bay — A hollow or bend in the coast line. A baj 
 
 is properly more landlocked than a gulf. 
 Inlet — Any kind of coast opening. 
 Bight — A wide inlet not extending far inknd. 
 Firth or Frith — A long narrow inlet at the mouth cf a 
 
 river. (Scotland). 
 Fiord— A narrow inlet with high, rocky banks. (Norway). 
 Strait — A narrow passage of water between bodies of land. 
 
 Gut — A narrow strait. (N.S.). 
 
 w annel — A wide strait. 
 
 Sound— A shallow strait. 
 Sea-bed- The bottom of the ocean. 
 
 Sea-level — The level of the surface of the ocean. 
 
 Tides — The regular rise and fall of the water of the ocean 
 and its inlets caused by the attraction of the moon and 
 the sun. 
 Flood-tide (the flow of the tide)— The rising tide; 
 
 twice a day. 
 Ebb-tide — The falling tide ; twice a day. 
 Spring-tide — The particularly high tide when the sun 
 and the moon are acting in a straight line. (New 
 and full moon). 
 
14 
 
 GEOGRAPHY NOTES. 
 
 
 Neap-tide— The particularly low tide when the sun 
 and tlie moon are acting at right angles to each 
 other. (First and last quarters). 
 
 Wave — A swell or ridjje on the surface of the water. 
 Billow — An immense wave. 
 Tidal-wave — The wave caused by the tide advancing 
 
 on ehore. 
 Bore — The front of a tidal-wave ascending a river. 
 Earthquake-wave- An immense wave caused by an 
 earthquake at tlie bottom of the sea. 
 Ocean-current — The streamlike movement of the water 
 
 in the ocean. 
 Port— A calling place for ships — the harbor and the town. 
 Harbor or Haven -A place of shelter for ships. 
 Breakwater— A strong embankment out from shore, to 
 
 form an artificial harbor. 
 Road or Roadstead— A place for ships to anchor, but 
 without harb()r protection. 
 Isle or Island— A piece of land surrounded by water. 
 Islet— A small island. 
 Archipelago — A group of many islands. 
 Atoll. — A circular coral island surrounding a lagoon. 
 (Pacific). 
 Bank -A shallow place in the sea. {Ex. — near Nfd.). 
 Coast or Shore — The land bordering on the water. 
 Sea-board - The sea-shore. 
 Beach — A sandy or pebbly shore. 
 Bluff— A high, steep bank, back from the shore. 
 Dyke- An artificial bank along the coast. (Holland). 
 Cape— A point of land jutting into the water. Local 
 names : — //ea(f. Pointy Ness., Naze, Mull, BW Butt. 
 (Gt.B.). 
 Promontory — A high rocky cape. 
 Peninsula — A piece of land nearly surrounded by water. 
 Isthmus — A narrow neck of land joining two larger 
 portions. 
 Iceberg -An immense mass of ice floating in the sea. 
 Lighthouse — A tower with a light as a guide or warning 
 
 to sailors. 
 Submarine Cable — A telegraph line beneath the ^ea. 
 
 %■'■ 
 
 m. 
 
ll 
 
 II 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 1. Position : a. Absolute, d. Relative, c. Boundaries. 
 
 2. Surface : a. Mountains, Highlands, Plains. 
 
 b. Natural Resources. 
 
 3. Drainage : a. Rivers, b. Lakes. 
 
 4. Coast Features : 
 
 a. Oceans, Seas, Gulfs and Bays, Straits. 
 
 b. Capes, Peninsulas, Isthmuses, Islands. 
 
 5. Political and Commercial Geography : 
 
 a. Countries, Cities and Towns. 
 
 b. Industries. 
 
 c. Exports and Imports. 
 
 d. Commercial Routes. 
 
 1. Position : a. Absolute, b. Relative. 
 
 a. From 10" N. lat. to the North Pole. 
 
 The greater part in the N. Temperate Zone. 
 
 b. Between the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. 
 Compare with the latitude of Europe and Asia. 
 
 c. Boundaries : 
 
 North — Arctic Ocean. 
 
 East — Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea. 
 
 West — Pacific Ocean, Behring Sea and Strait. 
 
 2. Surface : 
 
 a. The Great Western Plateau. 
 
 (i) The Rocky Mountain System: 
 
 Ranges — Rocky, Sierra Madre. 
 Peaks — Brown, Hooker, Murchison. 
 
 Fremont's, Pike's. 
 
 Popocatepetl. 
 
 15 
 
 11 
 
MAP or TlIK SURl ,V i: <)| NOKIIl AMKRh A 
 
 /^ 
 
 I! 
 
 e 
 c 
 
 F 
 
 V 
 
 c 
 
 i 
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 i 
 t 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 17 
 
 
 /^ 
 
 (2) The Coast System : 
 
 Ranges^ A\a.ska.n, Cascade, Sierra 
 Nevada, Coast Range. 
 
 Peaks — Wrangel, St.Elias, Fairweather, 
 Rainier, Hood, Shasta, Whitney. 
 
 d. The Great Eastern Plateau. 
 
 (i) The Appalachian System : 
 
 /Ganges — Notre Dame, White, Green, 
 
 Catskill, Alleghany, etc. 
 Peak — Mount Washington (N.H.). 
 
 (2) The Laurentian Plateau: 
 
 /Ganges — Wotchish, Adirondacks. 
 
 (3) Basin of the St. Lawrence : 
 c. The Great Central Plain. 
 
 ( 1 ) The Northern Slope : 
 a. Mackenzie Basin. 
 d. The part drained into L. Winnipeg. 
 
 (2) The Southern Slope. 
 
 Natural Resources: The Western Plateau 
 
 is rich in gold, silver and lead, while coal and iron of 
 excellent quality are found in British Columbia. The 
 coast region has abundance of rain, and the northern 
 part of the plateau is covered with dense forests of 
 valuable timber. The rivers teem with fish, and the 
 orchards and vineyards of California are world-famed. 
 
 In the Hastern Plateau, coal and irou are found 
 in the Appalachian Region. The Laurentian Plateau 
 is rich in gold, silver, nickel and copper, while forests 
 of pine and spruce cover its rocky surface. The fish- 
 ing grounds east of Canada are among the richest in 
 the world. 
 
 The Great Central Plain is composed of rich soil. 
 The centre is prairie, but the northern and southern 
 
i8 
 
 (UiOORAI'HY NOTES. 
 
 parts are woodland. Many tropical products grow ih 
 the south of the continent, and the forests of the 
 north abound in fur-bearing animals. 
 
 3. Drainage : 
 
 a. Arctic Slope : 
 
 (1) Mackenzie Basin {\- of Canada) : 
 
 Hivers — Slave, Mackenzie ; 
 
 Athabasca, Peace, Liat d ; Bear. 
 Lakes — Gt. Bear, Gt. Slave, Athabasca, 
 
 VVollaston, Deer. 
 
 (2) Hudson Bay Slope : 
 
 Rivers -Churchill, Nelson, Albany, 
 
 Rupert, East Main, Gt. Whale. 
 Nelson (a) Saskatchewan (N. and S.). 
 {/>) Red (Assiniboine). 
 (c) Winnipeg. 
 ZrtM -Winnipeg, Manitoba, Woods. 
 ^. Atlantic Slope. 
 
 (1) St. Lawrence Basin: 
 
 Rivers— {(i) St. Mary, St. Clair, Detroit, 
 Niagara, St. Lawrence ; 
 (^) Ottawa, St. Maurice, Saguenay • 
 (e) Richelieu. 
 Lakes — (a) Superior, Michigan, Huron, 
 St. Clair, Erie, Ontario ; 
 (/O St. John, Champlain. 
 
 (2) Eastern Slope: 
 
 iV/^'t-ri— St. John.Connecticut, Hudson, 
 Delaware, Potomac, James, 
 Savannah. 
 c. Southern Slope. 
 
 (i) Into Gulf of Mexico : 
 
 Mississippi, Brazos, Rio Grande. 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 19 
 
 (2) Mississippi Basin : 
 
 (a) Ohio — Cumberland, Tennessee. 
 (/') Missouri — Yellowstone, Plalte. 
 Arkansas — Canadian ; Red. 
 
 d. Pacific Slope. 
 
 Colorado, Sacramento, Columbia — Snake — 
 Fraser, Yukon. 
 
 e. Other Lakes: Nicaragua, Great Salt. 
 4. Coast Features — Waters : 
 
 a. Oceans — Arctic, Atlantic, I'acific. 
 d. Seas — Caribbean, Behring. 
 
 c. Gulfs and Bays — 
 
 (1) Mackenzie, Coronation, Boothia, Baffin, 
 Hudson, James, Ungava. 
 
 (2) St. Lawrence, Chaleur, Fundy, Dela- 
 ware, Chesapeake, Mexico, Campeachy, 
 Honduras. 
 
 (3) California, San Francisco, Bristol, Nor- 
 ton. 
 
 d. Straits, Channels and Sounds — 
 
 (i) Davis, Hudson, Fox. 
 
 (2) Belle Isle, Northumberland, Canso, 
 Long Island Sound, Florida, Yucatan, 
 Windward, Mona. 
 
 (3) Golden Ciate, Juan de Fuca, Puget 
 Sound, Georgia, Queen Charlotte Sound, 
 Behring. 
 
 Coast Features— Land : 
 
 a. Capes — important only in connection ivitL Nav 
 igation. 
 
 (i) Northern Capes unimportant. 
 
20 
 
 GEOGRAPHY NOTES. 
 
 (2) Farewell, Chudleigh (Chldley), Race, 
 Ray, Sabie, Cod, Hatteras, Sable, 
 Catoche, Gracias a Dies. 
 
 (3) San Lucas, Mendocino, Blanco, Flattery, 
 Prince of Wales. 
 
 h. Peninsulas— {\) Boothia, Meiville. 
 
 (2) Labrador, Gasp^, Nova Scotia, Florida, 
 Yucatan. 
 
 (3) Lower California, Alaska. 
 
 c. /vMw//j^^— Panama (I)arien), Tehuantepec. 
 
 d. Islands— {\) Parry, Banks, Albert and Victoria, 
 
 Prince of Wales, N. Devon, Baffin, 
 Southampton, Greenland, Iceland. 
 
 (2) Newfoundland, Anticosti, Prince Ed 
 ward, Cape Breton, Long, Bermuda. 
 
 (3) West Indies— Bahama, Greater Antilles, 
 — Cuba, Hayti, Porto Rico, Jamaica- 
 Lesser Antilles. 
 
 (4) Vancouver, Queen Charlotte, Prince of 
 Wales, Sitka, Aleutian, Pribylov. 
 
 5. Political and Commercial Geography. 
 Political Divisions. 
 
 •-i • - 
 
 COUNTRIKS. 
 
 Canada. 
 United States 
 
 and Alaska. 
 Mexico. 
 
 Central America 
 West Indies. 
 
 Capitals. 
 
 Ottawa. 
 Washingtor 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 Several. 
 Various. 
 
 Government. 
 
 British Colony. 
 Republic. 
 
 Republic. 
 Republic. 
 Various. 
 
NORTH AMERICA 
 
 21 
 
 Of Less Importance. 
 
 Countries. 
 
 Capitals. 
 
 G'v' T 
 
 Dan. 
 Dan. 
 
 Exports. 
 
 Iceland. 
 Greenland. 
 
 Reikiavik. 
 Godthaab. 
 
 1 Whale-oil, whale- 
 \ bone, hides, eider- 
 
 1 • 
 
 
 
 
 ^down. 
 
 Cuba. 
 Porto Rico. 
 
 Havana. 
 San Juan. 
 
 Sp. 
 Sp. 
 
 /■Sugar, molasses, 
 < tobacco, cigars, 
 Uruit, coffee. 
 
 Newfoundland 
 
 St. John's. 
 
 Er. 
 
 Fish, furs. 
 
 and Labrador. 
 
 
 
 
 Bermudas. 
 
 Hamilton. 
 
 Br. 
 
 Vegetables. 
 
 Bahamas. 
 
 Nassau. 
 
 IJr. 
 
 Fruit, turtles, salt. 
 
 Jamaica. 
 
 Kingston. 
 
 Br. 
 
 Sugar, molasses, 
 rum, coffee. 
 
 Leewards. 
 
 St. John. 
 
 Br. 
 
 
 Windwards. 
 
 St. George. 
 
 Br. 
 
 
 Barbddoes. 
 
 Bridgetown. 
 
 Br. 
 
 
 Belize. 
 
 Belize. 
 
 Br. 
 
 ^Cabinet and dye- 
 
 Greater Rep. of 
 
 
 
 J woods, india-rub- 
 
 Cent'l. America 
 
 Four Capitals. 
 
 Rep. 
 
 j ber, medicinial 
 
 Costa Rica. 
 
 San Jos^. 
 
 Rep. 
 
 Iplants, coffee. 
 
 Hayti. 
 
 Port au Prince 
 
 Rep. 
 
 
 Dominica. 
 
 San Domingo. 
 
 Rep. 
 
 
 A Commercial Centres— /*« order of size, 
 
 (i) Canada. — Montreal, Toronto, Quebec, 
 Hamilton, Ottawa, St. John, Halifax, 
 London, Winnipeg, Kingston, Vancouver. 
 
 (2) United States. — Greater New York, 
 Chicago, Philadelphia, St. Louis, Boston, 
 Baltimore, San Francisco, Cincinnati, 
 Cleveland, Buffalo, New Orleans, Pitts- 
 burg, Washington, Detroit, Milwaukee, 
 —Ait over 200,000 pop 
 
22 
 
 GEOGRAPHY NOTES. 
 
 (3) Other Cities. — Havana, Guatemala and 
 the capitals of the islands and republics. 
 
 c. Industries. 
 
 (i) Canada. — Agriculture, dairying, stock- 
 raising, fruit-growing ; fishing and can- 
 ning ; lumbering and ship building ; 
 fur-trading \ mining, manufacturing ; 
 commerce and transportation. 
 
 (2) United States. — Agriculture, fruit-grow- 
 ing, stock-raising ; lumbering, mining, 
 manufacturing ; fishing, canning, pack- 
 ing ; commerce and transportation. 
 
 (3) Mexico. — Agriculture, mining. 
 
 (4) Central America. — Lumbering (fine 
 woods), coffee growing. 
 
 (5) West Indies. — Raising sugar, fruit and 
 tobacco. 
 
 Exports and Imports^ 
 Canada : 
 
 Exports— Qxd\x\, live stock, cheese, lumber 
 and timber, metals, coal, fish, meat, furs. 
 
 Imports — Manufactures, coal, cotton, india- 
 rubber, tobacco, sugar, tea, coffee, spices, 
 fruits. 
 
 United States : 
 
 Expo>:s — Grain, live stock, cotton, tobacco, 
 oysters, fruit, coal, manufactures. 
 
 Imports — Manufactures, barley, india-rubber, 
 fish, sugar, tea, c(jffee, spices. 
 
 Mexico : 
 
 Exports — Silver, quicksilver, hides, sisal hemp, 
 cochineal, coffee. 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 23 
 
 Imports — Manufactures, fish, oils. 
 
 West Indies : 
 
 Exports — Sugar, molasses, rum, tobacco, 
 
 cigars, fruit, coffee. 
 Imports — Flour, meats, fish, manufactures. 
 
 Newfoundland : 
 
 Exports — Fish, furs. 
 
 Imports, — Wheat, flour, meats, coal, manu- 
 factures. 
 
 Commercial Routes — 
 
 a Continental : 
 
 (i) Watcnvays. — 
 
 i^(i) St. Lawrence system. 
 {b) Mississippi system. 
 
 (2) Railways — a continental network, 
 
 b Foreign : 
 
 (i) Atlantic Routes. 
 (2) Pacific Routes. 
 
 c Great Steamship Lines : 
 
 (i) Canadian. 
 (2) Amerkan. 
 
 d Canadian Ports : 
 
 (i) Eastern — Montreal, Quebec. Halifax, and 
 St. John trade with Britain and West 
 Indies. 
 
 (2) Western — Vancouver and Victoria trade 
 with Jai)an, (>hina, and Australia. 
 
24 
 
 GEOGRAPHY NOTRS. 
 
 American Ports : 
 
 ( 1 ) Eastern — New York, Boston, Philadelphia, 
 
 Baltimore, and New Orleans to other 
 American ports, Europe, West Indies, 
 and South America. 
 
 (2) Western — San Francisco and Seattle trade 
 
 with Japan, China, Australia, Sandwich 
 Islands, South America, Vancouver, and 
 Alaska. 
 
 List I. Pronunciation — North America. 
 
 Key. — rat, rate, far, pet, wG, pin, pine, not, note, root, bun, tune 
 
 Antilles (tOl'). 
 Appala'chian. 
 Arkansas ^saw'). 
 Barba'does . 
 Belize (lez'). 
 Caribbe'an, 
 Connecticut (con-net'). 
 Costa Rica (ru' ka). 
 Dor.iinica (ne' ka). 
 (Jra'cios a Dios (de' os). 
 
 New Orleans (or' le-anz). 
 
 Nicaragua (a' gwa). 
 
 Notre Dame. 
 
 Poto' mac. 
 
 Porto Rico (re' ko . 
 
 Richelieu (rish'-e-lii). 
 
 San Jose (ho-za'). 
 
 Sierra Madre (se-er'ra ma-dra'). 
 
 .Sierra Nevada (na-va'-da). 
 
 Tehuantepec' (ta-wan). 
 
CANADA. 
 
 Boundaries. 
 
 North. — Arctic Ocean. 
 
 East. — Baffin's, Davis, A»lantic. 
 
 South. — Passamaquoddy Bay, River St. Croix, Maine, 
 River St. John, Maine, New Hampshire, 45th 
 Parallel of Latitude, River St. Lawrence, Lake 
 Ontario, River Niagara, Lake Erie, River Detroit, 
 Lake and River St. Clair, Lake Huron, River 
 St. Mary, Lake Superior, Pigeon River, Rainy 
 Lake and River, Lake of the Woods, 49th Parallel 
 of Latitude, Haro Strait, Juan de Fuca Strait. 
 
 West. — Pacific, Dixon Entrance, Alaska. 
 
 The States along the Canadian Boundary Line. — 
 Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, 
 Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New 
 York, Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine. 
 
 I. Provinces. 
 
 PROVINCES. 
 
 Ontario I 2: 
 
 Quebec 
 
 Nova Scotia 
 
 Neiv Brunswick . . . 
 Prince Edivard Island 
 
 Manitoba 
 
 British Columbia . . 
 
 Area 
 
 |S(,>. Miles 
 !(thous'<is). 
 
 Pop. 
 
 1891 
 
 (thous'ds). 
 
 220 
 
 2,100 
 
 1S8 
 
 1,400 
 
 20 
 
 450 
 
 28 
 
 320 
 
 2 
 
 100 
 
 116 
 
 150 
 
 34' 
 
 90 
 
 CAPITALS. 
 
 Toronto. 
 
 Quebec. 
 
 Halija.x. 
 
 Fredericton. 
 
 Charlotte to7vn. 
 
 Winnipeg. 
 
 Victoria. 
 
 25 
 
GEOixKAPHY NOTES 
 
 2. Districts. 
 
 DISTRICTS. P^3'"\ Caiitals, Etc. 
 
 ized 
 
 Kewatin 11876 To Manitoba 
 
 Assiniboia . . . . J1882 
 Saskaicheivan .1882 
 
 Productions and 
 Kksources. 
 
 Furs, 
 rain, Ccal. 
 
 Alberta . . 
 
 Athabasca 
 
 Ungava . . 
 
 Franklin. 
 Mackenzie . . 
 
 1882 
 
 Re gin a 
 
 llG 
 
 rain, Coal. 
 
 1882) 
 1896 Under 
 1896 ' the 
 1896 Dominion 
 
 Yukon 1 1 896 ) Gov't 
 
 Grain, Cattle, Coal. 
 
 Petroleum. 
 
 Furs. 
 
 Furs. [Gold 
 
 Furs, Petroleum, 
 
 Furs, Gold. 
 
 3. Climate of Canada. 
 
 Maritime Provinces. — Winters and summers milder 
 than in Ontario. Dense fogs in spring. 
 
 Quebec. — Winters longer and colder than in Ontario. 
 Summers short and hot. 
 
 Ontario. — Winters fairly long and cold. Summers 
 fairly long and hot. Plenty of rainfall. 
 
 Manitoba and Assiniboia. — Winters cold and dry, 
 with blizzards now and then. Summers warm 
 and sometimes even hot. Subject to frosts in 
 summer. 
 
 Alberta — Quite mild, near Rocky Mountains. Cat- 
 tle remain out all winter. 
 
 British Colinnbia. — Very mild and moist in the 
 southern part. 
 
 Peace River District. — About the same as Ontario. 
 Labrador., Keivatin and the Far North. — Winters long 
 and cold. Summers short. 
 
CANADA. 
 
 4. Chief Industries of Canada. 
 
 27 
 
 Industry. 
 
 Farming. 
 
 Producing. 
 
 Orain. 
 
 Live Stock. 
 
 Fruit. 
 
 ICpj^s and Hay. 
 
 Where. 
 
 Ont., Man., Que. 
 Ont., Que., Man. 
 Ont. - Mar. Provinces. 
 Eastern Provinces. 
 
 Lumbering. 
 
 Lumber, Timber, 
 
 Ont., (^ue., N.B., 
 
 
 Logs, Shingles 
 
 B.C. 
 
 
 Pulp- wood. 
 
 
 Fruit Growing. 
 
 Apples. 
 
 Ont., N.S., P.E.I. 
 
 
 I'e ches, Grapes, 
 
 Ont. 
 
 
 Small Fmits. 
 
 
 Manufacturing. 
 
 hutter and Cheese. 
 
 Ont., (^ue.,. Mar. I'rov. 
 
 
 Salt. 
 
 Ont. 
 
 
 Refined Petroleum. 
 
 Ont. 
 
 
 Ships. 
 
 Mar. Provinces, Ont. 
 
 
 Cottons, Woollens, 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 Agricultural Im- 
 
 
 
 plements, Flour, 
 Sugar, Leather, 
 Boots and Shoes, 
 
 (Jnt., Que., Mar. 
 Provinces. 
 
 
 P\irniture, Organs 
 
 
 
 and Pianos, 
 
 / 
 
 Fishing. 
 
 Whitefish, Herring. 
 
 The Great Lakes. 
 
 
 Cod, Lobsters, Her- 
 
 Atlantic Coast. 
 
 
 ring, Mackerel. 
 
 
 
 Salmon. 
 
 B.C. 
 
 Mining. 
 
 Coal. 
 
 N.S., N.B., B.C , 
 N.W.T. 
 
 
 (iold. 
 
 B.C.,Ont.,N.S.,Qu2 
 Yukon . 
 
 
 Silver. 
 
 B.C., Ont. 
 
 
 Iron. 
 
 N.S.,N.B.,Ont.,B.C. 
 
 
 Copjier 
 
 Ont. 
 
 
 Nickel . 
 
 Ont. 
 
 Canning. 
 
 Fruit, Vegetables. 
 
 Ont. 
 
 
 Lobsters. 
 
 Mar. Pfo>inct3. 
 
 
 Salmon. 
 
 B.C. 
 
 
 Meats. 
 
 Que. 
 
 Fork Packing. | Bacon, Ham 
 
 Commerce. 
 
 The Fur Trade. 1 Fur.s 
 
 Carrying Goods . 
 
 Ont. 
 
 Kail ways, Great Lakes, 
 Atlantic and Pacific. 
 
 Northern Farts. 
 
28 
 
 GEOGRAPHY NOTES. 
 
 Summary of Canadian Industries. 
 
 B.C. — Mining, lumbering, fishing, canning, tur- 
 
 trading, agriculture. 
 Man. — Farming (grain and stock), lumbering. 
 
 Ont. — Farming (grain, stock, fruit), canning, meat 
 packing, manufacturing, lumbering, mining, 
 fishing, shipping. 
 
 Que.— Lumbering, fishing, manufacturing, mining, 
 
 farming, shipping. 
 N.B. — Lumbering, fishing, manufacturing, farming, 
 
 mining, shipping. 
 N-S. — Mining, fishing, shipping, farming, m'f'g. 
 '^.E.L — Farming, fishing, manufacturing. 
 
 5. Chief Exports. 
 
 Averui^^e Values in Mil/ions for i%g 2-1 8g6. 
 
 Exports. 
 
 $ 
 26.4 
 
 Sent to. 
 
 Lumber, Timber. 
 
 (U. li., U.S., W.L, S.Am., Fr. 
 
 Cheese. 
 
 '3-7 
 
 Gt. B. 
 
 Grain and Seeds. 
 
 I!.0 
 
 (it. B.,U.S.,Ger.,Fr.,Nfd.,W.L 
 
 Live Stock. 
 
 10. I 
 
 (U. B.,U.S.,Ger.,Fr.,Nfd.,W.I. 
 
 Fish. 
 
 9.2 
 
 Gt.B., U.S.,W. L.Fr, S.Am. 
 
 Metals and Manf. 
 
 4.1 
 
 U..S.,Gt. B. 
 
 Bacon, Hams, Beef. 
 
 3-5 
 
 (it. B. 
 
 Coal. 
 
 3'2 
 
 U.S., Nfd. 
 
 Furs. 
 
 2.5 
 
 Gt. B., U.S. 
 
 Apples, etc. 
 
 2 . 
 
 (It. B., U.S., Ger., Nfd. 
 
 Butter and Eggs. 
 
 i!8 
 
 Gt. B., U.S., Nfd. 
 
 Hay. 
 
 1.6 
 
 U.S., Gt. B.,Nfd. 
 
 Leather . 
 
 1.4 
 
 Gt. B.. Nfd. 
 
 Flour. 
 
 i.3(it. B., Nfd., W.I. 
 
 Agr. Implements. 
 
 .5 CU. B., Australia. 
 
 Cottons . 
 
 .5 China. 
 
CANADA. 
 
 29 
 
 6. Chief Imports. 
 
 Average Values in Millions for i8g2-i8g6. 
 
 Imports. 
 
 % 
 
 > 
 
 ImPORTKI) krom. 
 
 Cottons, Woollens, 
 
 
 
 Silks, Linens. 
 
 23 9 
 
 (it. B., U.S.,Fr.,Ger. 
 
 Metals and Manf. 
 
 13 
 
 
 U.S., Gt. B., Ger. 
 
 Coal. 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 U.S., Gl. B. 
 
 Sugar and Molasses. 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 Ger.,U.S.,W.I., Spanish E.Ind 
 
 Tea. 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 Japan, China, Gt. B. 
 
 Wood and Manf. 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 U.S., Gt. B. 
 
 Drugs and Dyes, 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 U.S., Gt. B., Ger., Fr. .Turkey 
 
 Fruits and Nuts. 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 U.S., Italy, Spain, Greece. 
 
 Paper, Books, etc. 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 U.S., Gt. B.,(]er., Fr. 
 
 Hats and Gloves. 
 
 
 9 
 
 (it. B., Ger., Fr. 
 
 Tobacco . 
 
 
 8 
 
 U.S., W.I. 
 
 Fancy Goods . 
 
 
 5 
 
 (it. B., U.S., Ger., Fr. 
 
 Rubber and Manf. 
 
 
 4 
 
 U S., Gt. B. 
 
 Oils. 
 
 
 4 
 
 U.S., Gt. B. 
 
 Liquors. 
 
 
 4 
 
 (it. B., Fr., Holland. 
 
 Leather and Manf. 
 
 
 3 
 
 U.S.,Gt. B. 
 
 Furs. 
 
 
 3 
 
 (it. li., Ger., U.S. 
 
 Glass. 
 
 
 I 
 
 U S., Belgium, Gt. B., (ier. 
 
 Fish and Products . 
 
 
 
 Nfd., U.S. 
 
 Corn. 
 
 
 9 
 
 U.S. 
 
 Coffee and Chicory 
 
 
 6 
 
 Venezuela, Brazil, (it. B., W.I. 
 
 Earthenware. 
 
 
 6 
 
 Gt. B., Ger., U.S., Fr. 
 
 Seeds and Roots. 
 
 
 5 
 
 U.S., Gt. B. 
 
 Live Stock . 
 
 
 4 
 
 Gt. B., U.S. 
 
 Clocks and Watches. 
 
 
 4 
 
 U.S., Switzerland. 
 
 7. Canada's Trade Relations. 
 
 Great Britain: 
 
 Exports to — Lumber and timber, cheese, grain, 
 cattle, fish, bacon and hams, furs, hay, 
 leather, apples, butter, eggs. 
 
30 
 
 GKOC.RAPHV NOTKS 
 
 Imports from — Manufactures (woollens, cottons 
 silks, meials, carpets, hats, gloves), live» 
 slock. 
 
 United States . 
 
 Exports to — Lumber, logs and pulpwood, coal, 
 fish, live stock, farm products, ores and 
 metals. 
 
 Imports from — Manufactures (metals, leather, 
 furs, drugs, hats, rubber), raw material (cot- 
 ton, tobacco, hides), coal, corn, fruit. 
 
 Germany : 
 
 Exports /6'— Grain and seeds, dried apples, hay, 
 
 lobsters. 
 
 Imports /;w;/— Manufactures (woollens, silks, 
 metals, earthenware, furs, glass), sugar. 
 
 France : 
 
 Exports to — Lumber, grain, hay, lobsters. 
 
 Imports from — Manufactures (silks, woollens, 
 cottons, gloves, fancy goods, earthenware), 
 wine and brandy, fruits and nuts. 
 
 Newfoundland : 
 
 Exports A; - Flour, grain, manufactures (wood, 
 leather, woollens, metals), i)rovisions (butter, 
 cheese, meats), coal. 
 
 Imports from — Fish, fish oil. 
 
 West Indies: 
 
 Exports A>— Fish, flour, lumber and shingles, 
 provisions, vegetables. 
 
 Imports from — Sugar and molasses, tobacco, 
 coffee, fruit. 
 
CANADA. 
 
 South America: 
 
 Exports to — Fish, lumber, flour. 
 
 Imports from—Su^SLT, coffeo, vegetable ivory. 
 
 China : 
 
 Exports to - Cottons, lumber. 
 Imports from — Tea, opium, sugar, rice. 
 
 Japan : 
 
 Imports from — Tea, silk, rice, porcelain. 
 
 Canals of Canada. 
 
 3» 
 
 Canals. 
 
 MILKS. 
 
 Location. 
 
 Why Built. 
 
 Sault Ste. Marie 
 
 I 
 
 Sault Ste. Marie. 
 
 St. Mary Rapids. 
 
 Welland. 
 
 26 
 
 Pt. Col borne to 
 Pt. Dalhousie. 
 
 Niagara Falls. 
 
 Murray. 
 
 5 
 
 W. of B. of Quinte. 
 
 Short Cut. 
 
 St. Lawrence 
 
 
 Between Prescott, 
 
 
 Canals — 
 
 
 and Montreal. 
 
 
 (i) Galops. 
 
 7 
 
 Belov/ Prescott. 
 
 Galops Rapids. 
 
 (2) Rapide Plat. 
 
 4 
 
 AboveMorrisburg. 
 
 Plat Rapids. 
 
 (3) Farran's Ft. 
 
 ¥ 
 
 Below Morrisburg. 
 
 Farran's Pt. Rp's. 
 
 (4) Cornwall. 
 
 II 
 
 Above Cornwall. 
 
 Long Sault Rp's. 
 
 (5) Beauharnois. 
 
 1 1 
 
 Below Valleyfield. 
 
 I Coteau, Cedars, 
 
 (6)*Soulanges. 
 
 14 
 
 Below Coteau. 
 
 & Cascade Rp's. 
 
 (7) Lachine. 
 
 8 
 
 Lachine to Mont'l. 
 
 Lachine Rapids. 
 
 OttawaCanals — 
 
 
 
 
 (i) Carillon. 
 
 % 
 
 Above Carillon. 
 
 Carillon Rapids. 
 
 (2) Grenville. 
 
 5 
 
 Below Grenville, 
 
 Long Sault Rp's. 
 
 (3) Culbute. 
 
 300 fl. 
 
 N.of AUumetteld. 
 
 Waterfall. 
 
 Rideau. 
 
 126 
 
 Ottawa to 
 Kingston. 
 
 
 (i)Tay. 
 
 6 
 
 Perth to Lake 
 Rideau. 
 
 
 *Trent Valley. 
 
 200 
 
 Via Trent River to 
 LakeSimcoe and 
 Georgian Bay. 
 
 Short Cut. 
 
 Chambly. 
 
 12 
 
 On Richelieu R. 
 
 
 *Und«r ConstructioQ. 
 
32 
 
 OKOGRAPHV NOIKS. 
 
 Railways of Canada. 
 
 The folU'WiiiiT list includes only the ^reat Canadian 
 Railway Systems and the cities and most important 
 towns on each. Those in black-faced type include 
 all places having a population of five thousand 
 according to the last Dominion census, and will be 
 sutificient for all junior classes. 
 
 I. Canadian Pacific Railway System. 
 
 Main Line. 
 Montreal, Hull, Ottawa, Carleton Junction, 
 Arnprior, Pembroke, Mattawa, North Bay, Sudbury, 
 Port Arthur, Fort William, Rat Portage, Winnipeg, 
 Portage la Prairie, Brandon, Regina, Medicine Hat, 
 Calgary, Banff, Kamloops, Vancouver. 
 
 Important Branches. 
 
 (i) Montreal to Windsor. — Montreal, 
 
 Kemptville, Smith's Falls, Perth, Peterborough, 
 Toronto, Streetsville, Milton, Gait, Woodstock, 
 London, Chatham, Windsor. 
 
 (2) Toronto to Owen Sound. - Toronto, 
 
 Orangeville, Owen Sound. 
 
 (3) Orangeville to Teeswater.— Orangeville, 
 
 Mount Forest, Harriston, Teeswater. 
 
 (4) Carleton Jc. to Brockville.— Carleton Jc, 
 
 Smith's Falls, Brockville. 
 
 (s) Ottawa to Prescott— Ottawa, Kemptville, 
 Prescott. 
 
 (6) Sudbury to Sault Ste. Marie. 
 
 (7) Montreal to Quebec. -Montreal, Three 
 Rivers, Quebec. 
 
CANADA. 
 
 33 
 
 (8) Montreal to St. John, N.B.— Montreal, 
 Lachine, Sherbrooke, Carleton, St. John. 
 
 (9) Regina to Prince Albert, Sask. 
 
 (10) Fort McLeod to Edmonton.— Fort 
 
 McLeod, Calgary, Edmonton. 
 
 (11) Fort McLeod to Nelson, B.C.— Through 
 the Crow's Nest Pass. In course of construction, 
 ,897. 
 
 II. Grand Trunk Railway System. 
 Main Line. 
 
 (r) Detroit, Port Huron, Sarnia, St. Mai>s, 
 Stratford, Berlin, Guelph, Georgetown, 
 Brampton, Toron*"0, Whitby, Oshawa, Bowmanville. 
 Port Hope, Cobourg, Trenton, Belleville, 
 Napanee, Kingston, Gananoque, Brockville. 
 Prescott, Cornwall, Montreal. St. Hyacinthe, 
 Richmond, Sherbrooke, Portland, Me. 
 
 (2) Detroit, Windsor, Chatham, Glencoe, 
 London, Ingersoll, Woodstock, Paris, Harrishurg, 
 Dundas, Hamilton, St. Catharines, Niagara 
 Falls. 
 
 (3) The Chicago and Grand Trunk Railway from 
 Port Huron to Chicago is really a part of the 
 G.T.R. System. 
 
 Important Branches. 
 
 (i) London to Sarnia.— London, Strathroy, 
 Kmgscourt Jc, Sarnia. 
 
 (2) Hamilton to Toronto. 
 
 (3) Goderich to Buffalo.— Goderich, Clinton, 
 Seaforth, Mitchell, Stratford, I'aris, Brantford, 
 
34 
 
 r.I'XlOKAl'IIY NOTES. 
 
 Caledonia, Diinnville, Port Colborne, Fort Eric, 
 Buffalo. 
 
 (4) Owen Sound to Port Dover— Owen 
 
 Sound, (Wiarton), Harriston, Palmerston, l.isto- 
 
 wel, Stratford, Woodstock, Simcoe, Port 
 Dover. 
 
 (5) London to Wingham.— London, Lucan, 
 
 Clinton, Wingham. 
 
 (6) Buffalo to Kingscourt Jc — Buffalo, 
 
 Fort l'".rie, Welland, Cayuga, Suucoe, Tilsonburg, 
 St. Thomas, CiUmicoc, Kingscourt Jc. 
 
 (7) Southampton to Harrisburg. — South- 
 ampton, Walkerton, Harriston, I'alnierston, Fergus, 
 I'^lora, Guelph, Gait, Harrisburg. 
 
 (8) Palmerston to Kincardine.— Palmerston, 
 Listowel, Wingham, Kincardine. 
 
 (9) Port Dover to Hamilton. -Port Dover, 
 Caledonia, Hamilton. 
 
 (10) Hamilton to Barrie —Hamilton, Milton, 
 Georgetown, Beeton, Barrie '\iy>atich — Beeton 
 to Coliingwood). 
 
 (11) Toronto to North Bay.— Toronto, 
 Barrie, Orillia, (iravenhurst, Bracebridge, Nipis- 
 sing Jc, North Bay. 
 
 (12) Barrie to Meaford.— Barrie, Coliing- 
 wood, Meaford. 
 
 (13) Toronto to Port Hope.— Toronto, Black- 
 water, Lindsay, Peterborough, Port Hope. 
 
 (14) Blackwater to Midland. ~ Blackwater, 
 Orillia, Midland. 
 
 (15) Peterborough to Belleville. — Peter- 
 borough, Hastings, Belleville. 
 
 (j6) Richmond, Que. to Levis. 
 
CANADA. 
 
 35 
 
 III. Intercolonial Railway. 
 
 Main Line. 
 Levis, Bathurst, Newcastle, Moncton, Dor 
 Chester, Amlier.si, Truro, Halifax. 
 
 Branches. 
 
 ( 1 ) Moncton to St. John. 
 
 (2) Truro to Sydney, CB. 
 
 IV. Michigan Central Railway. 
 
 Buffalo, Welland, Cayuga, Tilso.-iburg, St. 
 Thomas, Essex, Windsor, Detroit. 
 
 V. Canada Atlantic Railway 
 
 ( 1 ) Ottawa, Alexandria, Coteau, Valleyfield, St. 
 Albans, Vt. 
 
 (2) Ottawa, Arnprior, Parry Sound. 
 
 List 2. Pronunciation — Canada. 
 
 Key.-rut, rfilc, far, p6t, wO, pin, pine, not, note, root, biin, tune 
 
 Hras d'Or (bra-dor'). 
 Hrci'on. 
 
 Clialeur (sha-loor') 
 Chauiiere (sho-de-ar'). 
 Chedabuc'to (shed). 
 Chifjnec'to (shig). 
 Coljequid (kob'kid). 
 C'ockburn (ko'burn). 
 Ksquimalt (ke'malt). 
 (iananoque (»")k'we). 
 Gaspe (gas pa'). 
 Kewatin (wa or wa). 
 Iv'Orignal (lore-nal'). 
 Mai pea ue (paU'). 
 Manan . 
 
 St. 
 
 Miramiohi (she'). 
 Nanaimo (ni'mo). 
 I'em'l)ina. 
 I'errot (ro'). 
 I'elilci)'diac (pt't'e). 
 Port Dalhousie (hoo'ze). 
 Kestigouche (ijoosh'). 
 Richibuc'to (rish). 
 Rideau (redo'). 
 Rouge (roozh). 
 Saull Ste. Marie 
 
 (soo sent ma're. ) 
 Shediac (sha-deak'). 
 
 ShiiiVo'iy. 
 Si. Croix (croy). 
 Maurice (mO-ro*') 
 
36 
 
 GEOGRAPHY NOTES. 
 
 Ontario. 
 Capital, Toronto. 
 
 I. Boundaries : East. — Quebec, River Ottawa. 
 ■South. — River St. T^awrence, Lake Ontario, River 
 Niagara, Lake Erie, River Detroit, Lake St. Clair, 
 Biver St. Clair, Lake Huron, River St. Mary, 
 Lake Superior, Pigeon River, Rainy River, and 
 Lake of the Woods. 
 
 North. — English River, Lonely Lake, Lake Joseph, 
 Albany River, James Bay. 
 
 2. Surface : The land in the western peninsula is 
 undulating and fertile and is well suited for agriculture. 
 Ihe remainder of the province belongs mainly to the 
 Laurentian region and is therefore rocky. It is 
 studded with innumerable lakes, and the rivers are 
 broken by numerous rapids and waterfalls. This 
 region is rich in minerals of various l<i»'>ds, and the 
 country is covered with forests of pine and spruce 
 and other woods. This is a veritable sportsman's 
 paradise for fish and game. 
 
 3. Rivers : a. Boundary.— Ottawa, St. Lawrence, 
 
 Niagara, Detroit, St. Clair, St. Mary, Pigeon, 
 Rainy, English, Albany. 
 
 b. Inland. — (1) Into Superior. — Nipigon. 
 
 (2) Into Georgian B. — Spanish, French, Mag- 
 anetawan, Muskoka, Severn, Nottawasaga. 
 
 (3) Into Huron. — Saugeen, Maitland, Aux 
 Sables. 
 
 (4) Into St. Clair. — Thames, Avon, Sydenham. 
 
 (5) Into Erie. — Grand. 
 
 (6) Into Niagara, — Welland. 
 
 5- 
 
 6. 
 
 7- 
 
 8. 
 9- 
 
CA'.ADA. 
 
 37 
 
 (7) Into Ontario. — Credit, Humber, Don. 
 
 (8) Into Quinte. — Trent, Otonabee, Scugog. 
 
 (9) Into Ottaiva. — Mattawa, Petawawa, Bonne- 
 chere, Madawaska, Mississippi, Rideau 
 Nation. 
 
 \\6) Into James Bay. — Moose, Abittibi. 
 
 4. Lakes : a. Boundary.— Abittibi, Temiscaming 
 
 St. Francis, Lake of the Thousand Ids. 
 Ontario, Erie, St. Clair, Huron, Superior, 
 Rainy, Woods, Lonely, Joseph. 
 b. Inland.— Nipigon ; Nipissing ; Muskoka, Ros- 
 seau and Joseph ; Simcoe and Couchiching ; 
 Rice, Sturgeon, Balsam, and Scugog; 
 Rideau ', Mississippi. 
 
 5. Bays: (i) In Superior. — Thunder, Nipigon, 
 
 Michipicoten. 
 
 (2) In IIttron.—Gtorg\2in, Parry Sound, Matche- 
 dash, Nottawasaga, Owen Sound, Colpoy's. 
 
 (3) In Erie. — Rondeau Har,, Long Point. 
 
 (4) In Ontario. — Burlington,, Toronto, Quinte. 
 
 (5) North. — James. 
 
 6. Channel : North. 
 
 7- Capes: (i) In Huron. — Hurd. 
 
 (2) In Erie. — Pelee, Aux Pins, Long Point. 
 
 (3) In Ontario. — Salmon. 
 
 8. Peninsulas: Buce, Essex (Detroit), Niagara, 
 
 Prince Edward, and "The Western Peninsula." 
 
 9. Islands: (i) Hunter's Id. in Rainy River Dis 
 
 trict. 
 
 (2) In Superior. S'lWer, Pie, Michipicoten. 
 
 Am. —Roy ale. 
 
 (3) In Huron. — Grand Manitoulin, Cockburn, 
 
 St. Joseph. 
 
J« 
 
 GKOGRAPIIV NOTES. 
 
 Am. — D>-in)imond. 
 
 (4) /// Geor^^ian Hay. — Parry, Christian. 
 
 (5) In St. Clai*. — W'alpole. 
 
 (6) /// Erie. — Pelce, Long Point. 
 
 (7) In Nidirara. — Am. — Grand, Navy^ Goat. 
 
 (8) /// Ontario. — Toronto, Amherst. 
 
 (9) In St. Lawrence — Thousand Islands, Wolfe, 
 
 Howe, and 1800 others. 
 (10) In Ottawa : Que. — Allumette., Calumet. 
 
 10. Counties and County Towns. 
 
 ( I ) On Geor<rian Bay and Lake Huron. 
 
 Simcoe 
 
 Grey 
 
 Bruce 
 
 Huron 
 
 Lambton 
 
 Barrie 
 
 Owen Sound 
 Walkerton 
 Goderich 
 Sarnia 
 
 
 ( 
 
 2) 
 
 On Lake Erie. 
 
 Essex 
 
 
 
 
 Sandwich 
 
 Kent 
 
 
 
 
 Chatham 
 
 Elgin 
 
 
 
 
 St. Thomas 
 
 Norfol\- 
 
 
 
 
 Simcoe 
 
 Haldimand 
 
 
 
 
 Cayuga 
 
 Welland 
 
 
 
 
 Welland 
 
 (3) On Liike Ontario and Bay of Quinie. 
 
 St. Catharines 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 Milton 
 
 Brampton 
 
 Toronto 
 
 Whitby 
 
 Cobourg 
 
 Picton 
 Belleville 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 Wentwor.h 
 
 Halton 
 
 Peel 
 
 York 
 
 Ontario 
 
 Durham and | 
 
 Northumberland ( 
 
 Prince Edward 
 
 Hastings 
 
 Lennox and" 
 Addington 
 
 Napanee 
 
)lfe, 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 (4) On River St. Lawrence. 
 
 39 
 
 Frontenac 
 Leeds and) 
 Grenville j 
 Dundas, ] 
 
 Stormont, and 
 Glengarry I 
 
 Kingston 
 Brockville 
 
 Cornwall 
 
 (5) O I O'tiViVa Kive*-. 
 
 Prescott and \ 
 Russell / 
 
 Carleton 
 Renfrew 
 
 L'Orignal 
 
 Ottawa 
 
 Pembroke 
 
 (6) Western Inland Counties. 
 
 Middlesex 
 
 Oxford 
 
 Brant 
 
 Perth 
 
 W?terloo 
 
 W-L'hi.igton 
 
 London 
 
 Woodstock 
 
 Brantford 
 
 Stratford 
 
 Berlin 
 
 Cuelph 
 
 Orangeville 
 
 I /) Eastern Inland Counties. 
 
 Victoria 
 Peterborough 
 Haliburton 
 Lanark 
 
 Lindsay 
 Peterborough 
 Minden 
 Perth 
 
 (8) Districts and Capi'als. 
 
 Muskoka 
 i-'firry Sound 
 ;: JnirsirvK 
 Aigcma 
 Thunder Bay 
 Rainy River 
 
 Bracebridge 
 Parry Sound 
 North Bay 
 Sault Ste. Marie 
 Port Arthur 
 Rat Portage 
 
40 
 
 OEOGRAl'HV NOTKS. 
 
 II. Cities : Toronto. — Capital ; educational and 
 publishing centre ; port and railway centre ; 
 manufacturing — engines, agricultural imple- 
 ments, p. ••^^ and organs, boots and shoes, 
 leather, sou^ 
 
 Hamilton. — Fori, nd railway centre ; manu- 
 facturing—machinery, agricultural imple- 
 ments, iron bridges, stoves, sewing- machines, 
 cottons, woollens. 
 
 Ottawa.— Capital of Canada j lumbering; rail 
 way centre. 
 
 London. — Western railway centre ; manufactur- 
 ing — agricultural implements, engines, cars. 
 
 Kingston. — Port; manufacturing— locomotives, 
 cars ; iron smelting. 
 
 Brantford. — Manufacturing — agricultural im- 
 plements, machinery, cottons, woollens. 
 
 Guelpii. — Manufacturing — sewing-machines, 
 pianos and organs, flour. 
 
 St. Thomas. — Railway centre ; railway work- 
 shops 
 
 Windsor. — Railway terminus ; trade with U.S. 
 
 St. Catharines. —Manufacturing — flour, paper, 
 ships. 
 
 Belleville —Port ; trade in lumber, grain, 
 and cheese. 
 
 Stratford. — Railway centre ; railway woxk 
 shops ; trade in grain and cheese. 
 
 Chatham. — Manufacturing — engines, boilers, 
 
 12. 
 
 wagons. 
 
 Ports: (i) On Superior.— Fori Arthur, Fort 
 
 William. 
 
 Am. — Duluth, Superior. 
 (2) On St. J/arv.~Sault Ste. Marie. 
 
 Am. — Sault Ste. Marie. 
 
CANAD.V. 
 
 41 
 
 (3) On Michigan. — Am. — Chicago^ Milwaukee. 
 
 (4) On Lake Huron and Georgian Bay. — Algo- 
 
 ma Mills, Killarncy, Parry Sound, Midland, 
 Penetanguishene, Collingwood, Meaford, 
 Owen Sound, VViarton. 
 Am. — Bay City, Alpena. 
 
 (5) On St. Clair. — Point I'^dward, Sarnia. 
 
 Am. — Port Huron. 
 
 (6) On Detroit. — Windsor, "■andwich, Amherst- 
 
 burg. 
 
 Am. — Detroit. 
 
 {■]) On Erie. — Rondeau, Port Stanley, Port 
 Dover, Port Colborne. 
 
 Am. — Toledo.^ Sandusky, Cleveland, Erie^ 
 Buffalo 
 
 (8) On Ontario. — Niagara, Port Dalhousie, Ham- 
 ilton, Oakville, Port Credit, Toronto, Whitby, 
 Oshawa, Bowmanville, Port Hope,Cobourg, 
 Kingston. 
 
 Am. — Charlotte., Oswego. 
 
 ((;) On Quinte. — Picton, Trenton, Belleville, 
 Napanee. 
 
 (10) On St. Lawrence. — Gananoque, Brockville, 1 
 Prescott, Cornwall. Montreal, Quebec. 
 
 Am. — Morristo'ivn, Ogdensburg. 
 
 (n) On Ottaiva. — Hawkesbury, L'Orignal, Ot- 
 tawa, Arnprior, Pembroke. 
 
 Que. — Hull. 
 
42 
 
 'JKOGKAl'HV NOTBS. 
 
 13. Industries. 
 
 Indus iKV. 
 
 ruDDriiNt;. 
 
 Where. 
 
 Fnrming. 
 
 Grain, live slock, 
 apples, hay, cgi^s. 
 
 Western Peninsula 
 and most Counties. 
 
 Stock-raising. 
 
 Meat-packing. 
 
 Dairying. 
 Kruit-raising. 
 
 Callle for England 
 and home markets. 
 
 Bacon, hams. 
 
 In most of the 
 Counties. 
 
 T'lronto, Hamilton, 
 Ingersoll, I><Midon. 
 
 Butter and cheesr. llti all the Couniie-. 
 
 Api)les. 
 I'eachcs, jilums, 
 
 grapes and small 
 
 fruits. 
 
 In all the Counties. 
 Kssex, Niagara 
 
 IV'ninsula, Colling- 
 
 wood. 
 
 Canning. 
 
 1 
 
 Fruit, vegetables. |Counties near L. Erie 
 
 .Manufacturing. 
 
 Woollens and cot- 
 
 In all the cities, 
 
 
 
 tons ; furniture ; 
 
 towns and villages 
 
 
 
 pianos and organs ; 
 
 of the province. 
 
 
 
 machinery ; hoots 
 
 
 
 
 ami shoes. 
 
 
 Mining. 
 
 
 Cold. 
 
 Rainy River Dist., 
 Madoc. 
 
 
 
 Silver. 
 
 Silver, and Pie Ids., 
 Shore of Superior. 
 
 
 
 Iron. 
 
 Hastings, Algoma. 
 
 
 
 Copper. 
 
 riuinder Bay, 
 Algoma. 
 
 
 
 Nickel. 
 
 Sudbury. 
 
 
 
 Leatl. 
 
 Lanark. 
 
 / 
 
 
 Mica. 
 
 Renfrew, Leeds. 
 
 
 
 Asbestos. 
 
 Renfrew. 
 
 
 
 Cypsum. 
 
 Along Grand Riv. 
 
 
 
 Lime. 
 
 (iuelph District, 
 Kingston, etc. 
 
 
 
 Building stone. 
 
 ('redit R , Kingston. 
 
 
 
 Natural gas. 
 
 Essex, Welland. 
 
 Salt manufacturing. 
 Petroleum refining. 
 
 jSalt. 
 
 Huron, Bruce, Perth. 
 
 Sh 
 
 Li 
 
 Th 
 
 'IS 
 
 2. 
 
 3 
 
 (Coal oil, machine oil.|Lambton. 
 
' 
 
 ^ 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 43 
 
 1 
 
 Industry. 
 
 Producinc. 
 
 WHERK. 
 
 .Ship-building. 
 
 Ships. 
 
 St. Catharines, Chat- 
 ham, Owen Sound. 
 
 Lumbering. 
 
 Lumber, timber, 
 logs, ties, poles. 
 
 Ottawa River and 
 Georgian Bay Dis 
 trict, Rainy River 
 District. 
 
 The Fur-trade. 
 
 Furs of bear, beaver, 
 otter, mink, etc. ; 
 (ieer skins. 
 
 Chiefly in the norih 
 em and western 
 parts. 
 
 Fishing. Whitefish, trout, 
 
 herring, bass, etc. 
 
 Boundary and Inlaml 
 Lakes. 
 
 Trade and 
 
 Commerce. 
 
 Carrying goods. 
 
 On the Lakes ; 
 on the Railways. 
 
 Quebec. 
 Capital, - Quebec. 
 
 1. Boundaries : North. — Ungava, Labrador. 
 
 East. — Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
 
 5r->«///.— Chaleur B., New Brunswick, United 
 
 States. 
 West.-'^. St. Lawrence, R. Ottawa, Ontario, 
 
 James Bay. 
 
 2. Mountains : {a) In the Lauyentian Plateau.— 
 
 Wotchish and Laurentian Hills. 
 {b) In the Appalachian System.— ^oire Dame. 
 
 3. Rivers : The St. Lawrence River. 
 
 Tributaries.— {2i) Ottawa, St. Maurice, Saguenay. 
 
 (h) Richelieu, St. Francis, Cliaudiere. 
 Tributaries of Ottawa from (^/^t/w.— Coulonge, 
 
 Gatineau, Du Lievre, Petic Nation, Rouge 
 
44 
 
 GEOGRAPHY NOTES. 
 
 Into James ^a;v— Ruperts, East Main. 
 
 4. Lakes : In St. Lawrence.— ^\.. Francis, St. Louis, 
 
 St. Peter. 
 In Ottawa. — Two Mountains. 
 North.— ^i. John, Mistassini. 
 ^^?/M.— Champlain, Memphremagog, Megantic. 
 
 5. Gulfs and Bays : St. Lawrence, Chaleur. 
 
 6. Capes : Gaspe, Father Point. 
 
 7. Peninsula: Gaspe. 
 
 8. Islands : In Ottawa. — Allumette, Calumet. 
 
 Mouth of Ottawa.'- Montreal, Jesus, Parrot. 
 
 In St. La7iirence.— Orleans. 
 
 In St. Lawre7ice G. — Anticosti, Magdalen. 
 
 9. Cities and Chief Towns : 
 
 Montreal. — Largest city in Canada ; railway 
 centre and summer ocean port ; manufac 
 turing of all kinds. 
 
 Quebec — Capital ; oldest city and strongest 
 fortress in Catiada ; manufacturing ; ocean 
 port ; trade in lumber, fish, etc. 
 
 Hull. — Manufactures — lumber, matches, paper. 
 
 Sherbrooke, Three Rivers, St Hyacinthe, 
 
 Sorely Valieyfield. 
 
 :o Industries: Lumbering, fishing, farming,manu- 
 facturing, trade and commerce, fur-trade, 
 mininc; (gold, iron, copper, mica, etc.), ship- 
 building. 
 
CANADA. 
 
 45 
 
 New Brunswick 
 <^apital, Fredericton. 
 
 : Bouadaries : North. — Quebec, Resiigouche R., 
 Chaleur B. 
 
 East. — G. of St. Lawrence, Northumberland Str. 
 South. — Nova Scotia, Cumberland Basin, Chig 
 necto B., B. of Fundy. 
 
 West. — Passamaquoddy B., R. St. Croix. Maine, 
 R. St. John. 
 
 J. Rivers : East. — Restigouche, Nipisiguit, Mira- 
 michi. 
 
 Smth. — Petitcodiac, St. John — Tobique, Salmon, 
 Canaan — St. Croix. 
 
 3. Lake : Grand. 
 
 4. Gulfs and Bays : North.— C\\2\tm. 
 
 East. — St. Lawrence, Miramichi, Verte. 
 
 South. — Fundy, Passamaquoddv, St. John Har- 
 bor, Chignecto,Shepody, Cumberland Basin. 
 
 5 Strait: Northumberland. 
 
 6. Capes: Miscou, Escuminac, Tormentine. 
 
 7. Isthmus: Chignecto. 
 
 8. Islands : East. — Miscou, Shippegan. 
 
 South. — Grand Manan, Campobello, Deer 
 
 9. Cities and Chief Towns : 
 
 St. John — Winter port of Canada ; trade and 
 
 commerce ; manufacturing. 
 Fredericton.— Capital. 
 Moncton. — Headquarters of the Intercolonial 
 
 Railway. 
 
46 
 
 GEOGRAPHY NOTES 
 
 Portland, Carleton, Chatham, Newcastle, 
 
 Richibucto^ St. George, St. Afidrews. 
 
 10. Industries : Lumbering, fishing, ship-building, 
 
 trade and commerce^ mining, farming, man- 
 ufacturing. 
 
 Nova Scotia. 
 Capital, - Halifax. 
 
 1. Boundaries : iVbr//^.— Northumberland Strait, 
 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
 
 Soiith-East. — Atlantic Ocean. 
 TF^i/.— Fundy, Chignecto, Cumberland, New 
 Brunswick. 
 
 2. Mountains : Cobequid, North, South. The sur 
 
 face is rocky, but the soil in the valleys is 
 fertile. The coast is rocky and indented 
 with many inlets. 
 
 3. Rivers : All small. 
 
 Itito Fundy.— Annapolis. 
 
 Into Atlantic.~^\. Mary, La Have, Liverpool. 
 
 4. Lakes. Rossignol, Bras d'Or (C.B.). 
 
 5. Ocean : Atlantic. 
 
 6. Gulfs and Bays : North.— ^{. Lawrence, Verte, 
 
 St. Oeorge's. 
 SouthEast.—C\\Qddih\icio, Halifax Har.,Bedford 
 
 Basin, Margaret's, Mahone. 
 f^wA— Fundy, St. Marys, Annapolis, Minas 
 
 Basin, Chignecto, Cumberland Basin. 
 
 7. Straits: ..V*?;-//^.— Northumberland. 
 
 East. — Canso. 
 
CANADA. 
 
 47 
 
 
 i- 
 
 t, 
 
 iV 
 
 If^esf. — Minas Channel, Digby Gut. 
 8. Capes : Nor//i.—Si. George, North. 
 
 Souih-Easi. — Breton, Canso, Sambro, Sal>ic. 
 
 irt'j/.— Split. 
 9 Isthmus: Chignecto. 
 
 10. Islands : Cape Breton, Madame, Sable. 
 
 11. Cities and Chief Towns : 
 
 Halifax: Capital; Canadian winter port; 
 British naval station. 
 
 Yarmouth, Lunenburg, and Liverpool. — 
 
 Fishing, lumbering, ship-building. 
 
 Sydney and Pictou.— Coal. 
 
 Dartmouth^ Annapolis^ Truro. 
 
 12. Industries. — Fishing, lumbering, ship-building, 
 
 trade and commerce, farming, manufactur- 
 ing, mining (gold, coal, iron, gypsum). 
 
 Prince Edward Island. 
 
 Capital, 
 
 Charlottetown. 
 
 1. Boundaries: North and East. — i. Gulf of St. 
 
 Lawrence. 
 South. — Northumberland Strait. 
 
 2. Gulfs and Bays : St. Lawrence, Cardigan, 
 
 Hillsborough, Egmont. 
 
 3. Strait : Northumberland. 
 
 4. Capes : North, East, Bear, West 
 
 5. Cities and Chief Towns : 
 
 Charlottetown : Ship-building ; port, trade 
 in farm produce and oysters. 
 
48 
 
 0»,oOK.\l'HY NOTES 
 
 Summerside, Geori^doivn. 
 Industries : I'armin},', fisliinj;, manufacturing 
 
 Manitoba. 
 Capital, - Winnipeg. 
 
 1. Boundaries: JSorth. — Saskatchewan, Kewatin 
 
 East. — Ivewalin, Ontario. 
 
 South. — United Slates (49th parallel). 
 
 West. — Assiniboia, Saskatchewan. 
 
 2. Surface : The eastern part is rocky. The 
 
 western part is mostly prairie with low hills 
 in the west and south. 
 
 3. Hills (or Mountains). — Pembina, Turtle, Riding, 
 
 Duck. 
 
 4. Rivers : Winnipeg, Red, Assiniboine, Souris. 
 
 5- Lakes : Wmnii)eg, Winnipegosis, Manitob.T, 
 Dauphin, Woods. 
 
 6. Cities and Chief Towns : 
 
 Winnipeg. — Capital ; railway centre : head- 
 quarters for trade with the whole province. 
 Brandon, Portage la Prairie, Emerson, 
 
 Morris, Rapid City, Souris, Minnedosa, 
 
 British Columbia. 
 Capital, - Victoria. 
 
 I. Boundaries : North.~\\Ao\-\, Mackenzie. 
 East. — Athabasca, Alberta. 
 
 South. — United States, Ilaro and Juan de Fuca 
 
 Straits. 
 
 /-f^j/.— Pacif].:, Dixon Entrance, Alaska. 
 
CANADA. 
 
 49 
 
 i. Surface and Natural Resources : The coun 
 try IS mountainous, and the scenery is grand 
 l)eyond description. The minerals, which 
 include gold, silver, coal, and iron, are o( 
 untold value. The coast is bold and rocky, 
 and has many little inlets which form valu- 
 able harbors. The rivers swarm with salmon. 
 Fertile valleys extend along the rivers and 
 near the coast. Dense forests of valuable 
 trees cover a large part of the province, and 
 numberless animals roam in the woods. 
 
 3. Mountains : Rocky, Gold, Selkirk, Cascade. 
 
 Peaks. — Brown, Hooker, Murchison. 
 
 Passes. — Kootenay, Crow's Nest, Kananaskis, 
 
 Kicking Horse, Yellowhead, Pine River Pass, 
 
 and Peace River Pass. 
 
 4. Rivers : Fraser, Thompson, Columbia, Kootenay, 
 
 Skeena, Stickeen, Liard. 
 5 Lakes: Kootenay, Upper and Lower Arrow, 
 Okanagan, Harrison. 
 
 6. Ocean : Pacific. 
 
 7. Gulfs and Bays: Bute, Burrard, Portland 
 
 Channel. 
 
 8. Straits : Juan du Fuca, Haro, Georgia, Queen 
 
 Charlotte Sd., Hecate, Dixon Entrance. 
 > Capes : Scott, St. James, North. 
 ID. Islands : Vancouver, Queen Charlotte. 
 II. Cities and Chief Towns : 
 
 Vancouver. — Port; terminus C.P.R. 
 Victoria. — Capital. 
 
 New Westminster.— Port ; canning fish, in- 
 land trade. 
 
 
9© 
 
 GEOGRAPHY NOTEa. 
 
 Rossland— Mining. 
 
 Nanaimo.— Coal. 
 
 Esquimalt, Hope, Yale, Lyttcti, Kamioops. 
 12. Industries : Mining (gold, silver, coal, iron) 
 lumbering, fishing, canning, farming, stock- 
 raising, fur-trade (land animals and seal), 
 trade and commerce. 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 Capital - Washington 
 
 (i). New England States- 
 
 
 Aii- 
 
 
 
 States. 
 
 KRKVI- 
 AITON 
 
 Me. 
 
 CaI'IIALS. 
 
 Chief Products. 
 
 Maine. 
 
 Augusta. 
 
 Lumber, fish, ships. 
 
 NewHamp shire 
 
 N II. 
 
 Concord. 
 
 Manufactures. 
 
 Vermont. 
 
 Vt. 
 
 Montpelier. 
 
 Butter, cheese, 
 marblf . 
 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 iMass. 
 
 BoGton. 
 
 Manufactures. 
 
 Rhode Island. 
 
 R.I. 
 
 Providence 
 and Newport. 
 
 Manufactures. 
 
 Connecticut. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Hartford. 
 
 Manufactures. 
 
UNITED STATKS. 
 
 (2) Atlantic States. 
 
 5»- 
 
 Maine. 
 
 
 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 
 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 Rhode Island. 
 
 
 
 
 Connecticut. 
 
 
 
 
 New York. 
 
 N.V. 
 
 Albany. 
 
 -MTs, grain, cheese, 
 salt. 
 
 New Jersey. 
 
 \.T. 
 
 Trenton. 
 
 Matiufactures. 
 
 Pennsylvania, 
 
 Ta. 
 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 Coal, iron, coal oil, 
 manufactures. 
 
 Delaware. 
 
 Del. 
 
 Dover. 
 
 Fruit. 
 
 Maryland. 
 
 M.i. 
 
 Annapolis. 
 
 Fruit, oysters, coal. 
 
 District of 
 
 D.C. 
 
 No Capital. 
 
 
 Columbia. 
 
 
 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 Va. 
 
 Richmond. 
 
 Tobacco. 
 
 North Carolina. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 Raleigh. 
 
 Lumber, tar, turpen- 
 tine. 
 
 South Carolina. 
 
 S.C. 
 
 Columbia. 
 
 Cotton, rice. 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 (ia. 
 
 Atlanta. 
 
 Cotton, manufact'-'^. 
 
 Florida. 
 
 Kia. 
 
 Tallahassee. 
 
 Cotton, fruit. 
 
 (3) Gulf States. 
 
 Florida. 
 
 
 
 Alabama. 
 
 Ala. 
 
 Montgomery. 
 
 Cotton. 
 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Miss. 
 
 Jackson. 
 
 Cotton. 
 
 Louisiana. 
 
 La. 
 
 Baton Rouge. 
 
 Cotton, sugar, rice. 
 
 Texas. 
 
 Tex. 
 
 Austin. 
 
 C'otton, cattle, grain 
 
 (4) Eastern Central States 
 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Michigan. 
 
 Illinois. 
 
 Indiana. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Kentucky. 
 West Virginia. 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Mississippi. 
 Alabama. 
 
 \Vi>. Madison. 
 .Midi. Lansing. 
 III. jSpringfield, 
 Ind. ilndianapolis. 
 
 O. 
 
 Ky. 
 
 \V. Va. 
 Tenn. 
 
 Columbus. 
 
 Frankfort 
 
 Charleston. 
 
 Nashville. 
 
 I.uniltcr, ^rain. 
 Lumber, salt, copper 
 ( Jroin, stock, m'f's. 
 iCrain, stock, coal 
 Coal, petroleum, 
 
 grain. 
 Tobacco, horses. 
 Coal, iron, salt. 
 Cotton, tobacco, 
 
 stock. 
 
 PROVINCIAL UBRARr 
 VICTORIA, B. C. 
 
52 
 
 GEO(iUAl'HY NOTES. 
 
 (5) Western Central States 
 
 North Dakota. 
 
 South Dakota. 
 
 Minnesota. 
 
 Nebraska. 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 Kansas. 
 
 Missouri. 
 
 Indian Ter. 
 
 Oklahoma Ter. 
 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Texas. 
 
 Louisiana. 
 
 Bismarck. 
 Pierre. 
 St. Paul. 
 Lincoln. 
 Des Moines. 
 Topeka. 
 Jefferson City, 
 No Capital. 
 Guthrie. 
 Little Rock. 
 
 Wheat. 
 
 Wheat. 
 
 Wheat, flour, lumber. 
 
 Wheat, corn. 
 
 Wheat, corn, stock . 
 
 Wheat, corn, stock . 
 
 (Jrain, iron, mTs. 
 
 } Grain, live stock. 
 
 Cotton. 
 
 (6) Pacific States. 
 
 Alaska Ter. 
 Washington. 
 Oregon. 
 California. 
 
 Sitka. 
 Olympia. 
 Splern, 
 Sacramento. 
 
 Seals, gold. 
 Lumber, fish, metals. 
 Kish, wool, stock. 
 Fruit, wheat, wine, 
 gold. 
 
 (7) Rocky Mountain and Basin States 
 
 2. 
 
 Montana. 
 
 Wyoming. 
 
 Colorado. 
 
 New Mexico Ter. 
 
 Idaho. 
 
 Nevada. 
 
 Utah. 
 
 Arizona Ter. 
 
 Helena. 
 Cheyenne. 
 Denver. 
 Santa Fc. 
 Boise City. 
 Carson City. 
 Salt Lake City 
 Phoenix. 
 
 Ciold, silver, cattle, 
 (iold, silver, cattle. 
 Gold, silver, 
 (jold, silver, 
 (iold, silver. 
 Silver, lead. 
 Lead. 
 (if)ld, silver. 
 
 Chief Cities. 
 
 All over 100,000 by census of i8go. 
 
 I. Along the Atlantic— Boston, Providence, Greater New 
 York, Jersey City, Newark, Philadelphia, Baltimore, 
 Washington. 
 
 Greater New K7r/('— Largest city in America ; grrat se.T- 
 port ; manufacturing. 
 
 'i^l ' 
 
 'i I' 
 
 u 
 
 \ -c 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 53 
 
 Philadelphia — Seaport ; manufacturing. 
 
 /?oi/t7//~ Seaport ; educational centre. 
 
 Baltimore— ':r\e&}[)Oxi, trade in cotton, fruit, and oysters. 
 
 Washington —¥G<\ex9\ capital ; great public buildings. 
 
 Newark, Jersey City, Providence — Mani<facturing. 
 
 On the Great Lakes — Chicago, Milwaukee, Detroit, 
 Cleveland, Buffalo, Rochester. 
 
 Chicago — Railway centre ; grain and lumber p* ^t ; manu- 
 facturing. 
 
 Cleveland, Buffalo, Detroit— Ports and railway centres ; 
 manufacturing ; trade with Canada. 
 
 Mihvaukee — Grain and lumber port. 
 
 Rochester — Manufactures. 
 
 In the Mississippi Basin— St. Paul, Minneapolis, St. 
 Louis, New Orleans ; Kansas City, Omaha ; Louis- 
 v'lle, Cincinnati, Pittsburg, Alleghany, Indianapolis. 
 
 St. Louis, Cincinnati — Railway centres ; breadstuf) id 
 provisions ; manufacturing ; river uade. 
 
 New Orleans — Cotton and sugar port ; trade with tlie 
 
 Mississippi Valley. 
 Pittsburgh Alleghany — Manufacturing of iron and glass ; 
 
 coal. 
 Minneapolis, St. Paul— Lumber and flour. 
 Louisville — Tobacco market. 
 Omaha, Kansas Ci'/y— -Grain and stock markets, 
 Indianapolis — Railway centre ; manufacturing. 
 
 The Western Highlands — Denver, San Francisco, 
 Seattle. 
 San Francisco — Seaport, trade with South America, Asia 
 
 and Australia ; U.S. mint. 
 Denver — Great mining centre r ' f.S. mint. 
 Seattle — Lumber port. 
 
 I 
 
SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 I. Position : a. Absolute. l>. Relative. 
 a. From lo' N. lat. to 55' S. lat. 
 
 Ihe greater part ILs in the Torrid Zone 
 
SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 •iS 
 
 b. Between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. 
 Compare with latitude of Africa and Australia. 
 
 c. Boundaries : 
 
 North — Caribbean Sea. 
 
 East — Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 West — Pacific Ocean. 
 
 2 Surface and Drainage : 
 
 a. 1 he Great Western Plateau. 
 
 The Andes System : 
 
 Ranges — Three at north, two in centre, 
 and one at south. 
 
 Peaks — Antisana, Cotopaxi, Chimbora- 
 zo, Sorata, Illimani, Aconcagua, 
 Antuco, Yanteles. 
 
 Rivers — Magdalena ; the others short 
 
 and rapid. 
 Lakes — Maracaybo, Titicaca. 
 
 b. The Eastern Highlands. 
 
 (i) The Brazilian Plateau : 
 
 Ranges — Espinhaco, Mantiqueira. 
 River — San Francisco. 
 
 (2) The Guiana Plateau : 
 
 Ranges — Parime, Pacaraima, Acaray 
 River — Essequibo. 
 
 c. The Great Central Plain. 
 
 (i) Northern Slope : 
 River — Orinoco. 
 
it -r-. 
 
 .?# 
 
 56 GEOGRAPHY NOTES. 
 
 (2) The Basin of the Amazon : 
 
 Rivers — Amazon, Para; 
 
 {a) Japura, Negro. 
 
 (J)) Yiicayale, Madeira, Tapajos, 
 Xingu, Tocantins. 
 
 (3) Southern Slope : 
 
 Rivers — La Plata or Plate ; 
 
 Uruguay, Parana — Paraguay, Sa- 
 lado. 
 
 3. Coast Features— Waters— r^rt^/ almost un- 
 broken. 
 
 a. Oceans — Atlantic, Pacific. 
 
 b. Sea —Caribbean. 
 <*. Gulfs and Bays : 
 
 (i) Darien, Venezuela, Paria. 
 
 (2) St. Mathias, St. George. 
 
 (3) Arica, Guayaquil, Panama. 
 d. 6'//-«/Vj— Magellan, Le Maire. 
 
 4 Coast Features— Land— /^7£; and small. 
 
 a. Ca/)^^— Gallinas, St. Roque, Frio, Horn, 
 
 Blanco. 
 
 b. Isthmus — Panama (Darien). 
 
 c. Islands— {i) Leeward, Trinidad, Joannes 
 
 (Marajo). 
 
 (2) Terra del Fuego, Staten, Falkland, 
 
 South Georgia 
 
 (3) Wellington,^ Chiloe, Juan Fernandez, 
 
 Chincha, Galapagos. 
 
SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 57 
 
 5. Political Divisions 
 
 COUNTKIKS. 
 
 Gov't. 
 
 CMITAI-S AM) CUIEK CiTIKS. 
 
 Bra/il. 
 
 Kep. 
 
 RioJaneiro,Bahia,Pernambuco, 
 I'ara. 
 
 Argentine Rep. 
 
 Rep. 
 
 Buenos Ayres. 
 
 Chili. 
 
 Rep. 
 
 Santiago, Valparaiso. 
 
 Uruguay. 
 
 Kep. 
 
 Monte Video. 
 
 Paraguay. 
 
 Rep. 
 
 Asuncion. 
 
 Bolivia. 
 
 Rep. 
 
 La Paz, Sucre. 
 
 Peru. 
 
 Rep. 
 
 Lima, Callao. 
 
 Ecuador. 
 
 Rep. 
 
 Quito, Guayaquil. 
 
 U.S. of Colombia. 
 
 Kep. 
 
 Bogota, I'anania, /spinwall. 
 
 Venezuela. 
 
 Rep. 
 
 Caracas, T,a Guayra. 
 
 Guiana : — 
 
 
 
 British. 
 
 Col. 
 
 Georgetown. 
 
 Dutch. 
 
 Col. 
 
 Paramaribo. 
 
 French. 
 
 Col. 
 
 Cayenne. 
 
 Falkland Ids. and 
 
 Br. Col 
 
 Staney. 
 
 South Georgia. 
 
 
 
 6 Exports and Imports . 
 Brazil : 
 
 Exports— CoiiQC, sugar, cotton, woods, drugs, 
 india-rul)ber, vegetable ivory,hides,diamonds, 
 emeralds, rubies. 
 
 Imports — Manufactdres, grain, flour, coai, 
 fish. 
 
 Argentine Republic : 
 
 Exports— }A\M\.o\\ tallow, wool, hides, wheat, 
 flax, ostrich feathers. 
 
 Imports — Manufactures. 
 
 ChMi : 
 
 Exports— Co^p^tr, silver, saltpetre, guano, 
 
 wheat, flour. 
 Imports — Manufactures, fish. 
 
58 
 
 GEOGRAPHY NOTES. 
 
 Bolivia, Peru and Ecuador : 
 
 Exports — Precious metals, india-rubber. 
 Peruvian bark, cocaine, llama and alpaca 
 wool, nitre, guano, vegetable ivory. 
 
 Imports — Manufactures, fish, flour. 
 
 Colombia and Venezuela : 
 
 Exports — Precious metals, emeralds, coffee, 
 cotton, tobacco, sugar, panama hats, woods, 
 india-rubber, medicinal plants. 
 
 Imports — Manufactures, flour, fish. 
 
 Guiana : 
 
 Exports — Sugar, molasses, coffee, tobacco, 
 cocoa, woods, drugs, spices. 
 
 Imports — Manufactures, flour, fish, lumber. 
 
 The Products of South America. 
 
 Animals — ^Jaguar, puma, tapir, armadillo, anteater, condor, rhea, 
 anaconda, cayman. 
 
 Animal Products — Hides, feathers, wool, llama wool, alpaca 
 wool, tallow, mutton, fish, guano. 
 
 Vegetables— Qo^tQy cocoa, cotton, sugar, molasses, spices, fine 
 woods, dye-woods, drugs, Peruvian bark, cocaine, ivory, 
 wheat, flax, tobacco, india-rubber. 
 
 Minerals — Gold, silver, copper, diamonds, emeralds, rubies, 
 saltpetre. 
 
SOUTH A Nf ERICA. 
 
 59 
 
 ), 
 
 List 3. Pronunciation -South America. 
 Key.— rat, rale, far, p<H, we, pin, pine, n"*!, note, root, l)un, tune. 
 
 Acaray (ri ). 
 
 Lima (Ir'ma). 
 
 Aconca'|»ua (gwa). 
 
 •Mantiqiiei'-a (ka'ra). 
 
 Antisa'na. 
 
 Marajo (zho"). 
 
 Antuco (too'ko). 
 
 I'acaraima (ri'ma). 
 
 Arequipa (ke'pa). 
 
 Para'. 
 
 Bahia (V)a-o'a). 
 
 Paramaribo (re'hO). 
 
 Huenos Ayres (bo'nus). 
 
 Parana'. 
 
 Calla'O. 
 
 Parinie (re'ma). 
 
 Cayenne (kion'). 
 
 Pernambuco (boo'ko). 
 
 Chili (chS'le). 
 
 Quito (kf;'to). 
 
 Chiloa (che-Ioa'). 
 
 Ri'd JanGi'ro. 
 
 Chimbora'zo. 
 
 .San I id '^0. 
 
 Espjnhaco (yas'u). 
 
 Sora'la. 
 
 Frio (fre'o). 
 
 Sucre (soo-kra'). 
 
 Gallinas (le'nas). 
 
 Tapa'jos (yos). 
 
 (luayaquil (pwi a-kel'). 
 
 Terra del Fuego (fwa'gG). 
 
 Illimani (el-yf'-ma'ne) 
 
 Valparaiso (ri'so). 
 
 Joan'nes (zho). 
 
 Xingu (shr'n-goo'). 
 
 La Ciuayra (gwi'ra). 
 
 Vanteles (Yan-ta'ir'z). 
 
 le 
 
 y. 
 
 5| 
 
 **s 
 
EUROPE. 
 
 i. Position . 
 
 a. Absolute — In the North Temperate Zone. 
 d. Relative — West of Asia ; North of Africa. 
 Compare with latitude of Canada. 
 Account for the higher temperature. 
 
 '"■ .■'IT' 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 TJf^ 
 
 
 W 
 
 
 
 
 ■:^v 
 
 
 
 6o 
 
 Surface of 
 Europe. 
 
EUROFK, 
 
 6i 
 
 ™ 
 
 of 
 
 c. Boundaries : 
 
 North — Arctic Ocean. 
 
 West — Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 South — Str. of (iihraltar, Mediterranean, 
 /Egean, Dardanelles, Marmora, Bos- 
 phorus, Black, Caucasus Mts. 
 
 East — Caspian Sea, Ural River and Mts. 
 2. The Surface : Part of the Eurasian Continent. 
 
 a. Great Southern Plateau : 
 
 Axis — The Alps — Mount Blanc. 
 Ranges radiating from this centre. 
 
 Black Forest, Bohemian, (^ir[)aihian ; 
 
 Dinaric Alps, Bakan ; Caucasus ; 
 
 Apennines ; 
 
 Jura Alps, Cevennes, Pyrenees ; 
 
 Cantabrian, Sierra Morena, Sierra 
 Nevada ; 
 
 Vosges. 
 
 Peahs — Blanc, Rosa ; 
 
 Cenis, St. Gothard, St. Bernard ; 
 Vesuvius, Etna, Stromboli ; 
 Olympia. 
 
 />. Northern Highlands : 
 
 A'<i«t,'-^5— Scandinavian, Grampian ; 
 Ural Mountains. 
 
 Peah — Hecla, in Iceland. 
 
 c. Great Central Plain— /-//'« east and 7vest 
 and Is a continuation of the Siberian Plain. 
 
 (i) Part sloping to the north-west. 
 
 (2) Part sloping to the south-east. 
 
 'N 
 
62 
 
 GEOGRAPHY NOTES 
 
 11 
 'fi 
 
 r 
 
 Si 
 I 
 
 / 
 
 3. Drainage : 
 
 a. Great Central Plain : ^ jK 
 
 /divers intj Arctic — Petchora, Dwina^ >) 
 
 Into Baltic — Neva, Duna, Vistula, Oder. 
 
 Into North — Elbe,Weser, Rhine, Thames. 
 
 Into English Channel — Seine. 
 
 Into Biscay — Loire, Garonne. ~ 
 
 Into Black — ^Danube, Dniester, Dnieper. 
 
 Into Azov — Don. 
 
 Into Caspian — Volga, Ural. 
 Lakes —Ladoga, Onega, Saima, Peipus. 
 
 b. The Great Southern Plateau : 
 
 Rivers into Atlantic — Douro, Tagus, Giiadi- 
 ana, Guadalquiver. 
 
 Into Mediterranean — Ebro, Rhone, Tiber 
 
 Into Adriatic — Po. 
 
 Into ^/^/(r/C'-Danube-Drave, Save, Theiss. 
 
 Lakes — Geneva, Constance ; (Jomo, Mag- 
 giore, Garda. 
 
 c. Northern Highlands: 
 
 Rivers — Short and unimportant. 
 Lakes — VVener, Wetter, Maelar. 
 
 4. Coast Features -Waters : 
 
 Europe has tlie most broken coast-line of all the 
 continents. 
 
 Notice the important influence of this on climate 
 and navigation. 
 
 ft. OcfiftHi '^Arct\c, Atlantrc. 
 
 f 
 
EUROPE. 
 
 63 
 
 b. Seas 
 
 
 On the North west ~~m\\iQ^ Baltic, North, 
 Irish. 
 
 On the .S>>'////ir— Mediterranean, Tyrrhenian, 
 Adriatic, Ionian, /Kgoan, Marmora, 
 Black, Azov. 
 
 On the Tstf^/ -Caspian. 
 ■:. Gulfs and Bays : 
 
 On the North-west — liothnia, Finland, 
 Riga, Biscay. 
 
 On the South — Lyons, Genoa, Taranto, 
 Venice, Corinth, Salonica, Perekop. 
 
 d. Straits and Channels : 
 
 On the North- West—'^onnd, C.reat Belt, 
 Little Belt, Cattegat, Skager Rack, 
 Uover, English, St. George's, North. 
 
 On thz South — Gibraltar, Bonifacio Mes- 
 sina, Otranto, Dardanelles, Bosphorus. 
 Yenikale. 
 
 5. Coast Features— Land— 6)«<?->?/r/// of the 
 
 continent. 
 
 a. Capes : 
 
 To the North-7ticst —Nonh, Naze, Skaw, 
 Wrath, Clear, Land's End, La Hogue, 
 Ortegal, Finisterre, St. Vincent, Tra- 
 falgar. 
 
 To the 6'^«//^— Messina, Spartivento, Mata- 
 pan. 
 
 b. Peninsulas — Scandinavia, Denmark, Spain 
 
 and Portugal, Italy, Greece, I^torea, 
 Crimea. 
 
 \ 
 
 1 
 
 \13 
 
64 
 
 GEOGRAPHY NOTES. 
 
 c. /s^/imuses— Kid, Corir ih, Perekop. 
 
 d. Islands : In Arctic — Nova Zembla. Loffoden. 
 
 I7i Baltic — Gothland, Oeland — to Sweden. 
 
 Aland, Dago, Oesel — to Russia. 
 
 Rugen — to Germany. 
 
 Zealand, Fiinen, Laaland, Bornholm 
 — to Denmark. 
 
 To the rrt'5/- Iceland, Faroe, British Jsles 
 — Great Britain, Ireland, Shetland, 
 Orkney, Hebrides — Man, Channel Ids. 
 
 To the South — Balearic — Mnjorca, Minorca, 
 Ivica — Corsica, Sardinia, Elba, Sicily 
 Lipari, Malta, Ionian, Crete, Eubcea, 
 The Archipelago. 
 
 6. Political Divisions. 
 
 r. First Rate Powers. 
 
 Countries. Gov't CAPriAL and Chief Cities. 
 
 Great Britain 
 and Ireland. 
 
 Russia. 
 
 Lojl.don, Liverpool, Man- 
 chester, Birmingham, Leeds, 
 Sheffield ; 
 
 Glasgow, Edinburgh ; 
 Dublin, Belfast. 
 
 St. Petersburg, Moscow, 
 Warsaw, Odessa, Astrakhan, 
 Nijni Novgorod, Riga, Arch- 
 angel. 
 
EUROPE. 65 
 
 a. First Rate "PovitVS—Contimted. 
 
 Countries. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Caimtai- and Chief Cities. 
 
 France. 
 
 Austria- 
 Hungary 
 Italy. 
 
 Berlin, Hamburg, Breslau, 
 Munich, Dresden, Bremen, 
 Leipsic, Hanover, Cologne, 
 Strasburg, KonigsbergjMag- 
 deburg, Frankfort, S'uttgart, 
 Dantzic. 
 
 Paris, Lyons, Marseilles, Bor- 
 deaux, Rouen, Lille (Lisle), 
 Toulouse, St. Etienne, 
 Nantes, Havre. 
 
 Vienna, Buda-Pesth, Prague, 
 Trieste, Lemberg. 
 
 Rome, Naples, Milan, Turin, 
 Genoa, Florence, Venice, 
 Bologna, Leghorn, Paler- 
 mo, Messina. 
 
 /» Second and Third Rate Powers. 
 
 Norway. \ 
 Sweden. / 
 Denmark. 
 Holland or The 
 Netherlands. 
 Pelgium. 
 Spain. 
 
 Portugal. 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 Turkey. 
 
 Greece. 
 
 Roumania. 
 
 Servia. 
 
 Montenegro. 
 
 Bulgaria. 
 
 Christiania, Bergen. 
 
 Stockholm, Gothenburg. 
 
 Ccpi^nhagen. 
 
 The .Hague, Amsterdam, Rotter- 
 dam, Utrecht. 
 
 Bnissels, Antwerp, Ghent, Liege. 
 
 Madrid, r.arce'.om, Valencia, 
 Seville, Ma'aga, Granada. 
 
 Lisbon, Oporti 
 
 Bern, Geneva, Iksle. 
 
 Constantinople, Adrianople, 
 Salonica. 
 
 Athens, Tirxus. 
 
 Bucharest. 
 
 Belprade. 
 
 Cettenje. 
 
 St>phia. ^__ 
 
 I'M 
 
 ^•«l'«: 
 
 '.' .'1" 
 
66 GEOGRAPHY NOTES. 
 
 7. Exports and Imports 
 
 Great Britain : 
 
 Exports — Woollens, cottons, linens, silks, hard- 
 ware, cutlery, pottery, ships. 
 
 Imports — Grain, provisions, live-stock, lumber, 
 cotton, wool, silk, rubber, sugar, tea, coffee, 
 spices. 
 
 Russia : 
 
 Exports — Grain, flour, live-stock, timber. 
 Imports — Manufactures, coal, tropical products 
 
 r ranee : 
 
 Exports — Silks, lace, fancy goods, porcelain, 
 wines, brandy. 
 
 Imports — Cotton, wool, coal, coffee, tea, cattle. 
 
 Germany : 
 
 Exports — Manufactures — metals, cloth, sugar, 
 salt, chemicals. 
 
 Imports — Cotton, wool, silk, fish, coffee, fruits. 
 
 Austria- Hungary : 
 
 Exports — Grain, cloth, sugar, glass. 
 
 Imports -Cotton, machinery, leather goods, pro- 
 visions. 
 
 Italy : 
 
 Exports— '^ixW, hats, macaroni, sulphur, fruits. 
 Imports — Coal, cotton, iron. 
 
 Norway and Sweden : 
 
 Exports — Fish, oysters, oils, cimber, iron. 
 Imports — Manufactures. 
 
IXJROPK. 
 
 67 
 
 er, 
 
 :ts 
 
 lin, 
 e. 
 
 ;ar, 
 
 pro- 
 
 Denmark : 
 
 Exports — Butter, eggs, bacoti, live stock. 
 Imports — Manufactures, coal, timber, sugar, to- 
 bacco, coffee, fruit. 
 
 Holland and Belgium : 
 
 Exports — Manufactures, butter, cheese, live 
 
 stock, seeds and bulbs, spices. 
 Imports — Grain, timber, cotton, wool. 
 
 Spain and Portugal : 
 
 Exports — Fruits (dried and fresh), wine, ores, 
 
 wool, cork. 
 Imports — Manufactures, fish, cotton. 
 
 Switzerland : 
 
 Exports — Watches, clocks, toys, cottons, silks, 
 
 cheese. 
 Imports - Provisions, grain, spirits, cotton, silk_ 
 
 Greece : 
 
 Exports — Currants, wine, figs, olive oil. 
 Imports — Grain, cloth, provisions. 
 
 Turkey : 
 
 Exports— V\g^, raisins, silk, silk goods, olive oil 
 
 attar of roses. 
 Imports— ^oXKo^ and metal goods. 
 
 "'*****%« 
 
 s. 
 
68 
 
 GEOGRAPHY NOTES. 
 
 List 4. Pronunciation — Europe. 
 
 Key. — rat, rate, far, pet, we, pin, pine, not, note, root, bun, tiine, 
 
 Aland (aw'land). 
 Balearic (bal-a-ar'ik). 
 Blanc (blone ). 
 Bologna (bo-lfm'ya). 
 Bordeaux (do'). 
 Bremen (brii'men). 
 Buda-Pesth (boo-da pest'). 
 Cettenje (tan'yfi). 
 Euboea (fi-be'a). 
 Gothenburg (got'en). 
 Laaland (law' land). 
 La Hogue' . 
 Leipsic (lip'sik). 
 Liege (le-fizh'). 
 Lisle or Lille (lei). 
 Loire (Iwai). 
 
 iMaggiore (ma-j O'ra). 
 Messina (sii'na). 
 Nijni Nov'gorod (nizh'ne). 
 Oeland (u'lant, u as in burn). 
 Oesel (u'sel, u as in burn). 
 Rouen (/oo'en). 
 Salonic;! (ne'ka). 
 Seme (san). 
 
 Seville (sev'il or se-vel'). 
 Sophia (so'fe-a or so-fe'a). 
 Theiss (lis). 
 Turin (too'rin). 
 Tyrrhenian (tir-ran') 
 Vosges (vuzh). 
 Yenikale(ka'lr'). 
 
 THE BRITISH EMPIRE. 
 
 Size — Nearly 12,000,000 square miles. 
 Population — Nearly 400,000,000. 
 
 Government : 
 
 Resp. — Responsible government. 
 Rep. — Representative government only 
 Cr. — Crown Colony. 
 Prot. — Protectorate. 
 
 Europe : 
 
 Rcsp. — Great Britain and Ireland. 
 Rep. — M'A.x\ ; Channel Ids. 
 Cr. — Malta and Ciozo. 
 Military Colony. — Gibraltar. 
 
THE BRITISH EMPIRE. 
 
 69 
 
 North America : 
 
 Resp. — Canada ; Newfoundland. 
 
 i?^/.— Bermudas ; Bahamas ; Leewards ; Wind 
 wards ; Barbadoes. 
 
 Cr. — Jamaica ; Belize. 
 
 South America : 
 
 Rep. — British Guiana. 
 
 Cr, — Trinidad ; Falkland Ids, and S. Georgia. 
 
 Asia 
 
 Cr. — India and Burmah ; Ceylon ; Straits Set- 
 tlements ; Hong Kong ; Labuan. 
 
 Prot. — Native States of India (Cashmere,Nepaul, 
 Bhotan, etc.); Beloochistan ; Aden, Perim, 
 and Socotra ; Bahrein ; Cyprus ; British 
 North Borneo \ Brunei ; Sarawak. 
 
 Naval Station — Port Hamilton- 
 
 Africa : 
 
 Resp — Cape Colony and Bechuanaland ; Natal 
 and Zululand. 
 
 Rep — Mauritius and Seychelles. 
 
 Cr. — Sierri Leone; Gambia; Gold Coast ; La 
 
 gos ; St. Helena ; Basutoland. 
 Prot. — ?^i;t:'«sia; Nyassaland ; Zanzibar; Br. 
 
 East /'f;- < ; Somali ; Niger Coast and 
 
 Territories. 
 
 Naval Station — Ascension. 
 Military Occupation I^^gypt. 
 Suzerainty -Transvaal. 
 
 m 
 
/o 
 
 GEOGRAPHY NOTES. 
 
 Australasia : 
 
 Resp. — Queensland ; New Soutti Wales ; Vic- 
 toria ; South Australia ; Western Australia ; 
 Tasmania ; New Zealand. 
 
 Cr. — Fiji Ids.; British New Guinea. 
 
 Prot. — New Hebrides. 
 
 Polynesia : 
 
 Prot. — Tonga or Friendly Ids.; Cook's or Her- 
 vey Ids.; Samoan Ids. (in part); Pitcairn 
 Id., and others. 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 
 
 Capital, - London. 
 
 Position : a. Absolute — latitude and zone. 
 
 b. Relative. Notice their insular character and 
 position as regards the Gulf Stream, and the 
 influence of these on the climate and the 
 occupations of the people. 
 
 Boundaries \—East—^Qx\X\ Sea. 
 
 6"^////— Str. of Dover, English Channel 
 West — Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 Surface : 
 
 England and Wales — Mountainous in the north 
 and west ; hilly in the south ; the centre 
 and east a fertile plain. 
 
 Scotland — Mountainous in the north and west ; 
 hilly in the south ; an undulating plain in 
 the centre. 
 
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRKLAND. 
 
 71 
 
 Ireland — Mountainous or hilly in the north, 
 west and south ; a plain in the centre. 
 
 Britain's Exports consist of coal and manu- 
 factured goods in the following order of value : — 
 cottons, woollens and worsteds, hardware and cutlery, 
 coal, machinery, linens, carpets, pottery, books, salt. 
 
 Her Imports consist mainly of foods and 
 material for manufacturing, including : — grain, sugar, 
 tea, rice, spices, meats, cheese, fruits, nuts, butter and 
 eggs, tobacco, wines and spirits ; cotton, wool, silk, 
 fax and hemp, timber, cabinet woods, teak, hides, 
 l)etroleum, dyestuffs, drugs. 
 
 Where do these come from ? 
 
 
 England and Wales. 
 
 1. Surface : 
 
 Mountains — Cheviot, Pennine, Cumbrian, Cam- 
 brian. 
 
 Peaks — Skawfell, Crossfell, Skiddaw, Snowdon. 
 
 Hills — Malvern, Cotswold, Chiltern, Mendip, 
 North and South Downs, Cornish Heights. 
 
 Plain — The centre and east. 
 
 2. Drainage: 
 
 Rivers— TywQ, Tees, Humber, Ouse, Trent, 
 Welland, Nen, Great Ouse, Thames, Severn, 
 Avon, Wye, Dee, Mersey. 
 
 Lakes — Derwentwater, Ulleswater, Windermere. 
 
 3 Coast Features— Waters : 
 
 Ocean — Atlantic. 
 Seas — North, Irish. 
 
72 
 
 GEOGRAPHY NOTES. 
 
 j^ays — The Wash, Mounts, Barnstaple, Swansea, 
 Caermarthen, Cardigan, Caernarvon, More- 
 cambe, Solway. 
 
 Straits and Channels — Dover, English, Solent, 
 Spithead, Bristol, St. George's, Menai. 
 
 4. Coast Features— Land : 
 
 Capes — Flamborough, Spurn, The Naze, N. and 
 S. Foreland, Beachy, Start, The Lizard, 
 Land's End, Hartland, St. David's, Braich- 
 y-pwll, St. Bees. 
 
 Peninsulas — Norfolk and Suffolk, Kent, Devon 
 and Cornwall, South West W'ales. 
 
 Islands — Holy, Sheppey, Thanet, Wight, Scilly, 
 Anglesey, Holy. (Channel, Man.) 
 
 5. Chief Cities : 
 
 Seaports — London — capital ; largest city and 
 greatest port in the world ; great money 
 market ; manufactures. 
 Liverpool, Bristol, Hull, Newcastle-upon 
 Tyne, Sunderland, Plymouth, Southampton. 
 
 Manufacturing Centres — Manchester {cottons) ; 
 Leeds {woollens); Birmingham {hardivare) ; 
 Sheffield {cutlery) ; Bradford {ivorsteds) : 
 Leicester {hosiery) ; Nottingham {hosiery, 
 ■ lace)\ Kidderminster ((T^r/'^/^); Hanley (/<?/- 
 tery) \ Swansea {copper) \ Merthyr-Tydvil 
 {iron). 
 
 Naval Stations — Portsmouth, Devonport, Chat- 
 ham. 
 
 Universities — Cambridge, Oxford. 
 
 Cathedrals — Canterbury, Yori, . 
 
 Miscellaneous — Greenwich {observatory) ; Wool- 
 wich {arsenal). 
 
 5. 
 
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 
 
 7% 
 
 >at- 
 
 Scotland. 
 
 1. Surface: 
 
 Mountains — Grampians, Highlands. 
 
 Peaks — Nevis, Lomond. 
 
 IfiUs — Dchil, Pentland, Lammermuir, Lowther, 
 
 Cheviot. 
 P/ain — the centre. 
 
 2. Drainage: 
 
 Pivers — Spey, Uee, Tay, Forth, Tweed, Teviot, 
 
 Nith, Clyde. 
 Lakes — Lochy, Ness, Tay, Lomond, Katrine, 
 
 Awe. 
 
 3. Coast Features— Waters : 
 
 Ocean — Atlantic. 
 
 Seas — North, Irish. 
 
 Bays — Moray, Dornoch, Tay, Forth, Loch 
 
 Linnhe, Clyde, Luce, VVigton, Solway. 
 Straits and Channels — Pentland, Minch, Little 
 
 Minch, Harris, Sleat, Mull, Jura, Islay, 
 
 North, Kilbrannan. 
 
 4. Coast Features— Land : 
 
 Capes — Duncansby, Tarbet, Kinnairds, Fife, St. 
 Abb's, Wrath, Lewis, Aird, Cantire, Gallo- 
 way, Burrow. 
 
 Peninsulas — Cantire, Wigton. 
 
 Islands — Shetland, Orkney, Hebrides, Skye, 
 Mull, Jura, Islay, Arran, Bute. 
 
 5. Chief Cities: 
 
 Edinburgh — The former capital, and a great 
 legal, educational and publishing centre. 
 
 
74 GEOvlRAPHV NOTES. 
 
 Se-iports — (ilasgow, Greenock, Dundee, Aber- 
 deen, Leith. 
 
 Mamtfadurith:^ Gv/Zn'i'— Glasgow {ships^ engines); 
 Paisley {■ilnuvls, thread) ; Dundee {linens) ; 
 Ayr {carpets, blankets). 
 
 6^«m'n7V/t'.T— Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen. 
 
 Place<i of Note —'^iwXm'^, Hannockburn, CuUoden. 
 
 Ireland. 
 I Surface: 
 
 Mountains — Donegal, Si)errin, Mourne, Wicklow, 
 Knocknieledown, McGillicuddy Reeks, 
 Nepliitn Jieg. 
 
 Plain — The centre of the island. 
 
 2. Drainage : 
 
 /v'/ffTj- Foyle, Bann, Laggan, Boyne, Liffey, 
 Slaney, Harrow, Nore, Suir, Blackwater, 
 Lee, Shannon, Erne. 
 
 Lakes — Neagh, Erne, Ree, Derg, Mask, Conn, 
 is.marney. 
 
 3. Coast Features - Waters : 
 
 Ocean — Atlantic. 
 
 Sea — Irish. 
 
 Bays and Harbors — Svvilly, Foyle, Belfast, 
 Strangford, Dundalk, Dublin, Wexford, 
 Waterford, Cork, Bantry, Kenaiaie, Dingle, , 
 Gahvay, Donegal. 
 
 Channels — North, St. George's. 
 
 4 Coast Features— Land : 
 
 Capes — Malin, Fair, Howth, Carnsore, Clear, 
 Mizzen, Dunniore, Loop, Slyne, Achil, 
 Rossan, Bloody Foreland. 
 
GREAT BRITAIN ANI> IkKI.AND. 
 
 75 
 
 /s/<i fids— Kcilhlin, Cape Clear, Valentia, Aran, 
 Achil. 
 
 5. Chief Cities : 
 
 Du/f/in— Scat of government for Ireland; edu- 
 cational centre— universities. 
 
 Sea/>or/s~ih\h\\n, Belfast, Cork, Queenstown, 
 Londonderry, Limerick, Waterford. 
 
 Mamifacturin^ C^;^/m— Belfast {linens) ; Lon- 
 donderry {linens, Jlax yarn) ; I .mierick 
 {lace, fish-hooks). 
 
 Places of Note—YJAXaxnt^, Kilkeimy, Valentia Id. 
 List 5. Pronunciation— Great Britain. 
 
 (ireenwich (,-;rrn'itch). 
 Leicester (Ifis'ter). 
 Liiinhe (lin'nii). 
 Lo'mond. 
 Neagh (na). 
 
 Ochii (och'il, ch as in loch). 
 Ouse (ooz). 
 i'lymouth (pll'iriilh). 
 Wigton (wi'ton). 
 
 I 
 il 
 
ASIA. 
 
 1. Position, Exten ., and Population : 
 
 a. From equator to beyond Arctic Circle. 
 Extends ih'-o'.gh all the zones. 
 
 Compare with the latitude of North America. 
 
 b. Forms the eastern part of Eurasia. 
 Washed by Arctic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. 
 Connected with Africa by the Isthmus of Suez. 
 
 c. The largest of the continents. Contains one- 
 
 third of the land surface of the globe and 
 more than one-half the people of the world. 
 
 2. Boundaries: 
 
 North — Arctic Ocean. 
 
 East — Behring Strait and Sea, Pacific Ocean. 
 
 South— lnd\2tx\ Ocean. 
 
 TF^^/— Bab-el-Mandeb, Red, Suez (Gulf and 
 Canal), Mediterranean, /Egean, Dardanelles, 
 Bosphorus, Black, Caucasus, Caspian, Ural 
 River and Mountains. 
 
 3. Surface and Drainage : 
 
 a. The Great Central Plateau : 
 
 Avis — The Pamir. 
 
 Ranges radiating from this centre. 
 
 Himalayas ; 
 
 Kuenlun, Peeling, Nanling ; 
 
 Thian Shan, Altai, Yablonoi, Stanovoi ; 
 
 Soliman, Western Ghauts, Eastern 
 Ghauts ; 
 
 7« 
 
1 
 
 fl 
 
 ■ 
 
 H 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ■ 
 
 1 
 
 ■ 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 ' !'■ 
 
 1 
 
 i 1 
 
 MAP OK THE SUKKArK OK ASIA. 
 
78 
 
 GEOGRAPHY NOTES, 
 
 Hindoo Koosh, Elburz, Caucasus, 
 Taurus ; 
 
 Ural. 
 
 Peaks — Everest, Rlburz, Ararat, Sinai. 
 Passes- -l^o\2,x\, Khyber. 
 
 Deserts, the continuation of Sah:ira — Ara- 
 bian, Syrian, Great Salt, Turkestan, 
 Gobi, Indian. 
 
 Plateaus — Iran, Pamir, Thibet, Gobi. 
 
 The mountains of Asia are the largest c"<nd the 
 highest in the wo-' ' Most of the ranges run from 
 east to west. They give shape to the continent, 
 decide the direction and length of the rivers and 
 affect the climate and products of the countries and 
 the occupations of the people. 
 
 b. The 1 orthern Slope : 
 
 Rivers — Obi, Yenisei, Lena — throujrh tne tun- 
 dras. 
 
 Lake — Baikal. 
 
 c. The Eastern or Pr.cific Slope : 
 
 Rivers — Amoor, Peiho, Hoang-ho, Yang-tse- 
 kiang, Canton, Mekong, Meinam ; 
 — through alluvial plains of great fertility; '• 
 — navigable for great distances. 
 
 d. The Southern or Indian Slope : 
 
 y?m^r-v— Saluen, Irawady, Brahmapootra, Gan- 
 ges -Hugh — Indus, Tigris, Euphrates—- 
 Shat-el-Arab. 
 
 e. Central Basin: 
 
 Rivers — Oxus, Sinon, Ural- 
 the sea level. 
 
 -towards lakes below 
 
ASIA. 
 
 79 
 
 Lakes — Balkash, Aral, Caspian — all without a 
 visible outlet; water brackish or salty. 
 
 No^e — The Jordan flows into the Dead Sea which 
 is 1,300 feet below sea level. 
 
 4. Coast 'Ft2±\\Tt^—\f<fdit^TS — Coast Irregi^/ar. 
 
 a. Oceans — Arctic, Pacific, Indiai; 
 
 b. Seas — North — Kara. 
 
 East — Behring, Okhotsk, Japan, Yellow, 
 
 China, Celebes, Java. 
 South — A ra b i an . 
 
 West — Red, Mediterranean, The Levant, 
 /Kgean, Marmora, Black, Caspian. 
 
 c. Gulfs and Buys — North — Obi. 
 
 East — Anadir, Pechelee, Tonquin, Siatn. 
 
 South — Martaban, Bengal, Maiiaar, Cam- 
 bay, Culch, Oman, Persian, Aden, 
 Suez. 
 
 d. Straits and Channels : 
 
 ^ri.f/'— Behring, La Perouse, Tonquin, Corea, 
 I'^ormosa, Hainan, Macassar, Sunda. 
 
 South — Malacca, Palk, Ormuz, Bab el- Man- 
 deb. 
 
 West — Dardanelles, ]iosj)horus. 
 
 5 Coast Features - "L^VlA.— About oncfijth of the 
 continent, 
 a. 6a/d'.?- Lopatka, ('ambodia, Romania, Ncg- 
 
 rais, Dondra, Comorin, Ras-elHad. 
 l>. /'<v//;w//f?i-—KanUschatka, Corea. Indo China, 
 
 Malay, Ilindostan, Arab a Asia Minor. 
 
 1st}. 
 
 -Suez, Kraw. 
 
 ;muses- 
 Islands — North — New Siberia. 
 
8o 
 
 GEOGRAPHY NOTES. 
 
 East — Aleutian, Saghalien, Kurile, Japan, 
 — Yezo, Hondo, etc. — Liukiu, Formosa, 
 Hainan. 
 
 Southeast — Philippine, Borneo, Java, Sum- 
 matra, Singapore. 
 
 South — Andaman, Nicobar, Ceylon, Mal- 
 
 dive, Laccadive, Perim. 
 West — Cyprus. 
 
 6. Political Divisions. 
 
 Divisions. 
 
 Capitals and Cuief Towns, 
 
 Russia in Asia. 
 
 Tiflis, Bokhara, Khiva, Tobolsk, 
 
 
 Tomsk. 
 
 Chinese Empire. 
 
 Pekin, Tientsin, Shanghai, Foo-chow, 
 
 
 Amoy, Canton, Hankow, Lasso,, 
 
 
 Yarkand, Kashgar. 
 
 Corea. 
 
 Seoul. 
 
 Japan. 
 
 Tokio, Osaka, Kioto, Yokohanr^a. 
 
 Indo-China : 
 
 
 Anam. 
 
 Hue 
 
 Siam. 
 
 Bangkok. 
 
 Cochin China. 
 
 
 Cambodia. 
 
 
 Straits Settlements. 
 
 Singapore. 
 
 Dutch East Indies. 
 
 Batavia. 
 
 Philippine Ids. 
 
 Manilla. 
 
 India and Burma]i. 
 
 Calcutta, Boml)ay, Madras, Rangoon. 
 
 
 Benares, Lucknow, Delhi, Agra, 
 
 
 Mandalay. 
 
 Ceylon. 
 
 Colombo. 
 
 Afghanistan. 
 
 Cabul, Herat, Candahar. 
 
 Beloochistan. 
 
 Kelat. 
 
 Persia. 
 
 Teheran, Ispahan, Bushire. 
 
 Oman. 
 
 Muscat. 
 
 Turkey in Asia. 
 
 Smyrna, Beyroot, Damascus, Aleppo, 
 
 
 Jerusalem, Mecca. 
 
ASIA. 
 
 8i 
 
 Commerce of Asia. 
 
 Commerce is reUrded by lack of means of trans- 
 prjrtation and tlie exclusivcness of some of the 
 luuions and religions. Railways are almost absen. 
 and trade is carried on by means of caravans and 
 boats. The great Russian railway across the con- 
 tinent will be of immense im))ortance commercially, 
 pohlically, and for military i)urposes. 
 
 7 Exports : 
 
 AV'v/ /;/ Asia — Minerals, furs, hides, tallow, 
 grain, ivory. 
 
 Chinese Empire — Tea, silk, wool, sugar, por- 
 celain, fireworks, camphor, tobacco, lac- 
 quered ware. 
 
 Japan — Tea, silk, porcelain, camphor, Japanese 
 goods. 
 
 Indo- China — Cotton, sugar, rice, gums, spices, 
 dyewoods. 
 
 Dutch, East Indies — Coffee, sugar, spices, sago, 
 gutta-percha, cam[)!ior, dyewoods. 
 
 Philippine Ids. — Manilla hemp, s[)ices, sugar, 
 coffee. 
 
 India —Coiton, opium, rice, wheat, indigo, tea, 
 jute. 
 
 Ceylon — Tea, coffee, cinnamon, pearls, rice. 
 
 Persia — Silks, shawls, carpets, dried fruits, pearls. 
 
 Arabia — Spires, uoffee, gums, dates. 
 
 Asia Minorand Syria— Dried fruits, silk, oil, gu ins. 
 
 8. Imports : 
 
 Cnincse Empire — Cottons, woollens, opium. 
 
 metals. 
 /-a/^?;/ -Cottons, woollens, sugar, machinery. 
 
 India Precious met.n's, cottons, machinery, 
 
 army supplies, clothing, foods, 
 ihe general imports of the other countries are 
 manufactures of cloth and metal goods. 
 
 «?.. 
 
82 
 
 GEOGRAPHY NOTES. 
 
 List 6. Pronunciation — Asia. 
 
 Key. — rat, rfUe, far, pot, we, pin, pine, not, note, root, biin, tunc. 
 
 Anioy'. 
 Aral (ar'al). 
 Baikal (bl' kal). 
 Ba'.kash'. 
 lias'sorah. 
 Benar'r's. 
 
 Bokhara (bo-ka'ra). 
 Bushire (boo-shOr'). 
 Dec' can. 
 Delhi (del'le). 
 Cihants (gats). 
 Hainan (hi-nan'). 
 Irkutsk (kootsk'). 
 Ja'va. 
 
 Kamtschatka (kam-chal'ka)- 
 
 Khiva (ke'va). 
 
 Kiirile (koo'ril). 
 
 Liukiu (le-oo'ko-oo). 
 
 Osaka (o'za-ka). 
 
 I'amir (pa-mer). 
 
 Saghalien (sa-ga-len' ). 
 
 Sinai (si'ni or si-na-i). 
 
 Siima'tra. 
 
 Tien-tsin (te-en'-tsin). 
 
 Tiflis (tif-lGs'). 
 
 Tokio (lO'koo). 
 
 Tonquiii (ton-kin' ). 
 
 Turkestan (toor-kesla'n). 
 
 Vokohatna (ha' ma). 
 
 2. 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 Position and Extent : 
 
 a. Extends about 35*" on each side of equator. 
 
 Most of the continent in the Torrid Zone. 
 />. South of Europe ; soulh-west of Asia. 
 
 Compare with the latitude of S. America 
 
 and AustraHa. 
 Between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. 
 c. Contains about one- fifth of the land surface of 
 the globe. 
 Africa is the second largest continent. 
 
 Boiitidaries : 
 
 North— '$)ir. of Gibraltar and Medittrranean. 
 East -''6wQz, Red, Bab-c;l-M.andeb, Aden, Indian 
 West — Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 Surface : 
 
 a. The Great Southern Plateau. 
 ^. The Northern Plateau. 
 
AFRICA. 
 
 83 
 
 c. The Great Central Plain— Thr Sahara. 
 
 d. The Coast Region which skirts the con- 
 
 tinent — low, narrow, unheiillhy. 
 Ranges — Abyssinian, Lu[)ata, 1 )iakenberp;, Nieii- 
 
 weld, Cameroon, Kong, Senegamhia, Alias. 
 Peaks — Kenia, Kilima Njaro. 
 /?^^^r/^ —Sahara, Nubian, Egyptian, Libyan, 
 
 Kalahari. 
 
 The Sahara Plain consists of sandy and rocky 
 hills, plains and depressions. Rain falls only on 
 
 .CZ^, ' <^^ 
 
 
 
 ■■■« 
 
 P" ' ^ '-^w ftp <^ 
 
-4 
 
 GEOGRAPHY NOTES. 
 
 m 
 
 the highlands, and rivers are lost in the sana. During 
 the day the heat is oppressive, but the nights are 
 cold. Sand storms are prevalent. The Simoon, 
 Sirocco, and Harmattan, are local periodic winds 
 which blow from nhis desert region. In the oases 
 the date palm flourishes to perfection, and trade is 
 carried on by means of caravans. 
 
 T/ie Southern Plateau comprises the whole of 
 the southern part of the continent. Abundance of 
 rain falls and gives rise to numerous large lakes and 
 all the great rivers of Africa. The northern part 
 consists of grazing land. A dense forest covers the 
 country for lo*' on each side the equator. The 
 whole region is skirted tjy the ranges of mountains 
 which extend from Abyssmia along the eastern, south- 
 ern and western coasts. 
 
 The Northern or Barbary Plateau is a succession 
 of terraces. It is well watered and very fertile. 
 
 4 Drainage : 
 
 Although the rivers are large, navigation is in- 
 terrupted by falls and rapids, and by sand 
 bars at the mouths. 
 
 Rivers : North— l^We — Sobat, Blue Nile, At- 
 bara. 
 
 East — Juba, Zambesi — Shire — -Limpopo. 
 
 West — Niger — Benue — Congo and its tribu- 
 taries, Orange — Va^l. 
 
 In Soudan — Shari. 
 
 Waterfalls- On the Nile ist, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th 
 and 6th cataracts and Murchison Falls; 
 Victoria Falls on tha Zambesi ; 
 Stanley Falls on tlve Congo. 
 
AFRICA. 
 
 85 
 
 Lakes — Victoria Nyanza, Albert Nyanza, Dcm 
 bea, Tanganyika, Hangweolo, Nyassa, Dcbu, 
 Chad. 
 
 5. Coast Features— Waters : 
 
 The coast is unbroken on account of the simplicity 
 
 and direction of the mountain system. 
 Oceans— A\.\:\.\\i\Q., Indian. 
 Seas — Mediterranean, The Levant, Red. 
 
 Gu/fs and Bays — Cabes, Sidra, Suez, Aden, 
 Sofala, Delagoa, (iuinea, Hiafra, lienin. 
 
 Straits and Channels — (jibraltar. Bab-el-Mandeb, 
 Mozaml)ique. 
 
 Canal: Suez — "England's Key to India." 
 
 Port Said to Suez, 100 miles, cost $100,- 
 000,000. 
 
 Notice its commercial and political importance. 
 
 6 Coast Features Land 
 
 Capes Spartel, llun.Ciuafdafui.Corrientes, Good 
 Hope. Lopez, I'alinas, Verde, Hlanco. 
 
 Peninsula Somali. 
 Isthmus Suez. 
 
 Islands : British — Perim, Socotra, Zanzibar, 
 Mauritius and Seychelles, St. Helena, 
 Ascension. 
 French Madagascar, Reunion (Bourbon), 
 
 Comoro. 
 .S/^f^w/V/^ -Canary, Fernando Po, Annobon. 
 Portuguese -Azores, Cape Verde, Madeira, St. 
 Thomas, Princes. 
 
86 
 
 GEOGRAPHY NOTES. 
 
 7. Important Political Divisions. 
 
 
 Divisions. 
 
 CAI'ITALS. 
 
 GOVER.NMENT. 
 
 
 Barbary States : 
 
 
 
 
 Morocco. 
 
 Fez, Morocco. 
 
 Sultanate. 
 
 
 Algeria, 
 
 Algiers. 
 
 French Possession. 
 
 
 Tunis. 
 
 Tunis. 
 
 French Protectorate 
 
 
 Tripoli. 
 
 Tripoli. 
 
 Trib. of Turkey. 
 
 
 Egypt. 
 
 Cairo. 
 
 Trib. of Turkey. 
 
 
 Abyssinia. 
 
 Gondar. 
 
 Independent. 
 
 
 Zanzibar. 
 
 Zanzibar. 
 
 Brit. Protectorate. 
 
 
 Br. East Africa. 
 
 Mombasa. 
 
 Brit. Possession. 
 
 
 Port. East Africa. 
 
 Mozambique. 
 
 Portuguese I'oss. 
 
 
 Madagascar. 
 
 Tananarivo. 
 
 French Possession. 
 
 
 Natal. 
 
 Pietermaritzburg 
 
 British Colony. 
 
 ■;v 
 
 Cape Colony. 
 
 Cape Town. 
 
 British Colony. 
 
 ; 
 
 Orange Free State 
 
 Bloemfontein. 
 
 Republic. 
 
 ; 
 
 Transvaal. 
 
 Pretoria. 
 
 Republic. 
 
 
 Congo Free State. 
 
 Boma. 
 
 Independent. 
 
 
 Sierra Leone. 
 
 Freetown. 
 
 British Colony. 
 
 ; 
 
 Gambia. 
 
 Bathurst. 
 
 British Colony. 
 
 
 Liberia. 
 
 R^onrovia. 
 
 Independent. 
 
 ^ 
 
 Soudan 
 
 Many. 
 
 Small states. 
 
 Of Less Importance — Somali, German E. Africa, 
 Nyassaland, Zambesia, Basutoland, German S. 
 Africa, Angola, French Congo, Cameroons, 
 Dahomey, Ashantee, Gold Coast. 
 
 Districts — Uppet Gumea, Lower Guinea, Nubia. 
 
 Commerce : Africa has great natural resources 
 and although the people are indolent and their 
 methods of work inferior, the products are numerous 
 and valuable. The European trading stations, which 
 are established all along the coast, ate frequented by 
 native traders. Trade is carried on by barter. The 
 means of transportation include boats on the rivers, 
 
AFRICA. 
 
 87 
 
 Steamboats on the Congo and the Zambesi, caravans 
 in the interior and some sliort railways at the north 
 and the south. 'I'he three hnes of railway now being 
 built by the British — (i) down the Nile Valley, (2) to 
 Uganda, and (3) from Cape Town to Buluwayo — 
 will play an important part in opening up the country. 
 The slave-trade is being suppressed, but the gin-trade 
 is proving as great a curse. 
 
 The products include : 
 
 Fruits— Figs, dates, tamarinds, oranges, lemons, 
 bananas, pomegranates, European fruits. 
 
 Grains — Wheat, rice, maize, barley. 
 
 Palm— Dates, sago, oil. 
 
 Various — Coffee, coiton, spices, dyewoods, gums, 
 wool, ivory, hides, feathers, leak, rubber, beeswax. 
 
 Minerals — Gold, diamonds, copper, iron, salt. 
 
 Manufactures — Leather, silk, carpets, sugar, indigo 
 
 Ten Important Commercial Cities. 
 
 Cairo -Inland and foreign trade, beauty, western 
 
 civilization and education. 
 Alexandria— Egyptian port. 
 Tunis — Caravan trade, exports — manufactures, grain, 
 
 wool, fruit, ostrich feathers, gold dust, ivory. 
 
 Fez Silks, leather, carpets. 
 
 Algiers — Grain, fruit. 
 
 Tripoli -Good harbor, caravan trade ; exports sam j 
 
 as Tunis. 
 Zanzibar — Ivory, copal gum, cloves, sugar, cotton, 
 
 coffee, spices. 
 Cape Town—Wool, hides, ostrich feathers. 
 Lagos— Gold, oil, ivory. 
 Johannesburg — Gold. 
 
88 
 
 r.LOGRAPHV NOTES. 
 
 List 7. Pronunciation — Africa. 
 Key. — rfit, rale, far, pet, we, pin, pine, nol, note, root, bun, tQne. 
 
 Atjomey' . 
 
 Port Said (sa-ed'). 
 
 Bloemfontein (blum-fon'lin, 
 
 Saha'ra. 
 
 u as in burn). 
 
 Seychelles (sashCl'). 
 
 Cairo (ki' ro). 
 
 Shire (sho-ra' ). 
 
 Kalahari (hiVre). 
 
 Sierra Leone (h'l.o'na). 
 
 Kenia (keni'a). 
 
 Sofa' la 
 
 Kilima-Njaro (kil-e-nia' 
 
 Somali (nia'lc). 
 
 nya-rO' ). 
 
 Ta'na-na'rii-vo'). 
 
 Na-tal'. 
 
 Tanganyika (ye'ka). 
 
 Nieuw-eld (nu'velt). 
 
 Tangier (tan-jur"). 
 
 Nyassa (ne-a'sa). 
 
 Tripoli (trip-0-le). 
 
 I'ietermar'itzlnirg (pe'ter). 
 
 Vual (vdl). 
 
 Zambesi (lifrz*"). 
 
 '> 
 
AUSTRALASIA. 
 
 This division comprises the following islands and 
 groups :— Celebes, Moluccas, New Guinea, 
 Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, Fiji, 
 Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon, New Heb- 
 rides, New Caledonia and Loyalty. 
 
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go 
 
 GEOGRAPHY NOTES. 
 
 AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 1. Position —In Torrid and South Temperate Zones. 
 
 Compare with latitude of Africa and South 
 America. 
 
 2. Boundaries : North — Timor and Arafura Seas, 
 
 Torres Strait. 
 East—Q,oxd\ Sea, Pacific Ocean. 
 South — Southern Ocean. 
 West — Indian Ocean. 
 
 3. Surface : 
 
 Ranges — Liverpool, Blue, Australian Alps, 
 
 Gawler. 
 Plateau — The Eastern. 
 Flain — The Great Central. 
 Deserts — Great Victoria, Sandy, Stony, 
 
 4. Drainage ; a. Southern Slope : 
 
 Rivers — Murray, Murrumbidgee, Lachlan, 
 Darling. 
 b. The Central Depression : 
 
 River — Cooper. 
 
 Lakes — Gairdner, Torrens, Eyre, Amadeus 
 — all without visible outlet. 
 
 5 Coast Features— Waters : 
 
 Oceans — Pacific, Southern, Indian. 
 Seas — Timor, Arafura, Coral. 
 Gulfs and Bays : — 
 
 North — Carpentaria, Cambridge. 
 
 East — Botany. 
 
 South — Great Australian Bight, Spencer 
 St. Vincent. 
 
 New Zealand— Flenty. 
 Straits — Torres, Bass, Cook (N. Z.). 
 
AUSTRALASIA. 
 
 91 
 
 6. Coast Features— Land : 
 
 Capes — York, Howe, Wilson, South, Leeuwin. 
 
 New Zealand — North, East. 
 Peninsula — Northern Queensland. 
 Islands — Tasmania, New Zealand — North, 
 
 South — Lord Howe, Norfolk. 
 
 7 
 
 Political Divisions. 
 
 Countries. 
 
 (iov r. 
 Br. Col 
 
 Capitals and Chikf Cliirs. 
 
 Queensland. 
 NewSouthWales. 
 Victoria. 
 South Australia. 
 West Australia. 
 Tasmania. 
 New Zealand. 
 
 Brisbane. 
 
 Sydney, Newcastle, Bathurst. 
 Melbourne, Ballarat, Sandhurst. 
 Adelaide, Tort Adelaide. 
 Perth. 
 Hobart. 
 
 Wellington, Auckland, Dun- 
 edin, Christchurch. 
 
 8. Chief Exports — Wool, hides, tallow, preserved 
 
 meats, butter, wheat, gold, tin, also timber and 
 gum from New Zealand. 
 
 9. Chief Imports — Cloth, hardware, machinery, fish, 
 
 spirits, tea. sugar- 
 
 
POLYNESIA. 
 
 This comprises all the islands between Australasia 
 and America, the chief groups being — Sandwich, 
 Ladrone,Caroline,Tonp:a or Friendly, Society, 
 Samoa, and Cook's or Hervey. 
 
 The Sandwich Islands or Hawaii. 
 
 Capital - Honolulu. 
 
 This country has regular steamship communication 
 with Vancouver, San Francisco, Sydney, Wellington 
 and other points. 
 
 Exports — Sugar, rice, coffee, hides, wool. 
 Imports — Manufactured goods. 
 
 List 8. Pronunciation — Australcsia, etc. 
 
 Arafura (foo'ra). 
 Ballarat'. 
 
 Hawaii (ha-wi'e). 
 Mur'rumbid'gee. 
 Timor (te mOr'). 
 
•SCHOOL HELPS" SERIES 
 
 CANADIAN HISTORY NC TS. for 3rd, 4th and 5th Classes. 
 
 By O. E. Henderson, Editor of Tub Canadian Teacher anc 
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 BRITISH HISTORY NOTES, for Srd. 4th and 6th Classes. 
 
 By G. E. Henderson and C. G. Fraser. Price, 15 cents. 
 
 GEOGRAPHY NOTES, for Srd, 4th. and oth Classes. 
 
 By G. E. Henderson, and G. A. Fraser, Hawlcesville, Ont. Price, 
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 EXERCISES IN ARITHMETIC FOR FIRST BOOK TEACHERS. 
 
 By G. E. Henderson, and Miss R. Church, Miss A. Harding, 
 Teachers in Church Strett School, Toronto. Price, 20 cents. 
 (This book is devoted to the teaching of Notation, Addition ind 
 Subtraction.) 
 
 NOTES ON PHYSIOLOGY AND TEMPERANCE. 
 
 By G. E. Henderson and C. G. Fraser. Price, la cents. 
 
HARD PLACES IN GRAMMAR MADE EASY. 
 
 By A. B. Gushing, B.A., English Master in Essex Hi^h School : 
 a work for Teachers, Public School Leaving, and Primary Students 
 Price, 3o cents. 
 
 EXERCISES IN GRAMMAR FOR THIRD AND FOURTH CLASSES 
 
 By G. E. Henderson and Gea A. Frasei. Price, 15 cents. 
 
 LANGUAGE LESSONS FOR FIRST. SECOND AND THIRD 
 CLASSES 
 
 By G. E. Henderson and C G. Eraser. Price, 15 cents. 
 
 EXERCISES IN COMPOSITION FOR FOURTH AND FIFTH 
 CLASSES 
 
 By G. E. Henderson and C. G. Eraser. Price, 15 cents. 
 
 PHONICS, VOCAL EXPRESSION AND SPELLING 
 
 By Miss R. M. Church and Miss A. A. Harding, TorontOb Price, 
 
 30 cents. 
 
 iHANUAL OF PUNCTUATION. 
 
 By Taylor. Price, 13 cents. 
 
 SUMMARY OF CANADIAN HISTORY IN VERSK. 
 
 By G. W. Johnson, Upper Canada College. Price, locentf. 
 
 ENTRANCE EXAMINATION PAPERS FOR THE PAST SIX YEARS. 
 
 Pamphlet form with subjects grouped for class use. By G. E. 
 Henderson. Price, 10 cents ; or, in clubs of two or more, 7 cents. 
 
 PUBLIC SCHOOL LEAVING PAPERS. 
 
 Arran; ,ed same as Entrance, at same price. 
 
 S€Ht Postpaid OH receipt of price. Address^ 
 
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 II Richmond St. >V . 
 
 TORONTO, ON.. 
 
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