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The following diagrams illustrate the method: L'exemplaire filmd fut reproduit grdce d la g6n6rosit6 de I'dtablissement prdteur suivant : La bibliothdque des Archives publiques du Canada Les cartes ou les planches trop grandes pour dtre reproduites en un seul cliche sont filmdes d partir de Tangle sup6rieure gauche, de gauche d droite et de haut en has. en prenant le nombre d'images necessaire. Le diagramme suivant illustre la mdthode : 1 i 3 1 2 3 4 S 6 'I ■^3 u^^ N THE FOOTSTEPS OF CADILLAC.... -c BY C. M. BUR'T'ON. ^4..».i^.J..T,,t^.»J^J„|.„J„ 31 .;.^-j..j,^..j^j,.t.^,^.^^ 4~H~f^^j^,^^,^.j. ANTOINE DE LA MOTHE i*. . CADILLAC. 5 '^>W"^>^>^'^^^«^«4~^»H~ I ^^ ^ ^ ^ ■ I ^■ I ^^ I ■■ ^ ^ I ■■ I ■■ I ■■ I . j ■ ^. DETROIT: Wt)LVKRINI-; rHiNTixr. Co. IHIK) /-; It 1^ / ...IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF CADILLAC... V* v'v*^^v^v^ An ,i.tempt to follow in the foot- steps of Antoine de LaMothe Cadillac, the past summer, has presented to me many objects of Interest and hai taught me much that I did not before know concernlnff the founder of the city of Detroit. CadlUao came to M. cklnac (then Michillimackinac) as its commandant in 1694, and remained in charge of that post for three years. He then return- ed to Quebec and ultimately to Paris where. In the year 1700, he obtained permission to found the city of De- troit. He was well qualliled for this task from his previous acquaintance with the country; and from his tem- perament and natural ability no better person could have been chosen to found a colony in the west. There was, up to this time, no French colony further west than Montreal, for all the west- ern posts were military or religious es- tablishments. The great object In founding a col- ony was to establish something perma- nent that should serve as a protection for the French traders, and the mla- slonarles among the Indians, and which would prevent the encroachments of the English on the territory which France claimed, but the boundaries of which were not well defined then and which were, in fact, never offlclally designated. Although many explorers and trav- elers had passed through the Lakes Ontario and Erie and around the falls of Niagara, before the year 1701, and that pathway to the northwest was fairly well known, Cadillac was di- rected to take the Ottawa route rather than that of the lakes, on account of the hostility of the Iroquois Indians, who, at this time, were at war with the French. The Ottawa route, so-call- ed, was up the Ottawa river from Mon- treal nearly to its source, thence across the long portage to Lake Nipls- slng, thence through Frenchman's riv- er to the Georgian bay and, coasting the bay, in a southerly and westerly direction to Lake Huron, the River St. Clair, and so finally to the Detroit river. This course was long and tedi- ous, for there were some 30 portages where the canoes and the luggage of the company had to be carried f.i the shoulders of the oarsmen and voyarsurs but It was the rouce that had been traversed for many years by all those Frenchmen who had penetrated into the upper country. My desire was to go to Mackinac and by easy stages reverse the footsteps of these voyageurs and pass through the Georgian bay.up Frenchman's river, through Lake Nlptsslng and down tho Ottawa river to Montreal, but the lim- ited time at my disposal would not permit a trip of this duration, and I planned a route more in consonance with that of established travel through the lakes and down the St. Lawrence. The first object of real interest, as connected with Cadillac, is the Wel- land canal. Shortly after Cadillac had establlsh'd Detroit, a peace with the Iroquois was entered into and the path- way around the falls of Niagara was opened for the second and all the suc- ceeding trios to Detroit, and It is not recorded that the Ottawa route was thereafter ever used for those who came so far south as Detroit. Cadillac's Foreslgrht. In one of the earliest of Cadillac's re- ports he advocates the building of a canal around Niagara falls. This was an extraordinary display of foresight. There had been, a few years before this, a sail vessel, the Griffon, on Lake Erie, but it was wrecked the same year It was built and no oti er sail vessel was ever launched by the French on the upper lakes, nor was there any vessel of considerable size floated on these waters until some years after British occupation. The Welland canal of today must bave been as far beyond the concep- tion of Cadillac In 1702 as the vessels of today exceed in size the Griffon that LaSalle launched near Buffalo in 1679. This magniflcent canal is a feat of engineering wonderful to the people of today, and I thought, as I wan- dered along its massive stone basins and locks, what the surprise of Cadil- lac would be if he could be, for an instant, permitted to see carried Into effect his suggestions or plans of two centuries ago. After passing through this canal our boat next went to Toronto and thence to Oswego. Both of these places are full of historic interest but not that of the subject I was investigating. The beautiful scenery of the Thousand islands is nearly as wild as it was in Cadillac's time, but the hand of man has changed the aspects of many islands and turned their barrenness and wildness into bowers of beauty. The rapids of the St. Lawrence colh- mence a short distance below Ogdens- burg and continue to Montreal. These rapids are in no manner changed from Cadillac's time and are just as dangerous noT.' as when the Frenchmen and Indians of his day braved the waves in their frail canoes. Accidents frequently happened; canoes were upset and their occupants were drowned or barely escaped with their lives ; but the people continued to pass down the river by that route rather than walk along the shore and let their boats float at the end of long ropes, which were occasionally used for that purpose. The streets of Montreal are an evi- dence of the French ideas of two cen- turies ago. They are narrow, straight and short. The town of Ville Marie, founded by Malsonneuve In 1642, is still to be seen in the city of Montreal of today, for the streets are there as they were occupied by those old French habitans, and some of the buildings still remain. Montreal is all stone and brick and the massive stone buildings of the later times are out of sorts with the narrow streets on which they are erected. Church Attended by Detroit'* Founder. Here, on St. Paul street, near the river, stands Bonsecour church, the oldest church in Montreal, and here Cadillac and his wife and family went to mass many times, for it was then the only church in Montreal, and Cadillac was a devout catholic. The tablet on the church informs ua that the present structure is modem, compared with Cadillac's time, but that its foundation antedates Detroit several years. I took a copy of the Inscription, which is as follows: N. D. Bonsecour. Commencee USl. Incendlee 1761 Reconstrulte 1772. RMtoree 1888. The Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Montreal, some years since, hunted up the points of historical in- terest in the city and erected tablets to indicate the important event or loca- tion of the place. These tablets are fastened up in many places In the older French portion of the city. Some of them are of interest to the people of Detroit as indicating some matters in which our city took a part. As an instance, at the northwest corner of McGill and Notre Dame streets la the following inscription: RecolIetB Gate. By this gate Amheret took poBsesaion. 8 September 1760. Oen. Hull, U. S. Army, 25 officers, 360 men. entered Prisoners of War, 10 September 1812. An inscription of more interest to me was that affixed at the northwest corner of St. Lambert and Notre Dame streets, as follows: In 1694 Here stood the bovine of LaMothe Cadillac, The Founder of Detroit. This statement is not exactly true, but it Is supported by facta sufficient to make the assertion reasonably cor- rect. Cadillac did not live In Mon- treal In 1694, but was stationed at MichiUlmacklnac. His wife remained in Montreal until his return there In J 1697. He did not. owu any dwelling, at that time, in Montreal, nor have I been able ♦" Ind that he ever owned one there, ab commandant at Mack- inac he was permitted to engage in trade there and his wife acted as his agent in Montreal In purchasing goods and forwarding them to him for sale to the Indians or traders. At Mon- treal lived LaMothe Luciere, a name- salce and possibly a relative of Cad- illac. This man was an army officer of some prominence who had, a few year before this, at the request of the French government, built a fort at Niagara. He was also governor of Montreal In 1669 and 1670. LaMothe Luciere lived on Notre Dame street In Montreal and Madam Therese Guyon (wife of Cadillac) made her home with him during the absence of her husband at Mackinac. I have not discovered anything to indicate that LaMothe Cadillac and LaMothe Lu- ciere were In any way related, but the identity of the family name, La- Mothe, indicates that they had some connection with each other. What lit- tle we know of the life of Madam Cadillac indicates that she was a ca- pable and energetic business woman as well as a trave and affectionate wife. I have copies of many contracts, for various purposes, entered into by her for promoting the interest of her husband, and she borrowed money for him and purchased goods to send to him on many occasions. I do not know what authority the society had for placing this placard at the corner of St. Lambert street, but probably it was the home of LaMothe Luciere, and that Cadillac and his wife tem- porarily lived there. That he once occupied it made it an object of in- terest. Valuable Doonment* for Detroit. There are many other inscriptions of local interest; some in French and others in Bnglish, but no others of local interest to Detroit, except as they pertain to the histoiy of the northwest. I visited the Palais de Justice and was permitted to inspect and read the archives in the basement of this great building. Here are collected and pre- served t^je musty records of two cen- turies and a half of Canadian history. I have had a copyist busy for some years transcribing such of those rec- ords as pertain to Detroit and the matter is far from being exhausted yet. The wealth of historical matter in these ancient and yellow documents is unknown to historians, I believe, and I think I am the first person to disclose, in part, their value to the writers and readers of history. Some 20 or 30 volumes of these records have already been transcribed for my use and no item later than the year 1760 has yet been copied. Dwelling upon the quantity and wealth of these old papers will scarcely convey an idea of their importance, and I can only ex- press my appreciation of them by the word "invaluable." Nearly across the street from the Palais de Justice and a block or so further to the east, on the southerly side of Notre Dame street, is situated the Chateau de Ramezay, built for Claude de Ramezay in 1704 or 1705. This building was of great interest to me and is of so much interest now to the people of Montreal that they have purchased it and retain it in its orig- inal shape as a memorial of old Mont- real. Shortly after Detroit was founded Cadillac got into a quarrel with the Company of the Colony of Canada rel- ative to the right to the trade of the new post and. in consequence of the quarrel, he was summoned to Mont- real, where he was detained— not ex- actly placed under arrest, but com- pelled to remain within the limits of the city pending the hearing of the charges preferred against him. At this time Claude de Ramezay was the gov- ernor of Montreal, and, in that capac- ity, Cadillac was subject to bis orders and to a certain extent he was in his custody. Ramezay proved himself in many ways to be the friend of his prisoner, giving him personal liberty there and assisting him in his appeal to the authorities at Quebec^ and in France. Probably he was en.ertalned by Ramezay at this chateaj, for at this time the building was just com- pleted or in process of erection. Hlatorlo Old Castle. The building itself is a marvel of solid masonry, so substantial that the CHATEAU DE RAMEZAY, MONTREAL, WHERE CADILLAC WAS EN- TERTAIN ED IN 1704. winters of 200 years have disclosed no faults In Its construction. I cannot adequately describe its massive walls of stone, its great fireplace in the basement or cuisine, its vaulted wine cellar which seems like a dungeon of some old castle. The building is two stories in height besides the cellar and basement, and the rooms are large. Here for more than a century assem- bled the great men of the nation on important occasions. The successive governors met the Indian chiefs on their visits to the city, receiving them In the great reception room of the chateau. Here in this council room sat many of the noted men of the last century— Ramezay, Vaudreuil, Cadillac. Gen. Amherst, Gen. Gage, Sir Guy Carleton (afterward Lord Dorchester), Benjamin Franklin, Charles Carroll (survivor of the sign- ers of the declaration of independence), Benedict Arnold, the traitor, and many others. In February, 1776, congress appoint- ed three commissioners, Benjamin Franklin, Charles Carroll and Samuel Chase, to go to Canada to see if they could not enlist the Canadians in the American cause in the war then pend- ing with England. Rev. John Carroll, afterward archbishop of Baltimore, accompanied the expedition. On their arrival at Montreal they were met by Gen. Benedict Arnold. One of the com- missioners, Charles Carroll, on the oc- casion wrote: "We supped at that general's and after supper were conducted to our lodgings— the house of Thomas Walk- er—the best built and perhaps the best furnished Jn this town." The "house of Thomas Walker" was at the west end of the Chateau de Ramezay, and here they remained un- til their return to the states. Dr. Franklin, who was old (70 years of age) and infirm, remained but a few dnys and set out on the 11th of May on his return. Rev. John Carroll started with him. It is related that while Franklin was stopping in Montreal the first printing press there was set up in the basement of the chateau under his directions, by Joseph Fleury Mesplet, who came to J Montreal with the commissioners. This may have been a fact, for It is certain that at about this time the first press was brought to Montreal, but the lim- ited time of Franklin's visit would not permit htm to give Mesplet many les- sons In printing. However, the first newspaper there, the Gazette du Com- merce et Lltteraire, pour la Viile et District de Montreal, was published by Charles F. Mesplet and C. Berger on June 3 in the following year. Quebec In Cadlllae'H Time. Quebec, the next place of import- ance that attracts our attention, is more like the ancient French cities than is Montreal. Not only do its nar- row streets Indicate its age, but Its very people seem to live In last cen- tury. In an estimated population of 75,000 I understand that only 5,000 are Protestants and only the latter num- ber speak the English language. Many of the French people are able to speak both languages, but this knowledge Is confined to merchants and clerks and those carrying on a business that brings them Into contact with both nationalities. The streets are exceedingly narrow in the lower town— the older part. Nearly all of the buildings here were destroyed or seriously Injured by the bombardment of Gen. "Wolfe In 1759, but they were reconstructed on their old foundations and the streets were neither straightened nor widened. The electric cars, recently Introduced, nearly monopolize many of the streets, for there was scarcely room for two vehicles to pass, before, and the new car line is placed In the center of the stree: so now the car must wait for teams to move along to the next cross- ing before It can proceed. Some of the streets are so narrow that only one team can pass at a time— 10 to 12 feet In width— and here are huddled a multitude of women and children, living in apartments over the stores they own. The street is not wide enough for a walk beside the driveway and the people must neces- sarily go Into the street to walk. This is the city of Quebec, as It was In Cadillac's time, for here his wife lived with her father, Denys Guyon, and her brothers, after the father's death, in a stone house on St. Pierre street In Lower Town, In this town Cadillac and Marie Therese Guyon were married on the 25th of June, 1687, and here they lived for some time then, and at a later date. Cadillac was in the marine depart- ment and was stationed on the hill that overlooks the city, probably the present site of the Chateau Frontennc, or possibly even further up at the citadel. When the evening came and he was released from his duties he, with others, was accustomed to wan- der down the long winding roadway of the hill reaching to Lower Town to visit the places of amusement. q\; pos- sibly the 16-year-old girl who became Madam Cadillac in 1687. An episode in the life of the founder is related in the unpublished records of that time as follows: Detpolt's Founder in a Bpa-wl. " On Thursday, May 2, 1686. Cadillac, then a lieutenant of the company of Sieur de Vallereinies, got into a quar- rel with Sieur de Sabrevoye, sub-lieu- tenant of the Company of Desquerac at the house of the widow of Pierre Pellerin, Sieur de St. Amant, on St. Pierre street, In Lower Town, where Cadillac had called early in the even- ing and had been invited to have a glass with the assembly. The quarrel arose over some reflec- tions of Cadillac regarding the habits of Sabrevoye, and on the fact that Sabrevoye was supported by the Mar- quis Denonville, governor and lieu- tenant-general for the king. In the melee Cadillac threatened to thrash Sabrevoye; both men attempted to draw their swords, but the bystanders threw themselves between them and prevented the duel, whereupon Cadil- lac took up the copper candlestick, which was on the table, and threw it at the head of Sabrevoye, wounding him and extinguishing the light. La- Perelle, a sub-lieutenant, and Sieur Declavaux, who were present, ejected Cadillac from the house. Cadillac was very much frightened for if news of the event came to the ears of the marquis It would probably end in his ruin. He was summoned before the recorder of the marshal's court. A great amount of testimony was taken in the case and all reduced to writing and is still preserved. The governor went from house to house summoning the witnesses before him and himself questioned each one re- garding the quarrel, Its origin, prog- ress and result. Sabrevoye's wound was not serious and the affair was patched up and Cadillac was released. When Cadillac was commandant at Detroit, some years later, Sabrevoye came here to live and remained for seme years. In a little square, nearly under the Chateau Frontenac, the grand hotel of Quebec, stands a small church call- ed Notre Dame des Victolres. This was first erected In 1688, but has since been reconstructed and Is now of a modern form, but Is still on its ancient foundation. Cadillac was not married in this church, for It was erected the year succeeding his marriage, but probably within Its doors some of his children were baptized, for his son Antolne was born In Quebec In 1692. James was born there in 1695. Peter Denis was born there June 13, 1699, and was bur- led there July 4, 1700. Marie Ann was born in Quebec, June 7, and died June 9, 1701, and Rene Liouls, who was; born In Detroit, died in Quebec in 1714, so that around this church some of the moat Interesting events in the life of Cadillac are clustered. Concerning this church Phileas Gag- non, probably the best historical au- thority In Quebec, recently wiote to me: "The church of Notre Dame de la Vlctolre is and has been the only church built In the lower town of this city. It stands on what was called In 1687 'Place Royal,' on account of a bronze bust of Louis XIV., erected there that year by Bochart Cham- pigny. This church was erected In 1688 but It was not called Notre Dame de la Vlctoii-e until 1690. In that year amid the Joy caused by the defeat of Sir Wnilam Phipps, in his attempt to capture the town of Quebec, the feast of Notre Dame de la Vlctolre was es- tablished, to be annually celebrated in this church on the 7th of October— that being the day on which the first Intelligence of the coming of the Eng- lish was received. After the shipwreck of the English fleet In 1711, which was considered by the inhabitants as a eec* ond victory, and little less than a mi- raculous interposition in their favor, the church received thj name of Notre Dame des Victolres, in order to com- memorate both occasions at the same time." Within the pre?ent church, on the wall facing the pulpit is a marble slab with an inscription to indicate the principal events in the history of the church, as follows: 1688 lei Mai, Pose de la 1 ere Dlerre par le Marquis de Denonvllle gouverneur Innocent XI Pape Louis XIV Rol de France L'EfTllse est dedlee a I'enfant Jesus. 1690 Defalt de Tarme'} Phipps Tesrlise prend le tltre de N. D. d( la Vlctolre ITU Dispersion de la flotte de rarmee Walker, I'egllse prend le tltre de N. D. des Victolres 1759 Incendlse pendant le siege 1765 Rebatle 1888 Rsetoree a I'occaslon du 2elne contaire Across the street from this church Is the Hotel Blanchard, which, I was in- formed, is built on the site of a con- vent which was established In the seventeenth century. In this convent Madam Cadillac placed her eldest daughter Magdelalne, when she set out for Detroit in the summer of 1701. Cadillac had reached the site of De- troit and laid the foundation for the new post on the 24th day of July, 1701. He brought with him his eldest son, Antolne, then a youth of some 9 ye'^^^^/>t,iHf "'"*v^r7-^^ «.***. ^X'CC^t^h^ -/k^T^u^^y*''' COPY OF CAVZhhAQ'S MARRIAGE CERTIFICATE FOUND IN CANA- PIAN ARCHIVES, (TRANSLATION.) The 25th of the month of June, In the year 1687, after the betrothment and the publication of two bans of marriage, hav- ing obtained dispensation of the third of Monsieur de Bernieres, vicar-general cf the Ijord Bishop of Quebec, the first being pub- lished the 22d and the second the 2'lth oi! the present month, between Antolne de La- mothe, esquire, sieur de Cadillac of the village of Port Royal in Acadia, aged about 26 years, son of Mr. Jean de la Mothe, sieur of the place called CaJiUac of I^aunay and Semontel, counsellor of the parllamenL of Toulouse, and of Madam Jeanne de Malenfant, his father and mother, of the one part; and of Marie Thereze Guyon, daughter of the deceased Denis Guyon, a citizen of this place, and Elizabeth Bou- cher, her father and mother, of the other part, aged about 17 years, and not finding any hindrance, I, Francois Oupre, cure of this parish, have solemnly married and given the nuptial benediction in the pres- ence of the subscribing witnesses, sieurs Bartheleml Desmarest, Michel Denys Guy- on, Jacques Guyon, Denys le Maitre, who have signed with the husband and wife. LAMOTHE LAUNAY. MARIE THERESE GUYON. JACQUES GUION. MICHEL GUION. DENIS LE MAITRE. DEMAREST. FRANCOIS DUPRE. The above named priest, Francois Dupre, came to Canada May 28, 1673. In 1675 he was a missionary in the Quebec seminary; first cure of the parish of Champlain in 1684, and cure of the parish of Quebec from 1686 till 1707. In 1711 he was at Lorette, where he died and was buried under the al- tar June 29, 1720. I could not ascertain the house on St. Pierre street in which Cadillac ana his wife lived while in Quebec, but a further investigation of the titles to lots in the lower town may give me its location. Outward bound from Quebec on an DC dan steamer I passed through the River St. Lawrence, past the falls of Montmorency and down the gulf, hug- ging the southern shore, which is dot- ted with the little hamlets of fisher- men, whose ancestors took up this oc- cupation centuries ago and whose de- scendants will probably continue t for centuries to come. -The scenery along this coast Is grand, and beyond the power of my pen to adequately de- scribe. After a few days' sail I reached Charlottetown, In Prince Edward Island, and now began to feel that I was in America, for here everyone speaks English, and French is appar- ently unknown. From Charlottetown a ride of a few hours on a great ferry steamer takes us to Pictou in Nova Scotia. Pictou is a small place and can be fitly described as "over-ripe," for it has reached the zenith of its prosperity and Is sinking to decay. From Pictou the railroad carried me south across the Isthmus to Halifax. The country is beautiful, but as this portion was unknown to the French or uninhabited by them I did not take so great an interest in either Charlottetown, Pic- tou or Halifax. After a short stay in Halifax I again took the train across the isthmus In a northwesterly direction to Annapolis Roytl. This is the land of Evangeline. Longfellow has appropriately de- scribed this country: This is the forest primeval, the murmuring pines and the hemlocks. Bearded with moss, and In garments green, indistinct in the twilight, Stand lilte Druids of Eld, with voices sad and prophetic, Stand like harpers hoar, with beards that rest on their bosoms. I never saw a country, on the 1st of September, so green and pretty as this country is. In the states the verdure is burned and yellow from the hot days of July and August, but here the trees and shrubs and grass ire as greei? and fresh as if the winter snows had but recently melted and the April showers had given fresh life and vigor to all nature. On through Grand Pre and along the shores of the basin of Mtnas, where Evangeline and her lover lived, skirt- ing the waters of the bay, through beautiful and quiet scenery, our train of 3ome 20 cars, heavily laden with passengers, draws up at Annapolis, the end of its journey. A great excur- sion of country folks on the Intercolo- nial line were returning from a day spent In Halifax and the cars were crowded with passengers and filled with the merry laughter of the young folks. Nova Scotia was originally covered with evergreens, pine, hemlock, juni- per, cedar and spruce trees. On the cultivated portions these evergreens have been cleared off except an occa- sional tree or shrub, but there are thousands of acres on which the origi- nal forests are still standing as green as on the day Champlain first visited the country. The picture that Long- fellow draws of Evangeline's home is perfect, except that the pine trees and other timber seem to be of a dwarf variety and not the stately pines of Michigan. It la but a short distance from Grand Pre to Annapolis and the country is of that same beautiful green that one sees everywhere In Nova Scotia. Historic Old Port Royal. Annapolis was my destination and a longer stop than usual was made at this point, for it was full of interest to me of a period that antedates Evan- geline by half a century. It was called Port Royal by the French and was the most important of their early settle- ments in America, for it was occupied by them as early as 1605. The posses- sion of the place passed from France to England and wels again returned to France several times before its final cession to England in 1718. A fort was erected in 1605, which was probably enlarged and Improved as time passed on. This fort is still In existence, or rather the earthworks and some of the stone buildings still remain, though it is no longer used for military purposes. The fort grounds cover some 30 acres of land and the earthworks cover a goodly portion of that ground. The embankments are still nearly Intact, and show that an immense amount of work was done to carry the dirt that forms these great earthworks, for the French had no horses or caittle with which to do this work, and the earth was carried from a distance on the backs of Indian wo- men. The great piles of earth show that this was the work of years. The sand in one place, at a comer of the fort, threatened to slide in and thus destroy the corner, and a stone wall was ereoted to hold it in place. The wall remains as it was built, wi'thout mortar; insld'e this wall and close against It are two huge willows,brought from France, of a specie not found in America. These willows are now at least four feet in diameter, showing that they must have been set out here 250 years ago. At the northwest cor- ner of the fort, and on the interior, is what is locally termed the "Black Hole." It Is supposed that it was in- tended as a prison for refractory sol- diers or Indians. It is not large enough to hold more than a dozen or 20 people at once, and it is more likely that It was Intended as a small powder maga- ine, or else to hold the arms of the sol- diers. On the western side and about mddway down the curtain is the sally pont. This looks toward Annapolis basin. The masonry is as old as the earthworks, and seems likely to be able to withstand the ravages of time for many centuries. Q,aeer Powder Masraxlne. The most interesting object In the fort is the powder magazine in the south- west comer. This magazine is 15 by 20 feet on ithe interior and 30 by 36 feet on the exterior— showing tha/t the walls are 6 to 7% feet In thickness. The building is constructed of a specie of limestone brought from Normandy and is unlike any stone found in this part of the country. The masonry Is exceedingly substantial and the mor- car in which the stone was laid 250 years ago shows no sign of breaking in the mterlor. The arohed roof is made without the aid of a keystone, and the cement is so strong that the necessity of one was not felt. With a fort as substantial as this was and an adequate supply of men and mu- nitions of war the French could have withstood an army of Englishmen. Behind the fort, and to the souith of it, were clustered the dwellings of the people of Port Royal, a small village, for although there were some 500 or 600 people in the settlement around the fort, they were scattered over ithe sur- rounding farming lands for many miles. The country had been so long occu- pied by them that they had no fear of the Indians, and they thought they were prepared for incursions from the English. i -11 iii .ill Annapolis basin Is a long bay set- ting in from the Bay of Fundy, some 20 or 25 miles, and it is at the eastern extremity of this basin that the fort was erected. The entrance from the bay to the basin is much narrower than the basin is after that point is passed. Midway along the basin is Goat Island. The water in the basin is of sufflclent depth to float the larg- est vessels, for the tide rises 25 to 30 feet at the eastern extremity of the basin, and the tide in the Bay of Fundy, the highest In the world, rises over 50 feet. CaOlllac'ii Home Bnrned by the BrltlMh. In 1690 Cadillac lived In Port Royal and owned a house In the village there. In 1689 war had broken out between France and England over the expul- sion of King James II. by England, and the harboring of him by Louis XIV. of France, and the warfare was to be carried on in America, as well as In Europe. When this war was de- clared Cadillac was residing on Mount Desert island, which he owned, but he removed his family to Port Royal, probably for better security, and pur- chased a dwelling for them behind the fort. He was probably engaged with the ur.cle of his wife, Francois Guyon, on shipboard, looking out for English vessels that they might capture or de- stroy, and spent but little time with his family at the fort. At that time the only child that Cadillac had, of which we have any record, was Mag- delaine, who was born either on Mount Desert Island or at Port Royal. Sir William Phipps, governor of Massachusetts, had been Instructed by his government to take such part In tho war with France as he might be able, both to protect the English set- tlements In America and to Inflict all possible Injury on the French. With this end In view he set out In April, 1690, to achieve something for the glory of England and the discomfiture of France. Sailing into Annapolis basin In the latter part of May, he took the place by surprise, and it was obliged to surrender to him without offering any resistance. While the lives of the citizens were spared their houscz were plundered and some of them, Cadillac's among the number, were burned. The parish church was destroyed and the priests, Petit and Trouve, with some 38 sol- diers were carried prisoners to Bos- ton'. Cadillac's family, burned out, started to return to Quebec, were taken pris- oners by the English, but were re- leased as non-combatants, and proceed- ed home. Mount Desert Island, which belonged to Cadillac, and on which he resided In 1689, Is on the coast of Maine; Cadillac's possessions not only Included this Island, but several thou- sand acres of the adjacent mainland, Including the modern Bar Harbor. I have been unable to ascertain why this valuable and extensive tract was given to Cadillac, for he had not ac- complished much at this time to war- rant the government In making the gift. It is possible that his work on tho ocean was better known than the records seem to Indicate now, and that this land was given In compensation for that work. He was familiar with the entire coast line and one of the earliest French maps of Boston, as well as one of the earliest maps of New York, both made by Franquelin, bear the mark of ap- proval of Cadillac. At a later period and during the war he accompanied an expedition to New York, or Man- athe, as he calls it, Intending to attack that place by water; but the plan failed for want of concert between the land and naval forces. Jealoiuiy of the Ii*rench. While my visit to Boston and Cam- bridge, with their great libraries so full of historical matters of those early days, and the great Lenox. Astor and Tilden libraries of New York, were of exceeding interest to me in these studies, the memory and name of Cad- illac is to be found only In the old records. Nothing remains now as it was in his day. A trip up the Hudson is beautiful and interesting, but far more interest- ing to me were two old documents I found in archives in the great state capitol at Albany. As preliminary to the introduction of these papers I would state that shortly after Cadillac reached the site of Detroit the Eng- lish, at a treaty meeting with the Iro- // OLD POWDER MAGAZINI'; AT ANNAPOLIS. quois Indians, obtained from these In- dians a deed of all the land in the west as far as Chicago, and including the present Detroit. This deed has been printed several times and can be found in extenso in volume 4, page 908, oil the "New York Colonial Manu- scripts." It is dated July 19, 1701, but the difference in computation of time between protestant and catholic coun- tries makes this, In the French calen- dar, July 29, or four days after Cadil- lac arrived at Detroit. In this deed Detroit is called Tjeughsaghrondle (this name can be spelled some 70 dif- ferent ways), and Lake Erie is called Swege. The proposed erection of the fort at Detroit was evidently known to the Iroquois some time before Cadillac se- lected its site, and both the Indians south of the great lakes and the Eng- lish were excited over it and proposed to stop it If possible. It was at this time and in this situation of affairs that the two documents I have found were written, and they fully explain themselves. Robert Livingston was secretary of Indian affairs and John Nanfan was lieutenant-governor. The papers have, I believe, never been printed, and I give them in full: Report of Laurence Clease ye Interpreter come from Onnandago ye 10th. of Octob 1701 in Albany. Pursuant to the Instructions given me the 5th. Instant I went to Onnandago where I found ye Sa- chims of ye Slnnekes, Cayugas and Onnandagos convlnd, who had bolts sent them from ye Maguasa and Oneydes, they asked me If Quldor was come according to their desire, I told them no, and that he had great Inclination to come but ye season of ye year would not admltt It, there being dayly much rain and cold weather to be expected. Then they asked me If ye Secretary. Mr. Livingston, was gon to England according to their oar- nest request made In ye publike propositions when they were Last at Albany to acquaint the King how ye French Incroached upon their Country for they had not only made a fort at Tjughsaghronle, but have, since ye Sachlms were last at Albany, made two trading houses on this side of ye Lake hard by ye Slnnekes at ye two principall Places where our Indians must pass by. when they come from hunting, and have brought thither all sorts of Indian goods, one of ye Places R''i!l 111 .:i!i ii i, Is called Dekana Sachtlago. and the other Tenchjuchjago, we fear If tho Secretary does not goe who knows all our affairs that I^etters will not be regarded and then we shall Loose our country and our hunting u,nd those of AibPny wUl Loose their Trade for we see ye frenrh are a diligent People— always In action but ye People of Albany aro as if they were Lame or Crl e, goe no where to Trade to no Indians The French are passed by to ye Fort which they have made this Summer and have a french woman in each Canoe, but, we see not that Corlalr does any thing. I answered that ye Secretary was gone, upon which they said, are the leters gone, I told ym I did not know. I told them further yt I was come upon their message which they sent to Albany, concerning their Resolution to send Agents to make Peace with ye Davaganhads and other farr Indians at Tjugh- Saehrondie and yt I had a great bolt from Corcair to send wll ym to confirm ye Peace and to assure ye farr Indians that they should be welcome to come to Albany and well Treated where they would find Roods cheaper than at Canada The Sachims were well satisfied and took ye bolt sent bv Corlalr, and said they had not only concluded to make Peace with ye farr Indians, at TJughsaghrondle (ac cording to their desire signified to ym by a Sinneka Prisoner whom they had released and sent to ye 5 nations for yt purpose) but have sent ye Prisoners of ye farr Indians away before with some Indians to acquaint ye Dowagan- haes that they were a Comoing to make peace with them at TJughsagh- rondle. In which Peace our Brother Corlalr shall be Included, and we will make one ar- ticle that they come and trade at Albany for which the Path shall be open and clean. Concerning ye bad news that the messenger said was at Onnandago the matter is this, a rumour is spread among the Indians that DeScannisson, and another when he was Last at N. Torke should betray the five nations to ye governour of N. Yorke to be Destroyd and that he should have done ye same to ye governour of Canada, giving a Bolt to each governour and that this story, should come from Kendrlk ye Ma- guass who should have said it to Aqueondars and ye DeKanissord has sent a post to the Govornour of Canada to free hii'^self of this imputation. When I came back I asked Ken- drlk ye Indian and Aqueenders but they know nothing of ye matter, being a notorlus lye, however it hath made a great stirr among ye Indians In this country I found ye Indians at Onnan- dago very much divided in two factions, ye one for ye English the other ye French, but I believe those that are for for this government are ye strongest and those Sachlma that are of our side desire me that I would tell Corlalr and Quinder yt it was their desire yt a messenger be sent to Canada to forbidd the Governour of yt Place to make such trading house on their Ground for those trading houses would be soon converted Into Forts. LAURENCE CLEASE. Anotlier Note of Alarm. To the Hon. John Nanfan Esq. Lieut. Gov. and Commander In Chief of ve Province of N. Yorke &c. The humble Memoriall of Rt. Livingston Sec for yr Indian Affairs showeth How that he has been lately at Albany to Enqulr Into ye state of ye Indians of ye five na- tions who he finds by ye interpreter lately come from them that they are very much divided among themselves by a french faction among them as by ye said Interpreter's report under his hand ap- pears. That ye French of Canada have not only built a new fort this summer at TJughsaghrondle between ve lake of Sweege and Ottowawa the prlnclpall place of Bever hunting, but have lately built two trading houses on this side of ye lake near ye Slnnekes and stored them with all sorts of Indian goods. He doth therefore offer it as his opinion for the expelling of french 13 III li' from his Majat territories and preventing of the like JLncroachmentB for the future that a party of men be sent forthwith to destroy ye said Trading Houses save the Koods and distribute them among the In- dians and discharge ye French from settling on this side of ye lake That Lawrence ye Interpreter be sent with some of or such as your honr. Shal think fltt as far as TJughsaghrondle out a hunting with some of our Indians to make a discovery of what the French are a doing, what fort they have made, what treaties they have agreed to with ye farr Indians, havn our Indians conclude their Deace with ye said far Indians and on what terms, and withal to endevor to brint; some of ye farr Indians to Albany to trade, • • • October 20. 1701. ROBT. LIVINGSTON. Thus I completed my first, but I sin- cerely hope not my last, journey in the footsteps of Cadillac. C. M. BURTON. September, 1898. ULNDINQ OP CADILLAC. Ulatorlc Kvent That Mlgrht Be Coinineniora,te«l. Among the many suggestions for the proposed bicentenary of the founding of Detroit, little has been advanced that might be considered Qersonal to the illustrious Frenchman, who with his band of hardy adventurers on the 23d day of July, 1701, landed where the city of Detroit now stands. In Robert B. Ross's work, "The Landmarks of "Wayne County and De- troit," the first chapter is devoted ex- clusively to a graphic pen picture of this historical incident. A brief re- sume of the chapter may prove sug- gestive to the committee in charge of the program of exercises, On June 5, 1701, the Cadillac expe- dition started from La Chine, above Montreal, and entered the Ottawa river. They threaded the windings of that stream for over 300 leagues, mak- ing 30 portages,. The remainder of the .route was down French river 10 Lake Huron. The party crossed the lake and landed where Gonsolus Du- lutl- had in 1687 built a fort, burned by the Indians two years later. They passed down St. Clair river and lake, and entered the Detroit river late in the afternoon, having accomplished a voyage of over 1,000 miles in 40 days. The expedition was a ponderous one for those days. There were 25 large canoes, or bateaux, in which were 100 white men. These boats were 26 feet long by 6 feet beam, having each two tons burden. One hundred Algonquin warriors in birchbark canoes, consti- tuted the escort to the white voyag- ers. Silently they rounded the head of Belle Isle and glided down the river. No notice was given of their approach. They were er.tering upon the choice hunting grounds of the cruel and treacherous Iroquois. Cadillac, with an eye to the future, was looking for a site on which to establish a fort and trading post. Half of the men he had with him were sol- diers, while the rest were farmers and mechanics. The view and situation of Belle Isle decided Cadillac. It re- minded him of Isle Royal, where Paris was first built. The evening meal was prepared and, after religious exercises by two priests, the weary travelers, without molesta- tion, sought the needed repose. The following: morning, after early mass, Cadillac raised the white banner with its three lilies, and in the name of Lcuis XIV. proclaimed the land a French possession. Among the first buildings erected was the rustic church, dedicated to Ste, Anne. While Cadil.ac and his brave band had been threading the windings of the Ottawa, the Iroquois chiefs, knowing the purpose of his voyage, had held a council with the British authorities in New York, the result of which was the ceding and convey- ing to William III. of England all their right and title to lands in the northwest, including the straits of De- troit. They had previously protested to Cadillac against the establishing of a fort at Detroit, but he had replied that all that territory belonged to the French king, his master. Incensed, they made terms with the English. /s J As a matter of fact, the Iroquois chiefs had signed the conveyances to the British governor Just five days be- fore Cadillac landed at Detroit. At first the Intention was to found the post on Grosse Isle, but, turning their boats up stream again, the party landed near where the first French fort was built. Could not this great episode In the history of Detroit be made a promi- nent feature of the coming bicenten- ary' What a pageant could be given on the river, with a reproduction of the fleet of Cadillac, bateaux, canoes, soldiers, habitants, Indians, etc. J. W. F. M.