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 (A 
 
SATAN'S INVISIBLE 
 WORLD DISPLAYED 
 
 OR 
 
 Despairing Democracy 
 
 BY 
 
 W. T. STEAD 
 
 Editor ..Review of Review." Author of .'If 
 
 Christ Came to Chicago, " 
 
 TORONTO : 
 
 THEO. W. GREGORY 
 
 5 Kino Strmt, Wist 
 
AJS 
 
PREFACE TO THE AMERICAN EDITION. 
 
 Wi, -^ ^T^^"' ''''''''' ""'"'^d some »tten j „„ 
 both ,,des „, the ,,3. The present work is to some ex" 
 
 great AmeS'"". "'IT' "' " "^^-'^ «"> '"e other 
 
 Z^i? ^" " " ""^'y «" ""^mpt to preserve in 
 readable compass the salient features of a remarkable 
 mTest.gat.on, the Beport of which is not easHy accessi^ 
 
 y^tslrr"" '' which-after a laps fof Tree 
 h!™ L i ^ ^""""^ somewhat dim. To this 1 
 have added some observations upon the ChJT , 
 Greater New York, and the recent "rtionrt^h let 
 to me perm.ssible under the circumstances. ^ 
 
 Ibe book was written primarily for English reart»i.« 
 and as such goes over much ground that i t d noj 
 have been necessary to cover had I been solely rddressfn.^ 
 
 Ht^"T. r*"'"- ^"* """ E^glish-speaWng world"! 
 a umt, and I do not believe in addressing one feZn „? 
 that race upon the affairs of ti.« „.t .. **"'""> «' 
 
 affording th'e reader such pi*; evMrncTorrif' >H 
 
 :zTj^!''^T^^^ -V Thf^ar^hi^-a'tr 
 
 ■— - """»g semoB which melted »U the rest 
 
fv 
 
 PREFACE TO AMERICAN EDITION. 
 
 of the congregation to tears, and who complacently 
 aoconnted for his indifference by saying that he belonged 
 to the next parish, was a contemporary of Joe Miller 
 But his children are still with us. Some of them, who 
 have inherited and exaggerated their ancestor's parochial- 
 ism will probably complain of a ^'foreigner" venturing to 
 express an opinion or take a hand in American politics. 
 It IS no use ridiculing in words such narrow-minded 
 exclusiveness; it is better to confront it with the protest 
 of acts, which ignore its pretensions, and defv its 
 interdict. ^ 
 
 The English-speaking race is one race, and the Eng- 
 lish-speaking world the common fatherland of all who 
 speak the English tongue. No Englishman ever regards 
 an American as a -foreigner," nor can I ever consent to 
 consider that I am outside the limits of my country in 
 New York or in Chicago any more than if I were in 
 Glasgow or Dublin or Melbourne. We have welcomed 
 time and again the invaluable services of American citi- 
 zens who have been good enough to take a hand in 
 British affairs. The services rendered by Mrs. Andrews 
 11^ ^.v.-^^*® Bushnell in exposing the seamy side of 
 the military surgical police of India commanded the 
 heartfelt gratitude of our people. Both branches of the 
 Jinglish-speaking family have everything to gain by the 
 freest possible interchange of ideas, and the most unre- 
 stricted mutuality of service. What happens in the 
 United States affects us in the United Kingdom far too 
 closely and far too deeply for us ever to acquiesce in 
 the erection of any such Chinese wall between the Em- 
 pire and the Republic. 
 
 It is probable enough I have made many mistakes in 
 what I have written about New York. I am much more 
 likely to have them corrected, promptly and with vigor, 
 by publishing my observations on the spot rather thwi if 
 
PBBFAOE TO AMERICAN EDITION. y 
 
 they appeared only at the safe distance of three thonsand 
 miles. But whatever blunders I may have made, no one 
 can accuse me of lack of sympathy and admiration in 
 what I have written about the greatest of American 
 cities. Their glory and their shame are alike part of the 
 common inheritance of the English-speaking world. 
 
 W. T. STEAD. 
 
 <^Oo(-S'^AM (<^{% 
 
 W. T. STEAD 
 in Prison Clothes. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Fob the past fouryears I have devoted the Annual nt 
 tbeliev,ewo/Jieviemto^ rom.,.,, based lipothe 
 leading secal or political event of the year. Thi year 
 
 Hilr in' Fil","" """"" f '"^ «-- »' Conteio^; 
 uistory m Fiction in order to publish a study of the 
 
 most interesting and significant of all the polifioal and 
 
 7°'IT^ r"'"" "' »" "»■«• To those rto may 
 object to the substitution of a companion Zl^mTZ 
 my Chicago book for their usual annual ourntuni ot 
 political romance, I reolv first fh.t "„u '"™'"™ " 
 some " »n,i . „ ,r "' ""'' *''*'' 'changes are 1 ght- 
 Bome, and a novelty is attractive, and, secondlv th^f 
 nothing that the wildest imaeination nf j"™"'?' ***' 
 
 ^riteroould conceive exoeedrf start °ng and ensron:. 
 horror the gri™ outline of the facts wliih are forth 
 
 Wold"Zr »'*'"",-<'"»■' «" "Satan's nvfS 
 mission. ""^ ''"'"«'" '" "Sht by the Lexow Com! 
 
 The trite old saying that "Truth is stranger than «« 
 tion,"has seldom been better exemplifledThan !„\h 
 Btory 0, th, ,,y i„ „,.^^ ^^^ second ci y in l:„ria 
 
 the Le.o. Com^ll^ion^:; ': : t tSr^hf d" 
 hberate decision of the ablest and C publVstwted 
 Americans that there is nn wav «* ^ P"»"c-spirited 
 
 hamstrung n^e-o. !!! - } % ! '°^P' '^^" ^^ *h« 
 ~^ -S5„„.i.m ux die Charter of Greater New 
 
 ?I. 
 
 
Tiii 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 \ \- 
 
 York is still more marvelous as a confession of the ship- 
 wreck of faith. Sin, whan it has conceived, bringeth 
 forth Death, and the corruption that rotted the adminis- 
 tration previous to 1894 has only brought forth its nat- 
 ural fruit in the adoption of a bastard Bonapartism of 
 the Third Empire as the best government for the first 
 city in the American Republic. 
 
 The election of the first mayor for Greater New York, 
 which is progressing while these pages are being written, 
 gives a special actuality and passing interest to this study. 
 But its permanent value does not depend upon the issue 
 of the plebiscite which long before this volume has seen 
 the light will have decided who will sway the destinies 
 of the second city at the eve and the dawn of the 
 twentieth century. 
 
 It will, I hope, render available to the whole English- 
 speaking world the gist and essence of the evidence 
 taken before the Commission appointed by the Senate of 
 the State of New York to inquire int-* the Police De- 
 partment of the city. This Commission, presided over 
 by Senator Lexow, held seventy sittings in the years 
 1894-1895, and ultimately published the report of their 
 inquiry in five stout octavo volumes of 1,100 pages each. 
 All their proceedings were public, and the New York 
 papers published ample reports from day to day. But 
 outside New York nothing but brief telegrams or occa- 
 sional letters informed the world of what was taking 
 place, and the final report was never published in the 
 British or Colonial press. Yet the lesson of the state of 
 things revealed by the Lexow Commission was one 
 which every great city would do well to take to heart. 
 What New York was, London, Glasgow, or Melbourne 
 may— nay, will certainly become, if the citizenu become 
 indifferent to the good government of their city. 
 
 When I was in New York in September, I tried in 
 
 vai 
 
 exl 
 
 try 
 
 ste 
 
 we: 
 
 lasi 
 
 the 
 
 It 
 
 citi 
 
 noi 
 
 tic 
 
 ace 
 
 Noi 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 ' 
 
 
 vain to purchase a copy of the Lexow Beport„ Aa for 
 exhuming the files of the daily papers, one might as well 
 try to resurrect Cheops. Fortunately, just as I was 
 stepping on board the Teutonic, the five bulky volumes 
 were handed over to me as a loan. Dr. Shaw had at the 
 last moment succeeded in borrowing the office copy of 
 the Report from the Society for the Prevention of Crime. 
 It was apparently the only available set in the whole 
 city. I deemed it well therefore to master the volumi- 
 nous evidence in order to construct a readable and authen- 
 tic narrative which would make this great object-lesson 
 accessible to the world. 
 
 W. T. STEAD. 
 
 Mowbray House, 
 Norfolk Street, London, W. CL 
 
 n 
 
 \\\ 
 
 , I 
 H i\ 
 
 {If 
 
t> 
 
 ll 
 
 Libe 
 The 
 St. 1 
 The: 
 
 ABei 
 Prom 
 Thei 
 "The 
 TheS 
 
 EiH»] 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 The Gateway of the New Wobld. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 Liberty EnUgbtening the World "JJ 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 The Second City in the World o* 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 Bt. Tammany and the Devil go 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 The Lexowr Searchlight go 
 
 PART II. 
 Satan's Invisible Wobld, 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 A Reign of Terror -g 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 Promotion by Pull and Promotion by Purchase 75 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 The Autobiography of a Police Captain 92 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 "The Stranger Within Our Gates." io4 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 The Slaughter-Houses of the Police .5 
 
 Kl * nv CHAPTER VI. 
 
 — ing fiscally and His Police loi 
 
 !fl 
 
xii CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. PAflS 
 Farmers-General of the Wages of Sin jgo 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 "All Sorts and Conditions of Men." 194 
 
 CHAPTER IX. ""' 
 The Pantata of the Policy-shop and Poolroom 177 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 Belial on the Judgment Seat , , 184 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 The Worst Treason of all 193 
 
 PABT III. 
 
 Hamstbuno O^saeism as a Remedy. 
 
 chapter i. 
 
 Despairing Democracy 208 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 The Czar-Mayor. 208 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 The Charter of Greater New York 2I6 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 Government by Newspaper 227 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 Why not try the Inquisition ?. 288 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 The First Mayor of Greater New York 248 
 
 Chabactee Sketch. 
 
 Mr. Richard Croker and Greater New York , 255 
 
 }. i 
 
 '; S ' 
 
PAas 
 .... 160 
 
 .... 164 
 .... 177 
 • • . . 184 
 
 . . . . 1 vie 
 
 .... 208 
 .... 208 
 .... 216 
 ... 227 
 ... 288 
 ... 248 
 
 ...255 
 
 II 
 
 SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED, 
 
 PAKT I. 
 
 The Gateway op the New Wobld. 
 
 n 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 LIBERTY ENLIGHTENING THE WORLD. 
 
 The entrance to the harbor of New York is not 
 unworthy its position as the gateway— the ever open 
 gateway— of the New World. 
 
 And the colossal monument raised by the genius of 
 Bartholdi at the threshold of the gateway is no inapt 
 emblem of the sentiments with which millions have 
 hailed the sight of the American continent. 
 
 The harbor, though guarded by great guns against 
 hostile intruder, and infested by the myrmidons of the 
 Customs, is nevertheless an appropriate antechamber of 
 the Republic, from whose never-dying torch stream the 
 rays of Liberty enlightening the world. 
 
 Over the great lagoon-like waters flit the white- winged 
 yachts— the butterflies of the sea— dancing in the rays of 
 the rising sun. On shore the luxuriant foliage of the 
 trees betrays but here and there the hectic flush that por- 
 cenas the glories of tho Indiun summer. The islands, as 
 
 > it 
 
 :j« 
 

 I i 
 
 emeralds in ih^ istfintr nf *i,« 
 
 •ight to eye, wh c,; ?d 1 'tn,""' " ""' "'^ '^'"O"" 
 the heaving billows nf.i T , "* "'" '"'"'ing but 
 
 there, SeoLg^Z ool "thr"' ,^"'"'""- «"« »<• 
 Stara and Stripe, P«l »„•'""'" '"""e. A'Jtter the 
 ble in the dista„ 1 .1^1 '" ""* "»''' '"'""j audi- 
 
 dered and throbbed for thl^h*'"'" J'""' "'"<"' "hud. 
 
 five hundred ^i^l'"; da7«tr"the"'"'' "' " '""^"^ 
 
 smoothly and softlv a« a I ^ , *^® ^®*' ^s gliding 
 
 the wes'tern ZZ L^p tbT"' ""' ^""'"'o' 
 
 Golden Horn, no more beaSi J W^oohing the 
 
 «« »PProaohi;g a great can L.T° '^T' ""^ '™^<'>« 
 
 ^e en -ance to'theTarLT Kel' Yo fc"' Tr'l' "' 
 
 the ce,Her of the fair vision atandsthrLfb u-'*" '" 
 
 ment, ,ith its gigantic figure hail nl ,1,! ? "' '""'"'■ 
 
 the older world with fh„ t j f ^° Pilg'ims from 
 
 »illions whose eyeVhaVe rel. •,°"^- ^"' "> ""> 
 
 i-g land such refloonons ar. ^^'''^ "P™ "'» »»«'- 
 "ew world. Of wh'h' X; VoTk rS" I" '"^ '"o 
 over been arrayed in the rainh. ""^ "'^y'- ^as 
 
 New York, merely as tht . T^^. «*""'"' <" Hope. 
 long been to tht,, a, a Cd if"V''' r""""''"'' '■»<' 
 down from heaven in mercv *o h 7/""'"'™' '«' 
 ™en. From their eariie"t olil hood th/m t"''''"' 
 the great commonwe-;a bevm,/*i, ^ ''"'^ ''«»'■<' »' 
 blood-tax of the con o. ^^oT,', i'„° 7' ""-« the 
 men were free and .ii ; ""'"lown, where all 
 
 aolid unmistatbrre:!!,;'' ^ ■ e'^^r:'' ?■"■ "'r ''^ 
 found embodied in a oo„V. > "• '"'"^O' •"« poeta were 
 
 »vy and despair 0? the ;;;«:'"" """''" »'•"» ">« 
 
'^1y welcome 
 nothing but 
 
 Here and 
 flutter the 
 iintljr audi- 
 I sounds of 
 hich shud- 
 is it forged 
 " gliding 
 
 Venice of 
 ching the 
 le traveler 
 isented by 
 <3 right in 
 di monu- 
 ims from 
 the new. 
 liberty? 
 tveen the 
 BoBB ex- 
 at to the 
 he near- 
 hem the 
 eys, has 
 f Hope, 
 mt, had 
 em, let 
 lopeless 
 leard of 
 Jre the 
 ere all 
 lere, in 
 ts were 
 oe the 
 
 "SATAir'a INVtSIDLK WORLD DISPLA YED:^ 15 
 
 Thorc'i freedom at thy gates and rest 
 
 For earth's downtrodden and oppressed; 
 
 A shelter for the hunted head, 
 
 For the starve 1 Juho .r toll and bread: 
 
 Power;!, ihy'oounda 
 
 Stops, a .d rails back his baffled hounds. 
 
 What wo.ao- that the storm-tossed emigrant, as he 
 
 h oZ fh "*' "' ^r ^''^ ^'^"^'"-'"S fhrongh the 
 haze, folt the magic charm with which thetribes of Israel 
 first gazed upon the confines of the promised land. 
 
 mil ?7 ""'' f ^""^ ^"^''^h* Scottish, and Irish 
 C^n.^r ^'«''"«"!^^^«^ ^'^^ the traveled and more or 
 less cultured minority-the United States has for a hun' 
 
 ttmiran th"-^ ''" ^"^' °' *^°^^ '^-'^ «''- ^-re to 
 
 mao„ty,of our race has ever been more in sympathy 
 
 th 1 ^71 *''' ""'' ""''''''' '' h«^« sprung S 
 the loms of the men of the Mayflower than with th^ 
 
 nation which recalled Charles II., and still tolera es the 
 ZtZl '' f'^ E^^^'^J-h-nt and the domLanee 
 the landed aristocracy. It is quite recently that this en- 
 thusiastic devotion to the American Commonwealth ha. 
 been somewhat dashed in Great Britain. It still exisU 
 
 vl ZT^y '\r'^ '^''' ^^ « ^«^J^«^J""d than 
 
 knd tf th« V-^r ^\'''' ^"^^^^' ^"^ ^ step-mother. 
 land to the Irishman, whereas in the United States he 
 
 ;L"hLT%'lr?'"'^^ '"* ^" '^''' '' '"^^ cities heTs a 
 the head of the household. But forty, thirty, and even 
 twenty years ago it was practically the accepted creed of 
 he English Radical that America led the va'n, and when- 
 ever he was downcast and dispirited by the temporary 
 
 flection that m the great Republic beyond the Atlantic 
 a new and vigorous race was carrying out his ideals, free 
 
 i 
 
 li 
 
16 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WOULD DISPLA TED." 
 
 from the hateful clog of the hidebound conservatism of 
 the d country. No one can read the speeches of 
 Bright and Cobden without feeling that it was on the 
 Hudson and the Mississippi they found their spiritual 
 fatherland,and the generation that sat at their feet learned 
 Irom them to regard America much as Walt Whitman 
 painted it in his swinging dithyrambs in praise of 
 Liberty's Nation." We all more or less were brought 
 up to exult in the belief that^ ^ 
 
 Hence nothing more extravagant can be said in praise of 
 New York harbor than that €ven to those nurtured on 
 such pabulum it is no unworthy approach to the sea-gate 
 of a new and better world. 
 
 ^ Nor is it only the outside of the harbor that is most 
 impressive The Hudson-^that stately river compared 
 
 Thames a sluggish rivulet-is not less worthy of its r61e 
 as the throne of the great city. It is impossible to ex- 
 aggerate the impression which the Hudson at night must 
 produce on the peasant from the Carpathians or the 
 laborer from Connemara. Even to those who have more 
 traveled eyes, and are not unfamiliar with sea-girt cita- 
 dels, the spectacle is superb. Never shall I forget mv 
 first impression of the mighty river. 
 
 It seemed as if I had strayed to the entrance of fairy- 
 land, or that, unawares, I had been transported to the 
 sea-gate of some enchanted city. Midnight was near. 
 In the SKy overhead the stars gleamed, but they were 
 faint and speck-like, for the moon was shining unveiled 
 ^Jlr ,,^"*.;t™ "either the lapping of the rippling 
 water nor the silver sheen of the moonlight on the wave 
 
'^SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DlsPLA Ym" 17 
 
 that gave the scene its fascination of wonder. These 
 things are the universal poetry of nature-the music of 
 the waves and the magic of the moon. And there is no 
 speech nor language where their voice is not heard. 
 But here there was something more. For on either side 
 of the expanse of water rose high banks of irregular out- 
 line, from whose rugged shadows gleamed the lights as 
 of a myriad eyes: 6 «"» «» 
 
 Behold the enchanted towers of Carbonek, -- 
 A castle like a rock upon a rock, 
 With chasm-like portals open to'the sea, 
 And steps that met the breaker. 
 
 Up and down either side, as far as you could see, until 
 the dark outlines merged in the distant horizon, these 
 innumerable eyes looked out over the water. Sometimes 
 they winked, and now and then one or another would 
 
 ^Z; "^i! ^' il'"'^ ^'"^ ""''^ S"^''^^^ by ««"^e vast 
 monster with a thousand times the eyes of him who 
 watched the treasure of the Golden Fleece 
 
 And behind the basilisk of the shore there rose, tier 
 upon tier, the buildings of the city in which dwelt mil- 
 ions and millions of the children of men. Palaces and 
 temples brightly outlined in light or towering dark 
 against the luminous haze behind, pierced the sky-line. 
 Out of the vast confusion two lofty eminences stood out 
 conspicuous, dominating the whole. One was a crown- 
 like dome, poised in mid-air, shining resplendent with 
 jewels of electrio light; the other a lofty tower girdled 
 with a blazing zone of fire. Stars of flame shone on its 
 summit, while ever and anon a beam of white light 
 quick and piercing as a two-edged SAvord, flashed like the 
 brand of an archangel over the shadowy city. And it 
 was as It was written of old time, when our first parents, 
 after being cast out of Eden, looked back and saw < 
 flaming sword turning every way to keep the way of the 
 
 ■I 
 
 ( 
 
Iv 
 
 Id '^MfAir'a INVISIBLE WOUD DISPLA tSW' 
 
 tree of life. " The sword was not of fire, but of pure 
 whi e light. Above and below it made darkness visibly 
 black but revealed with startling distinctness everything 
 on which it fell. ^ ^ 
 
 That was but the background, the framework of the 
 picture. For the great scene was on the water. Never 
 since I saw at Spithead this midsummer six square miles 
 of the Solent crowded with the warships of the world 
 burst at a signal into a glittering wilderness of lights, 
 had I ever seen anything to compare to the Hudson at 
 midnight. In Paris on the night of the fete of the Be- 
 public in Exhibition year, when the Seine is crowded 
 with steamers, all illuminated and decorated from stem 
 to stern there is something like this. But the Seine is 
 but a skemof silk stretched across the city; the water 
 was hidden by the craft. Here the whole expanse of 
 waterway exceeded even that of the Neva at St. Peters- 
 burg; and although full of life and color and sound, was 
 nowhere crowded. 
 
 Imagine a great arm of the sea across which, between 
 the wo shores, were swiftly, ceaselessly gliding like 
 silent fairy shuttles in some enchanter's loom huge float- 
 ing palaces radiant from end to end with innumerable 
 iights. They moved with such strenuous rapidity that 
 the waters foamed beneath their keel, and the anchored 
 vessels seemed to fly past as we left them behind. No 
 great galleon of Spain illuminated in honor of her patron 
 saint ever shone more resplendent, and none ever moved 
 with half the fierce resistless rush of these monsters of 
 the river. No sails had they or visible means of propul- 
 «on, they sped as if thought-impelled. Seldom had a 
 1 seen anything more wierdly beautiful, or more calcu- 
 lated to impress the imagination. 
 
 Now and then a smaller palace would float down the 
 stream, reviving, I know not how, strange reminiscences 
 
fc of pure 
 ss visibly 
 rerything 
 
 c of the 
 Never 
 ire miles 
 lie world 
 ►f lights, 
 udson at 
 ' the Re- 
 crowded 
 3m stem 
 Seine is 
 le water 
 )aDse of 
 Peters- 
 nd, was 
 
 between 
 ig like 
 ?ofloat- 
 nerable 
 ity that 
 ichored 
 1 No 
 patron 
 moved 
 iters of 
 )ropiiI. 
 had a 
 calcu- 
 
 vn the 
 cences 
 
 
 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WOULD DISPLA TED," 19 
 
 of the great state barges in which the Rinaldos of medije- 
 val romance would be rowed to some high festival in 
 Armida s garden. Two starry lights overhead, as, at 
 the masthead-though masts there were none-dimly 
 revealed the contour below, while the light streaming 
 from serried windows produced a curious effect, as if 
 banks of illuminated oars were speeding the galley on 
 her way. And then again, silent and slow, with but one 
 light burning at her prow, a somber melancholy scow 
 would drift c cross the moonlit waters—like 
 
 The barge 
 Whereon the lily maid of Astolat 
 Lay smiling like a star on darkest night. 
 
 On sea and on shore it is one perpetual feast of lan- 
 terns. Mingled with the golden and silver rays of the 
 electric lights there shone everywhere lamps of ruby and 
 of amethyst and of emerald, glowing like jewels of in- 
 tense color, set in a tiara of diamonds and pearls. 
 
 And to add to the weirdness and mystery of the scene 
 ever and again there would rise from the waters a strange 
 melodious murmur, increasing in intensity to a wail 
 which would continue a minute and then die away as it 
 arose. It was like the plaintive lowing of sea monsters 
 for their lost or wandering calves. Otherwise all was 
 still, save the lapping of the waves on the shore 
 ,, "And behold I saw,- said the seer of the Apocalypse, 
 lo_» ^^^^ * ^^* °^ ^^^^^ mingled with fire. And 
 
 It was New York seen from a New Jersey ferryboat on 
 the Hudson, plying between Twenty-third Street and 
 the Pennsylvania Railway. Could there be a more sud- 
 den descent from the poetry of fairy-land to the vulgar 
 prose of a work-a-day world? The light-crowned dome 
 was the office of tho WorM newspaper, the flashing beam 
 
 'I 
 I 
 
 l^i 
 
 II 
 
I I' 
 
 20 
 
 "SATAy-S INTISIBLB WORLD DISPLATED." 
 
 from the tower the advertisement of a drv ffood« .f«r. 
 from Chicago. Yet, nevertheless, the eflecToT the real 
 .ty, as ,t maj be seen every fine night, far exceeds mv 
 poor desenption. To those who have eyes to seeft is one 
 scenes! """' """'"'"' """' "-"»"' -d suggestive o? 
 Such then is the outward and visible aspect of the 
 Empire City, a city which from its situation is beautiful 
 ezoeedmgly and which until quite recently was regarded 
 as the joy of the whole earth. How it has come to pass 
 that the m.ghty has fallen, and the city which was onl 
 
 a?d7a>b' ";r """' "' ''"°'' "•» -««we^thdr hope 
 
 lord It'"- ' ^'t^"^' •" *■=' """' ho^ become a by! 
 word, a hissing and reproach, it will be the object of thi» 
 volume to explain. It is a subject in which we „, the 
 old world have weighty reason to be interestld. Fo! 
 
 ment in 'f h^l " ""r. ""»" """ " «"^™" discourage! 
 ment m the betrayal of the cause of liberty in the verv 
 vestibule and entrance chamber of the renubl o fZ 
 all round the world the shame of New YorSe'nsfhe 
 somber shade which encompasses the oppressed and rfad 
 dens with evil joy the heart of the oppressor! ^ 
 
 
 I *f. 
 
 ', 
 
TED." 
 
 goods store 
 3f the real- 
 Bxceeds my 
 ee it is one 
 ggestive of 
 
 )ct of the 
 3 beautiful 
 s regarded 
 ne to pass 
 1 was once 
 their hope 
 lome a by- 
 act of this 
 
 we of the 
 ted. For 
 iscourage- 
 
 the very 
 'lie. For 
 rkens the 
 and glad- 
 
 *'8ATAN'8 INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED.** 
 
 21 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 THE SECOND CITY IS THE WORLD. 
 
 A PANDEMONIUM of typewriting machines-of gigantic 
 typewriting machines driven by demons who never tire 
 -m some vast hall of Eblis. The clank of the type, the 
 swish of the machine, the quick nervous ring of the bell, 
 all indefinitely multiplied and magnified, fill the vast 
 space with a reverberating clangor. This clangor con- 
 tinuously increases until its very vibrations seem to 
 become clotted, and to fill the air with a sound that can 
 be felt in every pore. It is like the pressure of an at- 
 mosphere so dense you can almost cut it with a knife, an 
 atmosphere that is never still, but perpetually frets, and 
 moans, and snaris with feverish unrest. 
 
 How many machines there must be, to crowd the air 
 with this million times multiplied misery of click and 
 clang-^ring-ring-ring-ring-and clang and click, that 
 never stops, but rises and falls, rhythmless and rude, like 
 the waves of a chopping sea on a rocky beach I Now and 
 again through the infernal hubbub there pierces a dread- 
 ful wail. 
 
 As it were, one voice in agonj 
 
 Of lamentation, like a wind that shrills 
 
 All night in a waste land, where no one comes 
 
 Or hath come since the making of the world. 
 
 How hot the air isl a temperature of the antechamber of 
 Tophet. As the nerapiration bnrgfa i« «,.«« 
 
 
 «v 
 
 
J 
 
 ! 
 
 ,!. « 
 
 22 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLA TED.** 
 
 moisture from your brow, you hear the faint hum of cir- 
 cling wings, faint at first, but ever growing shriller and 
 more acute-hiss, zip-as the invisible fiend circles 
 round his prostrate victim. Hiss, zip, nearer, louder 
 than before, audible clearly even above the metallic 
 storm of the typewriting machines. And as the mos- 
 quito settles on your ear, you waken with a start and 
 suddenly realize where you are. 
 
 ^ You are not in even the outermost circles of Dante's 
 Inferno." You are trying to sleep in the heart of 
 central New York, in the midst of all the thunder and 
 the rush and the roar of her million-crowded streets 
 along which surges as a restles tide the turbid and foam' 
 mg flood of city life. The bells of the tramcars contin- 
 ually sounding, the wearyless trampling of the ironshod 
 hoofs over granite roadway, the whirling rumble of the 
 wheels, the roar of the trains which on the elevated rail- 
 ways radiate uproar from a kind of infernal firmament 
 on high, all suffused and submerged in the murmurous 
 hum that rises unceasing from the hurrying footsteps in 
 the crowded street, that inarticulate voice of New York- 
 Sad as tbe wail that from tba populous earth 
 All day and night to high Olympus soars. 
 
 And that dreadful shriek is the farewell of an ocean liner 
 sounding a sonorous note with stentorian lungs as it quits 
 the wharf. ^ 
 
 There is nothing like it in London. Chicago, with all 
 Its bustle, has nothing to compare with this harsh metallic 
 clangor of struggle and strife-al though there the mourn- 
 ful death-tolling bell on the locomotives which thread 
 the streets supplies a note of pathos and of awe that is 
 missing in the racket and roar of New York. 
 
 One grows used to it in time, just as after a few days 
 you become used to the thrust and swirl of the screw 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 F 
 
 f 
 
 ^^„ 
 
i 
 
 ^ 
 
 / 
 
 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLA TED." 23 
 
 which drives the liner across the sea. The great ship 
 vibrates in every nerve of steel, and the stateroom 
 throbs with the thud of the engines. So the great city 
 pulses with strenuous power, and in the multitudinous 
 uproar of its streets we hear the sound of the friction of 
 the two-million man-power engine which has made even 
 Lesser New York one of the greatest driving forces of 
 the American Republic. 
 
 It is a dynamo of the first order. And like the dynamo 
 it is instinct with magnetic power. All great cities are 
 great magnets, and New York is the greatest— but one— 
 in the world. 
 
 The figures of the portentous growth of cities in our 
 epoch recall the familiar story in the "Arabian Nights 
 Entertainments" of the vessel which, sailing too near 
 the Loadstone Mountain, was whelmed into sudden de- 
 struction. For the attraction of the loadstone was such 
 that all the iron nails in the vessel were drawn out of 
 their fastenings, and the timbers that were once a ship 
 became mere flotsam and jetsam on the water. It is a 
 wild and romantic fable in the mouth of the Princess 
 Scheherazade; but it is grim reality in the world to-day. 
 For the great city is to the rural population exactly what 
 the Arabian loadsto- . mountain was to the heedless 
 sailor who came within the range of its fascination. All 
 the iron in the rural ship of state is attracted to the 
 mighty Babylon. The men with iron in their blood, the 
 girls whose pulses leap and tingle with the eager flush of 
 adventure and ambition, deseit the village and the farm 
 to crowd the roaring mart and glaring street. The 
 country is denuded of its most vigorous children. The 
 city engulfs into its insatiate maw all those the briglit- 
 est, the bravest, and the best. 
 
 The process goes on at an ever accelerating ratio. As 
 Mr. Godkin has well observed; 
 
 I 
 
 U4 
 
 4 
 
 V! 
 
 !» 
 
I 
 
 U "^^TAN'8 INVISIBLE WOULD msPLATED,^ 
 
 an?:;t'VTierifr'£^ free m.seu.s 
 
 lodging-houses, rich charit^^ --^ conveyance, model 
 offarini in abundance to a coZr« '' "'"''^ ^'^^ ^« "«^ 
 ments to country poor to trv f^^f'' .^'V^ '"^"y ^nduce- 
 They are the exaJt eqiiival7nf« n ^"°^. '°. *^« «*reets. 
 lazy and the Pleasu?! ovlnl 'f y\'"^^*«*^°° *« the 
 free flour whicrwe aP ,1 ?^' ""^^'^^ ^^^^^^ circus and 
 and fall of tl e Empfre T iv ?''?^*^"". «^ *^« ^^^li^e 
 to be within everyTan's ^lll '/' . -""^""il/^'^h «eem 
 tremendous force on the rniJ ?^'^ -"i*'^^^ ««* ^^^h 
 ^^^r.-.«;i 7?,e;/,e,, June i890 ''^^^'''^^'^^''-^orth 
 
 TT ^^^ Pf/^^»*«ge of "rban to the total 
 United States, defining as urban all 
 
 more than 8,000 population 
 
 population 
 dwellers 
 
 of th 
 ties of 
 
 e 
 
 --^- «««u o,wu population, was 3.35 in Tyqn v ^ 
 years later it had doubled. But inisrn 7 , '''*^ 
 and in 1890 29 12 Rnf fi^ , ^^ ^* ^^^ ^6.13, 
 
 t on of a million, ,hile the en grlj^ ties rhT'"- 
 after known as the Great tI T v- I ""^ ^"^^ 
 Philadelphia, Brooklyn St Lo~T 1"'^ Chicago, 
 San Francisco, Cincinnati a^dn' ,"i'"?' ^'"«»'<"'<'. 
 population of 6.66^ rd ^in'ra^tT'o^'j "?? » 
 
 r^ i:rstats 'did ^^ ''"v-'^ tCir Of- 
 
 "o v-uitea istates did not quadrunle ifaoif *^« -i. 
 expanded in ronnd nun.ber.%ror? O toOO te^ ^OO^ 
 tenfold in h! ^''"' "''"' '"°'»'''»'' themselves nearl'; 
 
 g^^f tLTh:,r;^raC-i-E'^^^^^ 
 
 of the United States. 72,000,000 citwens 
 
 
 v. 
 
mnseiims 
 ice, model 
 >ty is now 
 jy induce- 
 le streets, 
 ion to the 
 'ircus and 
 \e decline 
 lich seem 
 ' act with 
 
 on of the 
 cities of 
 . Forty 
 as 16.13, 
 es which 
 ore phe- 
 n great- 
 »tion of 
 merged 
 popula- 
 be here- 
 'hicago, 
 timore, 
 1 1890 a 
 popiila- 
 ition of 
 it only 
 2,500,- 
 nearly 
 bain 11 
 The 
 Jiintry 
 
 "SATAN-'S INVISIBLE WOULD DISPLA TED." 25 
 
 It one-third of the inhabitants of the American Com- 
 monwealth dwell in cities, these urban centers possess 
 even more than one-third of the wealth of the nation, 
 and far more than one-third of its actual power. A 
 writer in one of the recent American magazines points 
 out that the wealth of the Great Ten in 1890 exceeded 
 the wealth of the whole country, cities included, in 1850. 
 The revenue of the same Great Ten amounted in 1890 to 
 £35,000,000 per pnnum, a greater sum than was raised 
 for State purposes in all the federated States and Terri- 
 tories. The annual budget of New York and Brooklyn 
 m 1890 dealt with ten millions sterling, a sum almost 
 exactly equaling the budget of the United States forty 
 years ago. ' 
 
 ^ It is nearly half a century since De Tocqueville wrote: 
 I look upon the size of certain American cities, and 
 especially upon the nature of their population, as a real 
 danger which threatens the security of the Eepublio " 
 Since then this "real danger" has gone on increasing at 
 an ever accelerating ratio. When De Tocqueville wrote 
 there were only three or four cities with a population 
 over 100,000. To-day there are thirty. And most re- 
 markable fact of all, the population of Greater New 
 York is now equal in number to the total population of 
 the United States at the time of the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence. Her 3,300,000 inhabitants exceed nearly 
 fourfold the total number of the inhabitants in all the 
 cities in the States at the time De Tocqueville visited 
 America. In the State of New York sixty per cent, of 
 the inhabitants live in cities; in Massachusetts, seventy 
 per cent. '' 
 
 This tendency townward, which is one of the most 
 striking characteristics of the English-speaking race all 
 round the world, is nowhere more conspicuous than in 
 the United Statesj and New York, of all American 
 
 
 !»'': 
 li 
 
 f 
 
 Va 
 
S6 "S^TAN-S INVISIBLB WOBLD DISPLATBD." 
 cities, is that where this centripetal law is just now seen 
 to be operating most powerfully. In the amalKaltr 
 by whjch t e Greater New York has come inTo beZ we 
 have the latest manifestation of the craving on IK 
 of all modern men to come together in ever-ino'easW 
 agglomerations of humanity. The flssiparous tendeTcf 
 so perceptible .„ polities is not visible in cities. The I 
 are numerous instances of t,vo cities fnsing into one bn? 
 no cty having once achieved its unity splits it np. I'mal 
 gamation, not separation, is the order of the day^ w"ere 
 a river does not divide-as for instance, in the ease rf 
 Gateshead, that "long, narrow, dirty lane leadUTnto 
 Newcastle-on-Tyne," or in the case of SaIforf-?he 
 larger town invariably swallows up its minor ndghbors 
 aa a large raindrop on the window-pane atS the 
 smaller drops in its immediate viciniL In the ca Jt? 
 Greater New York, not even the dividing river has been 
 able to prevent the law of gravitation doing its wH 
 
 The city of New York is indeed seated upon rfVers 
 and If State bonndaries had not stood in the wav til 
 .e 1 ttle donbt that Jersey City wonld have sh rkt: 
 fote of Brooklyn and Long Island. But even wUhont 
 New Jersey the new urban conglomerate wm be th« 
 second city of the world in populousness! and greater 
 even than London in area. greater 
 
 The eity of New York has an area of 39 square miles 
 while the area of Greater New York is ovepiinn., ' 
 miles. Brooklyn contains 29 square mes, I an land 
 comprises nearly 60 square miles, WestoLster Conntv 
 annex has an area of about 30 sqnare miles and tl! 
 Long Island townships inclnded in the s"h m'e have i 
 aggregate extent of perhaps 170 miles. 
 
 At the first election for the Greater New York held 
 this year, no fewer than 567,000 citizens were rtStered 
 « electors in this colossal coastituenc/ The G ateJ 
 
 'X,. 
 
Si 
 
 "BATAif'8 INVISIBLE WOULD DISPLA YBD.'> jjy 
 
 New York charter divides the city into five boroughs. 
 
 (1) Manhattan, consisting of the island of Maniuittaii 
 
 and the outlying islands naturally related to it. (2) The 
 
 Bronx including all that part of the present city of New 
 
 York lying north of the Harlem, a territory which com- 
 
 prises two-thirds of the area of the present city of New 
 
 York. (3) Brooklyn. (4) Queens, consisting of that 
 
 portion of Queens County which is incorporated into the 
 
 G.oater New York. (5) Richmond; that is, Staten 
 
 ^sland. The population of the city of New York, which 
 
 be^re the amalgamation was close on 2,000,000, is now 
 
 swollen to 3,200,000, of whom nearly 2,000,000 live in 
 
 tenement houses. 
 
 The size of New York is by no means its most notable 
 distinction. Chicago some day may, by right of its more 
 central position, win the prize of being recognized as the 
 real if not the political capital of the United States. But 
 the position to which Chicago aspires has for nearly a 
 century been held by New York. For New York is one 
 of the few cities in the States which are not of yesterday. 
 Of course, compared with London, which dates back to 
 the Caesars, New York is but a mushroom upstart. But 
 as in the realm of the blind the one-eyed man is king, so 
 m the new world a city which can count its history by 
 centuries may be regarded as possessing quite a respectable 
 antiquity. 
 
 To us in the old world it is the window through 
 which we look into America. Peter the Great built his 
 capital on the Neva in order to have a window from 
 which he could look into Europe. New York serves 
 much the same purpose. It is through the window-pane 
 of New York that the old world sees what little it does 
 see that is going on in the American Republic. All the 
 newspaper correspondents of the European press with- 
 out, so far as I know, a single exception cable from N"W 
 
 
I' 
 
 iB by no meana of transparent crystal Th!l r"^"" 
 .ont to see the United Itatos ::^ZJ:'Z:^:Z; 
 
 w..^do„ through whieh the old world peeplflntVtt 
 Nor is that the only special reason why New York i. 
 
 »and keels, bnt all the liners atee Tr New Yo k' 
 S earners no doubt ply to Boston and to PhiladefDhia' 
 
 Western hemisphere EvInCanad'flnrt"'"" "' ""> 
 ^U cannot avoid se:^Ts'rCn/t 
 
 Chicago. In i888 thirty! irper cent o^th"' •r"""" "' 
 either Irish or of Irish deXntTh/ « 1' ""^ 
 
 wasin I8.X estimated at Tw^U^^erTnt! t^o' 
 
rrespond" 
 'hington. 
 rorn Now 
 enable to 
 eads, no 
 : window 
 ivho con- 
 leir New 
 misled, 
 the only 
 into the 
 
 York is 
 ioe than 
 w York 
 door of 
 » thou- 
 York. 
 leJphia, 
 te — lies 
 of the 
 •e con- 
 he ice- 
 latever 
 le new 
 ) place 
 >f the 
 
 which 
 ) New 
 1 reai- 
 ionof 
 were 
 iment 
 I the 
 
 ••&4 TA^'3 WVlSIliLi: WOJil D DlSPLA TSD. gj) 
 
 city of Now York tho ituligonous Amorican only niunbora 
 twenty per cont. 
 
 But it is not its imported population which makes 
 It so peculiarly European. Cliicago is at least as 
 cosmopolitan, but tho city on Lake Michigan counts 
 herself much moro Amorican than hor sister on tho 
 Hudson. During the last presidential campaign Now 
 York was constantly singled out for attack by the 
 Bryanito orators of the West and South as if it wore a 
 foreign and hostile colony encamped Ion American soil. 
 Wall Street, the center of the financial system of tho 
 United States, was as sound on the currency question as 
 the Old Lady of Threadneodle Street, and the advocates 
 of Free Silver confounded New York and London alike 
 beneath their savage anathema. Community of interest 
 begets community of ideas, and tho Western men angrily 
 declare that New York is no more a typical American 
 city than London or Liverpool. This is an exaggeration, 
 no doubt. But neighborhood counts for something, and 
 New York is a thouand miles nearer London than 
 Chicago. 
 
 New York is only six days* steaming from Europe. 
 It IS the center from whence the mighty shuttles ply 
 back and forth across the Atlantic, weaving tho ocean- 
 sundered sections of our race into one. Of the threads, 
 some end at Southampton and others at Liverpool. But 
 they all start from New York. 
 
 There is another distinctive element about New York. 
 It IS the great literary producing center of the American 
 people. Boston has long since been dethroned. No 
 other city has even ventured to contest the primacy of 
 New York. There is not a single magazine printed in 
 America that has any circulation outside the United 
 States which is not edited, printed, and published in 
 JN[ew York. The advantages of a more central position 
 
 '> S| 
 
80 "SATAI^'S mVlSlBLS WOULD DlSPlA TED.'* 
 
 ■."ir' 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 ") 
 
 enjoyed by Chicago are as nought compared with those 
 which New York enjoys in other ways. When I pro- 
 posed to publish the Americaji Review of Reviews in 
 thicago, I was promptly silenced by the statement that 
 with the exception of the Ladies* Home Journal there 
 was not a single periodical published outside New York 
 which could claim to have achieved a success. New 
 York from^ the publishing point of view, is the hub of 
 the American universe. Her magazines, admirably 
 edited and marvelously illustrated, circulate in everv 
 nook and corner of the English-speaking world. The 
 magazines of the other cities are virtually unknown out- 
 side the Republic, and often, it may be said, outside the 
 city that gives them birth. New York, then, as the 
 window and front door of the United States, with an 
 unchallenged financial, commercial, shipping and liter- 
 ary ascendency, has the pull over all her rivals. To nine- 
 tenths of mankind New York is America. All the rest 
 of the country is but the pedestal upon which New York 
 stands. 
 
 This preeminent position carries with it a grave re 
 sponsibility. If the world at large judges the American 
 Commonwealth by New York, then New York owes a 
 double duty both to the American Commonwealth and 
 to the world at large. Hence the extreme interest which 
 «ie latest evolution in the civic development of New 
 York naturally arouses. This Greater New York— what 
 does it mean? How did it come into being? What were 
 the issues at stake at the late election? All these ques- 
 t.ons every one is asking. I propose to attempt to 
 supply some answer. 
 
 It is a task of some difficulty and no little importance- 
 fornot merely is New York-rightly or wrongly-re-' 
 garded as the most typical and best known American 
 City, but the United States tends more and more to be- 
 
 
m: 
 
 .■■-TT- 
 
 ith those 
 Bn I pro- 
 views in 
 ent that 
 ol there 
 3W York 
 3. New 
 9 hub of 
 Imirably 
 n every 
 3. The 
 wn oat- 
 aide the 
 as the 
 with an 
 d liter- 
 'o nine- 
 the rest 
 w York 
 
 ave re- 
 nerican 
 owes a 
 1th and 
 ; which 
 f New 
 —what 
 It were 
 ) ques- 
 ipt to 
 
 tance; 
 y— re- 
 Brican 
 to be- 
 
 ^'SATAN^S INVISIBLE WOULD DISPLA TED." 3] 
 
 aTciat^rn ''J'^'^''^'^'^ states and Territories but an 
 asociation of huge cities. The Great Ten not nierelr 
 include within their boundaries nearly eight S 
 person,, or more than ten per cent, of the whole po la" 
 tion; they do the thinking and the guiding and the 
 
 TeTenThs'' ?, '''' ''''''. ^'''''''^'^ '' the'renialning 
 nine-tenths. Draw a circle with a three-hundred-mile 
 radius round the Great Ten, and you inclose an area 
 w^iich is practically dominated by the Ten and educated 
 by their newspapers. The Newspaper Area is a phrase 
 «o yet naturalized in geographies, but it is the mos 
 and iving area of all those into which the social organ 
 ism IS divided. For the newspaper collects its news 
 every day, and sells its news every morning and eveiZ 
 thereby creating a living, ever-renewed bond between 
 the dwellers within the radius of its circulation infinriy 
 superior to the nexus supplied by the tax-collector and 
 the policeman It is not difficult to define the length of 
 tiir'' ^\'' " "'"' ' "^^Wer can create f con 
 printmg office in which a newspaper can be delivered 
 before breakfast. After breakfast the influence of he 
 newspaper dwindles every minute. Any le 1 ,ing t 
 far off as rot to be able to obtain his newspaper lefoe 
 dinner is practically outside the pale^unlesf, of course 
 
 ti'onTtha? ^^^r '^ ^"'^^ ^^"*^^ ^' ne;sdi:tr: 
 defin te, as is shown to this day in the hold which the 
 weekly New York TriMme exercises over farme cat 
 tered everywhere between the Atlantic and the Bocky 
 Mountains. But, speaking generally, the range of he 
 xNewspaper Area is limited by breakfa;t-time. ^ 
 ^ Greater New York has come into being in order to 
 ncrease, not to diminish, the influence of New York n 
 the Bepublio and in the ^-r''^ -^ U—- -J- • - 
 m»y be for ev:i. "Under the new' charter. "CMr! 
 
33 
 
 ''SATAN'S mVISIBLE WOULD DISPLAYED.* 
 
 It 
 
 I 
 
 W. 0. De Witt, chairman of the committee which 
 drafted that document, *'the city of New York at one 
 bound becomes the mistress of the western hemisphere 
 and the second city of the world. It should be to its 
 people what Athens was to the Greek, Eome to the 
 Komans, Florence to the Florentine; what St. Peters- 
 burg is to the Russian, Paris to the French, London to 
 the English-an object of constant solicitude and of 
 CIVIC pride. They should preserve its honor, uphold its 
 independence, develop its greatness.'* 
 
 The question whether they intend to obey the voice of 
 their friendly mentor is one on which the future fortune 
 of the American Commonwealth will largely depend. 
 For as Mr. J. C. .Adams pointed out in a thoughtful 
 article on ''The Municipal Threat in National Politics " 
 
 which he contributed to the JVcio England 3Iaffazme\n 
 July, 1891: 
 
 /'The misgovernment of the cities is the prophecv of 
 
 ThT.Zr'''^ '^ '^l' "^"°"' ^'"^^ ^« the^pTrSysiLf 
 S^v^^l'"''''-^ centers means the palsy of the whole 
 body. There IS graver danger to the republic in the 
 failure of good government in our cities than arises fiC 
 the moral corruption which accompanies that fai ir^ 
 The misgovernment of our cities means the breakdown 
 of one of the two fundamental principles upon whi^h 
 our political fabric rests. It is tlie failure of Ioca7self- 
 goyernment in a most vital part. It is as groataBeHl 
 to the rej^ublic as the revolt against the Union For^Sie 
 republic 18 organized upon two great political ideas both 
 essential to its existence. The first is the princ pie of 
 federation, which is embodied in the Union; ^the second 
 18 the principle of local self-government, which places 
 the business of the States and the towns in the hands of 
 the people who live in them. Both of these are vital 
 principles. The public has survived the a^temnr to 
 subvert one of them. It has just entered on Tts rea^ 
 struggle with a serious attack upon the other." 
 
 The fate, therefore, of the American Republic may be 
 bouna up with the fortunes of Greater New York. 
 
TED:* 
 
 fctee which 
 oi'k at one 
 lemisphere 
 d be to its 
 me to the 
 3t. Peters- 
 London to 
 cle and of 
 uphold its 
 
 le voice of 
 re fortune 
 7 depend, 
 houghtful 
 Politics," 
 igazine in 
 
 ophecy of 
 iralysis of 
 the whole 
 io in the 
 'ises from 
 t failure. 
 I'eakdown 
 on which 
 ocal self- 
 at a peril 
 For the 
 eas, both 
 nciple of 
 e second 
 oh places 
 hands of 
 are vital 
 empt to 
 1 its real 
 
 3 may ba 
 
 'SATAN'S INVISIBLE WOULD DISPLAYED." 
 
 33 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 ST. TAMMANY AND THE DEVIL. 
 
 Hitherto, the city government of New York has nof 
 
 SiZf a '^ ^'^ ^Tf'-' ^^^^^-- ' sho:'d n't b 
 publishing a survey of the way in which New York has 
 
 been , ,, '^SaUn's Invisible World Displaye^^^^ 
 
 tion tL n '°"TJ^/^ adaptation, not an inven- 
 Hopkins, of the seventeenth century, who! having had 
 
 hlmselire^r^" ^'^ f'^'^'' '^ witJhes'Zm d 
 iiimself a., export qualified to describe the inner historv 
 
 and secret mystery of the infernal regions unL thll 
 
 PC uresque title. I have adopted it%s being nh 
 
 whole the most appropriate as a description of the state 
 
 Newrrk h?r"fr^ "'^ ''''''''' *^' governmen 
 New York had sunk before the great revolt of 1894 broke 
 
 the power of Tammany-for a season-and placed in 
 
 office a reform government charged to cleanse the 
 
 Augean stable. The old witchfinde'had no story to 
 
 ohorribe or so incredible as that which I havl drawn 
 
 P from the sworn evidence of witnesses exposed to pT 
 
 lvZ7""Tf''\ '^^^-^ estate Comn^ssion 'n' he 
 city of New York. In the reports of the infernal Sab 
 bats, for attending which thoiLnds of old " were 
 burned or hanged in the seventeenth century tier! a 
 ways figures in the background, as the centrl fig'^ i„" 
 
 ^LlTJr:- " 'r '"^ ^^-^^f— ^^d, concerning 
 wiiose Identity ovei, the witchfinders speak with awe! 
 
 i 
 
), 
 
 34 "SA TAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLA TED. " ' 
 
 The weird women with their incantations and their 
 broomsticks, their magic spells and their diabolical 
 trysts, are but the slaves of the Demon, who, whether as 
 their lover or their torturer, is ever their master, whose 
 ' name they whisper with fear, and whose commands they 
 obey with instant alacrity. For the Master of Cere- 
 monies in the infernal revels, the Lord of the Witches' 
 Sabbat is none other than Satan himself, the incarnate 
 principle of evil, the Boss of Hell! 
 
 In the modern world, skeptical and superstitious, these 
 tales of witches and warlocks seem childish nonsense, 
 unworthy of the attention of grown-up men. But al- 
 though the dramatis personcB have changed, and the 
 mise en scene, the same phenomena reappear eternally. 
 Here in the history of New York we have the whole in- 
 fernal phantasmagoria once again, with heelers for 
 bitches, policemen as wizards, and secret sessions in 
 Tammanv Hall as the Witches' Sabbat of the new era. 
 And behind them all, always present but dimly seen, the 
 omnipresent central force, whose name is muttered with 
 awe, and whose mandate is obeyed with speed, is the 
 same somber figure whom his devotees regard with pas- 
 sionate worship, and whom his enemies dread, even as 
 they curse his name. And this modern Sathanas— this 
 man who to every good Bepublican is the most authen- 
 tic incarnation of the principle of evil, the veritable 
 archfiend of the political world— is the Boss of Tammanv 
 Jail. ^ 
 
 Among the many legends which have clustered round 
 the beginning of the great association which has played 
 so conspicuous a part in the history of New York, there 
 is one which appeals specially to the sense of humor. 
 Tammany, according to tradition, was the name of a 
 Delaware Indian, who in ancient days belonged to a 
 redskin confederacy that inhabited the regions now 
 
 ■ 
 
 f 
 
ED." 
 
 and their 
 diabolical 
 I'hetlier as 
 ter, whose 
 ands they 
 of Cere- 
 I Witches' 
 incarnate 
 
 3US, these 
 nonsense. 
 But al- 
 and the 
 Bternally. 
 whole in- 
 elen for 
 ssious in 
 new era. 
 seen, the 
 3red with 
 3, is the 
 with pas- 
 , even as 
 las—this 
 '< authen- 
 veritable 
 ammany 
 
 d round 
 s played 
 k, there 
 humor, 
 me of a 
 3d to a 
 Qs now 
 
 fi 
 
 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED » 35 
 
 known as New Jersey and Pennsylvania. His name has 
 been variously spelled as Temane, Tamanend, Taminent, 
 lameny, and Tammany. ' 
 
 . Curiously enough, by a kind of metamorphosis by no 
 ineans without precedent among more historical saints, 
 his name has been attached to a locality which he proba- 
 bly never visited, and with the inhabitants of which he 
 and his people lived in hereditary feud. This was not 
 however due to any of his conflicts with the Mohicans' 
 who in those days pitched their wigwams on the island of 
 Manhattan. He owes it to a battle which he fought 
 with no less a personage than the great enemy of man- 
 kind. In the days when St. Tammany passed his legend- 
 aiy existence there were no white men on the Ameri- 
 can continent; but although the pale-face was absent, 
 the black man was in full force, and one fine day St! 
 Tammany was exposed to the fell onslaught of the foul 
 tend. At hrst, as is his wont, the bad spirit with hon- 
 eyed words sought to be admitted to a share in the 
 government of Tammany's realm. 
 
 "Get thee behind me, Satan!" rendered in the choicest 
 Delaware dialect, was the saint's response to the offers 
 of the tempter But as a more illustrious case attests, 
 the devil IS not a person who will accept a first refusal! 
 
 !!!iT "^ I *''*^''' ^' ^'""^^^^ "P°" St. Tammany 
 and his Delawares many grievous afflictions of body and 
 of estate, and while the good chief's limbs were sore and 
 his heart was heavy, the cunning deceiver attempted to 
 siinj£ into the country unawares. 
 
 St. Tammany, however, although sick and sore, slept 
 with one eye open, and the devil was promptly ordered 
 to "get out of that,»with an emphasis which left him 
 no option but to obey. Again and again the devil, T- 
 newing his attacks, tried his best to circumvent St. TVim- 
 many, but finding that all was in vain, he at last flung 
 
 ;i^ 
 
 vi 
 
 \ « 
 
 » ..t 
 
 1^ 
 
// 
 
 f ■ 
 
 I 
 
 36 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLA TED." « ' 
 
 patience and strategy to the winds, and boldly attacked 
 the great Sagamore in order to overwhelm him by his 
 infernal might. 
 
 Then, says the legend, ensued the most tremendous 
 battle that has ever been waged between man and his 
 great enemy. For many months the great fight went 
 on, and as Tammany and the devil wrestled to and fro 
 in mortal combat, whole forests were broken down, and 
 the ground was so effectually trampled under foot' that 
 it has remained prairie land to this day. At last, after 
 the forests had been destroyed, and the country trodden 
 flat, St. Tammany, catching his advercary unawares, 
 tripped him up, and hurled him to the ground. It was 
 in the nick of time, for Tammany was so exhausted with 
 the prolonged struggle that when he drew his scalping- 
 knife to make a final end of the evil one, the fiend, to 
 the eternal regret of all the children of men, succeeded 
 in slipping from Tammany's clutches. He escaped 
 across the river to New York, where, so runs the legend, 
 as it is recorded by a writer in Harper, **he was hospita- 
 bly received by the natives, and has ever since continued 
 to make his home." 
 
 Such, in the quaint but suggestive narrative of the 
 ancient myth, is the way in which the devil first came 
 to New York, where, as if in revenge for his defeat, he 
 seems to have christened the political organization which 
 has been his headquarters after the name of Tammany. 
 
 The Tammany organization did not at the first take its 
 rise in New York. It first sprang into being in the 
 ranks of the revolutionary army of Pennsylvania. Tam- 
 many, or Tamanend, as he was then called, was adopted 
 by the Pennsylvania troops under General Washington 
 as their patron saint. There were two reasons for this. 
 In the first place, it was Hobson's choice, for St. Tam- 
 many was the osly native American who had ever been 
 
 
"SATAN '3 INVISIBLE WORLD BI8PLA TED." 37 
 
 canonized; and, in the second place, nothing seemed 
 more appropriate to the revolutionary heroes than to 
 adopt as their patron saint a brave Wiio had "whipped 
 the devil." St. Tammany, therefore, came to be 
 adopted by the American army as a kind of counterpart 
 to St. George. St. Tammany and the devil seemed to be 
 a good counterpoise to the legendary tale of St. George 
 and the Dragon. The 13th of May was Tammany's 
 Saint's Day, and was celebrated with wigwams, liberty 
 poles, tomahawks, and all the regular paraphernalia of 
 the redskin. A soldier attired in Indian costume repre- 
 sented^ the great sachem, "and, after delivering a talk 
 full of eloquence for law and liberty and courage in 
 battle to the members of the order, danced with feathers 
 in their caps and bucktails dangling on behind." The 
 practice spread from the Pennsylvania troops to the rest 
 of the army, and so popular did Tammany become that 
 May 12 bid fair to be much more a popular national 
 festival than July 4. 
 
 It was not until this century had begun that the Tam- 
 many Society was domiciled in New York. It was intro- 
 duced there by an upholsterer of Irish descent, named 
 William Mooney. He did not take much stock in St. 
 Tammany, but preferred to '-all his society the Colum- 
 bian Order, in honor of Columbus. The transactions of 
 the society dated from the discovery of America. Be- 
 sides the European head, who was to be known as the 
 Great Father, there were to be twelve Sachems, or coun- 
 selors— "Old Men" being the Indian signification of the 
 word; a Sagamore, or master of the ceremonies; a "Wis- 
 kinkie, or doorkeeper of the sacred wigwam; and a 
 Secretary. 
 
 The society from its outsf^t appears to have been 
 political, but in its early days it combined charity with 
 politics. In the second year of its eAisteaco it under- 
 
 m 
 
 Ai 
 
 I. 
 
ft 
 
 JS "SATAIi'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED.'* 
 
 took the establishment of a Museum of Natural History 
 and got together the exhibits which form the nucleus of 
 Barnum'a famous museum. It was a social and convivial 
 club, which met first in a hotel of Broadway, then in a 
 public-house in Broad Street, and finally in the Pig-pen, 
 a long room attached to a saloon kept by one Martling' 
 In 1811 it erected a hall of its own. Its present address 
 IS ''Tammany Hall, Fourteenth Street." 
 
 There is no necessity to do more than glance at che 
 curious beginnings of a society which is perJiaps +he 
 most distinctively American of all the associations tha 
 have ever been founded in the new world. A writer of 
 "The Story of Tamra.any," which appeared in Harper's 
 Magazine many years ago, from which most of these 
 facts are taken, says: 
 
 "The Tammany Society, or Columbian Order, is doubt- 
 rZ t\''^^''\ ,P»rely self-constituted political associa- 
 tion in the world, and has certainly been by far the most 
 influential. Beginning with the government, for it was 
 organized within a fortnight of the inauguration of the 
 first president, and at a spot within thi sound of his 
 voice as he spoke his first official words to his countrv- 
 men, it has not only continued down to the present time 
 -through nearly three generations of men-but has con- 
 trolled the choice of at least one president, fixed the 
 character of several national as well as State administra! 
 tions, given pseudonyms to half a dozen well-known 
 organizations, and, in fact, has shaped the destiny of the 
 country in several turning-points of its history. 
 
 fh«fnfl./"'P^''^-'""°^,^T comprehend, the extent of 
 the influence this purely local association has exerted, 
 lo Its agency more than any other is due the fact that 
 lor the last three-quarters of a century New York Citv 
 has been the most potent political center in the world 
 not even Pans excepted. Greater than a party, inas- 
 much as It has been the master of parties, it has seen 
 
 S'?t'lrf "\'''r "l*?^- «rg«^i^«t^on, in'whose con" 
 mcts It hag fearlessly participated, arise, flourish, and so 
 
 (;• 
 
 Hi 
 

 I 
 
 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD displayed:* 39 
 
 down, and yet has stood ready, with powers unimpaired, 
 to engage in the struggles of the next crop of contest- 
 ants. In this experience it has been solitary and 
 peculiar Imitators it has had in abundance, but not 
 one of them has succeeded in catching that secret of 
 political management which has endowed Tammany with 
 its^ wonderful permanency. ^ 
 
 **What is that secret? It is unquestionably to bo 
 traced in part, to the sagacity which Tammany's leaders 
 nave at all times shown in forecasting the changes of 
 political issues, or availing themselves of the opportuni- 
 ties afforded by current events as they have arisen, 
 laramany has not only furnished the most capable poll- 
 ticians the country has possessed, but has managed to ally 
 Itself with the shrewdest ones to be found outside of its 
 own organization. It has always shown a willingness to 
 trade in the gifts at its command, and rarely indeed has 
 it got the worst of a bargain." 
 
 The writer in Harper, however, while attempting to 
 explain the secret of Tammany, only raises a still more 
 difficult questicn. How is it that Tammany should have 
 been able to discern the signs of the times better than its 
 rivals? How is it that Tammany has been able to furnish 
 the most capuble politicians the country has ever pos- 
 sessed, and how is it that it has displayed so much wis- 
 dom? There is one explanation, which, no doubt, com- 
 mends itself to many of those who have spent their life 
 m fighting Tammany Hall. Tammany has paid little 
 regard for the innocence of the dove, but it has always 
 displayed the wisdom of the serpent. Certainly, many 
 innocent persons have been accused of dalliance with the 
 foul fiend on much worse jorma/acie evidence against 
 them than that which is furnished by the universal ad- 
 mission that Tammany out of the most uncompromising 
 materials has succeeded in achieving exploits which ante- 
 cedently wonM have been absolutely impossible. For 
 Tammany, although preserving and maintaining from 
 
 \:A 
 
 /I. 
 
 ^ I 
 
 
 
V 
 
 ) 
 
 V 
 
 I fir 
 
 
 Ij 
 
 /I 
 
 ! 
 
 40 *'/S^r^i\r'6^ INVISIBLE WOULD D18PLA TED.** 
 
 first to last a discipline which is the despair of all the 
 other political machines in the country, has never been 
 without fierce internecine fights. It has cast out leader 
 after leader, and the ferocity of the feuds within Tarn- 
 many has exceeded that of any of the combats which 
 have been waged against the common enemy. Never- 
 theless, notwithstanding all schisms, all reverses all 
 exposures, Tammany remains to this day the strongest 
 the best disciplined, and the most feared political organi- 
 zation in the world. 
 
 Mr. Croker, in the series of interviews which I re- 
 ported in the October number of the Revieiu of Revieivs 
 argued with much force and plausibility that it was con' 
 trary to the law of human nature than an organization 
 could live and last so long if it were composed of thuga 
 and desperadoes, and that witness no doubt is true Even 
 so stout and stalwart an opponent of Tammany as Dr. 
 Albert Shaw has frequently felt himself constrained to 
 admit that the lunatic fashion in which Kew York has 
 been governed rendered even the rule of Tammany pref- 
 erable to the constitutional and legal chaos which was 
 the only substitute. Dr. Shaw, speaking of the system 
 under which New York has hitherto been governed, said: 
 
 **To know its ins and outs is not so much like knowing 
 
 a«1ff fw'A^^'' ''''.^J"^^^^^ ^"^^y ^^.l"^ted machinf 
 as it IS like knowing the obscure topography of the great 
 Dismal Swamp considered as a place of refuge for cfimi- 
 
 Again he wrote: ' 
 
 onZ"? ^^^ ^'''^ ^^^ absurdly disjointed and hopelessly 
 complex array of separate boards, functions and admS 
 tativo powers first makes it impossible for the commu- 
 nity to focalize responsibility anywhere in the formal 
 mechanism of municipal government, and then makeTit 
 possible for an irresponsible self-centered political and 
 
"SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DI8PLATBD." 4I 
 
 mercenary society like Tan.many to gain for itself tlie real 
 control, and tlius to assume a domination that ought to 
 bo centered in some body or functionary directiv account- 
 able to the people. Government by a secret society liko 
 iammany is better than the chaos of a disjointed gov- 
 ernment for which there can be no possible location of 
 central responsibility." 
 
 It is not for mo to dogmatize where experts native to 
 New York hopelessly disagree. But viewed from the 
 outside the secret of Tammany's success seems to lie 
 chiefly in the fact that Tammany has from the first been 
 really a democratic organization. No one was too poor, 
 too wicked, or too ignorant lio bo treated by Tammany 
 as a man and a brother if he would stand in with the 
 machine and join the brotherhoo^. 
 
 This secret of Tammany— the open secret— was ex- 
 plained to me in Chicago by a saloon-keeper of more than 
 dubious morals who had been a Tammany captain in New 
 York. I saw him the night after Dr. Parkhurst had 
 scored his first great success over the politicians of New 
 York. The ex-Tammany captain shook his head when I 
 asked him what he thought of Dr. Parkhurst's campaign. 
 He had no use for Dr. Parkhurst. For a time, he 
 thought, he might advertise himself, which was no doubt 
 his object, but after that everything would go on as be- 
 fore. The one permanent institution in New York was 
 Tammany. 
 
 I asked him to explain his secret. "Suppose," said I, 
 that I am a newly arrived citizen in your precinct, and 
 come to you and wish to join Tammany, what would be 
 required of me?" 
 
 "Sir," said he, "before anything would be required of 
 you we would find out all about you. I would size you 
 up myself, and then after I had formed my own judg- 
 ment I would send two or three trusty men to ^ndL out 
 
 (( 
 
,/ 
 
 i 
 
 {I 
 
 ■'I 
 
 i 
 
 42 "SATAN'8 INVmDLK WORLD DfSPLA VED." 
 
 all about you. Find out, for instance, whether you 
 really meant to work and serve Tammany, or whether 
 you were only getting in to find out all about it. If the 
 inqu.nos were satisfactory then you would be admitted 
 the rear'' ^"'""^""^^^ ""^ .v^'^ would stand in with 
 
 **What should I have to do?" 
 
 "Your first duty," said he, -would be to vote the 
 rammany ticket whenever an election was on, and then 
 to hustle around and make every other person whom you 
 could get hold of vote the same ticket." 
 
 ;;And what would I get for my trouble?" I asked. 
 
 ^othing," said he, /'unless you needed it. I was 
 twen y years captain and I never got anything for my- 
 self, but If you needed anything you would get whatever 
 was going. It might be a job that would give you em- 
 ployment under the city, it might be a pull that you 
 migh have with the alderman in ease ?ou got into 
 trouble, whatever it was you would be entitled to your 
 share. If you get into trouble Tammany will help you 
 out. If you are out of a job Tammany will see that 
 you have the first chance of whatever is going. It is a 
 great power, is Tammany. Whether it is with the police 
 or m the court, or in the city hall you will find Tam- 
 niany men everywhere, and they all stick together. 
 There is nothing sticks so tight as Tammany.- 
 Therein, no doubt, this worthy ex-captain revealed the 
 
 S T1 ""i ^'^^-^--r^ -ccess.' Tammany is a 
 brotherhood. Tammany men stick together, and help 
 each other The record of Tammany, however, hard y 
 bears out the claim made for it by Mr. Croker as to the 
 honesty and purity of its administration. From verv 
 early days Tammany has had a bad record for dishonesty 
 and u ter lack of scruple. As early as 1837 two Tarn- 
 many leaders, who had held the Federal offices of Ool- 
 
"SATAN'S INVISTBLE WOULD DTSPLA TED." 43 
 
 lootor of tho Port of New York, and of Unitetl States 
 District Attorney for the Southern District of New 
 
 ^^0 0^0?^^^'^"'"^° ''^^'' embezzling, the ono 
 £250 000, the other £15,000. About twenty years hiter 
 ftnother Tammany loader, who was appointed postmaster 
 for Now York, advanced £50,000 of post-office money in 
 order to carry Pennsylvania for Bnr^hanan. These, 
 however wore but bagatelles compared with the carnival 
 of plunder which was established when Tweed was Tam- 
 many Boss. 
 
 It was not until about the middle of the century that 
 lammany laid the hand upon the agency which for 
 nearly fifty years has been the scepter of its power A 
 certain Southerner, rejoicing in tho name of Rynders, 
 who was a leading man in Tammany in the forties 
 organized as a kind of affiliated institution, n Empire 
 Club, whoso members were too disropi.iable even for 
 lammany. These men, largely composed of roughs and 
 rowdies, who rejoiced in tho expressive title of tho 
 Bowery Plug Uglies, were the first to lay their hand upon 
 the emigrant and utilize him for (he purpose of carrying 
 elections. Mr. Edwards, writing in McClure's Maga- 
 
 zi ne. 
 
 says: 
 
 T.ni;J,tT 1*^'^ ?!VP'''' ^^"^' '"^««^' ^^^'ch taught the 
 political value of the newly arrived foreigner. Its mem- 
 bers approached the immigrants at the pie'rs on the arJivd 
 of every steamship or packet; conducted them into con- 
 genial districts; found them employment in the citv 
 works, or perhaps helped them to set up in business as 
 keepers of grog-shops.'^ ^ "uaintss as 
 
 ^'Politics in Louisiana," General Grant is reported to 
 have said on one occasion, "are hell." They seom to 
 have been very much like hell in the days when the Plug 
 Fghes with Rynders at their head ruled the roast at 
 Tammany. Mr. Edwards tell, a story which sheds a 
 
44 "^ATAS'S INVISIBLE WORLD DlSPLA TED- 
 
 lurid ray of light on the man and manners of that time. 
 Mr Godwin, who preceded Mr. Godkin in the incessant 
 warfare which the Evening Post has waged .^ZT^Z. 
 many, had given more than usual offense to Rynders. 
 That worthy therefore, decided to assassinate the edito 
 as he was taking his lunch at the hotel. Mike Walsh 
 
 Gorwir'fn' '.!" v' '"^'"^^"^ '"^^^'^^^^^^ «»^ «"«bled' 
 **Eynders stepped up to "Walsh and saiM- <wi,o+ a 
 
 " *Well, Godwin did me a good turn once and T rinn'f 
 propose to see him stabbed in the back? Yoi were ^oTn^ 
 to do a sneaking th ng; vou wpva frmnrT+l ^<^re going 
 him, and any mfn who^iiffdoTat if alwL""""^^^ 
 you caii'tT "''"" """'^ "'" ^ '^^^'^' ^'^^ Walsh, and 
 
 t/1'^"* ^ ^^J ^"^ ^ ^^^^^ P^ove that you are a coward 
 If you are not one, come upstairs with me now. We wHl 
 
 ake Z't.l\^'' " '''?' ^ ^^^^ '^^' ^ ^^^^ and you 
 taKe one; and the man who is alive after we havp Vnf 
 
 through will unlock the door and go out' ^^^ 
 
 upp^^ room ''?vlh ^\ -}^}]^r^^^^^ They went to an 
 i.?S! k ? 1 '.^ ^^^^^^ *^^e door, gave Rvnders a 
 large bowie-knife, took one himself,' Ind sa^d 'You 
 stand m that corner, and I'll stanrl in ^i^\c> n^< 
 will walk toward the centel. of the'r om td we'wfc 
 stop unil one or the other of us is finished." ' ^ 
 
 iiach took his corner. Then "Wal^h f7iv,io/i «« i 
 proached the center o( the room. b'^'hSI dW III 
 
 and now I prove it. Never apeak to me again.' " ' 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 • I 
 
 f 
 
 1 
 I 
 
 a 
 
 V 
 
 c 
 
"SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLA TED:* 45 
 
 Mike Walsh, the hero of this episode of the bowie- 
 Icmfe, IS notable as having been the first man to publicly 
 accuse Tammany of tampering with the ballot-box. He 
 was not the last by any means; but Tammany seems to 
 have begun well, for, says Mr. Edwards: 
 
 /'Roscoe Conkling once said, chatting with a group of 
 friends, that Governor Seward had told him that^the 
 Tammany frauds committed by the Empire Club in New 
 York Gity in 1844 unquestionably gave Polk the meager 
 ?nJr^Jf''^ five thousand which he obtained in /ew 
 dene ^^ ^ ^^^ brought to the presi- 
 
 It is not surprising that with this beginning things 
 went on from bad to worse until Mike Walsh, a few years 
 before the war, publicly declared in a great Democratic 
 meeting in the city: 
 
 nolific'of^Npr^ ^ wJ '^y ^^ ^"^^^y* *^^* ^» *h''« ^o^y 
 politic of New York there is not political or personal 
 
 Wsty enough left to drive a nail into to ha^gThat 
 
 There is a fine picturesqueness about this phrase which 
 enables it to stick like a burr to the memory. It was 
 not, however, until the Irish emigration began in good 
 earnest that Tammany found its vocation. Fernando 
 \\rood was first elected to the mayoralty in 1854 Fer- 
 nando Wood was a ward politician who first became 
 known to the public by a prosecution in which it was 
 proved that he had cheated his partner by altering the 
 iigures m accounts. He did not deny the charge! but 
 pleaded statutory limitation. Having thus succeeded in 
 avoiding jail, he promptly ran for the mayoralty, and 
 was du y elected. With him came what Mr. Godkin 
 calls the organization of New York politics on a crimi- 
 Pal basis.'' The exploits of Fernando Wood, however 
 
46 "SATAJ^'S INVISIBLE WOULD DISPLAYED:* 
 
 were thrown entirely into the shade by the lurid splendor 
 of his successor. 
 
 This was William M. Tweed, the famous "Boss" 
 
 PnT."! % r?r ^i' ^^^''' a journeyman, and indeed 
 ended ,t in Ludlow Street Jail, after having ruled New 
 rork for years, as if he were a Turkish Pasha. After 
 serving apprenticeship as a member of the New York 
 Senate, Deputy Street Commissioner, and President of 
 the Board of Supervisors, he gradually made his way 
 upward until he was recognized as Boss of Tammany. 
 It was not, however, until the year 1868 that he sue- 
 ceed.d in giving the public a true taste of his quality. 
 Even hardened Tammany politicians were aghast at the 
 colossal frauds which iie practiced at the polls-frauds 
 not only unique in their dimensions, but in the exceeding 
 variety and multiplicity of their methods. On January 
 1, 1869, Tweed and his allies began to plunder the city 
 m a fashion which might have made the mouth of a 
 Roman proconsul water. His ally, Connolly, was made 
 Comptroller, while Tweed himself found ample scope for 
 his fraudulent genius in the posts of Deputy Street Com- 
 missioner and Supervisor. In the first year he iesued 
 fraudulent warrants for $;J, 750,000. The money was spent 
 fast and furiously. Tweed was a fellow of infinite vari- 
 ety and he seemed almost to revel in the diversity of 
 methods by which he could plunder the public. One 
 very ingenious and simple fraud was his securing an act 
 ot the Legislature, making a little organ which he owned 
 the official organ of the city government. In that 
 capacity he drew 11,000,000 a year from the rates and 
 taxes, as compensation for printing the report of the 
 proceedings of the Common Council. Mr. Edwards 
 says: 
 
 <<i 
 
 r..!?^ established a printing company, whose main busi- 
 ness was the printing of blank forms' and vouchers, for 
 
splendor 
 
 "Boss'' 
 d indeed 
 lied New 
 r. After 
 ew York 
 ident of 
 his way 
 unmany. 
 he suc- 
 quality. 
 it at the 
 -frauds 
 ceeding 
 January 
 the city 
 th of a 
 18 made 
 3ope for 
 3t Com- 
 
 iesued 
 
 IS spent 
 ie vari- 
 rsity of 
 . One 
 an act 
 owned 
 n that 
 es and 
 of the 
 I ward 3 
 
 1 busi- 
 rs, for 
 
 ^'SATAN'S INVISIBLE WOBLD DISPLA TED- 47 
 
 which in one year two million, eight hundred thouaancl 
 dollars was charged. Another it'em was a stationer'a 
 coi-pany, which furnished all the stationery usedTn the 
 public ins itutions and departments, and tV" com pan v 
 alone received some three millions a >ear. On an oS 
 naJr/wr'"* '"? P^P^r^the samo\mount of letteJ 
 
 ^^r^^^^*''^"^^. "P°" ^^^^<^h' *he conviction of Tweed wa^ 
 
 c^eased bifirtr^rS^ i" ^^^ P^'^^"^ ^' enormously Ti! 
 c.eased bills to mechanics, arcln'tects, furniture-maker<. 
 
 andCTcr "it w' V " ' "^^^" persons, fo? sTpp^S 
 would bo ra^.p,/inn *^' ' '*^* ^" t^^'-^t «" J^o»est bill 
 woum bo raised all the w ., ..oni sixty to ninety per cent 
 In the first months of the ring's stilling theWease 
 Tvas about sixty per cent. Some of the 1)iirs were in 
 creased by as much as ninety per cent., biU he aver^G" 
 increase was such as to make it possible to gi^es'xtv 
 
 Xwed'to lit M'T.r'' '^' confederS bef/g 
 fi- f ^1. ^^®P thirty-three per cent.: and of that 
 
 SttriSar'^ '""''''''' '-'' -e-hali";.1'1 
 
 After a time the outrageous nature of his stealings 
 provoked a revolt in Tammany itself. It is to this which 
 Mr. Croker looks back with such proud complacency as 
 marking the advent of reformed Tammany. Tweed was 
 beaten at the elections, and his opponents secured a ma- 
 jority on the Board of Aldermen. Thereupon the re- 
 sourceful rascal pvpmptly went up to Albany, bought 
 up a sufficient number of Congressmen and Senators to 
 give him control of the Legislature, and so secured a 
 new charter for New York, which- legislated his oppo- 
 nents out of office. By this charter a board of audit was 
 created which consisted of Tweed, Connolly and Mayor 
 Hall. What followed is thus described by the A-'ation: 
 
 *'The 'Board' met once for but ten minutes, and 
 
48 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLATED- 
 
 turned the Tvhole 'auditing business over to Tweed 
 This sounds like a oke, out is true. Tweed then 
 
 Tnd ofh7''^' '"^ u"^^"^^^^^' ^« hard as he cou dTLrvey 
 and other scamps bringing in. the raw materia in JS 
 
 IHVp "i'^^J'v «"^ h« ^^«v«r stoppeTtTl he Ind 
 the 1 tfll '^'"^ ff.000,000 worth. &nnol y's part in 
 
 ^^htft TS t^ P""?" t?-ySlnat 
 T^fri' u ^^f, }^^^^ ^^ea ^vhat was eoiuff on 
 
 OOoTn all TVe^*oVnFp"'''•^^""*^^ *^ abo§rn%o!: 
 wu in ail. iiie Joint Committee, reporting on the rnn 
 
 ai rstll Z';.y fh'"'"'"^ ^^^^'-^^^^ thatl^e di^ 0,0": 
 SriLli Pi,^^,.*i]^^® y^^^« »re $19,000,000, which is 
 probably only half the real total." ' ^ 
 
 Never was a more Unblushing rascal, as Mr. Tilden 
 said m his account of Tweed's sovereignty. The Tarn- 
 many ring "^ " 
 
 "controlled the State Legislature, the police aid Pv^rr 
 department or functionary of the law? sTvera orS 
 fJS^" r ^^'' ^^".°h ^''^ it« servile inst/uments and 
 ment of H^r^l'V^'^ command; it secured t^e manage. 
 ment of the election 'machine.* and *ran' if n«- u7 ^ 
 
 Which were never even published, or. never seei^ Not 
 only the city government, but the lion's share of the 
 ?.r'^ 3T'''T''\ ?^'^ h^^ f^"en i»to the hands of 
 wfr?' ol';r1;"the^i' confederates Millions irdolla 
 were sioien by the conspirators by mefijis nf <cf^««<- 
 
 ?iSs''^'Thn"7"l"^' "7 Pavem"ntr.^fd o t el 
 Amn„«f^ . ""^ ^^""^ ^^^™ *h« P"Wic treasury a sum 
 amounting to over £1,600,000 for furnishing Ld 'r^ • 
 pairing' a new courthouse. The charges for^phsterin; 
 alone came to about £366,000. For SrpeTs ^ warS? 
 were drawn for £120,000, although there were ISv 
 any carpets in the building. Th e floors werrpm^lrT^ 
 or covered with oilcloth." Nearly £So,OoT^^^^^^^ 
 
 , 
 
Tweed. 
 !ed then 
 , Garvey 
 1 in the 
 
 he had 
 
 part in 
 y citizen 
 
 eimple- 
 Klorsed, 
 ing on. 
 $1,000,- 
 the con- 
 iscover- 
 i'hich is 
 
 Tilden 
 e Tam- 
 
 d every 
 of the 
 its, and 
 lanage- 
 ts own 
 iss was 
 ^^eara it 
 J29,482 
 aost of 
 . Not 
 of the 
 nds of 
 dollars 
 'street 
 other 
 a sum 
 id *re- 
 teriiig 
 rrants 
 arcely 
 ' bare, 
 lleged 
 
 ^'SATAN^a INVISIBLE WORLD DI8PLA 7BD- 49 
 
 'articWn'r/S'"^/'' r" '^H'''-''^ °^^r £8,200 for 
 articles not dehned and never found. The total sum 
 stolen was over £4,000,000." 
 
 Tweed's brief but ^r.zzling career-for he was indeed a 
 hero clad in hell-fire-is said by President Andrews to 
 have cost the city of New York $160,000,000. The fine 
 levied by Germany on the city of Paris after the war of 
 1870-1 was only one-fourth that amount. Fraud may be 
 more costly than war. The total direct property loss 
 occasioned by the great fire at Chicago in 1871, when 
 three square miles of buildings were burned down, and 
 98,500 persons rendered homeless, was only $30,000 000 
 above the plunder of Tweed and his gang. Thus fraud 
 can be almost as ruinous as fire. 
 
 Tweed was a fellow, if not of infinite jest like poor 
 iorick, at least of infinite insolent humor. In 1871 he 
 boasted, that he had amassed a fortune of $30,000,000 
 Nor did he in the least scruple to avow the means by 
 which he acquired it. President Andrews, of Brown 
 University, in telling the history cf the last quarter cen- 
 tury, says: "He used gleefully to show his friends the 
 safe where he kept money for bribing legislators, finding 
 those of the Tammany-Eepublican slripe easiest game 
 Uf the contractor who was decorating his country place 
 at Greenwich he inquired, pointing to a statue, *who the 
 hell IS thatP 'That is Mercury, the god of merchants 
 and thieves, was the reply. 'That's bully,' said Tweed: 
 put him over the front door.' " 
 
 Tweed was to the last popular with the masses of the 
 people. Even when the whole town was ringing with 
 proofs of his gnilt, he stood as candidate for the Senate 
 of New York State, and was elected. He had dis- 
 tributed m the poorer districts some £10,000 worth of 
 coal and flour, and one of his champions brought down 
 the house by declaring that "Tweed's heart has always 
 
 t'l 
 
60 "SATAI^'S INVISWLE WORLD DISPLA TED." 
 
 boon in tlio right placo, and, ovon if ho is a tliiof, thoro 
 18 nioro blood n. his littlo fingor and more marrow in his 
 hig 00 than tho men who aro abusing him havo in thoir 
 wnolo bouios. 
 
 ' ^ This man, with tliis oxoessivo dovolopmont of marrow 
 in his big too, was ultimately run down by Mr. Tildon 
 and tho Oommittoo of Seventy. Connolly, tho Comp- 
 trollor weakened and made terms with his opponents by 
 appoin ing Mr. Green as deputy-comptroller. Mr! 
 Green had .ittlo dirtieulty in laying hands upon all that 
 •was neeessary ,n order to seeuro tho pro.eoution and 
 conviction f Tweed. Tweed's two infamous judges 
 were driven rom the bench, and ho himself was clapped 
 into jail IIo made his escape, and sought refuge ii 
 bpain. IIo was, however, delivered up to tho American 
 author! ics and reconducted to prison, whero ho died. 
 To the last Tweed retained possession of much of his ill- 
 gotten wealth. An offer which was made to surrende. 
 the residue of his millions in return for his liberty was 
 
 Tweed thought himself on the whole an ill-used man. 
 The judge who tried Tweed declared that ho had perl 
 verted tho -power with which ho was clothed in a man- 
 ner more infamous, more outrageous, than any instance 
 of a like character which the history of tho civilized 
 world afforded " But Tweed himself'doclared Zt he 
 
 himsllf fn'^^ ^r'^^^''' «"d ™ willing to ''submit 
 himself to the just criticism of any and all honest men » 
 From this it would seem that Mr. Croker is not alone in 
 his imperturbable consciousness of public rectitude 
 Tweed on one occasion admitted that he had perhaps 
 erred but he explained ho was not to blame. The fault 
 lay with human nature in the first place, and with tho 
 system under which New York was governed in the sec 
 ond. Therein, no doubt, he was right. "Human 
 
 1 
 c 
 
 f 
 
 f 
 
)* 
 
 "SATAN'S INVmnUC WOULD msPLAVED." 51 
 
 woro ofToied to rnon who woro in power in Now York ho 
 onff aa tho <li,spo.sition of the ollicoa of tho city h at 
 thoir coinniuiid." ^ 
 
 Tho most outrageous thing that Twcorl over did was to 
 pass a bdl through the Suto Logish.ture at AlbanyTgi ' 
 
 whatever they chose to consider to bo contcn.pt. By 
 this law, which was fortunately vetoed by tho governor 
 eveiy newspaper in New York would l^ave been gagged 
 as effectually as tho press of Constantinople. 
 
 After Tweed fell, Tammany was reorganized under 
 Honest John Kelly and Kichard Croker. Mr. GoSkin 
 dec ares that Honest John Ke-ly was only hones' n 
 na.'ne. Ho says; 
 
 "John Kelly practiced tho great Greek mavim 'nnf 
 
 nordL n J *^''' ^'^ rendered any account of iter 
 not, died in possession of a handsonio fnrH,n« tr- 
 pol,oy was tho very safe one of maT „g "he i(v money .^ 
 office iJ^lSer'S" r-7'S, '•''" r^''"^^ ^y co^\'SgZ% 
 
 1 Ji"* h""?- '^'""" '""' prevailed down to tlio year 
 1894 when Tammany, for tho first time in many vears 
 was driven from power. J„st before the upset, tho New 
 York JSvcn,ng Post p-blished the reoords o? tho twenty! 
 mght men who now or recently composed the Execntive 
 Commi tee of Tammany. It showed that they were all 
 professional politicians, and that among thorn wore on 
 
 CCrlor'" ff ' *'"" T' ^'- "■'<> "-" '« 
 for murder, felonions assault, and bribery, respectivolv 
 
 four professional gamblers, flvo ex-keoper of gambMng 
 houses, nine who either now or formerly sold Uquor 
 
52 
 
 'SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED.'* 
 
 three whose fathers did, three former pugilists, four 
 former rowdies, and six members of the famous Tweed 
 gang. Seventeen of these held office, seven formerly 
 did, and two were favored contractors. 
 
 By these men New York was govenied down to the 
 year 1894. All the eilorts of the'reformers seemed t 
 vam. Mr. Godkin reluctantly confessed; 
 
 asSmCVll w ^T^-^""'?"^! organization known 
 uL!:^ * ^ ^" "°* only remains unshaken, but erowa 
 
 d/sce^as wTh^fr Jr r^' ^l''^ ^'^^ ^'^ n/anage'men 
 uescenas, with perfect impunity, nto the hand^ nf a 
 
 more and more degraded cLs.'* ^ * 
 
 But it is ever the dar'kest hour before the dawn. Al- 
 chough on the very eve of the November election of 
 1894 It was declared that -Mr. Croker held almost as 
 despotic a sway over New York as an Oriental potentate 
 over his kingdom,- one month after that statement had 
 been made he was hurled from power by a great out- 
 burst of popular indignation. How that was brought 
 about I will now proceed to tell. 
 
 h ! 
 
''SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED," 
 
 53 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 THE LEXOW SEARCHLIGHT. 
 
 Mr. Lowell good humoredly chaffed John Bull when 
 he declared that 
 
 He detests the same faults In himself he neglected, 
 When he sees them again in his child's glass reflected, 
 
 and we only need to glance at current English criticisms 
 upon American affairs to justify the poet's remark. Es- 
 pecially is this the case with a vice which of all others is 
 regarded as distinctively English. John Bull has plenty 
 of faults, but of those which render him odious to his 
 neighbors there is none which is quite so loathsome as 
 his unctuous rectitude." That phrase, coined by Mr. 
 Rhodes to express the contempt which he and every one 
 who knew the facts felt on contemplating the hypocrisy 
 and Pharisaism displayed in connection with the Jame- 
 son Raid, is likely to live long after Mr. Rhodes has van- 
 ished from this mortal scone. This tendency to Pharisa- 
 ism and self-righteous complacency, which thanks God 
 that It IS not as other men are, is one of those vices 
 which John Bull's children seem to have inherited in 
 full measure. We are pretty good at Pharisaism in the 
 old country, but we are "not a circumstance," to use 
 the familiar slang, when we compare ourselves to some 
 of the ^Pharisees reared across the Atlantic. This has 
 nowhere been brought into such strong relief as when on 
 
 the VerV eve of tbo fiYnnanrp o^A A\a'^^~,CL -j> m 
 
«4 "SATAys INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED." 
 r,yp'l'''?»'""™°" ^""^ *''« '"""P "-"J talked like 
 
 wl"*^ M '™f ohoraoteriatio is observable in all of them 
 Whether >t ., Boss Tweed, appealing confidently iTZ 
 V rd,o of honest men upon a career of colossal the t 
 and almost nieonce.vable fraud; or Mr. Croker, who 
 a ter surveying his whole life, declares that he has noi 
 d, covered a single action which he has reason to regret 
 
 Bon k„ p'T ■^™V"^"""S •"■* good all his life; oJ 
 Bourke Cochrane, who is at once the Apollo and the 
 Demosthenes of Tammany, the same unctuons rectitude 
 oozes ou of every pqre. When Tammany was at its 
 heyday of prosperity and power in 1889, it assembled n 
 
 t'lTolmoT ^""■r'"^""""^ "-^ impassioned 
 oiato.y of Mr. Cochrane, who declared, as among the 
 self-evident truths which found an echo in every bfeast 
 that It corruption prevails among the people, liberty 
 will become a blighting curse, subversive of oidl; Cor 
 rnption once begun, decay is inevitable and irres'istible" 
 the destruction of the Kepnblie is immediate, immeas-' 
 urable irredeemable; since history does not recoTd a 
 case of a popular government which has been arrested in 
 Its downward course." Tammany listened to (;his with 
 ecstatic admiration, cheered to the echo their Zonent 
 oracle, and then went on using the proceeds of a system " 
 blackma. for he perfecting of an engine of corr7p"o„ 
 
 0? mrkind." """" *° ''""^^^ =* P"'""^' '- *"<> »'"»>" 
 In Kr Croker's case, his calm consciousnP" of in 
 corruptible virtue seems to be based upon a cnrions' 
 inversion of a belief in a divine Providence. Tammanv 
 ^ not strong in theology, but Mr. Croker, in taSg "o 
 me, based his argument in favor of the exeellencf of 
 Tammany on the postulate that the government of tht 
 
 I 
 
/ 
 
 I 
 
 > 
 
 SATAy-S INVISIBLE WORLD PISPLAYBD.- 55 
 
 uniyerso was founded on the law of rigMooumos,. Tl.is 
 be.ng the case, it ,vu, only possible to reooncilo the con 
 
 Either trd"""' "'^^""""^'-y <"> o"" of two hypotheses. 
 Either the dommat.on of evil was permitted for a season 
 
 hin „ , "T r'""""''"' ™» '""^' boldly assert 
 «.at all evidence to the contrary notwithstanding, Tam- 
 many rule was m accordance with the eternal law cZo 
 qu. a unimsiiiU, rather than admit that so g eat an 
 
 to exist by the good government of God. Mr. Croker 
 
 t tTd T^ *'" '""" "-^P""-™- There is much 
 n It, no doubt, especially to tliose in Mr. Croker's posi! 
 t'on. It IS, however, open to the fatal objection that 
 the same process of logic would i forUori secure a cer 
 tiflcateof good conduct for the Great Assassin 0? Stam 
 boul himself^ The Ottoman Empire has ted v^n" 
 onger than Tammany Hall, but even Mr. Croker would 
 
 account the exemplary vicegerent ot the Almighty. 
 
 asfnac^atT" •f"'''"^ '" "hich Tammany was clad, 
 as in a coa of mail, was no small element of its strength 
 
 of ^e rnr'Nr'n''™^''"'"^ '^ "'""^^ - <>■--« 
 
 himself thai 'h» f ' '"'" """ '^" °"' ■"'" P-'^^-'xlo 
 
 sconce whlh 'I "^ ^""^ ""^ ^' '"^""o *>"" "on- 
 science which makes cowards of us all. \ Probably this 
 
 Z five or '■"' """^ 'Jo^P»i"ng band of reformers, 
 
 who, five or six years ago, confronted the stronghold of 
 iniquity intrenched in their midst ""ongnold of 
 
 Tammanf Hall '°^'°''' ?T''^ "'""»' ""P'ognable. 
 lammany Hall commanded an annual revenue lar^e 
 
 rdl? .r.Jl".'V"l.-'»'^- « -"» -my." n'S 
 .^s ..«„.. t«u wiioie ox the executive force in itg 
 
 n 
 
66 ^'SATAN'S INVISIBLE WOULD DISPLAYED." 
 
 polioe-a body of m i practically above the law, armed 
 with powers hardly inferi,.r to those of the police of St 
 Petersburg. Besides the police, all the persons on the 
 pay rolls of the city and county wore under the thumb 
 of the Boss. There was hardly a city official, from the 
 highest to the lowest, who did not hold office by the 
 sovereign will and pleasure of Tammany. As there aro 
 27,000 names on those pay rolls, all of whom were voters 
 and were taxable to an almost unlimited extent when- 
 ever the Tammany exchequer needed to be replenished 
 It 18 obvious how enormous were the odds against the 
 assailants of Tammany. 
 
 But the unctuous rectitude of its leaders, the prompt 
 obedience of the police Janissaries, and the discipline of 
 the standing army of the twenty-odd thousand Pretoriana 
 on the city pay rolls, were by no means the only difficul- 
 ties which had to bo overcome. Tammany Hall itself 
 might be compared to a central citadel or keep of a Nor- 
 man fortress. The outworks consisted of all the saloons 
 gaming hells, and houses of ill-fume in the city of New 
 York. Some of these, no doubt, were by no means en- 
 thusiastic in support of the powers that be, but they 
 resembled tribes which, having been subdued by force of 
 arms, are compelled to pay tribute and use their weapons 
 m support of their conquerors. In New York, just be- 
 fore the revolt against Tammany, the number of licenses 
 for the sale of intoxicants in Now York City was over 
 six thousand. The number of unlicensed drinking 
 places was estimated at from two thousand to three 
 thousand. Each of these saloons might be regarded as 
 a detached outwork, holding a position in advance of 
 the main citadel, and covering it from the attack of its 
 foes. 
 
 In those days it used to be said that licenses were 
 granted by the Excise Board to anybody who had not 
 
"SATAN'S INVISIBLE WOULD DISPLA TED:' 57 
 
 Borved a term iu a penitentiary. One indignant divine 
 declared that it was perfectly safe to say that, if the 
 devil himself should apply to the Excise Board for a 
 license to sot up a branch establishment on the children's 
 playgrounds in the Central Park, it would be granted. 
 As to the other establishments of even worfo I'umo than 
 the saloon, there was an unwritten contract bv whicr in 
 return for tribute paid directly or indirect. v, ;hey vera 
 shielded by the strong arm of Tammanv fro. th. en- 
 forcement of the law. It was calculated 'that if all the 
 saloons in New York were placed side by side, averaging 
 them at only twenty feet frontage each, they would 
 form a line of circumvallation twenty miles long. To 
 put It in another way, there was on an average one saloon 
 for every thirty voters. 
 
 In addition to its control of the saloon, Tammany had 
 two ox tremely important financial resources which have 
 not yet been mentioned. The first was the control of 
 the city contracts. A great city like New York, with 
 an expenditure that exceeded that of the whole Federal 
 Government of the United States fifty years ago, has an 
 enormous means of influence at its disposal in the mere 
 granting of contracts. But even this was a compara- 
 tively trivial element in the financial strength of Tam- 
 many. There existed in New York, as in almost every 
 city great corporations representing enoiinous capital, 
 and dividing gigantic dividends, which, in the Tammany 
 scheme of the universe, might have been created for the 
 express purpose of furnishing an unfailing supply of 
 revenue to the party chest. The corporations which 
 enjoyed franchises from the city, giving them control of 
 the streets, whether for the purpose of traction, of light- 
 ing, or of electrical communication, were Tammany's 
 milch cows. They all possess monopolies, granted to 
 them m the first instaaco either by corruption or by 
 
58 
 
 "SAl^AIi'S INVISIBLE WOULD DISPLAYED." 
 
 negligence, which enable them to plunder the public 
 ihese monopolies can only be terminated or modified bv 
 the Legislature, and the Legislature can only act in 
 obedience to the party machine. All that needs to be 
 done when the campaign fund runs low is for the Boss 
 to intimate to the various corporations that milking time 
 has come and that if they do not contribute liberally of 
 their substance to the party treasury, Tammany will no 
 longer be able to give them protection when the usual 
 attack IS made next session upon their monopoly or 
 their franchise. Money is the sinews of war, and as the 
 Tammany war chest was always full, Tammany snapped 
 
 hI 7.TM'" 'I' '"'""'^' ""^ contemptuously de- 
 Glared that the reformers did not amount to a row of 
 
 The outlook undoubtedly was very gloomy. From 
 the point of view of practical politics it was simply hop^- 
 less; nevertheless, in a couple of years the fortress was 
 stormed, and the government of New York placed in the 
 hand of the reformers. The story of the way in wh ch 
 this was brought about should never be forgotten by all 
 those who are called upon to lead forlorn hopes against 
 immense odds. As long as the world lasts such f a m 
 
 times of danger and distress restore the courr^e and 
 revive the faith of man. Dr. Parkhurst's att.4 on 
 Tammany IS one o the latest of a long series of victories 
 achieved by the leader of an outnumbered handfT 
 When Gideon went forth against the hosts of Midian 
 with only hree hundred followers, he left a leading else 
 on record for the encouragement of all who should come 
 after How many reformers anl revolutionists who 
 have helped the world forward in the path of progress 
 have been cheered by the dream in which :he Midianitish 
 soldier saw a cake of barley Iread smite and overturn 
 
) public. 
 Jified by 
 "f act in 
 ids to be 
 the Boss 
 ing time 
 srally of 
 will no 
 10 usual 
 poly or 
 d as the 
 mapped 
 isly de- 
 k row of 
 
 From 
 y hope- 
 ess was 
 1 in the 
 1 which 
 > by all 
 igainst 
 narra- 
 lich in 
 ;e and 
 ck on 
 3torie8 
 ndful. 
 lidian 
 g case 
 come 
 
 who 
 )gress 
 3itish 
 rturn 
 
 '•SATAN-a mvmsLB WOSID msPLA TBD." 69 
 t-ity from the grasp of Tammany. ^ 
 
 pontics ^;httaHho:^;'7t A, ed"™°V''"""'"'P''' 
 polls, nevertheless maA^ed Dr P kl, ^st"! r"" ,"^ "° 
 to succeed Dr Kow,vA rv f^"""'""' »»' «s "" man 
 
 ventien of crime It he-. "^ """ ^^ "=' P"-^" 
 
 .ens, presided ^vVl^rdoZ^Tdt'l-f '"'''"? "'"" 
 
 " - "utcor 01 aiviiiity, putting in 
 
60 
 
 
 It ■! 
 
 ••SATASs mrmaiB wouzd disflatbd." 
 
 the ^olice!"' "^ "' '"'"2'''""'"'= "«' '<"•"""'» "Down with 
 
 Strange though it may seem to ns, the best people of 
 New York understood and appreciated what Dr. Park- 
 
 fhltf f t ''"',*'" '"""P^' '» his lips and blew 
 a blast the echoes of which are still sounding through 
 the world H,s sermon was an in.peachmeLt of the 
 government of New York, the like of which had seldom 
 been heard before in a Christian pulpit. If any on" 
 
 Z^T.'l' ^S''r "^ ">^ ""^ <•' this volume, lei hTm 
 read what Dr. Parkhurst said in the sermon, of which 
 the following sentenoa is a fair sample: 
 
 hi2lf"lh':t":o%X"e"e'"stn1ur':ff'n"'''^"r 
 
 ffr ir? «'« «Toi oi,r"chemes!'lrt'fe polhu'ed 
 harmes that, nnder the pretext of governing this citv 
 are feeding day and night on its quivering v tils ThJv 
 are a lying, perjured, rlim-soaked? and Ifbldinons lot" ^ 
 
 Dr. Parkhurst knew that there was no better way of 
 spoiling the trump card of the devil's game than to re- 
 fuse to et him keep things mixed. He maintained that 
 the dis not attorney, or, as we should say, the public 
 prosecutor, was guilty of complicity with vice and crime! 
 that every effort to make men respeouible, honest, tem^ 
 perate and sexually clean was a direct blow between the 
 eyes of the mayor and his whole gang of drunken and 
 echerous subordinates, who shielded and patronized 
 iniquity." Criminals and officials, he declared were 
 hand in glove, and he summed up the whole matter in 
 he fol owing concise exposition of the statu, quo in 
 "Satan's Invisible World" in New York, 1893: "It I 
 simply one solid gang of rascals, half of the gang in 
 office and the other half out, and the two halves steadi y 
 catering to each other across the oiBoial lino " 
 
 
 
 ! ' 
 
ED." 
 'own with 
 
 people of 
 )r. Park- 
 nary 14, 
 »nd blew 
 
 through 
 t of the 
 d seldom 
 
 any one 
 , let him 
 'f which 
 
 disguises 
 )r so be- 
 poUuted 
 his city, 
 . They 
 I lot." 
 
 xon, for 
 ' way. of 
 n to re- 
 led that 
 
 pnblio 
 i crime; 
 ?t, tem- 
 een the 
 :en and 
 fonized 
 I, were 
 itter in 
 quo in 
 
 "It is 
 fang in 
 fceadily 
 
 
 Of course there was a great ontcrv Sn^n a 
 pie were scandalized, whL as for^L ^u'T ^'^'^ r* 
 were simply outrirrp/ or if. ^^® ^^'^ ones, they 
 
 iiiirst was summoned before fho n>.„ ^ t 
 
 emnly reproved for moT . ^^^^^ '^"'*3^' «"<^ sol- 
 
 scouted because h^.!n . ^"'"'''' «'»'«""»'3 were 
 dence as to th H eol ^ '"" ""Z""" "'''-""""^ ^"■ 
 stp- ceon which he huif.""^ °' '"'"' P"^"""'*'' '"- 
 tie bold aid eS„rageor'o/^"."^\^."^'"^' ''^ '-"^ 
 
 houses not easy of accesVwpnf; f ^^^y/^t^^'^d into no 
 not recognized as nofn,; .' "^^ ^^^^'^ ^^^^'^^ were 
 
 i^nown by't^TpotLrro^^^Jhr beal'l ''''''''' "^" 
 succeeded in proving JZl ^^ In one case they 
 
 policeman on b^tl '.ta'n^" .^f;-;^^ ^^ ^^^i thi 
 
 house, ostensibly for an Lml i *^''^ "^^'^^'^ *^^« 
 
 ti:s«;-Lrx:iLf;::.rthrrV"r- 
 
 March n isqo ^^ P"^^^^ ^" *he morning of 
 
 i^iarcn Id, 189^, and once move <i.,.n,-..»., x, ^.^'^ 
 
 ° **'"^o"cu cue city 
 

 I r 
 I / 
 
 il 
 
 ejj "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WOULD DISPLAYED." 
 
 authorities. This time, however, he was armed with a 
 mass of facts ascertained at first hand, and supported by 
 unimpeachable, independent testimony. He brought 
 forward no fewer than two Lundred and eighty-four 
 cases in which the law was flagrantly violated under the 
 noses of the police, who, he maintained, were guilty of 
 corrupt complicity in the violation of the law they were 
 appointed to enforce. 
 
 It wa[i a great sermon, and one that shook the city to 
 its center. Some idea of its drift and spirit may be 
 gained from this extract: 
 
 "There is little advantage in preaching the Gospel to 
 a young fellow on Sunday, if he is going to be sitting on 
 the edge of a Tammany-maintained hell the rest of .he 
 week. Don't tell me that 1 don't know what I am ta k- 
 inff about. Many a long, dismal, heart-sickening night, 
 in company with two trusted friends, have I spent since 
 I spoke on this matter before, going down into the dis- 
 gusting depths of this Tammany-debauched town; and 
 it is rotten with a rottenness that is unspeakable and in- 
 describable, and a rottenness that would be absolutely 
 impossible except by the connivance, not to say the pur- 
 chased sympathy, of the men whose one obligation before 
 God men, their own consciences, is to shield virtue and 
 make vice difficult. Now, that I stand by, because be- 
 fore Almighty God I know it, a.id I will stand by it 
 thoucrh buried beneath presentments as Jhick as autumn 
 leavel in Vallombrosa, or snowflakes in a March blizzard. 
 
 And stand by it Dr. Parkhurst did. He was promptly 
 summoned again before the Grand Jury, and this time 
 he had his facts at command. Instead of being rebuked, 
 the Grand Jury reported emphatically that it was impos- 
 sible to reconcile the facts presented by Dr. Parkhurst 
 with any other theory than that of wholesale police 
 
 corruption. 
 The following month various keepers of disreputable 
 
irsD." 
 
 rmed with a 
 lUpported by 
 Ele brought 
 eighty -four 
 d under the 
 3re guilty of 
 iw they Avere 
 
 c the city to 
 pirit may be 
 
 he Gospel to 
 be sitting on 
 iO rest of the 
 at I am talk- 
 [ening night, 
 I spent since 
 into the dis- 
 ed town; ai^d 
 kable and in- 
 be absolutely 
 I say the pur- 
 igation before 
 Id virtue and 
 r, because be- 
 1 stand by it 
 ok as autumn 
 rch blizzard.'* 
 
 was promptly 
 and this time 
 leing rebuked, 
 i it was impos- 
 Dr. Park hurst 
 lolesale police 
 
 f disreputable 
 
 if 
 
 SENATOR l,EX0W 
 
 FDOll PHOTO a» PDINCE 
 

 f-Jv- 
 
 li 
 
 
 
*? 
 
 "SA:^^ ^3 INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED.' 
 
 houses were prosecuted upon Dr. Parkh 
 
 63 
 
 when 
 
 urst's evidence. 
 
 rLf:^!:-"''-«^»-ToXv;^,' 
 
 by representing, him I, Z ^« «a«^ago Dr. Parkhurst 
 
 4'.tt.it;;lX,,t ^7 «' you .t .tn, ana 
 attention to a hideourw,!. ? "'°'"™' ^o" "«" 
 
 ing out sympathy and commiseration. 
 
 and s'cniar o™ fe, J,*^:,^' ;? "' '°J'^/^"«'""^ 
 and mining went stead lyT'ln o^ eTotrnV'"'?"' 
 
 eo^d Dr Parkl,„rft : "T' "^^"™'-' ">^ ?»"<=» P^oa- 
 to levy bla;kmaU Th.^ t « I' " "" """S^'' """"P' 
 vengeLocInt t the mZenf it" hXf' '"'" '"" " 
 
 r-on";pt;t%rdT^'^''-"-^^^^^ 
 
 however, bfthisreve: DrVtr'^fV ^"''™»'^'^' 
 the war into the enemy'slmp He '7 ^^'"' *" """^ 
 forty-flve of the /,Lt^' ^IS"' "P "ases against 
 i.ouses whioh worV»M^ "■". ^""'■"'"S »<> disorderly 
 =.!« sLgle tl-:V"7' .'» r""";? the police captain 
 S-- ^ „. iu„ inaja followed with varying 
 
I; 'i 
 
 64 "SATAI^'S INVISIBLE WOULD DISPLA TMD," 
 results. It was evident that the difficulties in the wav 
 of obtaining a full disclosure of police corruption cud 
 only be overcome by special measures. Public ooinLn 
 was now deeply stirred, and the Chamber of Commerce 
 memorialized the Senate of New Ynrt Qfo* ^""imorce 
 in,wy i..to the Police CfCnfoiVrYo'r ' "" 
 lUe Senate appointed a Committee of InTestisatinn 
 
 :xpe„r'''T:is™'•""''i"^'r '"^ p^ n::::':," •; 
 
 Wiiere party feeling rana high, anything that one 
 
 favor^f 7^ -^ theEepubhoan majority of the Senate in 
 favor of the mvest.gation into the misdeeda of the New 
 York pohce could only see in it a Bepnblican plot for 
 the mannfactare of political capital in the divlion of 
 pohtical patronage. So he took special objection to anv 
 invesfgation of the Police Department of N ^York 
 The following passage from the veto message desmes to 
 stand on record as one of the most eztraordfnarreXiea 
 ever prononnced np„„ a rotten system on th/very eve 
 
 J3^adS^^p?i?'^r.tt4v\^r;S^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 111 
 
ted:* 
 
 in the way 
 
 ption could 
 
 )lic opinion 
 
 CommGrce 
 
 to hold an 
 
 ork. 
 
 estigation, 
 3nt of its 
 ower, him- 
 lustration, 
 n of Tam- 
 
 that one 
 Governor 
 Senate in 
 f the New 
 n plot for 
 livision of 
 on to any 
 ew York. 
 3serve3 to 
 ^ eulogies 
 very eve 
 Grovernor 
 
 )d reason 
 ;ive scru- 
 in public 
 3 person 
 ivell gov- 
 i a lower 
 
 no city 
 eets; no 
 s better 
 a better 
 
 no city 
 
 "SATAN-a INVI8IBLB WORLD DISPLA 7BD." 68 
 
 city trfas„r^:lUte ^r'Tslr'/^lir t."r ■'•'!''' 
 tration sometimes hannens is ti,>«. tt'.t -j ""■'"Jminis- 
 
 p. iO. —Lexow Commission, vol. i., 
 
 memuers ol the Cliambep of Commerce guaranteed M 
 
 enable them to prosecute the investigation. ThereuLn 
 the committee was appointed and set to work IK 
 members were Senators of the State of n!w York It 
 
 Tr^T """ '■y*''- Clarence Le.owThetme 
 of the other members were Edmund O'Conno GeoT^e 
 
 '"herlfnd ^nd John" W Gofl'!?' ^''\ ^""'"" ^' 
 member of thl. •.. "' counsel. The only 
 
 was Mr r!*! """"?""''' '•^presenting New York City 
 Ihli, • ." ' '"'"' resented the minority report 
 ^h.ch mamtamed that the Kepnblicans were as bad a^ 
 the Democrats, and that most of the officials in fh! 
 Pohce Department implicated in blackmfi fraud and 
 corruption were Kepnblicans. " 
 
 loa*. At the earlier sittings the Police Denartmpnt 
 was represented by counsel, but after awhirhf wa 
 withdrawn, and the committee v,,, left to conduct i?s 
 nqmnes as best it could. It w.., iortnnate rsecuril 
 
 fined him for contem;r bl^at TTstV uTorhi: 
 rights as counsel in protecting one of Dr. ParkW' 
 agents. As even the one dissentient membor of th« 
 
iM 
 
 60 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WOULD JJI1SPLA7BJ)» 
 
 theory tH?;, Committee see,n» to havo acooptod tho 
 theory that ,t was appointed for exactly the opr ,si e 
 
 would lead them. T ^y tt^rt t? tl'l ra ri! 
 for three weeks wonM complete the investisation %. 
 sooner, however, had they begun to ann t A^' u 
 than they came upon evi/ence'o? «!■ hTotlntV ;»: 
 
 Z"n orr t"h' "^^,^'^"«-y "- -op«: itto 
 p^or^/tiSt^tf ifr ^n:f .'^^^z^r? 
 
 the year that they were aWe to finkh fHi. P . 
 
 Eeport. This was dated January 16 1895 fT'T^ 
 ^ they recommended the contin„a7on of the ino^ !" *'"" 
 T^l '^'f', ''■"" '"^ g^''^' revolt had tZ. u 
 
 rpLf r :r Jr ed- r:^ ;: jst' 
 tt evSThi: h tS; t;r' '^^^ '^- ™— " 
 
 exhibits which wcio read aXUideied ?n eySot^ 
 
3ustrious 
 >mmitf;G«» 
 31.' As 
 ce taken 
 1 a sigh : 
 iiig such 
 ca Cora- 
 lerence; 
 rposo of 
 reas tho 
 <;ocl the 
 >pp »site 
 . Cham- 
 
 n they 
 V far it 
 a week 
 a. No 
 pr )be 
 3s lat 
 bat to 
 idence 
 end of 
 isional 
 1 then, 
 
 ac 
 
 aceu 
 point 
 3d in 
 arize 
 
 Jeed- 
 itary 
 , for 
 
 ■"the polla, and' trbaCoo. «.'"'"';'' '"*"'<'>'e..oe 
 refer to the SMbject.niatte?„f\? i?'"?," "''<"> P»ge8, 
 oomiption. la all 6» li,!^'"''"''"""'' <""ortiou, and 
 whom 81 wore oMminnH"?,"*' .'""•" eMmiuod, o( 
 
 Beoond branch of tl""^ii°v 'in "S'f l"" «»^ »""'' 
 poenas were served of » .lli; ,.' ,""'. "•""'' " 00 sub- 
 
 re^renoo to tho Vc^o^J-bt.;' W th^ ^^^r:j^ 
 
 oatitrcriitrrtLni^"' r''™°' "- - 
 
 I have based this .nZe "s^, ?"t "• "'""™'=<''' ">*' 
 
 '^'^ displayed, no/hTastran^'r^^'riTob'"''"''''" 
 an amateur investij. ,r Tii !„ , . ?' ''''«e"er, or 
 
 by Amer,..„ snb'ect testifv„: '""^r ''^™ "'"'« 
 American tribuna/as , e f^^^ot th'""";, '"^"'^ "» 
 existed in the city oi New V 1T """ ""'"""y 
 investigation the old svstem „ n ' "''"''" »' '""o 
 
 thrown, and the t.oli?» V, ^"'"""'"y ""'e was over- 
 
 have n^w as chie?!, "r"8'"J' --oorganized. They 
 
 Mr. OoiZT^Z'tZZZl-- '""'■■ "">' ""- 
 "Ption of the old sy tern If '" ''"'"'""'« "'^ <''»- 
 aocuracy of tho picture 0^?/ / ."7 "'"' '''""^ts the 
 
 1894, wb'ioh is jttz 1 tM r; thX?,r'^" ""- "> 
 
 I can only refer him to the volumes * , /" '°"""g V'^geB, 
 reference i. made thronghont in tb„ °' *" "'"''='' 
 
 It is not surprisinrth.f i ? *"'"'«'=' '""'o^- 
 midst of such?'; 31,0, H '"."'"' '"'™ ''"<> '"the 
 ^ .rkhurst wfth SlTdespiwrgtyr " '""' ""' '''" »'• 
 
 piSrT&°,:c»f„^y^^^^^^ 
 
 reached, the conntry is daS tl ""™»«'^-^ which once 
 Holy Ghost to do anVthing lor it.'?""" "^^ *""'" »' "-e 
 
 ■ ^''»' Meh 8 state of rott„„n-" ••-<, ■ 
 
 " "■■'•' ""S oeen reached in 
 
68 " SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLA TED." 
 
 any part of the English-epeaking wor' 1 we mnst all be 
 loath to admit. The great popular uprising which 
 swept Tammany from power in 1894 was a healthy sign 
 that tho rottenneaa had not eaten to the vitals of tho 
 community. But the charter of Greater New York 
 proves only too well how deeply distrust has sapped the 
 faith of the citizens in the possibility of governing their 
 city by the ordinary democratic machinery of an elective 
 assembly. 
 
 \\ 
 
ast all bo 
 g which 
 Ithy sign 
 Is of thn 
 )W York 
 pped the 
 ing their 
 , elective 
 
 "SATAN'ki INViaiBLE WORLD DISPLAYED." 
 
 G9 
 
 
 PART II. 
 
 Satan's Invisible "World. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 A BEIGN OP TERROR. 
 
 The Loxow Committee experienced great difficulty at 
 the outset in procuring evidence owing to the Reign of 
 Terror which was established in New York by the police. 
 The story reads more like a description of an Indian 
 province terrorized by a band of Thugs than a statement 
 of how New York was governed. When unwilling wit- 
 nesses—and the vast majority of witnesses were most 
 unwilling— were placed on the stand, they were thus ad- 
 dressed by the chairman: 
 
 "Any testimony you give now, under oath, before this 
 committee with reference to bribery or corruption, can- 
 not be used against you in any form, shape, or way. 
 Ihefactof your confession here before this committee 
 will be a complete bar against any prosecution against 
 ^^? n ^1^^^ offense. In other words, if you sit here 
 and tell the truth, and confess that you have committed 
 any crime of that description, you will be absolutely re- 
 lieved from any punishment for the commission of that 
 crime. On the other hand, if you swear to anything 
 that IS false, then, not only could you be punished for the 
 crime that you committed, if you did commit the crime 
 of bribery, but for the crime f false swearing, or per- 
 jury, besides; you understand iiat?"-^Vol. iv., d. 3.615. 
 
f 
 
 n 
 
 f 
 
 them, of the name of Interman, admitfed franklv thaf 
 
 wrath of an offpridprl a^A i P°^^°® *^^'^ ^^^e 
 
 oath and tl e rea L„ f T. ^.""^'"^ "''"^"''^ <" «>» 
 inc. Ji reality of a future state were hardlv edifv 
 
 mg. One woman, Julia Malinnov i,..„i, ^i -^ ^' 
 the unhesitating candor t.th'ilu ''""'''^ *" 
 
 counsel's questions. "'"'"' '''' ""^"""d 
 
 "Do you not know," said Mr Onff "*i,„i. 
 n.eet yon, punishment in the wirid hLa t /" """ 
 ;;i hope not," Julia replied simply. 
 And you know that you would ho liaH,. i ^ ,, 
 State's prison?" persisted Mr Goff Bu? M f? ^ """ 
 was proof against that threat ^''^ ^'"><"'«^ 
 
 hcZ'^s^rfma^Sd"" ' ''"""' "' «"' '" '-"'^"'o- 
 
 nt It rdm£':i::ft t:::iTr ^™^'^- 
 
 difficulty to extract -hn tr, ti f ' "ncommon 
 
 these, w\o fear :„ God ne thr """""^ ^"^^ «« 
 should fhpv? rp, , ' neitUer regara man. Why 
 
 all th,' gs ' "^'^^ ''""' ^°' * P-^"' ""d *he pull enSs 
 
 Two competent American observers have recently f„u 
 
 u. what a policeman is in an American c^;. "S cot 
 
ed:* 
 
 iry oom- 
 One of 
 ikiy that 
 members 
 'alsely to 
 If they 
 secuted, 
 3mselves 
 Je wrath 
 day evi- 
 ihan the 
 3 slowly 
 ignient. 
 •ers and 
 3r of an 
 r edify. 
 !ord for 
 swered 
 
 would 
 
 to the 
 ihoney 
 
 y-four 
 
 adley. 
 
 union 
 
 ch as 
 
 Why 
 
 ends 
 
 told 
 con- 
 
 "SATAir-a mvmiBLE would dxspla tbd.- n 
 
 this of that sjrr^f dty go;:ren't"t c."" *•""■] 
 
 an the West the poUoo'XZ7::';u,lTZTi::n 
 
 .a, head ,,, ^otv^o^ t^ ATt;':';i;: 
 
 both liberty an/ofv7l zatL hnt' t" ^^'^ ^''''""''l »' 
 our population thev stan, ».' t^ ' *<> a large portion of 
 
 the r^ep'ieaentrtiJe oVt e h,ro^th?L°nr'T ",V™" "^ 
 age dweler in a tpnpmr.nf\ '^"e land. To the aver- 
 
 born abroad/the poSmn is in \?^'^"'^' ''^'''^^^y if 
 there is of governinZt f« ; ' • "^ ^'' °'^° P^^«^" «li <:hafc 
 
 lature, oonftiErandtwn^Sinl""^"^' ^"^^ ^^^- 
 The other witness is Mr Gnrllfi-r, +»,„ j-i . , 
 
 ^in, Post, who, writijVtt ■;; ; j :^:f ]^r 
 
 ..«^men yeara -..ok, says of the newly landerimf I" 
 
 hoZraToL^dTniVonsf jf^n^'"-:;^^.'' '? » '»^'»™t- 
 
 face with three f„"fotrri^Sho^e,"rte''^ro'V''"»^ 
 government of his new oountrv th'i i" ° ''"" *''^ 
 
 the district, tiio police cana^-n^7' P"''?* J"'""" »' 
 
 he sees it at all." ^ "^^ through a glass darkly, if 
 
 These dwellers in tenement-houses in New York to 
 whom the pohcemen, of whom there were then looo, is 
 
 u 
 
72 
 
 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED" 
 
 .1 
 
 I) 
 
 judge, executive, and legislature, constitution, and town 
 meeting, comprise two-thirds of the population of the 
 city To the foreign denizen of these districts-say one- 
 ha f of he whole-the policeman and his masters of the 
 political machine are all of America that he can see or 
 understand. 
 
 Now let us see what kind of an America the New 
 York police presented to the eyes of the majority of the 
 population of the city. The Lexow Committee, in Us 
 final report, after commenting on the difficulty of 
 obtaining evidence owing to the terrorism practiced by 
 the police, said of a typical case: 
 
 sireTo If r Pn^ T^ characteristic. A consuming de- 
 uIIa ^a 5 ^"? J^ ^" outrageous servitude on the one 
 
 gamng"ttald"m '^n lt'T'f'\r'''' ^^ « 'tHi m^ 
 gamug tnraidom on the other It seemed in faof ao 
 
 though every interest, every occupation almost 'vprv 
 
 «i«rw'-''''/T^°A*^'^ ^y^« all.controll ing and over^ 
 shadowing dread of the police department. 
 
 ihose in the humbler walks of life were subiected tn 
 
 t?^tt"fnT n?'fh ^•""'^ \' ^^^^ ^^*^"* contS even 
 lit A ^;.^^ *h? investigation. They were abused 
 on ifi%fr ^"^PT^^^d' ^"d even convicted of cimes 
 oil false testimony by policemen anu their accomnl ces 
 Men of business were harassed and annoved S^thpi; 
 affairs so that they too were compel ed?obeid the r 
 nee « to the police yoke, in order that they might share 
 that so-cal ed protection which seemed indispensable to 
 the profitable conduct of their affairs. People of aide 
 grees seemed to feel that to antagonize theTlice was to" 
 can down upon themselves the swift judgment and nVr^ 
 secu ion of an invulnerable force, strong ili itself band/d 
 together by self-interest and the commLity of unlawful 
 gam, and so thoroughly intrenched in tYe ml^nfcTna 
 government as to defy ordinary assault. Strang S 
 Hesitated when required to give evidence of theTr onwes 
 sion, and whispered stories: tricks subterfu^P?^n^H 
 schemes of all kinds, wore resorted to^owthffl 
 this committee and its counsel the fact that they had 
 
"SATAW'S INVISIBLE WOULD DISPLAYED." 73 
 
 nnH^?^?! ""' ^''•i' ^^ corruption or oppression by the 
 police The uniform belief was that if they spoke 
 agamst the police, or if the police discovered that they 
 had been instrumental in aiding your committee, or had 
 given information, their business would be ruined, thev 
 would be hounded from the city, and their lives even 
 jeopardized."- Vol i., pp. 25, 26. , 
 
 For wrongs inflicted by the police there was no redress. 
 Mr. Goff in the concluding stages of the investigation 
 referred to this phase of the question in the following 
 significant terms: 
 
 "A great many innocent people who have been clubbed 
 
 .It ^^I'^'V'' ^.V ""'^^ .^^^^ thought that the city was 
 responsible for the actions of its employees; but the 
 courts have held time and time again that the city is not 
 responsible; and then from the further fact that nearly 
 every policeman in the city has his property in his wife's 
 name, it has become a notorious thing that it is useless 
 to bring an action for assault against a policeman. . 
 
 Mr* vZT^ ""'f.'?-*^', "f "^"^ ^^ ^^'^ celebrated case of 
 Po f -^ WM?.' ^ ^^'?\ '^ ^^« ^ Decoration Day parade. 
 Captain Williams clubbed him in Madison Square! and 
 he got a judgment of $2,500; but the judgment was 
 never collected. We have never been able to get it on 
 the record that a judgment against a police official has 
 been paid."— Vol. v., p. 4,6617 
 
 It is not surprising after this to read the answer of a 
 witness, a journalist of standing, who had been nearly 
 murdered by a police captain in the cells of the police 
 station. He was asked if he had taken proceedings 
 against his assailant. He replied: 
 
 delrd'colVand heffi""' "" ^^^"^ '' ''^ ^^^^ '^' 
 
 ^ To quote the more formal but not less emphatic find- 
 ing of the Lexow Committee: 
 
ll 
 
 74 SATAN'S mnsiBlB WORLD DISPLA YBD - 
 
 practicalJy free tliemselve^s from fh« P""^t^?'"ent, but 
 criminal law.''~Vol f., p 30 operation of the 
 
 Even when crime was discovered whon fi,^ • • , 
 was, as it were, taken red-hJd.d /h! *^« criminal 
 
 of the Rnar^ +K„+ • AHUrcws, a Commissioner 
 
 It was not for want of painstaking on the nart. of tl,. 
 Legislature tlaat ti.e police force was^ot more effleient 
 
 'uI'X^irstftet?ir^"'^^''^^ '^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 thus e.p,L,ea b;c:L^lS„"r mS/""' """'' ''^ 
 
 *'The candidate is reauirpd fn t,o^« at, 
 certain number of citizen" usual^vfi? ^ "^°'^' ^^ * 
 as to his character--thei?aCu wK""' ^VT^^ ^^^ ^""' 
 those papers having beenffl.^ ^"^ all 
 
 are sent to the Civfl Service BoJrd^!;^'*'^^ *^'. P^P^^^ 
 are held from time to time of bXhL^^/'^ jxaminatfons 
 Application is made to the olt^n^i '"''•^ WHcants. 
 character and ast thV p'erS^'wh'o la^alr '' ""'' 
 and a report is made in wriHn J kwk ^ . ^^^ P^P^r, 
 are three Civil ServfoA rrni^-^-^^ *^^ captain. There 
 
 -a,or; Ido'not'r'c'Xc't'tr'nTmriff^^^^ ""V'^' 
 Once a year the Civil Service S Selt^Sl 
 
I a sepa- 
 uithority 
 lent, but 
 1 of the 
 
 criminal 
 to be a 
 
 n court, 
 police, 
 consid- 
 
 issioner 
 
 3se had 
 
 e false 
 a com- 
 teps to 
 ne? 
 no."— 
 
 of the 
 ioient. 
 omply 
 1 were 
 
 of a 
 r hini 
 ndall 
 apers 
 itions 
 ants. 
 )f his 
 
 'here 
 r the 
 ime. 
 lina- 
 
 "SATAN^S mnsiSLH WOULD DISPLA T£!D>' 75 
 
 suMeot^wT^'f T'' *^^™«^I^««^ ^^e« asked about the 
 subject, were at a loss to explain how it was vice and 
 
 Clave the liepublican Police Commissioner, told the 
 commit.ee that he had always voted with his Tamma ! 
 Commissioners on the Board, because ''he had Tever 
 known them to do anything wrong." There was a very 
 touching httle scene described by Mr. McClave's son- n"^ 
 law as to the gnef which the appointment of the Lexow 
 Committee occasioned Mr. McCiave. Mr. and Mrs. McT 
 C ave were going to a reception one night, and said Mr 
 Gideon Granger, the son-in-law: 
 
% 
 
 "8ATAN'8 INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED » 
 
 "i ^ 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 PROMOTIOIf BY PULL AND PROMOTIOlf BY PURCHASE. 
 
 The New York Police Department as it existed in 
 1894 was like the Scribes and Pharisees in the Gospel. 
 It was like unto whitqd sepulchers, which indeed appear 
 beautiful outward, but are within full of dead men's 
 bones and of all uncleanness. Hardly a single thing that 
 was proved to exist could have existed if the lawsfrules 
 and regulations had been faithfully enforced. There- 
 fore iintil the searchlight of the Lexow inquiry was 
 turned on, it was the correct thing to deny that the 
 abuses, the corruption, the blackmail had any existence 
 On paper the New York police was the finest in the 
 world It was the most perfectly equipped, and it was 
 armed with authority as great as that of any autocrat. 
 What then could possibly be wrong? 
 
 The answer of the Lexow Committee, after hearing the 
 evidence, was short and succinct. Their answer to the 
 question. What is wrong in the Police Department.^ 
 might be summed up in one word-Everything. From 
 the crown of the head down to the sole of the Xeet, the 
 department was proved to be one mass of putrefvin^ 
 sores. There was no health in it, and it was wor.t of all 
 at the top. 
 
 The Lexow Report says: 
 
 "The conclusion which has imnreqqpd ifaoif «««« - 
 the Pohos Departm. are snoh that operate from the 
 
 r 
 a 
 c 
 d 
 a 
 li 
 I 
 a 
 
'iEZ).» 
 
 ICHASE. 
 
 xisted in 
 e Gospel, 
 id appear 
 id men's 
 ling that 
 ws, rules 
 There- 
 niry was 
 that the 
 sistence. 
 b in the 
 id it was 
 .utocrat. 
 
 fing the 
 r to the 
 rtment? 
 From 
 3et, the 
 :refying 
 it of all 
 
 ►n yonr 
 ^'ork in 
 )m the 
 
 "^^TAN'8 mnSlBLE WORLD DlSPLAtED:> 77 
 highe_r officials^down, rather than from the patrolmen 
 
 But the origin of the mischief was found to exist not 
 
 The LtT H '/' '"' ^"' '"'^^^^ '^' Uepartment. 
 Ihe firs thing that was wrong was that the police were 
 
 iXltV^"" by Tammany Hail politicians'in the i" 
 tere t of their party, and that the real governing power 
 in the force lay outside of it. Two of the Police Com- 
 missioners in whose hands the control of the force was 
 
 ITZ ' \ff^ ^7V'^^^''^ ^" *^^^"" «^^" ^i«*"cts for 
 
 Ta„,„,any Hall, and their sense of their obligations to 
 
 heir party far outweighed their obligations to the law or 
 
 to the city. As one of the witnesses put it bluntly: 
 
 "So long as our municipal departments ara mn hv 
 
 From an Bngliah point of view wliat New Yorit needed 
 r; ;" " ,C;f>-Co«noilwiti, so^e effective oont« over 
 the affairs of the cty. The shadowy unreality known as 
 the Board of Aldermen outs no iiguro in the inquiry into 
 the forces which actually governed New York. Tarn- 
 many Hall the executive committee of Tamraanv Hall 
 came ranch nearer to the idea of a Municipal Assembl.; 
 than the Board of Aldermen. It was to Tammany Hall 
 and not to the Board of Aldermen, that the Police Oom- 
 missioners appealed when they wanted to enforce their 
 authority over the men nnder their own orders. Th s 
 came out very plainly in Commissioner JIartin's evi- 
 dence. He found that his subordinates were taking so 
 active a hand m pel tics, joining political clubs and the 
 hke tha he wished to check it. Ho went, not to the 
 Board rf Aldermen, but to Tammany Hal . He wa 
 
78 
 
 "SATAI^'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED- 
 
 If 11 ■ 
 
 r 
 
 1; 
 
 "a* y^y^^i^yo" go there? 
 A. I took occasion to speak in Tammanv Hall nl^nnf 
 It, because there I ooiild reach noonle frnm riri . 
 
 -o' Wa ""i? ^" "^^ki"g it efficient; yes, sir. 
 
 "A Thni'^* because there was nootherplacetogo?" 
 
 No wonder the committee reports: 
 nnrlfr''fh'iT^^' illustration is necessary to show how 
 
 It was to Tammany Hall also that tho liquor dealers 
 appealed for protection from the intolerable exaottn 
 of the pol.ce "There was no other place to go to. " The 
 
 Wt hrA ""°' ^"" J'""'^^'^'' •'y "'° ^^t'^mo distrust 
 fel by Americans m all elective assemblies. Tammany 
 Hall naturally and inevitably became the one living cen^ 
 er of popular authority in the city. Its moral authorfty 
 .n Ne«r Yorlc was something like that of the Land 
 , League over Ireland under Mr. Parnell. The Lexow 
 Comm>ttse report with a certain jealous awe concernTng 
 the supreme head of authority," Mr. Eichard Oroker 
 who, although a private citizen, unconnected with th^ 
 Police Department, but loader of Tammany Hall, "was 
 able to do what all tlie other legally constituted author! 
 ties failed to accomplish." They say: 
 
 "Tho same private citizen whose snfknn^. _ 
 potent to accoiSplish all th", ZT.^^^^'t ZTi ^J 
 
rjM?.*' 
 
 FTall about 
 ifferent as- 
 ives of the 
 
 ?age their 
 the police 
 
 CO to go?" 
 would be 
 
 how how 
 
 ction had 
 
 e that its 
 
 nominal 
 
 I* dealers 
 Jxactions 
 )." The 
 distrust 
 ammaiiy 
 ing cen- 
 uthority 
 e Land 
 I Lexow 
 icerning 
 Croker, 
 ith the 
 I, "was 
 luthori- 
 
 was so 
 'ord of 
 
 "SATAJ^'S INVISIBLE WOULD DISPLA TED:' 79 
 to that time, neither the whole force of pal ce Td Jtec^ 
 
 ''Taken as a whole," says the Lexow Report, -the 
 
 f'omtLh r/J" ''^' ''''' '''' Police Department 
 from the highest down to the lowest, was thoroughly im 
 
 Hal^ and they add, what naturally follows, "that the 
 suppression and repression of crime depended not so 
 much upon the ability of the police to enforce the aw! 
 bu rather upon the will of that organization or fac ion 
 to have the law enforced" (vol. i p 19) 
 
 The leaders of Tammany, no doubt^, were not "agin 
 the law » in the abstract. But they owed their first alle- 
 giance to their party, and their first thought was not of 
 
 Iw.. I V ^^ "'"'^ *" '^' '''^' ^"* «f *he duty they 
 owed to Tammany. The claims of that great brother- 
 hood had precedcLce over such trifles as the laws of the 
 btate, which after all were passed by ''hayseed" legisJa- 
 tors, or, in plain English, by the rustic vote of the rural 
 districts of the State of I^ew York. One redoubtable 
 worthy. Judge and ex-Senator Roesch, who figures con- 
 spicuously in this American Tartarus as one of the minor 
 Plutonian deities, gave very interesting evidence on this 
 point. He was a judge, an ex-senator, and a leader of 
 Tammany Hall. His aid in the latter capacity seems to 
 have been generally invoked by the various law-breakers 
 of the neighborhood. He was asked by Senator O'Con... 
 nor whe her it was not one of the duties of the district 
 leader, if the members of his party were laboring und. r 
 any kmd of diflScuIty at all, for the purpose of conduct- 
 ing his organization and making that solid with the 
 parties, to do what he could tn u^v^ fi.««. „;^sj> 
 
I i 
 
 1 f. 
 
 i 
 
 80 
 
 "SATAN'S TNVI8IBLE WOULD LISPLATBD^ 
 
 The Senator answered unhesitatingly, -In every case." 
 
 In? h' """,' rr^ *^ ^''' '^'^'^'^^^ «^^"«y from keep, 
 er of disorderly houses, whose girls were run in by the 
 
 police he said that he received it entirely as a lawyer for 
 giving legal advice. But he admitted that when he went 
 to the station house to bail out the girls, he acted as a 
 political leader. So the chairman observed, -You ad^ 
 vised as a lawyer and acted as a political leader in carrv- 
 ing out your advice." Mr. Senator Roesch is in many 
 mTc rZ *^^!f ^ representative of Tammany than 
 
 ciple. They always s^tick by their friends, and when any- 
 thing IS going they see that their supporters are not left 
 out m the CO d. This, which wou M ^denounced as can 
 dalous nepotism on the part of . k,s democratic govern- 
 nient,was unblushinglyproci.;nHHl as the sole saving 
 principle appointing officials unu.r Tammany. Sena^ 
 tor Roesch had used his influence or political puU in order 
 to induce the Police Commissioner Martin to transfer 
 
 bv MrTff??'''?J' another precinct. Questioned 
 by Mr Gofl before the committee as to the grounds for 
 this intervention on his part in the promotion o the 
 police, he made the following answer: 
 
 that, I never stop to consider who is in ??« >^ ^ i 
 
ED.'* 
 
 >» 
 
 ery case 
 'om keop- 
 in by tlie 
 lawyer for 
 ti he went 
 ioted as a 
 'You ad- 
 in carry- 
 ! in many 
 any than 
 ^ne prin- 
 heu any- 
 ) not left 
 as scan- 
 govorn- 
 5 saving 
 . Sena- 
 in order 
 transfer 
 estioned 
 unds for 
 1 of the 
 
 ne and 
 
 inglike 
 lace ho 
 ; neces- 
 nd here 
 [f I can 
 promo- 
 
 • 
 
 ^e man 
 suffer? 
 fficient 
 ice was 
 ) party 
 
 "SATAN'S INViaiBLK WORLD DISPIA YED." 81 
 
 1.ni!i^^ ^''']^^''; O'Connor: A political leader, or a man 
 holding a high position here in the city, regardless en- 
 irely of the merits of the man whom^ho leek to re 
 fnWl7^'" r«auosted by one of his friends-poHtical 
 fe .7k ''°"''\^"J P^^itio"^ that leader has every- 
 
 i? in his po^yer to bring about that result? ^ 
 
 ^ A. hov his friend. 
 
 "A^ Certai^'nT ^""'^^ ^^^'^^"^ ^^ ^^""^ ^°^^' P^""*^^^ ^° ^^? 
 pull?' ^"^^ *^^^^ *^^ Republican leaders do not have a 
 
 T^Aw\nTi^"/v?®^"^^'°^° ^e»^«" are not in the majority; 
 VV h^^J!^ '' '"'''" ^ Democratic city. "-Vol. ii^; 
 
 Mr. Roesch confessed with frank brutality the principle 
 upon which all the politicians acted in relation to the 
 patronage to which they believed they were entitled. To 
 make room for their friend, to secure a place on the city 
 pay rolls for a political comrade, was ample justification 
 for insisting upon the removal of any officer who might 
 happen to be in the way. Let no one imagine that this 
 was an exceptional case. Commissioner Martin admitted 
 frankly that from eighty-five to ninety per cent, of all 
 the appointments which he had made when he was chair- 
 man of the Police Board were indorsed, in the first in- 
 stance, by the district leader of Tammany Hall for the 
 district in which the applicant resided. 
 
 IJnder such a system promotion by merit was practi- 
 cally non-existent. On this point Commissioner Martin 
 was equally frank. He was questioned very closely as to 
 whether he had ever promoted an officer simply for 
 merit. After thinking a bit, he said he thought he could 
 name one or two cases. Then said Mr. GofE: 
 
 offwnfwf ^''"' recollection goes, with the exception 
 Rinr,r 'l'^,^''l''' «^ 1°P gas you have been police con^mis- 
 Bioner, you have not recommended for^«T.r.nintm-at 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 t^ 
 
 
 (^ 
 
 /^ 
 
 V 
 
 <P 
 
 /, 
 
 
 *> 
 
 <^ 
 
 ^<p^ V 
 
 ^#^°V 
 
 -y 
 
 /^ 
 
 
 /. 
 
 »PPLIED_^ IIVMGE . Inc 
 
 .^S 1653 East Main Street 
 .= '- Roctiester, NY 14609 USA 
 ^^r-= Phone: 716/482-0300 
 ■^= "—— Fax: 716/288-5989 
 
 © 1993, Applied Image, Inc., All Rights Reserved 
 

 
 /. 
 
 /^ 
 
it 
 
 
 I 
 
 82 ''SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLA YED» 
 
 promotion or transfer a single man, except one, who was 
 not backed by political influence? 
 
 A. I do not recollect of any others. I think thero 
 are others of them."- Vol. vi., p. 448. 
 
 ' But if a district leader of the typo of Roesch was able 
 to nominate ofiicers to the police, what becomes of the 
 law by which all officers were to be appointed by open 
 competition in an examination conducted according to 
 Cml Service rules? The answer to this question is two- 
 fold. In the first case, certain margin was allowed to 
 the commissioners. They were not bound always to ap- 
 point the candidates who came out on top. If they were 
 tolerably near the top, it was held to be sufficient. The 
 second answer is much more extraordinary. Ifc was 
 proved before the committee that by the connivance 
 with a police clerk it was quite possible for candidates to 
 be returned as having passed their examinations who had 
 never been in the examination-hall, and who never had 
 written a single answer to any of the questions! This 
 was done by personation. A competent person entered 
 himself in the name of the candidate, filled in his exami- 
 nation papers, and passed in his name. By this means 
 here was no difficulty in driving a coach and fou 
 through the Civil Service rules. The persons who ob' 
 tamed a position on the force by this means were known 
 as the pupils of those who passed their examinations in 
 their stead, and were blackmailed accordingly 
 
 John Schlie, examined by Mr. Moss, described how one 
 of the personatora went gathering in his fees: 
 
 "I went down one day with Dave Brant fn fr,« ««v 
 headquarters. We met an officer ; the next thinh^klw 
 I saw two ten-dollar bills slipped in hi hand: ^he said 
 
 •5^U? ^''.°^' ^ ^«*^' 'How did you get that?' Wa 
 said, 'That is one of my students-' I said Vhif i ^ 
 
 mean?' he said, 1 pasLd for Ihem'^eopll^'^e'^sa^d! 
 
TBD» 
 
 3, who was 
 link there 
 
 li was able 
 nes of the 
 d by open 
 wording to 
 on is two- 
 llowed to 
 ays to ap- 
 they were 
 int. The 
 It was 
 •nnivance 
 lidates to 
 1 who had 
 ever had 
 is! This 
 entered 
 is oxami- 
 is means 
 md four 
 who ob- 
 e known 
 ations in 
 
 how 
 
 one 
 
 le poh'ce 
 : I know 
 he said, 
 t?' He 
 do you 
 e said. 
 
 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLA YED." 83 
 
 ZouVle orbbok^.?;'^ '"^ Y •-* ^""k and walked 
 
 and hV said 'f.r.Ll^T'?'"'"'"^ J>'« J^«^^. 
 
 auu m said, 1 guess I have another student-' hn rmoa 
 
 down there and gets fifteen dollars more!''-Vol iif j,! 
 
 Of course, it was impossible thus to cheat the Civil 
 Service examinations without the connivance of some of 
 ^ L T^ '!i "' '^^'^^^vance hud to be paid for at a 
 P ce Thus he natural process, promotion by pull, led 
 up to promotion by purchase. The evidence on this 
 point was overwhelming. It appeared that in a very 
 
 pThi";"".^'' "^ r''~'' '"''''^ "^^^^^^^ ^« to practically 
 establish the rule^candidates who wished to be ap! 
 pointed to the force had to pay 8300 to a go-between 
 who negotiated the matter with the police !uUior tTes! 
 How much money stuck to the fingers of the go-between, 
 and how much was passed on to those in authority, doe 
 ^Itr f W«^r b„t there is no doubt that the lum of 
 $300 was demanded, and paid, as a preliminary before the 
 candidate could assume the uniform of policeman. 
 
 nitial cost was 1300, each step in promotion cost a larger 
 
 ZZ: f . "" ' ^ '"'^'"""^ ^^«t ^I'^'OO' ^hile the 
 pr.ce of a captaincy was $15,000! The police who had pur- 
 chased their promotion in this fashion naturally felt that 
 they had a vested interest in their posts. In the British 
 
 Zl^T ' '^'*'"' "^ P"^'^^^^^« g^-«^ "P, but it was 
 one which was regulated by law and sanctioned by cus' 
 om whereas in the case of the New York police the 
 whole system was under the ban of the law. The Lexow 
 Committee remarked in their report upon this subject: 
 
I 
 
 M 
 
 84 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WOULD DISPLA TED- 
 
 who pavs a fortune for his appointment finds himself 
 compelled to recoup n orde7to return the moTeys 
 loaned to him by his friends by resorting to the prac ices 
 which have been disclosed in the record before i?s It 
 seems incredible that men who are otherwise law-abiding 
 and efficient should stoop to the perpetration of h? 
 monstrous and debasing practices revealed by this record. 
 
 f 1 « .'l"rr''"'' ^ ^^ \ T^"""^ ^^^^^^"g «« t^ie result of 
 the conditions nereinbefore alluded to^ Nor is it strange 
 that, m the contemplation of these practices by superior 
 officers inferior members of the fofce should^ave be- 
 come demoralized, until the contamination has spread 
 throughout the entire department/'-Vol. i., pp. 49, 50? 
 
 It may be asked how was it that, while the evil was 
 still m Its infancy, and the force as a whole was not yet 
 tainted through and through, its honest members did not 
 expose the corruption which was being established in 
 their midst? The answer is that the evil began at the 
 top and spread downward. Hence, it was impossible for 
 the private officer to make a stand without exposing him- 
 self to a severe punishment for daring to be more virtu- 
 ous than his superiors. The following extract from 
 Gideon Granger's evidence will show how this pressure 
 from above operated upon those below: 
 
 "A. I did not come to court because of the threats 
 that were made by Mr. McClave and Mr. Nicoll and I 
 knew the power that a police commissioner has got to 
 use every bit of the department against anybody ^toVc 
 complish their own ends, and, in fact, he has boasted of 
 
 *^'Q. Mr. McCIave? 
 
 ««n* wf 'A^'*' endless power ho has boasted of. 
 «A y;"^*."^^ ^^ said in his boasting? 
 fho "d* -I ^^i^ police commissioners had more power than 
 
 ttt5'-tr.'i?,';.tF4f ''' '"""^ ""^^ '^p^^'^^'y *»'S 
 
 In considering the action of the police, we ought in 
 
TED." 
 
 ds himself 
 le moneys 
 B practices 
 )re us. It 
 iw-abiding 
 3n of tho 
 his record, 
 
 result of 
 1 it strange 
 y superior 
 
 have be- 
 as spread 
 >p. 49, 50. 
 
 evil was 
 s not yet 
 rs did not 
 'lished in 
 fan at the 
 >ssible for 
 sing him- 
 3re virtu- 
 act from 
 
 pressure 
 
 B threats 
 >11, and I 
 8 got, to 
 ly, to 30- 
 jasted of 
 
 werthan 
 idly said 
 
 )ught in 
 
 "SATA2I 'S mVIHIBLE WORLD DISPLA YED." 85 
 
 justice to remember that they were living in a city the 
 whole administration of which was infected by this 
 money canker. 
 
 Mr. William M. Ivins, private secretary to Mayor 
 Grace, by whom he was appointed City Chamberlain, 
 estimated that in his time ''assessments'^— that is, money 
 paid by candidates to "guarantee the result" of their 
 elections-averaged 8-.^00,000 per annum. He wrote; 
 
 "The existing system amounts to an almost complete 
 exc usion from ollicial public life of all men who are not 
 onablod to pay, .f not a sum equal to the entire salary of 
 tlie office tiiey seek at least a very large percentage of it. 
 Tho poor man or the moderately well-to-do man, is thus 
 a oncecutoif from all political ambition, because tho 
 only key to success is wealth or machine power. The 
 ablest lawyer at our bar could not secure 4 nomination 
 for a judgeship unless he were able to pay an assessment 
 of from $10 000 to $'^0,000 (£3,000 to^.:4,000); while a 
 mere political lawyer, if he have the means of paying his 
 assessment and stands well with the party leadirs, can 
 without groat difficulty secure a nomination, and even an 
 ficaSs ^^ ^" ^'''' ''^"''^' ^® ^'^' '''' peculiar quali- 
 
 It would therefore be unjust to judge the police with- 
 out making due allowance for the condition of their 
 environment. 
 
 One of the most interesting witnesses who came before 
 the committee was Captain Creedon. It was in his case 
 that the facts concerning the purchase of promotion 
 were brought out most clearly. 
 
 Creedon was an Irishman, with a distinguished record 
 and a high character. He joined the police force in 
 1864, and was made sergeant after fifteen years in the 
 ranks. He remained sergeant for thirteen years, when 
 he was promoted to a captaincy. Before he entered the 
 police, he had served with great gallantry in the Union 
 
89 "^^TAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD msPLATED.- " 
 
 police for tl tv ve^t- '■"'^- ^is recor,] on the 
 
 I lux tnircy years service was extrpmAl,r «^ i 
 
 hardly anything being entered to h s di re^l t^ Tt 
 entries as were to be foni,,) r«i„t j "'scrcuit. Sucli 
 
 the technical r^-les of 1 e L: " 1/"'^ '" ""'l^''^^ »' 
 any moral guilt ' '" "" ^^ '"P'ied 
 
 given time for reflection TL Z\u '"'J"""""™' had 
 «tand and o^^tlt^rdtrtX': T 
 
 going to jail for periurv ratW ?K • " "'"' "■'* 
 cate any of his friends in f hi • " "• ""^ ™y ™P"- 
 
 aotionsi whiclfh:td It r/a^r "' "'^^^' ''™^- 
 
 iinTarsrofM^hrcoti r-b^r "- --» 
 sr \rng ';df :?'S-^^^^^^^^ '" 
 
 Creedon opened'hfs mrhld's^ke"^""""^' "''^""■'' 
 
 tim^rh:*:7d tne"!*? '"" '^ ^^^ ^-P'- Three 
 
 before the"civ1rSer4eB:aT'"HeTd" " "^""""^ 
 ably every time, but notwUl ta;dif;t^ h'e'':: "T' 
 nearer to securiiuy an or,«^- * '""^^ ^^nis, he seemed no 
 
 telling him1hX;:a?s?mr:: «nf i'™-''^^ ''^r' - 
 f«.e.aminationaftere.ami,ytir'rh:iZcrb"eS 
 
TED," 
 
 fewer than 
 » private, 
 » for a first 
 lord on the 
 lely good, 
 cHt, Such 
 •reaches of 
 *y implied 
 
 ■box, and 
 tain. He 
 were per- 
 tartled by 
 meiit had 
 fne to the 
 ihing be- 
 had such 
 3r that he 
 that dis- 
 and risk 
 ly impli- 
 al trans- 
 
 8 not in 
 r on the 
 eing an 
 Captain 
 
 Three 
 ptaincy 
 credit- 
 ned no 
 :ept on 
 •ingup 
 
 better 
 
 until at la J, ioTycJtlZlVT "T"''"'"''""''' 
 that no o„„ was '^^0 d v l.Tb:!!! irn""' ""'"« 
 nors, 1,0 conscntcj to fall i„ tl 1,„ ^ ''"' '"'*■ 
 As soon as he did nl 1 ^°"'"''' Pfctico. 
 
 New York Dc„Eey in ,,il diSr'"'''*' 't "' "'° 
 tlie man to approach PnliJp ' ""' ■"'""""<"' as 
 
 Eeppcnhagen sCti ' . '^'",""'"«'"''" Voorhis. Mr. 
 captain that t mn '""'"";«^'<'"<"-. "'"l reported to the 
 don had no^ it S ^r °"'l' '"' '""' '"^ '''''"O"- Cree- 
 
 Mends, thev aorend t„ , "^ " """• '""' his 
 
 they were^aM " tlfe , "p'"'' ''' ""'^'^''- ^^^ile 
 
 and^n„ou,rd"L a e r/'''' ''''■'P'"''"^^" ^''''PP^"^^''. 
 had offered «Ta 000 l/n ?''?""" "'""^'> ^^"S""'! 
 
 don wished sec, re ° l"' "\T """ *'"" " ^'-»- 
 Creedon's friends: e „^'„ '„', Zt^ ZT"" *'•''?"• 
 raise the (ull sum f „„ i , "" "'^^ ''g''««<l to 
 
 acknowledg n'Their s,?i, f ™ "'" ^"''^""''ors notes 
 afterward repaid The L"'" "'• " ''""'' '""«'> '"' 
 iu a bank Tm;. ManinThrr '"''"'' '""' "'^"''"'^ 
 the confidential man of the PolieeTr ""-''^ '"'"' "' 
 
 pointn^ntTd cVe Ws' rndra^l'tn " t ""• 
 not, m spite of the money beinjr ''nut im " fi,„ . 
 
 The record contains the following entries: 
 
 Ji 
 
I ' 
 
 88 "SATAIf'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLA TED- 
 
 "John W. Bepponhngen examined by Mr. Ooff- Do 
 
 KL i°T"]^.'' f ^'"? t« ^f'*rtin further, that as long as 
 Creedo.,'8 friends halput up n.oro money than WeS 
 was reported to have put up! that it would plajthe dev 
 apnoint'T'"''"''"" "' '^^"' '^''''''' '^ ^'^^°^«" ''^^^o\ 
 
 ^;A. I might have said that. -Vol. v., p. 5,010. 
 tin thafMlf ■''''" rfl"omber when you said that to Mar- 
 tin, t at Martin said in word and in substance as follows" 
 •I will go righ down and I will see Voorhis! who is oo 
 
 th^a wordsf "' "'^"^ ''''' *^^'"°"-^ ^^ y«" r^-^b^r 
 
 'i<^' Jtm°"'*^ remember the words. 
 y. When he was in that condition of excitement and 
 
 S'"i-i'n^7'^ ^^'''^'''^ «^^^r«l times wXKinched 
 fist, didn't he say those words, 'That Voorhis wanted 
 everything, almost thd earth; ho was hoggish and h« 
 would go right down to New York and tafk riiht unto 
 him and tell him he must do the right thing"^ "^ *^ 
 5,014-5!'' '"^'*^"'' ^^ «^^^ that~yes.--Vol. v., pp. 
 
 Reppenhagen was evidently in a state of great uneasi- 
 ness about securing the patronage for which the money 
 had been raised by Creedon's friends. By way of enforc- 
 ing his representations, he reminded Mr. Martin point- 
 edly that the only chance he had of fingering any of the 
 money was to see that Creedon's appointment went 
 through, otherwise he would not make a cent. Thua 
 pressed, Martin went off to seo Voorhis. When he next 
 saw Beppenhagen he assured him that it was all right 
 and .hat Voorhis had pledged his word to appoint Cree' 
 don the next Board Day. Even after this there was a 
 hitch. It was reported that Weigaud was going to be 
 appointed after all. Beppenhagen then found it neces- 
 sary to take hold of the affair with a strong liand 
 
 'John," said he to Martin, ''you had better go down 
 yourself, and stay by the commissioner until the an- 
 pomtment is made." Thus adjured, John went down 
 
Ooff: Do 
 as long as 
 i Weigaiul 
 >^tho devil 
 n was not 
 
 10. 
 
 it to Mar- 
 is follows: 
 vho is too 
 remember 
 
 nent, and 
 clinched 
 3 wanted 
 , and he 
 ?ht up to 
 
 1. v., pp. 
 
 t uneasi- 
 le money 
 f enforc- 
 n point- 
 y of the 
 at went 
 . Thua 
 he next 
 11 right, 
 it Cree- 
 e was a 
 ? to be 
 t neces- 
 
 down 
 the ap- 
 t down. 
 
 ^'HATAN'S INVISIBLE WOULD DISPLAYED." 89 
 
 vowing that he would not leave the commissioner until 
 he had appointed Creedon. Then Creedon at last was 
 duly appointed. 
 
 After this another hitch arose as to the difficulty of 
 paying over the money. Then it was Mr. Martin's turn 
 
 !nr?H"?r* ^^° '''^ ^'' "^""S^* ^^ ^^^ been bilked, 
 and^that the money would never be turned over. Cree- 
 
 fl?rt- T". ' ^""''''''^ ^''" '"'^ ^^ «^"irs, and knew 
 the kind of gentry they were dealing with. They had 
 refused to hanu over the money until the captain was 
 duly appointed. But now that Creedon was a captain at 
 ast they released the money. When Reppenhagen 
 handed over the fifteen thousand dollars to Martin that 
 functionary handed him back five thousand dollars for 
 himself. How much of the ten thousand dollars went to 
 Commissioner Voorhis or how much of it stuck to Mar- 
 tin s fingers the record does not show. Here, however, 
 was a clear and unmistakable evidence as to the sys' 
 tematio manner in which promotions were arranged for 
 and carried through between the couimissioners on the 
 one hand and the candidates on the other 
 
 .JlTJ't'T"^'''^ *^ *^^' '*°'y' ^^"«h i« «« exquisitely 
 absurd that it seems more like opera houffe than a chap- 
 
 ter from recent history. While the committee was stm 
 engaged in ferreting out how the money was paid which 
 secured Captain Creedon his captaincy, f "ng 
 rumor reached the committee that the Police Board had 
 suspended Captain Creedon from duty on account of his 
 hnl'hl 11 fT'^ his captaincy by corrupt means. A 
 bombshell falling in the court could hardly have created 
 greater consternation. 
 
 To begin with, the committee was a privileged body. 
 Al Its proceedings were privileged. For any outside 
 authority to act upon the testimony which it had taken 
 without the direct authorization of the Committee would 
 
, l! 
 
 i ! 
 
 90 "^^^TAN'Sl2,ymnLls WOULD msPLATED." 
 bo a contempt of tho Sonato. Further fhn « • i 
 givnn by Captain Croodon was tendVrn ! /i ''^"^'"'^ 
 of tho committoo that no! i :^t ,^,^^^ 
 by any outside autiiority Ti 1 S f" "^^" ^' 
 
 tection and mmunifvfrL ^ ^ Promised him pro- 
 
 and for til ^11:"^^ ^ t^ t T' ^T^"^^^"^ 
 against him, which were IrLun \ "^'"^ admissions 
 
 -aking of ^hi^htor:! m XZnT ''"""^^ ''' 
 based upon such admi^rAn. P"^"'*"™" "om any aotion 
 the confmo/ „t "^ "S ri'" '"'''°'""» ««»- "t 
 whon the captain left 11,!./ . ! J"^' """" "«' «hat, 
 
 in eulogistic'' tr„':';t::f' ^ri^r" r^".--" 
 
 cause. Plis candor ,-« ^ . ®^' "^"^s was not without 
 
 thing ha] ::: eu the ooStZl"' ""T"'"^ ''"''^■ 
 depths of the niv<,tBr7„r !• '" P«''e'™to into the 
 
 Goflhad oonclXh's lit''Jr""''"K^"""'"'^»- ^r. 
 ■In view of ovo:;rrin':t;T;;tXtndidT '""'' 
 
 ».iueerh:r;h:puh c erts";:^r;?rr' ''" »"- 
 
 you to be disturbed in ytr ~ T.V '""" ""» 
 captain. "-(P 4 gg^j -^ P'osent position as police 
 
 Of rrdattihitKir r^ "«""'-'» 
 
 Captain Creedon from duty Zf\ ?" suspended 
 police officer of all th„ huC ■ * ""^'^ <^''P'«in or 
 
 Ick^atrrJhoe'il ' V , d'^r'"' "* '"""'«» «»"» 
 committee, anTwho had^L^^':'!^r"^'' ''»'««*'>« 
 J".y, had 'been rITed Zm dl 'o 7 "l° ^''"'■' 
 honest officer had admitted the trulh d^d J^'*'" ""' 
 down upon him and make an examtilf rt ,• { "/"''"'' 
 8»y that the board was not »™,^ %. " ^.= ""'y fair to 
 Creedon of the remarks that h!Jr '^ " "'Pended 
 
 aelof the oommitle as he .efthe'^iZ'^ Y''; "'>'■''■ 
 
 even with ihic „ii , ^® witness stand. Bufc 
 
 with this allowance, the fact that the commission- 
 
 ll 
 
 J,i 
 
TED." 
 
 10 evidence 
 
 assurance 
 fon upon it 
 d him pro- 
 rosccution, 
 admissions 
 ations, the 
 any action 
 
 offense at 
 9 was that, 
 addressed 
 t without 
 ing every- 
 B into the 
 ase. Mr. 
 ;ing that, 
 id service 
 >e Police 
 ;he com- 
 ved were 
 *8 police 
 
 irtificate 
 spended 
 >tain or 
 ers and 
 fore the 
 > Grand 
 en this 
 pounce 
 fair to 
 
 pended 
 
 1 coun- 
 
 Bufc 
 ission- 
 
 "SATAN'S INVmBLB WOnr.D msPLA TUB.: „ 
 
 "n w;o1,!:re:ii"dt;r "rr"''- ■"-^ """ <-"• 
 
 w<»>e t,.o, ,on ^ia :tti or S ;' •"' T-'gO-'g. 
 of tho inquiry. ^ '""""" '"oidents in tlio wliole course 
 
 The President of tho Board of Cnmn,,- • 
 promptly sent for and ti,„ « l-omniissionors was 
 
 and both woro nrett?^! ? ''"P"'"'on'l»nt of Polioo, 
 
 thought oT'hort'nt:^ W "'"",""' """""'"- 
 chairman, "that Croedo" i> ' '">"''<''"•." said tho 
 
 to the State, and tl at i?«t „" "/f.™"'' » «™t service 
 
 . -.sponsion', he „'!g 't T i^' r"'v7"'"°""°'' "^ 
 dation from the Board nf plr n "7"""2' oommon- 
 ident Martin Dromnti; fjf \ Commissi„„„rs." Pros- 
 Byrnes endXTtlTl '?'' " "'": S"Perinto„dent 
 confessed ~oo and n.t T""" '""'"""' « ««"'- 
 "waiting trial, 1„t„"heinr';„"'':, -- ""'i'"''' ""^ 
 unanimous opinion of thl •., "'° """P^atic and 
 
 -pporttherfinstateme yrctlin'^ T™'"" '» 
 he was in due course captam, and reinstated 
 
 Pol": tUl^Tery'ltpS °'t.*''; "^'""^-^ '"« 
 
 Committee sat th^ s::r Te^'ut;;;:" t Yr 
 
 cover any specific evidence as to fl,„ ^ * *" '"'■ 
 
 Which the whole force haS sunk? "°""^"°" '■""' 
 
92 "SSTAif-S mriSlDLB WOULD mSPf.A TBD.- 
 
 CHAPTEK III. 
 
 THE ACTOBIOOEAPHY OP A POLICE CAPTAIN. 
 
 tJu"^, '°"'"""S ""rrative of tl,o caroer of a police can 
 
 M« P ir , 1'° °'"'^°"'"' ^"^""^ <»' o""" by C Jain 
 irecinct. ihe police of Kow York wpr^ fnn». 
 
 ^"rfniu,:r' ""f V" ""p"™' »' »"mi:- tit" 
 
 — »na of plaiider-mto thirty-eiglit precincts Si^h Ji.7 
 berger was captain of the Ninete^tlf c gaVe Ws e ' 
 dence almost at tl,e close of the inquiry, «hen th easen 
 
 thn^,r witnesses. Strange, almost incred ible 
 
 so r„l 1"^? *'''"'"■' """ """'' «'' "ffl^i"' should mke 
 ao remarkable a confession, it is to be remembered that 
 the facts were already known, and tho onrohance he 
 had of saving himself was by turning State's eviS Le 
 
 a^ISredtm' t'Cl -'" -'^'«- *"» «-»'™- 
 nor^Vi^divM'uauJteS'o!'/.'' fr'"^.'" »»•'"'''■■■' 
 
 to aid it in the asS nment nJ fif''"'"''*"^' *^ «^^^« •'*» 
 atances^as senS:rdi^la"Ji; 1^ :^Z^;^Z 
 
 
 I a. 
 
iTBD.» 
 
 TAIN". 
 
 police cap- 
 most part 
 by Captain 
 tlio Nine- 
 were four 
 linistration 
 Schmitt- 
 e his evi- 
 the essen- 
 e evidence 
 incredible 
 )uld make 
 ered that 
 chance he 
 evidence, 
 chairman 
 
 ascertain 
 P corrup- 
 ho places 
 i himself 
 ices him- 
 serve it, 
 that the 
 nsider it 
 circum- 
 y, to do 
 
 aa over „„: ,1„, "„a I"!!"";"''''''''' * """ <" ""«»'y 
 
 breast „f evorythi„s I 10,07''' Mr a T^ "'""' 
 e»«mining him, askoJ: """' "''» "»» 
 
 fo« ?hitr,„"JSL':^^,ri"tfi^ ^'■^ fo-lopmonts be- 
 d.ition of aflaira in the iCfp^ h """."P' '"«' '""o" oon- 
 t'lieJ in coming formV"] and atnVf "'■',7'""' y<»' '««' J"S- 
 benoflt of the peonle of H,?. „;.'"'*',"". ^o" '<»»«■ 'or the 
 ««ptain repliol: 'ffeel tl a t ./ "'n' "' V"'' ^'M^? ThI 
 falling, an'cl have fa L n. a" I'l ?'",' "V'.^''' "^'"'^ «" 
 «-;l^n.y ohiMren that l''t«l!fl'?hiri?l(?„r^v:'^? 
 
 in all impo t'an po „L I" :,""'' «'""« '"e refere^noe 
 quotation is taken ""^ '■"^^ '™'» ''bich the , 
 
 FKOM THE EVIDENCE OP CAI>TlI>r <,„„. 
 
 -nhe^£~S^^-":-- 
 
 then, neither had I to p" an i.rrf "1 '" "''^'''"™ 
 
 paying money (or a posWon ?„ f^ ^', '^ P"°"<^« »' 
 
 menced so early as iwl "' '""* "<" «»■«- 
 
 1 was first assigned to the Nineteenth Precinct, then 
 
94 "SA TAN^S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLA TED- ' 
 
 the Tweuty-ninth, better known as the "Tenderloin " 
 ior three years I served as patrolman. In those years 
 I discovered the importance of the political pull. The 
 local politician, by his influence with the Police Com 
 missioners and the chief police authorities, could gener" 
 ally make the sergeant his mouthpiece, and induce him 
 to give preference and show favors to patrolmen who 
 were fnonds and supporters of the polilician. It "vas 
 decidedly detrimental to discipline, but it was Z 
 principle throughout. A sergeant who was seeking 
 promotion relied much more on his political pull than 
 upon his record as a police officer. 
 Senator O'Connor interrupted to ask: 
 
 '*Is there any recognition of merit at all in thedenarf 
 
 Captain Schmittberger replied: 
 ^^^-^.Z^i^- '' '^ -">" PoHtics or 
 
 The result has been that in the h.st ten years the 
 pohce have deteriorated. "They are more poluL-ans 
 than »nyth^g else" (p. 5,310). The mischief o Z 
 poht.oal pull was increased when candidates had to pay 
 for their appointment. They felt they had purchased 
 their positions, and were sort of independent. '""'""""' 
 
 the system of purchase, which did not ejist in 1874 
 
 gradually became so general that if men wanted to get 
 
 ntothe department it was necessary to see one of the 
 
 go-betweens " a set of men of whom one Char ey 
 
 Grant, Commissioner McClave's secretary, was very weU 
 
 a.:^"theyl!;rt^ P"->.-o-officers made /o'or ^HcLen 
 
 the hers Wb'' "^f " "^ *" ""'' P'"'"""™ «'"» 
 the others. When they were rebuked lor offenses by 
 
A TED.*' 
 
 renderloin." 
 those years 
 il pull. The 
 Police Corn- 
 could gener- 
 induce him 
 rolmen who 
 ian. It was 
 it was the 
 I'as seeking 
 1 pull than 
 
 thedepart- 
 ' considera- 
 
 politics or 
 
 years the 
 politicians 
 ief of the 
 bad to pay 
 purchased 
 
 5t in 1874, 
 ted to get 
 •ne of the 
 3 Charley 
 very well 
 oliccmen, 
 tion than 
 fenses by 
 
 I>R. PARKHURST 
 
 f«0ll PMJTO 6v H: < 
 
i ,1 
 
 VI 
 
 n 
 ti 
 in 
 oi 
 
 of 
 in 
 de 
 
"SATAX's wisiBz/i wonzD mspLA rm.'' 95 
 
 power to p?otee them f^„ L ''°'""™' '"^'"""'' «■><• 
 act Th,-; ™'" ""^ oonseqiiences of their 
 
 beLitS o.orr^f''"^'''' case with'thoso Je„ tho 
 De^nged to political organizations, political cluba 
 
 which I was pressedfn .• .Commissioner Sheehan, 
 
 fectly well understood by'the nolile f I. .T' "^ ^'" 
 
 Of the precinct Thi. Jo ^ ^® ^^^'^^ ^«P<^ain 
 
 death (p. S^niS) ^ *' "*"'' °^ "'«* offio*-"' 
 
90 
 
 "SATAI^'S INVISIBLE WOULD DISPLATED." 
 
 I was raised to the rank of a roundsman in April, 1880 
 because I found Commissioner Whelan's favorite dog,' 
 and I remained in the precinct till March 6, 1883. Dur- 
 ing all that time the state of things was very bad 
 French women used to stand out in front of the railing 
 m front of their houses and pull every man in as he went 
 through the street When citizens complained, they got 
 no satisfaction. On one occasion a citizen who com- 
 plained was ordered out quick. There was a friction— 
 a very large one-between him and the captain. It 
 was even reported in the newspapers at the time that the 
 captain had threatened to club the complaining citizen 
 out of the precinct. 
 
 During these early years I had a good record. I had 
 arrested an important burglar, who had shot at me. I 
 received honorable mention twice; I got the medal of 
 honor from the department, and also tJie gold and 
 diamond medal from the citizens of the precinct for 
 raiding out the thieves there; I sent over 1,300 people to 
 State prison whom I arrested myself in seven years as a 
 detective (pp. 5,383-4). 
 
 So it came to pass that in March, 1883, I was made 
 sergeant. I remained as sergeant for seven years, when 
 I was made captain. I had passed at the head of the 
 Civil Service list, and had some influential political men 
 recommending me. I paid nothing for my appointment. 
 _ When I became captain I objected at first to the levy- 
 ing of blackmail. I was appointed to the steamboat 
 squad and I had not been there any time when Detec- 
 tive Vail told me that he collected money from the ship 
 companies and dock occupants or lessees, and that mv 
 predecessors always received half. I told him I did not 
 care about a thing of that kind. Vail replied, "You're 
 a damned fool if you don't do it; you might as well get 
 It as the others" (p. 5,337). So I told him to go 
 
n April, 1880, 
 favorite dog, 
 , 1883. Dur- 
 18 very bad. 
 )f the railing 
 ill as he went 
 tied, they got 
 m who com- 
 a friction — 
 captain. It 
 time that the 
 ining citizen 
 
 cord. I had 
 ot at me. I 
 be medal of 
 e gold and 
 precinct for 
 
 00 people to 
 n years as a 
 
 1 was made 
 years, when 
 ^ead of the 
 olitical men 
 ipointment. 
 to the levy- 
 steamboat 
 
 ^hen Detec- 
 )m the ship 
 id that my 
 M I did not 
 d, ''You're 
 as well get 
 him to go 
 
 ••S^TAlfS mriSIBlE WOULD MSPZATSD.- 97 
 
 on and do the collecting. He brought me J190 a month. 
 «nd I gave h,m twenty per cent, commission. ' 
 
 captain it"?' '" "" ^f'"' ''"P*''""^"*' when I became 
 captam, it was au understood tuing, and a matter of 
 
 commen understanding among the captains of tlari 
 
 onnor™;"':; 'l"' ""^ ""^^ *» '""^ 'dvantag of any 
 opportunity that presented itself to make money out of 
 their respective precincts (p. S,337) ^ 
 
 1 L^'t i-7'7 ?u ^'^ "• " ™' *''' ""i'^'S"! ouetom. 
 
 Tb.l . ^^^ "•"" "'"^ *''» """"""'^ "'»y received 
 The ward man brought me half of it to the station house 
 I hen returned him twenty per cent. It was a poor di 1 
 trict and so I was not expected to send any of my share 
 up to the inspector. He told me himself that ho hardfv 
 
 cinct. That was true, and therefore I tried to set 
 another as soon as possible. At the end of thirteen 
 months I was transferred to the Twenty-flfth Precinct 
 I^brought with me my confidential collecU Gannon the 
 
 When we settled down in the new station we discussed 
 what collections could be made. We found the e was 
 nothing, only the policy shops, of which there wjre 
 about ten and the Liquor Dealers' Association. llere 
 was no difficulty abont either. 
 
 The policy shops, all those in the precinct and in the 
 
 Pafk:r''?nd'if ' I f'' "'C ""'V "» "^ ">"--« 
 rariter, and if I remember right, Parker came to the 
 
 station house and saw me, and told me how many shops 
 he had m the precinct; that was all. He was introduced 
 to Gannon, and Gannon did the rest (r, ssln^l 
 fi.ed the old price that had been undetood f "yea^ 
 long before my time-*20 a month per shop ThJC 
 hemian Liquor Dealers' Association were equally easy tt 
 manage. They paid $80 per month. ° '«''*"^ «»^y '» 
 
98 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WOULD DISPLA TED. " 
 
 My predecessor before he left had a talk with me 
 about what should be given to the inspector. He said 
 he gave him usually from $50 to $75 a month. He used 
 I to put the money in an envelope, and give it to an offi- 
 cer, who would give it to the sergeant in Inspector Will- 
 iams' office. I did not take this course. I went directly 
 to Williams and handed him $50 in an envelope. He 
 took it in his office at headquarters without a word (v. 
 6,343). ^^ 
 
 I was three months in that precinct. I gave the in- 
 spector $100 one month. It was necessary to square 
 him because it was in Williams' power to send men up 
 there to raid those policy shops over my head; I 
 had to prevent him from doing that. Of course, upon 
 consideration of receiving that sum of money every 
 month he wouldn't do it (p. 5,344). 
 
 I had also to pay twenty per cent, to my collector. In 
 return for this money I gave protection to the policy 
 shops, and allowed all the liquor dealers to run open on 
 Sunday. I was in the precinct three months, during 
 which time I duly reported to headquu.-ters concerning 
 disorderly houses, gambling houses, etc., in my precinct, 
 but I was very careful to say nothing of the ten policy 
 shops which paid for protection. It was an understood 
 thing the law was not to be enforced in the case of those 
 who paid for protection. 
 I After three months I was changed to the Twenty- 
 seventh Precinct. In that precinct there were ten 
 policy shops and three pool-rooms. I brought Gannon 
 along with me. The policy shops paid as before, but the 
 pool-roomspaidl200a month. This was the old tariff 
 paid to my predecessor, and continued, as a matter of 
 course. Besides the usual twenty per cent, to the 
 collector, I had to pay $300 per month to Inspector Will- 
 iams. During the nine months I was in the precinct 
 
TED." 
 
 Ic with me 
 '. He said 
 He used 
 to an oflB- 
 sctor Will- 
 nt directly 
 jlope. He 
 I word (p. 
 
 ave the in- 
 to square 
 d men up 
 r head; I 
 arse, upon 
 Qey every 
 
 ector. In 
 'he policy 
 a open on 
 s, during 
 onoerning 
 precinct, 
 ben policy 
 aderstood 
 B of those 
 
 Twenty- 
 were ten 
 t Gannon 
 >, but the 
 Did tariflP 
 aatter of 
 to the 
 tor Will- 
 precinct 
 
 ^'SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLA TED." 99 
 
 I handed him directly $1,800. He made no remark and 
 I would merely say, ^'Here is something for you^' I rve 
 him the same money I received from th'e p ol-rooT 
 
 ^^t;^^' '''''-' '^ pa/difect^L^rt! 
 
 S i«;f7/7 -^'"^ ^y'""'' ""'^'"'^ "^« to make 
 Sunday I ^11'''''' T'''' ^'"^° ^^^'^^ '''' -^^ on 
 
 Presidl^t IfZ t"'"" ^T^y ^'""^ fi^' «^'^««t«- The 
 i^resident of the Liquor Dealers threatened the officers 
 
 hewrasir^'r'^' ^^^^^^^^ -^^ --^r 3 
 
 ne was as good as his word. I ako was transferred for 
 
 remained only nine weeks. There were o„w 71 , 
 room, whieh yielded 1400 a m^ro/wh^ioh 7gave- 
 ♦50 to Inspector MoAvoy. I p„t the money in a bk.nfc 
 
 From the Fifth I was removed to the Ninth, where I 
 only remained a month. I made r. eoUeotio^s there 
 Bu when I was removed to the Xwenty-seoond I had 
 better fortune: I remained therefrom May to December 
 
 fio "o h'e';:^«t":nV'r "'^ ''"■'^'- ^"'^ p«^--- 
 
 Th« n„i I' °"'^" "S"'" »s '""Oh as $50 a month 
 The policy shops paid the usual twenty-dollar tar fl 
 There I collected from $500 Jo «600 per month The 
 gambling houses were all strictly closed up. ^' 
 
 , it was while I was in this precinct that I came across 
 

 loo "SA TAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLA TED." 
 
 Commissioner Martin, who was protecting personally a 
 house of ill-fame kept by Mrs. Sadie West, 234 West Fifty- 
 first Street. A body of citizens had mad.' a formal 
 complaint. I sent an officer down to make inquiries. 
 Mrs. Sadie said, "Commissoner Martin is a friend of 
 mine, and don't you do anything until you hear from 
 him." Next day Commissioner Martin, who was at the 
 head of the Police Board, ordered me to send the officer 
 back to apologize and say he had made a mistake. 
 "Hold on,'' I said, "Commissioner; this originates from 
 a complaint of citizens." "Well," he replied, "I don't 
 care; I want you to do what you aie told." So I had to 
 send that officer back, and he had to apologize (p. 
 6,363). 
 
 That was not the only difficulty I had with the com- 
 missioners. Commissioner Sheehan did his utmost to 
 induce me to allow a gambling house to be opened in the 
 precinct by one Maynard, a friend of his friend Mr. 
 Proctor. The capital Proctor was to bring to the 
 gambling house was his pull with Sheehan— the super- 
 intendent's orders were strict. So I told Sheehan, whom 
 I met at the Pequod Club. Sheehan told me that there 
 was a Spanish Club in that house, and I had no right to 
 interfere with it; "if they played cards among them- 
 selves without playing gambling games that I had no 
 right to interfere." But the superintendent said he 
 would break me if I allowed cards to be played there. 
 When I told Sheehan this he exclaimed, "Well, if they 
 cannot play, Daly can't play!" As a matter 'of fact 
 Daly was not playing (p. 5,368). 
 
 During my stay in this precinct I used to take $150 
 a month in a closed envelope and give it to Inspector 
 McAvoy at headquarters. One curious circumstance I 
 remember about him. The inspector is a very religious 
 man, and he had conscientious scruples. He asked me 
 
ED." 
 
 rsonally a 
 
 ^est Fifty- 
 
 a formal 
 
 inquirios. 
 
 friend of 
 
 >ear from 
 
 vm at the 
 
 he officer 
 
 mistake. 
 
 ates from 
 
 "I don't 
 
 ' I had to 
 
 3gize (p. 
 
 the com- 
 tmost to 
 ed in the 
 end Mr. 
 I to the 
 e super- 
 n, whom 
 lat there 
 right to 
 g them- 
 [ had no 
 said he 
 d there. 
 , if they 
 of fact 
 
 ke 1160 
 ispector 
 itance I 
 eligious 
 ked me 
 
 . "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WOIiLD DISPLATED." loi 
 
 one time if some of the money I gave him came from dis- 
 orderly houses; if it did he didn't want it, because ho 
 didntwant any money of that kind; I told him no, it 
 hadn't; he drew the line there (p. 5,370). 
 
 Of course as he had been captain in the precinct him- 
 self he knew that it did come from disorderly houses, but 
 he wished to be told it did not. I reported to headquar- 
 ters that there were no disorderly houses in the precinct. 
 In December, 1893, 1 was made captain of the Tender- 
 loin, and have been there ever since. But the glory had 
 departed owing to the raids made after Dr. Parkhurst's 
 action. I did not get more than $200 a month there. 
 Georgiana Hastings' house of ill-fame I was warned not 
 to touch, as if I did I should burn my fingers. I was 
 informed that certain public officials were in the habit of 
 visiting Georgiana Hastings' house, some officials that 
 graced the Bench, and some officials that held commis- 
 sions in the city of New York. One night, when a 
 bench warrant was sent there for execution, there were 
 two officials, one a judge of a court in this city— not of 
 a civil court— in the house, and so tha: warrant was not 
 executed (p. 5,374). She paid no protection money. 
 She was protected inviolate by the law on account of the 
 influential character of her customers. 
 
 Last year I made a political contribution of $100 both 
 to Mr. Martin and to Mr. Sheehan, who were both Police 
 Commissioners and Tammany leaders in their respective 
 districts. I had nothing much to do with handling 
 money in payment for promotion. I acted as go- 
 between in the case of Martens. I took $1,600 of his to 
 Captain Williams, and he got him made sergeant. Mar- 
 tens afterward told me it would cost him $14,000 to be 
 made captain. On the whole, I have been four years a 
 police captain. In that time I have been in command in 
 81X precincts, in every one of which I found the torn 
 
tit) 
 
 102 "SATAN'S INVISIBLB WORLD DISPLATISD." 
 
 Of collections regularly established from of old. Tho 
 
 i",l„ T ,"".; "'° «'"»'""«<'■' '" the collectors, tha 
 proportion for the inspector. The figures are as fol ows- 
 
 Sources of Revenue 
 per month. 
 
 Blackmail on ships, |190. 
 10 policy shops at $20. . . 
 
 Liquor dealers, $80 
 
 10 policy shop.s at |20. . . 
 
 8 pool-rooms at $200 
 
 2 pool-rooms at $300 
 
 Policy shops, $30 
 
 Hou.se8 of ill-fame, $10 ' 
 $25. and $50— $500. . . . 
 Houses of ill-fame, $200. '. 
 
 Pre- ITlme of 
 
 Total. 
 
 87 
 25 
 
 27 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 19 
 
 18 
 8 
 
 9 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 Collectors' 
 Com. 20 
 per cent. 
 
 $495 
 168 
 
 1.460 
 160 
 
 700 
 
 480 
 
 Inflpec- 
 
 tors' 
 Share. 
 
 Total 
 
 Net 
 
 Rec'pts. 
 
 $3,458 
 
 $ 200 
 
 1.800 
 150 
 
 1,050 
 
 $8,200 
 
 $1,975 
 472 
 
 8,950 
 690 
 
 1,750 
 
 1,920 
 
 iToiew 
 
 ^f,^^"//" ^^rs« Of «376 per month as tho blaok^ 
 cd eoted by a single captain, not reckoning many wfnd 
 falls not accounted for. ^ 
 
 The ransom extorted from the vicious and criminal 
 classes of a precinct by the police would seem to beTn 
 irreducible minimum of a thousand pounds per annum 
 
 The foregoing autobiography of a single police captain 
 TillT'' "'^^ "'^°' *'^ ^^^^^ Oom'mitLe report 
 
 thZgLuTtttty oraTystlm'sote^ *'^ .T5*-- 
 understood that upon the as rnmenT nf '"S°^«*«^ a»<i 
 no conversation wL necess^rvTo Wnfnf T"" ""P^^^" 
 
 detectives or ward menTtXr'lin'eoTldtt^'^^^^^^^ 
 out a word they collected the illicit revenue simnliS 
 their duties as much as they could, eitC^iS-^ 
 luonopohes of a special kind It crime to ind^ifuals J 
 aposing upon certain individuals who hadTnowA J 
 a particular class of crime the obWion n? Ill *? ""^ 
 for them, thus collecting monthly Sai Hi-- ^ 
 and crime, and paying over their colleJinlfffK^^ ''^® 
 tain, deducting^ tfeir service" t^ent Z ltf?SS; 
 
 
H!D» 
 
 Did. Tho 
 stora, the 
 18 follows: 
 
 9C- 
 
 e. 
 
 Total 
 
 Net 
 Rec'pta. 
 
 
 11,075 
 
 00 
 
 473 
 
 50 
 
 8,950 
 
 30 
 
 690 
 
 50 
 
 1.760 
 
 • 
 
 1,920 
 
 10 
 
 110.667 
 
 lackmail 
 ly wind- 
 
 3riminal 
 J be an 
 nnum. 
 captain 
 3 report 
 
 *'8ATAN'a INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLATBD." 103 
 
 the total. Or, rather, at first paying the whole to the 
 captaiu, and recoiving twenty per cent, back from him, 
 and thereafter making the deduction themselves. The 
 captain, on his side, visited the inspector and paid over 
 
 ilf.r^^v"!^'^'*"^''*^?'^?^^^'*^" 0' the amount col- 
 lected."— Vol. i., pp. /:, 45. 
 
 listence 
 ed and 
 captain 
 recinct 
 With- 
 lifying 
 ■anting 
 lals, or 
 'dge of 
 ecting 
 >d vice 
 le cap- 
 . from 
 
104 "SATAIT'S mVTBIBLE ^yonLP B18PLAYED» 
 
 m 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 "THE STRANGEIl WITlnx OUR GATES." 
 
 "I WAS a stranger and yo took me in " Ti,« / -t 
 passago neotls fn L ;,,* / , . '■"° familiar 
 
 mercies fh!^ "'"""''""''^ strangers to the tender 
 Th hieves we rfl- fr": """ «"^" S'""^ ''-'-• 
 
 But nof Tn .1 P® stranger was taken in indeed 
 
 iiut not m the sense cf the Bible text. 
 
 declarea, that'Lt'rCwa?r:Z:^ t ^t 
 poorest and weakest of . am's kin Th„ f * ° 
 longer trne. Kestrictions .. th"\aln.. " "" 
 
 from the old world Imvr P^Per immigrants 
 
 ominous rapidily B„rf| ;'• !"''^'^ <" '"'o »ith 
 lished himse f bv'the i "•''■'^''"' ""^"^ '*-"'«'}' «»'»''. 
 the restrS p^J^Ts'tgnr "'" "'^ "^''"^"^ ''^"'- 
 
 i: 
 
"8A TAN'S Ili VISIBLE WOULD DI8PLA YKD." \ 05 
 
 In the Civil War, when the negroes were enrolled as 
 Boldiora in the Federal ranks, their presence was excused 
 by the cynical remark that niggers were good enough 
 food for powdov. The ^ oieign denizen of the New York 
 Blums is regarded in much the same light by the police 
 of the city. Not as food for powder, but as material for 
 plunder—squeezable folk who havo no rights, save that 
 of being allowed to swell the registration list of their op- 
 pressors. The police brigands levied blackmail boldly 
 enougli even when dealing with the cute Yankee and the 
 smart Now Y'orker. But when they were let loose on 
 the foreigner their rapacity know no bounds. They had 
 the power of a Turkish pasha in an Armenian province, 
 and they used it almost as ruthlessly. They did not 
 massacre, it is true. There was no occasion for such 
 extreme measures. Even the Turk would not slaughter 
 his taxable cattle if they were not guilty of indulging in 
 aspirations after freedom. No dream of revolt ever 
 crosses the mind of the poor wretches in the city slums 
 to whom the policeman is the incarnate embodiment of 
 the whole American constitution. Back of him stands 
 the whole government — city. State, and Federal. 
 What he says goes. So the foreigner— poor, ignorant, 
 friendless— can only obey. 
 
 A witn' Hs before the Lexow Committee testified to the 
 existence ot a gang of criminals known as the Essex 
 Market gang, which had established a regular reign of 
 terror in the neighborhood. This witness, whose name 
 was John Collins, said: 
 
 "Last night business people spoke to me; I lived nine- 
 teen years in that neighborhood and begged of me to 
 protect them; it is impossible to live there with the 
 gang; they can convict any man they want to, and they 
 can make free any man they want to, becaus«i they have 
 got their witnesses; the leading man is Martin Engel, he 
 owns property over $200,000, "ot from ruinin'* neople. 
 
 1] 
 
I ' 
 
 106 
 
 "SATAI^'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED:' 
 
 \ 
 
 police officers to make arrests an^^?^'' W<;'?'ng» and 
 and discharging tliern at wfll ' '"^ ^^^^'^ ^^^^"^S ^hem 
 
 cateS'Ci"i{^S:reiiVnotblt"^"°" ^ «"^^ - ^-H- 
 ^ ''Mr. Moss: The cLss of i..nni« ^ ''T'^*^ 1^^*^ t^^re? 
 have come from foroign couS ' T ^'5'^^ V^^^« ^^^ 
 have been used to thaTso? of tbw'n"^"'' ''^^'^ ^^^^ 
 government just about the .Imo^' T'^ ^m^BoA this 
 worse than the place th«v Ml J "^^^^ perhaps, a little 
 Polish Jews and Css ia,? T ^® ^'?"l' ^^^^ ^'^ largely 
 class, who have smainndrtand- ^""''l^^' of that 
 anguageand no Cwledge of o ?"cLoV'%,^"^^^^'^ 
 
 ^:i\Tv'&' '"^'r *--L:d"tnhi3^gi^nT^l^ 
 
 the .ay i/ which an'lSn'shofbra:^ Va^ J^Ir^?' 
 
 -^:r:t^;:^StSni-t^ 
 
 as he w^s piTni :h:i;stranrair^ ^^^ ^^^^"-' 
 
 ho'::^,^ThrijS^tit ;:;t^^ ^-^ owe me?' so 
 
 across the street, I will smash 3 ^^'' "^^ ^^^ g^^^g 
 Italian son-of-a-bitch-' at fh« /.J^ ""? *^^ J^^' you1jirt| 
 up and said, 'Well Vhl SonTv^*''"'^^ P^^*"^' S^^ 
 same time he rushed uraJwl,^''" P^^ "«•' ^t the 
 and struck him TgVZfSi^n''^^^^^^ 
 him all bleeding I triid fn =f • ^"u ^'^"^' ^^^ he had 
 them to separat them anrth^'offi^'^T *^^ ^^^ of 
 along from behind me aid he "r hb2f ''\^ru°'y ^^^^ 
 the neck and punched n p h.f^f .1^ "'® ^^ *^^ ^ack of 
 'Let us pull tlie guinea in ^ " *^'' '^"'' ^"^ ^« «aid. 
 
men have 
 thing, and 
 Jing thenj 
 
 I as indi- 
 n there? 
 ;hose who 
 here they 
 osod this 
 3, a little 
 e largely 
 I of that 
 ^English 
 'hose are 
 jang."— 
 
 s of the 
 tance of 
 ated for 
 eked on 
 a up to 
 tne was 
 tvinnen, 
 
 tne?* so 
 1 going 
 u dirty 
 ^er got 
 ^i the 
 y clone 
 he had 
 two of 
 came 
 ack of 
 5 said. 
 
 iation 
 duct: 
 
 :;* "SATAn'8 mviSlBLE VrORLD displated:^ lO? 
 
 «iey claimed that we were fighting each other, me and 
 "ly pariiicr. 
 
 time? ^^^ ^°*^ ^^ ^^" ^^^^ ^"* ^^^ bleeding at this 
 
 **A. Yes, sir. 
 
 *«?* y®^® *^® officers in uniform? 
 +?nr, i:. i? uniform. When they went into the sta- 
 mv «fnrv ft^'^ told their story, and when I went to tell 
 mLt J' ^% ^ouldn t listen. They heard the police- 
 man s story, but would not let us tell ours at all 
 
 mrmrTnp?.'f ' ^''^^^^ *' *^" ^^"^^^ ^"^ C^winnen took 
 «^^f f.n Vf ^^''S?'^^^" '"^ S^** *« *J^Q other side of the 
 C^^\^tlT\ ^'^ly.-^f ^nth and Lexington Avenue, this 
 Gwmnen took off his belt, doubled it in two, and struck 
 ni:j partner in the face two or three times 
 
 cH' i.°" ^^''^ *^6n under arrest? 
 **A. Yes, sir. 
 
 **Q. And on your way to the police-court? 
 
 The sequel of this episode is interesting. The judge 
 apparently thinking the poor wretches who were brought 
 before him all bloody had had enough of it, dismissed 
 the case. Strange to say, the victims in this case en- 
 deavored to obtain redress. They appealed to the su- 
 permtendent, who promised that the officers should be 
 punished. Nothing was done. They then made another 
 effort, raised $25 to pay a lawyer, and began an action for 
 assault. One officer was held for the Grand Jury. But 
 It was postponed again and again. The lawyer insisted 
 on more money, which was not forthcoming, and so the 
 Italians lost their $35, had their beating, and do not even 
 appear to have recovered their seventy-five cents. 
 
 The lesson thus taught, not to throw good money after 
 bad, and the impossibility of getting justice of a police- 
 man, has been learned so well that one marvels at the 
 
 m 
 
ii; 
 
 I 
 
 M> 
 
 iH 
 
 ;i 5 
 
 Hi 
 
 108 "S^TAIT'a INVIStBLE WOIiLD DISPLATHD." 
 
 , Jh^^^"!*^"""""''" '" *'"'''• "•"P'Tt pit it on record 
 as their deliberate conclusion that: *" ' ™ """M 
 
 ea7ilde''ortfe"l!'"'t'«"'"' «»''''''= »" ""^ g'^at 
 
 brutal and infl%"^f;e' brtlie'riti'^- ™''J»»""f *? '^ 
 with the administraHnn «7n iP ',''°.' '." «»'iJiinotion 
 
 courts, so th"t "t i/beyond a dm,bf?hL' •^'="''"' ""■'»''"" 
 who have refused to vi„u*„- -"t ""'ooent people 
 
 been clubbjf .Td'hlL^^l^a, a" tZCi if^^Al 
 
 itoTtT"' °' '~' ™ to'arn^^^^^^ 
 The case which appears to have produced the deenest 
 
 onTeT." r:,""" "'""^^^"^'^ "'-J ingenious devilry 
 on the minds of the commissioners was The attempt to 
 
 urcniwel. Mrs. Urchittel was a Eussian Jewess who 
 
 hSd'at V''\''""1 '""" ■" ''''■ H-Z'bind 
 
 New York wJ 7' *'""" """''" ""^ »''« «""»<! '"^ 
 KM ^o'"'' "•><"•« she arrived, accompanied by her four 
 
 hi e""i '/."'"''f ??""'" -^ '«"'--' theVol'/e 
 
 tititern;^'f\^?wtr;;.' ^°''^"™^'™^'^'-^ '^ 
 
 ness was increasing dailv. havfng Eirtv to tStv «"" 
 
 rw7rredX7drd^ed"i:i\tfiS4-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 tbi. will enable mot s^^^rt-'^Vclfi^.'^tK^lir 
 
ED." 
 deserved 
 on record 
 
 he great 
 cted to a 
 ijunction 
 criminal 
 It people 
 on, have 
 and the 
 m in the 
 putatiou 
 i'scell." 
 
 deepest 
 devilry 
 empt to 
 lame of 
 ss, who 
 lusband 
 led for 
 er four 
 • ungest 
 "guage 
 
 \r chil- 
 'ithout 
 Eighth 
 ort me 
 *t, and 
 )Gside3 
 
 busi- 
 ty-five 
 
 $600. 
 ? that 
 »hans. 
 
 •*8ATAN '3 INVISIBLE WOULD DiSPLAtED.** 100 
 
 "The immigration having been stopped, I had to give 
 np boarding business, and appl^^ing again to the Chari- 
 ties, they supported me &gain, giving me $150, and sent 
 me to Brownsville, where I bought a restaurant and 
 made a nice living, but having the misfortune to lose 
 one of my beloved children, I left Brownsville, after 
 staying there but a little time, and came back to New 
 York. 
 
 **I bought a cigar store in 33 Pitt Street, corner of 
 Broome, for $175, and gave the landlord $10 security, 
 and supplied more goods for $50. On the second day of 
 my taking possession of the store a man came in and 
 bought a oackage of chew tobacco for five cents. A 
 couple of Jays later the same man came in, asking me 
 for a package of chew tobacco, to trust him, which I re- 
 fused, esGusing myself being recently the owner of that 
 store; I don't know anybody of that surrounding. I 
 cannot do it. He took then out a dollar of his pocket 
 and gave it to me for changing, and having no small 
 change, only pennies, which he wouldn't take, I sent my 
 one-year aged daughter to get other coin for the dollar, 
 and handing same to the man I felt a tickling in my 
 hand caused by the quarter of the dollar in the hand of 
 the man, and I said good-by to him. 
 
 **0n the evening of that day another man came in the 
 store, and told me that the man who was before asking 
 for chew tobacco without money is a detective, and that 
 he has a warrant to arrest me, and I can avoid the 
 trouble by giving the detective $50, and refusing to do it 
 I will be locked up, and my children taken away from 
 me till the twenty-first year. Not knowing to have done 
 anything wrong, I laughed at the man, and told him 
 that I wouldn't give a cent to anybody, and if that man 
 should come in again, I will chase him out with a 
 broom. 
 
 *'The other night, at 11 o'clock, the children being 
 asleep already, the same man who asked me to trust him 
 the chew tobacco, and after which I learned he was a de- 
 tective, named Hussey, came in with another man who 
 took away my cousin that came to see me in that night, 
 and the detective remained with me alone in the store; 
 he told me then that he knows that I keep a disorderly 
 iiouse and saved $000 of that dishonest business. If I 
 
V; 
 
 110 ''SATAl^^s IimsiBLE WORLD DISPLATEW 
 nnJi*?? *? -^^^^P® ^®'*"^ arrested, he wanted 150 T nn 
 
 As WG were two blocka away we met Mr TTnoKc^ • 
 and cry Hf. I told him oil »«,V? ^'^^i ,'"®^ ^Y: ilochstem, 
 
 «finn T v«v:4. -T?' ^"s^sting that I had money with mp 
 tha/lT,„d no money in them "Jf, «'°f'»?^:/howing 
 
 without giving money I took off ^ifJ ^ ^'''^P^ 
 
 ^ f. 
 
TED." 
 
 ^50. I op- 
 is wanting 
 by iionost 
 in spite of 
 en, I was 
 
 lochstein, 
 «v I don't 
 was of no 
 ;ivo wants 
 thout any 
 e also his 
 wouldn't 
 ' business 
 now any- 
 le talking 
 
 e o'clock 
 ^'ith me, 
 ed out, I 
 itreets at 
 showing 
 want to 
 m't help 
 Being 
 I escape 
 ket, the 
 e detec- 
 rted be- 
 ^13 and 
 
 3ing me 
 t about 
 varning 
 3 morn- 
 ing for 
 me go, 
 but he 
 follow 
 ar me, 
 remark 
 )f that 
 
 aOYltz. 
 
 *'8ATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED." m 
 
 nianufacturerer of syrups, 154 Delancey Street, and to Mr. 
 
 ±rank for selling the store even for the $50, but they 
 
 didn t want to buy it, seeing the man after me and fear- 
 ing trouble. After trying in vain to sell the store the 
 detective said to Mr. Meyer, 'That bad woman don't 
 want to give the money. Take her to the court ' and I 
 had to stay at the trial. 
 
 "Two bad, disreputed boy . were engaged by the deteo- 
 tive, Hussey, for witness. The one said that he arave me 
 tfty cents for gratifying him, and the other said that he 
 would give me forty cents, and I did not agree asking 
 Jfty, and thus 1 was detained in default of 1500 
 bail. Having been sitting in the court the detective, 
 Hussey, came in to me on the same dav at four o'clock 
 P.M., and told me that my children are already taken 
 away from my house, and if I can give him the $50 he 
 can help me oven now. 
 
 ''Hearing the distress of my poor children, I cried 
 loudly, and a lady took me to a dark room, where I was 
 locked up. Unable to procure bail, I was imprisoned 
 •for three days, and sent after to the Tombs, where I had 
 to stand trial. 
 
 "There were about fifty persons to witness that I had 
 always made an honest living, but they were not asked at 
 all, and being wholly unable to understand the English 
 language, I couldn't defend myself. The lawyer, who 
 was sent from the Hebrew Charities, came too late, and 
 had to give only the certificate of the society, testifying 
 that I was supported by them, and led a decent living. 
 It came too late, and I could not talk any more. 
 
 "I was fined $50 dollars. My brother sold mv store 
 for $65 and paid the fine. 
 
 "I ran then crazy for my children, for I didn't know 
 where they were. Meeting the detective he told me that 
 they are in the hands of a society in Twenty-third Street. 
 I ran there, but no one knew of my children. Finally, 
 after five weeks, I received a postcard of my child, that 
 the children are at One Hundred and Fifty-first Street 
 and Eleventh Avenue, and when I got there, and begged 
 to give me back my children, none would hear me. 
 
 "Grieved at the depths of my heart, seeing me bereaved 
 of my dear children, I fell sick, and was laving six 
 months in the Sixty-sixth Street hospital, and" had to 
 
n 
 
 'tJ i ! 
 
 112 "S^^TAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYEW^ ' 
 ri!??®!.* ^'?^*, operation by Professor Mnndv Aff^r T 
 
 |iug to release my chillren, and t K ^f, ^/*> ^^^^^ 
 be mother to them, grant me^my^oly i^^gh and I will 
 
 .Ji'f ?"' ^^'t'^^ ^^'' ^'"'"^'^ "^°*h«r produced a 
 great effect upon the minds of the committee. The chil- 
 
 dren had been taken away by the Society for the Preven- 
 
 tion of Cruelty to Children under an act whicli had been 
 
 passea with the best intentions in the world, but which 
 
 as the case of Mrs. Urohittel showed, was only too facile 
 
 an ir strument in the hands of the corrupt police. It 
 
 will be noticed that in her evidence she said that -two 
 
 bad, disreputed boys" were engaged to swear away her 
 
 character The allusion was a reminder of the fact that 
 
 one of tho worst developments of the system under 
 
 %vhich the police became bandits was the organization of 
 
 a band of professional perjurers, who would swear anv- 
 
 thmg the police cared to tell them. Mrs. UrchittePs 
 
 character was irreproachable, yet on the evidence of 
 
 these scoundrels she was convicted of keeping a house of 
 
 prostitution. The man Hochstein, who divided the 
 
 plunder with the detective, was a saloon-keeper, and a 
 
 prominent politician in the district, who figures verv 
 
 conspicuously in the evidence of other witnesses before 
 
 ».' ! 
 
YBD." 
 
 y. After I 
 find a place 
 which I am 
 nd educate 
 Street, beg- 
 lied agaiu. 
 
 • 
 
 n. I want 
 ication be- 
 hoso heart 
 3U are to a 
 !• Let me 
 and I will 
 ver forget 
 STour very 
 
 AELA Ur- 
 
 roduced a 
 The chil- 
 e Preven- 
 had beeu 
 lit which, 
 too facile 
 5lice. It 
 hat ''two 
 away her 
 fact that 
 n under 
 zation of 
 'ear any- 
 chittePs 
 lence of 
 house of 
 led the 
 r, and a 
 ■es very 
 I before 
 
 ^'SATAN'S INVMBLE WORLD DISPLAYED." Ii3 
 
 the committee. No sooner had Mrs. Urchittel given her 
 evidence than two men came to her and warned her that 
 if she were to commence with Mr. Hochstein she would 
 get into trouble, and be sent to prison for two years. 
 
 The efforts of the commissioners to secure the return 
 of the children to their distracted mother were for a time 
 thwarted by the provisions of the law, which is so hide- 
 bound and imperative in its terms that no judge would 
 venture to interfere with the commitment of the police 
 magistrate. Mr. Goff called attention to the fact that 
 "the condition of the law in New York City is that, upon 
 the ipse dixit of one man, children can be taken from 
 their protectors, fathers and mothers, and secreted away 
 m some institution, and there is no power invested in 
 any court or in any official to compel him to reveal 
 where the children are or to restore them." The sensa- 
 tion occasioned by this case was so great that the com- 
 mission were able toward the close of their sittings to 
 announce the gratifying intelligence that they had at 
 last succeeded in securing the release of the children, 
 who were then, after more than eighteen months,' 
 handed over to their mother. The opinion of the com- 
 missioners on the case was embodied in the following 
 terms, which I quote from their report: 
 
 "Oppression of vue lowly and unfortunate, the coinage 
 of money out of the miseries of life, is one of the note- 
 worthy abuses into which the department has fallen. . . 
 ihe evidence of many witnesses shows the existence 
 of a wonderful conspiracy in the neighborhood of Essex 
 Market police-court, headed by politicians, including 
 criminals, professional bondsmen, professional thieves 
 police, and those who lay plots against the unwary, and 
 lead them into habits of lawbreaking, or surround them 
 with a network of false evidence, and then demand 
 money as the price of salvation, and if they do not re- 
 ceive It, drag their victims into court and prison, and 
 oibea to a coiiviots ceii. 
 
'Ifj 
 
 n 
 
 i 
 
 m "BATAir-S mviSIBlE WOBID MSPIATMD.- 
 
 pulled down and searched 1 er atopt^nl f "lorning, 
 
 pression abroad have come here to bo dnnht. from op- 
 a professedly free and liWal countr^.-^ly^oh^f^^^^^^^ 
 
 This is how "Libery enlightens the world- from her 
 eyrie in the Island of Manhattan. 
 
e Russian 
 I impover- 
 1 she was 
 Bcinct de- 
 le room of 
 reii slept, 
 3ouId not 
 igged her 
 morning, 
 ney until 
 d for her 
 ve her a 
 
 sell her 
 J, lodged 
 \ it upon 
 
 he had 
 iviction. 
 y for the 
 
 1 paid by 
 ^11 into a 
 red her 
 she was 
 
 on the 
 
 eported 
 e police 
 
 at even 
 tutions 
 om op- 
 sssed in 
 ). 30. 
 
 m her 
 
 ^^SATAN^S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED." 115 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 THE SLAUGHTER-HOUSES OF THE POLICE. 
 
 Committt: """^ "' '""' "' '"^ ''"'"8« »' '''^ ^-"^ 
 
 to"^^^'''Lf\f^t^^'r^^'\ "','1"" " heretofore 
 known as Se-statS^i, '"^''- ^'»"gl"er-ho«ses/ 
 
 have been brutallVSed anrt m»1ft *'"/ 1 proteotlon, 
 
 the cells by policemen were nr^'e" s ' Tha^whZr 
 rS.' ''™™''' '"" '""'™"»'' ""^ " W one 01 
 One Frank Prince, who had been keeping a disorderly 
 house m Ninety-eighth Street, had the^ telerity to re^ 
 a1 '77 *>"' »1«« " "onth blackmail wh^h had been 
 demanded by the police. His honse was raided andZ 
 was taken to the station-house. He was acusei before 
 he captam of having said that he would make hhncl 
 the other disorderly house in the district, wh^toh pre 
 sumablj was under the captain's protection Now not" 
 
 pol cc menu? %*," ^'' "^ *^« contributory sources of 
 pouoc revenue. The poor wretch denied that he La,] 
 «ver uttered such a threat. "Take him into the cell and 
 
J 
 
 l^-V 
 
 116 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WOULD DISPLAYED." 
 
 attend to him!" said the captain. Prince was marched 
 out by the ward man, who was also blackmail collector 
 fo.' the precinct. When they reached the cell the turn- 
 key and the ward man kicked him through the doorwwy, 
 and then following him in fell to beating him about the 
 head with a policeman's billy. They kicked him vio- 
 lently in the abdomen, inflicting permanent injuries, 
 and declared he deserved to have his brains knocked out. 
 Such was the "attendance" prisoners received in the 
 police cell to teach them the heinousness of refusing to 
 pay ransom to the banditti of New York. This case by 
 no means stood alone. 
 
 The most remarkable case of police brutality to pris- 
 oners under arrest, and which is one the best attested in 
 the collection, is that of the Irish revolutionist, Mr. 
 Augustine E. Costello. 
 
 The story of Mr. Costello was wrung from him very 
 reluctantly. He was subpoenaed on behalf of the State, 
 and confronted with the alternative of being committed 
 for contempt of court or of being committed for per- 
 jury. Mr. Costello, being a revolutionary Irishman, had 
 a morbid horror of doing anything which could in any 
 way lead any one to accuse him, no matter how falsely, 
 of being an informer. The prejudice against the wit- 
 ness-box often appears to be much stronger on the part 
 of Irish nationalists than the prejudice against the dock. 
 Mr. Augustine E. Costello is an honorable man of the 
 highest character and the purest enthusiasm. He was 
 one of those Irishmen who, loving their country not 
 wisely but too well, crossed the Atlantic for the purpose 
 of righting the wrongs of Ireland. His zeal brought him 
 into collision with the Coercionist Government hat was 
 then supreme. He was convicted and sentenced to 
 twelve years' penal servitude. He was a political of- 
 fender, the American government intervened on his 
 
"SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED:* 117 
 
 bohalf, and the treaty known as the Warren and Cos- 
 tello Treaty was negotiated, which led to his liberation 
 before his sentenoe had expired. During his incarcera- 
 tion in this country he was confined in several prisons, 
 both in England and Ireland, and thus had a fair oppor- 
 tunity of forming a first-hand estimate of the interior of 
 British jails and the severity of our prison discipline. 
 He was treated, he reported, with a great deal of rigor, 
 )nTt he was never punished without warrant of law, and 
 ^vas never pounded or assaulted. It is characteristic of 
 the Irish political convict that, when Mr. Costello was 
 asked about this before the Lexow Committee, he care- 
 fully inquired whether his answers would more or less 
 justify ''the people on the other side,'* and it was only 
 on being assured that it would do no such thing that he 
 reluctantly admitted that he had never experienced as a 
 convict in British jails anything like the brutality with 
 which he had been treated by the New York police. 
 
 Mr. Costello's story in brief is this. About ten or a 
 dozen years ago he was on the staff of the New York 
 Herald. By his commission ho was attached to the 
 police headquarters, in which capacity he was necessarily 
 brought into the closest relations with captains and in- 
 spectors. He discharged his duties with satisfaction to 
 his employers, and without any complaint on the part of 
 the police. Two lawyers of good standing, who wero 
 called as witnesses, testified that they had known him 
 for years as a thoroughly honorable man, a newspaper 
 man of talent and ability; one whose word they would 
 take as soon as that of the President of the United 
 States. Every one who knew him spoke in the highest 
 terms of his veracity and scrupulous regard for accuracy. 
 Mr. Costello in 1885 conceived the idea of publishing 
 a book about the police under the title of "Our Police 
 Protectors." His idea was to band over eighty per cent. 
 
'/I 
 
 r^ 
 
 [li ! 
 
 
 118 "SATAN'3 INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED:* 
 
 of the profits of tho work to tho Police Pension Fund, 
 retaining twenty per cent, as componaution for his work. 
 The book at first was very successful. Tho police sold it 
 for the benefit jf the Pension Fund, and the profits wero 
 duly paid over by him to tho fund in question. But just 
 as tho book was beginning to boom, the Superintendent 
 of Police brought out u book of his own, entitled "The 
 Groat Criminals of New York." No sooner had it ap- 
 peared than the police withdrew all their support from 
 Mr. Costollo's book, declared they had nothing to do 
 with it officially, and left him stranded with the unsold 
 copies on his hands. Mr. Costello appears to have 
 regarded this as natural under the circumstances. He 
 entered no complaint of the way in which he had been 
 thrown down over "Our Police Protectors" by the de- 
 partment, for whose Pension Fund the book was earning 
 money, but at once set himself with a good heart to bring 
 out another book of a similar character about the Fire 
 Department. 
 
 Mr. Croker, who was then a Fire Commissioner, and 
 his two colleagues gave Mr. Costello a letter certifying 
 that the Fire Department had consented to the publica- 
 tion of his history in consideration of his undertaking to 
 pay into the Fire Kelief Fund a certain portion of the 
 proceeds of the sale of tho book, for the publication of 
 which Mr. Costello had been given access to the records 
 of the department. Armed with this letter, Mr. Costello 
 set to work. He printed 3,500 copies of the book, with 900 
 illustrations. Tho book itself was bulky, containing as 
 many as 1,100 pages,and costing nearly $25,000 to produce, 
 an expenditure which he had incurred entirely on reliance 
 upon the support of the Fire Department promised him 
 by the letter written by Mr. Croker and his fellow com- 
 missioners. But again an adverse fate befell the unfor- 
 tunate Costello, .Just as the book was beginning to 
 
"SATAN';S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED." 119 
 
 boom, another man named Craig, who had a pull at the 
 flro headquarters, got out a very cheap book, called the 
 "Old Fire Laddies," which he ran in opposition to Mr. 
 Coatello's expensive work. The fire officials backed the 
 man with a pull against Mr. Ooatollo, who had no pull. 
 Friction arose, and the Fire Department withdrew the 
 official letter on the strength of which Mr. Costello had 
 gone into the work. 
 
 But the power of the pull was to make itself felt in a 
 still more painful fashion. Mr. Costello had several agents 
 canvassing for orders for the book, and for advertise- 
 ments. IIo did his best to obtain from those agents the 
 Croker letter, and succeeded in doing so in all but two 
 or throe cases. As he had already spent his money, the 
 only thing he could do was to continue to push his book. 
 His agents, no doubt, when canvassing made as much 
 capital as they could out of the credentials which Mr. 
 Costello had originally received from the Fire Depart- 
 ment. This was resented, and it seems to have been 
 decided to "down" Costello. The method adopted was 
 characteristic. The Fire Commissioners and the police 
 were two branches of Tammany administration. When 
 Mr. Costello's canvassers were going about their busi- 
 ness, they were subjected to arrest. He had as many as 
 half a dozen of his canvassers arrested at various times. 
 They were seized by the police on one pretext and 
 another, locked up all night in the police cell, and then 
 liberated the next morning, without any charge being 
 made against them. The application of this system of 
 arbitrary arrest effected its purpose. The terrorized 
 canvassers refused to seek orders any longer for Mr. 
 Costello's book. One or two, however, still persevered. 
 In November, 1888, two of them, who had retained the 
 original certificate, were arrested in the First Precinct at 
 the inBtanee of Captain Murray of the Fire Department, 
 
u 
 
 120 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED" 
 
 who said that they were professing to bo connected with 
 the Fire Department, with which they had nothing to do. 
 Mr. Oostello, accompanied by his bookkeeper, Mr 
 Stanley, went down to the police station to endeavor to 
 bail his canvassers out. Mr. Costello had no fear for 
 himself, as he believed Captain McLaughlin was his 
 friend-a friendship based upon the captain's belief that 
 Mr. Costello's influence had counted for something in 
 securing his captaincy. Mr. Costello complained of the 
 repeated arrests, and declared that he would not let it 
 occur again if he could help it. Captain McLaughlin 
 showed him the books that had been taken from the im- 
 prisoned canvassers, in one of which there was a loose 
 paper containing the memorandum of sales made on that 
 day, and a copy of the Croker letter. Mr. Costello at 
 once took possession of the letter, which he had been try- 
 ing to call in for some time. He showed it to the cap- 
 tain and then put it in his pocket, telling the captain 
 that if it was wanted he would produce it in court the 
 next day. The captain made no objection, and they 
 parted, apparently on friendly terms. 
 
 Mr. Costello had supper, and then went off to the 
 police headquarters at seven o'clock, in order to secure 
 an order for the release of his canvassers. Suspecting 
 nothing, he walked straight into the office, where he 
 found himself confronted by Lispector Williams. This 
 inspector was famous for two things: he had therepute 
 of being the champion clubber of the whole force, and it 
 was he also who first gave the sobriquet of "Tender- 
 loin" to the worst precinct in New York. The origin of 
 this phrase was said to be a remark made by Inspector 
 Williams on his removal from the Fourth to the Twenty- 
 ninth^ Precinct. Williams, who was then captain, had 
 said, **I have been living on rump-steak in the Fourth 
 Precinct; I shall have some tenderloin now." 
 
 TIT- 
 
 
oted with 
 ingtodo. 
 iper, Mr. 
 3eavor to 
 fear for 
 was his 
 Jlief that 
 3thing in 
 d of the 
 lot let it 
 jaughlin 
 the im- 
 a loose 
 I on that 
 stello at 
 •een trj- 
 the cap- 
 captain 
 3urt the 
 id they 
 
 to the 
 ) secure 
 pecting 
 lere he 
 . This 
 
 repute 
 , and it 
 ["ender- 
 rigin of 
 apector 
 wenty- 
 n, had 
 Fourth 
 
 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WOULD DISPLAYED." 121 
 
 tello picked up this phrase, applied it to the Twenty- 
 ninth Precinct, coupling it with Williams' name. Will- 
 iams never forgave Costello for this, and on one occasion 
 had clubbed him in Madison Square. 
 
 When Costello saw the inspector, he felt there was a 
 storm brewing, for Williams was in one of his usual 
 domineering moods. The moment Mr. Costello entered, 
 the inspector accused him of stealing a document out of 
 Captain McLaughlin's office, and detained him for five 
 hours. It was in vain that Mr. Costello explained that 
 the document which he had sent home by his book- 
 keeper, and placed in his safe, was his property, and 
 would be produced in court when it was wanted. Dur- 
 ing the five hours that he stayed there he noticed what 
 he described as "very funny work" going on. The in- 
 spector was telephoning here and there; detectives were 
 coming in and whispering, as if receiving secret orders; 
 and at last, at midnight, two detectives came in and 
 whispered a message to the inspector. Thereupon Will- 
 iams turned to Costello, ordered him to accompany the 
 detectives, and consider himself under arrest. A fore- 
 boding of coming trouble crossed Costello's mind. He 
 asked his bookkeeper to accompany him, as he felt that 
 there was something going to happen and he wanted him 
 to be ari eyewitness. This, however, did not suit his 
 custodians. On their way down to the police station one 
 of the detectives said to Stanley, "You get away! We 
 do not want you at all." Costello said, "Well, if you 
 have to go, you might look up Judge Duffy. I may want 
 his services as well as these men." Stanley left, and 
 Costello, with the two detectives, made his way to the 
 police station. 
 
 It was getting on to one o'clock in the morning. Cos- 
 tello was carrying an umbrella, as it was raining, when 
 they came in front of the station house. The door was 
 
: 
 
 f^f 
 
 122 '^^^TAN^8 INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLATEL,' 
 
 Wide open, aiid the light streamed on to the sidewalk 
 Just as he was placing his foot on the sten he l.w f 
 men come toward hini The hrJ<,\f i i . \ ^^^ ^"^^ 
 anrl in fj,„^ u i . "^'^"* ^^s'^* cast a shadow 
 
 and in that shadow he saw Captain McLaughlin raise hk 
 fist and deal a savage blow at his fafp „^ .""/^^f® "^3 
 
 He struggled to hisfeet, when Canfain MnT uv 
 went for him again. What folWedfs ^st oM '^ 
 ^ran.^^^^^ from the evidence before I't^ tt 
 
 here; this is a co^frdly acf on V'c^r pTrl^?"? ? P"^.^'^^^ 
 anything to offend the laws of the sS« fi, ^ ^^""^ ^°"^ 
 way of p„„i3i,i ^ th^ s not rtht ''Vn'"'*^'J 
 hardly recognize me as a human beinf af fJ ".•''^"^^ 
 was covered with blood, mud and ,? rf a aY^'"^^'^ ^ 
 overand over again in trvna /no dirt, and had rolled 
 
 rained at me. I h urried mv^^ei? -^^^ '' ^ ^' *^'* ""''^ 
 the station house thinkin^th.f w/'m ^' \ """^^ ^^^^ 
 this time I was be ng StPd fw"^"^ F?^^""^ "^«5 all 
 over me. ^ assaulted, the two detectives stood 
 
 ;;Q. What were their names? 
 a second man with Hil mon \ "** precinct; there was 
 "A On thf ° ^-T ""f,"": on the aidewalk? 
 
el:* 
 
 sidewalk. 
 
 saw two 
 \ shadow, 
 1 raise his 
 tinctively 
 nkled fist 
 own into 
 t specta- 
 ned and 
 ghlin afc- 
 
 Fortu- 
 3lla, and 
 vy boots 
 
 'aughliu 
 1 by the 
 V Com- 
 
 Isaid 
 >risoner 
 i^e done 
 mother 
 I could 
 time; I 
 rolled 
 at were 
 d into 
 ne; all 
 J stood 
 
 b their 
 re was 
 tman. 
 
 nding 
 tintQ 
 
 "SATAN^a INVISIBLE WOULJ) DISPLATED." U3 
 
 btd*o1 myiT'and I wal fiV'^ ^"^^^.? '' ^-^ the 
 than a human being ^'' ^''^'"^ ™"^' ^'^' ^ ^^^^^ beast 
 
 '*A^ m'V^^^'?;-'-^"" "« ^hat he did? 
 
 the two men ^'' ^' ™^^" *^« complaint against 
 
 of 'the sl'tUTo^'e^floo? whM^VV""*^";^ "^ ^^' ^'^^^^^ 
 blows at you V ' ""^'^^ McLaughlin was raining 
 
 I am assaulted again, vou or I wiut^.l^^^'''^ ^®'^' ^* 
 of two will be taken nnf nf f . • 1 .^^® ,t^ ^'®5 ^ne man 
 
 kejjt on blustering but n^er s" „ok ral ^g^' i ^""^ ^^ 
 "A H.LT^ the nature of thenunishment? 
 A. He had brass-knuokled me (^Vol. iv., n k bo?! 
 
 "A HalT.t'"/?'!,''"' "' that'-raomen v*^- *'^^'^^- 
 
 to go into his DrivafA rn^ ^^P- ,^ ^^^ then allowed 
 
 and^gutter off my face and h.'nd^s '''/^ '"i"!^ "^ "^^ "'"^ 
 blood off, because that war nnl- ^ ^i'"^^ "^^ wash the 
 
 «'A Nn"? ^r^^^y^"" ^^ '*"t^ *be cell? 
 -A. JNfo, he came down after me, after I 
 
 was locked up. 
 
m "SATAN'S mnsiBLE WOULD msPZATBD." 
 c^'ditt'" t"fetf„'r4l.j" *' '"""hat I was in that 
 
 ;Q. Were you persecuted any more that nieht? 
 
 giye1;,/a?;„K""^'' '" " ""^ "">' "'^^ -«W not 
 *;Q. Did you call for water? 
 
 *'Q Y-8 ^""«er, will you let me go back a little? 
 
 %^7o.e\?:i^aL:^tfo?u^^,otx^^^^^^^^ 
 
 children iuTo hysterics. ^ * "^ '"'" "'"' '™<"-8 '•'7 
 
TED.'* 
 
 was in that 
 i open the 
 in a faint — 
 'od— I took 
 found dead 
 •ed b^ Oap- 
 liat in my 
 pt it for a 
 lid not put 
 ot put my 
 
 fht? 
 would not 
 
 ^as denied 
 le uncon- 
 en I could 
 1 and told 
 ing some- 
 and after 
 en out by 
 w, before 
 a little? 
 
 at police 
 over me, 
 were up 
 and con- 
 n or half- 
 etectives 
 Jg her to 
 a in the 
 ims told 
 3n away. 
 I'fc mind 
 n't wish 
 hey will 
 use, and 
 ho did, 
 lese five 
 ling my 
 
 "BATAN^S INVISIBLE WOULD DISPlATED- 125 
 
 "a' vl" "^-^"^ to court the next morning, did you? 
 woufd aUow m; f ^^^^'^ .*'^^" ^^ *h« «^«" thaVLe^ 
 
 tinti'' -tn^ n.« 1 V . """""""r " i go in this condi- 
 t on and they let me buy a largo pair of blue s<„y<y)Z 
 and I sent for Counselor Charles"!' Duilv wK „f 
 
 ?„n?' ^"l"f.°' *■''' ?«■"=« in Long Islan/cu; and I 
 told h.in what happened to me, and lie said, 'These Seo 
 
 ? sisrvou" "'m^JZ ""' ' Yi'-' P "■'<' get 'somebod? to 
 said <Cwl,!! "' do you think of Mr. Hummel?' I 
 f n«iiT^° ''''"t yon like about it; have Mr. Hummel • 
 I paid him a retainer fee, and he said, 'These are infer 
 nal brutes and we ought to break them.' I saW 'I am 
 
 Kgh't u'n 't :'"', '°Vf "'"■' When the a'se was 
 ^L= f P ^"^ laughed out of court; there was no 
 
 men MoTe "k'^'fr"' ''^7- "P' """J "^ '» "e' bond ! 
 
 fsiitrVwt f "fasrt'oV;;.^' H"u'mtj,%:?r.Vh^^? 
 
 Mr. Costello was taken home, and laid up in bed for 
 five days. His face had to be sewn up. The doctor 
 
 M'tl'/^K'^^'-™' '''■ C-ker's broth'er.in-tw cert^ 
 fled that the injury of the face had been produced bv 
 brass knuckles, the cut being too severe to have been 
 produced by the simple fist. Ho was threatened wl h 
 erysipelas, but fortunately recovered. 
 
 I should have mentioned that while Mr. Costello was 
 b mg taken into the station house all bloody and muddy 
 h^ bookkeeper came to obtain access to hfm. Captain' 
 
 "What is this for?" cried Stanley. The captain made 
 
 no answer, but continued the search. ''What does tht 
 
 mean ?" angrily asked Stanley. ^ 
 
 . "You know d well what it means," was the reply. 
 
126 
 
 ^'SATAN^S INVISIBLE WOULD DISPLAYED:* 
 
 it Zr> '°* ""^^^«*^°^ y<^"'" ««id Stanley. "What is 
 f hr?^'°,^^i^^''" '^'^ *^« ^^Ptain to an orderly -onen 
 
 mere Had not been so much riplfir* m««^ • i.- . 
 there wo„,d u, ,een serajfttls" New yIIT; 
 
 ml ir ""}' * ^''"° '"='"■■""' bnl a Oatlolio Irish 
 man, and murder wa, repugnant both to his religionTnd 
 to h,s nature. Other redress than that which Sdh. 
 
 tarn, for It was this witness who made the famons remark 
 previously quoted. Senator O'Connor asked him "n^ 
 you ever talce any proceedings against these^mn," and 
 the witness replied, "I never did «!>. 'T '"'"'• ana 
 to law with Z devil and ccuH and hel""" "° "" ^""« 
 He probably thought himself luokvfhaf h« k ^ 
 
 pourea irom his eyes and ears, and he was carn'flrl fn fi,« 
 
ated:* 
 
 '. "What is 
 
 derly, "open 
 'Now/' said 
 d the book- 
 left on the 
 i which had 
 )rs" to such 
 
 tu rally pro- 
 Id be prao- 
 said that if 
 Q his veins, 
 y York, for 
 holic Irish- 
 aligion and 
 h could be 
 ible to oh- 
 ms remark 
 him, "Did 
 len?" and 
 use going 
 
 d escaped 
 J. Stand- 
 hillinber- 
 r athletic 
 
 his fist, 
 ded with 
 ;he blood 
 3d to the 
 derations 
 
 He was 
 n action 
 was de- 
 
 JOHN W. GOFF 
 
 F»OU PHOTO Br HOCKWJOB 
 
 — -—mi 
 
M 
 
 i 
 
 if 
 
 / 
 
 ./ 
 
// 
 
 / / 
 
 / 
 J 
 
 ^'SATAN'S mriSIULE WOULD DISPLATED." 137 
 IZtl .^y,.*;^«/°''P°ration counsel. Schilliuberger, al- 
 
 or ato^ ?t '7 '''' ""''''"^ ^"'y' ^«« °«v- --ponded 
 
 thestTin^^^^^ °° duty during the'whole 
 
 01 tne sittings of the commission. 
 
 In another case a witness was produced who oonld 
 l"fy "ffl^ intelligibly. On Thanksgiving morniri e 
 
 o^nerTwhtrZ'r "' """^ ""■" -"y^'- "-7* 
 owner of which had apparently paid blackmail, and was 
 th refore under the protection of the police. When Z 
 
 cnstomer and the protected oyster-stand keeper he nt- 
 
 Int a :: r:;';""* ^"'"''^ "p *» ""> '<"■">"' «» . ^ith- 
 
 Two front teeth were splintered up into thegum, inflict 
 .ng so severe an injury that it was two days^blr" he 
 swelling abated sufiiciently for the dentist to b able t' 
 out away the teeth, and four days before the roots oonld 
 be touched. The dentist declared that the officer must 
 have had something in his hand, whether bras^knurkle 
 
 80 badlv r'7"'T..°' """ '""^' '» ^P"»'« the teeth 
 
 been f if; f T *" """° ""='' ""^ ««' »»<""» '<> have 
 been the favoiite weapon. 
 
 wWifr'^ r''" ""^ ""'' ^ =■>»" "'^f t» « that in 
 which the policeman used his clnb. There was a flght n 
 the hallway of a honse, and one Frank Angelo had 
 stepped in to try to part the combatants. Up came a 
 po iceman of the name of Zimmerman, who rushedTnto 
 
 his cT,;' kno t:rf ' "■" ^'""'"s ^-s^'" "'""y '"> 
 
 his clnb, knocked his eye out. The eye hung down on 
 the man's cheek, and had to be subsequently amoved 
 Angelo, all bloody, with his eye in this ghastly Ztion 
 Zrt' "' "^f-""'"'. -0 token to the' police: 
 lZ\Z, VoorhWow. not knowingwhat would befall 
 
 ♦oO for his professional «.rvi»., .„j .^ r.i ■■ ^ 
 
128 "SATAN'S INVmSLE WORLD DlSPLATSV." 
 
 the only way for him to get out of the scrape was to 
 pay the officer $25, which he accordingly did. The 
 judge asked him no question, and discharged the case. 
 It 18 needless to say that Angelo brought no action 
 against the policeman. There was no justice, he said, 
 in New York. Justice there was indeed-hideous, dia- 
 bolical, devil's justice. It is bad enough to have your 
 eye knocked out with a policeman's club in the street 
 when you are endeavoring to prevent a fight, but it is 
 worse to have to pay that policeman $25 for having per- 
 formed that operation, and an additional $50 to a 
 lawyer to induce the ruffian to accept the money. 
 
 After reading this, it is not surprising that Mr. Goff 
 now Recorder of the city of New York, publicly declared! 
 after a careful examination of the records of the Police 
 Department for three years, that it could be proved that 
 the police force was to all intents and purposes and in 
 practice exempted from and above the operation of the 
 law of the land. Mr. Goff, after saying that in three 
 years only one policeman had been convicted for an as- 
 sault upon a citizen, and remarking that the air of the 
 trial-room at police heaqduarters was blue with perjury 
 continued thus: r j jt 
 
 "The members of the police force of this city commit 
 offenses of the grade of felony and misdemeanor, and thev 
 Have gone for years unpunished and unwhipped for those 
 offenses, which, if committed by citizens, would have re- 
 sulted m fact m sentence to State's prison, and to the 
 penitentiary. In other words, the operation of the law 
 of this State, so far as it applies to the citizens of New 
 York, and to all persons as it should, stops short of the 
 police force. Felonious assaults have been committed 
 upon citizens by policemen, which if committed by a 
 civilian would result possibly in four or live years' 
 sentence m Smg Smg, and all the policeman need appre- 
 hend IS, a charge against him, with a possible conviction 
 
 V V 
 
I 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 rape was to 
 r did. The 
 ed the case, 
 it no action 
 ice, he said, 
 ideouB, dia- 
 have your 
 the street 
 ht, but it is 
 laving per- 
 il 650 to a 
 ney. 
 
 t Mr. Gofl, 
 ly declared, 
 the Police 
 iroved that 
 )aes and in 
 tion of the 
 it in three 
 1 for an as- 
 air of the 
 th perjury, 
 
 ty commit 
 r, and they 
 i for those 
 id have re- 
 and to the 
 )f the law 
 ns of New 
 ort of the 
 committed 
 tted by a 
 ive years* 
 ied appre- 
 ionviction 
 
 
 "HATAS-S mvlSIBLB WOnLD VKPLATBD." m 
 
 !itf!£i£- "- z r» iK jr."' 
 
 Some of the evidence taken as to the action of the 
 
 «!rA, T "'''' ''"' '""»■"=»' » "-"okman, of the 
 
 name of L"oas, appeared before them with his head in a 
 frightful state of disfigurement. The n,an had been 
 
 ro'bbed "of ir O ""T "" " '"""'^P' -"o" ^0 - 
 ln»V tb» i ?" ".""""^ "P' «"''i"g that he had 
 
 los the money, he aslced a policeman if he could 
 find ont anything as to who had robbed him ThU 
 eemed to offend the oiBcer, for he struck Luca in the 
 face knocked h,m down in the gutter, and then stand! 
 ing over him, belabored him unmercifully with his elnb 
 on h,s facoand head. "For God's sake!" cried th man 
 •'do not k,l me altogether." A young man, a strLger 
 
 IT^a'S^'-r'"^ "'^ ""'^S^""^ »'""'' "'the assauU 
 asked the policeman to stop. Thereupon another police 
 man in e.tizen's clothes ran „p, knocked him down 
 jumped on him, and then marched Lucas andThe 
 stranger off to the police station. The blood r"nn ng 
 down Lucas neck, drenched his shirt, and one of hf 
 picturesque incidents of the inquiry was the product on 
 of the bloody sh.rt before the senators. The man was 
 bleeding so freely that the sergeant of the police station 
 had to sew up the top of his head. It took twenty" 
 
 seven stitches to sew ud the wo„nd -^-..,..J v_ .u .'"""'J- 
 
 4 1 ^j^^u^a^j, uy fciiu police- 
 

 130 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WOULD DISPLAYED.'* 
 
 man's club. When ho got into the police station he wqa 
 again assaulted, and had he not run for the sergeant, he 
 was of the opinion that he would have been killed alto- 
 gether. The next morning he was bronght before the 
 judge and discharged. Nothing seems to have been 
 done to the officer. 
 
 The committee summed up the whole case in the fol- 
 lowing sentences: 
 
 •'It was proved by a stream of witnesses who poured 
 continuoualy into the sessions of the committee, that 
 many of the members of the force, and even superior 
 officers, have abused the resources of physical power which 
 have been provided for them and their use only in cases 
 of necessity in the making of arrests and the restraint of 
 disorder, to gratify personal spite and brutal instincts, 
 ««Tj r?^"^^ *"<^^r victims to a condition of servility 
 _ iiesides this exhibit of convicted clubbers, still Wiiar- 
 ing the uniform of the force, there was a stream of vic- 
 tims of police brutality who testified before your com- 
 mittee. The eye of one man, pushed out by a patrol- 
 man s club, hung on his cheek. Others were brought 
 before the committee, fresh from their punishment, 
 covered with blood and bruises, and in some cases bat' 
 tered out of recognition. AVitnesses testified to severe 
 assaults upon them while under arrest in the station 
 houses. The line of testimony might have been end- 
 lessly pursued by your committee. ... We em- 
 phasize this finding of brutality because it affects every 
 citizen whatever his condition, because it shows an inva- 
 sion of constitutional liberty by one of the departments 
 of government whose supreme duty it is to enforce the 
 law, and because it establishes a condition of affairs 
 gravely imperiling the safety and the welfare of the 
 people in their daily avocations."— Vol. i., p. 31. 
 
 i 
 
EDJ* 
 
 on he waa 
 'geant, he 
 illed alto- 
 )oforo the 
 avG been 
 
 n the fol- 
 
 poured 
 tee^ that 
 
 superior 
 ^er which 
 
 1 in cases 
 itraint of 
 instincts, 
 servility, 
 till wear- 
 n of vic- 
 3ur com- 
 \ patrol- 
 brought 
 ishmont, 
 Eisos bat- 
 
 severe 
 
 1 station 
 en end- 
 Ve em- 
 ts every 
 an inva- 
 rtments 
 »rce the 
 
 affairs 
 of the 
 
 "SATAN'S INViaiBLE WORLD nitiPLAYED.'' 131 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 KINO M'nALLY and HIS POLICE. 
 
 thJt^wn?."^^'?^' ^'''^ '' P^^^^^P^ ^^''^''^ ot crime 
 that would most naturally commend ifrelf to the police 
 banditti of New York. For the force was engaged all 
 day ong m playing a gigantic ConHdence Trick upon 
 the citizens. The gold brick which the swindlers sold to 
 the credulous countryman was hardly more mythical 
 
 be secured by the organization of the city police. It is 
 therefore not surprising to learn that the^olice were 
 
 crty of New York. It was one of the n t lucrative of all 
 
 he crimes wh.oh were carried on under police protec 
 
 before'the?' '' p" "'"^' ^''' '' ^^" ^I. stories told 
 a CO .arfn ^\^."^^^*^/""^^ttee display quite so unblushing 
 a co-partnership between the law-breakers and the law 
 officers as was revealed in this Green Goods swindle 
 The rascality of the rogue, was so audacious that it pro: 
 vokes a laugh. For it is possible to carry impudence to 
 a point where indignation is momentarily submerged by 
 
 X stir 1 *'^"^"^^--^«- «^-r amazement ft tho 
 existence of such preposterous villains begets such a 
 sense of Its absurdity that any censure seems as much 
 out of place as m the nonsense tales of the nursery. Yet 
 When the grotesque impression subsides it is difficult to 
 iind terms strong enough to characterize this systematic 
 
132 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WOULD DISPLAYED." 
 
 misuse of the powers created for the protection of life 
 and property and the due observance of the law for the 
 purpose of facilitating fraud and of aiding and abetting 
 and protecting swindling. 
 
 The evidence taken before the Lexow Committee con- 
 tains a mass of materials for an exhaustive description 
 of the criminals of New YorJj, and the various methods 
 by which in 1894 they preyed upon the public; but the 
 person who undertakes the compilation of such a work is 
 not to be envied. The Eeport of the Commission is a 
 very striking illustration of the wickedness of issuing 
 books without indexes. Here we have five bulky 
 volumes of evidence without even an index of the names 
 of witnesses. There is no subject index of any kind. 
 Witnesses are called and recalled in bewildering confu- 
 sion. Nevertheless, even the most cursory perusal of the 
 evidence brings to light a great many interesting and 
 extraordinary facts as to the organization of the criminal 
 classes of the city. 
 
 Green Goods are forged or counterfeit bank notes. 
 The pretense is either that there has been an over issue 
 of certain denominations of paper money by the Treasury, 
 or that the plates have been stolen from the govern- 
 ment, and by this means it is possible to offer to sell ten 
 dollars for one. 
 
 McNally, the king of the Green Goods men, employed 
 at times a staff of thirty-five men. He began his career 
 some twenty years ago as a bully who was kept by a 
 prostitute. He swindled a mistress of his who kept a 
 restaurant out of all her money and started an opium 
 joint. He then embarked in the Green Goods business, 
 kept his carriage, and made his fortune. 
 
 These men who worked this confidence trick seem to 
 have carried their organized system of swindling to a 
 very high pitch of perfection. Their master-stroke, 
 
 i 
 
 Ul' 
 
ED." 
 
 on of life 
 iw for the 
 I abetting 
 
 ittee con- 
 iscription 
 methods 
 ; but the 
 a work is 
 ision is a 
 f issuing 
 B bulky 
 le names 
 ny kind, 
 g confu- 
 al of the 
 ;ing and 
 criminal 
 
 i notes, 
 i^er issue 
 reasury, 
 govern- 
 sell ten 
 
 nployed 
 s career 
 pt by a 
 kept a 
 opium 
 usinessj 
 
 seem to 
 ig to a 
 stroke, 
 
 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WOULD DISPLAYED." 133 
 
 however, was the admission of the police to a working 
 partnership, which enabled them not merely to carry on 
 their swindling with impunity, but also stood them in 
 good stead whenever a victim had to be bullied and 
 driven out of the city. King McNally was, unfortu- 
 nately, not available for examination, owing to his pre- 
 cipitate departure for foreign parts as soon as the 
 inquiry began. The committee, however, was able to 
 secure evidence which brought out very clearly the main 
 lines of their operations. 
 
 ^ The chief witness was one William Applegate, whose 
 sister accompanied McNally in his hurried departure to 
 Paris. Applegate had been employed for three years as 
 one of the gang. He began when nineteen as a circular 
 folder, for which he received two dollars a week. These 
 formed the foundation of the Green Goods business. A 
 Green Goods gang in full operation is constituted as fol- 
 lows: 
 
 (1) The Backer or Capitalist, who supplies the bank 
 roll— a roll of 10,000 genuine dollar bills, which are 
 shown to the victim. He receives fifty per cent., out of 
 which he pays the police and so guarantees the protec- 
 tion of the gang. 
 
 (2) The Writer, who addresses the wrappers in which 
 the circulars, bogus newspaper cuttings, etc., are in- 
 closed. He receives the other fifty per cent., out of 
 which he has to pay the percentage due to the rest of 
 the gang. 
 
 (3) The Bunco Steerer, who is sent to meet the victim 
 at some hotel, fifty to a hundred miles distant from the 
 city. He is the messenger who gives the victim the 
 password, and then leads him to the joint or den where 
 the swindle is completed. He receives five per cent, of 
 the plunder. 
 
 (4) The Old Man, a respectable-looking old gentleman. 
 
 I 
 
m 
 
 ^Hi 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ' 
 
 ^Hil 
 
 1 
 
 WMfl 
 
 i, 
 
 i 
 
 ^^n&v 
 
 _^^.^ 
 
 134 ^'SATAN'S INVISIBLE WOULD DISPLAYED." 
 
 Who says nothing hut who sits solemnly in the joint 
 when the -beat" is being carried through. He receives 
 five dollars. 
 
 (5) The Turner, who is represented as the son of the 
 old man and does the selling of the bogus notes. His 
 fee 18 ten dollars. 
 
 (6) The Ringer, a confederate behind the partition, 
 who dexterously replaces the good money shown in the 
 bank roll by the bundlts of bogus notes. His fee is five 
 dollars. 
 
 (7) The Tailer, who remains on guard at the railway 
 sta ion, personating a policeman, for the purpose of 
 bullying any victim who discovers he has been swindled 
 and returns to try to recover his money. This gentle- 
 man is also paid five dollars a victim. 
 
 With this staff, and the protection of the police, the 
 Green Goods business can be carried on very success- 
 fully. McNally used to take as much as $8,000 in a 
 single day. Fortunes of $300,000 were accumulated by 
 the leading backers, although McNally's pile was not 
 estimated at more than $100,000. 
 
 The first step is the obtaining of directories and the 
 arranging for the dispatch of circulars. The circular^ 
 were of the familiar kind, printed as if typewritten, and 
 addressed by a stafiE of writers, of whom McNally had 
 eight or ten kept constantly at work. Inclosed in the 
 envelope with the circular were slips printed as if they 
 were cut out of newspapers, the same with intent to 
 deceive, the slip being carefully written by Mr. McNallv 
 or some member of his gang, for the purpose of giving the 
 reader to understand that the offer of the circular was 
 bond fide and reliable. These were sent out by thou- 
 sands, the printer executing orders for 200,000 sets at a 
 time A slip was also included giving the address to 
 which a telegram should be sent, in order to secure the 
 
the joint 
 ■6 receives 
 
 ion of the 
 >tes. His 
 
 partition, 
 wn in the 
 fee is five 
 
 B railway 
 irpose of 
 swindled, 
 is gentle- 
 
 >lice, the 
 success- 
 
 000 in a 
 lated by 
 was not 
 
 and the 
 3irculars 
 ten, and 
 illy had 
 
 1 in the 
 if they 
 
 tent to 
 'c"N"ally, 
 ing the 
 lar was 
 J thou- 
 Bts at a 
 pess to 
 ire the 
 
 "SATAN'S mvISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED." 135 
 
 advantageous offer made to the victim by the circular, 
 ihese addresses were usually vacant lots in the city but 
 arrangements were made by bribing the officials of the 
 telegraph company to hold all telegrams sent to such 
 factitious addresses until called for. 
 
 The business was carried on on a kind of mutual part- 
 nership basis. It was worked somewhat on this fashion 
 A writer would send out 10,000 circulars or more a day 
 One, or perhaps two, of those would hook a victim, who 
 would telegraph, making an application for the money 
 offered him at such tempting terms. This victim would 
 belong to the writer of the circular by which he had been 
 caught. Having thus hooked a victim, he had to be 
 landed, and for this purpose he had to be brought to 
 town and personally condpnt.a by a bunco-steerer to the 
 den or joint, where thr^ - confederates fooled the victim 
 to the top of kis bent, ...u usually succeeded in fleecing 
 him by one form or another of the confidence trick. 
 ^ The victim, who was known as a "Come On," or as a 
 'Guy," was swindled by a variety of methods. One 
 favorite plan was to undertake to sell the credulous 
 rustic $10,000 for $650. For less than $650 he was told 
 he could not have the "State rights." The monopoly 
 for his own State was promised to the favored individual 
 whose $650 had to be paid down on the spot. A locked 
 box was then given him, within which he was assured 
 there were $10,000 in coin. In reality, there was a brick 
 which was all the poor victim got for his money. 
 
 Another method of swindling was thus described by 
 the witness Applegate when under examination by Mr 
 Goff: •' 
 
 "Q. I hand you two tin boxes: do you recoenize tho^A 
 as belonging to McNally? ^ letognize tnose 
 
 ;;A. Yes, sir. ^ 
 
 *'Q. Were those boxes used in his business? 
 
il 
 
 lilJif 
 
 11 
 
 136 "SATAN*S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLATBDy 
 "A. Yes, sir. 
 
 thoMii: usid'c?' '"' ' '^"'-'^ «"^' -h«* --• 
 
 ».J,''^: ^''u^ i;?"''' P"' ">« "woney in one box for H.o 
 ab„uV»300 to i^no.1f '-'''''" ',':i'" ''""'O •'^ » '^e«I «" 
 
 .nd'^ti'::,!fb\i"n'/rti:,'tp.t^t,^rs?„'er''^ 
 
 time a duplicate box would be behi..rttl.« tVl-'*''" 
 and in tbe'^duplicate box there won d be a &Za 
 some paper, and they would put the money in his box 
 
 box from the victim, and then Walter McNa Iv who III 
 the ringing, would open his trapdoor and take t^l h- 
 inland put the other box out; ft woulSlUe done in^' 
 
 usedVr?"'" "''' ^'^""^ ^'" *^"' ^^^^' b°^^ ^hat is that 
 ««n* J,^»* yas used for the bank roll. 
 
 •:l NiT'tl'.er'eToni: ^T" " *"" "•'^ '» '""'^ 
 «8io6;^t LtlfbetidTe're ' t£ '■■■^''* '" "«™' 
 
 be^l«,.oodo„e up in^^^':^!:.i^tz:ii:^zi^, 
 
 dnmtielf'' "" "'"'' """' «' ^» "^I'ed them, the 
 
 <<?' S^^P'*'" ''»" they were operated? 
 biiis^- ^Zri^^ be''a'"'gtTo^''ri^e't"on'^a''?^ 
 
 gether. and, instead of counting each and every bill, we 
 
 u; 
 
EZ).» 
 
 hat were 
 
 ' for the 
 1 of from 
 
 this box 
 he mean- 
 (artition, 
 rick and 
 
 this box 
 ictim; it 
 nd then 
 lid with 
 hide the 
 who did 
 this box 
 one in a 
 
 is that 
 
 ^ there; 
 
 there, 
 osed to 
 around 
 
 f those 
 :enuine 
 
 m, the 
 
 5 of 15 
 and a 
 same 
 nt out 
 would 
 [68 to- 
 ill, we 
 
 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED." 137 
 
 will put the packages together/ and the victim would 
 tftink there was the same amount cf money in each one. 
 and then, through sleight-of-hand, he would put these in 
 the box, and the good money on top; and if the victim 
 wanted to see the packages again he would show them, 
 and the one on top would be good money; and if the 
 victim IS a hard victim, he might want to take the money 
 ^^i^ J"™' a"<^ then Walter would shift these packages, 
 and, therefore, he ^ot about Um for $500 or $1,000. 
 
 Q. And the victim would get those packages that we 
 now exhibit, instead of the packages containing the cood 
 money that he has seen? a 6 « 
 
 **A. Yes, sir. 
 
 '«?■ v^®^® ^®^® "'^"y ^^ *^"^® ^" "se, were there not? 
 A. Yes, sir, we would never take the elastics oflE 
 these; we would just take the elastics off the good 
 money. ° 
 
 Au-'?' ^1®^® ^^ ^ ^^^ ^^^^ * ^®^vy weight; see what is in 
 this box.'* 
 
 **A. I guess that is a brick (witness takes out a brick 
 JTJPP^*^ "P in paper); that is what he would get for his 
 $650; for a $300 deal he would get half a brickt for $10,- 
 000 it would have to be heavier than for a less amount." 
 —Vol. ill., pp. 3,575-6. 
 
 In connection with McNally's gang there was an Art 
 Gallery fitted up in connection with a saloon used some- 
 times as McNally's headquarters. The chief feature of 
 this art gallery was a great number of pictures repre- 
 senting treasuries filled with all kinds of money. 
 **Here," said the steerer to the guy, **is the picture of 
 what you will get in reality." The effect upon his imag- 
 ination of these painted representations of enormous 
 treasure in gold and silver predisposed the victim to part 
 freely with his money, and believe the plausible friends 
 who so kindly proposed to point out to him so short a 
 cut to a fortune. McNally had a private carriage also, 
 with a footman in livery. The "carriage racket," as it 
 was called, was thus described by Applegatej 
 
V 
 
 188 
 
 "SATAI^'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED,* 
 
 oJ;,T' ^^^"^^ ^"^ ^««-^be the operations of the 
 
 to}t S;|e7rrV;K^^ guy coming 
 
 httie red satchel. ^ ^'^ * ^^^^hel put there, I 
 
 "Q. In the carriage? 
 
 thing in it on tho seat nf ti.. eatoliels without anv- 
 wo„l*d get in with thf g"u' ""VaTter^;- W«"« HainJ, 
 the money in the bag, the barJcr!r!5''u '""''<' h*™ 
 the money in the satchel »rf,?5i-;" "'"' ^^ wo"Id Put 
 that had the brick in it- he l,fM°!;*rf;''''»' '» ">» one 
 satchel, and after the g J'Ld 2iMP|t,'^' T""^ '" "'» 
 —we never received thoJ., hltJ •uaincs his money so 
 after h^ made ^he dearaSd XIT™ *'>^"' ""'ind 
 Haines would say, 'I will .otnfi!fy'"?? ™»^ »" "'ght, 
 would grab the Jatele an^d r°in onf^.S «"<i 'hestefre; 
 would r'ip the money u the eab and H*'-^^""" Raines 
 
 ;ifelt:s-'"^»«'''^«^»n^w.;^rg7a;^,\7h 
 
 th/f auXo'^e^rherfefTtt: llat?.'* ^"^^ "'—d 
 
 A. JVo, we worked kind of «««,,. i, 
 working the carriage rack"e? w1 TrE AtironTh'e' 
 ;;Q. What is that? 
 
 ^^^tJ^^^^^ we ought to :.ve 
 
 and keep the satchel and al f h. ^ ^"^ ^"^ ^'^^ t^e guy 
 a^er he g„. „„ ^he t'r^. u: ^fg^Jt^^^H 
 
 ing ?oine"'' ^' ^'"^ ""' '">^« 'he facilities as in the t„rn- 
 
 h/g'^ot fn tS Tair a,fd "„"'?]'« '"■»"'<' ""tchel nntil 
 this at the proper tim'e an^d pla"oe ''^' ^' "'» S'™ Jou 
 ieysl' ^"^"'' ^- "■ 'he habit of giving to the guy 
 
 himt o'tt'it'oVnT n'otVi?hThe'° A°^, '"'»\»'' '-"^ 
 we gave him keys. '"® satchel; with the box 
 
TED. •' 
 
 ions of the 
 
 fuy coming 
 ut there, a 
 
 aper in it- 
 houfc any- 
 ter Haines 
 ould have 
 would put 
 to the one 
 ^ey in the 
 money so 
 ours, and 
 all right, 
 he steerer 
 3r Haines 
 ould say, 
 way with 
 
 iscovered 
 
 we were 
 on the 
 
 to '.rye 
 the guy 
 in, and, 
 here he 
 
 »e turn- 
 el until 
 ive you 
 
 he guy 
 
 (3 told 
 lie bo3E 
 
 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLA TED." I30 
 
 "Q. Was there any design in giving the keys with the 
 box? 
 
 "A. We never gave him the key which fitted the box. 
 
 ^^Q. So when they got on the railroad 
 
 "A. When a guy gets a box like that there will be 
 some combination on it, and he will get the wrong key, 
 and he don't know how to get out of it. 
 
 "Q. And you always niade sure to give him a key that 
 would not open the box? 
 
 "A. Yes, sir; the reason of that is that we gave him a 
 key that fits the box with the money in, and that would 
 not fit the b-^x that had the brick in."— Vol. iii., pp. 
 2,613-5. 
 
 There were many ways of swindling the unfortunate 
 guy. When once they are hooked, they can be played 
 with to almost any extent. In this, vs in higher regions, 
 the saying holds good: 
 
 Faith, fanatic faith, once wedded fast 
 To some dear falsehood hugs it tc the last. 
 
 A guy will pay his money down and expect the money 
 to be sent to his order. When it never turns up, he will 
 come back and buy some more, which are to be expressed 
 to him. When they do not arrive, he will come back the 
 third time and do another deal, and see them checked at 
 the station with his ticket. The bagagge-man is accused 
 of stealing the money, and the guy comes up for a 
 fourth time. In this final purchase he never allows the 
 box or bag to go out of his own hands. Not until he 
 opens the precious parcel and finds the brick or -counter- 
 feit notes or rolls of paper, does it dawn upon him that 
 he has been done. 
 
 The need for great secrecy and the importance of 
 getting a long way off the city before opening the box do 
 not seem unreasonable to a man who knows that he is 
 engaged in a more or less fraudulent transaction. It is 
 the knowledge of the guy that he is doing a more or less 
 
 111 
 
if 
 
 140 "BATAJfS INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLA TBD.- 
 to New York was thlMai . * ''^'''^ ^^« P^^^^'ar 
 
 press a smile on reading af fhl^' ^^^fficult to re- 
 
 ga^'s evidence, hc^t^;,'.^,: ;Zr '"^ "' ^''^•»- 
 
 an round, the assLpH;^^*e':X"«7°? '" ^'"'"^ 
 sweep clean, and that brchaTglg^he cZa^^:? """''^ 
 precinct to another the abuse? that hL'^ . /""" """ 
 would be rectified. UntZa elv th« :r, ''' ""^ '"'= 
 blackmail and corruption w»,!!.^ ft "'^ 'y"'" »' 
 
 that the shining :itz,z.i^:::ii::''ti 
 
 newcomer succeedpri in +i;« v. • cnange. Jiach 
 
 o..ection o, .^oitirtit^r t^/ :Tgi:"dr 
 , hate ;r;: :ror irsf-r" •' "'^" 
 
 York; but in the case of gZooo^ '?>. "" ^^^ 
 
 ness was too profitable to be W 2 f """' ^^^" ''""'- 
 once got hold of r The !, ^ *''° ""P'"'" *'"> ^""5 
 
 the slfake-up to k place anr"Z"'M T """' ^''^'' 
 ferred from'the dt= ;:"» pr S W nir''' '?T 
 other end of the island, he carried .HHn"' "' '""^ 
 men with him up to h s new s tafion \" """ '^""^' 
 order was given that the shrk^lT^as t C:ZoZ: 
 
T£!D» 
 
 »lunder him 
 
 D the police 
 ^as peculiar 
 carrying on 
 •f, but with 
 )artnership 
 isiness was 
 ain of the 
 'quarters a 
 cull to re- 
 
 of Apple- 
 made too 
 ce depart- 
 nown as a 
 )e shifted 
 om would 
 from one 
 1 any fuss 
 system of 
 >rganized 
 e. Each 
 Jd on the 
 gle day. 
 i" might 
 in New 
 eir busi- 
 ivho had 
 tfc, when 
 s trans- 
 > at the 
 1 Goods 
 
 as the 
 forced, 
 
 *'8ATaN'8 invisible WORLD DISPLAYED." U\ 
 
 Captain Meakin sent word to McNally that he must fol- 
 low him to Harlem. McNally thereupon told all his 
 writers, bunco steerers and turners that they must pack 
 up their traps, and follow the captain to the precinct to 
 wiiich ho had been transferred. The notice was short, 
 and for a moment it seemed as if the smooth course of 
 the Green Goods business would be interfered w=th, for 
 several victims were on their way to the rendezvous fixed 
 by the writers in Captain McNally 's old precinct. The 
 resources of roguery are not so easily exhausted; the 
 bunco-steerers were ordered to bring their victims from 
 the downtown precinct to some saloons in Harlem until 
 the gang had arranged with the captain as to where the 
 victims were to be plundered in the new precinct. 
 
 The saloon in which the confidence trick was played, 
 and the room in which the victim was relieved of his 
 money, was known as the "Joint," or the place where 
 they *'beat the victim.'' The first thing necessary was, 
 therefore, to find out a saloon that would be available 
 for the purposes of the gang. Captain Meakin was a 
 man of resource. He and his ward man met McNally at 
 a drug store, and arranged with a saloon-keeper of the 
 name of Hawkins that the Joint should be opened in his 
 saloon. The arrangement made with Hawkins was that 
 he should have five dollars for every man that was fleeced 
 at his place. 
 
 Very little time was lost in bundling the boxes, with 
 the bricks and all the other paraphernalia of the craft, 
 into an express wagon. The King drove up in his car- 
 nage with the bank-roll and his liveried coachman, while 
 the turners followed by the Elevated Railway. As soon 
 as the arrangement was fixed up with the King and the 
 captain and the saloon-keeper, the signal was given, and 
 the victims, who were planted at various saloons in the 
 neighborhood by the bunco-steerers waiting until the 
 
 M 
 
l! -II 
 
 142 "SATAIf'S mviSIBLE WOULD DISPLATHD." 
 
 police captain and the King had fixed up arrangements as 
 to the Joint, were brought down and fleeced. Thus 
 without the loss of a single day, the business was trans' 
 ferred and was running merrily under the protecting 
 aBgis of Captain Meakin and his police. ^ 
 
 For four months this went on, until at last the scandal 
 became so great that the Police Commissioners received 
 
 7Z7y!'l1uV'T ^^'' ^"'>"b'^«"t«^ «nd it became evi- 
 dent that the Hawkins saloon would no longer serve as 
 headquarters A friendly communication was sent to 
 the thieves by Detective Charlton. He told them that 
 they would have to quit, but at the same time he oblig- 
 ngly suggested that the saloon of a man named Day in 
 the immediate neighborhood would be quite as conve- 
 ment and would serve equally well as a place for "beat- 
 
 Joint was transferred, and business went on for five 
 months, ten or twelve writers being busily employed in 
 Bending out circulars, as many as fifteen thousand being 
 sometimes dispatched in a single day. ^ 
 
 ^ At last an order was issued from headquarters order- 
 ing the arrest of all the Green Goods men'of New York 
 This looked serious, but when you have a friend on the 
 force you do not get arrested, excepting as a friendly 
 put-up job ^Yten the order was issued f'rom headquar! 
 ters. Detective Charlton was sent by Captain Meak?n to 
 
 ' Zn ^""ff' f "^ *'^^ ''''' ^^^'^ ^ '-^ the Joint 
 arrived T."".*' T''' '" "^^ «*"« ^^^^^0 the police 
 r. ?• ^^'" .*'™''^ ^^"* ^^^ ^'^^^Vth acted upon 
 
 Green Goods men m the meanwhile had transferred 
 
 beZftl ''"!^'; "'"^ '^^"^ ^ ^^-^" State was 
 Ljr.t ^""'f'^^'on of the superintendent. But 
 
 everything was done to make their sojourn in Jersey 
 pheasant. Captain Meakin gave them a recommendatZ 
 
 li 
 
 I I * 
 
4 TiJD," 
 
 mgements as 
 iced. Thus, 
 ss was trans- 
 ) protecting 
 
 the scandal 
 ers received 
 became evi- 
 ?er serve as 
 vas sent to 
 
 them that 
 no he oblig- 
 med Day in 
 B as conve- 
 
 5 for **beat- 
 refore, the 
 on for five 
 mployed in 
 sand being 
 
 ters order- 
 Sevf York, 
 nd on the 
 a friendly 
 headquar- 
 Meakin to 
 the Joint, 
 the police 
 ;ed upon, 
 nd. The 
 •ansferred 
 State, was 
 mt. But 
 in Jersey 
 tendatioQ 
 
 
 "SATAI^'S INVISIBLE WOULD DISPLATBD." 143 
 
 to a detective in the Jersey force, who saw to it that they 
 were not interfered with. In return for those services. 
 Captain Meukm received from McNally 1400 a mouth, the 
 tariff being fixed at 150 per writer. The money was 
 paid to Detective Charlton, who handed it over, no 
 doubt after collecting his commission, to the captain. 
 
 If the matter had only stopped here, the case of the 
 Wreen Gooas men would not have differed materially 
 from that of the disorderly houses, which all subsidized 
 the police, and were protected in return. But in the 
 case of these swindlers, who elevated the confidence 
 trick almost to the level of a fine art, there was a further 
 development. If any of the writers were behind in their 
 payments to the King, McNally promptly denounced 
 them to the captain, and the defaulting writer was as 
 promptly arrested. By this means discipline was en- 
 forced m the gang and all bad debts avoided. Again 
 If any writer refused to follow McNally to the district 
 where he wanted him, or in any other way allowed his 
 personal preferences to interfere with the orders of the 
 King, he was denounced and run in by the obedient, 
 uniformed myrmidons of his majesty. 
 
 In order to enforce discipline over the whole of New 
 3fork City, it was necessary to supplement the arrange- 
 ment with Captain Meakin by a similar understanding 
 with an officer at the headquarters department. This 
 officer was Charles Hanley. ''He was McNally's right- 
 hand man, and any time he got into trouble, or his men 
 got into trouble, the first man he sent for was Hanley 
 and Hanley was always sent for. » He represented the 
 Detective Bureau, and his services were necessary when 
 any unfortunate victim discovered that he had nothing 
 but a brick in his box, came back to the city and made 
 complaint. A considerable number of the guys, or the 
 victims, never came back, being too thoroughly ashaniod 
 
i 
 
 144 "SATAN^a INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAY KD:* 
 
 of their folly to face an exposure; but a certain propor- 
 tion d,d. These -Come-backs," as they were called, 
 naturally applied to the Detective Bureau at the police 
 
 .r-fr"^.?'*'"' ""^ *^^'^ *^^y '"""^^ t'-'ken in hand by 
 McNally's parhicr. Applegate explained the working 
 of this system as follows; 
 
 "In cases of a come-back of any kind; in case a man 
 has bee,! swindled who has found the brick in the box 
 before he has eft Now York; and as a rule he would go 
 to tho central office and make a holler; Hanley would 
 always seem to be the detective that would get tWman n 
 charge; the man would be brought uptown to tTy and 
 Identify the people, which he never could do; then wo 
 
 downtown and chased out of town as being a counter- 
 feiter; and they would pay $500, and 1250 would go back 
 
 Vol Hi.rp!1;69o? ^^"'' '^'^™'"^ ^^"'^ °^ *^^ ^^«i-"- 
 
 The method, it will be seen, was extremely ingenious. 
 Ihe swindlers had passed forged notes upon their vie 
 tim. When he made a complaint, he was promptly 
 arrested or driven out of the town by the confederates of 
 the gang in the police for having counterfeit notes in his 
 possession! No wonder things went ''nice and easy " 
 Applegate described one scene which had evidently 
 afforded the gang great amusement. A victim, who had 
 been swindled, and had applied to the police for redress 
 was handed over in the usual course to Hanley, who 
 took him uptown to the saloon where he had been 
 robbed, to see if he could find the bunco-steerer who 
 had inveigled him into the joint. Applegate himself 
 acted as the go-between on that occasion. He warned 
 the steerer to keep out of the way, and then asked 
 Hanley to bring the guy down past the windows of the 
 saloon, where the men who had swindled him could have 
 some fun in watching him as he was trotted about the 
 
aykd:* 
 
 rtdin propor- 
 woro called, 
 at the police 
 in hand by 
 tlio working 
 
 I case a man 
 £ in the box 
 he would go 
 anley would 
 t the man in 
 
 to try and 
 do; then wo 
 
 be brought 
 I a couiiter- 
 uld go back 
 le deal."— 
 
 ' ingenious. 
 I their vic- 
 3 promptly 
 federates of 
 notes in his 
 and easy." 
 evidently 
 n, who had 
 lov redress, 
 anley, who 
 had been 
 teerer who 
 te himself 
 3e warned 
 hen asked 
 )ws of the 
 3ould have 
 about th© 
 
 "BATAy'S INVISIBLE WOULD UISPLAVLD." 145 
 
 street on a false scent. By some strange mistake, the 
 steeror, and despite all warnings, ran into the detective 
 and the guy; but oven this diHiculty was overcome, for 
 a few words from the detective put it all right, and the 
 steeror went ol! without being arrested. For his part in 
 that little comedy, Ilunley got one-half of the money of 
 which the man had boon swindled. In this case Ilanley's 
 share of the plunder amounted to ^250. The victim was 
 chased out of the town under the threat of arrest and im- 
 prisonment for having counterfeit notes in hi? r-Maession. 
 "You see," said the witness apologetic il!y, ";,;'e guy 
 is a guy, and you can do almost anything /iUi him." It 
 is certainly not diflioult, when you have <-ho police to 
 stand in whenever you get into a tight place 
 Tlie only terror which seemed to haunt tho minds of 
 J tho Green Goods men was that of being shot down by 
 
 1 some sharper who made himself up as a guy in order to 
 
 possess himself of the bank-roll of genuine money. 
 I Appo, a man who spent most of his life in picking 
 
 pockets when he was at liberty, and in doing time in jail 
 when he was caught, had a rough experience of the mur- 
 derous possibilities that the Green Goods man has to 
 face. On one occasion a Tennessee detective made him- 
 self up as a country bumpkin. When the critical mo- 
 ment came, he clapped his revolver at the head of Appo, 
 ■ shot out his eye, lodged the bullet in his skull, from 
 
 which it was never extracted, and made off with all the 
 money at that time on Appo's person. When examined 
 before the committee, Appo thus explained the modus 
 operandi by which Green Goods men occasionally got 
 cleaned out and murdered in the bargain. He said: 
 
 • :. ' -J*^® " ^"^"5 I rig him up; I say, 'Do 
 I you want to make $5,000 or $10,000?' * Yes, sir.' * Well 
 
 i you go up to a hotel room, and I will touch the wires to 
 
 « ^.„s \,j .^„xia, orinjj miu tuuro wiin aia DauK roil, and 
 
 I 
 
146 "SATAN'S iNVIStBLB WORLD DiSPLATBD." 
 
 you play guy; when he comes in and shows his goods 
 take your gun stick him up, and take his moie/away 
 from him. If he goes to make a kick, shoot him- he 
 
 T ""'l^''.^^* ™r.^' *^^ ^^^ ^i» protect you; see how 
 Tony Martin got killed there in Brooklyn; them men ^roT 
 out; It was cold-blqoded murder-willf Jl, dSa^e ifre 
 meditated murder. Fixed up! My case wasTxed u^ 
 tTy !\?'"I^^^".'P^^«5 the man snLked up behind me 
 in cold blood and shot me, and sent me to State prison 
 for three years and two months. »-Vol. ii., pp. 1640-1 
 
 Another ingenious precaution which was taken by Mc- 
 miy was to have the detectives at the various railway 
 stations surrounding New YorK in his pay, so that in casV 
 any guy were to discover that he had been swindled, and 
 made a fuss at the station, he could be promptly arrested 
 W .'i. /. <;«"«terfeit money, and so bullied as to make 
 him thankful to get home without saying more about it. 
 The detective at the Central Depot was paid 150 a 
 month for his services. 
 
 The facts as they were detailed before theLexowCom- 
 mittee were proved by such overwhelming evidence that 
 the chief criminal. Captain Meakin, of the police force 
 was seized with an illness which rendered if impose ble 
 for him to appear in the witness-box. Perjury to an un- 
 
 2 h 7lr' "^r ^'"^^^'^^ ^"^"^^ *« *he police cap- 
 
 ams but the evidence about the Green Goods gang was 
 
 too strong even for a police captain to brazen it out! So 
 
 11 d?rW r'-!?'* "^'f'^" "^^^^^^ ^'' ''' dangerously 
 ob«Tlf ??'^ * committee for his evidence 
 
 to be taken even at his own bedside. 
 
 lows^^ ^^'^''^ Committee reported on the subject as fol- 
 
 kiri^W^""^ conclusively that a heavy traffic of this 
 lers^who tZT'^^'f'^^^^ ^^^"^^ ^'^ by these swind! 
 o/ their il.nff^^"^' ^'' P.rot'-'tion, shared a large part 
 01 their Ill-gotten gains with the police. . . f The 
 
 ft 
 
 A M. 
 
his goods, 
 noney away 
 ot him; he 
 )u; see how 
 Bin men got 
 berate, pre- 
 18 fixed up 
 
 behind me 
 tate prison 
 p. 1640-1. 
 
 Icen by Mo- 
 >us railway 
 hat in case 
 ndled, and 
 ly arrested 
 as to make 
 e about it. 
 aid $50 a 
 
 )xow Com- 
 mence that 
 lice force, 
 mpossible 
 to an un- 
 Jlice cap- 
 gang was 
 ; out. So 
 tigerously 
 evidence 
 
 >ct as fol- 
 
 c of this 
 
 36 swind- 
 
 jrge part 
 
 . The 
 
 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED." 147 
 
 evidence indicated that the first step in the initiation of 
 business of this character was to establish relations with 
 the captain of the precinct in which the work was carried 
 on. 
 
 "It appears, moreover, that men notoriously engaged 
 m the swindling or confidence business had their head- 
 quarters m the city, known to the police, where they 
 might be ordinarily found, and that those who were re- 
 ceiving protection plied their trade unmolested, while 
 others, who had not been fortunate enough to establish 
 relations with the police, or those who intruded upon 
 districts not assigned to them, would be warned off, and 
 
 with^''— V f '• "^^ *^ °^^^ ^°"^^ ^^ summarily dealt 
 
 Strange and incredible though it may a,)pear that the 
 police should actually join hands with the criminals of 
 the type of the Green Goods gang, it was entirely in 
 keeping with the principles which had been elaborated 
 into a system in dealing with every form of robbery. 
 
 The Lexow Committee report: 
 
 ;it has been conclusively shown that an understanding 
 existed between headquarters' detectives, pawnbrokers 
 and thieves, by which stolen property may be promptly 
 recovered by the owner on condition that he repay the 
 pawnbroker the amount advanced on the stolen prop- 
 erty. In almost every instance it also appears that the 
 detective, acting between the owner and the pawnbroker 
 receives substantial gratuities from the owner of the 
 property for the work done in his oflSciat capacity."— 
 Vol. 1., p. 40. ^ 
 
 But there was a still worse form of co-partnership in- 
 volved in the procedure adopted in robberies in houses 
 of ill-fame. A witness of the name of Lucy C. Harriot, 
 who at the time when she gave her evidence was an in- 
 mate of the workhouse on Blackwell's Island, but who 
 had an extensive experience in the disorderly nouses of 
 
 Hew York. eVnlairK^d flio onafnm ;„ —._ J-j._'1 mi 
 
%^ * 
 
 m 
 
 m ^^1 i 
 
 \v 
 
 148 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED." 
 
 police, she said,were able to make robberies, in what were 
 known as panel houses, safe for the thief and profitable 
 to themselves. When a man was robbed and went to 
 the station house for redress, the captain usually sent 
 down a ward man to the house, who made it his first duty 
 to represent to the victim the prudence of saying noth- 
 ing about it, and of avoiding what would be otherwise a 
 painful exposure. If the victim persisted, the ward man 
 would pretend to endeavor to find the girl, but always 
 discovered that she had gone off to Europe, or had dis- 
 appeared in some mysterious way. The matter always 
 ended in the man being scared off. I quote the evidence 
 as given in the report: 
 
 "By Mr. Goff: And after the stranger is scared off 
 the ward man goes to the house, and Isn't it a rule that 
 the money he is robbed of is divided with the police?' 
 
 +i,„. •• \ . •^^^''^ ** ®^^^ s'"ce I have been round; 
 that IS about nine years. "uuu, 
 
 ™J'^' 7^^^^^ ^^ ^'S" ^®™® '*" when you steal $180- 
 where does your profit come in? c«i *piou, 
 
 *'A. If .the man went away quietly, the ward man would 
 have received $90.of the ^/so! and^I would have got lls 
 out of the remaining half. ^ 
 
 "Q. And the madam for $45? 
 
 "A. Yes, sir. 
 
 of the loof? *^^ ^^^^ "'^° ^^*'' '" *^"' °^'^^ ^^^y P®^ cent. 
 !m' If^'.*^' *^'^* ^s so.— Vol. i., p. 3,620. 
 
 hpmffnfn '/^''T". HV'''''\ ^"""^ "'-''"y h«"«es have you 
 been into to which the rule as to payment of money and 
 the division of property applies? ^ 
 
 J A. Every one that ever I entered. 
 Q. How many? 
 
 *.'«• ^^^^'} ^V ^?.^^^' ^ gness.-Vol. i., p. 3,623. 
 ^^-By Senator Bradley: What you say is a general cus- 
 
 **A. A common occurrence. 
 
 ''Q. Is that tariff fixed . , . the payment of fifty 
 
:a YED." 
 
 , in what were 
 nd profitable 
 and went to 
 usually sent 
 his first duty 
 saying noth- 
 3 otherwise a 
 he ward man 
 '1, but always 
 3, or had dis- 
 latter always 
 the evidence 
 
 3 scared off, 
 t a rule that 
 e police? 
 been round; 
 
 ; steal $180; 
 
 3 man would 
 lave got $45 
 
 ty per cent. 
 
 s have you 
 money and 
 
 3,623. 
 eneral cus- 
 
 "8ATAN a INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED." 149 
 
 per cent, to the ward man, or the policeman in case of 
 panel theft? 
 
 "A. Yes. 
 
 **Q. That he should get one-half? 
 
 "A. Yes, sir. 
 
 "Q. And that applies to all these twenty-four houses 
 you speak of? 
 
 *'A. Yes, sir, every house I went into of that kind."— 
 Vol. i., p. 3,623. 
 
 Excepting in the most barbarous regions of Turkey, 
 where pashas are sometimes suspected and accused of 
 winking at the raids of bandits in consideration of a 
 share of the spoil, has there ever been such a story as 
 this? 
 
 The principle of territorial jurisdiction is so deeply 
 rooted in the American mind that the New York police 
 seem to have acted upon it in all their dealings with the 
 criminals whom they shepherded. For instance, they 
 appear to have parceled Broadway into blocks, allotting 
 each block to a different thief, who, of course, paid quit 
 rent for his district to the police. The understanding 
 's^aa that the policeman was to be free to arrest the thief 
 .i. there was a complaint made by the victim, but that so 
 long as no complaints were made the policeman would 
 "close the other eye," and allow the pickpockec a free 
 run. Mr. Goff stated that there was once a fight be- 
 tween the thieves; that one trespassed upon the other's 
 domain and went to a pawnshop about it, and the author- 
 ities at police headquarters threatened to send the first 
 thief up the river if he ever invaded the second thief's 
 privileges (vol. v., p. 6,193). 
 
 This reverent regard for territorial landmarks is very 
 touching. The New York police appear to have been as 
 much opposed to poaching as are English gamekeepers. 
 
 3nt of fifty 
 
150 "SATAIT'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED- 
 
 I 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 PAEMEBa-OBNEBAI, OP THE WAGES OP SIN. 
 
 IP the police captain was th„ Pantata of tlio gambler 
 he was the Farmer-General of the Houses of 111 TmeTn 
 his precmct. His duty, as defined by the law vhTh he 
 had swo™ to enforce, was clear. He was bouTd t„ clostf 
 wartoTt tS '"T " '■^^"Miction. His pra tl 
 Str»i„ w ".,"" "•"-*'"' » consideration. The 
 Strange Woman, that pathetic and tragic figure in the 
 streets of all great cities, whose house from of od was 
 
 ber of" n m' ^«y.»',S°"' g«-g down into the a,am 
 ber of Death, exc.ted in the police captain only the 
 s ntimen rapacity. In his eyes she was me ei an 
 
 New 1 ork he prostitute was the policema„-s milch-cow 
 I was when the Le.ow Committee approached thTs 
 
 dfflcU- '.""T""""™ *"■" ">^y 'o«nd'the grer. e 
 difflcult.es placed m their way. During the whole of th„ 
 
 nlm'oTity''trt:r''""'»' '"''^"^' an aHUuto 
 anmosity to the Lexow Committee. This was onlv 
 
 natural, considering that the committee was enZed n 
 
 bringing to light all the misdeeds of the deparSt fi! 
 
 he ast three or four years. The oommil was p „ 
 
 thee., "f ''"'',!""' ^"PP-rt^d by public opinionTnever 
 theless, the police eagerly seized every onBortnn,f7M * 
 was offered them in order to embarrarE"'!^''''' 
 ^ons by intimidating witnesses, and™ mett s y s^' 
 •ngthen, away altogether. It was proved that poLe'men 
 
A7ED.*' 
 
 f SIN. 
 
 ho gambler, 
 f Ill-fame in 
 iw which he 
 und to close 
 His practice 
 ation. The 
 ?ure in the 
 I of old was 
 
 the Cham- 
 n only the 
 
 merely an 
 le. For in 
 milch-coAv. 
 ached this 
 •0 greatest 
 hole of the 
 attitude of 
 
 was only 
 'Dgaged in 
 •tment for 
 J was pro- 
 »n; never- 
 ^nity that 
 investiga- 
 by spirit- 
 >olicemen 
 
 ''SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED." 151 
 
 had gone round to the keepers of disorderly houses and 
 had begged them to refuse to appear, or to ref'use to te^t^y 
 promising as an inducement that, if they would hold 
 
 relXirout^'T T'' '' ^"^^^^^ '^ ^- *^-' -- 
 
 rol Ibv- *J;.' P,"^^^^«^«" «ang was -Wait till the clouds 
 In i ^' ^ J^^.^^^o^'^ Committee was but a creature of 
 to-day while the police department was one of the per- 
 manent institutions of the city. ^ 
 
 "Yo?iri ^'"r' ?''' °'* "" P"">" ««Jd the police, 
 l^u he low for a time and we will protect you." 
 
 fhrLf?- ! ^T""'"^ ^^^'"^^ ^^'y ^^^^rced to menace, 
 threatening to close up the house, to fling them into ja' 
 and occasionally when these threats failed, they resoJted 
 to personal violence. ^ i^mriea 
 
 The committee, speaking of the terrorism which was 
 TtSs'M: ''' '''''' ^" ''''' '^ ^--^ -*--' "s! 
 
 ses2"n*o^'ro-'colmti"^t^.l T'^ ^"^^^^ -to the 
 
 of the French Madam Matilda Hermann, one of the molt 
 notable keepers of disorderly house, in the oity of New 
 York. AVhen it was known that the committee was 
 after her, and that madam, who had been plunder' d to 
 
 't-elr ITJT' '" "^"o ™eans in'dispo^ed 
 ca-tm^lr h ^ ^' '"'Prossive vernacular of the de- 
 
 pa-tment-there was a consultation among the police 
 
 i 
 
152 '^SA TAN'S INVISiriE WORLD D ISPLA TED:* 
 
 authorities as to wliaf. maasures should be taken to oloso 
 her mouth. A cons; .arable number of people in the 
 same way of businoba had been induced to migrate to 
 Chicago, where tiiey remaii.ed waiting until such time as 
 the committee adjourned, but Madam Hermann was too 
 dangerous a witness. 8he required special treatment. 
 A purse was made up for her by the police, which, vhen 
 the subscription closed, amounted to |;1,700. 8he was 
 then under subpoena, and was expected before the com- 
 mittee the next day. 
 
 At midnight a police officer in plain clothes came to 
 her house, bundled her into a carriage in such hot hasto 
 that she had liot time to complete her toilet, and 
 whisked her oil no one Inovv where. For some weeks 
 the police appeared to have trii<!nphed, hat after a timo 
 the committee were able to get npoii her traces. She had 
 been taken first to New Jen^e/, find then from New Jer- 
 sey had been railroadecJ through to Canada. From 
 thonce, after moving about from place to place, she had 
 been taken to a Western city, where at last she was run 
 to gi viund. 
 
 When the agents of the committee found her she ex- 
 pressed no disinclination to return to New York and 
 testify. She had fulfilled her part of the bargain in 
 keeping out of the way as long as she could. Now that 
 she was discovered she was willing to return. In great 
 triumph she was escorted back to the city. In order to 
 prevent any attempt at rescue, an additional staff of men 
 were sent to Philadelphia to meet her. The precaution 
 was timely, for as soon as they arrived at Jersey City a'* 
 last desperate attempt was made by the police to prevent 
 her evidence being taken. 
 
 She was in the custody of the deputy sergeant-at-arma 
 of the Senate, who had a party of resolrte men in his 
 train, But notwithstanding this, no sooner had the 
 
 I 
 
 
ated:* 
 
 ikon to closo 
 3ople in the 
 f migrate to 
 such time as 
 lann was too 
 1 treatment, 
 which, Arhen 
 0. She was 
 're the ciom- 
 
 bhes came to 
 ch hot hasto 
 toilet, and 
 some weeks 
 after a time 
 !s. She had 
 m New Jer- 
 ada. From 
 ice, she had 
 3he was run 
 
 her she ex- 
 7 York and 
 
 bargain in 
 
 Now that 
 
 • In great 
 
 In order to 
 
 itaff of men 
 
 precaution 
 !raey City a* 
 I to prevent 
 
 int-at-arms 
 nen in bis 
 r had the 
 
 "SATAN'S IN VIHIDLH WOULD DISPLAYED." I53 
 
 party arrived in Jersey City than they were set upon by 
 the Jersey police, who treated them with the greatest 
 rongbnoss. They threatened to break their faces, 
 hustl iJ th(!rn about, and endeavored in the meUe to got 
 Madam Htu iianu away. The deputy sergeant, however, 
 stuck to \m witness, and finally he. Madam Hermann, 
 and all his men were arrested, run into the station 
 house, and locked up. 
 
 The sensation which this occasioned can be imagined. 
 Fortunately, the committee was in session, otherwise 
 there is no knowing whether the daring attempt to seize 
 and remove the witness might not have succeeded. The 
 immediate publicity, however, that was given to the case 
 convinced the police that the game was up. The chief 
 of the police and the police magistrate refused to lend 
 their aid in thwarting the ends of justice, and the con- 
 spirators, led by a lawyer, who was also a senator of the 
 State of New Jersey, drew off their gang, and reluctantly 
 allowed Madam Hermann to be brought to New York. 
 The story reads more like an episode from the Middle 
 Ages than an excerpt from the proceedings of a sena- 
 torial investigation in New York State in the last decade 
 of the nineteenth century. 
 
 The French madam, as she was called in the precinct, 
 was evidently regarded by the police as a gold mine. She 
 had three or four houses, with some twenty-four or 
 twenty-five girls, and was doing a flourishing business. 
 She paid the police altogether in the seven years that 
 she was running the sum of over $30,000, or more than 
 £6,000; Le.y this woman alone yielded the police a reve- 
 nue of nearly $5,000 a year. Part of this money, it 
 should be said, went to the lawyers, who shared it with 
 the police. Every time she was raided the policeman 
 insisted upon her taking a lawyer, and told her that if 
 ehe would take the lawyer of his choice, he would not 
 
m 
 
 i^ii 
 
 f 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 I 1 
 
 f; 
 
 f i 
 
 ! 
 
 up? 
 
 164 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WOULD DISPLAYED." 
 
 swear against her. He would swear that he was not 
 sure of her identity. This she did, and she was dis- 
 charged. Every time she took a lawyer she had to pay 
 from $175 to $400, and the lawyer always told her that 
 he only got part of the money, as the rest of it went to 
 fix her detectives. Her evidence on his point was very 
 emphatic. Whether she paid $200 or $100, the lawyer 
 only got $50; the rest went up to the police. 
 
 Q. Were you told by the lawyers that that must go 
 
 **A. From the smallest lawyer to the biggest lawyer- 
 every lawyer was the same. ' 
 
 x•"^jx^^^ ®^®^? lawyer whose. name you have men- 
 tioned told you that they had to give up to the police 
 part of their fees they got from you? 
 "A. Every one of them."— Vol. iv., p. 4,179. 
 
 Mrs. Hermann first went into the business from being 
 employed as a dressmaker for the inmates of disorderly 
 houses. She gradually added house to house, until she 
 had four houses and twenty-five girls. She had to pay 
 the police sometimes as much as $1,000 initiation fee be- 
 fore opening a house, and then from $300 to $500 per 
 annum protection money. 
 
 In addition to these payments, every policeman in the 
 street received a dollar or two whenever he chose to ask 
 for it. The method of exacting this payment was very 
 simple. The policeman said nothing, but simply stood 
 in front of the door. Of course, no one entered th? 
 house as long as he was there; therefore, as counsel put 
 it, "in order to induce him to take a little exercise round 
 the block, he was presented with a two-dollar bill." 
 This little episode used to occur about twice or thrice a 
 week. Notwithstanding these payments, she made too 
 much money to be left alone, She wag raided twice ia 
 
iPLA rSD." 
 
 "SATAN'S mnsiBtt! WORLD DTSPLATBD." 153 
 
 sum of «1,000 before she was allowed to reopen her 
 
 foXtii J'r r' ^T"""""" prosecuted, and had to 
 forfeit $1 OtIO bail 111 order to avoid a threatened imprison- 
 ment Immediately after her return she was again ar- 
 ested andhad topay«l,000 to thedoteotivo, whoTared 
 It ^ith a high official at the Central Police Headquarters. 
 
 »15,000 a year, of which sum the police and the police 
 lawyers seem to have had a good half. On one occasion! 
 
 fine of $100, she was liberated on the Friday and reonened 
 her house on the Saturday. ^ reopened 
 
 Notwithstanding the way in which they fleeced their 
 unfortunate v otim, she was still subjected, like al h 
 class to occasional outbursts of brutality on the part of 
 members of the force. ^ 
 
 tion through "the avenues of our municipal Inferno," 
 
 rf artt"""."- ™^ ^?'/°"°'3 'he district to the keepers 
 of all the disorderly houses to describe Dr. Parkhurst 
 and to ten them to look out for him in case ho appear d 
 at their house. Another experience was when s7e Lok 
 a house m Went Twenty-third Street to start it as an 
 ordinary boarding-honse. She had furnished it, and was 
 rying to let it Promptly the ward man of the preoilc 
 the 1»w /?."'''"'''* her "whether she did not know 
 .^!l ^TJI "" P>^««>"»'-" "Vou know very well," he 
 
 apt'ain " ' Z, "r""' "°™..''' "- until y'ou se'e th 
 captain. And then this estimable officer did all he 
 could to convince her that it was idle trying to run a 
 decent boarding-house, and she had much better open 
 
 bt»2 000 *Vnnn7"'"'T-, '^'"' '"«-«on fee would 
 De f^,000, 11,000 down and f.hfi reof, to -f-r./l --. >. .-? 
 
 .i-„ xCj'f \i\} BLaUU UVUf until 
 
 ' m^ 
 
i«6 "SdTAifa mrmsLB wobld msplaybd." 
 
 business w«3 good. Thoro was to bo a furthor payment 
 of protection money, amcnting to «1,200 a year sT 
 bad not mneh ready ,„oney, wl.ero.pon t!,e ward man 
 suggested that she m„ht r»w„ .. L..„ds, for Ja d 
 he, the captain is very bad ■ /„,. , oi, y » 
 
 Another very^amnsing thing which camo out in her 
 evidence was the argument used by a detective mn^d 
 Zimmerman, to induce lier to give him *oO. Ha ^^t 
 »10 one day, and camo baclc the next, n,^^ ^l 
 another to She objected, but ho said, "I will bo 
 a good friend to you. I have lots of pull and mv 
 brother has shaved the superintendent forUntryears' 
 and I got a great dc'; I have a pull on that accomit " 
 It m an mterestmg illustration of the w..y in which evrV- 
 thing was turned t, account for the levying „f Zk- 
 mil. But we could hardly get lower than this. The 
 origin of pulls is mysterious; but to have a pull becau e 
 your brother shaves the superintendent is a very myste- 
 rious foundation for political influence. It iI,7owev 
 but one among the many things in the evidoncrtha' 
 
 isT. Z" '''"""'^- ^"^ ""^^^ <" the G and Vil ; 
 IS no doubt a muou more influential person than ma^v a 
 pasha; and Dotectivo Zimmerman wis probably rTght in 
 behoving that his pull was good. Everywhere md »t 
 every turn, we are confronted by the omni're " '";"„1, 1* 
 It confirms ,„ the strongest way what Mr. Go,' dn sa d 
 ong ago as to the city governmt , in •.meric. bein^ 
 system of government by pulls: ^ 
 
 "In the ward in which he lives ft.- ',.«!»« • 
 never comes aero... any ig , o ' m^^al r St T'^™" 
 wrong, human or divine iustice HrthJr ° """■"' 
 soon that as far as ho i' Jon eried oars Ts ^ZIV'Z^ 
 ment of laws, but a government of "pulls 'wE'h" 
 goes into the only court of iustice of ww; "° 
 
 knowledge he is iold he mu have a 'nu^ ' o tl "'^ 
 «trate or he will fare badly. wLl CofJl lua,!; 
 
lAYJSV.'* 
 
 tlior payment 
 a year. Shu 
 tlie ward man 
 :id8, for, saij 
 
 out in her 
 eotive named 
 is50. He got 
 , •''^^vr.^ :.)r 
 "I will be 
 "11, and my 
 wenty years, 
 it account." 
 kvhich every- 
 ig of blaok- 
 . this. The 
 pull because 
 very niyste- 
 is, Jiowever, 
 idence that 
 rand Vizier 
 han many a, 
 bly right in 
 ere, and at 
 L^nt^pull.'* 
 Joc^ {in said 
 ici being^ 
 
 immigrant 
 t or in oral 
 ceives very 
 t a g<; ,ern- 
 
 Whe he 
 i any 
 
 th. nag- 
 is a liquor 
 
 "BATAN'8 INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED: Ui 
 
 frZ not Vo'^hJi' "/"?f '^"ve a 'pull' on the police in 
 
 oraer not to be raided' or arrested for violation of a 
 
 mysterious something which he hears called 'law ' He 
 
 earns from hose of his countrymen who have ben here 
 
 hK. r, ;^ !>i" -^- *(-n.o into nossSc^^J? 
 
 this >1V ho must secure the-friendsh;py'th;rd?;^;ic; 
 
 lean Review, 1890. 
 
 leader."— A or/A Amcrii 
 
 Mrs. Hermann was only one among a number of other 
 madams who appeared before the committee, but none 
 succeeded in exciting so much sympathy on the part of 
 the senators. The scandalous way in which the poor 
 woman had been fleeced, and bullied, and ultimately 
 reduced to penury by the very otKoials to whom she was 
 paying protection money, roused the indignation of the 
 committee. If the police had protected her in return 
 for their foe ,t would have been a different matter, but, 
 as Senator Connor remarked indignantly, in addition 
 to paying the monthly tax, and the initiation fees, raids 
 were got up as .n excuse to enable a policeman or a class 
 oi oriminal lawyers to extort money out of her. Senator 
 Pound remarked .' t it w.is the practice to protect such 
 women u til they berime wealthy, and then squeeze it 
 out of them and lo , them destitute. They say that 
 there is honor am„,g thi. es,» but there seems to be 
 none with the policemen wi. handled Mrs. Hermann 
 
 Another madam, whoso case atii-icted considerable at- 
 tention was one of Augusta Thurow, whose misfortunes 
 brought iier into intimate relations with Senator Roesch, 
 and led to the appearance of that redoubtable politician 
 m the witness box. The relations betu -en her and the 
 cap.:ain of the precinct seemed to have been on straight 
 bfismess terms. About a dollar a month for each girl in 
 the house was the regular tariff. When beginning busi- 
 ness she went round to see the captain and told him that 
 She was willing to do the right thing, but sh^ h«.l n^t 
 
168 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WOULD DISPLAYED:' 
 
 \. 
 
 much money, nml could not pay a very heavy initiation 
 foo. Ho mot her fairly and said that ho would send the 
 ward man round, and sho was to do what he told her. 
 AVlion tho ward man camo ho said, " Y'ou wait until aftor 
 tho election, and, after the election is over, you start 
 right in and do business." \fter the election day he 
 returned and said, "Now wo will come to terms. Give 
 mo 825 a month and there will ho no trouble either 
 for you or for me." Business went on smoothly 
 until one day sho received a summons to go and 
 see the captain. When she got there she found a 
 number of other ladies and gentlemen of her own pro- 
 fession at the station house. On being admitted into the 
 captain's presence she thought he wanted money. He 
 said, "I am not supposed to take money, but you can 
 give me the money;" Avheri upon sho handed him $25. 
 He then told her that ho had sent for her, not in 
 order to collect the protection fee, which was the duty 
 of the ward man, but to give her a friendly warning that 
 he had received orders from the Central Office to close 
 all the disorderly houses in the precinct. He hoped, 
 therefore, that she would do her business very carefully, 
 otherwise they might raid her from the Central Office. 
 This was an incident which was constantly occurring. 
 The Central Office, stirred up by newspaper reports, or 
 by tho representations of decent citizens, issues orders 
 for enforcing the law. The police captains, instead of 
 executing the orders of the Central Office in the spirit as 
 well as in the letter, send word round to all those con- 
 cerned warning them to be on the alert. By this means 
 the captain of the precinct effectually nullifies the orders 
 issued from the Central Office, and, even if the Central 
 Office made a raid on their own account,they find nothing 
 
 to seize. 
 
 Tt ivoa qhnrHw affor fhifl risif. that Mrs. Thnrow made 
 
TSPLA YED» 
 
 y heavy initiation 
 10 would send the 
 rhat ho told hor. 
 )U wait until after 
 s over, you start 
 3 election day h« 
 I to terms. Give 
 tio trouble either 
 nt on smoothly 
 nons to go and 
 ore she found a 
 1 of her own pro- 
 admitted into the 
 nted money. He 
 ney, but you can 
 handed him 125. 
 for her, not in 
 tiich was the duty 
 iidly warning that 
 ral OflBco to close 
 inct. He hoped, 
 0S3 very carefully, 
 he Central Office, 
 stantly occurring, 
 spaper reports, or 
 ens, issue^orders 
 aptains, instead of 
 ice in the spirit as 
 i to all those con- 
 t. By this means 
 luUifies the orders 
 /en if the Central 
 ,they find nothing 
 
 i's= Thurow made 
 
 SUrURINTl'NDENT UYRNES 
 
 FWM PHOTO fly p "'Rwaoo 
 
t'l 
 
 oJ 
 
 
 
 
 W) 
 
 « 1 
 
 
 
 tii 
 
 
 rii 
 
 
 wl 
 
 
 ho 
 
 
 we 
 
 
 wr 
 
 
 ho 
 
 
 wo 
 
"SATAlfS mnslBLB WOBLD DISPIA TBI)." 159 
 
 her first acquaintance with a redoubtable policeman of 
 the na.ne of Hoch. Of all the collectors l^ZZll 
 who figure m the evidence, Hoch enjoys the most con" 
 pjcuous no oriety. Ho was no sooneJ intrusted wh the 
 collecfons >n that district than he insisted upon raising 
 
 "is wor'th^irr"^'"'^ • ""^ ""'"" '-"^^ *•""'" ''o -'^ 
 IS worth W5 a month, and here you are only paying «25 
 
 and g,ve me only $5, although yon promised me'tw." 
 
 Hoch, she replied, "I cannot afford it." 
 
 affoJd iJ?*"*' '"'' '"' '"^ "'™ y°» ^^id you eould not 
 you makl'mon'ov'?"!"*'^'"' ^"^ *'"= ^"««' »»'' «hy don't 
 
 mKb'etter thfnThr" ' '"'"'"» "''" y°"' '''•' J°» 
 
 dir^ot^pivrhi^t,. raa'"'''' '''^" '"p""^-' «y»« 
 th:;^e^sii''«:Li^n''o,"?.', t\Xi: "■» 
 
 This alarmed the madam, and off she went to her hus- 
 band who was sent in quest of Judge Eoesch, the leader 
 the Seventh Assembly District, an ex-senator. "I 
 
 «oescii But It will cost about llOO." The monov 
 was paid, and she did business right away ^ 
 
 tiv!""'shl.'"' "'""; ■;'"'/'" "'" P""-^" ^y """""er detec 
 
 nm in »urP°f ."" '^''''''' *'"' '■'J''^""^ <>' being 
 run m, although she was paying protection money 
 
 whereupon the detective remarked sententiously, "Some 
 how or ,,y, ,i^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^.^^ Boss "She 
 
 w onV" The : ?' ^m ," """"' '" «"" -' -""" ™ 
 wrong. The captam told her that she had to find another 
 
 house in the precinct, and he would protect her, bu he 
 
 would not stand the house in which she ;«' any 
 
ICO "SATAN'S IKVISIBLJS WOULD DISPLATJSD." 
 
 longer. The cause of this she discovered when she was 
 told that she could not open the new house until she paid 
 an initiation fee of 11,000 for the captain, and $350 for 
 Iloch. 
 
 I It is not quite clear how it was that she got at cross 
 purposes with the police, but one remark made by Hoch 
 would seem to indicate the existence of an incipient 
 jealousy between the police and Tammany Hall. 
 
 Augusta Thurow told the committee that she said to 
 Hoch : 
 
 " *I cannot afford to pay more than I am paying; you 
 people treat me so terribly, and I had to go to Eoesch, 
 and I had to pay him for his trouble.' He said, 'What 
 did you pay him?' I said 'Never mind what I paid him.' 
 He says, 'That is how it is with you; you people got us 
 angry; you give money to the politicians that belongs to 
 the police.' "—Vol. i., p. 1,080. 
 
 The chairman asked her to repeat exactly what he 
 said; and she answered, he said, "You give the money to 
 the politicians that ought to go to the police. Are the 
 politicians doing for you, or are we doing for you?" 
 
 The evidence of the two madams, and of a great num- 
 ber of other keepers of disordeuy houses, proved beyond 
 all gainsaying that the police were in partnership with 
 the prostitutes, and that the first fruits of the harvllt of 
 shame were paid to the captain of the precinct. The 
 Report of the Lexow Committee thus sums up the result 
 of their investigations: 
 
 "The testimony upon this subject, taken as a whole, 
 establishes conclusively the fact that this variety of vice 
 was regularly and systematically licensed by the police of 
 the city. The system had reached such a perfection in 
 detail that the inmates of the several houses were num- 
 bered and classified, and a rateable charge placed upon 
 each proprietor in proportion to the number of ii\mates, 
 
 hi 
 
I when she was 
 I until she paid 
 1, and $250 for 
 
 e got at cross 
 made by Hoch 
 f an incipient 
 ' Hall, 
 iiat she said to 
 
 m paying; you 
 go to Roesch, 
 [e said, 'What 
 it I paid him.' 
 people got us 
 hat belongs to 
 
 Eictly what he 
 ! the money to 
 lice. Are the 
 for you?" 
 ! a great num- 
 iroved beyond 
 'tnership with 
 the harvJIt of 
 recinct. The 
 up the result 
 
 en as a whole, 
 variety of vice 
 J the police of 
 I perfection in 
 ses were num- 
 placed upon 
 3r of inmates, 
 
 '8ATAN ^8 INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED." 
 
 161 
 
 ocJupirand \Z''' '^ «««^'g°«tr*the number of rooms 
 rff.^ u- ?^ ^^^ ,?"^<^^ charged, reduced to a monthlv 
 rate which was collected within a few days of the first o? 
 
 wi?S ?:?1^ "^T^ '}■' y'^'' ™' ^^' t' ue apparently 
 with reference to all disorderly houses except in tho case 
 
 lUfn'^ln^^'^'il^^ ^'^^'^ ^»^«- The prices ra from 
 afor said bri?lp^.^r ^^^"^i"^ "Pon thS concidei'at^n^ 
 hr.Tr ' ;u ^®^ ^''^^'^ «"™8 for the opening of new 
 r., iv ir i^' ^«\"«^Ption of 'business' in old o^r tempo^ 
 rarily abandoned houses, and for 'initiation fees' desTS 
 as an additiona gratuity to captains upTther transfer 
 
 ind i,?jrrP'''"^°^'- T^^ established fee for opening 
 and initiation appears to have been 1500. ^V^^^ng 
 
 madifnr JhfPF''''' *^''^* transfers of captains, ostensibly 
 made for the purpose of reform and of enforcing tho Hi/ 
 continuance of the practice, the prevScTff whth 
 seems to have been generall^^ndeLtoot resulted oily 
 blackralh'^'^'" '^''^ '^^^^ ^"™"^^1 P^-«^^ oFaddftioni^ 
 
 irlmn r T'^^"^^ 1^ *^^ P^^^ect system to which this 
 
 Zfnf^f ^'T- ''*^"''/^' y^"^ committee refers to that 
 part of the testimony which shows that in more than on« 
 
 instance the police officials refused to allow keepers of 
 disorderly houses to discontinue their business threaten 
 ing them with persecution if they attemntpri «n f n S^ 
 
 police A r^^vM! ™'.^!."^ "^^""^ *« '^^^^ ^ith thi 
 F. ii?" u.t- ^^^^e"ce of the extraordinary conditions 
 to which this system had given ri^A if i« ti.r.l^i T i? 
 your atte„tio,/to the facf Tat /„ 'a m S'of ca?e 
 women, who as keepers of disorderly hoCs' had nafd 
 
 edi'ced tofhe'verj: /," r''"^ P^otfotion/had became 
 reuucea to the verge of starvation, while those who bftH 
 
 exacted blackmail from them were living in luxurv in 
 
 houses that had been furnished out of the earnin/s of 
 
 these women, or they were wearing ornaments onelelrv 
 
 purchased by them; and even the furTiSire 0^3 
 
 hri'-^'fi^''" P^^^^^^ ^y^hose whom they had pro' 
 tected m the commission of crime. P 
 
 'The evidence establishes, furtliermorp fh-f ti/.f «,,i 
 the proprietors of disorderly' l.ous 'p^d ,'o heir UI™ii 
 Pr.!",Tl'.'"".*'!« outcasts^ sooiotf paid Ltroll? 
 pv=o tui permission to solicit on tfie'publio highways" 
 
16^ "SATAN^S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED.'* 
 
 ^il'5°^i*^'''i^ gains with them, and, often, as appears by 
 proof, when brought before the police magistrates and 
 committed to the penitentiary for disorderly conduct in 
 default of bail, they compounded their sentence, and 
 secured bail by paying Hio or $15 to the clerk of the 
 court, or his agents, and were then released again to ply 
 fiVpf ^^""^ ^"^ *^ become victimized as before 
 ihe evidence furthermore shows that in some of the 
 houses of the character described, visitors were system- 
 atically robbed, and when they made complaint at the 
 station house the man detailed to examine into the 
 charge failed to arrest the perpetrator, and frightened 
 the victim off by threats, and then returned and feceived 
 ms compensation, an equal division of the plunder 
 between the thief and the officer. 
 
 r u^\®u*f il"^^"y ^*,^®" ^^ ^ ^^^ole, conclusively estab- 
 lishes that the social evil was, and probably still is, fos- 
 tered and protected by the police of the city, even to the 
 extent of inducing its votaries to continue their illegal 
 practices, maintaining substantially a partnership with 
 them in the traffic, absorbing the largest part of the 
 resulting profit. "-Vol. i, pp. 33-36. ^ 
 
 The most startling statement in the whole Report is 
 that which is contained in the paragraph just quoted. 
 From this it appears that the police were not merely 
 toll-keepers on the way to hell, but if by any chance the 
 strange woman wished to forsake her chamber of daath 
 they thrust her back into it. What was it to therathat 
 she might wish to save her soul alive out of the pit? 
 Her duty was to stay there and earn dollars for the 
 police. Were they not the Farmers-General of the 
 Wages of Sin? 
 
 Mrs. Blood, a keeper of houses of ill-fame, was com- 
 pelled by a police captain to purchase the house of 
 Madam Perot at some $10,000 above its value, to carry 
 it on as a house of prostitution (vol. v., p. 5,414). 
 Another captain smashed in the face of a man named 
 Galingo because he had taken a house in which the cap- 
 
as appears by 
 igistrates and 
 ly conduct in 
 lentence, and 
 » clerk of the 
 1 again to ply 
 fore. 
 
 1 some of the 
 were system- 
 plaint at the 
 me into the 
 id frightened 
 and received 
 the plunder 
 
 sively estab- 
 ^ still is, fos- 
 , even to the 
 their illegal 
 lership with 
 part of the 
 
 IM 
 
 ••8ATAN-8 INVISTBLB WORLD DISPLATEB." 163 
 
 tain wished to install a brothel-keepor from whom he 
 expected toget »1,000 opening feeandloO a moXfter! 
 
 I A- ^l\";- P- *'**'')• '" °*-^^' <=«»«'. witnesses who 
 had intended to leave the business were compelTed t^^^ 
 
 dared to thml: of ceasing to earn fees for the police 
 The pohce had come to believe that they had a voted 
 interest m every brothel; and when a keeper propoledto 
 qmt the business, they felt like an Irish tenant who is 
 
 terant right'' ""■"^^"-""" '- ^'^'-"^ 0' 
 
 )le Report is 
 iust quoted, 
 not merely 
 J chance the 
 Br of d|^th, 
 them that 
 of the pit? 
 ars for the 
 eral of the 
 
 5, was com- 
 B house of 
 le, to carry 
 p. 5,414). 
 man named 
 oh the cap- 
 
164 "SATAN^S INViaiBLE WORLD DISPLAYED." 
 
 m 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 ALL SORTS AND CONDITIONS OF MEN. 
 
 )f 
 
 • After all," some readers will say, ''what does it 
 matter? These people are all outlaws; they deserve what 
 they get, whatever it is.'' But the net of the New York 
 police was exceeding wide, and the mesh was exceed- 
 ing fine, and no class of the community escaped. As 
 the sun riseth upon the evil and the just, so the black- 
 mailer of the Police Department marked as his prey the 
 honest and virtuous as well as the vicious and criminal. 
 The Lexow Committee report: 
 
 J.7Y ®^^^®"°« "^l blackmail and extortion does not 
 rest alone on the evidence of criminals or persons accused 
 
 Jvnh fwT''??, ^^ *'""®; ^* ^»« b6«» abundantly 
 proved that bootblacks, push-cart and fruit vendws. as 
 well as keepers of soda-water stands, corner grocerymen, 
 sailmakers with flag poles extending a few feet beyohd the 
 place which they occupy, boxmakers, provision dealers, 
 wholesale dry-goods merchants, and builders, who are 
 compelled at times to use the sidewalk and street, steam- 
 boat and steam-ihip companies who require police service 
 on their docKa, those who give public exhibitions, and in 
 fact all persons, and all classes of persons whose business 
 IS subject to the observation of the police, or who mav be 
 reported as violating ordinances, or who may require the 
 
 fni« fi A ^''^^''l' ^" ^'^^^ ^° contribute in substantial 
 sums to the vast amounts which flow into the station 
 
 of f H««!!=u Tu'^^J,^^*^' leaving something of the nature 
 of a deposit then flow on higher. The commerce of the 
 port even 18 taxed when the f unotions of the police depart- 
 
 Ji- 
 
AYED." 
 
 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WOULD DISPLAYED." 165 
 
 IN. 
 
 it 
 
 hat does it 
 eaerve what 
 e New York 
 vas exceed- 
 caped. As 
 ) the black- 
 lis prey the 
 d criminal. 
 
 n does not 
 )ns accused 
 ibundantiy 
 yend«s, as 
 'ocerymen, 
 beyond the 
 •n dealers, 
 I, who are 
 set, steam- 
 ice service 
 >ns, and in 
 30 business 
 ho may be 
 equire the 
 ubstantial 
 he station 
 ihe nature 
 jrce of the 
 ce depart- 
 
 ment touch It so that the shippers are compelled to 
 submit to cxac ions in the cityof &ew York that they do 
 not meet with in any other port/'—Vol. i., p. 43'"^^*^*^ 
 
 The chief sufferers, of course, were the poor and those 
 who had no helper. They were as much at the mercy of 
 their oppressors as the French people before the devolu- 
 tion were at the mercy of their nobles. Again and again 
 the senators expressed their amazement that a popula- 
 tion so harassed and oppressed did not rise in revolt 
 Their wrongs certainly were immeasurably greater thau 
 those which led to the Tea-party in Boston Harbor and 
 the Declaration of Independence. The chief abuse, the 
 great grievance, might bo summed up in one sentence. 
 There was no justice for the poor. A witness of the 
 name of Collins, speaking of the notorious Alderman, 
 feilver Dollar Smith, and the gang by which he reigned 
 supreme on the east side, said: 
 
 , "Smith has a regular organization; you couldn't con- 
 vict them people neither; you couldn't convict them 
 
 £l?l'-;" '''"'^. ""'"^i"- ^^ '' ^" organization to repre- 
 sent witnesses to condemn people if they have no money. 
 lirtrl r^ °;oney to give, they are innocent; they 
 4,894 ^^''"''^'''' '^ *^«y W money. "-Vol. 'v., p! 
 
 But it is not necessary to go beyond the finding of the 
 Lexow Committee in their official Eeport: 
 
 "The co-ordination of all the departments of city gov- 
 
 ?aTnn°Vn?h^r -^^ ^^ of the ^dominant Demo^critio 
 faction in that city, has produced a harmony of action 
 operating so as to render it impossible for oppressed c t i- 
 zens, particularly those in the Lmbler Tvalk^s^of l?fe, the 
 poor and needy, to obtain redress or relief from the op! 
 pression or the tyranny of the police. Their path to 
 justice was completely blocked. "^It is not crediMe that 
 the abuses shown to exist have been the creation of but a 
 ehort time. It is clear from the evidence that abuses 
 
166 "SATAlfS mVISmLB WORLD DISPLATBD." 
 
 ernment, and under that control thInrLfi ^^ ??^" 
 
 The way in which the criminals in uniform and on the 
 judge's bench acted when by any chance they conld pnn! 
 . h any one for doing what they themselves werdS"n; 
 all the time has already been remarked in the case of 
 
 t^e'Str/^ "" '\' °"'^ ""P**- -spend'd by 
 the Pohce Board during the whole inyestigation A 
 more cruel case was that of Karl Werner TM= 
 had tried to bribe a policeman with «5 and 
 promptly arrested. Every difficulty wis pted fn Z 
 way of letting him have bail. At last the'^co, rt prom 
 sed to accept bail, and a professional bondsman oE" 
 to g,ve bonds for *I00. His wife raised im, Zl because 
 she could not raise the additional five on the snot tl! 
 sent to jail. The professional bondsman is one ^t Ti, 
 worst of the harpies who prey upon the nnfort nate' 
 Mr. Gofl, who reported this incidflnf fn f^z. " "'^''^"f^Q- 
 
 «op'y:^L7r:Ter:t"iiXv.:--cr 
 
 sands of dollars every week At firi °'*°''"'*'' .''3' tl">u- 
 i»cred„Ious. The cl Jrman atked "nee; """"'"" '"' 
 
 "Do you conscientiously believe that, notwithstanding 
 
 h ■ 
 
^SATAN'S mvISWLB WOULD msPLATBD." jgy 
 But he was speedily convinced that the revelations and 
 
 Stoi^t rLr:::^th?::itrro;r£^ 
 
 de^s.^p^oIicT'shons a'ndMT 'r^,^] P'""^'' "-loo' 
 nnder thS preC„°s''oVtl?°""' °' '»■'»■»» as yoa"'did 
 "A. Yes, sir. 
 
 pel'pl; e^^^e-d-irtl^is^efllfSt'll 'd"icF?{; """^ 
 
 pa^ as matter of course? business, or did they all 
 
 ;;A. Yes, sir. 
 
 "A. YeriiJ: "''^ ''"^ continued, is that not so? 
 
 e.plrtrLde't'd''Veir"tf,Hl^> fl^i'^ ^l"^^' ^"« 
 jnittee since lasflpr 1 Maf 4, ? ""jlZ^^'' 'T' 
 tions continued unbr'oken, dfd tU?,o *'""« *' '"'"«''- 
 
 way?- "^""^ *''" ''^P**'"^ fok the -"oney in the same 
 "A. Yes, sir. 
 
 S.W-I.'™''" ^'"""^ It«eemsincredibIe!"-VoI. i.. pp. 
 "It is a tough old world, sir," as the old stager re- 
 
 It 
 
168 ''SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED:^ 
 
 marked to an enthusiastic young Reformer, "and takes 
 a deal of moving." It is a very tough old world, and in 
 the whole hemisphere there are few places tougher than 
 New York. * 
 
 The contributions paid by contractors to Mr. Croker 
 can easily be understood. One Michael Moran, who 
 was engaged in the towboat business, towing garbace 
 under the Street Cleaning Department, made various 
 subscriptions of from 150 to 1150 to Tammany Hall. 
 He was asked why he did so. He replied that Mr. 
 Croker was the treasurer of the organization he was 
 doing .ome work for. "Tammany Hall, you mean?" 
 asked the chairman. "Well, I guess so," replied Moran. 
 iJon t you know there is a distinction between the city 
 and the organization known as Tammany Hall?" asked 
 the chairman. There was no reply. But Moran evi- 
 dently did not Tammany Hall was the organization 
 that stood for the city. For him it was the city, and 
 Moran said to subscribe to Tmum.ny was the natural 
 feeling among everybody that t rked for the city:^«one 
 done It and I didn't want t,> >, Mt behind by anybody 
 else; I thought I would hold my oivn end up:'' 
 
 giyi?gi?p1hXory?"^°^"' '' ^°" the advisability of 
 "A. I have had conversations with other men thaf 
 were m the employ of the city, and we compared notes 
 occasionally to^now what was done, and how we could 
 keep ourselves solid." °"^" 
 
 No political contributions were made by Moran before 
 Tammany came into power. So the chairman asked: 
 
 chan^^ed^ vl 'lli^ *n'3 *^'* ^^'" *^« department 
 Croker? ^ "^°" *^ ''"*^ ^ °^««^ ^^ Mr. 
 
 "A. Well, because I didn't think I could go on and 
 do the amount of business I had for the city wUhout 
 recognizing the people that were in p wer." ^ '^^^^ 
 
 I !. ■ 
 
"SATAH'H INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLATEDy m 
 
 1 \^fl'- ^^®° ^^® Presidentiiu election was on, Moran 
 doubled his sabacription. Why was that? He replied: 
 
 nell^hTf r^^- °°*'' 7}^^ somebody in the same busi- 
 ness that I was in myself, and found out soinubodv was 
 
 EoTy^i^i mv Hn'e of H ''^" ^ '^''W^'' ' waraymiZre! 
 anllVrufd^^g-et ^^t^!^^, 7!^^^ '''' "^^^^ 
 
 When once an evil system has got itself established, 
 innumerable other influences combine to render its ex- 
 tirpation extremely difficult. The committee was much 
 scandalized by discovering that for premises whose license 
 had been canceled for immorality, a new license was 
 granted almost immediately. But when the President 
 of the Excise Board was asked to explain, he said: 
 
 fou7d^7h\r!?'r"*'' «°°«ideration property interests; we 
 lound that if licenses were refused for places where 
 business was carried on, that the banks were affected 
 who had loaned money on mortgages, persons who had 
 loaned on mortgages, the banks who had notes of parties 
 in business; the rents went to the support of pWns 
 who depended upon them solely; the tax commissioners 
 of the city protested to the Board of ExciTaSst the 
 refusal to license premises, because it reducesThe va «« 
 of property, and for that reason reduces the taxable 
 values, and affected the city in that way; real estate 
 agents and other persons interested, and owiers of pron 
 erty came to us and protested at the start Umt we oSt 
 not to refuse to allow a reputable business o be carried 
 on on any premises because they had been improperlv 
 conducted before."— Vol. iv., p. 4,379. ^^P^operly 
 
 And it came to pass that no sooner was a saloon closed 
 for vice or crime than it was opened again with a fresh 
 license. 
 
 The most mournful and tragic part of all these stories 
 of oppression is that which relates to the treatment of 
 the forlorn and desolate women who have m money 
 
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 170 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED." 
 
 with which to hribo the poh'ce. For them there is no 
 mercy. The theory of the police, as we have seen, seems 
 to have been that prostitutes existed for tJie purpose of 
 raising revenue for tiie force. The women of the 
 streets were the irregular tax-gatherers of the depart- 
 ment. Their vice was not merely connived at, but 
 actively encouraged, so long as the police received their 
 stipulated proportion of the wages of shame. 
 
 The women were the bondslaves of the administra- 
 tion. By law they had no right to ply fo- hire; but, in 
 consideration of the payment of a regular ransom, they 
 were left free to earn their precarious living. 
 
 "This is a phase,'* said Mr. Goff, "and a revolting 
 phase, of a custom that exists in New York. I suppose 
 it is the lowest form of oppression and corruption that 
 possibly could be conceived by the human mind; and 
 that is, a tax upon these unfortunate women in the streets 
 at night; for they will not be allowed to walk the streets 
 at night unless they pay so much to the officer, and this 
 has been the custom in many districts of this city for 
 years."— Vol. iv., p. 3,617. 
 
 The tariff varied.* On some profitable beats, the 
 license fee was fifty cents per night. But as a general 
 
 So 
 
 rulMhe rate for "cruising" was a dollar a week. 
 
 * The following table of some of the rates enforced by the police 
 may be found convenient for reference: 
 Pool-rooms from $50 to |300 per month. 
 Policy shops from $20 to $25 per month. 
 Liquor dealers, $2 per month. 
 
 Prostitutes, outside, from $1 a week to 60 cents per night. 
 Prostitutes, inside, |1 per week. 
 Houses of ill-fame from |10 to $50 per month. 
 Ditto. Initiation fee on opening, from $500 to $3,000. 
 Price of Police appointment, $300. 
 Price of a Sergeant's post, $1,600. 
 Price of Captaincy, $15,000. 
 
 I/. K 
 
'■SATAifs mrisms would dtspla tud." in 
 
 long as slje paid she was all right-always with the 
 uudorstandmg that the policeman was to he free to 
 arrest her .( she wao complained of by any whom she 
 molested. Irregulars, occasional clandestine unfortunates 
 were, of course, regarded as interlopers and hunted 
 down remorselessly. The zeal of the policeman, which 
 was not stirred in the least by the bi'each of the law 
 rose to wh.te heat when a woman who had not paid he? 
 fees attempted to pick up customers. 
 
 Jl ^^T^' iu ^T ^"■•1'-'""'' "l"'. in many other 
 great c.t,es-the r.ght of a woman to freedom from 
 arbitrary arrest without process of trial, and to redre^ 
 wrongful arrest, is absolute. In practice it does Z 
 exist. Ivory poor woman who is out after dark is liable 
 to be arrested by a policeman, and to a woman friend- 
 less and forlorn there is written over the portals of every 
 pohce station, 'AH hope abandon ye who enter here.'' 
 Before the police justice, the policeman's word goes 
 No corroborative evidence seems to have been deraaS 
 
 mit^r I . ^" """ """""y *^*''''""' before the com- 
 mittee he made arrests on general principles, and swore 
 hat his victim was loitering for purposes of prostitu- 
 tion I was not necessary that she should commit any 
 overt act, that she should molest any one, or t"a any 
 c tizen should complain of her molestation. It is enoS 
 that she should be loitering in the street. The oath of 
 the policeman as to her intent settles her fate A 
 
 .rcLf^^rsrmfnb^Sit'^r^^ 
 
 less immoral themselves, absolute liberty "arrlt any 
 woman whom they please to say is loitering for purposi 
 of pr,. itution. It was with a flnsh of pride th'a 
 came all unawares upon a reference made before the 
 
 I 
 
 
1?^ "SATAN'B INVISISLE WOJiLJ) DTSPLATED» 
 
 l^'Z^''^fi^V\^}'r^ '^ ^''' ^«««' ^»>i«h »"a<1e 
 tho name of Endicott a byword and a reproach m Lon- 
 
 don some dozen years ago. Counsel had not got the 
 
 Trafalgar Square agitation with the arrest of the dress- 
 
 right. Scotland Yard and Mr. Matthews hit the poor 
 girl a foul blow before the incident was ended, but it 
 was a welcome thing to find that their belated vengeance 
 had failed to silence the reverberations of indignation 
 evoked by her scandalous arrest. 
 
 Americans and foreigners are often shocked at the 
 state of London streets. Mr. Croker, I remember ex 
 pressed himself as being much horrified at the staie of 
 IZT/ «* -Jd^ht. But better a thousand ti.n 
 have the scandal of our streets than place the liberty of 
 all women at the mercy of the police. The arrests of 
 women fell fifty per cent, in London after the uproar h 
 was made about Miss Oaas, and they are no? likely to 
 rise so long as the authorities insist upon the most just 
 and salutary rule then introduced that no woman shall 
 be arrested for molesting by solicitation, unless the citi- 
 zen who IS molested is willing to give evidence next day 
 in the police-court to that effect. The right of a human 
 being to walk about the streets, to loiter about the streets, 
 does not depend and ought not to depend, upon the 
 chastity of that individual. But if that principle were 
 to be adopted as a principlo of polioe action, it must in 
 justice be applied impartially to both sexes 
 
 Some very scandalous instances of the arbitrary arrest 
 of innocent women, and their consignment to prison on 
 the uncorroborated oath of a policeman, were brought 
 before the committee. The case of Ettie Kelter is one 
 instance of the kind of thing that follows inevitably 
 from making the policeman practically at once sole 
 
'V 
 
 ted:' 
 
 vhich made 
 »ch m Lon- 
 iot got the 
 xed up the 
 the dress- 
 idea quite 
 it the poor 
 ded, but it 
 vengeance 
 ndiguation 
 
 :ed at the 
 ember, ex- 
 he state of 
 and tiiuea 
 I liberty of 
 I arrests of 
 proar that 
 t likely to 
 moat just 
 •man shall 
 IS the citi- 
 i next day 
 a human 
 lie streets, 
 npon the 
 Jiple were 
 t must in 
 
 iry arrest 
 prison on 
 brought 
 ier is one 
 aevitably 
 Qce S0I9 
 
 "SATAN-s iNvimLn vroBLn mspiATEn.- m 
 
 ~ t tJ:''' " ''" '''"•" »' » --» '0 "e »' 
 
 ^ofA^'l,^*','" "*' " yo""? ■"""ie'J woman of unim- 
 August 1894, when she came to live in Now Yorlc 
 
 <?«tahotl 7::ri"? ■" '""'""--^ .nontl.shewe„; 
 
 her wav S^;. „ . r^ * '^'""'^'"' '" "■» ""^ 'he lost 
 ner way bhe asked a gentleman to direct hep to hor 
 
 destmafon He did so. She took the wroL t ur^iSr 
 
 so he called after telling her where she aho^d^o Shi 
 
 removed nnder arrest to another police station whZ 
 
 rri^d She Z K " "i' """ » P™''""'- «"« w 
 a great rata, and no sooner was she in the cell than » 
 
 .^:^rihe;;'^ii-^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 She hammered at the door with a Hn p,i« "'^^^^^' 
 
 ^fi^intrtVrn^tj;^^-- 
 
 £Z'X:TT'Tr' "-'S"' "P beToTe J d'g 
 
 .f ,1 
 
I'i I 
 
 IW "SATAlfS mriSIBLB WOULD maPLATSD." 
 
 thing bnt a reapootable married woman who had onlv 
 ]ust come to New York. Sl>e might as w.ll have he d 
 
 XTa-r "Jr.""'"""' -P^-^ent. A^teVtha^ 
 «.iOO bail good behavior." This was Sunday morning 
 She was taken back to the cell, and her compInTon X 
 had been sentenced to three months' imprisonment 
 showed her a lawyer's card. "Send for thai ma" "she 
 smd, "g,ve him m and he will get you out™ ifer 
 companion did so and got out. Mrl Kolter thouKht it 
 won d be better to send for her husband wo wa 
 employed as fireman on the emigrant ferryboat. The 
 policnian who arrested her yolunteered to go and tell 
 
 dXerfdir '" ''" ''- ''' "^'-^^ '"'PO"-- 
 
 "Now you have a good chance of divorce; I arrested 
 
 your wife last night, and she has got two mo;th~e 
 
 She tried to write to her husband. But she had only 
 two cents and they would not give her a sheet o? pap ^ 
 
 tlXcrni"' "" """" '''' ''"' " «»''-'- 
 So the poor woman was taken to the Island, and kent 
 here n. prison for twenty-four days. At the end of tha 
 t me her husband placed $15 in an envelope and handed 
 It to Justice Hogan. She was released. 
 And that kind of infamy was going on all the time 
 -The way m which the unfortunates were driven from 
 Pillar to post and treated as mere cattle, to be fleeced 
 and plundered provoked a very remarkabl protest from 
 a police captain who had sufficient humanity left in h!m 
 
 ister He was asked whose fault it was that the social 
 rit?fretw:" '""' ™ "'^"'- ^» -'^ "-'!'« 
 
PLA TED.** 
 
 I who had only 
 well have held 
 tt. After that, 
 inday morning, 
 ompanion, who 
 imprisonment, 
 bhat man," she 
 ►u out." Her 
 ter thought it 
 and, who was 
 rryboat. The 
 o go and tell 
 the policeman 
 
 'ce; I arrested 
 nonths on the 
 
 she had only 
 heet of paper 
 t out for less 
 
 knd, and kept 
 
 le end of that 
 
 and handed 
 
 all the time, 
 driven from 
 to be fleeced 
 protest from 
 "f left in him 
 id to admin- 
 at the social 
 d it was the 
 
 CITY HAtr., NEW voRr"""""^"""""--- 
 
 WORLD BUlI.DmG 
 
''a' v^^ ^^^^ ^*''®^^-'' 
 
 away with two-thi^d" of th«T^n ' ^""^J" ^^^ iJ^^" ^i" do 
 
 women of the BtreT'^fvol % T^'i^^^^^^ «»d 
 
 » VI. 1., p, o,iyo, 
 
 With than i.X\z:rnri'T '^'«""" '° ■'-' 
 
 «gajn to go and gelmre mon„v XI""'' "•" "" "'« ""•"'t 
 •gain; the tronblo is that nwf/ ^ ""'"•■•osted and pay 
 "0. W«i.n'nk„i I P™''""'«8 aro fined '' 
 
 "A. We j! yoJt^„?r,:^!;,^«'"blers as wdl? 
 
 them away, b^ryou coufdtt^wi^KPrP^^'""^^^ «°d get 
 tute should never be fined Jdi;«^''"'"^"^*P^°^^^^^ 
 from her; those women are not L ^^^^y taken away 
 jnade so; they are draped off f fc 7''T'' ""*'' t^ey ari 
 fore the court and SI ^! street and dragged be- 
 and then drove out on the^tS ^ '" '.?'^ ^^oSfthem, 
 until they are drove to it- now fSf'""' *^'^ ^'^ »°* bad 
 arrests made from InuaVi^V^^^ fully 30,000 
 
 that little precinct alone and I Jflll ?""'^ ^' ^^'^^' ^^ 
 were not 1,500 womeS 'arrested Lr"*"''. *? '^^ ^^''^ 
 over again/*- Vol. v., p. 5,313 »"ested over and 
 
 He was still further' examined by Senator O'Connor: 
 
 you'tleanTo^l;?hVif^'eoff'h,«^*-o: what do 
 
 the same protectfon g^en to mS -?"^^1 ^''^ *'^« ^^"'en 
 would be 5ewer? ^ ^ '""^^^ »"d horses prostitutes 
 
 inZdSdK^^^ aZ:t''^''?r «™^< 
 ?noney taken from them send S«£ f*'"**^ *i^ ^^ ^"«d and 
 inquire into their historv «mi "" \^, reformatory and 
 great many of these nJoni^.iJ? ""'^^ ^"^ there are a 
 papers. As I sav f h«^l?^ *^^* ^^^ ««« lost in the 
 £only where'th:^' IJe' Twe^n" TirS?^/!"^^"^^"^'- ^' 
 formatory and the monev fatnl i ^{,<^^ere was a re- 
 care of, and put the insffiion i^nH?^'" *^"^ ^"^ *«ken 
 
 proper persSns to control th"4f-f'^.^'™'"'^«°^' 
 
 vuuoi tncu iefurmatory, and not 
 
 I i 
 
 Jli 
 
I 
 
 1! 
 
 176 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE VrOIlLD displayed:* 
 
 abuse them, not send them to jail or abuse them, but 
 send them to a reformatory. You will find some people 
 from Massaohnsotts, some from Ohio, some from some- 
 where else, some from Michigan; send them to their 
 homes, and if they are foreigners, who have not been 
 here five years, send them back to Europe, and you will 
 find as a general thing that the reason why the prosti- 
 tutes and why the disorderly houses cannot be overcome 
 is that there is no care taken of them; they haven't a 
 friend in the world. There is no friend to a prostitute; 
 everybody bangs her, everybody beats her; she is dragged 
 into the station house, taken to court, fined, and thrown 
 on the street to get more money and bring it back."— 
 Vol. i., p. 5,214. 
 
 These words deserve to be written up in letters of gold 
 in every place wherever men discuss the question of abat- 
 ing this plague. It is the verdict of experience upon 
 the habitual resource of the unthinking. "Go to, let 
 us harry our sisters!" is the first and last word of most 
 of those who dream it is possible to promote the cause of 
 morality by outraging the principles of justice. 
 
 Of the system in New York there is only one good 
 thing to be said. Bad as it was, it is infinitely better 
 than the hideous abomination of the European system of 
 tolerated houses with their police des mmirs and the 
 compulsory weekly surgical examination of their un- 
 happy inmates. Better a thousand times even the rude, 
 irregular tyrannies of Hoch and Koch, and all the dia- 
 bolical gang of blackmailers, than elaborate all these 
 infamies into a legalized system stamped with the seal of 
 the approval of the State and enforced by the dread 
 penalties of the law. 
 
 Prostitution, everywhere hateful, is at least less intol- 
 erable when it is free. When to the horrors of prosti- 
 tution there is added the legalized slavery of the regula- 
 tion system you have indeed the sum of all villainies, and 
 the abomination that maketh desolatt is at last set up in 
 the very holy of holies. 
 
"^'^^■'^>^^r^L^r.on.^^:,,,,rsn...,„ 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 What it precisely meant ^ne^,^1' ^"'"'""'"' '"'^'•>- 
 wactly explain. ItTaj „ ' °' ""* """eases oould 
 
 '■;>. language, but' Weirr Sr,'r"r '"" ^■'«- 
 standing ho„ it „„« annM.r "" '''*™l'y »bout under- 
 
 i'" origin, tl,e interpre"^^^ rfxl " ^"^^ ^''""'*''' ■•" 
 Tl.e term was used iHo, LeS ^ ","""' '»"'"-in-law. 
 father, but it was loTufu '°,''*=""-"'e yonr wife's 
 Man, and one wra" : Je"/! '^ equivalent of Old 
 country from which the wo d 1, '" '""•'"' "" 
 quently applied to the E,„peror K , T" "''• " " '"- 
 gary, Francis Joseph y,hoT\ flV' ^"''ria-Hun- 
 Boyal Bohemians ' '""' '» ''° ^""tat. ., i.is 
 
 it wlsTpL^b^ the'trer;""";'^"'"''""'' »' "- '-m. 
 tion to the polioVctta^ of 1^'^"°' "^«'''«' ^^'«oi- 
 did their business T IJX^-'T' '" "'"°'' "'ej 
 this beginning the term Tarn. /"■/''°'"'*' »"<• '"-i 
 title for the poHce offl" al who " """^ ""' 8'""'"o 
 relationship with the vW ?' '"' '*™'» «' 'amily 
 
 i.is Jurisdiction The ZyU ?"'»'■"" «"'- ""der 
 jery special sense the flLrTn r " ""1""° "'" '" » 
 Law,toaTe-ynumerm,. '*"' "■■ ^ather-in-the- 
 
 Instead o/bein.; ;?'?«»?,<>; disreputable peonle 
 n= 8..v,ror.„ evildoers, he became their 
 
 11 
 
 * 
 
Its "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED.*' 
 
 ,x 
 
 Pantata, who looked after them with semi-paternal care, 
 and generally acted as their Father-in-the-Law, who re- 
 garded it indeed as his chief function to relax the law in 
 their behalf in return, of course, for consideration 
 receive.!. So long as his dues wore paid there was noth- 
 ing that Pantatu would not do. lie could, for instance, 
 and did, practically suspend the legislation for Sunday 
 closing. But that is a mere triile. 
 
 It was proved by the evidence of one witness that the 
 Pantata polico did not hesitate to issue irregular licenses 
 of their own for the keeping of unlicensed saloons, or 
 shebeens, as we would say. 
 
 One witness, Anna Newstatel, held a license once 
 down to the year 1890. When running a full licensed 
 saloon she paid 15 a month to the police. After 1890 
 her license was revoked, but in consideration of her 
 having boon a good paying subject, the polico told her 
 that she might go on selling all kinds of liquor without 
 a license, so long as she continued to pay her dues to 
 them, in consideration of an initiation fee of 1200 down. 
 The following is the extract from the evidence: 
 
 •*Q. What was your license reversed for? 
 
 "A. For selling liquor on a beer license. 
 
 **Q. And after your license was revoked the police 
 allowed you to sell everything without a license? 
 
 "A. After I paid them 1200 at the start and then tSO 
 a month. 
 
 "Q. Now did you pay 1300 at the start? 
 
 "A. I said I couldn't afford to do that — I would 
 sooner rent out the saloon; and they said if I rent out 
 the saloon as a store, and I should live private upstairs 
 and carry on my saloon business upstairs for half the 
 amount— for 1100 to start and $25 every month— and I 
 should try that, and they will help me and boe that I 
 shall have customers enough to do business. 
 
 *'Q. In other words, they told you you must go up- 
 stairs? 
 
you oi.8tom» ' """ ""> ouetotn; did tliov eivl 
 
 «eIvo8' and liLT ""thi r„V,lt''?}: """" '" '"n-etimes them. 
 «»me >.,: only tl,yl'„"„';^Jj'''°y »";«'• P»i.l when h'^y 
 »"d all the tin.o."lvol v., p 4,593.''°'P "i""' ""J I'our 
 
 foluL°'™nto°d ^'r^^''^ "''h drink whenever they 
 ally ree'cg^ni^: " TZTZ d T 'T ^"^ «»- 
 Sometiraofl the police Inl, !"'? "' ^'^ ^o'^- 
 pay, but, asamauoro/r .,'""°"'' """ "'^^ """W 
 
 ~„ ,.„, czi f id'; ':e:r^,^ °' '"' "'""" 
 
 Pantata' He had « „ Ih , "f "' "^ benevolent 
 tl'e «an,i«g hou:eVwh 'Cfh .In'" """"« """ 
 ■n New York. According to thll "^ 1"''''''"=' 
 
 was allowed to run vft L t '•"" «»™"'8 "o"»e 
 there were about a tlll^ Sf7h""°" "' "'" ^"^'"o 
 ti»etheLexow Commie l°'.iur/"rn f •"" 
 qnote here the extraet t.^Jl r ^' ' ''*^ ''«"er 
 report: °' *""" ""« ^e"" Committee's 
 
 same^^^posmon as they''dld'VtlTitrt"'"d'iSe'^; 
 
 Jhops in different pWon^offhoT I'-'T'T "' S 
 the employ of your commute; ""^ ""^ detectives ia 
 
 - *''""'fi'"J w'taesses swore that fN. „,„».., ._ 
 
 — fevuvxEi average of 
 
i: 
 
 
 /I 
 
 180 '' SATAN'S INVISIBLE WOBLD DISPLAYED.'* 
 
 open shops was about one thousand. The testimony dis- 
 closed the remarkable fact that not only were these 
 violators of the law protected by the police in considera- 
 tion of a fixed sum of $15 a month per shop, but that 
 the area of operation of each 'king' was so clearly 
 understood and carefully guarded that any intruder 
 would bo certified to the police, and would either be 
 compelled to refrain from competition with a licensed 
 *policy king,' or else would be arrested and condign 
 punishment would be visited upon him. . 
 
 **It seems clear from the evidence that this division 
 of territory was largely for the benefit of the police, in- 
 suring a more rapid and easier collection of the tribute 
 to be paid the 'policy king,' to whom a pai'ticular dis- 
 trict had been assigned, paying in bulk at the rate of fid 
 per shop for all the shops runniug in such district or 
 
 oisijriGti8 
 
 "Poolrooms flourished all over the city in the same 
 way. Large sums were extorted from their proprietors 
 bv the police, and thev were permitted to remain unmo- 
 lested, openly and publicly running, until a private citi- 
 zen, Richard Croker, after a conference \/ith a police 
 commissioner, enforced their cessation practically in a 
 single day. This is one of the most remarkable circum- 
 stances testified to before your committee. And yet 
 nothing was done or attempted to be done until the 
 private citizen aforesaid commanded that they be closed, 
 and they were closed, and closed without criminal prose- 
 
 "It appeared subsequently in evidence that these pool- 
 rooms, while- running, had been assessed and had paid 
 for police protection as high as $300 a month. —Vol. 
 1., p. 3,637. 
 
 We have too much betting in England— betting carried 
 on with the active co-operation of the press— for any 
 English journalist to be able to throw a stone at New 
 York or Chicago, for the extent to which gambling is 
 carried on in policy-shops or poolrooms. The turf is 
 the great gaming hell of the old country, and nearly 
 every newspaper in the land plays the part of » tont and 
 
TED." 
 
 itimony dis- 
 were theso 
 1 considera- 
 p, but that 
 so clearly 
 ly intruder 
 d either be 
 1 a licensed 
 nd condign 
 
 this division 
 3 police, in- 
 tne tribute 
 rticular dis- 
 3 rate of 115 
 I district or 
 
 in the same 
 r proprietors 
 main unmo- 
 private citi- 
 ith a police 
 3tically in a 
 able circum- 
 3. And yet 
 le until the 
 ey be closed, 
 minal prose- 
 
 t these pool- 
 ,nd had paid 
 .nth."— Vol. 
 
 itting carried 
 ess— for any 
 stone at New 
 gambling is 
 The turf is 
 , and nearly 
 )f a tout iind 
 
 '■SA1,WS mviBlBLB WOULD I,IS.>L,iyj,j,.. jgl 
 
 ing habtt a^lgXtaes of th '"™'r" °' '"^ «="»■ 
 in the poorer dis ric 7 Af i;°P»''"">n> especially 
 
 e«feot,,al%ttemn 7i1,» """""« "'"' " *"» i"" 
 
 which jran,M,-»« explaining, the precise wa- in 
 
 tionof m,mberf Whit °n'r "'"''" »' o«ncatena- 
 two sets ornnTbers wh ll' "? '^".f ."»="J<"''" coxsists of 
 There are Z^ds of >- T''"''''' °' '''««• 
 described for the dfflcat on T b"'""'' """' ^"'^ 
 "police gig" beinff one „? t ' committee, the 
 
 XI- ^eseraoiance more remarkahio fi,o« • 
 
 the respect paid to dreamQ ivr. i ^""^^^^^^^^ t^an m 
 
 was declared had ad r^ u T^ '^''^ policeman, it 
 dreamed, s he would Z hi, '' '"' ^^^°^''"^ «« ^^ 
 indicated by the dlr'\tTT;P'" *^^ """^^^^ 
 
ml 
 
 182 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED:* 
 
 to suggest a favorite combination of lucky numbers, 
 whicb would be in great request until some other inci- 
 dent arose to suggest a new combination. You staked a 
 cent and stood to win a dollar. 
 
 One of the most painful features of this policy gam- 
 bling was the extent to which it worked downward, even 
 to the children. Lads coming from school would beg a 
 cent in order to try their luck. As they could only pay 
 by attracting customers, it was impossible to run a 
 policy shop in secrecy. In less than a couple of days 
 the police were perfectly well aware that a policy shop had 
 been opened, and it was therefore absolutely necessary to 
 secure the police in advance. This seems to have been 
 done on strict business principles, and the partnership 
 between the various kings or satraps, to whom the police 
 farmed out the precinct, appear to have been very har- 
 monious. 
 
 Bucket-shop and gambling on the tape on the prices 
 quoted on the Stock Exchange is as common in New 
 York as it is in London; but one ingenious method of 
 improving on the bucket-shop was brought to light in 
 the course of the investigation. The disadvantage of 
 the gdkmh\mgm bona fide Stock Exchange securities is 
 that they are often sluggish, and do not go up and down 
 with sufficient rapidity to stimulate the excitement of 
 the gambler. In New York, a bogus commission agency 
 established a system of gambling which beat the bucket- 
 shop hollow. Instead of waiting for the arrival of gen- 
 uine prices of real stocks, the genius who ran this com- 
 mission agency fixed up a tape machine in his office, and 
 before business started in the morning wrote out a series 
 of about five hundred different quotations for stock in 
 purely imaginary companies. When his gamblers had 
 assembled, he turned a handle, and wound off his tape. 
 He made the stocks of course go up and down with the 
 
establishment knew inadvance Chit «f "''"''''■' "^ ""o 
 out, and how the prices wr„?d fll.t'tf "<,' 7"" """" 
 ever, as he did not bet hiraself th = % '''"^' ''°"■■ 
 to those who wanted a flntto ^^' "" '^'*"^'«° 
 
 is -iVet:sr;ttwihe ' ^'""""'^ "■ ^^ ^-i^ ^^ 
 
 taking investi/ation il did "„T'"'' '■" '^'" ?»'"»- 
 
 the Chinese qfarte": and th. u™" ''''"^ ">» ""o »* 
 
 about fan-tan, and the Lstr "\° .!''^'' *" '"'ow all 
 
 will find thei;c«rio t^Sfl rift''' ""r g'""^. 
 
 the Beport. All that nfed be sa/d is I, T" '"•""Sh 
 
 gambling was carried on JiZ v , ''"' °» 'orm of 
 
 police authorities as its nrl!^7"\'""'°'' ^'^ »ot the 
 
 as its patrons. Undet tho.. "' """^ the rank and file 
 
 to be expected that tnct" ogrsTs' rb?' '? '"'''' 
 pressing gambling in New York '"*''° '" '"P" 
 
 great'difflt it ':tr;h:„Th:r""'"'"'' ""o™' ■»"' »' 
 
 any suspicion 0, complicity Mr m" "" ."^ ''^' '™'» 
 the head of the Bolicllf V % ,"''' ■"•"> " "ow at 
 
 September that lesp te JZ I^s""' '", "■""" "«' 
 been running, and as the „L ' Poo'rooms had 
 
 the police are'Anta" fs til TwTh'"'''"'' '""^ »' 
 admitted that if the PanL J \ ''°"''' e*"""''? 
 -'. energ,, and .,.^Tt. Z. tC::^::^ ^l 
 
184 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WOULD DISPLAYED" 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 BELIAL ON liIE JUDOMENT SEAT. 
 
 The effect of law, not law written in the statute book, 
 but law practically enforced among the people, is to 
 evolve a conscience. Not without deep true meaning 
 was It said of old time the law is a schoolmaster to bring 
 us Christ For it is the law by its pains andpenaltie! 
 which educates the individual as to the obligations of 
 morality and the duty of well-doing. But in New York 
 the universal practice of permitting all manner of abom- 
 inations to run, provided the regular fee was paid to the 
 police, acted as a direct depravation of public morals in 
 familiarizing the worst people in the city with a moral 
 standard which was in itself a negation of morality A 
 woman of the name of Flora Waters, who kept ]^ cafe 
 wi h waitresses in a disreputable quarter, formulated 
 with the utmost precision her belief that she was doinff 
 right because her money was taken by the police: 
 
 not wrolg? *^'"^^* *^' ^"'^°''« y°" ^^^^ doing was 
 
 ^hlhu *^5".?^* ^* ^^^ »" "gh* when I paid, because 
 they all said the money was going to ^ ' oecause 
 
 <iT i®"^y ^^"* *o get her moral idea? 
 A. Jjecause they told me the ward man did not k«flTi 
 
 wavTp".'^ '"^. '^ ^''' "? i^igher, andThad to be that 
 ThY/o ^S^"'^ '* ™ ?«* ^'^ i" *h^s country, that peS 
 that sold liquors could keep waiters; but ItVuK 
 nothing wrong, and everybody told me the money win t 
 ^Vq^ i?^p f^^l'^^y^'^y k"«w how it waT woTkId?' 
 
 ( 
 
polioe'san: ion :„7thr^^i:lff "'""»• When the 
 
 business. This isthp in„. . ° "'"''^ "'»«''' bad 
 Inferno 'nnermost center of the New York 
 
 secure some redress forMl T"'" endeavored to 
 
 nnnr«rr,!- ^1 *"® wrongs inflicted upon her 
 
 is 'this"ZV™„'"'oau"iitf™t' :?»"''. '°"y 7<»'"elf; 
 pity .he poor^on the'effsfd^ forVtht'lfT^ ?»•* 
 judges on the bench whom .h.ii *i 7"? ""i'-drunlten 
 
 it Sod fcrsalces themryou we e hal'"^ '» for justice 
 when I applied for a sumL^f ../.;""'' yesterday 
 drunk yo^oan't see o^,ro'?yor'ey:s.."'-'*y '""^ »™ » 
 
 ofc?urtt '"'"''' "" *"°" '«?'■"'»'> you for contenpt 
 
 andti^'By je" ?;ordn"'t tl °l"Tj """^ "o f'""" 
 
 I said, 'If yoJ were in"t"hetme boat wfA'i;-"' ""'^"^y-' 
 have 10 take it.' ** '""' ""m you would 
 
 couH ptcTdur^r^^ ^'"^ commentary upon the police- 
 
 "The Witness- ^^^-^ • • 
 
 bucket, " 
 
 the 
 
 'Vol. 
 
 iv., p|j. 4,484-5, 
 
 only a drop in 
 
\.' 
 
 Ill 
 
 i i 
 
 186 "SATAN '8 INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED." 
 
 The police-court judge seems in many cases to have 
 been the pivot round which the whole horrible system of 
 oppression revolved. It would need the pen of a Zola 
 adequately to describe these shambles of the poor. 
 There was the headquarters of the foul crew that flour- 
 ished on perjury and grew fat upon using the forms of 
 the law to frustrate its aims. It was the paradise of the 
 professional bondsman, the blackmailer, and all the 
 human vermin that thrive upon the misfortunes of their 
 fellows. The worst lawbreakers of the precinct stood 
 inside the rail beside the judge, browbeat and bullied 
 the unfortunate accused, and practiced every kind of ex- 
 tortion with impunity. The blackguard lawyer, hand in 
 glove with the bandit policeman, found an even more 
 detestable scoundrel than themselves upon the bench. 
 The fiercest invectives of Juvenal would be too weak to 
 do justice to these sinks of iniquity, in which honesty 
 was a byword, innocence a laughing-stock, and the law 
 merely a convenient pretext for levying blackmail. 
 
 The committee was constantly hearing of the abuses 
 connected with these courts, but the inquiry closed 
 before they could be taken seriously in hand. The in- 
 famy of the system of bail, which was worked to fill the 
 pockets of the bondsmen, led to frequent comments. 
 On one occasion the chairman remarked: 
 
 II it 
 
 'That seems to me to be a point that has never been 
 properly accentuated; the commission of the police jus- 
 tice and thp general activity of that character of man is 
 a very great item going to show their inefficiency. 
 Blumenthal and Hochstein's reputation was well known 
 and their insolvency was an established fact, and yet 
 they went on bonds to the extent of thousands and 
 thousands of dollars, and those bonds were even forfeited 
 and not paid, and the men accepted again."— Vol. \, 
 
In the Beport they gay: 
 
 m«X\i"::3»/4We for your committee to spend 
 «pon the record to inS?hi„ ""l"'?- -'""'«>' " >ho„n 
 portant reason why^the MliJ« u"""'?""" "■«' « very im- 
 «nd successfullv Mrn^tr!?; ?J '^'"'* ^"^ "We to carry on 
 i» that at leasfLK^'h Vote Sf'^H^""'' P^^''^^^" 
 worked .n sy^pat,., »JX^Z^rttZy_l^:i:f, 
 
 mX: sTdT""""" "'" "'''"^'^ "-o" Jo"" Collins, 
 
 aom'e «^tt»:irf e'ye^trrff 'ttf ''^ *^^« i'"'«»». 
 eyil practiced by the police *°" "'""» "'"n the 
 
 thate^n.tey'aSiTe^s'^rH'''''' ""^ -" <" 
 
 «( these7udge?fo™X' oSv 'JT?. "/'"' '=»'<'" «»»» 
 know what it is tobeUf^J^ ^^'"^ I represent, and 
 browbeaten. ^' '"'""' "P""- and outraged and 
 
 character ol the people welL-'^'^or^P';' ^g^g^""' "■« 
 
 traTfo^oTinXin'^eflort" ^ »' »' '"-O"-- 
 word of ooinment thfrub^ ,t ' '; T '""'' ""'»'" » 
 concerning the abirtionists ^^ ""'"'"'=« "'''='' 
 
 about two hundred aho^H^ * 1 "" '^P'" ">ere are 
 in New Yorkt: «adtert:'k?r "tl"'"? ""^ "'"^ 
 It is an irregular profess oTtJ? u '* ""''"" "'■"'J- 
 
 -. ButlifeallCoTh^yt.risX'.o'™"*''"""; 
 
,' I 
 
 188 "SATAN^S INVISIBLE WOULD D18PLATBD» 
 
 reyen^e to the police. Dr. Newton Whitehead, a leading 
 practitioner in this recognized system of antenatal in 
 fanticide, was called before the committee and testified 
 as to the way m which he was at once helped and hin- 
 dered by the police. Whitehead was arrested three 
 times m six weeks He was never tried on any one of 
 these occasions. But he had to pay ia bribing the police 
 and feeing the police lawyer the sum of $3,825 
 
 The doctor was arrested by a policeman called Frink, 
 who insisted that he should retain for his defense a 
 
 Pr3hV ."T,°^^"'"^- ^' ^^« '^Id that Mr. 
 Friend had got a telephone directly from his house to 
 police headquarters, ^o they informed him at once of all 
 these cases, and he was our lawyer-the police lawyer 
 
 In 'fir FLrfd'''^ .^?r''* ^^'"°*^"*^y W^'^^'^'^d 
 sent for Friend. He had to pay him 1700. Friend re- 
 
 much; but "I don't get this money myself: I have to 
 turn oyer fifty per cent, of it to the police." "Or 
 lawyer," indeed! 
 
 a Jn' P^^^f "^«« F"°k then took his prisoner off into a 
 small courtroom, and told him, "In all these cases, 
 
 vtZ:llT^'^\ \^^'' so^'e money off from them 
 Pay me $500 and I will guarantee that the case would bo 
 dismissed when it was called." He paid 1500 and the 
 case was dismissed, the only evidence offered incriminat- 
 mg, not the doctor, but a midwife, whom, however, they 
 refused to prosecute, as "she did not have any money 
 and was not worth bothering with." 
 
 The lawyer the doctor, and the policeman dined to- 
 gether at a saloon in University Place. During dinner 
 the policeman grew confidential. 
 
 "Sergeant Frink remarked to me that that was a v^rr 
 nice place; he said he knew the proprietor, and he sai5^ 
 
:J»tM'„r/„'u^„,^VriirL"'''» "'- " yo. ever 
 «'I nght; nothing ^o!l!tlhT''-l^^^ti}' »»"lfbe 
 
 «™ted in the folloX 1 * ? '''''^/'•' "« "as again 
 Grand Jury: ^ """'"'' and "as held for the 
 
 th^imJ^TasThnrrS'" "'"'^ "" *'"' "^ortionist, at 
 
 "A AU^^^u^ ^^^ warrants were issuer? hr, i a ^ 
 y A. An the warrants were iaaTerV^^^at IS" 
 
 ::|: no?,?,": ""irwa's'^a'a";:? "r -rioted ? 
 
 :;Q- Blackmail bv wlmra? ^ Wackmailing scheme. 
 
 :;| Iteoth!''^ ""™'" ^0" -" arrested on? 
 y. He seems to havo hn/i „ 
 of warrants of these cases? ^ * """"'P'"y »» the issuing 
 outofi??.Jr^l'>-b- making money pretty fast 
 
 and he held me to ala ^he 2 "!' '"""»'« »' »•« 
 He first insisted on l^ 00 bli,"" „? 1 *'" °™-' •'"'T. 
 
 O-^-t^XlZets^V^t^''^ "^'O '- *<>« 
 wanted to be treated™oVabort^'"'t?:'' "■"» «aid she 
 
 -- her. and said ^^^'iTlZ Z'TZ;^:^, 
 
190 "SATAN'S INVISIBLW WORLD DISPLAYED:* 
 
 fl 
 
 rf 
 
 prosecute me that way for nothing, and she said, 'The 
 gentleman who got me in the family way is a very influ- 
 ential man, and he is a judge, and can do a great deal for 
 you, doctor.* I told her I did not think he could, be- 
 cause I had been held for the grand jury. She insisted, 
 and said, 'Doctor, who is this man that held you?' I 
 said, 'It was Judge Koch;' she said, 'Judge Koch?' She 
 said, 'My God, he seduced me and got me in the family 
 way five times, and Judge Koch paid the bill.' 
 
 "Mr. Gofl: Proceed, doctor. 
 
 "A. She left my house, and she went down to Judge 
 Koch at Essex Market, and Judge Koch sent for me. 
 
 "Q. Sent for you? 
 
 "A. Yes, sir, by her. I have got lots of proof of that: 
 there is no need fer him to wriggle out of it, for he can- 
 not; and I went to see Judge Koch, and he was as sweet 
 as sugar. He told me, 'Doctor,' he says, 'I am very 
 sorry about this affair. 1 did not know that my girl had 
 ever been to you,' he said. 'I will do all I can for you — 
 everything.' He said there would not anything come of 
 this case. 'Don't you be afraid;' the girl afterward 
 
 "Q. Wait awhile; was there any one present? 
 
 "A. Mr. Friend here. 
 
 "Q. Was present when Judge Kooh said that to you? 
 
 "A. Yes, sir. 
 
 "Q. Just follow the narrative: how did Mr. Friend 
 come to be there in the room? 
 
 "Judge Koch waited for him until he came; I sat there 
 about half an hour, and Koch seemed to be holding a 
 case outside, and he waited until Mr. Friend came; he 
 came in and saw me, and said, 'I am waiting until 
 Friend comes here.' 
 
 "Q. Judge Koch said? 
 
 "A. Yes, sir; and when Friend came in he spoke this 
 matter over and Friend wanted to know what it was; he 
 said, 'It was that Alexander woman I had trouble with 
 before.' "—Vol. iv., p. 4,264. 
 
 The "Alexander woman" was an actress, apparently 
 Koch's mistress. Dr. Whitehead promised to perform 
 the operation, but put it ofE. She went away to another 
 doctor and had the abortion brought about. 
 
WLATBD." 
 
 I she said, *The 
 y is a very influ- 
 > a great deal for 
 lie he could, be- 
 r. She insisted, 
 t held you?' I 
 IgeKoch?' She 
 16 in the family 
 ) bill.' 
 
 down to Judge 
 sent for me. 
 
 3f proof of that: 
 f it, for he can- 
 he was as sweet 
 lys, *I am very 
 hat my girl had 
 I can for you — 
 lything come of 
 
 1 afterward 
 
 resent? 
 
 id that to you? 
 
 did Mr. Friend 
 
 eime; I sat there 
 to be holding a 
 'riond came; he 
 I waiting until 
 
 Q he spoke this 
 what it was; he 
 i trouble with 
 
 ess, apparently 
 3ed to perform 
 iway to another 
 
 it. 
 
 INSPECTOR WaUAMS ""^"'— -.0- 
 
only our city |,„t „,„ „" T , °' ""'' J-"" shocked not 
 'O'nbleof all ;. Z ThtW' \ """'' '"« "•" 
 foon I think tho comm uee h» ' .'""'"' "»» »"«■- 
 the horrible in this oily "'" *'" ""<"'«" "" o'imax of 
 
 •S.ta«.elnw,iwe World Displayed," iudeedl 
 
m "SATAN^a INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLATm^* 
 
 % 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 THE WORST TREASON OF ALL. 
 
 f J^ ""l!^ be remarked, somewhat impatiently I fear, by 
 
 work EnT wh "^"".^'^^'^^ '^^"^^ ^^^ *^^«ir ^««dly 
 
 work. But where were the citizens? The good, honest 
 
 Citizens, we are told, are always in a majority TW 
 
 proved that they were able to elect their Z city gv- 
 
 ernment Why did they not do it? What is th eusf of 
 
 it '" nd t^D"" ^"f- ^' '"''''''' '^''^ «-^^ ^"P-^- 
 est' and mn,. v7,''''f ^''''''^^'' '^ ^^'' richest, old- 
 tTn^nf?" highly-educated city in the western con- 
 
 Jllf -r-r^"*'"* *" "^^ *^^« b^"«t-bo^ to protect 
 Mogul" ''"^''^''^'y'- '^- dominions of thforeat 
 
 The answer of the Lexow Committee-not by any 
 means a complete answer— is as follows: 
 
 "The results of the investigation up to this point may 
 ;nn;.f k ^^..^^oPfly summarized in the general state 
 ment that it has been conclusively shown that „ a vPrJ 
 large number of the election districts of NewYor^ 
 almost every conceivable crime against the elective fran 
 phise was either committed or permittpd hv fhJLr 
 invariably in the interest of thrd^m nt/np^f r ' 
 
 TaTni^^'Tafl^'^rr^^ ^-^ NerYo^rrccriSm^nTy^c^lId 
 
 mX^ hJf? r ^^'^ '^''l'^^' *^"« committed or per- 
 
 -aLJ^ *^ Vf '? !"?y ^' "^«^«^fi«<^ as follows: ^ 
 
 Arrest and brutal treatment of Republioan vMnr. 
 
 watchers, and workers; open violations^of tTe elecdoa 
 
or:ieS"Kh':.--S'S%"^" -"''^'"-^ invasion 
 
 registration and rdoS? ^^^^nization of voters iulrlli 
 election district Officers of thpt'' ^^P"bliean voters and 
 
 miis of the pi,b]io peaoo tn IJ ,'"'*' "<" '« guard- 
 for the pm-pSso of '°^» '0 enforce law and order bnf 
 
 fpuring to the candMatfs of fl!".*' "' T''n>'nany Hail, i„ 
 fell- or foul the lar"e«t L M "' "''S.iiiizatioii by raoii^ 
 dently regarded tSe veTas iLrf "'«^- ^Ly ev" 
 f tion, stationed at the sevorlj "^i'^i"" "' ""at organ . 
 ^«oiiring its success wKei f"? '"J "'« purpofe of 
 ■Mfans, resortinc to dolil, "•'^ '""''" or unlawfnl 
 
 :S/'"^ iiitfniidattoro'f "ZIT"' '''"'' "-'"C 
 
 •'I tL be ;o«r:rt!f .i; "P "5 8."'^'^ ---abfe 
 
 the diyosal of';f„f ^oVmiL!."?'"^'" ""^ ''«' not at 
 every district in the o?°,T'."?' '<> enable it to sub Lot 
 
 n 111 o <■•••«., -_ 
 
 P-oirce. ar;: refS ^n'^-"'"- Xt owir?o tt 
 
 the investigation iSt':,^:;;,! 'b'"', ^^"« «°'«'"d t 
 f-iot, in the city of New Yort , ^^'^ "" existence in 
 trary ah, e /onspira 'y I°;f ' ?"<^ that, upon the con 
 t^ve franchise was connived It f.^ '"^''"^ "^ the elco- 
 
 -me against the7altt'"h&;^;"S^,;;««^^^^ 
 
 ' Olt l.f p. 
 
I I 
 
 194 "SATAN*S INVISIBLE WOULD DISPLAYED." 
 
 The date of] this Report, be it remembered, was Jan- 
 uary 15, 1895. It may be supplemented by a very signifi- 
 cant admission made by Mr. Goff, himself a Republican 
 and now Recorder of New York. Speaking of the elec- 
 tion frauds which he did so much to detect and punish 
 in November, 1893: 
 
 "It would not be just to lay the blame exclusively 
 upon the Tammany inspectors, though, of course, being 
 in the majority and in full control, they were chargeable 
 with all that took place. Republican inspectors either 
 openly co-operated with or quietly acquiesced in the 
 perpetration of the h&wd."— North American Review 
 February, 1894, p. 210. 
 
 The fraud on the ballot, to which both parties were 
 privy, was all the more abominable because the provi- 
 sions of the law against such abuses were very strict. But 
 it is a favorite method in other countries than the United 
 States to salve an uneasy conscience by passing a rigor- 
 ous law without taking any precautions to see that it is 
 carried into operation. This mode of relieving the feel- 
 ings had been indulged in by New Yorkers in 1890, when 
 the Ballot Reform Act passed into law. But, writing in 
 1894, Mr. Goff, who was Counsel to the Committee for 
 the Prosecution of Election Frauds, said: 
 
 "Since the enactment of the reform-ballot law in 1890 
 no organized effort has been made to watch its operation 
 or to detect any illegal practices. The public was satis- 
 fied with the popular catch-name of the act, and it slept 
 peacefully upon the assurance that fraud was no longer 
 possible; but the evidence obtained by the volunteer 
 watchers, and the finding of over sixty indictments by 
 the Grand Jury, mainly against election officials, demon- 
 strate that false registration, false voting, and bribery 
 are as easily and as safely practiced as they ever were, 
 and that perjury has enormously increased, owing to the 
 number of safeguards which must be sworn away by the 
 
3d, was Jan- 
 very signifi- 
 
 Bepublican 
 of the elec- 
 
 and punish 
 
 exclusively 
 Durse, being 
 3 chargeable 
 ctors either 
 iced in the 
 can Review 
 
 )artie8 were 
 > the provi- 
 strict. But 
 \ the United 
 ling a rigor- 
 ee that it is 
 ug the feel- 
 , 1890, when 
 , writing in 
 tnmittee for 
 
 law in 1890 
 ts operation 
 ic was satis- 
 and it slept 
 IS no longer 
 J volunteer 
 ctments by 
 als, demon- 
 md bribery 
 ever were, 
 sving to the 
 iway by the 
 
 3 
 
 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLA TED.'^ 195 
 fraudulent voter and the collusive inspector. "-7^., p. 
 
 18^fr/f ' ^'^^^ P°"'"^ ^*^^^°"« '" New York in 
 IrJ'Ju 1 7u' "'* P'''^^^' *^ ^^^^"^ competent watch- 
 es for all of them. But the evidence obtained was suffi- 
 cient to show on how colossal a scale the frauds were 
 practiced, wjth the co-operation or connivance of both 
 
 wa^s added to by a sleight-of-han? performanL'"-!^^^^^ 
 
 AssLwt '^^'X''-f' ^^^°""° ^^'^'^'^ «f the Second 
 r9 77^ ^. ^''^ '* ™ estimated that 5,000 out of the 
 1^770 votes counted were fraudulent. In the Sevenfh 
 
 trict'th '^^:t'r 'f^'' ""''' ^^""^ "^ ^^- box for a dt 
 
 W L. f "^^ '^^ "''"^^ "" '^'' ''^'^'^'''' Repeat- 
 
 mg and personation were almost universal. The lod^- 
 
 mg-houses played a leading part in the squalid and sordid 
 
 drama. The tramps who use these dossing kens airali 
 
 registered. But as they seldom pass three nights in the 
 
 same place, they rarely vote where they are Registered! 
 
 ihat, however, is a mere detail. Mr. Goff says: 
 
 nnnPflf ™^ ""^^ '^^''' registered did not, as a rule vote 
 S fh«t ""'"'! ^'''"- ^-^^ h^^« them do so would re- 
 2,Tm »f'^"'^'"*^"^"^^ ^t the lodging-house and that 
 
 TdonL ' A^f ^T""'"''' A «^ore%cfnom?c plan was 
 tor?nf V].« /7- ^^f[P''^^^"«t« election the proprie! 
 tors of the lodging-houses were furnished, by t¥e eke- 
 
 I 
 
if 
 
 196 ^'SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD displayed:* 
 
 tion-district captains, with lists of the names registered 
 from their houses. Separate slips for each name were 
 then supplied, and on election day the tramps, as they 
 came along, were handed the slips, and they voted on the 
 names thus given as frequently as they could get the 
 slips. The election workers were never hard pushed to 
 bring out the registered vote. They simply sent for the 
 men when they wanted them, and were always supplied 
 with the required number. Sometimes the floater for- 
 got the name given to him or could not read the slip; 
 sometimes a man who could not speak English wrestled 
 with an American name, or an English-speaking man 
 struggled with a Polish name. In all of these cases the 
 obliging inspectors helped them out either by looking at 
 the slip or by giving some sort of pronunciation to the 
 unpronounceable naipe. In some election districts there 
 was a rivalry as to who could vote on the most names, 
 and the man who won the honors was an ex-convict, who 
 voted eighteen times in two election districts of the 
 Third Assembly District."— /J., p. 205. 
 
 The evidence taken before the Lexow Committee 
 abounds with vivid little vignettes of how elections were 
 conducted in New York City only four years since. 
 
 Hero, for instance, is what Mr. Louis Meyer, a Kepub- 
 lican inspector in the Third Assembly District, heard 
 given as official directions by Police Captain Devery to a 
 platoon of policemen on the morning of the November 
 poll, 1893. The Union League and the City Club had 
 decided to send watchers to the polls to detect any 
 illegal practices. So by way of preparing for their recep- 
 tion. Captain Devery told the police in Mr. Meyer's 
 hearing: 
 
 "There is a lot of silk-stocking people coming from 
 uptown to bulldoze you people, and if they open their 
 months, stand them on their heads."— Vol. i., p. Sl03 
 Lexow Report. ' 
 
 With guoh instructions it is not surprising that th« 
 
"SATAN'8 INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED.*' 197 
 
 police refused to interfere when their attention was 
 called to the most flagrant breach of the law. Here is 
 the story of Israel Ellis, Republican poll clerk at the 
 Fifth Election Diatiot of the Third Assembly: 
 
 ''When several voters came and they were handed sets 
 of ballots, I wanted to get their names down, but the 
 chairman and the officer told me it would be sufficient 
 tor nie to take down the name and the vote. 
 
 I told them it was not sufficient, because if I did not 
 do this there would be a great deal of repeating done, 
 and they said, 'Never mind, it is none of your business- 
 you do as we tell you; it has been carried on for a great 
 length of time,* and I still kept on protesting. And 
 onoG the chairman of inspectors and another inspector 
 said If I didn t shut up they would remove me from the 
 board, and then the officer said if I would not stop he 
 would take a hand in that too. 
 '•Q. The policeman said that to you? 
 "A. Yes, sir; and then several times the repeaters 
 came in openly, without any fear whatever, and they 
 tried to vote, and each time I protested and challenged 
 tlieir votes; and one time a repeater came in and he 
 passed the ballot clerk, he passed the chairman, but I 
 recognized him as a repeater, and I challenged the man. 
 and I said, 'What is your name?' but the man had for- 
 gotten his name, because he was voting for the second— 
 thjrd-time, and so I caught hold of that man by the 
 collar and ejected him, and the officer did not say one 
 word; a second time a man came in to vote which I my- 
 self recognized as voting the second time in that election 
 district; and another witness told me, whose name I do 
 not know, that he was voting for the third time, and I 
 waited until the man had voted, and I challenged his 
 vote, and the man voted, and after he voted I caught 
 hold of that man, and said, 'Officer, I want you to arrest 
 that man;; and the officer looked at the ceiling, not at 
 me; he did not say a thing, and he did not arrest the 
 man. 
 
 "Q. Did you tell the officer what you wanted him to 
 arrest him for? 
 
 I told him, the officer, that he voted for the sec^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 i< 
 

 ^ f ! 
 
 198 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED » 
 
 ond time to my own knowledge, and the third time to 
 the knowledge of a witness/and wanted him to arrest 
 
 <<?• A"^ ^® looked at the ceiling? 
 216-1r ^'°^'^ ""^ *^' ceiling."-/*., vol. i., pp. 
 
 One voter was allowed to vote on the Christian name 
 John. He could not remember the other name. At 
 h.ii fr !f"'"*y-*^« '"ore votes were found in the 
 ballot-box than there had been voters in the booth. 
 
 A similar scene was described as occurring at the Third 
 Election District by Jacob Subin, a Republican watchlr 
 
 Tf ^heTcf/.^' '; K^' r ^^- ^'^'^^y' '^^ -p^^ 
 
 of the Socialistic Labor Party, protest against a young 
 man who actually atteinpted to vote in Mr. Eosalsky'! 
 name under his veij nose. Mr. Rosalsky grabbed hold 
 of him and demanded that he should be locked up as a 
 repeater caught in the act. Three Tammany heelers 
 thereupon punched Mr. Rosalsky's face for him. He 
 called upon the policeman to protect him. That worthy 
 stretched himself leisurely and replied, "Well, I guess I 
 
 o clock, and will have more time to spend." The 
 heelers then were for mauling Rosalsky more severely; 
 but the Tammany captain interfered, and, as an act of 
 grace, secured his release on condition that he went righ 
 away. Rosalsky bolted for his life. After this Jafob 
 
 wlr .'*'''''' *" content himself with a simple 
 protest when he saw such repeating as this: 
 
 "I have seen the Tammany Hall heelers brinir in fl^« 
 or six men, drill them into line and from flf/a« ^^^ 
 ance of some of them they looked lik«T,Vh ^P^®"." 
 
 anrof'ttjeT* '^^^^^^^^^^ O^:^^:^^^;^^^ 
 any of tlioae dives, and most of those voted on Vr«h™ 
 
 names; bnt the fun of it was that thlycoufd not n.7 
 nounce the name nnder any cironmstanoTs that they wero" 
 
 II 
 
"SATAn ISVmBZ^ WOULD msPLAT^V, 109 
 
 would approach t L and\'i"f ' »"'J theB the heelers 
 upon them, and 01 rrtlf„,„ .i'"" =""'' ''"e language 
 
 80 stupid as uot to recotcttC "*"'''' ''**'-''°'" *° "^ 
 were voting under- and thl/k*™* ".' *'"' pe'-«"i thef 
 
 ine againfand rpro?e8ted a^^i'^"^*""*!! ''"" "''"' '■"'» 
 to ohallenge them, a,!d i Z tif"",- ^ jWo^Pted 
 monkeying with the reKuiar7». ^?^ • "'"l' ^ ^'^PP^d 
 Ijould be thro™ thfoth7r;i'ndow^..?ltrif ^.' 
 
 the"^ tr TurrVpUed IT"? ^''■"'"■" ^ "-'" "^ 
 Frank Nioho Is, in the t1 ^t -"i^"^"' '^ significant. 
 
 the Third a1 mbly,?hrt"crh'f'"*r "'^'"'" <" 
 votes than they had ZT """^ .J'''^ oighty-fonr more 
 
 voters to the pon As hf- "" 1" '^g""''' "-"k two 
 were not alioC to vote: °" "" """■« ^'"^ '"» n"" 
 
 the^ctldS^o^^'l&^'Avh^?" '"Y -■^' '^O' 
 these people they could not vot^I'f T^ ""^ »"'"«'■ »' 
 go home; you people can't rote Lt *'"? '""'• '^O" 
 was put out in the middle of t^,» ■.f^ f""^i ™d 'hen I 
 
 of the election district eafd. Take tM" J " '"''"'''" 
 
 jiere,' and a fellow h t » j„ ?i, "" ^*"'"' «waj from 
 knuckle. '" -*'« '» ti« eje with a brass 
 
 "A Sif "'•" J'u""* ''o anything at all » 
 
 long a» lt'b£g:d7o"TaramaT!j f/f """ "^ayas 
 arre8tacat."-Vol.i.,p.3M"'"'y '' ^^ '"'"'"' "ot 
 
 Fir^Et it;n"Sr:;'ro7tl'Tr?: "' ^-'■■»» «' the 
 fifty times in a Igle dL a J"f ,, ''^"''''^' P™'^"'«<> 
 The policeman whirred ^„1, "far tlfh"' "P^''"'"«- 
 ^rr. but he lad his^directiinVr laK S: r„^ 
 
 Ji 
 
 M 
 
 \- 
 
200 ''SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED:* 
 
 the chairman of the board. Captain Devery drove up 
 and stood laughing and talking with the Tammany cap- 
 tain while the legal voters were in vain clamoring to be 
 allowed to vote. The Bepublican watcher was thrown 
 out by force under the eyes of the policeman: 
 
 "Q. Who threw him out? 
 
 /*A. The crowd— the Tammany Hall captain of the 
 district, who was in there; he was authority for every- 
 thing.— 76., vol. 1., p. 279. 
 
 "Examined by Chairman Lexow: Q. When you said 
 that the Tammany Hall captain was authority for every- 
 thing, what did you mean? 
 
 "A. I meant that, whenever he desired to go into the 
 
 Soiling place, he did so, that whatever he wanted was 
 one; it seemed that; they all worshiped him, bowed 
 down to him."— /*., vol. i., p. 287. 
 
 Another witness, Ralph Nathan, described how a He- 
 publican captain was hustled out because he swore that 
 a voter had already voted in four election districts, for 
 he had followed him round and had seen him do it. Mr. 
 Nathan said: 
 
 "The Tammany henchmen around the Third Assembly 
 district have a peculiar method of putting a man out; 
 you cannot make a particular charge of assault against 
 them, hardly, but they push them out and hustle them 
 out; they have probably ten heelers at every election dis- 
 trict, and the polling place is generally narrow and small, 
 
 and they can fill up a place and push you out." Vol. i 
 
 p. 290. '' 
 
 Here also is a description of the method in which 
 repeaters were brought up when wanted. Mr. C. H. P. 
 Collis, a prominent citizen who acted as watcher for the 
 Twenty-second Election District of the Second Assembly 
 District, deposed that he saw repeating going on openly; 
 
"MTAN'S ^VISIBLE WOULD DISPLAYED.'^ m 
 
 |;Q. Men voted under names that were not theirs? 
 ^ A. I cannot go so far as that. ^"®'''- 
 
 ^ y. iJesonbe what you did see? 
 
 "a! Yes^ '"""'^ °'""°' '" ""^ people? 
 <"?' m''™ "''"' occurred? 
 up^ ttthe polk "■ '""'''° " "'" ^<»"<' ■""»» '<> "d walk 
 
 As a pendant to this scene take the following desorit. 
 
 hi t ,f ■ '?"""'«*'>'>. Eepublioan watcher, who had 
 been challenging repeaters, was set upon by one Whitty 
 
 attend*" v'-r.*' '"^ ^^'"""'^ '« 'hepolHng plac t'^ 
 
 revolver. Harrington argued with him, fearing that 
 
 they meant to inflict punishment u^on me " and 
 
 trnTrw^S" b "--^^'-^ to "e^pnied on e ec- 
 
 we'nJ fott^fk'o 'C'^it'^n,t''Stt? "^.'^'f ''-^ «"<> 
 (who had been "ta';;din7wXhin;''wtotvSI\fr.^^ 
 
 Msi'i.to"rkri«dfto^^P''?P -^^'^^^^^^^ 
 
 w»«ia km W«X'ete^strd,^Sl^;ie«Zj 
 
203 "SATAN^a INVISIBLE WOULD DISPLAYED.*' 
 
 came forward to help mo, and the other officer rushed 
 Vll ^"l? ^\^^^^\ him, and up with his stick to strilce 
 him; they did not take hold of this Whitty at all; it was 
 me^and my friend thoy took hold of. 
 
 "Q. And these policemen made no move to protect 
 ^ourself?"^^^*^^ in this assault, until you began to Uefend 
 
 "A. No, sir. 
 
 ;|Q. And then they laid hold of you and of your friend? 
 A. Yes, sir."— Vol. i., p. 135. ' 
 
 "Wo are in the business of carrying elections," said 
 Boss Tweed, and a very successful business Tammany 
 has made of it. 
 
 But what becomes of popular sovereignty, of the maj- 
 esty of the ballot, of the sacred privileges of citizenship? 
 
''^^^^^'^ WmBlIS WOltZD DlSPZATm'^ . 
 
 iJ03 
 
 PART III. 
 
 Hamstrung C^sarism 
 
 AS A REMEDF. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 BESPAIBING DEMOCRACY. 
 
 the strict sense of theTord tZ % "'/»'«"<"'• In 
 speak of a deanairin? Z "■"«'<>■■«' " « absurd to 
 
 ?' ng to av'ertr ihrTat r;S "t t f" T '""'■ 
 m tlie English sense of the wordTh.i " ^^'""''"'"y 
 struggle in the city of New Yo-k Th. kT 'r^" ""'^ 
 •nost hopeful 4n,erioanr W * v'en^J un 1? kI' -'u' 
 so far at least as oitv eovernL^f ? '^ *^ * *"*'' J°'»' 
 
 it is no misnomertofZknf n •°?''"°'^- ^»'"'<'' 
 the natural, anrperhans ini;?.?"'""* ^""""'""V as 
 display of ''Sata;ri;v'^^ r;Wo M "r^,f-™»' '"e 
 
 magnificent achievements of th« "°' oo-ntrymen the 
 government is aCdy abando^^r^'^'r''''''' " ""? 
 could have imagined «!,„„? V" ^"f^"- ^ho 
 chanted by thrimeri.!« « T'^"'^ "" '''""""' P**" 
 
 "TriumphUt'^rcr- :i:r r^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 - " ^"tviii ikupuoiic, that 
 
204 '• SA TAN'S mnsrn ■ s would displa tea** 
 
 within a very few years wo should be called upon to 
 chant a dirge over its grave in the first city in the United 
 States? 
 
 Such an assertion will, no doubt, startle many readers, 
 both in the old world and the new. It will bo vehe- 
 mently contested, chiefly by those who are too deeply 
 immersed in the roaring eddies of the fight to be able to 
 appreciate the significance of the drift of the current 
 which is sweeping them free from their ancient moorings. 
 But outsiders proverbially seo most of th* game. It is 
 in no spirit of exultation, but rather with a feeling of 
 profound regret, that I note the course which the law of 
 evolution seems to be taking in the great cities of the 
 Western world. That regret is chastened and subdued 
 by two considerations. The first is based upon the belief 
 in the providential government of the universe. The 
 second, 7,'hich is more personal to myself, is the fact that 
 for nearly twenty years I have been engaged in an at- 
 tempt to compel hidebound devotees of parliamentary 
 government to admit the virtue that is latent in the Rus- 
 sian autocracy. I am no bigot of constitutionalism, 
 neither am I guilty of the arrogant folly of pronouncing 
 judgment upon expedients the adoption of which the 
 ablest and wisest men in other lands deem to be indis- 
 pensable. But the most sympathetic observer, after ho 
 has made all allowances, cannot ignore the salient fact of 
 the situation, which is that by universal consent of the 
 ablest and most practical citizens in the foremost city of 
 America, democracy, in the ordinary sense of the term, 
 has hopelessly and irretrievably broken down. 
 
 Be it carefully observed that I limit the collapse of 
 democracy to that application of the principle which has 
 hitherto been regarded as natural and almost invariable. 
 Democratic government, as defined by Abraham Lincoln, 
 as "government of the people, for the people, and by the 
 
"SATAtf-.H isvmm.is woni.i, ./snArRnr m 
 
 governmc. ^f h„ England, been rogardod as tho 
 
 that ,» T„ <""n">"">ty by an olootivo aasombly- 
 
 ocai.tics mot togotlicr in common council, which is 
 om n "nfT."";?""^ '" "'"""«» "^ «" i" of t, " 
 lypo 01 sucli a (loraooratic assombly, but oyerv town 
 ponnc, ,„ the land is based on tho same p noiplo Nor 
 » . only .„ BHtain that this principle ha's on pplfed 
 It has hitherto prevailed wherever that domocracv has 
 bee adopted as the system of government; whotheTi is 
 in the French Republic, in the Oerman Municina t L 
 
 ■wiat^^rppir z:tT' i"- '"-"«» 
 
 wards or districts or constituencies into which the eitv or 
 community or nation has been divided. ^ 
 
 Of coarse, I shall be told, and iuativ tnU n,ot .■ • 
 system of what may be called paritrnlryi/^nc pi; 
 democracy is by no means the only form through S 
 democracy can give effect to its will Thi, Jfl ■ 
 perfectly true, and that was why I was so lef „l t„T' 'f 
 and define what I meant by d'en.ocra y T e i 't 
 danger of my forgetting that democracy can e.itt with 
 C,^ ur°' P-"™™t«'y or municipal app tl l," 
 one :, 'th^ZLrr"'' -.tooraticaHy. I JZtZ 
 
 ^:/zr^'"" ''-' the ™.;"rpotnX 
 
 rtcomej '' "'^'^'"P'" was the true and natural 
 outcome of modern democracy. Neverthlesa, althoneh 
 
 t «Th .t^'T ""'^^ over a democratic nationafd 
 
 In of Fren^ft"" ''''"'^ ''''"^^" "'"-e arm d gua,- 
 aianofi reach democracy, the nnnve'ifoii"! ,- ■• 
 
 m 
 
li 
 
 iiOQ ''SATAN'3 mytSlBLS WOULD DlSPLArilSD.*\ 
 
 of a democracy in English-speaking lands has never been 
 that of a community governed by an autocrat, but always 
 of a community in which the center of power lay in the 
 elective assembly. It is this conventional theory of 
 democracy which has been thrown overboard in New 
 York. Hence, from the point of view of the parliament- 
 arian or the conventional believer in government by an 
 assembly of elected persons, the Charter of Greater New 
 York, under which the first election has just taken 
 place, is a more melancholy spectacle than even "Satan's 
 Invisible World Displayed," with all its saturnalia of 
 debauchery, violence, and corruption. The Charter of 
 Greater New York is the direct outcome, the natural 
 fruit of the bitter experience of Tammany rule. Once 
 more, to quote the familiar saying, "Sin when it hath 
 conceived bringeth forth death," and the sin revealed by 
 the Lexow Committee has brought forth a deadly har- 
 vest in the Charter of Greater New York. Deadly, that 
 is, inasmuch as it is fatal to the principle of vesting the 
 government of the people in the elected representatives 
 of the people in public council assembled. For the 
 central principle of the Charter of Greater New York is 
 the substitution of the authority of a czar-mayor for 
 what has hitherto been regarded as the natural authority 
 of an elected council. 
 
 This is not a sudden and unexpected change. The 
 evolution of an elective autocracy has been in progress 
 ior some years, but it has never before been brought into 
 such conspicuous prominence as by the Charter of 
 Greater New York, for that Charter is the formal em- 
 bodiment in black and white of the central principle of 
 the Second Empire, with certain modifications which 
 accentuate rather than diminish the expression of demo- 
 cratic despair, of which it is the embodiment. It is this 
 evolution of Bonapartism, of an elective dictatorship. 
 
 IW 
 
• 
 
 IS never been 
 t, but always 
 Br lay in the 
 il theory of 
 ard in New 
 » parliament- 
 nment by an 
 Greater New 
 
 just taiien 
 ?en "Satan's 
 laturnalia of 
 
 Charter of 
 
 the natural 
 rule. Once 
 vhen it hath 
 , revealed by 
 
 deadly har- 
 Deadly, that 
 : vesting the 
 iresentatives 
 3. For the 
 ^ew York is 
 r-mayor for 
 al authority 
 
 lange. The 
 in progress 
 ►rought into 
 Charter of 
 formal em- 
 principle of 
 ions which 
 on of demo- 
 It is this 
 ictatorship, 
 
 ••BATA2fB mriSIBL« WOULD mSPLAYEB:' jor 
 
 The Third Napo.Z rv/rlil'd tl"' """':' ''"'^ ^ 
 right. His authority was has d"nl ! ^'^" ^^ ^"""^ 
 electors of France ml T ^T.^ •nass-vote of ti>e 
 
 bayonets, was stt d of ;, 'e^'sn 'l"""' T"''' "' 
 he asserted, and in pract^In h. 1 .^ ^'' *'"' "' "'""y 
 adopted, the prinoinle tl »t ♦. . ^'^'^ "' '''' "■«'«'» 
 nally ap;ang Cm a tattte oVtl" '"^', "'''°'' ""«'■ 
 be renewed and conflmed W , *"! P'"?'"' »»«^«<I *«> 
 cite of the whole nation "' *" ''"" ^^ » ^»»- 
 
 estlbi;E;rchtt''er'^d '''\^'"'' "^ " »- "-" 
 
 tion took pSoe is 2!r ^L ,' """f '"^ "cent eleo- 
 re-ctablished in he Si^„?!r"^ ^"?""^ "' ^"«'- 
 -ith the limitation ifatthe'rdL of iTT™ ^T"''"- 
 rigidly limited to fonr years after Jl •>! f'T* "'"'" ''^ 
 eligible for re-election !Zl'ft '"'' ""^ ='"" >"" be 
 
 01 an eqnaldul r Thlfv '•''"'^ "' another term 
 geration! bnt a Le mer»l V? "'' ''""• '" »" ^™8- 
 factly w;,l known r;'uedtr\1 f^'f »""■ 
 proceed to show; but before doing so U s'wi f ""^ 
 8ome of the circumstances whichL „1 / M°" '° "<"» 
 dinary evolntioa of autocrac;';: KepulCaVs::!:^''""'- 
 
 hi 
 
 ' 111 
 
 1^1 
 
 IS 
 
SOS "SATAN^B INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED.'* 
 
 «-i 
 
 n' 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 THE CZAR-MAYOB. 
 
 The parallel which instinctively occurs to the mind of 
 the observer is one of somewhat evil omen for the future 
 of the American Commonwealth. The Roman Republic 
 evolved the empire very much in the same way that the 
 czar mayoralty of Greater New York has been evolved 
 from the institutions which preceded it. The Roman 
 Empire was not based upon a pUMscite of the citizens 
 but equally with the New York mayoralty it ignored the 
 principle of hereditary right. Occasionally the imperial 
 purple passed from father to son, but for the most part 
 the throne was filled by the only kind of election possi- 
 ble m those days. The emperor was the choice of men 
 who wielded, not ballots, but swords. 
 
 A study of the corruption and despair which produced 
 the Roman Empire will supply many curious parallels to 
 the existing state of things in America. In ancient Italy 
 as in modern New York, elective institutions had been 
 abused until the best citizens despaired of the republic 
 The Third Napoleon, in his history of Julius Casar! 
 writes concerning the way in which elections were manl 
 aged in ancient Rome in terms which curiously resemble 
 those employed by the Lexow Committee in explaining 
 how elections were worked in modern New York: 
 
 "The sale of consciences had so planted itself in public 
 H.Ti'i*^* the several instruments of electora cornip° 
 tion had functions and titles almost recognized. Those 
 
lATm:* 
 
 ) the mind of 
 or the future 
 nan Republic 
 way that the 
 been evolved 
 The Eoman 
 the citizens, 
 ; ignored the 
 the imperial 
 le most part 
 Bction possi- 
 loice of men 
 
 ch produced 
 I parallels to 
 in cient Italy 
 »s had been 
 he republic, 
 ilius Caesar. 
 I were man- 
 sly resemble 
 explaining 
 'ork: 
 
 (If in public 
 )ral corrup- 
 ed. Those 
 
 '^^^^^^'S iNVtSIl^LE WOULD msPLAtED,> 20^ 
 
 Jr?S;.:,t^"nT^^^^^^^^ *^« ^o-betweens 
 
 the Purchase-money were /. J^ i^^ ^"« ^^P^^ited 
 
 societies were formed for mat wf' ,^»I»erou8 secret 
 suffrage; they werfdivid^d int?.^*'''^'^^ ^\^ '^^ht ot 
 heads of which obeved J .„,?J^ i,*^®:?""®'> *^« several 
 
 the candidates andT^d the vTeLf'?^ ''^" ''''^'^ ^^^^ 
 for money, or on the sHn^ilLH ^**^® "''°^^«*es, either 
 
 for himself or hfs friend ^Thn^ ""^ '''.^^^" advantages 
 of the elections? rnTcicer?] ?rp'/f^^'\'"''"^^ ™^«* 
 boasted of the unanimity wThwhcThe\«H V '" u^^^'" 
 oSed^.^^.^ '^ *^- '^-ttrt^Vtt^Xe3T 
 
 sto;?d"potraVdrrr„^i^^^^^^^^^ ^-^^ force be- 
 
 ous elements of disso[ut?on?ffl?.f ^^g^st^acies. Numer- 
 
 of the Judges, ttTrl'c'rltlTl^ 
 the Senate, the tyranny of wfial?h ^f/- u ^^^^^utism of 
 poor by usury, aid braved the W-?K PPP^^ssed the 
 -Julius Ca^sa/'^ by VapoTeon iILlToh^'.^ i™punity.^>-, 
 
 theX;r thrfmeZ ^tT ^'^^^ ^^^^^^^ 
 tion, 4t, the dicta or & 1^^^ '' -olu- 
 
 Marius, afterward the asclde^ ^f ^c^^^^^^^^ 
 
 direct y to the foundaf inn „j> ti. ^ "' ^"'O" 'ed 
 
 Weare„otwithTn"tht"f tL a' ""f" ^-^ ^»8"'"'«- 
 
 ..pon the grave of the Rom „ Bepubt Ct J"''"'! 
 of danger may not be wantine in tim!' - '"°"* 
 
 growth of imperiaUmbirns^f;:,^™: '»."'"''»«• J^ 
 most plainly marlcod signs of th^Se/ I'l^t wb'".' 
 to-day annexes Hawaii, threaten^ Sn.in T„"* ^^i* 
 Europe wui. the Monroe Dootrine wi^ «i7'™ 
 
 I 
 
 * 
 
 S i 
 
 i\ 
 
[.' 
 
 ^10 "8ATAN*a INVISIBLE WOULD mSPLATED:' 
 
 driven to increase its armaments or to abate its ambi- 
 tions. These things, however, belong to the next cen- 
 tury. Sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof. 
 
 The system of the czar-mayor first came into operation 
 at Brooklyn in 1883. It sprang, as did the second 
 empire, from the timidity of the citizens. Mr. Seth 
 Low, the first czar-mayor, writing in the last edition of 
 Bryce's "American Commonwealth," points out this 
 very clearly. He said: 
 
 *'The aim of the Americans for many years deliber- 
 ately wa3 to make a city government where no officer by 
 himself could have power enough to do much harm. 
 The natural result of this was to create a situation 
 where no officer had jpower to do good." 
 
 The idea of allo'-ang citizens in their wards to elect 
 representatives, who should wield all the powers vested in 
 English, French or German town councils, was regarded 
 oy Americans ^% savoring of suicidal recklessness. To 
 trust the elected representatives of the people in an 
 American city, as we trust the town councils of Birming- 
 ham and Glasgow, seems rash and reckless to the Ameri- 
 can statesman. A very thoughtful writer, in the Annals 
 of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 
 four years ago, singled out the English municipal system 
 as one which no sane American would dream of applying 
 to a great American city. He said: 
 
 "It may be safely said that this whole organization of 
 the Birmingham government is an exaggeration of the 
 features which have had the worst effects in the United 
 States. It must make the mouth of a Tammany chief 
 water to think of such a simplification of his labors and 
 increase of the opportunities for plunder." 
 
 Notwithstanding this, American observers have fol- 
 lowed Mr. Chamberlain in declaring that Birmingham is 
 
te its ambi- 
 le next cen- 
 3reof. 
 
 ito operation 
 the second 
 I. Mr. Seth 
 ist edition of 
 nts out this 
 
 ears deliber- 
 
 no officer by 
 
 much harm. 
 
 a situation 
 
 ards to elect 
 rers vested in 
 was regarded 
 lessness. To 
 jeople in an 
 3 of Birming- 
 bo the Ameri- 
 n the Annals 
 Social Science 
 licipal system 
 n of applying 
 
 •ganization of 
 ration of the 
 in the United 
 immany chief 
 tis labors and 
 
 rers have fol- 
 •irmingham is 
 
 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WOULD DISPLA TED:' 211 
 
 the best governed city of the world. That, however, in 
 no way reassures the American pessimist, who has put 
 on record his conviction that **the vicious principles 
 evolved m English municipal government will overcome 
 any safeguard, and that it is only a question of time 
 when English cities have a taste of what Now York has 
 been through.- The result of this deep-rooted convic- 
 tion in the American mind, that the elect of the people 
 18 certain to steal if he gets a chance, was that city gov- 
 ernments came into existence dominated by the one 
 desire to paralyze in advance the citv council, to limit its 
 opportunities of stealing, and place it more or less at the 
 mercy of the State Legislatures. The result of this sys- 
 tem, born of cowardice and lack of faith, was to transfer 
 almost all power in New York from the city authorities 
 to Tammany Hall. Tammany, in theory at least, was 
 broad, based upon the peoplo's will, nor was there any 
 limitation to the authority of the Boss. 
 
 After a time the absurdity of this system, and the 
 ruinous results which followed, forced upon the minds 
 of the more intelligent citizens the fact that something 
 must be done, and that at any cost. Some center of 
 local authority must be created which could be trusted 
 not to steal. Mr. Seth Low explains and defends the 
 establishment of the czar-mayor on the theory that cities 
 in their organic capacity are more accurately described 
 as large corporations than as small States. He says: 
 
 ^ "The better results flowing from this theory are easily 
 made clear. Americans are sufficiently adept in the ad- 
 ministration of large business enterprises to understand 
 that, m any such undertaking, some one man must be 
 given the power of direction Ind the choice of hTs chief 
 assistants; they understand that power and responsibil ty 
 must go together from the top to the bottom of every 
 successful business organization. Consequently, when 
 .^ ^ ,,.}i,,„y^ ^J^^^^. J, y^j^^. ^yjjjj jj „„_-„. gg corpora- 
 
213 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED:* 
 
 ^[ 
 
 If 
 
 I 
 
 tion rather than an integral part of the State, the unwill- 
 ingness to organize the city upon the line of concentrated 
 Eower in connection with concentrated responsibility 
 egan to disappear. The charter of the city of Brooklyn 
 is probably as advanced a type as can be found of the 
 results of t'his mode of thinking. In Brooklyn the exec- 
 utive side of the city government is represented by the 
 mayor and the various heads of departments. The legis- 
 lative side consists of a common council of nineteen 
 members, twelve of whom are elected from three dis- 
 tricts, each having four aldermen, the remaining seven 
 being elected as aldermen at largo by the whole city. 
 The people elect three city oflBcers, besides the board of 
 aldermen — the mayor, who is the real as well as the 
 nominal head of the city, the comptroller, who is prac- 
 tically the bookkeeper of the city, and the auditor, 
 whose audit is necessary for the payment of every bill 
 against the city, whether large or small. The mayor 
 appoints absolutely, without confirmation by the com- 
 mon council, all the executive heads of departments. He 
 appoints, for example, the police commissioner, the com- 
 missioner of city works, the corporation counsel or coun- 
 selor at law, the city treasurer, the tax collector, and, 
 in general, all the oflBcials who are charged with executive 
 duties. These officials, in turn, appoint their own sub- 
 ordinates, so that the principle of defined responsibility 
 permeates the city government from top to bottom. The 
 mayor also appoints the board of assessors, the board of 
 education, and the board of elections. The executive 
 officers appointed by the mayor are appointed for a term 
 of two years — that is to say, for a term similar to his 
 own." — Bryce's "American Commonwealth," vol. i. 
 
 This charter first came into effect in January, 1883, 
 and Brooklyn has been governed by czar-mayora ever 
 since. Mr. Seth Low, who was the first czar-mayor in 
 America, and who subsequently served a second time, 
 claims for it the virtues and vices of all despotisms. 
 When you have a good czar nothing can be better. 
 When you have a bad czar nothing can be worse. As he 
 sava. the Brooklvn avstem "made clear to tho oimnleRt: 
 
 ,lf 
 
"SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLA TED." 213 
 
 citizen that the entire character of the city government 
 depends upon the man chosen for the office of mayor." 
 It IS, of course, playing double or quits. If you get a 
 good man, his immense power enables hi- to be potent 
 for good, but if you get a bad one. Heaven help the city! 
 The Brooklyn system was adopted with modification 
 in several towns, notably in Cleveland, in Cincinnati, 
 and to a certain extent in Philadelphia. The same sys- 
 tem was carried out to its ultimate extreme in the char- 
 ter of the city of Quincy, in Massachusetts. Mr. Gamaliel 
 Bradford, of Boston, in the May number of the A7inals 
 of the Amenca?i Academy/ of Political and Social Science 
 for 1893, thus explained the evolution of the czar-mayor 
 as it could be seen in the Quincy charter: 
 
 J1}»,T^^ ^T^'^^^^ ^h^\ *^® '"^y*^^ should be the only 
 executive officia elected at all, and he by general voti 
 of the city, so that he might be the embodiment of the 
 whole administration and responsible for it. That he 
 might be this, he was given the full power of appoint- 
 
 Z^^Jli^ '^'"7^^ ?^ ^^^ subordinates except the school 
 committee, as to whom even the radical framers of the 
 charter shrank from encountering the popular preju- 
 
 ul^. ^V'''^' ^'^}^ ^-^'^^ *h° separate election of officials, 
 whether by popular vote or that of the council, is del 
 structive of all subordination, of all firm or efficient 
 administration, and of all personal responsibility. But 
 the Quincy charter ran counter to another prejudice 
 much more deeply rooted: the requirement of confirma- 
 tion of the mayor's appointments by the council or alder- 
 men. 
 
 "The New York charter of 1884 gave to the mayor the 
 full power of appointment, though that of removal, which 
 seems to be necessary to make the other effective, was 
 still jealously withheld. The Quincy charter gives both 
 powers in full measure. Another object aimed at, 
 tnough with some compromises, was to get rid of boards 
 or commissions, as overriding the mayor and destroying 
 that personal responsibility which was regarded as so 
 important to public opinion. One man in every place 
 
214 'SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED.'* 
 
 that man directly responsible to the mayor alone, and 
 the mayor himself to the people at short intervals: this 
 was she guiding theory. To obviate the almost morbid 
 dread of one man power, it was provided that the 
 • mayor might be removed from office by a three-fourths 
 vote of the council, and a new election ordered. The 
 theory was developed by another provision wholly new in 
 the practice of the country: that the heads of depart- 
 ments, as well as the mayor, should be required to be 
 present at the sessions of the council, to explain the 
 wants of administration, and to give a public account of 
 their stewardship in response to the questions of individ- 
 ual members. It was expected that in this way the 
 strength or weakness of the mayor would be mad o clear 
 to the popular apprehension, and that a better and 
 improving class of men would be chosen with a corre- 
 sponding effect upon city affairs." 
 
 Unfortunately, Mr. Bradford was compelled to admit, 
 what Mr. Charles Francis Adams had previously pointed 
 out, that the experiment of the czar-mayor was, in 
 Quincy, by no means justified by its results. Mr. Brad- 
 ford says: 
 
 "It must be admitted, upon the evidence of leading 
 citizens of Quincy, that the charter has thus far failed to 
 accomplish Its purpose; that extravagance of expendi- 
 ture, local jobbing and caucus politics are as rampant as 
 in other cities in the State." i* "•' «o 
 
 Nevertheless and notwithstanding the disappointment 
 in Quincy, when the charter of Greater New York came 
 to be discussed, the advocates of what may be called the 
 English or normal system of vesting the government of 
 the town in the hands of an elective council were in a 
 hopeless minority, and the charter of New York was 
 drawn up upon the czar-mayor basis. The advocates of 
 the czar-mayor used all the familiar arguments which 
 are employed by apologists for autocracy all over the 
 
chairman of the conimiH„« u V' ■''^- ^" ^^''t. 
 for Greater New York" tU' *?"'"''' "'" "'""'" 
 he wrote: "I am for a 'ar J """f '"^''^'ly «he„ 
 a free right to go agartTh:' """ f ^.'""■' '""'' -""i 
 added, recurring fotwl, ""«.?«»?'«;" and then he 
 Napoleon foumfexVre«Jr " I"," "' '»""'™ '''"oh in 
 believe thartt sCr Kn,?'' 1'" '"' '^^=""J' "^ 
 through the mind o JI^ . ",' ""' ""'"«"« >»eves 
 
 Ilhe didTtrpe „"' wo°;,u°l'"'"''' '" ""^ department, 
 andpne^artjfolirhi"'™ ""'^ ""^ "-'' "> h". 
 
 refo^merflrf 'n'o^et -f , "' "^^ ""''' '' American 
 E. M. Shepp rd de ared "th""""'?'' '"'' "'■ »= ^r. 
 »unioipal 'reform in ::; time Cir""?' ^''"' '» 
 »tep down the inclined ^lan wiioh le dHo d "".'"' 
 My duty is not to dogmatize C '^""V /"'P""™- 
 All that I would ventufeTo 'k f "''^ '" '^^^""''e. 
 
 « that the new reform el to'^' .'' ''^ °' <'°'»'"^»' 
 ^ith the universally aoeept" En„ ll 'ZZ'-T ""'^ 
 of course, be ignored, but equallf w h th„' VT^ ""^■ 
 theory of the fundamental prnoinrofi "'f "=<""»" 
 ment It may be necessary tlfiZ'^e S r"": 
 to cast out the Boss hv tl,„ „ * '""' ^"' a>"l 
 
 Liberals may be tUf, ~rthar i:""'"*'"" 
 dangerous game to cast ont Z ^ •, u , " " "'^ 
 Beelzebub, the prince of ievlls. "" ''^ ""* "'•* "^ 
 
I: i 
 
 210 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WOULD DISPLAYED." 
 
 If 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE CHARTER OF GREATER NEW YORK. 
 
 The charter of Greater New York is the last, or 
 rather the latest, of a long series of charters granted by 
 the State Legislature of New York for the government 
 of the city. There were eleven distinct charters 
 granted between 1816. and 1890, so that the average life 
 af a charter is only four years. The charter preceding 
 this was regarded by Mr. Godkin as the best because it 
 reduced the elective element almost to vanishing point: 
 
 "No community as heterogeneous as ours can manage 
 its affairs successfully through democratic forms without 
 reducing to its lowest possible point the number of 
 executive officers whom it has to watch, and call to ac- 
 count when things go wrong. As soon as responsibility 
 is widely diffused in such a community, 'deals' or bar- 
 gains between politicians for the division of the offices at 
 once begin.'* 
 
 In no community, homogeneous or heterogeneous, can 
 public affairs be managed successfully when the supreme 
 Legislature always stands ready to remodel the charter 
 whenever the minority in the city can command the sup- 
 port of the majority in the State. It is bad enough in 
 London when the minority in the County Council can 
 appeal to the majority in the House of Commons. But 
 the House of Commons only interferes by way of obstruct- 
 ing legislation desired by the Progressive majority. It 
 
'• "S^^'^ilf'S INVISIBLB WORLD msriATJCD." 217 
 never attempts to revolationizo the eonstitntion of tho 
 
 Z'witnr" '!'».""'i<'"'y "' Westminater doe, no 
 agree with the majority at Spring Gardens. 
 
 inVhlT f*?'^*'"^8"" e^ggeration to say that 
 New York h""'^ •""";"''' government of the oUy 
 « r J « ' "'""""'' »' Tammany Hall E«cutive as 
 a Lower House, and the Legislature at Albany as an 
 
 ihey were both governing realities. When Tammanv 
 did not control the State Legislature, Albany wT^lie 
 
 was' thf'" "/ '"P"'""* Bepublican's. How const n 
 was the mterference of the State Legislature may be 
 
 Citit A , • ! * Commission 0... the Government of 
 than Vo ^V" *^' *'° ^'"'" "'""»■> 1880-9 no fewer 
 fZZl tl,?T' r^/'i^ """ """ P"''"" »' Albany 
 fslaturolM h " "' ^''' ^"'^ <="y- A State Leg- 
 
 slature which passes nearly forty laws every year chanf- 
 
 ^cVn'ed^S'"^ ''^ °"^ •"'"'^' '» « "»'" *» '« 
 The demand for Home Enle for the city, often re 
 peated, does not seem to be supported iiearnest bv 
 
 seems willing to risk anything to obtain it. The charter 
 
 to :ted7:'ift: ^"'^ ='■""'« '™" «"> ««-''«^- 
 
 appointed in 1896 to consider and report upon the nm 
 
 fhTl^aT^'f "°" "■"' ""'^"''«"» "'"-e goCnmen'of' 
 the great urban area now known as Greater New York 
 
 The subject had long been under discussion, bit when 
 the charter came to be drafted many drew back Mr 
 Croker asserted that if the citizens had beLpermitTed 
 to vote yea or nay upon the adoption it would never have 
 oome into force. The Referendum was not permit ed 
 and the charter came into force this yew wUho„t th^ 
 preliminary of a popular mass vote. ^ "' ""^ 
 
 i 
 
 U ■ 1 
 
 it 
 
I 
 
 '1 
 
 H 
 
 if 
 
 I if 
 
 218 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD displayed:* 
 
 General Tracy, the Republican candidate at the recent 
 election, was president of the charter commission, with 
 Mr. De Witt as chairman of the committee. Among 
 the other members were Mr. Strong, the mayor of New 
 York; Mr. Seth Low, the first czar-mayor of Brooklyn- 
 Mr. Gilroy, Tammany comptroller of the city of New 
 York, and several other influential men. They unani- 
 mously agreed to recommend the charter as it stands at 
 present, although Mr. Seth Low and Mayor Strong dis- 
 aented from one or two of its provisions. 
 
 The commisioners set to work in the belief that they 
 were framing a constitution for a city which in the life- 
 time of those now living would have 6,000,000 citizens 
 Mr. Do Witt, the chairman of the committee, who tells 
 US that "his embattled energies labored at the charter 
 ^or eight long consecrated months," contemplated with 
 pride the result of his handiwork. Speaking of the 
 charter, he declares: 
 
 "It is adequate to all the emergencies of the vast 
 future. It 18 constructed not merely for the present but 
 for many centuries to come. It has in it all the virtues 
 of existing charters and the vices of none. It will adapt 
 Itself to any extent of domain, and to any multiple of 
 population. As well with a population of ten mSs as 
 wi ha population of three millions, it will "i^e to each 
 neighborhood the utmost care and attention^ Ind to ?he 
 imperial metropolis, as a whole, the utmost dignity and 
 P.^^-u\ ^}l^ ^^'"1 ^/ government for Greater N?wtork 
 consLc'ted.-"''^'^ "^'° ""^''^ ^'''''' London will be 
 
 Without making quite such a lofty claim for the char- 
 ter as this, there is no doubt that it is an important 
 document, and one which will well repay a careful study 
 It IS somewhat voluminous, filling with its annexes no 
 less than one thousand pages. 
 
 j 
 
 m 
 
"Stodies of M„„ioi;;7;^,!^f..^';. Albert Sim*, whose 
 and the New" entitle him^l'"". '" "'" ^^'^ World 
 on the matter, d aU wUh bVrV"'*' ''°'''<' ""'''""'y 
 of the charter was publi 1 L h" "''."'''• "'» """'y'!' 
 J«no. 1897. nnder'tt e „ "Th?"/r" ""■'"'"■""'' 
 parame of Greater New York -' xt ,, "j"""''"'' ^"'■ 
 1»8 olear and concise Idea o, tl,« o' f ^'" P'"'""'^^ 
 Mumey', Magazine, nnderh. .•*?'.*"■ ^"^ ^°"' '» 
 Metropolis." The charter it elf t °' """''"''S ">» 
 I'M been published TlZ»u !' *'"" '" ^'«20 sections, 
 Brooklyn VaUy Lle^TuLTf,!''' T' "' '"« 
 the aid of Dr. Shaw's and Mr Do Vll" """'"' ""'' 
 "bles anyone to form „ ,„? \, ^'"^ analyses, en- 
 the charter does and what ^'''1'"^"'^" '"»" «» '« what 
 Mr. Croker renell^ "'""''" "^^s. 
 
 mayoral contestt; f /haurl 7' ""'"'^ "^ - '' 
 and an absurdity, that the all ",''' ^''" ^ " --'"sity 
 
 it established mnstTno rit, h^r I f"""'''™"' "-ioh 
 even an archangel oo , d l^t "!^ '*'"'"' "'"' ">«* "ot 
 Mr.Orokeroanh'adly esam:b ""'"^ ^^i^'^otorily. 
 but his verdict is sufflcieLtjl ,• "" m^mM j„dge, 
 
 Shaw to justify verymvi ^•'". ^'"""^ ""* that of Dr 
 
 before the eec/nd ^^/^Ttle S"'' " '" ""' P™I"«' 
 
 During my stay in New Vn^^ r . 
 
 interTiewers, begging me to wi !■!"" '""1''^ '"'='^god by 
 
 the charter. Iturnedrdelfeat «,?•"''?' .''''°"«'''<'' 
 femng to make a more oaref ,!l L 'J '"''o-'ations, pre- 
 with the advantage of thel '», •''^ "/ *'"' <"""'«>• "self 
 n<"v I rather shrink from errr" "' "'' ®'""'- ^'^ 
 should be misconstrued as fmr,"^ "" ""'"'»''' '«»' » 
 part to sit in judgment on iT^^'"? ""^ o'"™ on my 
 the "spcnsibilityTf l„v?r„ nr^'^'V? ^"""'^'^ ""h 
 aootorsdifler, th^peoKcMl^^I^l'-.-c"."' "^ 
 
 ' " ^ ^'" iwcai experts 
 
 IJ 
 
S20 "SATAl^'S mvISIBLM WOULD DI3PLAT£!2)." 
 
 are at hopeless variance as to the merits or demerits of 
 the charter, it may perhaps be permitted to a British 
 onlooker, even at a distance of 3,000 miles, to put on 
 record the way ij which the charter strikes him. If 
 this should not be denied me I may say at once that the 
 charter seems to have written on its face thoroughgoing 
 distrust of the people. The aspect of the charter is 
 black with despair. It is far worse as an expression of 
 democratic despair than the Brooklyn charter, for the 
 Brooklyn charter at least trusted the czar-mayor, 
 whereas the New York charter shrinks even from doing 
 that. 
 
 In explaining the provisions of the charter, I prefer 
 to quote from Dr. Shaw's analysis. He says: 
 
 "First comes the mayor, who is entitled the chief 
 executive. He is to be elected for four years and is not 
 eligible for an immediate re-election, and his salary is to 
 be $15,000 a year. The business of city administration 
 is divided into eighteen executive departments. These 
 are the departments of finance, of law, of police, of water 
 supply, of highways, of street-cleaning, of sewers, of 
 public buildings, lighting and supplies, of bridges, 
 of narks, of building, of public charities, of correction, of 
 tiie, of docks and ferries, of taxes and assessments, 
 of education, and of health." 
 
 The members of all these boards, with one exception, 
 are appointed by the mayor, not elected by the people. 
 The one exception is the city comptroller, who is at the 
 head of the Finance Department. He is elected at the 
 same time as the mayor. The mayor also appoints all 
 the members of the five school boards, which look after 
 education in the five boroughs of Greater New York: 
 
 "The system provided for in the new charter puts the 
 executive government wholly into the hands of the eight- 
 een departments, which are practically supreme in their 
 
."lATAN'S mriSIBLB WOBLD DLSPLATm" %%l 
 
 estimate and appS'mpnt»„,i»7''r4' ""« •'""'d <* 
 
 exclusivelv to ihSi:„J ' i"'' """'"^ nominal v belons 
 
 New Yo rcharte" ooXIm '''"'''^' ',1' '" the^Great"? 
 departments:" ' ™"^^™'' "PO" all the eieoutive 
 
 «eS" me'ln^Jti '' "'^''' """ '"" "--P^Us- 
 is divfdedtto 'tt: chamCf'T 1h' TT"'' '"""" 
 
 th^tr^fp'i^rseSrtre ?:csif't "t '™'» 
 
 the oonstrnot on of „o £"1 ^JTeZ^ P^''^^?' '"S^^' 
 
 1SQR V, r* ; ^^^®"> writing in /Smiwer's for October 
 
 asTn thisforemosTd y of the anHf C?''"^ " ^^^^^ 
 ernmoiit originated in a nrnfl? • ^l^^rty, whose gov- 
 
 representatifi^. And i?fs a « if^r^'"'* *'^?^*^" ^^^'^out 
 that this system, which was *^L?^r''' ?'"^"' ^"^"^^^ 
 results of the oyerth"ow of fh!^^''^!?'^ ^^. ^°« ^^ <^hi 
 
 been in operation ffr twenty 4r%-''-''^ ''^r'' ""^ ^«« 
 --. .wy.,rj-.iirce j-uars, is tiie most sue- 
 
m 
 
 € 
 
 It' f 
 
 w 
 
 i^s* ! 
 
 222 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WOULD DISPLAYED," , 
 
 cessful feature of the present form of city government— 
 the only one of which criticism is seldom heard." 
 
 After this non-elective board has approved of the esti- 
 mates, they are then sent down to the municipal as- 
 sembly to be voted. But, says Dr. Shaw, the municipal 
 assembly 
 
 "must complete its action within a certain number of 
 days. It may not add a penny to the estimates at any 
 point whatsoever. It is permitted to throw out items or 
 to make reductions, but it must not offset these by vot- 
 ing increased sums for any object. When it has com- 
 Eleted its consideration the budget goes to the mayor for 
 is final action. The mayor has authority to veto any 
 amendments that the municipal assembly may have 
 made. That is to ^ay, he may restore any amounts that 
 have been subtracted.'* 
 
 But, it will be said, the mayor's veto may be over- 
 ridden. It may, but only if there is a majority of five- 
 sixths of the municipal assembly against him. Such 
 unanimity is practically unattainable. 
 
 It would, indeed, seem as if the chief purpose of the 
 municipal assembly was to give its members practical 
 lessons in the working of simple sums of vulgar fractions. 
 Again, to quote Dr. Shaw: 
 
 "No man will ever become intimate enough with the 
 provisions of this charter— no matter how many years he 
 may sit in the municipal assembly— to know for a cer- 
 tainty, without careful reference to the document by 
 what kind of a majority a particular piece of business 
 must be carried to have validity. Some actions in the 
 municipal assembly may be taken bjr a majority of those 
 present and voting, provided there is a quorum. Other 
 things may be done by a simple majority of all those 
 elected; still others require a two-thirds majority of all 
 those elected, others a three-fourths majority, others a 
 four-fifths majority, others a five-sixths majority, and 
 
)A7ED," 
 
 jovernment — 
 
 eard. 
 
 fi 
 
 3d of the esti- 
 municipal as- 
 bhe municipal 
 
 iin number of 
 mates at any 
 V out items or 
 ; these by vot- 
 1 it has com- 
 the mayor for 
 y to veto any 
 t)ly may have 
 amounts that 
 
 may be over- 
 ijority of five- 
 t him. Such 
 
 3urpose of the 
 ibers practical 
 ilgar fractions. 
 
 lOugh with the 
 many years he 
 now for a cer- 
 I document by 
 30 of business 
 actions in the 
 jority of those 
 lorum. Other 
 ;y of all those 
 majority of all 
 ority, others a 
 majority, and 
 
 il 
 
 w 
 
 
 MAYOR STRONG 
 
 FIKIH FHOTO ay lUONV 
 
 y 
 
fi 
 
 \ 
 
 » I 
 
-SATAifs mymBZB wonzn i>mPZArm: ,,^ 
 
 sMl"ottr'ptoe™Z'!f; ^ ^^P""' ">at there n,»y be 
 tain actions? but t&e„ ?!;»?7l"'"' "''"'»''« '<>■• cer! 
 
 the powers conferred ^^X"''' "«''"'' "'^ «''"''« »' 
 
 popular elected assembly appe^™ al 1 "T' "' ""> 
 popular assembly is emasonlS / f, ■" *"'"• ^he 
 •nent ol its exiltenor T T "'" "^''y fl"-"' ".o- 
 
 Wght of initia«: T„a e« o? the ' ';"""' "' *"» 
 elaborate provieions <Zm^Lf ^ «'!'.™on,ent, and 
 
 exercise of the author"; Xtt S'T ''* \' ^"^ 
 regard as absolutely iudisp^n able Tn*'.'^ "e should 
 municipal assembly is forS i '«'° '''"'' "•« 
 
 or right to "seThT; bt S" ef "? '"■'' '""""'^^ 
 proval of the Board nfTi-.f! "''P' "?»» *•>« ap- 
 and then only forTmited^f." "f Apportionmen?, 
 periodical re-valUtTons ^T ' '""' "^"^ P"'"^'*"' '«' 
 
 not allowed to'Ltir any w^rr^X/r "^ '' 
 diture of anv lar^fl sum «* 1 involving the expen- 
 
 to dispose jt iTChtr To' w ;„"t7,r '; 
 
 the concurrence of f }i« r^o^j * t^ . ^ ^ '^^^» without 
 
 X"r an^d^rth^'m*:'"" r-""™^^^ 
 
 by a simple rariVlT^I^ '?.''' "'^'""''^ """"o' ^»te 
 «♦ iiree quaS of it, 1 " "'"'"'■»'" » majority 
 nothing. ItYs possible th!?t '"f"'''"""'' " ««" ''o 
 assembly, plu one ot », J ^^'/u' ""' '"»"" " the 
 itisi»/;siblVa"dX':aTe ' r ^L^tr!"'- /■"-'. 
 
m "SATAN'S tNVmiBLB WORLD DlSPlATBD.*' 
 
 the assembly which, according to ordinary English ideas, 
 ought to be the source, seat, and center of all powers. 
 No doubt clauses exist conferring upon the assembly 
 certain powers, bat at the end of the clauses you will 
 always find that they have not to be exercised excepting 
 on the initiative of some department which is not elec- 
 tive, or with a concurrence of some board which is 
 equally free from the taint of a popular elective origin. 
 
 All that, however, is consistent enough with the 
 Napoleonic conception of the true method of democratic 
 governmeut. Napoleon, with his ministers of state, 
 never claimed to exercise such control over the Corps 
 LSgislatif^a the Mayor of Greater New York will exer- 
 cise over his elec|;ive assembly. He is allowed a free 
 hand to appoint his own executive, and he can pass his 
 own budget, so long as he can find one-sixth plus one of 
 the assembly to support him. The creation of the czar- 
 mayor, however interesting as indicative of the rooted 
 distrust of elective assemblies which is supreme at pres- 
 ent in the American mind, is not the feature of the 
 charter which reveals most deeply how far the distrust 
 of popular government has gone in the United States. 
 For, after giving the mayor supreme responsibility, and 
 electing him for a term of four years, these astonishing 
 charter-makers carefully provide that he shall only have 
 a right to remove the commissioners whom he has been 
 allowed to appoint during the first six months of his 
 term of oflBce. It is this limitation which shows how 
 thoroughly the modern American distrusts his governing 
 men. Faith in an elective council has perished utterly; 
 but faith in a czar-mayor might have shown 
 at least the survival of some faith in the elective 
 principle. But the stipulation carefully made in the 
 charter that the mayor's right to remove the heads of 
 departments whom he has nominated shall cease six 
 
Bnglish ideas, 
 )f all powers. \ 
 the assembly 
 luses you will 
 sed excepting 
 h is not elec- 
 ard which is 
 3tive origin, 
 gh with the 
 of democratic 
 Brs of state, 
 /er the Corps 
 ork will exer- 
 llowed a free 
 Q can pass his 
 h plus one of 
 a of the czar- 
 )f the rooted 
 ireme at pres- 
 latiire of the 
 r the distnst 
 Fnited States, 
 nsibility, and 
 e astonishing 
 all only have 
 I he has been 
 onths of his 
 h shows how 
 his governing 
 ished utterly; 
 lave shown 
 the elective 
 made in the 
 the heads of 
 all cease six 
 
 It 
 
 ■SATAlf'a mmiBLB mSLD DtSPLATBD." m 
 
 inonths after his election is the most astounding illua. 
 ration yet ailordod of the deep-reoted distrn J^whid. 
 the Amencan of to-day has in all eleeted raen. 
 
 woriting of city governments, declared: 
 
 meT„?tlf "co™EL°e/r'°'A''= i'^" «' "f »PP«int- 
 should be vested i "1 e mTvor M*"""" °' .''epartments 
 be subject to no check bS'tnt o^f" mfn"' .?""""" '" 
 for such removals-expressed in wriEi',g'-^ "" '"^"'^^ 
 
 m%t.lt ^r' *'" *"''' "^■"•■"••'yor of Brooklyn, and 
 Neiv York ' hl""?"^ "' ?' ^'''°"" A<i.n,„istrati;n „ 
 fhU '. \'^'"''"''' '" " snppleraMtary repor 
 their conviction that the anthoritv eiven tn th„ L 
 
 »ake appointments without conSm: n o> g t "'0^° 
 "ith It as a matter of course, the authorify to S 
 removal, m the public interest without ch rges at anv 
 t^me. Iheir protests, however, were overruled The 
 
 by eighteen separate departments, not 0, e „f wl ch^s 
 directly responsible or accountable to anybody tLv 
 
 on tbe t,,/,.,„,, thrfs'n"o' :wrrTh zTi- 
 
 hold them accountable." Says Dr. Shaw: 
 
 some knowledge of the snhw^ fh \rP'^''^°"' ^^'^m 
 municipal assemblies nrovir .?/'«. '^ *^^' '''^ '^^«^«^^y 
 Petersburg and Moscow hi/ i '^™^ ^T' -^^^ ^^^ St. ' 
 financial futhori y tha^^^ and 
 
 the GreaterNew York anJ T ^f^."^"°i«iPal assembly of 
 neither in the „dmH-- ?r '"'" T\''^'^ *^ Relieve th«f. 
 - m tne «€{mia..tratiou of those Eusdan cities 
 
( 
 
 22C "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WOULD DISFLAYED.*' . 
 
 nor in the administration of the Russian provincial 
 governments will one find a bnreaucratic system so com- 
 plete and so indirect in its responsibilities to the public 
 as the bureaucracy which the Greater New York charter 
 creates.** 
 
 There is no necessity to go further. I have quoted 
 enough to justify the title of "Despairing Democracy;'* 
 for here we have a democracy in such depths of desp ir 
 that it first emasculates its elective assembly, and then 
 hamstrings its Caesar. 
 
 h. 
 
'SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED." 227 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 GOVERKMENT BY NEWSPAPER. 
 
 Twelve years ago I employed part of the leisure I 
 enjoyed in the safe retreat of Holloway Jail in wrVZ an 
 essay on ''Government by Journalism '> In tL e"!av 
 which was published after my release in the cteZ: 
 
 Z'joZZ' T' \"^«^^i"r"^^y -Published under the tH le 
 A Journalist on Journalism," I expounded a theorv as 
 
 s t': uTt mat;' 'T'^'': ^^^^^°'- ^' *^« i-"7li t 
 as the ultimate depository of power in modern democracy. 
 
 most joomaliats. Yet it they conld but think Silthl 
 thl1olroL\T^''' <" Pr?'- ''°™P-e<l wifh wh oh 
 
 who2a^^:'?dTf o^7h^{i/ttK''!f^l ^.!™-°iT *'■-'' 
 
228 ^'SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD displayed:* 
 
 much copy, to be only paid for according to quantity, 
 like sausages or rope-yarn. Bunyan's man with the 
 muck-rake has many a prototype on the press. To dress 
 contemporary controversy day by day in the jacket of 
 party, to serve up with fresh sauce of current events the 
 hackneyed commonplaces of politics— that iu their eyes 
 IS journalism; but to rulef Yet an editor is the 
 uncrowned king of an educated democracy. Tho range 
 of his power is limited only by the extent of his 
 knowledge, the quality rather than the quantity of his 
 circulation, and the faculty and force which he can 
 bring to the work of government. 
 
 "An extraordinary idea seems to prevail with the 
 eunuchs of the craft that leadership, guidance, govern- 
 ance are alien to the calling of a journalist. Those con- 
 ceptions of what is a journalist's duty, if indeed they 
 recognize that imperious word as having any bearing 
 upon their profession, is hid in mystery. If it may be 
 inferred from their practice, their ideal is to grind out a 
 column of more or less well-balanced sentences, capable 
 of grammatical construction, conflicting with ng social 
 conventionality or party prejudice, which fills so much 
 space in the paper, and then utterly, swiftly, and forever 
 vanishes from mortal mind. How can they help to make 
 up other people's minds when they have never made ud 
 their own? ^ 
 
 "Even as it now is, with all its disabilities and all its 
 limitations, the press is almost the most effective instru- 
 ment for discharging many of the functions of govern- 
 ment now left us. It has been, as Mr. Gladstone 
 remarked, and still is, the most potent engine for the 
 reform of abuses that we possess, and it has succeeded to 
 many of the functions formerly monopolized by the 
 House of Commons. But all that it has been is but a 
 shadow going before of the substance which it may yet 
 possess, when all our people have learned to read, and 
 the press is directed by men with the instinct and capac- 
 ity of government." ^ 
 
 Now it so happened by a curious coincidence that just 
 about the time I was penning these sentences in happy 
 Holloway, a youth fresh from Harvard, the heir to one of 
 
1 with the 
 
 ^'SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD displayed:* 229 
 
 the greatest fortunes in the United States, was deciding 
 to devote his life to the journalistic profession. Mr. W 
 R. Hearst was the son of Senator Hearst, one of the 
 lucky handful of men who carae out from tlie develop- 
 ment of the silver mines of the far West with many 
 soiid millions of sterling gold in his possession. As heir 
 to the Hearst millions, nothing would have been moreia 
 accordance with the ways of the millionaire class than 
 for the young graduate to have given himself up to a life 
 of self-indulgent ease. Young Hearst, however, had no 
 inclination for sloth. Journalism attracted him, and he 
 set himself to learn the business of the craft. Money, of 
 course, was available to secure him ample opportunity to 
 indulge his whim, and before long he began to try his 
 prentice hand as editor and proprietor of the San Fran- 
 cisco Examiner. He soon proved that he possessed the 
 editorial instinct as well as the capitalist's purse, and the 
 Examiner began to be heard of far beyond the Pacific 
 coast as one of the smartest specimens of American 
 journalism. 
 
 But the Pacific coast is a long way off. To reign in 
 San Francisco is less than to serve in New York, and Mr. 
 Hearst soon began to turn a longing eye to the Eastern 
 capital. The same loadstone that drew Mr. Pulitzer 
 from St. Louis to make the New York World the latest 
 and greatest of American newspapers compelled Mr. 
 Hearst to come to the same city to found a newspaper 
 which would be even later and greater than the World. 
 It was with Mr. Hearst as it was with Themistocles when 
 the laurels of Miltiades would not allow him to sleep. 
 The laurels of Mr. Pulitzer were equally productive of 
 insomnia in the Examiner office. At last, when Senator 
 Hearst died, and the young editor of thirty found him- 
 self in indisputed control of a million or two—pounds, 
 not dollars— with » reversionary right on the death of hi« 
 
 ^i 
 
r 
 
 230 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED." 
 
 mother to several millions more, he was in a position to 
 realize his ambition. Crossing the coi tinent he pur- 
 chasod the New Yoik Morning Journal from Mr. Pulit- 
 zer's brother Albert, and began the siege of New York. 
 The World was then in the height of its prosperity. In 
 ten years it had built up a circulation without a rival 
 in the western hemisphere. The Paris PetU Journal 
 alone distanced the World in Europe. The great gilded 
 dome of the World office, which every night, radiant 
 with electric light, sits as a crown of flame upon the 
 city's brow, did not rise more conspicuously above the 
 other buildings in its vicinity than the World towered 
 aloft above its contemporaries. When Mr. Hearst sat 
 down in New York he had one ambition, and—so far as 
 he allowed any one to see his secret thoughts— one ambi- 
 tion only. He would publish a newspaper which would 
 beat the World. 
 
 He began operations by annexing the pick of the staff 
 of the World. Journalists in the United States sit by no 
 means so tightly in their chairs as they do in this coun- 
 try. The Americans are a restless race. Whether it is 
 that the nomad redskin left a migratory contagion in tho 
 air, or whether the force of gravitation has been suspended 
 on their behalf, or whatever else the cause may be, the 
 fact is indisputable. Whether in politics, in the press, or 
 elsewhere, they shift about with a readiness that seems 
 strangely unnatural to the more stolid Englishman, who 
 is apt to root himself like his native oak. Hence it was 
 possible for Mr. Hearst to begin his campaign in New 
 York by taking away from Mr. Pulitzer several of the 
 brightest and brainiest members of his staff. They left 
 the World to form the staff of the Journal, with regrets, 
 no doubt, but without hesitation. For the terms of Mr. 
 Hearst were better than those of Mr. Pulitzer, and they 
 went. Mr. Pulitzer, alarmed by the secession, induced 
 
"SATAN'S INViaiBLK WORLD maPLAYBD." 231 
 
 fTn'^ '« " 'f ?'"" '•y '""^ """ o' »*"' better terms 
 than Mr. Hearst, but the young man with the inhcritea 
 m-lhone outbid the older jour.mliat who hud raado H» 
 
 "'"''» f tafl. If there bo something of Dugald Dulirettv 
 «bo„t this sudden transfer of allegiance in IngM^vel'^ 
 It was ent,rely in accordance with the habits and Z^ 
 of American journalism. A change in propriot .r. or in 
 editors will be followed by a flrini out of a Is 
 
 he members of which no more lament over , ,, flu 
 than gypsies deplore the fall of their tent-poles, 
 lo th3 men recruited from the^o«n,a;, Mr. Hearst 
 
 pamhTT^f ? ',""" *■'' ^'"""''"'-' staff and as , 
 paid the higlieat salaries going, he had the pick of the 
 
 anu well. But his first choice and the most valuable 
 member of his staff was himself. No one did more to 
 give the newspaper character and success than theyom , 
 
 thr rh'tTe hi: r" r '" """' "■ '- ^^-'-S 
 
 through the hottest nights in the sultry summer toiling, 
 away at proofs and forms nntil the oarfy ho," when hf 
 saw his paper to press. Members of his staff wlo were 
 worked like niggers could not complain when Uiey sa" 
 their chief working harder than any „f his aTaried 
 employees "A millionaire," they said, "in hi sl^t- 
 sleeves! He could not work harder if he were wo k ng 
 on space for his daily bread !" wormng 
 
 After having formed his staff, Mr. Hearst launched 
 his paper, pnbhshing it at a cent. The New York 
 Hemld IS published at three cents. The World was riuh 
 ■shed at two cents. Mr. Hearst boldly reduced the prce" 
 
 eght and a twelve page paper at a price below the cos 
 
 he h»'dr'"'"r- *^^P"'"^»^. recognizing that at « 
 ne had found a real rival v^ri^n^^ ^ .•. , ,, „. ^"I 
 
 m 
 
 \i 
 
232 'SATAN'S INVISIBLE WOULD DISPLAYED." 
 
 to a cent. From that day to this the two rivals have 
 wrestled together without ceasing. They both publish 
 morning and afternoon and Sunday editions. They both 
 are profusely illustrated. They both cater directly and 
 avowedly for the million, and the million responds. 
 The weaker of the old-fashioned papers went down be- 
 neath the feet of the contending giants as the forests went 
 down under the trampling of St. Tammany and the 
 devil. But the circulation of the Journal went up 
 steadily, until in two years Mr. Hearst had a Sunday 
 circulation of 400,000 at five cents, while the average 
 daily sales of th9 morning and evening Journals reached 
 350,000. The circulation of the World was not seri- 
 ously impaired. Thei Jo7irnal grew not at the expense 
 of its rival so much as at the expense of the other papers 
 which were less up-to-date. 
 
 Of course this result was not achieved without pro- 
 digious expenditure. Never before were such salaries paid 
 on any newspaper. The secrets of the counting-house 
 are not revealed to tho outside world, but Mr. Hearst is 
 said to have half a dozen editors and artists, each of 
 whom 'draws the salary of a cabinet minister. Money 
 flowed like water. Nothing was too much to pay for a 
 first-class, exclusive piece of intelligence. Journalists of 
 the old school stood aghast .t the JournaV^ prices. 
 And what made the expbnditure appear still more out^ 
 rageous, for a long time there were practically no re- 
 ceipts. Advertisers, even in the United Staias, are a 
 conservative race. A newspaper appealed in vain for 
 their support. They would come in, but only at low 
 prices. Mr. Hearst said they migh^ stay out; they must 
 come in at his prices or not at all. They took him at 
 his word and stayed out— for a time. The direct cash 
 lost on the first year's editing or the Journal could 
 hardly be less than 11,000,000, if, indeed, U, did not large- 
 ly exceed that sum« 
 
"8ATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD displayed:' 233 
 
 People began to wonder what Mr. Hearst was after. 
 
 He could not bo after the dollar. He was not known to 
 
 have any distinctive political aspirations. He was 
 
 spoken of sometimes as the Socialist millionaire, but he 
 
 never professed any belief in Socialism as a dogma of his 
 
 creed. Was it only to beat the World? Who could say? 
 
 The Journal plunged heavily and got hit badly by its 
 
 advocacy of Bryanism and free silver, but Mr. Hearst 
 
 was no fanatic of silver. He was not a fanatic at all. 
 
 He was a man as modest in private life as his prper was 
 
 blatant in print. His editorials were searched in vain to 
 
 discover any consistent or inconsistent creed. The 
 
 Journal was like Broadway in print— Broadway at high 
 
 noon, with cars swinging backward and forward along the 
 
 tracks, and the myriad multitudes streaming this way 
 
 and that, life everywhere, but one common governing 
 
 purpose or direction nowhere. 
 
 But after a time there was gradually evolved from this 
 feverish chaos of sensationalism some trace of a great 
 conception. Mr. Croker, who, although not glib of 
 tongue, is shrewd of wit and keen of eye, discerned its 
 drift, and set himself to ridicule and belittle **govern- 
 ment by newspaper." Then the Journal itself, taking 
 heart of grace from a series of successes, boldly printed 
 at the head of its editorial columns: 
 
 THE "JOURNAL'S" MOTTO: 
 While Others Talk, the 'Journal' Acts. 
 
 (< 
 
 This appeared immediately after the announcement of 
 the release of the fair heroine Evangelina Cisneros 
 from her Cuban jail by the enterprise of a Journal re- 
 porter. It was followed by an editorial entitled "The 
 Journalism that Does Things." This .article expresses 
 ao succinctly the aims and objects of a paper which has 
 
 
 •m 
 
 M 
 
 ^4 
 
 
 ;>! 
 
 I 
 
 n 
 
u 
 
 334 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WOULD DISPLAYED." 
 
 played so conspicuous a part in the recent history of 
 New York that I have no hesitation in quoting it here: 
 
 ^I'u^® instant recognition accorded throughout the 
 world outside of Weyler's palace and the offices of most 
 New York newspapers, to the work of the heroes who 
 m the service of the Journal and of humanity rescued 
 Evangelina Cisneros from the prison of the £i id as is 
 broader and deeper than a mere compliment to a single 
 ne^vspaper, It is epochal. It signifies that by Tfu! 
 preme achievement the journalism of action, which I 
 called by Its detractors the 'new journalism/ aid proudlv 
 accepts the tit e, has broken do4n the barkers onrei^ 
 udice and vindicated its animating principle ^ ^ 
 
 ^ Action— that IS the distinguishing mark of the new 
 journa .sm. It represents thi final !tage in the evolu! 
 tion of the modern liewspaper of a cintury agoltlm 
 new journals' of their da? told the new , and fome of 
 them niade grea efforts to get it first. The new journal 
 of to-day prints the news too, but it does more. It does 
 
 '^ntJ'l ^""^' *' *".^" "P- I* *"rns them up 
 It has taken some time for the understanding and 
 appreciation of these novel methods to becbZ general 
 
 ^L'''''' V?f "^^'y^'^^ the Journal has found^n im- 
 mense constituency eager to welcome them. It has nr^ 
 vided for this sympathetic body of readers a con fnuCs 
 
 Examples" "^ "'''^^' '^''^'' ^^ "^^^ recTl afew 
 '^The Journal has always been an energetic ally of the 
 Cuban patriots. It has rendered them I varie y of im! 
 portant services, of which the rescue of Miss Cisneros^. 
 nierely the latest. Another of a simile houTTea 
 dramatic sort, was its action in forcing the Spanish 
 authorities to issue passports to the widow and chndren 
 of Dr. E.cardo Rmz, the American dentist who was 
 "JV/dered by his jailers in Havana. 
 
 When the Casper Whitney put to sea with water 
 oozing ,„ through every joint, the /oi^maJflecureT an 
 
 Sh,^^*''?I^'-^ 'T^'^'^ "^ "^« removal of CaptaiS 
 i^airchiid, of the inspection service ^ 
 
 yeZ8'off'wl%''''l^i'^.?uP'""'"*« ^^^h chartered 
 vessels off Sandy Hook that the ordinary flags of the in- 
 
"^^'TAm INVISIBLE WOULD displayed:' 235 
 
 another occasion, when a fire in East Thirfv fifV^Qf I 
 
 thecal? tH^rLT'''" ^"^'^'^"'^^-'-^ 
 ir^!?r *®^ Vj^ristmas dinner, and then, with the -o 
 
 f^r^lCi^f '^' ''^^'''' established th^m in newlv 
 
 in tl e'^direct^n'^f f^^'^'' ^''^'''' ^''^ «^ the Jo" mS 
 L Len tr« pllr J^^^P^^^ment of social conditions 
 
 £n.a^„T^sts:'rH^S?:r-2f;^S 
 
 future development and expansion. unlimited 
 
 Last winter, when the aldermen had undertaken fo 
 
 K LlerSnd"'^ franchisefor the use of tTe street "o a 
 
 unctions unon MZ^l ''^^^7' ^^^ ^^^^^^^«^ ««r^ed ut 
 •Arfu P*^." *"® board and prevented the mitrflaA 
 
 At the ume time it fought at Albany for do ar ^as wfth 
 
 pe iedr^ield'^to'r^r- ^^P>^^'« 4islature wl's corn! 
 pel ed to yie d to public opinion to the extent of passing 
 
 fnvnlP'°!l^'^^ ^^' ^ ^^"«^«1 reduction. The practTce of 
 invoking the law against unfaithful public servants has 
 been repeated recently with signal success in the case of 
 Commissioner of Public Works Collis and' lis net oon 
 F^t^^A^nf ^ '^^" ^^"^^^"^^ *^ rate^^^e^Hf 
 m^lH''*? *i!° -^"1? ^'''°'" "inrder seemed an insoluble 
 
 S of i'"s own^'^iTi *l'' •'""T^ "'«'">'^''' « ™'« i" 
 xorce 01 Its own, and m two or three days identified fho 
 
 I ntJ"f P"^^?r'-yPP'.' «"^ ^i« assassins.^ ind when the 
 „ __ ,„i,^j, ►JncMui uy alleging that an 
 
 AH 
 
 /).| 
 
m "SATAN'B INVISIBLE WOULD DISPLATBD.** " 
 
 engine could be seen for a distance of one thousand five 
 hundred feet, the Journal took a counterpart of the 
 wrecked tally-ho outfit to the scene, approved bv 
 actual measurement that the driver could not have seen 
 J?.ni,^^-?vf *k'"^ train until his leaders were on the 
 ''^^Jml'''*^ *^^ ^"g^°e eighty.four feet away. 
 
 Iheseareafewof the public services by which the 
 Journal has illustrated its theory that a newspaper's 
 duty IS not confined to exhortation, but that wheSngs 
 
 ^h\rV.T¥' f^°^^^ ^''^^ ''' th^"' right if po^s! 
 ri^nt'n ^^^^.'-''^'.antexeniphcationof this theory in the 
 rescue of Miss Cisneros has finally commended it to the 
 approval of almost the entire reading world." 
 
 These things, all of them, or almost all, are good. 
 Some of them are very good. But all of them together 
 do not prove that in Mr. Hearst we have the man of 
 whom Mr. Lowell spoke when he said: 
 
 "Methinks ^he editor who should understand his call- 
 ing and be equal thereto would truly deserve that title 
 oinoi^iry AaoffK, which Homer bestows upon princes. He 
 would be the Moses of our nineteenth Century 
 the captain of our Exodus into the Canaan of a truer 
 social order. 
 
 Still Mr. Hearst is far and away the most promising 
 journalist whom I have yet come across. He has educa- 
 tion, youth, energy, aptitude, wealth, and that instinc- 
 tive journalistic sense which is akin to genius. If in 
 addition to these great qualifications he were to realize 
 the possibilities of his vocation, and to become inspired 
 by a supreme enthusiasm— say to redeem New York, and 
 make the second city in the world in size the first city of 
 the world as a place of human habitation— there is no 
 knowing what incalculable good might lie within his 
 grasp. Certainly no man in all New York has such a 
 chance of combining all the elements that make for 
 
righteousneaa and progress in the city as the vonns Ca!i 
 
 ihttTr.!' '"' "" S™"'' '''='"«i°'> "'»» to iraaWno 
 
 Beoai.so It ,3 a newspaper. The habit of running news- 
 
 undertakings has so largely discounted the influence ot 
 he press as to lead n,any shrewd observ.rs to d" Le 
 that they would just as soon have the newspapers agaW 
 then, as m their favor. Carter Harrison had eve v news 
 
 elected o the mayoralty by an overwhelming maioritv 
 
 stid f:r tie"'""' u" '""' "''' "«"- '"'t i? h h/d 
 stood for the mayoralty of New York he would wish for 
 nothing better than that every newsnaJrT Th! ■/ 
 should be against him, in whicVca7he regarded 1^ 
 uccess as a certainty. Tammany at one timl^corrupted 
 the newspapers. At another time it bullied tW 
 Now it disregards them. "Mere nelpap r ta k ' 
 r.0 h,„g can be more contemptnons than that ~ 
 
 If New York is to be raised to the nosifinn „f i, • 
 the ideal city of the new world ft tiU n'o h „ to b '"bf 
 mere newspaper talk, but by the man behind the neJf 
 paper who can make his newspaper the organizlnrvMy: 
 
 !L I l^' . ■■• ^*"" *«» «<»■' «>io»gh and heart 
 
 r/o5 h-: cZoe! "• ' '- ■"" "''"' -y - «■-" 
 
 
 3 a 
 
 i 'i 
 
 1 Jj'i 
 
m "8ATAN^a mnaiBLS! WOKLD DISPLAYSD- 
 
 K .n 
 
 » 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 WHY NOT TflY THE INQUISITIONS'? 
 
 "Never prescribe until you ..o called in." is an 
 
 excel^nt niaxim, which like that other .naro pithy .aying, 
 
 Mind your own bnsiness," has one .ome>vhat serious 
 
 'u-awback. If construed literally a.iO obeyed in spirit as 
 
 well as ,n letter, thay would .p.edily extinguish our' 
 
 look after other people's business~to chronicle it in 
 the first place, to comment upon it in the second. It is 
 the privilege ol the profession. 
 
 There is no cau.e for resenting the innocent liberty of 
 criticism and suggestion which is exercised by the press. 
 It can only too easily be ignored; nor has the journalist 
 any means beyond the opportunity of representation and 
 of persuasion for giving effect to his proposals. He has 
 no authority .xcept that which belongs to every man 
 who sees things as they are, and the authority pertains 
 
 atherfh / k"^''"' ''''''' ''' ''^'^ ^^'^ 'is eye 
 rather than to his personal position. Hence those who 
 
 object to the ''damned impudence of the newspaper 
 inan" have only to shut their eyes and close thelTs 
 lu^-IZn:'^"^^^^^^^ effectively from the area of hi^ 
 The journalist who in the course of his public duty 
 ventures to pry into "the secrets of the pi: m-house- is 
 always met by its keepers with an outcry cI indignation 
 and resentment. "Why are you poking your no n 
 
"SAtisps iitrmBLn world mptArsD." J39 
 
 'Xffd '",.'■'' 'r'" "Sg""^'" chorus; "joustavat 
 iho fi,7 ? that plausible demand put forward hv 
 
 X7™r .rr.!?" •"-""•' '»•""* 
 
 fedng with hi8 plunder.' kTL the al'^'r '"*''; 
 officious meddlinff in "wLf 7 accusation of 
 
 f h« fi.of r^: , "°^ ^° what 18 no concern of vours" ia 
 
 ioJ™.l- J®"""^ '' immeasurably increased when the 
 
 Tu 4taVh~'Tr t ir o'r "»'" 
 
 the Jti.ent'':'/o;:naerparer;a:^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 pickings and stealings behind the sacred folds of th» 
 aationa flag. When I was in Chicago five vearsLo? 
 was serious y told bv a diatim,,,;.!, J a " ^ ^ 
 that it was iL«erariil"S;tn^:;7- -'J- 
 I.»h any opinion on current American aflafrs tnt^? i 
 
 t' aescriDe what he sees and to sav wiiaf i^« *u- i 
 
 »:^C— iu^v"^";'^ °'^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 S i^orainuniti;,^ wxiiua praier the Stars and Stripes 
 
 ^^ 
 

 ( 
 
 ; 
 
 m 
 
 540 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLATEW* 
 
 to the Union Jack. This curious recrudescence of per- 
 verted nationalism, which would deny the right of com- 
 ment on American affairs to every one not born or 
 naturalized in the American Republic, is after all noth- 
 ing more than a partial reversion to the savage's jealousy 
 of the stranger who was not a member of the tribe. Let 
 us be thankful that the reversion is not complete, other- 
 wise I should have cause for thankfulness that I escaped 
 with my life. 
 
 We may, however, brush on one side these absurdities 
 born of the morbid sensitiveness of the half-grown, who 
 are always suspecting that every word of criticism con- 
 ceals an assumptioi^ of superiority, and a denial of the 
 rights which the full-grown regard as too self-evident to be 
 questioned. Rational adults do not in these days require 
 a certificate of origin before listening to the ideas of 
 those who are interested in their affairs. The stranger, 
 no doubt, will often make mistakes, which any tyro to 
 the manner born would have avoided. He is like a 
 Frenchman attempting to make a speech in English. 
 But, despite his blunders in details, he looks at things 
 from a different standpoint, he brings to their considera- 
 tion the experience gained in other communities, and 
 although he may make himself a fool now and then— 
 which Lowell reminded us is one of the inalienable 
 rights of man — he will often strike out new ideas 
 which even by their very absurdity may bear good fruit 
 by rousing attention and provoking discussion. 
 
 At the close of this cursory survey of one of the grav- 
 est problems which can occupy the attention of man- 
 kind, the reader may fairly expect me to say whether I 
 see any way out. Must we despair of democracy, then, 
 after all, and abandon all hope of governing great cities 
 by the time-honored machinery of elective assemblies? 
 Is the dictator indispensable for the salvation of the Be- 
 
"SATAN'S mnsiBlB WORID mSPLA TO).- 841 
 piiblio? And if we cannot get along without his author. 
 
 ttt t " w!!' '"'' "•" '" """^ W^ "iniaters after 
 the arst eighth of his term of office? 
 
 hon?tV»t'r° ""'"'".T ' ™"'"' to suggest any replies, I 
 hope that I may not be accused of attempting arrogantlv 
 to dogmafze upon the solution of local problems he con! 
 d.fons of which it has been obviously impossible for me 
 master at first hand. Neither can I preind to be fr"e 
 from b as or partiality. If my critics complain that my 
 suggestions are based upon my inherited ingrained pr7 
 udices, strengthened by a professional insLcr raTer 
 
 facts "C T'^T' """ ^■"'^''"'" ^^^i^tion o} all the 
 facts, I make no demur. For in dealing with all these 
 
 trhl?T"°"f '\ '' ^^'"""'y ""«'»" to «li°> » e 
 
 ir»l , . """^ l""" """y ^' ^'"d "> date back to the 
 cradle and beyond the cradle. 
 
 Hence, for instance, if I scout the notion that there is 
 
 YoVrT l^ ''rP''i"''S °' democracy, even in New 
 lork City, this adoption of the watchword of "Never 
 
 ne tre'r'i 'Iwl f""'"'^^'" '"° ""'^^'O-' -nvicrns 
 nether of which has anything to do with the local cir 
 
 cumstances of New York. One is a fundamental faith 
 
 ith»,.rr,!w'.^''™"'°'"* «' *•>» universe, the 
 other a beljef that in the evolution of human sodety 
 
 democracy has arrived, and has come to stay. "Time 
 brings not back the mastodon," neither despite the 
 present reversion to the tyrant of the old Greek city, in 
 the shape of the czar-mayor, do I think that the great 
 stream of progress is about to change its channel. We 
 seem to be witnessing a temporary backwash. I cannot 
 believe that the American democracy W permanently for- 
 ^,w 7 ./ "°°° proclaimed ts the fundamental 
 principle of democratic institutions. Jefferson's familiar 
 
 :-4r4^"^„r^r"^' ^^-'o-^^o'^^^" every speech 
 ,^.-n vae worda, Demida est Vari-ngo, so do I every 
 
 * i 1*0 
 
!UZ "SA TAN'S INVISIBLB WOSLD DJ PU Tm.» 
 
 opinion with the injunction, 'Divido the counties into 
 wards' " — embody advice that i? oo much in accord 
 with all the traditions of the English-speaking race that 
 I may be pardoned for believing that it expresses the 
 sound principle of local self-government rather thr, owe 
 new-fangled innovation of the vesting of all power in a 
 dictator elected by a mass vote of such a huge unit as a 
 city of three millions. 
 
 I hope by thus frankly ad'nitting the existence of the 
 prejudice, from which r;y suggestion springs, I may be 
 freed from the imputation of claiming any value for the 
 proposal. But the first duty of every observer or com- 
 mentator on the affairs of other men is to endeavor to 
 put himself in their place, and then ask himself what ) e 
 would do in their circumstances. If I were to do this, 
 my answer would be simple: 1 should endeavor as speedily 
 as it could be done mi]\ safety to regain the ancient 
 ways, 'and return to fundamental principles by dividing it 
 into wards, and making the elected representatives of 
 these wards the governing authority of the city. Cntil 
 the common council, composed of representatives eac'i 
 directly elected by ward or district, an ' i-eld Pbrsonal ? 
 responsible by the citizens in that ward lor the efficient 
 and honest discharge of his municipal duties, is restored 
 to its natural position as the source uud se^.a..d center o* 
 civic authority, it seems to me that we shall continue 
 wandering in the wilderness. The elective assembly is 
 the mainspring of the machine, and although you nay 
 turn the pointers round with the watchkey of a ir- 
 mayor, the watch will never <eep right time till .ho 
 mainspring is in order 
 
 This, however, may only be an English prejudice. 
 However frankly I may express my fear that the czar- 
 mayor will not prove a permanent source of security to 
 the law-abiding, honest citizens, no one will be better 
 
"SATAlfa mviSIDLB WORLD BISPIA TBD." 243 
 
 fv^f V "^ '""'"''''"K' ''"'n'd be M«M by tho 
 IrZ . r.r^ "J '"■' "' "'« 8™"* "P^iment ig to bo 
 sucot, "* "'°''' '"'"""' '"»» '" '■""»»'«'" in "» 
 
 I come to dofer gronnd whon I say that, whether tho 
 center of authority .,e the car-^ayor or tie c'erjon co^n! 
 ; etirr ""kv'^ '" """ 8"°'' go'^nment of the 
 good c,t,,e„8. 1 Uoj nothing raore admirable ohan 
 
 Tnd L P , T?' '""" ""<''' ^^ ">« Citizens' Union 
 and the Patriotic Leagno to arouse an intelligent interest 
 
 Which has been going on for these last three years is a 
 much ™ore solid sec.Htj for good government'than iny 
 needta"? "th Vh"'° """'"/"'"'"^ "-"hine. What"s 
 trili^' u^ ° *" '*"» ""''' "^o"* in certain dis- 
 trie 8 BhoulU be universali. ^d and made equally effective 
 in all quarters of Greater I, ow York. The need for mak 
 ing genial or nniversa! the br work done in certafn 
 ooahtios points to the need of . .ue central bodylTke 
 the Oivic Federation or Citizens' Union, or Civic Center 
 
 tion, and witmn which it would seek to secure for all 
 
 v" satv'^ha?" '^rr.'y^^'"" -" "gularity'Ld" n ! 
 Tersahty that is attained in the municipal service. Such 
 » oiyic Cen«r or nucleus for the co-operation of all 
 sooiet.es and agencies, social, moral, intellectual and 
 religious, wo., Id stand to the civic authorities much a' 
 t. .0 spiritual power stands to the State. A federation so 
 constituted would be the Civic Church of the d yrand 
 the^State without the Church is the bodywithouJ tSe 
 
 ™7f^„°r «" broad ge oral propositions, whic. seem to 
 me he at he root of the whole matter. But I w°« d 
 
 not Ilka to nlrtHft fhia ,U««* -xl . , , . * wuuiu 
 
 . __ ,..,,^ .i.a^;,ci wruxiouu maKiog one sug. 
 
244 ' ' "^A TAN '8 IN VISIBLE WOULD DISPLA YED." 
 
 {•. 
 
 gostion whlcli, nltliongh it will bo scouted at first and 
 treated with ridicule and contempt, mnv nevertheless, 
 it seems to mo, contain within it the germ of an institu- 
 tion which may be an invaluable remedy for many of the 
 more flagrant evils which afflict the body politic. The 
 creation of the czar-mayor shows that the American citi- 
 zen is not hidebound by prej idice. In presence of the 
 hideous abuses glanced at in the former chapters he has 
 sacrificed his ancient prejudices against the despotism of 
 the one-man power, and re-established the Greek tyrant 
 as the autocrat of the American city. What I wish with 
 all deference to suggest, is that having enthroned the 
 Tyrannns, they should hasten to establish the Inquisi- 
 tion. , 
 
 The proposition is made in all seriousness. As a palli- 
 ative and corrective for the existing evils I see no sug- 
 gested solution that holds out more promise. 
 
 I need not, I hope, explain that I do not suggest the 
 resurrection of the old dread ecclesiastical tribunal, with 
 its familiars and its auto-da-fe. Neither do I suggest that 
 heretics should be burned alive in Madison Square. 
 
 What I am after is much more serious business, and it 
 was to me as the offspring (3f two facts, both unmistak- 
 ably conspicuous in the contemporary history of New 
 York. One is the emergence of a great journalistic am- 
 bition not merely to chronicle but to do. The other is 
 the record of the Lexow Committee. The success of the 
 latter in its work of investigation, together with the 
 existence of the new ideal of journalistic duty, seem to 
 suggest that the best immediate remedy for the malady 
 of the body politic would be the establishment on a per- 
 manent footing of a Tribunal of Investigation and In- 
 quisition, armed with all necessary powers, to administer 
 oaths, to compel the attendance of witnesses, to commit 
 for contempt, and to punish summarily for perjury. 
 
"SATAN'S INVISIBLE WOULD DISPLAYED." 245 
 
 And I would further venture to suggest that in the jour- 
 nuliam that docs things there is hero a lield even more 
 legitimate for the enterprise of tho now journalists than 
 breaking into a Spanish prison or dredging the river for 
 the head of a murdered man. 
 
 To put it briefly, 1 would respectfully ask those who 
 are in despair over the corruption that eats like a canker 
 into the hearts of American cities, why not give statu- 
 tory authority to American journalists to erect, maintain 
 and carry on a Lexow Committee en permanence, with 
 extended powers for the purpose of discovering and 
 handing over for punishment all those who are preying 
 upon the public. 
 
 There is no remedy like the light of day. These evils 
 exist in the midst of our communities because they can 
 be done in secret. The crook in office relies upon the 
 cloak of darkness. Tear away that cloak, proclaim the 
 things done in secret upon the housetop, and the crook 
 will walk in tho straight path. The enterprise of the 
 American newspaper is great. But although it can dis- 
 cover Livingstone and rescue Miss Cisneros, it cannot 
 locate the boodler and prove who it is that levies black- 
 mail. 
 
 It may be objected that to institute such a tribunal 
 might be to create a frightful engine of tryanny, and 
 that the remedy might be worse than the disease. The 
 experience of tho Star Chamber is not exactly reassuring. 
 
 But to this there are several answers. In the first 
 place, beyond arming the proposed Inquisitors with ade- 
 quate powers to enforce attendance by subpoena, to r fin- 
 ish contempt of court, and to inflict summary punish- 
 ment for perjury, it would not be vested with any power 
 of passing sentence. Having ascertained the facts, it 
 would hand over the guilty person to the ordinary civil 
 or criminal tribunals, binding over all witnesses to appear 
 
 
 I:' 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 tit. 
 
 ;1 
 
 
 Ur 
 

 M 
 
 246 ''SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORT D DISPLACED » 
 
 When the case came on for trial. Jls function would be 
 one of investigation for the purpose of providing a case 
 for the ordinary tribunals, so that there would be no inter- 
 ference with the safeguards provided by the law and the 
 constitution for the liberty of the subject and the im- 
 partial administration of justice. 
 
 Secondly, the proceedings of the Inquisition would be 
 from the first conducted under the full glare of publicity 
 Even if it might be held within its power to hold » 
 secret session, no action could be taken at such session 
 until It had been confirmed in the light of day. Both at 
 the inception and at the close of a case the Inquisition 
 would be a public tribunal liable to public criticism and 
 amenable to public opinion. Its chief duty would be the 
 obtaining of material' in the shape of authentic informa- 
 tion capable of being proved in court, for the information 
 of the public. It would therefore be unreasonable to 
 fear that such a court, whose raison d'etre is to bring evil 
 out of the darkness into light, could be capable of the 
 abuses which sprang up in the Star Chamber of the In- 
 quisition, where secrecy made power irresponsible. 
 
 If it be admitted that such a tribunal might with 
 advantage be created, the question would then arise how 
 It should be constituted. The paralysis of faith in the 
 integrity of the elected man, which prevails among so 
 many American citizens, would seem to preclude any 
 hope of securing a competent and inflexible Inquisitor- 
 general by an appeal to the popular election-director 
 indirect. If however, the journalism that acts is to be 
 allowed to follow the natunM path of evolution, it might 
 perhaps be recognized as a power in the State, to whose 
 initiative might be left by statute the task of appointing 
 the Inquisitor and of bringing cases before the Inquisi- 
 tion. If the choice of Inquisitor-general were left to the 
 journalists, each of whom is an inquisitor himself in his 
 
 ^WlKl'^i # 
 
"SATAlf a INVISIBLE WOBLV LISPLArSD." U7 
 
 uenoy, each member of wh:oh would have /direct inter- 
 Mt m malimg a good selection. If the dntj of bringins 
 cases before the court were invested in the first instfZ 
 to the jonrnalists, the door would be closed against ?he 
 
 "ZTT ''°'""""'' " ""> '"«»elianeous^cand.l- 
 »ongers, for no one conld in that case set the tribunal in 
 
 motion except the newspaper, which would lose in pre," 
 t.ge and m authority should it bring forward a case that 
 proved baseless on investigation. 
 
 I am weU aware that the suggestion will be ridiculed. 
 Md by no one so much as the journalist, in whom th« 
 conscousnes, of his responsibility has not yet been 
 
 shattth!"^ " "" ri"""™ «"" "o^wouMdoUs 
 share .a the cleansing of the Augean stable of municipal 
 corruption, ,t would hardly find a more legitimate field 
 
 trihl^r.^ f^'T' ""'" '" P'""'""S " "■"Plo'-ut effect vo 
 tribunal for the purpose of dragging out of the darkness 
 and secrecy in which they flourish those evils which can 
 never be dealt with while they are accurately located 
 and brought wit«n the range of public opintn bythe 
 •earohlight of the Inquisition. ^ 
 
 fi 
 
 i 
 
 it' 
 
 I' 
 
 Hi 
 
 ' III 
 
248 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WOULD DISPLAYED:* 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 THE FIRST MAYOR OF GREATER NEW 'ORE. 
 
 The election of Mr. Van AYyek, the Tammany candi- 
 date, as the first Mayor of Greater New York, which has 
 taken place as these pages were passing through the 
 press, is a curiou^ and suggestive comment upon 
 ''Satan's Invisible World Displayed.'' 
 
 "Ephraim is joined to his idols, let him alone," has 
 been the reflection of many a reformer on hearing of the 
 immense majority by which the second city in the world 
 elected to place itself under the governance of the elect 
 of Tammany Hall. But the worst of such an attitude is 
 that Ephraim does not leave other people alone, for in 
 his worship of the false gods he brings down disasters 
 upon other heads than his own. The welfare and good 
 government of the first city in the United States can 
 never be a matter of indifference to the rest of the world. 
 
 Tammany Hall seated its candidate by a majority of 
 votes sufficiently decisive. But although Mr. Van Wyck 
 was 85,000 votes ahead of his nearest competitor, he did 
 not poll a majority of the citizens. If the principle of a 
 second ballot, which is established on the continent of 
 Europe, had been the law in New York, the issue would 
 have bad to be fought out again in a single-handed fight 
 between Mr. Van Wyck and Mr. Seth Low. In default 
 of such a provision all that can be said is that at the first 
 election of Greater Ne^v York Tammany polled ^35,000, 
 
£, which has 
 
 "HATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED." 349 
 
 and the three anti-Tammany candidates 272,000 votes, a 
 majority of 37,000 against Tammany. 
 
 If Tammany be as black as it is painted, the worst 
 hing about the election is not the return of Mr. Vai. 
 Wyck, but the divisions of his opponents. That Tam- 
 many should be beloved of his own progeny is nothing. 
 AVhat 18 serious is that those children of light who see 
 the evil of Tammany rule should treat it as a matter of 
 trivial importance compared with the passions and 
 prejudices of personalities and parties. If good men do 
 not combine when bad men conspire, the influence is very 
 obvious. Either the conspiracy of the bad men is not 
 very bad or the good men hardly deserve their name 
 
 The familiar saying of Burke that he refused to draw 
 an indictment against a whole nation may be applied to 
 great cities as well as to nations. What is clear enough 
 13 that Tammany in the past has discredited democracy. 
 It has done so in the most conspicuous and unmistakable 
 fashion. 
 
 Under Tweed it became a synonym for thieving. 
 Under Croker the Lexow Report proves that its govern- 
 ment had become an organized system of blackmail. 
 
 What is it to be under Mr. Van Wyck? That is the 
 question which it is for Tammany to decide. 
 
 Mr. Croker professed admirable sentiments as to his 
 resolution to make New York the ideal city of the world 
 Nothing could have been more worthy of the man to 
 whom the citizens have intrusted their destiny. We 
 should, however, have had more right to face the future 
 with confidence had Mr. Croker's contemplation of the 
 past—and such a past— not been quite so complacent. 
 
 Nevertheless it is a good rule that which Cardinal 
 Manning laid down for dealing with those who protest 
 that they have been cruelly misjudged by their contem- 
 poraries. "When a man tells me that he ia an hpn^af 
 
 i 1 
 
 I*.- 
 
 n 
 
 •I 
 
 ! il 
 
250 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED:' 
 
 
 man," said the great cardinal, "I never enter into a con- 
 troversy with him as to the facts. The past has passed. 
 And altliough I may have in my hands conclusive proof 
 of his guilt, I never refer to the subject. I always say^ 
 *My friend, you say that you are an honest man. I am 
 delighted to hear it. "We will not discuss the past. We 
 might be unable to agree on that matter. But the future 
 is before us. Act aaan honest man from henceforth and 
 I shall treat you as an honest man.* '* 
 
 The cardinal's rule may be invoked in favor of extend- 
 ing the same act of oblivion to Tammany and its chief. 
 But the record of past misrule placed on record by the 
 Report of the Lexow Committee cannot be effaced from 
 the page of history. It is a useful and timely service to 
 Tammany itself to popularize the findings of that com- 
 mittee, if only to remind the men who are now sum- 
 moned to make New York the ideal city of the world of 
 the hole from which they were digged. A vivid remem- 
 brance of the horrible pit and the miry olay has ever 
 been regarded as salutary part of the equipment for pil- 
 grims bound to the Celestial City. 
 
 Nothing is more likely to help Mr. Croker and his 
 men to try to obey the apostolic maxim to forget the 
 things that are behind, in order to press forward to 
 those which are before, than the knowledge ever present 
 to their minds that every one can give chapter and verse 
 in support of their belief that New York under Tam- 
 many rule was " Satan's Invisible World." 
 
 On that point there is no longer any room for differ- 
 ence of opinion. To question it is to justify disbelief in 
 the honesty of the skeptic or the sincerity of his profes- 
 sions as a reformer. But we may well be content to let 
 the dead past bury its dead, if rising upon the wreck and 
 ruin of these evil days Tammany should now attain to 
 nobler things. There is at least one great historical 
 
 VirA/torlo'nf -JnofS-fwiTnv a li<Mn« *V«af t-l^i" ~.-.— i.- -- 
 
 -••--.-..„,..,,. j*,,.,/.j jr i.!.!^ T» ns-j-j^,-'.- vuJkil VUi.a iHi»j SJO SOf 
 
"8ATAN>8 INVISIBLE WORLD DlSPLATSD •• ^51 
 
 "And tidings do I bring, and lucky Joy», 
 And golden times, and happy news of price." 
 
 But their diaappointment is one of the most famili^ir 
 
 f o .;.! ^ ' r ''^^ " ^^^*^«^ ^r- Croker will dare 
 
 lb X?"thff ""^"""^ "^^^^ -isdeeda are 
 out briefly in the foregoing pages, in the words of Henry 
 
 " Presume not that I am the thing I was- 
 For Heaven doth know, so shall the world perceive 
 That I have tum'd away my former self; ' 
 
 So will I those that kept me company." 
 
 If SO, it may be in New York even as it was in olden 
 time m England, some modern counterpart to the Arch^ 
 bishop of Canterbury may in the future apply to the 
 new reign of Tammany Hall the well-known verse: 
 
 ^ " Yea, at that very moment, 
 Consideration like an angel came 
 And whipp'd the offending Adam out of him. 
 
 
 
 Never came reformation in a flood 
 With such a heady current, scouring faults- 
 For never hydra-headed wilfulness 
 So soon did lose his seat and aU at once 
 As in this King." 
 
 ^fF 
 
 < I 
 
 '■ ■(! 
 
 
4^ :1^^ 
 
CHARACTER SKETCH; 
 
 ■i )ki 
 

 1 .) 
 
 r( 
 
 N 
 th 
 
CHARACTER SKETCH. 
 
 MR RICHARD CROKEB AND GREATER NEW TORK 
 
 Ws eyes i, „„, „„,„ iho 30 OM^ffl. "^ f "" "'''"' '«' 1"" »« 
 
 in the lesser New York „" ,„,Ti* ""'*"'■ W«,000 
 Ptanderer, and Which Zulu b^l*'"™?' ™'°.°f '"is colossal 
 a man notoriously devoid of moll k^^'' ^'"''^"^ broker is 
 synonym ,he worfd „ ™ ,of fo"l J n'??"; """'^ '"'■»'' '» » 
 unknown before his admin Jtm° "n of ,1, T "'™'"'°'' """»' 
 Tammany Hall, and sinceTn^ i '^'°'""« Committee of 
 
 ^en nJd by ;Mrm:r;!'or°Ttra're"?orr ''• ^^ ""^ 
 closely printed pages of sworn tcKmll . ., ™'"'n'»- <"■ 5.768 
 One of his subjects swore wUh '1^7 1 ° "^ ™^ "^ ""«« <"• 
 Abdul Hamid (the assali^^r'n.^^ ."' '^''' '"" '"^ ™1«<" 
 iu Constantinople 3™ 1 fl T.. '"" "'' '"'" <'^«*» 
 
 I. 
 
 A MAN WITH A GOOD CONSCIENCE 
 
 y which he had reigned so Jong, but from 
 
 11 
 
 ! i] 
 
 i III 
 
 1 ! s; 
 
 St 
 
256 "SA TAN'S W VISTBL E WOULD DI8PLA TED. » . 
 
 I I 
 
 which he had been cast out like a king into exile by the 
 explosion of popular indignation that elected Mayor 
 Strong. After a long and interesting conversation upon 
 the merits and demerits of the Tammany dynasty, I had 
 ventured to sum up the whole matter in one searching 
 question. 
 
 "Mr. Orokor," I said, "for nearly thirty years you 
 have been up to the neck in the rough-and-tumble of 
 New York politics. For nearly twenty years you have 
 been supremo Boss of Tammany. You are now out of 
 politics, contemplating a serene old age in the rural de- 
 lights of your Berkshire seat. You can therefore speak 
 dispassionately upon the events of your career. Looking 
 back over the whole of these thirty years, i,s there any 
 single act or deed which, now in the light of your experi- 
 ence, you regret having done ? that you now feel you 
 wish you had left undone?" 
 
 The Boss paused. He ren ■ v-d from his lips his cigar 
 of Brobdingnag, and half-cloKcd his eyes for a moment. 
 
 Then with calm, deliberate emphasis he replied: 
 
 "No, sir. Not one! I do not remember ever having 
 done anything that I ought not to have done. Fori 
 have done only good all my life." 
 
 The steamer was littered with copies of Mr. Hall 
 Caine's novel, with its vehement assertion of the impos- 
 sibility of leading a Christiun life in London in the nine- 
 teenth century. And here was the great Boss of Tam- 
 many Hall, after thirty years' experience of the sternest 
 realities of the corruptest life of New York, calmly and 
 placidly assc-'ting that in the whole of his long and event- 
 ful career he had only done what was good, and was able 
 to look back over all the incidents of his life with an 
 approving conscience. And strauge and incredible 
 though it may seem to those who are familiar with the 
 name and the fame of the great Boss, I have not a doubt 
 
PLATBD." 
 
 "SATAlfa mvWBLB WORLD SISPLA TSD." 357 
 timt Mr Ri„l,ar.l Croker was really speaking what l.o 
 
 The sense of si„ which was cuUivaW so carofollv bv 
 bo pulp.ts of New England is ,ot delicately nourished 
 
 standard of polit.eal bosses .a not exactly that of Thomas 
 i Kempis or of Jonathan Edwards. Rather is it cT 
 
 or„,abU, to Walt Whitman's enthusiast" oubsr'; 
 admiration for the cattle of the Held: 
 
 , "They do not lie awake in the dark and weep for their 
 
 t ";; "t":i °,:"° 'f;'.'"" »' '^--"^ - 'heir c„r 
 
 !t„ H m Republican ranks. Hence results not 
 
 e.w ly Pharisa,..,„, but a conscious self-righteousness 
 which no Pharisee could excel. S'-'eousness 
 
 -Ihore is a well-known citizen in Chicago whose name 
 18 not exactly a synonym for a high sense of honor Zt 
 ra her for an excess of that smartness in mono Uryma" 
 
 « ose of Chicago would be described by a harsher word 
 
 fi „e hV'v '■'.'? ">'' "<""'? «' bh own exceeding 
 TiUue, that his righteous soul is positively distressed 
 when any U.luck befalls him, because of the r ii 0I 
 which such a misadventure casts upon the Buler of he 
 Universe. At such moments ho will say plaintivelv to 
 
 Now what has God gone and done that for? He has 
 got nothing ag n' mel I've never done Him no harm'. 
 So sore are the doubts which harass the mind of the 
 citizen who, after casting up his debtor and creditor 
 
 ^ight^ider" "" '"'"'"'' '"'' " '""' balanceTn t 
 In the Old Book there is a grewsome phrase about con- 
 sciences seared as with a hot iron. In the later dialec^a 
 of the new world those picturesque metaphors have 
 somewhat gone out of fashion. But they have a subst^! 
 
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 >1PPLIED^ IIVMGE . Inc 
 
 .^= 1653 East Main Street 
 .s^S "- Rochester, NY 14609 USA 
 -==^= Phone. 716/482-0300 
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 © 1993. Applied Image. Inc.. All Rights Reserved 
 
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568 "SATA^^a mvisiBLE WOULD mpiAYmj^ 
 
 ! 
 
 II. 
 
 SATAN. 
 
 The modern Sathanas of New Yorlr f i,^ ^ t. • 
 to every good BepubUcan the lo'lraiiitr „:*;„:' 
 t.on of he prmcipleof Evil, the veritable arcl^^enTo; 
 the political world-is none other than this sarR.lard 
 fn «n h- ^,7 »' T»»"»«"y Hall, who tells me"hat n ver 
 in all h,8 life d.d he do anything that was wrong whose 
 ^neonsna recti the greatest eaint might envy,' for aU 
 his he he has never done anything but what was good 
 
 .Jli f T,"\*' '""'' '■•y *° S'™ the devil his due If 
 so be that Bichard Croker is the fiend inearnlte it mi 
 not e nnproiitable to learn fro™ hi» whatTs ^ eo J 
 of the Universe, and how it is that he ean recono le the 
 nniversal conviction of his enemies with the Tpe ,1 
 able assurance of his own rectitude which he „nqS"„ 
 ably enjoys. And in this gallery of character sketches 
 
 ill athiJw'""'''*"^™^ '■"'''' - >>«« 
 nitnself at his best moments rather than as he anoears 
 
 Eiohard Croker as he portrayed himself. ^ ^ 
 
 III. 
 
 THE MAN AS HE SEEMED TO ME. 
 
 nrltf""*"' ^!f ''"^ ^'"''^^''' ^^ l'™'' « kind of veiled 
 prophet, a modern Mokanna to those wl,„ hllJv^ 
 under his aw«v w„„., . "" "*^* '"sd 
 
 «voiL;':rs:^cesrrerr4r:;h^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 many who would not recognize him f hi . ! " 
 ti.0 street. Lord Salisbury^:r: to'! tZ7lXZ 
 
« expressive. For 
 
 came out thafhe had In' '" ^"^*'''' "'"' ■'■'oW^tallj U 
 Mn Parrel Ther„ »~ ^ °'""- '" "" *'' "'* '«' W 
 never set V'Z^^Z^IZfj ^t cl"" T 
 
 "nf ^0^ ^^"7 "^•'" 
 
 speak of him aa I saw him T„ »„ """"f ™*''"'- ^ 
 there was no one on boarsbilwl" ""'?''' "''P^''""* 
 the accusation of vuWa L fl?V 'T '"^'""^ '» 
 
 as any one on board l„i^r {>. ' """'""uted as much 
 
 that from his record thLl. T^ , "^ '™™ler3 felt 
 to sup with Richard Cr"/"^ * "' " ™'^ '™^ 'P""" 
 thegLd forufe to me't 4h himrv' "T ""» ""^ 
 
 ^Se\ret;:i"dtr^X"^^^^^^^ 
 itdTor^joZd^rhenir tie'^r •^'"'-^^^^ 
 
 spicuous, as, with the only ctafr I had i' T'"^ °'"'- 
 has liLoT ^^"*' somewhat taciturn man, who 
 
 
 f? 
 
 if 
 
 i 
 
 fisn 
 
 IS 
 
r 
 
 260 ''SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLATED:* .: 
 
 not incapable of a vision as much loftier than the usual 
 horizon of a city Boss as Kipling's "Recessionar* is 
 superior to his "Barrack Boom Ballads/' 
 
 IV. 
 
 THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE BOSB. 
 
 Tammany Hall, the headquarters of the most effective 
 Democratic organization in the old world or the new, 
 has long been the byword and the reproach of the whole 
 English-speakinw world. For nearly a generation past 
 municipal reformers in England have used Tammany as 
 a scare word witl) which to terrify the inmates of their 
 political nursery. "This way to Tammany Hall!'* has 
 been the crowning climax of denunciation directed 
 against attempts to subordinate the consideration of the 
 problems of a great city to the exigencies of a political 
 party. Tammany has come to be regarded as a synonym 
 for all that is most corrupt, most unscrupulous most 
 abominable in the administration of municipal at 
 
 It is somewhat difficult to convey to English readers 
 the full sense of the hatred and the awe which Tammany 
 Hall has long inspired in the minds of its opponents. 
 But if you can imagine the dread with which the Bir- 
 mingham Caucm was regarded by the Tories in the first 
 palmy days of Mr. Chamberlain's dictatorship, if you add 
 to this the sentiment with which thoroughgoing Radicals 
 regarded the city and its aldermen in the days of Mr. 
 Beal, and then, as a third ingredient, multiply a hun- 
 dred times the indignation occasioned by the exposure of 
 the shortcomings of the Metropolitan Board of Works, 
 you may bo able to form some far-away conception of the 
 holy terror with which Tammany Hall is regarded by its 
 enemies. 
 
 I natqr^lly welcomed the opportunity which our ohanc^ 
 
PLATED." ..: 
 
 than the usual 
 liecessiouar' is 
 
 BOSS. 
 
 e most effective 
 Id or the new, 
 ch of the whole 
 generation past 
 ed Tammany a& 
 amates of their 
 any Hall!'* has 
 iation directed 
 ideration of the 
 )s of a political 
 d as a synonym 
 jrupulous most 
 icipal at 
 English readers 
 i^hich Tammany 
 
 its opponents. 
 
 which the Bir- 
 )rie3 in the first 
 ship, if you add 
 hgoing Radicals 
 the days of Mr. 
 lultiply a hun- 
 the exposure of 
 oard of Works, 
 nception of the 
 regarded by its 
 
 hioh our ohancQ 
 
 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED:' 361 
 
 meeting on board the New York afforded me of hearing 
 the other side of the case. My experience at Chicago 
 had helped me to understand much of the good that lies 
 behind things of evil, and I was delighted when Mr. 
 Croker began to talk quite freely concerning the famous 
 institution through which he has reigned so long as Lord 
 of New York. 
 
 And heice, before I write a word of it down, I cannot 
 resist the temptation to say that, as I recall his suave 
 conversation, it reminds one marvelously of "Reinecke 
 der Fuchs." Every one has read that delightful medi- 
 roval satire- -now one of the most popular of ''The Books 
 for the Bairns"~in which are set out in doleful detail 
 the heinous misdoings and malpractices of the rascal 
 Reynard. But when Reynard is cited before the king's 
 court, never was there any one so conscious of his own 
 rectitude, so invulnerable in the panoply of hio virtue, as 
 the good Reynard— but, I now must add— excepting 
 Richard Croker. But a truce to these embarrassing 
 associations. This is what Mr. C."oker said: 
 
 "Tammany Hall," he began, "is much spoken against. 
 But unjustly. You will never understand anything 
 about New York politics if you believe all that they 
 write in the papers. They are always abusing Tammany. 
 But the real truth is just the opposite of what they say. 
 Tammany's reputation has been sacrificed by newspaper 
 men, whose sole desire is to increase their circulation, 
 appealing to the itch for change and a malignant delight 
 in the misfortunes of our fellows." 
 
 "Do you think the world is built in exactly that way, 
 Mr. Croker?" I asked. 
 
 "No, sir," he replied with emphasis, "it is not built 
 that way, but quite another way. These things I speak 
 of are temporary; the permanent law of the world and 
 humanity is quite different. You asked me how it was 
 
 lij 
 
 /li 
 
 n 
 
 
fii 
 
 !.t.. I 
 
 262 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED." ' 
 
 Tammany was overthrown three years ago, and I have 
 told you. But the issue of an election is but an inci- 
 dent. The law that governs has exceptions. The excep- 
 tion proves the rule.'* 
 
 "And what is the rule?" I asked, somewhat curious to 
 know the Boss* theory of the Universe. "What is the 
 underlying fundamental law of the Universe?" 
 ^^ "Sir," said Mr. Oroker, speaking with quiet gravity, 
 the law is that although wrongdoing may endure for a 
 season, right must in the long run come to the top. 
 Human nature is not built so that roguery can last. 
 Honest men must come to their own, no matter what the 
 odds against them. There is nothing surer than that. 
 Lying, calumny, thieving may have their day, but they 
 will pass. Nothing can last but truth." 
 
 "Really, Mr. Oroker,"! exclaimed, "what an optimist 
 you arel I have not found so great faith, no, not in 
 Israel," I added, laughing. 
 
 "That's right," he replied. "If you put ten honest 
 men into an assembly with ninety thieves, human nature 
 IS such that the ten honest men will boss the ninety 
 thieves. They must do it. It is the law of the world 
 All evil, whether lying or thieving, by its nature cannot 
 last. Honest John Kelly, who was Boss before me, when 
 I first came into politics before he was Boss, always used 
 to tell me that, 'Never mind the odds against you if you 
 are in the right. Being in the right is more than odds. 
 Keep on hammering away and you are sure to win.* 
 And I have always found it so." 
 "And Tammany," I asked; "is it not down now?" 
 "No, sir," he replied. "In a moment of restlessness, 
 the people put in what they called a Reform Admin- 
 istration, but after three years' experience they have 
 had enough of it, and Tammany is coming out on 
 top once more. It's bound to, for Tammany is hon- 
 
"SATAN *8 INVISIBLE WORLD displayed:' 263 
 
 est and Tammanjr is true. And you have only to go 
 on being honest and true to come out on top-not every 
 time, for we have our reverses; but on the whole, Tam- 
 many has come out on top most of the time. And mark 
 my words, you will see that the first election for Greater 
 New York will be the most triumphant vindication of 
 the law that slander may last for a time, but in the long 
 run honest men come by their own." 
 
 I felt somewhat like Bret Harte's bewildered hero when 
 he asked: "Do I sleep? Do I dream? Are there visions 
 about?" And then I thought that the Boss was play- 
 ing It rather low down upon the innocent and confiding 
 stranger. But his countenance was imperturbable, and 
 I do not believe that he was saying a word which in some 
 way or other he had not first convinced himself was 
 gospel truth. 
 
 Mr. Oroker resumed: "They will tell you that Tam- 
 many has ruled New York nearly all the time. And 
 they will tell you true. Do you think we could have 
 done It if we had been the thieves and rogues they pre- 
 tend we are? I have been in office in New York nearly 
 all my life; do you think the citizens would have been 
 such fools as to elect me and re-elect me if I had been 
 the bad man that some people say I am? Things that are 
 rotten do not last. They go to pieces. Thieves are not 
 trusted by their fellow thieves, let alone by their fellow 
 citizens. It is not by the bad in them that institutions 
 and parties last, but by what is good. If Tammany has 
 lasted and triumphed, that is the best proof that what 
 its enemies say is false. And when it carries this next 
 election, with all the newspapers against it, and all the 
 mugwumps, then you will have our vindication." 
 
 "Nothing succeeds like success, I suppose," I replied* 
 "but you have not won yet." ' 
 
 "But we shall," he said, "certain sure. Tammany is 
 
 /' 
 
 III 
 
26-t ''SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED- ' 
 
 W t Tammany is not corrupt. Tammany is the 
 
 f«frlV °"if P^'''"^"^"* hope of real reformed admin- 
 istration. Therefore Tammany will win » 
 
 And as Mr. Oroker sauntered along, airing his nolit- 
 jea philosophy, I asked him if he had e'er read Oarfyl ' 
 lee ure on Mahomet in his book on "Hero Worship." 
 ^No, said the boss. "What did he say'" 
 'Something very much like what you have been saying 
 now/; I replied; and I quoted as best I could the 
 familiar passage: 
 
 ft «p?r« •''"'''t®"^ hypothesis about Mahomet, that he was 
 a schennng Impostor, a Falsehood incarnate, that his re 
 ligion IS a mero mass of quackery and fahiilvW- 
 really to be novv untenable to any^one IW^H,^-"' 
 are the product of an Age of Sk^pticismi ey nd^ate 
 the saddest spiritual paralysis, and mere Si-lifl ? 
 the souls of men. More godless theory I th nk ««« 
 
 \Tfa.L . ^,' ^ ^^''^ ,'""" «"""ot build a brick houset 
 ht-ir ^^"^'^ know and follow ^;-«7^ the properties of 
 
 ?n If'ifnn!;'"'^"';.^"?^ ^^"^''^"^^ what efseTe works 
 m It IS no house that he makes, but a rubbish hean I? 
 
 will not stand for twelve centuries to InZl i u ^^ I 
 
 and eighty millions, and wi 1 fairstniiLhtw.v ^T'^''^ 
 
 must conform himself t^L ure's kfs bl'vilv™-" 
 
 com„,union with Nature and the tS of khl^ i? 
 
 Nature will answer him. No, not at all!" ^ ' ^^ 
 
 I ? 
 
 V. 
 
 THE ANALOGY OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH. 
 
 Mr. Richard Croker, I soon discovered, believed in Tam- 
 many Hall as Cardinal Manning believed in the RomTn 
 Ca hohc Church. The analogy is closer than many 
 would imaging. They both stand related in much tk^ 
 
''SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED." 265 
 
 same way to the ideals which they endeavor to realize. 
 
 Ihe Papal Church to the devout Catholic is the divinely 
 
 appointed machine for securing the salvation of the 
 
 wor d. Tammany Hall to Richard Croker is the mani- 
 
 festly accredited instrument of the God of Things Ag 
 
 They Are, whereby alone the good government of the city 
 
 of New York can be secured. Both Cardinal and Croker 
 
 accept as a fundamental axiom the necessity of the 
 
 machme. You cannot do without an organization, a 
 
 strong organization, a permanent organization. You 
 
 have no right to pit a mob against an army. Discipline, 
 
 organization, the machine, whether ecclesiastical or 
 
 political, is essential to success. 
 
 ^ Protestantism, with its thousand sects and ever-vary- 
 ing shibboleth, its sentimental idealism and its wholly 
 fantastic idea that the human race can be made to keep 
 step by any organization that is not universal and au- 
 thoritative, has its counterpart in the various mugwump 
 and reform parties which from time to time come to the 
 surface and then disappear. Sects may come and sects 
 may go, but Rome goes on forever. And what Rome is 
 in its immutability and its authority, that is Tammany 
 Hall among its rivals. Mr. Croker is a kind of mun- 
 dane pope, with the executive committee as his College 
 of Cardinals. To him the new era began with the over- 
 throw of Boss Tweed in 1871. Cardinal Manning once 
 said tome, "The Council of Trent, that was the real Ref- 
 ormation." So Mr. Croker always dates the beginning 
 of the true Tammany in the overthrow of the Tweed 
 Ring. 
 
 The analogy extends further than externals The 
 Catholic Church and Tammany Hall have much in com- 
 mon in their cynical practical philosophy, and in their 
 firm grasp of certain great fundamental faiths. The 
 C^tljplio, i« defending the methods of his ohuroh 
 
 m 
 
 t\ 
 
 
260 "SATAN'S INriSmLE WOniD DISPLATED." ' 
 
 against the oritioisms of tI>o Protestant or the Free- 
 thmkor, ,«sonBibly fall, into very much the same fno 
 of argument a, did Eiohard Croker in dofendina I e 
 processes of Tammany. «nuing tli« 
 
 Tl.e Catholic doctrine of rewards and pnnisliment. is 
 capable of being philosophically expounded\nd dofended 
 
 to the masses of the vulgar and unphilosophical human 
 race .t presents itself too often in a very prosaic and 
 
 liZT ',"'^'""" "'"PP""' "> '"■"«■' «»>««hness Ke^ 
 l.gion Itself IS to millions to-day-and those millions bv 
 no means are conaned to the Roman Ch„reh-lit I be Her 
 than an ecelesmstically engineered and theologically eon' 
 structed spoils system. Those who hold wifh the Bos 
 Tho" '","'7"?'' """S'thatare going in the ne.tworW 
 Those who don't are left out in the cold, or to speak more 
 accurately, are consigned to the everlasting Crngs 
 reflLd 7'"'"';''^='"'" '' th-t the morf subtle and 
 
 L hi H ."''' "'"°'' '"'^'" "P"^"' *» "'« philosopher 
 n his closet, are powerless to curb the passions or secure 
 
 the edience of millions of semi-savage men. The fear 
 of iHill may bo but as a hangman's whip; the human 
 pack c„„„t be kept within bounds with'o'ut theksh 
 Ihe promise of the joys of paradise to the faithful may 
 saver of bribery and corruption, but without such tre' 
 mendous inducement most founders of religion have 
 felt themselves powerless to cope with the rude elemental 
 forces of the fallen nature of man «'eniental 
 
 Just so did Ricliard Croker argue while setting forth 
 for my acceptance the theory of the indispensability of 
 the spoils system in American polities. 
 
 I. i^ri'."'"'"" ^\f^' """ i»'P»»8'ble without the spoils. 
 It IS all very well to argue that it ought not to be so 
 But we have to deal with men as they are and wh"! 
 things as they are. Consider the problem which eve J 
 
"SATAIf'S mvisiBlB WOULD DIaPLAYBD- 207 
 
 democratic system has to solve. Government, wo say, of 
 the people, by the people, and for the people. The aim 
 18 to interest as many of the citizens as possible in the 
 work-which IS not an easy work, and has many difficul- 
 ties and disappointments-of governing the State or the 
 city. Of course in an ideal world every citizen would be 
 BO dominated by patriotic or civic motives that from 
 sheer unselfish love of his fellow-men he would spend 
 nights and days in laboring for their good. If you lived 
 m such a world inhabited by such men I admit that 
 there could be no question but that we could and would 
 dispense with the spoils system. But where is that 
 world to be found? Certainly not in the United States, 
 and most certainly not in New York. Look the facts 
 plainly in the face. There are in our country and in 
 New York a small number of citizens who might reason- 
 ably be expected to be responsive to the appeal of patri- 
 otio and CIVIC motives. They are what you would call 
 the cultured class, the people who have wealth, educa- 
 tion, leisure, the men who have got sufficiently above 
 the common level to be able to hear the appeals which 
 the city or the State makes to the conscience and heart 
 of men They have received everv'^'ng, enjoyed every- 
 thing, earned everything. From them no doubt, and 
 from all citizens on their level, you might think you 
 could meet with such a response to your appeals as would 
 enable you to run the State upon high principles, and 
 dispense with spoils. But if you were to expect any such 
 thing, you would be very much disappointed. What is 
 the one fact which all you English notice first of any- 
 thing m our country? Why, it is that that very crowd 
 of which we are speaking, the minority of cultured 
 leisured citizens, will not touch political work-no, not 
 wi h their little finger. All your high principles will 
 not induce a mugwump to take more than a fitful inter- 
 
 ^^ 
 
m "3ATA^'3 mvTSISLJS WORLD DTSPLATRD.'* . 
 
 \t 
 
 fin- 
 
 est in an occasional election. The silk stocking cannot 
 bn got to take a serious band continuously in political 
 work. They admit it themselves. Every one knows it 
 is so. Why, then, when mugwump principles won't 
 even make mugwumps work, do you expect the same 
 lofty motives to be sufficient to interest the masses in 
 politics?'* 
 
 "And 80," I said, "you need to bribe them with 
 spoils?" 
 
 "And so," he replied, "we need to bribe tiiem with 
 spoils. Call it so if you like. Spoils vary in different 
 countries. Here they take the shape of offices. But 
 you must have an incentive to interest men in the hard 
 daily work of politics, and when you have our crowd you 
 have got to do it one way, the only way that appeals to 
 them. I admit it is not the beat way. But it is for 
 practical purposes the only way. Think what New York 
 is and what the people of Now York are. One half, 
 more than one half, are of foreign birth. We have thou- 
 sands upon thousands of men who are alien born, who 
 have no ties connecting them with the city or the S*:ate. 
 They do not speak our language, they do not know our 
 laws, they are the raw material with which we have to 
 build up the State. How are you to do it on mugwump 
 methods? I tell you it cannot be done." 
 
 VI. 
 
 TAMMANY'S SERVICE TO THE STATE. 
 
 We were silent for a time. Mr. Croker took a turn or 
 two, and then resumed: 
 
 "People abuse Tammany for this and for that. But 
 they forget what they owe to Tammany. There is no 
 denying the service which Tammany has rendered to the 
 Republic. There is no such organization for taking hold 
 
 liil»« 
 
le thorn with 
 
 "8ATAN'ii mVtaiDLh! ]VORLD J)I8PLAYlSDy 20D 
 
 of the iintrainod friendless man and converting him into 
 a cit.zon. Who else would do it if wo did not? Think 
 of the hundreds of thousands of foreigners dumped into 
 our city. They aro too old to go to school. There is 
 not a mugwumi, in the city wl,o would shako hands wUh 
 tnem. ihey are alone, ignorant strangers, a prey to all 
 manner of anarchical and .did notions. Except to their 
 employer they have no value to any one until they get a 
 
 "And then they are of value to Tammany?" I said, 
 laughing. ^ ' 
 
 "Yes," said Mr. Croker imperturbably; "and then 
 thoy are of value to Tammany. And Tammany looks 
 after them for the sake of their vote, grafts them upon 
 tho Republic, makes citizens of thom in short; and al- 
 thongh you may not like our motives or our methods, 
 what other agency is there by which so long a row could 
 have been hoed so quickly or so well? If we go down 
 into the gutter it is because there are men in the gutter, 
 and you have got to go down where they aro if you are 
 to do anything with them." J " are 
 
 "And so," I said, "Tammany is a great digestive ap- 
 paratus, fed with all manner of coarse, indigestible food, 
 tliat would give a finer stomach sudden death. But 
 Tammany 8 stomach is strong; nothing is too rough for 
 lammany 8 gastric juice, and so you build up the body 
 
 politic out of material " ^ 
 
 "That but for us would have remained undigested and 
 indigestible-a menace to tho State, a peril to society. 
 You may carp at our motives and criticise our methods 
 ~we do not complain. Ail that we say is we have done 
 the work, and we deserve more recognition for that ihan 
 wo have yet received." 
 
 I suppose it was because I felt the truth of what he 
 said so forcibly during my investigations at Chicago that 
 
 I 
 
led Mr. Croker to declare, as he introduced me to some 
 of his "leaders" on the landing-stage, that he was quite 
 sure, if only I were a citizen of New York, I should soon 
 be at Tammany Hall. 
 
 Said Mr. Croker, "It was never to Tammany's inter- 
 est to put bad men in office, or dishonest men. While I 
 am all for the spoils system, as you call it, I am as much 
 opposed as you can be to putting bad men in office and 
 keeping them there. No doubt under any system some- 
 times bad men get into office. What we claim is that 
 with a strongly organized machine we can turn them 
 down when they are shown to be bad. You assume that 
 there is only one supremely good competent man, and 
 that he ought to be appointed every time. We say that 
 there are plenty of good competent men on both sides, 
 and each does right to appoint its own friends. And 
 why not? No power on earth would ever induce me to 
 pass over my friend if he was as fit for office as any other 
 man. Other things being ijqual, always give your friend 
 the first chance, rather than the other fellow's friend." 
 "But," I objected, "do you mean that Tammany has 
 always appointed the best men?" 
 
 "Tammany has appointed good men. For nearly 
 thirty years Tammany has been a good and honest ele- 
 ment in the government of the city. Tammany was 
 there all the time. Tammany did not vote at an elec- 
 tion and then go home and forget all about it. Tam- 
 many watched how its men behaved. If they behaved 
 ill, Tammany turned them down. And that for the best 
 reason. Tammany could not afford to be discredited by 
 maintaining bad men in office. It needs a strong out- 
 side political organization to enforce discipline. It is 
 always to our interest to do so. Every leader has always 
 a dozen men hungry for the post which he can vacate 
 by turning out a bad man. A strong, effective party 
 
 fe. II 
 
[)d iDo to some 
 t he was quite 
 I should soon 
 
 imany's inter- 
 len. While I 
 I am as much 
 1 in office and 
 system some- 
 claim is that 
 .n turn them 
 :i assume that 
 ant man, and 
 We say that 
 )n both sides, 
 riends. And 
 induce me to 
 i as any other 
 e your friend 
 iv's friend." 
 'ammany has 
 
 For nearly 
 1 honest ele- 
 immany was 
 
 at an elec- 
 at it. Tam- 
 hey behaved 
 ; for the best 
 scredited by 
 strong out- 
 pline. It is 
 r has always 
 
 can vacate 
 active party 
 
 ! fi 
 
 i. 
 
 J 
 
 RICHARD CROKER 
 
 f«Otl PHOTO IT PACK I 
 
mt 1 
 
 Sfif ' 
 
 i 
 
 mi ' 
 
 mUh 
 
 
 l: 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
"BATAN^S mVlSIDLE WOULD DISPLAYED:' ^n 
 
 machine ia esaential to the safe working of popular 
 institutions." 
 
 vn. 
 
 THE BOSS AS CHAMPION OF POPULAR GOV- 
 ERNMENT. 
 
 This brought Mr. Croker by a natural transition to 
 insist upon the peculiar and distinctive virtue of Tam- 
 many Hall. If there be one virtue more than incorrup- 
 tible honesty and an austere regard for the city's welfare 
 which distinguishes the famous institution which has Mr. 
 Croker as its presiding genius, it is a profound regard for 
 the principle of free popularly elected government. 
 Herein, strange though it may appear to those to whom 
 Tammany is but the embodiment of the principle of 
 despotism, Mr. Croker was on firmer ground. 
 
 "Tammany," said Mr. Croker, "is everywhere spoken 
 against because it is said to be a foreign organization. 
 Tammany, on the contrary, is a distinctively American 
 organization founded on much more thoroughgoing 
 American principles than those which find favor with the 
 framers of the charter of Greater New York for instance. 
 It makes me tired to hear their talk about foreigners.* 
 Where would America be to-day without foreigners?" 
 
 Mr. Croker's question this time admitted of an easy 
 answer. It would have been in the hands of the Red 
 Indians. From the Mayflower downward the white peo- 
 ple of the United States have all been foreigners at first. 
 Mr. Croker went on: "This discrimination against 
 citizens because of the place of their birth seems to- me 
 un-American and unjust. Do not these men pay taxes, 
 found homes, build up states, and do a great deal more 
 in the government of the city than our assailants? They 
 may have been born under another flag. But they for- 
 
2^3 "SATAIT'S tNVl8lJ3LE WOULD DtSPLAt^D:' 
 
 swear their own nationality, they swear allegiance to our 
 flag; they filled the ranks of our armies in the great war; 
 everywhere they fulfill the duties and accept all the bur- 
 dens of the citizen, and yet we are told they are for- 
 eigners. Sir," said Mr. Croker, speaking with more 
 earnestness than was usual with him, "in Tammany Hall 
 there i. no discrimination against citizens on account of 
 race or religion. We meet on the common ground of 
 one common citizenship. We know no difference of 
 Catholic or Protestant, of Irishman, German or Ameri- 
 can. Every one is welcome among us who is true to the 
 city and true to the party. To me the old sectarian 
 quarrels are absolutely inconceivable. Priests have no 
 voice in the management of Tammany Hall. It is of the 
 people, created for the people, controlled by the people 
 — the purest and strongest outcome of the working of 
 democratic government under modern conditions." 
 
 I do not pretend to reproduce Mr. Croker's exact 
 words. I had not time or opportunity to submit to him 
 a proof before publication; but although he may take 
 exception to a phrase, I do not think he will seriously 
 impugn the substantial accuracy of my version of his 
 talk. 
 
 **But," I objected, "an eminent Republican fellow- 
 passenger assures me that Tammany differs from all 
 other American political organizations in that it is abso- 
 lutely under the despotism of the men in office. Other 
 organizations cannot enforce discipline; Tammany rules 
 with an iron hand." 
 
 "Now," said Mr. Croker in his most Reineckian vein, 
 "how can that be? You talk of Tammany and those 
 who are in office as if they had any authority whatever 
 beyond the popular vote freely expressed. What is 
 Tammany? I am the Boss, they say. But I hold no 
 office. If I am Boss it is simply because what I may say 
 
 innHKi'^, 
 
 \w 
 
"SATAN'S IimsiSLh' WORLD DlsPLAfED.'^ g^a 
 
 or think goes with the Executive Committee. You or 
 any man might be a Bosa to-morrow if you could con- 
 vince those who hear you that you are a sensible man 
 who has a sincere regard for the party and the city. 
 They cry Tammany Hall! Tammany Hall! But what is 
 Tammany Hall? It is simply an Executive Committee 
 of the Democratic party of New York, elected annually 
 at primaries or open public meetings held subject to the 
 law, which makes strict provisions against any fraud or 
 wrongdoing. New York is divided into thirty-four 
 assembly districts. Each of these districts holds a public 
 meeting, to which every member of the party resident in 
 that district is free to attend. At these primaries repre- 
 sentatives are selected by the free vote of the citizens 
 present. These representatives elect one of their num- 
 ber in whom they have confidence as their leader. This 
 leader becomes their representative on the Executive 
 Committee of Tammany Hall. He may be re-elected 
 year after year. But he can be superseded in twelve 
 months if he cannot retain the confidence of the people 
 in his own district." 
 "But do they ever get turned out?'' I asked. 
 "Certainly," said Mr. Croker, ''they are always 
 changing. Their only authority depends upon their per- 
 sonal influence. You hear a great deal about my being 
 the Boss, as if I were lord and master of Tammany Hall. 
 I hold no office. I have no power, not an atom, except 
 what I can exercise because of the confidence which the 
 people have in mo. They know that I am honest, that I 
 am true, that I care for the party and the city, and that 
 is all there is to it. Boss Tweed no doubt was a bad 
 Boss. But we met him in the primaries, and we turned 
 him down, and put honest John Kelly in his stead. 
 When Kelly died there was some discussion as to his suc- 
 cessor, I said, let us appoint no successor, or rather iefc • 
 
us all be his successors. Instead of one Boss let us all 
 thirty-four be Bosses, and it was agreed. But somehow 
 when people found that what I said went, they got into 
 the habit of saying I was Boss. But I could not help 
 that." 
 
 Thus, by slow degrees and in the course of many con- 
 versations, I gradually began to perceive, as it were, 
 some glorified image of Tammany Hall and its Boss as he 
 evidently loved to dwell upon them in his dreams, and it 
 was not far from the kingdom of heaven. For it was 
 based upon the great principle of human brotherhood; it 
 had as its foundation the doctrine that in Tammany 
 there is neither J,ew nor Gentile, Barbarian or Scythian, 
 bond or free; and it had as its habitual rule of life the 
 serving of the Brethren. Instead of being an excres- 
 cence upon the State, it was the great digestive appa- 
 ratus of the Republic, upon whose rude strength and 
 capacity for assimilation depended the health of the 
 commonwealth. And to-day, while Citizens' Unions 
 and Charter Committees, and all the great and learned 
 and influential of the city are going astray from the true 
 Democratic faith, and seeking to cast out municipal evils 
 by having resort to elective Caesarism, Tammany stands 
 forth fearless and undismayed, the very Abdiel, faithful 
 among the faithless found, in its unswerving allegiance 
 to the pure original principles of free popular elective 
 self-government. 
 
 Between this glowing and beatific vision and the 
 squalid, sordid, and criminal side of Tammany, as re- 
 vealed by the Lexow Commission, there is indeed a great 
 gulf fixed. But we shall better understand its power, 
 and the permanence of its power, in New York, if we 
 recognize that there may be something in Mr. Croker's 
 imaginings. For, after all, there is a great truth under- 
 lying theCarlylean doctrine which Mr. Crokerall unoon- 
 Boiously appears to have made his own. 
 
"SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED:' ^375 
 
 VIII. 
 ON NEW YOBK POLITICS. 
 
 ^x.^I'V^^^ P*P°^® announced the day after I arrived 
 that Mr. Croker had told their interviewer that I was 
 the most interesting person on board the New York— I 
 knew nothing about New York politics. I appreciated 
 the compliment better after having a week's talk about 
 New York politics than I did before I landed. The dis- 
 cussions the endless banal discussions, about persons and 
 places which make up the most of politics as they are 
 talked by politicians, no doubt made my childlike inno- 
 cence seem to Mr. Croker a grateful oasis in the midst of 
 a controversial Sahara. 
 
 The issues before the citizens of Greater New York 
 are however, profoundly interesting. This November 
 
 1, aJ""^^ *'™'' *^''^ ^'''"^^ ^"<^« existence what is 
 called the Greater New York. This has been formed by 
 adding Brooklyn to New York proper, much as Salford 
 might be added to Manchester, and rounding out the 
 conglomerate municipality by the annexation of various 
 outlying urban and suburban districts, until there has 
 been created a Greater New York 318 square miles in 
 area, and with a population of 3,000,000, with 30,000 
 offices and $80,000,000 revenue. 
 
 Since the London County Council was created by Mr 
 Ritchie there has been nothing like so huge a piece of 
 civic administration-making undertaken by mortal men 
 It is, strictly speaking, absurd to speak of Greater New 
 York as a municipality in the English sense of the word 
 It IS a great administrative district, which for the next 
 four years is to be governed according to the sovereign 
 will and good pleasure of the satraps of the C^sar whom 
 the electors will vote into office next November. Th© 
 
276 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DI8PLA TED" ' 
 
 Mayor of Greater New York, elected by mass vote of all 
 the citizens, becomes Grand Elector for the whole area, 
 and he elects in the first six months of his term of office 
 all the men who are to do the administrative work of the 
 town. After six months, these gentlemen selected by 
 the Grand Elector, who will be chosen by the citizens 
 next month, will continue in office for three years and 
 six months, unremoveable by the mayor, and uncon- 
 trolled by the phantom council that will masquerade as a 
 municipal assembly, meeting to secure its more complete 
 impotence i"n two houses! This may be good or it may 
 be bad. It may b'^ elective Caesarism or irresponsible 
 bureaucracy. The only thing quite certain is, that it is 
 not popular deiiriocratic municipal government as we 
 understand the term. 
 
 Hence the extraordinary interest with which the com- 
 ing election is regarded. The first Mayor of Greater 
 New York will have more absolute power for the first six 
 months of his tenure of office than any mayor ever had 
 since the mayors of the palace in the declining years of 
 the Merovingian dynasty. Into his hands, as to a dicta- 
 tor, will be delivered the second largest city in the whole 
 world, and the men whom he will choose in that period 
 will continue in office for four years. The twentieth 
 century will see New York ruled for better or worse by 
 the appointees of the mayor chosen next month. 
 
 Who is he to be? Mr. Oroker was of course the center 
 of universal interest. But he would not speak. To all 
 inquiries he remained as dumb as an oyster. He was out 
 of politics. Mr. Sheehan was Boss of Tammany. Tam- 
 many, no doubt, would elect its own candidate, and that 
 candidate would win — by various majorities, at one time 
 put as high as a hundred thousand votes. 
 
 But to me Mr. Oroker talked very simply and seriously. 
 
 I had been saying that I would rather be first Mayor of 
 
LAYEJ>:*' 
 
 ass vote of all 
 le w]]olo area, 
 I term of office 
 ve work of the 
 sn selected by 
 »y the citizens 
 ree years and 
 ', and uncon- 
 asquerade as a 
 more complete 
 ;ood or it may 
 irresponsible 
 In is, that it is 
 nment as we 
 
 hich the com- 
 er of Greater 
 or the first six 
 layor ever had 
 ining years of 
 , as to a dicta- 
 y in the whole 
 in that period 
 Che twentieth 
 )r or worse by 
 lonth. 
 
 irse the center 
 speak. To all 
 . He was out 
 I many. Tam- 
 date, and that 
 IS, at one time 
 
 and seriously, 
 first Mayor of 
 
 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WOULD DISPLAYED." 277 
 
 Greater Now York than President of the United States 
 for the next four years, when he broke in: 
 
 "One thing is certain, anyway. Whoever is Mayor of 
 Greater New York will make a failure of it. He cannot 
 help it. No one living can successfully govern three 
 millions of people under such a charter. It will have to 
 be amended again and again to give it even a chance of 
 carrying on. For it is simply an impossible instrument 
 of government. If the people could have voted upon it 
 after it was finally settled as it now stands, they would 
 have vetoed it by a large majority. But these men, who 
 distrust the people, refused to allow the people to pro- 
 nounce upon their work. So we shall see a certain fail- 
 ure, whoever is mayor." 
 
 "They are all saying on board the ship, Mr. Croker," 
 I said, "that you are to be first Mayor of Greater New 
 York." 
 
 Mr. Croker smiled. "Whether I shall be a candidate 
 or not is a point upon which I have not made up my 
 mind. I have not the facts upon which to form a judg- 
 ment. I have been away from the city for months. I 
 have been out of politics for three years. It would be 
 absurd for me to say who will be the Tammany candi- 
 date, although I think it is quite safe to say that, who- 
 ever that candidate may be, he is safe to be the first 
 Mayor of Greater New York." 
 
 "Well," I said, "it is a post which any man might be 
 proud to hold with greater potentialities of good in it 
 than any other." 
 
 Mr. Croker paused thoughtfully for a time, and then 
 he said: "I do not mind telling you exactly what I feel 
 at present about the matter. I may accept the nomina- 
 tion if it is offered me. At present my feeling is very 
 strong against doing so, and for this reason: 1 have had 
 enough of it. For twenty-five years I have toiled and 
 
 !< 
 
1 
 
 
 if 
 
 278 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WOULD DISPLAYED." - 
 
 worn myself out in the service of the city. I am no 
 longer so strong as T used to be. I broke down rather 
 badly with vertigo in my last term of office, and, although 
 I am much better now, I am quite certain that if I were 
 Mayor of Greater New York I should be in my grave be- 
 fore my term of office expired. If I thought I could 
 make a success of it, I should perhaps not think so much 
 of that, although T don't want to die just yet. But as I 
 have told you, no mortal man— no, not an angel from 
 heaven — could govern the city successfully uuder this 
 charter, and I don't care to die for the chance of making 
 a failure." 
 I said, quoting Macaulay: 
 
 " To every man upon the earth 
 
 Death cometb soon or late. 
 And how can man die better 
 
 Than facing dreadful odds, 
 For the ashes of his fathers 
 
 And the temples of his Oods." 
 
 "That is all very well," Mr. Croker replied, "if I 
 could do any good. But I don't see that I can, or that 
 anybody can, under this charter. I have had a very 
 rough, hard life, and I want to rest a few years after all 
 the turmoil. I have got a little country place in Berk- 
 shire where I have a few horses— and I am very fond of 
 horses. What I would like best of all would be to go 
 back to Berkshire and spend the next few years quietly 
 with my horses in the open air, and with my family at 
 home, and let somebody else swing New York." 
 "Natural," I said, "but not the highest, is it?" 
 Mr. Croker replied with sudden energy: "I have not 
 made up my mind. I cannot possibly make up my mind 
 till I know how the situation stands in New York. That 
 I am going to find out. When I know the facts, I shall 
 make up my mind. And I would have you under- 
 
A TED." 
 
 jr. I am no 
 down rather 
 ,nd^ although 
 hat if I were 
 my grave be- 
 night I conld 
 link 80 much 
 et. But as I 
 I angel from 
 f uader this 
 ce of making 
 
 replied, "if I 
 [ can, or that 
 I had a very 
 ^ears after all 
 aoe in Berk- 
 I very fond of 
 ould be to go 
 years quietly 
 my family at 
 )rk." 
 is it?" 
 
 : "I have not 
 3 up my mind 
 York. That 
 ) facts, I shall 
 B you under- 
 
 
 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED:' 279 
 
 stand," he said, speaking in a tone very foreign to his 
 usual quiet, unemphatic way, "that whatever way I de- 
 cide it will bo my own decision and nobody's else. I 
 take no stock in the protestations of men who have been 
 compelled against their wishes, etc., to accept oflice. 
 Never. If I accept this or anything else it is because I 
 wish to have it. If I did not wish for it, no power on 
 earth could make me accept it. I never have been driven 
 to accept anything against my wish, and I never will." 
 
 "Well, Mr. Croker, suppose you were to find the facts 
 lie so as to lead you to wish to bo Mayor of Greater New 
 York?" 
 
 "Then," said he, with sudden change in manner, "if 
 I were to choose death in four years in order to admin- 
 ister an impossible charter, I should at least have a 
 worthy ideal. I have been much abroad of late, and 
 wherever I have gone I have had my eyes open; and I 
 have been much impressed— painfully impressed— how 
 much better things aro for the poor man in some of tho 
 cities of the old world than they are in New York. Yes, 
 sir, it seems strange to say it, but for the poor man in 
 London there is more liberty— ten to one more liberty— 
 than for the poor man in New York. In London the parks 
 are for the poor men to use as they please— to speak in, 
 to sleep in, to breathe in. In New York they aro pretty 
 places for the rich men to look at. If I were mayor," 
 said he, "I should try to change all that. Wherever, in 
 whatever department, I could find anything in any city 
 better than what we have in New York, there I would 
 seek to bring New York up to the line." 
 
 "To go one better, in fact," I suggested. 
 
 "Just so," said he, "and so to make New York the 
 ideal city of the whole world. It is the greatest in tho 
 new world; why not make it the best? That, at least, 
 would be my ambition. It would be worth while risking 
 
 / 1 
 
"8ATANS Ili I8IDLE WORLD DISPLAYED." 
 
 lomething to realize that. But Tammany," ho added, 
 ^•wUl •<** to it. There is no o'her organization in New 
 York wUh the continuity and power to attain it." 
 
 IX. 
 
 THE GENESIS OF A BOSS. 
 
 Mr. Crokor does not like the title of Boss. He regards 
 it as the most offensive which has ever been devised by 
 mortal men to describe their loader. In every age the 
 title of tho Governor and Director has varied. Consul, 
 dictator, emperor, king, duke, doge, general, president 
 — any or all of these titles are universally recognized as 
 more or less ho^iorable. It has boon reserved to Ameri- 
 cans of these latter days to invent a term for their leader 
 which oxcito!4 anything but reverence, and is at once 
 familiar, vulgar, and offensive. It is probably the one 
 office in the world which is universally coveted, whose 
 title instead of adding to the dignity of the post, detracts 
 from it. Nevertheless, popular or unpopular. Boss has 
 acquired a permanent position in American nomencla- 
 ture. Possibly, in time, to bo styled a Boss may be held 
 to be as horonifio as to be called consul or duke, for of all 
 pc;.'t8 and offices accepted in the American Republic, that 
 of Boss is the most distinctively characteristic and unmis- 
 takably American. Possibly, a thousand years ho . e ihe 
 children of our remote posterity will learn fr k ^uM. 
 school-books that at the end of the nineteenth century 
 the United States of America, nominally preserving the 
 shado'w of Eopublican institutions, were really governed 
 moro c ki-13 despotically by Bosses, thereby reproducing 
 in the \V . :o: a vorld the familiar phenomena by which 
 in anc'=?i3t . o ; i the shade of the Bepublic lingered on 
 the Sevft). L''l > long af-'r Augustus had concentrated all 
 power in the hands of the Caesars* Presidents oome and 
 
LA7ED». 
 
 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLACED.'' 281 
 
 go like tho phantom consuls in the Roma i cmpiro, but 
 tho rulo of tho Boss remains. An unwritten law forbids 
 tho election of a president for tho third term of otiico, 
 but no law interferes with tho indefinite prolongation of 
 the rnlo of ih« Doss. Familiarity with the spectacle has 
 concealed its significance from tho eyes of most observers; 
 but now :ind again a more or leas picturesque incident 
 forces its significance upon the minds of tho most 
 unthinking. 
 
 Take, for instance, tho case of Mr. Richard Croker. 
 In the eye of tho law he is a simple citizen, not even of 
 American birth. Like most of the modern rulers of 
 American cities, he was born in Ireland; nevertheless 
 although born in a foreign laud, and, therefore, pre- 
 cluded by law from ever aspiring to the presidential 
 office, this man, after serving an apprenticeship as Vice- 
 Boss or lieutenant to Tweed's successor Kelly, has 
 reigned with undisputed authority as Boss of Tammany 
 Hall for nearly a quarter of a century. Three years ago, 
 his nominee being defeated at the polls, and his health 
 having given way under tho wearing strain of power, the 
 Boss, following the example of other kings in exile, de- 
 parted to seek consolation in England, which ever 
 extends a hospitable welcome to all dethroned potentates. 
 Tammany Hall is ferociously anti-British in its senti- 
 ment, but its Boss without hesitation domiciles himself 
 iu a country gentleman's seat near Wantage, in Berk- 
 shire, almost within the shade of the towers of Windsor. 
 There he follows the ordinary pursuits of a country gen- 
 tleman of sporting tastes. He keeps a stud of race- 
 horses, and is to be seen in company with sportsmen 
 eminent and the reverse of eminent on English race- 
 courses. He is caricatured by his enemies as hobnobbing 
 with princes on the turf, and accused of the great and 
 heinous crime of being a hanger-on to the skirts of the 
 i'ringe of Wales. 
 
 ! J 
 
 <* ^ 
 
283 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED." 
 
 
 Meanwhile the city which has cast him out is delivered 
 over absolutely into the hands of his bitterest opponents; 
 a mayor, elected in protest against his rule, has all the 
 resources of the city at his disposal; while the police, 
 which he had converted into a Prastorian guard, were dis- 
 ciplined and administered by men who regarded him 
 much as Fairfax and Cromwell regarded Charles Stuart. 
 The dethroned Boss lies low in the old world. He pro- 
 claims he is out of politics. But one fine day, when the 
 election for Greater New York is drawing near, it sud- 
 denly occurs to him that he will revisit the scene of his 
 former dominion. Then in a moment is manifested the 
 difference between a Boss even in retirement, and say, 
 for example, an ex-president. Benjamin Harrison, one 
 of the ablest presidents of recent years, might go and 
 come across the Atlantic ferry a dozen times without 
 attracting one-quarter of the attention excited by the 
 return of the Boss. 
 
 Eichard Croker sailed from Southampton surrounded 
 by an informal court, of which the most conspicuous 
 members were the representatives of New York papers 
 commissioned to record everything that he did, every- 
 thing that he said, and as much as possible of what he 
 thought. The vice-president of the line at once placed 
 at his disposal the suite of staterooms on deck, and 
 throughout the voyage, although General Tracy, ex- 
 Secretary of the Navy, was on board, Mr. Croker was 
 Boss of the ship. His arrival at New York was treated 
 in all the newspapers as the greatest political event of 
 the day. Even the most hostile devoted columns to 
 chronicling his arrival and commenting upon its possible 
 significance, while the more enterprising and energetic 
 literally filled pages, day after day, with letter-press and 
 illustrations, all, whether friendly or hostile, testifying 
 in the most forcible fashion to the prominent hold of the 
 
it is delivered 
 (st opponents; 
 le, has all the 
 le the police, 
 jard, were dis- 
 regarded him 
 harles Stuart, 
 irld. He pro- 
 Jay, when the 
 near, it sud- 
 ) scene of his 
 nanifested the 
 nent, and say, 
 Harrison, one 
 might go and 
 times without 
 ixcited by the 
 
 ►n surrounded 
 t conspicuous 
 (V York papers 
 he did, every- 
 ile of what he 
 at once placed 
 on deck, and 
 al Tracy, ex- 
 r. Croker was 
 rk was treated 
 itical event of 
 d columns to 
 ion its possible 
 and energetic 
 jtter-press and 
 tile, testifying 
 int hold of the 
 
 "BATAH'S mvlSTBLtl WOMD DtSPLAT^D." ^83 
 
 Boss upon his former subjects. As one of his bitterest 
 opponents of the press angrily declared : 
 
 "No American-born political leader could live so much 
 abroad, could display so much fondness for English life 
 and English society, without seriously imperiling his 
 power. Mr. Croker appears to suffer little by it. He 
 comes back now to take charge of the Tammany can- 
 vass, with complete control over the Tammany purse, 
 and 13 received as the dictator of the organization, the 
 man whose word is absolute as to candidates and policy. 
 It IS a very remarkable display of 'personal power."— 
 Evening Post. " *. r 
 
 It is not too much to say that no European newspaper 
 would have given as much space to chronicling the move- 
 ments of any crowned head as was accorded to Eichard 
 Croker as a matter of course by friends and foes alike 
 when he returned to New York. Perhaps more signifi- 
 cant even than the attention paid in the newspapers was 
 the homage done him, not merely by the chiefs of Tam- 
 many Hall, but even by the rank and file in the street. 
 It was noted by one of the most vehement Republican 
 anti-Tammany newspapers that as, on the day of his 
 arrival, he was passing down a street, the pavement of 
 which was under repair, the pavers no sooner recog- 
 nized him than by an instinctive movement they all un- 
 covered, and stood as if they had been Europeans sud- 
 denly confronted with the presence of their king. King 
 he was, dethroned perhaps for a moment, but possibly on 
 the eve of expelling the usurper from his throne. 
 
 We come therefore to the very intensely interesting 
 subject of inquiry as to the way in which a mere mortal, 
 without title, post, distinction, or hereditary position, is 
 able to acquire and to keep, despite all the vicissitudes of 
 fortune, the homage of the jealous democracy of an 
 American city. Some student who will combine the 
 
284 "MfAlT'S INVlStBtil WOULD DlSPLAtEl).** 
 
 patient scientific method of Darwin with the philosophic 
 appreciation of De Tocqueville may some day give us a 
 monograph on the Evolution of a Boss, a creature who is 
 at least as worthy of study and observation as the earth- 
 worms and the ants, to whom our scientists have devoted 
 years of patient labor. By way of attempting to con- 
 tribute some fragment to tlie materials from which these 
 future scientific philosophers will construct the classic 
 work on the Genesis of a Boss, I thought it well to ask 
 Mr. Croker how it was he came to be Boss. Are Bosses, 
 like poets, born, and* not made, or was he at an early age 
 inspired by the high ambition of becoming Boss, as 
 Roman soldiers aspired to the imperial purple? or was he 
 a natural product of the elemental forces of his time, as 
 unconscious of the process of his making as Topsy was of 
 her creation? I luund, as might be expected, that Mr. 
 Croker was very much of Topsy's opinion. He *specta 
 he grow'd, and found his place in the providential econ- 
 omy of the universe by no conscious act of volition on 
 his part. 
 
 X. 
 
 THE STORY OF HIS LIFE. 
 
 The story of his life, as he told it to me, was very 
 plain and simple, although full of interest as an illustra- 
 tion of the ease and rapidity with which an unknown 
 Irishman, with no education to speak of, without friends 
 or funds, could spring with a bound to the very fore- 
 front, and acquire wealth and power at an age when 
 most men in the older world are just beginning to earn 
 their first professional fees. Mr. Croker, as I have said, 
 was born in Ireland, in the county of Cork, and was one 
 of the youngest— if not the youngest— of a very numer- 
 ous family. He was not two years old when his parents 
 
 ii- 
 
It 
 
 'BAfAN'B mviStDlil WoiilD JblSPLATMD.'* m 
 
 left the old country, carrying with them their numerous 
 progeny, whom they found it no longer possible to feed 
 m famme-smitten Ireland. His father, he said, was a 
 man of good education, and some of his elder brothers 
 went to college. Richard, however, being the youngest, 
 received no other education than that provided by the 
 public schools of New York, to which he was sent in due 
 course but where he was not permitted to remain after 
 he had reached the age of thirteen. At thirteen he was 
 taken from school and set to work at earning his living. 
 After a time he was sent to learn the business of an 
 engineer or fitter in a machine shop, and there he re- 
 .^Hined for several years. He served his apprentice- 
 ship, as we would say, to the business, and became a 
 competent workman, thoroughly conversant with the art 
 and mystery of building a modern locomotive, and after 
 accomplishing the building, was fully competent of 
 mounting the footplate for a trial spin along the metalled 
 way. 
 
 Up to this point there was nothing to distinguish 
 young Croker's career from that of any number of 
 skilled workmen who were employed in the fitters' shop 
 on the Atlantic coast. At the time of the great convul- 
 sion which left so profound an impression upon the 
 American nation, when its youth and manhood went 
 down inothe bloody winepress of war, he was a mere bov 
 too young to shoulder a musket. He was, however! 
 profoundly stirred by the patriotic impulse of that great 
 and stirring time, and it is one of the memories upon 
 which he dwells with pride that Tammany in those dark 
 days raised a regiment for the Union which bore itself 
 second to none in the long death struggle with the slave 
 power of the South. 
 
 Croker read few books, but many newspapers, and was 
 a close and keen observer of men. It is interesting to 
 
M "SATAN'S mnSlBLlS WOULJD P28PIATJS!A** 
 
 note that contrary to the almost universal opinion, elo- 
 quence or readiness of speech on the platform is by no 
 means an indispensable ingredient in the elements which 
 go to make up a great boss. "I have never made a 
 public speech on a platform to a large audience in my 
 life," said Richard Croker. "I could not do it. I can- 
 not talk in that way. In committee, in council, I can 
 talk in a homely fashion; discuss, and put arguments 
 before men; but to make an eloquent speech— no, I can- 
 not do it. I never can, and never did. In all my life I 
 have never made what yon would call a set speech." 
 From this Mr. Croker went on to discourse upon the 
 comparative value of the speech that is silvern and the 
 silence that is golden, in a fashion which would have 
 delighted thu heiirt of Thomas Carlyle. Of mob orators, 
 for those whose eloquent words are able to wield at will 
 the fierce democracy, Mr. Croker takes but little stock. 
 They have their uses, no doubt. They are necessary. 
 They receive their instructions, and being told what to 
 say, are expected to say it, or the Boss would know the 
 reason why; but it was evident he ranked them as stand- 
 ing very low in the scale of political importance. 
 "Men," he said, "who run to tongue have often very 
 little else than tongue to show. There is So-and-So, 
 and So-and-So," he went on, naming in succession many 
 of the most eloquent stump-orators and spread-eaglera 
 of the day; "they talk, but what else can they do? 
 Nothing. For judgment, for wisdom and counsel, for 
 horse-sense, who would go to any of these men? Have 
 you not found it so in your country?" he asked. "No," 
 I said, "I could not say we had. Gladstone, Bright, 
 Chamberlain, who were among the most effective of our 
 public speakers, were all of them quite as shrewd and 
 weighty in council as they were eloquent on the plat- 
 form." But Mr. Croker was not convinced. He did 
 
I opinion, elo- 
 form ia by no 
 ements which 
 never made a 
 dience in my 
 do it. I can- 
 council, I can 
 ut arguments 
 3h — no, I can- 
 n all my life I 
 . set speech.** 
 irse upon the 
 ilvern and the 
 h would have 
 f mob orators, 
 > wield at will 
 it little stock, 
 ire necessary. 
 y told what to 
 ould know the 
 bhem as stand- 
 l importance. 
 ,ve often very 
 
 is So-and-So, 
 iccession many 
 spread-eaglers 
 
 can they do? 
 d counsel, for 
 3 men? Have 
 jsked. "No," 
 stone, Bright, 
 effective of our 
 )s shrewd and 
 ; on the plat- 
 Qced, He did 
 
 "8A TAN'S INVISIBLE WOULD DISPLA TEW 287 
 
 not despise the golden-mouthed orator, but he regarded 
 him as a kind of copper currency, useful and necessary 
 in his place, but of a mere token value. They were 
 things to be used, but on no account whatever to be per- 
 mitted to indulge in the fond delusion that because they 
 are eloquent in talk they are to be regarded as having 
 weight in council. 
 
 When Richard Croker was approaching manhood. New 
 York was under the dominion of Boss Tweed, who as 
 lord of Tammany Hall was hurrying with rapid steps 
 down the way which leadeth to destruction. The scale 
 of plunder practiced by Boss Tweed and his satellites 
 was colossal. During the last two years of his reign Boss 
 Tweed added 140,000,000 to the debt of the city of New 
 York, a large fraction of which he kept for himself, but 
 the rest was lavished in donatives to his Prjetorians. It 
 was the unbridled insolence, the scandalous extrava- 
 gance, the unblushing capacity of this brigand Boss 
 which first brought Richard Croker into politics. The 
 great Boss of our day who, according to his political op- 
 ponents, reigned as emperor in New York, levying a 
 revenue of blackmail amounting to $10,000,000 per annum 
 from the vassal city, owed the beginning of his career to 
 the virtuous horror with which he regarded the excesses 
 of Boss Tweed. 
 
 Richard Croker, barely turned twenty-one, took coun- 
 sel with one John Kelly, known as Honest John Kelly, 
 who became Boss of Tammany between the reigns of 
 Tweed and Croker, and decided that, come what might, 
 they would throw themselves heart and soul into the ta,'!k 
 of raising a revolt against the dominion of Tweed and 
 his myrmidons. 
 
 Robespierre, it may be remembered, first figured in 
 history as the humanitarian opponent of the infliction of 
 capital punishment. 
 
288 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE 'WORLD DISPLATED** 
 
 Mr. Croker*8 account of Boss Tweed was interesting. 
 His estimate was severe but sympathetic. "Tweed," he 
 said, "was a very able man, who for years had not done 
 badly. He had indeed dune much good for the city. 
 But toward the end of his sway he fell before tempta- 
 tion. He became rotten, and as soon as he began to 
 steal all those under him followed his example. Being 
 corrupt himself he could not reprove dishonesty in 
 others, and so the whole set then in power became 
 rotten." 
 
 "Then you admit," I said, "that Tammany, notwith- 
 standing all its virtues, could, and as a matter of fact 
 did, become a sink of corruption?" 
 
 "Yes," said he, speaking with the same engaging 
 frankness that Cardinal Manning would refer to the 
 crimes of the Borgias; "under Tweed Tammany became 
 very bad. Tweed and all the men in with him stole mil- 
 lions. It was not Tweed alone— it never is any one 
 alone. To steal public money there must be many 
 thieves all working together, each screening the other, 
 no one daring to denounce any other because he is in it 
 himself. It was a shocking state of things. It was to 
 stop all that that I went into politics. And the case of 
 Tweed is the strongest illustration of what I told you 
 about the powor of the few, poor friendless men who 
 have right on their side against the strongest confederacy 
 of thieves and robbers. In 1869 and 1870 Tweed was at 
 the height of his glory. All New York obeyed him. 
 Every official was at his orders. All the police and 
 everybody else were his servants. He Avas many times a 
 millionaire. But he was wrong, and it could not last- 
 dishonesty never can. Only right comes always out on 
 top." 
 
 "But how was he overthrown?" 
 
 **Simpl^ Vjv the flower of truth and honest^- Who 
 
 
"SA : AIT'S INVISIBLE WORLD DI8PLA TED.'' 289 
 
 were we to go out against such a Boss? A few poor 
 young fellows whom nobody knew. I5ut we were in the 
 right, and that was enough. Honest John Kelly, he said 
 to me, 'Croker, we have just to go right on, fighting 
 them all the time. Never mind the odds; we're bound 
 to win.' And we did. It was a great fight. Wo young 
 men formed an Independent Young Men's Democratic 
 Organization. We worked, we talked, we made a good 
 stand everywhere against Tweed and Tammany." 
 
 "What!" I said; "you were an anti-Tammany man in 
 those days?" 
 
 ''Certainly," said Mr. Croker. "My first political act 
 was to go on the warpath against Tammany, in order to 
 •down' Tweed. But we 'downed' him. I was one of 
 the majority elected on the Board of Aldermen to oppose 
 Tweed. He could not secure his reappointment against 
 the veto of the majority of the Board of Aldermen, and 
 then we elected the majority." 
 
 "You 'downed' him then?" I asked. 
 
 *'0h, dear, no! Tweed had still another move. He 
 owned the majority of the Legislature of the New York 
 State. Part of it was Tammany, pure and simple, but 
 he had no difficulty with his millions in buying outright 
 the votes of as many Republicans as he wanted. Then 
 the Boss with a majority at Albany ran an act through 
 the Legislature turning us out of office, by the device of 
 creatihg . new charter for the city of New York. Thus 
 I was legislated out of my office as alderman before I had 
 held it six months. But although Tweed controlled the 
 Legisature, we had the people behind us, and although I 
 did not stand again for alderman even under the new 
 charter we elected a majority sufficient to prevent 
 Tweed's reappoinment. So we 'downed' him at last, 
 and in the end he died in prison. It was a great victory 
 
 you 
 
 agamst enormous odds. But," added Mr. Croker, 
 
1 
 
 HI 
 
 1 
 
 ■m 
 
 t itaj 
 
 ^n 
 
 k jll 
 
 IH1I 
 
 jwpj 
 
 IHII 
 
 Imi 
 
 Ul 
 
 •is*' 
 
 290 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED." 
 
 never need fear appealing to the people if you are in the 
 right. I have always had faith in the people." 
 
 "After Tweed was 'downed' did you become Boss?" 
 
 "No, sir. The next Boss was Honest John Kelly. I 
 was appointed city marshal, charged with the collection 
 of arrears of taxes on personal property. I was paid a 
 commission on collection. I had previously drawn 
 salary as alderman for five months. But I should have 
 told you that when Tweed fell we anti-Tammany men— 
 the Reformers and Independent Democrats who had 
 'downed' Tweed-— then took over Tammany. Since that 
 date Tammany has been the Reform Organization of 
 New York City." 
 
 "You took possession of Tammany, I suppose, as you 
 would a vessel aftbr she had struck her flag: manned her 
 with a new crew, and used her guns against her late 
 consorts?" 
 
 "Certainly. We, the anti-Tammany reform party, 
 took possession of Tammany, and made the old sink of 
 corruption the headquarters of Reform. And so it has 
 continued," said he seriously, "down to this day.'* 
 
 "And Mayor Strong?" I queried. 
 
 "We have far more right to the title than Mayor 
 Strong. We claim that we are the genuine article. He 
 is only a counterfeit. Reformed administration, in- 
 deed I" he said with scorn. "If you only could see the 
 creatures who are carrying it on I The men who have 
 been cast out of Tammany as too bad for our organiza- 
 tion have labeled themselves reformers and are now run- 
 ning the city. Of course the mugwumps don't know 
 what they are after. They only interest themselves in 
 politics on election days. But these bad fellows, the 
 offscourings of the city, who are too corrupt and alto- 
 gether too bad to be employed by either of the regular 
 organizations, they are the men to whom your reformed 
 
rour reformed 
 
 *'8ATAN'a INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED." 291 
 
 administration leaves the practical work of governing. 
 Reform, indeed! You should just see thdm at their 
 tricks." 
 
 '•But to return, Mr. Croker. What was your next 
 public office?" 
 
 Then Mr. Croker patiently and methodically went 
 through the list of his public offices, from which it ap- 
 peared that he had been in the salaried service of the 
 city of New York almost continuously from 1870 to 1895. 
 Nor must it be supposed that the salaries were small! 
 He served two terms as city coroner in the palmy days 
 when city coroners were paid in fees. I think every case 
 brought in $30 to the coroner, and Mr. Croker told me 
 that he drew during his double term of service no less a 
 sum than from $20,000 to $25,000 per annum! It seemed 
 almost incredible to me. But Mr. Croker stuck to it, 
 and he had no motive for exaggeration. It is now a 
 salaried post, but when he held it the fees brought in from 
 $20,000 to $25,000 a year. Here, indeed, were "spoils!" 
 Richard Croker, a young Irish mechanic, who had left 
 the fitting-shop at twenty-one to go into politics, finds 
 himself before he is twenty-six installed in office enabling 
 him to draw the salary of a cabinet minister for six years 
 oa end. Who can wonder at the rush into politics when 
 the premium upon success is so enormous? In no other 
 profession could Richard Croker have secured so large an 
 income at so early an age. I need not go into the details 
 of his municipal career. He was elected alderman, but 
 never took his seat on the board. He was made fire 
 commissioner, and then he became comptroller, a coveted 
 post which he held for several years. Here also the 
 salary is that of a cabinet minister. Altogether, as I 
 ciphered it up, Mr. Croker must have drawn in fees and 
 salaries attached to the various offices which ho held be- 
 tween 1870 and 1895 a sum of not much Isss than 
 
293 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WOULD DISPLAYED." 
 
 £70,000, or $350,000— excluding all illegitimate per- 
 quisites. That is to say, in twenty-five years of municipal 
 service Mr. Richard Oroker received on an average nearly 
 ♦15,000 a year. Is there any public man in the political 
 service of either England or the United States who can 
 show a better record? 
 
 During all the time that Mr. Crokorwas in the salaried 
 service of the city he was the ruling genius of Tammany 
 Hall. After Tweed's downfall, although Honest John 
 Kelly was titular Boss, Kichard Croker was the power 
 behind the throne. When Kelly disappeared, although 
 the nomination was made, and every one of the thirty- 
 four leaders was to be his own boss, no one for a moment 
 was under any misapprehension where the real power 
 lay. There was in>Mr. Croker's mind no antagonism be- 
 tween the interests of the city, whose offices he held, and 
 those of Tammany, whose political work he was 'loing all 
 the time. The party machine was indispensable to 
 enable him to rule the city. So always he talks of Tam- 
 many and the city, as Cardinal Wolsey might have 
 spoken of Church and State. 
 
 XI. 
 
 THE SECRET OF HIS SUCCESS. 
 
 I asked Mr. Croker wherein lay, in his opinion, the 
 secret of his strength. 
 
 He replied that he had always trusted the people, and 
 the people trusted him. He had never been crooked, 
 nor would he ever tolerate crooked men in oflBce. If a 
 man became corrupt he was fired out. This was even 
 mora necessary in the interests of the party than of the 
 city, The people knew him, an^ they felt he spoke 
 straight and acted honestly in their interest, and so 
 
"SATAN'S INVISIDLM WORLD DISPLAYED." 293 
 
 But, I said, apart from those general considerations, 
 what did ho consider differentiated him as Boss from his 
 predecessors? 
 
 lie considered awhile, and then replied, "Two things. 
 They wore both very simple, but they contributed the 
 most to the maintenance and to the strength of my posi- 
 tion. The first was the divesting myself of all the pat- 
 ronage which previous Bosses possessed. As soon as I 
 became Boas I terminated at one stroke the system which 
 every previous Boas had acted upon— of keeping all tho 
 city appointments in his own hands. Tho result of that 
 system was the Boas had no time to do anything but fill 
 up offices. I changed all that. I decentralized the 
 wiiole thing. All the appointments in each assembly 
 district were made over to the leader for that district. 
 Instead of one Boss distributing all the offices, each of 
 the thirty-four leaders on our Executive Council had ab- 
 solute control over all the patronage in his district. This 
 made them more powerful, and at the same time relieved 
 me of infinite worry and left me free to attend to other 
 business. That was the first change I made. The other 
 was quite aS important. No small part of my hold on 
 Tammany, and through Tammany on the city, came 
 from the fact that from the first I always made a point of 
 pushing young men to the front. I had myself come out 
 when young. I favored young men on principle on a 
 calculation which worked right every time. If you get 
 the young men you get their fathers and their elder rela- 
 tions. That is invariable. It is quite otherwise with the 
 old. If you get the father you probably won't get tlfe 
 son, whereas if you get the son you always get the 
 father. There is no motive," said Mr. Croker emphat- 
 ically, **which operates more constantly in American life 
 than the desire of every father to secure for his children 
 a better education than he has had himself. That mo- 
 
294 "SA TAN'S IN VI8IDL E WORLD D ISP LA TED." 
 
 tivo, fur moro than any greod for tho dollar, takes most 
 men into politics. They want to aeo their boys better 
 educated." (Mr. Croker evidently used tho term in the 
 ^■idor sense as meaning tho educating of tho faculties by 
 the training of life rather than a mere college education.) 
 ''And when they see their boy taken hold of and put 
 into place early, they are true to the party that pushes 
 their boy. Another reason why it is good 'policy is 
 because if you get a reputation for picking out young fel- 
 lows and giving tliom a show six or ton years sooner than 
 anybody else, all tho sni.irtest lads will crowd round you, 
 and naturally. You are giving them the chance they 
 want to-day, while tho other fellows only promise it next 
 week. Nothing gave Tammany such hold as these two 
 things— the decentralization of tho patronage and the 
 encouragement of young men.'* 
 
 If Mr. Croker be not belied, his love for excitement 
 has at times led him into strange adveniures. As for 
 instance, when he battled through raging surf off the 
 coast of Florida in order to fish for sharks. Shark- 
 fishing is just the kind of inspiriting amusement strong 
 enough to suit a man who had been Boss of Tammany 
 Hall. ^ 
 
 XII. 
 THE ORDEAL OF JAIL. 
 
 Mr. Croker is physically fearless, a handy man with his 
 fists, therein resembling our John Burns, who relies 
 rn^ore upon his "ten commandments" than any bowie or 
 revolver. And this brings me by a natural transition to 
 the final chapter in this sketch, the story of how Richard 
 Croker was arrested, imprisoned, and tried for the will- 
 ful murder of a political opponent. 
 
 Mr. Croker sat talking in his stateroom one after- 
 
 Tionn nnnnfirninor hin paroop ar\r\ ifa laoo/vna 
 
"SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED." 395 
 I think it only rig.it," ho began after a pauae, "to 
 
 \\ 
 
 >t 
 
 tell you that I once spent thirty days in prison 
 
 "Keally!" I exclaimed, "and so you also have actually 
 been in jail. Ilowdid you get there? And how did you 
 get out? And how did you like it? And how is it you 
 come out on top?" 
 
 "It was many years ago," he replied. "I was hold on 
 a charge of murder." 
 
 I looked at the Boss. I had heard much against him, 
 but I had never iieard him accused of having been a 
 murderer. 
 
 "Yes," he went on, speaking with some suppressed 
 feeling, "for murder— for killing a man. And the man 
 was killed sure enough. Only I did not do it. I will 
 tell you all about it." 
 
 "Please do!" I exclaimed. 
 
 "It was one of the crudest things that I ever experi- 
 enced, one of the cruelest things. It seemed so unjust, 
 so utterly unjust. I could not understand it. But it 
 came out all right," he said cheerily; "it always does. 
 Well," he continued, "it was this way. It was before 1 
 was Boss— when John Kelly was Boss, and I was still a 
 very young man serving my first term as coroner, and 
 working for Tammany behind Kelly. There was an 
 election on. Hewitt wanted to be mayor again. We 
 had elected him once, but we did not want him a second 
 time. It was a stiff fight, and we all went in to do our 
 best. There was a noisy fellow then in politics of the 
 name of O'Brien, who was quite outrageous in his sup- 
 port of Hewitt. It was before we had reformed the law 
 of elections, and any violent lawless man could do what 
 he liked on election days in knocking citizens about, 
 stuflBng ballot-boxes, and playing all kinds of tricks. 
 O'Brien stuck at nothing. He got together a gang of 
 
 ftll f,np nnirriinQla ar<'^ i«/->ti»vV»c< .»■« •fU/x »..U^I« 4.<n^.» «»J 
 
 »«• bi.c v^iiijimtio mU\4 xUUgxio iu tuo nuvic butvDi auu gUVU 
 
296 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED." 
 
 them their instructions. They were to go from district 
 to district, seize the ballot-boxes, stuff them with Hewitt 
 votes, and bulldoze all their opponents. It was mon- 
 strous. But some men stuck at nothing in those days. 
 And O'Brien was quite a desperate character. Well, on 
 the election day, I said to .John Kelly, 'What shall wo 
 do? O'Brien is out with his gang playing hia tricks. 
 His gang are the most violent criminals and ruffians in 
 all New York. They are smashing ballot-boxes, and 
 terrorizing the citizens. It will be a hard day.' 
 
 " 'Never you mind,' said Kelly. 'What we have got 
 to do is simply to go right on. We are right, and all 
 these outrageous things that O'Brien and his gang are 
 doing must just be met as best we can. You go straight 
 down to the worst district, where he is carrying on, and 
 expostulate with him.' 
 
 "So," said Mr. Oroker, "although it was not a pleas- 
 ant task, I made my way down to the polling station, 
 where O'Brien was at that moment carrying on no end. 
 He had taken complete charge of the ballot-boxes, and 
 no man o\\ the other side was allowed to vote, while for 
 Hewitt the 'repeaters' were being voted all the time. 
 You never saw such a scene of violence and disorder. I 
 went straight up to O'Brien with a few of my men be- 
 hind me, and began to expostulate with him. 'O'Brien,' 
 I said, 'you ought to be ashamed of yourself. This kind 
 of a thing is a disgrace to the city.' He was very ex- 
 cited, and very violent, and the more I expostulated with 
 him, the more outrageous he became. But I was not 
 afraid of him or his ruffians, and I went on pointing out 
 earnestly the outrage he was committing upon the law, 
 when suddenly I heard a shot fired behind me. I looked 
 round, and there was one of O'Brien's men on the 
 ground with a shot through him, dead or dying. There 
 wa8 immediately a great hubbub, and instantly, as I was 
 
"SA TAN '8 IN VISIBLE WORLD DISPLA TED. " 297 
 
 the foremost representative of the other side, they de- 
 clared that it was I who had killed the man. O'Brien 
 and his gang accused me of shooting him, and when the 
 police came I was handed over to them under arrest on a 
 charge of murder. I was as innocent as a babe unborn. 
 At the very moment the shot was fired I was pleading 
 for the majesty of the law, and expostulating in the 
 name of order and good government against the abomi- 
 nable violence to which O'Brien and his criminals were 
 subjecting the citizens. As for shooting the man, he was 
 shot behind my back, nor was I aware of his existence 
 until I saw him lying on the ground with a shot in him. 
 But the opportunity was too good to be lost. They 
 thought they had me. I had been in the lead against 
 O'Brien, and the chance was too good to be lost.'* 
 
 "Had you a weapon?" I asked. 
 
 "No, sir," said he. "I never carried a weapon in my 
 life other than my two hands." 
 
 "Then who was it that killed him?" 
 
 "A man," said he; "a friend of mine who had fol- 
 lowed me into the polling place. As I was being led to 
 the station he followed me in the crowd. I said, 'Who 
 shot the man?' He replied, *I did. He was a ruffian. 
 One of O'Brien's gang was shouting and making a fuss 
 behind you when you were expostulating with O'Brien. 
 As he got more excited he picked up a rock, and was 
 just going to brain my brother, with whom he was hav- 
 ing an argument. When I saw his hand lifted with the 
 stone in it, I whipped out my gun and shot him to save 
 my brother's life. If I had not fired my brother might 
 have been dead by now.' '* 
 
 "Well," I asked, "did the man give himself up?" 
 
 "No," said Mr. Croker, "and, of course, I did not 
 give him away, not if I had been convicted for what I 
 had never done, for the man told it me as a friend, and 
 
 s 
 
 1 ! 
 
 :\\ 
 
 
298 "SATAN'S INVISIBLE WORLD DISPLAYED." 
 
 you must never give away your friends. Besides, he 
 meant no harm. It was in self-defense, and I would not 
 have got him into trouble for anything.'* 
 
 ''But you yourself," I said, "you were in severe 
 trouble?" 
 
 "Yes, it was a bad time. They brought me before the 
 district attorney, who was a bitter opponent, and swore 
 that they saw me shoot the man. He sent me for trial, 
 and I lay for thirty days in jail before the case could be 
 heard. It was a grim time," said he. "I could not un- 
 derstand it. It seemed so utterly unjust. Here was I 
 trying to keep the law, pleading with the criminal who 
 was breaking it, and then as a reward I was suddenly 
 clapped into jail as a common murderer. Many hours I 
 spent on my knees in the cell, wrestling with the ques- 
 tion, almost in despair about it all, but there was always 
 something told me that it would come all right. I had 
 great faith in the people, and that sustained me in these 
 dark times. It was very bad, and very bitter, and what 
 made it worse, my first child was born while I was under 
 arrest on that charge. I felt it very much, and so did 
 my poor wife." 
 
 "Well," I said, "how did it end?" 
 
 "The case came on for trial before a judge who was 
 very prejudiced against me at the time. They swore all 
 they could against me, and he charged the jury for a 
 conviction. I do not want to say anything about him 
 now, for he has long since seen what a cruel mistake he 
 made, and has done all he could, publicly and privately, 
 to make atonement for it. He is still a judge of the Su- 
 preme Court, and many times he tells me that the only 
 object he has left in life is to make atonement for the 
 injury he did me at that trial. The jury, however, were 
 not unanimous; they hopelessly disagreed, and had to be 
 discharged. I was released on bail, being held in bonds 
 
Besides, he 
 d I would not 
 
 )re in severe 
 
 me before the 
 Qt, and swore 
 b me for trial, 
 case could be 
 could not un- 
 Here was I 
 criminal who 
 was suddenly 
 Many hours I 
 i^ith the ques- 
 re was always 
 right. I had 
 d me in these 
 ter, and what 
 e I was under 
 h, and so did 
 
 idge who was 
 ?hey swore all 
 he jury for a 
 \g about him 
 el mistake he 
 md privately, 
 Ige of the Su- 
 that the only 
 Bment for the 
 lowever, were 
 [ind had to be 
 held in bouds 
 
 "SATAN'S INVISTBLS WOltLt) DtSPLATtSe:* 299 
 
 to come up at any time for a new trial. But notwith- 
 standing the malice of my enemies, and the charge of 
 the judge, the people saw that I was innocent, and 
 instead of being crushed, I became an object of popular 
 sympathy. I continued in my oflfice as coroner, and no 
 effort was made to bring me again to trial. John Kelly, 
 however, insisted that it was due to me to compel them 
 to send the case before another jury, and take steps to 
 force on another trial. Then the district attorney 
 entered a nolle pros y and admitted that he had no case, 
 and so the matter dropped so far as the courts are con- 
 cerned. I was shortly afterward re-elected to the oflBce 
 of coroner as a mark of public confidence; but notwith- 
 standing all that, my enemies have kept on flinging the 
 charge of murder in my teeth, and even to this day you 
 may hear echoes of the cruel charge at election times in 
 New York. After my office for coroner expired there 
 was a question of appointing me to another city office, 
 and at once the cry was raised that I was a murderer, 
 and unfit to be appointed. The mayor said, 'Croker, I 
 think you are innocent, and there is nothing against you, 
 but before I can appoint you to office you must have a 
 conclusive vindication as to the judgment of the people. 
 Go down to the assembly district where the killing took 
 place, stand for alderman, appeal for the votes of the 
 citizens, the friends and neighbors of the man who was 
 killed. If you are elected there, despite all that they 
 can say against you, it will be your vindication. Then I 
 shall appoint you.* So I went down," continued Mr. 
 Croker, *'into the assembly district, and we had a tre- 
 mendous fight— one of the stiflest fights I ever had; but 
 the truth was known to the citizens and ray confidence 
 in the people which had sustained me in the darkest 
 hours in jail was justified. I came out on top. My 
 vindication was complete. The mayor then appointed 
 
 i! 
 
i/ 
 
 300 " SATAN* 8 IN VISIBLIS WORLD DISPLATED" 
 
 me fire commissioner. I resigned my position as alder- 
 man, and from tliat day to this the charge is only revived 
 as a kind of dead cat to throw at me at election times by 
 my refined and gentlemanly opponents. It was bad to 
 boar at the time," said he; "cruel and bitter and black 
 were those thirty days. I sometimes almost lost faith; 
 but I was sure it would come right in the long run, and 
 so it is, and so it always will be right. Act straight, and 
 the worst your enemies do against you the better it is for 
 you in the long run." 
 
 With this cheerful expression of unwavering faith in 
 the Supreme Justice which governs all things, let us 
 leave Mr. Richard Croker. From whatever point of 
 view he may be regarded, such an utterance from such a 
 man is noteworthy indeed. It is not for me to judge, 
 much less to condemn. In this character sketch I have 
 endaavored to represent to a public which has heard 
 enough of what his enemies think of Mr. Croker, what 
 Mr. Croker thinks of himself. The most; cursory Ameri- 
 can reader will see that I have inevitably translated Mr. 
 Croker's vigorous vernacular into the political equiva- 
 lents which are more familiar to an English writer; but 
 although I may not have caught the trick of his phrases, 
 I can affirm without any hesitation that the statements 
 made in this article accurately embody the spirit and 
 substance of what Mr. Croker said to me in our long and 
 intimate conversations on the steamer New York. 
 
 THE END. 
 
A Few Press Opinions on 
 
 The Unclassed 
 
 Bjr GEORGE GISSIFTG 
 
 ilmtk CMb. Uliutrated, $1.25; Paper Coven, 50 Ceatt 
 
 Outlook 
 
 It shows remarkable powers of observation and tealistte 
 reproductioii of certain phases of life. It deals with the 
 life of tiie "unclassed " very bluntly, and with unneces- 
 sary detail, but there is no intention to pervert morals. 
 
 Boston Post 
 
 The story is full of strong and telling situations, a 
 story in which the reahsm often impinges closely upon 
 the Ideal. In many places the book is absorbing in its 
 
 aU LCJTCo te 
 
 N. Y. Advertiser 
 
 nt,^'fL^f°'^j?l^®J*^Sgnngones, struggHng against 
 and for class distinction ; stniggling to keep fromloing 
 down into the •• lowest class ; " struggUng to reach thi 
 class where bread and butter are not the only Uving 
 
 Buffalo Commercial 
 
 ♦t,^v* 9^« ^"^ ^^ secured a place in the ftont tank of 
 tte best Engfish novelists, and any story of which he is 
 tne author will be widely and eagerly read. *' The Un- 
 classed " IS a thnlhng, intensely dramatic story. 
 
 neadville Stylus 
 
 Ida Starr is a child of ten years when the story opens. 
 It closes with her marriage. We are permitted tdob- 
 serve her character in all the stages of its development 
 Urom a childhood all love and gentleness, through a 
 a^tary and defenseless girlhood spent in a desperate 
 ^ggk against the poverty that ends in starvation, 
 ttrough her temptation, her fall, and her redemption 
 through love. There are, curiously enough, no traces 
 of the influence of the naturalistics chool in Mr Gis- 
 sings work. The entire story is planned vA wrought 
 •ut with the greatest imaginable delicacy ^™"8« 
 
 tU p. FENNO & COMPANY, 112 FifUi Ave^ S(. Y. 
 
 I 
 
I ' 
 
 A Few Press Opinions 6ii 
 
 A Living: Lie 
 
 ; ,^ By PAUL BOURGET 
 
 ) 19mo, Cloth, $1.25; I'aper Covers, SO centa. 
 
 Scotsman " 
 
 Pall Hall Gazette 
 
 World 
 
 8ion1l«ceSen;'' undoubtedly a clever story, an ^.present ver. 
 Vanity Fair 
 
 .ls?a^d^htri^Jl?-.^^-t^^^^^^^ 
 
 New York qommerclal Advertiser 
 
 the1a^K?'^w^oKrSftlU^'%'^S"o*S f^.f*S°°' "L-^- o' 
 weakness and strength of his mlthod^ Tn «« < ^* J?'°Y-^ ^^^ *he 
 to the transtlation, the author Tneaks of h?c i? »n'f,o<l"ct on written 
 Flaubert and Zola, and Sao^s nont nf%^^^ ot 
 
 than this recent transLtlou wflFshow bette? h^Sf *^ "ovels better 
 dent has followed the niasters esn^.^lil ti,- T '"'"^^'^ *•** «*•*' 
 
 Madame Borfn^/mefting wUh h^ fovehn^n^i;'"*"" 'K H^'?"^"- 
 *nd Rene's nseetings with his mist^^m^ci? f ^°^^ °^ iH-fame 
 ^n illustration o? re'Jeni,?;S''«|aS Kel^n^'^ 
 
 R)urget aspires to be someth?°g more thknnoS' ♦^"k""''* '^• 
 alysist a psychologist and femiuZgfst, it would'li wrn^o?? V^' 
 aore what he considers his b^st labor Pe^hflT« U J™°i5*^ *°. ^S' 
 • fflalapropos to t^uote, in relation to M Boureet^s Itud-^nf ^«* ^ 
 and women's mind, what Nietzsche has writtf., tSil JLf ^ women 
 
 now in a mad house But mpv^h^^?.^ •**^° ^^ a man who is 
 
 .I^ndstoo°^u^^S'anaiave4"Su^%?fck^a^^ »>"' »>« 
 It is^Ulrafed:'" " ^« «°°^°°. if it is not gSSl Uteratu«. 
 
 1. F. FENNO & COMPANY, 112 Flftli Ave^ Ir.^ 
 
 i\ i. 
 
. BOURGET 
 
 SO cents. 
 
 g[ to be desired, aa4 
 'mg rendered acces- 
 iis of cbaracter an4 
 
 d to find a transla- 
 as this is, and the 
 ts force or truth io 
 
 an !>2 present Ter* 
 
 itest novel of analy* 
 Izac. 
 
 7 Fenno, is one of 
 lat shows both the 
 atroduction written 
 able decipleship ol 
 rget's novels better 
 )w closely the stu- 
 
 former. But one 
 was Flaubert, bu,, 
 ead one to believe 
 vritteu it himself. 
 
 house of ill-fame 
 fen seem Jo somt 
 led his lesson too 
 
 ireing that, it ia 
 )od. But since M. 
 .list, to be an an- 
 i be wrong to ig- 
 3 it would not be 
 I study of women 
 that we are puz- 
 cause it is so deep. 
 illow." Which is 
 )y a man who is 
 good sentence to 
 « a feminologist. 
 vers. True, that 
 and exultant de- 
 re four, but often 
 roblems, such at 
 analyst, but he 
 :k walls. 
 ; good literaturCi 
 
 i Ave^ K )f*