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OFrrci 
 
 THE Secretary of the United vStntcs for the department of foreign 
 birn to rejx)rt the dr.' it ot" a h'tler to the Staif\s, to aceompany tl 
 letter of cih March, 1706, tVom the honorable JOHN AljA^lb, Eu 
 
 Repots the following, viz. 
 To hi; Kxcelhncy the Governor (;f 
 
 S 1 li , 
 
 OVR Secret '.ry for foreign aflairs has tranfniitted to you copies of .1 
 Cifihe 4;h u;iy of March, 17^6, and of ti papers mentioned to 
 \Vc h:i\e c'.eliL)crate!y raid dilpalllonately examined and conliderca i 
 tions <;i the Treaty ot I'eace cii the part of America, ;.nd we re;.; ret th 
 have been paid to the public faith pledged by that 'l^reaty. 
 
 Not only the ob\ ioiL^ dictates ot religion, niorality and mitioii.al ho 
 a candid and punc^tual compliance with engagemciUs conllitui n:ii v a 
 
 Our rational con.ilitution hi. jn<>- conunittcd t(; us the mana. 
 it is our dutv to take care that all the rii-.hts which the> ,;U':ht to 
 
 o 
 
 alio our uu^y 10 pro 
 de\iation>^ Irom th. 
 
 Sovereign 
 ' ' iicrai 
 
 e 
 
 le 
 
 faith of Treaties, remain invi(^late. An 
 Confederac\- be not impaired or end.ing . >. 
 from Vvliaccver caul'' be unadviledly drau n. 
 
 Let il lie ren)''ndiered th t the'l hiiiefMi b 
 vef'cd in u a jHMvral though limited io\(i . i> 
 
 this le.vcrciiMitv the^■ cannot !e\('rali. tviru<.it;.iie (exc 
 ninth article ol the Confederation moil expre.sly co:i\e} 
 and i\,!ii-, and of entering into Trir:..: ami Allianc . . 
 
 When ther^'l'ore a 'I'reaty is coniliiutic-naily m;.. e, i^.tiacu and pu 
 whou' Nation, and kiperaddad lo the ia\v:, ci' the land, withouc the 
 de]- ve tlicir obli^ar-iion from beini-- C(anrxicts l/ctvvcen the :H)\creii:n 
 liav'vS or St;.tutes derive tlieir force irern bcin^ a^^is ot a Lei iilateic c 
 Trcjiies nuiic be implicitly receixed and C'baaAcJ i.\ evirs' mcmbei o 
 tent iu i!\e n^.aking of fach Compa.Cts or '1 reaiies, io neither are tliey c 
 cr aicertain the conilruction anci ienle ■ t' tiiem. Whendoubis ante re 
 nor improper for the Str.te Legiflalures l)y explanatory or declaratoi 
 Lnv. s a:n.d Ccmp.ds or Treaties, is in tins vudely different ; fea- wh 
 l^-er.tv, th'^v are iu fair from beim'- corni/able by a State Leinfiature 
 autlu-.ritv to fettle and di^ternune them : for as the I.egiilatuie onh', 
 nnd amerd it: lo the So\ereions only, who are peaties to the 'I'rcatic 
 to com CI or explain it. 
 
 Li caies beiv.e(m individuals, all dv ubts reipeding the meaning Oi 
 Lav.', aic in tf.e fill injlar.ce n".cre judicial quelLions, and are to be h< 
 ;:anceof tlie caules in v.hich they ; rile, and whole duty it is to detern 
 by the Laws or n:itions for the ii'.icrpretation ol "^1 reatics. Lrom tivei 
 individual State has a rirht by Leuiilative Aits to decide and poiat 01 
 iliall underiland this or that article of a treaty. 
 
 It is evident that a eontr.iry doc'trine \sou\d n(>tonly militate again 
 to this fubjecl, but would prove no leis lueieiaus in prac:iee tn -a it i 
 vrjtkc_Gix-ii (=> ' ^ff-'^t^r rt^ir, hf hv Inw b c made r.) vACAw OMC. th:a ir in A e ' 
 
rrici; for foreign ai fairs, 6th ///r./, 17I7. 
 
 Rjicign .'ifRirs, in purlbnncc of the oidcr Oi" Coiicriels tlireJ^ing 
 pany the rcrolutions in his ropoits of 13th October hit, on a 
 b, E14; 
 
 ics of a letter to him from our Minillcr a^- the court of London, 
 ned to have been incluied ia it. 
 
 Jerc: the le\cral iiicLs and matters ureea bv iJillain .;s inlrac- 
 •gret th:il in iome kA' tlic States too little attention ap^>ears to 
 
 lal ho! n\ but alio the iiril: principles of good policy, demand 
 na; id fair V made. 
 
 mr u f)t the )nal concerns with foreign States and Powers, 
 
 ) vvithi i ur iurii.action by the Laws of Nations an^l the 
 
 provide th t the eilential intcrells and peace of the whole 
 
 1 il:_ • >' ih.ic {aith, into which any oi its members may 
 
 ign ;3iates have, by exprels delegation of power, formed and 
 
 ' itional purposes fpecilied ia the Conicderation. In 
 
 ni IcgMtes) nor with i': hi'.ve loncurient jmauiicti'jn ; i'cr the 
 
 de a!:d txci/^/i-vc rigiit and power oi deterni nlng on If^cr 
 
 md publiilud bv us, it immediately becomes binding on the 
 ruC the iaterveniion (;r fau of State Legiliatures. treaties 
 jrei^ii oi'tlfih, and the Sovervign of another nation; Vv]i(a-eas 
 rinvu ev hipcteni to ihe paf^ingof them. Hence it is clear ihat 
 mbeioflhe natioii ; for as St;. te Legiliatures are not r^^mpe- 
 tliey competent in that capacity , au;horitative]y to decide on, 
 arne reipcding the coniliuction ei" Sti^tc Lav>s it is not unuiual 
 :larritory acts^ to scmove dvAc doubts: bur the caie bet w 'en 
 for uhen doubts arile rtlpecling the ienle :ind meaning oi a 
 ifi:rcure, that the, United States in Coiigref^ a. embled ha\e no 
 : oid\', which conftitutionaliy p:iiies a] ivv, has power to revile 
 IVeatics, have povvcr by manual confent and poii.erior articles, 
 
 \iv'^ Oi a d're;itv', liivC all da^ubts refpcding the meaning of a 
 o be heard and decided in the cv urts of juilice h:iving cogai- 
 determine them according t(Uhe rules and m<ixin s eltablilhed 
 )m tlijie principles it ioll()ws ol neceffaj-y coniequcnce, tJiat no 
 ^ciat out the lenie in which their particular citizens and courts 
 
 : aeninjl the common and eJlabliOied maxims and ideas relative 
 i:in it is irrr.iional iii theory ; ibr in that cafe the iame article 
 ■in \ cw-M.n nodiire. another thine in New-Yoriv, and neither 
 
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 Commentaires supplementaires 
 
 CIHM no. 60583 
 
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 lustrent la m^thode. 
 
:*nnccol th'' cnu'.cs in v. hich thc\ . ri'.r, and Ahole tluty it is to uctrnn 
 by the l.avvh of iKitiou.'^ lor ihc init rpr.tution ol "^J rcatiVi.. « .^ »). LiU'K 
 indiviiiual StcUc lias a vv,\\i by fA-uliuivc .\cr, t(< ticcici:* :iiul pcirt w 
 iluJl unJcriland thi< o: ibat iMViclcofr. t'•^'f^• 
 
 It is c\iucnt th:it a ^vni\.\vy ilodriin.' snvm l oiil; i;.», ;:.;>: ..,,^ >;,, 
 
 to this lubicL'l, but would prove no Ids Inc.;. . ,uo in practice th-n it i*: 
 of the iame TrcMtv nui lu bv law be made to nuMU one thine iu Ae\ 
 the one nor tlie other oi thcni in Geoi\fMa. 
 
 How Ir.rliK^h Le^ifliilive A-'ts would be valid and obliratorv c'C'i \ 
 whiJi uc l\ope never tohave occalion todiicus. L"en:.in huwevfr it 
 Sovereigns, and con'.eciuentlv cannot be ol>li..\atOi v on thtir rei. cctivc 
 juit it 'i'reatics, and vscry article in ihcivi, be (as the) arc ana on; 
 States ha\e no ri^;ht to accept Ibnu* articlcb and r-jeCt otlurs; ;nv' ii 
 the icnie and conllruClion of thenu be apparent; iiiil n.oic i , n 
 
 or modifv the operation and eyecution ol theie natior.al com] ..c. ,. 
 
 W hen'it is conlidcrrd that the {e\eral States alieml)led by tiv.'ir dele 
 
 furcly the Treaties lo lorrncd are r.ot altcruards to be Jubjcct to iiici- 
 
 cxpe'dient to make, and iha.t t(>o wiihout the conlent of either ol" tlu 
 
 confent of all the United States, who collcc^tively are parties to this 'I'] 
 
 other. Were the Lcgillatures to poiTcfs and to cxerciie fuch power, 
 
 confufion at home, and in diiputi s v. hich would probably terniinatc in 
 
 have formed 'I'reaties. lnihinc(\. Vv'oujd then be frequent of Treatic 
 
 in another; and of the fame artieie being executed in one manner in 
 
 another State. Iliilory furnilhes no precedent oi' fuch liberties taken 
 
 Contracts betv.een Nations, like ccntr.ids between individuals, ih< 
 
 the one cafe, and the law in the oih'.\ , uid not compel it. — Monc'l, 
 
 jullice ; and though impunity ar.ii the neeefiity Oi affairs m.ny fomet 
 
 meaiure of convenience, yet it is never done but at the expence of 
 
 infinitively m.ore worth than all the mornee'tary advantages uhieh fuc 
 
 but although contracting Nations cannot, like individuals, avail i 
 
 Centrals ; yet an appeal to Heaven and to Arms is always in their pc 
 
 but it is their dntv to take c:ire th:it tliey never lead their people 
 
 and propriety of their condud afford ^ them good reafon to rely with c 
 
 Thus much we think it ufeful to o'bferve, in order to explain the 
 following Refolutions, viz. 
 
 '' Reiolved, That the Lcgillaturc:: of tlie fevcral States cannot of 
 ** or conflruing a national 'irc:ity, or any part or clauie of it ; nc 
 ** retardini^ or counter ading the operadon and execution of the fame 
 <* publiihed, they become in virtue of the coniederation, part of the 
 ^* will and power ofluch Legillaiures, but alio binding andobligato 
 
clfit rmitu' tluiuactoraiii^!; to llu* rulch and m.'.xirr.s t'llat)lilhed 
 ini til .ciplcs It lollosvs ol necc'iVarv conleijucncc, that no 
 
 h:\'[ ciii ilv *..;nlc'iii wiiich liicir particular citizens and courts 
 
 ;;.,, ,,.. ^ nioa :iiiJ cil^.hliilK-d maxims and ideas relative 
 
 i.ui ii is irraiional iu theory ; lor in that caic tlu- lame article 
 ill Ncw-il.iinplliirr, another thing in New-York, and neither 
 
 /t:vc!i \\itl\in the limitTol the State paliing thejn, is :i (juellioii 
 eV'T it ih ih.-.t iuch acts cannot bind either (>t the contracting 
 ipci'tive n::iions. 
 
 ;inu ov.'c,ht to he) hindino- on tin- whole nation; if individual 
 ; ane \\ the impropriety of State Ath to interpret and decide 
 niiv';'r mnil h,- the im| ronrietv ol' State ads to controul, dchiy 
 L .. . . . 
 
 'ir delejvatcsin Congrefs, have exprels power to form Treaties, 
 U) lueh'rilteriai' '- r tliis or th;;t State Legillature may think 
 r oith.e parties to u, — lli;it i.s in the preieiit cale without the 
 this 'I'rcaty on tlic one llde, and his iiritannic Majelly on the 
 X)wer, we lluuild 'oon he invtdved as a nation, in anarchy and 
 inate In hoililllies and war with the natit)ns with whom we may 
 rreaties lully evecuted in one State, and only partly executed 
 nner in one bt;, , and in a diiiVrent manner, or not at all, in 
 . taken uith '1 : ,iil<'s under tbrm of law in any nation. 
 tals, (hould be faithluUy executed, even though the iwonl in 
 L-Icncll Nations, like honell men, require no lonltrainr to do 
 y fcnietin-ies aiFord temptations to pare dov, n L'ontrac u.- the 
 •nee of th:it cfceem, and conlidencc, and credit u hieh are of 
 lieh inch expedients can extort. 
 
 avail ihemielves of courts of" juiVice to compel p. i lormarice of 
 their power, and often in their inclination. 
 
 people to make and fupport luch appeals, unlel.. tlie fincerity 
 . with confidence on th. juiliee and. protection ol Uciven. 
 .in the principles on v.hich we have unanimouily cMne to the 
 
 nnot of riglit pais any Aft or Acls for interpreting, explaining 
 ' it; nor for rellraining, limiting, or in any m. inner impedii^.g, 
 le fame ; for that on being coniiitutionally made, ratilied and 
 •t of tlic law of the land, and arc net only independent of the 
 
 blit'-atory on them." 
 
 As 
 
A^ tlic 'jrcniy ol j eacc, a^ lar ns it rcipccts :hc matters cr.^a i 
 CiiniuU liv all (;! r.;-;y oi'thcinhc aitCiCu or c]\: , !, a.ll St;iie A 
 ;i!c iiu(.ir.}.:;tii)lj with it, ir.uli in eery poi;.: oi slew be inm;-, pi 
 iH'C'. il. i\ L][]\LY to cniuiK'ia.te tli'.-ni paru<;iilpr]\- (.r to inak'. liuin 
 
 ..J. 
 
 I - .i t «■ 1 ■ 
 
 
 I-'*- «•■» 
 
 i •' -< "^ cs.rS 
 
 t^i^ 
 
rs v.:mi tlilnp^s provicl^'d for in it, is a law to the United States wiilch 
 nate Acts eilal)li!hiniT nrovilions relative to tlie fame obieds which 
 iHinr. y:v ; luch Acis do iicvcrthclris cxill ; but we do not think it 
 '. iiKin l'?vcr:illy ihc i^bjrcts c f diitu''Ion. It appe:irs to U3 (ufiicient 
 
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 .A> tlic 'I'lTT'tv of Tqcxc, fo far as it reibccLs :!ie matters and i 
 cnniun liv all (■r anv ofthcijihc .'liteicJ orchatU't'd, all Slate A< 
 nrc iriC(,]u;.atit,«!j \vi\h it, inuli in every poi;.: oi ^ ievv he ininrrj 
 neccfiM\ ciiJur ic ciiunu'ratf-- tlivni iniruenlpr];/, (i to makv incni 
 to (.b.<.i\f ,iiui iiiiiil. thai the 'i'rcaiy (/a^ht t'.-* i...\c iVoe ccuric in 
 by htatr Aw'.s I e !('ir.c\ccl. \\'e nie:in to ret uiih tiie moM fcni} 
 v.nd wiih a.a. {.(.".i.;! dciMoe of dciicacN', nioderaiion aiK; deciiion tov 
 For liiele r. :i ons wc ha\c in gCiieral tciTr.b *' ReioKcd, Tha 
 ^' any ..fthe ''t. u ; , re '.urnant to liic 'j'rcaty cfPcace, oui'l-t t( 
 ** to be rcgardad :io viohitions (^f that 'i'reaty, as to avoid tiic di' 
 *' di;ciii; iva liuenioHh i.. iicliin.^ their validitv and obli'jation.'' 
 
 AliUvw/h .Wi^ In' .rluii':;! :uH>lias llri(::Uv onJv to (iicli of ti\e Sta 
 obviate ail iiuure uiipiitr;. aiui tiueilions, :\h well .i:. to rrmo\e ih- 
 exception jIh.uIu [ai.lb a b.w on the iui)ject. — We have ihereiore 
 *' to make uich repeal lalhcr l)\" delci drmi?- than recitini'; die fadd / 
 term,': tlia.t ill lueh Acts, an i parts ol Act:^ rep'a<avint to die '1" 
 Tvlajeilv, 01- aov article ihcrco:", !!:a]l be, and tli^'reby are ra 
 and oacilion.s eoirnizable bv thern ieipvcli\xl y, and aaliino; f 
 '' accerdino to the true intent aiul nieanie.'j- oi the ianie ; anv ih: 
 '^ notvcithibanding." 
 
 Such lavNS wcuik! anfwer every purpofc, and be eafdy formed.-' 
 the better, tle^y might ea.ch recite that 
 
 WhcrcaiS certain L.aws er Statutes nnu'e and paifed in fomc o 
 reraHjna.nt to the Trentv of Peaice with Cjreat-Britain, bv realo . > 
 by that 'jdeatv, has been drawn into quallion, but their elTcntial 
 julbce to (>r( a.t-britain, as Nvell as regaid to the honoj- andi in ei' 
 f^uih'ullv execut':-d, and tliatall obiiaclas tiioreto, and pa;:h:nlar 
 of thi^ St;u.r, be eifetaiaily removed. '1 hci-eiore 
 
 Be it rnaded b\' ana it i., h:: 
 
 Ac^ts or parts of Acls of the LegiHaturc of this State, a.-, are rein 
 and his liritannic ^iajeily, cr any article thereo:, iball be, anci 
 and etjuitv- vvlddii this State be, and the\ hjrcL^y are directed an 
 refpedi\clv, and ariiing fiom or touching the fad., i'reaty, toe 
 meaning of the binie, any thing in the laid ai'ts or parts of ad-, to 
 Such a iveraral b;W, VvOuKl we think, b-e preferable to one th: 
 to be rq-,ealed : bccaule omifnoias ndght accidentally be made in 
 be fatistae^oriivdetetrnined, refpetting particidar acb^ or ciaufes, 
 repealing in general terms all :\cbs andclauies re])Ugna.nt to the 1' 
 nients, vi^. the iudiciai ; and the courts of law will fad no ciifficu] 
 notccnitrarv to the 'i'reaty. L'ehdes, when it is confidered that th 
 i'cel as well as know the obligations of office and the value of repu 
 judgments relative to thcle as well as other judicial matters, will b 
 Be pleafed, Sir, to lay this letter before the Legiilature of your 
 with us in opinie)n that cmvivui cu-d jviiliv-^ cuk. ex.-, »iccoilarr tv> tn 
 honorable way of delivering ourfelves from the embarraflment of] 
 is time that all doubts rclpedi ng the public faith be removed, an( 
 Britain, be amicably and iinally icttled. 'I'he States are informe 
 occupy the fionticr polbs vv'hich by the Treaty he agreed to cvacu; 
 pliance with the treaty on cair part, ihallbe iollowed by a pnruftUc 
 It is impcrtarit that the ieveral legiflatures ihouldas foon as poiul 
 favor ot \ou to tranlmit to us an authenticated copy of luch ath 
 take place on the lubjed and. in purfuance of this letter. 
 
 By order of Congre^.^ 
 
rs and ililnos provlcV'd for in it, is a law to the United States wlilch 
 )t;itc Acts eilablifhiniT provifions relative to the fame obieds which 
 Kinrv-piT ; luch Acls do ncvcrthch.'i.s cxill ; but we do not think it 
 e thcin Icvcrall)' the r;;b"u-cts c f diicuncn. It appears to U3 futHcient 
 uric iii its operation. :i':d exccutioi^ and that all obilacles interpofed 
 )il icrupuk)'.;N rrgard tc* jiiilicc and candour towards Great-Britain, 
 .fion tovsard.'; tlieStaic-. Vvhoha\c 'riven occafion ro vliefc difcuiTions. 
 d. That all lUvdi Acl;, or parts or' AcL as may be now exilling in 
 :!Ui^i:t to be ibrthv.iih repealed; a.^ well to prevent their continuing 
 
 tlic cii'ai'roeablc necemtv there niirlu otherwife be of raifinir and 
 on/' 
 
 the St:'.les as h.:-'-e :r\X\\ the e>cenfionable Ad;,-> alluded to, yet to 
 o\e tho.r wiuch i-irw e i ;, /. e :,i;r ! it bell thate\ery State without 
 re:ore '' l\^iul\cJ, 'i';i:e: it be icc rmmended to the icvcrad States 
 iclaid Ads ; and lor th it purpoiC to pais an act declaring in general 
 ) tile 'I'hai.ty oi Peace between tlve United States and his Britannic 
 V arc repealed; and ih. t the cciJit:. ci' lav/ and equity in all cafes 
 liiing iie-ai or tc'chiig the iald Treaty, Ihall decide and adjudge 
 
 any thing iii tire laid A<^i,,, or pai t3 of Ads to the contrary thereof 
 
 rnied.— T'hc mere they veere of the like tenor throuphout the States 
 lomc ci the Ujiited Stetc,-., are rco-^rded and comDlained of as 
 
 CD i 
 
 reaio ; wiKrec-f not onlv the i.(:cd iaith of the United States pledged 
 iiential Interefis under tliat Treat\' o;reatlv affeded. And whereas 
 a in crciis of the Un t d oieU;^, require that the laid Treaty be 
 :;'cularly iucl; as do or ieie.y be ccnilrued to proceed iVoni the laws 
 
 iti.. hereby cne.eted by tlic cluth.o.ity of th.e fame, that fuch of the 
 u-e reeurvriant to the We.ity of i'cixe between the United States 
 ', ei]Ui hereby are rcpee.led. And iurti]er, tliat th.e courts of hiw 
 Cttd and require-.) in idl caufes and queiHo!^,s cognizable by them 
 tv, to decide and adjudge ..ccordino- to th ? tenor, true intent and 
 ■\tt^, to the contrar\' tiiereofin anv wiie notwithdandinir. 
 one that Ihould niinntely enumerate the ads and claufes intended 
 lade in the enumeration, orquelHons might arife, and perhaps not 
 claulcs, about uliich contr.iry opinions may be entertained. By 
 D the d^-eaty, the bufmels will be turned over to its proper depart- 
 aifacult}' in deciding whctherraiv partieular e\d or Claufe is or is 
 i that the judges in 'aeneral are men of charadm" and learnino-, and 
 ot reputation, tliere is no reaion to doubt that their condud and 
 , will be wile and upright, 
 ot your State without delav. We flatter ourfeb/es thcv v/ill concur 
 
 >• tv, true |n/iicy a^ thv.'y are to <ou:jd inoiMJity, :ind tliat the nioil 
 
 ^ent of miilakes, is fairly to corred and amend them. It certainly 
 ed, and that all quelHons and differences between us and Great- 
 nformed of the reafonswhy his Britannic Majellv Hill continues to 
 ) evacuate : and we have ihe llrongeil: aiTm-ances thitnn exad com- 
 pnndual performance of it on the part of Great-Britain. 
 as polhblc, take theie matters into confideration ; and \- • ; ^ meil the 
 uch ads and procec^bings of the Legifiature of your State, as may 
 
 re^.. 
 
 Prcfidcnt. 
 
'(O 
 
 r>1*itj',>s3 
 

 '.:i:<-^' 
 
 J^'\-'- 'S! 
 
^-^'^.'. 
 
,^'\p'^ V /. 
 
 
it IS inipciTaiu in:ir inc icvct;ii irinii-uurL-^ iiu'uiutu^ luun d.-i puiiii 
 favor of \ou to tranlmit to us an authenticated copy of luch :ith 
 take place on the iubjec'l and in purluance of thi:^ letter. 
 
 By order of Congrc^^ 
 
 ALL vvliich is fubmlttcd tothc wifdom ofConercfs. 
 
dh poiiiDic, tiiKc incie matters into coTiiuieraiion ; ana \vc rev|ucit the 
 ich adband procee<l!ngs of the Legifiature of your State/as mny 
 
 rc;^, 
 
 Prcfident, 
 
 (Signed) 
 
 JQim JAY.