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A 2

UUMINION OF CANADA

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

DOMINION EXPERIMEVTAL FARMS

Principal
Poisonous Plants of Canada

FAITH FYLES, B.A.

AiaUTANT BOTANin

Jij

I* ■

Bulletin No. 39

•Mwida«rlM

Published by direction of Hon S. F. Touhe, Minister of
Agriculture, Ottawa, Oat.

OTTAWA

/. N LABROQUSBIK TACB<,

PBDrRR TO THE nNQ'S MOBT EXCELLBNT UAieSTt

•^c>; 2'-i

DOMINION OF CANADA

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

IJOMIMON KXI'KKIMKNTM. FARMS

Principal
Poisonous Plants of Canada

By
FAITH FYLES, BJ

ASSIHTANT BOTANIST,

Bulletin No

Second S«rlefl

Published by direct!. . S. F. Toi.mik, Minister of

Agricu , Ottawa, Ont.

'■ i.

OTTAWA

J. Di LABROQUERIE TACH£,

PRINTER TO THE KINO'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY

63463—1

Tl«' iliinoiiralili',

Till' Minister of AKricultiiro,
Ottawa.

HiK. I have tlii' honour to trunsniit htrcwitli the nlanll^«■ri|)t of
Hulictin ;JU of the Second Scries, on Poinonoiw Plants.

This hulictin has been prepanil hy Aliss Faith Tylcs, Assistant
Botanist, and is profusely illustrated from drnwinK»« made hy the author.
Tlu'se, with the many careful descriptions niven of the various poisonous
plants, make the hulictin a vuluuhlc one to those enguged in hotanical
studies.

The main olijcct in its publication, however, is to give the farmer and
stock-raiser a means of recognizing and identifying such poisonous plants
as may occur on his pastures and ranges. Symptoms of |>oisoning l»y these
plants arc also described and motho<ls of treatment indicated.

It is hopi'd that the iiulletin will do much to lessen the pres«'nt heavy
aimual loss among the various classes of live stock from the above cau.sc.

I have the honour to be, Sir,

Your ol)cdient servant,

Mii. », h>l9.

K. S. AKCHIBALH,
Director Dominion ExiHrimenlnl Farmn.

634()3— li

III

•M

Fruiting Plant c^ Canada
Moonseed, and Seed.

CONTENTS

HACiB

Introduction

General Hints for the Kriulication of Poisonous Plants 2

Plants Poisonous to diffemit animals

Krgot Family (Hypocreacea)

Fern Family {Polypmliacea')

Horsetail Family (Equ'mtaci'r)

13
(irass Family (Graminea)

18
Arum Family (.Araceat)

Lily Family {Liliacea)

26
Iris Family {Iridacece)

27
Nettle Family (Urticacea)

PokeweeJ Family (Phylolaccacnt} ''^

Pink Family (Caryophyllacea) *"

Buttercup Family (Raniinculacea) ■'''

Moonsced Family (Meniapermacca) ^^

Barberry Family (BerberidaceoB) *'

Poppy Family {Pnimoeracea) •''

Pulse or Pea Fatnily {LtguminoufT) •

Spiu-ge Family {Euphorbiace(B) '"

Cashew Family (Amcardiacea)

Mezereum Family {Thymelaeacew) •*'

Parsley or Carrot Family {Umbellifera) ^

Heath Fa nily {Ericacetr) '**

DoRbanc Family (Apocynacea) ^

Milkweed Family (Asdepiadacea:) **-

Mint Family (Labiat(T)

Nightshade or Potato Family iSoln„.:ce(r) >>•>

Lobelia Family {Lobeliacea) • '

Composite or Thistle Family {CnmposilrB) '«

Bibliography

, , 107

Index

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PAOB

Frontispiece — (.'uiiada Moonspcd iv

Key of leiivi'S vii-xi

tj^ot To fueo page 4

Bracken " " " 9

Horsetail •■ " " 12

Darnel •• " " 15

GrassoH caiiMinK mechanical injury •' " " 17

Jack-in-the-piiljiit •• " " \n

False Hellebore " " " 20

Death Camas " " " 20

Smooth Camas " " " 2S

Slender Nettle Between pages 27-30

WiHxl Nettle " " 27-30

Poison Poke To face page 30

Purple Cockle Between pages 28 29

Cow Cockle To face page 35

Pasque Flower " " " 3(5

Larkspur " " " 41

He<l Baneberry " " " 42

Canada Moonsee<l " " " 47

Blue Cohosh " " " 49

May Apple " " " 51

Bloodroot " " " 52

Celandine " " " 52

Lupine " " " 54

Locowee<l " " " 60

Poison Ivy " " " 62

Wicopy " " " 67

Poison Hemlock " " " 68

Water Hemlock " " " 73

Bulbous Water Hemlock Between pages 73-76

Western Water Hemlock " " 73-76

Water Parsnip To face page 76

Spreading Dogbane " " " 80

Swamp Milkwee<l " " " 82

Ground Ivy " " " 84

Bittersweet Nightshade " " " 86

Common Nightshade " " " 88

Henbane " " " 90

Thorn Apple " " " 92

Indian Tobacco " " " 97

White Snakeroot " " " 98

iSneezeweed " " " 103

Ragwort " " " 104

VII

KEY OF LEAVES

I, Jack-in-the-pulpit; 2, Greon Drauon; 3, .\rn)w Arum; 4, Water Arum; 5, Skunk Cab-
hage; 6, Death C'amiis; 7. Smooth Camas; S, Kalso Hellehore: 9, Blue Flag; 10, Slender
Nettle; 11, Western Nettle; 12, Wood Nettle; 1.3, Poison Poke; 14, Purple Cookie; 15, Cow
Cockle.

vili

1, May Apple; 2, Blood-root: 3. Celantlino; 4, lionownod ; 5. Lupine- 6 8un-f>ouree- 7
Cypress Spurge; 8, Puiaon Ivy; a. Poison Sumach; 10, Wicopy; U, Mezereon.

I, Poison Hemlock; 2. Water Hemlock; 3, Water Parsnip; 4, Mountain Laurel; 5, Sheep
Laiirpl; (!, Swampor Pale I,«urel; 7, Spreadinn Dogbane: 8. Black Indian Hemp: 9, Butterfly
Weed; 10, .Swamp Milkweed; 11, Common Milkweed; 12, Uval-leaved Milkweed.

■s ni'' f;">"»'' Ivy; 2 mttprswcet; 3 Threc-flowercd Xightshade: 4, Common Xightshado;
a. Black Henbane; 8, Thorn Apple; <, Indian lobacco; 8. Great Lobclin; 9, White Snakeroof
lU, Miec'ZeweeU, II, KaKWort.

INTRODUCTION

The subject of poixonouH plants is at all times naturully one of very
ureat importance in every agricultural country, jwrticularly in a country
of such vast extent of fertile land as ours. It is more so, at the present
time when the world-wide cry for food has turned the thoughts and intt'u-
tlon's of farmers and stockowners to the necessity for greater production.
In this greater effort, there is the danger of pasturage heinn restricted and
overstockcti and animals forced to oat plants they would otherwise avoid.

Although the yearly loss due to plant-poisoning is known to he on
the increase, the amount of the loss is not ascertainable, owing to the fact
that many fatalities are attributed to other causes through lack of knowl-
edge and available literature. A knowledge of poisonous plants and the
ability to distingui.sh the most harmful species in his neighbourhood are
highly essential to every owner of live stock, so that ho may bo enabled
to avoid pasturing animals on infested areas until the danger is past.
This publication has been prepared with this end in view, as well as for
the use of the general public and students interested in the subject. The
descriptions and illustrations, it is hoped, will be of service in this con-
nection.

Wherever possible, all scientific terms have been translated into
ordinary English, and the most familiar of the common names given.
The scientific names and synonyms of each species, as well as the scientific
names of the families, have boon inserted for the greater convenience of
teachers and science masters. The symptoms have been given to assist
veterinary surgeons in diagnosing cases of poisoning.

Since, in every case of severe poisoning, whether of human beings or
animals, profes.sional advice should be promptly sununoned, no attempt
has been made to cover remedial measures; but a few .suggestions useful
in emergencies have been given hero and there. For general treatment of
animals a supply of permanganate of potash and aluminum sulphate
(alum) should be kept on hand. These drugs are inexpensive and may
bo obtained nt any druggist's. A well-dissolved e(iual portion of eacli
should be administered at the earliest possible moment after poisoning.

As this publication is the first of its kind in Canada, and as the infor-
mation contained has been gathered from widely scattered sources, there
is still a very great deal to be learned in regard to Canadian poisonous
plants. For this reason it is hoped that all interested will send in suspi-
cious plants for identification, to th"! Experimental Farm, Ottawa.

GENERAL HINTS FOR THE ERADICATION OF
POISONOUS PLANTS

Wh««ri>v«T plants known to Im; piiiMonoiis arc found, mtiw effort xliould
Im' nm<li> to destroy them, or prevent at least their niiiltipliealion. In
most eases they may he simply dealt with as weeds, as annuals, hienniulM,
or iN-reniiials.

.\nn(ai,.h: Annuals, whieh produee their Howers and set-ds in one
seasoti, have no other means of propaKution than seeds. Therefore any
method, best ehosen hy the individual farmer, whieh will prevent the
pn>duetion of seeds will exterminate tl plant. At the purple eoekle.
eurseil crowfoot and Indiati tobacco ui. all annuals, much h)ss may Im-
avoided by mere hand-pulliuK or cuttinR when these plants are in flower.

MiKNNiALs: Dientiials, which bl<M)m and rijH'n their seeds the second
year, may be treated as annuals as far us the production t>f seed is con-
ccriu'd. They will eventually succumb to continued close cuttinjt or to
the u.He of the hoe or spud. Thorough cultivation and drainage where
necesNiry is the iM-tter method on larRe and badly infested areas.

Fkke.nnialh: Perennials are propiixated both by see<ls and by under-
Kroun<l rootstocks, bulbs, or tubers. The prevention of seed production
is (|uite as im|H>rtarit as the destruction of the underKround portion of the
plant, in many cases, more so, as the numerous li>{ht seeds borne to fresh
soil will in time produce numy more new plants than is possibl<' by the
division of the rootstocks. But in other cases, as for instance the water
hemlocks, the [wrtion in the soil is the most deadly, and any .small piece
uprooted and eaten by stock will result in death in a few minutes. Thus
it is necessary for the extermination of the species and the safety of human
beinns as well as animals to destroy all porti' is of pf)isonoU8 perennials
by the quickest means po.ssible.

SpRAYiV(i: Chemical .sprays may be used to advantage; they are
eci-iomical and effective in most cases. Plants with rough leaves are
most susceptible, as the spray clings to the surface more readily. Smooth
leaves sheil the spray before it has time to take full effect. The s|)ray
sho lid be applied in a fine mist on a bright clear day when there is no
likelihood of rain undoing the work. Spraying is most effective when the
plants are young and succulent, that is, just before they flower or in their
first bloom.

(•<).MMo.\ Salt or . .m Chloride: Common salt is one of the

cheapest and safest sf to use. It is most destructive when applied

in hot dry weather, absorbs the moisture from the plants and the

surrounding soil to su. ,. an extent that the pla- 'ie of thirst. A solution
of 1.50 pounds to 60 gallons of water may be or where all vegetation

is to be destroyed it may be applied in the fo..a of hot brine, of such a
rength as to show crystals on its surface.

( MHTK HoDA OH ScoitM HvDRoxiDK: TIiIh clwiiii.al U PKr^Tmlly
iiM-fiil III (l.'sfroyiiiK ,...iH-.n<HiN pluiitM on wacti- Ki'iiml or |ilun-F< wlnTf
vcKotutiiiii ix npKliKil>l(> for a waKoii. It may he iimmI wifl ^(mm| .•fTi-ct on
rK)ij.on ivy, Hprcailiiiji iloKiiaiK-, aii<l HJinilar (|«M.p|y rooi.d w.'.'«ls. A
.ViHT c-i'iit Moliition.or one |hmiiiiI caiiHtic Mxla t<. two KalloiiM of watt-r. i«
miffiricnfly nUoiik f(.r ordinary piirpoHCH. All other vcnointion will Im-
(•hcck«'<l until tluM rhcmical in wuHhed out of the hoJI.

Iron Himmiatk or Coppeham: < opporaB ih comiwrativcly inixpiiiMv.'
and may Ik- iisi-d on poinonoiw plants whirli may Ik- Rrowinn nmoiiK Kniin,
jirahx, or jk-u crops. It will do no harm to thrw cropH, hut cannot Im- vm-il
where heaUK are planted, ("lover and alfalfa plants are l.hi' '.ed hy it.
hut they will quickly recover if the Koliition has not iK'en too sironR. The-
iimial solution is ohtained hy dissolvinK UK) pounds cop|M>ras in -)2 iiallons
of water, which »|uantity is sufficient for one acre of lierhaKc.

<'«»PPKK SiLPiiATE OK Bu'ESTo.vE: Bluestone is more ex|X'nsive, hut
a far less (|uantity will serve the same pur|Kise. From 8 to 12 iMiunds is
sufficient for 52 gallons of water. Both oopp«>ras and hluest.me spraying
should he done in clear, liot weather, when rain is not expected for at least
twenty-four hours.

PLANTS POISONOUS TO DIFFERENT ANIMALS

The following list, in each case, Iocs not include all tlie plants that
are poi.sonous to the difTerent animals, hut only those through which most
loss has heon suffered.

Horses: Ergot, hracken horsetail, darnel, purple cockle, locowei'd,
water hemlock.

Cattle: Ergot, hracken, darnel, purple cockle, curstHi crowfoot,
larkspur, locoweed, poison hemlock, water hemlock, water i)arsnip, laurel,
white snakeroot, ragwort.

Sheep: Ergot, darnel, death camas, purple cockle, pasque flower,
lupine, locoweed, poison hemlock, water hemlock, laurel, white snakeroot.
Swine: Darnel, purple cockle, water hemlock.

Poultry: Ergot, <larne|, purple cockle, and other injurious seeds in
sc enings.

ERQOT FAMILY (Ilypocreacea)

KK(U)T OF RYK {Sprrmcedia I'lmntn (D.C.I Frien.)
(Vlanetpa purpurea Tul.)
Plate I.
(oMMnv Namkh: KrRot of rye jh Konornlly known «»,! npokon of „.
ki'riH'l»<, l>|iKht kiTtu'lH," and "Hpurn'il ryp."

I)KH.HiPT.nN: KrKot in a form of a fungus paranifi,. on Kra««i.«. on,, of
th.. lK.Ht known H,K.,.».H l>oinK that foun.l on rye. The fungun h o
.•«H. y r.TORnu... „. ,|„. «ocon.l st«,r of i,H .lovelopm. „t. wh." th ' I rd
.lark purpl.. or a n.oM l.la.k ma^n.. (.clerotia) aro Ln a in.erva o | .
..«.lH .^ rv... w ..... U.oy h„v.. nnurp..! tho position of the h^.! o h
hoHt. rh,.se ml,.ro»m, or ergots as they are ,K,pularly eall...l, n.av I...
..».H..rv...l fro.„ June till iate in the autumn, aeeonling to the nature t .
.p,..H.H of ..rgot an.l h.>Ht plant. In the autun.n, they fall to the grouml
«n.l r..nuun ,n a n.H.inK ^.age throughout the winte . When th.. C
u-e«.h..r lH.g,nH again, they nhow signs of awakening life by the applan "

h.ir wa, In he hea.l of the stron.a are nu.nerous flask-shape.! .avifies
(por.the,..a) ea.-h of whieh contains a number .,f narrow cellf (ase^) an.
oa..h .,f these .n .ts turn contains eight threa.l-Iike sporen or repro 1 cti ve
iKMhes. The mature spores escape fron, the peritheda alK,ut the te of
Howenng o the hc.st plant, rye or grass, as the case n.ay be W en a
Hp..re falls mto a floret of « suitable host plant, it develop., a so^al

luc'T' "'t" ""T"''^ "'!""'"••' ^""'•'' "ho'-y.lew" I abun.la
pr...luce.l. The honeydew exu.les in large glistening .Irops fr.m. the fl.,ret

Tn t:,n ^h'T^Th "''■' " ''"''"'•^' ^''"»^''* ''-^ '""'«-' "- -«• -
.nse.t . ,„ hlled with very mmiite micro.scopic bodies (conidia) another

reproduct.v.. form of the fungus. The coni.lia are capable o in 3i«te

Kcrnunation .„,1 are .-arri.Hl by i„.se..ts to oth.. planVs. Thus "ia il

. f rUL 'C' •""T'',Tr!r '■""''"^' ^'''""«»>«"^ ♦'"• flowering ™„
of ts host. The mycelial threads .-ontinue to .levelop, an.i in time form

mfect barl..y and the following gras-nes: K i i r>e win

Reed canary grass {Phalaris arundinacea L.) •
Sweet vernal grass {Anthvxanthum odoralum L ) •

Meadow foxtail KAlopecurus praienns h.);

Pun I.

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Ergot on gruwi-8.

Pkoliy-P: F,l,t.

e34«3— 2

Tall oat graiss {Arrhenatherum elating \L.\ Hoauv.);
Orchard grass {DncUjlis glomeratn L.);
Quaking grass (Briza media L.) ;
Canadian hluo grass {Poa compresKa L.);
Kontucky blue grass (Poa pratemfin h.);
Meadow fescue (Festuca rlatior L.) ;
Heed fescue {Festuca nrumlinacea Schreb.);
liarren brome grass {liromus derilis L.);'

He has also shown that ergots grown on anj- of these grasses whii'h
have Ix'eii infected by ergot of rye an; in their turn cai)abie of infecting
rye and barley. This is a very important point for the agriculturist. For
instance, if holy grass infected with ergot is left to mature, the ergots will
drop to the ground and repeat their work in the spring. There will then
be still fresh lioneydew on the holy grass (which is early blooming) when
the first heads of rye or barley come into bloom. The rye and barley may
then be contaminated, and from them the honeydew will be borne to
later-blooming fodder grasses, and so on through a continuous chain of
harm.

I'oisoxots Phoi'Khtiks: The most important of the many constitu-
ents lately isolated from ergot is the very highly potent alkaloid enjotoxine.
which with other harmful principles causes a disease known as ergotism.

.\ni.m.\ls Affected: Ergot is poisonous to all domestic animals.
Ewart states that "a comparatively small number of fresh ergot grains
suffice to injure or kill a horse, cow, or sheep." It is a well-known cause
of abortion.

Human Poisonixc;: Human beings have been poisoned by ergot from
very early days, chiefly, however, in those countries when- rye bread is
used. The ergot is ground up with the grain, and the flour is thus rendered
unfit for food.

Symptoms: The s\,nptonis of ergot poisoning have been well described
by J. H. McNeil, as follows:—

"Krgot stimulates the nerve centres that cause the contraction of the
small l)lood vessels su])plying the different parts of the body, and cause
one of the two forms of ergotism, viz., a nervous form and a gangrenous
form.

"Nervous I'^rgotism: In this form the contraction of the blood vessels
of the brain produces dullness and (K'))ression. The animal also suffers
from gastro-intestinal catarrh, r< fuses food, and gradually passes into a
condition of general wasting. The nervous form, however, may assume
an entirely <liH"erent aspect, and the animal dies suddenly in delirium or
spasms, or gradually from paralysis.

' ICrRot lias hci'ii fouiiil on llic followiiiK Rrasscs in the West: Aijroiitirnii Smilhii,
Dcirhnmiixin cirxifilinia, Aymiiijron Uniruiii, Agropyrim rc/xdN, ValamngriiMia hijixrhurra
ilongiila, Hmmii.s imrniis.

It is iini)()ssil)Ic li> s;iy, until further study has boon made, whether tliis erRut is
idetitieal with the ergot of rye, or whether it may be one or more new speries typical
of the West.

"(iiingrcnous Ergotism: In this common form, the chcckinfj of flic
blood, resulting from the contraction of the small blood vessels, causes
a loss of a part or of all the limb below the knee or hock, of the tail or the
ears. The form of the disease may manifest itself by the formation of
ulcers at the top of the hoof or between the toes, and a toe may i)e lost or
the entire hoof shed. The affected part dries, a small furrow or line of
separation appears, completely surrounding the liml), divi<linK the living
from the deail mummified tissue."

We are indebted to the Veterinary I)irector-(ieneral at Ottawa for
the following reports of recent ergot poisoning in .Mberta presented l)y one
of his inspectors. Dr. \V. H. McKenzie: —

January 4, 1!»I."). — I have inspected ninety head of cattle, twelve of
which were suffering from ergotism. Necrosis of the inferior third of the
tail, about (me inch of the superior extremity of the ear, and both IiIikI
feet, was observed in one animal. In two others, both hind feet iia<l
sloughed off at the pastern joint, in another an indented ring circumscribing
the hind leg about six inches above the fetlock joint, below whicii tiie
tissue was gangrenous, in three one claw was absent. The other visilily
affecte<l animals exhibited swellings and lameness in one or l)oth hinil
fetlocks, .\nimals had access to stacks of rye straw since about the
first of November. Owner advises that first symptoms were observed
on or about the first of December."

Five animals had already succumbed to the effects of the poison before
the ins])ection of Dr. McKenzie. Receiving information of a similar case
in the same neighbourhoo<l. Dr. McKenzie inspected thirty-four cattle.

"Six animals were found to be showing the effects of this i)oison, being
lame, having enlarged fetlock joints, and showing a pronounced tendency
to resume the recumbent position. The grain i)ins and rye stack were
examined and a consideral)le (luantity of ergot found. The animals in
(piestion had been fed on rye straw for about four weeks, aiul a slight
lameness was first oljservcd ten days ago. I was informed that a neighbour
who fed rye to jjregnant sows had 28 al)ortions. .\11 rye straw was burned,
and owner instructed to thoroughly clean the rye grain Ix'fore feeding
same."

RiOMKiiy .\N'D Mkans of Contuol: In the case of ergot jjoisoning the
ix'st remedies are iireventive. Care should be taken that no ergotised
grain is sown. .\11 grasses bearing ergot, wherever seen, should be cut
and burnt. During the flowering season, there should be a vigilant .search
for heads showing the glistening honeydew. These infected heads should
!)(■ gathered at once, taking care not to brush them against other grasses.
Henieinber one drop of honeydew contains j-nough conidia to infect a
whole acre of rye. Burn all ergotis(>d hay, and cloan thoroughly all barns
and stalls where it has been stored. Should animals show symptoms of
pois(ming, their food should be changed at once, and the assistance of a
veterinary surgeon sliould be procured.
(a4fi3~2i

Plate II.

Bracken.

Pkoto—F. Fytea.

FERN FAMILY (PolypodiacecB)

BRACKEN {Pteria aquilina L.)

(Pleridium aquilinum [L] Kuhn.)

Plate II.

Common Names: This plant is seldom known by any otiier name
than common brake or bracken, sometimes modified to lady-br:icken.
fern-brake, or hog-brake.

Description: The bracken is a coarse fern with a creeping, woody,
almost black rootstock. The stalk of the frond or leaf is from one to three
feet high, and the blade measures from one to three feet across by two to
four feet in length. The stalk, with maturity, becomes straw-coloured, or
brownish, stiff, stout, ridged, swollen at the base. The blade is dull green,
the general outline trianpular, the widely spreading branches twice pinnate.
In the spring the youn^ eaves are bent over at the top and curled in. The
oblong obtuse lobes are strongly outlined by the reflexed margin which
forms, his case, a second indusium or covering to the spore-cases. As
the sp. -cases develop, they push aside the outer indusium and, fitted
close together in several rows, they form quite a distinct golden-brown
margin to the underside of each lobe. The spores, or reproductive
bodies, are ready for dissemination from July to September. The spore-
cases open with a snap, and the spores, light and easily carried by the
wind, are scattered far and wide. When they reach the moist earth they
germinate, but the germinated spores do not produce a true fern-plant.
They give rise to another stage of its life, a small flat, green body (pro-
thallus). On the underside of the prothallus are tiny organs whose union
results in the development of a true fern-plant, which in its turn produces
spores and thus completes the life cycle.

Distribution: Common in thickets, on hillsides, and in sandy soil
from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

Poisonous Properties: The toxic principles of bracken have not
yet been fully investigated, but it has been shown by experiment that the
action of the poison is cumulative.

Anlmals Affected: The experiments carried on by Hadwen in British
Columbi.n (1917) proved that the ingestion of dried bracken was the cause
of a disease among horses known as "staggers." He says: "During the
hard winter of 1915-16 the mortality amongst horses in the Fraser valley
and on Vancouver Island was very heavy. As an extreme instance we
cite the following: 'In the little village of St. Elmo, B.C., out nf twonty-
four horses owned by eleven farmers, sixteen died of bracken poisoning,

four recovered, and the balance (four) did not take the disease.' Tiie
horses attacked are usually those that receive the minimum amount of
care, but well-cared-for, greedy horses may contract the disease throuRh
eating their bedding, wnich often consists of bracken which has been left
in their mangers." Hadwen also reports the poisoning of two horses from
eating green bracken in a pasture where other vegetation was scarce. One
of the horses died. Chesnut and Wilcox (1901) state that "Cases of
poisoning of horses and cattle by this plant have been reported from
Kngland and from a few localities in the United States." Pott also refers
to the poisoning of cattle by eating bracken in quantity. Stockman (1917)
experimmted with a bull-calf by fcedmg it freshly cut bracken forajieriod
of twenty-nine days. The calf was found dead on tlie thirtieth day.

Symptoms: The first general signs of poisoning as given by Hadwen
are, an unsteady gait, good appetite, animal inclined to constipation, eye
congested, flanks tucked up, nervousness. In the later stages if the head
is raised the horse may fall. It stands with the legs spread, and has a
distinctly intoxicated loo'.-. Greedy horses are most liable to attack.

Mueller, in reference to fatal poisoning among horses, gives th" symp-
toms as timidity, slower movement or action, loss of balance, dilated pupils,
reddening followed by yellirtving of the conjunctiva?, and slowing of the
pulse.

Remedy .\nd Me.ws of Contkol: In all cases of poisoning, profes-
sional advice should l)e obtained. The treatment recommended by Hadwen
to the farmer who is unable to obtain such aid is as follows: First removt
all ferny hay and bedding, dive a quart of raw linseed oil, taking especial
care that none falls into the lungs. Give good clean hay, warm '>ran
mashes, and roots. The horse should be kept as quiet as possible, owing
to its nervous excitability. Warmth is of aid in combatting the affection,
whilst a cold, draughty stable tends to lower the vitality.

Ploughing and manuring is one of the best methods of exterminating
bracken. The deep-lying rootstocks will not all be destroyed the first
year, but after two or three years of thorough cultivation, very few if any
will be found.

On steep hil' sides and pastures where tillage would be out of tiie
question, cutting the green tops off will in time starve the rootstocks,
particularly if a good dressing of lime is applied to the soil immediately
after the cutting. The lime serves as a check to the bracken and als() as
an encouragement to the growth of grasses. In regard to the best time
for cutting, Thomas Tusser wrote in 1557:—

" In June and in Augast as well doth apppcre
Is best to mowe Brakes of all times of tlie yeere.

HORSETAIL FAMILY (Eqiii setae ece)

COMMON OR FIELD HORSPJTAIL (Equisetum arvense L.)
Plate III (To faoo pane 12i.

Common Names: Among the po])ular names of horsetail are the
foHowinp, which are typical and descriptive: pine-top, meadow-jMne,
scouring rush, bottle brush, snake-pipes, jointed rush, and cornfield horse-
tail.

Desckiption: The horsetails or scouring rushes are a group of
perennial plants intermediate between the ferns and club-mosses. Like
the ferns they possess a more or less branching, creeping rootstock which
persists from year to year and sends out new shoots each year. The
rootstock of the field horsetail develops also short tuber-like branches,
which act as storehouses of reserve material. As in some of the ferns, tlu>
rootstock sends up two distinct kinds of leaf-shoots, a fertile and a sterile
shoot, each of which is distinctly jointed and hollow. The fertile stems,
which bear the spores, or reproductive bodies, appear early in May, before
the sterile or vegetative shoots have yet unfoldetl. They are from four
to ten hes high, usually unbranched, light-brown, with darker brown,
scale-likr leaves arranged in c'rcles at each joint or node. At the apex
of each lertile stem is a group of si)orophylls known as the C(me, from which
the spores fall to the ground and protluce new plants. The spores are
round, and each is furnished with two spiral bands or elatcrs (so attached
as to ajjpear to be four) which assist in its dispersal. The sterile stems
are from four to twenty inches high, bright green, grooved, with angled,
solid branches.

Distribution: The field horsetail is native to Canada, ami is found
in gravelly or sandy soil from Newfoundland to Alaska.

Poisonous Properties: Tlie harmfulness of field horsetail has for
many years been the subject of much discussi >n and difference of opinion,
but in Canada it was found to be the cause of much loss (see l")onunion
Experimental Farms Reports 1910, p. ^00, 1912, p. 210-11.) The toxic
principle has not been determined.

Anim.^ls .\kfected: Horses suffer most from eating this weed in the
hay, particularly young horses. It is also known to be injurious to sheep,
but there is a difference of ojjinion as to its effect upon cattle. The weed
does not ajjpear to be as poisonous when eaten in a green state. This may
be due to the laxative properties of other fresh food eaten at the same
time, or to the fact that the plant is not as commim in pastures as in
meadows and, in consequence, is not eaten to the same extent. Animals
grazing in pastures containing horsetail, should be watched and removed
from the field of danger at the first symptoms of jjoisoning.

Symptoms: The first general symptoms are a certain excitement,
unthriftiness, diarriioea, good appetite; later, staggering gait, partial
loss of motive power, craving for the weed, pulse accelerated, respiration
difficult, sometimes convulsions and death or a state of unconsciousness
and coma. Sometimes the attack is very acute, death occurring in a few
hours; usually, however, the disease lasts from a few days to several
weeks.

Remedy and Means of Control: The first and most important
ihing to be done is to change the food. Remove all hay and bedding
containing equisetum. Administer a purgative, as raw linseed oil or
aloes, to remove any undigested portion of the plant, and give stimulants,
camphor, or powdered nux vomica with grain feed three times a day.
Blisters along the spine are beneficial (Friedlierger and Frohner). In
severe cases, slings should be used to support the animal before it loses
the power to stand. If this treatment is begun in time, the animals will
recover in practically all cases.

This weed may be held in control by draining, enriching and culti-
vating the ground. It thrives best in sandy or gravelly soil that is wet
in the spring and early summer, or where the underlying water is not far
from the surface of *,he soil. Good drainage and good cultivation will
eventually exterminate it as, although the rootstocks lie lower than the
depth of ordinary cultivation, they will starve if the green food-producing
shoots are kept cut.

^# :

™J

/ 1 ■ ' .

^^^^M

Field Horse-tail ■ JPUxte
a- Sterile stem,
b 'Fertile

GRASS FAMILY {Gramineae)

DARNEL (Lolium temulentum L.)
Plate IV.

Common Nameh: Darnel is also called poison-darnel, white darnel,
Imarded darnel, and tare. The French name for it is "Ivraie," derived
from "ivre" meaning drunken, as when brewed with barley it acts as an
intoxicant.

Description: Darnel is an annual grass. It has smooth simple
stems from two to four feet high. The leaf blades are four to ten inches
long and about one-quarter inch wide, rough on the upper surface and
smooth on the lower. The flower spike is four to twelve inches long, with
four to eight flowers to each spikelet, which fits tightly into a slight curve
on either side of the stalk. The seed is about the size of a small grain of
wheat, it is rounded at each end, with a shallow groove on the inner surface,
and is closely covered by two scales, the outer one usually possessing a
short awn. The kernel itself is greenish, tinged with brown or purple.
It is in bloom from June to August. Darnel is very closely related to
English and Italian rye grasses, but may be reatlily distinguished from
both in having no leafy shoots from the base, and consequently it doe?
not grow in tufts or bunches.

Distribution: Introduced from Europe, it is now scattered through-
out (,'anada on cultivated ground and waste places in New Brunswick,
the Prairie Provinces and on the Pacific coast.

Poisonous Properties: The injurious effect of darnel has been
recognized since early scriptural days, as there is no doubt it was really
the tares which the enemy sowed among the wheat. There are also many
references to it in the classics; Ovid says "Let the fields be clear of darnel
that weakens the eyes." It is referred to in one of Shakespeare's plays
as spoiling the bread, and in the same connection Gerarde (1597) says:
"The new bread wherein darnell is, eaten hot, causeth drunkenness; in
like manner doth beere or ale wherein the seede is fallen, or put into the
inault."

The toxic principle seems to be only in the seed or grain itself, and has
been determined as a narcotic alkaloid temuline, which Hofmeister has
shown to be a strong nerve poison. Other authorities give different toxic
principles, and some refer the cause of injury to a fungus which infests
the seed. Esser concludes that according to most authorities who have
investigated darnel the fungus alone contains the toxic substance — the
temuline — and hence the grains in which the fungus does not occur should
be harmless. H. C. Long, in referring to Esser's work, says: "So far as

I'l-ATB IV.

Dartii'l.

riot:, F. FtU'

ran Ik' HHCfrtaini'il, then- have Imm'ii no tccdinK i-xiH-riiiu-nt!* rn ilcicniiiiii'
tlw ilifTcn-ncc in ti>xi<' cliararttT iK-twivn riiiiKiif«-iiifi"4t«>il aiitl fiiimu»'-firc
uraiiiH. Thi' ilanRcrouM pro|MTtii's an- saiil l<> Iw iiiont proiioiii <l in wfl

WUCOIIH."

Ammai.h Akj'Ki tk»; The " Vctciinarian." !HI'J, n'|Miifs tin- |MiiMininK
«»f \nn» from calinK danu-l inixi'il with barley. Fatalities anionu \u>tM'>
anil sheep have lieen recortled by Johnson and Sowerhy (IHtil). Cornevin
Hives the anunnits of darnel neeessary to kill eertain aninni!' as follows: -

lIofHIV 7 |M)Unils (MT HKt |MMIIIlls livf Wl'iltlll

Kiiiiiiii.iiits I *• li> I H iMiiiiu'- |nT KHI iKiiiiiiU livf wi'inht

IViiiliry I .■> to I s |Miiii..N per KM) |Hmnils livi- wi'IkIiI

|Ki|{ I N |Hiiifi(l |MT ItX) iHiumU livf w^i^llt

111 MAN I'uisoxixci: The ehief (hiMKer to hiinian lieiims lies in liie
iliffiiulty of siftinK darnel from whi-at and other cereals of miuh the .*aine
sized drain, (iroiinti up with the Hour in this way, it has eaiise<l many
cases of human |M)isonin(t, althounh not fatal. A case is quotetl l>y .Johnson
and S(iweri)y in which eighty inmates of Sheffield v.orlhouse (Knuland)
were affected with violent vomitinn and purunijt after eating oatmr.il
(MiitaininK darnel.

SvMi'ToMs: Darnel |Miisonin({ induces K'<l<liness. drowsiness, uncortain
wait, and stiipefncation (Mueller), and in the olth'r animals, vomitinir.
convulsions, loss of sensation, andileath (Pott). The symptoms iii the horse
are dilation of the pujuls, vertijjo, uncertain (jait, and tremltliint. The
animal falls, the body is cold and the extremities are stiff, respiration is
laboured, the jjulse is slow and small, and there are convulsive movements
of the head and liml)s. There is rapid enfeeblement, and death may oc( ur
wit hi" thirty hours.

In pi({s, foamiiiK, convulsions, and ..aralysis have been observed:
the stomach and intestuies were niflamod and the lunjjs congested (H. ( '.
Long).

Kkmkdy and Mkans of CoNTtuH.: As darm-l is an annmil firuss it
.shi.uld be weeded out before it goes to seed. Hadly infested crops should
be cut )ji<'en and used as hay. Land upon which the seeds have alrca<ly
fallen, should not a>jain be used for unii" ""*'• <1"' loln'ion has included
.some hoed crops.

(iRAssES (ArsINCJ MK<HANHAI, IXJt KIKS.

Plate V.

The long barbed seeds and twisted awns of the porcupine grass {Sliiia
sparten Trin.) and the needle grass (.S. comata Trin. & Aupr.) sometimes
cause serious injury and even death to domestic aninnds. Sheep are the
greatest suffeiers, as the .seeds are ea.sily caught by their wool, and finally
penetrate the skin and flesh.

PlATK V,

Grasses causing mpchaniral injury.

I'kalo-F. Flil^n.

The ■pines of the utid-hur {Cmchruii trihuhitle» L.) ami the hrintl*-*
of ttte foxtail graaitei ami inilletM (Selarta tp.) are alMo of an injiirirxw
nature.

TI»o itharply-pointeil and awned HoedH of w|uirr<<l-tail uraMn or wild
iwrley {Hordeum jubaiutn L.) vmm< inHaniniation and til'-< ratiuK Nori-x in
the mouths of horses and rattle. \ rase was mentioneo by Iladweii of
two bloodhounds who suffered severely with ulcerated k ...'m and swellinRs
in Iho throat caused by gettinK thes«« s«««'ds in the mouth.

Wild oats (Avena fntun L.) |M>MMess siniilnr barl>ed and awned weds,
which iMscome end>edded iM'tween the teeth of animals, and eauce iiiHum-
mation.

ARUM FAMILY ..\,a, ae)
.lACK-IN-THK-lTLl'IT (Ari'Un, I,-: .1- dum [L.\ Ton.)

I'l-ATK VI.

Co.MMox Xamks: The Jack-in-tlu'-Piilpit is also known as tlic Indian-
turnip, tiircc-lca %•«'([ arum, (lra>r!>n-turnip, devil's oar, ho^-onion, and
slarcii-wort.

Dkschii'tion': It is a perennial plant from eifjlit inches to tliree feet
liijili. It usually Ixat's two leaves, sometimes only one. Each leaf lias
three leaflets, oval, ])oiiited, smooth, entire or sometimes waved at the
mai(iins. The so-called "flower" is not oidy one flower, hut is made up
(»f a numher of very si.iall flowers arranged around a central axis (spadix)
surrounded by a large, sheathin};, coloured bract called the spathe. The
spadix is popularly known as the "Jack" and the spathe forms his "pulpit."
The spathe is pale jfrfen, strijH'd with reddish-brown or purple, and is bent
over at the top. The spadix is also green and purple, rounded at the top
and narrowed at the base, where it is surrounded by the small flowers. In
tlie autumn, the bright scarlet bunch of berries, with the withered spadix
and spathe still attached, is (piite as conspicuous as the Jack is in the
early summer. The tmderground portion of the plant consists of a round,
wrinkled, greyish-brown starchy corm, with a number of rootlets from
th(> upper surface. It is found in bloom in the spring and early stnnmer.

DrsTRiBrTiox: Jack-in-the^Pulpit is very common in low, rich woods
throughout Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, and Ontario. It is a
native of Canada.

Poisoxous Propeutiks: The plant contains acrid jiroperties. Tlu'
corm is very poisonous. It is held that the acridity disappears with
roasting or boiling. No doubt it was used by the Imlians. but it is safer
for the white man not to try experiments. Pammel says the corm of the
Indian-turnip is so extremely acrid that a decoction made from it has
been used to kill insects.

(tRKKX-DuACOX {Arisnemn Drnconlium ['-.] Sciiorr.) .\uim Family.

The green-dragon is a near relative of Jack-in-t he-Pulpit, and posesses
similar acrid qualities. It may be distinguished by its solitary leaf, which
is characteristically cut into seven to eleven oblong pointed leaflets, and
by it.s long tapering spadix and pointed green spathe. It is found on low
grounds in Ontario. It flowers in June.

I'l.ATK VI.

JjH'k-iii-llic-pulpit.

/'*../., F. FM,

Arrow Arum {Peltandra virginica [L.] Kunth.) Arum Family.

The arrow arum is a stemless plant found in shallow v/ater in Ontario.
It has arrow-shaped leaves, a long green spathe, green berries and thick,
fibrous roots. The berries are poisonous.

Water Arum (Calla palustris L.) Arum Family.

This plant of bogs and shallow waters is sometimes called "the wild
calla" because of its resemblance and close relation to the well-known
cultivated calla. It is a low perennial with a long creeping rootstoek
bearing long-stalked, heart-shaped leaves, and a solitary scape. It has
a short spadix and a white spathe almost as wide as long. The berries
are bright red, subtended by the dried white spathe. This plant, which
is native to Canada from Nova Scotia to Hudson Bay, also contains
poisonous properties. The rootstoek is particularly acrid.

SKUNK CABBAGE {Symplocarpusfoetidus [L.]Kutt.) Arum Family.
{Spathyema foetida [L.] Rafif. )

Common Names: The skunk cabbage is known by a variety of names,
the most familiar being polecat-weed, swamp-cabbage, clump-foot cabbage,
stinking poke.

Description: It is a perennial herb with a very strong, disagreeable
odour. The short, broad spathe appears very early in the spring before
the leaves. The spathe is swollen, thick, leathery, pale-green, chisely-
streaked and spotted with purple or reddish brown, pointed, enveloping
the short, round spadix covered with small purple flowers. The leaves,
which appear much later, are large, bright green, heart-shaped, short-
stalked, veiny, and clustered on the short ridged stem. The spadix
enlarges in fruit, and the to .d seeds are imbedded.

Distribution: The skunk cabbage is a native of Canada, aiid is
found in bogs and moist land from Nova Scotia to Ontario.

Poisonous Properties: The whole plant contains acrid and noxious
properties and has a strong, unpleasant odour. Cattle avoid it.

Western Skunk Cabbage (Lysichiton camtschatcense Schott.)

The skunk cabbage of British Columbia is a very conspicuous plant
at all times of the season; in the springtime by its large bright yellow
spathe, in the summer by its leaves mostly three feet long and over a foot
wide, and in the autumn by its long, stalked, large head of fruit.

mate Vll.
Fig. a False tletlchorc i leaf. Jlouvrs. rcnits t
- b Death Camas
■■ c S(vd - vcsseln of Death Camaa
Hertuced One Hal/

3;^

LILY FAMILY (Liliaceue)

ZYGADENUS OR DEATH CAMAS {Zyijadenus venenosus Ryilb. )

(Toxiconcordion gramineum RyiH))

Plate VII. Flo. B.

Common Names: Zygadcnus is popularly known »)y a great variety
of names, death camas being, perhaps, the most familiar. Other common
names are poison-onion, poi.son-lily, poison-sego, camass, hogs-potato,
mystery-grass, alkali-grass, soap-plant, squirrel-food, and lobelia. The
last mentioned should not be used as it causes confusion with another
poisonous plant, the Indian toliaeco {Lobelia inflata L.).

Descriptiox: The death camas is one of the spring and summer
flowers of the West. It is an erect, perennial herb growing from a coated
bulb. The leaves are grass-like, long, narrow, and keeled, so much re.-!eni-
bling the leaves of a grass or sedge that they are often overlooked in the
search for poisonous plants. The flowers are arranged in an elongated
cluster or raceme, simple or branched, at the top of the central flower-stalk,
.vhic'i is from ten to twenty inches high, rising above the leaves. The
flowers are numerous, small, about one-(iuarter inch in diameter, yellowish
or greenish white, each subtended by a leaf-like bract which is shorter
than the slender stalk. The flowers bloom from about the middle of May
to the end of July, but the flowering period varies with the season ond
altitude. The seeds ripen in their three-parted erect capsules in July and
August, and germinate the following spring, producing the bulb and leaves
only during the summer. The flowerilig stalk appears the year after.
The plants grow more or less as scattered individuals, but sometimes in
large masses or patches. These patches of the flowering plants are easily
distinguished, even at some distance, by their peculiar greenish-yellow
colour.

Distribution: Zygadenus rrows abundantly on many of the stock
ranges of the West. It is found generally distributed from Saskatchewan
to British Columbia. It is native to Canada.

Poisonous Properties: The poisonous principle of death camas is an
alkaloid, zygadenine, allied to veratrine, which is found in all parts of the
plant. Tlie toxicity of the flowering tops and the bulbs is about the same,
but the seeds are much more toxic than other parts of the plant. Cases
of poisoning, however, are more liable to occur early in the season, before
the plants are in flower, as at that time the fresh green leaves are most
tempting to stock, long deprived of green food. After seeding, the plant
withers.

Animals Affected: In reference to death camas, T. N. Willing says:
"Large numbers of sheep have been affected in the early summer by the
prevalence of this weed (in southern Alberta) amongst the grass on which

6.'{483— 3

tlu>y wero KraziiiK." It was proved by tho United States Department of
\nneulture that cattle and liorses were also poisoned l.y zytjadenus hut
un<ler ordinary e<.nditions they (l not eonsun.e suffieient (,uantity to
eaus(> death. The "fatalities weie almost entirely confined to sheep.

Symptoms: AeeordinK to (h.-snut and Wileox, the first si^ns <.f pois..n-
i„a are -a eertah. uneasiness an<l irregularity in the movements of the
sheep Th(-se irroKularities rapidly l.ecome more an<l more pronounced
accompanied t.v inco-ordination of the muscular movements, spasn.s an.l
rapid hreathinii. Althoush sheep are hiishly excited under the mHuenc.-
of i-AKadenus poisoninK, the cerel.ral symptoms sel.lom constitute a c<.n-
dition of frenzv. It was rea.lily ..l.served that until a f.-w nu.uites hefor.'
<Ieuth, ewes were al.le to recognize their laml.s. and indicate in other ways
that thev were not in any sense crazed. The later symptoms were thos.|
of comp'lete motor paralysis, comi.ined with an exceedingly rapid an<l
sharp l.reathinK and a frequent weak pulse. Tlu- duration of tlu-se diffeivnt
stages of poisoninK varies to a consi.leral.le extent, and .lepen.ls entirely
upon the amount of .leath canins which the sheep have eaten.

The principal svirptoms are Ki%eii l.y Marsh and Claw.son as "sali-
vation, naus.-a. muscular weakness, coma an<l sometimes attacks ot
dyspnoea."

In ueneral, the symptoms in horses and cattle are similar to tlu.se
shown by sheep.

Remedy ^nd Meanss ok Control: >redical remedies have been f<.und
of little U.SC, as most of the cases are dis<H)vered too lat,- for treatment.
Rest and quiet are recommended To prevent loss, it is important to
recoKiiize the plant and to avoid pasturinp; sheep upon it. Harprave.
however, has obtained jjood results by the use of peimanKanate of potasl.
an<l alumiaum sulphate administered in the very early sta^.'s of poisoning.
He says "that for some vears past sheepmen in the ^^ alsh Distn.'t.
Alberta, have looked upon potassium permanpinat- and aluminum
sulphate as alnu.st specific in sheep poisone.l with this plant, aiui, espe.-ially
in cases recognized earlv, recovery follows in every instance. >omc years
ago the plant was so plentiful over the ranK<> that sheep Herders were k.;pt
supplie<l with pow.leis containing five grains of each, and carried witl.
th.'in a pint bottle so that on recognizinK any sheep showing elfects ..
n..isonin(r. thev at once .lissolve.l the powder in a bottleful of water an.l
imm<.dian'ly administered it as a drench. Very rarely was it necessary
to administer the second dose."

In restricted areas, the weed may be exterminated by putting the
land under cultivation f<.r a time. After the spring rains, when the groun.
is soft, the bulbs mav be readily pulled, and where the weed is less abundant
it would be well worth while to incur the expense of hand-pulling.

2.1

SMOOTH CAMAS {Xiriniloiiix rhloniiilliits Hidi.) Lii,v Famh.v.

(Aiilirhv rUf/iinn [Vursh] Hydli.)

I'l.ATK VIII.

Common Xamks: SiiKx.di caniiis is also knoun In- f)thci- coiiiiiK.ri
iifiim's, the most familiar lu'Inj; swamp-caiiias, cou-niass. kii'ch lijv.

Dksckiption: It is a much moiv atliaclivc plant than the death
cania.s. It jji-ows to a h<-in;lit of one to tliicc feet, with much larger Howcis
atid leaves. The leaves, stalks, and lnacts arc of a whitish-Krccn colour,
the bracts sometimes tiiiKed with red or purple. The flowers arc n,ee„isli
white or cream coloured, from one-half inch to nearly one inch l.road.
The perianth leaves are six, ea<-h with a lar^e, ureen, heart -.shaped n\tnu\
at the l.ase. The stamens are also six, tiieir stalks erect ahout the ovary
a!id the three stijtmas. The flowers are in hloom ahout two weeks later
than death canias.

Dlsthihition: Smooth camas is more confined to wet ki'mmkI and
calcareous .soils. It is widely distrihuted, occurring; from New Urunswick
and (iuehec to Alanitoha and westward to Hritish Columhi.a and the
Yukon.

Animals Afkkctkd: Api)arently all species of zyuadenus are poison-
ous to animals, and contain the same iioi.sonous alkaloid si/gaihiiinc. There
i.s not, however, the same likelihood of serious loss amonjj sheep, as smooth
camas does not grow so ahundantly in anv one area and its period of
growth is somewhat later in the season, when other lierhage is prevalent
and more tempting.

HtMAN PoisoNiNci: Accordinjr t„ Mar.sh and Clawson. cases of
pcii.soninjt have occurred among children who have eaten the l.ulhs in
mistake for those of the edible camas, /. c. species of Cah.rhorliis and
( iimti.ssiii.

FALSI'] IIKLLEHOHK (Vemtriim vimh Ait.) Lily Family.

Platk VII. I'Ki. .A. iScc facints p. 20.1

Common Names: Veratrum is commonly known as American white
helh^bore, Indian poke, devil's-bite, crow-poison, itchw.M'd, and swamp-
hellebore.

Oksckiption: False hellebore is a tall coarse per.'nni.-il i)lant, from a
foot ami a half to eiKlit feet in height. Th.- stem grows from a short, thick,
erect rootstock, and is leafy to the toj). The leaves are broadly oval,
plaited, strongly parallel-veined, entire, pointed, sheathing at the base,
smooth on ioj), hairy beneath, six to t n-lve inch -s long, thre.. to six inches
broad, the upper becoming smaller and narrower. The inflorescence is a
comjiound panicle from eight inches, to two feet in length, the luwer
branches spreading or somewhat drooping. The numerous" flowers are of

634(i,'i— ;)}

Plate VIII.

Pkolo—F. Ftla.

Smooth Camas.

a dull, yellowiwh-nri'rn colour, oiio-lmlf to one inch hroail; the pcriiintli
consists of six segments, with one stamen opposite each seRnient. The
capsule is three lobecl and three celled, containing numerous flat, winged
seeds. The plant is found in bloom sometimes as early as May, hut
usually throughout Juno, July, and August.

Distribution: False hellebore is found in low lands, swamps, wet
woods, ar I oil moist slopes in Eastern Canada. It ascends to high alti-
tudes in j.ritish Columbia, but it is best developed in mountain valleys.

PoKsoNOUs Propertie.«*: The whole plant is more or less poisonous,
especially the short, thick rootstock, and coarse, fibrous roots. It contains
an active poison known as lernlrine, which belongs to the narcotic irritant
group of poi.sons.

Animal."* Affected: False hellebi re is poi.sonous to all aninuils.
Cattle and horses avoid eating it wherever possible, as thi-y do not relish
the acrid, burning taste of the fresh plant; but j-oung animals .sometimes
eat it, with fatal results. A. W. Sampson says that sheep eat it w'th
impunity after a severe frost.

Human Poisoning: As false hellebore is used in the preparation of
certain medicines, cases of poisoning have occurred from overctotes.
Accidental poisoning of man from eating the plant has also been rejwrtet'.
In one case a whole family was poisoned by using the young leaves as
greens in mistake for those of the marsh marigold (Caltha pnliixtris L.).
However, fatalities among human beings are rare, as the drug induces
spontaneous vomiting. The hairy leaves are very irritating to the skin,
and children often suffer by coming in contact with them.

Symptoms: In general the symptoms of poisoning are salivation,
vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, cold perspiration, depression of the
heart, loss of sight, and finally death from paralysis of the heart.

Remedy and Means of Control: Professional advice should be
obtained wherever possible. Treatment should be pursued by heart
stimulants, such as alcohol or ammonia, iid the external application of
warmth. Demulcents, such as raw linsec<l oil, are given to relieve local
irritation of the digestive organs. Young animals should be given warm
water to assist vomiting and to wash out the stomach. Rest and quiet
should be enforced. The roots of false hellebore should be grtibbed out
in the early spring when the ground is soft. Where the land is badly
overrun by this weed, drainage and cultivation is the best method. In
all cases seeding should be prevented by cutting oflf the tops when the
plant is in its first bloom. On large areas of mountainous districts, cutting
or grubbing would seem impracticable. Such infested land should not be
used as a pasture. A. W. Sampson contends that sheep may be pastured
on such land in the autumn, after the tops have been frozen and when the
ground is hard enough to prevent the poisonous rootstock from being
pulled up.

IRIS FAMILY (lri,la,rfc)

Hl.lK Fi.Ati (/;'ix irriiiriiliir I,.)

CiiMMoN Namks: Til" i)liic flan i.-* also kimwii a" the wild iris, poison-
flaK. water flafc. Hciir-dc-lis, Howfr-dr-liicc.

Dkscuii'tiiin : Tin' him' flaK i"* an I'rcrt, pt'rcniiial hcrli from one to two
feet liiKli, spriiitjiiiK from ii thick, Hcsliy, horizontal rootstock. The flowers
are from thri'e to four inches across, violet liliie variegated with yellow,
(jrecn aii<l white towards the centre, with purple markinns. The three
outer parts of the perianth are larjjer than the three iimer, upright, narrow
ones. I'he thri'c stamens are concealed imder the style liranches. The
leaves are liluish-Krei'n. sword-shaped, overlappinn. The seed-capsule i*
upriijht, <)l)lonn, with a stoul lieak splitting into three pockets containing
many reddish-lirown seeds somewhat three-cornered and flattened. The
fhtwcrs are in lihtom in May and .Inne, s(»inetimes even in July.

Disriiim tion: The ' flaK i^ native to Canada, and is foimd from
Newfouuc'land to Manitoba in wet jilaces, alonm the borders of streams
and shallow waters.

PoisoNoi rt I'Koi'KKTiKs: The rootstock is i)<)isonous. It contains
the acrid, resinous sul)stan<'e irixlii or iriiliii. Wl'cn eaten, it i)roduc<'s
nauxa, vimiitinn. purninK, and pain. It is often r -' 'ken for the swei't
HaK (AcDnisCalinnii.^ L.) which is not i»oisonous, anu ;.. masticated l,y some
jM'ople as a cure for indisesticm. When in flower, the two plants are so
dissimilar that they could never be taken for one another, but in the
autumn when the roots are nathercd, nothinK remains of the upper portion
of the plant.s. Even then, however, they may be distinRuislied by their
odour, the sweet HaR beiu^ jjlcasant aromatic, while the blue flag is
unjileasant and nauseous.

NETTLE FAMILY U'riiauru)
SLKXDKU XKTTLK [Crllm iimvilis Ml.)

I'l.VTK I.\.

Common Namks: The only tithor KiiKlish immi- tliut sj-cnis to Im- givi'ii
lliis s|H'cii'.'4 is titll wild ni'ttlf.

l)K«(UirTioN: Tin- sifiultT nettle is an ereet perennial from two to
seven feet hiKl>- Tli" stent, which in usually sini|)le, tiioiiKh sometimes
lirani'lied, is armed with stiiiKinK hairs. The leaves are opjtosite, hairy,
with slen(h'r hristly stalks, lon^ jxiinted, usually rounded at the liase,
>\ith sharjily toothed margins. The small K>°eeiiish-wiiite flowers are
arranKe<l in ('om)M)und clusters. The ))lants hloom in sinnmer.

Disthihition: The slender nettle is eoniiuon alonu fence rows, waste
places, and moist ground generally, from Nova Scotia to Urilish Colundiiii.

I'oisoNot s I'hoI'Kktiks: The nettles are not usually nunii>ercd ainouK
the poisonous plants, hut they cause what is known as the "nettle rash"
which is impli'asant enouKh to be uvoiih'd. .\s I'ammel says, "it is an
inflammatory disorder with a luirninK iind itching sensation. It may
come <iut in larne or small patches, rentaining for a few niiiuites or several
hours."

Chesnut reports that hundreds of acres of land in Michigan ami
Wisconsin were made worthless by the dense growth of this si)ecies, and
that horses refused to pass through it to cultivate the soil. Me also says,
"the stinging hairs of a closely related si>ecies, f. hohmriccd were the
cause of the death of several horses in California in .\i)ril, KHM)."

OTIIKU SPKCIKS OK XKTTLK.

The following species in Canada are ('(pially injurious to the skin, and
cause severe irritation and burning wherever they come in contact with
it: The stinging nettle (I'liica dioira L.), the western nettle (f. Liiallti
Wats.), the dwarf nettle (('. ureiiii L.], and the wood nettle (fjr'ortm
canatkniiis [L.] (laud.). Plate X.

Remedy and Mean.s ok Contkol: The burning and irritation of the
skin may be relieved by the application of diluted alcohol.

The nettles are best kept in control by cultivation. Where tillage
is impracticable, close and continued cutting during the summer is advised.
Salt may be applied to cheek the new growth. In sm.-dl pjitches the root-
stocks should bo grubbed out and burned, as well as any tops bearing
seeds.

I'lATT. IX.

Slender Nettle

I'koln-F tV'

IV m: X.

\V<««I N'pttU'.

l-k„tu—F. Ftlr,

POKEWEED FAMILY (J'hytolaccacece)

POISON POKE

( Phyloliicca deauidra L. )
\Phytolaccn americana L. )

Plate XI.

Common Names: Poison j)()k(> is sometimes called scoke, iwkeweid.
|tine<m-l)err>', and garget.

Desckiption: It is a tall, stout, evil-smelling, jKTennial herb from
six to nine feet high, with rieh green foliage turning red in the autumn.
The h'aves are four to six inches long and two to three inches wide, petioied,
pointed at both ends with entire margins. The veins start from the midrib
and meet in scallops near the margin. The flowers are small, numerous
ill long racenus, with white calyx and green seed-vessel soon changing to
the crimson calyx and deep purple berries of September and 0<'tober.
The seeds are black, brightly shining, arranged in a circle in the berry.
The root is large, pale, ilull yellow, with uneven ridges at intervals. In
older plants, the branches of the root become massed together consider-
ably, each branch being often more than three inches in diameter.

Distkibution: Pois(m-poke is native to Ontario. It is found on
low ground and rich soil.

Poi.soNous Pkopehties: All i)arts of the plant contain acritl and
somewhat narcotic properties. The juice of the plant will cause skin
irritation. The root is very poisonous; in it are found a toxic substance
phjitoliiccoloTin, an acrid alkaloid phijtolactine, mponin, and other injurious
constituents. The fruit is also extremely poisonous. The young leaves
lose their acridity when boiled, and are sometimes useil as spinach.

Animals Affected: Cattle have been poisoned by eating the fresh
young shoots, in places where the plant is growing abundantly.

Human PoisoNiNii: Most cases of human poisoning have been acci-
dental, either in overdoses of medicine or in mistaking the root for that
of horse-radish or parsnip. Fatal cases of pois(ming of children fnmi
eating the fruit have been reported by Chesnut.

Symptoms: Poison-jioke is a very powerful, although slow-acting
emetic. Vomiting does not usually begin until after two or more hours.
The symptoms are: nausea, vomiting, spasms, severe purging, and some-
times death from paralysis of the respiratory organs.

Hemedy and Means of Contkol: Profe.ssicmal advice should be
obtained. The plants should be grubbed out. If the roots and berries
are not sold as tlrugs, care should be taken to destroy them entirely.
Where cutting off would seem more practicable, coarse salt, carbolic acid,
or coal-oil should be applied to the cut surface of the root to check new
growth.

1'l.ATK XI.

I'(ii«.)n I'okc.

Pkolo-F P,Ut.

PINK FAMILY (Caryophyllacea)
PURPLE COCKLE— {Agrostemma Githago L.).

Plate XII. (See p. 27-29.)

Common Names: The purple cockle is also popularly known as corn
cockle, corn rose, and com campion.

Description: Agrostemma means "the-crown-of-the-field." The
richly coloured flowers waving among the ears of grain deserve the name,
but its aptitude is lost, no doubt, upon the busy farmer who sees only a
certain loss to his crop. It is a tall annual or biennial introduced from
Europe, one to three feet high, more or less covered with silky hairs. The
leaves are two to five inches long, narrow, pointed, with entire margins.
The flowers are purple, pale towards the centre, with dark markings, from
one to two inches wide. The petals are five, shorter than the long, narrow,
pointed, and hairy sepals. The seeds are about 1|8 inch in diameter, black
or of such deep purple as to appear black, rough, with rows of short, close
teeth. The plant is in flower from July to August.

Distribution: Purple cockle was introduced into Canada from
Europe, and is now scattered throughout the country in grain fields and
along roadsides.

Poisonous Properties: This weed, containing saponin, is poisonous
both to animals and human beings. The seeds are most harmful. The
seed capsules, being on a level with the heads of grain, and ripening at the
same time, are cut and milled with the grain. Unless the wheat is very
carefully screened, the flour is rendered unwholesome. The presence of the
poison may be detected in lower grades of flour by its pecular odour, and
even by remnants of the rough, black, seed-coat. Very dangerous results may
follow the repeated use of even a small quantity of this flour, as it will
produce a chronic disease known as "githagism."

Symptoms; The .symptoms of chronic poisoning are: gradual dejsression,
headache, nausea, diarrhoea, burning of the sk'n, loss of vigour in muscular
movements and breathing, sometimes followed by coma and death.

Cornevin describes the symptoms in the acute form in the case of
horses, cattle, and pigs. In the horse, if a small quantity only is taken,
there is yawning, heavy colic, stamping and evacuation of rather soft fseces.
If larger quantities are taken, the symptoms, which commence in about an
hour, are salivation, frequent yawning and turning of the head, colic, pale
mucus, hurried and weak pulse, rise in temperature, and accelerarted res-
piration. Some time later there are muscular tremors succeeded by pro-
nounced rigidity, and the faeces are diarrhoeic and foetid. The animal lies
down, and getting up is painful; it falls into a kind of coma, stretches
itself to the utmost, and death takes place without convulsions.

Plate Xn.

In cattle, the symptons observed one hour after eating are restlessness,
salivation, and grinding of the teeth. Excitement and colic are followed
sometimes by coughing, this state lasting from five to eight hours. There
is then a period of coma, characterized by permanent decubitus, repeater!
foetid diarrhoea, hurried and plaintive respiration, accelerated and gradually
weakening pulse, a gradual loss of motor and sensory powers, and a pro-
gressive decline in temperature. Death occurs in twenty-four hours.

In the case of pigs, the animal grunts, lies down and remains thus,
with its snout embedded in the straw. There is vomiting, more or less
violent colic and diarrhoea, the evacuation consisting of bad-smelling,
spumous faecal matter. At times there are clonic contractions. Young
pigs are most susceptible. (H. C. Long.)

Remedy and Means of Control: Weed out com cockle Ix'fore or
not later than the first appearance of the purple flowers. Badly infested
areas may be sprayed with copper or iron sulphate when the plants are in
bloom to prevent the production of seeds.

SOAPVVORT. (Saponaria officinalis L.) Pink Family.

Thesoapwort or bouncing bet is a coarse, rather showy perennial
plant, with large clusters of pale rose-coloured flowers, sometimes double,
which is common along roadsides, in old gardens and neglected places,
having been introduced from Europe in garden seeds, t jg i^ bloom from
July to September or later. The j uice of the plant, wl -ed m water-

forms a froth like soapsuds, and has been used for spo..gi ^oth. The
whole plant, especially the root, contains the poisonous glue*. ...al substance
saponin. No cases of poisoning have been recorded, probably due to the
fact that animals avoid the plant and other nourishing food is a1)undant
at the time. The saponin substances dissolve the blood corpuscles of all
animals, causing stupefaction and paralysis, with vomiting and purging.

Cow-cockle or Cow-herb. (Saponaria Varcaria L.). (Vaccaria
Vaccaria Britton), Pink Family.

Plate XIII.

The annual cow-cockle is closely related to the soapwort and the
purple cockle. Like the soapwort it has smooth leaves and pink flowers,
but the flowers are a brighter pink, smaller and on longer stalks. The
plant contains saponin. It has been introduced from Europe, and is com-
mon in wheat fields in the West. The seeds, which are regarded as poisonous
are common in wheat screenings. They are slightly smaller than those of
purple cockle, reddish brown, round, with a flat band around the middle.

Pl,ATK XIII.

Cow ('i)ckl('.

I h„i„ F. ^>^,

BUTTERCUP FAMILY {Rnmniciilacccr)
crUSKl) CUOWFOOT (Ifiiniinciiliissreltratiis L.)

Common Xamks: Other i)(»j)ular iiaincs nivcn to this HaDuiiciilus arc
l>itinf( crowfoot, cclcry-lcavcil crowfoot, l)list('rwort, and anions its FrciK'h
names are Mort an vaches, Herhe sar(loi)i()U(>.

Dksckii'TIon: The cursed crowfoot is a stout, holiow-steinmt d
annual from six inches to two feet hinh. The h'aves from tiie root are
thick, with long and hroad stalks, rounded or heart-shaj)ed, three lolnd
and toothed. The u))i)er leaves have very short stalks or none at all.
longf r lolx's and fewer t<'eth. The Howers are i)ale yellow, small, aliout
one-(|Uarter of an inch hroad, the petals about the same length as the
sepals. The fruiting heads or clusters of seeds, which may he seen on
plants still in flower, are ohlong or cylindric. The plants are in hloom
from .June to August, sometimes earlier or later, according to locality
and climatic conditions.

Dl^^TKlBt■TIO^•: It is found in wet ditches, low lands, and swamps
from New Brunswick to British ("olumhia.

PoisoNoi's Pkopkuties: As its name implies, tlu' cursed crowfoot is
one of the most virulent of our native sjjecies. It contains verj- acrid and
poisonoits i)rinciples. Any small portion of the leaf or flower, if eaten,
will cause severe jiain iid serious inflammation, and if a])i)lied to the skin
will raise ])ainful blisters in a short time. Beggars in Kuroj)e use this and
other sjx'cies of huttercuj) to ))roduce nmning sores. An old herbalist
says, "Cunning beggars doe use to stamiw the leaves, and lay it unto their
legs and armes, which causeth such filthy ulcers as we daily see among
such wicked vagabondes to move the iM'ojjle the more to j)ittie."

The chemical composition of the acrid and bitter juice of the butter-
cups is not well known, but it is thought that the substance is similar to
the aiKtnnninr of the sjX'cies of Auemoue. The toxic i)rinci])le is volatile,
and the buttercups may be rendered harmless by drying or boiling. When
dried with the hay they may be eaten by stock witluut injury. When
fresh they are acrid and burning, causing intense irritat. n of the mucous
membrane and inflammation of the intestinal tract Some of the species,
as for instance U. rcfuux L., are hardly if at all injurious even in a green
state, although one case of fatal poisoning to sheep has been record(>d of
this .species.

Amm.\ls Affe<te»: It is evident that under certain circumstances
all animals are liable to suffer injury from the toxic principles of the
buttercups, but they are consi<lered especially dangerous to cows. It is
stated that in man a single flower of l{. .sceleratim may give rise to poisonous
symptoms similar to those caused by Anemone and Colchiciim.

Symftomh: Cornevin has shown that the cursed crowfoot induces
gastro-enteritis, colic, diarrhcra with excretion of black, foul-smelling
faeces, vomiting when possil)le, faliing-off in milk yield in cows, nervous
symptoms, reduction in pulse, and sterterous respirotion, dilation of the
inipils, enfeebled condition, difficult mastication, spasmodic movements of
the ears, lips, etc., followetl in serious cases by convulsions, sinking of the
eye in its socket, and death in six to twelve hours after first convulsion.

The symptoms of poisoning in the horse, as given by Lander, are
l)riictically the same as the above. Pott records haematuria and reddish
or bitter milk in cows.

Lander also reports an instance of sheep falling down suddenly when
I'uting fi. repens, their eyes rolling. They died in a short time, with their
heads inclined over the left flank.

Remedy and Means of Contkol: The ordinary emetics and .stimu-
lants should be given, and professional advice obtained. The weed
should be cut or pulled when in its first bloom to prevent the rip(>ning of
seeds.

Tall Buttercup (R. acris L.) Buttercup Family.

The tall or meadow buttercup is an erect, hairy, perennial plant two
to three feet high. The basal leaves are long-stalked, three to seven
parted, each division cleft into linear crowded lobes. The upper leaves
have shorter stalks, and fewer lobes. The flowers are bright yellow,
numerous, about an inch in diameter, with roundish petals two or three
times the length of the pointed sepals. The fruit clusters are round, one-
quarter to one-third inch broad. The seeds are flattened, with a short
beak. The plant is in bloom from May to September. It was intro-
duced from Europe, and is now common in fields and on roadsides across
the American continent.

This species of buttercup is less harmful than the cursed crowfoot
and, when dried with the hay, forms a large part of the fodder available
in some districts, but it must be remembered that all the buttercups are of
a poisonous character and under certain conditions and seasons are liable
to become very injurious. Long states that "/?. acris L., the acrid butter-
cup or tall crowfoot, is a frequent cause of poisoning in cattle," and
Cornevin says "it is perhaps the species which causes the most accidents."

other species of buttercup.

Our native small-flowered buttercup {R. abortivus L.) which may be
distinguished by its round heart-shaped root leaves and pale yellow
flowers whose petals are shorter than the reflexed sepals, is equally capable
of causing irritation and blistering, as is also the smaller spearwort (R.
reptans L.). All other buttercups of the swamps and woods contain more
or less acridity.

Basque Flower Plate XIV.

I'ASOIK FI-OWI'H •'"""""'■ l>'il<»x I: ■• tr. Witlfnoimnnni iBi-h^.i K<kIij
Ul'iilxatillti imhitx (I..) MiW.i

\'i.\n. \l\.

Hi ITKK< I I' I'amii.v.

Cmmmon Namks: Thi. I..v.ly Howr i, known un.l.r a vari.tv of
nanus Ih.- ni..*t familiar Ixinu prairir an.ni..n.', Ani.ri.an puUatilla,
Kaxtcr-flowiT. wild cro.-.i.s, i)rairit-,ni<.kc, ami .siml-Howcr.

l)K«n(ini(.N: Tlic pa^fim- flower is om- of the most l.caiiliful of the
prairie spring flowers. It i> a perennial, with :i sinul... larre. nip-shaped
vml.t-eoloured flower, whieh ojM^ns hefore the .silky urev-jtreen leaves have
ai)peared al)ove Rroimd. Th<- fruit eluster is inter.-stiiin, as .ach seed ha^
a ionK f.athery apiM-ndaK<' whieh aids it in disseinimition. The leaves
whieh a))i)ear later, are finely diss.-.ted. The jilanf is in l,|,„,n, from

• arly in Mareh to .\pril and sometimes in May.

Distkihitio.n: This nativ<- i)lant is eommon on the jirairies from
•Manitoha to British ("olumiiia.

I'oisoNoi s Proj)erties: I'ammel says it is a - very poi.M.nous plant
I he .hfT.-rent i)arts of the i>lant are entirely acrid ami. when applied to tlii'
skm, cause irritation and vesicatiim. The acridity of the |)lant is due to
the i)resence of a crystallim' substance called aneim>nim-." Lloyd states-

• The vaixmrs ..volved from the fresh juic<- ar.^ of such an acrid nature as to
have mflam.Ml the eyes and hav.- closed them temporarilv. For this reason
jiersons refuse to work with the fresh herb."

It isinterestiuKto m.te that Mr. T. X. WilliuK <lrew the aft..ntion of
stockmen to the mjury caused l)y this i)lant -n 1!)():{ as folh.ws: ^

'•(•ROii.s .\NEMo.NK. -This is a beautiful purplish cup-shaped flower

!t IS very almmlant m scmie localities in the earlv spriiiK (lose

» ryation on the part of some .Mberta shepherds sho'we.l that deaths

.vcn> fr...,uent in a bunch of sheej, after f.-cliuK Krcdilv an the.se floors

and a .nicro.scopical an.l chenu.'al inv.-stiKation by Professors rh.flu.r aiuj

H.utt, of Otawa. proved that numerous balls of felt, comp..sed of th<. fine

hairs with which the plant ,s covered, form..! in the stomachs an.l impai e I

lie .liK,.stion to su.'h an extent as to fre.,uentlv prov fatal I h m

however, taken from an old shee,, as many us seventeen balls whi.-h va ied

... .s,.,. rom a marble to a large egK. This ewe was known as a 'pimr '

id-imdallt.''' "'■""' ''""""^ '"' ''"'•■'' ^''''' ^^■'"■'••' ^^'' """"'""•' i"

M.VHSH MAHKJOLD. [Callha pahslri. L.) BriTKRci p F.vm.lv.

CoM-MON N.^MK.s; The marsh mariRol.! is also called cowslip, king-
<-up. moadow-gowan, water-dragon, may blob., soldiers-buttons, water-
goggles.

DKKrKiPTio., . The nmrinold, ii iNTciinial, ix "Hc of i n 4ii»wy iiii'IdImt''
of till' hiittirciip family, with u* ul>uii<laitt viIIdw H(i\\< t iiiul luxuriant
foliitKi'. The >»ti'nw arc Mnootli, hollow, and fiirniwt ; Plit Iravrj* an-
roun<l or kiiliii-y-Hha]M<l. with a sliithtly siallo]N-il >ir v\ i i iritiii. Tlu'rc
an- lit) |M'taN, lait the l>n>ail, l>ri)iht s<'j)als take their ]il .' i-. 'I'ltc stiiniciis
an- luiincrouri. The M-ctl |mh|s .in- ."onu-wliat fiulti-ucd, ^)>n a linu, slmrl-
iHiikcd and inany-sc<di'd. Thi' plant is in HmviT from .^|. ' till .lunc

l)ii*Titnu riu\: Thi' marHh inariKold i* a n-itivt < i
fouiul in swamp;-, wi I meadows, and alonn stream^ •< i \.
Haskatchi'wan.

PolsnMit's PkoI'KKTIKs: |,ik<' most of the -pci
marsh mariKold contains acrid poisonous jiropcrtio itm
animals have siitTered. (atlh- have died from rati u i^
Reneral rule, they, as well as sheej), avoid it unless urp d
rejMirls I hi' )MiisoninK of several horses, one of whi( 1
in a young state the pl.-inf is harndess and is eatcii '>■
Cornt'vin stati's that it heeomei toxic hy the time lu
the toxicity increases with maturity. If eaten after the
havi' unfolded, it is likely to cause extreme nausea and p lUi i.i I lie al'di nien.
A. M. Smith holds that the toxicity is due to the alkaloid j(/i/«( lui I the
glueoside hrllihiiiin.

When dried with the hay, accordin-i to H. C I.onjr. the i)lant is liarin-
less. hut Hiisliy slates it causes diarrhua and loss of milk jiroductioii.

Symptoms: .VecordinK to Cornevin the symi>toni» ire similar to tluise
proilue«'d by buttercup ])oisonir.:i, /. r. diarrlma, loss of milk production,
colic, hloatinit, loHammation of the hiailder, etc. .luhnson and Sowerhy
mention the case of five ]>ersons who, after eatinR nutrsh marigold as a
herb, were "seized with violent sickness and i)ain in the ahdomen, followed
by iliarrliiia iuul (tem ral n-dematous swelling ov»'r the whole budy."

III. ,
1 1 ii'il
' ii .
loomi

I ila, and is
ti. indlatul to

|! "icup. the

'Ii man an I

MH\\ a a

. ■ . •♦' Ii.

ill

, but

I that

liud>

OTIIKK SI'KCIKS OK MAKSII-MAKHiOl.l).

The western s]M'cies, no doubt, contain similar jioisonoiis ))roi)erties
and should be viewed with susi)icion, although no cases of poisduinK have
been reportt 1.

The yellow marsh-nuirinold {('dltlui nsaiifitlid DC. I is the only western
species with yellow flowers. It resembles the eastern sj)ecies in general
aj»iM'aranee. and is found in marshy meadows in British Columliia and the
Yukon.

The mountain marsh-mariKold (C. Itiitdsiixila DC) has while flowers,
usually tinged with blue on the outside. It grows in wet alpine meadows
in Alberta, British Columbia, and the Yukon. The two-flowered species
(C. hiflora DC.) has numerous stem leaves and while flowers with one stalk
shorter than the other. The dwarf marsh-marigold (('. chcHdoiiii (Ireene)
grows from two to four inches high. Its leaves are round, heart-shaped and
its flowers white. It is found along alpine streams and below the snow.

Tin; I.AHKSIM HS

! hi I phi III inn

I'LATK XV.

«p.i MrnKiKii* Family.

ro.\iM<»\ Xamk.-*: The liirkMiiurs nn- somctiuic« nCrnd to in litir.iiiirr
:i- kiiiKlit'r. «^|(urs. liirkV-litM I. Iark'«-clau Hiui .(avcsi.ri In Ir.in... rln
n.mm..n nam.s ar." jhi-iIh (laloiiHt... Ii.rlir Saint.-Alhali. . tl.iir .r;.ni..iir.
Dk.h, Kii'TUtN: riicy full nntiirally into two group-, tlic tall .in.l th..
low or <lui,rf -iM'ci.-. Th.- tall larkspurs of which th<r.' arc ..vi ml M"'!,..
in W.'st.rn ( anada, urow from Ihr.,. to <ix f. ,•! IiIkIi. Thf urn. rai o.itlin.
"( th«' l.-av.'« i^ round Init they ur.« dcpiy palniat<ly (-ut into tliii^. to mvii.
lol ,s like the Icavis „f thi' Imttfrcuj.. thr sections l«iin v.rv nain.w ,.r
liroadh \v..ln<-HhaiM'd a<r,,rdinK to tli.ir nunil.ir. 'I'li.- Mow.rs arc
arrannKl in a narrow. spariiujly-l>ran.h.<| )>anii-li' or sinipj. |.h„,. rannir
from four to ti-n IiicIk- "i IfUKlh. Ka.h liowfr i- ali.MU an inrh or an inrh
ami u half hroad. with a -pur pn.jntinn at the l.a.k. Thr <o|our varies
lioni a lirinht Muc to a dull purplish lilur. or in sonir >pr«iiH very pali-

vioh't Mild y.llow. The .< I v.s^.ls arc al.out half an inch Iouk, cnct,

dry. cndiiiK in a sliort U>ak. The >.riU arc numerous, small with a Ioom^
coat. The j)!ants arc \n liloom during June and .lul>. s.imcfimcs earlier
or later accordinx to wa.son and hicality. The low larkspurs are siiml.ir
in neiM-ral apix-aruncc but are only .six inclics \n Ihre.- feet in height.

ni.>*rniHiTi<..\: Pnutically all of the spcei,.s of larkspur urowiiiK wilii
in ( "anada are native. They arc common in AllM-rta and British ( 'iluml.ia.
I'oi.soNof.s Fkopkhtikh: The toxic nature of the larkspurs has Keen
recognized since <-arly classic days, hut it - (mly in comi.aratively r.cent
literature that reference is made to them as some of the most imiM.rtant
of the .stock-poisoning plants. The greatest lo>., , occur in Xorlli America.
Chesnut says, "They have pnived nearly as fatal t,, slock as the w;il.r
hemlocks, and j.rohahly kill a larger numher than any other class of plants.

As far as can he determined, the p»>isonou< ))rincii)les of only a few of
the Canadian species have heeu stu.lied. In l!»i:j, J.oy, Heyl, and Heiuier
isolated an alkaloid in an imi)iire form from twc, species in Wyoming which
also grow in Canaila, I), mlsotui and I), ylaucum. In lUll), Marsh and
Clawsou carried on feeding exiMrimmts with several species— i,„.|,„|ii,K
f). menziexii and />. bicolor, two low larksi)urs of th.' West -which provd
them to he highly poisonous to cattle. Two European species, />. <;,„-
solMa and D. Staphinngria contain the four alkaloids. lUlphiu;,,,
which is very iMiisonous and hitt<'r. Mphinne which is extremely poisonous.
ililphinoidine also poisonous, and ulaphUaijrinr. No douht the closelv
related Canadian species are of a similar nature. Marsh and ( lawson,
who have carried on extensive work with several species in the Western
States, eame to the conclusion iiuit other species had the same properties
as those exiH-rimented with, and that there was no marked difference in
toxicity between the diflferont species of larkspur.

634B3— 4J

I'l.MK XV.

I-'irkspur.

/'*..(.. F Full:

Till' low liirkspiirs :irr ))(>isiiiiniis (liiriiiK the whole season ol their
jjrowth, l)ul as they ih-y up ami disMppear in the early siiiimier, poisonintj
u.-iially occurs in the early spring.

The tall six'cies live throiinhoiit the summer, hut their toxicity ilimiu-
ishes after they liower, and they lieconie coarse and less temjitinjj. There-
fore, althounh the see<ls are very toxic, cases of poisoning occur chiefly
in the spring when the (jreen parts of the jdaiit are most ixd-onous and
atTonl an .ahnndance of tri'sh ^reeii. In regard to the seed-. II. ('. l.m's.
says they ■.ire the nio-l danjterou^ part of the lark^i)ur. and should never
l)i' ground up with wheat should the two plants ^row tonelher." The loss
of three he.-id of cattle wa- rep irled to us il'lj.Si from Marrhe.id, .Vita .
from ealiuM; the seed vessels of lark-pur cmitaininK seeds. These had heeii
cut and dried with the hay.

.\mmai.s .\i-kk( ri:i): In the feeding experiments mentioned aliove.
it was shown th.at the larksi)urs were i)oisonous to cattle and horses hut
not to sheej). Horses, \inder ordinary conditions, do not eai sullicieiit
(piantity to do h.-irm. so that losses from larks])ur iioisoninn are chielly
confined to cattle. I'ott states that I). ('i>iisi.li>lii is an acute narcotic
poison to horses and cattle.

SvMi'ToMs: The K<'ii<'i":d syniiUoms of jxiisoiiint; Ixith fnun the tall
and the low larks))urs are as follows: salivation, nausea, vomiting, wi-ak-
ness. colic, twitchinjj of the muscles of the sides and lejis, c<invul>ions. ami

Kt'iieral iKiralysis. If the aniimd d - not recover, death usually occurs

in a few minutes or a few hours.

I{k.mki)Y and .Mkans ok Conthoi,: Marsh and i iawson found in their
i'X))erinients with antidotes that heneficial results were ol.tained l>y u-in;i
■•hyi)oderniically. injections of jjliysostijiinin salicylate. pilocari)in h.\dro-
chlorid, and strychnin suii)liute, followed liy hyixxh'rmic injections of
whisky when iwedi'tl."

They also i)ointe(l out th.ut "if in the heninniiKi; of the poisoninn some
remedy could lie used whi<'h would (iui<'kly stimulate the intestinal excre-
tion, it niiKlit serve to save the lives of animals."

As regards the er.-idication of larks|)ur, choice of methods must depend
entirely upon conditions .and circuiustjinces. It may he ixiinted out th.it
the loss of ;i sinnle steer will cover a lar^e amount of the cost of Kruhhintr
out this weed. The yearly loss of several head of cattle on a single farm
and the cost of destroying the weed is hest calculated hy the owner.
Where entire extermination is impo^sihle. the lirst year or two. the numher
of the i)lants may he so reduced as to avoid actual loss hy j)oisoninn. In
most cases the surest means of killinn the pl.ant is to cut ofT the roots from
six to eiKlit inches helow the surface of the .soil. The work should lie done
thorounhly to j)revent the Rrowtli of new shoots. All tojjs cut otT should
he destroved at once.

WHITK HAXEHKHRY (Actum alha \\,.\ Mill.) IkTTER< iP Family.

("(tM.\i().N Na.me.s: Other niiincs Riven to the wliite haiieberry im'eoral
and jM'arls, white beads, neckhiee-weed, white berry.

Dksckiption: The white banel)erry is a i)erennial herb with large,
wide-s])readin){, <'()nii)()und leaves. Th(> very small white flowers are
arranged in an oljlong cluster at the end of the stalk. The flower elusti-r
elongates as the fruit forms, s<im<'tim('s reaching a length of three to four
inches. The berries are about half an ini-h long and nearly as widi'. l)right
white with a i)lack sjjot at the end. The berry stalks are about as long
as the berry and become thickened with maturity, turning a rich red,
slightly swollen at each end like broken bits of the common red coral. .\t
this stage they are very attractive and temi)ting, especially to children.
The i)lant is in bloom in .Vi)ril and AFay, a week or two Later than the re<l
ItancixTry.

DisTitiiUTio.v: This sjH'cies of .\ctaea is a native (»f Canada, and is
found in rich woods in the eastern i)rovinces, tending to spread westward.

Poisoxois I'ltoPKuriEs: The white baneberry is a variety of the
Kuro))ean species, .1. .titicnla L. of which Hill says in his Heri)al (p. :{2())
that cliildren who have eaten the fruit have died in convulsions.

Symptom.s: The Kurojwan baneberry, .1. spiaitd ],. is classified in
the grou)) of j)lanls containing j)oisons which act upon the heart, of whi<li
grou]) .\. H. Smith gives th(> foli(»wing symj)toms: numbness and tingling
in the mouth, abdominal i)ain, vertigo, i)urging, tremor, occasional
delirium, paralysis, dysimoea, ending in syncoju'.

IJemedy: Warn children against eating unknown fruits in the w<iods.
Should jioisoning occur, the usual emetic may be given and the advice of
a doctor obtained as soon as possible.

1{KI) HANKHKHHY iAdaia nihm \\h.\ Willd.) HniKUd p Family.

I'l.ATK XVI.

Common Xamks: The red baneberry is also known as the jioison-berry,
snake-l)erry, toadroot, herb-christoi)her.

DE.srKiPTi()N: Like the white banel)erry, this plant is a ])erennial
with large, wi(le-si)reading comi)oun(l leaves, but the h'afiets are thicker
and more coarsely tootlu'd. The cluster of small white flowers is nearly
as wide as it is liigh. The flower stalks are sh-nder and tlo nut become
thickenrd in fruit. The l)erries are about half an inch long, widest in the
centre, brilliantly cherry-coloured, becoming slightly darker. There is a
white-berried form {Forma mtjkcUi, A. mylcctii (Jillman) (plate xvi.),
common at Hockliffe, Ottawa, and not rare in other i)laces, which at first

I'l.ATK Wl.

lii'il H,llirli(ll\ .

/■«../„ t F,J-,

Rlancc might he taken for .1. albo, hut its long sh'ndcr Rrccn ix'diccls.
unciiIarKcd in maturity, point to a nciircr relationship to .1. nthni. It is
found Rrowing in ciumjjs with the red hanclxTry. Another form of the
red haneherry is found in Lineohi county. Ontario, witii <h'eomj)oun<l
h'aves and ini'ised leafh'ts. (V'ar. ilissnfo Hritt(uU. The plant is in l)loom
from \]n\\ to May, about two week* hefore the white haneherry.

Distrihution: Tliis native phiut i> eommon in rich woods from
Nova Scotia to Alherta.

PoisoNors Pkopehties: The iierries are known to l>e poisonous. In
regard to tlie rootstock. Sayre says that it is a vioh-nt ))urgative irritant
and emotic.

THE WKSTKHX HKO BANKHKHHV (.1. aryiita Nutt.j

This i)hint is similar to tiie eastern si)ecies, l)ut it has very thin anil
light green leaflets, long pointed and very shari)ly toothed. Its i)C"rries
are spherical or almost so, and no doubt possess some of the undesirable
qualities of the above .sjjecies.

MOONSEED FAMILY ( Mniispenmirmc)
CAXAIXV MOOXSKKl) {Miitisixiiiiiimnimnhns, L.)

I'l.ATK XVII— rmiNTISlMKl K.

('<).MM(i\ Namks: Till- Caiiiuhi moonsccd is soiiirtiiiH's called ycll.nv
parilhi or sarsaparilla. and vinc-inaplc

Des.kii'tiox: One „f our in)4 l)i>aiitiful p.-r.-nnial twining plants,
tlic Canada moon-icfd is found in the womU hordcrinR strcann and lakes.
elimhinK over shrubs in search of higher support or twiniuK around sncdl
trees.^ One of the shrul)s at)out which it <h-liKhts to twine is the prickly
a4i iZanlhojrijhim nmcricnniim Mill.). It may soniitimes be seen attainini,'
a heiKht (»f twelve to fifteen leet on larRe maples, the succ(>ssi(m of Ix-auliful
green leaves overlapping and forming a graceful covering for the ban-
trunk. In the .summer, the small greenish-white flowers are seen, and in
the autumn the rich grape-like clusters (.f blue berries or drupes. Tlu
leaves are heart-shaped, or angh.l, with three to .seven lobes, the stalk set
slightly withm the margin. The flowers are of two kinds, growing on
separate i)lants. the pollen-bearing or staminate and the see,|-l„.ariiig or
pistillate. The berries ea<'h contain one hard .seed, whicl; is crescent
shaped. The plant blooms from June to July, and the fruit is rij).' in
September.

Dihtkibition: This attractive native vine grows in woods along
streams from Western (Quebec to .Manitoba, and is being introduced by
cultivation into oher parts of Canada.

PoisoNois Pkopkrtiks; Canada moonseed is a northern mend)cr
of a family which chiefly belongs to the tropics and of which manv plants
contain powerfully toxic princijiles used as Hsh poisons. Some sjx.cies
of Al)uta are used in the i)rej)aration of the well-known ciirnrc poison.
For this reason, perhaps, a certain amount of suspicion has naturally
fallen upon the mocm.seed, and it must remain so until mon- is known of
It. The fruit, which ripens about the same time as the wild graiw. is
always tempting to children and. according to SchnafTner. thr-e fatalities
have occurred. The rootstock contains a bitter alkaloid mcnisp!,,,. and
bcrbeiim: as well as the alkaloid nj-naniiilhlm:

1'l.ATK XVII

H
i I

It .1
Ii ■'

U !

('una<lu .M(Hiii.s('('il.

rii„i„ f /■■(,/.;

BARBERRY FAMILY ( Berber idaccnc)
BLUE COHOSH {Cantoiilnilhim Ui<iUilroiilvH [\..\ Miclix.)

I'lATK XVI 11.

Common Xamks: The l)lu(' cohosli is also ciilli-d ijajjoosr-root, scpiau-
root, l>lij«' KinscnR, yellow ginsmu, l)lii(l)crry-root.

Dkschii'TIon: The liluc coliosli is a pcn-imial from one to tlin-c feet
liiKli. with an criTt stem i>carinK a larK<' marlv sessile leaf near the summit
and a loose cluster of Kreenisli-jnirple flowers, which are in full hloom
l>efore the leaf has unfolded. The whoh- plant has a pi-culiar dark Kreiiiish
purple liloom when youiiK. which Kradiially disapjM'ars with ajje. The
leaf is twice or thric<" compound, the first divisions Iteinn lonK-stalked .•uid
the leaflets shorter stalked, oval or ohlouK, with tlire<' to five IoIms near
the a|M'X. The flowers are ahout oni-hulf inch wide, surroun<U'd l.y thric
to four small hracts. The sei)als are six. much longer than the six small
and rounded petals. The see<ls are nlohular. resemltlinn dark-lilue iieriies.
IxinuMm short, stout stalks, Therootstoik is horizontal, thick and knotted,
with round ])its or leaf scars at intervals, each scar re])resentinn a year's
j?rowth. It is one of the early sprinR flowers, hloomiiiK from .\pril to
May.

DisTHiniTKiN: This native Canadian i)lant is fomid in the woods
from New Brunswick to Manitoba.

FoisoNois PiiopEKTiEs: Blue cohosh contains the ])oi>onous tlu-
cosidal miioniiir, a, lu'culiar substance which, when stirred in water,
creates a froth like soap suds. The plant is extremely hitter to the taste
and is hardly likely to he eaten excej)! hy children temi)ted l.y the
attractive apjx'arance of the herry-like s«'eds. Lloyd records hluc
cohosh, in White's hook on dermatitis, as heing "very irritant to mucou>
surfaces, so much so that the dust is very disaKreeahle." The rootstock
is said to contain saponin and the alkaloid aiiiloiilnilline.

XL\Y APPLE {PodophijUiim jtiUdlum L.i BAitnKititv I'amm.v.

I'l.ATK XIX.

Common Names: The may apple is recognized hy a variety of popular
names, of which the most common are mandrake, umhrella-iilant, duck's
foot, (h'vil's aj)ple, v«'getal)le calomel, wild or ground lemon.

Description: The may api)le is a perennial of very striking appear-
ance. A single stem ri.ses from the underground rootstock lo a height of
a fool or more, when it forks into two large umhrella-like leaves sheltering

l'l.\TK XVIII.

h I

nine CohoKli.

I'koto—F. FtUa.

arc 1,'irnf. Inw.

« ^-iiiKlc nodiliiiK wliitf flower in their axil. The leaves are .lark uieen,
soiiielinies a foot across, (leejily loiied and notched, with the stalk arisin({
from a point within thi- niarnin. The wax-like flower s.iniewhal rest iul>les
a single white rose. The fruit is aliout two inches |.inj{, Kreen at first.
Urailiially turninR yeUow, lemon-shaped, and claimed to I.e edil.le. althouKli
ill efTects have arisen from the consumption of it in any (piantity. The
rootstock is KH'atly ehtnuated, with very hmK spaces I.etween tjie M-nrs
which remain from each year's ujJiMr j{r<>*vth. The scars
and cup-shaped. Tlie |)lant is in flower duriuK May.

DisrmiuTio.v: The may api>le is a native of Canada, and is found in
the woods or (m the honh-rs of woods from (^ueliec to southern Ontario.
In some part.s of southern Ontario it urows in ureat al>undance.

PciisoNois J'Hdi'KiniKs: Thi- same liitterness of the i)lue cohosh is
found in the may apple excejit in thi' rijx- fruit. The riiM' fruit or "h mon"
is rather pheasant and sweetish, hut one is usually sufficient for the
ordinary apix'tite. Schaffner says, "roots, stem, and leaves drastic and
poisonous, hut the rijM' fruit less .so. Leaves, whin eaten l.y cows,
|)roduce injurious milk. The ripe fruit may he eaten in ?mall ipiantities."
The rootstock contains a resin .is substance to which the name /«»/<./;/////////
has hem jfiven. I'odoiihi/liin is u.sed larRcly for medicinal i)urjios<'s. and
occasionally fatalities have occurred from over-dosage. In relation to
the efTi'ct of the root upon the skin, I.loyd writes: "Our emi)loyees
ixiMrience great trouble in working this, owing to the irritating action
on the skin. We have in numerous instances liad our men cease work for
several days owing to its action, which causes very i)ainful iiiflamnuition
of the skin, especially of the eyes."

Symptoms: Millsjjaugh says in regard to its action on man. the
symptoms of disturbance caused l>y the drug in doses varying from one-
(piarter to one-half grains of podDphiillin and in persons working in the dust
of the dried root, are substantially as follows: inflammation of the eyes:
soreness and imstulatiim of the no.se: salivation and white-coated tongue;
extreme nause:i, followed by vomiting; severe ])ains in the transverse
colon and abdomen foHowed by ah urgent call to stool; thin. ofTi nsive,
cojHous stools; weak pulse. ])rostnition, drowsiness, and cold exireniilies.

I'l.ATK XIX.

May Apple.

/•».•.. F Fill,,

POPPY FAMILY (Pa/xivcrarcte)

BLOUDKOOT {Siiiiyiiiniiriii miimUimin \„)
1'mte XX. iKiuiiigp. 52.)

CuMMuN Namkm: Thi' hlixMlroot h known l)y u varifty of iiinirs,
aiiioiiK wliich lire rcil-indian paint, Hwcit shmilMr, ndroot, lurnnrii',
an<l snakc-hitt'.

nF..s(RiiTi()v: The lilcMMlroot is one of our earliest arxl loveiii-i
spring HowiTs. On its first appearance alwve KnnnHJ, the flower Imd i.
entin-ly surroumle.l l.y the grey-Kre.-n leaf. The ui)pir an<l smoother
shle of the leaf is next the Hower. The lower side of the leaf is eovere.l
with a network of jironiinent v.-ins. A.s the leaf unfold-, tlie flower l>ud
is hrounht into view. The two pale-green s..i.als entirely siirronn.l the
eight white iwtals in the hud, l.ut when the flow, r exjiands, the sepal- are
no longer needed and fall fn.ni the plant. The seed ihhIs are long, narrow,
pale-green, and contain shining red-hrown seeds. The iM-rennial ro..tst<.ek
is thick, short, dark red on the outside, and brighter nd and orange within.
When any part of the fresh plant is l.ruised or broken, there exudes a
characteristic re<ldish juice. The flowers are out in April an<l May.

DisTRiBtTioN: Hloodroot is a native of ("aiuula, and is found in rich
open wowls from Xova Si-otia to Manitoba.

PoLsoNois PuopEHTiKs: Till- whole plant contains an acrid, orange-
red latex or milky juice, which is extremely irritating to the skin, partiiu-
larly if the skin is brui.sed or i)rok.'n. It contains an acri.l, bitter substance
known as mnyiiinnnn. The nn.tstock also contains tin- alkaloids f/,c/,n/-
thrinc, homochiliiiouhie, an<l piotopiuv. It is hardly likely to be eaten,
as it ha.s a repulsive aiijMarance ami a very bitter taste. It is .i.^d medi-
cinally, and Johnson records fatal cases from ov»'rdos«-s.

Symptoms: Milispaugh states that "Sanguinaria, in toxic doses,
causes a train of .symptoms showing it to be an irritant; it causes
nausea, vomiting, sensations of burning in the mucous mend.ranes
whenever it comes in contact with them, faintness, vertigo, and insensi-
bility. It reduces the heart's a<tion and mu.scular stri'ngth, and depresses

nerve force, central and peripheral. Death has occurred from over-

doses, after the following .sequence of symptoms: violent v,.tiiiting, followed
by terrible thirst and great burning in the stomach and intestines, acc-(mi-
panied by soreness over the r«>gion of the.se organs; heaviness of the upper
chest, with difficult breathing; dilaticm of the i)ui)ils; great muscular
prostration: faintness .-vnrl coldness of the .surface, showing that death
follow.s from canliac paralysis."

('KI.ANI)INK \<h»li>loulinii miijiiM I,. I l'<»i'i'\ Tamilv.

I'l.ATt XXI.

Common Xamkh: 'riii" MjHiifK in MiniitiincM ciilliil tlw Kniit«T

(•ilaiidini- m diMiiimiiHli it from flic l«-.*ir nlurulin immoii in the nhl

Country. It is aUo known a- the warl-Howvr, «l(viri.-niilk. ami swullow-
W(»rl.

Dkw Hii'Tios; The rtlamlini- i* a hirnniul or iM'rcnniul hi-rl* <»itii
.l.r|)ly-lolH<l Icavts. one to two fcrt IukIi, ^o nami-d from an anrlmt Cir<'«k
word mraninn swallow. iMcaiisc its liowrr* apjMar with tin- cominn of ilir
swallows. Tin- whole plant is somewhat l.ritth-. lunl ii sufTron-<olour,<l
juire oozes owt wherever it is broken. The flowers are rather small, bright
yellow: sepals two. hairy, falling when ihi' (lower expan<ls as is usual in the
pop|)y family; iK-tals four, stamens sixteen to twenty-four. The numlM-r
two and its multiples is another eharaeteristie of this jtroup of plants.
The seed imhIs are lonn and narrow, oiwiiinn from the bottom upwards.
Ki|M' seeil pods are often seen with the Howers, as the plant eontinues
blooming from May to SeptenilK-r.

Disthuution: It has In-en naturalized from KurojM- and is foun<l
in rieh, damp soil alniut towns, ehiefly in Ontario.

PuiwoNoirt Pk<H'KKTIK.s:— In reference to the greater eelandine, H. C.
Long says: "This eommon plant exhales an unpleiu-nnt (nlour. and when
bruised or broken shows the presence of a yelli>wish acrid juice, whii-h
iMM-omes re<l immediat.'ly on exjiosure to tin- air. It is an old medicinal
drug plant, but is ilangerous, being emetic and purgative, with a strongly
irritating effect on the digestive tract. Animals are but rarely likely to
take it, and no record of the d«'ath of domesticated animals has b«H'n
found." The jilant contains the bitter alkaloids chelidotiitie, chcterylhrine,
niiii iinitoiiine.

Symitom.*; The action of this plant is acrid, irritant and narcotic,
emetic and imrgative. Ksser r»-marks that when chelerythrine is intro-
duced on the nasal mucotis membrane, it causes violent sneezing, and
taken internally causes vomiting.

■3

Bloodroot - Hate JCVin.

\'l.^T^; ^^''•

, .,... ^■ '^''•'

(«4'i;l

r.lau<lii>''

PULSE OR PEA FAMILY (Lc^iiminos(c)

Ll'PIXKS (LuinniiK xp.)
Tlatk XXH.

('oMMi)N Nameh: TIh- lupines arc known wmU'T a. variety of names,
the most familiar l.i-inR wild peas, wil.l l-.ans, hlue pea, I.Uie l)ean. ol.l-
maid's bonnets, (Juaker-lxmnets, anil sundial.

Dksiuii'TIon: Most of the lupines are perennial i>laiits. frrowinii
from one to two feet hinh. The leaves are palmately eonu.ound, ihiil
is with the h-afh'ts all attaehed at, the en<l of the leafstalk and oul>i)read.
The leaflets vjiry in iiuniher. aeeordiiiK to the si)eeies, from live to elev.ii.
Thev also vary in reRard to smootiiness and hairiness. The tlow« rs are
arranned in an eUmgated spike or raceme. Many of tin- si)e(ies an- v.rv
«howy and well worthy of <'ultivation as ornamental plants. The eolour
ranges from pink or eream throUKh various sha(h-s of violet to rieh l)lue~
ami purples. Kaeh flower is ahout half an inch lonR, and there may I.e
any numlM-r from Hfteen to fifty or more on a sinnh' stalk. The seed ))ud
is flattened usually, showing the form of the s I within.

DisTKiHi tion: With the exceptiiui of L. piininlx I., in Onlarin. the
lupin«> in Canada are foimd on the prairies of Saskatchewan :inil .MImii.i
and on the hillsides and mountains of British ("olumhia.

FoisoNois PiioPKKTiKs: It was found l.y Sollman that >everal
ptiisonous alkahiids were present in the .Vmeriean sjxcies of lupine. 1^
18 thought probable that most, if not all. of the poisoninR of live stock was
due to these alkaloids, ainimR which was bipiiniliiiv. and not to ivlrmjin.
the cause of '■liiinnosis" in northern Kuroi)e. Marsh and Clawson in
their experiments also foim<l the alkaloid- to be th<- cause of tro\ible. I'll, y
refer to tin- work of Knowles. who records lupine pois.minn anions hors.s.
as the "first to note and record (h'hnitely cas<-s which can be diannose.l as
instances of "lni>iniMx" or ic-tnwnic poisoiung. The clear-cut evidence
presented by Dr. Knowles seems conclusive and makes it i)robalile thai
other similar eases will be found, although it (hx-s not seem lik.'ly th:it
lupine causes large hiss<'s of horses."

All l)a'-ts of the lui)ines above ground are more or li'ss poisonous.
The .-rrr/.s are the m.)st toxic, the i)ods next. an<l then the i.uves. As ii„.

poison is m.t cumulative fairly large -luantities of th.' plant mav I al.n.

without harm. provi<h'il the toxic limit is not n-ached at any one tun. .
As the toxic (h)se is a fairly large on.', well-f.-d animals ar.' lu.t lik.-ly to
suffer.

Am.m.\i>s Affeitei): It seems that no donuslic animals are inununi'
to the poison.)Us lupine, but the greatest losses ar.' ainonn sheep.

I'l.ATK X.MI

imia—hi

l.ii[>irn'

7'*.^ f f-\l, ,

Symptoms: Marsh and Clawson found tliat tin- ncniTal symptoms of
poisoning l)v Anu-rican lupines wen- distinctly those of alkaloidal poisoning
and not of let ro({enic i)ois()ning. The symptoms of poisoning in sheep are
heavy an<l lal)oure<l hreathinR, sometimes frothing at the mouth, a iwricxi
of e.ima with snoring. If able to stand, the animal may fall ov<t in its
sleei). In a<'Ute cases the animal throws itself about violently in its

attempts to Wreathe, followed l.y violent trembling nvulsions and death.

In other cases the coma deepens until the animal <lies without a struggh-,
although the convulsiv." attacks are the more usual. In the early stages
there is drooping of the ears and pushing of the head against surrounding
(.bjeets. Sheep affectetl cm the range run about in a frenzied mann<>r,
butting into other animals and (.bjeets. When attempts were mad<- to
give remedies, it was found the- animals lost more by the increased exciti-
ment. In s.mie cases the first symptoms appeared in one or two hours
after feeding, in others not till nearly twenty four hours. Death may follow
very rapitlly or not for a period of two or thri-e days.

Hemkdy .\M) Mk.ws of Contkol: Remedial measures are ))racti-
cally of no use for range animals, but as the lupines are most p(.isonous
when in .see.l it is possible to manag<- the flock so as to avoid poisonmg.
Seed producticm should 1m- prevented at any cost. This is Ix-st done
while the plants are in their first bloom, or even b.>fore the opening of the
flowers, ('(mtinued close cutting will in time kill the roots. In s.mie
pla«-es the land should b.- cultivated, when- possible, and resown with go.ul
f.xlder plants anil grasses.

LOCO WKKD. (Oxutropix Lnmhciti Pursh.) Fe.\. Family.

I*I.ATK. XXIII. I Killing p. •><).!

Common N.\mks: The loco weed or stendess locoweed is known
among stockmen as crazy weed, rattlewicd, loco-vetch, .md white loco.

Desckii'tion : It is a low silky-haired i.erennial with tufts of very
sliort -tems rising from a thick woody rootstock. The stems are so short
.1. It the plant is often described as stemless. The leaves are four to nme
inches long, pinnalelv cimipouml with nine to nineteen leaflets which are
longer than wide and pointed. The flower stalks are longer than the leaves.
the flowers, half to three-quarters of an inch long, vary m colour from
purple and violet to vellow or yellowish-white; they are arranged in dens..
h,..ul- The seed i.ods are incomi)lelely two-ceUed, firm, leathery, and
....vered with silkv hairs. The plants vary greatly as regards hairiness.
Ay.i'. and shai.e of leaflets, colour of flowers and size of pods. The jilant is
i„ l.l.H.m from \]m\ to .\ugust or later, according to locality.

Distkihition; The loco weed is common on i.rairies and dry plains
from Saskat.tiiwaii to Hritish Columbia and the Yukon.

I'oisoNuis 1'kupkktiks: Tin- toxic |)riiici))lcs of llif loi-o weed li.-ivc
not yet Ix'fii lU'tcmiint-d. hut its |)oisonoiis nction upon aiiiiiinls lia-' Imth
fully (■stiit)li-'h(Mi in Cjinada and the riiitol States liy field oliscrvations.

Anmmai^s Akfectf:d: Horses, cattN', and sheep may all form what is
known as the loco-haliit, and suceimii) sooner or later to its poisonous
action. The greatest losses, however, in Western (■ana<la have (»ccurre(l
chiefly ainoim cattle. The world "loco" meaning "I'ra/.y", is derived from
till' S])anish, and is ap))lied in reference to the ])cculiarities of movement
shown l»y the affected animals.

Symptoms: The general symptoms of poi.soning are awkwardness.
tremi>linK. loss of control of muscular movi-ment, imp:iired eyesight and
hearing. In extreme cases the anim:tl hecomes Itlind. loses all power of
locomotion, refuses food, except loco weed, and dies usmdly in convulsive
s|msins.

K. A. Wat.son (Hej)ort Veterinary Director (ieneral. Ottawa, llMMti
describes tlu' effect upon horses as follows: "Mental ilerangement and
inco-ordinate muscular action form the mf)st constant and characteristic
.symptom-i of the disease. The jwculiar gait is at oiK-e reinarkid ui>on.
locomotion being performed slowly and with (h'liberation, accompanied i>y
overflexion and extension of the limbs. The head is carried low, the arm
lifted high, so that the knee and chin are nearly horizontal and in dose
proximity. The animal apjM'ars to l)e walking over invisible obstacles,
and if driven fast will fretiuently stumbh- and fall, though the grouml be
l)erfectly level. When the condition is very severe, it is almost impossible
to force him out of a slow walk; if urged lie becomes excited, moving the
limbs up and down ujion the same s|)ot, "marking time ' as it were. (»r
moving forward only a few inches at a step. X'isual errors are common
The loss of the sense of direction is well marked. When it is attempted to
drive an animal in a jiarticular direction he will tread in semi-<-ircles and
run into win' fences or gates, .\i\ animal is sometimes iniable to locate a
dish of oats placed before him, the attemi)ts being often ludicrous."

He.mkdy and Mkans ok ('untk<u,: (live laxatives and siijtply K<iod
nutritious food. Strychnine has l)een recommended for cattle, and I'owler'^
solution for horses,

K. .\. W.'itson says in regani to preventive measures: -"Very little
can be advised in the way of >ne<licinal treatment. iJiit if the spread of
the disease among healthy animals on a range where the grass :iiid foddi'r
conditions aj)i)ear exci'lleiit cjin be accounted for by the loco habit Largely
ac(|uired by imitation, it is obvious that affected animals should at once
be removed from the healthy to a range or jiasture free from the obnoxious
weeds. Healthy animals on the range could be iilaccd in <'harge of a
herder and kept separate from locoed animals. Instances are reported
where atTected cattle, by early removal to a raugi' fri'c from loco jilants.
or taken and hand-fed, have so far recovereil as to be profital>ly slaughtered,
though such anim.-ils are alw;iys stunted and undersized."

The loco-wt'cil may Im- di'struyi'il by cutting off the roots well hclow
the crown, that is at least thrco inclics !>clow tlic surface of the soil. This
should he done with a very heavy sharp and narrow steel hoe when the
plants are in flower, or even before, to jm-vent the scattering of seeds.
Plants that have i)een so cut off will not sprout again, but seeds already
in the soil may germinate. By destroying the young plants la-fore they
reach maturity, the land will be freed from the weed in a seasim or two
at far less cost than that i-aused i)y the death of live stock.

SIN-

SPURGE FAMILY (En/)liorl>in,rfc)

., (Kuphorhia Helioscopia I,. \

bPllU.h <^rp.ff^y„,„i„^ Hclioxrojna (L.) HillJ

Common N'amk«: Aiiionn many other Knglish iiaiin-s Riven to the sun
si)iirjt<' we finil wartwecd, sunweeil, turnsole, ehurnstaff, eat's-niilk, wolf's-
milk.

DErttKiPTiON: The sun sjiurge is a smooth annual plant with an erect,
stout stem from eight to twj-lve inches hinh, often hranehed from the
liase. The branches, as well as the main Stem, end in a more or less
compound umljol which is suhti nded by a circle of leaflets. The leaves
are scattered along the stem; they arc somewhat oblong or wedge-shaped,
sometimes nearly round, from one-half to four inches long, finely saw-
edged, and narrowed to a short stalk. The rather inconspicuous flowers
are of two kinds, thi' staminate and pistillate on the same plant, both
included in a cup-sha|M'd involucre resembling a calyx or corolla. The
staminate flowers are numerous, lining the in.side of the cup, each con-
sisting of one single stamen in the axil of a very little bract. The pistillate
flower is solitary in the centre of the cup and consists of a three-lobed,
three-celled ovary which soon protrudes on a long stalk and hangs over
the I rim of the cup-like involucre. The seeds are reddish-brown, strongly
honeycombed. The plant is in bloom from June till October.

Distribution: Introduced from Europe, the sun spurge has become
common in east Quebt?c and Ontario, and is gradually spreading in Canada.

Poisonous Properties: All species of Euphorbia or spurge con-
tain a more or less poisonous milky juice, which is very acrid, and in
contact with the skin causes extreme irritation, inflammation, vesication,
and in some cases gangrene. The poisonous substances have not yet
been fully investigated.

In regard to the spurges, H. C. Long says: "The caper spurge {E.
Liithyruit L.) contains an acrid, emetic, and highly purgative milky juice,
and the fruits have commonly Iw-en employed by cijuntry folk as a i)urge,
and also as a pickle, though they are dangerous and shoiild not be so used.
Pratt records a ca.se in which five wonw-n ate the pickled fruits with i)oiled
mutton, and all suffered severe i)ain ami burning in the stomach, and showed
(itlier symptoms attendant on irritant iwisoniug— and though all recovered
th» iltoess »as severe. IT.sefl in this manner, indeed, they have given rise
to seri-ius fits*** of human poisoning. Sun spurge {E. Heliohcopin L.)
i* similarly poisonous to the preceding species. It has caused fatal
IHiisoning to a boy who ate it. In Germany, cows were poisoned through
pasturing in stubble in which the plant was growing, but there were no
<leaths."

Whili', in W\:< "Dermal ills Venenata," Mttitcn in rcKiiril to tin k<'I)i>-*:
"More tliaii one liiuiilrrd xiM-cii-s nf Kiiiihorhio, or HpiirK<'. Kfow in tin-
I'nitcd Slates, citJHT in<lif(cn(iu.« or iniminrajits from KuriiiN>. Of i-vcry
s|MTi<s Loiiilon says tiic juicf is so arriil as to cornMlc and uift-ratc the
ImmIv wherever applied; and of K. rmuiifem, from which the offieial
tiii>hoHiiiim is olitained, Pliny and Dioseorides, according to the Dispen-
^afory. descrilii' ihe method of collecting juice, so as to prevent irritation
of I he hands and face. This -nl»stan(e is iiM4-d as a plaster to prolonn
suppuration."

Van Ilasselt states that "the juice of several s|; 'cies is used l»y <(iiacks
to remove warts, freckles, as depilatory, etc.: and that the applicfifion
of the juice, powder, and extract proiliices not only erysipelatous, pustular
an<l phlegmonous inflammation, hut even gangrene. In one case mention) d
the whole atxlominid wall In-came th<' seat t)f gangrene."

Sympi()M.s; .Vccyrding to Cornevin the snurges have an irritating
efTeit on th« mucous membrane, esjH'cially at tlif back of the mouth. In
from thri'c-quarters of an hour to two hours after eating the plant, or
even longer, there is ]>aiiiful vomiting, followed l>y diarrlui-ic evacuations,
with a kmering of the temperature. If the (piantity ingested has been
sMfTici»>nt there ai)pear also nervous sym))tiiins, vertigo, d(>lirium. muscular
Irenjors and cinulatory troubles which disai)|M'ar after abundant sweating
if the iMiisoning is not fatal. If it is fatal the .symptoms of superpurgation
and enteritis tinnlominate, but are uccom))anied by nervous symjnoius
and circulatory disorders.

Mueller gives in addition loss of appetite, piteous whining (in goats).
groaning, colic, and tympaidtes; and Pott, bloating, fever, palpitation of
the lu'art, an<l loss of consciousness; c(»ws gave a reddish or sharp-tasting
milk. Milk of afTected goats caused diarrhcra in human beings.

Hemkuv .\nd Me.\n.s ok ("o.ntkol: The advice of a physician should
Im' n-iiuestetl. As sun spurge is an annual plant it may be su|)presse<l by
pn-venting the development of the seeds. On cultivated land it should
l>e cut olT by the hoe before or as soon as the first flowers apj)ear. Hadlv
infested lands should be i)Ut under cultivation, well fertilized, and resown
heavily to grass or clover.

( \l•|{^.•^^^I'l H(.K { .' ," .,„.,, .'^SpiRr.E F.\mi..v.

[1 ilhiimaliis ( ///«()•( s.vxi.v 1 1,.) Hill. J

( 'oM.\i<(N Na.mks: This species is also referred to as the ba!sam-sj)urge,
gr;iv< yard-weed. Moiuiparle's-crown, trei-inoss. (iuacksalver's-s])urge.

I)k» KiiTiMN The cypre— spurge is !i hriglit green, smooth j)ereiiniai
plant with small iTowiiish -cales below and numerous narrow green leaves
»t»n-f Kach branch is surmnunted by an umbel of many rays, with a

•:.V'-

Loco Weed - Plate XXIII

.1..- izz'^rz liu:''"'- "'""' '" "'" ">• "••'-

;;l-f^ «..A»:;::, ™;.:'^„r ■;:„z:;;:„:'-,i;:,:i;t:

Miaocofy ntsowTioN tbt chart

(ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No. 2)

Iti
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u
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■ 03

l«.o

|Z2

120

|_l.8_

^I PPLIED IM/OE Inn

1653 East Uoin Strnl

?i?^'"- ••*" ""I' '♦«» USA
(716) 482 - 0300 - Pron,
(716) 288 - Mas - Fa.

CASHEW FAMILY {Amcardiacece)

POISOX IVY (Rhus Toxicodendron L.) {Toxicodendron Toxicodendron

(L.) Brit.)

Plate XXIV.

CoM.MON Names: — Poison-ivy is also rccoKiiizcd under the names
poison-oak, poison-vine and tliree-leaved ivy.

Description: — Poison-ivy is a low shrub wliieii is propagated by
un<lei-p;round l)rani'hi's as well as by seeds. It scrambles over stumps
of trees or, as in the case of the variety radicans, it climbs by means of
atrial rootlets to some height up fence posts and the trunks of trees. The
long stalked leaves arc divided into three distinct leaflets, which are mostly
ovate, pointed, entire or with a few irregular coarse teeth, bright green
above, paler and slightly hairy beneath, changing to rich autumnal colours.
The flowers arc small, inconspicuous, greenish or whitish, loosely clustered
in the axils of the leaves. As the flower cluster is surpassed by the long-
stalked leaves it is seldom seen unless the foliage is moved aside. The
berries are greenish-white or cream coloured, slightly shining, round,
smooth, with longitudinal ridges at intervals. The flowers arc in bloom
from April till June.

Distribution: — It is a native of Canada and is commonly found in
hedgerows, thickets and dry woods from Nova Scotia to British Columbia,
where it pa.sses into a thicker-leaved and smoother form {R. Rydberyii
Small).

Poisonous Properties: — Poison ivy is the worst vegetable skin
poison in America, hundreds of people being poisoned each year. The
poisonous constituents have not yet been satisfactorily determined.
Cases of poisoning are often reported where the individual has passed the
plant without coming in contact with it. This has been explained by the
fact that pollen grains, minute hairs and even exhalations from the plant
are sufficient to cause eruptions on the skin of a susceptible person. The
poison may even be carried on the clothing or tools of someone who has been
in contact with it, or it may be that, as the effect of the poison does not
appear for some time, the occasion of coming in contact with it may have
i>een quite forgotten. On the other hand, many people handle it frequently
with no ill effect.

Cattle can eat it with impunity, but dogs are poisoned by it.

Symptoms: — Inflammation of the skin begins to appear from eighteen
hours to several days after contamination, and is characterized by intense
irritation and burning, swelling and redness, followed by blisters and pain.
Symptoms of internal poisoning are burning thirst, nausea, fair-tness,
delirium, and convulsions.

I'l.MK XMV

Poison Ivv.

f «o,'»~*'. Fttt'.

Kemedy and Means ok ("ontkol: — Many ri'tncdics have Iwcn sur-
K('st«'(l to allay this burning and irritation, one of the simplest being the
immediate washing of the parts affected with good strong yellow laimdry
soaj). On return from a day's outing where there was danger of meeting
with poison-ivy, tin- liberal use of sueh asoaj) might prevent mueh suffering,
a pieee might i-ven he carried in the pocket.

An application of absorbent cotton saturated with a solution of com-
mon baking soda is simple and efficacious. In the ease of severe poi.soning
the aid of a physician should be obtained.

To properly eradicate this pest the underground root stocks must be
destroyed as well as the flowering tops, (irubbing out and burning it
by some one who is immune to the poison is the .surest means. Spraying
with hot brine, or caustic soda will kill it. One pound of caustic soda to
two gallons of water has been found most effective.

POISON SUMACH (Ithu.s Vernix L.) {Toxicodendron Ter/iij- (L.) Kuntze)

Cashew Family.

C0.WMON Na.mes: — The poison sumach is also well known as the
swamp-sumac. It is erroneously called poison elder and poison dogwood.

Description: — The poison sumach is a shrub or small tree from six
to twenty feet hifh with long pin '.ate leaves bearing seven to thirteen
leaflets. The leatl ts are about two to four inches long and from one to
one and a half inches wide, green on both sides, with reddish stalks and
midribs. The margins are entire. The flowers are small, green, in hmg,
loo.se, open, slender panicles. The fruit is .smooth, round, greenish or dun
coloured. The shrub Is very attractive in the autumn, when the leaves
change to very brilliant shades of scarlet antl orange. The flowers are
out in June.

The harmless sumacs may be very readily distinguished by their red
fruits.

Distribution: — It is a native of Canada, and is found on low wet
ground and in swamps, in Ontario.

Poisonous Properties:— Similar to the poison-ivy, but even more
dangerous. Fortunately this species is not very common in Canada.

MEZEREUM FAMILY {Thymclaeacew)
WICOPV [Dimi pohislris 1 .)

I'l.ATK XXV.

Common Names: — This plant, so useful to the North A-ucriciin
IiKliiins, retains sonii- of their original names, as leatherwood, inoosewood.
swampwooc 1 , rope-1 )ark .

Deschiption: — The wicopy is a iniich-hranehed shrub from two to
six feet high, with smooth, jointed, yellowish-Kreen twigs and tough fibrous
bark. Like the mezereon, it produees its small clustered flowers v<'ry
(■arly in the spring before the leaves have expanded. The ealyx is petal-
like, pale yellow, tubular, with a wavy or slightly four-toothe<l margin
showing the protruding stamens and style. The flow<Ts grow in clusters
of three or four ami are protected from cold win<ls by dark hairy scales
which look like folds of fur around the silky yellow calyces. There is no
mistaking it when in flower, especially as it is one of the earliest shruiis to
bloom. The leaves are oval, two to three inches long, alternate and very
short-stalked. The reddish, oval drup«' is about one-half inch long. The
plant is in bloom in April.

Distribution: — It is a native of Canada and grows in damp, rich
woods from New Brunswick to Ontario.

Poisonous Properties: — The bark contains po'sonous properti<'s
similar to its relative mezereon (which .see) and, when fresh, causes severe
irritatiim to the skin, followed by blisters. All parts of the i)lant have
a burning, nauseous taste. The poison is most powerful during flowering
and fruiting.

MKZEUEON (Daphne mezereiim L.) Mezekeum F.\mily.

Common N/.mes: — The popular names by which this jjoisonous
l»lant is known include spurge-laurel, lady-laurel, paradise jilant, mystr-ry-
Ijfant, and dwarf bay.

DEscRir ■: — T'.w mezereon is a small shrub from one to four feet
high. It b( in early spring before the leaves are out, strongly sweet-

scented, rose-purple flowers clustered on the shoots of the preceding yi'ar.
.\s it has no corolla, the brightly coloured, tubular calyx, with its four
sepals outspread, lends attraction to its flowers. The leaves are long,
narrow, tapering into short stalks. The fruit is a one-seede<l berry or
drupe, oval, oiie-cpiarter to one-third inch long, bright red. The jjlant
is in bloom from April to M.-iv.

I'l.ATK \X\

\\ icopy.

Vhulu-F. Fyltt.

nisTKUMTlON: It is found in waste jiiaccs and pastures where it
has eseaped frmn cultivation. It is li.eally estal>lished in Nova Seolia,
western (2iiel)er and Ontario.

I'oisuNoi s I'liopKitTiKs: .\11 i)arts of niezereon are acrid and pois-
ono'is, esjMM'ialiy tiie iiark and i)e— ies. 'I'hey conrain an extrenit iv acrid
resin mczcniii. a hitter ])oison()iis ^hicoside iliijihiihi, as well as a vesical inn
fatty oil. Tlie hark has a jxTsislent hurnintt taste, and when frohly
a])i)lied to the skin i)roduces inllanimation and iilisterinu. .\s a rule
animals reject the ])Iant on account of its hitter taste, 'i'lie aliundaiit
hrijjht scarlet herries are very teniijtiiin to children. .\ fatal c.i>e of pni-on-
intJ was lately rei)orted from Nova Scotia. The followiim from .\nne
Pratt's hook will show that fatalities were not rare in the Old Country.

■■I)e;ith has resulteil from eatiiiK hut a few of thcM' herries; ami Dr.
Cliristison relates a case of a child in l-idinhwrjjh who died from ealini;
theni, while another is recnr<led hy Linnaeus .if a xounjr lady In wIkiui
twelve of the i)erries were jtiveii as a ntedicine in intermit tent fc\er. and
who soon died in conse(|uence of their corrosivi' poison. I'our lierries
produced thirst, sense of heat in the mouth and throat, and also fever, in
a man who ate them, and they are proved to he poisonous to doji-^ and
foX<'S."

I'',ven one herry chewed hut not swallowed will produce intense hurniud
in the throat and mouth, whii-h lasts for several hours. Drying doe> not
destroy the pcjtent jioison of this ])lant.

Symi'T(im.s: — H. (". Long says: -

"The Daphnes are severely piirRative. cause hurninjj; in the mouth
and throat, and in severe cases h.ave narcotic etTects and n've rise to
conviilsions. Lauder gives the symptoms as intense colic, const ip;it ion,
followed hy dysentery and copious evaciiations of faeces streaked with
mucus, hlood and intestinal epithelium. Drowsiness hetween the sjiasms.
Acciirdinn to Mueller there is inflammation of the stomach and intestines
(with colic, vomitiuK, severe diarrluca, passing of hlood), inflammation of
the kidneys (with strangury. hh)ody urination), and in many cases nervous
symptoifis (weakness, giddiness, and convulsions).

In a C!is(> ol)served hy Lander, in the horse, tiiere was ahdominal pain,
staggering gait, anxious countenance, lahoured hreathing, pulse 81). tem-
perature W.\2° v., howels normal. On the following day there was
excessive purgation, jmlse 120, temi)erature 104 • 2" 1'"., and death occurred
at mid-day."

1{k.mkdv: — In the case of humaa poisoning an emetic may he given,
followed hy a soothing drink such as rice water, harley water, iced-milk.
or white of egg hc^iiten up in cold water while waiting for medical a<lvice,
which should he promjjtly summoned.

PARSLEY OR CARROT FAMILY (I'mbeUiJerae)
I'OISOX HK.MLOCK {Comum marulitum \..)

1'l.ATK. XXVI.

Common Namks: -This plant, known from early days as hemlock or
wild hemlock, has a niimher of other common names, a few of which are
snakeweed, s]y)tt<'d jiarsley, jxiison-root , wode-whistle.

I)ks( kiption:— An erect, much-branched biennial with round, smooth,
hollow stems from two to six feet hi|{h, covered with jMirplish spots which
usually disapi)ear on dryiuR. Tln' leaves are large, shininj?, <lecomj)oun<l,
with finely-cut leaflets, which have a very foetid and charact«'ristic mousy
odour when crushed. The leaves are much more delicate in outline than
those of the water hemlock (cf. illustrations), the ultiinat<> segments
ending in a small, colourless, bristle-tip. The flowers are small, white,
in large loose umbels, with a circle of bracts or small leaves at the base of
the umlx'ls. The fruit or "se<'d" clusters, as they are iMipularly called,
are conspicuous in late summer and autumn. Kach fruit is comj)osed of
two parts, .so close together as to resemble one round seed, somewhat
flattened on each side, with wavy ridg«>s running from top to bottom.
Kach jiart contains one .seed, which is deeply grooved cjn the inner face.
The root is from eight to ten inches long and about one inch in diameter,
tapering, sometimes forked. It smells very much like the parsnip. The
plant is in bloom from June to August.

Distkibition:— Naturalized from Europe, the poison hemlock is
found In wjiste i)laces, chiefly on dry ground from \ova Scotia to Ontario,
also in Briti; i Columbia.

Poii^.iNors Pkopkktiks:— It is a (piestion as to which part of the
plant is most jioisonous, since authorities differ, but, as fatalities have
resulted from the consumption of even a very small portiim of the leaves
or .seeds or roots, it may well be said that the whole plant is deadly. It
seems that early in the summer the poisonous properties are most abundant
in the green leaves, and that later on the .seeds are the most toxic, particu-
larly just before rijiening. As the poi.sons are volatile the plant loses its
toxicity on drying, and conscfiuently is not so dangerous to animals when
dri(Hl with the hay. The seeds, however, are most jwisonous when fully
formed but still green in colour. When fully ripened their toxicity gradu;dly
diminishes.

The plant contains the very poisonous alkaloid coniinc, a colourless
li(|uid which gives the i)lant the characteristic, disagreeable, mousy odour.
The poisonous conivcine and me alkaloid mfthiil-coniinc are also present,
as well as other substances. Creenish states. "Hemlock heib contains
voiiiiiic and VDiihijiliinc. These alkaloids are present in both stem jind

I»I.ATK XXVI

Poison Heinluck.

I'ko:a—F. Fttet.

63463-S

lrav..s in largOHt (|umitity wlnn tlu- plant is in full fl,.*.-,-." Aft.r fl.,w(.ri.,K
ihv aikuloids puMH t., th<- fruits uml lM.r.,n..- (•on.-..ntrut .1 in th.. nartinllv
n|N>ni>(| ««'«•<!.

Animals AKiE<TED:M«nv rn^s „f ,K,is,.ninK of (lomoHtic animals
hav.. iMM-n r.-p„rt..,l fr.m. thr I'nit.-.l Stat.-s. Th.. plant i>, .viWentlv most
injuru.us to sto.k early in the s,.ason, when its foliag,. is fresh ami other
herbaRe is searre.

HiMAN P<,isf,N,N,K-P«ison hemlock is very vv.ll known histori.allv
as a plant of evil reputation. It was in all prol.ahilitv the plant use.l hv
the (.reeks m the preparation of their poison.nis .IrauRhts, an.l l.v which
Socrates, I'hocion. an.l others met their d.-ath. Fatalities have also
occurred l,y mistaking the platit for some e<lih|e sjvcies. An old KuRlish
herhahst says, "If any, through mistake, .at the herh hemlock instead
of parsley, ur the root instead of parsnip, lM)th of which is very likelv
wherehy happeneth a kind of pi-rturbation of the senses, as if tliev were
«tupi,l and drunk, the remedy is, as Pliny .saith, t<. .Irink of the In'st and
and strongest pure wine, In-fore it strikes to the heart, or g.-ntian put in
wme.

Tht seeds have also Ix-en used in error for ' hose of anise, .•^mall hovs
nave l)oen poisoned by making whistles out of the hollow stems of the plant.

Symptoms: Hemlock has long been recognized as a verv dangerous
narcotic plant. H. C. Long says, "Even the smallest quantities mav
cause inflammation of the digestive organs, paralysis, and death " The
general symptoms, a.s given by Long, are salivation, bloating, dilation of
pupils rolling of eyes, laboured respiration, diminished frequencv of
breathing, irregular heart action, h.ss of sensation, convulsions, uncertain
gait falling, and, at the end, complete paralysis. Death occurs after a
tew hours. The poison acts on the motor nerve endings, causing paralysis
dyspnoea resulting from paralysis of the pectoral nerves, and acceleration
of the heart from that of the inhibitory fibres of the pneumogastric.

Small quantities cau.se in the hor.se a little pro.stration, vawning
acceleration of pulse, .Illation of pupils, and sometimes muscular spasms
of the neck and shoulders. Large quantities cau.se nausea, unsucr.s.sful
attempts to vomit, gritting of teeth, accelerated respiration and dvspncea
and muscular tremors commencing in posterior members and spreading ul
anterior members and .spine. There is next difficulty of locom..tion.
sweating (but not continual), falling, paraplegia, then paralv.sis, loss of
feeling, lowering of temperature, rapid pulse, increasingly difficult respira-
tion, and death from stoppage of respiration.

With cattle there is excessive salivation, cessation of digestion

bloating, constipation, weakness, and stupor. The milk of cows who have

c^tei. the weed ha^ a disagreeable taste. Chesnut .says in cows there is

loss of appetite, salivation, bloating, much bodily pain, loss of muscular

power, aiid rapid, feeble pulse."

H. ('. I-un(t Muti'M that in hIiu'i the alxlomi'ii in tucked up, thi- animiti
has a (laz<<l apjM'araniv, then- is diiatioii of pupils, uiwtcatlv gait, tin- liiml
limlw iH'ing ilrnggt'd. foUlnrsH, ami dfiii li aftiT a few coiivuisivi- inovfini-iits.

Ill the />('(/ there is prostratiitn and inaliihty to move, eoidness, slow
l)reathiiiK. livid mueous meml)rani'>^. imiM>reeptilih' pulse, paralysis, parti-
eularly of the posterior memlN-rs, and no convulsions.

Hkmkdy and Meanh ok Contiiol: In the event of poisoning, prolVs-
sional advice must Im- promptly sum icneil. While wailing for iis,istance
the system should he relieved of the p< du as soon as ]M>ssilile l.y use of
an emetic. Stimulants may then Im- given, and warmth applied to the
extremities. This weed shouhl not lie allowed to stand on any farm or
roadside. It should Im' grublied out and promptly destroyed, in no case
shouhl it Im- allow(<l to go to wed.

WATKH HI<:.ML()(K {Ciculo mncnUiUi L.) Cakkjit Family.
Platk XXVII.

Common Names: Other significant names given to this |)lant are
lH'aver-iK)ison, siMitted cowhune, mus«(uash-root, snakeweed, and chil-
dren's-hane.

Desckiption: The water hemlock is a tall jHTennial herb fnmi three
to ^six feet in height. The stem is stout and streaked with purph-. Tin-
leaves are comjiound, but not so fini-ly divid','<l as in the poison hemhw-k
(cf. illustrations). The leaflets are saw-toothed. The small white flowers
are arranged in a compound umln-l with no hrarin nt the htise of the main
umbel. There are sli'nder bracts at the base of each lesst-r uhiIm-I or
umU'llet. The fruit is oval, with no groove on ♦he inner face of the seed. '
The roots are several, fleshy, in the form of ol>long tubers clustered at the
base of the stem. If the base of the stem is cut lengthwise, a number of
IramriTse partitionn will be .stjen in greater or less contiguity according to th*-
time of year and growth, '""he plant is in bloom from June t(, August.

Disthibition: Watei mlock, unlike poison hemlock, is found in
wet places, in swamps, low ,,.ound, and along streams--. Native of Canada,
it is common from New Brunswick to British Columbia.

PoisoNors Properties: Of all the poisonous plants in Canmla. tl •
water hemlocks arc the most deadly and act most rapidly. All species
of cicuta are exceedingly poisonous l)oth to human beings and animals.
Although there is some difference of opinion as to the amount of toxicity
in the upper portion of the plant, yet all agree the roots an<l swollen l)a.se
of the stem are the most virul it. Thoy are usually eaten by animals
early in the season, when they offer an abundant green fodder. As they
grow on wet, soft land, tne roots are easi pulled up by stock when eating
the herbage. The toxic prineipJe:, are the alkaloid cicutine, with uil of cicuta
and cicuioxine, a bitter resinous substance.
03463— «i

I'l m; \X\II.

Water Hemlock.

fhcto-F. Ftlft.

Animalh \rrr.tTr.n: No aniinalf< a,»|H'iir to Iw inimiini' to thi- {hmmoiiiiih
rffwt of thif* plant. Cattle ami ^hi'i')), liowcvir, »uIT«t iiio^t, at in gnuing
they pull the roots up and i-at them a>* well. Ih-driek j<nys that a |)ieee of
root the niie of a walnut wa* found by ex|MTinient t \h- nullirient to
kill a cow. I)«-ath may oieur in fifteen minuter, or Ui<- intent' .xufferinn
may eontinue from two to w veral houM Ix'fore ih-ath. One of our
eorreH|MmdentK from A'lM-rta writes: "These are the plants (f. nuinns^
that killed the rattle in that neiKhlN>urho(Hl, and the eattle wouhl eat thent
ami inii'.w n hole in the Kfound like n howl to get the roots, and then die
rinht there. There were the lM)nes of some of the eattle | isonetl last year
within ten feet of where thes*- plants that I am sendinR you wen- Krowinn"

HiMAN Poi80NiN4i: C'a.s«'s of human ()oisoning are too numerouM
nn<l tiMj widespread to mention in detail. Different parts of the water
hemloek have Ijeen eaten hy mistake for edible plants, the roots esiN-eially
iH'ing often mistaken for artiehokes or swwt p()tnt(M>s. The tutnTs are
esiM'eially tempting to children on account of their sweetish tiwte.

Symptoms: The first symptom- ually occur within two hours after
eating the plant. There is nervousness, twitching of the muscles of the
mouth and ears, salivation, s()m«'times nausea and vomiting, bloating,
intense pain, frenzie ' movements, dilated pupils, sjiasms and convul: ions,
frothing at the mouth and nosi-, twisting the head and .leck backwards,
rolling of the eyeballs. The victim usually <ties in the most violent
spasms.

BULBOUS WATER HEMLOCK {Cicuta huMfera L.) Carkot Family.

Platt XXVIII.

De«<ription: — The bullwus water hemlock is a slender pen- ul
plant, n.uch branched, growing from one to three feet high. The leaves
are divided two or three times into narrow, saw-toothed I rflcts. The
upp«'r leaves are less divided and bear small clustered bulblet ii the .mgles
formed by the leaf and stem. The white flowi r ci wters jire icmngefl in
umlH'ls similar to those of the other water lu.i..teks. Th- roofs also
are similar but seldom as large. It is in idoom from July to SepK inber.

Distribution:— It is found in swamps and wet places from Nova
Scotia to British Columbia.

Poisonous Properties:— This species and also the Western Witter
Hemlock {Cicuta vagana Greene) of British Columbia, contain the same
poisonous principles as the preceding species and are equally dangerous
to all stock. Plate XXIX.

Remedy and Means of Contkul: -The poi.-,onou.s substance of the
water hemlocks is so rapid in its oction that little or nothin^ can be done

ri.ATK XX VII I.

Bulbous Water Hemlock.

I'hulo-F. Ftlet.

•A

in the way of remedial treatment. When poisoning has b,en discovered
the animals are either dead or dying or in such excitement that any attempt
at treatment tends to hasten death.

In the case of human poisoning an emetic may be given at once and a
physician summoned.

All plants should be grubbed out and destroyed, or they may be
readily pulled by hand in the spring when the ground is soft. On large
areas where grubbing out seems impossible, the land should not be used
as a pasture.

WATER PARSNIP (Stum dcutaefoHum Schrank) Carrot Family.

Plate XXX.

Common Names :-This plant is also known as the hemlock water-
parsnip.

DE8CRiPTieN:-The water parsnip is an erect, stout, branched per-
ennial herb from two to six feet high. The lower leaves are long-stalked
and the uppermost are nearly sessile. Sometimes a few of the lower
leaves are submersed and finely dissected, but in general the leaflets are
undivided, one and one-half to five inches long, narrow, sharply pointed
and Baw-edged. The umbels and umbellets of small white flowers are
subtended by numerous narrow bracts. The fruit is oval and prominently
ndged. It is in bloom from July to October.

Distribution :-The water parsnip is a native of Canada. It is
common m low, marshy land, swamps, and on muddy banks, across the
continent.

Poisonous Properties :-This plant has long been held as suspicious
and It has been reported as "antiscorbutic, diuretic and poisonous" by
Hyams of North Carolina. Pammel says it has been reported as poisonous
from several different sources. As far as is known the toxic principles
have not been investigated, but there is no doubt that it is poisonous.

One of our correspondents in Ontario recently lost several head of
cattle from eating water parsnip. In writing of the effect of this plant
upon his cows, he says: "It seemed to affect the kidneys and back. First
their wa|er was red, then turned black as ink. They seemed to dry up.
They did not bloat at all. Their milk dried up the first day." A similar
case was reported from Saskatchewan.

Plate XXX.

Water Parsnip.

Pknl„~F. Ftlts.

HEATH FAMILY {Ericacea)
MOUNTAIN LAUREL {Kalmia latifoHa L.)

Common Names :-The most familiar of the English names are
broad-l.'axv,l laurel, poison-laurel, sheep-laurel, spoonwood, calico-hush.

Description :-The mountain laurel is one of our most attractive
shrubs usually from three to six feet high, but in the Southern States it
sometimes attains a height of thirty or forty feet. Its leaves are bright
green on both sides, thick, with short stalks, flat and shining, oval, pointed
at each end, entire. It has beautiful clusters of showy pink flowers with
clammy stalks. The seed-capsule is round, hard, dry, clammy and many-
seeded. The plant is in bloom from May to July.

Distribution:— This native plant is found on rocky hills, pastures
and mountain slopes from New Brunswick to Ontario.

Poisonous Properties:— B. S. Barton (1798) says:—

"Nearly allied to the Rhododendron is the genus Kalmia. Of this

r hf T f r'^'™' '^f "«'«' i.nd,'*" «f them are poisons. The Kalmia Latifolia,

or broad-leaved laurel, is best known to us. It kills sheep and othvT

sehTs •'' ^"^'an« sometimes use a decoction of it to destroy them-

All parts of the plant except the wood , ontain the very poisonous
constituent andromedotoxin. Many cattle and sheep are poisoned annually
by It Poisoning usually takes place in the spring when the animals, after
the dry food of winter, are attracted by its evergreen foliage. Cases of
human poisoning have been known from eating the honey from the flowers
or chewing the leaves in mistake for wintergreen. (Chestnut).

Symptoms: The general symptoms as given by Chesnut for sheep
cows, and goats, are as follows:—

"Persistent nausea, with slight but long-continued vomitine and
attempts to vomit, frothing at mouth, grating of teeth, irregular breathrng
^t'rei.^^r""?'"*" '"'' °^ sight and feeling, .izzines; inabihty to staj

ftheaborXT\h°"''-^-^^''**^'' * * * "In addition to mos
ot the above effects, there is, in man, se/ere pain in the head, an increased

SS^rTSi Sy.'f'™ • ■"""''" """'■« "°'"'°° '- "" *'"

SHEEP LAUREL (Kalmia angustifolia L.)

Common Names: Sheep-laurel is also called lambkiU, sheep-poison,
wicky, kill-kid, calf-kill. h h" ,

Description: The sheep laurel differs from the mountain laurel in its
lower stature, in its somewhat narrower leaves, which are commonly

opposite or in threes and pale beneath, ami in its criinxon flowers, whieh
appear later than the fresh green shoots of the season. It is in l)loom
from June to July.

Distribution: This sp«'pies is also native, and is found on hillsides,
pastures, and in hogs from Newfoundland, Labrador, to Ontario, anil on the
Hudson hay.

PoisoNors Properties: Of an intensive poisonous nature similar
to the mountain laurel. No doubt, other spe<-ies of Kalmia, ineluding the
swamp or pale laurel {Kalmia polifolia Wang.), are e<iually injurious.

DOGBANE FAMILY (Apocynacea)

SPKEADINT. IXKJBANE (Apocynum androsaemifolium L)
Plate XXXI.

Common Names: The spreadinR clogbano is also called honey-bloom,
iHttcr root, wandiTing milkweed, wild ipecac, rheumatism-weed.

Description: The spreading dogbane is a perennial herb from two
to three feet high, rich in milk-sap, with a smooth stem usually red on one
side and with spreading branches. The leaves are opposite, short-stalked
oval, acute, entire, tv.o to three inches long.. The flowers arc small, pate
ro.sf somewhat striped, open bell-shaped, in loose cymes, the corolla tube
much longer than the calyx, with spreading lobes, sweet-scented towanis
evening. The fruit consists of two slender pods, four to six inches long.
1 he seeds are numerous, with a tuft of white silky down at one end. The
plant is in bloom during June and July.

Distribution: It is found commonly in fields and thickets, and open
woods from Anticosti to British Columbia.

Poisonous Propehtie.s: See the following species.

BLACK INDIAN HEMP (Apocynrm cannahinum L.) Dogbane Family.

Common Names: This species is known also as wild cotton, rheuma-
tism-root, amy-.-<ot.

Description: The flowers of this species differ from the above in
being greenish-white, without perfume. The corolla lobes are ascending
and not longer than the calyx lobes. The seeds are slightly longer. The
black Indian hemp has a strong, tough fibre, at the same time fine and
soft which IS used by the North American Indians in making bags,
baskets, belts, fishing lines and nets. Both species are generally distri-
buted across the continent, but are seldom found in close proximUy.

Poisonous Properties: Both the spreading dogbane and the black
Indian hemp are said to be poisonous to liv stock. As a rule the plants
are not enticing to stock as they have tough stems, but in the early summer,
when the stalks are tender and succulent and in those places where th.'
plant is abundant and more wholesome vegetation is lacking, animals are
tempted to eat the young green shoots.

The black Indian hemp contains the poisonous glucoside apocynin,
as well as the glucoside apocynein.

I'l.ATK XX.M

Spreading Dogbuiir.

I'hoio—F. ftitt.

naiiU'H
yellow

MILKWEED FAMILY (Asclepiathceo')

BUTTKHFLY-WEED {AxcUpinx tuberos,, L.)

Common Xvmks: The huttcrfly-wecd is uisc, known l.y the
pl<'iirisy-r.)<)t, oranRc-root. Canadii-root, orange swallow-wort,
milkweed, Indian-posy, silk-weed.

DKsdiiPTioN: The ImtterHy-weed is an eri-et, stout, perennial herl..
The stem is simple or l)ranehed near the top. hairy, verv leafv, from one
to two feet hinh. The leaves are alternate, obloiiK, ix.inted or som.-times
rounded at the apex, very short-stalked or without stalks, two to six
inches loiiR. The greenish-oranRe flowers are arranged in terminal umbels,
th<' stalks of which are shorter than the leaves. The seed-pods, or follicles!
are very striking and eluiracteristic of all the milkw.'cds. Thev are from
four to fiv«" inches long and one to one and a half inches wide in the micUlle,
tapering at both ends, and i-overed with fine hairs. The numerous see«ls
are flat, reddis.i-hrown, with a long tuft of fine silky down. Thev may be
seen m tlie aut'imn aiul early winter escaping from the partiallV opened
pod ami being blown .some distance by the wind. The handsome (.range
flowers are in bloom from June to Sejitember.

Distribution: Native to Canada, it is found on drv fields and banks,
chiefly in the province of Ontario.

PoisoNOL-s Properties: The leaves and stem are poisonous. They
contain the amorphous, bitter glucoside nscleinmlin. Horses and cattle
avoid eating the plant, but sheep are sometimes poisoned when driv«>n
over dry districts where other herbage is scarce.

Other Species of Milkweed in Canada.
I'l-ATE XXXli.

The swamp milkweed (A. incnnmta L.); the common milkweed (\
xijnaca L.), the showy milkweed (.4. npedom Torr.). and the oval-leav<'.l
milkweed (A. ovalifolia Dec), all natives of Canada and similar in gen.-ral
appearance to the butterflyweed but with opposite leavs. which is th..
usual arrangement with most of the milkweeds, are said to be more or less
poisonous and must be viewed with .suspicion until more is known of them

1^' '

Platk XXXII

Swamp Milkwcofi.

I'kttto~F. Fj/les.

MINT FAMILY (Lnhiatce)
CJHOUXD IVV (A'epeto htikraeea (L.) Tn-v.) {Gltchoma kederaceu L.).

Plate XXMII.

( oMMON Naiie« : (Jround ivy is alw known by the foJiowing English
numcs: C.illK)V(.r-th<..ground, haymaid«, creeping charlie, rol.in-run-
iiwuy, hedge maids.

DKH.KIPT10N: Ground ivy is a low, creeping and trailing, hairv,
IMTennuii herb, with round, srnllopod leaves, green on both sides, one to
two uuhes wide, their shor stalks placed opposite one another on the
square st.m. The light blue corolla is three times the length of the hairv
calyx The whole fi„wer is only about half an inch long and not so wide.
1 he plant is in bloom from April until May or June.

Di8TRiBiTioN:-It has l)€en introduced from Europe and is common in
waste places, on damp or shady ground alwut doorways and neglected
gardens. In the East it is found from Newfoundland to Ontario It is
common in British Columbia.

Poisonous Properties : Like the catnip (A'. Calaria L.) groun.l
ivy contains a volatile oil and bitter principle.

Animals Affected : A fatal case (1915) of the poisoning of two
horses was reported to us from Prince Edward Island. The horses ate the
weed early m November when it afforded an abundance of fresh green in
contrast to the surrounding herbage. Our correspondent says- "The
horses panted continually. One lived for five days, the other eight days
One would he down occasionally, the other would not lie down. One ate
the plant till it died, the other refused to cat anything."

H. C. Long quotes a case which ame before the Board of Agriculture
an<l Fisheries (England) in 1906, in which three horses became ill with
symptoms of poisoning, and the "only weed found in the lucerne thev
were getting was ground-ivy, aa.l this was suspected but not proved to Ix-
the cause In a further case, reported in 1909, eleven horses were believed
to have been poisoned by this weed, and in one of the dead horses
scarcely any food but ground-ivy was found, and to it the veterinarv
surgeon in attendance attributed death."

J. Ferenchazy (1914) reports a case of poisoning of nine horses, and
states that ground ivy "has occasioned no trouble in cattle and sheep that
consumed it."

Symptom I'he syniptons of poisoning in horses as given by Ferenc-
hazy are ",- ,us look, dyspnoea, salivation, sweating, dilation of the
pupils, cy; s, signs of pulmonary ledema."

Remedy and Means of Con' On small patches the tops of

the plant may be easily raked off ax. uestroyed. A shallow layer of the
soil may then be overturned to expose the numerous creeping rootstocks
m hot dry weather. The weed does not long persist on well-cultivated
land.

^'1^^-

634tO— 7

NIGHTSHADE OR POTATO FAMILY (SolaM,n,,r>

HI T TMIISW i;i; T iSitlamim hitlntmnin J,.)
I'MTK XXXIV

Common Namkh ; Thin himtIcm of Solanuiii u ^omi'tiiMc* iiilltil ilir
w.kmIv iiiKht^liiulc, hittiTHWt'cl-niKlilNl.a.li', Mrarlrl iH-rry. viol.-t l.li.oin
ami ftvcr-twiK.

Dkmikiition: The liittirswict w a rliml.ing, wniMwIial wo.mIv ami
hairy iMrcnnial, tlin-r to mv.ii f«i'f IukIi, with thin nn-cn havi-H palir on
thf umlcrsid. . The leaves j.v stalked, heart -«ha|M'«l. the upper with
two ear-like lol.es at tin- l.ase. The Howers are I.Misely eliiMtere.l. rich
purjde with hright yeMow stamens arranned in a eone at the eentre. The
l.erries, whieh Rive the plant a viry attractive appearance in the autumn
are l.rinht scarlet when rijM-. Often on the same cluj<ter of fruit, hrinhi
Urein. i»ale yellow, or-ige. and scarlet berries are seen. The seeds are
muikI. flat, and yellow. The plant is in liloom from June to Sej)teml>er.

DiMUiiuTioN : Introduced from Kurope, it is now rather ccmimon
in Canada from New Hrunswiek to Ontario, chiefly found on moist woody
banks, lionh-rs of streams, and around dwellinKs. It a\no occurs in British
Columbia.

PoLsoNotH Pr«)pe«tik.h: The stems, leaves, an<l berries contain ih.'
alkaloid mlnninf. The stems lontain, as well, the glucoside dnlrnmnnn
which Kive.s the plant its jjcculiar bitter-sweet taste, an<i which has not
yet been fully investiitati d. The denree of toxicity of the plant has not
been (h'fermined; no doul)t it varies under certain conditions. Chesnut
sa.ys, 'li, -ides xolnnin i0.3 jwr cent) this plant contains unothi-r less
poisonous comiwund, ilukumnriu . . . Neither of the coinpoinuN
is abun<lant. The berry. thouRh its taste is not remarkably disagreeabl..
is sonii whi.l poisonous, jind it has been shown that an exfra'-t of the leaves
i< imMlennely so. The plant has uivertheless caused some ill effect."
Srhimpfky rejxirts that the ixrries have lieen used to poison dogs, and the
.iuice of thi' fruit act. as a jxiison to rabbits.

Amm.m.s Affk(tli>: Bittersweet, un<hr ordinary cimditions. is
hardly likely to be eaten i)y stock. Cillam, however, records (Veterinary
HeconI, HMMi) a case of i)oisoning o, sheep.

SvMi'TcM.s : In the case of slieej) jxtisoninR reported by Cillam, the
syn!i)toms given were. sin.Mll. intermittent jiulse, temperature 104' F..
quickened respiration, .staRwring gait, dilated i)upil, and greenish di£.r.hce;i.

Hkmkdv .\xd Mk.ws of Contkol: About thickets and on the edges
of wood-i where chihhin are likely to be attracted by its crimson uit.
the pl.mt should be cut oflT when in flower, caustic soda or hot brine should

634ta-7J

l)c pound iiixiii tlic roots to clicck new jjrov.tli ami in time kill the sliriili.
VouiiK plants may lie readily liandpullcil. Older roots should he Krulfheii
out.

Tllin;i;-|-L()\Vi:i{i:i) NICHTSHADK (Xnlam,,,, Injlonim Nutt.)
Ni(iinsn.\i)K OH Potato Family.

Common Namks: This sjxcies is also called the s))readinK or i)rairie
nightshade, the cut-leaved nightshade, and wild tomato.

1)ks(Iiii'TIon: 'I'he three-flowered ni>;hlsh;ide is a low spreading
annual, widely hranchiuK, sometimes lorniiiiK a heavy flat mat from one
to two feet in diameter. The leaves are olilonjj. with seven to nine hdies.
The white fhiwers are arranged in Krouj)s of three. The l)eiries are nearly
twice the size of the following siwcies, heiuK one-half inch, or more, in
diameter. They retain their green colour even when rii)e. They are
usually in Krouj)s of three. The i)lant l)looms from July to September.

DisTiUHi tion: This nativ<' i)lant is found as a K:ii<l<'n weed in Kastern
Canada. It is Ix'coming common on the i)rairies from Manitoba to
.Mherta.

PoisoNoits I'koi'Kutiks: The poisonous jirinciple of this species has
not yet ln'cn determined, hut it is jirohahly similar to the ])recedinn.
Experiments carried on hy Chesnut i)roved that the herries were ixiisonous
to K»iii<''i I)iKf<- Chesnut and Wilcox say, "A single comi)laint of the
l)ois(minK of cattle hy the fruit was sent to this department from Xehraska,
and rahhits inoculated with tin- juice of the herries from that State were
hadly poisoned."

COMMON XICHTSHADK (Solanuw iiujrum

Potato Family.

Plate XXXV.

L.) Xi(iHTsnAi)K

oil

Common Names: The ccmimou niKhtshade, eciually well known as
the hlack ninhtshade, is also .sometimes referred to as stuhhle-l)erry,
th'ndly, and garden nightshade.

Dk.s( KIPTION : Tie common nightshade is a low, nearly smooth,
mudi hranched, and often spreading, annual i)lant from one to two feet
high. The stems are .somewhat rough-angled. The leaves are oval,
tapering, two to four inches long, with few-toothed or wavy margins.
The flowers are .small, white, star-shaped, in drooping clusters of two to
five.. The herries are round, hlack when rii)e. The |)lant hlooins from
.July to Septemher, and in the middle of the summer it is (juite a common
thing to find all stages of ripening fruit from pale green to hlack, as well
as freshlj- op«'ned flowers, all on the same plant.

I'l.ATK XXXV.

(■(iriiiriiiii Niizlitshiiilc

/ '.. t r,

Disthibition: It i« widely distributed throughout thi- worhl cxoci)!
m cxtrcinc north and south. In Canada it is found on shad.d as well as
opi-n ground from coast to coast.

P(Us()N()r« I'KoPKKTiEs: There sccnis to !«■ no (hniht that this i)hint
must he regarded as poisonous, hut un(hT certain con.Utions of soil and
ehmate the toxicity evidently varies. Thus ue read that, tlie "herries
have l)een used instead of raisins for i)lum jiuddings, with no effects out
of the onlinary" (Kwartj, and again "Children have heen p.;isone<l l,y
tiie herries, hut may <m occasion eat them with no other ill effect than "a
stomach ache, or, if eaten in excess, sickness and purging" (H. C. Long).
Chesnut says: "The amount of jxiison i)resent in any jjart of this plant
varies with the conditicms of growth. The more muskv-odoured i)iaiits
are the most pois(mous. In some, the amount of alkaloid in the ripe fruit
and Icav.'s is so small that these parts may he, and are, ((;nsumed in con-
si.lerahh- (piantity witlumt any ill c(mse(iuences. Poisoning <h)es some-
tunes foHow, hut it is not clear whether this is ,lue to imiHoper i)reparation
or to careless selection of thc^ i)arts ummI. The use v<; |,|j,ck nightshade
for food is certainly not to !»■ recommended."

The common nightshade contains the alkaloid solaninr. which is
toiuid in larger quantities in the partially rip.Mied herries. It also contains
solanidine which, tliough junsonous, is not vioh-ntly so. H. C. Long says
"a small quantity of Hulaniiie is present in the stem and herries. hut these
are prohahly less poisonous than green potatoes."

AxiM.\Lis Akfectkd: Cases of poisoning (see Chesmit ) have heen
recorded for calves, slice)), goats and pigs, and acconling to Lehmann.
Schraher, an<l Haller. the herries are poisonous to ducks and chickens.

Symptoms: The characteristic symi)toms, as given hy Chesnut. are
ahout the same in man and animals, /. c, stupefaction, staggering, lo^s
of speech. f<'<-ling. and consciousness; cramp-, and sometimes convulsions.
The pui)il of the eye is generally dilated.

Hkmkoy AM) Mkaxs ok Controi,: .\s hotli the common nightshade
and the three-flowered nightshaih- are annual plants, they may he readily
exterminated hy jiulling or close ciilting when in Howit. if. however,
the fruits liave already forme.l the cut toi)s should he hurled in the eomiiost
heap, where fenncntation will .lestroy the vitality of the seed; or they may
he hurnc<l.

HL.\CK HKNHAXK iIfi/i,sr!/<iiint.-< niijcr L.) Xi(!iitsiia»k ok Potato

Family.

I'lvtk XXXVI.

('oMMov Xamks; The black henbane is sometimes referred to as the
ft)etid nightshade, insane root, and poison-tobacco.

ll.ATK N.X.WI.

Black H(iil)aii(-.

/■*...'" /•'. F^,i,

■if

■■' !

|;4

nKscKiPTiox: It i« an nnnual or bienniul plant from one to two and
a half feet liigli. The stem is coarse, liairy, and sticky. Tlic leaves on
the stem are without stalks, o})lonK in general outline, with three to five
pointed lobes or sometimes entire with wavy margins. The flowers, with
very short stalks, are pale greenish-yellow, strongly and beautifully veined
with (le<'p purple. The seed vessel is very characteristic. It is like a dee])
narrow basket with a cover which opens when tiie seeds are ready for
disj>ersal. The plant is in bloom from June to Sei)tember.

nisTRiBiTioN: Black henbane has b(>come naturalized in Canada,
and is found about gardens and in waste places from Nova Scotia to
Ontario.

PoisoNors Pkopertie.s: It is a well-known i)ois(,nous plant, but
j)oisoning rarely occurs among stock on account of its strong foetid odour
and rough foliage. Chesnut records the poisoning of chickens which ate
the rijx' seeds. ( "ornevin reports the poisoning of cows by eating the
l)lant when mixed with other herbage. H. ('. Limg .says: " There are
numlxTs of cases of children having been poisoned by eating the seeds.
The root has-also caused accidents by being taken for other herbs, and th"
young shoots and leaves have been used in error as a vegetable. A case
was rei)orted in the jjress in 1910 in which twenty-five men and women
visitors at a Davos pension suffered from the effects of eating the r, „f
henbane given in error for horse-radish, or mixed with it. ' citfiTcd
from strange hallucinations, but with prompt and careful ireatment all
had recovered in twelve hours." The i>()isonous princii)le is not destroyed
by boiling „r drying. Poisoning is due to one or more a'kaloids, of wliich
hi/iixci/dniinf is the chief.

Symptoms: The .symjitoms of poisoning in animals as giv<"n by Welsby
are nervo-muscular exaltation, eyelids and irides much dilated, eyes
amaurotic and very bright, \m\sv full, temperature normal, resjiiratioii
difficult and hurried, profuse .salivation, mu.scles of neck and exiremities
in a state of tetanic rigidity, considerable abdominal distension, stercora-
ceous and renal emunctories entirely suspended, death.

Memkdv and Mkans of Control: In the ca-ie of p:)isoning, ])r()fes-
sional advice should be obtained. The plants should not be allowed to
mature their seed, but should be grubbed out wherever seen.

THORN APPLE (Datum Slmmouium
Potato Family.

Plate XXXVII.

L.) NifillTSHADE OR

Common Names: Among the variety of names given to this sptcies
of Datura, the best known are Jamestown or Jimson weed, stramonium,
('evil's apple, mad ap])ie, .stinkwort. The Indians speak of it as the ••White
man's plant."

I'l.ATK .WWII.

Tliorii Apple

I'h.il; -F. F,,U.

Description: The thorn apple is a large and coarse annual from two
to hve fe<.t high, with pale-green smooth stems and darker green leaves.
The whole plant exhales a heavy nauseating nareotie odour. The leaves
are egg-shaped, eoarsely wavy toothe.l or angled. The flowers an- white
two to four uiehes long, tubular, with fine t.-eth. The fruit or seed eapsule
IS glohular, slightly longer than wide, eovered with eoarse priekles. breaking
open mto four parts to show the numerous rather large s.-eds within.
1 he i)lant is in i)looin from May to .S<'i)teml)er.

Distuibition: It has be<.n introduee.l in Canada among ganh-n
seeds and is now found seattered throughout on waste ground.

Foiso.vois Piioi-EHTiKs: It is a well-known nareotie poisonous plant
.\11 iiarts of the jilant are execediii^rlv p„U,mous. esi);.ciallv the seed<
n.ildren ar." tempted to eat the fruit when playing wli<'r.- the plant i. grow-
ing. I-atahties among ehildren hav<- occurred (m several occaMons in the
I liited States.

The plant c.)ntains the three alkaloids, dutuniiv, hi/osciiumiiw and
atr„i,„w, which are highly poisonous. The toxicitv is not (iestroved l,v
drying, and cattle poisoning has been recorded in the Tnited States where
the leave.., were mixed with the hay. As a rule animals avoid the plant
on account of its unpleasant odour and strimg taste.

Sv.MPTo.\is: The general symptoms as given bv Chesnut are. "Head-
ache, vertigo, nausea, e.xtreme thirst, dry. burning skin, an<l general nervous
confusion, with dilated pupils, loss of sight and of voluntarv motion, and
sometimes mania, convulsions, and death."

Hemedy a.vd Means of Control: The plants should be grubbed out
or pulled wherever they have escaped from cultivation. No seeds should
l>e i.llow.'d to mature, and all parts of the plant should be l)urn<..l.

Otiiek Si'E< ies ok Datviu.

The purple thorii-api)le {Datura Tatula L.) is another introduced
weed of a similar nature found on waste ground in Ontario. It m-iy
readily be distinguished by its purple stem and pale violet-purple flower.
1 his and I). M,'l(l L. are also r.jircotic poisom)Us plants to be ..qiuillv
avoided.

LOBELIA FAMILY (Lohclimnc)
INOIAN TOIUCCn {LMia i,ifl„ln I..)

I'lATK xxxvm.

Common Namks: TIk' IiHlinn tohacco h lrr(|iicntly calliMl wil.l tol.itrc).
ast hma-wcc'd, KUR-n » tt .

Dkscuii'tion: Tlic Indian t.il.acco is a liairv animal, with an nvn
liianchcd stem from ..nc to tlir.-c {<■.■( IukIi. Tlic lower l.avcs aiv oval,
from one to two and a half inches hniK with toothed margins ami -horl
stalks. The upi)er leaves have no stalks, and uraduallv diminish into
leaf-like hraets. Its numerous j)al<- i)hie flowers are small, t wo-lii)|)( d.

and rather ineonspieuous in the axils of the upi)er h^ave-.. The > |-p,,d<

are iiiHated, nearly round, with ten prominent ril)s. and eonlain tnimerous

l.rown seeds, ohlong an<l reticulated. The i)lant is in hi i from .Inly to

Octolier.

niJSTRiBiTio.N: It is commonly found in fields and thickets from
Labrador to Saskatclu wan. It is native to Canada.

Poiiso.Nors Pkoi'kutiks: The whole plant contains an acrid milky
juice, and lias an unpleasant hurniuK taste. It is used medicinally.
The leaves contain the poisonous narcotic alkaloid loheluii: Lobeline, as
well as other constituents found in h)lielia. is oi)en to further investijtalion.
hut its action is well known. Crecnish ren.arks, "Lol)eline has an action
••losely allied to that of nicotine; it first excites the nerve-cells and then
paralyses them." Millspaugh says, "Thanks to much reckless im-scril.inn
i>y many so-called i)otanic physicians, and to murderous intent, as well as
to exi>erimeniati(m and careful proviuRs, the ai'tion of this druR is i)rct(y
thorouKhly known. Lobelia in large doses is a decided narcotic pc.ison.
prodiiciuK effects on animals Rene-rally, hearinR great similitU(h- to some-
what smaller doses of tobacco, and lobdinn in like inanner to tiiroliii:'

Symptoms: TIh' prominent symptemis of its action as given by Mijls-
paugh are: "(Ireat deje-ti..... exhau.stion. and mental deiircssion. even to
msensii)ilify and loss of consciousness : nausea, and vertigo: contraction
of the pupil; profuse clammy .salivation; dryness and prickling in the
throat; pres.sure in the oesophagus, with a sensation of vermicular motion,
most strongly, however, in the larynx and ei)igastrium; .sensation as of a
lump in the throat; incessant and violent nausea, with pain, heat, and
oppression of the respiratory tract; vomiting, followed by great i)rostra-
tion; violent and painful cariliac constriction; griping an<l drawing abdom-
inal pains; increased urine, easily decomposing and depositing much uric
acid; violent racking paro.xysmal cough, with ropy expectoration; small,
irregular, slow pulse; general weakness and oppression, more marked in

PHTK .WXVIII.

'r 1

Iiiili;iM Tiibacci).

y*.,/., f f,!,,

the thorax; violent wi)asiiioilif iiains, with pjir.ilytic Icfiiiin, <''l><'ii;ill.v
ill thi' left arm. ucariiii's* of the hiiili-, with craiiip* in tlir )ja«troiiicmi;

aiiii sensation of ('iiiii and ftvcr. Dratli is usually pn iliij liy in>i'n>i-

liility and <onvul*ions."

Hkmkdv A\n Mkans m (oMiiiti,: rmCo-ional advice .huuld !»■
(il>taine(l ininiediately.

iiein ; an ainiual jilant. Indian toliaeni may l>i' reailily de>trciyed l>y
hund-pulliiift or KniliMnK out wherever it is foimd in small pateh4'>. On
larger area>. enrichiim the «ciil and eullivalioii will in time ehoke it out.

< IrnKII Sl-Ki IKS UK I.UHKI.I A.

The ureal lolielia tl.ohtliii siijihilillni i,.i i> >u>])eeted of he' «n poi-onou>.
It is native to ( hitario, and is found in low grounds.

.Veeording to I'ammel. the cardinal (lower I l..i-iiiiliii(ilis I„i tMimd in low
grounds in New Hrnnswick to Ontario, and the s])iked lohelia i/.. siiimln
l.tim.) another native fouiitl in gravelly or sandy soil, from i'rince IMwurd
Isltind to Ontario, have lieen re|torted ;i< )ioisonous.

COMPOSITE OR THISTLE FAMILY (Comt>osit<n

WIIITK S\AKi;i{0(»T

on tiic

Sollii'-

iKii/mloriu,,, nii,mU,i,l,.s I,, f.) (Kupolori,,,,,
iirtiniifiiliiiiH Hcich.)

I'l ATK XXXIX.

(•oMMoN N.vmkm: TI... whit.. .nak.Toot u aN., known l.v tl... nam...
whit.. >ani..l... In.han ..ani.-l... s.|naww....,l, n.-hw....!. whit.- t.)].. an.l .1..,-
w<irt-l)on..s(.t.

l)Ks, .t„.T,..N: This attra.-tiv.., .l..„.l..r p-.p-nnial ..f th.. woo.ls „.•..«>

" a .•o,....l..ml.h. h..iKht an.l uff.,r.ls a sui.ply .,i rirh, Kr....n h..rl.aK.. in th.

Int.. sun.in..r an.l autun.n. Th.- l.-avvs an- ,,la.....l .,,,p.,sit.. on., an.-th.r

on s,.n.U;r .talks Th..y ar.. fr.„n thr...- t., six in.h.s h.n^ an.l fron. o...

fo thr..r in..|u.s wi.l... „vat... thin, sharply p..int...| at tl... ap..x; r.,nn.l...l

stnuKht ..I- s.,m,.t,m..s h,.art-shap...i at th.. has... Th,.ir n.arR.ns an ars..);

an.l usually sharply t....th..,l. s.,„,..ti,n..s varying t., r.,un.l-to<„h...l. Th'..

"!";"■'" "'•' "* "'''"'^ ''«>"*«■ »'"' "P''»- Ivi'-I. fl<.w..rinK iH.a.l, c.nsistinK

of r..,„ t..n t.. thirty l.riRht whit.. flow..rs. is al.out a .piart.-r ..f an in..h
wi.l.. an.l shuhtly l.)nK..r, somewhat l)<.||-shap...l.

ni.sTKiBrTi(.N:-Snak..r....t is f.,u„,l in ri.-h, damp w.,.,,ls .,r
lM.r<l..rs of .,p..„ w.MKlsinCana.la fr..m NW Hrunswi.k t.)()ntari..
tim..s It grows in ahun.lan.... <.n hillsi.h-s ami lat..Iy d..ar...l hin.l.

P..IS...NOIH Pk..|.kktiks: Alth..UKh it is Hpi)ar..nt that whit., sn-ik..-
ro..t IS an unwhol..som.. plant, v.-ry littl.. is known .,f its ..h..mi,.al ..oi.sti,-
U'lits Ih.. ..arli.-r ..vhl..,,,-.. of its ,..mn....tion with th.. .lis..as.. known -.s
milk-s...kn..ss" IS .,f a rath.-r (•.mtra.li..t.)ry mitur... S..|l,y stat.-s th-.i
It IS a ••.lanK..r..us p.,isnn..us plant f..r Ohi... parti.-ularlv in th.". mor.. n..rih-
• rly .lislri..ts. Animals whi..h f.....l up.m it. m..r.. ..s,,..,-iallv ..attl.- and
sh....p. ar.. fr...,u..„tly s,.i/.,.,l |,v th.. ,lis..as,. known as ■fn.ml.l..:'. ..ft,.,, „it|,

atal n.sults. l',.rs.,„s who use tl lilk ..r l.utt.T from .-ows sutV..ri.,..

rom this .h,,.as,.ar,. many tim..s atta..k..,l i.y 'milk-si..|;„,.ss-, at tin,,., with
fata r..su ts. He <iu.,t..s fn.m K. L. M..s,.ly who ina.h. a ..h..mi,.al analv-j,
ol this ,,h.„t an.l foim.l ...msi.h.ral.h. ,,uantiti..s .,f alumin.im i.hosphat,.
in th.. h.avs. .Mos..h.y .•„nt..n,ls that th,. ..tT,.,-! of f,.,..!!,,^ whit,. snak,.n,o,
to v:.rious animals is idcnth.al with th,. symi.toms „f •tr,.ml.!..s\ ()„ ,|„.
"lh..r han.l w.- hav.' the n.port of A. ('. ('rawf..r.l as f.,ll„ws:—

■■To sum up it ....rtainly ,.ann,>t l„. sai.l that it has h,.,..i pr„v,.,l ,h,t
niiksi.-k... IS due to any eonstitu..nt of l-. urhcarfolnun. The r ,,
n,iss,„n .,f the ,lis.-as.. l,y ..atiiiR small .,uantiti..s of m.-at or milk of '.i in 1
s.,.k with tl... 'treml.l..s.' an.l th.. fae} that eook...l m.. I. !.'. 1 i.'

. m;s not Pro.lu.-o this ,l,s„rder, point primarily rather to a parasiti ■ ,r !
«hil.. the fact that Eupatonum urticaefolhm is ahun.lant in aret Vr I •
.l.s,.as,> IS not known and al.sent in some milksh-k .listriets also in.li,-, ,.s
that th.> plant has no relation to the disease. If it <l,„.s. it wU . e . n k-

I'l.m; XXXIX

.fsr-'

\\ Irilc SniikcriKit.

/'»../.- F F„l,.

ti'

x'-uiitrr'i'irirriirs-rT?'-. ■' ^"■« •■■ - ■

fr..iii It, ami »iilk-si,.kn,.„ j, , „ ' ^" '' '^'■"''•''•- <"<ur ,.m i„ ,1,..,,. fr,.
'l--a|MHarr.|, vvl.i.l. vvouM ,,.„,! ,,;;'/,; JV'j;'^ «'"" tUv foliar., ha.

..f ^':uZ:z!zt.ir::r "V"^"- """ ^^■'"^' "^ -" - -

i"«K«-iio„ of s„ak..r.M.t tl.,.r. 1 '"'""'"' •'"' rv"'I«t..in. ,,,,,.,.,1 l.y f|„.

>t..'k. TiH.f..;;..;::t""" ""*'";":' """, ""^ "'""• - p-i-"-.- ...

Mil.sta-.ia»..,| l.v ..xiM.rim.nt. «i.l, i "'""'•'".• ""^ 'lam. lias I,,.,.,,

"^"'•"'""''-v..r..>...i"! :;;:;;;:: J, .t''' "• "";•'■ r - "'"'"^ -f a--

*lrat..,| (hat A'. „rtl,;„ folium ,„„ , | ' . " , " ''"' '"'•" ••''•'"•'>' ''•'"•<..i-

-"•k-....i...ninK Pia./ls : ;;:;::s:; ^;'';' -••- "» -

"•xi'ity i„ ,|ryi„K. "' ""■ '''""• ''""•"• " '".-«•• part of i,,

III till' followitiir vcar 1MI« tl „.

i" X...tl. (Woiina.". . ;,:^^ 7;7''''^'VV..If,.-^^ Kail,,,..

'<• ".i^ Platit. A,........lin«,, ''„"'•'" '"•^''"•'<"<- -.V .1 ....

f'<" "••>• n.taM.. .!..:.. i.: ;„::';:;;;; ;; •"""«''•• '^ --.. .s

•"""• i" .'a^.- ..f .•...•„v.Tv is I, 1 . "■''"•■' "^ '"''k^i'kn.ss i,,

"•"••"« ••"• «* -.. a...i ia,i.;.:;:^'t; '::';;;::, '""' '"■•'". '''-'""•-•

<'xp<>..i...nitati„„ involviim tho f.. " P'ov.'.! in .so,,.,, phas,. „• ••,

la.....s ,.on„.a,.,...l K . ui'- .' " 'il' «'"t.. siiak-root. Two of tl......

This fan has for a n« t . ir' "" """^"'""••' »'"••"«•' tt- „.iik
x"ak..,oot. „.av 1„. .,„,,.ir ' t . T^""""' ''"^'"'K af..,.s« to «|,i„.

."iii<M..k....ss thiouih E ,;;;ik.- """ ^"* "■••■ ••'""^'''" -f "•a„s...itti,.«

Animals Affkctfh- ti..>

H.-hit..s..ak....;^s^;io;;rn^

••'".stipation with „a..s,.a a , , ^ ^ itin^ '"• ""T'"" "'"' "'••"'''^i^v;
in sta,.,linK. th- ai,i.,,als s.^ , , ^ ''' • ':"■""";""•"•' "<-'<"«'-; .|iffi,u,tv
'H'for,. .leath. " '""'" •••''»""""« 'lo«n for a prolonge.l p,.rioi|

101

Remkov and Mranh or ( ontrol:— Am tin- plant pr«Mliicfn nii i-normuuM
quantity of Nmall mh-Ah it hIiouIiI not \h> bIIowimI to n-nrli niiitiirity. (Jriilt-
»)inK out or n'p«>ati'«l cutting ix tin- only ••ff«'«'tuiil tmiuH of Kctting rid of
thiM w*>«mI.

HNKKJ5KWEKD (Helmium nulnmn .. I..) Tiiii*TtK family.

I'lATR XL.

Common Nameh:— Anionic thf jMipuliir nam<>M l>y which Niici-zcwtNHl
i^ known an- f&\m' Kunflowcr, nwanip xiinfiowcr, and yellow ox-i-yi',

Dehcription:— The xncou'wi'i'il is an cri't't, mift, downy or nearly
smooth p«'rcnniul plant, growing to u height of two to mx feet" The flow-
ering heatlH are numerous, »howy and bright yellow. Kaeh head eonwstn
of a central raised globular niasx (.f numerous small flowers, surroun«led
by ten to eightjM'n bright yellow ray flowers. The li'aves are without
Htalkw, firm, oblong, pointed at the api'X and narrowed at the base. The
leaves are prolonged more or less down the stem. The seeds are to|)-shai)«'d,
ribbed, and hairy, with five to eight pointed scales at one end. Heleniuni
blooms profusi'ly from August to the end of Octoln-r, and is often cultivated
for that reason.

Distribi'tion:— Sneezeweed is a native cjf Canadian soil, and is
found in swamps, wet meadows, and along streams from Quebc- to British
Columbia.

Poisonous Properties:— This plant is known to Im- poisonous when
eaten in any quantity. As a rule cattle avoid it. < hesmit says;—

"Sheep, cattle, andhorses that are unfmuiliar with the plant are often
prnsoned by it when driven to localities where it is almndant. As a rule
these animals avoid it. but it is said they sometimes ih-veiop a taste for it
and are quickly killed by eating it in large quantity. The poi.sonous
constituent ha.^ not been closely inve.stigated, but it is known that it exists
principally in the flowers. The young plonts appear to 1m> only very
slightly dangerous. In the mature ones the amount of poison t)resent
seems to vary greatly even in the same field. The svmptoms, as deter-
mine<l by experiments made in Mississippi upon calves', are an accelerated
pulse, difficult breathing, staggering, and extreme sensitiveness to the
touch. In fatal cases, death is preceded by spiusms and convulsions.
Melted lard has been used with good effect in offM'tting the action of the
pois<m when given before the spasms began."

Remedy and Mean.s of Control:— As the plant prefers wet soil,
drainage and cultivation are the best means of preventing its growth!
In small patches it may be hantl-pulled taking care to get up the r«>rennittl
roots and to avoid .scattering the seeds if they have already formed.

68483—8

Platb XL.

Sn(,'t'Zew«'<i.

Photo— F. Fflri.

B XL.

10.?

W'».

RAGWORT {Senecio Jacuhaea L.) Thistle Family.
Plate XLI. (Fucing p. 104)

Common Names: Other names given to this weed are Britisli ragwort,
tan.sy-ragwort, staggerwort, and stinking-willie.

DE.SCRIPTION : The commor. i;„.'\v..:* is a perennial (or biennial)
with short, thick rootstocks. ]: is som.'tun . quite woolly or almost
devoid of hairs. The stems .• ,e s'.out, i-imp'; or branched above, with
deeply-lobed and incised gree,! 1. ives. The flower heads are arranged
in a broad, flat-topped cluster, t c.. h !..■•.' I 'ight yellow, in form resembling
a .small daisy. It is in full bloom from July to September. The seeds are
small and easily blown about by the wind.

D1.STRIBUT10N : Ragwort has been introduced from Eurojie, and is
now naturalized in Canada from Newfoundland to Quebec and Ontario.
It is found in ballast, along roadsides, in waste places and pastures.

Poisonous Properties: This weed hiis been the cause of considerable
loss among cattle in Canada. At first it was not generally recognized
that there was any connection between ragwort and the serious disease
of the liver (hepatic cirrhosis) known in Canada as the Pictou cattle
disease. The late Dr. Fletcher called attention to this suggestion in
1891. "This plant," he says, "is well known in Pictou county, and it is
stated that the majority of the farmers there believe that to it and it alone
are they indebted for what is known as the 'Pictou cattle disease.'"

At that time the average yearly loss in Pictou county, Nova Scotia,
was 200 head of cattle. The Dominion Department of Agriculture made
careful and extensive investigations (19030) which proved the weed
ragwort to be the cause of the disea.se. As it was found that sheej) w.tc
capai)le of a.s.similating the plant without injury, it was kept in check by
pasturing them on the infested areas.

In South Africa the .same disease, locally called Molteno cattle si.k-
ne.ss, appeared among horses as well as cattle, and was attributed to a
closely allied .species of ragwort. In New Zealand considerabh; attention
was given to this disea.se among horses, under the name of the Winton
disease, and a great effort was made to eradicate the w<>ed (Senecin Jnco-
haea). With this object in view, sheep were pastured on an area of 4,(X)0
acres where ragwort grew very abundantly. Although, in about a year's
time, several mortalities among the sheep occurred, (Jilruth came to the
conclusion that, if the weed is not too prevalent, sheep mav, with a few
exceptions, graze upon it daily without injury.

In England, recent poisoning (1917) of cattle has been reported
(Board of Agriculture) from feeding them on dried forage containing rag-
wort. In thi.s case, as in others, the feeding had been going on for a
considerable period before any visible effects (,f the poi.son occurred,

104

P !

■i-

If ; I

li '. I

la r

showing that the action of the poison is both insidious and i-umulative.
Little ia known of the actively poisonous principle, hut it is evidently one
or more of the alkaloids which have been isolated from various species
of ragwort.

Symptoms: In regard to the cases of poisoning in Canada it was
found that the disease was progressive, and to the careful observer certain
premonitory symptoms were visible sometimes months before more
characteristic manifestations appeared. In one case reported upon by
Pethick, by actual experiment which lasted eighteen months and tweniy-
one days, death occurred only forty-four days after the first visible
symptoms. "In this case," he says, "as indeed in nearly all others, we
noticed a peculiar bleached appearance of the hair, which seemed to have
lost its lustre, a desire to be alone, irritation of temper or nervousness,
occasional chills, although in a moderately warm stable. This animal
would stand and shiver while the healthy members of the herd appeared
comfortable. The bowels are irregular, the pulse at this stage is fast
although quite strong, temperature slightly above normal." Later and
more characteristic symptoms are: visible mucous membrane pale,
eyes amaurotic, slight diarrhoea, emaciation, followed by great weakness,
staggering gait, inability to rise, and finally death.

Remedy and Means of Control: Although strychnine and iron
may be used in incipient cases with beneficial results, it was shown by
these experiments that measures of this kind are of little real value. The
best means of controlling the disease is through the eradication of the weed,
and for this purpose (Report Veterinary Director-General, 1911), "The
farmers in the counties of Pictou and AntijAonish, as also those portions
of Prince Edward Island where the weed and the disease existed, were
strongly advised to make use of sheep as an economical and profitable
means of eradicating this troublesome plant. Numerous farmers followed
this advice, but many other methods of eradicating ragwort were also
inaur rated, while the practice of removing it from the hay when cut was
almost universally adopted. As a consequence, loss from the disease has
become almost unknown."

Ragwort Plate XL.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Barton, B. S., CoUectknis for an Essay towards a Materi-v Mcdica of the United StatM.
179»-1804, Bui. No. 1 Lloyd Library, 1900.

Bessey, C. E., Poisonous Weeds. Rept. Nebraska Agr. Exp. Sta., 16, pp. 14-62.

Blankinship, J. W., The Loco and other Poisonous Plants in Montana. Anric. Coll. Exp.
8ta., Montana, Bui. 43, 1908.

Chesnut, V. K., Principal Poisonous Plants of the United States. U. 8. Department of
Agriculture, Div. Bot., Bull. 20, 1898.

Thirty Poisonous Plants of the Unit-xl States. U. 8. Dept. Aicric. Far-
mers' Bull. 86, 1898.

Preliminary Catalogue of Plants PoJHonous to Stock. Ai.n. Rept. Bur.

An. Ind., U. S. Dept. Agr., 15; 387-420.

Some Common PoisonouH Plants. Year Book, U. S. Dept. Agr. 1896.

Some Poisonous Plants of Northern Stock Ranges. Year Book, U. 8.

Dept. Agr. 1900.

and Wilcox, E. V., Stock Poisoning Plants of Montana. U. 8. Dept. Agr.,

Div. Bot., Bull. 26, 1901. »-•••,

COTnevin, Ch., Des Plantes Vcneneuses, 1887.

Crawford, Albert C, Mountain Laurel, a poisonous plant U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. of
Plant Industry, Bull. No. 121, pp. 21-35 1908. (Out of print.)

The Supposed Relationship of White Snakeroot to Milksickness or

Mpposed Kelationship of W hite Snakeroot to Milksicknesi
Trembles ". U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Plant Ind., Bui. 121.

Curtis, R. 8., and Wolf, F. A. Eupatorium ageratoidea, the Cause of Trembles, J lur. Agr.
Res. Vol. IX. 11. 1917.

Experimental Farm Reports, Ottawa, Can. 1910-1912.

Ferencxhaiy, J., Poisoning Horses by Ground Ivy. Allatorvosi Lapok, 37 (1914) No. 8,
pp. 89, 90, abs. in Berlin. Tierarztl Wohnschr., 30 (1914) No. 15,
p. 259.

Fyles, Faith, Preliminary Study of Ergot of Wild Rice, Phytopathology, Vol. V, No. 3,
June, 1915.

Hadwen, 8. and Bruce, A. E., Poisoning of Horses by the Common Bracken. (Pteris
aquilina L.) Dept. Agr. Can. Bui. 26, 1917.

Hall, H. M., and Yates, H. S., Stock-poisoning Plants of California. Col. of A(?r., Berke-
ley, Cal., U. S., Bull. No. 249, 1915.

Halsted, B. D., Poisonous PlanU of New Jersey. Agr. Exp. Ste. N J., Bull. 136, 1899.

Hedrick, U. P., Cicute, Agr. Exp. Sta., Oregon, U. 8. Bull. 46, 1897.

Henslow, G., Poisonous PUnts in Field and Garden, London, Eng., 1901.

Jackson, V., Poison Ivy and other Poisonous Plant . Aar. Col., Winnipeg, Man., Cir.
No. 12, 1916.

Jaoobson, C. A., Water HenUock (Cicuta) Agr. Exp. 8U. Bui. 81, Nevada, 1915.

Johnson, Ch., British Poisonous Plants, Londcm, 1856, (Ed. 2, 1866).

C. P. and Suwerby, J. E., Brilinh Poisonous Planiii, I86I.

105
63463-«

Ufa

1 *

106

mniAiKiliWHY- Co„cl,uJ,,l.
Journal of Agriiulturul Itcwunli, Vol. I, \„. 2, Nov., I<.)1;{.
Jouriml of the Hoard of Ajj. it ..turc, July, 1917.

iMixg, U. ('., Planta Poisonous to Live Stock, Cambridge, 1917.

Mar«h,C.Dwigta, The Wwecnl Disease. L. «. Dept. Agr. l.arn.ers' Bulletin, No. :J,S0,

~ " ■ 'i''"' I'<;"'"-«»'e<l Di«-ase of th." PlaiiiH, T. S. Uri.l. .Xgr Hur of \,mii,,I

iMduslry, Hull. .No. 112, 1909. lOut of prini.'

Stod.^^,i^ing^U„Mo Ihe Scarnty of lood, i:. S. !>„,. .\gr. l-arni-rs'

Claw.*.n, A. H., and Marsh, HadUigh, Lark.spur or •' Poi.son W.-ed."

I'.S. Dcpt. Agr. Karnu-rs'
Hull. No. 531, 1913.

~ ~~ ■ ♦^'iruta, or Water Hemlock. r.S.

Dept. Agr. Hull. .No. (19, 1911.

J^ygadciius, or Death Camas,

r. «. Dept. .\gr., Hull. .No.
125 May, 1915.

I-ark-xpur Poi.soning of Live-
stock, r. S. Dept. Agr., Bull.
265, Sept., 1910.

~ ' ' ~~ Lupines as Poisonous Plants,

I". S. Dept. Agr. Hull. No.
404, Dec, 1910.

~ ' Kupatoriuin urticaefolium as a

I'oisonous Plant, Jourii. Agr
lies.. Vol. \I, 13, 1917.

I'amniel, L. 11., \ .Manual of I'oi.sonous Plants (with bibliography by Harrietts S. KeUogg.)
( tnlar Hapids, la. The Torch Press, 1911. "tuogg.;

Petliick, \V. II., Piet,,,, CattK. Disease, Dept. .Vgr. Ottawa, 1906.

I'ratt, Anne, The Poi.sonous, Noxious and Sasperted Plants of our Field and Wwds, 1857.

Selby, A. D., Whit.- Snaker.iol a P,.i.sonous Plant. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta., Jan., 1917.

Sniilb, .\. H., Poisonou.s Plants of All Countries, 1905.

Sla le, ir. H., Some Conditions of Stock Poisoning in Idaho. Idaho Exp. Sta. Bull. 37, 1903.

Stocknum, Sir S^, Bracket. ^Poisoning in Cattle in Great Britain, Jour. Com. Path, and

Swingle, D. B. ''"'' JV;;'';''- "- I'<>i«o..o.i.s Plants and Stock Poisoning on the Ranges of
Montana. Montana Agr. Col. Cir. 51, 1916.

Wilcox, Dr. E. v.. Urkspur Poisoning of .Sheep. Exp. Sta., Montana, U. 3. Bull. 15, 1S97.

Willing, T. N., PLints injurious to Stock. Dept. Agr., Regina, Bull. 7, 1903.

{ i

i I

INDEX

.lf«/i/.v i'liliimiis

Aclimi iiIImi

" iirqitlii

" ni ijUrla

" Tiihrii

" var. ilinidin. .

" »i>iaUa

.\(/ro/stcm»in GilhiKjn

AlniHTiiriin /)r(i((7(S(.s

Aliitniiiiim milfihiiti

Aiiiiritnn imlmitiUn

wlut<' lii'llcborr ...

.\inv-r<K)t

■ \S'AC.MU)[MEAK ...'.'.'.'.'.

Andromrdolnxin

AnoiMimo

('ri)cu.'!

Annnniw /mtiiiy viir. WdlfyaiKJutua .

Atifnio: 'lie

.1 iillioxinithiim ntimihiiii .
Aiilicirn i-hqiiiis. ,
Af'OCrXACE.i;. .

Apntlimiii

A/mcynin

Ajxtfiinum amhomi iitifoliiim

nnniftliinum

Apidc

Devil's

Mad '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..'.'.['.

Thorn . . .

AKACE.I': ■■■.■.'

Arimema Drni-niiliiim

" Iriplii/Uiim

Arrheimlhinim ilntiux

Arum —

Arrow

Tlirpt-lcavcil

Water

.\urM r.wiri.Y

AScr.KPIADAcn.t:.. .

Axvhi)iivliii

Asrhitiiis inniriiiilti

■' Dmlifiilia

^ixil

VII.
Ml.

Asli

I'rirkly..
Aslhnia-weei
Atroi)ine.. . .
Anna fnliia.

si/ririni . .
lnht'rosa.

I'.MIK
Jti
12

42
42
44
42
:i2
t
1
;i7
2;i
SO
t'.2
7s
.).•>
.'i7

5, ;{7

2.i

so
so

.SI)

02
i»2
!I2

20
IS
•^0
20

S2
S2
S2
S2
S2
S2

Balsam-spurge
IJaiioberry —

White......

Reil

Barl)erry

Barley

Bark^

i' ope .

VUI.
VIII,

Barren Broine Cira.ss.

45
{>5
<Jt
17

4, 13

6")
6

Beuri|ii|-«larilel .

Be.tvcr-i)ois()ii.

HKniiKUlDACKK

HtrhiriKf

Bitii;i{ erowfoot
Bitter-root. . .

Bilter.s\vH<'t

" ni({h(.-.hailc'

Black-henliaiie

Imliaii-heirip.
" NiKhtshaile.

Blisterwort

Hlooilroiit

Bluel)irry-riM)t
Blue eohii.ih

Bhi<-flaK

Blue-(tiiisenK.
Blue-(!ra.ss -
<'ana(liaii. . .

Kentucky

BoK-onion

Boiiaparte's-crown..

Botllebrush

Bouiieinn-Hel

Bracken .

Brake

Jirizii nil, tin

Broail-leaveil hiurel

Bmiima slirilis

BlTTTKncri' I'.\MII,Y..

Buttercup —

Meailow

Small-nowercil.

Tall

Butterflv-weeil

l.'t

s;>

.\1.

sti

\I.

IK)

:«

I.\.

.il

VIII.

VII,

tX)

■.v.\

H, i>

•i

•i'>, 44

VIII,

VIII.

Calil),i(je —

C'lumi)-f<Kit ... 20

^"■ainp 20

Calf-kill 78

Calico-hush 70

'^"//"••■■;.- 20

l>iuiiMri!f 20

(^itloi hurt ua 23

( 'iilllin iixiinfolin 30

*' hijlnrit o^

" chiHihtnii 3)^

" iiiihixlrh 2"> 37

" li ptiisepalii ' ;jjj
(,'anias —

Death ;{ 21

Smooth ... '23

Swamp.. 23

Cama-<s 21

Citnidnsin 23

Campion —

Corn 39

^, 5i''T , 32

V nnada nuHMisee I VIII, 45

" root S2

107

los

INDl.X r„„/, „„,,/.

I'Ai.i;

('iiii;icliiin hliir (trass

Ihihiro M,t,l

( 'iirtliiial-HowiT

71, 7t)

'* ,^l I'tl ttlilti 1 li Hi

cMiHitr F.wm.Y

tis.

TnhiUl . .

(■Mtyorini.i.Mii.K

:i2

Daliiiiuc

('\~iih\\ I'wm,^

r,-.', lit

l)i'aill>-tii;ilil>li,ai|r

( 'Ml '-milk .

."i!l

1 )calli i-aliias

t;i'il„i,l,!llln„ ,,

1 )iir\Miri-l>oiir-i-l ....

('iiitln)il.iiUiiiii Ihiil'ilnnili ■■ .

/>( !jiliili,uifl 1 'nnstiUiltl

l'rl:iii(liii(' -

l.,n,l„r....

( iri'attT . .

.I.\,

_",■»

" ijUinfutn, . .
** tni ttZii.'iii ..

('(•lcT\-ll'!lVrc| crilttl'lMil

:!.^

t 'i IK lints Inhithnih .s

'* HI i•^l^tli^

i hih nithritif

.■pi, .VJ

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.'tj

l),l,,l,i„.,i<

' 'hiti'lnntmtl Itittjlls. . .

't'j,

I)ill>h,nni,ln„

( 'IliMlcMl's-llillli' . . .

Ihll>lns,n,

< 'liiiriislalf

.Vt

1) ■vll's-appli'

( 'itnia hultnft rn. .

( ■»

lull' .

'* ttnlfilillit .

car

" nnjfuin

7.!

" milk

i'n-iititit

hnni iHihi-ln^. . .

i^ifitttixihf

1 )'i(,ii \\i: I'amii.v.

( 'litnri !).■< fi'ii'fturiii

Diiuliaiic -

Clwiiipfodt-cahhaiJi'

•J<»

.•sprrailiiin. . . .

Cockl.' -

1 )( i);\vi II II 1 -

Corn

:!'J

I'llisllll

( '( l\V

VII.

;i:i

Draumi

I'lirpli'

. \I1 -'

:;, :;j

< irc'i'ii

('(iliiish -

Dratfiiii iiiniip .

Hluf.

Mil.

Diii-k's-l'iiiil ....

CntrhiruiH

:i,-.

Diili-.ainaritir. .

( 'nluiuori-IUKlit^lia'Ic. .

IHv.irf-liav ..

coMi'osir.i-:

'.ts

(\nilniilrfiu

•is

Cittiti'i ini'

(IS

l'.a-lrr-llii«rr

Cofiiitif

(is

!'!i/it isi luttt umnsi . .

('(niiunt nninihit'nti . . .

(is

<'(iral-aiiil-|)carl~. . . .

i:i!i(\(b:.\E

Ciiriilii'lil horsclail.

i:iii.i)r rwiii.v. .

•• iiiliyiv..

< 'owhaiic- -

Sl«lltlMl

i'.rUnl i.-lTI

( 'owslip

:(7

.">ii

Enliilnxiii,

( 'ow-hcrh

i:ri-ii(ii!H!.\(i:.\K..

Cra/.y-wcrd

E " i>hnrlila CifiHirissias . ,

('rccpiiiit-cliarli;'

" Ht liiMiiiiiii . . .

( 'nuMis aiicnionc. . -

;i7

Enjiiiiirh'nnii

Ei'fui^nrii/ni mil niliiiili s .

CriiiMis —

Wild

• H

*' iirlii-tufiiVuni

{'riiwfdot

Hitiiill. . .

:!.■)

raNphcllrliiin-

Ciirsnl ....

.\ 11 , -•

:!, ;{.■)

I'lilsr-slllllliiwir. .

('(•Icrv-ltavcd

:{.')

I'lTM-lirakr

Tall.;

:«)

li:n\ I'amii.v. .

Criiw-poisiin

Cursed crowfixit

• );j

IVscllc -

Vlll.

■■!.")

Mcailim

( ut-lrjivnt-iii(jhtsli;iilc. . .

,ss

Uci'il

( "yprr.ss sparer

.ix '.

(iO

/■'i si ufit III uttili liih < U .

" ilitfiin-

I)<irtilli.-i ijliniiimUi

I'c'vcr-lwiij

Dfi/thnf mi'zeri'um

().-,

l-'.a^-

J)tiithriin

ti7

Hliic

nanxl

:!, IH

l'oi>;"ii. . . .

Hciinlpd

13
13
13

Water

Pois(t!i

l-'Ietir-ile-lis

White

Mnwer-ile-hiie

All,

Ml,

M.V.
<l|

!C'
•II
til

ss
■J I

lis
3lt
3! I
3!l
3<l
3'.t
3! I
3! I
3'. I

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(i.'l

S!l
SO

(il

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(i.'l

11
II

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I

3, I
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(ill
."I'.l
(ill

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•-•3

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ti
l>
li

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•J()
•-'()
•J()

luu-riiiil

iiinl('ti-iiiKlit>.|i!i(li'.
l;iruri

lil|HlV(|-l||l-li|lll|||l|

litliaui-iii

itttnit ht'lt iilrnt , .

!.\MI\h:.K...

Alkiili

Uiinrii-lirciiiiiv

rii\l:iil

Holy

Kiiilil(ky-I)liir.

MlMilciW-l'l':-!-!!!',

t>lrli:ir.l

(iuakiiiii. .

l{ri(l-l;ill;llV
l{l.'cl-lV-M|l'.

SwiTt vrlli:il. .
T:i1Ihm,I

( ll(\^-* I'WIII.I

(!r:iv( y:iiil-\V( Til. .
(irr.'Mir I'rI.iliililli'
(iicrli ilr.mcili

•• hly

(liiiiitiil-ivy . .
Iiiiiiiri,.

II:miI>:>>I-
ll;iyiii;iiils ...
lli:\Tll I'wili.^

llcilt!r-in;iiiU

Ill It niuin nnhtntiinU'

H.ll.lM>n>

.Viiii'rii'aii-uliiii'. .

V.iU-

Swamp

ih IhhtH'in . . .
Ilcmlmk —

I'oisoii. ...

Wat.r...

Wil.l

Ili'ml<>(k-\val(i-|)ai>iii|i
Ilriiip -

Imliaii

Ilciil)aiii' -

Black

//( imfir rirrhitsis . .
IIi'rli-rliiisl(i]iliiiv .
Il'n riiililiii- iitliiriilii.

Ildtl-hiakc

niisf's-p(iial<i

Holy (iras-:

fl'itniicfitHtliifiiiii' .

lIi)iiiy-lilooin

Honcyilrw

Ifonli 'tin i'thiil uifi . .
Iloisi'tail

t'onifi.lil ..

lloIiSK-TMI. I'aMII.V

lly yaiiiiiic

llyoscyairius nitjcr

|tl<)

l\in;.\ (•„„/,„„,,/.

V M.I

'.•■■' in I'm in \l I: I:

■'•',' hlloli,.,, ,

V, IimIi II llrll,|,

,.| l"'-v.

'•' ■' N.Ilillr

•• lol,:,,,.,,

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'i inihMi.i:

'j In.liM'

17 liii- I ^\m.^

I lri~lllr

ll /,,.,■,,.-/.•.,/,„■

■' llr|l-wcr.l...

|v\ -

'i ilioiin.l ,.

1 ■|lin.r-|.,lVr.|

,; .laik-ill-llli-pulpil .

I . .laiiir~io\Mi-\vcnl

HI, .lllVHlc, .

.- .lllll-oll-wc.'.|

\ II |y, .loiiili'.l ni^li . ,

.\l, si K.,h„i,i ioi,i'i.l,!„i!,i.

IT •■ l.il,h,l„i..
l,-,l',(„h„
Kciiluck\ Mill' lira—

:;7 Kill-ki.l.'

si Isum-i'ip . ...

7s I 'imlii —pill'-. .
si

l'»l I.Mil.VI.K..
l,.i.lv-l,,invl.

:;:i l/nnlikill

:!.i Lit it"iii 't I itiiti'it //.v/.s'

:i:! l.arkV I'law

:;s •• I I ...

l.ark-^piir . .

(is Low

71 'i'all..

'.s l.aiiri'l

... liroti.l-lcavcl...

I..a.ly

SI) .Moiiiiiaiii.. . ,

I'al,'

IK) I'oisoii. ..

MY.', Slicrp. .

t'.' Swamp.

1 l.r.nll,TW,.n,l..

(I 1.1:1,1 Ml \<>S(K

2\ I.II.I.UK.i:..

t I.If.Y I'AMri.V.

.-,1 l.ithiftii

so *' fttt'itilillliK . .

v. t), 7 •' inlhi'ii

17 " s[titii!il

;i, 1 1 •' .'ii/ihUitiiti .

II i.iiiiiiiv rwiii.v

11 L(>iii:i.i.\<h:.\H

'.C'.dl l.ti'iiliii

'.H) 1.1,1,. tilt,-

\1,

SI I

Is. 'i.'i, 117

Is
Jli
■-'li

Jli
•.li

•Jli

.\l.

\ II.

Mil.
Mil.
Mil,

s|
ti'.'

Is
!•-•

!•■-'
II

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7s
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t>
7.S
•17
:t!t

si
ti.")

7.S
•-'7

:!<»

;!'.•

. ■>'•

;iti

.\.

7s. 7'.l
7'.i
7s
7s
7it
I'l.'.

\\.

L'l

■Ji.L':;
•ji. '•.".

'17

1\. !•.■>
!'7
1)7

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•.l.j

!).")

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fhtihunt

1 \

li«MO-Vl't(*||. . . ,

I'M it;

.Vi

liOCtt wrii| . .

I\,

:i, :,i\

•"^IrTlilrs-i

iJtUlM TUMI LEMl M

1.)

Lii|iirir

IX,

:i, .">»

I'lTfiitiiiii.

-.1
."I

I.iiliiniiliiii , . ,

Ln/ltlllL^l.t

•M

Lnfiiii'is fn-n nm'.i . ,

.'it

l.tisifliiliiii i;imlx(hiil,i nil ...

Ji)

M:iii(lr:ikc

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Mil,

-'.•-, ;{-

M.i.\-iip|)l('

l.\,

" IiIoIm

M<':nln\v IV*'rtH', .

foxtiiil.

(

K"waii

uiiic. . . ,
MKMsf-KUM.UF. K .

4."i

Ml ulsjh riitititi

.l/( niapini . . .

'•}

Mi/iTt'iii

M('/t'nim

l.\.

ti."i

MfZhflKI M 1 XMIH

ti.".

Milk

DcAil's ...

"r'

.Mll.kWKKI) I'UIII.V.

Milkw...! -

<'oIlllll(lll

Oviil-lciivtil..

.**-•

SImiwv

Swiiiiiii

N'*

Millet..

Mint I'amii.v.

H'J

Modiisccd^

Ciiiiacla

4."»
4")

MllONsKKU I'a.mii.v.

M(M>M'\VO(hI

Moiintuin-l.uiri'l

MuMiiia.-h-r(K)t . .

My<l( rv ui:i.<s. .

■Jl

plant . .

Ni'cklacc-wi'cil ^

Xc.iUi'-nrass ■ • • . •

.V>/«(<( hill, III ■III

NkTTI.K I'AMII.V. .

Xcttl(-

Dwarf

Slender VII.

StiiiKiiig .'

Western VI 1

Wofxl VI l'

Xioitia '

Xight.sliadi' —
Coiiimon \|

('!l!-!r;ivri| ' ' \l[

Ciarden

Spreading

Woody ......

4J
l.i

27
■Z7
27
27
27
95

lAciK
OaN

Wild ,-

< Ir.iimi-iiiiii . Ki

< >raiim—walliitt.vMirj n'

* 'ri h.ird gra-^ . ("J

• •xvacaiilliiiie .j»,

(KrijIiiiiiiH l.iiiiiluil, p^Ij

I'.ili-l.iiiri'l 7(1

/M/'HA/.Mf/. A- iV

■»|Hi.i.i -riMii j»

l'aradi-i-|)l,uii ,,'-,

l'.\l{sij:y hWMii.y ,is

I'a>.|M.II,m,r, \1||, ;,, ;t7

,V ';^""V . 51, .5(1

/ ilhliilni I injiiiiiii ■^^\

I'eniiiii.ii liipiiit' J- J

I'liillilli.i ilniinlniilriil A

l'IIYrnl..UC.U E.K ;j(,

I'hiiliiliirni mill I ilium . . •>it

iliiniiilrii 3()

I'lil/tltllliillll- ;j()

I'linliiliii-iiilii.riii. 3((

l'igi'<iii-l)errv ;{()

i'lNK I'aMII.^ . . ;jj ■>;(

riiiiri«y-riKil "' y,

I'lm riiiii fifi .v.vf, . jj

finitl /*.v;.s ... J-

I'lidcipl.v lliti. . . J,,

I'luliijilii/Uiiiii i„li,ii,iiii .y~

;•■ -I

\ ' 2.'i

I'diMiii-herry .jj

l'i)i«)ii- lariM'l iJ{

I'di.Sllll-dogWlMxl (^y^

I'lii^iiii-liendDik .\. ;{^ t;s

Poison eldcT ' (;{

■' Ivy IX (12

;; liiiril 7H

oak (12

onion '_>!

" iiK>l . (Is

sego 21

" snniacli.. 1,\. m

vine. (j->

l',,k.- -

1 111 linn 2.{

Poison \||' .^i,

loKKWKKI) PaMIH ;j()

I 'lie-eat weed oji

l'<HAI'()l)!.\Vt:.\E.. ".,

PolM'Y Kamii.v .-,1^ 52

Poreiipine gras-i (r,

I'nliinxiiitii i»rmntiijiiiiiili' \

PoTATi) Family..' stj, ijo^ <)4

Prairie anemone ' ' ;J7

" iiiglil»had<' ,s.s

" Miiioke ;j7

Prolopine .51 ,52

I'll I iiliitin iiijitiliiiitm w

I'liriK iiiiuilinii (|

PiihiiUllii iHiti n.s ;j7

Purple thornapple 94

Ill

lM)i:\ i„„i,„,„,i.

• iuiikiT-lioniiii*

Knfpvorl

it.wi Ml i.M ^:.^:

Uiiininiiilin iiluirliiiit,
*' tu'rii* .

K.'illli'Wrid

Kcil-lii.lian-iKiiiii .

Kill.

Idiil caiiiiry Kians

" fcMIII', .....

Ifllrlllllilli.Mli-riHll .

" wcnl.

UhiiK Tiuiiixlttulroii

" X'irnix

liirliurnl

Uiiliiii-riiii-iiwiiy
|{ii|H'-liiirk. . ."
Hvi-

S:itiil-l)ur

" llnwcr. ...
Sdiiyiiiniirni niiimli nmn .

Siinijiiiintrin

Siiixni(tria tillirifiiilin. .
" \ arcaria

SlllK>IIIH

Scarli't -berry

Si'okc " .

Scduriiig-rusli. . .
.Si 141'iiii Jaculxua

Si inriti

Slicc|>-|)<iis()ii. . .

Siiim fK'uliirfiiliniii

Skunk rah' •■■■'•■

We>l(.:ii.

SllialliT S|lr;.. .. , .,

SiiKPotli cariias. . .
Snak('-brrr\' . . .

" bill'!

" pipes

" riiiit

Snaki'\ve<il
Sneezi'Wenl

Si)al>W()rt

SDUW.U'K.f:

Siilntiiitiiif

Siiiiiiiiiir

Sotntium Uulcanmra . .
" tiiffriim ...
" IrifloTum.
Soldiers' buttons..

Sfxithyiiim foelulii

S/Mrmmilia Clavus

.S|M)on-wo<Ml

."^pottcii-cowbane

" parsley

Sprea<litig-<l()gbaiie

" night!<hiulv

1' vi.t;

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t, IO.'i

lal
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us

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lis,

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78
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f*i|Ua\v-riMil .
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•"^'|iiirrrl-iail uri"
•"*':il«er\Mirt .
.'^laiihii'aKriiie .
Slarcli-wiirl .
.•^teiriles^ loc'ii wi.|..|
Stiiikiiin l>»>ke
Willie

l^iiiikttori

.*iV(/>ii iiiinnlii .

'* MjHirliii
StriitHintiitm . .
Htubble-li<rry
."^iliiilial

••^iinduwir

l;;iUe..

.•^uaiiip
Suri-Mpurije .

.■^UllWe)..!

Swamp labbaKe

" eaiii:L'<

" Iiiilkttn.il.

" silliiai' . .

" siiiillower
i^wallim-worl
.'^uaiiipwiMiil. ,
.Sweet llaK

" mIu liber

" Venial grus."
Si/ini>liKiiriiiii fiHtiilii.^

Tall-crowfoot.
" oal-((fas-(.

Taii.'y-raKwort..

Tare"

Teiiiiiline

Thistle 1-amii,v

'I'liorn apple

Tliree-lloweriil iiiKlitshaile

I hree-leaveil aniiii

Tliree-le.-iveil ivy . .

TIIYMEI.AKU'K.K. ..
Tillitjmiiln.i ( ■///xin.s.^m.s
Ihliii.-irn/iiii .

Toail-rtMii

Tobaert)--

Ilulian

I'oisoii.,

Win

Toxicnxriinlioii gramineum

Troe-iiios.-*

Tamil) —

"iragoii

Intliiiii

Turnsole

Turmeric

l\,
l\.

IN,

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XI,

XI,

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tit)

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I'niliri'tk-plunt . . 47

I MHKI.I.IFKH.K tW

imiC.UK.K -'7

{ ' rlicii dinutt -7

" uriiriliii 'J7

" hiUiuirirrn 27

" Lyiillii.. . 'i'

" urrHM .... ^7

Viirnirin Vitrrarin, H:i

Vrwliilili'-onliimrl 47

Vinilniii 21, ••'»

yiriitriiin ririilf . . '•i-'

Viiii'-liiiiplp •♦•''

VHilfl-ttkMmi ^1

U'liiiilcriiiK-iiiilkwcril M)

Wurl-llowtT •'»'-

Witrtwml •'>'»

Wulcr-urum jfl*

" ilruguii U7

" Bniflll'''" •'^

" htiiilcKjk X, 3,71

" uannip X, 3, 7tt

\VhitP-t)ca<U 42

" borrv ■*•->

Whiti'-nmii^i* plant "-

" Ninirlo 'iX

Whit<- Himk«'n>ot XI, 3, !»s

" top «H

PAIIK

Wirky... 7H

Wicopv... IX, M

Willi l«irk> 17

" iM.licm M)

Willi irriM'iiH 37

■' hrliikH'k m

" '|M'<'rtr . HO

" IMjtK . 17

" IMMl . 54

" liipiiif. , M

" tiilmcoo M

" loniiito **H

WiHli'-wliiHlIt" . UH

W olf'^-niilk M

WiMHJy iiikIiI^IkvI)' 86

Vi'llow KiiiM'iiK 47

" iiiilkwifMl H'i

" iiXH'vf. 101

" ptirillu 45

" HitrHupurillu. 45

Zniithiiii/lum iimiricanitm 48

ZiigtuUnine 21

Z\)g<uUiiit» ehlomnthiu 23

" I'fWIHMUH 21