IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 Ki 12.2 ju 12.0 lis. ^ I 1.25 il.4 11.6 V] 7i *> ^'.v -?> «» Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716)872-4503 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques T ;chnical and Bibliographic Notot/Notes taciiniquat at bibiiographiquaa Tha Instituta haa attamptad to obtain tha baat original copy availabia for filming. Faaturaa of thia copy which may ba bibliographically uniqua, which may altar any of tita imagaa in tha raproduction, or which may aignificantly changa tha uauai mathod of filming, ara chaclcaci balow. 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Meps, pletes, charts, etc.. mey be filmed at difffferent reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hend corner, left to right end top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmAs A des taux de rAduction diffArents. Lorsque le document est trop grend pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA, il est filmA A partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite. et de haut en bas. en prenant le nombre d'images nAcassaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustren" la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ^^ V OPEN LETTERS. Tha Vancouver Centenary, and the Discoverers of Pacific America. FOR some time preceding this last year of Chicago, the search-lights of history have been turned upon Columbus, his immediate successors, and the valiant Norse predecessor. Following upon these stBdies of Atlantic America, the local pride of Pacific Amerir.a now demands the honors due the discoverers ol the western shores of the New World. The hazardous voyage of Sir Francis Drake, resulting in the narrative " The World Encompassed," and cf those other early round- the-world navigators who ventured into and across the great South Sea, are being celebrated at the present California Midwinter Intei national Exposition, which is for the praise and glory of the whole Pacific coast. It was only a 'lalf-century after Columbus that galleons came to the Golden Gate, and now, side by side ivith models of these crafts, California's people show the counterfeit of the magnificent battle-ship just launched from the ways within that Western sea-gate — match- pieces for the caravels and the battle-'-hip at Chicago. It is no longer questioned that some Chinese Leif Ericsson touched upon the Pacific coast centuries be- fore Sir Francis rode in the shadow of Tnmalpais, and Buddhist priests reached New Spain before Cabrillo, Vizcaino, and Ferrelo brought their galleons from the south, and the piratical ones concealed their booty on the Farallones. Professor George C. Davidson, the veteran scientist of the Pacific coast, whose surveys of thirty years cover .ill of that ocean's edge from Mexico to Bering Sea, has fully identified all the anchorages r>f these earliest visi- tors, and elaborated the proofs tha ' Sir Francis Drake anchored in the little bay north of the '"lolden Gate, and not in the harbor f San Francisco, as so ^ong supposed. Even after the great navigator. Captain James Cook, came into the Pacific, ihcast, mysterious South Sea was a realm of fable. Lillipu., Jrobdingnag, and the lost At- lantis were washed by its waters ; Del Fonte's river, the archipelago of San Lazaria, De Fuca's Strait, or those of Anian, tempted two centuries of discovery before the mystery war. dispelled. In his second voyage Cook proved that the imaginary southern or Antarctic conti- nent of that day did not exist. In his third and last voyage he supplemented the work of Bering, proving how closely the continental shores of Asia and Ametira approached, and sailed up to the edge of the ice-pack in the Arctic. The recent publication of Captain Cook's own journal of his last voyage is most opportune at this season of sudden interest in all things concerning Pa- cific America, and it is to be hoped that a reprint of Van- couver's now rare " Voyages " will soon bring the work of that great surveyor within every student's reach. George Vancouver, who entered the British navy at the age of thirteen, was a midshipman with Cook on the voyages toward the south pole and the north pole. In 1790 he was given the orders the execution of which fills the volumes entitled, " A Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean and Round the World, In Which the Coast of Northwest America has been Carefully Examined and Accurately Surveyed ; Undertaken by 798 His Majesty's Command, Principally with a View to Ascertain the Existence of any Navigable Communica- tion between the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans; and Performed in the years 1790, 1791, 179^, 1 793, 1 794, and 1 795. In the Discovery sloop of war, and armed tender Chatham, under the Command of Captain George Vancouver." This long voyage, during which three summer sea- sons were spent in surveying the Northwest Coast and three winter seasons were devoted to the Sandwich Isl- ands, was more fruitful of results than any other ex- pedition of its kind — the greatest and most accurate piece of surveying recorded ; their completeness caus- ing Vancouver's charts to remain standards of authority for almost a hundred years. Vancouver's commission ordered him to proceed by way of the Cape of Good Hope and the Sandwich Isl- ands to the Northwest Coast, and to take over the fort at Noolka, which Spain had been forced to cede to Great Britain by the Convention at Madrid in 1 790. He was then to survey that coast from latitude 30° N. to Cook's Great River, examining all considerable inlets and mouths of rivers for the supposed passage through to the Atlantic — as the reported voyages of Berkely, Meares, Kendrick, and Quimper in behind Nootka had revived a belief in the existence of Juan dc Fuca's Strait. Vancouver was not a discoverer, and was not entitled to any such first honors mistakenly accorded him. He only verified the reports of others, sailing by their notes and rough sketches ; but his narrative and charts being the first published, and remaining for so long the sole authority, he has rather usurped the laurels of his predecessors. He sighted Cape Mendocino in April, 1792, and, cruising within a league of land, rounded Cook's Cape Flattery, entered De Fuca's noble strait, and proceeded to explore " the promised expansive Mediterranean Ocean, which by various accounts is said to have existence in these regions." There he found landscapes " almost as enchantingly beautiful as the most elegantly finished pleasure-gro" .ds in Europe," and that " the country exhibited everything that boun- teous nature could be expected to draw into one point of view." But while he "could not believe that any uncultivated country had ever been discovered exhibit- ing so rich a picture," he sowed seeds of discord by his ill-considered nomenclature. As a boy, he saw Captain Cook scrupulously recording the native names of every place, and making every effort to obtain them, but it does not appear that Vancouver ever made an effort to learn one local name. Had he but pointed a finger in dumb inquiry, we might enjoy some better name for Puget Sound and the matchless mountain that guards its eastern wall, and the Rainier-Tacoma controversy would not have arisen to embroil two cities, and to force that technically just, but poetically unjust, decision from the Board of Geographic Names as to the name of the superb peak at the head of Puget Sound. By a strange fatality Vancouver missed the oppor- tunity to impose commonplace names upon the great rivers of the coast. Although anchoring in the discol- ored waters off their mouths, he failed to discover the TOPICS OF THE TIME. ni direct it by the county prosecuting attorney, within ten days after the application is filed. In case of refusal by the prosecuting officers, the applicant can bring his own action in the name of the State, but at his own expense. All actions are given preference on the docket of any court '' 1 the State. In case of conviction, the judgment shall be rendered ousting and excluding the defendant from office, and in favor of the State or plaintiff*, as the case may be, subject to the provisions for the next suc- ceeding election. In case the applicant or plaintiff' is in turn found guiUy, he also is to be ousted, and the office ir to be filled by appointment or by a new election. Under the California law any elector may contest the right of any person declared elected to an office, within from twenty to forty days after election, according to the office involved, and it is made the duty of the district attorney of the county to begin forthwith, if there is reasonable ground for so doing, proceedings in court against the accused. If the district attorney tails or re- fuses faithfully to perform his duty, he shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction must forfeit his office. Any citizen may employ an attorney to assist the district attorney in this work. Every candidate con- victed of violating the law must forfeit his office, and cannot be appointed to it during the period for which he was elected. The Kansas law is less specific and less stringent in its provisions than the two we have been consider- ing, but is a fairly good law. It requires sworn pub- lication by both candidates and committees, forbids treating and bribery and undue influence of all kinds, and makes forfeiture of office the penalty for all candi- dates found guilty of violating its provisions. A cor- respondent of The Century, writing about its first trisd in the elections of April, 1893, says : The value of the law has been demonstrated by the mu- nicipal elections in April. There was less money spent in every city,' the elections were more orderly, and there was much less corruption than formerly. The mayor-elect of the capital city, Topeka, with over 10,000 voters, filed his verified statement showing the total expenditure in his behalf to have been less tban $-0, which was certainly very small, considering the deterinined opposition to his election, though it was about the average of the election expenses in otner cities of Kansas. The practical working of the California and Missouri laws will be watched with great interest. Their suc- cess will depend largely upon the amount of public sen- timent in favor of their rigid enforcement, for upon that hangs the fate of ill similar laws everywhere. We be- lieve that there is a steady growth in this sentiment, the evidence of which is to be found in the inc' asing stringency of the successive laws which are t .acted. Each new one is a gain on its predecessors, and each commands a wider and more interested audience. The Only Literary Succeta Worth Having. The relation between editors and authors was dis- cussed in the last number of The Century — espe- cially the relation between the editor and the unknown author. The general subject has so many ramifications that one is tempted to recur to the main theme, and to fol- low out the branches thereof again from the editorial point of view. The point of view of the author has made itself evident in literature more conspicuously than that of the editor ,; perhaps because the authors greatly out number the editors, and also because the experience of the author is always more individual and interesting than that of the editor. The former is a person, the lat ter is a functionary. The author has a career which may be both picturesque and pathetic. The editor is a bu- reau ; or if, to a certain extent, a person with a history, this history is very largely lost in the history of an "institution." If the institution happens to be a "suc- cessful " one, this again detracts from the interest in the editor as an individual. The actual or supposed alliance of the editor with the publisher makes him, in the view of the author, rather an agent, or representative, and not altogether an independent force. And so it is that the editor does not often present his side of the various liter- ary problems in which he is involved with the frankness and fullness that frequently characterize the story of the author. Perhaps this is fortunate, because, as the editor to some extent commands the situation, it is evident that if he should avail himself of all his opportunities to put forth his own professional opinions, he would soon become an unmitigated bore. But, to proceed,we were agood deal interested lately in hearing an editor — who, however, was, wo fear, some- thing of an old fogy — draw a comparison between the method of procedure on the part of authors in the earlier days of American literature and our own time. He said he thought there was a great deal of talent afloat nowa- days, but it lacked concentration ; it was too svibject to distraction. He said he had seen any number cf bright and strong beginnings end in slight accomplishment through lack of continuity of purpose, and of a high ar- tistic ideal. How many of our writers, he asked, pi oi^eed as did the earlier men, with deliberation, and with the success that follows intensity of purpose, from one \vork of art to another? Leaving out thequestion of the greater cost of living, — which may indeed be balanced by the greater pecuniary rewards, — it sometimes seems that the ease of reaching the public nowadays, by one chan- nel or another, renders lesii important in the mind of the author the appearance each time made by him be- fore that public. See how it was with the older writers : study the ca- reers of Irving and Hawthorne, Bryant and Longfellow, and see how they did their " prettiest " each time ; and see how this deliberate prog^ress on their part rapidly or gradually impressed the public with a sense of their art. If it is true that many of our better writers do not build up their work with the artistic conscience of the elder men ; that they yield to the distracting environment — to the clamorous editorial environment, itself, per- haps — if this is true, how natural that younger writers should be too easily satisfied ^^ ith insufficient achieve- ment, and fail to keep before their eyes a true standard, resting satisfied with a success achieved merely by some salient quality, not, perhaps, the most artistic or lasting. When one sees certain of our writers proceeding with patience in a serene and contemplative spirit, in pursuance of a lofty ideal, one does not wish to be com- mitted to sweeping assertions, which would lead to un- just applications. But surely it is safe to say that there never was a time in the history of American lite'''ature when it has seemed more needful to insist upo.i art, and always art, as a requisite to the only "success" worth having. 797^ authors greatly ont- se the experience of lual and interesting • is a person, the lai- a career which may The editor is a bu. Tson with a history, the history of an >pens tobea"suc- n the interest in the r supposed alliance es him, in the view esentative, and not nd so it is that the of the various liter- with the frankness ize the story of the :ause, as the editor tion, it is evident his opportunities pinions, he would nterested lately in w, wo fear, some- ison between the hors in the earlier mtime. He said dent afloat nowa- 'as too subject to aumbercf bright accompli.5hment and of a high ar- »e asked, pi ot>eed on, andwit.h the e, from one work ion of the greater balanced by the imes seems that ys, by one chivn- in the mind of lade by him bt>. 5 : study the ca- md Longfellow, iach time; and part rapidly or sense of their wiiters do not nscience of the genvironment ;nt, itself, per- Junger writers icient achieve- true standard, lerelybysome Stic or lasfing. s proceeding Uive spirit, in ish to be com- Id lead to un- say that there :