IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

i.l

1.25

m 111^ 1^

tii

^ 1^ 1 2.0

lllll 1.8

1.4 lllll 1.6

^m^ a

cm ..>,

pjf

'/a

''W

Photographic

Sciences

Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 1458U

(716) 872-4S03

CIHM/ICMH
Microfiche

CIHM/ICMH
Collection de
microfiches.

Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques

198

Technica! and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibiiographiques

The Institute has attempted to obtain the best
original copy available for filming. Features of this
copy which may be bibliographically unique,
which may alter any of the images in the
reproduction, or which may significantly change
the usual method of filming, are checked below.

Coloured covers/
Couverture de couleur

I I Covers damaged/

Couverture endommagde

Covers restored and/or laminated/
Couverture restaur^e et/ou pellicul^e

Cover title missing/

Le titre de couverture marque

Coloured maps/

Cartes gdographiques en couleur

Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/
Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire)

I I Coloured plates and/or illustrations/

Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur

Bound with other material/
Reli6 avec d'autres documents

Tight binding may cause si. dows or distortion
along interior margin/

La reliure serree peut causer de I'ombre ou de la
distortion le long de la marge intdrieure

Blank leaves added during restoration may
appear within the text. Whenever possible, these
have been omitted from filming/
II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutdes
lors dune restauration apparaissent dans le texte,
mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont
pas 6t6 filmdes.

Additional comments:/
Commentaires suppl6mentaires;

L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire
qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details
de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-§tre uniques du
point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier
une image reproduite, ou qi'i peuvent exiget' une
modification dans la mdthode normale de filmage
sont indiqu6s ci-dessous.

Coloured pages/
Pages de couleur

n Pages damaged/
Pages endommag^es

Pages restored and/or laminated/
Pages restaurdes et/ou pellicul6es

r~/1 Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/

Pages d^color^es, tachetdes ou piqu6es

Pages detached/
Pages d^tach^es

r~y^Showthrough/
I — — i Transparence

Quality of print varies/
Quality in6gale de I'impression

□ Includes supplementary material/
Comprend du materiel supplementaire

Only edition available/
Seule Edition disponible

Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata
slips, tissues, etc., have been refil.ned to
ensure the best possible image/
Les pages totalement ou partiellement
obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure,
etc., ont 6t6 film^es d nouveau de faqon d
obtenir la meilleurp image possible.

This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/

Ce document est film6 au taux de reduction indiqud ci-dessous.

10X 14X 18X 22X

26X

30X

_£

12X

16X

20X

24X

28X

32X

dtaits
)S du
nodifier
if une
ilmage

The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks
to the generosity of:

National Library of Canada

The images appearing here are th^ best quality
possible considering the conditi( and legibility
of the original copy and in keepin^ wiih the
filming contract specifications.

Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed
beginning with the front cover and ending on
the last page with a printed or illustrated impres-
sion, or the back cover when appropriate. Ail
other original copies are filmed beginning on the
first page with a printed or illustrated impres-
sion, and ending on the last page with a printed
or illustrated impression.

The last recorded frame on each microfiche
shall contain the symbol -^ (me»;:nin{i "CON-
TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning END"),
whichever applies.

Maps, plates, c". rt.. ' ,, u.^y be filmed at
different reduction re . Those too large to be
entirely included in one exposure are filmed
beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to
right and top to bottom, as many frames as
required. The following diagrams illustrate the
method:

L'exemplaire filmd fut reproduit grSce d la
g^n^rositd de:

Bibliothdque nationale du Canada

Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le
plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et
de la nettetd de l'exemplaire filmd, et en
conformity avec les conditions du contrat de
filmage.

Les exemplaires originpux dont la couverture en
papier est imprimde sont film^s en commen^ant
par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la
dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second
plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires
originaux sont film6s en commenpant par la
premidre page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par
la dernidre page qui comporte une telle
empreinte.

Un des symboles suivants apparattra sur la
dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le
cas: le symbole — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le
symbole V signifie "FIN".

Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre
filmds d des taux de reduction diffdrents.
Lorsque le document est trop grand pour gtre
reproduit en un seul ciichd, il est film6 d partir
da Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite,
et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre
d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants
illustrent la mdthode.

errata
to

pelure,
)n i

32X

•w

•■

•

• .

■>

LOVERIN'S

CHAET OF TIME,

„ CENTOGRAPH

Ahro

SLATE.

IIISTORICA.L KEY.

PERIODS AND EPOCHS.

"TEMPOS OMNIA VINCIT "

MONTKEAL:
Phinted bt John Lovell & Son, St. Nicholas

1882.

Stbmkt.

Kntebed according to the Act of Parliament of the Dominion of Canada, in the year
1882, by N. LovEBiN, M.D., in the Office of the Minister of Agriculture.

ENTEKED according to Act of Congress, in the year 1882, by Dr. N. Lovekin, and regis-
tered by the Librarian of Congress at Washington, D.C., United States of America.

TO MY KSTEEilED DAUflllTER,
ELIZABETH,

THIS WORK IS AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED.
Apbil 23rd, 1882. ^f- f^OVflRLV, M.D.

B.C.

A.D.

rREFACE.

This work will place within the reach of professors and
teachers, as well as students and others, means by which the
memory, easily and etfcctively, may become possessed of histo-
rical events in their chronological order, through the faculties
of localisation and association, based upon the decimal system
of reckoning, at once the most simple and practical.

It cannot be contravened that the chronology of history has
been almost wholly neglected or ignored by the early v/riters.

That such should have been true in regard to the compara-
tively modern historians seems incredible ; and, that at no
period until the nineteenth century, a chart or map of time is
to be found will undoubtedly increase our astonisliment and
wonder.

THE FACT NEVERTHELKSS EXISTS !

No science is more instructive, nor need there be any more
interesting, than history. Whatever efibrts, therefore, are in
the direction of supplying a want so universal, and of making
its study more practical, will be received with approbation by
the whole literary world.

The mistaken notion (forced), that ^^Mre« are representatives
of time, has long since endowed the subject with the necessity
for extraordinary mental effort, and spread the mantle of indif-
ference so effectually that few are found who consider it attrac-
tive.

This has been recognized by those who have supplied their
places with rivers, streams, trees, &c., in order that they might,
with less effort, more understand! ugly im[)ress the memories
of their students with correct ideas concerning the grand
divisions of history.

Figures mark dates as they do quantities. They are not,
however, representatives of time any more than of place, a
self-evident proposition requiring no proof. Hence, all works
of whatever kind, and wherever found, presuming to represent

PREFACE.

chronology by figures, letters, or both, fail to fulfil their
pretensions (piite as much as those preteiu^ing a representa-
tion of geogni[>liy witliout tiie use of maps.

Under sucli circumstances the useful and instructive science
of history becomes irksome, uninteresting, and. perhaps, even
repulsive.

What might have been a source of pleasure and profit,
sooner or later, is on<; of indilTerence ; and the unpopular condi-
tion of the whole subject, at the present time, is the result.

What is thk Remkdy ?

Let the science of history, as v^'ell as geography, have its chart.
Let both time and place be recognized, and the students be
encouraged to localize facis^ on the one as on the other, where
they res[)ectively belong. Cultivate the memory hy using the
eyes, and their nerves of induction as feeders of the grand optic
centres, the reservoirs of the mirtd. TIhmi will the two
branches of study progress, side by sidt', in the most pleasirig,
interesting and instructive manner.

The Chart has been constructed so that, in one view, it
represents to the vision, thence to the understanding, with
mathematical accuracy, all the portion of time with which
historians have been acquainted, holding in its folds or years
various periods and epochs of the past in the position and order
they are known to have transpired, as well as more than one
century of the unwritten future.

The Past, the Present and the Future see I

United in a web that none can sever :
Time was ; Time is ; and Time will always he

Continued on its course through space forever !

Even without symbolization this map of time is an invalu-
able adjunct to the study of history, and will amply repay those
who might, through curiosity, carefully examine it.

Marked off into years, lustra, decades, centuries, millennials,
&c., divided by a space, conspicuously representing before
and after Christ, respectively designated by their appropriate
symbols B. C. and A. D. on the margin, such a picture shows
more clearly and concisely than words, however cleverly used, a
correct idea of the whole subject of chronology.

When, now, are added symbols registering and giving
character to the events of history, clothed in colors that declpre
to the eye the various countries in which they happened, we
possess a grand panorama of the past simultaneously opened
out to the special sense of vision, that cannot be equalled by
any other plan of representation. It is to such a chart

PRKFACE. 7

the following pages are devoted, and to which the careful and
candid attention of all who are interested in the study of the
noble science of history is invited.

WHO INVENTED THIS SY8TFM f

In order that honor may be to whom it is due, I ask the
question, and will answer according to the knowledge I have
of it.

In his "Elements d'Histoire Universelle," Ed. Wautier
D'Halluvin, speaking of a chart representing the Christian Era,
page 44, in a note, writes thus: " C'est, dit on, a M.
Jawenski h qui la Socidtd est en partie redevable de la
premi(^re \d6e de ces ingenieux tableaux*; cependant plusieurs
personnes se disputent I'honneur d'une decouverte dont I'im-
portance d^passera un jour toute provision. Quant a moi je
declare ici la tenir d'un ami de M. Jawenski, de M. Ic G6n4ral
Bern qui a bien voulu m'expliquer la marche et toute I'utilite
de ces tableaux."

Miss Elizabeth Peabody, of Boston, a lady of much experi-
ence in the art of teaching, wrote the following brief letter
in 1873:

Dr. LovERxy,

I had the Polish Charts of General Bern, anciect and
modern, which I perfected with great labor, and for which I wrote a
manual and introduced quite extensively before the war.
The war prevented my renewing the edition in 1860.
When Zaba came to Boston and Cambridge and showed me his, he waa
quite astonished to hear from me of mine, and that it was copyrighted ;
but his method of study was better. I got his explanations reprinted
and bound up with some of my blanks.

I think it is a pity that this admirable method cannot be turned to
some account.

Miss E. P. Peabody,
19 Tollen St.,

Cambridge Common, Boston.

Miss Peabody forwarded a copy of her edition of " Zaba's
Metiiod /' and, some time after, visiting Montreal, she called
at my residence, where, upon examining the Centograph
she spoke in the highest terms of praise concerning it.

Count Zaba came to Montreal in 1874, wl ere he published
" The Method," and lectured at different institutions of learn-

• The years of this Chart were circles arranged in ten rows with ten of
them in each row, and the Kings of Franc j were chronologically repre-
sented by a dot in the centre. Hence — as Miss Peabody also remarks-
it was not as ingenious as "The Method," and had no subdivision of the
years for characteristic registration of events.

PBIFACI.

ing throughout the Provinces of the Dominion. Upon seeing
Miss Peubody's pamphlet, which I produced while his publica-
tion was in the press, he took the pen and added tlje following :

*'In conclusion I consider it my sacred duty to do justice to
the memory of my deceased friend and companion in arms,
General Bcm,* who, together with me, devoted his literary
talents to this subject ; but from 184S the work was left to
me alone, and I hope to have succeeded in rendering this
method practical as to its extensive application in the province
of education."

Thus, according to D'Halluvin, Gen. Rem arrnnged the
diagram of a century into a square; for this Count Znba nobly
remembers him in his edition of 1S74, — and according to ^Miss
Peabody, the symbolization was much better in "Zaba's
method.'' Hence, as it appeared with the years in squares
and subdivided, there is no doubt of Zaba being

THE INVENTOR OF THE SYSTEM.

In his lectures, he claimed to have been, and called it after
his name, " Zaba's Method,'' which consisted of two charts,
ancient and modern, a practice board and box of crystals
(beads) of various sizes and colors. The ancient chart repre-
sented twenty-five centuries before the Christian era, being
arranged into five rows of diagrams with five in tiie row,
having the appearance of a square.

The modern chart contained the twenty centuries after the
nativity of Christ, arranged five in the row, of which there were
four.

I became acquainted with " The Method " at Chicago,
where an excellent lecture was delivered by Count Zaba
upon its merits, before a literary society. The fact that time
was so accurately drawn, with the events in position to give
the exact dates, while colors indicated the countries to which
they belonged, made such a favorable impression upon my
mind that, to possess myself of its advantages, I purchased the
small charts, ancient and modern, and lithographed a large one
of the Christian era for my office. I next ordered my carpenter
to make me a neat square frame, representing one century of
the chart, with years subdivided into compartments ; and, ac-
companying if, appropriate symbols and blackboard. The game
of history could now be played in a pleasant and instructive

* The General was a distinguished Hungarian Pole, who fought in
defence of Christianity against the Mahometans ; he died at Aleppo,
A. D., 1850.

PREFACB.

manner upon this nppnrntns, which I nnined " The Cciito-
gnipii." In 1872 1 rmioviMl lioni Chiciigo to Montn'Jil,
and, (luring tho following year, introihicrd the Ijirgo chart
to varions Teaclicrs* Associations, Catholic and Protcstunt,
where it was well spoken of by any who saw it. In 1S74,
Count Zaba and daughter came to I^fontrcal, and as
already said, published an edition of " The Mi liiod,"
meantime desiring nie to join in the work. This I did
no*; immediately incline to do, but rendered assistance in
the way of pointing out the grand events in the history
of Canada, which were added. I afterwards, however, pur-
chased half interest, with the right of controlling the uiiole,
since which 1 have spared no pains for the interest of " The
Method " in its present form h)r pupils in the schools of
the Province «)f Quebec, wlu're it has been reconnnended by
the Council of Public Instruction. Having invented the Cen-
tograph and man-ifactured several, I forwarded one to the
Centemiial E,\liibition, at Philadelphia, and a medal was
awarded. Another was j)urcliased by the Japanese School
Commissioners, with whom it appeared, to use their own lan-
guage, '^u most reliable thing on which to teach historical facts,
and by which young pupils can renjember easily what hud
happened in the world.''

Upon seeing the Centograph, Lord Dufierin, Governor
General of Canada, kindly forwarded me the following letter :

[Cojpy.] "Government House,

"Ottawa, Feb. 7th, 1876.
"Sir,

" I am desired by His Excellency' the Earl of DufiTerin
to inform you that His Exreliency was much interested in the explanation
of your ingenious invention for making history, when studied by Zaba'a
Method, more easily acquired.

" His Excellency wishes you success in your endeavors to popularize
the study of history.

" I am, Sir,

" Your obed't. servant,

" E. G. P. LITTLETON,

'* Governor- General's Secy."

In consequence of an expressed impracticability of using the
beads (crystals) at the desk in schools, I manufactured the
slate, opened out at page 12, fig. 5, which gives a view of
one hundred years. To this, symbols of leatiier or pasteboard
aui adapted by which any event in its exact form can be ar-
ranged, in like manner as upon the Centograph. In order to
have a complete panorama of time I united the two Zabian
charts, adding the period between the deluge and the creation ;

\ !

PREPAOE.

and arranged the centuries upon the decimal system, ten in
the row, with a wide space separating ancient from modern
time, above wliich were five rows and below, two. To assist
the vision I also opentul a wide central space cutting the
horizontal one at rijrlit angles, and have thus my own chart,
over the top of which, with due respect to those who have
before me done their parts so well in this matter, I have written
my own name.

In my chart I have carefully placed a symbolical represen-
tation ot the various histories mentioned at the upper right and
left corners, according to their colors as indicated. The grand
events will be prominent, so that they may be readily localized
and retained in the meinorv.

In its registration tlui best authors have been consulted,
some of whose observations, apropos to the propriety of the
chronology of history, will have their names appended to their
own recoi'd in anotiier part of this work.

In conclusion I m.iy say, I now find My Historical Chart
OF TiMK ditlbring from '' Zaba's Method" in the following
particulars : 1st. It represents at one view all the past known
to history /China excepted). 2nd. It is more proportional
and wholly on the decimal system. 3rd. It registers a
greater number of histories ; and, in each, a larger number
of fjicts. 4th. The Ceutograph and slate do away with the
necessity of beads, and offer unequalled advantages, to a
large class of students. 5th. Dates of events are placed in
the key on the margin opposite respective facts, assisting the
teacher or pui)il to readily find any circumstance registered;
and the Grand Divisions of history are written in capitals.
Cth. Thus decimally arranged, but two rows of centuries, in-
stead of four, are required for the eidarged Mural Chart of
the Christian era, which should ever be in view of the class, and
neither fioor nor ceiling is interfered with by its presence in
the college or the school room. It will doubtless possess
qualities that will be appreciated by the student of history,
and its success, in whatever light it may be viewed, must
dejyend upon its practical utility in the field to wliich it will
be adapted.

N. LOVEKIN, M.D.

Hi-:.iii:-::.. M HISTORICAL GHARTorTlME. Ll

A.D.

Mill:'.'.'. '.•."'..:'.: ::::::;:•: :::::::•.

|tf«ai ■■)■■ *>■■>-•■•■ •■■•««■••. ,•..■••■■« I.,

•■«•••«■•• •■•»«■■■•• ta>«a»*«lc •■»••>» ■•|>a

lia*«a**«fa •*aa^aa»>« ■■•vapa«id •■ aa a apa »■ I ••

|aaia«|a*«al*aaa<aa'm a •!•*■•• ■•>a-|
• •■••!*•' •■■■>•■•»■■ a ■•••a a aaaaa I

Fig. 1.

Black points mark the followin,s» facts in the exact order of their occurrence.

B. c.

The Creation (Biblical) 4004

Fo-Hi (ahoiit) 2951

Egyptian Monarchy (Menes) (?) 2412

The Deluge 21^48

Assyrian Empire (Niinrod) (?) 2234

Sicyon (founded) 2089

Call of A l.rahani r.»21

The Exodus 1491

Monarchy in Israel 1095

The Ten Tribes revolt 974

Olympic Games revived 776

Rome founded (Romulus) 753

Fall of (Ten Tribes) Kingdom

Israel 721

Fall of Judah and Benjamin. .. 587

Expulsion of the Roman Kings. 509

First Persian In vasion 496

Death of Alexander 323

The Septuagint Bible 277

Greece, a Roman Province.... 140

The Roman Empire established. 27

A. D.

Nativity of Christ (Vulgar era). 1
Britain, a Roman Province. ... 85
Christianity Triumphant 312

A. D.

Merovingian Dynasty 419

Kent. 1st of the Heptarchy 455

B"'all of ti>e Western Empire ... 476

The Hegira (Mahomet) 622

Carlovingian Dynasty 752

Papal Temporal Power 755

Charlemagne's Empire 800

Union of the Heptarchy (Egbert) 827

Romano-German Empire 902

Capetian Dynasty 987

The Norman Conquest 1006

The Crusades (tirst) 1096

The Piantagenets 1154

The \ii<i Ciufiade 1270

Tiie Schism 1^78

Fad ot the Eastern Empire 1453

The Tudors I486

Discovery of America (?) 1492

The Relbrmation 1517

HourUjn Dynasty 1589

The Stuart'Fam'ily 1603

The Brunswicks. 1714

A mericaii Independence 1 776

The Bourbons ExfK'lled 1792

Restoration of the Bourl)ons .. . 1814

British American Confederation 1807

France,aRepublic(3rd), Thiers 1871

Fig. 5. lovebin's historical slate.

1, Shut — 2, Opened — 3, partly unfoUled, showing the slate proper — 4,
Symbols.

The open slate (Fig. 2) unfolds the facts of the century, and hv the fijiures
at the top represents our own tim». Eighteen centuries of the Christian
Era are understood as having pa^^sed, liy the number thus registered, and
must always be counted in addition to the years of tlie part of the century
in order to arrive at the exact date of the event up.iler consiih^ration. The
following will illu^^trate the meaning, the color to be understood as written.
First Symbol. — A large yellow — " remarkable event " in France — upon
the first row, two before the centre line, in the nineteenth century
of whicli four years are included, and these, added to the ciijhteen
hundred at the top, give the date; which, with key, read thus : a. n.

France becomes an Empire under Najwleon 1H04

Second Si/7nbol. — A small red, half painted, nineteenth century, upon
the second row, one before the centre line, in the first compart-
ment — battle — To be read thus (key) :

The battle of Waterloo, Napoleon's final overthrow 1815

Third Symbol. — A sniall re»i multiplication cross — nineteenth century,
upon the second row, four beyond the centre line, in the fourth
compartment — birth of an illustrious personage :

The birth of A lexandrina Victoria at Kensington Palace 1819

Fourth Symbol. — A small red, half painted, nineteenth century upon
the fourth row, two beyond the centre line, in the fifth compart-
ment — an English lady succeeds to royal power :

Victoria becomes the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland 1837

By association, facts that transpired in any particular year can be added
and impretssed upon tlie memory.

tie

Il»

Fig. 2.

Loterin's HisTotiicAL Centograph.

(Both Frame.'-, Curtain and Drawer in view.)

Fig. 8. With Undividbd Ybabb.

The unmarked blackboard above the Contograph causes it to
represent the first century of the Christian Era.

Assuming colors of Symbols suspended in the above diagram, it
will be thus :
First. — A large blue third row, five beyond centre line —

remarkable event in Church History. a. i).

Bead: The baptism of Jesus Christ by John '60

Second. — Large blue — fourth row — three before the centre
line — Remarkable event in Church History.

Bead: The Crucifixion , , 33

&c., &c., &c.

LOVERIN'S

HISTORICAL CHART OF TIME

Is a map of seventy diagrams, comprising a bird's-eye view of
all the portion of Time with which Historians are acquainted.
These (diagrams) are arranged decimally in seven rows, and sc
placed that five are above a wide space and two below ; being
also centrally divided by another space cutting the former one
at right angles, and which are respectively named, the trans-
verse or horizontal and the central or vertical.

The horizontal space is the dividing line between the histories
before and after the nativity of Christ, while the vertical,
divides the rows of Centuries equally, and is a resting line for
the eye during rapid calculations.

Each diagram encloses a square, divided into ten rows of
smaller squares, ten in the row, of which five are before a
WIDE CENTRE LINE and fivc bcyond. The rows, five above and
five below, a wide middle line, each containing ten squares,
give one hundred ; and as feach square represents one year,
the diagram indicates one hundred years or one century, and
hence the seventy are a chart of seven thousand years.

THE CENTURIES.

Each century of the map, and each year of the centur}', in
construction, is exactly like the other, differing not in the
least particular. To understand the mechanism of the whole
of Loverin's Chart of Time consists, therefore, in properly
knowing one century, and one year of a century. A good
idea of this fact may be obtained from the following cuts,
which will also show the manner of reckoning, towards and
from the Creation. Either diagram is a representative of any
century of the Chart.

1 ;l
i i

11!

Platk 1.

. 100

~ __:"":

■ ■ i^ ■ ■ ■

10 98705432 1
(No. 1 shows the counting from the Christian Era towards
the Creation, i.e., from the 'ower right, to the upper left.)

12 3 45 6789 10

20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90

100

1191

lipB

■ 1

■

1 J

" "

" '

" "

m HH ■

■ ■ ^

" " " "

" '

* '

Plate 2.

HISTORICAL CHART OP TIME.

(No. 2 indicates the reckoning of ti)e Christian Era, i.e., from
the upper left, to the lower right, as in reading.)

Behold, each is a square, equally divided by two heavy
straight lines cutting each other at right angles, which are
respectively named the transfimrse or nniddle, and the vertical
or central ; and which, besides being resting points for the
vision, are guiding lines in connection with the placing of the
symbols.

The diagram is also divided into ten rows — five above and
five heloiv the middle line, and each row is divided into ten
squares — five before and five beyond the centre line. Ten
rows each having ten squares, give one hiindred ; and, as
these are the representatives of years, we have therefore one
century.

THE YEARS.

If we now examine the years, we find each like the other
subdivided into nine equal compartments by two straight lines,
cutting two other straight lines at right angles. These are
for the reception of symbols that give character or meaning
accordingly as placed in one or the other of them.

COMPARTMENTS.

compartments.

Ifit

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

6lh

7tli

8th

9th

Fig. 1.

Contention

Acquisi-
tion.

Det*truc-
tion.

Distinction

Domina-
tion.

Invention.

Legislation
and
Civiliza-
tion.

Insubordi-
nation.

Concilia-
lion.

Fig. 2.

They pre known by their numerical order, beginning at the
upper left hand corner and counting to the lower right, as in
Fig. 1.

HISTORICAL CHART 0? TIME.

II ii

SYMBOLIZATION.

They are also specially named, as in Fig. 2, so that some
idea of the meaning of their symbols, the square, half square and
multiplication cross will be suggested to the mind, inasmuch as
they will indicate something of the nature of the event therein
placed. Besides the above three symbols, in each compart-
ment, an addition cross is used in the fourth, to mark the death
of a distinguished or conspicuous person.

When, now, is added the large symbol for the remarkable
event, we find that twenty-seven difierent kinds of representa-
tion can be effected by the symbols of one year. In order
that their meanings may be more easily remembered, the fol-
lowing classification has been arranged.

The compartments are known by the names given them,
which prepare the mind to understand the symbol whenever
used in connection with them, and are numerically recognized,

thus :

r ■ Invasion, War.
let. Contention. ) r Battle, Siege.

(x Civil War.

( ■ By Conquest.

-< r By Purchase, by Marriage, &c.

\ X Colonization, Bequest, Gift.

■ Persecution, Disease, Slavery.
r Fire, Massacre, Earthquake, Storm.
X By War, Pillage, Loss.

■ Eminent Men.
p " Women.
X Birth of a remarkable person,
-f- Death " "

■ Autocrats, Kings, Emperors, Presidents.
W Queens, Empresses, «&c.
X Two or more governing at the same time.

■ Geographical discovery,
r Scientific '•
X Industries, utilizing Inventions, Public Works.

■ Parliaments, Councils, Diets, «fec.
w Edict8,Proclamation8, Commands, Codes of Laws.
X Colleges, Publication of Books, Ac.

2nd. Acquisition.

3rd. Destruction.

4th. Distinction.

5th. Domination.

6th. Invention.

7th. Legislation and
Civilization.

HISTORICAL CHART OF TIMX.

8tli. Insubordination.

{

Revolution.
Unsucceflflful Revolt.
X Conspiracies, Riots.

r ■ Peace.
9th. Conciliation. } r Treaty in time of Peace.

(_ X Confederation, Union, Orders, Association.

A ludicates the Histories as marked on the Chart.
I I Remarkable event.
O Colonial History.
^ B. C, (blue) indicates the kings of Israel, distinguishing
them from those of Judah.

K Refers to tiie emperors of the Eastern Roman Empire.
The small symbols, bracketed opposite each compartment,
give specific meaning as above described.

COLORS.

Colors give the geography, or nationality of the event which,
as marked over the Chart, is explained as follows :

Black.

The

History

of Rome.

'' triangles.

((

Saracens and Turks

Blue.

Bible and Church.

" triangles.

Crusades.

Red (B. C.)

Ancient Greece.

" (A. D.)

England.

*' triangles.

Scotland.

Yellow (B. C.)

Persian Empire.

" (A. D.)

France.

" triangles.

Ireland.

Green (B. C.)

Egypt.

" (A. D.)

Germany.

" triangles.

Prussia.

Orange (B. C.)

Assyria.

" (A.D.)

Spain.

" triangles.

Portugal.

Pink.

Poland.

" triangles.

Russia.

Lilac.

China.

" triangles.

Japan.

Gold.

The United States.

HISTORICAL CHART OP TIME.

Circles indicate Colonies belonging to their respective colors:
— for instance, Canada in Yellow circles denotes it under the
French Regime — and, in red circles, refers to it under British
rule; as well as to the S|iecial Colonies of Great Britain that
occupied America contemporaneously with the French.

LOCAIJTIEH CHANGED INTO FIGURES.

Having described the construction of the Chart, the mean-
ing of the compartments and symbols as well as the uses of
color, the attention is now called to the localities and the
manner by which they are converted into dates.

To find the number of any year upon the Chart there must
be an established point from whicii to reckon. The two
grand epochs from which dates have been counted are " The
Creation " and " The Nativity of Christ, " the represent-
ative letters of which are, from the Latin, respectively A. M.
^nd A. D. Inasmuch as great diflerences of opinion exist in
regard to the exact time of tiie Creation, we have ciiosen the
Nativity of Christ as our grand starting-point. Whatever
dates occur before, are marked B. C. and those after, A. D.
This the better answers our purpose from the fact that histo-
rians have more generally adopted it than any other.

Wo have already said that the wide iiorizontal space
separates the Christian era from all preceding time ; and that,
in reading ihe Chart, the Nativity of Christ (Vulgar era) will
be in the first year of tliO first century below. This will be
the first year, counting from the upper left-hand corner,
where we find a large blue symbol surrounding the margin
of it. Here, remember, is the grand point from which all
events of history are reckoned. We can now readily understand
that, in marking or looking for an event that happened before,
we must ascend towards the Creation; and, if after, we must
descend towards the present. This will hold good in regard
to any fixed point upon the Chart. Hence the following
rule: — In counting time from any period to the present, we
reckon from the upper left towards the lower right hand,

HISTORICAL CHART OF TIME.

century after century and docade after decade, as reading a
book ; and, in counting from any event towards the Creation, we
reckon from the lower right, receding, year after year, decade
after decade, and century after century, in the reverse order
until the desired event is reached. In no case, however, will
this affect the compartments of tiie year, or the meaning of
the symbolizution.

If we would look for " The Creation," 4004 B. C. (the
Biblical date), we begin at the first year of the first cen-
tury before the birth of Christ, vvliich we find at the
lower right-hand corner, above the wide liorizontal space, and
reckon from left to right, year after year, decade after decade,
century after century; and, wjjen \^e shall have passed over
four rows of the latter, we arrive at the forty-first, in which, on
the first decade, two before the centre line, will be found
the date required, — it is marked by a blue line surrounding
the year square — a remarkable event which (counting the year
in whicli it is placed), the key will tell us, is "the Creation,"
B. C. 4004. If", now, we continue back to the fiftietli century,
on tlie seventh decade, three before the centre line, we see a
heavy diagonal line, blue, running from corner to corner of the
year square ; this represents the Creation as recognized by the
Benedictines, B. C. 49()3. It is well to remember this, because
some authorities recognize it. I have produced it in order to
give a reason why there are sometimes such great differences
in dates. In tiie same way of proceeding we find the remark-
able event of the Deluge, B. C. 2-348 in tlie one instance and
8308 in the other. For difierent dates in regard to the Creation
see another part of this w^ork.

Let us look for a remarkable event in tlie Christian era,
say, the discovery of America by Columbus, A. D. 1492. To
find this, begin at the upper left-iiand corner, below the wide
horizontal space — The Nativity of Ciu-ist, OUR GRAND
STARTING-POINT,— and count toward the lower right, year
after year, decade after decade, century after century, until
we arrive at the last row of years in tiie fifteenth, on which,

22 HISTORICAL CHART OP TIME.

four before the centre line, is a remarkable event painted
in orange color, representing a circumstance to have taken
place under Spanish authority in 141)2. The key will tell
the event, and the Chart, by locality and color, instructs us
in regard to the rest. In order that localities may receive
from begiimers all the attention their importance demands,
and that the central and middle lines may be well impressed
upon the understanding, I am pleased to introduce the fol-
lowing diagrams.

10
10

9
9
9

4
4
4
4

3
3
3
3
3

2
2
2
2
2

8
8

7
7
7

6
6
6

10
10
10

5
5

9
9

1 o o o o 5

9
9
9
9

8
8
8

4
4
4

4
4

6
6
6
6

6
5
5
5

3
3
3
3

2
2
2
2

7
7

Plate 3.

■i

\ i

In Plate 3, the years number from the lower right-hand
corner of the century as in Plate 1, page 16. Each year on
the rows above indicates the same figure, from bottom to top,
thus, over the unit all are units, over the five all are fives, over
the .eight all are eights, etc., etc.

HISTORICAL CHART OP TIME.

2
2

3
3

4
4

8
8

io
to

2
2
2

3
3
3

4
4

6
6
6

—

8
8

9
9

10
10
10

Plate 4.

The same thing is also true of Phite 4, where the counting
or unity begins at the upper left-hand corner and proceeds to
the lower right : under the unit all are units, under the five all
are fives, under the eight all are eights, etc., but the order
is reversed. If, now, an event be placed in any year of Plate 3,
in the one represented by five, then without eflTort we have the
year sought ; if, however, it be raised to the second row or
decade, then to its number five we add the first row below and
it becomes fifteen ; if we raise it to the last or tenth decade ;
then to the number five are added the previous nine decades
giving ninety-five, which will be the year of the century in
which it rests. The same will be true of the event if placed
in any year of Plate 4, only the tens from above, instead of
below, must be added.

Plates 1 and 3, pages 16 and 22, represent the reckoning
from the Nativity of Christ, or the Christian era, back towards
the Creation, marked B. C. upon the Chart.

Plates 2 and 4, pages 16 and 23, show the reckoning from the
Creation towards the present time, A. M. ; but, if the Nativity

HISTORICAL CHART OF TIME.

of Christ be the starting-point, and only the Christian era is
called for, the initial letters are A. D.

A little practice upon the Chart, taking the Christian era
lirst under consideration, will soon prepare the mind to under-
stand the whole map of time.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

For practical illustrations, let the attention be placed upon
the century before Christ; and then, upon the first century of
the Christian era.

The first century of the Chart of Time, before the Christian
era, is found at the lower right of the five rows of centuries
above tiie wide horizontal space, and has upon its first decade,
two before the centre line, in the fourth compartment, a blue
multiplication cross, indicating the birth of a distinguished
person in cliurch or biblical history. Two before the centre line
in Plate \i, is 4, the number of the year supplying the event ;
hence, from the key and chart read thus : Four years before
the Vulgar era, the birth of Christ.

Again, on the same row or decade, three beyond the centre
line, in the fourth compartment, an addition cross, black, death
of an eminent Roman. Plate 3 shows the figure eight, the
key gives two names, one of which must be remembered by
Association, Maecenas and Horace. Read : In the year S B. C,
the deaths of Maecenas and Horace.

Again, upon the second decade, four beyond the centre
line, a black addition cross, fourth compartment, death of an
eminent lioman. Plate 3 indicates four beyond the centre
line to be 9, to wliich add the decade below making it 19 ;
Key : Virgil. Read : Death of the Poet Virgil, B. C. 19.

Again, upon the third row or decade, two beyond the
centre line, large black, remarkable event in Roman history,
locality, seven, as shown by Plate 3 ; add the two decades be-
low, and 27 is the date. Key : In the year 27 B. C. the name
of Augustus was conferred upon Caius Octavius Ctfsar by the
Senate of the Roman people. — And so on, to the Creation.

HISTORICAL CHART OP TIME.

Let us now turn our attention to the first century of
the Christian era, which we will find on the upper left-
hand corner, below the wide hoi '.ontal spac«' of the Chart.
On the first row or decade, counting from the; upper left to the
right, as in reading a book, five before the centre line, is a large
blue remarkable event in church history, in the year, one as
marked in Plate 4. Key : The beginning of the Christian era
A. D. 1.

Again, on the same row or decade, in the second com-
partment, one beyond the centre line, full black, meaning a
conquest by the Eomans, number of the year, 6. Key: Judsea.
Read : In the year 6 A.D. Judaea was conquered by the Romans,
and, of course, during the reign of Augustus Caesar.

Again, on the same row, four beyond the centre line, in the
first compartment, half black, battle. Key : Teutoberg. Read :
In the year 9 A. D. the Romans were defeated by Arminius
(Herman).

Again, on the second row or decade, two before the centre
line — fifth compartment, full black, a Roman Csesar comes
into power, year 4, as shown by Plate 4 ; to this add the first
decade and the date will be fourteen. Key : Tiberius. Read :
In the year 14 A. D. Tiberius became the Roman Ciesar, etc.,
etc., until the whole diagram is completely under the control
of the mind ; after which, proceed in the same manner with
the next century. If the attention of a class, or a pupil, be
continuous, two, four or six hours regularly during the week,
the whole Chart, in an incredible manner, will soon be in
possession of the memory ; each century will have indelibly
photographed itself upon the retiutC of vision, as well as the
localities of the events, from which the dates will be easily
infierred, and also the colors by which will be recognized the
countries to which they belong. If other events than those
upon the Chart are required, they may, with little difficulty,
be added ; or, should any change in the locality of the symbol
be desired, it can be made.

Let it be remembered, however, that the figures marking
the dates in the Key, are not to he used when reading the

HISTORICAL CHART OP TIME.

events from the Chart. They are only to be examined by the
teacher in cases of uncertainty, and to readily assist in finding
any particular event. The best authorities of history must
ever be at hand, and reading, in order to examine the philo-
sophy of subject, must be as persistent as possible, consistent
with health, which is always a matter of primary importance.
No anxiety whatever need be entertained in consequence of
a fear that the dates and names of events will not be retained
in the mind. Locality in reference to the central and middle
heavy lines of the century, and in regard to the central and
HORIZONTAL spaccs of the chart, mark the former; and location
in the compartment of the year square, with form and color
of the symbol, stimulate to the latter. This is so important
that, at the expense of repetition, we add, if these be the
means by which the understanding is made to grasp, soon,
witii very little effort, tiie whole Chart of Time will become a
painting on the memory, where it must remain for future use.
The sister science, geograpiiy, will, at the same time, also
receive careful attention. T';eir combination, if during child-
hood and youth, either at home, in the school, the academy,
or at coUege, with the advantages of careful instructors, will
make the acquisition of knowledge in the more advanced and
thoughtful [)eriod of life easy and satisfactory.

cF-^a

s!s snsS£!K;s: s% ii#iis sft s:s

SSS ■■•■■■ SSanlS UV l!M!l bV* ■■■ ■■■

siuis ii^se: :s Si: Bis :^fi^ :ss

ESS ■■■ !■■ nl ■».!■■■ ■«■ ■■■ -ii^aai

Fig. 6.

THE HISTORICAL CENTOGRAPH.

After having carefully studied the construction of the His-
torical Chart of Time, it will become an easy matter to com-
prehend the Centograph, inasmuch as their principles are one.

THE HISTORICAL CENTOGRAPH.

By referring to Fig. 2, page 13, you can examine a diagram
which is an exact representation of the Histor ^al Centograph
forwarded to the United States Centennial. It consists of a
base holding a drawer of symbols, from which arise, vertically,
trunnions that support two large frames, three feet square
each.

Tlujy (the frames) are so fixed upon pivots that they can
be easily adapted to any angle best suited to the wishes of the
student. p]ach frame, a square, is divided into one hundred
smaller squares, which, in their application to the science of
History, are called years. These latter are numbered when
reckoning the Christian era from the upper left to the right,
row after row, and year after year, until the lower corner
of the frame upon the right represents the complete one
hundred years— one century. One of the frames, Fig. 6,
page 97, is further divided, each year, into nine smaller squares
or compartments, which are numerically named from the
upper left to the lower rigiit, — exactly as was the case
with the vears in the centurv of the Chart of Time. These

•.4/

are intended to receive symbols that give character to the
event, accordingly as placed in one or other of the nine ; their
color representing the geography of its occurrence, wiiile its
chronology is indicated by the exact year in which it appears.
Above eacii year, upon both frames, is a small projecting pin
upon which to suspend symbols that are indicative of remark-
able events, A black-board is attached above and may be
fixed as well at the bottom of the century, where it should
be, in counting time from the Christian Era to the Creation;
in which case the reckoning begins at the lower right hand
corner and proceeds to the left, decade by decade, and year
after year, until the upper left hand square or year completes
the century.

Between the two pair of uprights supporting the frames is
also another pair, containing grooves, in which is a slide that
rises and lowers according to the wish ; upon these rests a
cross-bar that holds the curtain suspended between them, the
object of which is to furnish a light back-gvound to either,

THE HISTORICAL CENTOGRAPH.

and direct the symbols, when pushed through, to the drawer
below.

The vertical or central, and transverse or middle partitions,
cutting each other at right angles, dividing the century nito
four equal parts, are constructed larger than tlie others : thus,
they aflbrd strength, while offering a view that gives full
command of the century, when rapid calculation is necessary.
In locating the symbols, these guiding lines must be kept
continually before the vision ! " Before and beyond the centre
line," " Above ard belotv the middle line," are terms with which
it is necessary to become very familiar.

The fri'.me with undivided years, Fig. 3, page 14, is intended
for students, who should only be required to acquaint them-
selves with the Map of Time and remarkable events : for
Academies and Colleges, it will not be necessary; inasmuch as
the other contains all that can be seen upon it — viz., one
hundred years, arranged into ten rows or decades, five above
and five below the middle line, each row possessing ten squares,
five before and five beyond the centre line. The sub«iivision
of the years inco compartments permits of the representation
of the same variety of circumstances that have been so graphi-
cally described in the explanation of the Chart.

SYMBOLS.

The symbols, of which we will next speak, when inserted,
represent distinct ideas of the character of events, accordingly
as they are placed in one or other of the compartments;
which latter are always known, in their numerical order, from
the first sub-division at the upper left, to the ninth at the
lower right-hand corner of the year.

They are of two varieties as regards size.

1st. Large, that represent remarkable events, consisting of
the square, triangle, octagon, circle, star, &c. ; in fact, arbi-
trarily, any figure whatsoever constructed to hang upon the
pin over the center of each year, in front of the nine com-
partments.

THE HISTORICAL CENTOGRAPH.

2nd. Small cubes, adapted to the compartments. When
used, they are the representatives of small squares, half
squares, crosses, rirfles, semi -circles and triangles. They can
represent six different histories by variety of color, or six
distinct characters of events, if the same color be upon every
side. For instance : black, blue, red, yellow^, green and gold
may cover the respective sides of a cube. It, hence, may
indicate, in the first compartment of a year, war in any of the
countries represented by these colors ; or, if the same color be
upon all sides of the cube, it can afford Uh the fully painted
square, the half square, two crosses, the circle and triangle.
For other marks than these, a second set of cubes will be
necessary. When in position, tlie symbols represent the same
characters and are read in the like manner as are those upon
the Chart of Time.

Properly constructed, the Centograph is a neat and useful
piece of school furuiture, as lasting as the school house itself,
possessing the means of representing the past in so accurate a
manner, that no single year can be mentioned which cannot
be brought before the class and pointed to the vision ! It is
also an intelligent piece of furniture for the Academy, the
College, or the Parlor, allowing, whenever and wherever
advantage is taken of it, excellent opportunities for mental
improvement. The black-board permits of the registration of
all past centuries, while the diagram of one hundred years
offers the opportunity of directing the attention to the exact
time sought.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR USING THE CENTOGRAPH.

1st. Place it where all may have a good opportunity of
seeing it.

2nd. Open the drawer in which are the symbols by remov-
ing the lid, if practicable ; or, if not, let it be turned back
upon its hinges and held in position by the iron hooks attached
for that purpose.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR U8INO THE CENTOGRAPH.

3rd. Adapt the curtain so that a light back-ground will
appear ; and, that the cubes, when pushed through, will be
directed to tiie drawer.

4th. Arrange whatever preliminaries the common-sense on
any particular occasion may suggest, after which, the In-
structor should call the attention to the black-board ; inasmuch
as, throughout every lesson, it perfonns an important part.

If the liistory of the first century, before or after Christ, be
under consideration, no figures must appear upon it, as that
one hundred years is represented by the Centograph itself,
which is recognized accordingly as the black-board is attached
above or belov/ the frame. If the events of the second cen-
tury are demanding attention, the black-board becomes the
representative of the first, which must be plainly and legibly
written upon it. If the third century contain the facts of the
lesson, then, of course, two hundred will appear upon the
board. In this way it will be seen that the object of the
black-board is to represent the complete centuries of the past,
while the Centograph offers the opportunity of registering the
parts or whole of the one hundred years under consideration.

The Instructor now directs the student to set the first cen-
tury of the Christian Era in the following manner : — Take
from the drawer a large blue symbol; suspend it upon the
first row, shelf, or decade, five before the centre partition or
bar, always counting the one in which the symbol is placed.
What does it signify ? A remarkable event in the Church.
In what year? One. The key or tccicher lay now tell its
meaning — the Nativity of Christ. The student then reads the
Centograph thus : In the year (A.D.) ] , vulgar era, Christ
was born. This is the grand point from vviiich all reckonings
of the Christian Era are made. Take a cube, black and fully
painted ; place it upon the first row, one beyond tiie centre
line, in the second compartment. What does it indicate ? A
conquest by the Romans. In what year? Six. The key
again supplies the required information concerning the terri-
tory conquered — Judea. The student reads it thus : In the
year 6 (A.D.), during the reign of Augustus Caesar, Judea was

INSTRUCTIONS FOR USING THE CENTOORAPH.

iilM

ii li!

1 1

conqii creel by the Romans. Take another cube, black, half
painted ; place it upon the same row, four beyond the centre
line, in the first compartment. What does it represent? A
battle, in which the Romans took an active part. A<;ain the
key supplies the information — Teutoburg. The student now
reads : In the year 9 the Romans were defeated by Herman,
a German prince, at the battle above-named. What next?
Take a cube, fully painted, black; place it upon the second
decade, two before the centre line, in the fifth compartment.
Wliat does it indicate ? Sovereign power among the Romans.
The key: Tiberius made Caesar at Rome. In what year?
Fourteen. It may now be read thus from the Centograph :
A.D. 14. Tiberius became the Roman Caesar. Thus*, century
after century may be written during lessons of one-half hour
each with great advantage, profit, and interest.

In reckoning from the hirth of Christ back to the Creation
attach the black-board to the bottom of the century, when the
first square on the lower right, becomes the first year before
Christ. To locate, Rome founded by Romulus : put 700
upon the board and the Centograph will represent the 8th
century B.C. Take a remarkable event symbol — suspend it
upon the sixth row, counted from the bottom, upwards — three
before the centre line. The key explains if necessary, &c., &c.

When the lesson is completed, the Centograph may remain
where an occasional glance will more effectually register its
contents upon the memory. If, however, it is determined to
free it of the symbols, the cubes are easily pushed through
against the curtain and fall into the drawer, where they can
be orderly arranged. By keeping this fact in view, the habit
of order (a desirable one in all things) can be enforced.

The Centograph is more practical than the Chart. It
admits to rectify mistakes without the loss of material of any
kind. This cannot be done upon paper blank charts, when
variously colored crayons have been used.

It has the power of attracting the attention of children,
making History appear more like a play than real study. It
requires the pupils to tell, what they are being taught, in their

THE HISTORICAL STATE.

own language, affording the teacher an opportunity to correct
their style and manner of describing events. It, like the
Chart, permits to follow any particular historian in his divi-
sions and sub-divisions of the subject. Upon it can be regis-
tered Universal or Special History. In following a particular
History, any color may be chosen, by which, for the time
being, to register fiicts and dates. It is adapted to all ages and
powers of intellect, permitting as much and as little historical
matter as may be desirable.

THE HISTORICAL SLATE.

This is a square, constructed to hold within its folds a
diagram of one hundred years, which, when opened, it exposes
to view. The margin surrounding the century is slated, to
permit of its answering the purposes of a black board. Its
symbols, made of leather or paper, can be placed upon it in
the manner already described for adapting them to the Cento-
graph. In their application to History, they are also possessed
of the same meaning as are those in the Centograph or upon
the Chart.

Upon the Slate time can be accurately marked, and histo-
rical events, by practice, may be orderly impressed upon the
minds of very small children, without much seeming fatigue.
When the lesson is finished, the symbols may be placed in
their box and the diagram closed ; it then offers all the advan-
tnges of a slate upon which to practice registering the dates
with the slate pencil. Now that the time for a change of
subject has arrived, it may again be folded in book form and
set at rest. — (See page 12).

From what has been said in the foregoing pages, a careful
consideration will doubtless bring us to the following conclu-
sions : —

1st. That the Chart, Centograph, and Historical Slate repre-

STATISTICAL.

sent Time, arranged upon the decimal system, with mathe-
matical accuracy.

2nd. That they are wonderfully simple and within the com-
prehension of all.

3rd. That each, though in a manner seemingly dependent
upon the other, may be independent of the other.

4th. That while the Chart represents the most extended view
of Time, the Centograph and Slate afford superior advantages
for practical operations before a Class.

5th. Tiiat their principles are one and the same.

6th. Tiiat it is hardly possible to be a correct and thorough
universal historian without their use.

7th. They offer effectual and ]>ractical means by whicii
teachers can organize the minds of children 5 indelibly photo-
graphing their memories with substantial facts that, later in life,
are sure to become the subjects or nuclei of thought ; and
which, besides forming useful food for mental digestion, are
certain to stimulate the powers of the understanding when the
brain is more fully developed.

STATISTICAL.

To represent the population of country, in round numbers,
upon the Centograph or Slate, proceed as follows : —

1st. Assume the nine compartments of the year square, in
the same order as already known, to become the nine digits,
and the remakable event to take the place of the cypher, with
the unit to the left — i. e., let it represent the number 10. It
now is in'our power to count from one to ten inclusive.

2nd. Fix a value upon the cube possessing the color of the
country whose population is to be represented ; let it be 100,000.

3rd. Then let it be understood that into whatever compart-

STATISTICAL.

mathe-
lie com-
pendent

led view
vantages

thorough

y which
y photo-
,er in life,
^ht 5 and
stion, are
when the

numbers,

[quare, in
le digits,

Iher, with

jr 10. It

Ive.

Ilor of the
100,000.
[compart-

ment the cube will be pushed, it will stand multiplied by the
<ligit therein represented ; hence, if placed in No. 5, it must
be read 500,000 ; if in No. 9, it will indicate 900,000, &c.
Tiie remarkable event must then be understood to complete
the million. It denotes the higliest cai)acity of the square,
and is oidy required when the number is complete.

Wherever found, the remarkable event indicates as many
millions, as is the number of the year square over which it has
been suspended. Let a cube now bc; placed in any particular
square of the century, say upon the sixth row, three be-
fore the centre line, in compartment sixth. What color ? Gold.
What does it mean ? Gold being the representative of the his-
tory of the United 8tates,refers to the population of that coun*
try I and as it must be understood that all the years before the one
in which is the cube are the representatives of complete mil-
lions, — i.e., that each, in counting, represents 1,000,000, — it
therefore follows that the cube above placed must be the
representative value of 52,600,000 — the population of the
United States. If more than 100,000,000 is required, as is
the case with China, the first one hundred millions must be
marked upon the black-board, and thus the process continues.

In reckonings of whatever kind, that which has been marked
upon the board must be added.

Before drawing attention to the Facts of the various periods
and Epochs, I think it well to again notice the propriety
of reading all events from the Chart, Centograph or "Slate, from
which the dates must be given without the slightest reference
to the figures opposite the event in the key. This is particu-
larly applicable to students. They should never be allowed
to look for the date of a fact, in any other place, than in its
2)Osition ivith reference to the central and middle lines in the web
of Time, where, by careful practice, it tvill be sure to manifest
■itself with surprising readiness.

' I

LOVERIN S

DEFINITIONS WORTHY OF SPECIAL ATTENTION.

History is the science of past events.

Events are facts that have happened or transpired in the
world, and have reference to tiine and place.

Time is the period of duration passing while events are
transpiring, the science of which is called chronology.

Place is the locality wiiere an event happens ; and, its
description referring to the earth's surface is called geography.

Oba, I. Geography and chronology have long since been termed " the two eyes
of history."

Obs. 2. IhG place where and tlie time when an event happened are inseparable.
They oj necessity exist conjointly, and hence the science of the time is worthy of
the highest consideration.

Obs. 3. Time, in the abstract, is the period or portion of duration that transpires-
or passes while planets are revolving on their axes in their orbits through space.

Space is the entity, or expanse of Creation, where or in
which their revolutions take place.

Obs. 4. Each planet has its own time, measured by its revolutions unon its axis
around its orbit, which are so regularly performed that computations made from
them are nearer exactitude than any others.

Obs. 5. The beginning and end of the tinte, in reference to a planet, is synonym-
ous to, or coincident with, the commencement and termination of its existence.

Obs. 6. Our time is measured by the cycles of the earth's motion, either in
regard to itself upon its axis, or in its orbit around the sun, its controlling
body.

A Cycle is a complete period or circuit of time.

The Solar Year is measured by the earth's cycle around
the sun, and consists of three hundred and sixty-five days and
six hours (nearly). Each year of the Chart of Time consists
of ooie solar year.

A Period is a cycle or circuit of time, varying according to
its prescribed boundaries.

A Lustrum is a period of five years.

A Decade is a period of ten years.

An Epoch is a point of time from which a new reckoning
begins.

An Era denotes any grand period or division of time.

A Generation is the space of thirty, or thirty-three years.

An Age is about the same as a generation.

CHART OF TIME

Obg. 7. Chronologers, however, have used the latter In many ccngea— as : The
Ages of the Creation, The Dark Ages, The (iolden, Silver, Brazen, Iroa and Stone
Agea, The Seven Ages of Man (Shakspcare), Ac.

A Millennium consists of one tlionsand years.
A Decamillennium is ten thousand years.

Obs. 8. When the Chart of Time will have extended to and reached this latter
cumber, it then will have become a grand square wherein, if wo consider the
spaces, central and middle, analogous to the central and middle Imes of the dia-
gram of one hundred years, we will have no difficultr in recognizing that one
hundred of Centuries are completed.

A Centimillennium embraces a piriotl of one liundred
thousand years.

REMARKS.

It is self-evident that time is absolutely necessary for the
production of an event, however brief, inasmuch as it is the
period during which anything happens.

At the first moment of existence we are brought in imme-
diate contact with it. As soon as life is perceptible its sands
are in active motion, and the processes of change are begun, to
continue through the various stages of advancement and decay.
Immediately the seconds, minutes, hours, weeks, months,
seasons and years of human life are on the wing ; from the
first to the last inspiration of our existence ; therefore, time to
us is practically a subject of the highest importance.

Thus it is from the cradle to the grave ; and, what is true of
individuals is not less so of nations, as well as of our earth and
the world around us, of which we are but a very small portion !

To the student of history an event and the time of its
having transpired are each of value, and while the knowledge
of one without the other may afford some satisfaction, it is not
to be compared with the cognizance of both, respectively
named Fact and Date.

They supply the basis or groundwork, of history, and
are as essential to a good understanding of the subject as a,
knowledge of anatomy is to the practical surgeon.

Time might reasonably be compared to the osseous struc-
ture of the human body, in, and upon which, facts and dates
are held and supported in an orderly manner. It being that
portion of duration in which events occur, suggests the pro-

loverin's

priety of chart representation with the circumstances pro-
perly arranged n their places. <'

Let us, to use a familiai expression, weave time, and in our
web mark off the periods, epochs, eras, centuries, decades and
years, with their events carefully and coirectly arranged and
fastened where we may study their position, nature, causes
and effects. This having been done, suspend them upon the
wall for future examination, and then, if wholly on the decimal
system, and all time known to historians is before the eye, we
will have become possessed of '< LOVERIN'S GRAND HIS-
TORICAL CHART OF TIME." By gazing upon this we
are able to consider and submit to the field of vision seven,
thousand years at one view without the least inconvenience.

If we except the Chinese Annals, we can examine history
from the Creation to the present time ! and as rapidly as elec-
tricity or thought, oscillate from point to point, backwards
and forwards — now diluting upon this and now upon that
event; until, soon, the complete panorama of universal history
is indelibly registered upon the retina and passed into the
" storehouse " of the mind, where it will ever remain ready
for use.

Thus the wonderful agents of the special sense of sight,
the optic nerves, take the place of the imagination in inducting
facts and registcing them upon the marble tablet of the mind.
Their centres or ganglia are in proximate communication with
the entire cerebral structures.

lite mind, the intelligent power, is the faculty of thought,
the understanc^ing, and the possessor of the memory. The
various avenues to it are through the nerves of connnou and
special sensation, of which those of vision are the most impor-
tant.

It has been compared to " a clean sheet of paper," ^' a
blackboard," " a marble slab," upon which may be marked or
engraven whatever would be best adapted to assist its pos-
sessor through life. Hence the propriety of great care and
good judgment in the selection of material for early and con-
tinuous culture.

CHART OP TIME.

In order to effect the happiest results the mind must be sub-
jected to system, order, method, etc.; so that it will, like the
skillful artisan, be able at any moment, without the assistance
of a taper, to place itself in possession of whatever fact it mny
wish to use.

The brain being the originator and receptacle of our ideas,
much will depend upon its condition.

A good storehouse must be a sound building, well ven-
tilated and cleanly, with every facility present to permit
of its being thus continued. Like the contents of such a
building, so also the mind. It must be dependent upon a
healthy brain, which generally presupposes a sound body ;
an active pulmonary and vascular system, good agents ever
ready to continuously oxidise the blood ; and emunctories
equal to every emergency.

A vigorous body, possessed of a healthy brain, to which
there is free access of properly oxygenated blood, affords the
best condition for the greatest development of the mind.*

To be able to command knowledge in the right time and
place is a matter of importance ; and, as history is the great
arsenal from which we derive the supplies, it is proper to give
it the attention it merits.

No one will deny that it i*5 a science for the study of nations
as well as individuals.

Its pages are filled with examples of virtue, and warnings of
vice ; where valuable lessons may be had by those wliose duty
it is to act for the best interests of society, in which respect
it is suited to all ranks and classes of individuals.
. The superior and inferior, tlie king and humble peasant, the
governor and the governed, can each, and every one, learn from
it what may be useful for practical consideration.

So much can hardly be said of any other subject of study:
hence, the propriety of endeavoring to ascertain how best to
comprehend what is of such importance !

Is it not well, therefore to obtain a general knowledge of its

* " Mens Sana in corpore sano.'^

i I

loverin's

facts in such a way, as, in the meantime, to possess our memo-
ries with the exact dates of their occurrences ? In a word : is it
not a ciu^f/ devolving upon us, to give this valuahle and instruc-
tive science all the attention its usefulness demands ?

Volumes, offering years of labor and toil to the ambitious
student, are printed and published that, alas ! sparingly reward
his industry. These, when considered in connection with the
brevity of human life, forbid a very extensive knowledge of the
subject of history without some means whereby we can, im-
mediately, seize upon the facts and readily extract them from
the cUhris, where they are too often by opinionated writers
wordily placed.

To supply this great want, the Chart of Time is pressed
forward for examination and consideration. Its advantages
consist in its capacity for at once including the whole subject ;
placing it where facts can be localized and indelibly registered
upon the memory.

History and chronology, orderly linked together, are seized
upon by the sense of vision, the most important agent of
the mind ; and without the painful necessity of committing
to memory a long list of meaningless figures. Facts localize
themselves in the same way as do villages, cities, towns, rivers
and ranges of mountains upon the geographical map, but with
much greater accuracy.

Through proper use of the Chart of Time, the general out-
lines of the whole subject can be more easily and effectually
obtained than by any other means heretofore introduced; but,
as previously mentioned, books must be sought and examined
for the philosophy of history.

Standard works and carefully selected incidents, frequently
related by intelligent teachers, are the principal means by
which the wisdom of this valuable branch of science must
be acquired ! And, while facts and dates do not constitute
all that is necessary for the student, they are nevertheless
the substructure or basis, and whoever would berome a
practical and useful historian must neither ignore the one
nor despise the other. They are, of necessity , his foundation

CHART OP TIME.

for the superstructure, and must be known in order to appre-
ciate the higher and more ennoWing part — the philosopliy —
so much admired by some of our leading historians.

In the matter of cause and effect, whereby we arrive at con-
clusions, discretion must be a prominent virtue, lest plausible
deception creep in upon us unawares, especially in those nicer
points where double reasoning may press us onward to very
different conclusions. To illustrate, allow me to call to your
attention the words of John Lingard, tho late great Catholic
writer of English History. He says : " I advance but few
pretensions to that which has been called ^ the philosophy of
history,' and which on a former occasion I had the temerity
to denominate ' the philosophy of romance.' It is the
privilege of the novelist, as I then remarked, to be always
acquainted with the secret motives of those whose conduct
and character he delineates ; but the writer of history can
know no more than his authorities have disclosed, or the facts
tliemselves necessarily suggest. If he indulge in imagination,
if he pretend to detect the hidden spring of every action, the
real origin of every event, he may embellisii his narrative, but
he will impose upon his readers, and probably upon himself.

" I^Iuch research and experience have entitled me to form
an opinion ; and, I have little hesitation in saying that, few
writers have done more to pervert the truth of history than
philosophical historians. They may display great acuteness of
investigation, a profound knowledge of the human heart; but
little reliance can be placed on the fidelity of their statements.
In their eagerness to establish some favorite theory, they are
Jipt to overlook every troublesome or adverse authority, to
distort facts in order to form a foundation for their system, and
to borrow from their own fancy whatever may be wanting
for its support and embelHshment. Of the ease with which
history may thus be made to bend to any hypothesis, a strong
illustration is furnished by the controversy respecting the un-
fortunate Mary Stuart. The leading facts of her story admit
of no dispute : but her enemies have attributed to the Scottish
Queen one set of motives, her advocates another ; from either,

LOVERIN S

the explanation of her subsequent conduct naturally follows ;
and, in the one case, she stands before us convicted of adultery
and murder; in the other, she appears an innocent and much
injured woman." (Vol. 1, page xxvii., preface to Lingard's
last edition.)

Pope in his Essay on the Life, Writings and Learning of
Homer in reference to these philosopiiers says : •' They begin
with acquainting us that the time in which he lived has never
been fixed beyond dispute, and that the opinions of authors
are various concerning it. But the controversy, in its several
conjectures, includes a space of years, between the earliest and
latest, from twenty-four to about five hundred after the siege
of Troy."

It is well, therefore, to remember the propriety of guarding
somewhat against those who are only too ready to philosophize
upon facts of which they can have no conceivable idea further
tiian their existence; and yet, it o"Q;htnot to be forgotten that
in the study of the science of history, our reason must be exer-
cised, in order to arrive at principles involved, and to free them
from as much doubt as possible, consistant with justice and
dignity.

Before introducing the facts, constituting the body of this
work, or calling attention to the Periods and Epochs it will
be well to understand the following definitions of history, as
represented by various authors of undoubted reputation who
have specially examined and written upon it.

DEFINITIONS OF HISTORY.

1. K (larnpia), — A namition of events and facts delivered witli
dignity." — (Pope.)

2. Narration, relation," (Wiseman)

3. The knowledge of facts and events." (Watts) — Dictionary^
hy Samncl Johnson, A.M. second edition, a. d, mdcclx.

Imi

CHART OF TIME,

4»

" (TTistoria, from histor, a witness G.). — A narration or descrip-
tion of several transactions, actions or events of a state, king or
private person, delivered in the order in which they happened;
a narration or relation. In painting it denotes a picture com-
posed of divers figures or persons, representing some transaction
either real or feigned.

" Natural History is a description of the productions of nature
whether plants, animals, vegetables, rivers, etc." — Barclay's-
enlarged and improved English Dictionary, not dated

" Ilistoria, ae, f. (hropia), 1. — A relation of actions and events,.
history, erat enim historia nihil aliud nisi annalium confectio, Cic :
h. testis temporum, Id.; pater historic. Id. — 2 (Meton, gen. A.) —
Any particular history, a record, a narrative, tale, si quid in ea
epistolo fuit historia dignum, Cic, etc., etc." — Charles Anthon's
Latin-English, and English-Latin Dictionary.

" 'laropia af, //, the knowledge acquired by observation, examina-
tion or inquiry ; the narration of facts ; history, 'larprina, a-og, to,
that which has been seen or examined into ; that which has been
ruhited ; a fact ; a history." — Donnegan's Greek and English Lexicon,
1846.

" 'laTop'u, ac, T/. 1. Cognoscendi studium ; 2. Lustratio locorum ;
3. Percontatis, inquisitis ; 4, Commentntis ; 5. historia, rerum gesta-
rum expositis ; 6. Scicntia ; 7. Sensus scripturae historicus sivo
liberalis."

" 'loToptu, u.y. T/au, inquiro, sciscitor, exploro." (verb). — Uendcrice.
Lexacon, T. Tayoa, London, 1803.

" The term History comprehends a recoi'd of all the remarkable
transactions which have taken place among the human family.
It is the collected result of individual experience in every ago
and nation, and is, consequently, a source of practical wisdom
to legislators and rulers, and of profitable reflection to privato
persons." — Rabbin's Outlines of History.

it .
n

ill!

EXTRACTS PROM

** History is the narration of past events in the regular order
of their occurrence, together with tlie consideration of their
•causes and effects.

EXTEACTS FEOM VARIOUS AUTIIOES.

Numeroua and diverse are the epochs of the Creation, as
will be seen by the following extracts from a popular work
of the last century.

" History is, without all doubt, the most instructive and
useful, as well as entertaining part of Literature : more espe-
cially, when it is not confined within the narrow bounds of
any particular Time or Place, but extends to the Transactions
of all Times and Nations " * * *

" This variety of Computations hath left room for Chrono-
logers to enlarge or contract the Space of Time betiwixt the
Flood and the Birth of Christ, by adhering to one Copy rather
than another ; or by rejecting or retaining the whole Numbers
or the Particulars just as it Suited their Humour of making
the Sacred History agree with the Prophane ; or otherwise of
reducing the Prophane to the Sacred. And as the Disa-
greement among the heathen Writers is great also, and every
author hath followed the Historian he liked best, hence a wide
difference hath arisen amongst Modern Chronologers, as ap-
pears by the various Computations, Several of them have made
of the years of the World to the Birth of Christ, which we
give here as collected by Strauchi us and Chevreau and others"

■''a table of years of the world to the birth of CHRIST,
ACCORDING TO THE COMPUTATION OF SEVERAL CHRONOLOGERS.

B.C.

Years. Mths.

Alphonsus, King of Castile [in Muller's Tables] 6984

The same [in Strauchius] 6484, 9

Onupbrius Panvinius 6310

Suidas 6000

Lactantius Philastrius 5801

VARIOUS AUTHORS. 45

B.C.

, '. Years. Mths.

Nicephorus 5700

Clemens Alexandrinus 5G24

The author of the Fasti Siculi 5608, 9

Isaac Vossius, and the Greeks 5598

The same [in Chevreau]' 5590

Theophilus Antiochenus 5515

The Constantinopolitans and Grabe's Septuagint 5508, 3

Cedremus [i n Chevreau] 550G

Julius Africanus, Theophanes, Eubychius, etc 5500

The Ethiopians 5499, 9

Cedrenus [in Strauchius] 5493, 9

Panodorus 5493

Maximus Monachus 5491, 9"

Sulpitius Severus 54G9

Victor Giselius, in his remarks on Sulpitius 5419

St. Austin [in Genebrard] 5351

Isodorus Pelusiota 5336

Abu nazar 5328

Rabanus Maurus 5296

Isador Hispalensis [in Strauchius] 5210

Paulus de Fossembrona 5201

Eusebius 5200, 5

Beda [in Strauchius] 5199

Phillippus, Bergamensis, Orosius, etc 5198

Philo, the Jew, Sigebert 5096

Epiphanius 5049

Metrodorus 5000

* [Selon la chronologie des Benedictines] 4963

Ado, Archbishop of Vienna 4832

Joseph us, corrected 4698

Odiato or Ebwico 4320

Maurian us Scotus 4192, 9

Laurentius Codomannus ; 4141, 8

The same [L. Godmeau in Chevreau] 4140

* I'iir Ed. Wautier D'Halluvhi.

u '■•{

! i

EXTRACTS FROM

B.C.

Years. Mths.

Ribcra :....4095

Genebrard 4 090

Arnold de Pontac 4088

Michael Maestlinus 4079, 3

F. Baptist Ricciolus 40G2, 3

R. Moses Maimonides 4058

Jacobus Salianiis [in Straucliiu.s] 40f53, 9

The same [in Chevreau] 4052

Henr Spondanus 4051, 9

Tormellus 4051

Gul. Laugiiis [in Strauciiius] 4041,9

The same [in Chevreau] 4040

Erasmus Reinbold 4021, 3

Jacobus Cappellus 4005, 3

John Wickman 4004, 9

Thomas Lydiat and Laurence Eich.stadt 4004

Edward Simpson and Archbishop Usher 4003, 9

M. Ant. Cappellus and Arch'p Usher [in Chevreau]... 4000
Dionysius, Petavius, Decker, Kepler, &c. [in Chevreau] 3984

Petavius [in Strauchius] 3983,3

Krentzheim 3971, 9

Abraham Bucholtzer [in Strauchius] 3970,9

The same, J. Cluverius [in Chevreau]

Pantaleon, Boxbornius, Jansenius, M. Dresser

Christ Matthias, J. Cluverius [in Strauchius] 3908, 9

Henry Bunting [in Strauchius] 3967,9

The same [in Chevreau] and Andrew^ Soelmatter 3907

Christ Longomontanus 39GG, 3

Peter Opeemer 39G6

Christ Longomontanus in his hypothesis in Astrono- ^

mian Danicam, Tostatus, Philip Melancthon, / 39G4

Funccius and others [in Strauchius] ^

Melancthon, Funccius, &c. [in Chevreau] 39G3

Jacobus Hy nliraus 39G3, 3

Sextus Senensis 39G2

3970

VARIOUS AUTHORS. 47

BO.

Yeara. Mths.

Job Lucidas, Sculter, Jolin Lightfoot and several \

others, Alpli Salmeron [in Chevreau], John > 39-59

Picus, Count of Mirandohi and others )

Lamburg and Sahiieron [in Strauchius] 3958

J. G. lierwart ab Hobenburg 3955

Beda Hermannus Contractus, George Herwart [in } oq-o

Chevreau] 5

Cornelius a Lapide 3951

Scaliger, Calvisius, Ubbo Emmius, Behniius, and ) r,q iq -^

Helvicus [in Strauchius] ) '

Origen, Argoli, John Seybor 3949

Cln-istiannus Schotanus 3948, 3

Joliannes Micraelius 3948

Scaliger Calvisius Helvicus [in Chevreau] )

Alfred, &c )

Hermannus Contractus [in Strauchius] 3945, 9

John Carrion 3944

St. Jerom, in his Hebraic questions 3941

Gerard Mercator 3928

Matthaeus Beroaldus 3927, 3

B. Arius Montanus .*... 3849

Andreas Helvigius 3836

Some Talmudists 3784

The Jews' vulgar computation 3700,3

li. David Ganz [in Strauchius] 3700

Hieron i\ Sancta Fide, Paulus de S. Maria Galatinus. )

^ . , ' , ' ; 3700
Georgius Venetus )

R. Habson, in his treaties of the Cycles of the Pass- )

•^ f 3740

over 5

R. Jason Nosen 3734

II. Abraham Zaccuth 3071

The lesser chronicon of the Jews 3070

E. Lippoman 3010''

" It would be an endless as well as useless task to particu-
arize the causes of the difference between the above-named
-authorities.

h^ It 4

EXTRACTS FROM

'* As to thfi chronology of the ancients there is no depend-
ing on it." " The Chronology of the ancient Greek authors
is no less nncertain," " The chronology of the Latins is still
more uncertain."

" On strict view and due examination of the antiquities of
nations, and the records whicli have been left us, those of the
JewSj exclusive of Divine Authority, will evidently (?) appear
to be the most certain and authoritative, and, consequently,
the surest foundation to build our chronology upon."

Preface Ixvii, Ixviii, Ixix, and Ixxii, A.D. mdccxliv.

From original authors. Vol. 1. Universal Ilistori/.

In M. Lavoisne's History and Geography may be found the
following referring to Plistory and Chronology — Introduction :

" History is very justly esteemed a considerable branch of
polite literature : few accomplishments are more valued than
an accurate knowledge of it, and scarcely any literary produc-
tions are more regarded than well-written histories. The
justice of this observation has been acknowledged by the
wisest and best of men in all civilized countries. Cicero has
said of history, that it enables us to trium^/h over time itself,
by carrying us back through the vast and devouring space of
numberless lapsed ages, and making us eye witnesses of all the
revolutions that have happened in the world, and he pro-
nounces a sentence of perpetual childhood on the man who
continues ignorant of what has passed prior to his birth. * * *
In unfolding the transactions of past ages, she [history] enables
him [Man] to appreciate existing circumstances, and by a train
of reasonings and deductions, to anticipate consequences in
years to come. Hence a knowledge of History becomes es-
sential to his well being." * * *

" It is acknowledged that the chronology of the early ages
has difficulties which the most learned writers have acknow-
ledged, without being able to solve them : there being no less

VARIOUS AUTHORS.

than 13? opinions, or ditlerent modes of calculation of the
years bt^tvveen the Creation of the world and the Nativity of
Jesus Christ ; those who reckon the greatest number of years
estimate them at 7,000, and those who give tiie least, 3,700 ;
wliile the more prevalent opinion fixes the birth of Christ in
the 4000tii year of tlie world. In the intermediate space
between these two most important events there are, however,
certain fixed [)oints, from which the clironologer may reckon
backward or forward with very considerable precision, and
though he cannot satisfy himself as to particulars till about
the time of David's reign over Israel, he may obtain such
a general view of the state of affairs in tlie world at any given
period as will answer all the pur[»ose8 of information and
amusement : unless, indeed, his object be critical disputation,
in which case lie will find himself involved in a labyrinth,
without light or clue that can assist in his extrication."

" The fixed points just alluded to are denominated Jl^ras
or Epochas ; and though they rather apply to the chronology
of the country from whose history they are taken, they never-
theless admit of application to that of the world at large,
serving as boundaries of distinct portions of time, within
which the less important events are included. Thus the
Greeks dated many of the events of their history, first, from
the Argonautlc Expedition ; next, from the Siege of Troy ; then
from the settlement of Cecrops in Attica, and the Foundation
of Athens ; and lastly from the Olympic Games ; the estab-
lishment of the latter took place 77G years before the Christian
^ra, in the reign of Uzziah, king of Judah ; and from this
epocha only can we rely on the accuracy of the Grecian
annals. The epochas of the early Assyrians and Egyptians
are too much mixed with legendary exaggeration to admit of
the least reliance being placed on them. The Babylonish ^ra
of Nabonassar does not commence till the year 747 B. C,
when that prince ordered the records of his predecessors to
be destroyed, and directed regular annals to be kept of the
political and civ'l concerns of the kingdom, as also of the
eclipses, it being in his reign that the study of Astronomy

f:-|

SXTRAOTS FROM

was restored, and the science matured to a comparative degree
of |)('rf(M'tiori. The epochaof the Romans commenced with tlie
building of the city of Home in the year 753 ]}. C. These
three epochas commence about the middle of the eiglith century
befoH! the (Jhristiiin ^^ra, and furnish data sutticient to enable
us to fix the subs«'(|iient events of history with toh'rable pn.'ci-
sion. liut during the antecedent lapse of upwards of 3000
years, tiie chronology of profane history is professedly uncer-
tain, and it is oidy when we catch a glimpse of some of the
principal nations which are incidentally ioned in the

Holy H<'rij)ture8 that the epochas of those rk ages cun be
brought to any approximation to the truth.

In Sacred History we have seven important epochas, viz.:
1. The Creation; 2. The Deluge ; 3. The Call of Abraham ;
4. Tin? Deliverance of Israel from Egypt, and the IMomulga-
tion of the Laws at Sinai ; 5. The Foun(hi<^ion of Solomon's
Temple ; (>. The Kestoration of the Jews by Cyrus ; 7. The
Nativity of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. The number
of years contained in most of these epochas is variously stated
in the different texts and versions of the Scriptures, as will
be easily perceived by the following compar 've table :

Hebrew

No. of years.

Epocha I.

1650

427

" KL

430

" IV.

471)

470

" VL

532

Add for error of )
Dionysius. j

4000
4

4004

Samarita.. Septuagint

No. of years. No. of years.

1G5G (or 1307) 2202

1018 (or 1078) 1257

430 430

581 873

479 521

532 532

4696
4

4700

5875
4

5879

vli!!

Of these modes of calculation the Hebrew is most generally
followed."

Introduction of Lavoisne's Atlas, A. D. 1821.

VARIOUS AUTHORS.

»1

1. " Tho value of any Hcionoo is eHtimatod accordinpj to its
teniloncy to promote improvemont, either in private virtue,
or in those qualities which render man extonMivoly useful in
society. * * * Under this description falls tho science of History."

2. " History," myti Diony«ius of llalicarnassus, " is philosophy
teaching by examples.

"Tho superior efficacy of example to precept is universally
acknowledged. All the laws of morality and rules of conduct
are verified by experience, and are constantly 8ul)mitted to tost
and examination, llistory, wliich adds to our own experience an
immense treasure of the expcjrioncos of others, furnishes innumer-
able proofs, by which wo may verify all tho precepts of morality
an<l of prudence.

3. " ]listory, besides general advantages, haw a distinct species
of utility to different men according to their several ranks in
society and occupations in life.

4. " In this countrj* it is an indisputable duty of every man
of liberal birth to bo acquainted, in a certain degree, with
tho science of politics ; and history is the school of politics. It
opens to us tho springs of human affairs ; tho causes of the rise
grandeur, revolutions and fall of empires. It points out the recl-
j)rocal influences of government and of rational manners. It
dissipates our prejudices, nourishes the love of our country, and
directs to the best means of its improvement. It illustrates equally
tho blessings of ]> litical union and the miseries of factions; tho
danger, on tho oi. hand, of uncontrr)llod liberty, and, on the
other, the debasing i '^uence of despotic power. * * *

"For these purposes it is necessary to bestow particular atten-
tion on the manners of nations, their laws, the nature of their
governments, their religion, their intellectual improvements, and
their progress in the arts and sciences." — Tytler's Elements of
General History. Introduction to 8th edition, pages 1,2,3,4,5,
published 1821. Alexander Fraser Tytler {Lord Woodhouselee) ,
1801.

"History is, without all doubt, the most instructive and useful,
as well as entertaining part of literature ; more especially when
it is not confined within the narrow bounds of any particular
time and place, but extends to the transactions of all times and
nations. Works of this natui'O carry our knowledge, as TuUy

EXTRACTS FKOM

observes, beyond the vast and devouring space of numberless
years, triumph over time, and make us, though living at an
immense distance, in a manner eye-witnesses to all the events
and revolutions which have caused astonishing changes in the
■world. By these records it is that we live, as it were, in the very
time when the world was created ; we behold how it was governed
in its infancy, how overflowed and destroyed in a deluge of
water, and again re-peopled ; how kings and kingdoms have risen,
flourisiied and declined, and by what steps they brought upon
themselves their final ruin and destruction. From these and other
like events, occurring in history, every judic.ous reader may form
prudent and unerring rules for the conduct of his life, both in a
private and public capacity. But, as the eminent advantages
accruing to us from this valuable branch of learning have been
suflSciontly displayed by many others, we shall not trouble our
readfciS with a minute detail of them, but hasten to what is
peculiar to the work which we now offer to the public." — An
Universal History, Vol. I, Preface, page v, from the earliest account
of times to the present, compiled from original authors. MDCGXLIV.
To his Grace, the Duke of Marlborough

" History is the most useful of all sciences ; it gives the exper-
ience of the past, and enables us to presage the future ; it is the
universal book in which every one possessed of discernment is
sure to find the lesson that suits him ; it instructs the soldier,
enlightens the merchant, prepares the statesman, and points out
to the philosopher the interesting and curious progress of the
human mind ; in a word, it forms the judgment and nourishes
the conversation of all the members of society." — Lesage's Histo-
rical {and Geological) Geneological and Geograj>hical Atlas,. Second
edition, A. D. 1818.

ill i,'

I i

' " Chronology is a science which treats of timi ana its several
divisions, and adjusts these to past transactions by proper notes
and characters for the benefit of History. * * * When Chronology
and History unite their efforts in tracing the connection and
jdependence of events, and distributing these into proper periods,
ight arises out of darkness; our knowledge of human life is

VARIOUS AUTHORS.

improved ; onr acquaintance with the world is cultivated ; our
views of Providence are enlai'ged."

•' A work, therefore, which professes to illustrate a science of so
great utility and importance must be received with some degree
of approbation, if the plan and execution bear any proportion to
the dignity of the subject." — Playgair^s Si/stem of Chronology —
James Playfair^ D.D., member of the Antiquarian Society of Scotland.

" Though the value of Chronology, as one of the great land-
marks of History, be generally admitted, the reduction of the
different eras and other epochs by which time was formerly com-
posed to the present mode of calculation, has not received the
attention in this country to which it is entitled.

" Every event of Hiwtory arose from some preceding transac-
tion, and became, in its turn, the parent of others, either more or
less important: hence, however trifling in themselves, or, viewed
without relation to other circumstances, however immaterial the
precise time of their occurrence may be, there are few that had
not some influence on the state of the nation in which they took
place, and not unfrequentlj'' also on the affairs of neighboring
countries.

" The mere knowledge that any circumstance did happen, is of
little use for the legitimate purposes of History, tiiC utility of
which depends on tracing events to their causes ; and when these
are known, to discover their general consequences. Abstractedly,
even the greatest event of modern or ancient History can claim
but little consideration. What would it matter to posterity, for
example, whether the battle of Waterloo was or was not fought,
much less the precise day and year when it occurred, were it not
the first link of a long chain of events, the 02)eration of which on
Europe, and indeed on the whole civilized world, it would be the
province of the future historian to describe? Hence arises the
value of Chronology ; for a mistake in the date of that battle
might induce a writer to confound cause with effect by supposing
that Napoleon's second abdication preceded, instead of being the
result of his deieat at Waterloo,

** If then History should be studied as a science, that mankind
may learn from the past what to expect in the future, it neces-
sarily follows that all the facts which History records ought to
be referred with mathematical precision to their proper dates ;

EXTRACTS PROM

for, if one of them be misplaced, the inferences drawn from it
will be founded upon fal^e premises. • ,:

" Chronology and Geography have been justly called the eyes
of History, without the light of which all is chaos and uncertainty;
but perhaps a better simile would be, that dates are to History
what latitude and longitude are to navigation — fixing the exact
position of the objects to which they are applied."

After demonstrating the surprising indifference to this depart-
ment of science, he concludes as follows : " The consequence of
this neglect of a subject on which all dates in English History, all
records, and consequently all historical accuracy depend, is shown
in a manner which is humiliating to our national literature." —
Chronology of History'' hy Sir Harris Nicholas, K.C.M.G.

" Eien n'est plus n^cessaire pour la connaissance de I'bistoire
que la Chronologic ; mais aussi rien n'est plus difficile que de con-
cilier les anciens historiens pour les mettre d'accord ensemble sur
I'dpoque des ^v^'nements dont ils nous font le r^cit.

*■* La longueur de I'annde n'est pas la meme cbez tons les peuples,
ni dans tous les tems; les ^res sont diff(^rentes; il faut en deter-
miner les commencements et la marche, afin de comparer les unes
aux autres et de faire une dchelle fix(5e par le moyen de laquelle
on puisse mesurer les diverses dpoques."

L'art de vdvifier les dates des faits Historiques des inscriptions,
deschroniques et autres anciens monuments, avantl'ereChrdtienne,
dans le Discours Prdliminaire.

" The importance of Chronology as a science need not, I sup-
pose, be insisted upon in the pi*eface of a work addressed to the
literarj; world in the ninoteenth century. The number of learned
and ingenious men who have devoted a great portion of their lives
to the elucidation of the subject, and the encouragement given by
the public to every work of the kind which appears to possess
any claim to its attention, shew that a lively and deep interest in
enquiries of this nature still exists : that neither the public atten-
tion nor the subject itself is yet exhausted.

Page 2, " History is fully entitled to the honorable character
which it has received ' Philosophy teaching by example.' Incal-
culable, therefore, must be its value to the human race.

VARIOUS AUTHORS.

History is the great instrument which brings, as it were into
a focus, all the light vvhich the united experience of the world,
since its creation, can supply on any subject. We have here every
experiment, whether moral or political, exhibited again and again
with all possible variety of situation and circumstance. These, in
their countless modifications, supply the historian with a fund of
materials rich and inexhaustible. — Crosthwaite's synchronology :
A Treatise on Histori/, Chronology and Mythology, by the Rev. Charles
Crosthwaite, MBCCCXXXIX.

Page V, " The use of History is not to load the memory with
facts, but to score the mind with principles — to collect from the
experience of past ages rules for our conduct as individuals and as
member of society. — Every historical work, therefore, professes
to give only a selection of events ; and the writer's choice is deter-
mined by the nature of his history : the general historian directs
attention to the occurrences that have changed the general aspect
of society, the revolutions of states and empires, the causes that
led to them, and the consequences by which they were followed.
The special historian confinet his attention to one class of facts,
specified in the title of his work; thus, the ecclesiastical historian
writes onlj'^ of the affairs of the church ; the military historian
confines his narrative to wars and battles; and the commercial
historian devotes his attention exclusively to trade.

" But even general historians ma.y in some degree be regarded
as special; their object may be called 'political,' that is, they
profess to describe the destinies of nations, both in their external
relations with foreign States, and their internal affairs; under the
first head are comprised, wars, treaties of peace or alliance; under
the second, governments, institutions and manners."

Page vi. "The necessary companions of History are Chronology

and Geography; they determine the time when, and the place

where, each event occurred. The difficulties of Chronology arise
both from the imperfection of records and from varieties in the

mode of computation ; the former cannot be remedied ; but to

prevent the mistakes which may arise from this cause uncertain

dates have been marked with an asterisk ; the second source of

confusion is removed by using throughout solar years for a

n\lM

li:' HI

II I

! i

li !l

EXTRACTS FROM

measure of time, and the Birth of Christ as an era from which to
reckon." — Taylor's Manuel of History : A Manual of Ancient and
Modern History, by W. G. Taylor, LLD., M.R.A.S. MDCGCLVI.

[Introduction.]

Page 1. "The word 'History' which etymologically moans
'enquiry' or ' research,' and which has many slightly differing uses
is attached in modern parlance pre-eminently and especially to
accounts of rise, progress, and affairs of nations. The considera-
tion of man prior to the formation of political communities, and
apart from them, belongs to Natural Hiatory — and especially to
that branch of it called Anthropology — but not to History Proper.

" History Proper is the history of states or nations, both in
respect to their internal affairs and in regard to their dealings
one with another. Under the former head, one of the most impor-
tant branches is Constitutional History, or the history of govern-
ments. Under the latter are included not only the accounts of the
wars, but likewise of the friendly relations of the different States,
and of their commercial or other intercourse."

Ancient

History.

{Ancient
f Middle Age.
1 Modern ,

Amc.
1

A.D.

476

476 1882

Page 6 (9). " The fact that all historical events must occur at
a certain time and in a certain place attaches to History two
branches of knowledge as indispensable auxiliaries : viz.. Chro-
nology and Geography. By the universal historian these sciences
should be known completely : and a fair knowledge of them ought
to be acquired by eveiy historical student.

" A tixed mode of computing time, and an exact or approx-
imate rec. oning of the period occupied by the events narrated, is
essential to every methodised history ; nor can any history be
regarded as complete without a more or loss elaborate description
of the countries which were the theatres of events recorded in it."

(10). " Exact Chronology is difficult, and a synchronistic view
of history generally is impossible without the adoption of an era.
Nations accordingly, as the desii'e of exactness or the wish to
synchronise arose, invented eras for themselves, which generally
remained in use for many hundred years. „ _._,

VARIOUS AUTHORS.

" Ancient works on Chronology were numerous, but not many-
have come down to our times."

Page 9 (12). " The field of Anciont History may be mapped out
either synchronistically according to certain periods and epochs,
or, ethnographically, according to the States and natiotiH. Neither
of these two methods is absolutely superior to the other, each
having merits in which the other is deficient — it would be embar-
rassing to have to choose between them ; but, fortunately, this
diflSculty is obviated by the possibility of combining the two into
one system," — RawUnson^s History : A Manual of Ancient History, by
George Rawlinson, M.A., Camden Professor of Ancient History in
the University of Oxford, MDCGCLXIX.

Page vii. " The story of the whole race, like that of each
separate nation, has ' a beginning, a middle, and an end.'

" That story we propose to follow from its beginning in the
sacred records, and from the dawn of civilization in the P]a8t.

" Through successive Oriental Empires — the rise of liberty, and
the perfection of the heathen polity, arts and literature in
Greece and Eome — the change which passed over the face of tho
world when the light of Christianity sprung up, etc., etc."

In his proposition to lay out his work he continues in tho
introduction page 3 : "Amidst all the severing forces of climate,
colour, language, interest and animosity, our race forms a com-
plete whole. One in its origin, one even in its true interests, it
is destin' '\ to be one in its final consummation.

" And it is this that gives a unity to its history.

Page 4. '' It is not denied that all the facts which have occured
in the world are bound together by those hidden laws, physical^
moral and spiritual, which constitute the whole moral govern-
ment of God. Nor is the historian unconcerned in the working
of those laws.

" The actions he has to relate are so connected with the motives
of the actors, the general external facts with their causes in human
nature, that his subject must often be regarded in the light of
science and philosophy.** "

Page 6, There is one science, however, which can scarcely be
separated from histcy — the science of Chronology, The dates of
events are but a means of giving a more accurate expression to
their moving sei es which it is the province of history to describe.

.li 11 I

ill

! I

EXTRACTS PROM

To this the fixed epochs and methods of techincal chronology are
merely subHidiary ; and the primary modes of recl<:oning time may
be considered as a branch of astronomy."

" Candour and toleration are the vital breath of historic truth,
and are never violated with impunity'."

Division of the work

" History.

Creation A.M. 1
to 476 AD.
476 A.I).

1453 A.D.

1458 A.D.
to present time."

A history of the world from the earliest records to the present time, by

Philip Smith, B. A.,

A. D., 1864. (Vol. I.)

1 Ancient.,

2 Mediaeval

3 Modern ..

" History is very justly esteemed a considerable branch of
polite literature ; few accomplishments are more valued than an
accurate knowledge of it ; and scarcely any literary productions
are more regarded than well-written histories. The justice
of this observation has been acknowledged by the wisest
and best of men in all civilized countries. Cicero has said
of history that it enables us to triumph over time itself, by
carrying us back through the vast and devouring space of num-
berless lapsed ages, and making us eye-witnesses of all the revo-
lutions that have happened in the world ; and he pronounces a
sentence of perpetual childhood on the man who continues
ignorant of what has passed prior to his birth. (Nescire quad
antea quam natus sis acciderit, id est semper esse puerum —
Cic. in Orat)."

" Man is a creature not merely born for the present : his
powers of reflection lay hold upon the past ; his hopes anticipate
the future. History is the handmaid by which both are subserved.
In unfolding the transactions of past ages she enables him
to appreciate existing circumstances, and, by a train of reasonings
and deductions, to anticipate the consequences in years to come.
Hence a knowledge of History becomes essential to his well-
being ; for, by giving him experience of the past, he is not only
prepared for whatever may occur during the period of his
existence, but enabled to transmit lessons of wisdom to his
posterity."

Idem. — " The ancients were so convinced of the importance of
History, that they deified and raised altars to it ; they gave it

VARIOUS AUTHORS.

the first place among the sciences, and estoomed it before all
others, because, they said, the study of it required a combination
of them all. They considered those who devoted themj^elves to
this charming study, who were possesHcd of the necessary talents
for writing History, as men privileged above their fellows,
worthy of the greatest I'ecompense and of the highest honors.
Kings and Eulers of States admitted tliem to their councils, and
into their most intimate society : in short, the historian held the
first rank among his fellow citizens. Herodotus, Thucydides,
and many others, were loaded with honors equal to those conferred
upon the most renowned Generals of their age."

— M. Lavoisne's History and Geography.

" And what depths of knowledge and light do we not discover
in exploring the immense magazine, wherein is exhibited the
astonishing fluctuation of characters, sects, opinions, laws, and
customs ; which, while it extends the circle of our knowledge,
develops the powers of reason, reveals truth to the mind, and
leads the heart cordially to embrace the cause of virtue. But, on
the other hand, we must expect to behold weaknesses, follies,
misfortunes and crimes. Considerations such as these cannot but
remind us of the part we have individually to sustain on the
theatre of the world ; the due performance of which not only
involves our own happiness, but will have a material influence
over that of our kindred, our friends, our country, and mankind
at largo."

" Chronology presents the order of time in which the several
transactions recorded in history occurred. This science has often
been erroneously neglected by readers of history, from a supposi-
tion that it could aft'ord them no instruction; or that its office
was merely to decide controverted points of uncertain date : but
historical facts derive a strength and energy from Chronology,
which may distinguish them from legendary tales, and character-
ise them as identical links in the chain of human aflairs. Chro-
nolog}', therefore, is of the first importance to a right under-
standing of History, as, without it, no just estimate could be
formed of what must ever be a primary consideration — the state
of the world at large during the period of which wo read."

" To read History to advantage, it is requisite to be well
acquainted with the sister-sciences of Gcograph}'^ and Chronology,
which have emphatically and justly been called " I'he Eyes of

EXTRACTS.

History" on account of the \\<r\\i and perspicuity they impart to
it, without the awHistance of which tlio reader will Hoon find
himself bewildered and perplexed in the attempt to draw a
perfect whole from the varioiiH detached events presented to his
view ; and will probably bo induced to relinquish his study as a
vain pursuit."

History and Geography by M. Lavoisne.
May 22nd, 1821.

" Les dtudos historiquesdoivont necessairement commencerpar
un coup d'ceil sur I'ensemblo dos faitw, avec una histoire gdnerale
de rhiimanitd, et non avec des abr^g^s d'histores particulieres.
Uno nation est toujours a I'hunianite ce qu'un personnago impor-
tant est a une nation. Chaquo peuplo a sa mission de meme que

chaque hommea la sionne."

E. Wautier D'IIalluvin,

Elements d' Histoire univerr.elle.

" To have at least a general acquaintance with geography and
history of the country in which we reside is essential to our^ intel-
ligent appreciation of its physical resources and civil institu-
tions," * * *

Prefatoi'y note to the first edition of Canadian History^ c&p.,

by J. George Uodyins, 1866.

" Patriotism will increase in Canada as its history is road."

Extract from an educational address of the Hon. T. D. McGee.

" Exactness of historical knowledge, depends greatly upon Chro-
nology and Genealogy." W. F. Collier, L.L.D., Preface 1875.

" The experience of all teachers witnesses to the lamentable
deticicncy in historical kowlodge among their pupils." * * *

Barnes's History of the United States, 1878.

HISTORICAL KEY

LOVERIN'S CHART OF TIME.

History has been, and is, divided into Ancient and Modern.
The Chart of Time represents Ancient History as extending from
the Creation to the Nativity of Christ, and Modern History from
the birth of Christ to the present time.

Authors diifer as to the separating line ; some taking the Fall
of the Western Roman Empire ; some the Hegira of Mahomet,
and some the establishment of Chai'lemagne's Empire, etc., etc.
However this be, each and every point of division can be recog-
nized upon the Chart, where the professor or student may follow
whichever one is the most agreeable. The Middle Ages, of which
some writer speaks, can be viewed as including from the fall
of the Western Empire to that of the Eastern — from the com-
mencement of the Christian Era to the discovery of America by
Columbus — or, from any one point to any other, that historians have
thought proper to fix.

In the following, the remarkable events are in large, and those
of lesser importance in small, capitals.

Hence, they can be readily singled out and used as a special
practice upon the Chart, where the Grand Facts will have their
representative characters also prominently marked in their res-
pective localities.

KEY TO LOVERIN's

BEFORE CHRIST.

CENTURY 50.

THE cERATioN{»«-f «'°;!,:xz:;u„;:-::..::::. Zl

CENTURY 41

THE CREATION according to the Bihle 4004

The birth of Cain 4003

The birth of Abel 4001

CENTURY 39

The death of Abel 3875

Birth of Seth 3814

CENTURY 38
The birth of Enos 3769

CENTURY 37

Birth of Cainan 3b79

Birth of iMahiieel 3009

CENTURY 36
Birth of Jared 3544

CENTURY 34

Birth of Enoch 3382

Birth of Methuselah 3317

THE DELUGE (Benedictines) 3308

CENTURY 33
Birth of Lamech 3230

CENTURY 31

The death of Adam 3074

'Thq translation of Enoch 3017

CHART OP TIME.

CENTURY 30

FO-HI (3300, 2460, 2240,) about.
Birth of Noah

B.C.

2951

2948

CENTURY 29

Death of Fo-Hi 2837

CENTURY 25

Noah forewarned of the Deluge and commanded to build \

the Ark J

Birth of Japheth

Birth of Shem

THE EGYPTIAN MONARCHY (2188), Menes

CENTURY 24

TIIK DELUGE (Biblical) ....

Death of Methuselah

The Covenant of the Rainbow.

CENTURY 23

The construction of the Tower of Babel and dispersion of \

mankind )

THE ASSYRIAN EMPIRE, Nimrod

The First Chinese Family from Fo-Hi (Hia)

CENTURY 22

Job, the most patient man (1520)

THE HYK80S OR SHEPHERD KINGS, "Seconds
Dynasty," [

TimansorConcharus, first of the Shepherd Kings of Egypt )
Hieroglyphics, invented by Athotes of Egypt (about)

CENTURY 21
SICYON FOUNDED, ^gialus

CENTURY 20

Death of Noah

Birth of Abram (Abraham) ....
THE CALL OF ABRAHAM.

2468

2448
2446

2412

2348

2347

2247
2234

2206

2180

2159

2112

2089

1998
1996
1921

^*lfe

KEY TO LOVERIN's

'' '-Pi:;, ,

\m m

Abraham dofeats Chordorlaomer, King of Elura, as well as

the AsHjrian Princes, and rescues Lot

Birth of Ishmaol

CENTURY 19

Expulsion of the Shepherd Kin^s of Egypt ■»

THE PHAKAOHS, "Third Dynasty" J

The deHtruetion of Sodom proclaimed (o Abraham 1

The Covenant of Circumcision j

Sodom and Gomorrah destroyed by fire

Birth of Isaac

Hagar (and Ishmael) expelled >

Syphoas introduces the Pjgyptian alphabet f

Abraham commanded to offer up Isaac

Ai'gos colonized by Inachus (1872)

Machpelah (the field of Ephron) purchased from the

sons of Heth, for a burying-place

The death of Sarah

Esau and Jacob born ,

The Egyptian alphabet by Memnon (?) ,

Death of Abraham

♦Amenophis I, King of all Egypt (1778)

CENTURY 18

}

B.C.

1913
1910

1899

1898

1897
189G

1891

1872
1866

1849

1836

1822

1821

Death of Ishmael 1773

Second Family from Fo-Hi (Tanqa) 1765

The Deluge of Ogj'ges 1764

Birth of Joseph 1745

Benjamin born 1731

Joseph sold by his brethren 1728

Death of Isaac 1716

The corn of Egypt purchased during seven years of plenty \ itr-i k

Joseph becomes Governor of Egypt J

Famine in Egypt and Syria , 1708

The descendants of Abraham make a treaty with | ,_^^

Pharaoh and settle in Goshen.

CENTURY n

Death of Jacob.

1689

• " The uame of several kings of Egypt, of uncertain Uale, bi' many ages B, C."

ippleton'a Biography.

IB :in {

CHART OF TIME. 65

B.C.

Death of Joseph 1635

The children of Israel multiply and prosper though per- "j

secuted by hard labor, building the treasure cities, > 1621
Pithom and liaamsos, (about) 3

CENTUEY 16

Birth of Aaron 1574

Pharaoh commands all raale Hebrew children to bo thrown

into the Nile (about) 1573

Birth of Moses 1571

Athens colonized by Cecrops 1556

Scaraander founds the Kingdom of Troy 1546

The Flight of Moses 1531

Job, most patient man (2180) 1520

Sparta, founded by Lelex 1616

Council of the Areopagi , 1507

The Deluge of Deucalion 1503

CENTURY 15

The Amphictyonic Council 1498

Thebes colonized by Cadmus, and Phoenician letters intro-
duced to the Greeks 1493

Amenophis 11 (1687) 1492

* The ten Plagues >

The Institution of the Passover ^ 1491

EXODUS OF THE CHILDPEN OF ISRAEL 3

^l' The Ten Commandments "i

f The Great Sanhedrim (council of seventy) established, |
^gyptus, Amenophis III ? (1493) 1485

1708
1706

1689

* If we except the construction of the Ark, the length of which was ten times its
height, the plagues and the commandments (Decalogue) are the first practical instances
of the decimal system on record in the Bihle.

t The Sanhedrim Council was undoubtedly suggested to Moses by his father-in-law,
.fethro, priest of Midian. See Exodus XVIII, 13-27 verses inclusive. In a portion
of the advice given, the decimal system of reckoning is \evy prominently recommended —
verse 21 : " Moreover thou shalt provide, out of all the peonle, able-bodied
men, such as fear God, men of truth, hating covetousness, and place such over them to bo
rulers of thousands, and rulers of hundreds, and rulers of fifties, and rulers of tens."
Its Divine origin may be found at Numbers XI., 16-30 inclusive: "And the Lord said
unto Moses, Gather unto me seventy men of the elders of Israel, whom thou knowest to
be the elders of the people and officers over them ; and bring them unto the taberna-
cle of the congregation, that they may stand and be there with thee."

66 KEY TO LOVERIN's

B.C.

Dathan, Abiram and families destroyed by earthquake ) , .^^

Eebeilion in the Wilderness 3

Death of Miriam, sister of Moses ^

OLYMPIC GAMES ESTABLISHED BY THE IDMl \ 1453

DACTYLI J

The death of Aaron ^

The Pentateuch, by Moses , y 1452

Balaam blesses the children of Israel J

Jericho destroyed by Joshua , ^

Death of Moses on Mount Nebo | ^'^^^

Death of Joshua 1426

Destruction of the Virgins at Shiloh 1406

CENTURY 14

Othniel, Judge of Israel 1394

Ehud 1354

Shamgar 1336

Moeris, fvisest and best of Egyptian kings 1327

Corinth founded by Sisyphus, Isthmian Games established. 1326

Pelops celebrates the Olympic Games 1321

Ruth 1312

Sesostris, " The Great " 1308

CENTUEY 13

Milesius colonizes Ireland (conquest), 500 1300

Deborah and Barak ")

Jael, wife of lieber, slays Sisera j

Eampses or Pheron " The Indolent " 1275

Jason, commander of the Argonauts . 1263

MiTiiRiEUS OR NiNUS II. (Second /.38yri an Dynasty) 1252

Gideon 1249

The Mid ianites defeated by Gideon 1248

Hercules celebrates the Games of Olympia 1218

Tautanes or Teutamus 1215

Proteus or Samesses , 1214

Theseus , 1212

Abimelech 1209

Tola 1206

CENTURY 12

Helen abducted by Paris, son of Priam, the King of Troy.. 1198

The Trojan War 1194

CHAnr OP TIME.

B.C.
1471

1453

1452

1451

1426
1406

,. 1394

.. 1354

.. 1336

.. 1327

d. 1326

.. 1321

.. 1312
1308

1300
1296

1275

1263

1252

1249

1248

1218

1215

1214

1212

1209

1206

1198
1194

Troy Sacked by the Greeks.

Jair

Eli

Araenophis IV (1322)

Jepbthah ,

Alba Longa founded by Ascaneus, son of iEneas

Jepbthah defeats the Ammonites and performs his vow.

The battle of Ebenezer ,

Loss of the Ark of the Covenant

The death of Eli

The Philistines restore the Ark to the Israelites ,

Samson ,

Ibzan ,

Elon

1117

Rampsinitus, patron of the Eleusinian Mysteries

The Third Dynasty, or Fajiily, from Fo-IIi (Ciieu).
The destruction of the temple of Dagon "»

Death of Samson j

Abdon

Samuel, last of the Judges of Israel

The Dorian invasion of the Peloponnesus...

67
B.C.

1184

1183
1171
1164
1161
1152
1143

1141

1140

1137
1130
1124
1121

1120

1116
1104

CENTURA" 11

Saul anointed King of Israel by Samuel

MONARCHY ESTABLISHED IN ISRAEL

Cheops, builder of the first Pyramid

Goliath of Gath, slain by David

God commands Samuel to anoint David. ...„

The death of Samuel

The battle of Gil boa, death of Saul (killed)

David anointed king by the men of Judah

The conquest of Syria by Israel under David ,...

The birth of Homer (about) ,

The birth of Solomon

Ccphrines, Cophres, or Shisak, builder of the second

Pyramid and other national monuments

Rebellion and death of Absalom (slain by Joab)

Solomon anointed king by Zadok and Nathan

The commencement of the building of the Temple

The Temple finished and dedicated ,

}

109

1082

1063

L060

L055

1047
1044
1034

1032

1023

1015

1004

€8

KEY TO LOVERIN's

CENTUEY 10

The Queen of Sheba visits King Solomon at Jerusalem

Homer flourishes (about) ,

Eehoboam succeeds Solomon as kino op Israel... ■\

Jeroboam becomes king of the Ton Tribes that revolt,... J
Judah and Benjamin forbidden by Shemiah, the Prophet, to

war against the ten revolting Tribes

Jerusalem sacked by the Egyptians

The death of Mycerinus, builder of the 3rd Pyramid

Abijuh becomes king of the Tribes of Judah and Benjamin.

Asa succeeds Abijah

Nadab becomes king of the Ten Tribes

Baa.sha succeeds Nadab

Hesiod flourishes (about)

Elah .

Zimri

Omri ,

Ahab

Jehoshephat

CENTUEY 9

Iberia (Cadiz) colonized by the Phoenicians

Ahaziah

Jehoram or Joram

Elijah taken up to heaven ^

Tibernus drowned in the Albula, since called " The Tiber" j

Lycurgus, the Spartan Law-giver ,

Jehoram or Joram

Ahaziah

..Jehu

•*Tlio Spartan Code and detached pieces from Homer

introduced into Greece by Lycurgus

Joa»>b or Jchoash

Jonah, the Prophet

B.C.
992

984
975

974
972
96Q
958
955
954
953
944
930
929
925
918
914

900
897
896

895

894

889
885

884

87S
802

* The Oxford Tables date the LcKislation of Lycurgus B.C. 817, and .after referring to
lilm as the principal cause of Spartan^splondor, conclude as follows : " His celeuuatkd
Constitution (which lasted about ei.x hundred years) was a mixture of monarchy, aris-
tocracy, and democracy : two kings ; senate of twenty -eight nobles ; five yearly-elected
ephori ; assemblies of the people, conipo.ied, however, only of the citizens of Sparta ;
equal division of land among 39,000 families , no trade ; iron money ; public and equal
education ; no walls ; no fleets ; common tables ; all luxury forbidden ; no theatre i
.harsh treatment of the Helots, who alone attended to agriculture and trade."

974

9*72

966

958

955

954

953

944

930

929

925

918

914

895

894

889
885

884

878
8G2

l^rring to

luUATED

Ihy, nris-
V-«le<!ted
Isp'ii'ta ;
Id equal
llhoatri. »

CHART OP TIME. 69

B.C.

Jehoahaz 856

TnoNus CoNcoLERus, last of the Second Assyrian Dynasty. 842

Jehoash 841

Peace purchased from Hazael of Syria by spoils from . . . . "i

The Temple of Jerusalem sacked by Jehoash j

Amaziah 839-

The death of Elisha v.... 838

Jeroboam 11. (823) 825^

Bocchoris or Asychus " The Wise " 815-

Uzziah or Azariah 810

CENTURY 8

THE OLYMPIC GAMES REVIVED, Victory of Corabus

Zechariah

Shallum ■\

Menahem J

Anysis (blind)

PuL, first king of the Third Assyrian Dynasty (759)

So, or Salaco, Ethiopian Usurper

Pekahiah

Isaiah the Prophet flourishes

Pekah

Jotham .>

ROME FOUNDED BY ROMULUS

The death of Remus

The rape of the Sabine virgins

Tiglath Pilesar (Tiigath Pilneser) succeeds Pul
Nabonassar, younger Son of Pul, becomes

Babylonia

Tarpeia, her ignominious death "i

Union of the Sabines and Romans }

The first Messenian war (civil) "i

The death of Titus Tatius, king of the Cures j

Ahaz

Romulus commands the construction of the Temple of

Janus, and the work is begun

The Conquest of Damascus by the Assyrians

Hoshea

Shalmaneser

Hezekiah .., .

King

776

77a

772-

771
770

769
761
760
759

758

75a

752:
7f»0>

74T

745

74»

742:

740'
738
730
729
726

', .ll

\ i

70 KEY TO LOVERIN'S

B.C.
Conquest of M«ssenia "\

Destruction of Ithome > 724

Peace of the first Messenian war .)

Hhegium (Italy) founded by Messenian fugitives 723

Samaria conquered by the Assyrians 1

Israel carried captive into Assyria hy Shalraaneser '. _,^^

FALL OF THE KINGDOM OF ISEAEL. « The | *'*^

Assyrian captivity " j

Anysis restored 719

The death of EomuluH 716

Numa Pompili us, son-in-law to Titus Tatius 715

{Sennacherib invades Egypt, Sais chosen Seat of Royalty ^

Sennacherib r 714

The Temple of Janus finished and closed J

Sethon (Usurper) ) wj3

Sais proclaimed the Seat of Iloyalty i

Sennacherib's army of 185,000 mysteriously destroyed... | ^, -

Esarhaddon, or Sardanapalus )

Code of Laws establishing the Priesthood, Augurs and

Vestals 710

The Eoman Calendar often months re-formed to twelve... 709

CENTUEY 7

Manasseh 698

The death of Isaiah the Prophet 696

Asordanes or Aphronadius 693

Adrameles, or Sammhughes 691

The Second Messenian war. , 685

The game of Chess published by Palmedes 680

TuUus Hostilius 673

Axerdis 670

The Eoman Calendar established (about) 669

Combat of the Horatii with the Curatii >-

Conquest of Ira I

Expulsion of the Messenians f

End of the Second Messenian war J

Destruction of A i Longa 667

JAPAN (NIPON; FOUNDED BY SYMNU 660

Nabuchodiiosor (Sardanapalus II.) 650

Judith decapitates Ilolofernes (655) about 645

CHART OP TIME, 71

B. C.

Ammon 643

Josiah 641

Ancus Martius 640

Saracus (Sardanapalus III) 630

Jeremiah the Prophet 629

Oetia, the mouth of the Tiber, colonized 627

* Draco, Legislator of Athens 1

Draco's Sanguinary Code of laws for Athens |

Destruction of Sardanapalus and family, by himself 621

Tai'quinius Priscus ^

Pharaoh Necho [ 616

Canal projected between the Mediterranean and Eed Seas J

Josiah slain by Pharaoh Necho (609) ^

Jehoahaz I

Eliakim named Jehoiachim [

The Canal across the Isthmus begun '.. J

Pharaoh Necho loses 120,000 workmen and abandons

the construction of the Suez Canal 609

Nineveh captured by the Medes and Babylonians. "\

Jerusalem taken and the Temple pillaged ;- 606

The Jews carried into captivity by Nebuchadnezzar... 3
Pharaoh Necho defeated at Circesium by Nebuchadnezzar,
who founds the Chaldeo-Babylonian Empire, extending
from the Nile to beyond the Tigris 604

CENTUEY 6

Massilia (Marseilles) colonized by Ionic Phocians ]

Psammis succeeds to the Egyptian throne |

The birth of Cyrus (about) ^

Jehoiachin > 599

Zedekiah )

Apries 595

* "Draco was a man of unblemished Integrity, great talent, and highly cultivated mind
but he was deficient in political experience, and wanted that knowledge, the most iui-
portant to a statesman— the knowledge of human nature. He prepared a Code of Laws
80 absurdly severe that they cnald not be put into execution ; the consequence was,
that crinunals enjoyed perfect impunitj-, and the disorders of the State became worse
than ever. Draco's laws wee said to be written, not with ink, but blood ; his own
remark is fully sufilcient to show how unfit he was for the otiice that he had under
taken—' small crimes,' said he, ' deserve death, and I know of no heavier punishment for
greater'."

— Pinnock's Goldsmith's Greece, p 107.

||) 1

ilii.

iii>

i 11 <

KEY TO LOVERIN S

* Solon, chosen Archon, prepares a Code of laws for Athens

The fall of the kingdom of Judah and Benjamin ,

The Jewe carried off to Babylon

Jerusalem sacked and destroyed

Cloicao and Circus llaxiraus constructed at Rome

The Conquest of Syria

FALL OF THE KINGDOM OF JUDAH AND BEN

JAMIN. " The Babylonish Captivity"

Servius Tullius

Ezekiel's vision

Egypt conquered by Nebuchadnezzar

JEsov FLOURISHES (about) ,

Amasis, a wise king

The first census published

Evil Merodach ,

Poisistratus (Usurper)

Nerigl issar or Belshazzar

Cyrus becomes king of Persia

THE GREAT PERSIAN MONARCHY FOUNDED..

Narbonadius ,

Birth ofConfucius (Chinese Philosopher)

iComitia Centuriata ^
Comitia Curiata ,
Comitia Tributa 3

Rome fortified by Servius Tullius (about)

Pythagoras flourishes (Sage and Philosopher)

Babylon captured by Cyrus i

Daniel cast into the lion's den j

Return of the Jews from captivity

Destruction of Babylon by Cj'rus

END OF THE GREAT ASSYRIAN EMPIRE

B.C.

594

588

587

578
573

570

569
566
561
560

559

555
551

550

545
540

538
536

♦ " The laws of Draco, B. C. 621, were too serere to be carried into eflfeot.
The following are those of Solou, the benefactor not only of Athena, but of the
whole human race.

1. Division of the people into four classes, according to property.

2. Offices of state to be filled only by citizens of the first three claases.

3. Nine annual archons at the bead of affairs.

4. Council of four hundred chosen annually by lot to debate upon ftll matters pre-
Tiously to their being submitted to the Commons.

G. To the people was left the right of confirming the laws, electing Magistrates, and

debating all matters referred to them by Council.

9. Kestoration and renovation of the Areopagus."

—Oxford Tables.

CHART OP TIME. • tft

B.C.

The Jews rebuild the Temple and Jerusalem 535^

Lucius Tarquinius Superbus 534

Three Sibylline bo. 'cs purchased for 300 pieces of gold 531

Homer's Poems collecled and published by Pisistratus 530

Cambyses succeeds Cyrus " The Great " 529^

Hippias and Hipparchus 527

Psammonitus, last of the Pharaohs, murdered by Cam-
byses 526

Conquest of Egypt by the Persians ^

END OF THE ANCIENT EGYPTIAN MONAKCHY- 1 ^^5

Massacre of the Egyptians by Cambyses 524

Darius Hystaspes 521

Eevolt at Babylon 518

Destruction of Babylon 517

The completion and dedication of the Temple 515-

Death of Hipparchus 514

The law of Ostracism introduced by Cleisthenes

Expulsion of Hippias, Athens a Republic \- 510

Conspiracy of Tarquin against Lueretia

Esther becomes the queen of Ahasuerus

L. Brutus and Collatinus chosen consuls .

The expulsion of Tarquin '' ^"^

ROYALTY ABOLISHED AND ROME A REPUBLIC.

Commercial treaty with Carthage 508

War with Porsenna 507

TheNaxian War 501

CENTURY 5

Destruction of Sardis by the lonians 490

Battle of Lake Regillus ; third and last eifort for Tarquin ) .^o

Titus Lartius, the first Dictator [501] j

Death of Pythagoras 497

Persia declares war against Greece ^

The death of Tarquin at Cumje. ( ^^^

THE FIRST GREAT PERSIAN INVASION OF I ^^

GREECE J

Birth of Sophocles 495

Laws establishing the Tribunes i

Insurrection of the Plebeians on the Sacred Mount |

Mardonius (Persian; defeated by the Greeks 492

M'l

111

KEY TO LOVERIN's

Coriolanus proscribed

Defeat of the Persians under Datis and Ataphornes by

the Greeks at Marathon under Miltiades

Oonfucius revises and publishes his Sacred Books

Death of Sp. Cassius

The first agrarian law

Xerxes becomes king of Persia

Aristeides ostracised

Xerxes invades GREECE(Second Invasion)

Battle of Salamis, Xerxes totally routed

Mardonius defeated and slain at the battle of Plataa

Destruction of Athens

Death of Confucius

War with the Veienti

Athens rebuilt and the Piraeus constructed

Birth of Thucydides

The Publilian law established

Death of Simonides

Earthquake at Sparta, 20,000 destroyed ,

The THIRD Messenian war

Xerxes assassinated by Artibanes

Artuxerxes, I " Longomanus "

Leaxjue between the Itomans, Latins and Hermicians

Ezra returns to Jerusalem ; reforms Jewish worship

€onquest of Ithomd

Expulsion of the Messenians

End of the third and last Messenian war

Death of L, Licinius Dentatus

The Decemviri

Laws of the Twelve Tables

THE BIBLE, collected and arranged by Ezra about

The Persians defeated at Salamis in Cyprus

Virginia slain by Virginius, her father

The second charter of Plebeian rights

Insurrection ; the Plebeians retire to the Sacred Mount.
Persia recognizes Asiatic Grecian independence

Nehcraiah encourages the rebuilding of Jerusalem

Herodotus reads at the Olympic Games

Lex Camilcia ; intermarriage of Patricians and Plebeians

1
I

B.C.

491

490
489

486

485
483
481
480

479

477

471

467
466

465

458
457

455

451
450

449

445

CHART OP TIME. 75

B.C.

Birth of Xonophon ^

First appointmont of Military Tribunes > 444

First appointment of Censors (about) 3

Famine at Rome i

Death of Cinci nnatus j

Death of Pindar 439

The first Peloponnesian war (civil) 431

The Plague 430

Death of Pericles, statesman and orator 429

Xerxes II. slain by Sogdianus 425

Darius II., " ^'othus " 424

Deaths of Cleon and Brassidas at the Siege of Amphipolis.. 422

Peace of Nicias ; truce of fifty years 421

Battle of Syracuse ■)

> 413
Deaths of Demosthenes and Nicias )

The death of Herodotus, " Father of profane History " 408

Standing army organized 40G

Death of Sophocles "i

Artaxerxes II.," Memnon " J

Death of Alcibiades 404

War with the Veientians 403

The battle of Cunaxa, death of Cyrus the Younger 401

CENTURY 4

Famous retreat of " the Ten Thousand " under Xenophon. 400

The death of Socrates, by drinking poison 399

Agesilaus | ^^^

Malachi, last of the prophets (about) j

Conquest of the Veii, by 1

Camillus (Marcus Furius) J

Camillus proscribed 391

Home burned by the Gauls under Brcnnus ■)

L 39Q

Camillus comes to the rescue, a second liomulus j

Rome rebuilt ^

The peace of Antalcidas, a disgraceful surrender of the > 387

Grecian Colonies in Asia Minor )

Manlius hurled from the Tarpeian Rock 384

The birth of Demosthenes 382

The Licinian Rogation Code 37G

The battle of Leuctra 371

KEY TO LOVERIN's

L. Sextus Chosen first Plebeian Consul

SoxtuH passes the Licinian Rogations

The battle of Mantinica, Epaminondas

Pestilence at Rome

Deaths of Camillas and M. Curtius

The Carthageniuns colonize Iberia (Spain)

Artaxerxos III, " Ochiis "

Social and Sacred wars (civil)

Death of Hippocrates, " The Father of Medicine "

The Temple of Diana burnt at Ephosus

Birth of Alexander at Pella

C. Martius Rutilus, first Plebeian Dictator

Philip of Macedon covets Greece

Egypt invaded by Ochus " Artaxcrxes III "

The whole land of Egypt laid desolate

Demosthenes proclaims against Philip

Phocion

Peace of the Sacred War

The conquest of Ol^nithus by Philip

The first Samnite war

Peace with the Samnites

The Latin war (civil^

The Pubh an Laws proposed

Battle of Chroronea — Theban Sacred Band cut to pieces
by Alexander

Conquest of the Latins and Campanians

Philip chosen Generalissimo of Greece and controls the
Amphictyonic Council

Athenian and Theban League, against Philip

War proclaimed against Persia |^

Death of Timoleon )

Philip murdered by Pausanias at ^I'^gea ^

Darius III., " Codomanus " j

Destruction of Thebes by Alexander "i

Revolt of Thebes J

Invasion of Persia

Alexander succeeds his Father, Philip ,

Battle of the Granicus

The Battle of Issus, Darius defeated

Alexandria founded by Alexander

B.C.
367
366

362

360
359

357

356

353

350

349
348
347
343
341
340
339

338

337
336
335

334

333
332

CHART OF TIME.

The Battle of Arbela

Conquest of Persia by Alexander

Death of Darius III., " CodomanuH " V

FALL OF THE GREAT PERSIAN EMPIRR and the
MACEDONIAN MONAllCUY ESTABLISHED ...

The second " Great Samnito " war

Deaths of Alexander " The Great " and Diogenes

Ptolemy I. •* Soter " King of Egypt l

FALL OF TlIK GREAT MACEDONIAN MONARCHY f
and Rg/pt established under the Ptolemies J

Death of Demosthenes, the orator, in the temple of
Neptune

Battle of the Caudine Forks, C. Pontus captures the
whole Roman Army

Deatli of Phocion, Statesman, General and Orator

Peace with the Samnites

77
B.C.

331

326

323

322

321
317
304

CENTURY 3

The AciJiTiAN League (about) 299

The third Samnito War )

Ptolemy builds the Museum and Library at Alexandria, f

C. Pontus murdered during a Roman Triumph 292

Conquest of the Samnites 290

The Colossus of Rhodes finished 288

Lex Ilortensia 280

TuE ^tolian League (about) 28-i

Conquest of Etruria >.

Death of Euclid, at Alexandria (about) i ^

Ptolemy IL " Philadolphus " j

Canal of Arsincie and the Obelisk constructed J

War with Pyrrhus, King of Epirus 281

The Battle of Tarentum, Pyrrhus defeats the Romans 280

The Gauls, under Brennus, invade Greece 279

THE SEPTUAGINT TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE. 277

Battle of Boneventum, Pyrrhus defeated 274

Tarentum recaptured by the Romans 272

The conquest of Lower Italy 266

KEY TO LOVRRIN's

B.C.

The first Pdnic (Carthaginian) war "v

* Tlio Arundolian Marbles InHcribod Gladiatorial Games >■ 264

ostablishod j

Conquest oi Agrigontum (Sicily) 262

Aratus revives the Achaean League (about) 261

Naval victory of DuiliuH 260

Duilius' second Naval victory 257

XantippuH dofeatH the Romans, thirty thousand slain and

Kegulus taken prisoner 25.'>

The death of Regulus 250

Ptolemy III., '« Evergetes " 247

Fourth Chinese Family from Fc-IIi, (C I N) 244

Siege of Lylibocum 242

Conquest of Sicily •\

Peace with Carthage wigncd by Hamilcar Barca j "

Historical and Public Records burned by Ching "^

Death of Callimachus (about) [■ 240

The Great Chinese Wall begun by Xi Hoam Ti )

Conquest of Sardinia and Corsica 238

Edict, closing the Temple of Janus 23.5

Birth of Cato 234

Agrarian Laws passed by Flaminius (Gallic) 232

The tirst Illurian war. 229

Defeat of the Gauls 22.5

Conquest of the Boii 224

Ptolemy IV., " Philopatcr " 222

War between the Achaean and iEtolian Leagues 220

Second Punio war 218

Battle of Kaphia, Antiochus defeated 217

The Battle of Cannao 216

The Oppiun Laws, against luxurious living 215

The first Macedonian war 214

Death of Aratus 213

* " The most celebrated collection of marbles are those in the University of Oxford,
in England, called the Arundelian Marbles, from the Earl of Arundel, by whom they
were brought from (ireece. Of these inscriptions, the most importiint is the chronicle of
Paros, which contains the chronology of Athens from the time of Cecrops, A. 0. I58i! to
A. C. 204." Kerney.

" They were collected by Mr. W. Petty, purchased by Lord Arundel and given by his
grandson, Henry Howard, afterwards Buke of Norfolk, to the University of Oxforil in
1667 ; and are therefore called also Oxfokd Mabbles."

Haydn's Dictionary of Dates.

CHART OF TIME.

The conquest of SyracuBe

The death of Archimedes

Defeat of Hannibal on the River Metaurus

Philopopmen elected General of the Achaean League

The battle ofMantinica, Spartans defeated

Conquest of Spain by Scipio

The Pipth Family from FoIIi (H AN)

Ptolemy V., " Epiphanes "

Death of Cn. NsBvius, Roman Poet

The battle of Zama

Scipio honored with a Triumph

Peace with Carthage

CENTURY 2

The second Macedonian war

Loss of Syria

The battle of Cynoscophalw

Flaminius proclaims Grecian independence at the Isthmian

Games

Battle of Magnesia

Destruction of Sparta by Philopocmen

Death of Scipio Africanus

Deaths of Philopcemen and Itannibul "i

The Messenians revolt from the Achajan League |

Ptolemy VI., " Philometer "

Defeat of the Celtiborians

The third Macedonian war

Battle of Pydna, Persians defeated

Conquest of Macedonia

Persecution of the Jews {

Matthias, father of the Maccabees j

Judas Maccabaeus restores Jewish worship

Birth of Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus

Jonathan Maccabaius

Return of the Achaean Exiles "j

Conquest of Lusitania (about) J

The third Punic War

Critolaiis (be) heads the Achroan League

War between the Achiean League and Sparta, the latter

calling in the Romans

Scipio Africanus, the younger, chosen General..,.

79
B.C.

212

208

207

20G

205

20:i
202

201

200
198
197

194
190

188
184

183

181
170
171

168

166
164
153

151

149

148

147

1 j

\L1
mtmt

mdM

€0

KEY TO LOVERIN's

B.C.

* Destruction of Carthage (" Delenda est Carthago," Cato.) ^

Corinth sacked by Lucius Muminius t

Ptolemy VII " E^ergeles " j ^^"

GREECE BECOMES A ROMAN PROVINCE J

Simon Maccabrcus 143

End of Apocryphal history 135

Conquest of Numantia ■\

Death of Tiberius Gracchus ) ^^^

Scipio the Younger murdered 129

The Sempronian Laws 123

Death of Caius Gracchus 121

Marius (Plebeian) elected Tribune 119

Ptolemy VIIL, " Soter 11." 117

Jugurthine war Ill

Alexander I. and Cleopatra ^

Judas Hyrcanus assumes the title " King of the Jews ". j

Births of Cicero and Pompry 106

Death of Jugurtha (about) 104

Defeat of the Teutons and Cymbri by Marius -j

Triumph of Marius at Rome ]"

CENTURY 1

The birth of Caius Julius Cresar i

Agrarian Laws, Gaul for the soldiers of Marius j

Mucins SciPvola banished 92

The Social (Marsic) war )

The Lex Julia j ^^

Oleopatra, conspires again::! her son Alexander, but is^

slain by him , i

Ptolemy VIIL restored ( ^^

Peace of the Social war J

The first MlTHRIDATIC WAR. 88

Civil war between Marius and Sulla ^

Sulla (Sylla) destroys Athens )'

Death c Marius .. 86

* ' 'Cartliago, fouTuled \>y Dido or Elissa, RV8 B. C. She fled from her brotlur Pygmalion,
king of Tyre, who kiUod her husband, and took refuge in Africa. Carthage disputeil (he
fmniro of tlie world with Rome, which occasioned the Puiiij wars. The Cartliaginians
b'-ro tlie character of a faithless people, henco the ierm I'unir fnifh. Cato, the cer.sor,
(about 146 B.C., ended his speeches in the Senate with Cartluujo tUlenda: Carthage
: *K-t ba destroyed."— Haydn.

146

87
81)

jmalion,
III che
|agi<iiani<
• cer.sor,
L'aitliage

CHART OP TIME. 81

B.C.

Archelaus defeated by Sulla 85

Death of Cinna ) q.

Peace with Mithridates J

Second Mithridatic war ^

Destruction of Thebes [■ 82

Sulla created Dictator J

Alexander II., Ptolemy IX., " Dionysius," Alexander III. ) qq

Peace with Mithridates )

Death of Sulla )

f 78

Leges Cornelia} j

Third Mithridatic war 74

Sparticus leads the Slaves. 73

Conquest of Spain by Cneius Pomponius 72

Battle of Bfuttium, Sparticus totally defeated by Crassus... 71

Birth of Virgilius Maro (Virgil) 70

Conquest of Pontus i

Birth of Horatius Flaccius (Horace) |

Syria conquered by the Romans 6-4

The Conquest of Jerusalem "j

Peace with Mithridates j

Cicero receives the title " Father of his Country " ")

> 62
Caiiiline's conspiracy , j

C^sar, Pompey and Crassus, " First Triumviiate " .. 60

Invasion of Guul by Julias Caesar 58

Ctcsar invades Britain 55

The Temple pillaged by Crassus 54

Crassus killed b}'- the Parthians 53

Cleopatra II. and Ptolemy X 51

Civil war between Caesar and Pompey ]

CiESAR CROSSES THE EUBICON )

Battle of Pharsalia 1

Pompey assassinated in Egypt r ^^

Civil war in Egj'pt 47

Death of Cato at Utica \

The Younger Ptolemy an^A Cleopatra II j "^^^

The battle of Munda, Ca3sar dofeats the sons of Pompey

Caius Octavias made heir to his uncie, Julius Ctesar

V 4 1

CiKSAR CREATED PERPETUAL DICTATOR „

The Julian Calendar published ,

}^-j.-- :• '

KEY TO LOVERIN 8 CHART OP TIME.

B.C.

Death of Julius Qesar •\

Cleopatra alone, her brother being poisoned >■ 44

Assassination of Cicsar in the Senate House J

Death of Cicero •»

I 43
Antony, Lepidus and Octavius, Second Triumvirate j

Civil War, Battle of Philippi •»

Deaths of Brutus and Cassius \

Cleopatra makes Antony joint ruler of Egypt 41

Herou, son of Antipater, by assistance and permission of

the Roman Senate, is decreed " King of the Jews " 40

Cleopatra visits Syria "i

Lepidus rejected from the Triumvirate )

C. SalluiAtius Crispus 34

Civil War between Octavius and Antony "»

Death of Sallust | ^^

The Battle of Actium, Anton^'^ defeated 31

Conquest of Eg^-pt ~\

Deaths of Cleopatra and Marc Antony (Marcus Antonius) >- 30

END OF THE EGYPTIAN MONARCHY )

* Octavius becomes the Dictator )

The Temple of Janus shut by proclamation f

The name of iiugustus conferred upon Octavius Ctesar ^

by the Senate of the Roman People >■ 27

THE ROMAN EMPIRE ESTABLISHED )

Death of Virgil 19

Deaths of Horace and Ma>cenas, ., 8

The birth of Christ 4

» " Augustus C-icsak, Empkuok, B.C. 30— 14 A.C. (Augitiifus,27 B.C.) Govkknmkkt :
A monarchy with refiuhlican forms. The (ligniHes of consul, tribune, impernfor, and pon-
tife.t maximus arc united in his person. The Senate continues the (jre it council of state,
besitles which there was a prir;/ council of (\psars. During a period of forty-four yoarsi,
Ootavianus Ca?i-ar possesscn the sole dominion of tlie empire. Sul>lle, reserved and calcu-
lating, lie showed himself enterprising in the field and cautious in the cal)inot. To avoid
the !ipi)eavanee of usurpation, he at lirst accepted the sovereign jwwer only for ten
years, and afterward had it renewed from time to time for five or ten years ; and by this
apparently disinterested conduct he gaini'd the respect of the great, the esteem of the
good, and the love of his subjects Devoted to the society of the learned, he lived in an
ago distiiiguiihed for the succBssful pursuit of literature."— O.t/ocd Chrom>lo(jical Tables.

B. C.
44

42
41

40
36
34

33
31

29
27

mid pon-

lil of xtate,

lour years,

laiulcalcii-

To avoid

ily t\)r ten

Jiiul by this

tern of the

Iveil in an

\'at Tables.

9'^:'

THE CHRISTIAN ERA.

CENTURY 1.

THE NATIVITY OF CHRIST, ''Vulgar Era".

Conquest of Jutlea

Battle of Teutoberg

Tiberius becomes the Roman Caesar

Deaths of Celsus and Livy ,

Death of Ovid

Death of Germanicus ,

Pontius Pilate made Governor of Judea

John " the Baptist"

Baptism OP Christ

Thr Crucifixion

St. Stephen, first Mart^'r ,....

Paul converted to Christianity

Caligula succeeds Tiberius

The Gospel of St. Matthew published

Claudius becomes the Ca)sar .

St. Peter

Invasion of Britain by the Romans

Aulus Flauiius

Gospel of St. Mark published

Invasion of Britain

London founded (about)

Ostorius Scapula, General in Britain

Caractacus, King of the Silui'es

Apostolic Council at Jerusalem

Nero becomes Caesar

Gospel of St. Luke published ,

Destruction of the Druids in Britain

Suetonius Paulinus

Battle of Sunbury, Britons defeated ,

Boadicea ,

Death of Burrhus

First Persecution of the Christians

Rome burned by JSero

A.D.

6
9
14
17
18
19
26

33
35
36
37
39
41
43

44
46

51
52
54
55

KEY TO LO\ERINS

Deaths of Seneca and Lucan

Sts. Peter and Paul martyred (about)

Galba, the Roman CfEsar |

Buddhism in China, from India (about) j

Otho ; Vitellius ; Vespasian, CsBsars

Jerusalem destroj'ed by Titus ^

Death of St Andrew, Scothmd's Patron Saint.. )

The Caledonians pillage the Britons ■»

Agricola j

Pompeii and Ilerculaneum destroyed by eruptions from

Mount Vesuvius

Death of Pliny, the elder

Titus succeeds his father, Vespasian Caesar

Plague, 100,000 perish

Domitian, last of the Crosars ,

Salius Lucullus, General in Britain

BRITAIN, A ROMAN PROVINCE

Death of Agricola

Antiquities of the Jews published by Josephus

Second Persecution of the Christians

Merva, first of the Emperors

The Gospel of St John written (about)

Trajan

Deaths of Josephus and Tacitus

Britain pillaged by the Caledonians

A.D.

65
67

68
69

80
81

96
97
98
99
100

CENTURY 2

Pliny the Younger, Governor of Bithyn>a 102

Conquest of Dfficia 103

Third Porsecuiion 107

Iguatius, Bishop of Antioch 108

Death of Pliny 110

Trajan's Column erected 114

Conquest of Mesopotamia 115

Adrian ' 117

Insurrection of the Jews 118

Death of Plutarch, Greek Biographer (about) 119

Adrian's Vfall 120

Juvenal, Dccius Junius 128

Eternal Edict 132

102

103

107

108

110

115

117

118

119

120

128

132

CHART OP TIME. 85

A.D.

Insurrection of the Jews under Barcochabus 133

Antoninus Pius 138

Justin defends the Christians 139

Wall of Antoninus built in Britain 140

Elliot in favor of Christians .... 152

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus 161

Fourth Persecution 163

Martyrdom of Justin (about) 164

The Plat^uo ^

Death of Polycarp of Smyrna j

The Plague 169

Blandina Martyred at Lyons 177

War V ith the Marcomani 178

The Murcomani defeated 179

Commodus 180

The pillaging Caledonians and Picts driven from Britain

by Ulpius Marcellus 183

The Plague 189

Pertinax 192

Julius Didianus ^

Septimus Severus v 193

Niger 3

The Battle of Lyons ■>

Albinus Claudius slain j

CENTURY 3

Death of Galen, Physician 201

Fifth Persecution )

[ 202

Martyrdom of Irainus, Bishop of Lyons j

Caledonians repelled by Severus 208

Wall of Adrian repaired 210

Caracalla 211

Macrinus 217

Ileliogabalus 218

Sixth Dynasty from Fo-IIi (H E U-II AN) 220

Alexander Severus 222

The death of Ulpian 227

Sixth Persecution )

Tv,r • • [ 235

Maximiuus , j

< I

«i"'" ■•

'■!il.J

KEY TO LOVERIN 8

Balbinns

Gordian I

Gordian II

Gordian III

The death of TertuUian

Philip " the Arabian "

Games proclaimed in honor op the Thousandth Year

OF KOME

Decius

The Seventh Perdecution i

Plague j

Gallus

Valerian

The death of Origen

Eighth Persecution of the Christians "|

Martyrdom of Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage j

War with Persia

Gal ionus

The Seventh Chinese Dynasty (C I N)

The Plague

Claudius II

Naval defeat of the Goths, 2000 ships sunk

The death of Plotinus, Alexandrian Philosopher ^

Aurelian j

The Ninth Persecution

Conquest op Palmyra i

Zenobia in chains j

Tacitus

Probus ...

The death of Manes, founder of Munichean Heresy

Cams

Carinus

Diocletian

Diocletian and Maximian

Insurrection and usurpation of Carausius in Britain

The death of St. George, P]ngland's Patron Saint "»

Gregorian and Hermoginian Codes j

The death of Carausius (slain) i

Unsuccessful Revolution j

Anthony, founder of Monastic life

A.D.

237

2.38
240
244

248
249

250

251
253
254

258

259
2H0
2G4
265
268
269

270
272

273

275

270
280
282
283

284
286
287

290

293
294

':::

■"^^

CHART OP TIME.

Death of Alleotus ,

The first division of the Roman Empire.

CENTURY 4

London walled in by the Romans (about)

The Tenth Persecution (last)

The death of Porphyry

The martyrdom of St. Albans, Proto-Martyr of Britain... i

Coiistantius Chloru and Galorius j

The Scotti, from Ireland, invade the Caledonians iui'l

Picts, hence Scotland, (about)

Galorius, Maximian and Constantino

CHRISTIANITY TRIUMPHANT

Silvester, head of the Church i

Edict of Milan, in favor of Christianity |

Controversy of Arius

CoNSTANTiNE I., " The Great "

The Scots and Picts ravai^e Britain (about) "|

♦Council of Nice (First (E umenical) j

Constantinople built, formerly Byzantium

The Seat op Government removed from Rome to

Byzantium (Constantinople)

Pagan Temples plundered and destroyed

Constantino II., Constans and Constantius

The death of Eusebius, historian (about)

Constantius reigns alone

Ulphilas, apostle of the Goths, Biblical translator

Julian, the Apostate

Jovian ,

Valentinian and Valens

The Saxon invaders of Britain, defeated bj^ Thoodosius ....

Picts, Scots and Saxons ravage Britain (about) ^

The death of Athanasius j

Valentinian II and Gratian.

The battle of Adrianople, Valens defeated and slain

Thoodosius I, " The Great "

Council at Constantinople (second (Ecumenical)

Augustin converted to Christianity

Edict for the destruction of Pagan Tem])les

87
A.D.

296

301
803
304

305

306

312

313

318
323

32.5

330

331
;^37
340
350
360
361
363
364
368

373

375

378
379
381
387
388

* Constantiue the Great presided'

f^H^i^

88 KEY TO LOVERIN'S

A.D.

Permanent division of the Roman Empire ■»

Honorius and Arcadius, succeed their father )

ChryHOHtomua, Patriarch of Constantinople 397

CENTURY 5

Innocent I. ci)ndemned the Pelagians 402

Abolition of the Gladiatorial games 404

The Vulgato Bible, from Hebrew into Latin by St Jerome 405

Homan war with the Goths and Vandals 406

Thcodosius " The Younger " 40S

Eomo sucked by Alaric, king of the Goths 410

The Roman Legions called from Britain 411

Spain colonized by the Visigoths )

THE GOTHIC MONARCHY ESTABLISHED \ ^^^

Hypatiu slain by a Christian mob 415

Pharamond ]

THE KINGDOM OF THE FRANKS FOUNDED } ^^^

The death of St Jerome "\

Nankin proclaimed the Capital of China > 420

Eighth Ciiinkse Dynasty (S U M) 3

Valentinian III )

> 424
The Sulique law instituted by Pharamond j

Vortigern (about) 425

Clodion " lo Chevelu " 428

Africa invaded by Genseric 429

Plague in Britain "j

Death of St. Augustin j

Palhidius, papal envoj', visits Ireland ")

Christian Council at Kphesus (Third Oecumenical) >• 431

CHRISTIANITY IN IRELAND )

St. Patrick Sent as Missionary to Ireland 432

The Theodosian Code 438

Pope Leo "The Great" 440

Roman War with the Huns under Attila 441

Dermod, king of Ireland 444

The Picts and Scots ravage Britain )

The Britons proclaim their misfortunes to ^tius j

Merovius 448

War in Britain, Saxons called in to aid

The Picts and Scots plunder the Britons S- 449

Sau Chiu (Sau Chin) Chinese atheistical Philosopher

CHART OP TIME.

Mnrcian ^

Eevolt of tho Saxons '. [

Attila defeated at Chalons 1

Christian council atChalcedon (Fourth CEcumenical) ... J
Venice founded by refugees from the Sword of the Huns...

Tho battle of Aylsford ^

A portion of Britain conquered by the Saxons

Eome sacked by Genseric [

The death of Horsa '

THE KINGDOM OP KENT ESTABLISHED BY

HENGIST

Majorian

Leo I

Childeric

Severus

Vortimer (about)

The death of St. Patrick

Fearijus

Anathemius

Vortigern restored as commander.

Nepos

Glycerius

Zeno and Leo II

Massacre of 300 British nobles by Hengist (?) ,

Romulus Augustulus

Conspiracy — Vortigorn captured by the Saxons

FALL OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE

Invasion of the Saxons, war in Britain ,

*Aurelius Ambrosius (Comes littoris Saxonici) ,

Clovis

The battle of Soissons ,

Ninth Chinese Dynasty from Fo-IIi (C Y)

Sussex founded by conquest

Ella, 1st Britwalda

Anastasius

Pope St. Gelasius

The Ostro-Gothic Kingdom colonized by Theodoric.

89
A.D.

450

451
452

455

456
457
458
461
464

465

467
471
472
473
474

475

476

477

481

486
489

490

491
492
493

» " In the third century of the Christian era, they (the Saxons.) wore a numerous,
warlilte and j)irali«il people, whose devastations on the British and Belgian coasts gave
rise to the appoinnient of a particular ofllcer (comes littoria Saxouici) to defend these
regions." — Jiritiah Cyclopedia.

KEY TO LOVERIN 8

I! '''■V

ill

TI)o battle of Tolbiac, CIovIh defcatH the Allmanni "i

Clotilda introduces Cliristianity amongst the Franks j

Fiisang (America?) discovered by Chinese Buddhists

A.D.

496
499

Prince Arthur " Pendragon " Count of the Saxon Shore... 500

CENTURY 6

Birth of Relisarius

Battle of Budon Hill, near Bath

Childebert I

Saliqiio law ratified in council

Christian Era arranged by Dionysius Exiguus

Justin, Emperor

Wessex founded, by conquest, Cerdic

Tenth Chinese Family Dynasty (L E A M)

Antioch destroyed by an Earthcjuake

Death of Boetius 1

Felix IV I

Essex founded, Erchenwin "j

Justinian j

St Benedict (order of Benedictines) ]

Code Justinian j

Death of Prince Arthur, Pendragon

Nika riots of Constantinople

Justinian's Pandects jjublished

Conquest of Africa

Conque;^t of Kome

Conquest of Italy

Birth of St David, patron saint of Wales

War vsrith the Goths

Death ofSt Benedict

Belisarius defends Rome from Totilla "i

Northumberland foinded by Ida j

Silk, by two Monks of St. Basil, brought from China ..

Budtihism introduced into Jaj)an

Fall of the Ostrogoth's Kingdom

Fifth General Council (b'lfth CEcumonical) 553

Clotaire I

Ceawlin, second Bretwalda ^

De Excidio Britannicie, Gildas j

Charibert I

505

511

516
518
519
523
525

526
527

529

530

532

533
534

536
537
540
541
542

547

551
552
553
555
558

560
562

CHART OP TIME.

St. Columbo (Columbkill)

Death of Bolisiirius

JiiHtin II

Chilporic I

Invasion of Lomburdy

Death of Narsos

Birth of Mohamed

Bast Anqlia founded by Utfa

Peiai(iiis, the Infallible

Tihorius II

Eleventh Dynasty from Fo-Hi (C II I N).

Maiirico

Clotaire II

Feudal laws introduced by Aulharis

Mekcia, Seventh Kingdom of the Saxons ..

Crida, founder of Mercia

Ethelbert, 3rd Bretwalda

Gregory I

Death <>f Coliitnba, Saint of the Hebrides

Conversion of Kent, St. Austin

The Plague

Eedvvald, 4th Bretwalda

91
A.D.

565

567

568

569
575

578

580

582

584

586

589
590
596
597

599

CENTUKY 7

Death of St. David.
Phocas

War with Persia

Sabianus, church bells introduced

Narses, the traitor, burned

Chinese canals begun and the Great Wall repaired

Proclamation commanding the work to proceed

Mahomet preached at Mecca

Heraclius

TwELTH Family from P^o-Hi (S U I)

Edwin, the wisest of the Bretwalda

FLIGHT OF iMAHOMET FKOM iMECCA TO iMEDINA

(Hegira)

Pope llonorius

Chosroes defeated, and driven beyond the Tigris

Dagobert I

601
602
603
604

606

609
610
613
617

622

625
627
628

'If

iUii

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

I.I

1.25

'» !lli|3l

2.2

1.8

1-4 111.6

<*■

'^f

^;.

d?-;
/

Photographic

Sciences
Corporation

-y^\

A
t*^

«c

.4. *

23 WEST MA9N STREET

WEOSTER.N.Y. 14580

(716) 872-4503

Q>.

KEY TO LOVERIN S

Conquest of Mecca

Abubeker succeeds Mahomet, first Caliph

Omar

The Korp-n, written by Mahomet (olO) pub. (about).

Oswald, sixth Bretwalda

Christianity admitted into China

Conquest of T>er8ia

Conquest of Jerusalem ,

Clovis II

Conquest of Alexandria

Destruction op its Library by Amru

Constantino III

Battle of Oswestry, Penda defeats Oswald

Oswy, seventh Bx*etwalda

Ccnstans II

Thirteenth Chinese Dynasty (T A M)

UniverHity of Cambridge founded

Othman

Conquest of Cyprus

Conquest of Ehodes

Battle of Loidis (Leeds), Oswy defeats Penda

Ali ■

Clotaire III ,

Vitalianus becomes the Pope of Eome ,

Ommiades (Ommeij'ades), new dynasty of Caliphs.

Constantine IV

CL ;deric II

Thierry I

Greek fire invented by Callinicus

Death of Cffidmon

Sixth General Council at Constantinople

Leo II, institutor of II0I3' Water...

Juistinian II

Ina

Clovis III

Quinisex Council

Conquest of Armenia.

Childebertll

Leonlius

Conquest of Syria

Aspimar Tiberius

A.D.

629

632
634

635

636
637
638

640
641

642

643
644
648
653

655

656
657
661

668
670

673

680

682
685
689
690
692
693

695
698

^mmmr

CHART OP TIME.

}

CENTURY 8

John VI, Firm and Wise

AlWalid

Jolin VII

Justinian restored

Death of Aldhelm

Roderic, last Gothic Monarch of Spain

Dagobert II ,

Philippicus ,

Battle of Xeres, Roderic slain

End of the Gothic Monarchy

Anastasius

Gregory II

Clotaire IV

Chilperic II

Theodosius III

Defeat of the Saracens at Constantinople

Destruction of their fleet by Greek Fire

Leo III, the Isaurian ,

Asturias colonized by Gothic fugitives •\

Don Pelagio elected IJV}^ •• Aaiurias )■

ASTURIAS BECOMES ^ ^IINGDOM

Thierry II

Edict in favor of Peter's Pence

Iconoclastic insurrection at Constantinople

Edict proclaiming the Bishop of Rome chief Magistrate

Gregory III

Historia Ecclesiastica, by Bede

The Saracens defeated by Carles Martel, at Tours

Death of Bede

Favilla

Alfonso I, the Catholic

Constantino V

ChildericIII

Constantinople sacked by the army

Abdul Abbas

Abassides, a revolution, Merwan II slain

Stephen

Pepin " le Bref "

CARLOVINGIAN DYNASTY ESTABLISHED

A.D.
701

704

'705

709
710

711

712
713
715

716
717

718

720
725

727
730

731

732
735
737
739
741
742
743

750

762

KEY TO LOVERIN'S

Al-Mansur (Manusur)

Offii ^

TKMPOEAL POWKR CONFEERKD ON THE POPE |

Caliphate op Cordova, Abderuhman

Froila, of AHtui'ias and Leon

CALIPHATE OF BAGDAT, ALMAN80E

Carloman and Charles ■)

AureiiH j

The Phigiie

Conquest of Lombardy i

Silo, "the Saracen" j

Leo IV I

0:laV Dyke bnilt j

ConHtaiitino VI

Mauregato, usurper

Bertric

* Haroun Ai. Eapchid, Encourager of Learning

Invasion op the Danes i

Seventh General Council (2ndNicene) J

Battle of Eoncevallea ^

Bermudo I j

Alfonso II, " the Chaste "

Irene

f The FIRST Danish invasion op Ireland \

Council at Frankfort f

War in Ireland 1

Pope Leo III j

Hugh VI. of Ireland

Bertric poisoned by his Queen, Eadburgu ^

Egbert, King of Wessex I

Charlemagne crowned, and proclaimed Emperor of the '

West j

CHARLEMAGNE'S EMPIEE CONFIRMED BY THE j
POPE J

A.D,
754

765

756

757

762

768

772

774

775

780
783
784
786

787

788

791
792

794

795

797

800

CENTUEY 9

Nicephorus

Death of Alcuin

802
804

• This is regarded as the Augustan Age of Arabic literature.

t " Ireland aud England were almost exclusively the seats of learning during this
period." — M. J. Kerney's Compendium— 18V0, p. 120.

}

CHART OP TIMIl.

Nicephorae puvchases peace from the Saracens

Michael I

Leo V

Louis I, " Lo Dobonnaire " (Fk-anco and Germany)

Michael II

Gregory lY

UNION OF THE HEPTARCHY, EGBERT

Theophilus 1

The VVitenagemot confirm Egbert as " king of England" j

Nial III

Kenneth MacAlpine

Ethelwolf ,

Charles IL," The Bald " ^

Lothaire , j

Battle of Fontenoy

Michael III '.

Ramirus I. of Spain

THE KINGDOM OF POLAND, Piast (absolute king)

Peace op Yerdun, division of the Empire ,

king) )

PICTS DEFEATED, SCOTLAND UNITED UNDEE

KENNETH )

Sergius II ,

Eome beseiged by the Saracens from Africa ,

Pope Leo lY ,

The Saracens routed and their fleet dispersed i

Birth of Alfred |

Ordono I

Donald Y

Louis n., son of Lothaire

Ethelbald

Nicholas

Elholbert

Ziemowit

Death of St. Swithin |

RUSSIA FOUNDED BY RURIC j

Ethelred 1

Alfonso IIL," The Great " j

Basil

Eighth General Council at Constantinople

95
A.D.

805
811
813
814
820

827

829

833

834
8o8

840

841

842

843

844
846

847

849

r50
854
855

857
858
860
861

862

866

867
869

Battle of Asendon,

Alfred " The Great ".

(Pope)....

KEY TO LOVERIN's

•:}

John viir.

Ethus

CharlcH II. , " The Bald," hecomes Emperor of Germany..

Gregory " The Groat " of Scotland

Louin II., " The Stammerer "

Defeat of the Danes at Ethandun

LouiH III. and Carloman II

Charles III.,'" The Fat," King of Germany

Carloman, alone ,

Death of John Scotus," Erlgena," of Ireland

Charles " The Fat " usurps the crown of France from
Charles " the Simple "

University of Oxford established

Leo VI.," The Philosopher "

Dismemberment op Charlemagne's Empire

Arnold (Arnulf)

Alfred's Code, basis of English Law

Eudes, Count of Paris, " Hugh," Usurper

Leshek

Constantino II., Son of Kenneth

Danes defeated at Farnham

Maval victory, England's surREMAcy on sea established
Charles IIL, (IV) " the Simple," restored

Louis III.," The blind"

Louis 111.," The blind" )

Louis IV.," Son of Arnulf | Germany...

* England divided into counties, &c., by Alfred (abou
Benedict IV

t)...j

A.D.
871

872
874
875
876
877
878
879
881
882
883

884
886

887

888
892
893
894
897
898

899
900

* Alfred's division of England into counties or shires, hundreds and tithings is a fact
in favor of the decimal system.

" That he might render the execution of justice strif^t and regular, he divided all
England into counties : these counties he subdivided into hundreds, and the hundreds
into tithings. Every householder was answerable for the behavior of his family and
slaves, and even of his guests, if they lived above three days in his house."— //nwei Vol. 1.

This partition would seem to indicate that King Alfred had carefully considered those
parts of tlie )3ible referring to the Great Sanhedrim Council, which was originated by
Moses in consequence of advice received from his father-iu-law, Jethro, Priest of Midian.
gee Exodus chap. XVIII. and Numbers, chap. XI.

900

, fact

and
olA.

CHART OP TIMK. 97

CENTUEY 10

A.D.

Edward (I) " the Elder " 901

Constantino II[, Son ot Ethus 903

Garcias I 910

CotiHtantino Vil. (Zoo, his mothor, rulin;^) i

Conrad I, Duke of Franconia \

* Neil!' tria acquired by Eollo )

L 912
DuciiY OF Normandy /

Ziemomyslnw 913

Ordoiio II 914

UniverHity of Oxford completed 915

War with the Iluns, Danes, Vandals and Bohemians ^

Henry I.," The Fowler " [ 918

HOUSE OF SAXONY ESTABLISHED )

Romanus 1 919

Robert I., lu-olher of Eudes 922

Eaoiil (Uudolph) ]

Froilall I ^^^

Alfonso IV 924

Athelstan 925

Ramiro 11 927

Fourteenth Dynasty, fron^. Fo-Ilj (H E U— L E A M).... 932

Aniaf defealed at Brunanbur^h by Athelstan (937) "i

Eadhi oi Razi (Kaher deposed) )

Otho I., " The Great '■' ■>

Louis IV.," D'outro Mer," Son of Charles the Simple. ... j ^^^

Malcolm I. of Scotland )

f QQQ

Bible published in the Saxon tongue by Athelstan j

Edmund 1 941

Death of AnIaf. )

V 942
Dunstan, Abbot of (ilastonbury j

• " Rollo, tlie Dane, forces Charles to confer on him the province of Normatjvly, and
becomes, by baptism, A. D. 912, Kobkrt dukk of Noumvndy— Capital Ilouen.

Dukes of Normahdy.

Rollo, died 917

Williair,, his son !M3

Richard 1 1002

Kichardll 1026

Robert II 1635

William the Conqueror," Oxford Tables.

KEY TO LOVERIN S

Constantino VIT. restored "|

01|<a, widow and recent )

Edred

Fifteenth Dynasty (U EU-LEAM)

Ordono III

Indulf

Lothaire

8nncho I 1

Edwy )

Pope John XII

Romanus 11 1

Ed^ar )

DiinHlan founds the Abbey of Glastonbury

Duff 1

Sixteenth Dynasty (H E U — II A N) )

Mieczjsljuv I ^

ROM ANO-GEiniA^' EMPIRE, Olho crowned Emperor (
by Pope John XII )

Nicephorus II

Cullen (Colon) |

Conversion of Poland j

Ramiro III

John Zimisces

Kenneth II

Sevbnteentu Dynasty (IIP] U^ — II A N)

OthoII

Edward (II.) " The Martyr "

Basil II. ■) ^

Constantino YIII. j '

Eighteenth Dynasty (H E U— C II E U) ^

Ethelred IL," Tlie Unready "

Bermudo II.

Olho III

Nineteenth Dynasty (II K U — S U M) ,

Louis v., " Le Faineant " „ |

Bjorne Horufulson during a storm discovers America (?) |

Bulgarians defeated by Basil II

Hugh Capet, Count of Paris

CAPETIAN DYNASTY ESTABLISHED

A.D.

945

946
948
950
952
954

955
956

959
960
9G1

962

9f;3

965

967
969
970
972
97:^
975

976

978
982
983
985

986

987

CHART OF TIME. 09

A.D.

Death of Dunstan, Archbishop of Cntitorbury »

Vladimir, brother-in-law to Basil II I ggg

Conversion of Russia )

Peace purchased of the Danes by " the Unreaviy " 9fll

Boleslavv I " The Great " .* 992

The Danes paid to retire from England 993

Constantino IV. ofScotland 994

Kenneth IV.," The Grim," Usurper 995

Robert II., son of Hugh Capet i

PariH proclaimed the capital of France j

Ethelrod jjurchases peace of iho Danes "j

St, Adalbert slain in Prusisia j

Silvester II |

Alfonso V , ; ^^^

North America discovered by Leif Ericson 1000

CENTURY 11

Massacre of tlic Danes -v

Henry II. of Germany (. i002

Bryan Boru (Boroihme) King of Ireland )

Invasion of England (Danish) under Swej'n "i

Malcolm II..... , [ ^^^^

Feudal laws introduced into Scotland 1004

The Plague 10C6

The Danes invade England and Scotland i

Ethelred gives £48,000 and 16 counties for peace )

Battle op Clontauf, Danes defe.-ited in Ireland (1039) ->.

Death of Brian Boroimho, Boru, Borooa (. 1014

Fifteen thousand Bulgarians blinded by Basil )

Swiatopalk 1015

Edmund II., " Ironsides " \

Canute " The Great " becomes also King of England and v 1016

conjointly reigns with Edmund )

Canute alone 1017

Prussia and Germany invaded by the Poles "j

Conquest of Bulgaria j

Conrad II ) mo/t

HOUSE OF FRANCONIA \ ^"**

Mieczyslaw II 1025

I* '' >

loo KEY TO LOVERIN'S

A.D.

Bermudo III "I

Revolt in Poland j ^""^

EomanuH III 1028

Muwical Gamut written by Gus Aretino 1030

Henry I. of Franco 1031

Duncan 1033

Michael IV |

Rixa (Queen Regent) of Poland j

Harold I., " llarefoot "

THE KINGDOM OF ARAGON, Romiro I I

THE KINGDOMS OF LEON AND CASTILE, Ferd- f ^^^^

inund " The Great " J

Seljukian Turks under Togrul Beg 1038

Henry III |

Macbeth j

Hardicanulo 1040

Michael V ^

CaHJmir I. " The Restorer " J ^""^^

Edward (III.) " The Confessor " (1041) |

Constant) I'O IX j

Common laws (Leges non Scriplic) collected 1044

Death of Earl Godwin ^

Schism op the East (Greek & Latin churches separate), j

Theodora, last of the Macedonian Dynasty 1054

Malcolm III 1055

Henry IV 1056

Isaac I., Comnenus 1057

Boleslaw IL," The Bold " 1058

The War OF Investiture ^

Constantino X., " Ducas " [ ^^^^

Philip 1 1060

Alp Arslan 1063

gancho II 1065

Battle of Hastings ^

England conquered by the Normans i

Death of Harold II., son of Godwin )■ 1066

William L, " TheConquerer," King of England I

THE NORMAN FAMILY J

Constantino XI ] _

Feudal System introduced into England J

CHART OF TIME.

Revolt of the Saxons

^England eomplotoly supprossed by the Conquorer

Edgar Athcling flooH to Scotland

"Romanus IV, " Diogoiios " 1

Michael VI. j

Duke Robert's war

Alfonso VI

MalekShah (1074)

Gregory VJI," Hildebrand "

Death of Earl Walthoof.

Conquest of Jerusalem

Nicephorus III

Tower of London commenced

Wiadysiuw I

Alexis I., Comnonus

The New Forest laws

Pope Urban II

Domesday Book completed

William II., " Rufus "

Death of Borengarius

Death of Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury

Frederick, first duke of Suabia

fKINGDOM OF THE ASSASSINS, founded by Hassan-

ben-Sabah (Sheik) in Persia about

Battle of Alnwick, Malcolm slain

Malek Sh;ih, first victim of the Assassins

Donald Bane

Plague in London

Don Henrique created Count of Portugal

Council of Clermont

The Holy War

COMMENCEMENT OF THE CRUSADES

101

A.D.

1071

}

1072

1073
1075
1076

1078

1080
1081
1085

1086

1087
1088
1089

1090

1093

... 1094
I 1095

I 1096

♦ " A rigid police is established— the curfew— domestic peace maintained. Norman
Fv.nch is tan^hi in all Schools, and made use of in all legal proceedings. In short, by
tUe Nonnin connuest, the English become the poor, the miserable, and oppressed, the
serfs and villains of past ages, and the middle and lower classes of the present— the
Normans become the rich, the nobles and the oppressors."

Oxford Tables.

t " Hassan I., Sheik, first of the ' Old met. of the nxouutain,' and founder of the Order

of Assassins."

Haydn.

102

K»T TO LOVERIN's

Edi^nr

Conquest of Jcriisalorn !)y Godfroydo Bouillon

Doath of tho Cid (Don Kodri^o Lanoy)

Order of tho Knif^'hts of St John limtitutod

Honry I., " Boauclorc "

CENTUEY 12

Bolenlaw Til ,

Battle of Tinchebra}' (Robert, defeated)..

Conquest of Normajidy

Henry V

Alexander I, " Tho Fierco "

Louis VI, " Lo Gros "

Urraca (Uracca)

The Plague

AlphoriHO Henrique (Portugal)

John ComnenuH

Order of tiio Knights Templar

Calixtus II

Doath of Princo William by drowning..

Concordat at Worms

Ninth General (Fii-nt Latoran) Council..

End op the War op Investiture

David I, son-in law to Earl Waltheof ....

Lothairo II, tho Saxon, Usurper

Alfonso VII

Zenirhi

Death of Duke Robert, (imprisoned 28 years)

Civil war, Matilda against Stephen

Stephen of Blois, Usurper

Louis VII.," Le Joune "

Justinian's Pandecti (Manuscripts) found at Amalfi

Battle of the Standard (Northallerton). ,

Battle of Ouriques, Henrique defeats the Moors

Conrad III

Wladyslaw II

Tenth (Ecumenical (2nd Latoran) Council

HOUSE OF HOHENSTAUFEN, OR SUABIA

KINGDOM OF PORTUGAL ESTABLISHED, Alphonse
Henrique crowned

}

A.D.

1097

1099
1100

1102

HOC

1107
1108
1109
1111
1112

1118

1119
1120
1122

1123

112-4
1125
1126
1127
1134

1135

1137
1138

y 1139

CHART or TIME.

BlUllo of Wcinbiiry (fJnoIpliH ftnd Ghibolinos) y

TlioOniei'ot' L:i Tmppo Ibuiidod by Itotrou j

Biittio of liiiicoli), .Stoj)lion capUirod

Alplionso I. of Porlugj;!

Mamiol Comiiomis ..

Concjnost of KdcsHU 1

Niiruddin j

yec'ond Cnisado ^

Bolosliiw IV I

Jiirio ((loorgo 1.), built Moscow

Frodoi'ick I. " Barbai'OHsa "

Malcolm IV. " Tbo Maidon " |

Poaco of Waliirii^foi-d )

*Popo Adrian IV. (Nicbohw Bi'oak.shire)

Homy II

T II HPLANTAGKNET FAMILY KST.vB US HE I)

Papal Bull of Adrian autborizing tbo invasion of Ireland ..

Sancbo III. and Alfonso VIII

Alexander II , " Tlie Learned "

Order of tbo Carmelites establinbed (about)

Destruction of Milan by Frederic Barbarossa

Constitution of Clarendon

William " Tbo Lion "

Roderic O'Connor

Dermot MacMurroui^b'^ rebellion ....,

Tbo Lorn bard Lea<^ue

Invasion of Irkland by Henry

Ricbard, earl of PeinbroUe, "Strongbow"

Doatb of Tbomas 4 Becket

Salad in

Conquest of Ireland

END OF THE IRISH MONARCHY

Catana swallowed by an oartbquake

Rosamond ClitVord, " Tlie fair Rosamond "

Mioczy^law III. " Tbo Old "

Second battle of Alnwick, William the Lion defeated

Treaty declaring Englisb kings " Lords Paramount op
Ireland forever "

103
A.D.

1140

lUl
1142
1143

1145

1147

1149
1152

1153

1154

1155
11 08
1159
1160
11G2
11G4
1165

1166

1167

1169

1170
1171

1172

1173
1174
1175

• The ouly Englishman that was eoer a Pope.

104

KEY TO LOVERIN's

A.D.

Caumir II., " The Just " 1177

Persecution of the Waldenses 1178

Eleventh (Ecumenical (Third Lateran) council i 1179

Philip IL, " Augustus " I j^g^

Alexis II., Cornnenus [

Andronicus... 1183

Isaac II., An;j;elu8 ^

Sancho I. of Portugal J ^'^^

Conquest of Jerusalem by tSaladin 1187

Alfonso IX 1188

Terrible Mtissacro of the Jews in England "i

Eichard" The Lion Eleartod " } ^^^^

The Third Crusade, under Richard and Philip >

Henry VI J

Order of the Teutonic Knights instituted 1191

Treaty between Kichard and Saladin 1192

Death of Saladin 1193

Elchard ransomed for £400,000 |

Leshek 1., " The White " [ ^^^'^

Alexius III., Usurper 1195

Death of Eoderick O'Connor, last king of Ireland i

Innocent III j

John I. " Lackland " 1199

Mieczyslaw III. I'estored 1200

CENTURY 13

The Fourth Crusade, under Baldwin

Death of Prince Arthur, murder'>d Y 1202

Leshek the White, restored

Conquest of Normandy ...

Constantinople besieged and captured ^ 1204

Baldwin of Flanders, Emperor

Genghis Khan," Temoutchin," becomes a General 1205

Henry 1206

Stephen Langton made Cardinal 1207

Otho IV., Duke of Brunswick )

> 1*^08
Interdict laid on England by the Pope )

Persecution of the Albigenses |

Simon de Montford f ^^^^

AlphonsoII., "The Fat" 1211

CHART OF TIME.

Frederick II

Pandolph receives the Entjlish crown from John, for fhe-\

PojDC, and accepts in lieu a yearly sum of lUOO marks... ^■

Jurie II., (George)

Battle of Bouvines 1

A'oxander II.,'« The Wise " j

Twelfth (Ecumenical Council (Fourth Lateran) ■\

* Magna Ciiaata, signed and sealed at Eunnymede j

Henry III ,

Fifth Cruxade, under the King of Hungary. ,.
Second battle of Lincoln, the French defeated

Ferdinand III. of Spain

Peler J

Death of Simon de Montfort at the Seige of Toulouse

Eobort

Louis VIII., " The Lion " |

Sancho II. " The Idle " j

Louis IX., '-The Saint"

Death of Genghis Khan ^

Boleslaw V., " The Modest " }

Death of Stephen Langton 1

Baldwin 11., John de Brienne regent J

The Sixth Crusade

Coal discovered at Newcastle

Grand Duke Jurie killed

RUSSIA FALLS UNDER THE

TARTARS

Jarislaw II

106

A.D.

1212

1213

1214

1215
1216

1217

1218
1221

1223
1226

1227

1228

1229
1233

YOKE OF THE y 1237

1238

* Thk Maoxa. Charta is the great Document of Agreement touching English
Liberty. Its sole object was the protection of the people by carefully guarding against
the infringement of their rights, from any direction, but more particularly that of
Koyalty. It was demanded by the people, for the people " the Clergy " " the Barons "
and " the Vassals "—the latter on all occasions constituting the " bone ami sinew " of
the British Nation. It is the grand electric light of the daric ages from which has beeu
received the stimulus by wliicli lesser tapers have been kindled and caused to emit a
benign refulgence, wldch has proven more or less practically beneficial to all subjects of
Britain since the time of King John.

The Charter of Henry I. was its baiiis, though every agreement from the time of Alfred
" the Great " down to the meeting at lUinnymede was considered as a means, of alTording
wisdom by which its construction might be the more perfect and satisfactory. The
infringement of this Charter on the part of Ueorge III- and his Parliament was undoubt-
edly the cause of the American Declaration of Independence, a scintilation of no
mean order.

106

KEY TO LOVERIN S

Russia and Poland plundered by the Tartars |

Ilnnseatic League j

Innocent IV., originator of red hats for Cardinals

Thirteenth (Ecumenical Council, Emperor Frederick II

deposed ,

The seventh Crusade under Louis IX

Alphonso III

Alexander III ..

Coiuiid iV

Alfonso X., " Tlio Wise"

Kichard, Eurl of Cornwall

Rhinish League

Invasion of China bj' the Tartars

The Mad Parliament

* 15:igdnd fallen. End of the power op the Saracens.

Ivussia pillaged hy the Tartars

Pekin declared the seat of the (Chinese Govei-nment

The Greek Dynasty recovers Constantinople

Michael Pahcologns

Battle of Lewes, Henry III. captured

Battle of Kvesham, Henry restored

Montfort slain

The First Eogular Parliament in England

Japan invaded hy the Tartars

CONQUEST OF JAPAX by Kuhlai Khan

Eighth and last Crusade, under Louis IX

Philip III.. " The Hardy "

END OF THl^] CRTTSADE AVARS

Edward L, (IV.)." Longshanks "

Bodolph I

HOUSK OF HAPSBURG

Death of Thomas Aquinas " The Angelic Doctor "

Fourteenth Q^cumerncal Council

Marco Polo introduces Missionaries to China

Dennis, " The fatlierof his Country "

Statute of Mortmain

Death of Llewellyn Il[. by assassination

A.D.
1241
1243

1245
12i8

1249
1251
1252
1254
1255

1258

1259

1261
1264

12G5

1269

1270

1272
1273

1274
1275

1279
1282

• " Itagilnd \v(i8 taken by Ilulaku, graiulstm of the celebrated Genghin Khan ; Al

Mostnsoni, tlie last of the Caliphs, was put to death, the Caliphate abolished and the

Sftraoen Empire terminated."

— Kerney.

CHART OP TIME.

Conquest of Wales

Andronicus Palroologus

Sancho IV., " The Bravo "

Philip IV., " The Fair "

Margaret " The Fair Maid of Norway "

The Plague and Persecution of the Jews

Adolphus of Nassau

Death of Roger Bacon

John Baliol

Pope Celestine V

PremyHhiw I

Ferdinand TV, of Spain

Mariner's Compass introduced by Marco Polo

Battle of Dunbar, Buliol a prisoner

The Mongol Tartars destroy the Chinese Navy...

Twentieth family from FO-HI (Y V E N)

Battle of Stirling

William Wallace bravely defends Scotland

Falkirk

Albert of Austria

Othman

EISE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIEE

Wenceslaus

The Christian Jubilee

107
A.D.

1283

1284
1285
1286
1290
1291

1292
1294

1295

CENTURY 14

Flavio Gioia of Amalfi adiis the needle to the compass 1302

Roslin, Comyn defeats the Englis'i 1303

Wallace infamously executed at Smithfield -v

Clement IV [ 1305

Wladyslaw III., " Lokiotek " )

Battle of Methven "v

John Comyn assassinated by Robert Bruce >■ 1306

Robert Bruce )

Edward II., (V.) " Caernarvon " \ -

Revolution of William Tell \ ^"^^"^

Henry VII 1308

Papal See removed to Avignon 1309

Fifteenth (Ecumenical Council, order of Knights Templars

suppressed 1311

108

KEY TO LOVERIN's

A.D.
Death of Gaveston \

Alfonso XI [ 1312

Edict suppressing the order of Temphvrs j

Battle of Bannocklmrn, Bruce triumphant

Death of Philip <' The Fair "

Louis X., " Tho Wrangler " y 1314

Lewis IV. of Bavaria ) . , ^ ^, 1

Frederick III, of Austria | '''''''^ Empororsof Germany j

Battle of Morgarten 1315

John I., infant, lived 4 days ]

Philip V, " The Long " | ^^^^

Death of John Gower "j

Ivan I I 1320

Gunpowder invented by Schwartz (?) )

^tna erupts ^

Death of Dante J ^'^"^

Charles IV, " The Handsome " 1322

Death of Marco Polo 1323

John VVycliffborn 1324

Alphonso IV, " The Brave " 1325

Orchan, Sultan 1326

Edward III, (VI) " Windsor " 1327

Philip VI, of Valois ■\

AndronicusIII [ 1328

THE VALOIS BRANCH OF CAPETIANS )

David II, (Bruce) 1329

Mortimer executed "i

Louis of Bavaria reigns alone J

Halidon Hill (Baliol rostoied a brief period by Edward). |
Casimir III., " The Great," Last of tho Piast Dynasty... |

Edward III, of England, proclaims himself heir to the"\

French throne, by right of his mother Isabella, >■ 1337
daughter of Philip " The Fair" )

Invasion of France by Edward of England 1338

Battle of HelvcEtsluys— English naval superiority...^
Simeon L, " The Proud " \ ^"^^^

John Palicologus 1341

Battles of Cressy and Neville's Cross (Gunpowder used)... 1346

CHART OF TIME.

109

A.D.

Conquest of Calais

Charles IV

John Cantacuzene

Diet at Vislica, first written laws promulgated

The Plague, " Black Death " 1348

The Piuguo |

Order of the Garter established j ^^*^

John II, "The Good" ^

Peter <• The Cruel " of Spain } ^^^^

Ivanl[ 1353

Death of Kienzi 1354

Inez de Castro murdered -v

John Fahcologus..., C 1355

The Golden Bull (German diet instituted) )

Battle of Poictiers, John II. of France captured 1356

Peter " The Severe " of Portugal 1357

Jacqueries headed by Caillot 1358

Demetrius II 1359

Amuvath I -\

Janizaries, Turkish order of Infantrj', organized > 1360

Peace of Bretigiiy )

The Plague 1361

Demetrius III i

Edict for law plead'ngs in English J

Charles V., " The Wise " 1364

Ferdinand I., ofPortugal 1367 "

Henry II., of Trastmare, Spain 1368

Louis " The Great " of Hungary, Piast Dynasty extinct -i

Gregory XI } ^^^^

Death of Sir John Mandoville -\

Eobert II., first of the Stuarts [ 1371

THE HOUSE OF STUART IN SCOTLAND 3

Death of Petrareh 1374

Death of Edward, " The Black Prince " |

Death of Boccaccio j

Kichard II, of Bordeaux, son of the Black Prince 1377

Civil war in the church, two or more Popes \

Wenccslas , [ 1378

THE GREAT SCHISM 3

110 KEY TO LOVERIN'S

A.D.

John I •)

I 1379
Twenty-first Chinese Dynasty CM I N) j

Churles VI., «' The Maniac " i

Wicklifle'8 Bible published \ ^'^^^

Death of Wat Tyler |

Wat Tylor'a insurrection J ^^^^

Moscow sacked by Tamerlane "j

Maria, eldest dau^rhier ofJ.ouis " The Great " j ^^^^

Poland ravaged by Timur 1383

Jadwiga, the younger daughter^ crowned i

Death of John Wickliffe | ^"^^"^

John I., " The Illegitimate " 1385

Battle of Sempach >.

William of Wykeham, founder of New Oxford College....

Wladislas IV". (Jagiello), marries Jadwiga [ AooD

THE J AGIBLLON DYNASTY, Constitutional Monarchy J

Battle of OUerburn (Chevy Chase) Douglas killed 1388

Bajazet " Lightning " . 1389

Invasion of Turkey bj" Tamerlane ■\

Henry II., of Spain [ 1390

Robert III., " Stuart the second " )

Manuel II 1391

The Code Premunire 1392

Russia invaded by Timur (Tamerlane) i

Destruction ofMoscow j"

The Duke of Gloucester murdered 1397

Henry IV., " Bolinbroke " ^

Deposition of Richard II., Revolution [• 1399

The Order of the Bath J

Death of Chaucer

Rupert (Robert)

Coal introduced as fuel into London l 1400

Rebellion of Owen Glendowor, great-grandson of j

Llewellyn J

CENTURY 15

William Sawtre burned as a heretic 1401

Bottle of Homcldon 1402

Battle of Shrewsbury

Death of Sir Henry Percy y 1403

Soliman I

CHART OP TIME.

Death of "William Wykoham, Bi.shop of Wincl^oster

Death of Tamerlane, maternal tlescendaiit from Ghengis

Kahn

James I., (Duke of Albany regent)

John II

Plague in London

The Sixteenth (Ecumenical Council, Gregory and Benedict

deposed

Battle of Grunwalden j

Musa I

Sigibmund

Mahomet, I

Henry V., •* Monmouth " '.

Council of Constance, Seventeenth (Ecumenical

Battle of Agincourt

Conquest of Ceula (Septa) Africa

John Huss burned as a heretic

Jerome of Prague, burned \

Frederick VI. of Nuremburg becomes IstofBrandenburg. j

]\[a(ieira discovered by the Portuguese

Treaty of Troj^es, England's acquis' tion of Fratice (?)... )

Peace between England and France j

Amurath II

Alphonso created " Duke of Hraganza " (Portugal)

Henry VI, "Windsor" (Gloucester and Bedford regents)

Charles VII, " The Victorious "

John VII, "Pahuologus " »

Basil IV '..'. j

Battle of Patay

Jeanne d'Arc crowns Charles at Khoims

End of the war of the Popes.

Jeanne d'Arc burned at liouen I "j

Eiglilecnth (Ecumenical Council )

Edward I, " Duarte "

Wladyslaw V., (Wladyslaw II, Jagiollon) / )

Azores discovered by the Poituguese )

James II

Alphonso v.," The African "..

Albert II

HOUSE OF AUSTRIA

}

Ill
AD.

1404

1405

140b'

1407

1409
1410

1411
1412
1413
1414

1415

1418
1419

1420
1421

1422

1425
1429

1431
1433
1434

1437
1438

112

KEY TO LOVBRIN'S

A.D.

Frederick III 1440

Moors reduced to slavery by the Portuguese "j

Birth of Columbus (about) \ ^^*^

White Moors exchanged for Negroes (Negro slavery) 1443

Battle of Varna, Wladyslas killed "j

Slavery introduced into Spain J

Casimir IV \

Frintisq invented by Laurens John Koster (about) j

Revolution of the Teutonic Knights 1446

Pojio Nicholas V 1447

Constantine XII, " Palaiologus " 1448

Battle of Sevenoaks

Sir Humphrey Stafford killed

Mazarin's Bible printed ''

Jack Cade's insurrection

Bishop Turn bull ,

Mahomet II ^ 1451

St. Andrews University founded by TurnbuU ,

Constantinople captured b}' Mahomet II ) ia *%

FALL OF THE EASTEBN ROMAN EMPIRE | ^^^^

Henry IV. of Spain 1454

The War of the Roses (civil) ^

Battloof St. Albans [■ 1455

Duke of Somerset killed )

Battle of Bloro Heath »

Sir Andrew Trollop betrays the Yoi-kists j ^'^^^

Battle of Wakefield

The Duke of York killed ^ 1460

James III

Second Battle of St. Albans ,

Buttle of Towton (Lanca>trians fatally defeated)

Edward IV, son of Richard, Duke of York ^ ^^^^

Louis XI

Ivan III., " Basilovitz " 1462

Battle of lle.xham, Yorkists completely victorious ^

Death of John Faust (Fust) j ^"^^^

Peace op Thorn, East Russia subjected to Poland . 1466

Dentb of John Guttenberg 1468

RUSSIA SHAKES OFF THE YOKE OF THE TAR-
TARS 1469

m
'"0.

}

CHART OF TIME.

Hichai'd Neville, Earl of Warwick

Battle of Barnet )

Battle of Tewkesbury j

Death of Warwick, " The King Maker"

The death of Thomas a Kempis

"The Prince of Wales murdered by Edward IV. and his

brothers ; Henry VI. found dead soon after

Birth of Nicholas Copernicus

Isabella becomes "Queen of Leon and Castile." "i

Book on Chess printed by Caxton (translation) j

Fire-arms and cannon, by Ivan

Birth of William Tyndale

The Plague |

The Duke of Clarence drowned in a butt of Malmsey )

Ferdinand II., of Arragon, "The Catholic,"

Ferdinand and Isabella unite dowries by marriage

Union op Castile and Arragon

Bajnzet II

John II., " Great and Perfect "

Edward V, (VIII.) and ] , ^ . , ^

The Duke of York } murdered in the Tower

Eichard III. Usurper

Charles VIII, " The Affable "

The Inquisition, Torquemada Inquisitor-general

Battle of Bosworth

Sweating Plague

Henry VII

Pe\ce of the War of the Eoses I

THE TUDOR FAMILY J

Oapo of Good Hope rounded by Captain Diaz •\

Marriage of Henry VII, of Lancaster, and Elizabeth >

of York J

Lambert Simnel's rebellion

James IV

Conquest of Grenada by Gonzalvo do Cordova

Death of Lorenzo de Medici

John Albrecht (Albert). ,

DISCOVERY OF AMERICA BY CHRISTOPHER I

COLUMBUS )

113

A.D.
U70

1471

1473

1474

1475

1477

1478
1479
1481

1483
1484

' !.

^ 1485

1486

1487
1488

1492

■'

...J

114 K£T TO LOVEBIN's

A.I>_

Maximilian 1 149^

At Seville, 500 Indians sold into slavery by Columbus... 'v

Birth of Jacquee Cartier C 1494

* Poyning's Act )

Emmanuel I \

The Imperial Chamber instituted at Worms j 149^

Vasco de Gama, first navigator to India 'v

t NOETH AND SOUTH AMERICA VISITED BY [ 149T
THE CABOTS )

Louis XII, Duke of Orleans, " Father of the People " 1498

Newfoundland discovered by the Cabots, John and y

Sebastian I 1499^

Perkin Warbeck's Kebellion )

The Plague |

Brazil discovered by Cabral J ^^"'^

CENTURY 16

Alexander I, of Poland •\

St. Helena and Greenland discovered by Cortoreal |- 1501

Aulic Council )

Death of Arthur, Prince of Wales j

Second expedition of Vasco de Gama j"

Institution of the Order of the Thistle (about) 150a

Jane, (Joanna), " The Insane," |

The " Great Harry' (£14,000), first of the Royal Navy j ^^^^

Basil V 1505

Death of Columbus i

Sigi8mundI.,"TheGreat" | ^'^^^

Henry VIII, heir of both houses, "York and Lancaster 1509

The Portuguese colonize Goa in India |

Empson and Dudley, executed j

• " The meet important measure of all was one which provided that tl ereafter no legia-
lation whatever should be proceeded with in Ireland, unless the bills to be proposed were
first submitted to the king and council in England, and were returned, certified under
the great seal of the realm. This is usuaUy and specially called ' Poyning's Act. ' "

McGee's Historj- of Ireland.

f John and Sebastian Cabot, father and son, were the first Eur<^>eans who are known
to have debarked on the mainland of North and South America, if we except the disco-
veries of the tenUi century. — -

}

CHART OF TIMK.

Conquest of Navarre from John d' Albert

Ferdinand V. of all Spain

Selim " The Ferocious "

Nineteenth (Ecumenical Council (Fifth Lateran)

Battle of FUnlden Field

Pope Leo X., de Medici

James V., Duke of Albany Regent }■

Discovery of the Pacific Ocean by Vasco Nunez de
Balboa

Thomas Wolsey created Bishop of Lincoln

Francis I. King of France ..

Charles I., King of all Spain and the Netherlands

Death of Nunez de Balboa

Luther's rebellion in the Church

THE REFORMATION

Discovery of Mexico by Juan de Grijalva

Conquest of Mexico by Fernando Cortez ^

Fernando Magellan begins his celebrated voyage v

Charles I. of Spain becomes also Charles V. of Germany. )

Papal Bull burned at Wittemburg by Martin Luther ... >.

Birth of William Cecil [

Death of Raphael )-

Soliman IL, " The Magnificent "

Field of the Cloth of Gold. Royal interview J

Conquest of Belgrade

Magellan killed at the Philippine Islands

Don John III

The Diet at Worms proclaims Henry VIII. •• Dkfender I
OP THE Faith " J

Sebastian del Cano completes the first circumnavi-
gation OF THE E^RTH in Magellan's ships

New Testament, by Martin Luther

Clement VII

John Verazani names the Atlantic coast/' New France "

Death of Bayard

Birth of Camcens 3

Battle of Pavia " Tout est perdu, madame, fors I'honneur " "I

Albert of Brandenburg acknowledged Duke of East Prus- I
sia, a fiefdom of Poland j

The New Testament by Tynda'e. , J

115
A.D.

1512

1513

15U
1515
151G

1517

1518
1519

1520

1521

1522
1523
1524

1525

lltt

KEY TO LOVERIN'8

War botwcon France and Spain

Jtomo stormed and captured in war against the Pope

I)oath of Nicolo Mnchiavelli

The Sweating Plague

Diet at Spires for the condemnation of Reformers

J)eath of Cai-dinal Thomas Woisey

Augsburg Confession of Faith, by Melancth(»n

The Teutonic Knights expelled from Prussia

Protestant League at Smalcald, origin of the appela-

tion " PROTESTANT "

Ivan lY., " The Terrible "

Henry VIII., assisted by Archbishop Cranmor, obtains a

divorce from Catharine of Arragon

Pope Paul III

Henry VIII. declares himself" IIead of the Churoii ".

The Order of the Jesuits founded by Ignatius Loyola

NEW FKANCE VISITED BY JACQUES-CARTIER..

Oonquest of Peru by Pizarro

Sir Thomas Moore beheaded ,

Cartier discovers the River St. Lawrence ,

Insurrection of the Anabaptists at Munster

Anne Boloyn beheaded

Thomas Cromwell, created Earl of Essex

Cninmer's " Groat Bible " printed by authority ,

Ignatius Loyola recognized by the Pope

"Cromwell disgraced and beheaded on Tower Hill

Scotland circumnavigated

Papal BuLLj^of Paul III, confirming the Order of the I
Jesuits ^

John Calvin

Piinrro assassinated by Almagro

Discovery of the Mississippi by Fernandez de Soto...

Efforts to colonize New Franco

JVl. de la]Roque disembarks at Stadacona

St Francois Xavier arrives a Missionary atGoa, India....

Death of Be Soto

^lary becomes " Queen of the Scots " (one week old)....

Henry Vtll. proclaims himself" King of Ireland "....^

Death of Copernicus ■)

Japan admits the Portuguese at Nagasaki j

A.D.

1527

1528
1529

1530
1531

1533
1534

1535

1536
1539

1540

1541

1542

1543

tV'

CHART OF TIME-

Conncil of Trent, twentieth (Ecumenical (1M5-15G3)
Luther and Calvin condemned

Death of Martin Luther

Battle of Pinkey

Edward VL (IX.)

Henry IL of France )

Sigismund II, " Augustas " ,

Colonization of Brazil, St. Salvador the capital

M. de la Roquo and vessols lost during storm

Death of de la Jlocjue de Roberval at sea

" First Book of Common Prayer " printed in English.

Birth of Robert Cecil

Birth of Edmund Spenser ,

Death of Somerset, father of Lady Jane Grey

Death of St. Fran9ois Xavier

Treaty of Passau, religious freedom EgTABLisnED....

Fifth Franco-Spanish war

Miguel Servetus burned at Geneva ,

Mary succeeds Edward VI of England

Lady Jane Grey beheaded

Philip II. of Spain 1

Pope Paul IV I

Death of Ignatius Loyola |

Thomas Cranmor burnt at Oxford )

Ferdinand I

Don Sebastian

Conquest of Calais by the Duke of Guise "^

Death of Charles V. of Germany

Elizabeth " The Virgin Qdeen "

Francis II

Charles IX

* Treaty of Edinburgh. The Queen of the Scots assumes
to be the heiress to the English throne

*•••••«#

117
A.D.

1545
1546

154T

1543

1549
1550

1552

1553

1554
1555

1556
1557
1558
1559
15G0

♦"After the deatli ul >'ary queen of England, and daughter to Henry VI!I., the
Prince of Guise insisted on the claim of Mary queen of the Scoti to the crown of England,
in preference to that of Elizabeth whom they looked upon as illegitimate. This claim
was supported by the king of France, who prevailed upon the queen of the Scots herself
to assume the title of queen of England, and to stamp money under that character. The
arms of England were quartered with those of France and Scotland and employed aa
ornaments for the plate and furniture of Mary and the Dauphin. "

British Cyclopajuia.

118

KEY TO LOVERIN'S

i'!:i|

Sir John Hawkins introduces Slavery into England

Second book of Common Prayer

Florida Settled by the Huguenots at St. Augustine....

Birth of William Shakspeare

Maximilian II

Florida conquered by Melandez

St. Augustine destroyed, and the inhabitants massacred..

Potatoes from Santa Fe, by Sir John Hawkins

Selim II

Lord Darnley murdered

James VI, of Scotland ,

Parker's Bible, " The Bishop's Bible "

Imjiorial Guard, " Strelitz," established by Ivan

Lithuania united to Poland , ...

Battle op Lepanto, the Turks defeated

Birth of Johann Kepler

Massacre of St. Bartholomew

Death of John Knox

Pope Gregory XIII

Camoens' Lusiada (Epic Poem)

Henrj', Duke of Anjou, elected king of Poland

ELECTIVE MONARCHY ESTABLISHED in Poland..

Amurath III

Henry III. (abdicates the Polish Throne)

Stephen Bathori elected, succeeds Henry

Bodolph II

Circumnavigation of the Earth by Sir Francis Drake...

Don Henry, " The Cardinal"

Death of Camoens

Portugal falls under Spanish rule

Don Anthony. Deposed by Philip IT. of Spain

English version of the B. Catholic N. Testament

The Calendar reformed by Gregory XIII

Bed Cross Flag planted in America by Sir H. Gilbert

Colonization (unsuccessful) of Virginia by Sir Walter

Ealeigh

The loss of " the Squirrel " by storm at sea

Death of Sir Humphrey Gilbert by drowning

Feador or Theador I

A.D.
1562
1563

1564

1565

1566
1567

1568
1569

1571
1572

1673

1574

1575
1576

1577
1578
1579

1580

1582
1583

i- 1584

RVHi

CHART OF TIMK.

■ f .

The Jesuits and Portuguese expelled from Japan

The Babington Plot against the life of Queen Elizabeth..
Virginia Dare, first of English parents in America.

•Sigismund III., Vasa

Mary, " Queen of the Scots," beheaded

"The Spanish Armada defeated ,

Assassination of Henry III, by James Clement, a monk.
End of the House of Valois, and commencement of

THE BOURBON DYNASTY", Henry IV

Massacre of the Christians in Japan "i

The "Faerie Queene," by Spenser J

The Crotian Massacre, 65,000 Christians slain

The Jesuits expelled from France |

<Jhatel'8 conspiracy to assassinate Henry IV j

Death of Tasso *' Torquato," poet ■»

Mahomet III |

The death of Admiral Drake

Battle of Blackwater, O'Neil defeats the English

Death of Lord Burleigh (William Cecil)

-M. de la Roche, second Viceroy of New France

Philip III, of Spain .

£oris Godonof, usurper, institutor of Serfdom

Edict op Nantes

Peace of Vervins, mutual restoration of conquests

Death of Spenser

The fur trade monopolized in N. Fnmce by Chauvin
and Pontgrav^

First Charter granted to the East India Company -j

Japan, by treaty, permits commerce with the Dutch J

CENTURY 17

119

D.A.

1585
1586

1587

1588

1589

1590
1592

1594

1595
1596

■ '^1
:3l

1598

1599

1600

t':-;

Robert Dovereux, Earl of Essex, executed

James VI. of Scotland becomes James I. of England..

Ahmed I. (Achmet)

The Main and Bye Plots

THE HOUSE OF STUART

Acadia, Port Royal, colonized by France

The Jesuits readmitted to France

1601

1603

1604

120

KET TO LOVERIN .S

Battle of Kirkholm

Death of John Zamoyski

Feador II

The Gunpowder Plot, Guy Fawkes

Great Fire at Constantinople

The first Colonial Charter, granted by James I

Virginia colonized by the English at Jamestown, Captain

John Smith

Pocahontas

THE FIRST PERMANE:NT ENGLISH SETTLEMENT

IN AMERICA

!6irth of John Milton

John Sigismund

Quebec founded by Champlain

THE FIRST PERMANENT FRENCH SETTLEMENT

IN AMERICA ,

Second Virginian Colony by Lord de la Ware

English version of the Douay Bible published

Newfoundland colonized by Governor Sir John Guy

Assassination of Henry IV by Ravillac

Mary de Medici. Regent

Louis XIII. succeeds Henry IV

Hudson's Bay discovered by Henry Hudson (1606)

Fathers Mass^ and Briart, Jesuits, arrive at Port Royal.

Plague at Constantinople, 200,000 perish

Gustavus Adolphus

Factories built at Surat, Goa

The Bible published, as " authorized by James I."

Champlain returns to N. France as Lieut.-Governor

Mathias

John Rolfe receives Pocahontas in marriage.

Michael Feodorwitz

THE ROMANOFF DYNASTY i:STABLISHED

New Netherlands, Manhattan or New Amster-
dam (now New York) colonized by the Dutch,
and called New England by Captain John Smith
( Clergy )
The States General -l Nobility V The last meeting

(^ Commons j

prior to the French Revolution

A.I>»

1605.

160S.
1607

i6oa

im»

IGIO

16111

V 1614

CHART OP TIME.

The Recollet Fathers brought to New France (Quebec)...
Negro Slavery introduced into the English colonies by

James Smith and Thomas Keyser

" Don Quixote " published }

China invaded by the Manchou Tartars

Death of Shakspeare

Death of Cervantes, author of "Don Quixote"

Baffin's Bay discovered by William Baffin

Mustapha I

The Thirty Years' War x

Sir Walter Raleigh executed i

Othman II |

Synod at Dort in Holland J

Ferdinand II

Discovery of the circulation of the blood by William i'

Harvey

The First Colonial Assembly, at Jamestown, Virginia,

The Battle of Prague

English Pilgrims land at Plymov'th Rock, and found a

colony

Twenty slaves landed from a Dutch man-of-war, on the \-

James River

Helen, wife of Champlain, arrives at Quebec ,

The earliest American Covenant (41 signatures)

Philip IV )

Cotton introduced into Virginia , i

N. Hampshire colonized by Mason and Gorges

Amurath IV. (Murud)

Pope Urban VIII

Richelieu becomes chief minister of Louis XIII

History of Virginia, N. England, and the Summer Isles,

by Captain John Smith )■

The Novum Organum by Bacon I

TheSociety of St. Joseph i

The Jesuits arrive in New France i

Charles I )

The death of Francis Bacon (Lord Verulam)

121
A.D..

1015-

1615.
KIT
KIS-

1H11>

1^:20

u;2i

1(;23.

1024

1025-
1G2(>

i t

' 1 i, •

( f

122

KEY TO LOV£RIN 8

Boston founded. ,

Delaware and Pennsylvania colonized by Swedes and
Fins

* The Company op one hundred Associates Chartered
BY Richelieu, Champlain being made President

Massachusett's Bay colonized by Captain John Endicot.

The Duke of Buckingham assassinated by Felton

The Petition of Right

Conquest of Quebec by Admiral Kirkt

Death of Captain John Smith, " Father of Virginia "

Battle of Lutzen

Births of John Locke and Christopher Wren

Death of Gustavus Adolphus

Wladislas VI., Vasa (1633)

Quebec restored to the French by treaty, in honor of
which the Church " Notre-Dame de la Recouvrance "
was built

Colonization of Marj-land by Calvert, " Lord Baltimore

Massacre of Christians in Japan (about) i

Champlain become^ Governor op New France f

Edict expelling Christians from Japan J

Academic de France founded by Richelieu

Connecticut colonized by Fonwick at Say-Brook

Rhode Island by Roger Williams and brethren

Death of Samuel do Champlain

M. de Montmagny, Governor of New Franco

Listitution of the ceremony of" Trampling on the Cross.".

Death of Ben Jonson

First Printing Press in America, at Cambridge, by
San.uel Greene

Ferdinand III

Harvard University founded by John Harvard

A.D.

y 1627

1628

1629
1631

1032

1633

1634
1635

1636
1637

*" Cardinal Richelieu was the founder of 'the Society of 100 Associates.' The new
company formed in Paris in 1G27 to talie the place of that to which the de Caens be-
longed * • The Company of Associates received from the king the powers and privileges
■which had previously been granted to the Viceroys and chartered <'ompanie8. It was
Tjound to provide for the settlement of the country, and for the religious care of the
colonists, as well as the conversion of the savagfS ;"4000 colonists were to be taken out
and settled on the lands before the year 1643. Every inhabitant was to be a French sub-
ject and only one relinious faith was to be tolerated. The religious missions for the
conversion of the heathen tribes were to be entrusted to only one order qf priesthood.
The governor, or chief oBicer of the Company in the colony, was to ba appointed by the
Society, also the oflicers of justice, subject to the king's approval."

— H. H. Miles, History of Canada, page 26.

CHART OF TIME.

Poath of Jansen, Bishop of Ypres

League with the Covenanters

Madame de la Peltrie founds the Ursuline convent, Quebec

Colonization of Madras, Fort St. George built

Hotel Dieu founded at Quebec (School and Nunnery)

Ibrahim I., Sultan

Frederick William," The Great Elector "

Dom John, Duke of Braganza, proclaimed king of Portugal

The Long Parliament

The Company of Montreal founded

Portugal becomes indepo* dent of Spain and establishes

THE HOUSE OF BRAGANZA

Massacre of Protestants at Ulster (St. Ignatius) (?)

Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, executed

The Star Chamber and Court of High Commission abol-
ished

Moore and Maguire's rebellion in Ireland

■Civil war, Roundheads vs Cavaliers

Ville Marie (Montreal) founded by Paul Chomedy de
Maisonneuve

Birth of Newton (Isaac)

Death of Gallileo

_^. „ f VanDiemen's Land ") , _

Discovery of | ^^^^ Zealand j ^>' ^^^'^^'^

Battle of Chalgrovo Field, Hampden killed

Death ofPym, lieutenant of ordnance

Mazarin succeeds Cardinal Richelieu

Louis XIV

Papal edict against too many holidaj's

Battle of Marston Moor, Prince Rupert defeated

China overpowered by the Manchou Tartars

Birth of William T^enn

Oliver Cromwell rises into power

*' Directory for Public Worship" published

Twenty-second (present) Dynasty (C I M)

Battle of Naseby, Charles I. totally defeated

William Laud. Archbishop of Canterbury, beheaded

Alexis I., "Father of his Country "

Charles I. surrendered to Parliament for £400,000

(

123
A.D.

1638
1639

1640

1641

1G42

1643

1C44

1645
1646

wrrw

; I !l

124

KEY TO LOVERIN S

A.D.

1G4S

1049

1650

Massacre of the missionaries by the Indians

M. d'Aillebout, Gcvernor of New France

John Casimir, Vasa

Mahomet or Mahomed IV

* The Falls of Niagara discovered by the Rov'd. Jesuit
Priest, Paul Eagueneau

The Rump Parliament, " Pride's Purge "

Peace op Westphalia. End of the Thirty Years War.

Civil war, capture of Drogheda by Cromwell

Massacre of the garrison of Drogheda

Destruction of the Hurons by the Iroquois

Charles I. executed

Monarchy and the Ilouse of Lords abolished

The Commonwealth. Revolution complete

The Battle of Dunbar

Birth of John Churchill

Birth of William, Prince of Orange

Montrose (James Graham) executed

Battle of Worcester, Charles II. defeated, flees to France,
thence to Scotland, where he is crowned at Scone by
the eighth Earl of Argyle

M. Jean Lauzon, Governor of N. France

The Navigation Act

Naval war with England and Holland

Battle of Texel, VanTromp defeated by Blake of! Ports-
mouth

Marguerite Bourgeois founds the Notre Dame Convent
at Montreal

Oliver Cromwell, " Lord Protector " of England

Barebono's Parliament

Peace between p]ngland and Holland

* " I)e la mesme Katioii Xeiitre tiraiit iiresquo au Midy, on trouuo vn grand Lac>
quasi de deux cens lieui-s de tour, nonimO Erif, qui se forme do la dt'charge do la Mer
douce, et qui va se precipiter par vne cheute d'eaux d'vne efEroyable hauteur, dans vii
troisit'me Lac, nonimt' Ontario, que nous appellons le Lac Saint Louys, dent nous par-
lerong oy-apri-s."

—Relation of the Jesuits 1648, page 46
Translation :

From the Neutral Nation, bearing nearly south, we ilnd a grand Lake about two
hujidred leagues in circumference, named Erie, which is formed from the discharge of
the gentle Sea (Lake iIui'on\ and whicli it precipitated over a fall of water of a fearful
Iieight into a third Lake, named Ontario, which we call Lake St. Louis, of which we
■will speak hereafter."

1651

1G52

1653

1 11 ■»<■*•

CHART OP TIME.

Conquest of Jamaica by Admiral Penn

Charles de Lauzon, Governor of N. France

I)oath of Miles Standish

Death of Archbishop Ussher

Alphonso VI., " The Imbecile"

The Sulpicians, under M. de Queylus, arrive at Montreal.

Death of Admiral Blake

Death of Dr. Harvey, discovei'er of the circulation

Prussia proclaims her independence of Poland

M. d'Argenson governs N. France

Death of Oliver Cromwell

Leopold I

Richard Cromwell succeeds his father

M. de Laval arrives at Now France

The reassembling of" the Rump " Parliament

Revolution •' The Rump expelled "

Dollard with his band of heroes massacred by Indians....

Christian Ernest institutes " The Order of Concord "

The Restoration of Charles II, by acclamation

Tea introduced into England from China

The Convention Parliament, called by General Monk

France purchases Dunkirk from England for £400,000... >.
The Eighth Earl of Argyll, Archibald Campbell, executed I

M. d'Avaugour, Governor of N. France [

Colbert succeeds Mazarin aa Prime Minister of France... J
The Sulpicians acquire the whole Island of Montreal..

M. de Mesy becomes the Governor of N. France ,

The Sovereign Council: Bishop, Governor, and Royal ^

Intondant I

1^ CANADA BECOMES A ROYAL COLONY J

125
AD.

1G56

1657

1658

1659

1
I
y 16(30

I
J

1661

1663

* "By a royal edict, dated in February, 10(53, the King of France took into i^ own hands
all the rights which had been conferred in 1628. The reasons assigned were the Compa-
ny's failure to send out enough of colonists, and its present inability to provide properly,
cither for the settlement of the country or its defense against the Iroquolj. "

" Next, by another edict, of April, 1GG3, New France was declared to be a Royal
government, that is, a province under the direct rule of the King. To carry out this
measure a local body was created, called the Sovereign Council. " * • ♦

'• The new constitution for the province was as follows .-—All acts of government were
to be in the name of the King. A Sovereign or Supreme Council was appointed, consis-
ting of the Governor, the 1 ishops and the Royal Intendaut, together with an Attorney
General, chief clerk, and fnur counsellors named by the three first-mentioned officials,"
"The Hoyal Intendant was to preside and take notes at Meetingiof the Council. The prin-
cipal function of the Council was to sit as a High Court of Justice." * •

H. H. Miles' History of Canada, pages 63, 64.

126

KEY TO LOVERIN'S

and England

(commercial jea-

War between Holland

lousy)

Now Netherlands (Manhattan) acquired from the Dutch

and named after the Duke of York— New York

Seigniorial Tenure introduced into New France

The Carignan i^egiment sent to Canada, Marquis de

Tracy commanding

The Plague, 100,000 deaths

Chevalier de Courcelle, Governor of Canada

M. Talon succeeds * M. "Robert as Eoyal Intendant

Charles II., Anne of Austria (his mother) regent

The Great Fire in London, 13,000 houses burnt

The Earl of Clarendon, Edward Hyde, impeached and
exiled

M'Uon's works published

Peace of Breda

Small-pox in New France (Canada) severe

The Triple League : England, Holland and Sweden
versus France , •

Carolina colonized by Governor Sayle

Michael Korybut

Laval created " Bishop of Quebec" New France

History of the Rebellion (by Clarendon), published

Louis Baude, Count de Frontenac, Governor of New
France

Battle of Choezim

Discovery of Mississippi Eiver by Joliette and Marquette

The Test Act

The death of John Milton

John Sobieski

Pope Innocent XI

Theador III

Bacon's rebellion at Jamestown — Berkeley defeated

Whigs and Tories (civil war)

Titus Gates' plot

The Peace of Nimeguen

A.D.

1664

)

► 1665-

166ft
166T

1668

1669
1670
1672

1673

1674

1676
1678

♦ " The first Intendant named under the proclamation of 1663 was M. Robert ; but h&
never came to Canada to fill his office, and it was not till the summer of 1665 that Jean
de Talon arrived at Quebec as the first real Intendant, wlthj the Viceroy de Tracy andt
the Carignan Regiment, Lemoine's Picturesque, Quebec, Page 221.

CHART OF TIME.

The Habeas Corpus " Writ of Right " passed -j

The Meal Tub plot |

Pekin, capital of China, destroyed by earthquakes

Pennsylvania sold to the Penn family in lieu of £16,000... )

William Penn .... )

Philadelphia purchased a second time from the Indians, >.
and founded as a colony by William Penn

M. do la Barre, Governor of Canada

Ivan V. and Peter (Peter alone 1689)

Battle of Vienna, Sobioski defeats the Turks

Death of Colbert

Dom Pedro II

Edict against the Christians in China

The Charter of Liberties demanded by Colonists

The Eye House Plot

M. de Denonville

Battle of Sedgmoor, Monmouth defeated

Monmouth beheaded

Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyle, executed

James II

Revocation of the Edict of Nantes

Monmouth's Rebellion in England ")

Argyle's Rebellion in Scotland J

Sir Edmund Andrew, Governor of New England

Judge Jeffreys, of the Bloody Assizes

Penal laws against Roman Catholics suspended

Conspiracy of M. de Denonville against the Iroquois at
Cataracoui, whereby many were sent to the galleys in
France

Death of John Alden

Soliman III {

The Connecticut Charter secreted in an oak by Joseph (
Wadsworth of Harwood j

M. de St. Valier succeeds Laval as Bishop of New^

France

Death of John Bunyan

Frederick III, son of the Great Elector

The Declaration of Indulgence Act

Revolution; and expulsion of James II

A.D.

167f)
168a
1681.

1682-

)■ 1683.

1684

y 1685.

1- 168&

1G8T

168&

1' t

k-h

\:h

i-^i

',!'

128

KEY TO LOVERIN's

King William's war (civil)

Massacre at Lachino

Frontenac returns as Governor of New France

Peter, alone. " The Great"

"NVilliam III and Mary

Pcclaration of the Bill of Rights

War in Ireland. Battle of the Boyno..

Admiral Phipps repulsed at Quebec

Schenectady burnt by the French and Indians

Medal struck and a Church, " Notre-Dame de la Victoire,"

built in honor of victory over Phipps

Eaglebcrt Kaimpfer visits Japan

Ahmed II

•*TIIB TREATY OF LIMERICK

Naval victory of Jjallogue by the English and Dutch....

Origin of the National Debt

Massacre of the McDonalds of Glencoe

Persecution and burning of witches in New England

Hanover declared an Electorate

The death of Queen Mury, from smuh-pox

William III. (alone)

The Bank of England established by Charter

Mustapha XL, son of Mahomed IV

The death of John Sohieski

Frederick Augustus II., Elector of Saxony

The Barclay Plot

The Battle of Zenta, Turks defeated by Prince Eugene...

Frederick Augustus elected

Peace of Ryswick

The death of Frontenac at Quebec

Russian Order of St. Andrew by Peter "The Groat"

Louisiana colonized by the French

Chevalier de Calliere, Governor of New France

Construction of Fort William at Calcutta

The Peace of Carlowitz, Ottoman power broken

A.D.

1689

1690

1691

1602

1694
1695
1696

1697
1698

1699

» " This celebrated treaty (after the battle of Aughrim) provided that all Roman Ca-
tholics should enjoy the free exercise of their religion, as in the reign of Charles II., and
that the Catholic gentry should be allowed to have arms, and should be required to take

no oath but that of allegiance."

— Kemey.

CHART OP TIME.

The Battle of Nnryn, Peter " The Great " totally defeated ^

by Charles XII of Sweden

Death of the Duke of GloucoHter (Heir preHumptivo)

Philip v., g»'andHon of Louis XIV becomes Kingof .Sjmin
A BOURBON DYNASTY ESTABLISHED IN SPAIN

129
A.D.

1700

[698

699

Ca-

jand
Itake

II.

CENTURY 18

Civil war in Spain..

The death of James

Death of Dryden

The Act of Settlement

General Peace Conference with the Indians under
Kondiaionk, at Montreal

FREDERICK III., SON OF THE GREAT ELECTOR,
CROWNS IIIMSKLF " FREDERICK I., KING OF
PRUSSIA."

The Succcs.sion War. "Queen Ann's war"

Mobile (Alabama) colonized by the French

John Churchill created " Duke of Marlborough "

Queen Anne succeeds William III .'.

Abjuration of the Stuarts ....

St. Petersburg founded by " Peter the Great "

M. de Vaudreuil, Governor of New France

Achmet III

Battle of Blenheim, Marlborough victorious

Conquest of Gibraltar by Admiral Rooke

Deerfield massacre by the French and Indians

Death of John Locke

Stanislaus Leszezynski (1706)

The" Strelitz " abolished by " Peter the Great "

Joseph I

The Battle of Ramillies, Marlborough victorious

Birth of Benjamin Franklin ,

Dom John V

The Battle of Almanza, English, Dutch and Portuguese ^
defeated by the French and Spanish I

England and Scotland unite their Parliaments and j
become GREAT BRITAIN J

} 1701

!■.:

1702

1703

1704

1705
1706

1707

TTf-

130

KEY TO LOVERIN 8

Bftftle of Oudenardo, Marlborough defeats Vendomo

Birth orWilllum Pitt

Death of Bishop Laval

Battle of Pultowa, Charles XII. of Sweden defeated by

Peter "The Groat"

Battle of Malplaquot, Marlborough victorious

Frederick Augustus restored

Conquest of Port Royal, name changed to Annapolis

Sachoverell riots in London

Charles VI

Sir Hovondon Walker's Armada shipwrecked

Frederick William I

Papal Bull against the Jansenists (Unigenitas)

* The Peace op Utaecut

George I., Elector of Hanover, " Guolph '* becomes king

of Groat Britain

THE HOUSE OK BRUNSWICK

Louis XV., " The Well Beloved " ,

Mississippi colonized at Natchez \

The Septennial Act |

New Oi'loans founded ^

Conquest of Belgrade by Prince Eugene J

Death of Charles XII. of Sweden;' Madman of the North"

The Death of William Penn

The Quadruple Alliance

The Death of Joseph Addison

The South-Sea Bubble exploded ^

Sir Robert Walpole created " Lord of the Treasury ".... j
Birth of Charles Edward Stuart, " The Young Pretender "
PETER «' THE GREAT" ASSUMES THE TITLE OP

" EMPEROR OF ALL THE RUSSIAS "

Death of the Duke of Marlborough (John Churchill)

Vermont colonized bj^the English

Louis L (a few months)

Expulsion of the Jesuits from China, and Christianity

proscribed, except at Canton

* " Perpetual separation of the crowns of France and Spain : acknowledgment of
the Hanoverian succesaiou in England : Dunkirlc dismantled : England acquires from
Spain, Minorca, Gibraltar, and the right of trading with its colonies ; from France,
Newfoundland, Acadia and Hudson's Bay ; France renounces all right of trading with
Spanish Colonies, signs a treaty of commerce with England and Holland, and acknow-
ledges Prussia as a Kingdom." —Oxford Chronological Tables.

}

A.D.

1708

1709

1710
1711

1713

1714

1715
1716

1717

1718

1719
1720

1721

1722

1724

CHART OP TIME.

* The Death of Vnudroull

Catherine I., widow of Peter " The Great "

M. do BouuharnoiH, Governor of N. Franco

Death of Sir Isaac Newton

Tho death of Bichop do St. Valior, successor of Laval

Geor/jfo II

M. do Mornny, third Bishop of Now France )

Discovery of diamonds in Brazil )

North Carolina colonized separately. Division of the

Carolinas

Pope Clement XII

Anne, niece of Peter " The Great "

Mahomet V., '* Mahmud I "

Unsuccessful revolt of tho Janizaries

Earthquake at PeUin, 180,000 perish (1730)

Birth of George Washington

Charter granted by George II. to tho colony of Georgia.

Savannah (Georgia) founded by Oglethorpe

Small-pox ravages Now France

William Pitt "the elder" enters Parliament

Frederick Augustus III., crowned by Russian influoneo. ,
John Wesley visits Georgia in America.,

Birth of James Watt, inventor of tho double steam engino.>|

Patent obtained by JonnLhan Hulls for ideas on steam y

navigation j

Conquest of Porto Bello

War of the Austrian Succession (Civil) ,

Maria Theresa, daughter of Charles VI. of German}'

Frederick II., "The Great" j'

Ivan VI., " The Infant" J

Elizabeth Petrowna, youngest daughter of Peter

Charles VII. of Bavaria (elected)

The Battle of Dottingon, tho French army defeated 1

Discovery of the Rocky Mountains by Verandryo j

nr I . v Aj? } ,( "The old French War"

War between Fi ance and England j ^^

Death of Alexander Pope ....

• " Six French Governors died and were buried in Quebec— S:vmuel de Chainplain,
Count de Frontenae, M. de Mesy, De Callieres, Marquis de la Jonquirre, and ManniiB d«
Vaudreuil. Two English Governors— Lieut. Gen. Hope and the Duke of Richmond."
— ricturesque yuobec, page W— Note by J. M. LeMoine, 1882.

("King George's War"

131
A.D.
1726

1726

1727

1728
1729

1730

1731
1732

1733

1735
1736
1739

1740

1741
1742

1743
1744

i' ''

132

KEY TO LOVERIN S

Invasion of England by Charles Edward Stuart, " The «^

A.D.

)

Young Pretender." (Prince Charlie)

The Battle of Fontenoy, the Britibn army defeated

Louirtburg captured by the Colonists under Sir Wm.

Pepperell

Death of Dean (Jonathan) Swift, Hatirist. ...

Madame de Pompadour, mistress of Louis XV

Francis I., husband of Maria Theresa

THE HOUSE OF LORRAINE

Battle of Culloden, the Young Pretender defeated

The birth of Kosciuseo

Ferdinand VI., " The Wise "

M. de Galissonniere, Governor of New France

*F' an^ois Bigot, thirteenth and last Inlendant of Now

France

■f The Treaty of Aix l.\ Chapelle, Louisburg restored )

to France i

Halifax founded b}' 3,800 colonists from Great Britain... -s

M. de la Jonquiore governs New Fraiico I

Unsuccessful revolution of the Wahabees (Arabian Fana- f"

tics) J

Dom Joseph E nmanuel

Death of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and fatlior of George III.

M. de Quesne, Governor of Now Franco

Electricity obtained from the clouds by BenjaminFranklin
The Gregorian Calendar published and adopted in Britain.
George Washington despatched by Dinwiddle to demand )

the removal of French forts from the Ohio Valley I

y 1745

1746

1747
1748

1749

1750
1751

1752
1753

♦" In 1748, the evil genluF of New France " La Pompadour's p/v)^'f7c'" Frftn90i8 Bigot,
thlrteentli and last Intend.tnt, had landed at Quebec. Horn in Guienne, of a family diR-
tinguished at the bar, Bigot, prior to coming to Canada liad occupied the liigli post of
Intendantof Louisiana. In stature he was small — but well formed active — full of pluck —
fond of display and pleaciure— an inveterate gambler.

Picturesque Quebec. Page 215

t " At first between France and the maritime powers, who were weary of a war in
which they had no longer any direct interest : acceded to afterwards by the otliers.
Mutual restitution of conquest by France and England (in America, India, &c.)—
Donkirlc to remain fortified on the liind side— the rnujmatic Sanction (/naranteed—T)OH
PhiUp receives Parma, Plaeeulia, Uuiistilla, with remainder to the junior Princes of
Spain— the Asiento question with Britain settled by the treaty of Buen Hetiro, 1750, by
which Spain pays Britain £100,000 in full of all demands. "

—Oxford Chronological Tables.

CHART OP TIME.

Conquest of Fort Necessity by DeVilliers

Death of Jumonville

Osman III

Benjamin Franklin's Confederation, Philadelphia its

seat.

Peace with the Iroquois " Six Nations "

Lisbon destroyed by an earthqualte >>

Expatriation of the Acadians fur refusing to take the

oath of allegiance, etc

M. de Vaudreuil, Governor of New France

Defeat and death of General Braddock

The Seven Years' War of Austria and Prussia

The " Black Hole " in Calcutta, garrison suffocated !

General Montcalm and several meritorious officers come

to New France

Capture of Fort William Henry by Montcalm >.

Massacre at Fort William Henry by the French and

Indians

Death of Admiral Byng,shot for failing to relieve Minorca.
Mustapha III.

iLouisbourg
Frontenac
Fort Duqueane

Battle OP THE Plains op Abraham (Wolfe and Mont-"
calm) ..,

Conquest of Quebec by the British and Colonial troops*

Death of Wolfe

Death of Montcalm

Birth of Robert Burns

Charles III., King of Spain

Battle of St Foye Road (Quebec)

*Montreal surrendered by Do Vaudreuil to Gen. Amherst

George III. becomes King of Great Britain

The Conquest op New France by Great Britain and her
North American Colonies.....

END OF THE FRENCH DOMINATION IN CANADA.

by the English and Co-
lonists of Britain

133
A.D.

1754

1755

1756

1757

1758

)■ 1759

y 1760

*"De Vaudreuil, when the Eiiglisli wen' about to carry the place by Htorm, at ones
capituluted on the best coiuUtiona Amherst could be induced to grant. • • • He, how
ever, granted moBt of the conditions sought, but refused the honors of war."

History of Canada by H. H. Miles, page 160.

134

KEY TO LOVERIn's

A.D
1762

1763

1764

Spain ^oes to war with Portugal

Peter III. (six months) ; Catherine II

" North Briton," published by John Wilkes

General Murray, tirst Governor of the Province of Quebec

* Peace op Paris, (France, Spain and Kngland)

Peace of Hubertsburg, Germany and Prussia

NEW FRANCE CEDED TO GREAT BRITAIN

Francis Marie Arouet do Voltaire

Benjamin Franklin sent to London to oppose taxation....
StaninlauH Paniatowski .

The Quebec Gazette published, " The first paper in f

Canada " i

Chief Pontiac's conspiracy J

Death of James Francis Edward Stuart, <' The Old Pre- -

tender "

Joseph II., co-regent with his mother, Maria Theresa.. .
f The Jesuits College of Quebec, appropriated for quarters

and barracks for the troops

The Stamp Act passed ,

Lord Dorchester (Sir Guy CarletoD),Governor of Canada i

Eevocation of the Stamp Act \

Duties laid upon Tea, Glass, Paper, &c., in the American

colonies by Great Britiiin

Captain James Cook's first voyage >.

James Watt obtains a patent for his Expansion Steam ]

Engine )-

The Royal Academy of Arts, Sir Joshua Reynolds first I

President ^

r Arthur Wellesley (Wellington)

Birth of^ Napoleon Bonaparte

(soult .

Clement XIV ''

The American Colonies determine non-importation

(League)

* " At the Treaty of Paris France cedes Canada, Cape Breton, Grenada, Tobago, and
other West India Islands: Senegal, etc.. In Africa: and Minorca (restored) to England : —
England restores to France, Pondlcherry, Carical, etc., in the East Indies, a share in the
Newfoundland fishery and the isle of Goreo: to Spain, Havana, Trinidad and Manilla : —
Spain redes the Floridas to England ; receiving Louisiana from France (a transfer not
made till 17G!»)." — Oxford Chronological Tables.

t " It had been claimed as a 'Magazine for the army contractor's provisions on 14th
November, 17(50.' " — Picturesque Quebec, page 137

y 1765

1766
1767

1768

1769

}

CHART OP TIME.

Great Britain abolishes all duties except on tea

Kiots at Boston (Massacre)

Birth of Walter Scott

England obtains the Falkland Isles from Spain

The first partition of Poland

Tea thrown overboard at Boston, by the Colonists

Fapal Brief suppressing the Jesuits, by Clement XIV

Louis XVI ,

Abdul Ahmed

Declaration of Colonial Rights, at Philadelphia

(First Continental Congress)

* The Quebec Act. (Treaty favoring Catholics in
Canada)

it Lexington
Bunker Hill, General Warren killed
Quebec, J Montgomery killed

Crown Point ) , j

J-captured

Montreal )

135
A.D.

1770

1771
1772
1773

1774

1775

" * This Act is referred to and considered in its relation to Great Britain and Quebec

as a grand stroke ( f national Policy.

" Canadian Constitution— iuW toleration to Catholics."

— Oxford Tables.

" The Roman Catholic religion was established, and the whole body of the French
Civil Law introduced. Quebec was in eflfect constituted a French Puovince, al! the
difference being that the Canadians had George III. instead of Louis XVI. for King.
During the debate upon the Bill in the House of Commons, Charles Fox and Edmund
Burke denounced it as a despotic measure that threatened the liberties of the English
Colonip-j. " • • • The new Constitution, &c., &c.

'• The new Constitution was calculated to please the clergy and the mass of the people ;
and if that Government is the best that gives contentment to the greatest number then
the QuEBKO Act of 1774 may be considered a successful piece of IcRislatioii. "

— Archer's Caniula, page 244.

" Tlie English inhabitants were dissatisfied with it, and even petitioned against it. In
this proceeding they were joined by people of the other English Colonies in America, who
declared that the favor shown towards the Roman Catholics by the Quebec Act waa
contrary t</ the law of England, "

— Dr. H. H. Miles, Canada, pages 172-73.

t Italicized battles indicate American successes.

t " In noticing characters whose signatures were attached to a memorial addressed to
George III. asking for land in Quebec to build a Presbyterian Church, J. M. LeMoine
gives the following ;— " Another signature recalls days of strife and alarm : that of
sturdy old Hugh McQuarters, the brave artillery sergeant who, &t Pi-es-de-yHle on that
momentous 3l8t of December, 1776, applied the match to the cannon which consigned to
a snowy shroud Brigadier General Richard Montgomery, his two aide-i, McPherson and
Cheeseroan, and his brave but doomed followers, some eleven in all. "

— Picturesque Quebec, 1882, page 100.

" Old Hugh McQuarters livad iu Champlaiu street, and closed bia career there iu
1812. "—Idem.

136

KEY TO LOViiRIN 8

A.D.

1776

Battles of ^

Pope Pius VI

Washington elected Commmander-in-chief by the Colo-
nists

Eevolution of the American Colonies

The eevolutionary war

r Charleston

Battles of ^^""^ ^^'^"^

] White Plains

\^Trenton

Fort Washington captured

The death of David Hume, the historian

Publication of "Common Sense" by Thomas Paine

THE AMERICAN COLONISTS DECLAEE INDEPEN-
DENCE OF GREAT BRITAIN ,

'Princeton ^

Bennington ,

StiUwater or Bemis Heights

Brandywine

Saratoga

Germantovvn

Philadelphia ) ^„^ > 1777

Ticonderoga )
Marquis de Lafayettte •
Baron von Steuben r join

Kosciusko, Polish Officer )

Maria-France8-lKabelIa and Dora Peter III

American Flag adopted by Congress.

r Monmouth, " Captain Molly " Pitcher

Battles of ■< Savannah

C Wyoming, Brant and the Tories

Massacres of Wyoming and Cherry Valley

Death of William Pitt, "Lord Chatham"

Death of Voltaire

American Independence recognized by France, in con
sequence of the efforts of Benjamin Franklin

Naval, between the Serapis and Bon Honmie'
Richard, Paul Jones

Battles of ■{ ^^ony Point

Briar Creek

Savannah

the Colonists.

1778

CHART OP TIMi3.

The Serapia by Paul Jones ^

Stony Point > captured

Verplank's Point )

Captain James Cook killed at Owhyhee Island

Ten thousand of the United Empire Loyalists find homes
in Canada

i Hanging Bock, S. Carolina
Camden, DeKalb mortally wounded....
King's Mountain

Charleston captured by the British

Major Andrd executed

American Academy op Sciences founded at Boston...

Arnold's conspiracy

The Gordon Kiots against popery

}

137
A.D.
1779

\ 1780

Battles of \

c The Cowpens, Tarleton defeated.
' Guilford Court house

i Hobkirk's Hall

^Eutaw Springs

Capture of Yorktown ; Cornwallis surrenders, with

7000 men, to Washington and llochambeau

Watt patents his double steam-engine

Papal jurisdiction abolished from Austria by Joseph II. -

Poyning's law repealed

Birth of Daniel Webster

George Washington resigns his commission

* Peace op Versailles, COLONIAL INDEPEN

- 1781

DENCE ODTAINED

William Pitt, " The Younger," forms his first Ministry. ">

American Congress ratifies the Treaty of Versailles )

Warren Hastings deposed (India) )

Irish agitation in favor of Roman Catholics )

Frederick William II "\

Maria I., of Portugal (alone) >

The Cotton Plant introduced into Georgia .. j

Eusso-Turkan war ^

Conquest of New South Wales, and Botany Bay (now j
Sidney) settled. Captain Arthur Phillip first Governor. I

1782
1783

1784

1785

1786

' * " Britain acknowledgeB tlie independence of the United States : restores Tobago to
France and Florida to Spain."

— Oxford Chronological Tables.

138

KEY TO LOVERIN'8

A.D.
1787

1788

A Convention at Philadelphia signs and adopts the i
* The New Constitution established, known as '' THE V
FEDERAL CONSTITUTION OF AMEEICA."

Delaware '\

Pennsylvania > ratify the now Constitution

New Jersey j ' , ' ■

Germano-Turkan war

Death of Carles Edward Louis Casimir Stuart (the Young
Pretender)

Charles IV

New Hampshire^

Massachusetts

Connecticut

New York

Marj'land

Virginia

South Carolina

Georgia

Civil war in France,

Conquest of Belgrade

John Adams, First Vice President

t George Wasliington nnanimonsly elected and inaugu-
rated " The First President " of the UNITED
STATES OF AMEEICA

Selim III )- 1789

The Federal Constitution ratified, by the thirteen
original Slates of the United States

* " A Free Deinocrar;/— Government in a president and vice-president, elected for
four years by universal suffrage — all legislative powers in congress, or two houses of
representatives, cliosen evei-y two years by universal suffrage. Power in one Supreme
Court appointed by Congress. Religion, no establishment, full toleration. Freedom ot
tlie speech and of the press— trial by jury— riglit of every citizen to petition and bear
arms." — Oxford Tables.

t " On the 14th April, 1789, Washington received an ofHcial announcement that he had

been unanimously elected president of the United States under the new Constitution. Two

days afterwards he bade adieu to Mount Vernon and set out for New York, whore Congress

■was in session. OfHcial receptions, mUlrcsses, and triumphal arches, awaited him every

where on tlie route. On reaching tlie city he was received by Gov. Clinton and conducted

with military honors, in tlio midst of a vast concourse, to a residence which was placed

at his disposal. On the 30tli of April, he was inaugurated, at Federal Hall, on the site

of the present subtreasury. The oath of otHce was ailministered by Chancellor Livingston ,

on the balcony in front on the Hall, in the presence of a great multitude. Immediately

after the ceremony, Washington proceeded to the senate-chamber and delivered an address

replete with exalted sentiments."

—United States, by G. P. Quackenbos, page 312.

CHART OF TIMK.

139
A.D.

I:..

1790

1791

Ehode Island j ^^^.^ , ^j^^ ^^^ Constitution."

North Carolina j

The States General

THE GREAT FRENCH REVOLUTION j

The Indian war (Little Turtle)

Death of Benjamin Franklin

Leopold II

Thomas Paine's " Rights of Man" publinhed

Vermont admitted into the Union, New York receiving

830,000

Death of John Wesley

Dom John VI., regent of Portugal (1792).

♦The Society of United Irishmen instituted

The Constitution of the 3rd May proclaimed in Poland...
The Province op Quebec dtvided, into " UPPER AND

LOWER CANADA "

Confiscation of church property in France

Francis II., (Francis I. of Austria only, 1804)

Decree for the perpetual barushment of" the Bourbons". )■ 1792
ROYALTY ABOLISHED AND FRANCE DECLARED

A REPUBLIC

The second partition of Poland

Dr. Mountain created 1st Protestant Bishop of Canada

Louis XVI. I , ,

„ . . . ,_ , ^executed

Mane Antomette (Queen) J

Louis XVIL, died in prison V 1793

Girondists proscribed ; the " Reign of Terror."

Lord McCarty seeks commercial relations with China....

Society of United Irishmen, Wolf Tone (1791), about...

Little York, "Toronto," founded

Death of Edward Gibbon, historian

The Indian war terminated by General Wayne ]■ 1794

End of the " Reign of Terror."

«.:•

>.::

-,r'.l

* In the month of November during the year of 1791, the Society of United Irishmen
was instituted in the City of Dublin for the purpose of forwarding a brotherhood of
alfection, a communion of righta and a union of power among Irishmen of every reli-
gious persuasion, and thereby to obtain a complete reform in the Legislature, founded
on principles of civil, political and religious, liberty. Catholic emancipation and parlia-
mentary reform were the avowed objecla of their pursuit.

— Kebnev.

140

KEY TO LOVERIN's

A.D.

1795

1796

- 1797

Invasion of Germany by Franco

Battle of the Diamond (Ireland)

The third and last partition of Poland between Russia,

Germany and Austria

"The Directory " (a wise governing body for France).

* The Orange Society organized at Armagh

Sir Robert Prescott, Governor of Canada

Death of General Amherst

The Death op Robert Burns, " Scotia's Bard"

Paul I., Czar of Russia

Lithograph}' invented by Sennefoldcr

Battle of Cape St. Vincent; Spanish fleet deleated by

Jarvis

Battle of Campordowii, Admiral Duncan defeats the

Dutch

Conquest of Trinidad

Death of Edmund Burke, " The Irish Orator"

Frederick William III

John Adams, second President of the United States

Battle of the Nile, " Aboukir," French fleet defeated by"

Nelson

f Carlow 1

■D ill n Oulart Hill . , ,

Battles of <^ _, ,, ,. , ^inlreland

i Ballynahinch

(^Vinegar Hillj

Death of Theobald, Wolf Tone, by suicide

Discovery of Vaccination by Edward Jenner, M,D

The Irish Rebellion

Robert Shore Milnes, Lieutenant Governor of Canada... ^

The death of George Washington |

The Directory deposed y

The Consulate established, and Napoleon Bonaparte first |

Consul J

Conquest of Malta ^

Birth of George Bancroft, the American historian

• " The first Orange lodge was formed on the 2l8t of September, 1795, at the house
of a man named Sloan, in the village of LoufihaU. The members pledged themselvesi
by the most solemn oath, to Buppt>rt and defend, to the utmost of their power, the
king and bis heirs, so long as he or they shall support the Protestant ascendancy."

— Kerney.

1798

1799

CHART OP TIMB.

Death of Jean Casot, the last Canadian Jesuit

Pope Pius V^II

Washington City declared " the seat " of the American
Government

1 he Jesuits' estates set apart to defray the cost of general
education, and for the purpose of spreading the know-
ledged and \if>e of the English language in Canada

CKNTURY 19

The Tripolitan war with the United States

The Battle of Alexandria; Ahorcrombio defeats the

French.

Copenhagen bomhaided by Nelson

Alexander I., Paul having been murdered

Thomas JetFerson, third President of the United States..

Ireland united to Great Britain in Parliament

Treaty of peace between Portugal and France

Ohio admitted to the Union

The Concordat ,

Peace of Amiens ,

Battle of Assaye, Welle.sley's first great victory (India)..

Louisiana purchased from France for $15,000,000

Arthur Wcllesloy knighted for services in India

Death of Kobert P^mmet, because of his unsuccessful in

surreciion in Ireland

* Slavery abolished in Lower Canada

Francis II., of Germany bocomes Francis I. of Austria
Napoleon Bonaparte crowned " Emperor of France." .

FRANCE BECOMES AN EMPIRE

The Battle of Trafalgar ^

Death of Nelson

The tliird coalition against France

Peace with Tripoli and the United States

f Jena

141
A.D.

1800

^ 1801

1802

y 1803

1804

;. 1805

Battles ot

1 Auerstadt

• " ' Slavery was not abolished in Ix)wer Canada till 1^03. In Upper Canada, as h.
rate Province, it hardly over existed.' Quotation from M. Ueade's contribution oi
New Dominion Monthly." — Picturesque Quebec, Lenioiue, 1882, page 43.

142

KEY TO LOVERIN S

A.D.

1806

► 1807

1808

The Cftpo of Good Hope captured by the English

The death of William Pitt, "Pitt the Younger"

I>oath of Fox (Charles JamoH), 1807

The Berlin Decree

The fourth coalition against France

Confederation op the Khine — Napoleon, Protector ...

Portugal occupied by France, Dom John fleeisq to
Brazil

Birth of Ilenr}' Wadsworth Longfellow

Sir James Craig, Governor of Canada

Mustapha IV

First Steamboat on the Hudson River by Robt-
Fulton

" Orders in Council " — Response to the Berlin Decree

The Peace ofTilsit

Battle of Vimiera, Wei lesley defeats Juiiot

Ferdinand VH., forced by Napoldon to resign

Mahomet VI

The Treaty of Bayonne

The Battle of Talavera, Wellington defeats Victor

Battle ofCorrunna, Sir John Moore killed

Births of I ^'''■'^'^ Tennyson

1 Oliver Wendell Holmes

James Madison, fourth President of the United States... V 1809

First Steamboat, " The Accommodation," on the St.
Lawrence, by John Molson

A decree from the Senate divorcing Napoleon from Jose-
phine

The Battle of Busaco, Wellington repulses Massena

Maria Louisa, of Austria, becomes the Empress of France

T> x.i <• ( Fuentes de Onoro, Massena's second defeat. -
Battles 01 '^ .,, _, „ , , „ « ,

I Albuera, Beresford defeats Soult

Bequest of the Burnside Estate and £10,000 by the Hon-
James McGill, to "the Royal Institution for the Ad-
vancement of Learning"

Birth of Napoleon, Francis, Charles, Joseph Bonaparte
"Napoleon II." King of France

Sir George Prevost, Governor of Canada

1810

► 1811

> Buttles.

CHART OF TIME.

* THE WAR OP ?.812 (England Jind United Stutos)

Juno 12th, Irtlo nux Noix

July Iwt, Raid on PlattMburg

** 6th, Amherstburg

*' 17th, Fort Mackinaw ....

*' 29th, Near Amherstburg

August 9th, Detroit

" 16th, Detroit captured, "Hull's sur-
render "

September 29th, Gananoqiie

October 4th, Ogdensburg

" 9th, Brigs; Detroit and Caledonia

" 13th, Queenstown Heights, General

Brock killed

October 23rd, St. Regis

November 20th, Kingston bombardment

«' 20th, LacoUe

" 23rd, Salmon River post conquered.

" 27th, Fort Chippewa

Louisiana becomes a State

Moscow destroyed by fire ,

Birth of Charles Dickens

Death of General Brock

Chinese edict against Christianity

Peace of Bucharest (Russia and Turkey)

Vittoria, Wellington defeats King Joseph

Leipzig, Napoleon defeated by the Allied

Powers ,

January 19th, skirmishing on Raisin River....

February 6th, BrockvUIe

" 22iid, Ogdensburg (captured)

April 27th, Toronto (York)

May 5th, i^t>rt Meigs (captured)

" 27th, Fort George (taken)

" " Sackett's Harbor

June 5th, Stoney Creek

143

A.D.

► 1812

I:! I'

* American Duccesses are ital' dzed.

144

KEY TO LOVERIN 8

A.D.

Bnttles,

June 8th, Provisions depot captured near

Stoney Creek

" 19th, Provisions depot captured at Sodus

«« 24th, Bciiver Dam

July 4fli, Chippewa

11th, Niu<(Hra River

21st, Military train captured near the

Thousand Islnnds

25th, Fori Meigs

31st, Burlington Heights

Sept. 10th, Put in the Bay, Perry's Victory

(naval)

" 29ih, Old Town

Oct. JJrd, Four Corners

" 5th, Thames (Tecumseh killed)

*' 2t)lh, Cliateaugiiay

Nov. nth, Chrisler's Farm

Dec. 12ih, Burning of Niagara Village

" 18th, Forts Niagara and Lowiston cap-
tured

" 2yth, Fort Erie taken •

The Fort Minis massacre by the Creeks under Tecumseh

Birth of Otto Bismark, Schonhausen

Ferdinand VII., restored to Spain ,

Sixth and last great coalition against France

March 15th, Burtonville

" 27th, Horse Shoo Band (Tohopeka)

May 6th, Oswego captured

" 3l8t, Sackett's Harbor

July 3rd, Fort Erie captured

" 5th, Chippewa

*' 19th, Prairie du Chien

" 25th, Lu7i(hjs Lane (?)

" " St. David's Village burned

Augt. 4lh, Michillim.ackinack

<* 14th, Fort Erie

Sept. 5th, the Tigress and Scorpion captured

near Mackinaw

" 11th, Plattsburg and Lake Champlain

► 1813

. Battles.

' 1814

Battles

, CHART OF TIME.

Sept. 13th, Fort McHonry bombarded * I

" 17th, near Fort Erie J

Washington captured ond burned by the British, Aug. 24th

Louis XVIII

Order of the Jesuits readmitted to France

Peace op Ghent

The right of" Great Britain to Now Zealand recognized....

Ferdinand VII. restored

The Bourbon Dynasty restored to France

Jan. 8th, New Orleans, Packingham defeated

Waterloo, Napoleon's final overthrow

Marshal Ney executed

The Treaty of Ghent ratified by United States Congress

Congress of Vienna

The Germanic Confederation (League)

Indiana admitted to the Union

Sir John Sherbrooke, Governor General of Canada

Dom John VI., previously regent

Common Schools established in Canada

The United States Bank incorporated, ^35,000,000 cap'l

Mississippi becomes a State (admitted) ^v

Death of Kosciusko I

James Monroe, fifth President of the United States j

f The commencement of t le construction of the Erie Canal J

Illinois admitted

The Duke of Richmond, G» '^rnor Gc neral of Canada J
Steamboats introduced on the Ottawa ,

146

A.D.

1815

1816

;;;;}

1817

1818

•During this engagement " The Star Spangled Banner" was composed by Francis S.
Key, and is now the National Song of the United States.

"Mrs. Margaret Sanderson, who made the flag for Fort McHenry which inspired Key U>
write ' The Star Spangled Banner,' died in New Yorlc on Saturday, aged 85."

— Montreal IVitnesa, July 31st, 1882.

t " Under the auspices of DeWitt Clinton and other public-spirited men, a bill wai
passed by the Legislature of that State, authorizing the construction of a canal 863 niilea
long to connect Lake Erie at Buffalo with Hudson at Albany. The work was commeiiceU
]n July, 1817, and was not completed till the summer of 1825. * * * and originally cost

•7,602,000." QCAOKSNBUH.

X " His son-in-law, Sir Peregrine Maitland, having been appointed lieutenant-goyemor
of the Western Provinoe." Jurwau-

146

KEY TO LOVEEIN S

A.D.

1820

1821

jLlabama admitted

Birth ofVictoria

Death of Blucher (Gebhard) \- 1819

Death of the Duke of Bichmond from hydrophobia

The First Steamer " The Savannah," crosses the Atlantic

Florida purchased from Spain

Maine admitted, taken from Massachusetts

Lord Dalliousie, Governor General of Canada

Death of Edward, Duke of Kent, father ofVictoria

Duke de Berry, assassinated

George IV. becomes the King of Great Britain and Ireland

The Missouri Compromise, drawn up by Henry Clay

The Cato Street conspiracy

Missouri admitted into the Union

Death of F-.poleon I., "The Great," at St. Helena

Dom John returns to Portugal ,

Construction of the Lachine canal begun

Congress confirms the Missouri compromise

Peace in Spain, by change of the ministry

Pirates driven from the Florida coast by Com. Porter

Pope Leo XII

Death of Lord Byron (George Gordon)

* LaFayette visits the United States

Charles X. succeeds to the throne of France

yv ,1 n f Bishop Plessis, Eoman Catholic

I Bifiliop Mountain, Anglican

John Quincy Adams, sixth President

Nicholas I. of Kussia

The Eusso-Persian war

Destructive fire at Constantinople, 6,000 houses burned.

Deathof{AJ^»^«„_^ |(ex.Preside„tB) }j«ly4th ^ jg^^

Peter IV. (Dom Pedro) prefers Brazil and abdicates....

Donna Maria II., " de Gloria," Queen of Portugal

Abolition of the Janissaries ,

Battle of Na"*»Tino, Turco-Egyptian fleet destroyed ^

Kideau canal begun by Col. John By ; First Stone laid |
by Sir John Franklin j

« The United States Congresa voted $200,000 and a township of land in Florida to tha
Marquis de La Fayette for eerrices rendered in the Revolutionary war.

1823

1824

1825

A.D.

► 1819

1^ 1820

5^ 1821

I 1823
1R24

1825

1826

iila to tho

CHART OP TIME.

McGill and Toronto Universities founded

Montreal Natural History Society established

London Treaty between England, Eussia and France in
favor of Greece

Don Miguel, usurper

Test and Corporation A^ts repealed

Noah Webster's Dictionary published

Peace between Eussia and Persia

Pope Pio Octo (Pius VIII.) >,

Sir James Kempt succeeds Earl Dalhousie

Andrew Jackson, " Old Hickory," seventh President..
Eoman Catholic Emancipation Act passed, Dan O'Connell -^

Death of William Huskisson by accident ,

William IV. succeeds to the British throne

Louis Philippe, House of Orleans, becomes king

Railroad opened between Liverpool and Manchester

Eevolution in France, expulsion ot Charles X

Unsuccessful revolution of the Poles at Warsaw

Cholera throughout Europe

Chicago Founded or Settled

Lord John Eussell introduces the Eeform Bill

Black Hawk war, Osceola

Cholera in Canada ,.

■p. ,, nj Napoleon II. at Schonbrunn

^ I Sir Walter Scott

The Reform Bill passed |

Victoria College founded J

Slaver}'- abolished from the Colonies, £30,000,000 being
paid as recompense to owners of slaves

Isabella II. ascends tho Spanish throne

Donna Maria restored

Jackson commands tho United Slates bank deposits to
be removed

Treaty abolishing slavery from all British Colonies

The death of LaFayette

Slavery expunged from all British possessions i

The " 92 Resolutions ", embodying Canadian grievances j

Free Trade treaty with China J

147
AD.

1827

1828

1829

)■ 1830

1831

ie32

y 1833

1834

148

KEY TO LOVERIN 8

A.D.

1835

1836

1837

A legacy of £1 00,000 bequeathed to the United States by ■
James Smithson "for the general diffusion of know-
ledge among men "

Great fire in New York ; 529 houses and «18,000,000 worth
of property consumed

The Dado massacre by the Seminoles, under Osceola

Ferdinand IV

Electric Telegraph model completed by S. F. B. Morse

Arkansas admitted

Sir Francis B. Head, Governor of Canada

Michigan admitted to the Union ^

Lieutenant Weir murdered

Martin VanBuren, eighth President of the U. S

Victoria becomes " Queen of Great Britain and Ireland." .

The Electric telegraph patented by Morse

Chicago incorporated (March 4th)

Eebellion in Canada

John George Latnbton, *' Earl of Durham, " Governor >j
General of Canada !

Marshal Soult present at the crowning of Victoria f

* Chartists' Rebellion J

Charles Poulett Thompson, " Lord Sydenham," Governor'
of Canada

Rev'd. John Strachan. Ist Bishop (Protestant) of Upper
Canada

Abdul Medjid becomes Sultan of Turkey

Gold discovered in Australia by Count Strzelecki

M.Thiers, Minister of Foreign affairs >.

Frederick William IV I jq^q

Act of Union of the Provinces of Upper and Lower i'
Canada, passed by the Parliament J

1838

- 1839

• Tlio Chartists endeavored to obtain more influence in the Government by petitioning
ho Parliament of Great Uritain, demanding in their, •' the People's," Charter the follow-
ing six points : Ist. Universal suffrage; 12nd. Vote by Ballot ; 3rd. Annual Parliaments ;
4th. Payment of Members ; 5th. The abolition of the property quallHcations; and, Cth.
Equal Electoral Districts. They are said to have been dispersed in the following year,
lu 1848 another demonstration was made by the chartists. They were, however, so
promptly opposed (150,000 police specials, among whom was the late Louis Napoleon III.,
Immediately marching again them) that, after a few slight encounters, their " Monator
Fetitiou, iu detached roUs, was sent to the House of Commous." liATDn.

CHART OF TIME.

Birthof Albert, Prince of Wales

Williatn Henry Harrison, ninth President

John Tyler, tenth President of the United Slates .

Sewing Machine patented by Ellas Howe '

UNION OF THE TWO CAN ADAS (Responsible Govern

vient)

SirCharles Bagot, Governor of Canada

* Ashburton Treaty

Peace of Nankin

SirCharles T.Metcalfe, Governor General of Canada )

Death of Robert Southey \

The Young Men's Christian Association, instituted by..

George Williams, London, England |

Canadian Parliament removed from Kingston to Montreal )■

Dr. Ryerson appointed Superintendent of Education |

X The first telegram, from Baltimore to Washington ■'

^ ^admitted to the Union

Texas J

Great fire at Quebec

Birth of the Grand Duke Alexander of Russia

Earl Cathcart, Governor General of Canada

Death of Thomas (Tom) Hood

James K. Polk, eleventh President

War declared against Mexico by the United States

Palo Alto

Resaca 5- Battles

Monteroy

149
A.D

1841

1842

1843

1844

1845

* " One v)f these (important public iiitereslH) was the Bettlenient of a boundary line on
the north-east, between the possesnions <if (i real Britain and tlie United States. War
was at one time threatened ; but the excitement that pervaded tlie country, particularly
those parts of Maine and New llrunswlck which bordered on the di8|>uted line, was set
at rest by a treaty made by liord Asliburton and Daniel Webster on the parts of their
respective countries, and ratified by the Senate, August 2()th, 1842."

— yuackenbos History United .States, p. 416.

X " The announcement of Polk's nomination was the first news ever sent by Magnetie
Telegraph. It was transmitted from IJiiltimore to Washington, May 2;)th, 1844, over a
line built with f.'iCnoo appropriated by Congress to test I'rofessor Morse's invention.
This was the grandest event of tiiis administration, and lias largely intiuenoed the
civilization and prosperity of the country. Thus the steamboat and the Magnetic
Telegraph were the first fruits of .\merican liberty and industry."

fames' United States ilistory, Note, p. 184.

150

KEY TO LOVERIN 8

A.D.

1846

y 1847

Iowa admitted to the Union

The Irish Famine

PioNino (Piu8 IX.)

Smithsonian Institute established

* Treaty establishing the K W. Boundary at 49" North
Latitude between Great Britain and the United States-

Buena Vista

Vera Cruz

Cero Gordo (Sierra Gorda) [-Battles...

Molino del Ray

Chapultepec

Conquest of Mexico, General Scott

Lord Elgin, Governor General of Canada

! Daniel O'Connell
Sir John Franklin
Doctor Chalmers —

Gold discovered at Sutter's Mill, California, (1848)

Wisconsin admitted into the Union ^

( Bishop Maut, theologian and poet

Deaths of | George Stephenson, " Father of Railways."

Francis Joseph

Revolution ; expulsion of Louis Philippe

Peace of the Mexico American war

FRANCE AGAIN A REPUBLIC

Burning of the Parliament buildings and library at'

Montreal by rioters

Geneial Zachary Taj'lor, twelfth President

Rbbellion-Loss-Bill passed

Riot at Montreal, Lord Elgin disgracefully assaulted in

the streets by the mob

California admitted into the Union

Alfred Tennyson becomes Poet l^aureate of England

( Si »■ Robert Peel

Deaths of j j^hn C. Calhoun

Millard Fillmore, thirteenth President

Omnibus Bill of Henry Clay. "Mutual concession and
compromise."

* By this treaty Great Britain became poBsessed of Vancouver's Island and the free
uavigation of the Columbia River.

1848

y 1849

1850

Deaths of

CHART OF TIME.

Library of the United States Congress burned

Death of Marshal Soult

Electric Submarine Telegraph between Eng. and France.

Exhibition at London, Prince Albert

Announcement of the discovery of Gold in Australia by

E. H. Ilargraves

Coup d'Etat

Great fire at Montreal, Canada

( Tom Moore, the Irish poet

The Duke of Wellington

Daniel Webster

Henry Clay

Napoleon III. declared Emperor of France

Laval University chartered

FEANCE AGAIN AN KMPIKE

The Eusso-Turkan War (Crimean)

Dr. Kane makes a second journey to the Arctic region

in search of Sir John Franklin

Franklin Pierce, fourteenth President

Dom Peter (Pedro) V .

The World's Fair at New York

Alma '\

Balaclava [-Battles...

Inkermann J

Cholera in Canada

Sir Edmund Head, Governor of Canada -

Miss Florence Nightingale arrives at Scutari

Seignioral 'tenure abolished from Canada

Commercial relations between England and Japan

Commodore Perry, for the United States, makes a treaty

with Japan

Capitulation of Kars

Earthquake at Yeddo, Japan, 30,000 destroyed

Death of Lord Raglan .

Alexander II. succeeds his late father Nicholas T

Austria, by permission of the Allies, proposes peace to the

Eussias at St. Petersburg J

Birth of the Imperia' Prince Napoleon y

Peace between Eussia and Turkey, concluded at I'^ris... j

161

A.D.

1851

)■ 1852

► 1853

1854

1855

1856

152

KEY TO LOVERIN'S

Chinese fleet destroyed by Commodore Elliott

The Cawnporo massacre b}' Nana Sahib (India)

Birth of Alphons), Prince of Astu.'ias

Sir Colin Campbell marches to Cawnpore

James Buchanan inaugurated fifteenth President

Normal Schools established in the Province of Quebec...

Eelief of Lucknow ,

Nana Sahib defeated at Jorway Pass by Sir Hope Grant.

Atlantic Cable laid between Europe and America

Decimal currency introduced into Canada

Ottawa declared The Capital of Canada by the Queen...

Victoria aHsumes the Government of India

Orsini plots to assassinate Napoleon III

Peace Treaty of Tier. Tsin, signed by Lord Elgin

The Franco-Austrian war

The battle of Solferlno, Austria defeated ...

Oregon admitted a State of the Union

Birth of Frederick William, " Crown Prince "

Death of Washington Irving

John Brown's insurrection and death at Harper's Ferry.
The peace of Villa Franca

China invaded by England and France

Garibaldi salutes Victor Emmanuel " King of Italy."

Death of Jdrome Bonaparte

* Completion and inauguration of the Victoria Bridge

by Albert Edward, Prince of Wales

The Japanese Embassy visit America

Eebellion in South Carolina

Treat}^ of Tien Tsin ratified at Pekin

t CEVIL WAR in ihe United States (North against >|
the South. Freedom versus Slavery) |

A.D.

y 185*7

V 1858

1859

1860

* Dr. Miles in his Scliool History, says ; "A vast platform had been constructed, stand-
ing upon which the Prince then performed the cer'mony of placing the last stone which
erowns the arch of the grand entrance to the bridge. Proceeding next to the middle ot
the bridge, he inserted with his own hand the last of the milliou bolts or rivets by which
the plates of the enormous tubes ware fastened together."

t The successes of the South are in italics.

CHART OF TIME.

Philippi ■

Big Bethel

Boonsville

Carthage

Eich Mountain

Carrick's Ford

Bull Run 'Panic' VBattlos...

Wilson's Creek ,

Carriifex Ferry

Lexington

Ball's Bluff

Belmont

DrancHville

Kansas admitted to the Union

Lord Monck becomes Governor of Canada

Death of Prince Albert

Abraham Lincoln, sixteenth President

Abdul Aziz, Sultan of Turkey

Victor Emmanuel, King of Italy, by consentof Parliament

Dom Jjouiz, King of Portugal

* The Teleharmoniphone constructed by Philip Reiss

of Friederichsdorf

Lincoln issues a proclamation for 75,000 men, and soon

after for an additional 82,000

Eussia decrees the emancipation of 23 millions of serfs.
The United States Congress return Mason and Slidell....

Will Spring

Fort Donelson

Pea Ridge

The Ram " Merrimac" si7iks the Cumberland..

The Monitor defeats the Merrimac

sum

Williamsburg

Fair Oaks (Seven Pines)

Cedar Mountain

153
A.D.

1861

;

• " The earliest experiments in the production of musical sounds, at a distance, by
means of electromaguetism appear to have been made by Philip Reisa of Friederichs-
dorf Uermauy."— Geort{oB. Treacott, page 9.

164

KEY TO LOVERIN's

Battles.

Second Bull Run

Richmond

Chantilly

South Mountain

Harper's Ferry

Antietam (Sbarpsburg)

luka

Corinth

Porryville

Fredericksburg

Murfreettboro

Bismark becomesMinister of Foreign Affairs

Lincoln proclaims for 300,000 men

Russia celebrates her thousandth anniversary

Port Gibson

Chancellorville, Stonewall Jackson fatally wounded.

Raymond ^

Jackson

Champion's Hill

Big Bethel River

Gettysburg (?)

Confederates defeated at Helene

Morgan defeated

Sabine Pass

Chickamauga

Lookout Mountain

Missionary Ridge

Chatanooga

West Virginia admitted to the Union

Prince Satsuma of Japan accedes to the demands of the
English, French and American naval commanders,
paying £25,000, his share of damages to their vessels
done at the straits of Si monosaki

LINCOLN PROCLAIMS FREEDOM TO THE
SLAVES

Insurrection at Warsaw (Poland)

Slavery abolished from the United States of America

Olustee, Fla \

Cane River, La [

A.D.

1862

» Battles.

1^ 1863

CHART OF TIMK.

Mansfield, La

FleaHiint Hill, La

Fort Pillow, Ten. (massacre)

The Wi/dem€ss,\&

Spottsylvania Va

Eesnca, La

New Market, Va

Dallas Gil

The Kearsage sinks the Alabama (naval) ...

Cold Harbor, Va

Lost Mountain, Ga ,

Kenesaw Mountain, Ga _

,- ., , > Battles,

Monococy, Mu j

Atlanta, Ga

Union assault repulsed at Petersburg, Va...

Mobile. Bay, Ala

Janesboro, Ga

Winchesler, Va

Fisher's Hill, Va

Chapin's Bluff, Va

Cedar Creole, Va

St. Alban's raid from Canada, Vt

Kam Albemarle sunk (naval)

Franklin Tenn

Fort Fisher bombarded

Nashville, Tenn

Nevada admitted to the Union

Ulysses S. Grant, raised to Lieutenant General ; 200,000

and 500,000 men called by President Lincoln

Moor's Cross Road, N. C v

Averysboro, N. C i

BentonviUe, N. C V Battles.

Big Five Forks, Va J

Fort Fisher, N. C

Columbia, S. C

Charleston, S. C

Petersburg, Va ,

Richmond, Va ,

Leo's Army

Johnston's Army

155
A.D.

1864

i^-

captured

and the

Union

Flag

raised

over Fort

Sumpter

.:i*i!i!i

156

KEY TO LOVERIN 8

► restoi'ed to the Union.

A.D.
1865

1866

Jefferson Davis I

The Southern Confederacy J

Cholera at Constantinople ,

Death of Lord Palmorston (Henry John Temple)

President Lincoln aseiassinuted by Wilkes Booth

Lincoln reinaugurated

Andrew Johnson, seventeenth President

Conditional Amnesty proclaimed

Peace of the long and bloody American Civil war j

PruHso-Austrian war, " Seven Weeks War "

Tennessee restored to the Union

The Freed man's Bureau "V , .,, , ,, t^ .. ^,

mu /-I- 1 r>- 1 . f bills passed over the President 8

The Civil Eights |- ' V

The Tenure of Office ) ^'^^'^

Peace between Prussia and Austria, the latter having

been defeated

The U. Slates purchase Eussian America for $7,200,000

Nebraska admitted to the Union

Lord Monck first Viceroy

Exhibition at Paris, France
New Parliament at Ottawa
British North American Act

Confederation of the Provinces of Canada

THE DOMINION OF CANADA ESTABLISHKD

Lord Lif-gar, Sir John Young, Viceroy of Canada

r Lord Brougham

Deaths of ^ Hon. Thos. D'Arcy McGee, assassinated at

(. Ottawa

Unconditional amnesty to all Secessionists of the V. S....

The " Fourteenth Amendment " ratified

Arkansas ^ )■ 1868

Alabama

Florida

Georgia

Louisiana

North Carolina

South Carolina j

£150,000, balance of £500,000, given the London poor at^

three-several times by George Peabody, also various ]

!- 1867

CHART OP TIME.

largo sums to the United States for educational purposes. I

Ulysses 8. Grant, eighteenth President of the U. S

The Pacific Eailroad opened up

THE TWKJNTY-FIRST (ECUMENICAL COUNCIL ...

The Franco-Prussian war

The Tien Tsin massacre, F»onch consul, priests, nuns

and oven native cliristians slaughtered

Death of the Earl of Clarendon

Amadeo I., King of Spain

Mississippi, Virginia and Texas restored

The *' Fifteenth Amendment " proclaimed a part of the

Constitution, with power to enforce it

The Dogma op Infallibility promulgated

Franco-Pru?sian war continued

Chicago burned, 8196,000,0 00 and 200 lives lost

King William of Prussia becomes Emperor of all Germany
The Treaty of Washington, agreeing to arbitration on the

Alabama claims

Peace between Franco and Prussia, signed at Frankfort.

Franco becomes a republic, iM. Thiers, President

HOUSE OF HOHENZOLLERN— Germany united

The U. States receive the award of damages, $15,500,000^
in gold, for settlement of the Alabama claims, &c

Great fire in Boston, $80,000,000 lost

r W. H. Seward

Deaths of } Horace Greeley

( William Bresee Morse

Lord DuflFerin, Sir Frederick Temple, Viceroy of Canada.

First Kailway from Yokohoma to Shinagawa

A distinguished embassy from Japan visits America and
England

Credit Mobilier frauds (loss)

Assassination of Peace Commissioners by the Modocs ....

r Napoleon III. at Chiselhurst

Deaths of } Hon. Chief Justice Chase

(. Edward Bulwer Lytton

MacMahon succeeds Thiers

Exhibition at Vienna

167
A.D.
1869

1870

y 1871

1872

1873

168

KEY TO LOVERIN 8

Franco-German Treaty; Germans, on payment of indem-
nity, to leave France

SPAIN BECOMES A REPUBLIC, Amadoo abdicating.

Death of Senator Sumner

Aipiionzo XII. of AHturias elected King of Spain

EiotH in Now OrloanH ; 26 persons killed

Disraeli purchasew the controlling interest of the Suez
Canal, for £4,000,000

Colorado admitted to the Union

Elisha Gray patents an invention for transmitting mu-
sical sounds

The death of Guizot

Murad Kflfendi deposed

Abdul Humid II

The Teloharmoniphone by Elisha Gray .

The Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia

Queen Victoria, by Parliament, declared " Empress of
India." ,

Abdul Aziz deposed

Victoria assumes the title of Empress of India

Eutherford B. Hayes, nineteenth President

* Telej)hono, by Elisha Gray and Alex. Graham BoUf ....

The Marquis of Lome, Viceroy of Canada ; accom-
panied by Her Royal Highness, the Princess Louise...

Pope Leo XIII

Humbert I. King of Italy

J Electric Light, by Thomas Alva Edison

Death of the '* Prince Imperial" in Africa ,

Death of William Cullen Bryant

Expulsion of the Jesuits from France

}

A.D.

1874

1875

j- 1876

1877

1878

1879
1880

* Professor Elisha Gray of Chicago patented an Invention for transmitting musicax
Bounds telegraphically, July 27th, 1875. Feb. 14th, 1876, he filed a specification for an
" invention to transmit tones of the human voice through a telegraphic circuit and to
reproduce them so that actual conversations can be carried on at long distances npart."

t In 1876, Feb. 14th (the same day). Professor Alexander Graham Bell, of s 4^1

chusetts, " invented a certain new and useful improvement in telegi iphy- n

1876 he had patented (April 6th) an apparatus for transmitting two "f •
signals simultaneously along a single wire " —multiple telegrn

t Edison's patent is dated Wednesday, Oct. 23rd, 1878, on the fa i which lO follow-
ing : " Method of and means for developing electric cnrreuts aj.d lighti „ by Electri-
city."

Assassination of

I AI

CHART OF TIMK.

Aloxundor II. of RuHsia
osidciit Qai'fioid

159
A.D.

f Thomas Carlylo.

Benjamin D'l.^sraoli " Lord Boaconsfiold " ^ 1881

Alexander III. of HiiKHia

General James Abram (iartiold, twentieth President

General Chester A. Arthur, twenty-fir.st Prenidont

Bombardment of Alexandria by England

Assassination of Lord Frederick CavondiHh and Thomas
Henry Burke in Phtunix Park, Dublin

fllenry Wadsworth Longfellow *

I Doctor Kyorson

Death of \ Doctor Darwin

Kalph Waldo Kmcrson *

General Garibaldi, "the Liberator" atCaprera
The Roj'al Canadian Society itistitutcd, Marquis of Lorno,

its founder and patron

Cetewayo restored as King of the Zulus

1882

It will be observed by those who examine the foregoing facts,
that their order of registration does not represent them in the
role of cause and effect. A clowe attention to the construction of
the years of the Chart and the meaning of the symbols, will give
all the necessary light that this apparent peculiarity nqed require.
It may not be amiss, however, to state that the circumstances of
history have been arranged thus : the fact or facts belonging to
the first compartment of the year (represented by the square,
half Hquare and cross) are first mentioned ; those of the second
compartiment, next ; and so on in numerical order for any year
under consideration : then follows the remarkable event, having

I','!

• At the literary reception given Mrs. Harriet Beeclier Stowe on the celebration of her
Beventietlj birtliday, by Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., among other good things the
following may be found in the remarks that fell from tho lips of Mr. Houghton : " Wo
have met two or three times, as it were, within tho last few years to set up mile-stones
in the lives of some of those who are justly esteemed as the creators of American litera-
ture. On this occasion one tliouglit oppresses us all. Two of the most eminent, whose
grace and benignity cheered and exalted our former gatherings, are witli us in bodily
presence no more. The voice of our beloved Longfellow is huslied, but the cadence ol
his sweet songs will vibrate in our memories while life lasts. We shall never look
again upon the benign countenance of our revered Emoraou, but his precepts are
written, as with the point of a diamond, upon our hearts."

160

KEY TO LOVERIN's CHART OP TIME.

no reference to any one compartment more than another, and
generally found written in capitals.

It will also bo noticed, that some of the facts are not marked
upon the Chart ; as, for instance, where several battles or
other circumstances belong to the one compartment of the
same date. They, nevertheless, have been written in the key
opposite where they belong, 00 that they may be remembered by
association, a faculty most worthy of cultivation.

• Ut-

PERIODS AND EPOCHS

HISTORY.

* The PEEIOD of a history includes the whole time of its
existence as recognized by historians, from beginning to ending,
or up to the present ; and the great facts that are known to
have occurred after 8';atod intervals, noted for their special im-
portance in reference to the particular history under considera-
tion, aie called EPOCHvS.

In the following pages a very brief synopsis of the history men-
tioned will be succeeded by a tabular arrangement of its Periods
and Epochs specially adapted to the foregoing, during the examin.
ation of which it is well to have the Charts of Time and Place
suspended where the eye can at any moment utilize them.

A careful study of these, as represented upon the Chart of
Time, will familiarize the mind with facts in their proper order
as they happened, each bearing its date and the country to which
it belongs, through the respective faculties of localization and

RE( OGNITION OF COLOR.

The '' two eyes of history" are thus concertingly brought into
requisition, one acting upon the map of place, "GEOGRAPHY, "
while the other with equal advantage is occupied with the more
accurate map of time, "CHRONOLOGY."

Exercises regularly and prudently conducted bj- a good and
careful instructor will prove not only attractive but of great
value to pupils of all ages; causing the periods, epochs and evente
of history to be intelligibly symbolized and indelibly fixed upon
the tablet of the memor}'.

Contemporaneous circumstances not marked on the Chart can
of course, be recognized; and, by association, their remembrance
is encouraged and secured.

• The portions of time between the Epochs are also rery properly eallod Periods.

■1.';

162

PERIODS AND EPOCHS.

THE UNIVERSE.

The world is not a matter of conjecture, but an incontrovertible
fact that unmistakably impresses itself upon the senses of tlie
human family. When it was brought into being cannot be
exactly indicated, any more than can be satisfactorily answered
the thousand and one questions which thinliing men are apt to put
concerning it.

The subject is one, however, that may be profitably pondered
by our wisest philosophers to the disadvantage of none. In this
we think Deity, the God of tlie Universe, its Maker, can bo recog-
nized ; more especially' if we consider and remember that His
existence is not less a truth than that of His works.

AGES of AGES have passed away since the Creation, and while
no one has revealed to us its date, many have professed so to do,
not even neglecting to include the months, or parts of an additional
year (see pages 44, 45, 46 and 47), and have left us in possession
of figures which are the more curious as our knovvledge of the
earth and its surroundings increases.

The period of the existence of the world extends from the Crea-
tion, B. C. 4004 according to the Holy Bible, to the present, A.D.
1882 ; during which there were many epociis (see page 11), the
most important being the Creation, the Deluge, the Nativit}' of
Christ, etc., etc., which may be tabulated thus :

B.C.
Epoch 1st, the Creation 40i)4.
2nd, " Deluge 2;-54S.

3kd, Birth ov Christ A.D.
4th, The present 1882.

THE WHOLE PKIUOI) OF THE WORLD FROM THE
CRKATION TO DATW IS, THEREFORE, 4004 + 1882 == 5886
YEARS.

THE WORLD.

A.M-
1

ltJ56
4004

5886

ROMAN HISTORY.

Begins at the founding of the City of Rome b}' R)mulus, B.C.
753, and extends to the conquest of ConstantinDple by the Turks
under Mahomet II., A.D. 1453.

Romulus (its founder) and Remus are said by the poets to have
been twin brothers, chiklren of Rhea Silvia, a vestal virgin,
and the grandsons of Numitor, fifteenth king of Alba in the direct

PERIODS AND EPOCHS.

163

lino from -<Enoas, whose son Ascanius founded Alba Longa, B.C.
1152.

The regal line continued during the reigns of seven kings, of
whom Komulus was the first and Tarquinius Superbus the last.

Roj-alty was abolished, B.C. 509, and an aristocratic Common-
wealth substituted, over which Junius Brutus and Tarquinius
CoUatinus were chosen tlie first consuls.

During the early part of the fourth century, B. C. 390, Rome was
invaded by the Gauls and burnt to the ground. They were, however,
ultimately defeated by Camillus and with Brennus, their leader,
driven from the country.

" Steel " and not " Gold " was that which ransomed their
ration ; for the successful accomplishment of which Camillus,
who had been appointed dictator^ was honored as the father and

SECOND FOUNDER of llome.

Lucius Sextus, B.C. 867, was chosen the first Plebeian consul.

The first Punic war, of which there were three, began, B.C.
264, fi'om which time to the destruction of Carthage, BC. 14:6>
hostilities were conducted with various successes. Civil wars
followed, but in spite of them Eome apparently prospered.

The first Triumvirate, composed of Caesar, Pompey and Crassus,
came into existence, B.C 60.

Afior various changes, Julius Cajsar was appointed dictator, but
being assassinated in the Senate Chiimbor, B.C. 44, his nuuitle
fell upon his nephew, Octavius, who, after many contentions,
became m.'ister of the Commonwealth at the battle of Ai'tium,
B.C. 31 ; four j-ears after which, B.C. 27, the Roman Empire was
established, and the name of Augustus Caesar conferred upon him
by the Senate of the Roman People.

Tliere were twelve Caesars, of whom Julius was the first, and
Domilian the last; the succeeding rulers being more generally
known as " Emperors." The scat of Government was removed
from Rome to Byzantium by Constantino "The Great," A.D. 330,
and in honor of him named Constantinople.

Theodosius " The Great," the last monarch of the whole Empire,
died, A.r. 395, leaving Ilonorius and Arcadius, his sons, tosu<-ceod
him ; at which time the Kmpire was divided into tiio Eastern and
"Wostern, Ilonorius becoming Emperor of tho latter and Arcadius
of the former.

^i*

164

PKRI0D8 AND EPOCHS.

The invasions of the Goths were continued with more success
than during the reign of their father. Their famous leader Alaric,
A.D. 410, captured Rome, and entering with his army com-
mitted fearful ravages. During six daj's the city was (sacked and
thousands were put to the sword in spite of the orders of their
General to the contrary.

Rome was again captured and plundered by Genseric, the cele-
brated king of the Vandals, A.D. 455. He had been invited by the
Empress to avenge the murder of her husband, Valentinian III.
Eleven days the pillaging continued.

Many monuments spared by Alaric were now destroyed by the
Moors and Vandals under Genseric, who having enriched himself
returned to Carthage whence became.

From this time forward the Empire of the West continued a
precarious existence until A.D. 476, when it fell ; having been
conquered by Odoacer, the chief of the Heruli, who assumed the
title of " King of Italy." Romulus Augustulus, diminutively
named in contrailistinction of the Great Augustus, was the last
emperor of the AVest.

The Eastern Empire continued almost another thousand years,
and ended with the capture of Constantinople by the Turks under
Mahomed II. during the reign of Constantine (Palajologus) XII.,
who died acting nobly and heroically in its defence, A. D. 1453.

^ Epoch 1.
" 2.
" 3.

ROMAN HISTORY, i

tabulation.

B.C.
Rome founded 753

The Commonwealth 509

Empire Established...... 27

A.D.

" 4. The Seat op Government

removed to Byzantium
(Constantinople) 33

" 5. Division op the Empire... 395
** 6. Fall OP the Western.... 476
" 7. Fall op THE Easteiin.... 1453

THE WHOLE PERIOD OF ROMAN HISTORY EXTKNDS
FROM B.C. 7r>3 TO A.D 1453 = 2206 YEARS.

PERIODS AND EPOCHS.

165

THE HISTORY OF THE SARACENS.

The Saracens, whose leaders were called Caliphs, were disciples
of Mahomet of Arabic origin. They vere a brave but cruel race
that, when gentler means failed, propagated their religion by the
sword.

Their history extends from the Hegira of Mahomet, A.D, 622,
to the fall of Bagdad, A.D. 1258, In the eighth century they
conquered Spain, having overcome and killed Rodrique, the
last of the Gothic mon-'.rchs, at the battle of Xeros, A.D. 711 or
112.

In their great battle against the French they were defeated,
A.D. 732, at Tours by Charles Martel. Besides the appellation of
"the hammerer" being applied to the victor, Europe, by this good
fortune, was spared the degradation of compulsory conversion to
the faith of Mahomet.

They established the Caliphate of Cordova on the Guadelquiver
in Spain, A.D. 756, and the grand Caliphate of Bagdad on the River
Tigris in Asia, A.D. 762.

A singularly fanatical sect of Saracens called " Assassins " or-
ganized themf<olves at Almoot, in the northern part of Persia,
under their chief, Hassan I., " The Old Man of the Mountain,^' about
A.D. 1090. Their young men were secretly trained to treachor-
ousl}' destroy whomsoever they found to be otfensive. Malek
Shall, Sultan of Turkey, was their first victim, A.D. 1093.

The Saracens were finally conquered by the Mogul Tartars-
Bagdad was captured by Hulaku, a descendent of Genghis Khan,
A.D. 1258. Al Mostasem, last of the Caliphs, being put to death,
the Caliphate was abolished, and a termination of the dominion of
their empire was the result. They are now in possession of Arabia,
and known as " the wandering Arabs."

TABULATION.

A.D.

Epoch 1

HISTORY OF
THE SARACENS.

3.
4.

The Heqira 622

Caliphate of Bagdad.. 76 J

Kingdom of Hassan.... 1090

Conquest op Bagdad... 1258

THE WHOLE PERIOD OF THE HISTORY OF THE

SARACENS EXTENDS FROM A.D, 622 TO

A. D. 1258 = 636 YEAH S.

ilH

•■>'■

166

PERIODS AND EPOCHS.

THE TUEKS OR MOGUL TARTARS.

I> '<>ls

Considered by their own historians "descendants of Japhot,"
are supposed to have derived (heir origin from the Huns, a wander-
ing race of people tluit dwelt in Great Tartary. They were ori-
ginally a tribe of Tartars, but by conquest and incorporation they
have become a mixed race.

Their history properly begins at the establishment of the Otto-
man Empire and extends to the present time, i.e. from A.D. 1299
to A.D. 1882. Having been driven from their own country they
divided themselves into small colonies and settled in various
localities near the Caspian and Black Seas.

Being hardy and warlike they renounced pastoral life, forti-
fying small towns and castles, gradually increasing their power
by conquest and otherwise, until at the end of the thirteenth
century they established what is now known as the Ottoman or
Turkish Empire, A.D. 1299, under Osman or Othman I., a descendant
of the celebrated Genghis Khan.

Under Maliomet II., they captured Constantinople, and possessed
themselves of the Eastern Roman Empire, A.D. 1453. Like the
Saracens, whom they subdued, they are Mahometans, but their
chiefs are called " Sultans."

The Janissaries, "New Soldiers," were first employed by
Amurath I., about A.D. 1330, but carefully organized by Orchan,
A.D. 1360. They were originally composed of young men,
captives, taken from the districts belonging to the Christians,
caused to assume the Mahometan faith and become a bodyguard,
in the place of disbanded Turkish soldiers.

About the middle of the twelth century, A.D. 1163, during
the Crusades, Egj-pt hai been conquered by the Turks and made
the home of the Mamelukes.

These grew powerful, and becoming disgusted with the authority
of the Turks, rebelled, A.D. 1250, and succeeded in establishing
themselves under their own rulers, called Beys, until A. D. 1493,
when war broke out, the result of which was the conquest of Syria
and E}i3'pt. The Mamelukes having been captured were des-
troyed in the following manner, A.D. 1517 :

Selim, when he thought he had them all assembled, erected a

PERIODS AND EPOCHS.

167

des-

)d a

superb throne on the banks of the Nile, without the gates of Cairo ;
and having placed him,\^If thereon, he commanded these unhappy
wretches to bo brought before liim, where they were murdered
before his eyes and their bodies thrown into the river, it is said
to the number of thirty thousand, hence the pro2)riety of his name,
'•the Ferocious."

Torman Bey, the last of their princes, was hanged, and the
Monarchy of the Mamelukes abolished. Selim, however, permit-
ted their aristocracy to continue, or condition that they paid an
annual tribute, were obedient to the Mufti of Constantinople in
matters of faith, and inserted the name of the Ottoman Emperor
in the prayers and on the coin.

They again grew powerful, and becoming objectionable were
massacred A.D. 1811, by Mehemet Ali at Cairo.

Napoleon I. invaded Egypt, and after having possessed himself
of the greater portion of it, A.D. 17D8, was forced by Great
Britain and Ireland to leave the country, when it was restored to
Turkey, A.D. 1801.

Mehemet Ali was made hereditary Viceroy of Egypt, A.D.
1841. The direct succession of Viceroyaltj' was granted, A.D.
18(55, by the Porte (Turkish Parliament), two years after which
the Viceroy was known as the Khedive, and held his jiosition
subject to the Sultan of Turkey.

The Janissaries deposed Mustapha IT., A.D. 1703, and substi-
tuted his brother, Achmet III., whom they caused to be succeeded
by his nephew, Mahomet V., during a rebellion, A.D. 1730, which
resulted in a cliange in the Government by which the Sultan
assumed much of the powers of his Viciers, whom by advice of his
Council he caused to be frequently changed.

The Janissaries were always an ovoroflScious body of soldiers,
often causing revolutions by the destruction of the Sultan. They
were consequently suppressed and destroyed, A.D. 182G. Egypt,
now belonging to Turkey, has recently been invaded by England,
A.D. 1882, in consequence of rebellion threatening her interests
in the Suez Canal. Alexandria was eftectively bombarded ; and
under the command of Sir Garnet Wolscley a gi-eat victory hiis
just been obtained by the conqucj^t of Tel-el-Kebir and capture
of Arabi Pasha, supposed to have been the cnief rebel.

}68

PERIODS AND EPOCHS.

TURKISH
HISTORY.

TABULATION.

A.D.

Epoch 1. The Ottoman Empire 1299

'* 2. Conquest op Constantinople. 1453

" 3. J^estruction op the Mamelukes 1517

4. Revolution OF THE J ANI8SAREE8 1730

5. Massacre OF THE Janissaries. 1826

6. Rebellion in Egypt 1882

THE WHOLE PERIOD OF THE HISTORY OF THE
TURKS EXTENDS FROM A.D. 1299 TO A.D. 1882 = 533
YEARS.

THE BIBLE.

The Holy Bible (from the Greek (iif)?.og a book) contains what
are known as the Sacred writings, so called from the belief that
its various authors were inspired. It is devoted principally to
the children of Israel, their descendants and the nations with
whom they came in contact during their journeyings through the
world.

Biblical history extends from the Creation as described by iMoses,
B. C. 4004, to the nativity of Christ, or more strictly speaking to
the end of the Apocrypha, B.C. 135.

The greater part of the Bible was collected and arranged by
Ezra before or about B.C. 450. Malachi, written by the last of
the prophets about B.C. 397, and the Apocrypha have since been
added, the latter of which is not considered as inspired by either
Protestants or Jews. "'

Many opinions are registered (see page 4i) concerning the exact
date of the Creation, and of which it is evident that not one of
them is literally true. Nevertheless that given in the Bible,
where the book of Genesis tells us of the Creation, as written
by Moses in the fifteenth century B.C., and dated 4004, is the one
offered in this work.

The grand epochs of the Holy Bible may be summed up in
tabular form, as ibllows :

* " Tlie books not in the .lewish Canon were rejected at the Council of Laodicea about
A.D. 306, but were received as canonical by the Konian Catholic Church at the Council of
Trent on 8th April, 1546. Parts of the Apocrypha were admitted to be read as lensmts by
the Church of Eugland by the 6th Article, 1563." —Haydn's Dictionary of Dates.

■I

PKRI0D8 AND EPOCHS.

Epoch 1.

169

B.C.

The Creation 4004

*' Deluge 2848

" Call op Abraham 1021

" Exodus 1491

Accession of Saul (Mo- ")
narchy) j

Revolt op the Ten Thibes.

The Fall op the Kinqdom ^
op Isuael, ''ASSYRIAN [
CAPllVITY" 3

The Fall op Judah and
Benjamin, " BABYLO-
NIAN CAPTIVITY "

The Septuagint 277

End of the Apocrypha 135

THE WHOLE PERIOD OF BIBLICAL HISTORY FHOM
THE CREATION, B.C. 4004, TO THE END OF TIIK APO-
CRYPHA, B.C. 135 = 3869 YKARS. IF, IIOWKVER, TO THR
NATIVITY OF CHRIST (VULGAR ERA] BE RKCKONEB
IT WILL CONSIST OF 4004 YEARS.

((

THE PERIOD

OF
BIBLICAL

niSTORY.

((

10.

1095
975

721
587

THE CHURCH,

By which is meant the Christian Church, in its history includes
that of the Crusades. It is known also as Ecclesiastical history
and extends from the Nativity of Christ to the present time, a
period of almost nineteen centuries.

Duringtheearly part of Ecclesiastical history persecutions wore
many and severe. Of these, however, only ten are specially men-
tioned and located upon the Chart of Time.

A.D. 312 Christianity triumphed, no doubt in consequence of
Constantino I. "The Great" having become a Christian. The
Church now organized, and Christian leaders assembled in general
councils to arrange the differences that were ever springing up
amongst them.

Of these General or (Ecumenical Councils that of Nice, A.D.
325, was the first, over which Constantino himself presided,
and the great Council of A.D, 1879, over which His Holiness
" Pio Nino" presided, was the last; known in history as XXI, at

' ^:'ii!

' : ::!(i

170

PERIODS AND EPOCHS.

which tho (]o<;fma of Infallibility vvjvs proclaimed, A.D. 1870, and
admittod by all «' tho faithful " of tho Roman Catholic Church.

From tho timo of tho Council of Nice tho Church prospered and
tho power of ils Pontiffs increased both H|)iritually and tempo-
rally, HO that in the eii^hth centurj', A.D. 755, tho Pope was invested
by Pepin "lo bref" with temporal power or sovereignty.

This was afterwards reco<rnized by Charlemagne, who enforced
payment of tho tithes for tho bonefit of the bishops, clergy,
churches, schools and tho poor.

In tho latter part of tho ninth century, about A.D. 880, thoGroek
and Ltitin Churches separated. Tlio schism, however, became
more complete in ihe eleventh century, A.D. 1053, when tho Patri-
arch of Constantinople was actually excommunicated.*

Soon after this event, A.D. 1059, began the war of Investiture,
which sprang up between the Popes and Temporal Sovereigns ; the
former claiming tho right of nominating Bishops and Abbots and
of investing tl»em with the cross and ring, tho latter denying and
absolutely refusing to accede to it. This struggle came to an end
in the following centur}-, A.D. 1123, beitjg settled in the ninth
(Ecumenical (first Lateran) Council.

TllK CRUSADES were holy wars undertaken by the Christian
world in order to obtain possession of the Saviour's tomb, which
was being desecrat. ' by tho Seljukian Turks.

Stimulated by Peter tho hermit," A council was called at Cler-
mont, A.D. 1095, in consequence of which a largo miscellaneous
army of inexperienced Christians, filled with enthusiasm, set out
on their journey as soldiers, each bearing a red cross ujDon the
right shoulder, hence the name.

The crusades were eight (or more) in number, and were the
cause of the loss of over 2,000,000 people, not to mention the
destruction of property which must have been immense ! The
first crusade began A.D. lOOti ; the last was in A.D. 1270.

A Division known as " The Great Schism " occurred again, A. D.
1378, during which the authority of the Pontitt's was considerably
lowered from tho fact that two, throe, or more claimed tho position
of the Pope at the same timo.

• " In consequence of some slight diffprences In their reapective creeds, the followers of
the ea.'tern and wpstern cliurclips liated each other more cordially than either did the
inttdels. During the Crusades, the Greek emperors frequently betrayed the Latin adven"
turers, and the latter, in their turn, looked on tho Greeks with equal contempt and dfites-
tation." — riuudck's Goldsmith's Greece, page 404.

PERIODS AND EPOCHS.

171

This schism camo to an end, about A. D. 1429, after having
lasted over fifty years.

The Roformatioii is the next ^reat division in the Church. It
begun A.D. 1517 under tlio influence of Martin Luther, an Augustin
friar and professor in the UniverHity of Wittemberg, who denounced
the aijusos committed by the Dominicans.

In the year A.D. 1534 Ignatius, bettor known as St. Ignatius
de Loyohi, encouraged a few noble-minded young friends to
assemble themselves together, where, upon a certain occa-
sion, they vowed to promote the service of God by seeking the
salvation of souls. Having afterwards repaired to Rome they wore,
A.D. 1540, organized into a religious order.

The Pope issued a bull in their favor and named them The
SociExr OP Jesus, which is at present generally known as " The
Order of the Jesuits."

They do all in their power to check the efforts of the Reforma-
tion, and have from time to time been expelled from almost every
country in Christendom. St. Francis Xavier, one of the first com-
panions of Ignatius, visited India immediately after their organiza-
tion, where he preached the gospel, A.D. 1542; he next visited
Japan and baptized great numbers during the brief period of his
mission which lasted ten years, lie died, A.D. 155:4.

Henry VIII., king of England, threw off his allegiance to the
Supreme Pontiff and declared himself " Head of the English
Church," A. D. 1534, from which time the Sovereign of England has
been considered such by the Episcopalians, now known as "the
Established Church of England."

Since tiie Reformation many misfortunes have been alternately
brought upon Catholics and Protestants, causing martyrdom
and bloodshed that would not have taken place had the sjiirit of
unity been more complete.

It would perhaps hardly be too much to say the " mortifica-
tion " or downfall of the one was the uprising or glory of the
other, and vice versa. We pass over the various massacres and
wars resulting from religious bigotry and notice a new power
rising in the history of the Church, which, though at present is
in its infancj', is soon to become a great one should it progi'ess as
it hns begun.

The Young Men's Christian Association, which is here alluded
to, was established or rather organized A.D. 1844 by George

-li

172

PIRI0D8 AND EPOCHS.

WilliumH in London, England ; who, with a fow otltors as did
Loyohi throo hundred years before, eonHocratod himMelf to the
Bervieew of God.

The twenty-first (Ecumenical Council, already referred to, was
a grand epoch in the Roman Catholic Ciiurch, since wliich to
the prcHcnt, A.D. 1882, HJje continucH, as do also the various
denominational Protestant bodies, in the paths pointing to tlio
best and most hopeful ro.nults us considered by their respective
councils.

TABU LATION.

ECCLESIAS-
TICAL
IIISTOllY.

r Epoch I. Tne birth of Christ

Triumph op Christianity..

Temporal power

Schism op the East

War op Investiture

First Crusade

Fmst Crusade

Great Schism

Reformation

Order of the Jesuits
Christian Association...

Twenty-first Council...

Present date

2.
3.

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

A.D

312

. 755

io:>3

1059
1096
1270
1378
1517
1540
1844

18(19

1882

THE WHOLE PERIOD OF CHURCH HISTORY
TENDS FROM THE NATIVITY OV CHRIST, A.D.
A.D. 1882 = 1882 YEARS.

EX-
TO

GRECIAN HISTORY, B.C.

Ancient Grecian History deservedly holds a distinguished place
amongst the archives of the nations. Greece was called Hellas,
and its inhabitants Hellenes. Other appellations have been given
by the historians and poets, such as Pelasgi, Danai, Argivi,

Achivi, etc.

The Greeks are said to have descended from .Tavan, fourth son
of Japhet. Their history extends from the founding of Sicyon,

PERIODS AND EPOCnS.

173

B.C. 2089, to their suhjii^'ution by the llomans, B.C. 14(), when
Greece became a Jloman province.

The Greeks were renowned for goniuw, patriotism and learning.
Their civilization haw j)rocliiced many examples of beroeH ir> every
way worthy of the admiration of ])OHtority.

The more prominent of (ho^e, and Homcwlmt allied to the Gods,
were I'elops, colonizer and founder of the Peloponnesus li. C. 1321 ;
Jason, commander of the Ar^onautic expedition, B. C. 12G3 ;
Hercules, etc., etc. The Olympic games were originally established
by the Ida'i Dactyli, RC. 1453.

The Trojan war, B.C. 1194, was the theme of Homer's great
woik " the Iliad," of which Ulysses is the hero.

Homer flourished about B.C. 984, a period nearly midway
between the invasion of Troy and the victory of Coru^bus at the
Olympic games, B.C. 77(5, from which period commences the
01ym|)i!idH, a method of counting time by the Greeks. Homer is
up to the ])resent time without a rival in epic poetr}', being ever
since his great work considered as " the father of sono."

The important epochs of Grecian history during its authentic
period begin at the first Olympiad, H.('. 770, and may be named
in order as follows: the Persian invasion, B.C. 495 ; the "retreat of
the ten thousand" under Xenophon, B.C. 400; the invasion and
conquest of Persia ; the establishment of the Macedonian Empire,
B.C. 331, by Alexander " the Great;" the fall and division of
that empire at his death, B.C. 323, about eight years after its
having been established.

M islortune now a])peared among the Greeks, and in consequence
of treachery and civil war they fell an easy prey to the llomans,
by whom they were conquered, B.C. 146, and the land became
a Boman province.

Grecian history is divided into Fabulous and Authentic.

TABULATION.

B.C.
f Epoch 1. Sicyon founded by ^Eoialus. 208S

I " 2. Olympic Games Establishkd.. 1453

3. The Augonautic Expedition. 1263

4. The Trojan War 1194

5. The time op Homer [about] 984

6. The Victory op Corcebus, (1«t
Olympiad) 776

FABULOUS
EISTOBYOF -(
GBEECE.

I' 'J.

Ill

174

PERIODS AND EPOCHS.

AUTHENTIC
HLSrOllY

OF
GEEECE,

The first Olympiad

Epoch 7. The Persian Invasion

" 8. Ketreat op The Thousand
Greeks under Xenophon...
" 9. Conquest op Persia by Alex-
ander

" 10, Conquest op Greece by the

EOMANS

THE WHOLE PERIOD OF ANCIENT GliEClAN

B.C.
776
496

400

3.31

146
HIS-
TOIir EXTENDS FPxOM B.C. 2089 TO B.C. 146=1943 YEAPS.

THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND

Is onoofthe most important, iiiterestin,<>^ atul instructive tliat is
narrnti.'d in ti»o records of the ))ast. If we recoi^niso its occupation
bj' the ancient Britons, the Welsh of to-day, over whom Caesar
citected a quasi conquest, it extends from the invasion of that
renowned Roman General, B. C. .55, to the present time, A I). 1882.

From the lowest state of barbarism and poverty En<^hind
arose j^n'adualiy, imtil now in wealth, power and splendor she
stands recognized one of the chiefs among the nations of the
earth.

In the arts of peace, commerce and war she is second to none.
Her flag is of a thousand years, a^^.d over ready to unl'url to the
brce/.e where oppression is known to cause an invocation to the
Goddess of Liberty.

It is the proud boasl of the subjects of the Grout British
Empire of to-day, in regard to its extent, to exclaim •' The s'ln
never sits upon it." 'J'he first oi)oc!i of English history wixs its
invasion (already niimtioned) by Julius Ca>sar, B.C. 55.

In the first centui-y of the Christian era, A. D. 85, during the
reign of I'o'nitian, Britain became ? Roman province, and alter
hav)!ig romai id under the government of the Emperors noa.-ly
four centuries its inhabitants looked upon the Romans as benefac-
tors latiier than conquerors.

In consequence of the invasion of Rome by the Goths and
Yandair during the early part of the afth century, the legions
wore withdrawn, and with them many of the British youth, leaving
the country an easy prey to the r.orthcrn hordes of barbarians
ever ready to pounce down upon it.

PERIODS AND EPOCHS.

175

To counteract this the Homans wore appealed to for assistance,
but in vain. They then called in the Saxons, a people already
awaiting an opportunity to invade the country, who, therefore,
gladly came forward and rendered the assistance, after which
they determined to acquire the island for themselves — hence
the Saxon invasion, which resulted in the expulsion of the
ancient Britons; they being di'iven west and south into Cumber-
land, Wales and Cornwall, while not a few loft the shores of
England and settled in Brittany, on the west coast of France.

The Heptarchy (some say Octarchy) wore established during tho
fifth and sixth centuries, the first of which was Kent, A.l). 455,
under Ilcnghist, and the last Morcia, AD. 58i), under Crida.

TliO'O seven jjetly kingdoms recognized one of their Kings as
superior to all the rest, on whom the title of Britvvaldu, was
bestowed.

Avarice and ambition wore generally present and stimulated
8tril'o and cunning, which from vai-ious causes permanently
attached them all to one ruler; so that, A.D. 827, they were
united under Egbei-t, and in 821) generally known and proclaimed
by the Wittonagemot Cmmcil to be the inhabitant-} of the liaid of
Kng or " England."

Alread}^ as eai-ly as A.D. 787 tho Danes had invaded tlieir
country, and in this, the ninth century, tliey became nioi-e com-
bative than ever, especially during the reigns of the first kings.

Thoy were, however, finally defeated by Alfred, under wh<>m tho
navy of Knghind, A.D. 897, gained a great victoiy, giving Britain
prestige on the ocean which she has ever since had the good
fortune to retain.

The early part of tlie eleventh century acknowledged Danish
kings upon the throne of England, the lir.>t of wiiom was Canute
the Great, whose reign b^^an, A.D. 1017, in common with that
of Edmund Ironsides.

Harold I. and llaniicanuto succeeded ; the latter of whom was
tho last Danish king, and whose reign was Ibilowed by that of
Edward " the Confessor."

England was invaded by William of Normand}', A.D. 106C,
and subjected to him after the battle of IlastingH, at which tho
successor to "the Confessor," liarold JI., son of Earl Cod win, was
slain.

aniisiMWFi — 7ara5'W3a»0raSB^i'ra???zw^

176

PERIODS AND EPOCHS.

:i A nofmaii

This establishod the Norman Family, of which William '* the
Conqucor " was the first and Stephen of Blois the last.

They were followed by " the Tudors," A.D. 1 154, of which Henry
II., Kon of Maud, was the first, and Richard III. the last. Eichard
was killed at the battle of Ila-stings, A.D. 1485, and succeeded by
IJenry VII. It was duriniif the reign of the Plantagenets, A.D.
1215, that the Magna Charta was drawn up and signed in favor
of the bishops, barons and the common people.

During the latter part of the reign of the Plantagenets, A.D.
1455, civil war broke out and continued for thirty years. It was
known as the " War of the Roses," and was a struggle between the
liouses of Lancaster and York. At its termination Ilenr}'' VII.,
first of the Tudors, came to the throne, and in consequence of his
marriage of Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV., of York, tiie
houses of I^ancaster and York were united in their succession.

The Tudors came into power A.D. 1485, and reigned until 1603,
It was dui-ing theoccuj)ation of the throne by thisfamilj^ that the
Eeformaiion, A.D. 1517, broke out; and that the Spanish Armada
attempted to invade England, but was defeated in the time of
Elizabeth, A.D. 1588.

The Stuai-ts, whose reign began in Scotland, A.D. 1371, came
heirs to the throne of England, A.D. 1603, when James V. of
Scotland succeeded Elizabeth. They governed until A.D. 1714,
at which time George I., of the house of Brunswick, came to the
throne. It was during the reign of the Stuarts that the Com-
monwealth existed.

After the beheading of Charles I., A.D. 1649, the royal family
was expelled, and A. D. 10*53 the sovereigntj- was in the name of
the Commonwealth, with Oliver Cromwell as the acknowledged
head. The restoration followed A.D. 16(30.

Throughout the seventeenth century civil strifes, engendered by
religious differences, were carried on much to the detriment of
the country. The groat revolution of A.D. 1688 resulted in the
expulsion of James II. nnd a complete change of the Ecclesiastical
relations in regard to the throne of England.

In consequence of the Protestant ascendency the house of
Brunswick was declared the legal heir to that of the Stuarts
and, A.D. 1714, after the death of Queen Anne, George I. of
llanover advanced and became the King.

'U-i

PERIODS AND EPOCHS.

177

the

10 of

lurts

During the rei<>;n of George III., the American Colonies
Tcbellcd, A.D. 1775, and in the following year declared tiieir
independence of Great Britain, since which time they have become
a groat nation, and are known as the United States of America.

If we except this unfortunate loss, which has been somewhat
repaired b}' acquisitions in India, Great jiritain has, up to the
present time, been progressive, and to day is apparently in a
good prospei'OUH and happy condition untlor the reign of our
noble, w^orthy and illustrious Queen Victoria, whose lino of
ancestry can readily be traced back to Ilollo of Normand}-.

* To protect her '' finances and traffic " in the great Suez Canal,
of which the controlling interest was acquired through the states-
manship of Disraeli, A.D. 1875, England has this year, A.D.
1882, invaded Egypt and suppressed the rebel" n in that country.

Under the command of Sir Garnet Wolseley she despatched one
of the finest and l)est-equij)ped armies ever organized ; and
being well supported by her fleet in the Mediterranean, won the
famous battle of Tel-ol-Kebir whcrelty the backbone of the uprising
was broken, and its chief, Arabi Pasha, taken jirisoner.

tabulation. B.C.

' Epoch 1. Invasion of Britain by C^sar... 55

A.D.

2. Britain a Roman Province 85

3. The Saxon Invasion 449

4. Kent Founded 455

5. The Heptarchy complete 586

6. Union of thk Heptarchy 827

7. The Norman Family (Conquest.) 1066
8.
9.

10.
11.
12.

THE
HISTORY

OF
ENGLAND.

a
t{

Plantaoenets 1154

Tudoks 1485

Stuarts IC.OS

Brunswicks 1714

Invasion OP Eoypt 1882

THE WHOLE PERIOD OF ENGLIHH HISTORY, FROM
B.C. 55 TO DATE,. A.D. 1882,::=1937 YEARS.

the KHEDIVE'S MANIFESTO.
*" Ai,r,\-\N-RiA, Sf.ptf.miikr 23.— The Khedive has issued a manifesto declaring tliat
England has great interests in Egypt, regarding flnances and trartlc through the Suez
Canal. For the protection of these interests she was compelled to interfere.** The
Khedive rinnouncefl that he has authorized Wolseley to represent him in restoring order
■and puni^liiug rebels."

178

PERIODS AND EPOCHS.

THE HISTOEiT OF SCOTLAND

Properly begins wlion the Picts were conquered and united tc
the Scots under Kenneth 11., " MacAlpine," A.D. 843, and expends
to the present time.

Fergus I., it is said, was King of the Caledonians, B.C. 330, one
year after the foundation of the great but short-lived Macedonian
monarchy by Alexander. Little is known of tl)eni, howevni*,
exce])t that they wore of Celtic origin, and matle frc(|Uont
incur.-iioiis upon tlieir more southern neighbors, the Briton.s, whom
they pillaged whenever occasion offered.

The Scuiths (Scots from Ireland) invaded and drove the ancient
inhabitants, the Caledonians and Picts, up into the north.ern hills
about A.D. oOG, since which the country has been called Scotia.
Fergus IL, about A.D. 404, unsuccessfully endeavored to form a
general union and le-establish the Caledonian monarchy.

In their raids upon the south they acted in concert, and were-
undoubtedly the cause of the Saxon invasion, which resulted \\\
the expulsion of the ancient Britons, and the establishing of the
Heptarchy.

A civil war broke nut, about A.D. 838, and, A.D. 843, terminated
in favor of Kenneth McAlpine, King of the Scots. Wrad, the King
of the Picts, having been killed in battle. Kenneth united them by
subjugation, marriage or otherwise, and became the first King of
all Scotland ; since which it has generally been known as such,
and ruled by one monarch.

Other accounts have been written, but Scottish history is more
or less contradictory down to the time of Malcolm III., "Canmoro,"
who came to the throne, about A.D. 1055, and who was con-
temporary with William the Conqueror of England.

If we pass over a few reigns and descend to Alexander HI.,
we find that Margaret, " the Maid of Norway," his grand-
daughter, was recognized as the Scottish Queen on his demise,
whicl; occurred A.D, 1286.

She was hetrothed to the first Prince of "Wales, but on her wny
to Scotland sickened and died a few days after having been
brought on shore at Orkney.

An interregnum of two years followed, after which, A.D. 1292,
John Baliol, by the influence and choice of Edward I. of England,
succeeded. During the last decade of this century Sir Williaia

4*- J

PERIODS AND EPOCHS.

179

III.,

I'iind-
knise,

wny
I been

1292,
Jand,
liaia

Wallace stood forth the most prominent horo and defender of
Scottish liberty,

Robert Bruce came to the throne, A.I). 1306, where ho
proved himHclf a wise and brave king, worthy of the confidence
placed in him. At the battle of Bannockburn, A.D. 1314, bo suc-
ceodcd in making England notonly i"es])evt, but even I'oar Secttland.

He afterwards became the grand-Cat her of the Stuart luice of
kings through the mai-riage of his daughter. I'ritu-ess Mnrjory, to
AValtcr Stuart. Thus originate' that family, the first of whom
came to the throne A.D. 1371.

During' the tifteenth and the early part of the sixteenth cen-
turies five of the James ruled in succes.sion. The unfortunate but
beautiful Mary, " Queen of the Scots,' .succeeded her father when
an infant of only eight days.

Her life, an eventful one, was taken from her on the scaftbld,
A.D. 1587, twenty years previous to which her son James VI.
ascended the Scottish throne. At the death of Elizabeth, he,
being the heir, succeeded her, and became King of both countries,
England and Scotland. A.D. 1603.

This is a marked epoch in Scottish history which, after a century
resulted in parliamentary union. It was during the reign of the
Stuai'ts that the great Commonwealth of England was established,
witli Oliver Cromwell as Protector.

The Stuart line was restored, A.D. 1660 and in 1707 the Parlia-
ment of Scotland was united with that of England, since which
the two nation.s ai'o known as " Great Britain," and their histories
as '' British Histor}'.'

TABULATION.

A.D.

Epoch 1. Union of the Picts and Scots. . 843

'> 2. MALCfU.M CaNMORE lO.').*)

" 3. The .Mau) OF NimwAY 12S6

' 4. Interkeonv.m 1290

^ " 5. Accession OF the Stuarts 1371

•' 6. Succession to E.ngland 1603

" 7. Parliamentary Union 1707

" 8. Date 1B82

THE WHOLE PERIOD OP THE HISTORY OF SCOT-
LAND E;XTENDS FROM A.D. 843, TO A.D. 1882=1039
YEARS.

HISTORY.

OF
SCOTLAND.

180

PERIODS AND EPOCHS.

;:■

>■
t

THE HISTORY OF THE PERSIAN EMPIRE,

Dne of the four groat Monarchies of antiquity, extends from
the time of Cyrus " The Great," B.C. 559, to the reign of Darius
III., " Codomanus," when Persia was conquered by Alexander
*' The Great "B.C. 831.

Before the time of Cyrus I., the older, who became the king,
B.C. 559, PerHian history is obncuro and unreliable. He (Cyrus)
was succeeded by his son, Cambysses, who invaded and conquered
Egypt, B.C. 525, in the reigti of Diirius H^'staspes.

The first great invapion of Greece by the Persians occurred,
B.C. 496. It, like the second under Xerxes, B.C. 4S1, ju-ovod a
disastrous undertaking.

During a Persian Civil war between Artaxorxes, "Meinnon"
and Cyrus II, the Younger, the latter was killed at tho battle of
Cunaxa, B.C. 401 ; after which, Xonophon, the Historian, distin-
guished himself by conducting the famous retreat of the ten thou-
sand Greeks back to their native country, a distance of more than
three thousand miles, in two hundred and fifteen days, B.C. 400.

Tho Great Macedonian Empire was founded by Alexander, son
of Philip of Maccdon, afterwards named "The Great." At
his death, B.C. 323, the Macedonian Monarchy, 'after a duration of
but nearly eight years, fell to pieces and was divided amongst his
Generals.

Seleucius Nicator received Babylon and after a few successful
struggles, established tho Seleucidae upon the throne of Persia.

Darius Codamanus, treacherously murdered by Bessus, B.C.
".^31, was the last of the great Persian Monarchs,

TABULATION. B.C.

f Epoch 1. Cyrus I. becomes king 559

2. Conquest OF Babylon 536

3. Conquest OF Egypt 525

4. FiKsT Persian invasion... 496

5. The Retreat of the ten
thousand Greeks 400

6. The Conquest op Persia
BY Alexander 331

"THE HISTORY
OF THE
PERSIAN EMPIRE.

THE WHOLE PERIOD OF THE PERSIAN, EMPIRE
EXTENDS FROM B.C. 559 TO B.C. 331=228 YEARS.

imm

PERIODS AND EPOCHS.

181

THE IILSTOEY OF FRANCE

Ih contemporaneous with that of England. The country
anciently called Gaul, inhabited originally hy Celts from Ania, was
invaded by Julius Caesar, B.C. 58, and subsequently subdued by
that renowned General.

About A.D. 240, the Franks began to settle there; and
finally, A.D. 119, established a kingdom under Pharamond,
from which time to the present they have been proi^res.sivo and
are now recognized a great Nation in regard to civilization and
general importance.

Pharamond's Dynasty was known as the Mkrovinoian and was
succeeded, A.D. 751i, by the Carlovinoian. Charlemagne, after
whojn it was named and who became sole hoir to the throne of
France upon the death of his brother Carloman, A.D. 771, was
crowned the Emperor of the West, A.D. 80i), by the Pope.

The Carlovingian Dynasty was succeeded by the ('aI'KT[A.v>
established by Hugh Capet, A.D. 1)87. From this time forward,
Englai'd and Franco were constantly at war with alternately
varying success.

Philip Vl., first of the Valois branch of the Capetians, carao
to the throne, A.D. 1328. At the treaty of Troyes, A.D. U20,
Henry V. of England was acknowledged heir to the throne of
France; but at the Siege of Orleans, A.D. 1428, relief caino from
an unexjjccled quarter and misf(>rtuno wa.>, routed by a simple
country maiden, who fearlessly crowned Charles VII., A.D. 1420,
with her own hands at llheims — for which act of bravery Jeau
d'Arc received the title of " The Maid of Orleans. " This faithful
and devoted heroine two years after was burned at Rouen ! !

Louis XII, Duke of Orleans, ascended the throne, A.D. 1498,
and established the Orleans bi-anch of the Caj)etian Dynast}-,
Hence-forth France and Englan<l had Colonies in America which
served to cause additional strife. A revolution broke out, A.D.
1730, which in consequence of its severity and persistence, is known
in history as ''The Great French Revolution."

The House of Bourbon which began with Henry IV., A.D.
1580, was decreed to periietual banishtrjent, A.D, 1792, and a
Republican form of government pioclaimed by the National
assembly.

France, A.D. 1804, was proclaimed an Empire by the first
Napoleon, with himself as the Emperor. After many severe strug-

^'-]j-**n««lt^'

182

PERIODS AND EPOCffS.

glos with tho lending powers of tlio world, misfortune dotiironod
him ; even a second linic, and lofl liini ultiniutoly todieun cxilo on
tho i.sliind of St. Helena. Tho JJoiirbonn, A.l). 1814, were rentored.
In 1848 a second J^opiiblic was proclaimed wliic li, A.J), 1852,
wa.s followed by a necond h]in])ire nndor Napoleon HI. and wliich
was Kucceeded, A.l). 1871, by a third Rcptiblif with M. Thiers
as President. Napoleon III. havin^^ died, A.I). 1873. and his .son,
the Prince Imperial, having been nnfortiin;itely Uillcd in Africa,
A.D. 1879, Prance is lilcoly for some time to remain as she is
at present, A.D. 1882, a JJkpibi.ic.

TAIIULATION. B.C

Epoch 1. Invas[(»\ of Julius Ci^ESAH.... 58

A.J).
2. The Kingdom OP the Franks. 41l»

'S. C'arlovinoian Dyna.sty 752

4. The Capetian •' !I87

5. V ALOIS JJranch of Capktians 1328
<). Orleans Urancu " 1498

7. JiouRBON Branch " 1589

8. The Pir.st J^epublic 17:>2

9. " I^^iRST J']mpire. Napoleon 1S04

10. " JIestoration of the J^)i:r-

HONS. (l^JXPELLED 1792).. 1814

11. '• Second Jxeplijlio , 1848

12. " Second Empire 1852

13. '' Third Republic 1871

14. -' Present Time 1882

THE WII0B1] PEIUOJ) OF THE JIISTOUV OF FPANCE
FliOM B.C. 58 to A.D. 1832=1940 YE APS.

THE
HISTORY

OF
FRANCE.

u
(<
<(
((

u
a.
u
i(

TIIK HISTORY OF JRl^LAXD.

Obscure and mythical litcraLuro has not made an exception of
this beautiful island.

Milesius is said to have established himself upon the Irish throne,
about B.C. 1300, and to have left after him a long lino of kings of
whom he is tho ancestral head.

In the fifth century of tho Christian Era, A.I). 431, I'alladius
was appointed by the pope to introduce Christianity, but .soon

PERIODS AND EPOCHS.

752

no,
of

ins

10)1

after, in conscquonco of his doalh, Saint Patrick rocoivod instruc-
tions to succeed him as the papal envoy, to continue the good
work.

Saint Patrick, a Christian missionary, arrived A. D. 432, and
succeeded so well in his work that ho was honored with the title
of " Patron Saint ■' of Irohmd. From this Epoch Irish history
is roiiahle and interesting ; and it introduces the period when
Ireland became tlio great seat of learning for Eurojiean nations.

Wo, therefore, consider the arrival of Saint Patrick as the
commencement of authentic history. The Danes made their
first invasion of the Island, A.D. 794, and conti.iued their
incursions with varying successes until finally defeated by
Brian Born on the Plains of Clontarf, A.D. 1014. They wore
expelled from the counti-y I)}- the successors of Brian, who was
liimself assassinated after the l)attle, while on his knees before the
cruciHx, by a foul blow from the sword of Brodar, a Viking, that
cleft him asunder.

Diii'ing the twelfth century, in consequence of civil dissensions
f)n(l war among the native Kings, Henry II. succeeded in com-
j)letely subjugating the people, A.D. 1 172. By treaty he caused the
Kings of England to be proclaimed "Lords of Ireland forever."

We might now conclude that Ii-ish history coalesced with that of
England, and became inseparably amalgamated with it, but such
was not the case. In the tifleen'h century their parliament was
subjected to the surveillance of Fiiigland by what is known as
" Poyning's Act;" and, in order Lo form a closer union, TIenry VIII.,
in the following century, A.D. 1512, was declared by himself and
his parliament" Kino" instead of" L>rd" of Ireland,

Subsequently manj' wrongs are said to have been perpetrated
upon the Irish, and they are known lo have sutlered much at the
hands of then- iim Enoijsii i5I!i>tiier. Whether they are not able
to dn<l the causes of much of which tli(;y complain amongst them-
selves, is a subject worthy of consideration.

Oliver Cromwell of the (Commonwealth made a cruel war upon
the country, and upon one occasion, having captured Drogheda,
A.D. I'.UO, put the Governor and whole garrison to the sword. A
rebellion broke out, A.D. 1798, which cost dearly in luunan life ;
three 3ears after which, A.D. 1801, their Parliament was united
with that of Emxland.

The Catholic Emancipation Bill was passed, A.D. 1829, princi-

•M'

• i:

184

PERIODS AND EPOCIIH.

pally through Iho efforts of Ban iol O'Connoll. " Homo Eulo " is now
tho piorninont caiiHC of excitomoril.

Unfortuimtely domigo<riies, dynaniito and Llio aHHUHwin aro doing
their work, cauHingtho^C(>miniHnion of rajjirieand murder tliiit must
not be tolerated by any nation having tho leant respect for ilwolf.

NovortlielcHH it cannot be denied thatnomo of tho most illus-
trious men produced by tho nations of the world have been Irish-
men, and little need bo tho wonder if such a people, with a country
well watered, possessing good harbors, navigiible lakes, etc., all
within twenty leagues of ocean communication, and with intellect
second to none, would wish to control their own attairb.

TABULATION.

A.D.

'Epoch 1. St. Patrick's arrival in Ireland. 432

' 2. Invasion OF THE Danes 794

' 3. Battle OF Clontarf 1014

' 4. Conquest OF Ireland 1172

' 5. IIknry VIII. declared Kin(j 1542

' 6. The Irish Eehellion 1798

' 7. Catholic Emancipation 1829

< 8. Home Kuleexcite.ment 1882

THE
HISTORY

OF
IRELAND.

THE WHOLE PERIOD OP AUTHENTIC IIHSH HlSTOEr
EXTENDS PEOM A.D. 432 TO A.D. 1882=:1450 YEAPS.

THE HISTOPY OF EGYPT, B.C.

Extends from verj' gi-eat antiquity, P.C. 2412, to tho conquest
of the country by the Pomans under Caesar Augustus, P.C. 30.

Mizraim, Son of Iltim, also called Menes, wastlie founder of the
Egyptian Monarchy, to which oveni tho following dates, B.C.
5400, 3900, 2412, 2334 and 2188, have been assigned.

The dynasty of Menes wa.s succeeded by that ofthe Shepherd
kings, whose expulsion occui-red B.C. 1899; the Hyksos dynasty
(Sliepherd kings) were, in turn, succectloJ by the i.^baraohs, which
djmasty continued to the conquest of Egypt by O'ambyssos B.C.
525.

After the death of Alexander, tho Egyptian portion of the great
Macedonian Empire was governed by the Ptolemies, i. e. from B.C..
323 to the time of its becoming a P<jman Province, B.C. 30.

PERIODS AND EPOCHS.

185

Egypt was conquered by the SanicenH, A.D. G40, and now
belongs to Turkey. The highest official, called the Khedive, is
subject to the Sultan. At the present time, A.D. 1882, England
is invading the country, and a general war cloud issuHjjondod over
Europe, in conHcquenco of a rebellion endangering her interowtti
in the Suez Canal.

ANCIENT

HISTOKY

EGYPT.

TABULATION.

B.C.

r Epoch 1. The Egyptian Monarchy 241iJ

2. The IIyksos Dynasty 21ftl>

3. The Pharaohs 181)9

4. Conquest of EuYPT BY Cambysses. 525

5. The Ptolemies 32ii

6. Euypt, a lioMAN Province 30

THE WHOLE PEKIOD OF ANCIENT EGYPTIAN HIS-
TORY EXTENDS FROM B.C. 2412 TO B.C. 30z=2382 YEARS.

i' :w

lord
.'iHty

THE HISTORY OF GERMANY.

The Germans wore a hardy and warlike race that often came in
contact with tho Roman legions, much to the disadvantage of the
latter.

Arminius (Hermann) defeated the Romans under Varus at tho
battle of Teutoborg, A.D. 9, and though afterwards beaten byGer-
manicus, they were never completely subdued. In tho fifth century
the IIuiis made war upon them.

Charlemagne was crowned Emperor of Germany by tho Popo,
A.D. 800, and undoubtedly laid tho foundation of Gorman power,
as at present known. Jn tho following century, A.D. 843, at
the peace of Verdun, tho Em])ire of the West was so}»aratod into
three monarchies, Italy, Franco and Germany. After tho dismem-
berment of Charlemagne's Empire, A.D. 887, Germany became
a distinct government, and tho emperors wore elected.

Tlie first family of kings, like those of Franco, wore Carlovin-
giane. Tho House of Saxony succeeded, of which Otho I., '' tho
Great," invaded Ital}', and was crowned at Milan as the Emperor of
the Romans, A.D. 902, hence the Romano-German Empire.

.. ^^a.

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

I.I

" m |||||Z2

.f m 112.0

1.8

1.25

1.4

1.6

6" —

— ^

"el

■^a

z;^

Photographic

Sciences
Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, NY. 14580

(716) 872-4503

' /

186

PERIODS AND EPOCHS.

: I ,

Tho House of Franconia followed that of Saxony, A.D. 1024.
Henry IV. of this dynasty came to tho throne, A.D. 1056. lie was
surnamed " the Great," and his reign is particularly interesting
becauso of his frequent contests with the Poi)0, and the commence-
nient of tho Crusades. Then came the house of llohonstaufen or
Siiabia after that of Franconia, A.D. llo9.

The stn '^gle between the Guelphs and Ghibolinea was com-
menced about this period. The battle of VVeinsburg, A.D. llJtO,
fought in Wurtemberg, is that in which Guelf of Bavaria was
defeated by Duke Leopold assisted by the Emperor, Conrad IV.

Tho House of Hapsburg was inaugurated by tho election of
Eodolph, Count of Hapsburg, A.D. 1273. During the reigning of
this family, a rebellion in Switzerland resulted in the inde[)ondence
of that country, chiefly through the efforts of ^Villiam Tell. Tho
House of Austria was established in the tifteenth century, A.D.
U38.

In the following century, A.D. 1517, the Keformation was
the cause of much excitement, particularly in the Northern
par^> of Germany. The thirty years' war between Protestants and
Catholics, A.D. 1613, was terminated at the peace of Westpha-
lia, A.D. 1648.

The House of Loi'raino was established, A.D. 1745. Maria
Theresa succeeded her father, Charles VI., last of the male line of
the House of Austria, A.D. 1740. Her assumption of the throne
was the cause of the war of the Austrian succession, which was
terminated A.D. 1748 hy the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, at which
Maria Theresa's claims were acknowledged.

Her son, Joseph II., succeeded her; A.D. 17C5. Germany
suffered much during the French revolution. Francis II. of Ger-
many was proclaimed Francis I. of Austria, A.D. 1804.

The confederation of tlie Ehine was proclaimed by Napoleon,
A.D. 1806. After the fall of Napoleon, 1814, the Germanic Confede-
ration superceded it, A. D. 1815, and was, in turn, succeeded by
the North German Confederation, A D. 1866. This latter termi-
nated on the re-estalistmentof tho German Empire A. D. 1871.

William I., King of Prussia, of the House of ilohenzollern, was
proclaimed Emperor of Germany united, A.D. 1871.

~-ti

PERIODS AND EPOCHS.
TABULATION.

18Y

THE
HISTORY

GERMANY.

A.D.

'Epoch 1. Charlemagne crowned Emperor. 800

" 2. Peace of Verdun 843

" 3, House OF Saxonv 918

•' 4. Otho crowned BY THE Pope 962

" 5. House OF Franconia 1024

" 6. House of SuABiA (Hohenstaufen) 1139

" 7. House OF Hapsburo 1273

" 8. House op Austria 1438

" 9. House of Lorraine 1745

" 10. House of Hohenzollern 1871

" 11. Date 1882

THE WHOLE PERIOD OF GERMAN HISTORY EXTENDS
FROM A.D. 800 TO DATE, 1882 = 1082 YEARS.

THE HLSTORY OF PRUSSIA.

Like the people of other nations, the Prussians can bo traced
back into antiquity * ■ -^^ rcr'"ived their present name from
the Borussi, and inhabitea . adj-^cent mountains. Christianity
was introduced into Prussia by St. Adalbert in the 'ast decade
of the tenth century. He became u martyr to its cause, A.D.
997, from which time our reckoning- begins.

During the thirteenth centur}', the Teutonic Knights, whoso
order was established in Pahistino, A.D. 1191, roturniiig from the
Crusades, determined upon tlio conquest and complete conversion
of Prussia. Strife and civil war was the result, and thei)- success
not what they either wished or anticipated.

In the fifteenth centur^^, A.D. l4l5, Frederick IV. or VJ. of
Nurcmburg obtained the title of Frederick I. of Brandenburg,
Various changes from time to time thereafter succeeded eacdi other,
the chief of which was the Dukedom of Prussi:i. 1( became an
heroditarj' diichj^ A.I). ir>l'5, with Albert of Bi-andonburg, the
Grand Master of the Teutonic order, elected Duke, but to hold his
position subject to Poland.

In the seventeenth century, A.D. lGr)7, Prussia obliged the King-
dom of Poland to acknowledge her inilependence, from which time
she has almost uninterruptedly advanced to her present proud posi-
tion amongst the nations.

,I)V j

188 PERIODS AND EPOCHS.

Frederick III., 8on of tbo " Groat Elector," proclaimed the
duchy a kingdom, placing the crown upon the hoad.s of hi mself
and consort with hi;j own hands In an assembly of the States,
A.D. 1701 ; and in honor of the occasion he established the order of
the Hlack Eagle.

Six kings have since ruled, the last of whom is William I., who
came to the throne, A.D. 18G1, and who was crowned Emperor of
United (iermany, A.D. 1871, by which the highest honor was a('dod
to the house of llohonzollern, which ujjon that occasion wa*
grandly established. William is the present Emperor.

TABULATION.

A.D,

C Epoch 1. Christianity introduced 997

CTjqrpQj^y I '' 2. Frederick IV. op Nuremberg... 141&

" 3. Albert ov Brandenburg 1525

OF •{ " 4. Independent OF Poland ,. . 1657

I " 5. Prussia BKCOiMEs A KiiNGDOM 1701

PRUSSIA. I a 6. William I. Crowned 1861

L " 7. To date 1382

THE WHOLE PERIOD OF RELIABLE PRUSSIAN HIS
TORY EXTENDS FROM A.D. 997 to A.D. 1^82,=885 YEARS.

THE HISTORY OF AUSTRIA.

Austria, the Eastern kingdom, anciently Noricura and part of
Pannonia, is a monarchy composed of a j)opulation of Germans,
Sclavonians, Maggars and Italians. Up to the resignation of
Francis II. of Germany, A.D. Ih04, to become the hereditary
Emperor of Austria, under the title of Francis I., its history is
more or loss incor})()rated with that of Germany.

Francis was obliged to resign his dignity as Emperor of Germany,
A.D. 1806. Napoleon I., after having extorted from the Senate
a decree of divorce from Josephine, A.I). 1809, in the following
year caused Maria Louisa, Archduches-s of Austria, to become hi»
Empress; and in the year 1811 the King of Franco was born,
Blylcd Najjoleon Francis Charles Josej)!) Bonaparte. This, the
only son of the great Napoleon I., died at the early age of 21,
A.D. 1832.

Francis was restored as Emperor of Germany, A.D. 1814 or '15,
from which he had been deposed in 1806 at the Confederation of

PERIODS AND EPOCHS.

189

A.D,

91)7
14J5
1525
1657
1701
1861
1382

the iihino. At his death, A.D. 1835, he was succeeded by
Ferdinand IV., who abdicated in favor of his nephew, Francis
Joseph, A.D. 1848.

In consequence of a war between Austria and Prussia, A.D.
1866, the former consented to the breakin<^ up of the Germanic
Confederation ; meanwhile llolstein and part of Sehleswig were
ceded to the latter and the North German Confederation established
by the treaty of Prague.

Francis Joseph is the present Emperor of Austria, A.D. 1882,
and having married Elizabeth of Bavaria, A.D. 1854, he has become
possessed of an heir, the Archduke Rodolph, Born A.D. 1858.

THE IIISTOKY OF ASSYEIA, B.C.

The Assyrians were one of the powerful monarchies of antiquity.
Much difference of opinion exists in regard to the origin of Assyria.

Chronologors have calculated it to liave been founded, B.C. 2614,
2554, 2247, 2245, 2233 and 2234, the latter of which dates has been
marked on the chart. It is named after Ashur, the son of Shem,
who is said to have established the monarchy.

Its hi^'tory is divided into two grand periods, called First and
Second Empires. The First Empire extends from Nimrod, B.C.
2234, to Put, B.C. 770. The Second Empire extends from Pul,
B.J. 770, to the destruction of the Great Assyrian Monarchy by
Cyrus, the Great, B.C. 536.

HISTORY

OF
ASSYRIA.

TABULATION.

B.C.

Epoch 1. Nimrod founds the Empire 2234

2. Pul (ABOUT) 770

" 3. Fall of the Monarchy 536

;^ i

■ i

!'i|f

THE WHOLE PERIOD OF ASSYRIAN HISTORY EX-
TENDS FROM B.C. 2234 TO B.C. 536 = 1698 YEARS.

190

PERIODS AND EPOCHS.

'1 *l

THE HISTOPiY OF SPAIN

Properly begins at the invasion of the Visigoths, A.D. 412
It was formerly called Hesperia (the West) ; Iberia (from the
river Ebro), and by the Romans, HJHpania. The Phoenician!*
founded the city of Cadiz, about B.C. 900, near the pillars of
Hercules,

The (Jarthagenians, B.C. 360, colonized Iberia more towards-
the Nurtliern boundary.

It was here the Great Hannibal successfully generated and skil-
fully' managed his army against the power of the Roman Empire.

The Eoman General, Scipio, (afterwards surnamed Africanus)
conciuered Spain, B.C. 207.

In the first centurj'- before the Christian Era, the famous
general and historian Julius Caesar, quelled insurrections in that
country, after which, Pompey was made Governor.

Early in the Christian Era Spain was wrested from the Romans
by the Barbarians, who subsequently destroyed the Roman Emjjiro
of the West.

The Vinigoths next invaded and conquered Spain, about A.D,
412, and were in turn overpowered b}' the Saracens under Tarilc
and Musaat the buttle of Xeres, AD. 711 or 712, when their king,
Itoderick, the last of the Gothic monarchs, was defeated and slain.

The Saracens, whose rulers were Caliphs, established the Cali-
phate of Cordova, of which Abderahman I. was the first Calij)h.

In the latter part of the eleventh century, beset on all sides by
Christians, the Saracens called in the assistance of the Moors from
Africa, by whom they were themserves conquered.

Leon, Castile and the Kingdom of Arragon wore established,
A.D. 1035, by Romiro I. and Ferdinand I. " The Great." During
+he fifteenth and sixteenth centuries Spain took a leading part in
the discoveries of territory.

After the Union of Castile and Arragon, A.D. 1479, by Ferdinand
and Isabella, Oolumbus succeeded in obtaining assistance from the
latter, by means of which, A.D. 1492, he discovered America.

The same year Grenada was conquered by Spain. This, to a
certain extent, counteracted the misfortunes of the West in conse-
quence of the less of Constantinople, which had been taken by
the Turks under Mahomet II., A.D. 1453.

The loss of Grenada ended the power of the Moors in Spain.

PERIODS AND EPOCHS.

191

Navarre wa? soon added to the Dominio.i of Ferdinand, who in
1512 became Kingot all Spain.

Portugal v'UH captrred and subjected to Spain, A.D. Iu80, but
after sixty yuars, A.D 1640, gained her independence.

Pliilip v., ,^rHnd.son of Louis XIV., tnrough the influence of his
grandfather, came to the throne, A.D. 1700. and thus was estab-
lished the Bourbon Dj'nasty in Spain.

The French revolution and Peninsular war caused much destruc-
tion and anno^'ancc to Spain, her naval fleet having been, in com-
mon with that of France, destroyed off Capo Trafalgar by Lord
Nelson, A.D. '.805.

Charles IV. abdicated in 1808, and was succoede<i by his eon
Ferdinand VJL, but who was deposed by Napoleon to make a
throne for hi.s brother, Joseph Honaparte.

Ferdiiiund was restored in 1814, and at his death, 1833, Isabella^
his queen, succeeded; her right being established in the following
year by the qiadruple treaty to act as the queen regent until hor
daughter, Isabolia IL, attained her majority. Don Carlos imme-
diately claimed to be the legitimate heir, but his pretensions were
not sanctioned.

Many changos of a revolutionary nature followed. — Amadeo I.
ascended the Sp.'f.iif^h throne, A.D. 1870, but abdicated in favor of
a Republic, A.D. 1873. In the following year Alfonso XII., Prince
of A.sturias, was crowned, and is the present King of Spain, A.D.
1882.

TABULATION.

A.D.

Epoch 1. The Visigoths Settle in Spain. 412

" 2. Kingdom op AoTURias Founded. 718

3. Arragon, Leon AND Castile " 1035

4. Discovery op America 1492

5. Bourbon Dynasty 1700

6. Spain becomes A IIepublio 1873

7. Friendly GrREETiNos op the
Kings of Spain and Portugal 18S2

AUTHENTIC SPANISH HISTOllY EXTENDS FKOM A.D.
412 to A.D. 1882 = 1470 YEAES.

HISTORY
OF
SPAIN.

:li

■ li!

I'!

' h

,■'1^

Mil

-^5

if *

192

PERIODS AND EPOCHS.

THE HISTORY OF PORTUGAL,

'.t^f'

Anciently called Lnsitnnia, begins anterior to the Christian Era.

During the second century B.C. it was conquered by the Romans
and added to their Empire.

Lrsitania muHt have been known to all the ancients who tra-
versed the west coast of Europe. It is not spoken of, however, so
as to bo interesting to the historian differently than what is said of
its neighboring country, Spain, until the twelfth century, when it
was proclaimed a kingdom under Dom Alfonzo, who was crowned
upon the battle field of Ourique after having defeated the Moors,
A.D. 1139.

It had been overrun by the Alans, Visigoths, etc., as had also
Spain.

During the fifteenth centuiy Portuguese navigators wore pro-
minent agents in the discoveries of new territories. Captain
Diaz, A.I>. 148G, having discovered many islands in the Atlantic
ocean, rounded the Cape of Good Hope. Vasco de Gama, A.D. 1497,
navigated to India ; where A.D. 1510 the Portuguese planted a
colony, making Goa the capital.

Philip II. of Spain, A.D. 1580, seized upon Portugal, from
which time to 1640 it was subjected to Spain. Portugal, however,
threw off the yoke of Spain, and placed John, Duke of Braganza,
upon the throne. Lisbon, the capital, was destroyed by earthquake,
A.D. 1755.

During tlie Peninsular war Portugal was the field of many a
hard-fought battle ; where the British army and navy, under
Wellesley and ^eison, defeated the plans of Napoleon in regard
to a division of the country between France and Sj)ain.

Dom John VI., King of Portugal, and his court removed
to their South American Colony, Brazil, A.D. 1807, and did not
return until 1821, after which, 1822, Brazil was given its indepen-
rlence, and Dom Pedro I. (Prince Regent) made Emperor, whoso
Hon, Dora Pedro II., is the present Sovereign.

In 1828 Dom Miguel usurped the Portuguese throne, causing
civil war. Donna Maria de Gloria was restored, A.D. 1833; her son
succeeded her A.D. 1853, under the title of Dom Pedro (Peter VI.,)
and in turn was succeeded by his brother, Dom Louis I., A.D.
1861, the present King of Portugal.

PERIODS AND EPOCHS.

193

HISTORY

POliTUGAL.

TABULATION.

A.D.

Epoch 1. Kingdom of Portugal estab-
lished under DoM Alfonzo 1139

" 2. The Cape of Good Hope rounded

BY Captain Diaz 14S6

" 3. DoM John, Duke ok Braganza,

crowned 1640

" 4. Royal Greeting dktween the
Kings, Dom Alfonzo of
Spain and Dom Louis op
Portugal 1882

THE WHOLE PERIOD OF TIIIi: HISTORY OF PORTUGAL
EXTENDS FROM A.D. 1139 TO A,D. 1882 = 743 YEARS.

THE HISTORY OF POLAND

Emerges from obscurity in the middle of the sixth century of
the Christian Era. Lech us and his posterity began to reign under
the title of Dukes, A.D. 550, and continued 150 years in power,
Cracus, the founder of Cracow, succeeded. %Piast, Duke of Poland.
A.D. 842, was elected, and founded the celebrated Dynasty of
Absolute Kings bearing his name. Casimir III., the Great, came
to the throne, A.D. 1333.

Ho was a truly groat and good man, who patronized industry,
commerce and learning. Besides furnishing Poland with a cele-
brated code of laws (named the Wi^lican code) at Wislica, A.D.
1347, ha ostabliiihed the University of Cracow.

As well as the greatest he was the last, and his reign closed
the Piast Dynasty with glory and honor, leaving Poland in a fair
way to prosperity and future greatness.

Louis, King of Hungary, succeeded him, and is only worthy of
mention as being his nephew and the father of the Queens Maria
and Jadwiga, the latter of whom married Jagicllon, Grand Duke
of Lithuania, and thus, A.D. 1386, became the head of the Conijti-
tutional Monarchy of Poland, which extended to A.D. 1573.

Under the reigns of Sigismund I., the Great, and Sigismund
II., Augustus,* Poland attained the meridian of her greatness.

f,l u

In:

fJil

i :

194

PERIODS AND EPOCHS.

]'■

'it

■

lit !§

ii-i

u >

The sixteenth century, through Nicolas Copernicus, turned the
course of the whole world, both in regard to physical matter and
thought. It was truly " the Golden Era."

The Elective Monarchy of Poland began by theolection of Henry,
ofValois, to the throne, A.D. 1573. In the following year, how-
ever, ho succeeded his brother, Charles IX., to the crown of Franco,
and ruled as Henry III.

Stephen Battory was next elected king of Poland ; but on condi-
tion of his marrying the Princess Anna, si.'itor of Sigismund
II., Augustus.

Probably the most distinguished of the kings of Poland was John
Sobieski, elected, A.D. IGT-i, wholly on account of his virtues and
eminent military genius.

Stanislaus Poniatowski, the last king of Poland, was elected,
A.D. 1764. It was his misfortune to behold the first extraordin-
ary act of plunder " executed by an agreement between throe
potentate8,"through which unhappy Poland,after a second and third
effort, was completely wiped off the chart of national existence.

Eussia, Prussia and Austria, A.D. 1772, 1793, 1795, thus, in an
ignoble manner added much to their material wealth, since which
her history is merged respective!}' into theirs. Occasionally,
however, an insurrection of the Poles proves to the world that
their spirit of freedom is not dead but slumbers, awaiting a
favorable opportunity " to shako off the fetters that bind it."

TABULATION.

»"ii ''-.1

A.D.

HISTORY

OF
POLAND.

r Epoch 1. The Absolute Kings under Piast 842
" 2. The Constitutional Monarchy,

Jagiellon's Dynasty 138&

3. The Elective Monarchy 1573

4. The Last Partition op Poland. 1795

5. To DATE 18b:i

((

THE WHOLE PERIOD OF THE HISTORY OF POLAND
EXTENDS FROM A.D. 842 TO A.D. 1795 = 953 YEARS.

[■'hi'

PERIODS AND EPOCHS.

195

THE HISTORY OF EUSSIA

is obscure, uncertain nnd uninteresting in its onrly time. It i»
the largest and probably the coldest Empire in the world. Cau
cnsians and Mongolians are its inhabitants, who in the fourth cen-
tury of the Christian Era were divided into various tribes.

Buric, a great Prince, established a government and loundodi
Eussia into a monarchy, A.i). 8R2.

In the thirteenth centui-y Enssia was overrun by the Tartar»,
and did not free herself from that restless people until during many
struggles up to 1409, when the yoke was broken and the country
united under one monarchy by Ivan HI., Basilovitz, whocumo to
the throne, A.D. 1462.

Ho was an able as well as despotic prince, and may bo said to
have founded the Monarchy on its present tirni basis. Ho introtluced
cannon and fire arms, A.D. 1475.

Ivan IV., the Terrible, came to the throne, A.D. 1533. Ho
established an iinj)erial body guard, " the Strelitz," which was
abolished by Peter "the Great" on his return from England,
about lO'JT.

Ivan IV., A.D. 1584, was succeeded by Feador I.
After several successions Michael Feodorovitz, a descendant
of Ivan Basilovitz of the house of Koinanotf, ascended and estab-
lished the lloMANoFF Dynasty.

Peter I., "the Great," ascended the Eussian throne, A.D, 1G89, and
by means of prudence, perseverance and industry brought pros-
perity and power to the nation. Ho took upon himself the title of
Czar and Emperor of all the Eussias, A.D. 1721, raising the country
to one of Empire. He founded St. Petersbui-g, which was named
after him. He was succeeded by his Empress, Catherine I., A.D.
1725.

Catherine II. of Anhault, wife of Peter III., whom she assisted
to murder, came to the throne, A.D. 1702. Through her able
administration Enssia increased in territory and power. Her
armies defeated the Turks, and during her reign unb ippy Poland
was voraciously dismembered by tliree powers, Eussia, Prussia,
and Austria of which Eussia got the lion's share, A.D. 1772, 1793,
1795. Paul I., her son, was crowned, A.D. 1796, but was
strangled in 1801.

liij

ijlii

19fi

PERIODS AND EPOCHS.

\vr

■i •

Aloxandor I., his son, succoedod, and after many doToats wan
forced to form an alliance with Franco. During tlioir 8truju:tj;ios
Napoleon invaded Rustiia, where, A.l). 1812, aiter the hurning of
Mowcow, the cold of winter, while relroutin<^, caused the destruction
of liiM army.

NicholaH I., liin hrother, began to reign, A. D. 1825. IIo will
bo well remembered in conHe(]uence of the llu.s.so-Turkan war of
1853, which was closed 185t) without dishonor to lluHsiji

Alexander II. micceodod in 1855 during tho Crimean war,
which ho conducted with npirit and bravery equal to that of bin
father, until all ])arlies engaged were glad to ceaiso tho Ktrife.

Ill 1861 Alexander decreed tho omanci])ationof 23,000,000 serfs,
and ill the following year a grand Jubilee in honor of tho 1000th
nnnivorsary of Russia was held. Ho wa.s asRassinated by tho
Nihilists, A.D. 1881, wince which his son Alexander III. has
become and is now tho Czar of all tho Russias.

HISTORY

OF
liUSSlA.

TABULATION.

A.D.

f Epoch 1. Rus.sia founded by Ruric 862

" 2. SuiUECTED to THE Tartars 1237

" 3. Freedom from the Tartars.. 1469

" 4. lloMANOFF Dynasty 1613

" 5. To date 1882

THE WHOLE PERIOD OF AUTHENTIC RUSSIAN IIIS-
TOKY EXTENDS FItOM A.D. 862 TO 1882=1020 YEAIIS.

THE HISTORY OF CHINA.

According to their own annals China was an established gov-
crnnient 80 or 100 thousand years before the Christian Era.

Fo-IIi, the reputed founder of the Chinese Empire, supposed
to have been Noah, established a dynasty named after him, B.C.
2951, since which there have boon twentj^-two distinct reigning
families to tho present time ; tho last of which, TSlN, came into
power, A.D. 1644.

China, " Tho Celestial Empire," (Tsinq of the Chinese) is the
most populous country on tho globe. J3y means of a great wall

PRRTODS AND EPOCHSi.

197

the contraction Of which WW bo;,'un, about B.C. 2i0 nil other
nat.orm hnvo\l.oen excluded; an<l, hence, before the i.reHent
century little^wuH known of their history.

ConfuciuH, the ^^roat Chinese philosopher, born B.C. 551, wixh a
contempoi-ary with Pytlm;,'oras of the Greeks.

Jun ^'''r';, '^ni'* i^^''^'"^'!^''-^' I'iMlosopher, flourished in the rifth
century of the Christian era.

The Buddhist priests, A.D. 409, are said to have discovered
America, which they called Fusang.

The Tartars invaded and carried on a destructive warfare with
China about A.D. 1258.

St. F..uncis Xavier unsuccessfully endeavored to introduce
thnstianity amongst the Chiiio.se, A.D. 1551.

I" the beventeenth century the Manchou Tartans, A. 1) I61(j '
mvado. the country, and after a struggle of twenty-eight'years'

T^tu ;T^N;""""' "^ P-ent Manchou Tartar^ Dynast,.;
J^«»-ing the present century, A.D. 1812, the Emperor of China

Tr^Hlor m"' ''"*' "^""•^' ('hn-^tianity. At Nankin, once the
t^.ip. .11 ot Cluna, a treaty permitting free trade with England was
concluded. °

The peace of Nankin was signed by Sir Henry Pottin-^er on
hoard the Cornwallis for England, A.D. 1842. In conse<iuenco
ot the obstinacy and inditterence of the Emperor of China in
Zr!^i^''^ !!:' ^"^"«'^^«'"^^tions of the Treaty or Peace of Nankin,
and of r.en Lsin signed by Lord Elgin, China was invaded b;

Vnitn' ,'■""'"' ^^^^^'- ^^'^''^h Tion Tsin was again signed,
A.D. 1800, andr;.tiiiedatPekin.

A cruel mas.sacre was perpetrated A.D. 1870 at Tien Tsin bv
which the French consul, catholic clergy and many Christians
were slaughtered.

China made an excellent representation of her productions at
the United States Centennial, A. D. 187G.

From the establishment of the Empire by Fo-IIi, the twenty-two
dmtinct families that have reigned are all marked upon the Chart
ot lime in their respective lo.%alities, and may bo easily recog-
nized, in their history and chronology.

198

PERIODS AND EPOCHS.

' V

SI £]

<i\\

'i^-

HISTORY

OF
CHINA.

TABULATION.

B.C.

Epoch 1. Chinese Empire founded 2951

" 2. Birth OF Confucius 551

" 3. The Great Wall BEGUN 240

A.D.

4. Buddhism introduced from India G8

5. Discovery of Fusano (America) 499

6. Invasion of the Tartars 1258

7. Christianity BY Francis Xavier 1551

8. Manchou Tartar DYNASTY 1644

9. The presknt time 1882

THE WHOLE PERIOD OF CHINESE IIISTOIIY FROM

FO-HI, B.C. 2951, TO A.'). 1882=4883 YEARS.

((

THE HISTORY OF JAPAN

ie obscure from the fonndiition of tho Empire by Simnu, B. C. dGO,
even to the present century.

Marco Polo, the Venetian traveller, who visited the country in
the latter part of the thirteenth century, is the first European
that has left any knowledge of Japan.

3Iendo Pintez,who is said to have discovered Japan, visited it with
thi-oo ships, A.D. 1542, and during the following j-earhis country-
men, the Portuguese, were permitted to settle at Nagasaki.

In the same 5'ear Francis Xaviev, the celebrated Jesuit Mis-
sionary, introduced Christianity among the Japanese. It was
much opposed, however, by the higher orders, and in the years
1585 and 1632 cruel massacres of the Christians resulted.

A decree was issued, A.D. 1636, by the Micaddo, requiring tho
Japanese to assemble annually for the special purpose of trampling
on tho cross.

The ti'avoller and naturalist, Engelbert Kaempfer, a native of
Lippe-Dotmold in Germany, visited Japan, A.D. 1690, and is said
to have written a history of tho country interspersed with plales.

Commodore Perry, commander of an American expedition,
A.D. 1853, entered Y^eddo, and was favorably received. In the
following year, 1H54, commercial relations wei-e established
between Japan and tho United Slates. Latei- in the year,
<jireat Britain was also successful in the same direction.

PERIODS AND EPOCHS.

199

A Japanese embansy, A. D. 1860, visited Washington and Now
York. Another embassj'' of very distinguislied persons paid their
respects to the United States and Great Britain, A.D. 1872, in the
interest of civilization and commerce.

At the great American Centennial Exhil)ition, A.D. 1876, the
Japanese gathered many laurels by their excellent exhibits and
unpresumptious manner, which elicited the hii^'hest encomiuraa
from all who had the good fortune to behold them.

TABULATION.

HISTORY

JAPAN.

r Epoch 1. Japan fou.nded by Simnu.

2. Invaded by the Tartars

3. Naoasaki settled hy Portuguese

4. a distinguished embassy visits

THE United States and Great
Britain

5. To date

THE WHOLE PERIOD OF JAPANESE HISTORY
TENDS FROM B.C. 660 TO A.D. 1882=^2542 YEARS.

B.C.
060
A.D.
1269
1543

1872
1882

EX-

THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES

of America, may consistently be arranged under two periods, the
Colonial and the Constitutional ; neither of which is in the
least degree obscured by the misty embraces of antiquity.

The Colonial period extends from the discovery of America by
Christopher Columbus, A.D. 1492, to the declaration of Indepen-
dence, A.D. 1776.

The Constitutional period extends from the declaration of
independence to the present time, A.D. 1882.

The discovery of America, hy Columbus, is one of the most
important epochs of history, marking as it does the dividing line
between middle and modern time.

Other and earlier discoverers have their record, of whom it is
thought a very few words here will not be out of pUice.

200

PERIODS AND EPOCHS.

II 'ii

i I

It is said that " Profcsssor Neumarin and others, eminent
Bcliolarp, have satisfied themselves that proofs exist that FUSANG
iDust have been a portion of the American cont-nent; most
likely, the Mexican coast.

Neumann, in 1841, published from the original Chinese annals
the narrative of Iloei Shin, a Buddhist Missionary, who, A.D. 499,
returned from a long journey to the East, in which he describes a
country to which he gave the name " Fusang," and certainly the
account is not only very curious, but is shown by Mr. Leland *
to fairly descrilio Old and New Mexico."

Iceland had been discovered by the Norwegians as early as
A.D. 860, and after about fifteen years was colonized by them.

About fifty or one hundred j'cars later they colonized Green-
land towards its southern extremity, where ruins may yet be found.

These Norsemen are said to have discovered America in the
tenth centur3\ Lief Ericson with thirty-five men set sail from
Greenland to investigate the discovery of Bjorne Herjulfulson,
who had spoken of a strange land to the south upon which ho
had been driven by a storm, A. D. 986.

Ericson succeeded in finding land A. D. 1000, which from its
most prominent characteristics he named Ilelluland, Markland
and Vinland.

It is known that Columbus visited Iceland, amongst whose-
manuscripts these discoveries of Ericson are registered, during
the latter half of the fifteenth century, and the inference is^
that their contents were in some way or other made known and
served as a strong incentive to his enthusiasm and perseverance,
which was so well and persistently demonstrated in and during
his applications to the European courts for the means by which tO'
accomplish his ends.

Ultimatel}^ successful with Isabella, Queen of Spain, on the 3rd
of August, 1492. Columbus set sail, and on the Uth of October of
the same year discovered St. Salvador, the name of which was
given the small island by himself

He made other voyages, on the third of which, A.D. 1498, ho-
eet his foot upon the mainland of America, and in fact, so far as^
he is concerned, discovered America.

• From Cb.-irlcs O. Lel.ind's most interesting volume "Fusang ; or, the Blacovory o£
America by the CLiuege BuddList Priests in the Fifth Century."

PERIODS ANr EPOCHS.

201

John and Sebnstian Cabot, however, had planted the banner of
Enghind upon the soil of the New World at Prima Vista,,
fourteen months before Columbus beheld the mainland, and henco
were the discoverers of the continent of America during the
fifteenth century.

With all due respect to Columbus, from whom it would be base
to withhold one iota of the fame so richly merited ; if discovery
means the first to find out or to uncover to the gaze of others, it
cannot be established from h orieal records that ho was tho
discoverer of the great continent that afterwards, through the
accounts and publications of the Florentine, Amerigo Vespucci,
was called "America.''

Receding to the tenth century, it is quite as doubtful in regard
to Kricson. Biorne (Bjorne) had already, fourteen year.4
previoush', seen and described the land, which acted on the
mind of Ericson, as did the Icelandic manuscrij^ts and writings of
Marco Polo upon that of Columbus.

In virtue of the discovery of the Cabots, A. D. 1497, and
the planting of the red cross flag in America b}- Sir num])hrey
Gilbert, A.D. 1583, England based her claim of right to
islands and possessions upon the North American continent.

Her first effort at colonization was made at Roanoke, Virginia,
A.D. 1584, by Sir Walter Raleigh, a half brother of Gilbert.

It was unsuccessful, however, and not until A.D. 1G07 was the
first colonization b}^ England effected at Jamestown, Virginia,
under the management and care of Cnptain Smith, who gave
the name "New England" "o the English possessions on the
continent of America.

The Pilgrim Fathers landed at Plymouth, A.D. 1620, and settled
what is now known as New England. The French had already
established themselves in New France, and they claimed New
England under the discoveries of John Verazzani, a Florentine,
who had visited the country, A.D. 1521, and Jacques Carticr
ten years later.

In consequence of these facts and the difference of religion,
not to mention the animosities, etc., incited by tho fur trade, and
the fact that England and France were ever engaged one again.st
the other in war, massacres and strifes were frequent among

•202

PERIODS AND EPOCHS.

the Colonists, wherein much bloodshed resulted, either party
using the Indians as best it eould for the destruction of the
other.

Thus matters continued more than a century, until it was found
necessary, by moans of war, that the whole country should become
an English or French Colony.

War was consequently declared by the mother countries, and
upon the Plains of Abraham (after various struggles) resulted in
favor of the Engiibh and their colonists. A.I). 1759. In the
following year at Monti-eal, the French and their colony, through
the Governor do Vaudreuil, sun-endered to General Amherst, three
years after which, Groat Britain, by the treaty of Paris, A.D.
17G3, became possessed of the whole country.

It would now be thought that harmony might follow, but such
was not the fact. Man's inhumanity to man sprang into existence,
bringing civil war and cruel strife among a people of the
same origin and destiny.

In consequence of diffidence, arrogance and oppression on the
part of Great Britain, the Colonists, except the French Canadian
of New France, thirteen years afterward, A.D. 1776, declared their
independence which, after a war of seven years with the mother
country, A.D. 1783, Avas recognized.

The new country now organized itself and formed a Constitution,
M'hence begins the second period of our history as marked upon
tlie Chart of Time, the most important epochs of which are the
declaration of independence already mentioned ; the convention
at Philadelphia for the signing of the new Constitution, A.D.
1787; the purcliase of Louisiana, A.D. 1803; the civil war of
1861; and the abolition of slavery proclaimed by Abraham
Lincoln, January 1st, 1863; thjnce to date 1882, in which year
the American Association of Arts and Sciences honored the
Dominion of Canada, by its presence at Montreal, where many in-
iteresting and instructive papers were presented.

PERIODS AND EPOCHS.

203

TABULATION.

Epoch 1. Discovery op America.

HISTORY
OF THE
UNITED
STATES.

A.D.
1492

2. Raleigh's Unsuccessful Coloni-
zation OF Virginia 1584

3. First Succes.sful Colony at
Jamestown, bv Smith 1607

4. Landing of the Pilgrims 1620

5. Cession of Arms by the French 1760

6. Declaration OF Independence. . 1776

7. The New Constitution Signed. 1787

8. The Acquisition of Louisiana. 1803

9. War of 1812 1812

10. Civil War 1^61

11. Abolition of Slavery 1863

12. A. A. A. & S., at Montreal 1882

THE WHOLE PERIOD OF THE HISTORY OF THE
UNITED STATES EXTENDS FROM A.D. 1492 to 1882 = 380
YEARS.

THE HISTORY OF CANADA,

like that of the United States, is unobscured by the dusty clouds
of antiquity. It will be considered as Canada under the French

Regime, and Canada under the British Goverm.ment. The extent
of the country called " Canada " has, in fact, never been satisfac-
torily designated in history.

Its various boundaries may be seen in diftcrent Geographies;
and without being very particular on this point, it may also bo
said that the New France of Canada is not the Canada of to-day ;
but boars about the same relation to the Dominion of Canada as
does the New England of the Eastern States to the United States
of America.

As the name implies, Now France was settled by the French
whose rights of territory were based upon the discoveries of John
Verrazani, A.D. 1524, and of Jacques Cartier' 1534, the latter of
whom in the following year dis('(>vered and ascended the noblo
river St. Jjawrenco as far as Stadacona, now Quebec.

204

PERIODS AND EPOCHS.

s i

From this epoch Canadian history undor tho French Rogimo
properly bci^ins, i.e., 1 534, and extends to the conquest of Now
France by the P:ngli8h, A.D. 1760.

Tiio points most worthy of note are the discovery and efforts at
colonization, tho first of which, A.D. 1012, under Roborval and
the second undor do la Roche on Sable Island, were unsuccessful.
Tho earliest succosHful colony was ostabllMhod at Port Royal, A.D.
1604, (Quebec was founded by Samuel deChamplain, A.D, 1G08.

The Recollot Fathers wore brouglit iiiio New France A.D-
1615, and settled at Quebec. Ten years later, they received tho
Jesuits ; where, together with the aid of a few Sisters of Charily,
they c.itablished Roman Catholicism and its monastic institu-
tions.

The Jesuits have left a v:iliiahlo record (.Jesuits' Relations)
concerning their doings in the early history of Now France.

Tho Government was umler the control of tho King of Franco
■who, at first, acted through the companies of tho peltry traffic^
the most important of which were "Tho One Hundred Associates,'
estal)lished by Cardinal Richelieu A.D. 1G27, and the Montreal
Company of A.D. 1040.

Paul Chomedy do Maisonneuve, a prominent member of tho
latter, A.D. 1042, founded Montreal, first known as Villa Maria.
The Sulpiciiuis under M. do Queylus, established their seminary at
Montreal, A.D. 1057.

M. do Jjaval arrived in Now France, A.D. 1050, where he
received full ecclesiastical powers, and was created the first iiishop
of Quebec, A.D. 1070.

Tho Government of tiie country was more fully established, A.D,
1003, under the Sovkreion Council, in which church and state
were combined ; tho Governor, Bishop and Royal Intcndant
being the tiipod upon which reposed the welfare of Now Franco,

Dignity required the heads of tho Government to have been born
in France, whence they must be brought — no colonist being per-
mitted to act in capacity of Viceroy or Governor,

As early as A, D. 1029 New Franco had been conquered by
Admiral Kirk, but through the influence of Champlain it had
been restored, A,D. 1032, to France, in honor of which a church,
"Notre Dame do la Recouvrance," was built.

t ' >

PERIODS AND EPOCHS.

205

Admiral Phipps laid siego to Qiioboc, A.D. 1690; but by tho
determined resistar.co of Frontciiac was repelled, in honor of
which the Church of " Notre Daino de Yictoire " was erected.

The natives of the countr}', b}- French and En<rlish colonists,
were incited to commit cruelties, of which many shocking
examples are on record.

It followed as a natural result that, in consequence of nationality,
religion, massacres, disputed boundai-ies, etc., etc., both Franco
and England determined each upon the annihilation or expulsion
of the other from the Colony.

The English under Nicholson, with their colonists and licet
under Admiral Wallcer, invaded Acadia, and possessed themselves
of Port Royal, which, in honor of Queen Anne, tiiey named Anna-
polis, A.I).M710.

Later, A.D. 1744, began the old Fi-ench war, when Fort
Louisburg was captured by the British Colonists, but, much to
iheir chagrin, was re>tored to France, at the treaty of Aix-la-Cha-
pelle, A.D. 1748.

Mutual jealousies, doce])tions, etc., etc., brought on another
Avar, which resulted in tiie capture of Louisburg a second time;
and ultimately in the con»])Iote subjugation of New France,
A.D. 17()0, after which, by the treaty of Paris, A.D. 17G3, it
was ceded to Great Jiritain.

The Roman Catholics, so numerous in the country, were loft
to their own freedom of worshij), and nowhei'o in the world
arc there brighter jirospects for tiiem than in the Province of
Quebec.

TABULATION.

born
])or-

had
Hreh,

HISTORY

4.
5.

CANADA,

G
7

A.D.

( Epoch 1. Discovery of New France... 1534

'^ UnSLCCESSFUL CoLONrZATION 1542

Port Koyal Ct)LONizED 1604

Quebec Founded 1608

Montreal " 1642

The Sovereign Council 1663

The Old French War 1744

Conquest of New France.. 1760

206

PERIODS AND EPOCHS.

TUB HISTORY OF CANADA,

\ : 1 ?

' r^: ■«

i-'

14 :

under the British Government, begins at the conquest of Now
Franco A.D. 17»J0, and extends to tho ori^unization of tho
Canadian Pacific Jiailway Syndicate. A.D. 1881, or rather to tho
present time, A.D. 1882. From the Conquest to tho treaty of Paris,
A.D. 1703, a m ill tai-y form of government was established, with
vioneral Murray, yet an officer under Amherst, at its head.

After this treaty, by which it was coded to Great Britain, it was
called tho Province op Quebec, and General Murray was
appointed the tirst Governor, which position ho held with honor
until succeeded by Sir Guy Carlton, A. D. 1776, both of whom had
been officers under General Wolfe before Quebec. Pontiac,
the famous Ottawa chief, raised a conspiracy, A. D. 1704, that
resulted in much bloodshed and loss of valuable property.

Great Britain now possessed, as a colony, nearly tho whole
of North America, and in regard to her governors ditfored nothing
from the custom of France — dignity requiring them to be born
outside of the country, and with as much gentle blood as possible.
Circumstances began to transpire, however, thatresulted in the loss
of a great portion of the best of the Colony. Tho fact of taxation
without representation was a great factor in causing the revolu-
tion that was followed by the Declaration of Indeijondenco of tho
United States of America, A.D. 1770.

Tlie French Canadians did not join in the issue, because, although
a conquered people, in 1700, they had been guaranteed their
religious rights ; and as these had again been confirmed by tho
Quebec Act, A.D. 1774, they were very properly convinced by
their clergy that they had nothing to gain ; hence they remained
faithful to Great Britain, and their country was tho recipient
of the United Empire Loyalists who found occasion for now
homes during the struggle.

The (United States) revolutionary colonists wore eventually,
after a seven years' v,^ar, successful ; and on the third of Septem-
ber, A.D. 1783, a treaty of peace was signed by Great Britain,
which in the following year was ratified by the American Con-
gress.

PERIODS AND EPOCHS.

207

George WjiHhiiigton their, Commander in Chief, who had faith,
fully served hi.s country, was Hought from Iuh happy retreat on
the right bank of the Potomac, and unanimously elected tho
first President A.D. 1789, since which they have become a groat as
well as powerful nation.

Tho Province of Qtiol)ec', A.D. 1791, was divido<l into Upper
and Lower Canada, each of which was permitted to have a
Legislative Assembly. Onc-sovonth of the waste lands wore
donated to Protestant clergy, "Clergy Reserves," and tho Rev.
Jacob ^^ountain was raised to tho Protestant Bishopric, A.D. 1793.

In consequence of the war of 1812 between Great Britain
and the United Stales many buttles wore fought in Catuida, much
to her inconvenience.

A rebellion broke out, A.D. 1837, which was quelled during
tho following year, when the thirteen Canadian citizens (rebels)
paid tho death penalty in tho City of Montreal; at Kingston
ten, and London three, were also hanged.

The bill for the Union of Upper and Lower Canada came into
practical operation A.D. 1841. This wa., theyear of tho birth of
the Prince of Wales, who, A.D. 18G0, visited Canada and inaugu-
rated the opening of the Victoria bridge, built at Montreal under
the supervision and direction of the great engineer, Stephenson.

[n consequence of the jiassagoof a bill to indemnify losses result-
ing from tho ileboUion of 1837-8, that received the approbation
and signature of Lord Elgin, the Governor of Canada, A.D. 1849,
a rough mob collected, and, under tho pretended garb of loyalty,
besides insulting His Excellency in the streets, sot riro to tho
Parliament buildings, burning them and their very valuable
librar}'' to ashes; after which Quebec and Toronto became, alter-
nately, the seat of Government, until it was finally and permanently
located at Ottawa, A.D. 1858, by command of Her Majesty, tho
Queen of England.

Appropriate buildings wore ordered to be erected in that city and
devoted to the Dominion Parliament, A. D. 1807, when the Act of
the Union of Canada (Upper and Lower), Nova Scotia and Now
Brunswick was passed. It went into etl'ect July 1st, and the
inauguration was celebrated by general rejoicings throughont tho

208

PERIODS AND IPOOIIS.

Dominion, tliofirHt Governor or Viceroy of which wa.s Lord Monek
who had been in office since 1801. Olhcr Provinces have Hinco
joined.

The Canadian Pacific Railway, the oaE.VT iusino hun op the
Dominion of Canada, ih Haid lo have been bo<4un as a political
iiocosHity, and owe^i its origin to the confederation of the Provinces.

After Hcvoral ofl'orts and an many failures, a sj'iulicate was
formed, A.l). 1881. ;md liberally* subsidi/.ed, that is now
rapidly pushing the road U) its comjiletion, wiiieh by the terms of
iigrrcmont must bo tinished within ten years.

There will then be an artificial bond of great ^valuo uniting
all the Provinces.

Lord Uiifierin became the Viceroy of the Dominion A.D.
1872, where ho remained two terms, well-beloved by all. He
was succeedeu by the .Marquis of Lome, A.D. 1878, accompanied
by Ilor Jtoyal Highness the Princess Louise, both of whom are
well received in the Colony, being enthusiastically welcomed by
those who have the good fortune to meet them.

Only j'ostorda}', September 13th, they were congratulated at
San Francisco by their Royal >M(;ther, Queen Victoria, concerning
the success of British arms in Africa at the fall of Tel-el-Kebir,
and the termination of the war, in consequence of the brilliant
off'orts of the army and navy under General Wolseley and
Admiral Seymour.

During the months of September and October, in the South-
Eastern horizon throughout the United-States and Canada, there
appeared a beautiful and brilliant comet, which was much
admired by the Scientific world.

*" Tlio Syudicftle received a luiul grant of every ultern-.te section for twenty-four mllee
on either kKIc of its line, amounting to 25,000,001) aore^, am! a praeti<'al oiiilorrteniont of
their bonds to the aiuounl of §i,'j,0O0,00(), besides an atjHoliito gift of tlio completed
8e«-ti(in of the r<(iid, * * * The whole amount of eonipliUetl road to be turned over by
the (lovornnient to the Byndicate is 700 miles, valued at .If'js, 1100,1)00. ■)(• * * The Syn-
dicate receives certr.iu incidental privileges from the Government, such an exemption
from taxation of its right of way, depot buildings in insottled country, and its lands untU
Sold, and exemption from duty of materials used iu construction. On the other hand, it
must. Miibmit to Government regulation of its taril^s. * • ♦ 'J'lie length of the old Govern •
meal lino was 2,200 miles, 400 in the Thunder Bay, 1,200 in the valley and 000 iu the
IJritish Colombia section. Of course, the new lino cannot yet be measured, but it is
certainly much shorter."

The Driiish North West.

PERIODS AND EPOCHS.

209

Ul^TOKY

OF
'CANADA.

TADULATION.

AD.

Epoch I. Conquest of New France 1760

" 2. The Treaty op Paris, Canada

CEDED TO Great Britain 17rt3

" 3. The Quebec Act 1774

" 4. Division ok the Province op
Quebec into Upper and

Lower Canada 1791

" it. Union op THE TWO Canadas 1841

" 6. British American Confeder-
ation 18G7

7. The C. P. R. Syndicate 1881

" 8. The Queen of Comets 1882

Now, in conclusion, the author fools constrained to add, even
thouifh it bo repetition ; fyures an not representatives of time, but
«iarkors of it as of quantities of anything else.

Throughout the whole of the Periods and Epochs the sense
will remain uiiijnpaired if the dates, in almost every instance, bo
pa.ssed without being read.

Tho}' will be found useful, however, in assisting to roadilj' fix
localities upon thoChart, from which, as well as from the Contu-
graph and Slate, all the events must bo given by the pupils.

Should those instructions be literally followed, the foregoing

work, it is hoped and believed, will ])ossoss qualities Ihiit will bo

appreciated by tho student of history : its 8uccoss,howover, in

whatever light it may be viewed, must depend upon its practical

^utility in the field to which it will be ada])ted.

sk\'\:f./.

INDEX.

Preface ''"'"*

WocHlCutl.BirdVcve View of the Chart ....''...... n

2. Slate, open and closed

;<• Centopraph (hoth frames in view) j.,

" ''• " undivided years ^^

" i^- Plates 1 and 2, the Century j,,

t " <J- (-'t-ntographwith Cotnpartn)ents .,7

Description of the Chart of Time

^ 15

Syniholization

Geographical Representation hy Color "'..'..' j^

Localities Changed into Figures

Examples for Practice

Description of the Centograph ^^

Symhols

' 29

Instructions for Using the Centograph on

Description of the Historical Slate

Advantages of the Chart, Centograph and Slate 33

Statistical Application

....,., 34

Definitions Worthy of Special Attention ""' 3^.

Remarks ...

•••#• , ^ ..,,

p, „ .. 37

- 'efinitionsofHistorv

•' 42

Extracts from Various Authors

Historical Key to the Chart Of Time 61

(In this key each century is an index of its own facts wherein im-
portant events, from creation to date, may be readily found.)

212

PAOK

The Periods and Epochs of History 161

The Universe 162

Romtin Hii^torj 162

History of the Saracens 165

The Turks, or Mogul Tartars 166

The Bible 168

The Church 169

Grecian History, B. C 172

H istory of England 174

" Scotland 178

" the Persian Empire 180

" France 181

" Ireland , 182

" Egypt, B. C 184

" Germany 185

" Pru-sia 187

" Austria 188

" Assyria, B. C 189

" S[)ain 190

" Portugal 192

" Poland 193

'• Russia 19j

" China 196

••' Japan 198

" The United Slates 199

" Canada (mider the French Regime; 20.'?

" '• (undtr British government) 206

It*''

PAOK

• 161

.. 162
. . 162

.. 165
.. 166
. . 168
.. 169

. 172
. 174
,. 178
. 180
. 181
. 182
. 184

1S5

187
, 188

189

190

192

193

195

19G

198

199
203
20G

>i'l?]