■' '^ 
 
 f 
 
 EESOUECES AND PlOGEESS 
 
 
 OP THE 
 
 PROVINCE OF ONTARIO 
 
 A PAPER READ BEFORE THE COMMERCIAL UNION CLUB 
 OF ST. THOMAS NOVEMBER 22 1887 
 
 ■w 
 
 ARCHIBALD BLUE 
 
 SECBETARY OP THE BUREAU OP INDUSTRIES, ONTARIO. 
 
 PRINTED BY HUNTER, ROSE & COMPANY. 
 
 1888. 
 
RESOUECES AN-D PKOGHESS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 PROVINCE OF ONTARIO 
 
 A PAPER READ BEF0R1E THE COMMERCIAL UNION CLUB 
 OF ST. THOMAS NOVEMBER 22 1887 
 
 BY 
 
 ARCHIBALD BLUE 
 
 SECRETARY OF THE BUREAU OF INDUSTRIES, ONTARIO. 
 
 Cotottto: 
 
 PRINTED BY HUNTER, ROSE & COMPANY. 
 
 1888. 
 
F^: i^^i^ I 
 
 
RESOURCES AND PROGRESS OF ONTARIO. 
 
 THE PROVINCE AND ITS PEOPLE. 
 
 How many among you, may I be so bold as to ask, have 
 studied with care the physical extent of this province of 
 Ontario ? How many know how it compares with other 
 states and countries of the globe— in extent, in climate, in 
 resources, in productiveness ? 
 
 In a series of very able papers that were printed several 
 years ago in the North American Review, David A. Wells 
 paid a compliment to our province which, I have no doubt, 
 many of his fellow-countrymen regarded as a wild exag- 
 geration, but which to those who knew the country was 
 nothing more than an unadorned statement of facts. Mr. . 
 Wells wrote of it as follows : 
 
 North of lakes Erie and Ontario and thq river St. Lawrence, east of 
 lake Huron, south of the forty-fifth parallel, and included mainly within the 
 Dominion province of Ontario, there is as fair a country as exists on the 
 North American continent, nearly as large in area as New York, Pennsylvania 
 and Ohio combined, and equal,, if not superior, to those States as a whole in 
 its agricultural capacity. It is the natural hahitat on this continent of the 
 combing- wool sheep, without a full, cheap and reliable supply of the wool 
 of w^hich species the great worsted manufacturing industries of the country 
 cannot prosper, or, we should rather say, exist. It is the land where grows 
 the finest barley, which the brewing interests of the United States must 
 have if it ever expects to rival Great Britain in its present annual export of 
 over eleven millions of dollars worth of malt products. It raises and grazes 
 
4 RESOTTTirES AND PROfJRFSS OF ONTARIO. 
 
 the finest of cattle, with f|nalitie» espettiully (lenirable to make good the rle?» 
 terioration of stock ia other nections ; ami its climatic conditions, created by 
 an almost encirclement of the great lakes, eHpecially fit it to grow men. 
 w?iich a country is one of the greatest gifts of Providence to the human race, 
 better than bonanzas of silver, or rivers whose sands contain gold. 
 
 As to the influence of climatic conditions upon the hu- 
 man product of the country, it is hardly necessary to refer 
 to the athletic records of America. To name Edward 
 Hanlan, Hugh McKinnon and Roderick McLennan in 
 the presence of men who for the most part are descend- 
 ants of the stalwart pioneers of these Lake Erie counties, 
 may seem to be an invidious distinction ; but I only name 
 them as specimens of our countrymen devoting them- 
 selves to athletics, who in their prime were never beaten 
 in their specialties. There are hundreds more with the 
 stamina to equal if not excel the best of those I have 
 liamed, if they cared to go into training for it, and I am 
 gratified to know that all over the country, in the rural 
 districts as well as in the towns, there is a genuine love 
 for all manly spoHs and games. We all admire, I believe, 
 the skill and pluck and muscle of the athlete ; it is an in- 
 stinct of our English race, if not of the human race, to 
 admire the muscular, brawny, wiry, well-knit, broad- 
 shouldered, sinewy, strapping man, who is almost always 
 found to be a moral and a good-tempered man : and the 
 thousands drawn to witness contests between opposing 
 clubs at football, lacrosse and kindred sports prove how 
 strong upon us is the hold of muscular Christianity in one 
 of the best senses of that abused term. To give one other 
 instance, I may venture to say that for tests of endur- 
 ance and courage the annals of modern warfare afl^ord 
 
RESOURCES AND PROGRESS OF ONTARIO. B 
 
 none more severe, or that have been more nohlv home, 
 than the recent exploits of our volunteers in the Is'orth- 
 west. Young men from the farmstead, the workshop, 
 the counting-room, the college and the lawyers desk 
 were called at a day's notice in mid-winter to start on a 
 march of two thousand miles and face an enemy, every 
 one of whom was a veteran buffalo hunter, trapper and 
 sharpshooter, and who in joining the standard of revolt 
 had counted well the cost. The alternate riding in open 
 cars and tramping through deep snow with the mercury 
 below zero, on the north shore of lake Superior; the 
 swift marches on foot across the prairies in the Saskatche- 
 wan country, often knee-deep in water ; the hard-fought 
 battles of Fish Creek and Batoche, and the gallant charge 
 upon the rifle pits ; the chase for days after Big Bear, 
 through long stretches of woods and across muskeg- 
 land ; the suppression of the half-breed revolt, and the 
 ending of an Indian war in ninety days, — this is a record 
 that would give an added fame and lustre to veterans in 
 the field. 
 
 These are facts which give point and force to the obser- 
 vation of Mr. Wells, that Ontario has the climatic con- 
 ditions which especially fit it to grow men ; and, other 
 circumstances being equal, the odds are on the side of the 
 best breeds of men in the rivalries of nations. 
 
 But in some other respects Mr. Wells hardly does 
 Ontario justice. Within its limits as now settled the 
 province extends over ten degrees of latitude and twenty 
 degi'ees of longitude. Its breadth from Point Pelee on 
 lake Erie to Fort Albany or James* bay is more than seven 
 
RESOURCKS AND PROORKSS OF ONTARIO. 
 
 hun.lrerl miles, and its If-n^tl. fn.n. Point Fortune on the 
 Ottawa river to Rat Portage on the VVim.ipes is more than 
 a thousand miles. It is larger than the sUtes of Ohio, 
 Indiana, Illinois and Michigan by ten thousand square 
 miles; larger than Iowa, Minnesota and Wisconsin by 
 eleven thousand square miles ; larger than the si.K New 
 England states with New York, New Jersey, Pennsyl- 
 vania and Maryland by twenty-five thousand square 
 miles, and larger than Great Britain and Ireland by 
 seventy-eight thousand square miles. It is only four 
 thousand square miles less than the French republic, and 
 only eight thousand less than the German empire. It is 
 a counrry large enough to be the seat of a mighty nation, 
 and its situation on the great lakes is one that any state 
 or empire of the world might envy. 
 
 But Ontario has something more to boast of than a 
 broad expanse. It has a fertile soil, an invigorating 
 climate, va.st forests of merchantable timber, treasures of 
 mineral wealth, and water power of limitless capacity. It 
 has extensive areas which grow a better sample and a 
 larger average yield of the staple cereals than any other 
 portion of the continent ; and it has more extensive 
 areas not yet brought under cultivation which may be 
 converted into grazing fields of unsurpassed richness, suit- 
 able for the production of the best qualities of butter and 
 cheese. In a report on the trade between the United 
 States and the British possessions in North America, made 
 by J. R Lamed of the United States treasury depart- 
 ment in 1871, it was observed that — 
 
UESOURCES AND PKOUHESS OF ONTAUIO. 7 
 
 ODtario possesseH a fertility with which no part«»f New Eegland can at all 
 compare, and that particular section of it around which the circle of the 
 great lakes is swept forces itself upon the notice of any student of the 
 American map as (»ne of the most favored spots of the whole continent, 
 where population ought to breed with almost Belgian fecundity. 
 
 Of such a country it is something to say that the peo- 
 ple who occupy it are proving themselves worthy of it. 
 Highways and railways have been opened in all directions; 
 mills, factories and markets are being established where- 
 ever settlements extend, and the beat of the pulse of com- . 
 merce is being felt in the remotest townships. 
 
 The province justly boasts of a stable government and 
 beneficent laws. The burden of local taxation, never 
 heavy, has been lightened by the distribution of several 
 millions of surplus money out of the government treasury. 
 Provision has been made for the necessities of the un- 
 fortunate and the afflicted by the establishment, support 
 and management of ;public institutions. The public school 
 system is at once practical in its operation and responsive 
 to the requirements of the people. Agriculture is greatly 
 encouraged^ by grants for the maintenance of agricultural 
 societies, by the valuable work accomplished at che Agri- 
 cultural College and Experimental Farm, and by a system- 
 atic effort to ascertain the agricultural status of the 
 country and to record its progress from year to year. 
 Efficient means have been provided f<?r the care and im- 
 provement of the public health, and for weakening the 
 force of those conditions which favor disease and tend to 
 shorten the period of life. The labors of the pioneer have 
 been lightened and cheered by the security of a homestead 
 right in his land, and by the building of highways to give 
 
cS RESOURCES AND PROGRESS OF ONTARIO. 
 
 him ready access to the market towns of the older settle- 
 ments. A great impetus has also been given to the 
 manufactures and commerce of the province by the large 
 sums of public money granted as subsidies for the con- 
 struction of railways, and the fruits of this policy are only 
 beginning to ripen. What, under favoring conditions, 
 they will be twenty years or even ten years hence the 
 most sanguine citizen cannot venture to predict. 
 
 ONTARIO'S AGRICULTURAL PRE-EMINENCE. 
 
 I have said that our province has extensive areas which 
 grow a better sample and a larger average yield of the 
 staple cereals than any other portion of the continent. 
 In every county there are several farms on which, owing 
 in part to the natural fertility of the soil, and in part to 
 a high and thorough system of Ailtivation, bountiful 
 crops are grown every season of favoring weather. There 
 is, for instance, the farm of Mr. Simpson Rennie, of Scar- 
 borough, in the county of York. Mr. Rennie is an exact 
 and exemplary man in all his wa} s. He builds a fence, 
 plows a furrow, plants a row and trims a hedge as 
 straight as his rifle projects a bullet, and he is the prize 
 marksman of two townships. No weeds are permitted 
 to reach maturity* or scarcely to appear at all, and there 
 is absolutely no obstruction in the shape of stump or 
 stone to be found anywhere on the farm. Mr. Rennie 
 has furnished me with the statistics of his farm for the 
 five years 1882-6, and I may tell you that he keeps an 
 accurate account of all his crops — their extent, their 
 
RESOURCES AND PROGRESS OF ONTARIO. 9 
 
 yield and their market value. His average yield of 
 wheat in the five years, with one crop almost a total fail- 
 ure, was 25 bushels per acre ; his yield of barley was 47 
 bushels per acre, of oats 66 bushels, and of pease 32 
 bushels. But I do not found the claim of Ontario's pre- 
 eminence on farms like Mr. Rennie's. I take the general 
 average over the province, computed from returns of the 
 threshing floor, and compare it with like averages for the 
 / principal grain-growing states of the American Union, 
 computed from totals of acreage and product as given in 
 the annual reports of the department of agriculture at 
 Washington ; and to make the comparison fair in every 
 particular, I take those states in which each kind of 
 cereal gives its best results. 
 
 In fall wheat New York's annual average for the five 
 years 1882-6 was 14.8 bushels per acre ; Pennsylvania s, 
 12.6; Ohio's, 13.3; Michigan's, 16.4; Indiana's, 13 ; Illi- 
 nois', 12.9 ; Missouri's, 10.9 ; California's, 12, and Kansas', 
 15.2. Ontario's annual average for the same five years 
 was 21 bushels per acre — ranging from 10.6 in 1883, a 
 year of general disaster for fall wheat, to 26.3 in 1882. 
 There are a number of other states where fall wheat is 
 grown besides the nine for which averages have been 
 given, but the quantity of their produce is too insignifi- 
 cant for comparison. 
 
 Again, in spring wheat, the average of Wisconsin for 
 the same period of five years was 12.7 bushels per acre; 
 of Minnesota, 13.2 ; of Iowa, 11.4 ; of Nebraska, 12.7, and 
 of Dakota 18.1. Our corresponding average in Ontario 
 
10 RESOURCES AND PROGRESS OF ONTARIO. 
 
 was 16.1 bushels per acre, exceeding Iowa by 4.7 bushels 
 and Dakota by 2 bushels per acre. 
 
 Take oats next— our principal fodder grain. The 
 annual average of New York state for the five years was 
 29.6 bushels per acre; of Pennsylvania, 28.2; of Ohio, 
 32 ; of Michigan, 32.9 ; of Indiana, 28.8 ; of Illinois, 34.5 ; 
 of Wisconsin, 31.1 ; of Minnesota, 34.6 ; of Iowa, 34 ; of 
 Missouri, 26.2 ; of Kansas, 31.9, and of Nebraska, 32.2 ; 
 aaainst which is Ontario's average of 37.1 bushels per 
 
 acre 
 
 The barley comparison is not less favorable, for while 
 the average yield per acre over the period of five years 
 was 23.1 bushels in New York, 24.2 in Wisconsin, 23.4 
 in Minnesota, 22.5 in Iowa, 22.3 in Nebraska and 19.3 
 in California, it was 26.9 in Ontario. 
 
 And here I take leave to say that it is not in a higher 
 average yield merely that we excel our neighbors over 
 the lakes, but also in the more essential respect of pro- 
 ducing barley of the finest quality. Two years ago an 
 investigation was underUken by the chemical division of 
 the department of agriculture at Washington into the 
 chemical composition and physical qualities of American 
 cereals, and at the request of that department I forwarded 
 twelve sample lots of Ontario barley of the harvest of 188a 
 for comparison with barleys of United States' growth. The 
 samples were selected and graded out of grain in warehouse 
 by the government inspector at Toronto, and were the pro- 
 duct of four districts of the province— three of which he 
 north of lake Ontario, and one north of lake Erie. Our 
 western peninsula is subject to frequent thunder storms 
 
RESOURCKS AND PROGRKSS OF ONTA*RIO. 11 
 
 which cross from lake Huron to lake Erie in the 
 summer season, and so it often happens that the 
 barley of that region is discolored by rains. But the 
 harvest season of the bay of Quinte district was also a 
 showery one in 1885, and there; too, the barley v^as dis- 
 colored. One lot of fairly good color was grown in Peel 
 and another in Durham. Now let me read the result of 
 the investigation, as given in the report made by Mr. 
 Clifford Richardson, assistant chemist of the United 
 States department of agriculture : 
 
 Maercker found that the fi. ast grain contained not more than 8 per 
 cent, of albuminoids and consisted of at lea^t 80 per cent, of mealy kernels. 
 These two factors, together with the brightness of the grain, he considered 
 to be the characteristics by which its quality should be judged. 
 
 Of the twelve typical specimens of last year's Canadian crop none were 
 below 9 per cent, of albuminoids, the average being 9.83, and only six con- 
 tained 60 per cent, of kernels which were mealy or half mealy in struc- 
 ture. They cannot be said, therefore, to be e<iud.l to what is considered ex- 
 tremely tine barley in Germany. They do, however, reach, and in most cases 
 exceed the average production of foreign countries, and may be considered 
 as of extremely good quality from actual trade lots, and better than those 
 produced the world over, as may be seen by comparison with the investiga- 
 tions which have been quoted on previous pages. In weight per bushel they 
 are about the same as the average Maercker, and in moisture, as with all 
 our grain, much drier than the product of damper climates. 
 
 The differences in the different grades are marked almost entirely })y bright- 
 ness and perfection of the kernel, there being a remarkably close agreement 
 in all other respects. This shows what important factors climate and care 
 in harvesting and handling ^re in enhancing or depreciating the value of the 
 grain. The latter factor, care, is almost entirely within the control^of the 
 farmer, while varying seasons of course influence the foimer. Of the differ- 
 ent districts, that north of lake Erie produced the si-ecimens lichest in 
 nitrogen, which would therefore be graded lowest as far as this influences 
 our judgment, thus agreeing with current opinion. In mealiness these spe- 
 cimens are much ahead of all the others, and this ought to more than bHiance 
 the slightly higher percentage of albuminoids. The summer rains, however 
 by coloring the grain, have the greatest influence in determining quality, 
 and eventually make the barley of this district the least desirable. The re- 
 
12 RESOURCES AND PROGRESS OP ONTARIO. 
 
 niaining districts north of lake Ontario produce grain much alike, that from 
 the [Peel county] district averaging heavier in weight per bushel, and that 
 from the Qdinte being a little less nitrogenous, j^s a whole, these Canadian 
 barleys certainly form a very good standard of reference. * * The high 
 percentage of albuminoids stored up in the peculiar climate of the Northwest, 
 while an advantage in the wheat grain, would be a serious objection in the 
 barley. In this respect it appeS-rs that the average amount of albuminoids 
 in the barley of the United States 13 greater than that of Canada, and far 
 ahead of anytLing w!iich M aercker would consider desirable. California alone 
 is one per cot. below the averag6 for the rest of the country, there being 
 less than one-half per cent, difference from 11.50 per cent, in the average for 
 all but California, which has 10.50 per cent. This is higher than was found 
 in the Canadian grain, so that it may safely be said thR,t the latter is at pre- 
 ent the best in the market, and superior to our own. 
 
 The best evidence of the correctness of this conclusion 
 is the fact that the whole of our surplus barley finds a 
 market in the United States in spite of the duty of ten 
 cents per bushel imposed on it by the customs tariff of 
 that country. What the effect would be of the removal 
 of that duty is hardly a subject of speculation. An in- 
 crease of ten cents, or even of five cents, in the price paid 
 to the producer would encourage our farmers to grow a 
 much larger quantity than they do now; and instead of 
 supplying American consumers ten millions of bushels a 
 year, and contributing to the United States treasury a 
 share of the margin of profit, they might supply twenty 
 millions, or thirty millions, or forty millions of bushels, 
 and secure the whole margin of profit for themselves. 
 Instead of an average of 67| acres in barley for every 
 thousand acres of cleared land in the province, they might 
 have 148 acres per thousand, as they had last year in 
 oats, or 210 acres, as they had last year in hay and clo- 
 ver. Or, with the larger demand and the better paying 
 
RESOURCES AND PROGRESS OF ONTARIO. 13 
 
 prices, might they not, with great advantage to thera- 
 selves and to the whole country, extend the area of clear- 
 ed land from the present average of 50 acres per 100 oc- 
 cupied to 75 acres if necessary, and so widely extend the 
 field of crop production without going beyond the exist- 
 ing bounds of settlement, with its highways, railways, 
 market towns and civilized life, and without the outlay 
 of a dollar for the purchase of more land than they now 
 hold and occupy ? 
 
 PAST AND PRESENT PROGRESS COMPARED. 
 
 There is no doubt that we possess a highly favored 
 country — a country of great capabilities, and occupied 
 by a people of as high purpose and character as ever ap- 
 plied themselves to the task of planting a colony, found- 
 ing a state and governing themselves under free institu- 
 tions. But has our prosperity been all that it might 
 have been? Have we attained to the rank and greatness 
 of a people enjoying our opportunities — with a country 
 possessing such a climate, such soil, such natural resources 
 as ours ; situated like ours on great waters which open to 
 us the commerce of the world ? And if we have not, 
 where lies the fault ? In ourselves, in our circumstances, 
 in our environment ? How are we growing, measured 
 by our own standard of the past ? How are we growing, 
 measured by the standard of communities elsewhere ? 
 
 We have complete assessment and taxation statistics 
 of the municipalities of the province for the thirteen 
 years 1873-85, covering a fiscal term from close to close 
 
14 RRSOUKCES AND PROGRESS OF ONTARIO. 
 
 of accounts of twelve years. Let us divide il into two 
 periods of six years — 1873-79 and 1879-85 — and compare 
 the rate of growth in each. During the first six years 
 the number of ratepayers in rural municipalities increased 
 by 40,364, or IG^ per cent., while in the second six years 
 they increased only by 13,860, or 4f per cent. In urban 
 municipalities the number increased during the first 
 period by 38,597, or 34| per cent., and during the second 
 period by 31,529, or 21 per cent. For the whole prov- 
 ince, embracing all the townships, cities, towns and vil- 
 Ages of county organization, the ratepayers increased in 
 the first period by 78,961, or 22 per cent., and in the sec- 
 ond period by only 44,889, or ten per cent. Taking next 
 the area of assessed land, we find that in the first period 
 it increased in the rural municipalities by 1,001,233 acres, 
 or 5 per cent., and in the second period by 622,978 acres, 
 or 3 per cent. ; while in urban municipalities the area in- 
 creased by 36,637 acres, or 22 per cent, in the first period, 
 and in the second by 21,470 acres, or 10| per cent. Then 
 in respect of taxation for municipal and school purposes, 
 over which the people exercise direct control, the amount 
 imposed in 1873 was $5,005,779 ; in 1879, $7,157,366, and 
 in 1885, $8,333,370, being an increase of $1,551,587, or 
 27f per cent, in the first six years, and $1,176,004, or 16^ 
 per cent, in the second. In rural municipalities the rate 
 of increase was 9 J per cent, in the first period, and 8| 
 per cent, in the second, while in urban municipalities the 
 increase was 56 per cent, in the first period and 25 per 
 cent, in the second. The share of taxes for all local pur- 
 poses in townships in 1873 was $3.25 per capita, on the 
 
RESOURCES AND PROGRESS OF ONTARIO. 15 
 
 basis of the assessors' censii.s, $3.31 in 1879 and $3.G0 in 
 1885 ; while in cities, towns and villages it was $5.42 in 
 1873, $6.32 in 1879 and $6.58 in 1885. Or, if reckoned on 
 the basis of the number of ratepayers, the average taxation 
 per ratepayer in all the townships, cities, towns and vil- 
 lages of the province was $15.5t in 1873, $16.27 in 1879 
 and $17.20 in 1885.— And let me observe in parenthesis 
 here that this is direct taxation, sometimes held up as a 
 bugaboo to strike the timid elector with terror. It is 
 very nearly as much as we pay to the Government under 
 the customs tariff, indirectly, at a cost of over $4 per 
 $100 for collection, not to mention the further cost of at 
 least $50 per $100 of it which the customs tariff enables 
 the domestic manufacturer to add to the price of his 
 goods.— The municipal statistics which I have presented 
 show that in the six years 1873-79, a period of intense 
 business stringency, the country made decidedly greater 
 progress than in the six years 1879-85, a period of revi- 
 val, and boom, and vast expenditure of public money ! 
 
 For another test of progress take the growth of popu- 
 lation. We have the enumeration of the people as taken 
 yearly by the assessors for the fourteen years 1872-86, 
 and although it is not a full census it has all the merits 
 of one for comparison. It is a cfe facto census of the peo- 
 ple to the extent of all families the heads of which are 
 entered upon the assessment roll. Now let us compare 
 the seven years 1S72-79 with the seven years 1879-86. In 
 1872 we had in the province 407 organized township 
 municipalities, with a population as enumerated by the 
 assessors of 1,047,931 ; in 1879 we had 428, with a popu- 
 
16 TIKSOUKCES ANT) PROGRESS OF ONTARTO. 
 
 lation of 1,1L\S,880 ; and in 1886 we had t i5, with a popu- 
 lation of 1,144,520. This shows for the fi^ o period an 
 increase of 21 townships and 80,958 of population, and 
 for the second period an increase of 17 townships and 
 15,631 of population. In 1872 we had 12) incorporated 
 villages, towns and cities, with a population of 374,854; 
 in 1879 we had 187, with a population of 544,678, and in 
 1886 we had 206, with a population of 674,506. This 
 shows an increase of 66 towns and 169,824 of population 
 in the first period; and of only 19 towns and 129,828 of 
 population in the second, of which Toronto's portion is 
 40,000. The whole increase of population, rural and 
 urban, was in the first period 250,782, or 17| per cent; 
 whereas in the second period it was only 145,459, or 
 8 1 per cent.* These, it seems to me, are very grave figures ; 
 and their gravity is accentuated by the fact that the num- 
 ber of immigrants reported to have settled in the pro- 
 vince was 32,273 more in the latter period than in the 
 former. Indeed was it not but for the accession we re- 
 ceived by immigration in the seven years 1879-85 the 
 population of the province in 1886 would be 62,640 less 
 than in 1879. Our growth by natural increment is at 
 least two per cent., and at that rate the increase in seven 
 years, starting with 1,673,000, should be 234,000. To this 
 add the 208,000 immigrants reported by the immigration 
 department to have settled in the province, and we have 
 a total increase of 442,000. But in reality we have 
 
 * See details of population by county municipalities in the three years 
 1872, 1879 and 1886 in the Appendix. 
 
RESOURCES AND PROGRESS OF ONTARIO. 17 
 
 had an increase of only 14') ,000. What han become of the 
 297,000 ? Where have they gone ? Not to Manitoba, 
 Ccxtainly, for the total population of that province in 
 1886, as shown by the government census, was only 108,- 
 640, including Indians and Halfbreeds, and in 1881 it had 
 66,000. The lamentable truth is that we are grow- 
 ing men for the United States. There were 712,000 
 native Canadians in that country at the taking of the 
 census of 1880, and doubtless a round million of them are 
 there now. We produce horses, cattle, sheep and hogs 
 for the Americans — animals of the finest breeding quali- 
 ties — and the buyers pay good prices for them, too. But 
 to lose our men, and get no return ! what hope for a 
 country depleted of its men ! 
 
 Brouardel of Paris, in a paper read before the Inter- 
 national Health Congress at Vienna three or four months 
 ago, made a very suggestive statement. " Has it not been 
 asked," he said, " that nothing costs like an epidemic ? Is 
 it not true that a malady that kills one or two thousand 
 persons every year strikes, from the economic point of 
 view, most cruelly upon a population, the prevention of 
 which might have saved the lives of some thousands of 
 citizens between 15 and 25, at an age at which they have 
 already cost much and been as yet of no benefit to the 
 country ? " From the same point of view may we not say 
 that to a young and productive country like ours nothing 
 costs like emigration. We nourish and bring up children ; 
 we clothe them, feed them, educate them, give them a 
 manual trade on the farm or in the workshop, qualify 
 them for business, or enter them in one of the learned pro- 
 
18 RESOURCES AND PROGRESS OF ONTARIO. 
 
 fessions, and when they have reached an age to benefit 
 the country as wage-earners, producers, business men and 
 professional men, ^ they go from us to populate and build 
 up a rival community under another flag than ours. 
 
 Your county of Elgin, I ought to tell you, has fared 
 better than many counties, for in the last seven years its 
 population made a gain of 2,116 — an increase of 2,993 in 
 the towns, but a loss of 877 in the townships. In the 
 previous seven years the gain was 9,719, — 3,32*) in the 
 townships, and 0,391 in the towns. In the county of 
 Kent adjoining you on the west, the increase of popula- 
 tion in the last seven years was 3,585, and in the pre- 
 ceding seven years 8,897 ; while in the county of Norfolk 
 adjoining you on the east, the loss in the last seven years 
 was 216 and the gain in the preceding seven years 2,- 
 784, — the gain m urban population from 1872 to 1879 being 
 2,693, and from 1879 to 1886, 607. 
 
 There are a number of counties, however, in which the 
 totals of urban and rural population were less in 1886 
 than in 1879 ; and in three of them, Huron, Perth and 
 Lincoln, the loss of each exceeded 2,000 souls. But in 
 twenty- two counties the rural population was less in 
 1886 than in 1879 by an aggregate of nearly 21,000 souls, 
 and in one-half of those counties the loss cannot be ac- 
 counted for at all by an increase of the number of urban 
 municipalities. I could easily go into details, but the 
 subject is disheartening enough upon a general survey. 
 
 With such evidence of the actual progress of the pro* 
 vince during recent years, if one may call it progress, one 
 
RESOURCES AND PROGRESS OF ONTARIO. 19 
 
 dares not treat the situation lightly. But do you remem- 
 ber the description of Pecksniff s horse ? — 
 
 He was always in a manner going to go, but never going. When at his 
 slowest rate of travelling he would sometimes ]ift up his legs so high, and 
 display such mighty action, that it was difficult to believe he was doing less 
 than fourteen miles an hour, and he was forever so ]>erfectly satisfied with 
 his own speed, and so little disconcerted by opixatunities of comparing him- 
 self with the fastest trotteis that the illusion was the more difficult of resist- 
 ance. He was a kind of animal who infused into the breast of strangers a 
 lively sense of bote and possessed all those who knew him better with a 
 grim despair ! 
 
 I fear it must bi> confessed that our pace in recent years 
 has been a pace ou all tours with Pecksniffs horse. We 
 have been making a great show of enterprise — in the con- 
 struction of canals and railways, in the erection of public 
 buildings, in the encouragement of manufactures and in 
 the promotion of immigration. For immigration alone 
 the governments at Ottawa and Toronto have been ex- 
 pending a third of a million a year in the past eight 
 years, and for public works they have been expending 
 more than eleven millions a year. And how much the 
 encouragement of manufactures has cost the farmers and 
 all other classes of citizens except manufacturers them- 
 selves, Heaven only knows : at a modest estimate it is ten 
 millions a year. This is enterprise, you will say. Yes, 
 a prancing enterprise that finds its parallel in Pecksniff's 
 horse ! The figures measure our gait, and the figures 
 do not lie. 
 
 ONTARIO, OHIO AND MICHIGAN. 
 
 The comparison of Ontario present with Ontario past 
 clearly makes a poor showing for the present ; in spite 
 
20 RESOURCES AND PROGRESS OF ONTARIO. 
 
 of the fact that the earlier period was one of severe com- 
 mercial depression, when it was said that our people were 
 fleeing to the United States by the ten thousand in search 
 . of the employment denied them at home. But let us seek 
 a comparison with one or two of the neighboring states, 
 and find how we stand in that. Let us take Ohio and 
 Michigan, — one of about the same age as our own pro- 
 vince and the other a generation younger. 
 
 Ontario began to be settled in 1784, when the United 
 Empire loyalists came over from their confiscated homes 
 at the close of the war for Independence. They were a 
 sturdy lot of men, and well fitted by experience to enter 
 anew upon the life of pioneers : and because som^ of their 
 descendants behaved as if the whole land was theirs, and 
 as if they were born to possess it and rule over it for- 
 ever, it is quite likely that Canadians of the present and 
 of the last generation have not dealt altogether justly or 
 considerately with the memory of the founders of our 
 province. Let us not forget that those loyalists were for 
 the most part brave and high-minded men, and devotedly 
 true to their king, although it is probably the fact that a 
 majority of their descendants are living to-day in the 
 United States, and acknowledging allegiance only to the 
 government of that country. And let us not forget, too, 
 that the great body of immigrants from the mother land 
 who made our province their home in the course of the 
 fifty years following the treaty of Ghent were as fine a 
 class of men as ever reached the shores of the new 
 world. 
 The first settlers of Ohio came from New England, and 
 
RESOURCES AND PKOGKESS OB' ONTARIO. 
 
 21 
 
 most of them were soldiers in the war for Independence. 
 The Ohio Company acquired by purchase from Congress 
 in 1787 a tract of 1,500,000 acres, and in the following 
 year the New England colony set out. They went down 
 the Ohio by fiat- boats to the mouth of the Musking- 
 um, and founded a town which they named Marietta, in 
 honor of Marie Antoinette of France. Two months later 
 the plan of a rival town was laid out a few miles farther 
 down the Ohio, opposite the mouth of the Licking. The 
 honor of naming the new city was assigned to one of the 
 founders, a school teacher who had some knowledge of 
 Latin, and he called it Losantiville — " the city opposite 
 the mouth of the Lickinof." A few weeks afterwards the 
 Indians scalped him, and the town is now known as Cin- 
 cinnati. The first census of Ohio was taken in 1800, 
 when it had a population of 45,000, and at the second 
 census in 1810 it had 230,760. The population of Michi- 
 gan was then 4,762 ; and in the following year, when the 
 first enumeration was made of Upper Canada, it had a 
 population of 77,000. The populations as shown by the 
 last four decennial enumerations were as follows : * 
 
 Year. 
 
 Ontario. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Michigan. 
 
 1850 (1) 
 1860 (1) 
 1870 (1) 
 1880 (1) 
 
 "950,183 
 1,393,947 
 1,618,245 
 1,920,:W 
 
 1,980,329 
 2,339,511 
 2,665,260 
 3,198,062 
 
 397,654 
 
 749,113 
 
 1,184,059 
 
 1,6315,937 
 
 * In Canada the census is taken in the first year of each decade, instead 
 of in the last year as in the United States. 
 
22 RESOURCES AND PROGRESS OF ONTARIO. 
 
 In the thirty years Ontario's population shows an in- 
 crease of 970,154, Ohio's 1,217,733, and Michigan's 1,- 
 239,283. In the first decade Ontario gained 443,760, 
 Ohio 359,000 and Michigan 351, oOO ; in the second Ont- 
 ario gained 224,000, Ohio 326,000 and Michigan 435,000; 
 and in the third Ontario gained 302,000, Ohio 533,000 
 and Michigan 452,000. Of the total gain in Michigan 
 28 J per cent, was made in the first decade and 71 1 in the 
 second and third, and in Ohio 30 per cent, in the tirst 
 and 70 in the second and third, while in Ontario 41 J per 
 cent, of the total gain was made in the first decade and 
 only 59| in the second and third. And I beg you to ob- 
 serve that for the greater part of the tirst decade we had 
 free trade with the United States in natural products 
 under the reciprocity treaty. Starting an equal race 
 with Ohio, our province at the end of a hundred years 
 has fewer people than that state by one and a quarter 
 million, and starting twenty-five years ahead of Michi- 
 gan it has only a quarter of a million more. And if we 
 compare the population of towns, taking those having 
 4,000 and upwards, we find that whereas iix Ontario at 
 the taking of the last census there were 28 having an ag- 
 gregate population of 330,000, there were in Michigan 
 27 with a population of 353,000, and in Ohio 4G with a 
 population of 893,000. These statistics would indicate a 
 more rapid growth of trade and manufactures in those 
 two states than in Ontario ; and such is the fact, foi* com- 
 paring the values of manufactured products as given in 
 the census returns, we have these results : 
 
RESOURCES AND PROGRESS OF ONTARIO. 
 
 2*1 
 
 
 1870 (1) 
 
 1 
 1880 (1) 
 
 Increase. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 of 
 Increase. 
 
 Ontario 
 
 Ohio 
 
 114,70(3,799 
 215,771,000* 
 94,716,741* 
 
 $ 
 157,989,870 
 
 348,298,000 
 
 150,715,025 
 
 $ 
 
 43,282,071 
 
 132,527,000 
 55,998,284 
 
 38 
 61 
 
 Michigan , 
 
 59 
 
 Then looking at the extent of farm land occupied and 
 under cultivation we find that at the taking of the last 
 census Ohio had 24,529,226 acres, of which 18,081,100 
 was improved ; Michigan 18,807,000 acres with 8,297,000 
 improved, and Ontario 18,646,000 acres, with 10,880,000 
 improved. This gives Ohio 74 acres improved for every 
 100 occupied, Michigan 60 and Ontario 57. The muni- 
 cipal statistics of Ontario for 1886 give as the total of 
 improved land 10,988,471 acres out of 21,758,795 oc- 
 cupied, or an average of 50 J acres for every 100 occupied ; 
 and I think it is absolutely certain that the area of oc- 
 cupied land is understated in our census. 
 
 Now how has it come to pass that the Michigan farmer 
 occupying a lot of 100 acres has 60 improved, and the 
 Ohio farmer 74 acres, while the Ontario farmer has only 
 50 ? How, indeed, have population and manufactures 
 grown more rapidly in those states than in our own pro- 
 vince ? They are no more favorably situated, for in our 
 long stretch of lake coastline and our outlet to the sea 
 by the St. Lawrence we are admirably situated for com- 
 merce. No state of the American Union is so favorably 
 
 * The values of Ohio and Mich^n products as here given have been re- 
 duced from currency to gold standard. 
 
24 RESOURCES AND PROGRESS OF ONTARIO. 
 
 situated, and the fact has been substantiated by the sta- 
 tistics of five successive harvests that no state of the 
 Union is the equal of our province in the productiveness 
 of its soil. The bounty of Nature is more generously 
 shared by us than by them, the cost of living is less, and 
 while the cost of labor is no greater it is at least equal in 
 efficiency. Wherein then consists the advantage of our 
 neighbors, that they should make such relatively gi^eater 
 progress than we have made ? 
 
 Our wealth of minerals, of which I have said nothing, 
 is truly enormous, if one may call that wealth which as 
 yet is a possession of the earth. We have vast mines of 
 iron, copper and silver, and although almost the entire 
 lot mined is exported the annual value of our exports of 
 the three metals in the last six years, from all the pro- 
 vinces of the Dominion, has been only $318,660. The 
 total product of our Ontario copper mines in the last 
 census year was only 170 tons of ore, and of our iron, 
 mines only 91,877 tons. On the other hand the Michigan 
 copper mines in the last census year produced 45,830,000 
 lbs. of ingot copper, valued at $7,979,000, while in the 
 same year the iron mines of that state produced 1,838,712 
 tons of ore, valued at $6,034,000. The average production 
 of pig iron in the state for the six years 1880-5 was 
 173,467 tons, and the copper companies of the state paid 
 in the four years 1882-5 dividends aggregating $10,352,- 
 000.* Wherein consists the advantage of our neighbors 
 over us in this great development of mineral wealth ? 
 
 * The salt industry of Michigan had its beginning in 1860, in which year 
 the product was 4,000 barrels. In 1870 it was 621,352 barrels, in 1880 it 
 
RESOURCES AND PROGRESS OF ONTARIO. 25 
 
 I believe there is- one sufficient answer to these ques- 
 tions, which is that their advantage consists in having 
 free exchange of commodities with sixty millions of 
 people, spread over the area of a continent. Given se- 
 curity of the person and property under free institutions, 
 cities grow, manufactures flourish, the increase of the 
 earth abounds, and prosperity reigns in proportion as 
 commerce is unfettered and free. 
 
 RELATIONS WITH THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 It is not my business to discuss questions of party poli- 
 tics, but the state of the country is a matter of public 
 policy, and as such I have ventured to deal with it. As 
 one who feels that he owes no fealty save to the country 
 of his birth, I have endeavored to discuss the situation 
 calmly, with a knowledge of the facts as I have gathered 
 and collated them during the past six years. Speaking 
 my own sentiment freely, I feel that for us in this land 
 there is no counsel so good to follow as the counsel of 
 the Spartan mother to her son : '' Sparta is your portion ; 
 do your best for Sparta.'' We are on the threshold, it 
 may be, of great events, and it becomes every citi- 
 zen of Canada to do his best for Canada. England will 
 protect her own interests ; you may trust her for that. 
 
 was 2,685,588 barrels, and in 1886 it was 3,677,257 barrels. The first salt 
 well in Ontario was put down in 1866, and in 1880 (the first year for which 
 a census of the (iuantity was taken) the product was 472,000 barrels. In 
 1886, as appears by the report of the Geological Survey, the product was 
 only 445,000 barrels. 
 
26 RESOURCES AND PROGRESS OF ONTARIO. 
 
 So will the United States. So ought Canada. We want 
 all matters in dispute settled permanently, but our only- 
 hope for permanent settlement is one based on justice to 
 every interest. We are on this continent to stay, and the 
 future for us depends in great measure on our relations 
 with the United States. We cannot live like frogs in a 
 well, as we have been trying to do ; we cannot live with- 
 in ourselves and upon ourselves, like the raccoon or the 
 bear in his winter retreat. Our place on the world^s map 
 does not permit of self-containment. We must trade be- 
 yond our own borders ; we must exchange the products 
 of the country, natural and manufactured, with those of 
 other countries, and the question is — With whom, under 
 what conditions, and upon what terms ? Unrestricted 
 trade with the* United States may be the best thing, or 
 unrestricted trade with the mother country, or unre- 
 stricted trade with the world. Whatever it may be, we 
 should affirm it, and stand by it, and procure it if pos- 
 sible. The British commissioner has clearly indicated 
 that if we desire to have unrestricted tr^^.de with the 
 United States we may have it, but that it shall be at the 
 cost of separation from the empire. Well, if I was con- 
 vinced that unrestricted trade with the United States 
 was the best for us, I should accept it, and the consequence 
 with it. But some people tell us that unrestricted reci- 
 procity with the United States means political union, and 
 that all who favor the free trade are annexationists. This 
 reminds me of the Quaker and the dog. " Heaven forbid 
 that I should raise my hand against thee," said the 
 Quaker, " but I will give thee a bad name "; and he raised 
 
RESOURCES AND PROGRESS OF ONTARIO. 27 
 
 the cry of "Mad dog I" For my own part I do not 
 fear the cry, because I am persuaded that the common 
 sense of all except the few who are interested in main- 
 taining monopolies will discern its absurdity. You can- 
 not persuade a farmer who lived through the former pe- 
 riod of reciprocity that free trade with the United States 
 means annexation. But let me quote for you the opinion 
 of what the eftect of unrestricted trade with our neiofh- 
 bors would be, as the question presented itself to one of 
 the ablest advocates of high tariffs. I quote from the 
 Merchants' Magazine of 1857, in the period of free trade 
 between Canada and the United States in natural pro- 
 ducts. 
 
 No capitalists are found coming to Canada to establish manufactures, for 
 the market is small, while the competition of England and the United States 
 is immense. Men from the eastern states never think of settling here and 
 branching out in manufactures, but go west, because by so doing they retain 
 the whole United States market. If there was free trade between Canada 
 and the United States a market of thirty millions would be oi)ened immed- 
 iately, and then Canada would possess immense advantages as a field of 
 manufactures. For, having unlimited water power and cheap fuels, and 
 lying geographically in the centre of the most populous part of the Union, 
 hundreds of enterprising men would settle here then and commence manu- 
 facturing in accordance with the wants of the country and the adjoining 
 United States market. To gain this would be the greatest stroke of public 
 policy f(tr Canada, and if it could be accomplished by raising our tariff as 
 against European manufacturers to a level with that of the United States 
 the boon would be cheaply acquired. • 
 
 This, I think, is a very rational view of the subject, 
 under the circumstances of the present time, as well as 
 under those of thirty years ago. I have no dread of the 
 resr^-s of free competition between Canada and the 
 United States. With raw material on our side so cheap 
 
28 RESOURCES AND PROGRESS OF ONTARIO. 
 
 and abundant, with labor and the cost of living not 
 against us, with a soil under proper tillage productive and 
 durable beyond the soil of aoy other portion of the con- 
 tinent, with vast stores of mineral wealth to develop, and 
 with a people having the high average intelligence of 
 ours, and possessed of their pluck, and skill, and energy, 
 I am persuaded that we could hold our own in any test, 
 — with our neighbors across the lakes, or with the world. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
30 
 
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