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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 «*K»OCOW nSOUJTION TUT OMIT (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No. 2) UA |2j8 |2J tii ■■■ tii Hi |1« |Z2 u. l£ ■ 20 1 tuu 11.8 ^1^1^ /jPPLIED IM/C3F '653 Eost Uatn 5tr««t ("6) 2M - 3989 - Fo, A 2 UUMINION OF CANADA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE DOMINION EXPERIMEVTAL FARMS Principal Poisonous Plants of Canada FAITH FYLES, B.A. AiaUTANT BOTANin Jij I* ■ Bulletin No. 39 •Mwida«rlM Published by direction of Hon S. F. Touhe, Minister of Agriculture, Ottawa, Oat. OTTAWA /. N LABROQUSBIK TACB<, PBDrRR TO THE nNQ'S MOBT EXCELLBNT UAieSTt •^c>; 2'-i c DOMINION OF CANADA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE IJOMIMON KXI'KKIMKNTM. FARMS Principal Poisonous Plants of Canada By By FAITH FYLES, BJ ASSIHTANT BOTANIST, Bulletin No Second S«rlefl Published by direct!. . S. F. Toi.mik, Minister of Agricu , Ottawa, Ont. '■ i. OTTAWA J. Di LABROQUERIE TACH£, PRINTER TO THE KINO'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY 63463—1 Tl«' iliinoiiralili', Till' Minister of AKricultiiro, Ottawa. HiK. I have tlii' honour to trunsniit htrcwitli the nlanll^«■ri|)t of Hulictin ;JU of the Second Scries, on Poinonoiw Plants. This hulictin has been prepanil hy Aliss Faith Tylcs, Assistant Botanist, and is profusely illustrated from drnwinK»« made hy the author. Tlu'se, with the many careful descriptions niven of the various poisonous plants, make the hulictin a vuluuhlc one to those enguged in hotanical studies. The main olijcct in its publication, however, is to give the farmer and stock-raiser a means of recognizing and identifying such poisonous plants as may occur on his pastures and ranges. Symptoms of |>oisoning l»y these plants arc also described and mothol9. K. S. AKCHIBALH, Director Dominion ExiHrimenlnl Farmn. 634()3— li III •M Fruiting Plant c^ Canada Moonseed, and Seed. CONTENTS HACiB Introduction General Hints for the Kriulication of Poisonous Plants 2 Plants Poisonous to diffemit animals Krgot Family (Hypocreacea) Fern Family {Polypmliacea') Horsetail Family (Equ'mtaci'r) 13 (irass Family (Graminea) 18 Arum Family (.Araceat) 21 Lily Family {Liliacea) 26 Iris Family {Iridacece) 27 Nettle Family (Urticacea) PokeweeJ Family (Phylolaccacnt} ''^ Pink Family (Caryophyllacea) *" Buttercup Family (Raniinculacea) ■''' Moonsced Family (Meniapermacca) ^^ Barberry Family (BerberidaceoB) *' Poppy Family {Pnimoeracea) •'' Pulse or Pea Fatnily {LtguminoufT) • Spiu-ge Family {Euphorbiace(B) '" My Cashew Family (Amcardiacea) Mezereum Family {Thymelaeacew) •*' Parsley or Carrot Family {Umbellifera) ^ Heath Fa nily {Ericacetr) '** DoRbanc Family (Apocynacea) ^ Milkweed Family (Asdepiadacea:) **- Mint Family (Labiat(T) Nightshade or Potato Family iSoln„.:ce(r) >>•> Lobelia Family {Lobeliacea) • ' Composite or Thistle Family {CnmposilrB) '« Bibliography , , 107 Index LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAOB Frontispiece — (.'uiiada Moonspcd iv Key of leiivi'S vii-xi tj^ot To fueo page 4 Bracken " " " 9 Horsetail •■ " " 12 Darnel •• " " 15 GrassoH caiiMinK mechanical injury •' " " 17 Jack-in-the-piiljiit •• " " \n False Hellebore " " " 20 Death Camas " " " 20 Smooth Camas " " " 2S Slender Nettle Between pages 27-30 WiHxl Nettle " " 27-30 Poison Poke To face page 30 Purple Cockle Between pages 28 29 Cow Cockle To face page 35 Pasque Flower " " " 3(5 Larkspur " " " 41 Heouree- 7 Cypress Spurge; 8, Puiaon Ivy; a. Poison Sumach; 10, Wicopy; U, Mezereon. I, Poison Hemlock; 2. Water Hemlock; 3, Water Parsnip; 4, Mountain Laurel; 5, Sheep Laiirpl; (!, Swampor Pale I,«urel; 7, Spreadinn Dogbane: 8. Black Indian Hemp: 9, Butterfly Weed; 10, .Swamp Milkweed; 11, Common Milkweed; 12, Uval-leaved Milkweed. xi ■s ni'' f;">"»'' Ivy; 2 mttprswcet; 3 Threc-flowercd Xightshade: 4, Common Xightshado; a. Black Henbane; 8, Thorn Apple; <, Indian lobacco; 8. Great Lobclin; 9, White Snakeroof lU, Miec'ZeweeU, II, KaKWort. INTRODUCTION The subject of poixonouH plants is at all times naturully one of very ureat importance in every agricultural country, jwrticularly in a country of such vast extent of fertile land as ours. It is more so, at the present time when the world-wide cry for food has turned the thoughts and intt'u- tlon's of farmers and stockowners to the necessity for greater production. In this greater effort, there is the danger of pasturage heinn restricted and overstockcti and animals forced to oat plants they would otherwise avoid. Although the yearly loss due to plant-poisoning is known to he on the increase, the amount of the loss is not ascertainable, owing to the fact that many fatalities are attributed to other causes through lack of knowl- edge and available literature. A knowledge of poisonous plants and the ability to distingui.sh the most harmful species in his neighbourhood are highly essential to every owner of live stock, so that ho may bo enabled to avoid pasturing animals on infested areas until the danger is past. This publication has been prepared with this end in view, as well as for the use of the general public and students interested in the subject. The descriptions and illustrations, it is hoped, will be of service in this con- nection. Wherever possible, all scientific terms have been translated into ordinary English, and the most familiar of the common names given. The scientific names and synonyms of each species, as well as the scientific names of the families, have boon inserted for the greater convenience of teachers and science masters. The symptoms have been given to assist veterinary surgeons in diagnosing cases of poisoning. Since, in every case of severe poisoning, whether of human beings or animals, profes.sional advice should be promptly sununoned, no attempt has been made to cover remedial measures; but a few .suggestions useful in emergencies have been given hero and there. For general treatment of animals a supply of permanganate of potash and aluminum sulphate (alum) should be kept on hand. These drugs are inexpensive and may bo obtained nt any druggist's. A well-dissolved e(iual portion of eacli should be administered at the earliest possible moment after poisoning. As this publication is the first of its kind in Canada, and as the infor- mation contained has been gathered from widely scattered sources, there is still a very great deal to be learned in regard to Canadian poisonous plants. For this reason it is hoped that all interested will send in suspi- cious plants for identification, to th"! Experimental Farm, Ottawa. GENERAL HINTS FOR THE ERADICATION OF POISONOUS PLANTS Wh««ri>v«T plants known to Im; piiiMonoiis arc found, mtiw effort xliould Im' nm
  • to destroy them, or prevent at least their niiiltipliealion. In most eases they may he simply dealt with as weeds, as annuals, hienniulM, or iN-reniiials. .\nn(ai,.h: Annuals, whieh produee their Howers and set-ds in one seasoti, have no other means of propaKution than seeds. Therefore any method, best ehosen hy the individual farmer, whieh will prevent the pn>duetion of seeds will exterminate tl plant. At the purple eoekle. eurseil crowfoot and Indiati tobacco ui. all annuals, much h)ss may Im- avoided by mere hand-pulliuK or cuttinR when these plants are in flower. MiKNNiALs: Dientiials, which blf seed is con- ccriu'd. They will eventually succumb to continued close cuttinjt or to the u.He of the hoe or spud. Thorough cultivation and drainage where necesNiry is the iM-tter method on larRe and badly infested areas. Fkke.nnialh: Perennials are propiixated both by seertarit as the destruction of the underKround portion of the plant, in many cases, more so, as the numerous li>{ht seeds borne to fresh soil will in time produce numy more new plants than is possibl<' by the division of the rootstocks. But in other cases, as for instance the water hemlocks, the [wrtion in the soil is the most deadly, and any .small piece uprooted and eaten by stock will result in death in a few minutes. Thus it is necessary for the extermination of the species and the safety of human beinns as well as animals to destroy all porti' is of pf)isonoU8 perennials by the quickest means po.ssible. SpRAYiV(i: Chemical .sprays may be used to advantage; they are eci-iomical and effective in most cases. Plants with rough leaves are most susceptible, as the spray clings to the surface more readily. Smooth leaves sheil the spray before it has time to take full effect. The s|)ray sho lid be applied in a fine mist on a bright clear day when there is no likelihood of rain undoing the work. Spraying is most effective when the plants are young and succulent, that is, just before they flower or in their first bloom. (•<).MMo.\ Salt or . .m Chloride: Common salt is one of the cheapest and safest sf to use. It is most destructive when applied in hot dry weather, absorbs the moisture from the plants and the surrounding soil to su. ,. an extent that the pla- 'ie of thirst. A solution of 1.50 pounds to 60 gallons of water may be or where all vegetation is to be destroyed it may be applied in the fo..a of hot brine, of such a rength as to show crystals on its surface. ( MHTK HoDA OH ScoitM HvDRoxiDK: TIiIh clwiiii.al U PKr^Tmlly iiM-fiil III (l.'sfroyiiiK ,...iH-.nl(> for a waKoii. It may he iimmI wifl ^(mm| .•fTi-ct on rK)ij.on ivy, Hprcailiiiji iloKiiaiK-, aiiras in -)2 iiallons of water, which »|uantity is sufficient for one acre of lierhaKc. <'«»PPKK SiLPiiATE OK Bu'ESTo.vE: Bluestone is more ex|X'nsive, hut a far less (|uantity will serve the same pur|Kise. From 8 to 12 iMiunds is sufficient for 52 gallons of water. Both oopp«>ras and hluest.me spraying should he done in clear, liot weather, when rain is not expected for at least twenty-four hours. PLANTS POISONOUS TO DIFFERENT ANIMALS The following list, in each case, Iocs not include all tlie plants that are poi.sonous to the difTerent animals, hut only those through which most loss has heon suffered. Horses: Ergot, hracken horsetail, darnel, purple cockle, locowei'd, water hemlock. Cattle: Ergot, hracken, darnel, purple cockle, curstHi crowfoot, larkspur, locoweed, poison hemlock, water hemlock, water i)arsnip, laurel, white snakeroot, ragwort. Sheep: Ergot, darnel, death camas, purple cockle, pasque flower, lupine, locoweed, poison hemlock, water hemlock, laurel, white snakeroot. Swine: Darnel, purple cockle, water hemlock. Poultry: Ergot, |iKht kiTtu'lH," and "Hpurn'il ryp." I)KH.HiPT.nN: KrKot in a form of a fungus paranifi,. on Kra««i.«. on,, of th.. lK.Ht known H,K.,.».H l>oinK that foun.l on rye. The fungun h o .•«H. y r.TORnu... „. ,|„. «ocon.l st«,r of i,H .lovelopm. „t. wh." th ' I rd .lark purpl.. or a n.oM l.la.k ma^n.. (.clerotia) aro Ln a in.erva o | . ..«.lH .^ rv... w ..... U.oy h„v.. nnurp..! tho position of the h^.! o h hoHt. rh,.se ml,.ro»m, or ergots as they are ,K,pularly eall...l, n.av I... ..».H..rv...l fro.„ June till iate in the autumn, aeeonling to the nature t . .p,..H.H of ..rgot an.l h.>Ht plant. In the autun.n, they fall to the grouml «n.l r..nuun ,n a n.H.inK ^.age throughout the winte . When th.. C u-e«.h..r lH.g,nH again, they nhow signs of awakening life by the applan " h.ir wa, In he hea.l of the stron.a are nu.nerous flask-shape.! .avifies (por.the,..a) ea.-h of whieh contains a number .,f narrow cellf (ase^) an. oa..h .,f these .n .ts turn contains eight threa.l-Iike sporen or repro 1 cti ve iKMhes. The mature spores escape fron, the peritheda alK,ut the te of Howenng o the hc.st plant, rye or grass, as the case n.ay be W en a Hp..re falls mto a floret of « suitable host plant, it develop., a so^al luc'T' "'t" ""T"''^ "'!""'"••' ^""'•'' "ho'-y.lew" I abun.la pr...luce.l. The honeydew exu.les in large glistening .Irops fr.m. the fl.,ret Tn t:,n ^h'T^Th "''■' " ''"''"'•^' ^''"»^''* ''-^ '""'«-' "- -«• - .nse.t . ,„ hlled with very mmiite micro.scopic bodies (conidia) another reproduct.v.. form of the fungus. The coni.lia are capable o in 3i«te Kcrnunation .„,1 are .-arri.Hl by i„.se..ts to oth.. planVs. Thus "ia il . f rUL 'C' •""T'',Tr!r '■""''"^' ^'''""«»>«"^ ♦'"• flowering ™„ of ts host. The mycelial threads .-ontinue to .levelop, an.i in time form mfect barl..y and the following gras-nes: K i i r>e win Reed canary grass {Phalaris arundinacea L.) • Sweet vernal grass {Anthvxanthum odoralum L ) • Meadow foxtail KAlopecurus praienns h.); Pun I. if HM Hpiir i«' of ll(l^ th*> iiikI trill nee like ticH UK I ivo «.f I a led tly vt. ler itp i» on •ni >st is (i, li« 111 ill Ergot on gruwi-8. Pkoliy-P: F,l,t. e34«3— 2 Tall oat graiss {Arrhenatherum elating \L.\ Hoauv.); Orchard grass {DncUjlis glomeratn L.); Quaking grass (Briza media L.) ; Canadian hluo grass {Poa compresKa L.); Kontucky blue grass (Poa pratemfin h.); Meadow fescue (Festuca rlatior L.) ; Heed fescue {Festuca nrumlinacea Schreb.); liarren brome grass {liromus derilis L.);' He has also shown that ergots grown on anj- of these grasses whii'h have Ix'eii infected by ergot of rye an; in their turn cai)abie of infecting rye and barley. This is a very important point for the agriculturist. For instance, if holy grass infected with ergot is left to mature, the ergots will drop to the ground and repeat their work in the spring. There will then be still fresh lioneydew on the holy grass (which is early blooming) when the first heads of rye or barley come into bloom. The rye and barley may then be contaminated, and from them the honeydew will be borne to later-blooming fodder grasses, and so on through a continuous chain of harm. I'oisoxots Phoi'Khtiks: The most important of the many constitu- ents lately isolated from ergot is the very highly potent alkaloid enjotoxine. which with other harmful principles causes a disease known as ergotism. .\ni.m.\ls Affected: Ergot is poisonous to all domestic animals. Ewart states that "a comparatively small number of fresh ergot grains suffice to injure or kill a horse, cow, or sheep." It is a well-known cause of abortion. Human Poisonixc;: Human beings have been poisoned by ergot from very early days, chiefly, however, in those countries when- rye bread is used. The ergot is ground up with the grain, and the flour is thus rendered unfit for food. Symptoms: The s\,nptonis of ergot poisoning have been well described by J. H. McNeil, as follows:— "Krgot stimulates the nerve centres that cause the contraction of the small l)lood vessels su])plying the different parts of the body, and cause one of the two forms of ergotism, viz., a nervous form and a gangrenous form. "Nervous I'^rgotism: In this form the contraction of the blood vessels of the brain produces dullness and (K'))ression. The animal also suffers from gastro-intestinal catarrh, r< fuses food, and gradually passes into a condition of general wasting. The nervous form, however, may assume an entirely s;iy, until further study has boon made, whether tliis erRut is idetitieal with the ergot of rye, or whether it may be one or more new speries typical of the West. "(iiingrcnous Ergotism: In this common form, the chcckinfj of flic blood, resulting from the contraction of the small blood vessels, causes a loss of a part or of all the limb below the knee or hock, of the tail or the ears. The form of the disease may manifest itself by the formation of ulcers at the top of the hoof or between the toes, and a toe may i)e lost or the entire hoof shed. The affected part dries, a small furrow or line of separation appears, completely surrounding the liml), divid hay, and cloan thoroughly all barns and stalls where it has been stored. Should animals show symptoms of pois(ming, their food should be changed at once, and the assistance of a veterinary surgeon sliould be procured. (a4fi3~2i Plate II. Bracken. Pkoto—F. Fytea. FERN FAMILY (PolypodiacecB) BRACKEN {Pteria aquilina L.) (Pleridium aquilinum [L] Kuhn.) Plate II. Common Names: This plant is seldom known by any otiier name than common brake or bracken, sometimes modified to lady-br:icken. fern-brake, or hog-brake. Description: The bracken is a coarse fern with a creeping, woody, almost black rootstock. The stalk of the frond or leaf is from one to three feet high, and the blade measures from one to three feet across by two to four feet in length. The stalk, with maturity, becomes straw-coloured, or brownish, stiff, stout, ridged, swollen at the base. The blade is dull green, the general outline trianpular, the widely spreading branches twice pinnate. In the spring the youn^ eaves are bent over at the top and curled in. The oblong obtuse lobes are strongly outlined by the reflexed margin which forms, his case, a second indusium or covering to the spore-cases. As the sp. -cases develop, they push aside the outer indusium and, fitted close together in several rows, they form quite a distinct golden-brown margin to the underside of each lobe. The spores, or reproductive bodies, are ready for dissemination from July to September. The spore- cases open with a snap, and the spores, light and easily carried by the wind, are scattered far and wide. When they reach the moist earth they germinate, but the germinated spores do not produce a true fern-plant. They give rise to another stage of its life, a small flat, green body (pro- thallus). On the underside of the prothallus are tiny organs whose union results in the development of a true fern-plant, which in its turn produces spores and thus completes the life cycle. Distribution: Common in thickets, on hillsides, and in sandy soil from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Poisonous Properties: The toxic principles of bracken have not yet been fully investigated, but it has been shown by experiment that the action of the poison is cumulative. Anlmals Affected: The experiments carried on by Hadwen in British Columbi.n (1917) proved that the ingestion of dried bracken was the cause of a disease among horses known as "staggers." He says: "During the hard winter of 1915-16 the mortality amongst horses in the Fraser valley and on Vancouver Island was very heavy. As an extreme instance we cite the following: 'In the little village of St. Elmo, B.C., out nf twonty- four horses owned by eleven farmers, sixteen died of bracken poisoning, 10 four recovered, and the balance (four) did not take the disease.' Tiie horses attacked are usually those that receive the minimum amount of care, but well-cared-for, greedy horses may contract the disease throuRh eating their bedding, wnich often consists of bracken which has been left in their mangers." Hadwen also reports the poisoning of two horses from eating green bracken in a pasture where other vegetation was scarce. One of the horses died. Chesnut and Wilcox (1901) state that "Cases of poisoning of horses and cattle by this plant have been reported from Kngland and from a few localities in the United States." Pott also refers to the poisoning of cattle by eating bracken in quantity. Stockman (1917) experimmted with a bull-calf by fcedmg it freshly cut bracken forajieriod of twenty-nine days. The calf was found dead on tlie thirtieth day. Symptoms: The first general signs of poisoning as given by Hadwen are, an unsteady gait, good appetite, animal inclined to constipation, eye congested, flanks tucked up, nervousness. In the later stages if the head is raised the horse may fall. It stands with the legs spread, and has a distinctly intoxicated loo'.-. Greedy horses are most liable to attack. Mueller, in reference to fatal poisoning among horses, gives th" symp- toms as timidity, slower movement or action, loss of balance, dilated pupils, reddening followed by yellirtving of the conjunctiva?, and slowing of the pulse. Remedy .\nd Me.ws of Contkol: In all cases of poisoning, profes- sional advice should l)e obtained. The treatment recommended by Hadwen to the farmer who is unable to obtain such aid is as follows: First removt all ferny hay and bedding, dive a quart of raw linseed oil, taking especial care that none falls into the lungs. Give good clean hay, warm '>ran mashes, and roots. The horse should be kept as quiet as possible, owing to its nervous excitability. Warmth is of aid in combatting the affection, whilst a cold, draughty stable tends to lower the vitality. Ploughing and manuring is one of the best methods of exterminating bracken. The deep-lying rootstocks will not all be destroyed the first year, but after two or three years of thorough cultivation, very few if any will be found. On steep hil' sides and pastures where tillage would be out of tiie question, cutting the green tops off will in time starve the rootstocks, particularly if a good dressing of lime is applied to the soil immediately after the cutting. The lime serves as a check to the bracken and als() as an encouragement to the growth of grasses. In regard to the best time for cutting, Thomas Tusser wrote in 1557:— " In June and in Augast as well doth apppcre Is best to mowe Brakes of all times of tlie yeere. 11 HORSETAIL FAMILY (Eqiii setae ece) COMMON OR FIELD HORSPJTAIL (Equisetum arvense L.) Plate III (To faoo pane 12i. Common Names: Among the po])ular names of horsetail are the foHowinp, which are typical and descriptive: pine-top, meadow-jMne, scouring rush, bottle brush, snake-pipes, jointed rush, and cornfield horse- tail. Desckiption: The horsetails or scouring rushes are a group of perennial plants intermediate between the ferns and club-mosses. Like the ferns they possess a more or less branching, creeping rootstock which persists from year to year and sends out new shoots each year. The rootstock of the field horsetail develops also short tuber-like branches, which act as storehouses of reserve material. As in some of the ferns, tlu> rootstock sends up two distinct kinds of leaf-shoots, a fertile and a sterile shoot, each of which is distinctly jointed and hollow. The fertile stems, which bear the spores, or reproductive bodies, appear early in May, before the sterile or vegetative shoots have yet unfoldetl. They are from four to ten hes high, usually unbranched, light-brown, with darker brown, scale-likr leaves arranged in c'rcles at each joint or node. At the apex of each lertile stem is a group of si)orophylls known as the C(me, from which the spores fall to the ground and protluce new plants. The spores are round, and each is furnished with two spiral bands or elatcrs (so attached as to ajjpear to be four) which assist in its dispersal. The sterile stems are from four to twenty inches high, bright green, grooved, with angled, solid branches. Distribution: The field horsetail is native to Canada, ami is found in gravelly or sandy soil from Newfoundland to Alaska. Poisonous Properties: Tlie harmfulness of field horsetail has for many years been the subject of much discussi >n and difference of opinion, but in Canada it was found to be the cause of much loss (see l")onunion Experimental Farms Reports 1910, p. ^00, 1912, p. 210-11.) The toxic principle has not been determined. Anim.^ls .\kfected: Horses suffer most from eating this weed in the hay, particularly young horses. It is also known to be injurious to sheep, but there is a difference of ojjinion as to its effect upon cattle. The weed does not ajjpear to be as poisonous when eaten in a green state. This may be due to the laxative properties of other fresh food eaten at the same time, or to the fact that the plant is not as commim in pastures as in meadows and, in consequence, is not eaten to the same extent. Animals grazing in pastures containing horsetail, should be watched and removed from the field of danger at the first symptoms of jjoisoning. 12 Symptoms: The first general symptoms are a certain excitement, unthriftiness, diarriioea, good appetite; later, staggering gait, partial loss of motive power, craving for the weed, pulse accelerated, respiration difficult, sometimes convulsions and death or a state of unconsciousness and coma. Sometimes the attack is very acute, death occurring in a few hours; usually, however, the disease lasts from a few days to several weeks. Remedy and Means of Control: The first and most important ihing to be done is to change the food. Remove all hay and bedding containing equisetum. Administer a purgative, as raw linseed oil or aloes, to remove any undigested portion of the plant, and give stimulants, camphor, or powdered nux vomica with grain feed three times a day. Blisters along the spine are beneficial (Friedlierger and Frohner). In severe cases, slings should be used to support the animal before it loses the power to stand. If this treatment is begun in time, the animals will recover in practically all cases. This weed may be held in control by draining, enriching and culti- vating the ground. It thrives best in sandy or gravelly soil that is wet in the spring and early summer, or where the underlying water is not far from the surface of *,he soil. Good drainage and good cultivation will eventually exterminate it as, although the rootstocks lie lower than the depth of ordinary cultivation, they will starve if the green food-producing shoots are kept cut. ^# : ™J / 1 ■ ' . ^^^^M 3 Field Horse-tail ■ JPUxte a- Sterile stem, b 'Fertile 13 GRASS FAMILY {Gramineae) DARNEL (Lolium temulentum L.) Plate IV. Common Nameh: Darnel is also called poison-darnel, white darnel, Imarded darnel, and tare. The French name for it is "Ivraie," derived from "ivre" meaning drunken, as when brewed with barley it acts as an intoxicant. Description: Darnel is an annual grass. It has smooth simple stems from two to four feet high. The leaf blades are four to ten inches long and about one-quarter inch wide, rough on the upper surface and smooth on the lower. The flower spike is four to twelve inches long, with four to eight flowers to each spikelet, which fits tightly into a slight curve on either side of the stalk. The seed is about the size of a small grain of wheat, it is rounded at each end, with a shallow groove on the inner surface, and is closely covered by two scales, the outer one usually possessing a short awn. The kernel itself is greenish, tinged with brown or purple. It is in bloom from June to August. Darnel is very closely related to English and Italian rye grasses, but may be reatlily distinguished from both in having no leafy shoots from the base, and consequently it doe? not grow in tufts or bunches. Distribution: Introduced from Europe, it is now scattered through- out (,'anada on cultivated ground and waste places in New Brunswick, the Prairie Provinces and on the Pacific coast. Poisonous Properties: The injurious effect of darnel has been recognized since early scriptural days, as there is no doubt it was really the tares which the enemy sowed among the wheat. There are also many references to it in the classics; Ovid says "Let the fields be clear of darnel that weakens the eyes." It is referred to in one of Shakespeare's plays as spoiling the bread, and in the same connection Gerarde (1597) says: "The new bread wherein darnell is, eaten hot, causeth drunkenness; in like manner doth beere or ale wherein the seede is fallen, or put into the inault." The toxic principle seems to be only in the seed or grain itself, and has been determined as a narcotic alkaloid temuline, which Hofmeister has shown to be a strong nerve poison. Other authorities give different toxic principles, and some refer the cause of injury to a fungus which infests the seed. Esser concludes that according to most authorities who have investigated darnel the fungus alone contains the toxic substance — the temuline — and hence the grains in which the fungus does not occur should be harmless. H. C. Long, in referring to Esser's work, says: "So far as I'l-ATB IV. Dartii'l. riot:, F. FtU' 15 ran Ik' HHCfrtaini'il, then- have Imm'ii no tccdinK i-xiH-riiiu-nt!* rn ilcicniiiiii' tlw ilifTcn-ncc in ti>xi<' cliararttT iK-twivn riiiiKiif«-iiifi"4t«>il aiitl fiiimu»'-firc uraiiiH. Thi' ilanRcrouM pro|MTtii's an- saiil l<> Iw iiiont proiioiii tM'> anil sheep have lieen recortled by Johnson and Sowerhy (IHtil). Cornevin Hives the anunnits of darnel neeessary to kill eertain aninni!' as follows: - lIofHIV 7 |M)Unils (MT HKt |MMIIIlls livf Wl'iltlll Kiiiiiiii.iiits I *• li> I H iMiiiiu'- |nT KHI iKiiiiiiU livf wi'inht IViiiliry I .■> to I s |Miiii..N per KM) |Hmnils livi- wi'IkIiI |Ki|{ I N |Hiiifi(l |MT ItX) iHiumU livf w^i^llt 111 MAN I'uisoxixci: The ehief (hiMKer to hiinian lieiims lies in liie iliffiiulty of siftinK darnel from whi-at and other cereals of miuh the .*aine sized drain, (iroiinti up with the Hour in this way, it has eaiisey .Johnson and S(iweri)y in which eighty inmates of Sheffield v.orlhouse (Knuland) were affected with violent vomitinn and purunijt after eating oatmr.il (MiitaininK darnel. SvMi'ToMs: Darnel |Miisonin({ induces K'jain be used for unii" ""*'• <1"' loln'ion has included .some hoed crops. (iRAssES (ArsINCJ MKMMess siniilnr barl>ed and awned weds, which iMscome end>edded iM'tween the teeth of animals, and eauce iiiHum- mation. 18 ARUM FAMILY ..\,a, ae) .lACK-IN-THK-lTLl'IT (Ari'Un, I,-: .1- dum [L.\ Ton.) I'l-ATK VI. Co.MMox Xamks: The Jack-in-tlu'-Piilpit is also known as tlic Indian- turnip, tiircc-lca %•«'([ arum, (lra>r!>n-turnip, devil's oar, ho^-onion, and slarcii-wort. Dkschii'tion': It is a perennial plant from eifjlit inches to tliree feet liijili. It usually Ixat's two leaves, sometimes only one. Each leaf lias three leaflets, oval, ])oiiited, smooth, entire or sometimes waved at the mai(iins. The so-called "flower" is not oidy one flower, hut is made up (»f a numher of very si.iall flowers arranged around a central axis (spadix) surrounded by a large, sheathin};, coloured bract called the spathe. The spadix is popularly known as the "Jack" and the spathe forms his "pulpit." The spathe is pale jfrfen, strijH'd with reddish-brown or purple, and is bent over at the top. The spadix is also green and purple, rounded at the top and narrowed at the base, where it is surrounded by the small flowers. In tlie autumn, the bright scarlet bunch of berries, with the withered spadix and spathe still attached, is (piite as conspicuous as the Jack is in the early summer. The tmderground portion of the plant consists of a round, wrinkled, greyish-brown starchy corm, with a number of rootlets from th(> upper surface. It is found in bloom in the spring and early stnnmer. DrsTRiBrTiox: Jack-in-the^Pulpit is very common in low, rich woods throughout Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, and Ontario. It is a native of Canada. Poisoxous Propeutiks: The plant contains acrid jiroperties. Tlu' corm is very poisonous. It is held that the acridity disappears with roasting or boiling. No doubt it was used by the Imlians. but it is safer for the white man not to try experiments. Pammel says the corm of the Indian-turnip is so extremely acrid that a decoction made from it has been used to kill insects. (tRKKX-DuACOX {Arisnemn Drnconlium ['-.] Sciiorr.) .\uim Family. The green-dragon is a near relative of Jack-in-t he-Pulpit, and posesses similar acrid qualities. It may be distinguished by its solitary leaf, which is characteristically cut into seven to eleven oblong pointed leaflets, and by it.s long tapering spadix and pointed green spathe. It is found on low grounds in Ontario. It flowers in June. I'l.ATK VI. JjH'k-iii-llic-pulpit. /'*../., F. FM, 20 Arrow Arum {Peltandra virginica [L.] Kunth.) Arum Family. The arrow arum is a stemless plant found in shallow v/ater in Ontario. It has arrow-shaped leaves, a long green spathe, green berries and thick, fibrous roots. The berries are poisonous. Water Arum (Calla palustris L.) Arum Family. This plant of bogs and shallow waters is sometimes called "the wild calla" because of its resemblance and close relation to the well-known cultivated calla. It is a low perennial with a long creeping rootstoek bearing long-stalked, heart-shaped leaves, and a solitary scape. It has a short spadix and a white spathe almost as wide as long. The berries are bright red, subtended by the dried white spathe. This plant, which is native to Canada from Nova Scotia to Hudson Bay, also contains poisonous properties. The rootstoek is particularly acrid. SKUNK CABBAGE {Symplocarpusfoetidus [L.]Kutt.) Arum Family. {Spathyema foetida [L.] Rafif. ) Common Names: The skunk cabbage is known by a variety of names, the most familiar being polecat-weed, swamp-cabbage, clump-foot cabbage, stinking poke. Description: It is a perennial herb with a very strong, disagreeable odour. The short, broad spathe appears very early in the spring before the leaves. The spathe is swollen, thick, leathery, pale-green, chisely- streaked and spotted with purple or reddish brown, pointed, enveloping the short, round spadix covered with small purple flowers. The leaves, which appear much later, are large, bright green, heart-shaped, short- stalked, veiny, and clustered on the short ridged stem. The spadix enlarges in fruit, and the to .d seeds are imbedded. Distribution: The skunk cabbage is a native of Canada, aiid is found in bogs and moist land from Nova Scotia to Ontario. Poisonous Properties: The whole plant contains acrid and noxious properties and has a strong, unpleasant odour. Cattle avoid it. Western Skunk Cabbage (Lysichiton camtschatcense Schott.) The skunk cabbage of British Columbia is a very conspicuous plant at all times of the season; in the springtime by its large bright yellow spathe, in the summer by its leaves mostly three feet long and over a foot wide, and in the autumn by its long, stalked, large head of fruit. mate Vll. Fig. a False tletlchorc i leaf. Jlouvrs. rcnits t - b Death Camas ■■ c S(vd - vcsseln of Death Camaa Hertuced One Hal/ 3;^ 21 LILY FAMILY (Liliaceue) ZYGADENUS OR DEATH CAMAS {Zyijadenus venenosus Ryilb. ) (Toxiconcordion gramineum RyiH)) Plate VII. Flo. B. Common Names: Zygadcnus is popularly known »)y a great variety of names, death camas being, perhaps, the most familiar. Other common names are poison-onion, poi.son-lily, poison-sego, camass, hogs-potato, mystery-grass, alkali-grass, soap-plant, squirrel-food, and lobelia. The last mentioned should not be used as it causes confusion with another poisonous plant, the Indian toliaeco {Lobelia inflata L.). Descriptiox: The death camas is one of the spring and summer flowers of the West. It is an erect, perennial herb growing from a coated bulb. The leaves are grass-like, long, narrow, and keeled, so much re.-!eni- bling the leaves of a grass or sedge that they are often overlooked in the search for poisonous plants. The flowers are arranged in an elongated cluster or raceme, simple or branched, at the top of the central flower-stalk, .vhic'i is from ten to twenty inches high, rising above the leaves. The flowers are numerous, small, about one-(iuarter inch in diameter, yellowish or greenish white, each subtended by a leaf-like bract which is shorter than the slender stalk. The flowers bloom from about the middle of May to the end of July, but the flowering period varies with the season ond altitude. The seeds ripen in their three-parted erect capsules in July and August, and germinate the following spring, producing the bulb and leaves only during the summer. The flowerilig stalk appears the year after. The plants grow more or less as scattered individuals, but sometimes in large masses or patches. These patches of the flowering plants are easily distinguished, even at some distance, by their peculiar greenish-yellow colour. Distribution: Zygadenus rrows abundantly on many of the stock ranges of the West. It is found generally distributed from Saskatchewan to British Columbia. It is native to Canada. Poisonous Properties: The poisonous principle of death camas is an alkaloid, zygadenine, allied to veratrine, which is found in all parts of the plant. Tlie toxicity of the flowering tops and the bulbs is about the same, but the seeds are much more toxic than other parts of the plant. Cases of poisoning, however, are more liable to occur early in the season, before the plants are in flower, as at that time the fresh green leaves are most tempting to stock, long deprived of green food. After seeding, the plant withers. Animals Affected: In reference to death camas, T. N. Willing says: "Large numbers of sheep have been affected in the early summer by the prevalence of this weed (in southern Alberta) amongst the grass on which 6.'{483— 3 22 tlu>y wero KraziiiK." It was proved by tho United States Department of \nneulture that cattle and liorses were also poisoned l.y zytjadenus hut un death. The "fatalities weie almost entirely confined to sheep. Symptoms: AeeordinK to (h.-snut and Wileox, the first si^ns <.f pois..n- i„a are -a eertah. uneasiness anredical remedies have been f<.und of little U.SC, as most of the cases are disomc years ago the plant was so plentiful over the ranK<> that sheep Herders were k.;pt supplie- Tli" stent, which in usually sini|)le, tiioiiKh sometimes lirani'lied, is armed with stiiiKinK hairs. The leaves are opjtosite, hairy, with slen(h'r hristly stalks, lon^ jxiinted, usually rounded at the liase, >\ith sharjily toothed margins. The small K>°eeiiish-wiiite flowers are arranKeercd ainouK the poisonous plants, hut they cause what is known as the "nettle rash" which is impli'asant enouKh to be uvoiih'd. .\s I'ammel says, "it is an inflammatory disorder with a luirninK iind itching sensation. It may come ecies, f. hohmriccd were the cause of the death of several horses in California in .\i)ril, KHM)." OTIIKU SPKCIKS OK XKTTLK. The following species in Canada are ('(pially injurious to the skin, and cause severe irritation and burning wherever they come in contact with it: The stinging nettle (I'liica dioira L.), the western nettle (f. Liiallti Wats.), the dwarf nettle (('. ureiiii L.], and the wood nettle (fjr'ortm canatkniiis [L.] (laud.). Plate X. Remedy and Mean.s ok Contkol: The burning and irritation of the skin may be relieved by the application of diluted alcohol. The nettles are best kept in control by cultivation. Where tillage is impracticable, close and continued cutting during the summer is advised. Salt may be applied to cheek the new growth. In sm.-dl pjitches the root- stocks should bo grubbed out and burned, as well as any tops bearing seeds. I'lATT. IX. Slender Nettle I'koln-F tV' IV m: X. \V<««I N'pttU'. l-k„tu—F. Ftlr, 30 POKEWEED FAMILY (J'hytolaccacece) i! POISON POKE ( Phyloliicca deauidra L. ) \Phytolaccn americana L. ) Plate XI. Common Names: Poison j)()k(> is sometimes called scoke, iwkeweid. |tine', and garget. Desckiption: It is a tall, stout, evil-smelling, jKTennial herb from six to nine feet high, with rieh green foliage turning red in the autumn. The h'aves are four to six inches long and two to three inches wide, petioied, pointed at both ends with entire margins. The veins start from the midrib and meet in scallops near the margin. The flowers are small, numerous ill long racenus, with white calyx and green seed-vessel soon changing to the crimson calyx and deep purple berries of September and 0<'tober. The seeds are black, brightly shining, arranged in a circle in the berry. The root is large, pale, ilull yellow, with uneven ridges at intervals. In older plants, the branches of the root become massed together consider- ably, each branch being often more than three inches in diameter. Distkibution: Pois(m-poke is native to Ontario. It is found on low ground and rich soil. Poi.soNous Pkopehties: All i)arts of the plant contain acritl and somewhat narcotic properties. The juice of the plant will cause skin irritation. The root is very poisonous; in it are found a toxic substance phjitoliiccoloTin, an acrid alkaloid phijtolactine, mponin, and other injurious constituents. The fruit is also extremely poisonous. The young leaves lose their acridity when boiled, and are sometimes useil as spinach. Animals Affected: Cattle have been poisoned by eating the fresh young shoots, in places where the plant is growing abundantly. Human PoisoNiNii: Most cases of human poisoning have been acci- dental, either in overdoses of medicine or in mistaking the root for that of horse-radish or parsnip. Fatal cases of pois(ming of children fnmi eating the fruit have been reported by Chesnut. Symptoms: Poison-jioke is a very powerful, although slow-acting emetic. Vomiting does not usually begin until after two or more hours. The symptoms are: nausea, vomiting, spasms, severe purging, and some- times death from paralysis of the respiratory organs. Hemedy and Means of Contkol: Profe.ssicmal advice should be obtained. The plants should be grubbed out. If the roots and berries are not sold as tlrugs, care should be taken to destroy them entirely. Where cutting off would seem more practicable, coarse salt, carbolic acid, or coal-oil should be applied to the cut surface of the root to check new growth. 1'l.ATK XI. I'(ii«.)n I'okc. Pkolo-F P,Ut. 32 PINK FAMILY (Caryophyllacea) PURPLE COCKLE— {Agrostemma Githago L.). * Plate XII. (See p. 27-29.) Common Names: The purple cockle is also popularly known as corn cockle, corn rose, and com campion. Description: Agrostemma means "the-crown-of-the-field." The richly coloured flowers waving among the ears of grain deserve the name, but its aptitude is lost, no doubt, upon the busy farmer who sees only a certain loss to his crop. It is a tall annual or biennial introduced from Europe, one to three feet high, more or less covered with silky hairs. The leaves are two to five inches long, narrow, pointed, with entire margins. The flowers are purple, pale towards the centre, with dark markings, from one to two inches wide. The petals are five, shorter than the long, narrow, pointed, and hairy sepals. The seeds are about 1|8 inch in diameter, black or of such deep purple as to appear black, rough, with rows of short, close teeth. The plant is in flower from July to August. Distribution: Purple cockle was introduced into Canada from Europe, and is now scattered throughout the country in grain fields and along roadsides. Poisonous Properties: This weed, containing saponin, is poisonous both to animals and human beings. The seeds are most harmful. The seed capsules, being on a level with the heads of grain, and ripening at the same time, are cut and milled with the grain. Unless the wheat is very carefully screened, the flour is rendered unwholesome. The presence of the poison may be detected in lower grades of flour by its pecular odour, and even by remnants of the rough, black, seed-coat. Very dangerous results may follow the repeated use of even a small quantity of this flour, as it will produce a chronic disease known as "githagism." Symptoms; The .symptoms of chronic poisoning are: gradual dejsression, headache, nausea, diarrhoea, burning of the sk'n, loss of vigour in muscular movements and breathing, sometimes followed by coma and death. Cornevin describes the symptoms in the acute form in the case of horses, cattle, and pigs. In the horse, if a small quantity only is taken, there is yawning, heavy colic, stamping and evacuation of rather soft fseces. If larger quantities are taken, the symptoms, which commence in about an hour, are salivation, frequent yawning and turning of the head, colic, pale mucus, hurried and weak pulse, rise in temperature, and accelerarted res- piration. Some time later there are muscular tremors succeeded by pro- nounced rigidity, and the faeces are diarrhoeic and foetid. The animal lies down, and getting up is painful; it falls into a kind of coma, stretches itself to the utmost, and death takes place without convulsions. > ,A Plate Xn. 33 In cattle, the symptons observed one hour after eating are restlessness, salivation, and grinding of the teeth. Excitement and colic are followed sometimes by coughing, this state lasting from five to eight hours. There is then a period of coma, characterized by permanent decubitus, repeater! foetid diarrhoea, hurried and plaintive respiration, accelerated and gradually weakening pulse, a gradual loss of motor and sensory powers, and a pro- gressive decline in temperature. Death occurs in twenty-four hours. In the case of pigs, the animal grunts, lies down and remains thus, with its snout embedded in the straw. There is vomiting, more or less violent colic and diarrhoea, the evacuation consisting of bad-smelling, spumous faecal matter. At times there are clonic contractions. Young pigs are most susceptible. (H. C. Long.) Remedy and Means of Control: Weed out com cockle Ix'fore or not later than the first appearance of the purple flowers. Badly infested areas may be sprayed with copper or iron sulphate when the plants are in bloom to prevent the production of seeds. SOAPVVORT. (Saponaria officinalis L.) Pink Family. Thesoapwort or bouncing bet is a coarse, rather showy perennial plant, with large clusters of pale rose-coloured flowers, sometimes double, which is common along roadsides, in old gardens and neglected places, having been introduced from Europe in garden seeds, t jg i^ bloom from July to September or later. The j uice of the plant, wl -ed m water- forms a froth like soapsuds, and has been used for spo..gi ^oth. The whole plant, especially the root, contains the poisonous glue*. ...al substance saponin. No cases of poisoning have been recorded, probably due to the fact that animals avoid the plant and other nourishing food is a1)undant at the time. The saponin substances dissolve the blood corpuscles of all animals, causing stupefaction and paralysis, with vomiting and purging. Cow-cockle or Cow-herb. (Saponaria Varcaria L.). (Vaccaria Vaccaria Britton), Pink Family. Plate XIII. The annual cow-cockle is closely related to the soapwort and the purple cockle. Like the soapwort it has smooth leaves and pink flowers, but the flowers are a brighter pink, smaller and on longer stalks. The plant contains saponin. It has been introduced from Europe, and is com- mon in wheat fields in the West. The seeds, which are regarded as poisonous are common in wheat screenings. They are slightly smaller than those of purple cockle, reddish brown, round, with a flat band around the middle. Pl,ATK XIII. Cow ('i)ckl('. I h„i„ F. ^>^, 35 BUTTERCUP FAMILY {Rnmniciilacccr) crUSKl) CUOWFOOT (Ifiiniinciiliissreltratiis L.) Common Xamks: Other i)(»j)ular iiaincs nivcn to this HaDuiiciilus arc l>itinf( crowfoot, cclcry-lcavcil crowfoot, l)list('rwort, and anions its FrciK'h names are Mort an vaches, Herhe sar(loi)i()U(>. Dksckii'TIon: The cursed crowfoot is a stout, holiow-steinmt d annual from six inches to two feet hinh. The h'aves from tiie root are thick, with long and hroad stalks, rounded or heart-shaj)ed, three lolnd and toothed. The u))i)er leaves have very short stalks or none at all. longf r lolx's and fewer t<'eth. The Howers are i)ale yellow, small, aliout one-(|Uarter of an inch hroad, the petals about the same length as the sepals. The fruiting heads or clusters of seeds, which may he seen on plants still in flower, are ohlong or cylindric. The plants are in hloom from .June to August, sometimes earlier or later, according to locality and climatic conditions. Dl^^TKlBt■TIO^•: It is found in wet ditches, low lands, and swamps from New Brunswick to British ("olumhia. PoisoNoi's Pkopkuties: As its name implies, tlu' cursed crowfoot is one of the most virulent of our native sjjecies. It contains verj- acrid and poisonoits i)rinciples. Any small portion of the leaf or flower, if eaten, will cause severe jiain iid serious inflammation, and if a])i)lied to the skin will raise ])ainful blisters in a short time. Beggars in Kuroj)e use this and other sjx'cies of huttercuj) to ))roduce nmning sores. An old herbalist says, "Cunning beggars doe use to stamiw the leaves, and lay it unto their legs and armes, which causeth such filthy ulcers as we daily see among such wicked vagabondes to move the iM'ojjle the more to j)ittie." The chemical composition of the acrid and bitter juice of the butter- cups is not well known, but it is thought that the substance is similar to the aiKtnnninr of the sjX'cies of Auemoue. The toxic i)rinci])le is volatile, and the buttercups may be rendered harmless by drying or boiling. When dried with the hay they may be eaten by stock witluut injury. When fresh they are acrid and burning, causing intense irritat. n of the mucous membrane and inflammation of the intestinal tract Some of the species, as for instance U. rcfuux L., are hardly if at all injurious even in a green state, although one case of fatal poisoning to sheep has been record(>d of this .species. Amm.\ls Affening of seeds. Tall Buttercup (R. acris L.) Buttercup Family. The tall or meadow buttercup is an erect, hairy, perennial plant two to three feet high. The basal leaves are long-stalked, three to seven parted, each division cleft into linear crowded lobes. The upper leaves have shorter stalks, and fewer lobes. The flowers are bright yellow, numerous, about an inch in diameter, with roundish petals two or three times the length of the pointed sepals. The fruit clusters are round, one- quarter to one-third inch broad. The seeds are flattened, with a short beak. The plant is in bloom from May to September. It was intro- duced from Europe, and is now common in fields and on roadsides across the American continent. This species of buttercup is less harmful than the cursed crowfoot and, when dried with the hay, forms a large part of the fodder available in some districts, but it must be remembered that all the buttercups are of a poisonous character and under certain conditions and seasons are liable to become very injurious. Long states that "/?. acris L., the acrid butter- cup or tall crowfoot, is a frequent cause of poisoning in cattle," and Cornevin says "it is perhaps the species which causes the most accidents." other species of buttercup. Our native small-flowered buttercup {R. abortivus L.) which may be distinguished by its round heart-shaped root leaves and pale yellow flowers whose petals are shorter than the reflexed sepals, is equally capable of causing irritation and blistering, as is also the smaller spearwort (R. reptans L.). All other buttercups of the swamps and woods contain more or less acridity. i Basque Flower Plate XIV. I'ASOIK FI-OWI'H •'"""""'■ l>'il<»x I: ■• tr. Witlfnoimnnni iBi-h^.i K a perennial, with :i sinul... larre. nip-shaped vml.t-eoloured flower, whieh ojM^ns hefore the .silky urev-jtreen leaves have ai)peared al)ove Rroimd. Th<- fruit eluster is inter.-stiiin, as .ach seed ha^ a ionK f.athery apiM-ndaK<' whieh aids it in disseinimition. The leaves whieh a))i)ear later, are finely diss.-.ted. The jilanf is in l,|,„,n, from • arly in Mareh to .\pril and sometimes in May. Distkihitio.n: This nativ<- i)lant is eommon on the jirairies from •Manitoha to British ("olumiiia. I'oisoNoi s Proj)erties: I'ammel says it is a - very poi.M.nous plant I he .hfT.-rent i)arts of the i>lant are entirely acrid ami. when applied to tlii' skm, cause irritation and vesicatiim. The acridity of the |)lant is due to the i)resence of a crystallim' substance called aneim>nim-." Lloyd states- • The vaixmrs ..volved from the fresh juic<- ar.^ of such an acrid nature as to have mflam.Ml the eyes and hav.- closed them temporarilv. For this reason jiersons refuse to work with the fresh herb." It isinterestiuKto m.te that Mr. T. X. WilliuK fr...,uent in a bunch of sheej, after f.-cliuK Krcdilv an the.se floors and a .nicro.scopical an.l chenu.'al inv.-stiKation by Professors rh.flu.r aiuj H.utt, of Otawa. proved that numerous balls of felt, comp..sed of th<. fine hairs with which the plant ,s covered, form..! in the stomachs an.l impai e I lie .liK,.stion to su.'h an extent as to fre.,uentlv prov fatal I h m however, taken from an old shee,, as many us seventeen balls whi.-h va ied ... .s,.,. rom a marble to a large egK. This ewe was known as a 'pimr ' id-imdallt.''' "'■""' ''""""^ '"' ''"'•■'' ^''''' ^^■'"■'••' ^^'' """"'""•' i" M.VHSH MAHKJOLD. [Callha pahslri. L.) BriTKRci p F.vm.lv. CoM-MON N.^MK.s; The marsh mariRol.! is also called cowslip, king- <-up. moadow-gowan, water-dragon, may blob., soldiers-buttons, water- goggles. J8 DKKrKiPTio., . The nmrinold, ii iNTciinial, ix "Hc of i n 4ii»wy iiii'IdImt'' of till' hiittirciip family, with u* ul>uii»ti'nw arc Mnootli, hollow, and fiirniwt ; Plit Iravrj* an- rounir v\ i i iritiii. Tlu'rc an- lit) |M'taN, lait the l>n>ail, l>ri)iht s<'j)als take their ]il .' i-. 'I'ltc stiiniciis an- luiincrouri. The M-ctl |mh|s .in- ."onu-wliat fiulti-ucd, ^)>n a linu, slmrl- iHiikcd and inany-sc■ Cornt'vin stati's that it heeomei toxic hy the time lu the toxicity increases with maturity. If eaten after the havi' unfolded, it is likely to cause extreme nausea and p lUi i.i I lie al'di nien. A. M. Smith holds that the toxicity is due to the alkaloid j(/i/«( lui I the glueoside hrllihiiiin. When dried with the hay, accordin-i to H. C I.onjr. the i)lant is liarin- less. hut Hiisliy slates it causes diarrhua and loss of milk jiroductioii. Symptoms: .VecordinK to Cornevin the symi>toni» ire similar to tluise proilue«'d by buttercup ])oisonir.:i, /. r. diarrlma, loss of milk production, colic, hloatinit, loHammation of the hiailder, etc. .luhnson and Sowerhy mention the case of five ]>ersons who, after eatinR nutrsh marigold as a herb, were "seized with violent sickness and i)ain in the ahdomen, followed by iliarrliiia iuul (tem ral n-dematous swelling ov»'r the whole budy." III. , 1 1 ii'il ' ii . loomi I ila, and is ti. indlatul to |! "icup. the 'Ii man an I MH\\ a a . ■ . •♦' Ii. ill , but I that liud> OTIIKK SI'KCIKS OK MAKSII-MAKHiOl.l). The western s]M'cies, no doubt, contain similar jioisonoiis ))roi)erties and should be viewed with susi)icion, although no cases of poisduinK have been reportt 1. The yellow marsh-nuirinold {('dltlui nsaiifitlid DC. I is the only western species with yellow flowers. It resembles the eastern sj)ecies in general aj»iM'aranee. and is found in marshy meadows in British Columliia and the Yukon. The mountain marsh-mariKold (C. Itiitdsiixila DC) has while flowers, usually tinged with blue on the outside. It grows in wet alpine meadows in Alberta, British Columbia, and the Yukon. The two-flowered species (C. hiflora DC.) has numerous stem leaves and while flowers with one stalk shorter than the other. The dwarf marsh-marigold (('. chcHdoiiii (Ireene) grows from two to four inches high. Its leaves are round, heart-shaped and its flowers white. It is found along alpine streams and below the snow. J9 Tin; I.AHKSIM HS ! hi I phi III inn I'LATK XV. «p.i MrnKiKii* Family. ro.\iM<»\ Xamk.-*: The liirkMiiurs nn- somctiuic« nCrnd to in litir.iiiirr :i- kiiiKlit'r. «^|(urs. liirkV-litM I. Iark'«-clau Hiui .(avcsi.ri In Ir.in... rln n.mm..n nam.s ar." jhi-iIh (laloiiHt... Ii.rlir Saint.-Alhali. . tl.iir .r;.ni..iir. Dk.h, Kii'TUtN: riicy full nntiirally into two group-, tlic tall .in.l th.. low or ran.h.<| )>anii-li' or sinipj. |.h„,. rannir from four to ti-n IiicIk- "i IfUKlh. Ka.h liowfr i- ali.MU an inrh or an inrh ami u half hroad. with a -pur pn.jntinn at the l.a.k. Thr pr«iiH very pali- vioh't Mild y.llow. The .< I v.s^.ls arc al.out half an inch Iouk, cnct, dry. cndiiiK in a sliort U>ak. The >.riU arc numerous, small with a Ioom^ coat. The j)!ants arc \n liloom during June and .lul>. s.imcfimcs earlier or later accordinx to wa.son and hicality. The low larkspurs are siiml.ir in neiM-ral apix-aruncc but are only .six inclics \n Ihre.- feet in height. ni.>*rniHiTi<..\: Pnutically all of the spcei,.s of larkspur urowiiiK wilii in ( "anada are native. They arc common in AllM-rta and British ( 'iluml.ia. I'oi.soNof.s Fkopkhtikh: The toxic nature of the larkspurs has Keen recognized since <-arly classic days, hut it - (mly in comi.aratively r.cent literature that reference is made to them as some of the most imiM.rtant of the .stock-poisoning plants. The greatest lo>., , occur in Xorlli America. Chesnut says, "They have pnived nearly as fatal t,, slock as the w;il.r hemlocks, and j.rohahly kill a larger numher than any other class of plants. As far as can he determined, the p»>isonou< ))rincii)les of only a few of the Canadian species have heeu stu.lied. In l!»i:j, J.oy, Heyl, and Heiuier isolated an alkaloid in an imi)iire form from twc, species in Wyoming which also grow in Canaila, I), mlsotui and I), ylaucum. In lUll), Marsh and Clawsou carried on feeding exiMrimmts with several species— i,„.|,„|ii,K f). menziexii and />. bicolor, two low larksi)urs of th.' West -which provd them to he highly poisonous to cattle. Two European species, />. <;,„- solMa and D. Staphinngria contain the four alkaloids. lUlphiu;,,, which is very iMiisonous and hitt<'r. Mphinne which is extremely poisonous. ililphinoidine also poisonous, and ulaphUaijrinr. No douht the closelv related Canadian species are of a similar nature. Marsh and ( lawson, who have carried on extensive work with several species in the Western States, eame to the conclusion iiuit other species had the same properties as those exiH-rimented with, and that there was no marked difference in toxicity between the diflferont species of larkspur. 634B3— 4J I'l.MK XV. I-'irkspur. /'*..(.. F Full: 41 Till' low liirkspiirs :irr ))(>isiiiiniis (liiriiiK the whole season ol their jjrowth, l)ul as they ih-y up ami disMppear in the early siiiimier, poisonintj u.-iially occurs in the early spring. The tall six'cies live throiinhoiit the summer, hut their toxicity ilimiu- ishes after they liower, and they lieconie coarse and less temjitinjj. There- fore, althounh the seeiisi.li>lii is an acute narcotic poison to horses and cattle. SvMi'ToMs: The K<'ii<'i":d syniiUoms of jxiisoiiint; Ixith fnun the tall and the low larks))urs are as follows: salivation, nausea, vomiting, wi-ak- ness. colic, twitchinjj of the muscles of the sides and lejis, cions. ami Kt'iieral iKiralysis. If the aniimd d - not recover, death usually occurs in a few minutes or a few hours. I{k.mki)Y and .Mkans ok Conthoi,: Marsh and i iawson found in their i'X))erinients with antidotes that heneficial results were ol.tained l>y u-in;i ■•hyi)oderniically. injections of jjliysostijiinin salicylate. pilocari)in h.\dro- chlorid, and strychnin suii)liute, followed liy hyixxh'rmic injections of whisky when iwedi'tl." They also i)ointe(l out th.ut "if in the heninniiKi; of the poisoninn some remedy could lie used whi<'h would (iui<'kly stimulate the intestinal excre- tion, it niiKlit serve to save the lives of animals." As regards the er.-idication of larks|)ur, choice of methods must depend entirely upon conditions .and circuiustjinces. It may he ixiinted out th.it the loss of ;i sinnle steer will cover a lar^e amount of the cost of Kruhhintr out this weed. The yearly loss of several head of cattle on a single farm and the cost of destroying the weed is hest calculated hy the owner. Where entire extermination is impo^sihle. the lirst year or two. the numher of the i)lants may he so reduced as to avoid actual loss hy j)oisoninn. In most cases the surest means of killinn the pl.ant is to cut ofT the roots from six to eiKlit inches helow the surface of the .soil. The work should lie done thorounhly to j)revent the Rrowtli of new shoots. All tojjs cut otT should he destroved at once. 42 WHITK HAXEHKHRY (Actum alha \\,.\ Mill.) IkTTER< iP Family. ("(tM.\i().N Na.me.s: Other niiincs Riven to the wliite haiieberry im'eoral and jM'arls, white beads, neckhiee-weed, white berry. Dksckiption: The white banel)erry is a i)erennial herb with large, wide-s])readin){, <'()nii)()und leaves. Th(> very small white flowers are arranged in an oljlong cluster at the end of the stalk. The flower elusti-r elongates as the fruit forms, s foli(»wing symj)toms: numbness and tingling in the mouth, abdominal i)ain, vertigo, i)urging, tremor, occasional delirium, paralysis, dysimoea, ending in syncoju'. IJemedy: Warn children against eating unknown fruits in the w eommon in rich woods from Nova Scotia to Alherta. PoisoNors Pkopehties: The iierries are known to l>e poisonous. In regard to tlie rootstock. Sayre says that it is a vioh-nt ))urgative irritant and emotic. THE WKSTKHX HKO BANKHKHHV (.1. aryiita Nutt.j This i)hint is similar to tiie eastern si)ecies, l)ut it has very thin anil light green leaflets, long pointed and very shari)ly toothed. Its i)C"rries are spherical or almost so, and no doubt possess some of the undesirable qualities of the above .sjjecies. 45 MOONSEED FAMILY ( Mniispenmirmc) CAXAIXV MOOXSKKl) {Miitisixiiiiiimnimnhns, L.) I'l.ATK XVII— rmiNTISlMKl K. ('<).MM(i\ Namks: Till- Caiiiuhi moonsccd is soiiirtiiiH's called ycll.nv parilhi or sarsaparilla. and vinc-inaplc Des.kii'tiox: One „f our in)4 l)i>aiitiful p.-r.-nnial twining plants, tlic Canada moon-icfd is found in the womU hordcrinR strcann and lakes. elimhinK over shrubs in search of higher support or twiniuK around sncdl trees.^ One of the shrul)s at)out which it ssi(m of Ix-auliful green leaves overlapping and forming a graceful covering for the ban- trunk. In the .summer, the small greenish-white flowers are seen, and in the autumn the rich grape-like clusters (.f blue berries or drupes. Tlu leaves are heart-shaped, or angh.l, with three to .seven lobes, the stalk set slightly withm the margin. The flowers are of two kinds, growing on separate i)lants. the pollen-bearing or staminate and the see,|-l„.ariiig or pistillate. The berries ea<'h contain one hard .seed, whicl; is crescent shaped. The plant blooms from June to July, and the fruit is rij).' in September. Dihtkibition: This attractive native vine grows in woods along streams from Western (Quebec to .Manitoba, and is being introduced by cultivation into oher parts of Canada. PoisoNois Pkopkrtiks; Canada moonseed is a northern mend)cr of a family which chiefly belongs to the tropics and of which manv plants contain powerfully toxic princijiles used as Hsh poisons. Some sjx.cies of Al)uta are used in the i)rej)aration of the well-known ciirnrc poison. For this reason, perhaps, a certain amount of suspicion has naturally fallen upon the mocm.seed, and it must remain so until mon- is known of It. The fruit, which ripens about the same time as the wild graiw. is always tempting to children and. according to SchnafTner. thr-e fatalities have occurred. The rootstock contains a bitter alkaloid mcnisp!,,,. and bcrbeiim: as well as the alkaloid nj-naniiilhlm: 1'l.ATK XVII H i I It .1 Ii ■' U ! ('unalij«' KinscnR, yellow ginsmu, l)lii(l)crry-root. Dkschii'TIon: The liluc coliosli is a pcn-imial from one to tlin-c feet liiKli. with an criTt stem i>carinK a larK<' marlv sessile leaf near the summit and a loose cluster of Kreenisli-jnirple flowers, which are in full hloom l>efore the leaf has unfolded. The whoh- plant has a pi-culiar dark Kreiiiish purple liloom when youiiK. which Kradiially disapjM'ars with ajje. The leaf is twice or thric<" compound, the first divisions Iteinn lonK-stalked .•uid the leaflets shorter stalked, oval or ohlouK, with tlire<' to five IoIms near the a|M'X. The flowers are ahout oni-hulf inch wide, surrounonous tlu- cosidal miioniiir, a, lu'culiar substance which, when stirred in water, creates a froth like soap suds. The plant is extremely hitter to the taste and is hardly likely to he eaten excej)! hy children temi)ted l.y the attractive apjx'arance of the herry-like s«'eds. Lloyd records hluc cohosh, in White's hook on dermatitis, as heing "very irritant to mucou> surfaces, so much so that the dust is very disaKreeahle." The rootstock is said to contain saponin and the alkaloid aiiiloiilnilline. XL\Y APPLE {PodophijUiim jtiUdlum L.i BAitnKititv I'amm.v. I'l.ATK XIX. Common Names: The may apple is recognized hy a variety of popular names, of which the most common are mandrake, umhrella-iilant, duck's foot, (h'vil's aj)ple, v«'getal)le calomel, wild or ground lemon. Description: The may api)le is a perennial of very striking appear- ance. A single stem ri.ses from the underground rootstock lo a height of a fool or more, when it forks into two large umhrella-like leaves sheltering l'l.\TK XVIII. ! h I nine CohoKli. I'koto—F. FtUa. 49 arc 1,'irnf. Inw. « ^-iiiKlc nodiliiiK wliitf flower in their axil. The leaves are .lark uieen, soiiielinies a foot across, (leejily loiied and notched, with the stalk arisin({ from a point within thi- niarnin. The wax-like flower s.iniewhal rest iul>les a single white rose. The fruit is aliout two inches |.inj{, Kreen at first. Urailiially turninR yeUow, lemon-shaped, and claimed to I.e edil.le. althouKli ill efTects have arisen from the consumption of it in any (piantity. The rootstock is KH'atly ehtnuated, with very hmK spaces I.etween tjie M-nrs which remain from each year's ujJiMr j{r<>*vth. The scars and cup-shaped. Tlie |)lant is in flower duriuK May. DisrmiuTio.v: The may api>le is a native of Canada, and is found in the woods or (m the honh-rs of woods from (^ueliec to southern Ontario. In some part.s of southern Ontario it urows in ureat al>undance. PciisoNois J'Hdi'KiniKs: Thi- same liitterness of the i)lue cohosh is found in the may apple excejit in thi' rijx- fruit. The riiM' fruit or "h mon" is rather pheasant and sweetish, hut one is usually sufficient for the ordinary apix'tite. Schaffner says, "roots, stem, and leaves drastic and poisonous, hut the rijM' fruit less .so. Leaves, whin eaten l.y cows, |)roduce injurious milk. The ripe fruit may he eaten in ?mall ipiantities." The rootstock contains a resin .is substance to which the name /«»/<./;///////// has hem jfiven. I'odoiihi/liin is u.sed larRcly for medicinal i)urjios<'s. and occasionally fatalities have occurred from over-dosage. In relation to the efTi'ct of the root upon the skin, I.loyd writes: "Our emi)loyees ixiMrience great trouble in working this, owing to the irritating action on the skin. We have in numerous instances liad our men cease work for several days owing to its action, which causes very i)ainful iiiflamnuition of the skin, especially of the eyes." Symptoms: Millsjjaugh says in regard to its action on man. the symptoms of disturbance caused l>y the drug in doses varying from one- (piarter to one-half grains of podDphiillin and in persons working in the dust of the dried root, are substantially as follows: inflammation of the eyes: soreness and imstulatiim of the no.se: salivation and white-coated tongue; extreme nause:i, followed by vomiting; severe ])ains in the transverse colon and abdomen foHowed by ah urgent call to stool; thin. ofTi nsive, cojHous stools; weak pulse. ])rostnition, drowsiness, and cold exireniilies. I'l.ATK XIX. May Apple. /•».•.. F Fill,, 51 POPPY FAMILY (Pa/xivcrarcte) BLOUDKOOT {Siiiiyiiiniiriii miimUimin \„) 1'mte XX. iKiuiiigp. 52.) CuMMuN Namkm: Thi' hlixMlroot h known l)y u varifty of iiinirs, aiiioiiK wliich lire rcil-indian paint, Hwcit shmilMr, ndroot, lurnnrii', anud is hrounht into view. The two pale-green s..i.als entirely siirronn.l the eight white iwtals in the hud, l.ut when the flow, r exjiands, the sepal- are no longer needed and fall fn.ni the plant. The seed ihhIs are long, narrow, pale-green, and contain shining red-hrown seeds. The iM-rennial ro..tst<.ek is thick, short, dark red on the outside, and brighter nd and orange within. When any part of the fresh plant is l.ruised or broken, there exudes a characteristic region of the.se organs; heaviness of the upper chest, with difficult breathing; dilaticm of the i)ui)ils; great muscular prostration: faintness .-vnrl coldness of the .surface, showing that death follow.s from canliac paralysis." ('KI.ANI)INK \loulinii miijiiM I,. I l'<»i'i'\ Tamilv. I'l.ATt XXI. Common Xamkh: 'riii" MjHiifK in MiniitiincM ciilliil tlw Kniit«T (•ilaiidini- m diMiiimiiHli it from flic l«-.*ir nlurulin immoii in the nhl Country. It is aUo known a- the warl-Howvr, «l(viri.-niilk. ami swullow- W(»rl. Dkw Hii'Tios; The rtlamlini- i* a hirnniul or iM'rcnniul hi-rl* <»itii .l.r|)ly-lolHwish acrid juice, whii-h iMM-omes re'' 54 PULSE OR PEA FAMILY (Lc^iiminos(c) Ll'PIXKS (LuinniiK xp.) Tlatk XXH. ('oMMi)N Nameh: TIh- lupines arc known wmU'T a. variety of names, the most familiar l.i-inR wild peas, wil.l l-.ans, hlue pea, I.Uie l)ean. ol.l- maid's bonnets, (Juaker-lxmnets, anil sundial. Dksiuii'TIon: Most of the lupines are perennial i>laiits. frrowinii from one to two feet hinh. The leaves are palmately eonu.ound, ihiil is with the h-afh'ts all attaehed at, the eni)read. The leaflets vjiry in iiuniher. aeeordiiiK to the si)eeies, from live to elev.ii. Thev also vary in reRard to smootiiness and hairiness. The tlow« rs are arranned in an eUmgated spike or raceme. Many of tin- si)e(ies an- v.rv «howy and well worthy of <'ultivation as ornamental plants. The eolour ranges from pink or eream throUKh various sha(h-s of violet to rieh l)lue~ ami purples. Kaeh flower is ahout half an inch lonR, and there may I.e any numlM-r from Hfteen to fifty or more on a sinnh' stalk. The seed ))ud is flattened usually, showing the form of the s I within. DisTKiHi tion: With the exceptiiui of L. piininlx I., in Onlarin. the lupin«> in Canada are foimd on the prairies of Saskatchewan :inil .MImii.i and on the hillsides and mountains of British ("olumhia. FoisoNois PiioPKKTiKs: It was found l.y Sollman that >everal ptiisonous alkahiids were present in the .Vmeriean sjxcies of lupine. 1^ 18 thought probable that most, if not all. of the poisoninR of live stock was due to these alkaloids, ainimR which was bipiiniliiiv. and not to ivlrmjin. the cause of '■liiinnosis" in northern Kuroi)e. Marsh and Clawson in their experiments also foiminiMx" or ic-tnwnic poisoiung. The clear-cut evidence presented by Dr. Knowles seems conclusive and makes it i)robalile thai other similar eases will be found, although it (hx-s not seem lik.'ly th:it lupine causes large hiss<'s of horses." All l)a'-ts of the lui)ines above ground are more or li'ss poisonous. The .-rrr/.s are the m.)st toxic, the i)ods next. ans Affeitei): It seems that no donuslic animals are inununi' to the poison.)Us lupine, but the greatest losses ar.' ainonn sheep. I'l.ATK X.MI imia—hi l.ii[>irn' 7'*.^ f f-\l, , 56 Symptoms: Marsh and Clawson found tliat tin- ncniTal symptoms of poisoning l)v Anu-rican lupines wen- distinctly those of alkaloidal poisoning and not of let ro({enic i)ois()ning. The symptoms of poisoning in sheep are heavy anr, butting into other animals and (.bjeets. When attempts were mad<- to give remedies, it was found the- animals lost more by the increased exciti- ment. In s.mie cases the first symptoms appeared in one or two hours after feeding, in others not till nearly twenty four hours. Death may follow very rapitlly or not for a period of two or thri-e days. Hemkdy .\M) Mk.ws of Contkol: Remedial measures are ))racti- cally of no use for range animals, but as the lupines are most p(.isonous when in .see.l it is possible to manag<- the flock so as to avoid poisonmg. Seed producticm should 1m- prevented at any cost. This is Ix-st done while the plants are in their first bloom, or even b.>fore the opening of the flowers, ('(mtinued close cutting will in time kill the roots. In s.mie pla«-es the land should b.- cultivated, when- possible, and resown with go.ul f.xlder plants anil grasses. LOCO WKKD. (Oxutropix Lnmhciti Pursh.) Fe.\. Family. I*I.ATK. XXIII. I Killing p. •><).! Common N.\mks: The loco weed or stendess locoweed is known among stockmen as crazy weed, rattlewicd, loco-vetch, .md white loco. Desckii'tion : It is a low silky-haired i.erennial with tufts of very sliort -tems rising from a thick woody rootstock. The stems are so short .1. It the plant is often described as stemless. The leaves are four to nme inches long, pinnalelv cimipouml with nine to nineteen leaflets which are longer than wide and pointed. The flower stalks are longer than the leaves. the flowers, half to three-quarters of an inch long, vary m colour from purple and violet to vellow or yellowish-white; they are arranged in dens.. h,..ul- The seed i.ods are incomi)lelely two-ceUed, firm, leathery, and ....vered with silkv hairs. The plants vary greatly as regards hairiness. Ay.i'. and shai.e of leaflets, colour of flowers and size of pods. The jilant is i„ l.l.H.m from \]m\ to .\ugust or later, according to locality. Distkihition; The loco weed is common on i.rairies and dry plains from Saskat.tiiwaii to Hritish Columbia and the Yukon. 57 I'oisoNuis 1'kupkktiks: Tin- toxic |)riiici))lcs of llif loi-o weed li.-ivc not yet Ix'fii lU'tcmiint-d. hut its |)oisonoiis nction upon aiiiiiinls lia-' Imth fully (■stiit)li-'h(Mi in Cjinada and the riiitol States liy field oliscrvations. Anmmai^s Akfectf:d: Horses, cattN', and sheep may all form what is known as the loco-haliit, and suceimii) sooner or later to its poisonous action. The greatest losses, however, in Western (■analinK. loss of control of muscular movi-ment, imp:iired eyesight and hearing. In extreme cases the anim:tl hecomes Itlind. loses all power of locomotion, refuses food, except loco weed, and dies usmdly in convulsive s|msins. K. A. Wat.son (Hej)ort Veterinary Director (ieneral. Ottawa, llMMti describes tlu' effect upon horses as follows: "Mental ilerangement and inco-ordinate muscular action form the mf)st constant and characteristic .symptom-i of the disease. The jwculiar gait is at oiK-e reinarkid ui>on. locomotion being performed slowly and with (h'liberation, accompanied i>y overflexion and extension of the limbs. The head is carried low, the arm lifted high, so that the knee and chin are nearly horizontal and in dose proximity. The animal apjM'ars to l)e walking over invisible obstacles, and if driven fast will fretiuently stumbh- and fall, though the grouml be l)erfectly level. When the condition is very severe, it is almost impossible to force him out of a slow walk; if urged lie becomes excited, moving the limbs up and down ujion the same s|)ot, "marking time ' as it were. (»r moving forward only a few inches at a step. X'isual errors are common The loss of the sense of direction is well marked. When it is attempted to drive an animal in a jiarticular direction he will tread in semi-<-ircles and run into win' fences or gates, .\i\ animal is sometimes iniable to locate a dish of oats placed before him, the attemi)ts being often ludicrous." He.mkdy and Mkans ok ('untknely slaughtered, though such anim.-ils are alw;iys stunted and undersized." 56 The loco-wt'cil may Im- di'struyi'il by cutting off the roots well hclow the crown, that is at least thrco inclics !>clow tlic surface of the soil. This should he done with a very heavy sharp and narrow steel hoe when the plants are in flower, or even before, to jm-vent the scattering of seeds. Plants that have i)een so cut off will not sprout again, but seeds already in the soil may germinate. By destroying the young plants la-fore they reach maturity, the land will be freed from the weed in a seasim or two at far less cost than that i-aused i)y the death of live stock. i 59 SIN- SPURGE FAMILY (En/)liorl>in,rfc) ., (Kuphorhia Helioscopia I,. \ bPllU.h <^rp.ff^y„,„i„^ Hclioxrojna (L.) HillJ Common N'amk«: Aiiionn many other Knglish iiaiin-s Riven to the sun si)iirjt<' we finil wartwecd, sunweeil, turnsole, ehurnstaff, eat's-niilk, wolf's- milk. DErttKiPTiON: The sun sjiurge is a smooth annual plant with an erect, stout stem from eight to twj-lve inches hinh, often hranehed from the liase. The branches, as well as the main Stem, end in a more or less compound umljol which is suhti nded by a circle of leaflets. The leaves are scattered along the stem; they arc somewhat oblong or wedge-shaped, sometimes nearly round, from one-half to four inches long, finely saw- edged, and narrowed to a short stalk. The rather inconspicuous flowers are of two kinds, thi' staminate and pistillate on the same plant, both included in a cup-sha|M'd involucre resembling a calyx or corolla. The staminate flowers are numerous, lining the in.side of the cup, each con- sisting of one single stamen in the axil of a very little bract. The pistillate flower is solitary in the centre of the cup and consists of a three-lobed, three-celled ovary which soon protrudes on a long stalk and hangs over the I rim of the cup-like involucre. The seeds are reddish-brown, strongly honeycombed. The plant is in bloom from June till October. Distribution: Introduced from Europe, the sun spurge has become common in east Quebt?c and Ontario, and is gradually spreading in Canada. Poisonous Properties: All species of Euphorbia or spurge con- tain a more or less poisonous milky juice, which is very acrid, and in contact with the skin causes extreme irritation, inflammation, vesication, and in some cases gangrene. The poisonous substances have not yet been fully investigated. In regard to the spurges, H. C. Long says: "The caper spurge {E. Liithyruit L.) contains an acrid, emetic, and highly purgative milky juice, and the fruits have commonly Iw-en employed by cijuntry folk as a i)urge, and also as a pickle, though they are dangerous and shoiild not be so used. Pratt records a ca.se in which five wonw-n ate the pickled fruits with i)oiled mutton, and all suffered severe i)ain ami burning in the stomach, and showed (itlier symptoms attendant on irritant iwisoniug— and though all recovered th» iltoess »as severe. IT.sefl in this manner, indeed, they have given rise to seri-ius fits*** of human poisoning. Sun spurge {E. Heliohcopin L.) i* similarly poisonous to the preceding species. It has caused fatal IHiisoning to a boy who ate it. In Germany, cows were poisoned through pasturing in stubble in which the plant was growing, but there were no -*: "More tliaii one liiuiilrrd xiM-cii-s nf Kiiiihorhio, or HpiirK<'. Kfow in tin- I'nitcd Slates, citJHT in. Of i-vcry s|MTihoHiiiim is olitained, Pliny and Dioseorides, according to the Dispen- ^afory. descrilii' ihe method of collecting juice, so as to prevent irritation of I he hands and face. This -nl»stan(e is iiM4-d as a plaster to prolonn suppuration." Van Ilasselt states that "the juice of several s|; 'cies is used l»y <(iiacks to remove warts, freckles, as depilatory, etc.: and that the applicfifion of the juice, powder, and extract proiliices not only erysipelatous, pustular anaiiiful vomiting, followed l>y diarrlui-ic evacuations, with a kmering of the temperature. If the (piantity ingested has been sMfTici»>nt there ai)pear also nervous sym))tiiins, vertigo, d(>lirium. muscular Irenjors and cinulatory troubles which disai)|M'ar after abundant sweating if the iMiisoning is not fatal. If it is fatal the .symptoms of superpurgation and enteritis tinnlominate, but are uccom))anied by nervous symjnoius and circulatory disorders. Mueller gives in addition loss of appetite, piteous whining (in goats). groaning, colic, and tympaidtes; and Pott, bloating, fever, palpitation of the lu'art, ane cut olT by the hoe before or as soon as the first flowers apj)ear. Hadlv infested lands should be i)Ut under cultivation, well fertilized, and resown heavily to grass or clover. ( \l•|{^.•^^^I'l H(.K { .' ," .,„.,, .'^SpiRr.E F.\mi..v. [1 ilhiimaliis ( ///«()•( s.vxi.v 1 1,.) Hill. J ( 'oM.\i<(N Na.mks: This species is also referred to as the ba!sam-sj)urge, gr;iv< yard-weed. Moiuiparle's-crown, trei-inoss. (iuacksalver's-s])urge. I)k» KiiTiMN The cypre— spurge is !i hriglit green, smooth j)ereiiniai plant with small iTowiiish -cales below and numerous narrow green leaves »t»n-f Kach branch is surmnunted by an umbel of many rays, with a •:.V'- Loco Weed - Plate XXIII 61 .1..- izz'^rz liu:''"'- "'""' '" "'" ">• "••'- ;;l-f^ «..A»:;::, ™;.:'^„r ■;:„z:;;:„:'-,i;:,:i;t: Miaocofy ntsowTioN tbt chart (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No. 2) Iti u u ■it ■ 03 l«.o |Z2 120 |_l.8_ ^ ^I PPLIED IM/OE Inn 1653 East Uoin Strnl ?i?^'"- ••*" ""I' '♦«» USA (716) 482 - 0300 - Pron, (716) 288 - Mas - Fa. 62 CASHEW FAMILY {Amcardiacece) POISOX IVY (Rhus Toxicodendron L.) {Toxicodendron Toxicodendron (L.) Brit.) Plate XXIV. CoM.MON Names: — Poison-ivy is also rccoKiiizcd under the names poison-oak, poison-vine and tliree-leaved ivy. Description: — Poison-ivy is a low shrub wliieii is propagated by uneen quite forgotten. On the other hand, many people handle it frequently with no ill effect. Cattle can eat it with impunity, but dogs are poisoned by it. Symptoms: — Inflammation of the skin begins to appear from eighteen hours to several days after contamination, and is characterized by intense irritation and burning, swelling and redness, followed by blisters and pain. Symptoms of internal poisoning are burning thirst, nausea, fair-tness, delirium, and convulsions. I'l.MK XMV Poison Ivv. f «o,'»~*'. Fttt'. 64 Kemedy and Means ok ("ontkol: — Many ri'tncdics have Iwcn sur- K('st«'(l to allay this burning and irritation, one of the simplest being the immediate washing of the parts affected with good strong yellow laimdry soaj). On return from a day's outing where there was danger of meeting with poison-ivy, tin- liberal use of sueh asoaj) might prevent mueh suffering, a pieee might i-ven he carried in the pocket. An application of absorbent cotton saturated with a solution of com- mon baking soda is simple and efficacious. In the ease of severe poi.soning the aid of a physician should be obtained. To properly eradicate this pest the underground root stocks must be destroyed as well as the flowering tops, (irubbing out and burning it by some one who is immune to the poison is the .surest means. Spraying with hot brine, or caustic soda will kill it. One pound of caustic soda to two gallons of water has been found most effective. POISON SUMACH (Ithu.s Vernix L.) {Toxicodendron Ter/iij- (L.) Kuntze) Cashew Family. C0.WMON Na.mes: — The poison sumach is also well known as the swamp-sumac. It is erroneously called poison elder and poison dogwood. Description: — The poison sumach is a shrub or small tree from six to twenty feet hifh with long pin '.ate leaves bearing seven to thirteen leaflets. The leatl ts are about two to four inches long and from one to one and a half inches wide, green on both sides, with reddish stalks and midribs. The margins are entire. The flowers are small, green, in hmg, loo.se, open, slender panicles. The fruit is .smooth, round, greenish or dun coloured. The shrub Is very attractive in the autumn, when the leaves change to very brilliant shades of scarlet antl orange. The flowers are out in June. The harmless sumacs may be very readily distinguished by their red fruits. Distribution: — It is a native of Canada, and is found on low wet ground and in swamps, in Ontario. Poisonous Properties:— Similar to the poison-ivy, but even more dangerous. Fortunately this species is not very common in Canada. 65 MEZEREUM FAMILY {Thymclaeacew) WICOPV [Dimi pohislris 1 .) I'l.ATK XXV. Common Names: — This plant, so useful to the North A-ucriciin IiKliiins, retains sonii- of their original names, as leatherwood, inoosewood. swampwooc 1 , rope-1 )ark . Deschiption: — The wicopy is a iniich-hranehed shrub from two to six feet high, with smooth, jointed, yellowish-Kreen twigs and tough fibrous bark. Like the mezereon, it produees its small clustered flowers v<'ry (■arly in the spring before the leaves have expanded. The ealyx is petal- like, pale yellow, tubular, with a wavy or slightly four-toothelished in Nova Seolia, western (2iiel)er and Ontario. I'oisuNoi s I'liopKitTiKs: .\11 i)arts of niezereon are acrid and pois- ono'is, esjMM'ialiy tiie iiark and i)e— ies. 'I'hey conrain an extrenit iv acrid resin mczcniii. a hitter ])oison()iis ^hicoside iliijihiihi, as well as a vesical inn fatty oil. Tlie hark has a jxTsislent hurnintt taste, and when frohly a])i)lied to the skin i)roduces inllanimation and iilisterinu. .\s a rule animals reject the ])Iant on account of its hitter taste, 'i'lie aliundaiit hrijjht scarlet herries are very teniijtiiin to children. .\ fatal c.i>e of pni-on- intJ was lately rei)orted from Nova Scotia. The followiim from .\nne Pratt's hook will show that fatalities were not rare in the Old Country. ■■I)e;ith has resulteil from eatiiiK hut a few of thcM' herries; ami Dr. Cliristison relates a case of a child in l-idinhwrjjh who died from ealini; theni, while another is recnr not destroy the pcjtent jioison of this ])lant. Symi'T(im.s: — H. (". Long says: - "The Daphnes are severely piirRative. cause hurninjj; in the mouth and throat, and in severe cases h.ave narcotic etTects and n've rise to conviilsions. Lauder gives the symptoms as intense colic, const ip;it ion, followed hy dysentery and copious evaciiations of faeces streaked with mucus, hlood and intestinal epithelium. Drowsiness hetween the sjiasms. Acciirdinn to Mueller there is inflammation of the stomach and intestines (with colic, vomitiuK, severe diarrluca, passing of hlood), inflammation of the kidneys (with strangury. hh)ody urination), and in many cases nervous symptoifis (weakness, giddiness, and convulsions). In a C!is(> ol)served hy Lander, in the horse, tiiere was ahdominal pain, staggering gait, anxious countenance, lahoured hreathing, pulse 81). tem- perature W.\2° v., howels normal. On the following day there was excessive purgation, jmlse 120, temi)erature 104 • 2" 1'"., and death occurred at mid-day." 1{k.mkdv: — In the case of humaa poisoning an emetic may he given, followed hy a soothing drink such as rice water, harley water, iced-milk. or white of egg hc^iiten up in cold water while waiting for medical a segments ending in a small, colourless, bristle-tip. The flowers are small, white, in large loose umbels, with a circle of bracts or small leaves at the base of the umlx'ls. The fruit or "se<'d" clusters, as they are iMipularly called, are conspicuous in late summer and autumn. Kach fruit is comj)osed of two parts, .so close together as to resemble one round seed, somewhat flattened on each side, with wavy ridg«>s running from top to bottom. Kach jiart contains one .seed, which is deeply grooved cjn the inner face. The root is from eight to ten inches long and about one inch in diameter, tapering, sometimes forked. It smells very much like the parsnip. The plant is in bloom from June to August. Distkibition:— Naturalized from Europe, the poison hemlock is found In wjiste i)laces, chiefly on dry ground from \ova Scotia to Ontario, also in Briti; i Columbia. Poii^.iNors Pkopkktiks:— It is a (piestion as to which part of the plant is most jioisonous, since authorities differ, but, as fatalities have resulted from the consumption of even a very small portiim of the leaves or .seeds or roots, it may well be said that the whole plant is deadly. It seems that early in the summer the poisonous properties are most abundant in the green leaves, and that later on the .seeds are the most toxic, particu- larly just before rijiening. As the poi.sons are volatile the plant loses its toxicity on drying, and conscfiuently is not so dangerous to animals when dri(Hl with the hay. The seeds, however, are most jwisonous when fully formed but still green in colour. When fully ripened their toxicity gradu;dly diminishes. The plant contains the very poisonous alkaloid coniinc, a colourless li(|uid which gives the i)lant the characteristic, disagreeable, mousy odour. The poisonous conivcine and me alkaloid mfthiil-coniinc are also present, as well as other substances. Creenish states. "Hemlock heib contains voiiiiiic and VDiihijiliinc. These alkaloids are present in both stem jind I»I.ATK XXVI Poison Heinluck. I'ko:a—F. Fttet. 63463-S 70 lrav..s in largOHt (|umitity wlnn tlu- plant is in full fl,.*.-,-." Aft.r fl.,w(.ri.,K ihv aikuloids puMH t., th<- fruits uml lM.r.,n..- (•on.-..ntrut .1 in th.. nartinllv n|N>ni>(| ««'«•, .viWentlv most injuru.us to sto.k early in the s,.ason, when its foliag,. is fresh ami other herbaRe is searre. HiMAN P<,isf,N,N,K-P«ison hemlock is very vv.ll known histori.allv as a plant of evil reputation. It was in all prol.ahilitv the plant use.l hv the (.reeks m the preparation of their poison.nis .IrauRhts, an.l l.v which Socrates, I'hocion. an.l others met their d.-ath. Fatalities have also occurred l,y mistaking the platit for some e('(/ there is prostratiitn and inaliihty to move, eoidness, slow l)reathiiiK. livid mueous meml)rani'>^. imiM>reeptilih' pulse, paralysis, parti- eularly of the posterior memlN-rs, and no convulsions. Hkmkdy and Meanh ok Contiiol: In the event of poisoning, prolVs- sional advice must Im- promptly sum icneil. While wailing for iis,istance the system should he relieved of the p< du as soon as ]M>ssilile l.y use of an emetic. Stimulants may then Im- given, and warmth applied to the extremities. This weed shouhl not lie allowed to stand on any farm or roadside. It should Im' grublied out and promptly destroyed, in no case shouhl it Im- allow(long tubers clustered at the base of the stem. If the base of the stem is cut lengthwise, a number of IramriTse partitionn will be .stjen in greater or less contiguity according to th*- time of year and growth, '""he plant is in bloom from June t(, August. Disthibition: Watei mlock, unlike poison hemlock, is found in wet places, in swamps, low ,,.ound, and along streams--. Native of Canada, it is common from New Brunswick to British Columbia. PoisoNors Properties: Of all the poisonous plants in Canmla. tl • water hemlocks arc the most deadly and act most rapidly. All species of cicuta are exceedingly poisonous l)oth to human beings and animals. Although there is some difference of opinion as to the amount of toxicity in the upper portion of the plant, yet all agree the roots an* well. Ih-driek jurho(Hl, and the eattle wouhl eat thent ami inii'.w n hole in the Kfound like n howl to get the roots, and then die rinht there. There were the lM)nes of some of the eattle | isonetl last year within ten feet of where thes*- plants that I am sendinR you wen- Krowinn" HiMAN Poi80NiN4i: C'a.s«'s of human ()oisoning are too numerouM nns. The tutnTs are esiM'eially tempting to children on account of their sweetish tiwte. Symptoms: The first symptom- ually occur within two hours after eating the plant. There is nervousness, twitching of the muscles of the mouth and ears, salivation, s()m«'times nausea and vomiting, bloating, intense pain, frenzie ' movements, dilated pupils, sjiasms and convul: ions, frothing at the mouth and nosi-, twisting the head and .leck backwards, rolling of the eyeballs. The victim usually n over dry districts where other herbage is scarce. Other Species of Milkweed in Canada. I'l-ATE XXXli. The swamp milkweed (A. incnnmta L.); the common milkweed (\ xijnaca L.), the showy milkweed (.4. npedom Torr.). and the oval-leav<'.l milkweed (A. ovalifolia Dec), all natives of Canada and similar in gen.-ral appearance to the butterflyweed but with opposite leavs. which is th.. usual arrangement with most of the milkweeds, are said to be more or less poisonous and must be viewed with .suspicion until more is known of them Hi 1^' ' Platk XXXII . Swamp Milkwcofi. I'kttto~F. Fj/les. 84 MINT FAMILY (Lnhiatce) CJHOUXD IVV (A'epeto htikraeea (L.) Tn-v.) {Gltchoma kederaceu L.). Plate XXMII. ( oMMON Naiie« : (Jround ivy is alw known by the foJiowing English numcs: C.illK)V(.r-th<..ground, haymaid«, creeping charlie, rol.in-run- iiwuy, hedge maids. DKH.KIPT10N: Ground ivy is a low, creeping and trailing, hairv, IMTennuii herb, with round, srnllopod leaves, green on both sides, one to two uuhes wide, their shor stalks placed opposite one another on the square st.m. The light blue corolla is three times the length of the hairv calyx The whole fi„wer is only about half an inch long and not so wide. 1 he plant is in bloom from April until May or June. Di8TRiBiTioN:-It has l)€en introduced from Europe and is common in waste places, on damp or shady ground alwut doorways and neglected gardens. In the East it is found from Newfoundland to Ontario It is common in British Columbia. Poisonous Properties : Like the catnip (A'. Calaria L.) groun.l ivy contains a volatile oil and bitter principle. Animals Affected : A fatal case (1915) of the poisoning of two horses was reported to us from Prince Edward Island. The horses ate the weed early m November when it afforded an abundance of fresh green in contrast to the surrounding herbage. Our correspondent says- "The horses panted continually. One lived for five days, the other eight days One would he down occasionally, the other would not lie down. One ate the plant till it died, the other refused to cat anything." H. C. Long quotes a case which ame before the Board of Agriculture an HI T TMIISW i;i; T iSitlamim hitlntmnin J,.) I'MTK XXXIV Common Namkh ; Thin himtIcm of Solanuiii u ^omi'tiiMc* iiilltil ilir w.kmIv iiiKht^liiulc, hittiTHWt'cl-niKlilNl.a.li', Mrarlrl iH-rry. viol.-t l.li.oin ami ftvcr-twiK. Dkmikiition: The liittirswict w a rliml.ing, wniMwIial wo.mIv ami hairy iMrcnnial, tlin-r to mv.ii f«i'f IukIi, with thin nn-cn havi-H palir on thf umlcrsid. . The leaves j.v stalked, heart -«ha|M'«l. the upper with two ear-like lol.es at tin- l.ase. The Howers are I.Misely eliiMtere.l. rich purjde with hright yeMow stamens arranned in a eone at the eentre. The l.erries, whieh Rive the plant a viry attractive appearance in the autumn are l.rinht scarlet when rijM-. Often on the same clujer. DiMUiiuTioN : Introduced from Kurope, it is now rather ccmimon in Canada from New Hrunswiek to Ontario, chiefly found on moist woody banks, lionh-rs of streams, and around dwellinKs. It a\no occurs in British Columbia. PoLsoNotH Pr«)pe«tik.h: The stems, leaves, an: Bittersweet, un
    ;hlsh;ide is a low spreading annual, widely hranchiuK, sometimes lorniiiiK a heavy flat mat from one to two feet in diameter. The leaves are olilonjj. with seven to nine hdies. The white fhiwers are arranged in Krouj)s of three. The l)eiries are nearly twice the size of the following siwcies, heiuK one-half inch, or more, in diameter. They retain their green colour even when rii)e. They are usually in Krouj)s of three. The i)lant l)looms from July to September. DisTiUHi tion: This nativ<' i)lant is found as a K:iiersal. The plant is in bloom from June to Sei)tember. nisTRiBiTioN: Black henbane has b(>come naturalized in Canada, and is found about gardens and in waste places from Nova Scotia to Ontario. PoisoNors Pkopertie.s: It is a well-known i)ois(,nous plant, but j)oisoning rarely occurs among stock on account of its strong foetid odour and rough foliage. Chesnut records the poisoning of chickens which ate the rijx' seeds. ( "ornevin reports the poisoning of cows by eating the l)lant when mixed with other herbage. H. ('. Limg .says: " There are numlxTs of cases of children having been poisoned by eating the seeds. The root has-also caused accidents by being taken for other herbs, and th" young shoots and leaves have been used in error as a vegetable. A case was rei)orted in the jjress in 1910 in which twenty-five men and women visitors at a Davos pension suffered from the effects of eating the r, „f henbane given in error for horse-radish, or mixed with it. ' citfiTcd from strange hallucinations, but with prompt and careful ireatment all had recovered in twelve hours." The i>()isonous princii)le is not destroyed by boiling „r drying. Poisoning is due to one or more a'kaloids, of wliich hi/iixci/dniinf is the chief. Symptoms: The .symjitoms of poisoning in animals as giv<"n by Welsby are nervo-muscular exaltation, eyelids and irides much dilated, eyes amaurotic and very bright, \m\sv full, temperature normal, resjiiratioii difficult and hurried, profuse .salivation, mu.scles of neck and exiremities in a state of tetanic rigidity, considerable abdominal distension, stercora- ceous and renal emunctories entirely suspended, death. Memkdv and Mkans of Control: In the ca-ie of p:)isoning, ])r()fes- sional advice should be obtained. The plants should not be allowed to mature their seed, but should be grubbed out wherever seen. THORN APPLE (Datum Slmmouium Potato Family. Plate XXXVII. L.) NifillTSHADE OR Common Names: Among the variety of names given to this sptcies of Datura, the best known are Jamestown or Jimson weed, stramonium, ('evil's apple, mad ap])ie, .stinkwort. The Indians speak of it as the ••White man's plant." I'l.ATK .WWII. Tliorii Apple I'h.il; -F. F,,U. f 94 Description: The thorn apple is a large and coarse annual from two to hve fe<.t high, with pale-green smooth stems and darker green leaves. The whole plant exhales a heavy nauseating nareotie odour. The leaves are egg-shaped, eoarsely wavy toothe.l or angled. The flowers an- white two to four uiehes long, tubular, with fine t.-eth. The fruit or seed eapsule IS glohular, slightly longer than wide, eovered with eoarse priekles. breaking open mto four parts to show the numerous rather large s.-eds within. 1 he i)lant is in i)looin from May to .S<'i)teml)er. Distuibition: It has be<.n introduee.l in Canada among ganh-n seeds and is now found seattered throughout on waste ground. Foiso.vois Piioi-EHTiKs: It is a well-known nareotie poisonous plant .\11 iiarts of the jilant are execediii^rlv p„U,mous. esi);.ciallv the seed< n.ildren ar." tempted to eat the fruit when playing wli<'r.- the plant i. grow- ing. I-atahties among ehildren hav<- occurred (m several occaMons in the I liited States. The plant c.)ntains the three alkaloids, dutuniiv, hi/osciiumiiw and atr„i,„w, which are highly poisonous. The toxicitv is not (iestroved l,v drying, and cattle poisoning has been recorded in the Tnited States where the leave.., were mixed with the hay. As a rule animals avoid the plant on account of its unpleasant odour and strimg taste. Sv.MPTo.\is: The general symptoms as given bv Chesnut are. "Head- ache, vertigo, nausea, e.xtreme thirst, dry. burning skin, ane i.llow.'d to mature, and all parts of the plant should be l)urn<..l. Otiiek Si'E< ies ok Datviu. The purple thorii-api)le {Datura Tatula L.) is another introduced weed of a similar nature found on waste ground in Ontario. It m-iy readily be distinguished by its purple stem and pale violet-purple flower. 1 his and I). M,'l(l L. are also r.jircotic poisom)Us plants to be ..qiuillv avoided. 95 LOBELIA FAMILY (Lohclimnc) INOIAN TOIUCCn {LMia i,ifl„ln I..) I'lATK xxxvm. Common Namks: TIk' IiHlinn tohacco h lrr(|iicntly calliMl wil.l tol.itrc). ast hma-wcc'd, KUR-n » tt . Dkscuii'tion: Tlic Indian t.il.acco is a liairv animal, with an nvn liianchcd stem from ..nc to tlir.-c {<■.■( IukIi. Tlic lower l.avcs aiv oval, from one to two and a half inches hniK with toothed margins ami -horl stalks. The upi)er leaves have no stalks, and uraduallv diminish into leaf-like hraets. Its numerous j)al<- i)hie flowers are small, t wo-lii)|)( d. and rather ineonspieuous in the axils of the upi)er h^ave-.. The > |-p,,d< are iiiHated, nearly round, with ten prominent ril)s. and eonlain tnimerous l.rown seeds, ohlong any many so-called i)otanic physicians, and to murderous intent, as well as to exi>erimeniati(m and careful proviuRs, the ai'tion of this druR is i)rct(y thorouKhly known. Lobelia in large doses is a decided narcotic pc.ison. prodiiciuK effects on animals Rene-rally, hearinR great similitU(h- to some- what smaller doses of tobacco, and lobdinn in like inanner to tiiroliii:' Symptoms: TIh' prominent symptemis of its action as given by Mijls- paugh are: "(Ireat deje-ti..... exhau.stion. and mental deiircssion. even to msensii)ilify and loss of consciousness : nausea, and vertigo: contraction of the pupil; profuse clammy .salivation; dryness and prickling in the throat; pres.sure in the oesophagus, with a sensation of vermicular motion, most strongly, however, in the larynx and ei)igastrium; .sensation as of a lump in the throat; incessant and violent nausea, with pain, heat, and oppression of the respiratory tract; vomiting, followed by great i)rostra- tion; violent and painful cariliac constriction; griping an<'ii;ill.v ill thi' left arm. ucariiii's* of the hiiili-, with craiiip* in tlir )ja«troiiicmi; aiiii sensation of ('iiiii and ftvcr. Dratli is usually pn iliij liy in>i'n>i- liility and taine(l ininiediately. iiein ; an ainiual jilant. Indian toliaeni may l>i' reailily de>trciyed l>y hund-pulliiift or KniliMnK out wherever it is foimd in small pateh4'>. On larger area>. enrichiim the «ciil and eullivalioii will in time ehoke it out. < IrnKII Sl-Ki IKS UK I.UHKI.I A. The ureal lolielia tl.ohtliii siijihilillni i,.i i> >u>])eeted of he' «n poi-onou>. It is native to ( hitario, and is found in low grounds. .Veeording to I'ammel. the cardinal (lower I l..i-iiiiliii(ilis I„i tMimd in low grounds in New Hrnnswick to Ontario, and the s])iked lohelia i/.. siiimln l.tim.) another native fouiitl in gravelly or sandy soil, from i'rince IMwurd Isltind to Ontario, have lieen re|torted ;i< )ioisonous. 98 COMPOSITE OR THISTLE FAMILY (Comt>ositani..l... In.han ..ani.-l... s.|naww....,l, n.-hw....!. whit.- t.)].. an.l .1..,- w " a .•o,....l..ml.h. h..iKht an.l uff.,r.ls a sui.ply .,i rirh, Kr....n h..rl.aK.. in th. Int.. sun.in..r an.l autun.n. Th.- l.-avvs an- ,,la.....l .,,,p.,sit.. on., an.-th.r on s,.n.U;r .talks Th..y ar.. fr.„n thr...- t., six in.h.s h.n^ an.l fron. o... fo thr..r in..|u.s wi.l... „vat... thin, sharply p..int...| at tl... ap..x; r.,nn.l...l stnuKht ..I- s.,m,.t,m..s h,.art-shap...i at th.. has... Th,.ir n.arR.ns an ars..); an.l usually sharply t....th..,l. s.,„,..ti,n..s varying t., r.,un.l-to<„h...l. Th'.. "!";"■'" "'•' "* "'''"'^ ''«>"*«■ »'"' "P''»- Ivi'-I. fl<.w..rinK iH.a.l, c.nsistinK of r..,„ t..n t.. thirty l.riRht whit.. flow..rs. is al.out a .piart.-r ..f an in..h wi.l.. an.l shuhtly l.)nK..r, somewhat l)<.||-shap...l. ni.sTKiBrTi(.N:-Snak..r....t is f.,u„,l in ri.-h, damp w.,.,,ls .,r lM.rt l„. sai.l that it has h,.,..i pr„v,.,l ,h,t niiksi.-k... IS due to any eonstitu..nt of l-. urhcarfolnun. The r ,, n,iss,„n .,f the ,lis.-as.. l,y ..atiiiR small .,uantiti..s of m.-at or milk of '.i in 1 s.,.k with tl... 'treml.l..s.' an.l th.. fae} that eook...l m.. I. !.'. 1 i.' . m;s not Pro.lu.-o this ,l,s„rder, point primarily rather to a parasiti ■ ,r ! «hil.. the fact that Eupatonum urticaefolhm is ahun.lant in aret Vr I • .l.s,.as,> IS not known and al.sent in some milksh-k .listriets also in.li,-, ,.s that th.> plant has no relation to the disease. If it t..'k. TiH.f..;;..;::t""" ""*'";":' """, ""^ "'""• - p-i-"-.- ... Mil.sta-.ia»..,| l.v ..xiM.rim.nt. «i.l, i "'""'•'".• ""^ 'lam. lias I,,.,.,, "^"'•"'""''-v..r..>...i"! :;;:;;;:: J, .t''' "• "";•'■ r - "'"'"^ -f a-- *lrat..,| (hat A'. „rtl,;„ folium ,„„ , | ' . " , " ''"' '"'•" ••''•'"•'>' ''•'"•<..i- -"•k-....i...ninK Pia./ls : ;;:;::s:; ^;'';' -••- "» - "•xi'ity i„ ,|ryi„K. "' ""■ '''""• ''""•"• " '".-«•• part of i,, III till' followitiir vcar 1MI« tl „. i" X...tl. (Woiina.". . ;,:^^ 7;7''''^'VV..If,.-^^ Kail,,,.. '<• ".i^ Platit. A,........lin«,, ''„"'•'" '"•^''"•'<"<- -.V .1 .... f'<" "••>• n.taM.. .!..:.. i.: ;„::';:;;;; ;; •"""«''•• '^ --.. .s •"""• i" .'a^.- ..f .•...•„v.Tv is I, 1 . "■''"•■' "^ '"''k^i'kn.ss i,, "•"••"« ••"• «* -.. a...i ia,i.;.:;:^'t; '::';;;::, '""' '"■•'". '''-'""•-• <'xp<>..i...nitati„„ involviim tho f.. " P'ov.'.! in .so,,.,, phas,. „• ••, la.....s ,.on„.a,.,...l K . ui'- .' " 'il' «'"t.. siiak-root. Two of tl...... This fan has for a n« t . ir' "" """^"'""••' »'"••"«•' tt- „.iik x"ak..,oot. „.av 1„. .,„,,.ir ' t . T^""""' ''"^'"'K af..,.s« to «|,i„. ."iii H.-hit..s..ak....;^s^;io;;rn^ ••'".stipation with „a..s,.a a , , ^ ^ itin^ '"• ""T'"" "'"' "'••"'''^i^v; in sta,.,linK. th- ai,i.,,als s.^ , , ^ ''' • ':"■""";""•"•' "<-'<"«'-; .|iffi,u,tv 'H'for,. .leath. " '""'" •••''»""""« 'lo«n for a prolonge.l p,.rioi| s 101 Remkov and Mranh or ( ontrol:— Am tin- plant pr«Mliicfn nii i-normuuM quantity of Nmall mh-Ah it hIiouIiI not \h> bIIowimI to n-nrli niiitiirity. (Jriilt- »)inK out or n'p«>ati'«l cutting ix tin- only ••ff«'«'tuiil tmiuH of Kctting rid of thiM w*>«mI. HNKKJ5KWEKD (Helmium nulnmn .. I..) Tiiii*TtK family. I'lATR XL. Common Nameh:— Anionic thf jMipuliir nam<>M l>y which Niici-zcwtNHl i^ known an- f&\m' Kunflowcr, nwanip xiinfiowcr, and yellow ox-i-yi', Dehcription:— The xncou'wi'i'il is an cri't't, mift, downy or nearly smooth p«'rcnniul plant, growing to u height of two to mx feet" The flow- ering heatlH are numerous, »howy and bright yellow. Kaeh head eonwstn of a central raised globular niasx (.f numerous small flowers, surroun«led by ten to eightjM'n bright yellow ray flowers. The li'aves are without Htalkw, firm, oblong, pointed at the api'X and narrowed at the base. The leaves are prolonged more or less down the stem. The seeds are to|)-shai)«'d, ribbed, and hairy, with five to eight pointed scales at one end. Heleniuni blooms profusi'ly from August to the end of Octoln-r, and is often cultivated for that reason. Distribi'tion:— Sneezeweed is a native cjf Canadian soil, and is found in swamps, wet meadows, and along streams from Quebc- to British Columbia. Poisonous Properties:— This plant is known to Im- poisonous when eaten in any quantity. As a rule cattle avoid it. < hesmit says;— "Sheep, cattle, andhorses that are unfmuiliar with the plant are often prnsoned by it when driven to localities where it is almndant. As a rule these animals avoid it. but it is said they sometimes ih-veiop a taste for it and are quickly killed by eating it in large quantity. The poi.sonous constituent ha.^ not been closely inve.stigated, but it is known that it exists principally in the flowers. The young plonts appear to 1m> only very slightly dangerous. In the mature ones the amount of poison t)resent seems to vary greatly even in the same field. The svmptoms, as deter- minerennittl roots and to avoid .scattering the seeds if they have already formed. 68483—8 Platb XL. Sn(,'t'Zew«'ed (Senecin Jnco- haea). With this object in view, sheep were pastured on an area of 4,(X)0 acres where ragwort grew very abundantly. Although, in about a year's time, several mortalities among the sheep occurred, (Jilruth came to the conclusion that, if the weed is not too prevalent, sheep mav, with a few exceptions, graze upon it daily without injury. In England, recent poisoning (1917) of cattle has been reported (Board of Agriculture) from feeding them on dried forage containing rag- wort. In thi.s case, as in others, the feeding had been going on for a considerable period before any visible effects (,f the poi.son occurred, 104 P ! ■i- If ; I li '. I |! la r showing that the action of the poison is both insidious and i-umulative. Little ia known of the actively poisonous principle, hut it is evidently one or more of the alkaloids which have been isolated from various species of ragwort. Symptoms: In regard to the cases of poisoning in Canada it was found that the disease was progressive, and to the careful observer certain premonitory symptoms were visible sometimes months before more characteristic manifestations appeared. In one case reported upon by Pethick, by actual experiment which lasted eighteen months and tweniy- one days, death occurred only forty-four days after the first visible symptoms. "In this case," he says, "as indeed in nearly all others, we noticed a peculiar bleached appearance of the hair, which seemed to have lost its lustre, a desire to be alone, irritation of temper or nervousness, occasional chills, although in a moderately warm stable. This animal would stand and shiver while the healthy members of the herd appeared comfortable. The bowels are irregular, the pulse at this stage is fast although quite strong, temperature slightly above normal." Later and more characteristic symptoms are: visible mucous membrane pale, eyes amaurotic, slight diarrhoea, emaciation, followed by great weakness, staggering gait, inability to rise, and finally death. Remedy and Means of Control: Although strychnine and iron may be used in incipient cases with beneficial results, it was shown by these experiments that measures of this kind are of little real value. The best means of controlling the disease is through the eradication of the weed, and for this purpose (Report Veterinary Director-General, 1911), "The farmers in the counties of Pictou and AntijAonish, as also those portions of Prince Edward Island where the weed and the disease existed, were strongly advised to make use of sheep as an economical and profitable means of eradicating this troublesome plant. Numerous farmers followed this advice, but many other methods of eradicating ragwort were also inaur rated, while the practice of removing it from the hay when cut was almost universally adopted. As a consequence, loss from the disease has become almost unknown." Ragwort Plate XL. BIBLIOGRAPHY Barton, B. S., CoUectknis for an Essay towards a Materi-v Mcdica of the United StatM. 179»-1804, Bui. No. 1 Lloyd Library, 1900. Bessey, C. E., Poisonous Weeds. Rept. Nebraska Agr. Exp. Sta., 16, pp. 14-62. Blankinship, J. W., The Loco and other Poisonous Plants in Montana. Anric. Coll. Exp. 8ta., Montana, Bui. 43, 1908. Chesnut, V. K., Principal Poisonous Plants of the United States. U. 8. Department of Agriculture, Div. Bot., Bull. 20, 1898. Thirty Poisonous Plants of the Unit-xl States. U. 8. Dept. Aicric. Far- mers' Bull. 86, 1898. Preliminary Catalogue of Plants PoJHonous to Stock. Ai.n. Rept. Bur. An. Ind., U. S. Dept. Agr., 15; 387-420. Some Common PoisonouH Plants. Year Book, U. S. Dept. Agr. 1896. Some Poisonous Plants of Northern Stock Ranges. Year Book, U. 8. Dept. Agr. 1900. and Wilcox, E. V., Stock Poisoning Plants of Montana. U. 8. Dept. Agr., Div. Bot., Bull. 26, 1901. »-•••, COTnevin, Ch., Des Plantes Vcneneuses, 1887. Crawford, Albert C, Mountain Laurel, a poisonous plant U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. of Plant Industry, Bull. No. 121, pp. 21-35 1908. (Out of print.) The Supposed Relationship of White Snakeroot to Milksickness or Mpposed Kelationship of W hite Snakeroot to Milksicknesi Trembles ". U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Plant Ind., Bui. 121. Curtis, R. 8., and Wolf, F. A. Eupatorium ageratoidea, the Cause of Trembles, J lur. Agr. Res. Vol. IX. 11. 1917. Experimental Farm Reports, Ottawa, Can. 1910-1912. Ferencxhaiy, J., Poisoning Horses by Ground Ivy. Allatorvosi Lapok, 37 (1914) No. 8, pp. 89, 90, abs. in Berlin. Tierarztl Wohnschr., 30 (1914) No. 15, p. 259. Fyles, Faith, Preliminary Study of Ergot of Wild Rice, Phytopathology, Vol. V, No. 3, June, 1915. Hadwen, 8. and Bruce, A. E., Poisoning of Horses by the Common Bracken. (Pteris aquilina L.) Dept. Agr. Can. Bui. 26, 1917. Hall, H. M., and Yates, H. S., Stock-poisoning Plants of California. Col. of A(?r., Berke- ley, Cal., U. S., Bull. No. 249, 1915. Halsted, B. D., Poisonous PlanU of New Jersey. Agr. Exp. Ste. N J., Bull. 136, 1899. Hedrick, U. P., Cicute, Agr. Exp. Sta., Oregon, U. 8. Bull. 46, 1897. Henslow, G., Poisonous PUnts in Field and Garden, London, Eng., 1901. Jackson, V., Poison Ivy and other Poisonous Plant . Aar. Col., Winnipeg, Man., Cir. No. 12, 1916. Jaoobson, C. A., Water HenUock (Cicuta) Agr. Exp. 8U. Bui. 81, Nevada, 1915. Johnson, Ch., British Poisonous Plants, Londcm, 1856, (Ed. 2, 1866). C. P. and Suwerby, J. E., Brilinh Poisonous Planiii, I86I. 105 63463-« Ufa 1 * 106 mniAiKiliWHY- Co„cl,uJ,,l. Journal of Agriiulturul Itcwunli, Vol. I, \„. 2, Nov., I<.)1;{. Jouriml of the Hoard of Ajj. it ..turc, July, 1917. iMixg, U. ('., Planta Poisonous to Live Stock, Cambridge, 1917. Mar«h,C.Dwigta, The Wwecnl Disease. L. «. Dept. Agr. l.arn.ers' Bulletin, No. :J,S0, ~ " ■ 'i''"' I'<;"'"-«»'e„,. .\gr. l-arni-rs' Claw.*.n, A. H., and Marsh, HadUigh, Lark.spur or •' Poi.son W.-ed." I'.S. Dcpt. Agr. Karnu-rs' Hull. No. 531, 1913. ~ ~~ ■ ♦^'iruta, or Water Hemlock. r.S. Dept. Agr. Hull. .No. (19, 1911. J^ygadciius, or Death Camas, r. «. Dept. .\gr., Hull. .No. 125 May, 1915. I-ark-xpur Poi.soning of Live- stock, r. S. Dept. Agr., Bull. 265, Sept., 1910. ~ ' ' ~~ Lupines as Poisonous Plants, I". S. Dept. Agr. Hull. No. 404, Dec, 1910. ~ ' Kupatoriuin urticaefolium as a I'oisonous Plant, Jourii. Agr lies.. Vol. \I, 13, 1917. I'amniel, L. 11., \ .Manual of I'oi.sonous Plants (with bibliography by Harrietts S. KeUogg.) ( tnlar Hapids, la. The Torch Press, 1911. "tuogg.; Petliick, \V. II., Piet,,,, CattK. Disease, Dept. .Vgr. Ottawa, 1906. I'ratt, Anne, The Poi.sonous, Noxious and Sasperted Plants of our Field and Wwds, 1857. Selby, A. D., Whit.- Snaker.iol a P,.i.sonous Plant. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta., Jan., 1917. Sniilb, .\. H., Poisonou.s Plants of All Countries, 1905. Sla le, ir. H., Some Conditions of Stock Poisoning in Idaho. Idaho Exp. Sta. Bull. 37, 1903. Stocknum, Sir S^, Bracket. ^Poisoning in Cattle in Great Britain, Jour. Com. Path, and Swingle, D. B. ''"'' JV;;'';''- "- I'<>i«o..o.i.s Plants and Stock Poisoning on the Ranges of Montana. Montana Agr. Col. Cir. 51, 1916. Wilcox, Dr. E. v.. Urkspur Poisoning of .Sheep. Exp. Sta., Montana, U. 3. Bull. 15, 1S97. Willing, T. N., PLints injurious to Stock. Dept. Agr., Regina, Bull. 7, 1903. { i i I INDEX .lf«/i/.v i'liliimiis Aclimi iiIImi " iirqitlii " ni ijUrla " Tiihrii " var. ilinidin. . " »i>iaUa .\(/ro/stcm»in GilhiKjn AlniHTiiriin /)r(i((7(S(.s Aliitniiiiim milfihiiti Aiiiiritnn imlmitiUn wlut<' lii'llcborr ... .\inv-r .'i7 a7 5, ;{7 4 2.i m so so so .SI) 02 i»2 !I2 is IS IS (i 20 IS •^0 20 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 Balsam-spurge IJaiioberry — White...... Reil Barl)erry Barley Bark^ i' ope . VUI. VIII, Barren Broine Cira.ss. 45 {>5 .\1. sti \I. IK) X. SO ss :« I.\. .il 47 VIII. 47 VII, 26 47 6 6 18 tX) 11 ■.v.\ H, i> 9 •i 7S , 44 36 VIII, 36 VIII. 36 X. S2 Calil),i(je — C'lumi)-fiuiiMri!f 20 (^itloi hurt ua 23 ( 'iilllin iixiinfolin 30 *' hijlnrit o^ " chiHihtnii 3)^ " iiiihixlrh 2"> 37 " li ptiisepalii ' ;jjj (,'anias — Death ;{ 21 Smooth ... '23 Swamp.. 23 Cama--tii;ilil>li,ai|r ( 'Ml '-milk . ."i!l 1 )calli i-aliias t;i'il„i,l,!llln„ ,, 17 1 )iir\Miri-l>oiir-i-l .... ('iiitln)il.iiUiiiii Ihiil'ilnnili ■■ . t7 />( !jiliili,uifl 1 'nnstiUiltl l'rl:iii(liii(' - l.,n,l„r.... ( iri'attT . . .I.\, _",■» " ijUinfutn, . . ** tni ttZii.'iii .. ('(•lcT\-ll'!lVrc| crilttl'lMil :!.^ t 'i IK lints Inhithnih .s 17 '* HI i•^l^tli^ i hih nithritif .■pi, .VJ " Sltiiilii.^iitiiiii ChihUnniii, .'tj l),l,,l,i„.,i< ' 'hiti'lnntmtl Itittjlls. . . 't'j, I)ill>h,nni,ln„ ( 'IliMlcMl's-llillli' . . . 71 Ihll>lns,n, < 'liiiriislalf .Vt 1) ■vll's-appli' ( 'itnia hultnft rn. . ( ■» lull' . '* ttnlfilillit . 71 car " nnjfuin 7.! " milk i'n-iititit 71 hnni iHihi-ln^. . . i^ifitttixihf 71 1 )'i(,ii \\i: I'amii.v. ( 'litnri !).■< fi'ii'fturiii t Diiuliaiic - Clwiiipfodt-cahhaiJi' •J<» .•sprrailiiin. . . . Cockl.' - 1 )( i);\vi II II 1 - Corn :!'J I'llisllll ( '( l\V VII. ;i:i Draumi I'lirpli' . \I1 -' :;, :;j < irc'i'ii ('(iliiish - Dratfiiii iiiniip . Hluf. Mil. 17 Diii-k's-l'iiiil .... CntrhiruiH :i,-. Diili-.ainaritir. . ( 'nluiuori-IUKlit^lia'Ic. . NS IHv.irf-liav .. coMi'osir.i-: '.ts (\nilniilrfiu •is Cittiti'i ini' (IS l'.a-lrr-llii«rr Cofiiitif (is !'!i/it isi luttt umnsi . . ('(niiunt nninihit'nti . . . (is <'(iral-aiiil-|)carl~. . . . IJ i:i!i(\(b:.\E Ciiriilii'lil horsclail. 11 i:iii.i)r rwiii.v. . •• iiiliyiv.. < 'owhaiic- - Sl«lltlMl 71 i'.rUnl i.-lTI ( 'owslip :(7 .">ii Enliilnxiii, ( 'ow-hcrh i:ri-ii(ii!H!.\(i:.\K.. Cra/.y-wcrd E " i>hnrlila CifiHirissias . , ('rccpiiiit-cliarli;' si " Ht liiMiiiiiii . . . ( 'nuMis aiicnionc. . - ;i7 Enjiiiiirh'nnii Ei'fui^nrii/ni mil niliiiili s . CriiiMis — Wild • H *' iirlii-tufiiVuni {'riiwfdot Hitiiill. . . :!.■) raNphcllrliiin- Ciirsnl .... .\ 11 , -• :!, ;{.■) I'lilsr-slllllliiwir. . ('(•Icrv-ltavcd :{.') I'lTM-lirakr Tall.; :«) li:n\ I'amii.v. . Criiw-poisiin Cursed crowfixit • );j IVscllc - Vlll. ■■!.") Mcailim ( ut-lrjivnt-iii(jhtsli;iilc. . . ,ss Uci'il ( "yprr.ss sparer .ix '. (iO /■'i si ufit III uttili liih < U . " ilitfiin- I);"ii. . . . Hciinlpd 13 13 13 Water Pois(t!i l-'Ietir-ile-lis White Mnwer-ile-hiie All, Ml, M.V. li S() •.!(i •J() •-'() •J() li i! luu-riiiil iiinl('ti-iiiKlit>.|i!i(li'. l;iruri lil|HlV(|-l||l-li|lll|||l| litliaui-iii itttnit ht'lt iilrnt , . !.\MI\h:.K... Alkiili Uiinrii-lirciiiiiv rii\l:iil Holy Kiiilil(ky-I)liir. MlMilciW-l'l':-!-!!!', t>lrli:ir.l (iuakiiiii. . l{ri(l-l;ill;llV l{l.'cl-lV-M|l'. SwiTt vrlli:il. . T:i1Ihm,I ( ll(\^-* I'WIII.I (!r:iv( y:iiil-\V( Til. . (irr.'Mir I'rI.iliililli' (iicrli ilr.mcili •• hly (liiiiitiil-ivy . . Iiiiiiiri,. II:miI>:>>I- ll;iyiii;iiils ... lli:\Tll I'wili.^ llcilt!r-in;iiiU Ill It niuin nnhtntiinU' H.ll.lM>n> .Viiii'rii'aii-uliiii'. . V.iU- Swamp ih IhhtH'in . . . Ilcmlmk — I'oisoii. ... Wat.r... Wil.l Ili'ml<>(k-\val(i-|)ai>iii|i Ilriiip - Imliaii Ilciil)aiii' - Black //( imfir rirrhitsis . . IIi'rli-rliiisl(i]iliiiv . Il'n riiililiii- iitliiriilii. Ildtl-hiakc niisf's-p(iial ,; .laik-ill-llli-pulpil . I . .laiiir~io\Mi-\vcnl HI, .lllVHlc, . .- .lllll-oll-wc.'.| \ II |y, .loiiili'.l ni^li . , .\l, si K.,h„i,i ioi,i'i.l,!„i!,i. IT •■ l.il,h,l„i.. l,-,l',(„h„ Kciiluck\ Mill' lira— :;7 Kill-ki.l.' si Isum-i'ip . ... 7s I 'imlii —pill'-. . si l'»l I.Mil.VI.K.. l,.i.lv-l,,invl. :;:i l/nnlikill :!.i Lit it"iii 't I itiiti'it //.v/.s' :i:! l.arkV I'law :;s •• I I ... l.ark-^piir . . (is Low 71 'i'all.. '.s l.aiiri'l ... liroti.l-lcavcl... I..a.ly SI) .Moiiiiiaiii.. . , I'al,' IK) I'oisoii. .. MY.', Slicrp. . t'.' Swamp. 1 l.r.nll,TW,.n,l.. (I 1.1:1,1 Ml \<>S(K 2\ I.II.I.UK.i:.. t I.If.Y I'AMri.V. .-,1 l.ithiftii so *' fttt'itilillliK . . v. t), 7 •' inlhi'ii 17 " s[titii!il ;i, 1 1 •' .'ii/ihUitiiti . II i.iiiiiiiv rwiii.v 11 L(>iii:i.i.\ 7.S •17 :t!t si ti.") 7.S •-'7 :!<» ;!'.• . ■>'• ;iti .\. 7s. 7'.l 7'.i 7s 7s 7it I'l.'. \\. L'l ■Ji.L':; •ji. '•.". '17 1\. !•.■> !'7 1)7 •)."i •.l.j !).") no iM)i;\ ( fhtihunt 1 \ li«MO-Vl't(*||. . . , I'M it; .Vi liOCtt wrii| . . I\, :i, :,i\ •"^IrTlilrs-i l\ iJtUlM TUMI LEMl M 1.) Lii|iirir IX, :i, .">» I'lTfiitiiiii. -.1 ."I I.iiliiniiliiii , . , Ln/ltlllL^l.t •M Lnfiiii'is fn-n nm'.i . , .'it l.tisifliiliiii i;imlx(hiil,i nil ... Ji) M:iii(lr:ikc 47 .M;irsli iiiaricohl Mil, -'.•-, ;{- M.i.\-iip|)l(' l.\, 17 " IiIoIm M<':nln\v IV*'rtH', . li foxtiiil. ( K"waii uiiic. . . , MKMsf-KUM.UF. K . II 4."i Ml ulsjh riitititi 45 .l/( niapini . . . '•} Mi/iTt'iii M('/t'nim l.\. ti."i MfZhflKI M 1 XMIH ti.". Milk DcAil's ... "r' .Mll.kWKKI) I'UIII.V. SJ Milkw...! - <'oIlllll(lll X, SJ Oviil-lciivtil.. X, .**-• SImiwv S' Swiiiiiii \ N'* Millet.. 17 Mint I'amii.v. H'J Modiisccd^ Ciiiiacla 4."» 4") MllONsKKU I'a.mii.v. M(M>M'\VO(hI Moiintuin-l.uiri'l X. 7s MuMiiia.-h-r(K)t . . 71 My/«(<( hill, III ■III NkTTI.K I'AMII.V. . Xcttl(- Dwarf Slender VII. StiiiKiiig .' Western VI 1 Wofxl VI l' Xioitia ' Xight.sliadi' — Coiiimon \| ('!l!-!r;ivri| ' ' \l[ Ciarden Spreading Woody ...... 4J l.i S4 27 ■Z7 27 27 27 95 SS ss 86 lAciK OaN Wild ,- < Ir.iimi-iiiiii . Ki < >raiim—walliitt.vMirj n' * 'ri h.ird gra-^ . ("J • •xvacaiilliiiie .j», (KrijIiiiiiiH l.iiiiiluil, p^Ij I'.ili-l.iiiri'l 7(1 /M/'HA/.Mf/. A- iV ■»|Hi.i.i -riMii j» l'aradi-i-|)l,uii ,,'-, l'.\l{sij:y hWMii.y ,is I'a>.|M.II,m,r, \1||, ;,, ;t7 ,V ';^""V . 51, .5(1 / ilhliilni I injiiiiiii ■^^\ I'eniiiii.ii liipiiit' J- J I'liillilli.i ilniinlniilriil A l'IIYrnl..UC.U E.K ;j(, I'hiiliiliirni mill I ilium . . •>it iliiniiilrii 3() I'lil/tltllliillll- ;j() I'linliiliii-iiilii.riii. 3(( l'igi';( riiiiri«y-riKil "' y, I'lm riiiii fifi .v.vf, . jj finitl /*.v;.s ... J- I'lidcipl.v lliti. . . J,, I'luliijilii/Uiiiii i„li,ii,iiii .y~ ;•■ -I \ ' 2.'i I'diMiii-herry .jj l'i)i«)ii- lariM'l iJ{ I'di.Sllll-dogWlMxl (^y^ I'lii^iiii-liendDik .\. ;{^ t;s Poison eldcT ' (;{ ■' Ivy IX (12 ;; liiiril 7H oak (12 onion '_>! " iiK>l . (Is sego 21 " snniacli.. 1,\. m vine. (j-> l',,k.- - 1 111 linn 2.{ Poison \||' .^i, loKKWKKI) PaMIH ;j() I 'lie-eat weed oji l'IIIH Scarli't -berry Si'okc " . Scduriiig-rusli. . . .Si 141'iiii Jaculxua Si inriti Slicc|>-|)l(.:ii. SllialliT S|lr;.. .. , ., SiiKPotli cariias. . . Snak('-brrr\' . . . " bill'! " pipes " riiiit Snaki'\veW()rt SDUW.U'K.f: Siilntiiitiiif Siiiiiiiiiir Sotntium Uulcanmra . . " tiiffriim ... " IrifloTum. Soldiers' buttons.. Sfxithyiiim foelulii S/Mrmmilia Clavus .S|M)on-wo •M :«> M M .•.I 4 n S(l •>■_• in us s\ ti.". , •> 7. 17 :i7 .-.I •.I ;t:i ;t;{ ;«), :i2, ;i;i, »7 St. II 17 7.S 7ti l'(t L'O VII. VIII, VII. XI, lis, Xl, s 42 .".l 11 :{ , 71 101 Xi Sti !K) " laiin-l f*i|Ua\v-riMil . " weeil •"^'|iiirrrl-iail uri" •"*':il«er\Mirt . .'^laiihii'aKriiie . Slarcli-wiirl . .•^teiriles^ loc'ii wi.|..| Stiiikiiin l>»>ke Willie l^iiiikttori .*iV(/>ii iiiinnlii . '* MjHirliii StriitHintiitm . . Htubble-liliKiiriiiii fiHtiilii.^ Tall-crowfoot. " oal-((fas-(. Taii.'y-raKwort.. Tare" Teiiiiiline Thistle 1-amii,v 'I'liorn apple Tliree-lloweriil iiiKlitshaile I hree-leaveil aniiii Tliree-le.-iveil ivy . . TIIYMEI.AKU'K.K. .. Tillitjmiiln.i ( ■///xin.s.^m.s Ihliii.-irn/iiii . Toail-rtMii Tobaert)-- Ilulian I'oisoii., Win Toxicnxriinlioii gramineum Troe-iiios.-* Tamil) — "iragoii Intliiiii Turnsole Turmeric l\, l\. IN, X, ",»s, 101 XI, XI, l\ll tit) .•>!» :m, tilt »7 '.(.s 17 KKi m 18 ,10 -.1) IIKt U2 l^ IS U2 88 r,\ 101 101 .v.» .">!• 20 2.J S'J ttt 101 ■>2 ti.'i 20 51 4 20 ati rt lai i:< l:i io;{ !t2 .S8 18 (i2 ti.-. m .w 42 , <».■. m 'J.5 21 60 18 59 51 tl2 INDl'lX- f»«(/i.»/.rf. ( if I'niliri'tk-plunt . . 47 I MHKI.I.IFKH.K tW imiC.UK.K -'7 { ' rlicii dinutt -7 " uriiriliii 'J7 " hiUiuirirrn 27 " Lyiillii.. . 'i' " urrHM .... ^7 Viirnirin Vitrrarin, H:i Vrwliilili'-onliimrl 47 Vinilniii 21, ••'» yiriitriiin ririilf . . '•i-' Viiii'-liiiiplp •♦•'' VHilfl-ttkMmi ^1 U'liiiilcriiiK-iiiilkwcril M) Wurl-llowtT •'»'- Witrtwml •'>'» Wulcr-urum jfl* " ilruguii U7 " Bniflll'''" •'^ " htiiilcKjk X, 3,71 " uannip X, 3, 7tt \VhitP-t)ca Whiti'-nmii^i* plant "- " Ninirlo 'iX Whit<- Himk«'n>ot XI, 3, !»s " top «H PAIIK Wirky... 7H Wicopv... IX, M Willi l«irk> 17 " iM.licm M) Willi irriM'iiH 37 ■' hrliikH'k m " '|M'<'rtr . HO " IMjtK . 17 " IMMl . 54 " liipiiif. , M " tiilmcoo M " loniiito **H WiHli'-wliiHlIt" . UH W olf'^-niilk M WiMHJy iiikIiI^IkvI)' 86 Vi'llow KiiiM'iiK 47 " iiiilkwifMl H'i " iiXH'vf. 101 " ptirillu 45 " HitrHupurillu. 45 Zniithiiii/lum iimiricanitm 48 ZiigtuUnine 21 Z\)g